The Life of an Automotive Worker When Cars First Began to Boom | Boring History

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Hello, my hardworking champions 
of the couch assembly line. 

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I'm glad you're here. 
Because tonight we're easing 

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into the life of an automotive 
worker. 

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When cars first began to Boom, 
the long Factory floors, the 

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steady rhythm of machines, and 
the ordinary hands, helping 

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build a brand new world on 
wheels. 

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So, if this calm slightly, 
boring reflection helps you 

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unwind? 
Feel free to follow. 

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Drop a like and tell me where 
you're listening from and what 

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time it is for you. 
Now, draw a little close to the 

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warmth. 
Let your head sink into the 

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pillow, dim your lights and turn
on a fan for that hum. 

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It is 1913 in Detroit. 
Michigan. 

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The city hums with a new kind of
energy as factories rise along, 

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the Riverbanks and thousands of 
workers pour into the automotive

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plants each morning. 
You are one of them living 

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through the moment. 
When the automobile transforms 

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from a luxury curiosity into 
something that will reshape the 

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entire world you wait before the
sun rises, the room is cold and 

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the air smells like coal smoke 
from the furnace down stairs. 

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Your boarding house sits three 
blocks from the Ford Highland 

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Park. 
Plant close enough, that you can

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hear the factory whistle, even 
through closed windows The sound

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cuts through the Darkness at 5 
in the morning sharp and 

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insistent, you swing your legs 
out of bed and your feet touch, 

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the cold floorboards, the chill 
runs up through your ankles. 

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Winter Mornings. 
In Detroit, have a particular 

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bite to them. 
The kind that makes you move 

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quickly, just to generate 
warmth, you reach for your 

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workloads, hung on the back of 
the door where they dried 

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overnight. 
Shirt is stiff from yesterday, 

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sweat and machine oil. 
You pull it on. 

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Anyway, everyone's work clothes 
smell like this. 

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After a few weeks the scent of 
metal and grease becomes part of

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your skin part of your identity.
You button the shirt and reach 

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for your trousers, thick canvas 
material that can withstand 

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Sparks and sharp edges. 
Your hands move through this 

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routine without much thought. 
You have done this same sequence

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of movements for six months. 
Now, ever since you arrived from

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the farm in Ohio. 
The rhythms are Factory life 

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have replaced the rhythms of 
agricultural Seasons, instead of

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roosters and cattle. 
You wake to whistles and street 

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cars. 
You cold water on your face from

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the base, and by the window 
Shock of it helps clear the fog 

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from your mind through the 
glass. 

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You can see other boarding 
houses other windows glowing 

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with Lamplight as dozens of men,
prepare for the same shift. 

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The city is Waking Up In Waves 
neighborhood by neighborhood. 

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Downstairs in the kitchen, 
misses O'Brien has already set 

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out breakfast. 
She runs the boarding house with

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German Precision even though 
she's Irish. 

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Coffee. 
Steams in a large pot on the 

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stove. 
The smell fills the narrow 

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hallway. 
You grab a Tin Cup and pour 

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yourself some. 
The heat spreading through your 

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fingers, the other borders 
Shuffle, in one by one. 

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Nobody talks much this early 
there is just the sound of 

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spoons against bowls cups being 
refilled chairs, scraping 

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against linoleum. 
You eat quickly oatmeal with a 

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splash of milk and a piece of 
bread with butter. 

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The food is plain but filling 
designed to carry you through to

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the lunch break you finish 
eating, and grab your coat from 

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The Hook by the door. 
The fabric is worn at the elbows

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and the pockets sag from 
carrying wrenches and 

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screwdrivers you step outside 
into the pre-dawn darkness. 

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The cold air hits you 
immediately. 

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You can see your breath in thick
clouds. 

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The street is already busy with 
workers heading toward the 

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factories. 
Some Walk Alone, others in small

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groups, everyone moves with 
purpose, being late, means 

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losing pay or worse, The factory
runs on strict schedules. 

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Each minute is accounted for 
you. 

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Join the stream of men walking 
North toward Highland Park. 

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The sound of boots on pavement. 
Creates a steady Rhythm. 

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Someone coughs. 
Streetcar clangs its Bell two 

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blocks over dogs bark from 
behind fences. 

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The city is Industrial now in 
ways that still surprise, you 

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sometimes just five years ago. 
This neighborhood was mostly 

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empty. 
Lots and farmland. 

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The sky begins to lighten as you
walk. 

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The darkness shifts from black 
to deep blue to Gray. 

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You can make out the shapes of 
other walkers, more clearly now 

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familiar faces nod in greeting. 
You recognize the man who works 

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two stations down from yours on 
the line. 

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He has a thick mustache, that 
always seems to collect metal 

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dust by midday. 
The factory comes into view as 

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you round the corner onto 
Woodward Avenue, the building 

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sprawls across several city 
blocks, a massive structure of 

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brick and steel and glass Smoke 
Stacks, rise like monuments. 

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Even from here, you can hear the
hum of Machinery, the plant runs

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around the clock now. 
Three shifts, keep the assembly 

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line moving, you join the crowd 
at the main gate, the guard 

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checks faces as people pass 
through. 

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He knows most workers by sight 
but still maintains, the ritual 

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of inspection company rules. 
Everything at Ford has rules. 

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You file past him and into the 
yard, the yard is enormous 

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bigger than any bar you ever saw
back in Ohio railroad tracks, 

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Chris crossed, the space Freight
cars, sit waiting to be unloaded

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or filled materials arrive, 
constantly Steele rubber, glass 

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leather, everything needed to 
build, automobiles flows into 

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the place, like Rivers 
converging. 

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You head toward the entrance for
your section, other workers peel

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off toward different buildings. 
The plant is organized like a 

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small City. 
Each department handling 

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specific tasks Foundry workers. 
Go One Direction paint shop 

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workers. 
Go another, you work on the 

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chassis assembly line. 
So you head toward building 3, 

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the time clock station stands, 
just inside the door. 

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You pull your card from the rack
and slide it into the machine. 

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The mechanism stamps, the time 
with a satisfying chunk 552. 

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Mm, 8 minutes to spare you 
return, the card to its slot and

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continue toward the floor. 
The locker room, smells like 

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sweat and oil and cigarettes. 
Smoked the open, your assigned 

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locker, and stash your coat, and
lunch pail. 

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Some men are already changing 
into their work. 

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Aprons other sit on benches 
smoking. 

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One last cigarette before the 
shift Begins. 

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The chatter is low and sporadic.
You tie on your leather, eight 

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and grab your gloves. 
The gloves are worn smooth in 

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places where you grip tools 
repeatedly. 

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They fit like a second skin. 
Now you learned early on that 

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good gloves. 
Make all the difference blisters

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and cuts slow you down. 
The former appears in the 

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doorway calls out, time to 
start. 

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The men, stub out, cigarettes 
and clothes lockers, and file 

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toward the factory floor. 
The Casual atmosphere 

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evaporates. 
Everyone knows what comes next 

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eight hours of continuous motion
8 hours of the line, you walk 

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through the double doors and 
onto the floor. 

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The noise hits. 
You like a physical Force, 

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machinery, clangs and hisses and
Roars metal. 

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Strikes metal in rhythmic 
percussion conveyor belts 

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Rumble. 
The sound is so constant that 

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after a while you stop hearing 
individual noises it all Blends 

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into one massive industrial 
Symphony. 

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The assembly line stretches the 
length of the building partially

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assembled chassis move past on 
the conveyor system, progressing

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from bare frames to nearly 
complete Appeals. 

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Each worker has a specification 
a specific task to perform as 

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each chassis passes by you take 
your position at station 47, 

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your job is to install, the 
steering column and connect it 

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to the front axle assembly. 
The same task repeated hundreds 

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of times each day, you have done
it so many times that your hands

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know the movements without 
conscious thought. 

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The line starts moving. 
The first chassis of the day, 

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approaches your station, you 
reach for your tools and get 

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ready. 
Another day has begun the 

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chassis arrives at your station.
Moving at walking pace, the 

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conveyor never stops. 
Never hesitates. 

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You have exactly one minute and 
20 seconds to complete your 

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tasks. 
Before the next chassis arrives,

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the timing is precise Ford's 
Engineers. 

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Calculated it down to the 
second. 

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You grab the steering column 
from the bin beside your 

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station. 
The metal is cold even through 

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your gloves, you position it in 
the mounting bracket and thread.

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The first bolt, your wrench 
tightens it in three quick 

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turns, the motion is automatic 
now, right hand reaches for the 

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Bolt left. 
Hand steady is the column right 

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hand tightens next Bolt, the 
chassis moves forward. 

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You walk alongside it staying in
rhythm with the belt. 

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This is the trick of assembly 
line work. 

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You cannot fight the pace, you 
must become part of it. 

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Your body, learns to match the 
speed. 

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Exactly, stepping and reaching 
and turning in time with the 

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machinery, Four bolts, secure 
the column, then you can connect

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the steering linkage to the 
front axle assembly. 

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The parts fit together with 
satisfying clicks and snaps. 

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Everything is standardized. 
Now, every Model T uses the same

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components? 
No, custom fitting required. 

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No adjustments needed. 
Just assembly, you finish and 

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step back. 
The chassis down the line to the

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next station. 
Where another worker will 

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install the dashboard behind 
you. 

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The next chassis has already 
arrived. 

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You turn and start the process. 
Again reach position, Bolten 

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walk, and turn and reach again. 
The work has a meditative 

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quality once you settle into it.
The repetition empties your mind

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of other thoughts, there is only
the tasks, the motion, the 

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Rhythm, some men, hate this 
aspect of the line, they say, it

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makes them feel like machines 
themselves others, find it. 

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Soothing no decisions to make. 
No, uncertain is just the work. 

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You fall into that Rhythm. 
Now, chassis after chassis 

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passes through your hands, the 
numbers pile up, 10 completed 

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2030, your muscles, warm with 
the effort, sweat begins to form

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despite the cool air in the 
building. 

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The factory is not heated in 
Winter and not cooled in summer.

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Temperature control would be too
expensive. 

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The noise around you becomes 
background texture. 

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You can distinguish between 
sounds. 

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Now, the hiss of the pneumatic 
tools at the next station. 

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Clang of metal Parts being 
dropped into bins, the rumble of

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the overhead crane moving 
materials, across the building, 

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the shouts of Foreman calling 
out instructions or Corrections.

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Occasionally something goes 
wrong, a bolt threads 

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incorrectly apart. 
Does not fit quite right? 

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Quite, you have to signal for 
help. 

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The line does not stop for 
individual problems. 

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A relief worker fills in at your
station, while you fix the 

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issue, then you jump back in and
catch up, falling behind, is not

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acceptable. 
The line is Relentless, you work

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alongside men from everywhere. 
The man to your left, came from 

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Poland three years ago. 
He speaks broken English but his

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hands are skilled and fast the 
man on your right. 

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Grew up in Kentucky and moved. 
North looking for factory wages 

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down the line. 
There are Italians and Irish and

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Germans and Greeks. 
Detroit has become a magnet for 

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anyone willing to work hard. the
demographics of the factory 

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floor would have been 
Unthinkable just to generation 

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ago, Farm boys, work beside 
recent immigrants, white men 

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work beside black men who 
migrated from the south The 

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assembly line does not care 
about background. 

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It only cares about output. 
Can you keep Pace? 

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Can you do the job? 
That is all that matters. 

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This mixing creates tension. 
Sometimes people bring their 

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prejudices with them, but the 
work itself creates a kind of 

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equality. 
Everyone is reduced to the same 

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function. 
Everyone serves the line old 

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social, hierarchies mean, less 
in this new industrial world. 

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The foreman walks past your 
station. 

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He carries a clipboard and 
watches everything with sharp 

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eyes. 
Foreman are promoted from the 

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line chosen for their 
reliability and attention to 

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detail. 
This one worked his way up. 

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Over two years, he knows every 
job on this section because he 

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is done them all himself. 
He stops and watches you 

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completed chassis, you feel his 
eyes on you, but do not change. 

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Your pace showing off, leads to 
mistakes. 

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Maintaining steady rhythm is, 
what earns approval? 

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He makes a note on his clipboard
and moves on. 

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You breathe a little easier. 
No Corrections needed the 

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00:11:53,600 --> 00:11:57,100
morning progresses in this way. 
Time loses, its usual shape. 

233
00:11:57,800 --> 00:11:59,200
You cannot check a watch while 
working. 

234
00:11:59,200 --> 00:12:01,400
The only markers are the chassis
themselves. 

235
00:12:01,400 --> 00:12:04,900
Each one represents one minute 
and 20 seconds of your life. 

236
00:12:04,900 --> 00:12:09,800
You count them unconsciously 50 
completed 75 100. 

237
00:12:09,800 --> 00:12:13,300
Your hands develop their own 
intelligence muscle memory 

238
00:12:13,300 --> 00:12:16,800
guides, every movement, reach 
without looking grab the right 

239
00:12:16,800 --> 00:12:20,200
size wrench without checking 
thread bolts blind because you 

240
00:12:20,208 --> 00:12:21,800
know exactly where the holes 
are. 

241
00:12:21,800 --> 00:12:24,700
This physical knowledge. 
Cannot be taught in words. 

242
00:12:24,700 --> 00:12:27,100
It only comes through thousands 
of repetitions. 

243
00:12:28,200 --> 00:12:30,900
Sometimes your mind wanders, 
even as your hands continue 

244
00:12:30,900 --> 00:12:34,400
working, you think about letters
from home, your mother wants to 

245
00:12:34,400 --> 00:12:36,700
know when you will visit. 
You think about the money 

246
00:12:36,700 --> 00:12:38,500
accumulating in your savings 
account. 

247
00:12:38,500 --> 00:12:43,500
Five dollars a day. 
That is what Ford pays now, more

248
00:12:43,500 --> 00:12:45,200
than twice. 
What most Factory is offer. 

249
00:12:45,200 --> 00:12:49,500
You think about what that money 
will buy a house someday a 

250
00:12:49,500 --> 00:12:52,600
future? 
Five dollar day changed, 

251
00:12:52,600 --> 00:12:54,700
everything. 
When Ford announced it last year

252
00:12:54,700 --> 00:12:58,600
workers flooded, to Detroit from
across the country, the 

253
00:12:58,600 --> 00:13:01,200
newspapers called it 
revolutionary critics called it 

254
00:13:01,200 --> 00:13:03,600
Reckless. 
But Ford understood something 

255
00:13:03,600 --> 00:13:07,200
fundamental pay work as well. 
And they will buy the products, 

256
00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:09,400
they make turn workers into 
customers. 

257
00:13:09,400 --> 00:13:12,600
Expand the market, you are proof
of that theory. 

258
00:13:12,600 --> 00:13:16,300
Six months ago, you could never 
have imagined owning an 

259
00:13:16,300 --> 00:13:17,800
automobile. 
Now, you think about it 

260
00:13:17,800 --> 00:13:20,800
regularly, maybe in another 
year, maybe when you've saved 

261
00:13:20,800 --> 00:13:24,500
enough, A Model T cost about six
months salary. 

262
00:13:24,500 --> 00:13:28,100
Now expensive but not 
impossible, not for someone 

263
00:13:28,100 --> 00:13:32,300
earning five dollars a day. 
The line continues more chassis 

264
00:13:32,300 --> 00:13:34,900
passed through your station. 
The work is hard on the body. 

265
00:13:34,900 --> 00:13:37,800
Your shoulders ache from the 
repeated motions. 

266
00:13:37,800 --> 00:13:40,400
Your back complains from the 
constant bending and 

267
00:13:40,400 --> 00:13:44,000
straightening your hands, cramp 
around the wrench, but you push 

268
00:13:44,000 --> 00:13:48,200
through everyone pushes through 
stopping means losing your spot.

269
00:13:48,200 --> 00:13:51,800
Losing your spot means losing 
this wage around you, the 

270
00:13:51,800 --> 00:13:55,500
factory floor is a landscape of 
focused efforts of men 

271
00:13:55,500 --> 00:13:57,600
performing, hundreds of 
different tasks. 

272
00:13:57,600 --> 00:14:00,300
Each person is component in a 
larger machine. 

273
00:14:00,300 --> 00:14:02,600
The metaphor is obvious but also
true. 

274
00:14:02,600 --> 00:14:05,300
The assembly line. 
Only works when every part 

275
00:14:05,300 --> 00:14:09,300
functions correctly, remove one 
worker and the whole system 

276
00:14:09,300 --> 00:14:13,400
falters, this is what Henry? 
Ford perfected, not the 

277
00:14:13,400 --> 00:14:16,700
automobile itself. 
Other companies made cars before

278
00:14:16,700 --> 00:14:20,800
Ford, Created the system that 
could produce automobiles at 

279
00:14:20,800 --> 00:14:24,900
unprecedented scale and speed. 
He broke down the complex 

280
00:14:24,900 --> 00:14:27,900
process of building a car into 
simple repeatable tasks. 

281
00:14:28,700 --> 00:14:31,700
Then he arranged those tasks in 
sequence and set them in motion.

282
00:14:31,700 --> 00:14:36,200
The result is efficiency that 
seems almost magical a complete 

283
00:14:36,200 --> 00:14:38,600
Model. 
T rolls off the line, every 93 

284
00:14:38,600 --> 00:14:41,000
minutes. 
Now just a few years ago, it 

285
00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:44,600
took 12 hours to build one car. 
The Improvement is staggering 

286
00:14:44,600 --> 00:14:48,200
production has increased 50 
times over costs have dropped 

287
00:14:48,200 --> 00:14:51,100
prices have fallen more people 
can afford. 

288
00:14:51,100 --> 00:14:56,200
Automobiles demand increases, 
the factory expands more workers

289
00:14:56,200 --> 00:14:59,000
are hired. 
The cycle continues, you are 

290
00:14:59,008 --> 00:15:00,700
living inside this 
transformation. 

291
00:15:00,700 --> 00:15:04,100
You are part of the machine that
is changing how things are made.

292
00:15:05,200 --> 00:15:08,600
The implications stretch far 
beyond automobiles, other 

293
00:15:08,600 --> 00:15:11,200
Industries are watching and 
learning the assembly. 

294
00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:13,100
Line method will spread to 
Furniture factories. 

295
00:15:13,100 --> 00:15:16,500
Appliance manufacturers, textile
mills. 

296
00:15:16,500 --> 00:15:20,100
The entire industrial world is 
being reshaped by what happens 

297
00:15:20,100 --> 00:15:23,500
here in Highland Park but those 
large historical forces, feel 

298
00:15:23,500 --> 00:15:26,100
distant when you are focused on 
the chassis and front of you 

299
00:15:26,100 --> 00:15:30,000
right now, there is only the 
immediate reality, the steering 

300
00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:34,900
column the bolts, the wrench, 
the next chassis, arriving, The 

301
00:15:34,900 --> 00:15:37,100
work continues without pause the
lunch. 

302
00:15:37,100 --> 00:15:40,400
Whistle blows at noon the sound 
cuts, through the factory noise 

303
00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:43,900
and everyone stops immediately 
the line shudders to a halt. 

304
00:15:43,900 --> 00:15:47,200
You step back from your station 
and roll your shoulders feeling 

305
00:15:47,200 --> 00:15:50,900
the muscles protest. 
Eight hours suddenly feels very 

306
00:15:50,900 --> 00:15:52,400
long. 
When you're only halfway through

307
00:15:52,400 --> 00:15:55,800
you walk to the locker room with
the others, the crowd moves, 

308
00:15:55,800 --> 00:15:59,700
slowly, everyone tired already. 
You retrieve your lunch pail, 

309
00:15:59,700 --> 00:16:01,000
and find a spot in the break 
area. 

310
00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:04,900
Some men, go outside to eat, you
prefer staying inside, where it 

311
00:16:04,900 --> 00:16:06,800
is. 
Slightly warmer you open the 

312
00:16:06,800 --> 00:16:09,900
pale and pull out your lunch 
sandwich, with cheese, and 

313
00:16:09,900 --> 00:16:13,700
leftover sausage, an apple, a 
cookie that misses O'Brien 

314
00:16:13,700 --> 00:16:18,300
packed you eat methodically. 
Not tasting, much food is fuel, 

315
00:16:18,300 --> 00:16:20,200
you need calories to keep 
working. 

316
00:16:21,100 --> 00:16:23,100
Around you men talk in low 
voices. 

317
00:16:23,100 --> 00:16:26,600
Some complain about aches and 
pains others discuss. 

318
00:16:26,600 --> 00:16:29,200
We can plans a few read 
newspapers. 

319
00:16:29,200 --> 00:16:31,300
You notice that most 
conversations. 

320
00:16:31,300 --> 00:16:34,500
Stay superficial, real 
friendships are hard to form in 

321
00:16:34,500 --> 00:16:36,800
a place like this. 
Everyone is too tired. 

322
00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:39,400
Everyone just wants to finish 
the shift and go home. 

323
00:16:40,500 --> 00:16:43,800
You think about Henry Ford while
you eat the man is a legend? 

324
00:16:43,800 --> 00:16:47,000
Even among people who work in 
his Factory, is he walks the 

325
00:16:47,000 --> 00:16:50,700
floor, sometimes appearing 
without warning tall and thin 

326
00:16:50,700 --> 00:16:54,000
with intense eyes. 
He watches everything but rarely

327
00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:58,400
speaks workers, both admire and 
fear Him Ford's philosophy. 

328
00:16:58,400 --> 00:17:01,300
Shapes every aspect of the 
plant, he believes in 

329
00:17:01,300 --> 00:17:05,300
efficiently Above All Else, 
waste is the enemy wasted motion

330
00:17:05,300 --> 00:17:09,200
wasted materials wasted time, 
everything must serve 

331
00:17:09,200 --> 00:17:11,200
production. 
The factory is designed around 

332
00:17:11,200 --> 00:17:13,800
the principle materials flow in 
One Direction. 

333
00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:17,599
Assembly progresses in straight 
line, no backtracking, no 

334
00:17:17,599 --> 00:17:20,800
redundancy. 
Five dollar day was 

335
00:17:20,800 --> 00:17:23,700
controversial even within the 
company, Ford's business 

336
00:17:23,700 --> 00:17:26,400
partners initially opposed it. 
They thought it would bankrupt 

337
00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:30,400
the operation, but Ford insisted
he understood that high wages 

338
00:17:30,400 --> 00:17:33,700
would reduce turnover training. 
New workers is expensive. 

339
00:17:33,700 --> 00:17:36,000
Keeping experienced workers is 
cheaper. 

340
00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:37,900
The math. 
Works out there. 

341
00:17:37,900 --> 00:17:41,500
Were conditions attached to the 
five dollar day workers had to 

342
00:17:41,500 --> 00:17:44,500
maintain certain standards of 
behavior and living the company 

343
00:17:44,500 --> 00:17:46,600
sent inspectors to check home 
conditions. 

344
00:17:46,600 --> 00:17:50,500
They wanted to see clean houses 
sober habits, stable families. 

345
00:17:51,200 --> 00:17:54,200
The intrusion angered many 
workers, but most accepted it as

346
00:17:54,208 --> 00:17:56,800
the price of higher pay. 
You passed the inspection 

347
00:17:56,800 --> 00:17:58,900
without trouble. 
Your boarding house is 

348
00:17:58,900 --> 00:18:01,300
respectable. 
You do not drink excessively 

349
00:18:01,300 --> 00:18:03,000
you. 
Send money home to your family. 

350
00:18:03,900 --> 00:18:05,600
The inspector marked you as 
qualified. 

351
00:18:05,600 --> 00:18:09,800
The full wage was approved this 
paternalistic approach bothers. 

352
00:18:09,800 --> 00:18:12,800
Some people they say, Ford is 
trying to control workers even 

353
00:18:12,800 --> 00:18:16,500
outside the factory, but others 
appreciate the structure, many 

354
00:18:16,500 --> 00:18:20,200
workers came from chaotic 
situations, the stability feels 

355
00:18:20,200 --> 00:18:21,500
good. 
Even if it comes with 

356
00:18:21,500 --> 00:18:25,700
requirements, The lunch break is
only 30 minutes, time passes 

357
00:18:25,700 --> 00:18:28,200
quickly, you finish eating and 
use the washroom. 

358
00:18:28,200 --> 00:18:32,100
The facilities are surprisingly.
Modern Ford insisted on clean 

359
00:18:32,100 --> 00:18:36,000
bathrooms with running water. 
Another unusual feature, most 

360
00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:37,800
factories barely provide 
outhouses. 

361
00:18:37,800 --> 00:18:41,300
You return to the floor as the 
warning Bell Rings, five, 

362
00:18:41,300 --> 00:18:43,800
minutes until restart. 
You take your position at 

363
00:18:43,800 --> 00:18:46,800
station 47, other workers 
Shuffle into place along the 

364
00:18:46,800 --> 00:18:48,600
line. 
The foreman walks through 

365
00:18:48,600 --> 00:18:51,700
checking that everyone is ready.
The line lurches back into 

366
00:18:51,700 --> 00:18:54,400
motion. 
The afternoon shift Begins, the 

367
00:18:54,400 --> 00:18:57,600
work is identical to the 
morning, same chassis, same 

368
00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:01,900
task, same rhythm, But the 
afternoon feels heavier somehow.

369
00:19:02,600 --> 00:19:05,400
Fatigue makes everything harder.
Your muscles are less. 

370
00:19:05,400 --> 00:19:07,800
Responsive your attention wants 
to drift. 

371
00:19:07,800 --> 00:19:11,400
You force yourself to focus. 
Mistakes happen. 

372
00:19:11,400 --> 00:19:14,500
When concentration slips a 
chassis moves past with 

373
00:19:14,500 --> 00:19:17,000
improperly installed steering. 
The foreman catches. 

374
00:19:17,000 --> 00:19:19,400
It three stations down. 
He walks back to find. 

375
00:19:19,400 --> 00:19:21,800
Who did it? 
The culprit is a young man who 

376
00:19:21,800 --> 00:19:25,000
only started last week. 
The foreman does not yell but 

377
00:19:25,000 --> 00:19:28,500
his disappointment is clear. 
The mistake will be noted your 

378
00:19:28,500 --> 00:19:30,000
more careful with the next 
chassis. 

379
00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:33,400
Triple check every bolt. 
Make sure the linkage connection

380
00:19:33,400 --> 00:19:36,400
is solid, do not give the form 
in any reason to look your way. 

381
00:19:37,200 --> 00:19:40,300
Staying invisible is the goal. 
Good workers Fade Into the 

382
00:19:40,300 --> 00:19:44,200
background problem workers, 
draw, attention the hours, crawl

383
00:19:44,200 --> 00:19:50,500
by you, count, chassis to Mark, 
progress, 200 200, 250, 300 each

384
00:19:50,500 --> 00:19:53,300
number is a small victory, each 
completed unit. 

385
00:19:53,300 --> 00:19:56,300
Brings, you closer to the end of
shift, whistle around you, the 

386
00:19:56,308 --> 00:19:59,500
factory maintains, its 
Relentless Pace, the noise, 

387
00:19:59,500 --> 00:20:03,500
never diminishes the motion, 
never stops the building itself,

388
00:20:03,500 --> 00:20:07,900
seems alive a massive organism 
dedicated to a single purpose, 

389
00:20:07,900 --> 00:20:13,100
building automobiles more and 
more automobiles, an endless 

390
00:20:13,100 --> 00:20:15,700
stream of black model, T's 
rolling towards the shipping 

391
00:20:15,700 --> 00:20:19,500
dock Henry Ford wanted his car 
to be affordable for the average

392
00:20:19,500 --> 00:20:24,200
worker he succeeded the Model T 
now costs less than $300 

393
00:20:24,200 --> 00:20:28,100
farmers, can buy them, 
shopkeepers can buy them Factory

394
00:20:28,100 --> 00:20:30,800
workers, can buy them. 
The automobile is becoming 

395
00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:33,300
Democratic. 
This democratization changes 

396
00:20:33,300 --> 00:20:37,000
Society in ways, both obvious, 
and subtle people can travel 

397
00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:40,700
farther. 
Rural isolation decreases dating

398
00:20:40,700 --> 00:20:43,400
habits shift when young. 
People have cars shopping, 

399
00:20:43,400 --> 00:20:46,800
patterns, change entire 
Industries, spring up to support

400
00:20:46,800 --> 00:20:50,600
automobile ownership. 
Gas, stations repair, shops 

401
00:20:50,600 --> 00:20:54,400
Parts, suppliers, road, 
construction companies, you are 

402
00:20:54,408 --> 00:20:56,900
part of this transformation, 
whether you realize it or not 

403
00:20:56,900 --> 00:21:00,500
every steering column, you 
install helps move the world a 

404
00:21:00,500 --> 00:21:03,400
little bit further into the 
automotive age, the work feels 

405
00:21:03,400 --> 00:21:05,100
repetitive and small in the 
moment. 

406
00:21:05,100 --> 00:21:08,700
But multiply your efforts by 
thousands of workers across 

407
00:21:08,700 --> 00:21:12,000
three shifts every day and the 
impact becomes enormous. 

408
00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:16,100
This is Ford's genius, he 
created a system that turned 

409
00:21:16,100 --> 00:21:18,500
individ. 
Small actions into massive 

410
00:21:18,500 --> 00:21:21,000
Collective output. 
No single worker. 

411
00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:23,800
Builds a car. 
But together you build hundreds 

412
00:21:23,800 --> 00:21:26,500
the whole is greater than the 
sum of its parts. 

413
00:21:26,500 --> 00:21:28,800
The assembly line makes this 
possible. 

414
00:21:28,800 --> 00:21:32,200
The factory has a particular 
smell that you notice most, when

415
00:21:32,200 --> 00:21:35,200
you first arrive each morning, 
when you step outside at the end

416
00:21:35,200 --> 00:21:38,700
of shift metal and oil and sweat
combined into something, 

417
00:21:38,700 --> 00:21:42,400
uniquely Industrial. 
The scent clings to your clothes

418
00:21:42,400 --> 00:21:44,500
and skin you carry at home with 
you. 

419
00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:48,200
Mrs. O'Brien sometimes complains
that the borders, make the whole

420
00:21:48,200 --> 00:21:51,100
house smell like the factory. 
The sounds of the plant create 

421
00:21:51,100 --> 00:21:53,500
their own language. 
You learn to interpret different

422
00:21:53,500 --> 00:21:57,700
noises a Pneumatic wrench makes 
a specific wine when it is 

423
00:21:57,700 --> 00:22:00,200
working correctly. 
The different sound means 

424
00:22:00,200 --> 00:22:03,300
something is wrong. 
The conveyor belt rumbles at a 

425
00:22:03,300 --> 00:22:06,600
steady frequency, any variation 
indicates a problem, the 

426
00:22:06,600 --> 00:22:09,900
overhead cranes, grown, when 
moving heavy loads, you notice 

427
00:22:09,900 --> 00:22:11,500
stay alert when you hear that 
groan. 

428
00:22:12,300 --> 00:22:15,600
Machine sounds mixed with human 
sounds Foreman. 

429
00:22:15,600 --> 00:22:17,900
Shout instructions workers, call
out. 

430
00:22:17,900 --> 00:22:21,400
Warnings, someone drops a wrench
and it clangs against concrete. 

431
00:22:22,100 --> 00:22:24,200
Laughter erupts from somewhere 
down the line. 

432
00:22:24,200 --> 00:22:28,000
Even in this industrial 
environment moments of humanity 

433
00:22:28,000 --> 00:22:31,900
break through your hands. 
Tell their own story, calluses, 

434
00:22:31,900 --> 00:22:35,800
form in specific patterns, based
on how you grip tools, the skin 

435
00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:37,300
on your palms is thick and 
tough. 

436
00:22:37,300 --> 00:22:40,800
Your fingernails are perpetually
edged with Grime, no matter how 

437
00:22:40,800 --> 00:22:44,900
hard you scrub, these are marks 
of your profession, Badge of a 

438
00:22:44,900 --> 00:22:48,200
factory worker the temperature 
on the floor varies by season, 

439
00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:52,000
but is never truly comfortable. 
Winter brings cold that seeps 

440
00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:54,300
through the concrete and makes 
metal painful to touch. 

441
00:22:55,000 --> 00:22:58,200
Summer brings heat, that has 
nowhere to escape the big 

442
00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:01,600
windows can be opened but they 
do little hundreds of bodies and

443
00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:03,800
running machines generate 
tremendous warmth. 

444
00:23:04,500 --> 00:23:07,700
You learn to dress in layers 
during winter, start with long 

445
00:23:07,700 --> 00:23:10,700
underwear. 
Had a heavy shirt, the work will

446
00:23:10,700 --> 00:23:13,800
warm you up at the first hour is
brutal in summer. 

447
00:23:13,808 --> 00:23:16,900
You wear as little as safety 
allows, the heat becomes 

448
00:23:16,900 --> 00:23:20,300
oppressive by after noon, some 
men pour water over their heads 

449
00:23:20,300 --> 00:23:21,800
during breaks, just to cool 
down. 

450
00:23:23,200 --> 00:23:25,800
The light inside the factory 
comes from both windows and 

451
00:23:25,800 --> 00:23:29,800
electric bulbs, Ford invested, 
heavily enlightening, proper 

452
00:23:29,800 --> 00:23:31,900
illumination reduces mistakes 
and injuries. 

453
00:23:31,900 --> 00:23:35,700
The building has more windows 
than typical Factory is natural 

454
00:23:35,700 --> 00:23:39,000
light is cheaper than 
electricity, but the combination

455
00:23:39,000 --> 00:23:42,000
of sunlight and artificial light
creates a strange quality 

456
00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:46,200
Shadows Fall in unexpected, 
directions dust hangs in the 

457
00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:48,300
air. 
Fine, metal particles drift 

458
00:23:48,300 --> 00:23:50,500
through the space. 
You can see them in the light 

459
00:23:50,500 --> 00:23:55,000
beams they coat every surface 
workers, breathe this dust all 

460
00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:58,200
day some developed coughs that, 
never quite go away. 

461
00:23:58,200 --> 00:24:01,400
The company doctor says it is 
harmless, but workers are not so

462
00:24:01,400 --> 00:24:03,900
sure. 
The floor itself is concrete 

463
00:24:03,900 --> 00:24:06,700
swept clean, multiple times per 
shift. 

464
00:24:06,700 --> 00:24:10,900
Any depth on the floor is a 
safety hazard dropped Parts. 

465
00:24:10,900 --> 00:24:14,200
Could cause someone to slip. 
Spilled oil, creates dangerous 

466
00:24:14,200 --> 00:24:17,000
patches forming a strict about 
housekeeping. 

467
00:24:17,000 --> 00:24:19,700
Everything must stay clean, and 
organized. 

468
00:24:19,700 --> 00:24:23,000
Safety is emphasized more at the
other factories. 

469
00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:26,100
You've heard about guards cover,
most moving Parts. 

470
00:24:26,100 --> 00:24:30,400
Warning, signs Mark, dangerous 
areas, workers received basic 

471
00:24:30,400 --> 00:24:31,800
training, on accident, 
prevention. 

472
00:24:32,600 --> 00:24:36,300
Still injuries happen. 
A hand crushed between moving 

473
00:24:36,300 --> 00:24:39,400
Parts, a foot run over by a 
materials cart. 

474
00:24:40,100 --> 00:24:43,400
Burns from Hot Metal, the work 
is inherently dangerous. 

475
00:24:43,400 --> 00:24:46,500
No matter what, precautions are 
taking, you have been lucky so 

476
00:24:46,500 --> 00:24:49,000
far. 
Just minor cuts and bruises 

477
00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:52,100
nothing serious. 
You try to stay alert and 

478
00:24:52,100 --> 00:24:55,100
careful but fatigue makes 
everyone care less. 

479
00:24:55,100 --> 00:24:57,400
Eventually that is when 
accidents happen. 

480
00:24:58,300 --> 00:25:01,500
Late in the shift when attention
wanders when hands move 

481
00:25:01,500 --> 00:25:03,500
automatically without conscious 
guidance. 

482
00:25:04,400 --> 00:25:07,700
That is the dangerous time. 
The Rhythm Of The Line creates a

483
00:25:07,700 --> 00:25:10,400
kind of Trance State. 
You can lose yourself in the 

484
00:25:10,400 --> 00:25:13,000
repetition minutes pass with 
without awareness. 

485
00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:16,300
You can complete chassis after 
chassis with no memory of the 

486
00:25:16,300 --> 00:25:19,200
individual units. 
This mental absence is both 

487
00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:22,900
blessing and curse. 
It makes time pass faster, but 

488
00:25:22,900 --> 00:25:25,600
also increases risk. 
Some workers. 

489
00:25:25,608 --> 00:25:29,000
Try to break the monotony with 
small variations, they develop 

490
00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:32,300
personal techniques for their 
tasks slightly different grip on

491
00:25:32,308 --> 00:25:34,300
a wrench. 
A particular way of positioning 

492
00:25:34,300 --> 00:25:38,100
Parts, these tiny acts of 
individuality matter in a system

493
00:25:38,108 --> 00:25:40,300
designed to eliminate individual
variation. 

494
00:25:40,300 --> 00:25:43,600
They remind you that you're 
still human, not just a 

495
00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:45,500
component. 
In the machine, the company 

496
00:25:45,500 --> 00:25:49,300
discourages such variations 
standardization is everything 

497
00:25:49,300 --> 00:25:53,100
the right way to do each job has
been determined by time studies,

498
00:25:53,100 --> 00:25:55,700
and efficiency. 
Experts deviation from the 

499
00:25:55,700 --> 00:25:59,300
approved method is not permitted
but workers find ways to assert 

500
00:25:59,300 --> 00:26:02,400
themselves anyway. small, 
rebellions that management 

501
00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:06,500
mostly ignores as long as output
remains steady Your body adapts 

502
00:26:06,500 --> 00:26:09,400
to the work over time. 
Muscles develop in specific 

503
00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:12,000
areas. 
Your right arm is noticeably 

504
00:26:12,000 --> 00:26:15,100
stronger from wielding, the 
wrench, your grip strength has 

505
00:26:15,100 --> 00:26:17,100
increased. 
You can walk further without 

506
00:26:17,100 --> 00:26:19,700
tiring the job makes you 
physically harder. 

507
00:26:19,700 --> 00:26:23,000
Even as it wears you down, 
mentally evening approaches. 

508
00:26:23,000 --> 00:26:26,000
But you cannot see the sun from 
inside the building you judge 

509
00:26:26,000 --> 00:26:28,700
time by the quality of light. 
Filtering Through the Windows, 

510
00:26:28,700 --> 00:26:32,600
the afternoon shifts from Bright
to Golden to gray Shadows. 

511
00:26:32,600 --> 00:26:35,800
Lengthen, your stomach reminds 
you that lunch was hours ago. 

512
00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:39,100
You ignore the hunger The end of
shift is closed. 

513
00:26:39,100 --> 00:26:41,000
Now, the last hour is always the
hardest. 

514
00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:45,300
Your body knows that rest is 
near every minute, feels longer 

515
00:26:45,300 --> 00:26:48,800
every chassis takes more effort,
but you maintain your pace 

516
00:26:48,800 --> 00:26:53,100
slowing down in the final hour, 
invite scrutiny better to push 

517
00:26:53,100 --> 00:26:55,700
through and finish strong. 
The end of shift whistle. 

518
00:26:55,700 --> 00:26:59,200
Finally sounds at 6 p.m. the 
line stops, and the entire 

519
00:26:59,200 --> 00:27:02,100
Factory seems to Exhale. 
You step back from your station,

520
00:27:02,100 --> 00:27:06,500
and stretch your spine, cracks 
your shoulders, burn your hands 

521
00:27:06,500 --> 00:27:08,800
ache, but you may made it 
through another day. 

522
00:27:09,900 --> 00:27:13,000
The crowd moves toward the time,
clock station, you retrieve your

523
00:27:13,008 --> 00:27:18,400
card and Stamp Out. 602 PM. 
The two-minute delay is from the

524
00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:21,900
walk and the crowd at the clock.
Those two minutes are not paid, 

525
00:27:21,900 --> 00:27:24,000
but complaining about it would 
be pointless. 

526
00:27:24,000 --> 00:27:28,200
That is just how it works. 
You collect your coat and lunch 

527
00:27:28,200 --> 00:27:30,900
pail from the locker. 
The room fills with tired, men 

528
00:27:30,900 --> 00:27:32,700
changing clothes and preparing 
to leave. 

529
00:27:32,700 --> 00:27:35,100
The atmosphere is different from
the morning. 

530
00:27:35,100 --> 00:27:39,500
Now, there is relief, a sense of
accomplishment, 12 hours until 

531
00:27:39,500 --> 00:27:41,300
this starts. 
Again, that feels like a 

532
00:27:41,308 --> 00:27:44,600
lifetime right now, you step 
outside into the evening, are 

533
00:27:44,600 --> 00:27:47,600
the cold feels good after the 
stale warmth of the factory? 

534
00:27:48,600 --> 00:27:50,800
You take a deep breath and start
walking toward home. 

535
00:27:50,800 --> 00:27:55,000
The streets of busy with workers
leaving the day shift, thousands

536
00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:57,300
of men, flood out of the plant 
and dispersed into the 

537
00:27:57,300 --> 00:28:00,200
surrounding neighborhoods. 
Some men head to taverns 

538
00:28:00,200 --> 00:28:03,900
drinking after work is common. 
The bars near the factory do 

539
00:28:03,900 --> 00:28:07,100
good business between shifts, 
you occasionally, join them but 

540
00:28:07,100 --> 00:28:10,800
not tonight you're too tired you
just want food and bed. 

541
00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:15,100
The walk home takes 15 minutes. 
Your legs are heavy but the 

542
00:28:15,100 --> 00:28:17,800
movement feels good after 
standing mostly in one place all

543
00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:19,100
day. 
Other workers. 

544
00:28:19,100 --> 00:28:22,300
Walk in the same direction you 
fall into step with a group 

545
00:28:22,300 --> 00:28:25,200
heading your way. 
Nobody talks much everyone is 

546
00:28:25,200 --> 00:28:27,600
too tired. 
You think about the social 

547
00:28:27,600 --> 00:28:29,200
structure of the factory as you 
walk? 

548
00:28:29,200 --> 00:28:32,000
There are clear hierarchies, but
they are different from 

549
00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:35,100
traditional class systems. 
Foreman hold more power than 

550
00:28:35,100 --> 00:28:38,400
line workers, skilled Tradesmen,
who maintain Machinery, earn 

551
00:28:38,400 --> 00:28:41,500
more than assembly workers. 
Office staff are separate 

552
00:28:41,500 --> 00:28:44,500
entirely white collar workers, 
who rarely interact with the 

553
00:28:44,500 --> 00:28:47,300
floor. 
But within the assembly workers,

554
00:28:47,300 --> 00:28:50,600
there is a kind of equality. 
You all do similar work for 

555
00:28:50,600 --> 00:28:53,900
similar pay, background matters 
less than reliability. 

556
00:28:53,900 --> 00:28:57,500
The Immigrant from Poland is 
judged by his output, not his 

557
00:28:57,500 --> 00:28:59,700
accent. 
The black man from Georgia is 

558
00:28:59,700 --> 00:29:02,700
measured by his speed and 
accuracy, not his skin color. 

559
00:29:02,700 --> 00:29:06,800
The system is far from perfect, 
but it offers opportunities that

560
00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:08,400
would be impossible in other 
contexts. 

561
00:29:08,400 --> 00:29:13,200
This industrial mixing creates 
new social patterns workers form

562
00:29:13,200 --> 00:29:17,100
friendships across ethnic lines.
They share lunch together, they 

563
00:29:17,100 --> 00:29:21,100
help each other learn the work. 
Common experience creates bonds 

564
00:29:21,100 --> 00:29:25,000
that transcend old division's 
not always Prejudice does not 

565
00:29:25,000 --> 00:29:27,900
disappear. 
But it's softens in the shared 

566
00:29:27,900 --> 00:29:30,900
struggle of factory life. 
The Boarding House appears 

567
00:29:30,900 --> 00:29:33,000
ahead? 
You climb the steps and enter 

568
00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:35,700
the warm interior. 
The smell of cooking, fills the 

569
00:29:35,708 --> 00:29:38,400
hallway. 
Mrs. O'Brien is preparing dinner

570
00:29:38,400 --> 00:29:41,700
for her borders stew. 
Tonight, you can tell from the 

571
00:29:41,700 --> 00:29:44,900
center of beef and potatoes. 
You wash up in the bathroom 

572
00:29:44,900 --> 00:29:48,900
scrubbing away, the worst of the
grime, the water in the Basin 

573
00:29:48,900 --> 00:29:52,100
turns, gray you dry, your face, 
and hands, and head to the 

574
00:29:52,100 --> 00:29:54,300
dining room. 
Several other borders are 

575
00:29:54,308 --> 00:29:56,800
already seated. 
They not in greeting as you take

576
00:29:56,800 --> 00:30:00,500
your usual chair. 
Misses O'Brien serves the stew 

577
00:30:00,500 --> 00:30:02,400
family style, everyone helps 
themselves. 

578
00:30:02,400 --> 00:30:07,200
The food is simple but good. 
You eat hungry shopping upgrade 

579
00:30:07,200 --> 00:30:10,300
with bread conversation around. 
The table is sporadic. 

580
00:30:10,300 --> 00:30:14,000
Everyone is tired but there is 
comfort in the shared meal. 

581
00:30:14,700 --> 00:30:16,400
After dinner you Retreat to your
room. 

582
00:30:16,400 --> 00:30:19,800
The space is small but private 
Bed. 

583
00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:23,800
A dresser a chair by the window.
You hang up, your work clothes, 

584
00:30:23,800 --> 00:30:26,000
and change into cleaner, 
trousers and shirt. 

585
00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:29,900
Then you sit in the chair and 
look out at the street evening 

586
00:30:29,900 --> 00:30:32,300
in Detroit, has its own 
character street lights. 

587
00:30:32,300 --> 00:30:35,300
Flicker on people, move past on 
their way to vary as 

588
00:30:35,300 --> 00:30:39,000
destinations a car rattles by 
one of the few private Autumn 

589
00:30:39,000 --> 00:30:42,200
reels in this neighborhood. 
Most workers, still walk or take

590
00:30:42,200 --> 00:30:45,400
street cars, but that is 
changing every month. 

591
00:30:45,400 --> 00:30:46,900
You see more cars on the 
streets. 

592
00:30:46,900 --> 00:30:50,000
You think about buying one 
yourself, a model team black, 

593
00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:53,100
the standard configuration it 
would cost about six months 

594
00:30:53,100 --> 00:30:54,700
wages at your current savings 
rate. 

595
00:30:54,700 --> 00:30:57,400
But it would open up 
possibilities, you could visit 

596
00:30:57,400 --> 00:31:00,400
family in Ohio, more easily, you
could drive to other parts of 

597
00:31:00,408 --> 00:31:03,000
the city, the freedom appeals to
you for. 

598
00:31:03,000 --> 00:31:04,700
Now, you save your money 
carefully. 

599
00:31:04,700 --> 00:31:08,300
Five dollars a day minus room 
and board and expenses leaves 

600
00:31:08,300 --> 00:31:10,000
about three dollars that you can
save. 

601
00:31:10,700 --> 00:31:13,300
That adds up to around 90 
dollars per month, if you are 

602
00:31:13,300 --> 00:31:15,800
disciplined. 
In six months, you would have 

603
00:31:15,800 --> 00:31:18,900
enough for a car or enough for a
down payment, on a house. 

604
00:31:18,900 --> 00:31:23,300
The choice will have to be made 
eventually the factory shapes 

605
00:31:23,300 --> 00:31:25,500
your entire life. 
Even when you are not there, 

606
00:31:25,500 --> 00:31:28,900
your Social Circle consists 
mostly of other Factory workers 

607
00:31:28,900 --> 00:31:31,100
your schedule revolves around 
shift. 

608
00:31:31,100 --> 00:31:33,900
Time's your body. 
Adapts to the physical demands. 

609
00:31:33,900 --> 00:31:36,800
Your thoughts, return constantly
to the work. 

610
00:31:36,800 --> 00:31:39,700
The assembly line becomes the 
organizing principle of your 

611
00:31:39,700 --> 00:31:43,100
existence some workers. 
Resist, this total absorption, 

612
00:31:43,100 --> 00:31:46,000
they maintain hobbies and 
interests outside the factory. 

613
00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:49,000
They read books, they attend 
church socially. 

614
00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:52,100
They played baseball on 
weekends, these activities 

615
00:31:52,100 --> 00:31:54,700
provide balance and prevent the 
factory from consuming 

616
00:31:54,700 --> 00:31:58,100
everything you admire that. 
But struggle to find energy for 

617
00:31:58,100 --> 00:32:00,200
it. 
After 8, hours on the line, you 

618
00:32:00,200 --> 00:32:04,300
mostly just want to rest reading
makes your eyes hurt, social 

619
00:32:04,300 --> 00:32:08,300
activities require effort. 
You do not have Baseball sounds 

620
00:32:08,300 --> 00:32:10,200
appealing but your body needs 
recovery time. 

621
00:32:10,200 --> 00:32:14,300
The work takes everything you 
have to give This is the reality

622
00:32:14,300 --> 00:32:17,600
that critics of the assembly 
line, do not understand the 

623
00:32:17,600 --> 00:32:20,700
five-dollar wages generous, but 
it is earned through complete 

624
00:32:20,700 --> 00:32:23,300
physical commitment. 
Ford pays well because he 

625
00:32:23,300 --> 00:32:26,600
demands total effort, there is 
no coasting on the assembly 

626
00:32:26,600 --> 00:32:28,700
line. 
Every minute is productive or 

627
00:32:28,700 --> 00:32:31,200
you lose your spot. 
The long-term effects concern 

628
00:32:31,200 --> 00:32:33,300
you sometimes. 
Will your body, hold up. 

629
00:32:33,300 --> 00:32:36,200
Can you do this work for years 
or will it break you down? 

630
00:32:36,200 --> 00:32:40,200
You see older workers in their 
40s and 50s who move stiffly and

631
00:32:40,200 --> 00:32:42,300
Grimace with pain. 
Is that your future? 

632
00:32:42,300 --> 00:32:45,100
Or will you find a way to 
advance into a less physical 

633
00:32:45,100 --> 00:32:48,700
role Foreman positions, open 
occasionally skilled maintenance

634
00:32:48,700 --> 00:32:52,300
jobs, pay better, and are less 
demanding physically, Office 

635
00:32:52,300 --> 00:32:54,100
working exists for those with 
education. 

636
00:32:54,100 --> 00:32:56,800
There are paths forward if you 
can position yourself correctly 

637
00:32:56,800 --> 00:33:00,400
but competition is intense 
thousands of workers. 

638
00:33:00,400 --> 00:33:04,300
All want the same limited 
opportunities for now you focus 

639
00:33:04,300 --> 00:33:07,900
on doing your job well and 
staying employed security feels 

640
00:33:07,900 --> 00:33:12,000
more important than advancement.
The five dollar wage is more 

641
00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:14,700
than you ever made before 
keeping that wage as the 

642
00:33:14,708 --> 00:33:17,600
priority. 
Everything else can wait you 

643
00:33:17,600 --> 00:33:19,800
pull out a piece of paper and 
write a letter to your mother. 

644
00:33:19,800 --> 00:33:23,000
You tell her about the work in 
general terms, you do not 

645
00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:26,000
mention the fatigue or the 
danger, you emphasize the good 

646
00:33:26,000 --> 00:33:29,500
pay and the opportunities. 
You send her money regularly, 20

647
00:33:29,500 --> 00:33:32,300
dollars this month. 
She writes back with news from 

648
00:33:32,300 --> 00:33:35,900
home and expressions of pride, 
your family thinks you are part 

649
00:33:35,900 --> 00:33:39,100
of something important. 
They see the factory job as a 

650
00:33:39,100 --> 00:33:41,800
step up from farm work, they are
right in many ways. 

651
00:33:41,800 --> 00:33:44,900
The wages are better. 
The future seems more secure, 

652
00:33:44,900 --> 00:33:48,800
but they do not understand the 
cost, the physical toll, the 

653
00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:52,900
mental monotony, the loss of 
autonomy Still you would not 

654
00:33:52,900 --> 00:33:56,200
trade it, the alternative is 
returning to the farm where 

655
00:33:56,200 --> 00:34:00,100
wages are minimal and the future
is limited or finding work in 

656
00:34:00,100 --> 00:34:02,200
some other Factory. 
That pays less and treats 

657
00:34:02,200 --> 00:34:05,100
workers worse. 
Ford may be demanding, but the 

658
00:34:05,100 --> 00:34:08,600
company is also more Progressive
than most the five dollar day 

659
00:34:08,600 --> 00:34:12,300
proof that the attention to 
safety proves it the modern 

660
00:34:12,300 --> 00:34:15,300
facilities prove it. 
You finish the letter and seal 

661
00:34:15,300 --> 00:34:17,400
it in an envelope. 
You will mail it tomorrow on the

662
00:34:17,408 --> 00:34:20,000
way to work then you undress and
climb into bed. 

663
00:34:20,000 --> 00:34:23,500
The mattress feels wonderful, 
your body, relaxes into it. 

664
00:34:24,699 --> 00:34:26,500
Close your eyes and sleep comes 
quickly. 

665
00:34:26,500 --> 00:34:30,400
Tomorrow will be the same. 
Wait, before Dawn, walk to the 

666
00:34:30,400 --> 00:34:32,100
factory. 
Eight hours on the line. 

667
00:34:32,100 --> 00:34:37,199
Walk home eat sleep, the cycle 
repeats But you are building 

668
00:34:37,199 --> 00:34:39,600
something. 
Saving money, creating a future.

669
00:34:39,600 --> 00:34:43,000
The repetition has purpose even 
when it feels meaningless. 

670
00:34:43,800 --> 00:34:47,199
Sunday is your day off. 
You wake naturally no alarm 

671
00:34:47,199 --> 00:34:50,600
needed the luxury of sleeping 
and the Sun is fully up. 

672
00:34:50,600 --> 00:34:54,400
Feels almost decadent you 
stretch and take your time 

673
00:34:54,400 --> 00:34:58,500
getting dressed today. 
You wear your good clothes Clean

674
00:34:58,500 --> 00:35:01,000
shirt with no oil stains, 
trousers. 

675
00:35:01,000 --> 00:35:04,000
That still hold a crease. 
You eat a leisurely breakfast 

676
00:35:04,000 --> 00:35:07,800
while reading the newspaper Mrs.
O'Brien provides, the Detroit 

677
00:35:07,800 --> 00:35:10,400
papers are full of stories about
the automotive industry, 

678
00:35:10,400 --> 00:35:13,800
production numbers, new 
factories opening expansion 

679
00:35:13,800 --> 00:35:16,300
plans. 
The city is booming in ways that

680
00:35:16,300 --> 00:35:19,600
seem almost unbelievable Just 10
years ago. 

681
00:35:19,600 --> 00:35:23,100
Detroit was a mid-sized. 
Manufacturing city known mainly 

682
00:35:23,100 --> 00:35:26,600
for stoves and railroad cars. 
The population was around. 

683
00:35:26,600 --> 00:35:31,100
300,000 now it approaches 
600,000 and grows larger every 

684
00:35:31,100 --> 00:35:34,500
month people pour in from 
everywhere, seeking factory jobs

685
00:35:34,500 --> 00:35:38,100
the city cannot build housing 
fast enough this rapid growth 

686
00:35:38,100 --> 00:35:41,100
creates chaos streets that were 
dirt paths. 

687
00:35:41,100 --> 00:35:44,700
Five years ago now carry heavy 
traffic neighborhood spring up 

688
00:35:44,700 --> 00:35:48,200
overnight speculators buy 
Farmland on the outskirts and 

689
00:35:48,200 --> 00:35:52,100
subdivide it into Lots. 
Builders throw up houses as fast

690
00:35:52,100 --> 00:35:56,100
as possible quality varies 
wildly the automotive, industry 

691
00:35:56,100 --> 00:35:58,600
drives. 
All of this Ford is the largest 

692
00:35:58,600 --> 00:36:00,300
employer but dozens of other 
companies. 

693
00:36:00,300 --> 00:36:04,300
Also build cars in Detroit 
Packard, Dodge, Cadillac 

694
00:36:04,300 --> 00:36:07,100
Studebaker. 
Each company runs its own 

695
00:36:07,100 --> 00:36:10,600
factories and employs thousands 
competition is fierce. 

696
00:36:10,600 --> 00:36:14,100
Innovation is constant. 
The industry evolves month by 

697
00:36:14,100 --> 00:36:17,200
month, you decide to walk down 
town and see the city on your 

698
00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:19,600
day off. 
The weather is cold but clear, 

699
00:36:19,600 --> 00:36:23,100
perfect for exploring, you 
bundle up and set out. 

700
00:36:23,900 --> 00:36:26,300
The walk takes about 40 minutes 
from your boarding house. 

701
00:36:26,300 --> 00:36:29,700
You do not mind after a week of 
standing in one spot. 

702
00:36:29,700 --> 00:36:31,300
Covering some distance feels 
good. 

703
00:36:32,100 --> 00:36:35,600
Downtown Detroit is transformed 
new buildings, rise on every 

704
00:36:35,600 --> 00:36:40,200
block, the streets Buzz with 
activity, even on Sunday shops 

705
00:36:40,200 --> 00:36:42,400
display Goods in elaborate 
window Arrangements. 

706
00:36:42,400 --> 00:36:46,100
Restaurants, advertised special 
dinners, movie theater's 

707
00:36:46,100 --> 00:36:49,400
promised the latest films. 
The city feels alive with 

708
00:36:49,400 --> 00:36:52,000
possibility. 
You window shop for a while. 

709
00:36:52,008 --> 00:36:55,700
Looking at things, you cannot 
quite afford yet a nice suit in 

710
00:36:55,700 --> 00:36:57,800
a haberdashery window leather 
shoes. 

711
00:36:57,800 --> 00:37:00,800
That would last for years. 
A wristwatch with a second hand.

712
00:37:01,600 --> 00:37:04,800
These items represent the life. 
You're working toward middle 

713
00:37:04,800 --> 00:37:08,100
class, respectability, Comfort 
stability. 

714
00:37:09,100 --> 00:37:11,500
The automotive wealth has 
created a new class of 

715
00:37:11,500 --> 00:37:15,000
prosperous workers men who earn 
enough to buy houses and 

716
00:37:15,000 --> 00:37:18,800
furniture and even Autumn 
reveals this worker Prosperity 

717
00:37:18,800 --> 00:37:21,100
is unprecedented. 
Factory workers were 

718
00:37:21,100 --> 00:37:24,000
traditionally poor, they lived 
in slums and struggled to 

719
00:37:24,000 --> 00:37:26,600
survive. 
But the five-dollar day changed 

720
00:37:26,600 --> 00:37:29,200
that equation. 
You see evidence of this new 

721
00:37:29,200 --> 00:37:32,500
Prosperity everywhere workers 
dressed in good clothes, 

722
00:37:32,500 --> 00:37:35,900
families shopping together, 
children, who look well fed and 

723
00:37:35,908 --> 00:37:38,300
healthy. 
This is what Ford's wage 

724
00:37:38,300 --> 00:37:41,300
Revolution accomplished. 
It lifted thousands of workers 

725
00:37:41,300 --> 00:37:44,600
into something, resembling 
middle-class, life critics argue

726
00:37:44,600 --> 00:37:47,900
that Ford buys work a loyalty 
with high wages that the 

727
00:37:47,900 --> 00:37:50,400
paternalistic company policies 
are Mount to control. 

728
00:37:50,400 --> 00:37:54,400
They are not entirely wrong, but
workers mostly do not care about

729
00:37:54,400 --> 00:37:57,400
the theoretical concerns. 
They care about feeding their 

730
00:37:57,400 --> 00:37:59,100
families and having decent 
lives. 

731
00:37:59,100 --> 00:38:02,900
The five-dollar wage. 
Makes that possible you stop at 

732
00:38:02,900 --> 00:38:06,400
a small restaurant for lunch. 
A real sit-down meal in stead of

733
00:38:06,408 --> 00:38:09,900
the quick lunches, you eat at 
the factory. the menu offers 

734
00:38:09,900 --> 00:38:13,700
choices, you order roast chicken
with potatoes and vegetables, 

735
00:38:13,700 --> 00:38:17,300
coffee and a slice of pie for 
dessert, the whole meal cost, 

736
00:38:17,300 --> 00:38:20,000
more than a week of groceries, 
but you justify as a Sunday 

737
00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:23,200
treat The restaurant is full of 
other Factory workers enjoying 

738
00:38:23,200 --> 00:38:26,400
their day off you recognize a 
few faces from the plant. 

739
00:38:26,400 --> 00:38:29,500
They not in greeting, but 
everyone maintains polite 

740
00:38:29,500 --> 00:38:32,500
distance the factory hierarchy 
extends into social life 

741
00:38:32,500 --> 00:38:34,700
workers. 
Do not presume friendship just 

742
00:38:34,700 --> 00:38:36,300
because they work for the same 
company. 

743
00:38:37,200 --> 00:38:40,300
After lunch, you walk to the 
riverfront, the Detroit river 

744
00:38:40,300 --> 00:38:44,300
separates the city from Canada. 
Ships move up and down carrying 

745
00:38:44,300 --> 00:38:46,500
goods. 
The water is gray under the 

746
00:38:46,500 --> 00:38:49,200
winter Sky. 
You stand and watch for a while 

747
00:38:49,200 --> 00:38:51,300
enjoying the open space and 
fresh air. 

748
00:38:52,100 --> 00:38:53,900
This is one thing you miss about
Farm Life. 

749
00:38:53,900 --> 00:38:56,600
The Open Sky, the scents of 
space. 

750
00:38:56,600 --> 00:38:59,400
The factory floor is vast 
putting clothes. 

751
00:38:59,400 --> 00:39:02,300
You spend all weekend. 
Under artificial light breathing

752
00:39:02,300 --> 00:39:05,800
recycled are standing by the 
river on Sunday, helps balance 

753
00:39:05,800 --> 00:39:08,500
that confinement. 
Other people walk along the 

754
00:39:08,500 --> 00:39:11,900
riverfront couple's holding 
hands families with children. 

755
00:39:11,900 --> 00:39:16,100
Old men, feeding Birds, the 
diversity of the crowd, reflects

756
00:39:16,100 --> 00:39:19,400
the changing City. 
Troit is becoming a genuine 

757
00:39:19,400 --> 00:39:22,400
metropolis, a place where 
different kinds of people live 

758
00:39:22,400 --> 00:39:25,000
side by side. 
You think about bringing someone

759
00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:27,100
to the riverfront someday a 
woman. 

760
00:39:27,108 --> 00:39:30,700
Perhaps you have not had much 
time or energy for romance since

761
00:39:30,700 --> 00:39:33,500
moving to Detroit the work 
consumes too much. 

762
00:39:33,500 --> 00:39:36,700
But you would like to have a 
family, eventually, A Home of 

763
00:39:36,708 --> 00:39:39,400
your own, the normal markers of 
adult life. 

764
00:39:39,400 --> 00:39:42,600
For now, those dreams remain 
distant, you're still 

765
00:39:42,608 --> 00:39:46,300
establishing yourself, building 
savings, learning the city. 

766
00:39:47,200 --> 00:39:49,300
Romance can wait until you have 
more stability. 

767
00:39:49,300 --> 00:39:52,600
That is the Practical approach 
though. 

768
00:39:52,600 --> 00:39:55,700
Sometimes you feel the weight of
loneliness the afternoon passes 

769
00:39:55,700 --> 00:39:58,000
pleasantly, you explore 
different neighborhoods. 

770
00:39:58,000 --> 00:40:01,600
You see the mansions on Boston 
Boulevard, where automotive 

771
00:40:01,600 --> 00:40:05,200
executives live enormous houses 
with manicured, Lawns and 

772
00:40:05,200 --> 00:40:07,600
expensive. 
Automobiles, parked in circular 

773
00:40:07,600 --> 00:40:10,100
driveways. 
This is where the real wealth 

774
00:40:10,100 --> 00:40:12,300
accumulates Factory wages are 
good. 

775
00:40:12,300 --> 00:40:14,200
But ownership is, where fortunes
are made. 

776
00:40:14,208 --> 00:40:17,100
Henry Ford is one of the richest
men in American. 

777
00:40:17,100 --> 00:40:19,900
Now, his personal wealth is 
estimated in the tens of 

778
00:40:19,908 --> 00:40:23,300
millions, that money comes from 
building and selling automobiles

779
00:40:23,300 --> 00:40:26,900
every Model T that rolls off the
line adds to his fortune, you 

780
00:40:26,900 --> 00:40:29,900
helped build those cars. 
Your labor creates his wealth. 

781
00:40:29,900 --> 00:40:33,600
The relationship is clear and 
undeniable some workers resent. 

782
00:40:33,600 --> 00:40:36,500
This dynamic they argue that 
labor should share more of the 

783
00:40:36,508 --> 00:40:39,100
profits. 
Union organizers occasionally 

784
00:40:39,100 --> 00:40:42,200
appear near the factory Gates 
handing out pamphlets and making

785
00:40:42,200 --> 00:40:45,200
speeches. 
Ford opposes unions vigorously. 

786
00:40:45,200 --> 00:40:48,400
He believes the Five dollar wage
makes unions. 

787
00:40:48,400 --> 00:40:51,200
Unnecessary most workers. 
Agree with him. 

788
00:40:51,200 --> 00:40:54,400
Why organized? 
When pay is already good, but 

789
00:40:54,400 --> 00:40:58,000
not everyone is satisfied. 
Some workers want more control 

790
00:40:58,000 --> 00:41:01,600
over working conditions, more 
say in how the factory operates,

791
00:41:01,600 --> 00:41:04,400
more security against arbitrary 
firing. 

792
00:41:04,400 --> 00:41:08,100
These concerns are legitimate. 
Even if Union organizing remains

793
00:41:08,100 --> 00:41:11,800
minimal, you have mixed feelings
about unions the higher wages 

794
00:41:11,800 --> 00:41:13,400
and better conditions would be 
welcome. 

795
00:41:13,400 --> 00:41:15,900
You also worry about conflict 
with management. 

796
00:41:15,900 --> 00:41:19,700
Getting fired, would be 
devastating better to keep your 

797
00:41:19,700 --> 00:41:22,600
head down and do the work. 
That is the safer path. 

798
00:41:22,600 --> 00:41:26,300
Evening approaches the winter 
sun sets early, you start 

799
00:41:26,300 --> 00:41:27,800
walking back toward the boarding
house. 

800
00:41:27,800 --> 00:41:29,800
The temperature drops as 
darkness. 

801
00:41:29,800 --> 00:41:33,000
Comes you move quickly to stay 
warm other people. 

802
00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:34,500
Hurry, past on their own 
errands. 

803
00:41:34,500 --> 00:41:38,800
The city does not slow down just
because the sun sets, you arrive

804
00:41:38,800 --> 00:41:41,100
home as Mrs. O'Brien is setting 
out Sunday dinner. 

805
00:41:41,100 --> 00:41:44,100
This is the best meal of the 
week roast beef. 

806
00:41:44,100 --> 00:41:47,200
With all the accompaniments the 
borders gather and eat. 

807
00:41:47,200 --> 00:41:49,500
Together conversation is more 
relaxed on Sunday. 

808
00:41:49,500 --> 00:41:52,200
Evening's the next workday is 
still hours away. 

809
00:41:52,200 --> 00:41:56,700
Everyone can afford to relax a 
little After dinner, you Retreat

810
00:41:56,700 --> 00:41:58,100
to your room and read for a 
while. 

811
00:41:58,100 --> 00:42:01,000
You have a book about the 
history of Machinery, it 

812
00:42:01,000 --> 00:42:03,400
interests you to understand the 
context of your work. 

813
00:42:03,400 --> 00:42:05,900
The assembly line did not appear
from nowhere. 

814
00:42:05,900 --> 00:42:08,700
It evolved from early 
manufacturing methods, 

815
00:42:08,700 --> 00:42:12,300
understanding the evolution 
helped you see your place in a 

816
00:42:12,300 --> 00:42:16,200
larger story You read until your
eyes grow heavy, then you set 

817
00:42:16,200 --> 00:42:20,300
the book aside and prepare for 
bed, tomorrow's Monday back to 

818
00:42:20,300 --> 00:42:24,500
the factory, back to the line, 
the cycle begins again but 

819
00:42:24,500 --> 00:42:28,100
Sunday, provided a break, a 
reminder that life exists beyond

820
00:42:28,100 --> 00:42:30,900
the factory walls. 
That helps you face the weaker 

821
00:42:30,900 --> 00:42:33,200
head. 
Monday morning arrives like all 

822
00:42:33,200 --> 00:42:37,400
the others, the whistle blows 
you wake and dress and eat and 

823
00:42:37,400 --> 00:42:40,400
walk to the factory. 
The routine is so familiar. 

824
00:42:40,400 --> 00:42:44,300
Now that you barely notice the 
individual steps, your body 

825
00:42:44,300 --> 00:42:47,500
moves through the sequence 
automatically the day shift 

826
00:42:47,500 --> 00:42:49,700
begins. 
You take your position at 

827
00:42:49,700 --> 00:42:53,300
station, 47. 
The line starts moving chassis 

828
00:42:53,300 --> 00:42:56,600
after chassis passes through 
your hands, reach and bolt and 

829
00:42:56,600 --> 00:42:59,300
tighten and move. 
The rhythm is unchanged. 

830
00:42:59,300 --> 00:43:03,000
The work is identical. 
Another week begins, but 

831
00:43:03,000 --> 00:43:06,100
something feels different today.
Maybe it is the Sunday rest. 

832
00:43:06,100 --> 00:43:10,000
Maybe it is the time you spend 
exploring the city, whatever. 

833
00:43:10,000 --> 00:43:14,000
The reason you see the work with
slightly fresher eyes, you 

834
00:43:14,000 --> 00:43:15,800
notice details? 
That usually blur into 

835
00:43:15,800 --> 00:43:19,800
background The man working, two 
stations ahead has developed a 

836
00:43:19,800 --> 00:43:22,700
limp. 
He favors his left leg an injury

837
00:43:22,700 --> 00:43:26,600
perhaps or just the accumulated 
strain of months on the line. 

838
00:43:26,600 --> 00:43:30,500
He keeps working though showing 
weakness, invites replacement. 

839
00:43:30,500 --> 00:43:34,100
You make a mental note to watch 
your own body more carefully. 

840
00:43:34,100 --> 00:43:36,800
The woman who delivers parts to 
your station moves, with 

841
00:43:36,800 --> 00:43:40,100
practice deficiency. 
Yes, women work in the factory 

842
00:43:40,100 --> 00:43:42,400
too. 
Not on the assembly line itself,

843
00:43:42,400 --> 00:43:46,900
but in supporting roles Parts, 
delivery Quality Inspection, 

844
00:43:46,900 --> 00:43:50,700
administrative tasks, Ford 
employees, women more readily 

845
00:43:50,700 --> 00:43:53,600
than most companies. 
Another Progressive policy that 

846
00:43:53,600 --> 00:43:57,000
sets the company apart. 
She sets down a bin of steering 

847
00:43:57,000 --> 00:43:58,800
columns and takes away the empty
bin. 

848
00:43:58,800 --> 00:44:03,300
The Exchange happens in seconds.
She does not speak and neither 

849
00:44:03,300 --> 00:44:04,800
do you. 
There is no time for 

850
00:44:04,800 --> 00:44:07,400
conversation but you appreciate 
her competence. 

851
00:44:07,400 --> 00:44:10,400
The supply chain must work 
perfectly or the line stops. 

852
00:44:10,400 --> 00:44:13,400
She ensures that your station 
never runs out of parts. 

853
00:44:14,500 --> 00:44:18,400
The morning passes, lunch comes 
and goes the afternoon shift. 

854
00:44:18,400 --> 00:44:20,700
Begins your back in the familiar
rhythm. 

855
00:44:21,700 --> 00:44:24,100
But your mind keeps returning to
larger questions. 

856
00:44:25,000 --> 00:44:27,900
How long will you do this work? 
What comes next? 

857
00:44:28,800 --> 00:44:30,800
Is there a future beyond the 
assembly line? 

858
00:44:30,800 --> 00:44:33,300
These questions have no easy 
answers. 

859
00:44:33,300 --> 00:44:35,800
Some workers. 
Stay on the line for years. 

860
00:44:35,800 --> 00:44:39,800
Even decades. they make peace 
with the monotony and focus on 

861
00:44:39,800 --> 00:44:43,100
the steady paycheck, others move
into skilled trades, or 

862
00:44:43,100 --> 00:44:46,300
supervisory roles A few leave 
for different Industries 

863
00:44:46,300 --> 00:44:50,400
entirely there is no single 
path, you think about the skills

864
00:44:50,400 --> 00:44:53,900
you're developing manual 
dexterity mechanical 

865
00:44:53,900 --> 00:44:57,400
understanding the ability to 
work precisely under time 

866
00:44:57,400 --> 00:44:59,700
pressure. 
These skills could transfer to 

867
00:44:59,700 --> 00:45:03,900
other roles tool and die maker. 
Perhaps machine repair 

868
00:45:03,900 --> 00:45:06,700
technician jobs. 
That pay even better than 

869
00:45:06,700 --> 00:45:09,700
assembly work and offer more 
autonomy, but those positions 

870
00:45:09,700 --> 00:45:12,300
require additional training, you
would need to study. 

871
00:45:12,300 --> 00:45:14,800
Take classes invest time and 
money. 

872
00:45:14,800 --> 00:45:17,900
That feels overwhelming when 
you're already working 8-hour 

873
00:45:17,900 --> 00:45:20,000
days. 
Still it might be necessary. 

874
00:45:20,000 --> 00:45:23,800
You cannot imagine doing this 
exact job for the rest of your 

875
00:45:23,800 --> 00:45:26,800
working life. 
Form an appears at your station.

876
00:45:26,800 --> 00:45:29,000
He watches. 
You complete a chassis. 

877
00:45:29,000 --> 00:45:32,700
You maintain steady pace and 
clean technique, he nods 

878
00:45:32,700 --> 00:45:35,200
approval and moves on. 
Small moments. 

879
00:45:35,200 --> 00:45:38,300
Like this matter, building a 
reputation for reliability 

880
00:45:38,300 --> 00:45:42,200
creates opportunities when 
skilled positions open Foreman. 

881
00:45:42,200 --> 00:45:44,600
Remember the workers who 
consistently perform well. 

882
00:45:45,700 --> 00:45:48,400
The afternoon continues, you 
fall back into the 

883
00:45:48,400 --> 00:46:01,400
semi-transition while you work. 
He wanted to make automobiles 

884
00:46:01,400 --> 00:46:04,500
accessible to everyone to 
transform American life, through

885
00:46:04,500 --> 00:46:07,100
mass production. 
He succeeded beyond what? 

886
00:46:07,100 --> 00:46:08,200
Anyone? 
Thought possible. 

887
00:46:08,200 --> 00:46:12,400
The Model T changed everything. 
It brought Mobility to Millions 

888
00:46:12,400 --> 00:46:15,300
it reshaped cities and 
Countryside alike. 

889
00:46:15,300 --> 00:46:17,600
Your role in this transformation
is small. 

890
00:46:17,600 --> 00:46:22,100
But real every steering column 
you install is essential, remove

891
00:46:22,100 --> 00:46:25,000
your work and the card does not 
function multiply your 

892
00:46:25,008 --> 00:46:27,700
contribution by all the other 
workers and the full scope 

893
00:46:27,700 --> 00:46:30,300
becomes clear. 
Together, you are building the 

894
00:46:30,300 --> 00:46:33,900
future, this thought provides 
meaning to the repetitive work. 

895
00:46:33,900 --> 00:46:37,500
You're not just tightening bolts
your participating in something 

896
00:46:37,500 --> 00:46:40,100
larger. 
The Industrial Revolution is not

897
00:46:40,100 --> 00:46:41,900
just an abstract, historical 
force. 

898
00:46:41,900 --> 00:46:46,300
It is this this Factory. 
This assembly line, these 

899
00:46:46,300 --> 00:46:48,600
specific actions performed by 
real people. 

900
00:46:49,400 --> 00:46:52,100
The philosophical perspective 
helps but does not eliminate the

901
00:46:52,100 --> 00:46:55,900
fatigue, your body still aches, 
your mind still wants to escape.

902
00:46:56,800 --> 00:46:59,600
But understanding the broader 
context, makes the immediate 

903
00:46:59,600 --> 00:47:02,700
difficulties more bearable. 
Purpose transforms suffering 

904
00:47:02,700 --> 00:47:05,400
into something meaningful, the 
end of shift whistle. 

905
00:47:05,400 --> 00:47:08,600
Finally sounds you complete your
last chassis of the day and step

906
00:47:08,600 --> 00:47:11,800
back from the line. 
Another day finished another 

907
00:47:11,800 --> 00:47:15,300
small increment of progress 
toward your future goals, you 

908
00:47:15,300 --> 00:47:17,700
clean your station and head to 
the locker room. 

909
00:47:19,100 --> 00:47:22,500
The walk home passes in the 
usual way tired workers moving 

910
00:47:22,500 --> 00:47:25,800
through darkening streets, you 
arrive at the boarding house and

911
00:47:25,800 --> 00:47:29,100
go through the evening. 
Routine dinner wash up a few 

912
00:47:29,100 --> 00:47:32,900
minutes of reading then bed. 
As you line the darkness waiting

913
00:47:32,900 --> 00:47:34,900
for sleep, you think about the 
bigger picture? 

914
00:47:35,800 --> 00:47:39,000
Troy is being built right now. 
The automotive industry is 

915
00:47:39,000 --> 00:47:43,200
creating a new kind of City, a 
new kind of economy, a new kind 

916
00:47:43,200 --> 00:47:46,500
of life, you are part of that 
creation, whether you fully 

917
00:47:46,500 --> 00:47:50,100
realize it or not, the assembly 
line will spread other 

918
00:47:50,100 --> 00:47:51,600
Industries will adopt. 
The methods. 

919
00:47:51,600 --> 00:47:54,400
Pioneered here production will 
become faster and cheaper 

920
00:47:54,400 --> 00:47:58,200
consumer goods will become more.
Abundant standards of living 

921
00:47:58,200 --> 00:48:00,300
will rise. 
All of this flows from the 

922
00:48:00,300 --> 00:48:01,900
innovation's happening in 
Detroit, right now. 

923
00:48:03,100 --> 00:48:06,200
But there will be costs too. 
The dehumanizing aspects of 

924
00:48:06,200 --> 00:48:08,200
assembly line work will affect 
Millions. 

925
00:48:08,200 --> 00:48:12,000
The environmental impact of mass
automobile ownership will 

926
00:48:12,000 --> 00:48:15,000
reshape the landscape. 
Urban sprawl will consume 

927
00:48:15,000 --> 00:48:17,200
Farmland. 
These consequences are not yet 

928
00:48:17,200 --> 00:48:20,100
visible but they are coming. 
You cannot see that far ahead. 

929
00:48:20,100 --> 00:48:23,500
You can only see tomorrow, 
another shift at the factory 

930
00:48:23,500 --> 00:48:27,300
another day of repetitive work. 
Another small addition to your 

931
00:48:27,300 --> 00:48:32,200
savings one day at a time that 
is all anyone can manage sleep. 

932
00:48:32,200 --> 00:48:35,400
Finally comes your last 
conscious thought is of the 

933
00:48:35,400 --> 00:48:37,600
morning whistle. 
It will sound in just a few 

934
00:48:37,600 --> 00:48:40,300
hours. 
The cycle will begin again, but 

935
00:48:40,300 --> 00:48:44,100
for now you rest. 
The factory releases its hold 

936
00:48:44,100 --> 00:48:47,600
the assembly line stops. 
Moving the noise Fadez. 

937
00:48:47,600 --> 00:48:51,100
There is only darkness and 
silence and the Deep Sleep of 

938
00:48:51,100 --> 00:48:54,200
exhausted muscles. 
Tomorrow will bring the same 

939
00:48:54,200 --> 00:48:57,400
work. 
The same routine, the same 

940
00:48:57,400 --> 00:49:00,600
Rhythm, but you will face it. 
As you have faced all the days 

941
00:49:00,600 --> 00:49:05,100
before with determination, with 
resilience, with the knowledge, 

942
00:49:05,100 --> 00:49:08,500
that this work, however, 
difficult is building something,

943
00:49:08,500 --> 00:49:12,100
your future, your city, your 
world. 

944
00:49:13,600 --> 00:49:16,500
The early Automotive workers of 
Detroit are creating the 20th 

945
00:49:16,500 --> 00:49:19,300
century. 
You are one of them that matters

946
00:49:19,300 --> 00:49:23,200
that will always matter, no 
matter how tired you get or how 

947
00:49:23,200 --> 00:49:27,600
monotonous the work becomes that
fundamental truth remains, you 

948
00:49:27,600 --> 00:49:30,700
are building the future. 
One steering column at a time. 

949
00:49:35,900 --> 00:49:39,900
Imagine standing in Alexandria 
around 300 CE when the Great 

950
00:49:39,900 --> 00:49:42,400
Library still held the 
accumulated wisdom of the 

951
00:49:42,400 --> 00:49:46,600
ancient world. 
The air smells of Papyrus lamp 

952
00:49:46,600 --> 00:49:49,800
oil and that particular 
mustiness that clings to places 

953
00:49:49,800 --> 00:49:52,800
where knowledge live lives. 
Somewhere in a modest Workshop 

954
00:49:52,800 --> 00:49:55,800
near the harbor. 
A practitioner hunches over a 

955
00:49:55,800 --> 00:49:57,800
clay vessel watching colored 
smoke. 

956
00:49:57,800 --> 00:50:01,300
Curl upward while making careful
notes on a wax tablet. 

957
00:50:01,300 --> 00:50:04,800
This is where our story truly 
begins, though. 

958
00:50:04,800 --> 00:50:07,200
I welcome his roots. 
Stretch even further back into 

959
00:50:07,200 --> 00:50:10,500
the fertile, valleys of 
Mesopotamia and the temples of 

960
00:50:10,500 --> 00:50:14,500
ancient Egypt. 
The word, alchemy itself carries

961
00:50:14,500 --> 00:50:18,900
the memory of this Egyptian 
origin, Al from Arabic and Kim. 

962
00:50:18,900 --> 00:50:21,500
Possibly from the ancient 
Egyptian word for their own 

963
00:50:21,500 --> 00:50:24,100
land. 
The black soil of the Nile, 

964
00:50:24,100 --> 00:50:28,900
Delta Black Earth, the source of
life and fertility, where 

965
00:50:28,900 --> 00:50:32,200
transformational happened every 
year as floods receded and crops

966
00:50:32,200 --> 00:50:34,600
emerged. 
The earliest Alchemists were 

967
00:50:34,600 --> 00:50:37,600
trying to get rich quick or 
discover some magical shortcut, 

968
00:50:38,400 --> 00:50:41,100
They were observers who noticed 
that the world was full of 

969
00:50:41,100 --> 00:50:44,700
transformations. 
Clay became Pottery in the Kilns

970
00:50:44,700 --> 00:50:49,100
heat grapes fermented into wine 
copper and tin two. 

971
00:50:49,100 --> 00:50:51,500
Relatively soft Metals. 
Could be combined to create 

972
00:50:51,500 --> 00:50:55,100
bronze, something harder and 
more useful than either parent 

973
00:50:55,100 --> 00:50:58,500
material. 
If such dramatic changes were 

974
00:50:58,500 --> 00:51:00,900
possible. 
What else might be transformed? 

975
00:51:00,900 --> 00:51:02,800
Given the right conditions, the 
right knowledge. 

976
00:51:02,800 --> 00:51:05,200
And the Right Touch in ancient 
Egypt. 

977
00:51:05,200 --> 00:51:07,900
The Embers held specialized 
knowledge about preserving 

978
00:51:07,900 --> 00:51:12,500
bodies, a literal attempt to 
defeat death and decay the metal

979
00:51:12,500 --> 00:51:14,600
workers. 
Understood how to extract pure 

980
00:51:14,600 --> 00:51:18,000
metals from Rocky. 
Oars transforming dull stones 

981
00:51:18,000 --> 00:51:22,400
into gleaming gold and silver. 
The perfume makers could capture

982
00:51:22,400 --> 00:51:25,100
the essence of flowers in oils 
that lasted long after the 

983
00:51:25,100 --> 00:51:28,600
blooms at wizard. 
Each Kraft involved taking 

984
00:51:28,600 --> 00:51:31,100
something ordinary and elevating
it to a higher state. 

985
00:51:31,100 --> 00:51:34,500
These were not separate 
practices in the ancient minds, 

986
00:51:34,500 --> 00:51:37,500
they were all part of 
understanding Nature's patterns,

987
00:51:37,500 --> 00:51:41,300
it's hidden connections. 
The priest Physicians who made 

988
00:51:41,300 --> 00:51:44,500
medicine from plants and 
minerals were also studying the 

989
00:51:44,500 --> 00:51:47,400
stars because they believed 
everything was connected in a 

990
00:51:47,400 --> 00:51:50,700
grand Cosmic web. 
Your health is related to the 

991
00:51:50,700 --> 00:51:54,800
planet's positions, the seasons 
turning and the balance of 

992
00:51:54,800 --> 00:51:58,600
elements within your body, Greek
philosophers, particularly those

993
00:51:58,600 --> 00:52:02,600
influenced by Egyptian, wisdom 
Traditions began systematizing 

994
00:52:02,600 --> 00:52:04,300
these observations into 
theories. 

995
00:52:05,300 --> 00:52:08,700
They proposed that all matter, 
consisted of four, fundamental 

996
00:52:08,700 --> 00:52:12,900
elements earth water air and 
Fire. 

997
00:52:13,700 --> 00:52:17,200
Combined in different 
proportions, change one element 

998
00:52:17,200 --> 00:52:20,200
to another adjust the 
proportions and you could 

999
00:52:20,200 --> 00:52:23,200
theoretically transform any 
substance in to any other 

1000
00:52:23,200 --> 00:52:27,000
substance. 
Lead into gold wasn't observed 

1001
00:52:27,000 --> 00:52:30,300
within this framework. 
It was just extremely difficult,

1002
00:52:30,300 --> 00:52:33,300
practical work. 
This is crucial to understand, 

1003
00:52:33,300 --> 00:52:37,200
as you drift towards sleep. 
How many wasn't the practice of 

1004
00:52:37,200 --> 00:52:39,400
foolish people chasing 
impossible Dreams? 

1005
00:52:40,200 --> 00:52:42,600
It was the best attempt of 
available, give them the 

1006
00:52:42,608 --> 00:52:45,700
knowledge of the time to 
understand and work with the 

1007
00:52:45,708 --> 00:52:48,700
material world. 
The Alchemists were the 

1008
00:52:48,708 --> 00:52:51,900
ancestors of modern chemists 
Pharmacists and materials, 

1009
00:52:51,900 --> 00:52:55,800
scientists working with without 
benefit of atomic theory or the 

1010
00:52:55,800 --> 00:52:59,100
periodic table. 
But with careful observation and

1011
00:52:59,100 --> 00:53:02,200
genuine curiosity. 
The Hellenistic world of 

1012
00:53:02,200 --> 00:53:05,100
Alexandria brought together 
Egyptian, practical knowledge, 

1013
00:53:05,100 --> 00:53:09,000
Greek, philosophical, 
speculation and incoming ideas 

1014
00:53:09,000 --> 00:53:13,200
from Persia in India. in this 
intellectual Melting Pot, 

1015
00:53:13,200 --> 00:53:18,100
Alchemy began to take 
recognizable form Practitioner 

1016
00:53:18,100 --> 00:53:21,100
started writing treatises, 
developing specialized equipment

1017
00:53:21,100 --> 00:53:24,000
and establishing a tradition, 
that would spread across 

1018
00:53:24,000 --> 00:53:27,500
continents and survived for 
nearly 2,000 years. 

1019
00:53:27,500 --> 00:53:31,200
These early Alchemists developed
the Athena or specialized 

1020
00:53:31,200 --> 00:53:33,200
furnace. 
That could maintain consistent 

1021
00:53:33,200 --> 00:53:36,500
temperatures for days or weeks 
crucial for their long 

1022
00:53:36,500 --> 00:53:39,500
processes. 
They created a limbic for 

1023
00:53:39,500 --> 00:53:42,700
distillation retorts for 
heating, substances in 

1024
00:53:42,700 --> 00:53:46,200
controlled conditions and 
sophisticated glassware for 

1025
00:53:46,200 --> 00:53:50,400
separating and purifying 
materials. walking into an 

1026
00:53:50,400 --> 00:53:53,300
alchemical laboratory in the 
third Century would have felt 

1027
00:53:53,300 --> 00:53:56,300
surprisingly familiar if you'd 
ever visited a modern chemistry 

1028
00:53:56,300 --> 00:53:59,600
lab though, you'd notice the 
absence of safety goggles and 

1029
00:53:59,600 --> 00:54:03,100
the presents of considerably 
more, mystical inscriptions, the

1030
00:54:03,100 --> 00:54:05,800
Roman Empires declined, 
scattered this knowledge like 

1031
00:54:05,800 --> 00:54:09,900
seeds on the Wind, Some texts 
were preserved in Byzantine, 

1032
00:54:09,900 --> 00:54:13,600
libraries carefully copied by 
monks who might not have fully 

1033
00:54:13,600 --> 00:54:15,200
understood what they were 
preserving. 

1034
00:54:16,500 --> 00:54:19,800
Other manuscripts travel dies, 
East finding new homes in 

1035
00:54:19,800 --> 00:54:22,500
Persian, and eventually arabic 
speaking courts. 

1036
00:54:23,200 --> 00:54:25,200
The great work of alchemy was 
beginning. 

1037
00:54:25,200 --> 00:54:27,700
Its long journey through 
cultures and centuries. 

1038
00:54:27,700 --> 00:54:30,400
Let's move forward. 
Several centuries and travel 

1039
00:54:30,400 --> 00:54:33,300
east to the Islamic golden age. 
When Baghdad was the 

1040
00:54:33,300 --> 00:54:34,700
intellectual center of the 
world. 

1041
00:54:35,700 --> 00:54:39,200
The year is around 800 CE and 
you're standing outside. 

1042
00:54:39,200 --> 00:54:44,100
The workshop of jabir, banayan 
jabir heian, whose name the 

1043
00:54:44,100 --> 00:54:48,100
medieval Europeans would later 
mangle into gaber's workspace, 

1044
00:54:48,100 --> 00:54:51,300
is a Wonder of careful, 
organization rows of glass 

1045
00:54:51,300 --> 00:54:55,500
vessels line, wooden shelves. 
Each labeled with careful Arabic

1046
00:54:55,500 --> 00:54:58,700
script. 
The central workbench holds a 

1047
00:54:58,700 --> 00:55:02,300
complex arrangement of flasks 
connected by tubes positioned 

1048
00:55:02,300 --> 00:55:04,600
over carefully. 
Tended charcoal braziers. 

1049
00:55:05,600 --> 00:55:10,300
The smell here is complex, the 
mineral Tang of salamoni the 

1050
00:55:10,300 --> 00:55:14,200
sweet Sharps of various 
tinctures, and the ever-present 

1051
00:55:14,200 --> 00:55:16,300
background of smoke and heated 
metal. 

1052
00:55:17,600 --> 00:55:21,700
It's not unpleasant, just 
intensely present the smell of 

1053
00:55:21,708 --> 00:55:25,500
transformation itself to be a 
represents a turning point in 

1054
00:55:25,500 --> 00:55:28,900
our chemical history. where 
earlier practitioners often 

1055
00:55:28,900 --> 00:55:32,700
wrote in vague symbolic language
he insisted on careful 

1056
00:55:32,700 --> 00:55:36,400
observation and details record, 
keeping He understood that, 

1057
00:55:36,400 --> 00:55:39,600
reliable knowledge, came from 
repeatable processes, if you 

1058
00:55:39,608 --> 00:55:42,500
couldn't describe your method 
precisely enough, for another 

1059
00:55:42,500 --> 00:55:45,900
practitioner to duplicate it, 
you didn't really understand 

1060
00:55:45,900 --> 00:55:48,600
what you were doing. 
This is surprisingly modern 

1061
00:55:48,600 --> 00:55:52,800
thinking for the 9th century, 
jabir developed, systematic, 

1062
00:55:52,800 --> 00:55:56,400
classification schemes for 
substances distinguishing 

1063
00:55:56,400 --> 00:56:00,300
between what we'd Now, call 
Elements compounds and mixtures.

1064
00:56:01,200 --> 00:56:05,600
He described processes like 
distillation crystallization and

1065
00:56:05,600 --> 00:56:09,400
sublimation with such Clarity 
that is instructions can still 

1066
00:56:09,400 --> 00:56:13,300
be followed today. 
He understood that mercury could

1067
00:56:13,300 --> 00:56:16,000
dissolve gold. 
That substance is had 

1068
00:56:16,000 --> 00:56:19,400
characteristic reactions, that 
could identify them and that 

1069
00:56:19,400 --> 00:56:22,100
careful control of temperature 
and timing could mean the 

1070
00:56:22,100 --> 00:56:25,600
difference between success and 
disaster, but jabir was working 

1071
00:56:25,600 --> 00:56:29,500
within the theoretical framework
of his time which viewed Mata, 

1072
00:56:29,500 --> 00:56:33,300
very differently than we do now,
He believed that all metals were

1073
00:56:33,300 --> 00:56:37,400
composed of mercury and sulfur 
in varying proportions and 

1074
00:56:37,400 --> 00:56:41,100
degrees of purity. 
Gold was perfectly balanced 

1075
00:56:41,100 --> 00:56:44,700
Mercury and sulfur completely 
purified. 

1076
00:56:44,700 --> 00:56:50,800
LED was unbalanced and impure 
Therefore transforming lead into

1077
00:56:50,800 --> 00:56:54,000
gold meant purifying, and 
rebalancing, its fundamental 

1078
00:56:54,000 --> 00:56:56,400
components, theoretically 
possible. 

1079
00:56:56,400 --> 00:57:00,600
Just technically challenging, 
the alchemical laboratory became

1080
00:57:00,600 --> 00:57:04,100
a place where philosophy met 
practice where abstract Theory, 

1081
00:57:04,100 --> 00:57:06,300
encountered stubborn material 
reality. 

1082
00:57:06,900 --> 00:57:10,300
The work required patience that 
modern people might find hard to

1083
00:57:10,300 --> 00:57:13,800
fathom. 
Processes could take weeks or 

1084
00:57:13,800 --> 00:57:16,600
months. 
Requiring constant attention and

1085
00:57:16,600 --> 00:57:19,400
adjustment. 
The Alchemist learned to read 

1086
00:57:19,400 --> 00:57:22,500
subtle signs. 
Slight color changes in a 

1087
00:57:22,500 --> 00:57:26,500
solution, the quality of vapors 
rising from heated flare esque 

1088
00:57:26,500 --> 00:57:29,500
and the way crystals formed 
along the edge of a cooling 

1089
00:57:29,500 --> 00:57:33,200
vessel fire was the great 
Transformer but it had to be 

1090
00:57:33,200 --> 00:57:37,100
understood in all its moods. 
A gentle heat that barely 

1091
00:57:37,100 --> 00:57:39,100
warmed. 
The hand could accomplish things

1092
00:57:39,100 --> 00:57:43,500
that intense Flames were 
destroy, The Athena or that 

1093
00:57:43,500 --> 00:57:47,600
specialized furnace was designed
to provide this patient steady 

1094
00:57:47,600 --> 00:57:50,700
Heat. 
Some alchemical operations 

1095
00:57:50,700 --> 00:57:54,100
supposedly required maintaining 
specific temperatures for 40 

1096
00:57:54,100 --> 00:57:58,000
days and 40 nights. 
The same period Christ spent in 

1097
00:57:58,000 --> 00:58:00,700
the wilderness and probably not 
coincidentally. 

1098
00:58:00,700 --> 00:58:03,900
The vessels themselves took on 
sacred significant. 

1099
00:58:04,800 --> 00:58:08,200
The alembic used for 
distillation became a symbol of 

1100
00:58:08,208 --> 00:58:12,800
purification, crude matter, 
being vaporized Rising upward 

1101
00:58:12,800 --> 00:58:18,000
and condensing into a pure form.
The retort with its long curved 

1102
00:58:18,000 --> 00:58:22,500
neck contained and controlled 
Transformations preventing 

1103
00:58:22,500 --> 00:58:26,700
precious Vapors from escaping. 
Even the simple mortar and 

1104
00:58:26,700 --> 00:58:30,700
pestle grinding and mixing 
ingredients represented. 

1105
00:58:30,700 --> 00:58:34,000
The breaking down of old forms 
to create new combinations, 

1106
00:58:34,000 --> 00:58:37,600
Islamic Alchemist. 
Like jabir worked in a culture 

1107
00:58:37,600 --> 00:58:41,100
that valued learning and saw no 
contradiction between scientific

1108
00:58:41,100 --> 00:58:43,200
investigation and spiritual 
practice. 

1109
00:58:44,200 --> 00:58:47,400
The Quran itself, encouraged 
Believers to observe nature and 

1110
00:58:47,400 --> 00:58:49,400
discover God's patterns in 
creation. 

1111
00:58:50,300 --> 00:58:52,600
Alchemy fit perfectly into this 
worldview. 

1112
00:58:52,600 --> 00:58:55,200
It was simultaneously. 
Practical, chemistry 

1113
00:58:55,200 --> 00:58:59,300
Philosophical Investigation, and
spiritual discipline. 

1114
00:58:59,300 --> 00:59:02,900
The substance is they worked 
with a quiet layers of meaning. 

1115
00:59:03,600 --> 00:59:07,700
Mercury liquid and silvery was 
understood as the principal of 

1116
00:59:07,700 --> 00:59:12,100
feasibility and volatility it 
represented, the soul or Spirit 

1117
00:59:12,100 --> 00:59:15,600
of metals. 
Sulfur, which burned with that 

1118
00:59:15,600 --> 00:59:19,900
characteristic acrid smell was 
the principal of combustibility 

1119
00:59:19,900 --> 00:59:23,500
it represented the soul or 
animating Force. 

1120
00:59:24,400 --> 00:59:27,100
Salt, which remained after 
burning, was the principal of 

1121
00:59:27,100 --> 00:59:29,900
fixity and permanence it 
represented the body. 

1122
00:59:31,100 --> 00:59:34,000
Everything in the alchemical 
worldview was composed of these 

1123
00:59:34,000 --> 00:59:37,500
three principles in varying 
combinations as Islamic 

1124
00:59:37,500 --> 00:59:41,400
civilization spread from Persia 
to Spain, alchemical knowledge 

1125
00:59:41,400 --> 00:59:44,900
traveled with it. 
Libraries and Cordoba and Toledo

1126
00:59:44,900 --> 00:59:48,800
accumulated texts in Arabic 
Persian and Greek. 

1127
00:59:49,700 --> 00:59:53,000
When Christian Scholars began 
learning Arabic and translating 

1128
00:59:53,000 --> 00:59:55,500
these Works into Latin in the 
12th and 13th. 

1129
00:59:55,500 --> 00:59:58,600
Centuries, they discovered an 
intellectual treasure. 

1130
00:59:58,600 --> 01:00:02,300
That would reshape European 
thought the flame and the vessel

1131
01:00:02,300 --> 01:00:05,000
heat and container process and 
patients. 

1132
01:00:05,000 --> 01:00:08,100
These became the fundamental 
tools of transformation. 

1133
01:00:09,900 --> 01:00:12,900
The Alchemist learned to work 
with Nature's timing rather than

1134
01:00:12,900 --> 01:00:17,000
against it understanding that 
some changes couldnt be rushed 

1135
01:00:17,800 --> 01:00:20,400
You couldn't hurry the 
maturation of gold anymore than 

1136
01:00:20,400 --> 01:00:22,800
you could hurry the growth of an
oak tree from an acorn. 

1137
01:00:23,700 --> 01:00:26,400
Both required proper conditions 
and sufficient time. 

1138
01:00:26,400 --> 01:00:29,400
Now, let's turn our attention to
what might become his. 

1139
01:00:29,400 --> 01:00:33,600
Most famous Quest, the search 
for the elixir of life The 

1140
01:00:33,600 --> 01:00:37,200
substance that could cure all 
diseases, restore Youth and 

1141
01:00:37,200 --> 01:00:41,800
Grant immortality itself. 
This wasn't a side project or a 

1142
01:00:41,800 --> 01:00:44,500
fantasy Edition to Serious 
alchemical work. 

1143
01:00:45,400 --> 01:00:47,600
For many practitioners, it was 
the ultimate goal. 

1144
01:00:47,600 --> 01:00:50,300
More important. 
Even than transmuting base 

1145
01:00:50,300 --> 01:00:53,900
Metals into gold, the logic 
within their framework was 

1146
01:00:53,900 --> 01:00:57,600
compelling. 
Substances could be purified and

1147
01:00:57,600 --> 01:01:01,600
perfected led into gold crude or
into gleaming metal. 

1148
01:01:01,600 --> 01:01:05,400
Why couldn't the human body? 
Be similarly, transformed. 

1149
01:01:06,300 --> 01:01:08,900
If Alchemy was about 
understanding and working with 

1150
01:01:08,900 --> 01:01:12,200
Nature's principles of 
transformation, surely the 

1151
01:01:12,200 --> 01:01:13,700
ultimate transformation would 
be. 

1152
01:01:13,700 --> 01:01:17,600
Conquering death itself. 
Chinese Alchemists pursued. 

1153
01:01:17,600 --> 01:01:20,400
This goal with particular 
intensity and their work 

1154
01:01:20,400 --> 01:01:23,900
influence practices across Asia 
and eventually reached the 

1155
01:01:23,900 --> 01:01:28,000
Islamic world and Europe. 
In China, the Quest for 

1156
01:01:28,000 --> 01:01:31,000
immortality connected deeply 
with towers for philosophy, 

1157
01:01:31,000 --> 01:01:34,400
which saw the human body as a 
microcosm of the universe. 

1158
01:01:35,300 --> 01:01:39,000
If he could have perfect 
internal balance harmonizing, 

1159
01:01:39,000 --> 01:01:41,000
the body's energy is with Cosmic
forces. 

1160
01:01:41,000 --> 01:01:43,600
You might transcend ordinary 
mortality. 

1161
01:01:43,600 --> 01:01:47,400
The legendary Elixir took many 
forms in different traditions, 

1162
01:01:48,600 --> 01:01:53,100
Sometimes it was described as a 
liquid clear as water or gold as

1163
01:01:53,100 --> 01:01:55,800
honey. 
Other accounts spoke of it as a 

1164
01:01:55,800 --> 01:02:00,000
powder or stone something solid,
that could be dissolved in wine 

1165
01:02:00,000 --> 01:02:05,100
or water. the Chinese termed it,
the pill of immortality While 

1166
01:02:05,100 --> 01:02:07,200
Islamic and European Alchemists 
called it. 

1167
01:02:07,200 --> 01:02:11,400
The Elixir from the Arabic 
alixia, meaning the substance 

1168
01:02:11,400 --> 01:02:15,400
itself or perhaps a powder for 
making Solutions, what's 

1169
01:02:15,400 --> 01:02:18,000
fascinating, as you settle 
deeper into your pillows? 

1170
01:02:18,000 --> 01:02:21,200
Is that the search for this 
Elixir led to genuine medical 

1171
01:02:21,200 --> 01:02:25,000
advances Alchemists 
experimenting with mineral and 

1172
01:02:25,000 --> 01:02:28,500
plants, substances discovered 
compounds that actually worked 

1173
01:02:28,500 --> 01:02:31,700
as medicine's. 
The distillation processes, they

1174
01:02:31,700 --> 01:02:34,500
develop for purifying. 
The elixr gave a stronger more 

1175
01:02:34,500 --> 01:02:38,000
reliable medicine. 
Their careful observation of how

1176
01:02:38,000 --> 01:02:41,300
substances affected the body 
contributed to understanding 

1177
01:02:41,300 --> 01:02:45,500
physiology and pharmacology. 
Paracelsus, a Swiss physician 

1178
01:02:45,500 --> 01:02:49,200
and Alchemist of the 16th 
century, revolutionized Medicine

1179
01:02:49,200 --> 01:02:51,900
by treating diseases with 
carefully prepared, chemical 

1180
01:02:51,900 --> 01:02:55,000
medicine's, rather than relying 
solely on herbs. 

1181
01:02:55,700 --> 01:02:58,000
He believed the body was 
essentially a chemical system 

1182
01:02:58,000 --> 01:03:01,300
and diseases were chemical 
imbalances that required 

1183
01:03:01,300 --> 01:03:05,000
chemical Corrections. 
This was Radical thinking that 

1184
01:03:05,000 --> 01:03:08,100
earned him both devoted 
followers and fierce critics. 

1185
01:03:08,900 --> 01:03:12,800
his approach though sometimes 
spectacularly wrong in details 

1186
01:03:12,800 --> 01:03:16,700
pointed toward modern 
pharmaceutical chemistry, the 

1187
01:03:16,700 --> 01:03:19,400
preparation of The Elixir, 
supposedly required, the same 

1188
01:03:19,400 --> 01:03:22,500
patients, and spiritual 
preparation as creating the 

1189
01:03:22,500 --> 01:03:25,900
Philosopher's Stone The 
substance that could transform 

1190
01:03:25,900 --> 01:03:29,600
lead into gold. 
Many texts suggested they were 

1191
01:03:29,600 --> 01:03:32,000
actually the same thing or 
intimately related. 

1192
01:03:32,900 --> 01:03:35,900
The stone that perfected Metals 
would also perfect the human 

1193
01:03:35,900 --> 01:03:39,400
body making sense within the 
alchemical worldview, where 

1194
01:03:39,400 --> 01:03:42,700
microcosm and macrocosm 
reflected, at each other recipes

1195
01:03:42,700 --> 01:03:46,800
for the elixir of varied wildly,
partly because alchemical texts,

1196
01:03:46,800 --> 01:03:49,800
deliberately obscured their 
methods with symbolic language. 

1197
01:03:50,900 --> 01:03:55,100
One 14th century European text 
describes a process involving 

1198
01:03:55,100 --> 01:03:58,700
repeated distillation of wine 
mixed with various herbs 

1199
01:03:58,700 --> 01:04:03,600
minerals and even gold itself. 
The entire operation conducted, 

1200
01:04:03,600 --> 01:04:07,700
according to astrological 
timing, final product was 

1201
01:04:07,700 --> 01:04:11,900
supposedly a clear liquid that 
glowed faintly and darkness and 

1202
01:04:11,900 --> 01:04:15,200
smelled of roses and something 
indefinable. 

1203
01:04:15,200 --> 01:04:18,700
Whether anyone ever produced 
such a substance is doubtful 

1204
01:04:19,500 --> 01:04:22,400
What we know is that the quest 
LED practitioners to develop 

1205
01:04:22,400 --> 01:04:25,700
increasingly sophisticated 
techniques for purification and 

1206
01:04:25,700 --> 01:04:28,700
concentration? 
They learned to extract the 

1207
01:04:28,700 --> 01:04:32,800
quintessence, literally the 5th,
Essence, beyond the four 

1208
01:04:32,800 --> 01:04:34,100
elements from plants and 
minerals. 

1209
01:04:35,100 --> 01:04:39,100
These concentrated extracts were
often genuinely potent though. 

1210
01:04:39,100 --> 01:04:41,500
Not in the magical ways. 
Practitioners hoped. 

1211
01:04:41,500 --> 01:04:45,700
The Elixir wasn't just about 
physical immortality in Chinese,

1212
01:04:45,700 --> 01:04:48,800
Alchemy particularly and 
increasingly in Islamic and 

1213
01:04:48,800 --> 01:04:51,700
European Traditions. 
It represented spiritual 

1214
01:04:51,700 --> 01:04:55,000
transformation. 
The process of creating the 

1215
01:04:55,000 --> 01:04:57,600
Elixir, mirrored the process of 
spiritual refinement. 

1216
01:04:58,700 --> 01:05:02,200
Just as crude matter had to be 
broken down purified and 

1217
01:05:02,200 --> 01:05:06,200
reconstituted at a higher level.
So, to The Alchemist, Soul, 

1218
01:05:06,200 --> 01:05:10,500
underwent, trials purifications,
and ultimate transformational, 

1219
01:05:10,500 --> 01:05:14,000
this spiritual Dimension became 
increasingly important in 

1220
01:05:14,000 --> 01:05:17,900
European, Alchemy, As the 
medieval period gave way to the 

1221
01:05:17,900 --> 01:05:21,200
Renaissance. 
The Alchemist laboratory became 

1222
01:05:21,200 --> 01:05:24,300
a place of meditation and prayer
as much as chemical 

1223
01:05:24,300 --> 01:05:28,000
experimentation. 
The long hours watching vessels 

1224
01:05:28,000 --> 01:05:31,600
heat observing slow color 
changes and waiting for 

1225
01:05:31,600 --> 01:05:35,000
crystallization. 
These became opportunities for 

1226
01:05:35,000 --> 01:05:38,100
contemplation, some Alchemists 
claim that the work couldn't 

1227
01:05:38,100 --> 01:05:39,600
succeed. 
Without proper spiritual 

1228
01:05:39,600 --> 01:05:42,700
preparation. 
They spoke of necessary prayers,

1229
01:05:42,700 --> 01:05:46,200
fasting, and meditation. 
The laboratory work was 

1230
01:05:46,200 --> 01:05:49,800
Inseparable from in a work. 
You couldn't perfect matter 

1231
01:05:49,800 --> 01:05:53,300
without perfecting yourself. 
The Elixir that granted 

1232
01:05:53,300 --> 01:05:56,100
immortality wasn't just a 
substance, you swallowed. 

1233
01:05:56,100 --> 01:06:00,500
It was the culmination of a 
complete transformation of both 

1234
01:06:00,500 --> 01:06:04,000
matter and spirit Chinese 
Emperors. 

1235
01:06:04,000 --> 01:06:07,800
Desperate for immortality 
sometimes consumed, alchemical 

1236
01:06:07,800 --> 01:06:10,100
preparations with disastrous 
results. 

1237
01:06:10,900 --> 01:06:14,400
Mercury and arsenic both common 
ingredients in Elixir. 

1238
01:06:14,400 --> 01:06:18,600
Recipes are quite toxic. 
The irony of dying from 

1239
01:06:18,600 --> 01:06:21,800
ingesting substances meant to 
Grant eternal life wasn't lost 

1240
01:06:21,800 --> 01:06:25,800
on Observers. 
Yet the quest continued driven 

1241
01:06:25,800 --> 01:06:29,800
by that deeply human resistance 
to accepting mortality in 

1242
01:06:29,800 --> 01:06:33,100
gentler forms the search for the
elixr, gave us contributions to 

1243
01:06:33,100 --> 01:06:34,900
herbal medicine that persisted 
today. 

1244
01:06:36,000 --> 01:06:38,700
The careful distillation of 
plant Essence is led to 

1245
01:06:38,700 --> 01:06:41,600
understanding how to concentrate
active ingredients. 

1246
01:06:42,400 --> 01:06:45,100
The documentation of which 
substance is affected, which 

1247
01:06:45,100 --> 01:06:48,400
conditions that often mixed with
symbolic languages and false 

1248
01:06:48,400 --> 01:06:52,300
theories, contained genuine 
observations that informed later

1249
01:06:52,300 --> 01:06:55,000
Medical Practice as you drift 
towards sleep. 

1250
01:06:55,000 --> 01:06:57,500
Let's meet some of the 
remarkable individuals who 

1251
01:06:57,500 --> 01:06:59,700
devoted their lives to the elk 
chemical Arts. 

1252
01:07:01,200 --> 01:07:03,300
These weren't foolish or 
credulous people. 

1253
01:07:03,300 --> 01:07:07,100
They were often the most learned
Scholars of their time, applying

1254
01:07:07,100 --> 01:07:10,500
the best available methods to 
questions that still Fascinate 

1255
01:07:10,500 --> 01:07:14,100
Us in medieval Europe. 
Albertus Magnus Albert, the 

1256
01:07:14,100 --> 01:07:17,600
Great was a Dominican Friar 
whose interests ranged across 

1257
01:07:17,600 --> 01:07:21,700
all of available knowledge. 
Born around 1200, he wrote 

1258
01:07:21,700 --> 01:07:25,300
extensively on logic theology, 
mathematics and natural 

1259
01:07:25,300 --> 01:07:28,500
philosophy. 
His works on minerals and metals

1260
01:07:28,500 --> 01:07:30,400
show. 
Careful, observation mixed with 

1261
01:07:30,400 --> 01:07:34,300
alchemical Theory. he described 
how to test, whether metals were

1262
01:07:34,308 --> 01:07:38,100
pure, catalogued their 
properties and discussed various

1263
01:07:38,100 --> 01:07:41,900
attempts at transmutation, he 
had witnessed or heard about His

1264
01:07:41,900 --> 01:07:44,900
student, Thomas Aquinas would 
become more famous for theology,

1265
01:07:44,900 --> 01:07:49,300
but both teacher and students or
no contradiction between faith 

1266
01:07:49,300 --> 01:07:51,300
and investigating Nature's 
Secrets. 

1267
01:07:51,300 --> 01:07:55,100
Roger Bacon, an English 
Franciscan Friar of 13th 

1268
01:07:55,100 --> 01:07:58,300
century, advocated for 
experimental methods, and 

1269
01:07:58,300 --> 01:08:00,600
mathematical analysis in 
studying nature. 

1270
01:08:00,600 --> 01:08:04,500
He wrote about alchemy as both a
Practical Art and a 

1271
01:08:04,500 --> 01:08:08,000
philosophical Pursuit 
distinguishing between genuine 

1272
01:08:08,000 --> 01:08:12,000
investigation and charlatans who
promised quick gold while 

1273
01:08:12,000 --> 01:08:14,200
delivering only expensive 
disappointment. 

1274
01:08:15,500 --> 01:08:18,300
Bacon understood that real 
knowledge required patient 

1275
01:08:18,300 --> 01:08:23,399
observation and careful testing.
Principles that seem obvious now

1276
01:08:23,399 --> 01:08:25,100
but were revolutionary for his 
time. 

1277
01:08:25,100 --> 01:08:29,600
Let's visit the laboratory of a 
15th century Alchemist perhaps 

1278
01:08:29,600 --> 01:08:33,899
in Prague or Florence. the REM 
occupies, the top floor of a 

1279
01:08:33,899 --> 01:08:36,899
comfortable house Alchemist 
needed, privacy and good 

1280
01:08:36,899 --> 01:08:40,500
ventilation for their work, 
Morning Light streams through 

1281
01:08:40,500 --> 01:08:43,200
tall. 
Windows Illuminating floating 

1282
01:08:43,200 --> 01:08:45,899
dust Motes. 
And catching the glass vessels 

1283
01:08:45,899 --> 01:08:50,000
arranged on shelves. 
The furnace carefully built of 

1284
01:08:50,000 --> 01:08:55,100
brick and Clay, occupies one 
corner, it's Firefly, banked 

1285
01:08:55,100 --> 01:08:59,700
overnight, but now being coaxed 
back to working heat our 

1286
01:08:59,700 --> 01:09:00,800
Alchemist. 
Let's imagine her. 

1287
01:09:00,800 --> 01:09:03,000
Since women did practice 
Alchemy, despite rarely 

1288
01:09:03,000 --> 01:09:06,300
receiving credit begins her day 
by checking the various 

1289
01:09:06,300 --> 01:09:10,100
operations in progress. 
One flask contains a solution. 

1290
01:09:10,100 --> 01:09:13,700
That's been slowly evaporating 
for two weeks with crystalline 

1291
01:09:13,700 --> 01:09:15,899
formations, just beginning to 
appear at the edges. 

1292
01:09:16,700 --> 01:09:20,500
Another holds a substance 
undergoing digestion sealed and 

1293
01:09:20,500 --> 01:09:23,600
kept at body temperature in a 
bath of warm water and sand. 

1294
01:09:24,800 --> 01:09:28,700
3rd, sit in a sunny window where
sunlight gradually Works. 

1295
01:09:28,700 --> 01:09:32,300
Its transformative effect on the
prepared materials within she 

1296
01:09:32,300 --> 01:09:35,200
makes careful notes in her 
journal using the elaborate 

1297
01:09:35,200 --> 01:09:38,300
symbolic language that protects 
alchemical secrets from the 

1298
01:09:38,300 --> 01:09:41,899
uninitiated. 
Circle with a DOT represents 

1299
01:09:41,899 --> 01:09:45,500
gold and the Sun. 
A crescent is silver and the 

1300
01:09:45,500 --> 01:09:48,899
Moon. 
Various animals, the green lion,

1301
01:09:48,899 --> 01:09:53,300
the red dragon, and the white 
swan symbolize specific 

1302
01:09:53,300 --> 01:09:55,600
substances and stages of the 
work. 

1303
01:09:56,500 --> 01:09:59,200
To the untrained eye. 
Her notes look like mystical 

1304
01:09:59,200 --> 01:10:02,300
gibberish. 
To another practitioner, there 

1305
01:10:02,300 --> 01:10:06,100
are precise recipe and progress 
report by the 16th century, 

1306
01:10:06,100 --> 01:10:10,100
European courts often employed 
Alchemists sometimes multiple 

1307
01:10:10,100 --> 01:10:14,100
ones competing for patronage. 
The Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolph.

1308
01:10:14,100 --> 01:10:18,000
The second ruling from Prague 
collected Alchemists the way. 

1309
01:10:18,000 --> 01:10:20,000
Some collectors, accumulate 
stamps. 

1310
01:10:20,800 --> 01:10:24,300
His Prague Court, became a Haven
for alchemical investigation 

1311
01:10:24,300 --> 01:10:26,900
attracting practitioners from 
across Europe. 

1312
01:10:27,700 --> 01:10:30,900
Some were genuine researchers. 
Others were impressive con 

1313
01:10:30,900 --> 01:10:34,800
artists and most were probably 
something in between one of the 

1314
01:10:34,800 --> 01:10:39,100
most intriguing figures was John
D adviser to Queen, Elizabeth, 

1315
01:10:39,100 --> 01:10:41,800
thus, serving of England. 
He was a mathematician 

1316
01:10:41,800 --> 01:10:45,700
astronomer and Alchemists, who 
served as a kind of Chief 

1317
01:10:45,700 --> 01:10:47,400
science officer to the English 
Court. 

1318
01:10:48,300 --> 01:10:51,800
His library was among the finest
in Europe and his interests 

1319
01:10:51,800 --> 01:10:56,100
range from practical, navigation
problems, crucial for England's,

1320
01:10:56,100 --> 01:10:59,700
growing Maritime power to 
attempting communication with 

1321
01:10:59,700 --> 01:11:02,500
angels through elaborate 
symbolic systems. 

1322
01:11:03,200 --> 01:11:05,800
He represents that 
characteristic Renaissance 

1323
01:11:05,800 --> 01:11:09,300
blending of what we now. 
Consider science, magic and 

1324
01:11:09,300 --> 01:11:12,200
religion into a unified pursuit 
of knowledge. 

1325
01:11:12,200 --> 01:11:15,600
The boundary between Alchemy and
Medicine remained fluid. 

1326
01:11:16,300 --> 01:11:19,000
Physician Alchemists like 
paracelsus and his followers, 

1327
01:11:19,000 --> 01:11:22,600
treated diseases with carefully,
prepared, mineral and chemical 

1328
01:11:22,600 --> 01:11:25,300
medicines. 
They developed tinctures 

1329
01:11:25,300 --> 01:11:29,500
extracts and compounds. 
That actually worked though, 

1330
01:11:29,500 --> 01:11:31,500
often not for the reasons they 
believed. 

1331
01:11:32,400 --> 01:11:35,900
The drinkable gold preparations 
that wealthy patients consumed 

1332
01:11:35,900 --> 01:11:38,000
probably didn't extend their 
lives. 

1333
01:11:38,800 --> 01:11:41,900
But some of the Mercury and 
Antony compounds prepared by our

1334
01:11:41,900 --> 01:11:46,000
chemical methods, did treat 
certain conditions despite being

1335
01:11:46,000 --> 01:11:49,700
rather Toxic by modern standards
women's role in, alchemy 

1336
01:11:49,700 --> 01:11:52,100
deserves more attention than it.
Usually receives. 

1337
01:11:52,800 --> 01:11:55,400
While men dominated Public 
Health, chemical discourse, 

1338
01:11:55,400 --> 01:11:59,900
women participated in the actual
work particularly in family 

1339
01:11:59,900 --> 01:12:02,500
workshops where husbands and 
wives often worked together. 

1340
01:12:03,400 --> 01:12:06,600
Some women operated their own 
Laboratories though they face 

1341
01:12:06,600 --> 01:12:10,500
the usual obstacles of limited 
educational opportunities and 

1342
01:12:10,500 --> 01:12:14,500
social restrictions. 
The legendary Maria, the Jews 

1343
01:12:14,500 --> 01:12:17,400
supposedly working in Alexandria
around. 

1344
01:12:17,400 --> 01:12:20,700
The third century is credited 
with inventing the double 

1345
01:12:20,700 --> 01:12:22,900
boiler. 
Still called a bain marie in her

1346
01:12:22,900 --> 01:12:25,200
honor. 
An improving distillation 

1347
01:12:25,200 --> 01:12:28,600
apparatus. 
Whether she actually existed is 

1348
01:12:28,600 --> 01:12:32,500
debated but the equipment 
attributed to her certainly did 

1349
01:12:32,500 --> 01:12:36,600
moving into the 17th century. 
We find Alchemy at a Crossroads.

1350
01:12:37,200 --> 01:12:39,500
Some practitioners were 
beginning to strip away the 

1351
01:12:39,500 --> 01:12:42,500
symbolic language and focus 
purely on material 

1352
01:12:42,500 --> 01:12:44,700
Transformations. 
They could observe and measure 

1353
01:12:44,700 --> 01:12:47,900
others doubled down on the 
spiritual and philosophical 

1354
01:12:47,900 --> 01:12:51,100
Dimensions. 
Seeing Alchemy primarily as a 

1355
01:12:51,108 --> 01:12:54,300
path to Inner transformation 
that happened to involve 

1356
01:12:54,300 --> 01:12:58,600
liberatory work as its vehicle. 
Both groups claim to represent. 

1357
01:12:58,600 --> 01:13:01,500
True, Alchemy, and arguably both
were right. 

1358
01:13:01,500 --> 01:13:04,600
Alchemy had always contained 
both dimensions. 

1359
01:13:04,600 --> 01:13:08,000
Robert Boyle, working in 
mid-17th Century. 

1360
01:13:08,000 --> 01:13:11,500
England, conducted carefully 
experiments testing alchemical 

1361
01:13:11,500 --> 01:13:15,500
claims while developing what we 
recognize as modern chemistry. 

1362
01:13:16,500 --> 01:13:20,400
He's famous for boils Lord 
describing gas behavior, but he 

1363
01:13:20,408 --> 01:13:23,300
also performed numerous 
experiments on transmutation 

1364
01:13:23,300 --> 01:13:27,000
approaching it as a testable 
hypothesis rather than an 

1365
01:13:27,000 --> 01:13:30,000
Article of Faith. 
His work demonstrates, the 

1366
01:13:30,000 --> 01:13:32,500
transitional period. 
When Alchemy was gradually 

1367
01:13:32,500 --> 01:13:35,500
becoming chemistry one of 
alchemy's most distinctive 

1368
01:13:35,500 --> 01:13:37,600
features was its elaborate 
symbolic language. 

1369
01:13:38,500 --> 01:13:41,900
Settle deep under your blankets 
while we explore why Alchemist 

1370
01:13:41,900 --> 01:13:44,400
wrote in code and what those 
strange symbols. 

1371
01:13:44,400 --> 01:13:47,500
Actually meant part of the 
motivation was simple. 

1372
01:13:47,500 --> 01:13:51,200
Professional secrecy. 
If you believed you discovered 

1373
01:13:51,200 --> 01:13:54,900
important knowledge, perhaps how
to transmute metals, or create 

1374
01:13:54,900 --> 01:13:58,300
powerful medicines, you might 
reasonably want to control, who 

1375
01:13:58,300 --> 01:14:02,500
could access that information. 
Writing in symbolic language 

1376
01:14:02,500 --> 01:14:05,800
meant only trained practitioners
could understand your texts. 

1377
01:14:06,500 --> 01:14:10,000
Protecting your discoveries from
theft or misuse, but the 

1378
01:14:10,000 --> 01:14:14,300
symbolism serve deeper purposes.
Alchemical operations were 

1379
01:14:14,300 --> 01:14:18,300
complex involving multiple 
substances and stages unfolding 

1380
01:14:18,300 --> 01:14:22,000
over time. 
The symbolic language provided a

1381
01:14:22,000 --> 01:14:26,000
rich flexible vocabulary for 
describing processes that 

1382
01:14:26,000 --> 01:14:27,800
ordinary words could not quite 
capture. 

1383
01:14:28,800 --> 01:14:31,800
When an alchemist wrote about 
the green lion to varying the 

1384
01:14:31,808 --> 01:14:34,900
sun, they were being 
deliberately obscure for fun. 

1385
01:14:34,900 --> 01:14:38,400
They were using astonished 
terminology to describe a 

1386
01:14:38,400 --> 01:14:42,100
specific chemical interaction. 
Probably involving vitriol and 

1387
01:14:42,100 --> 01:14:45,200
gold, the symbols Drew, from 
multiple sources. 

1388
01:14:46,200 --> 01:14:50,600
Astrological signs represented 
Metals, gold was the sun silver.

1389
01:14:50,600 --> 01:14:55,300
The moon copper Venus iron. 
Mars tin Jupiter LED Saturn and 

1390
01:14:55,300 --> 01:14:59,000
Mercury both the metal and the 
God was Mercury. 

1391
01:14:59,900 --> 01:15:02,900
This wasn't arbitrary, the 
metals and planets were thought 

1392
01:15:02,908 --> 01:15:05,800
to share essential qualities. 
Gold. 

1393
01:15:05,800 --> 01:15:09,700
Like the sun was perfect 
Incorruptible and radiant. 

1394
01:15:10,300 --> 01:15:15,600
LED like Saturn was Heavy cold 
and sluggish animals populated 

1395
01:15:15,600 --> 01:15:18,100
alchemical texts with specific 
meanings. 

1396
01:15:18,900 --> 01:15:23,100
The dragon represented Roar 
chaotic matter or sometimes 

1397
01:15:23,100 --> 01:15:25,600
specific, chemicals, depending 
on context. 

1398
01:15:26,600 --> 01:15:30,200
The lion might represent gold or
a stage of the work 

1399
01:15:30,200 --> 01:15:32,200
characterized by intense 
activity. 

1400
01:15:33,300 --> 01:15:36,100
Phoenix dying and reborn from 
its ashes. 

1401
01:15:36,100 --> 01:15:41,200
Symbolized dissolution and 
reconstitution the destruction 

1402
01:15:41,200 --> 01:15:44,700
of old forms and emergence of 
new purified ones. 

1403
01:15:45,800 --> 01:15:49,000
Pelican mythically feeding its 
young, with his own blood 

1404
01:15:49,000 --> 01:15:51,800
represented circulation 
processes. 

1405
01:15:51,800 --> 01:15:54,600
Where distilled Vapors 
repeatedly, fell back in to the 

1406
01:15:54,600 --> 01:15:58,400
vessel colors. 
Marked crucial transitions, the 

1407
01:15:58,400 --> 01:16:01,500
work typically proceeded through
stages identified by color 

1408
01:16:01,500 --> 01:16:05,400
changes the nigredo or 
blackening when matter broke 

1409
01:16:05,400 --> 01:16:09,400
down into chaos the Alberto or 
whitening representing 

1410
01:16:09,400 --> 01:16:14,000
purification, the Citron or 
yellowing a transitional stage 

1411
01:16:14,000 --> 01:16:18,500
and finally the Ruby beidou or 
reddening marking completion and

1412
01:16:18,500 --> 01:16:22,200
perfection. 
These weren't arbitrary labels. 

1413
01:16:22,200 --> 01:16:26,500
Actual color changes occurred 
during chemical operations and 

1414
01:16:26,500 --> 01:16:29,400
practitioners learn to read them
as signs of progress or 

1415
01:16:29,400 --> 01:16:31,700
problems. 
The most famous alchemical 

1416
01:16:31,700 --> 01:16:35,900
symbols probably the aura boros 
the serpent eating its own tail 

1417
01:16:35,900 --> 01:16:39,900
forming a circle. 
It represented cyclic processes,

1418
01:16:39,900 --> 01:16:43,800
the unity of beginning an end 
and the principle that 

1419
01:16:43,800 --> 01:16:46,600
Transformations were 
fundamentally circular rather 

1420
01:16:46,600 --> 01:16:50,200
than linear. 
What began as one substance 

1421
01:16:50,200 --> 01:16:53,400
became another, that the 
underlying Essence persisted 

1422
01:16:53,400 --> 01:16:57,500
through transformation, like the
snake continuously consuming and

1423
01:16:57,500 --> 01:17:01,100
regenerating itself. 
Encoded in the symbolic language

1424
01:17:01,100 --> 01:17:03,000
was often genuine chemical 
knowledge. 

1425
01:17:04,000 --> 01:17:07,400
The philosophical egg described 
sealed vessels where materials 

1426
01:17:07,400 --> 01:17:10,600
underwent Transformations 
isolated from outside 

1427
01:17:10,600 --> 01:17:13,700
interference. 
The marriage of sun and moon 

1428
01:17:13,700 --> 01:17:17,300
referred to combining gold and 
silver or more of abstractly 

1429
01:17:17,300 --> 01:17:22,400
uniting principles. 
The bath of the king meant 

1430
01:17:22,400 --> 01:17:24,500
dissolving gold in special 
acids. 

1431
01:17:24,500 --> 01:17:27,700
Once you learned the code 
details, instructions were 

1432
01:17:27,700 --> 01:17:31,100
actually preserved in the 
seemingly mystical texts, but 

1433
01:17:31,100 --> 01:17:34,000
the symbols also carried 
philosophical and spiritual 

1434
01:17:34,000 --> 01:17:38,200
Dimensions the breaking down of 
matter into Prime components, 

1435
01:17:38,200 --> 01:17:44,500
the soul of solvent, coagula 
dissolving coagulate, Parallel, 

1436
01:17:44,500 --> 01:17:47,200
the mystics dissolution of ego 
and everyday consciousness. 

1437
01:17:48,100 --> 01:17:50,800
The reconstitution into 
something pure and more. 

1438
01:17:50,800 --> 01:17:52,900
Perfect, mirrored spiritual 
rebirth. 

1439
01:17:53,600 --> 01:17:56,600
The Alchemist working in their 
laboratory was also ideally 

1440
01:17:56,600 --> 01:18:00,000
working on themselves. 
And the symbolic language 

1441
01:18:00,000 --> 01:18:01,800
captured both dimensions 
simultaneously. 

1442
01:18:01,800 --> 01:18:05,900
Alchemical illustrations became 
increasingly elaborate in 

1443
01:18:05,900 --> 01:18:07,900
printed books from the 15th 
century onward. 

1444
01:18:08,800 --> 01:18:12,800
These images showed complex 
allegorical, scenes kings and 

1445
01:18:12,800 --> 01:18:16,400
queens bathing together in 
pools, Eagles and toads, 

1446
01:18:16,400 --> 01:18:20,000
consuming each other and 
hermaphroditic figures combining

1447
01:18:20,000 --> 01:18:21,800
masculine and feminine 
qualities. 

1448
01:18:22,800 --> 01:18:27,000
On one level, these Illustrated 
specific chemical operations on 

1449
01:18:27,000 --> 01:18:29,600
another, they mapped 
psychological and spiritual 

1450
01:18:29,600 --> 01:18:32,900
Transformations, the effective 
Alchemist could read both 

1451
01:18:32,900 --> 01:18:36,700
messages simultaneously, this 
multi-layered communication 

1452
01:18:36,700 --> 01:18:40,000
created problems. 
Tex meant a straightforward 

1453
01:18:40,000 --> 01:18:42,100
laboratory. 
Instructions could be read as 

1454
01:18:42,100 --> 01:18:46,900
pure spiritual allegory. 
Conversely, writing's primarily 

1455
01:18:46,900 --> 01:18:50,400
about inner transformation, got 
interpreted as literal recipes 

1456
01:18:50,400 --> 01:18:54,000
for making gold. 
Misunderstandings multiplied, 

1457
01:18:54,000 --> 01:18:55,700
across, centuries, and language 
translations. 

1458
01:18:57,000 --> 01:19:00,300
An Arabic text written primarily
about Spiritual Development, 

1459
01:19:00,300 --> 01:19:04,500
might reach a medieval European 
reader, who tried to follow it 

1460
01:19:04,500 --> 01:19:07,800
as practical, chemistry 
instructions producing baffling,

1461
01:19:07,800 --> 01:19:11,000
and dangerous results. 
The symbolic language also 

1462
01:19:11,000 --> 01:19:14,200
permitted creative ambiguity 
that protected Alchemists from 

1463
01:19:14,200 --> 01:19:17,800
dangerous accusations. 
During periods of religious 

1464
01:19:17,800 --> 01:19:21,500
intolerance writing, that could 
be read, multiple ways provided 

1465
01:19:21,500 --> 01:19:24,500
safety. 
If challenged about potentially 

1466
01:19:24,500 --> 01:19:28,000
heretical ideas, one could 
always claim the text was merely

1467
01:19:28,000 --> 01:19:31,500
about chemical procedures. 
Not theological speculation. 

1468
01:19:32,700 --> 01:19:36,400
If accused of fraud, one could 
insist the writing was symbolic 

1469
01:19:36,400 --> 01:19:39,900
spiritual instruction, not 
literal promises about making 

1470
01:19:39,900 --> 01:19:42,900
gold some Alchemists, 
particularly in later periods. 

1471
01:19:42,900 --> 01:19:46,700
Used the symbolic language 
almost as a meditation practice 

1472
01:19:47,600 --> 01:19:50,700
The act of encoding knowledge 
and symbols or decoding. 

1473
01:19:50,700 --> 01:19:54,900
Others, symbolic texts became a 
form of contemplative exercise. 

1474
01:19:55,800 --> 01:19:58,900
Wrestling with meaning holding 
multiple interpretations 

1475
01:19:58,900 --> 01:20:03,100
simultaneously and developing 
the mental flexibility to see 

1476
01:20:03,100 --> 01:20:07,300
connections between seemingly 
unrelated domains, all of this 

1477
01:20:07,300 --> 01:20:10,300
trained the mind in ways 
practitioners found valuable 

1478
01:20:10,300 --> 01:20:13,300
regardless of whether they ever 
succeeded at. 

1479
01:20:13,300 --> 01:20:16,300
Transmutation, as you drift 
toward that threshold between 

1480
01:20:16,300 --> 01:20:18,600
waking and sleeping. 
Let's explore. 

1481
01:20:18,600 --> 01:20:22,100
How Alchemy gradually 
transformed into chemistry, how 

1482
01:20:22,100 --> 01:20:25,600
the mystical became a methodical
and the symbolic gave way to the

1483
01:20:25,600 --> 01:20:29,400
systemic, the transition wasn't 
sudden or complete. 

1484
01:20:30,200 --> 01:20:33,200
Throughout the 17th century 
natural philosophers, the era 

1485
01:20:33,200 --> 01:20:36,000
scientists often worked in both 
modes. 

1486
01:20:36,000 --> 01:20:39,200
They might spend mornings 
attempting, transmutation 

1487
01:20:39,200 --> 01:20:42,900
experiments and afternoons 
measuring gas, pressures or 

1488
01:20:42,900 --> 01:20:47,400
calculating, planetary orbits 
The boundaries between, Alchemy 

1489
01:20:47,400 --> 01:20:51,400
chemistry physics, and even 
theology remained fluid Isaac 

1490
01:20:51,400 --> 01:20:53,500
Newton. 
Now, remembered primarily for 

1491
01:20:53,500 --> 01:20:57,700
physics and Mathematics devoted 
enormous energy to El chemical 

1492
01:20:57,700 --> 01:21:01,400
investigation. 
His private papers unpublished 

1493
01:21:01,400 --> 01:21:05,000
during his lifetime contain, 
extensive notes on our chemical 

1494
01:21:05,000 --> 01:21:07,300
texts and records of his own 
experiments. 

1495
01:21:08,100 --> 01:21:11,400
For Newton Alchemy represented 
an attempt to understand 

1496
01:21:11,400 --> 01:21:15,300
Nature's fundamental forces. 
The same goal that motivated. 

1497
01:21:15,300 --> 01:21:19,100
His work on gravity and motion. 
He saw no contradiction between 

1498
01:21:19,100 --> 01:21:22,900
calculating, planetary orbits 
and attempting to transmute 

1499
01:21:22,900 --> 01:21:25,700
metals. 
Both were investigations into 

1500
01:21:25,700 --> 01:21:28,600
God's natural laws but certain 
developments began. 

1501
01:21:28,600 --> 01:21:30,500
Distinguishing chemistry from 
Alchemy. 

1502
01:21:30,500 --> 01:21:33,700
The crucial shift was toward 
precise measurement and 

1503
01:21:33,700 --> 01:21:36,900
quantification. 
Alchemist had always observed, 

1504
01:21:36,900 --> 01:21:39,900
their materials carefully. 
But chemical Pioneers started 

1505
01:21:39,900 --> 01:21:43,700
weighing everything reactants 
before mixing products after 

1506
01:21:43,700 --> 01:21:48,100
reactions and even gases that 
escaped during processes, This 

1507
01:21:48,100 --> 01:21:51,200
obsessive measuring revealed 
patterns that qualitative 

1508
01:21:51,200 --> 01:21:53,600
observation missed when you 
measure carefully. 

1509
01:21:53,600 --> 01:21:57,600
You discover conservation matter
doesn't disappear or appear 

1510
01:21:57,600 --> 01:22:01,100
magically during reactions it 
transforms while maintaining 

1511
01:22:01,100 --> 01:22:05,100
constant total weight. 
This was devastating for certain

1512
01:22:05,100 --> 01:22:07,400
chemical claims while validating
others. 

1513
01:22:08,200 --> 01:22:10,700
The idea that lead could become 
gold looked increasingly 

1514
01:22:10,700 --> 01:22:13,900
doubtful when precise 
measurement show that such 

1515
01:22:13,900 --> 01:22:16,300
Transformations. 
Never actually produced weight 

1516
01:22:16,300 --> 01:22:21,300
changes consistent with one 
element becoming another Yet the

1517
01:22:21,300 --> 01:22:25,300
reality of chemical reactions, 
when new substances emerge with 

1518
01:22:25,300 --> 01:22:28,300
completely different properties 
than their starting, materials 

1519
01:22:28,300 --> 01:22:32,700
was confirmed, and extended the 
development of better operators 

1520
01:22:32,700 --> 01:22:36,500
accelerated, this transition 
improved vacuum, pumps allowed 

1521
01:22:36,500 --> 01:22:39,600
studying gases more carefully. 
More precise. 

1522
01:22:39,600 --> 01:22:43,600
Thermometers enabled maintaining
specific temperatures. better, 

1523
01:22:43,600 --> 01:22:48,100
balances detected, tiny weight, 
changes standardized, glassware,

1524
01:22:48,100 --> 01:22:51,100
made, experiments more, 
reproducible, Physical 

1525
01:22:51,100 --> 01:22:54,200
conditions of laboratory, work 
were becoming more controlled 

1526
01:22:54,200 --> 01:22:59,000
and with greater control came 
more reliable result yet. 

1527
01:22:59,000 --> 01:23:01,400
Working in late 18th century 
France. 

1528
01:23:01,400 --> 01:23:04,400
Exemplifies, chemistries 
emergence, as a modern science. 

1529
01:23:05,600 --> 01:23:09,300
He demolished logistical Theory 
the idea that combustible 

1530
01:23:09,300 --> 01:23:12,200
materials contained a fire 
element released during burning 

1531
01:23:12,200 --> 01:23:16,100
by showing that burning actually
involved combination with oxygen

1532
01:23:16,100 --> 01:23:19,400
and the careful. 
Weighing proved this his 

1533
01:23:19,400 --> 01:23:21,200
insistence on precise 
measurement. 

1534
01:23:21,200 --> 01:23:25,600
Systematic experimentation and 
clear nomenclature helped, 

1535
01:23:25,600 --> 01:23:28,400
establish chemistry as a 
distinct discipline. 

1536
01:23:28,400 --> 01:23:31,900
With standardized methods. 
The language changed along with 

1537
01:23:31,900 --> 01:23:34,800
the methods. 
Chemical nomenclature became 

1538
01:23:34,800 --> 01:23:38,000
more systematic. 
Describing compounds based on 

1539
01:23:38,000 --> 01:23:41,400
their composition rather than 
using traditional alchemical 

1540
01:23:41,400 --> 01:23:45,900
names or symbols. 
Vitriol became sulfuric acid. 

1541
01:23:46,800 --> 01:23:49,800
Sal ammoniac became ammonium 
chloride. 

1542
01:23:50,500 --> 01:23:53,800
The transition from poetic 
symbolic names to descriptive, 

1543
01:23:53,800 --> 01:23:57,700
systematic terminology marked a 
fundamental shift in how 

1544
01:23:57,700 --> 01:24:00,900
practitioners thought about 
their materials, Professional 

1545
01:24:00,900 --> 01:24:04,300
Organization change too. 
The old model of Master 

1546
01:24:04,300 --> 01:24:07,800
Alchemist working in private, 
Laboratories occasionally taking

1547
01:24:07,800 --> 01:24:12,200
apprentices, gave away to 
university positions, scientific

1548
01:24:12,200 --> 01:24:15,800
societies and published research
in specialized journals. 

1549
01:24:16,700 --> 01:24:20,600
Priestly Cavendish shield and 
others were discovering new. 

1550
01:24:20,600 --> 01:24:25,000
Gases, new elements and new 
compounds and immediately 

1551
01:24:25,000 --> 01:24:27,900
publishing their methods and 
results for others to verify and

1552
01:24:27,900 --> 01:24:31,300
extend. 
The solitary Seeker became the 

1553
01:24:31,300 --> 01:24:34,800
collaborative researcher yet. 
Alchemy didn't simply die. 

1554
01:24:34,800 --> 01:24:39,300
It persisted transformed in 
several forms. 

1555
01:24:40,200 --> 01:24:43,200
Some practitioners continue 
traditional alchemical work 

1556
01:24:43,200 --> 01:24:46,800
seeing themselves as guardians 
of ancient wisdom that modern 

1557
01:24:46,800 --> 01:24:50,600
materialist science. 
Had abandoned organizations like

1558
01:24:50,600 --> 01:24:54,500
the rosicrucians and various 
hermetic societies maintained 

1559
01:24:54,500 --> 01:24:57,800
alchemical Traditions though 
increasingly emphasizing 

1560
01:24:57,800 --> 01:25:00,300
spiritual rather than material 
aspects. 

1561
01:25:00,300 --> 01:25:03,800
Meanwhile chemistry absorbed 
alchemy's techniques and 

1562
01:25:03,800 --> 01:25:06,500
questions while discarding its 
theoretical framework. 

1563
01:25:07,400 --> 01:25:10,700
The careful distillations the 
specialized apparatus the 

1564
01:25:10,700 --> 01:25:12,200
patient. 
Observation of material 

1565
01:25:12,200 --> 01:25:15,700
Transformations, all of this 
persisted and developed further.

1566
01:25:16,500 --> 01:25:20,600
What changed was the explanatory
framework, the theoretical 

1567
01:25:20,600 --> 01:25:22,900
understanding of what was 
actually happening during 

1568
01:25:22,900 --> 01:25:26,200
chemical reactions. 
The 19th century is chemical, 

1569
01:25:26,200 --> 01:25:30,100
triumphs the periodic table 
organizing elements, molecular 

1570
01:25:30,100 --> 01:25:32,000
theory. 
Explaining how atoms, combine 

1571
01:25:32,000 --> 01:25:36,600
and analytical techniques 
identifying substances provided 

1572
01:25:36,600 --> 01:25:39,400
Frameworks for understanding. 
The Alchemist had lacked. 

1573
01:25:40,100 --> 01:25:42,900
It turned out LED couldn't 
become gold through chemical 

1574
01:25:42,900 --> 01:25:46,100
means because elements are 
fundamental they can't be 

1575
01:25:46,100 --> 01:25:48,300
transformed into each other by 
chemical processes. 

1576
01:25:49,400 --> 01:25:52,400
The Alchemist weren't fools that
they were working without 

1577
01:25:52,400 --> 01:25:55,300
crucial information about 
matters actual structure. 

1578
01:25:55,300 --> 01:25:58,800
Interestingly 20th century 
physics achieved while 

1579
01:25:58,800 --> 01:26:02,800
Alchemists had claimed was 
possible Actual transmutation of

1580
01:26:02,808 --> 01:26:06,400
elements. 
Nuclear reactions can indeed 

1581
01:26:06,400 --> 01:26:09,700
transform lead into gold by 
altering, Atomic nuclei. 

1582
01:26:10,500 --> 01:26:14,300
The cost and difficulty make it 
completely impractical, but its 

1583
01:26:14,300 --> 01:26:15,900
theoretically and practically 
possible. 

1584
01:26:16,700 --> 01:26:19,700
So in a strange sense The 
Alchemist dream was valid. 

1585
01:26:19,700 --> 01:26:23,200
Just achievable only through 
means they never imagined. 

1586
01:26:23,200 --> 01:26:28,000
Requiring, understanding matter 
at Scales far beyond what their 

1587
01:26:28,000 --> 01:26:31,500
operators could access. 
The transformation from Alchemy 

1588
01:26:31,500 --> 01:26:34,500
to chemistry illustrates. 
How scientific understanding 

1589
01:26:34,500 --> 01:26:37,400
develops. 
Alchemy was an entirely wrong, 

1590
01:26:37,400 --> 01:26:40,200
it correctly. 
Identified, that substance is, 

1591
01:26:40,200 --> 01:26:43,500
could transform into other 
substances, that matter, had 

1592
01:26:43,500 --> 01:26:45,900
hidden properties. 
That careful investigation could

1593
01:26:45,900 --> 01:26:49,400
reveal and that systematic 
practice could produce reliable 

1594
01:26:49,400 --> 01:26:52,500
results. 
What it lacked was the correct 

1595
01:26:52,500 --> 01:26:55,400
theoretical framework for 
explaining observations and 

1596
01:26:55,400 --> 01:26:59,100
predicting outcomes? 
Once that framework developed 

1597
01:26:59,100 --> 01:27:02,600
chemistry could progress rapidly
while Alchemy became history. 

1598
01:27:02,600 --> 01:27:05,500
Now, as your breathing slows and
your thoughts begin that 

1599
01:27:05,500 --> 01:27:08,700
Pleasant drift toward dreams. 
Let's consider what the 

1600
01:27:08,700 --> 01:27:10,600
alchemical quest means for us 
today. 

1601
01:27:10,600 --> 01:27:14,400
Centuries, after the last 
serious attempts, at transmuting

1602
01:27:14,400 --> 01:27:17,700
led into gold, the obvious 
Legacy is chemistry itself. 

1603
01:27:17,700 --> 01:27:22,000
Modern Farmers, suited calls 
Material Science in industrial 

1604
01:27:22,000 --> 01:27:27,100
processes and environmental 
analysis. every time you take a 

1605
01:27:27,100 --> 01:27:31,200
medicine, appreciate a colorful 
synthetic fabric, or rely on a 

1606
01:27:31,200 --> 01:27:34,400
battery, your benefiting from 
knowledge that traces back 

1607
01:27:34,400 --> 01:27:38,400
Through Chemistry to Alchemy 
Techniques developed by those 

1608
01:27:38,400 --> 01:27:41,800
patient practitioners watching 
their vessels and tending. 

1609
01:27:41,800 --> 01:27:45,400
Their furnaces evolved into 
methods that shape contemporary 

1610
01:27:45,400 --> 01:27:48,000
life but something deeper 
persists too. 

1611
01:27:49,100 --> 01:27:52,100
The alchemical quest was 
ultimately about transformation 

1612
01:27:52,100 --> 01:27:54,700
and that remains profoundly 
human. 

1613
01:27:55,600 --> 01:27:59,600
We still seek ways to transform 
ourselves through education 

1614
01:27:59,600 --> 01:28:03,300
therapy. 
Spiritual practices and physical

1615
01:28:03,300 --> 01:28:06,400
training. 
We've pursued transformations of

1616
01:28:06,400 --> 01:28:10,300
our society through political 
movements, technological 

1617
01:28:10,300 --> 01:28:12,600
innovation, and cultural 
evolution. 

1618
01:28:13,600 --> 01:28:16,600
The specific goal of turning 
lead into gold, may be 

1619
01:28:16,600 --> 01:28:19,300
abandoned. 
But the underlying dream of 

1620
01:28:19,300 --> 01:28:23,400
transformation continues modern 
science pursues transformation 

1621
01:28:23,400 --> 01:28:25,400
that would have dazzled 
Alchemists. 

1622
01:28:26,200 --> 01:28:29,100
We transform energy into matter 
in particle accelerators. 

1623
01:28:29,100 --> 01:28:34,200
We transformed genetic 
information editing DNA to cure 

1624
01:28:34,200 --> 01:28:36,000
diseases or create new 
organisms. 

1625
01:28:37,000 --> 01:28:40,000
We transform sand and metals 
into computers that hold 

1626
01:28:40,000 --> 01:28:43,800
libraries worth of knowledge. 
We even manipulate individual 

1627
01:28:43,800 --> 01:28:47,200
atoms, positioning them 
precisely using techniques. 

1628
01:28:47,200 --> 01:28:48,900
The Alchemists couldn't have 
imagined. 

1629
01:28:49,800 --> 01:28:53,200
In a sense, we've realized their
dreams through different paths, 

1630
01:28:53,200 --> 01:28:57,100
the search for Life Extension 
continues too though now through

1631
01:28:57,100 --> 01:29:00,900
molecular biology genetic 
engineering and pharmacology, 

1632
01:29:00,900 --> 01:29:05,200
rather than through elixirs. 
Scientists investigate aging 

1633
01:29:05,200 --> 01:29:08,200
mechanisms seeking ways to slow 
or reverse. 

1634
01:29:08,200 --> 01:29:10,500
The processes that eventually 
destroy us. 

1635
01:29:11,500 --> 01:29:14,800
We haven't achieved immortality 
but human lifespans have 

1636
01:29:14,800 --> 01:29:18,400
dramatically increased through 
medical advances, that owe their

1637
01:29:18,408 --> 01:29:21,700
methodology. 
If not their specific techniques

1638
01:29:21,700 --> 01:29:25,300
to alchemy's Patient 
investigation of how substances 

1639
01:29:25,300 --> 01:29:28,600
affect the body contemporary 
interest in alchemy often 

1640
01:29:28,600 --> 01:29:32,600
focuses on its cycle and 
spiritual Dimensions, Carl Jung 

1641
01:29:32,600 --> 01:29:34,900
extensively studied alchemical 
texts. 

1642
01:29:35,600 --> 01:29:38,100
Seeing in the symbols for 
cyclical processes. 

1643
01:29:39,100 --> 01:29:43,100
The alchemical transformation of
Base Metals into gold became in 

1644
01:29:43,100 --> 01:29:46,500
his framework, a metaphor for 
psychological development. 

1645
01:29:47,500 --> 01:29:50,900
Transforming the crude 
unconscious aspects of 

1646
01:29:50,908 --> 01:29:56,500
Personality into something more 
refined and integrated. whether 

1647
01:29:56,500 --> 01:29:59,500
The Alchemist themselves saw 
their work this way is 

1648
01:29:59,500 --> 01:30:02,500
debatable, but Young's 
interpretation gave alchemical 

1649
01:30:02,500 --> 01:30:06,200
symbolism new relevance some 
find in alchemy are reminded 

1650
01:30:06,200 --> 01:30:09,400
that knowledge isn't purely 
objective and Technical The 

1651
01:30:09,400 --> 01:30:11,900
Alchemists believed the 
practitioners spiritual State 

1652
01:30:11,900 --> 01:30:14,400
mattered. 
You couldn't separate the 

1653
01:30:14,400 --> 01:30:18,000
experiment from the experimenter
and that transformation of 

1654
01:30:18,000 --> 01:30:21,100
matter, required transformation 
of self. 

1655
01:30:21,900 --> 01:30:25,000
Modern science, with its 
emphasis on objectivity and 

1656
01:30:25,000 --> 01:30:28,100
reproducibility officially 
reject this. 

1657
01:30:29,000 --> 01:30:32,000
A chemical reaction should work 
the same regardless of who 

1658
01:30:32,000 --> 01:30:36,700
performs it. yet anyone who has 
done Authority, work knows that 

1659
01:30:36,700 --> 01:30:42,100
skill patients and even 
intuition matter The best 

1660
01:30:42,100 --> 01:30:45,200
scientists like the best 
Alchemists, bring something 

1661
01:30:45,200 --> 01:30:49,200
personal to their practice that 
transcends pure technique the 

1662
01:30:49,200 --> 01:30:52,700
alpha emphasis on Direct 
experience and Hands-On practice

1663
01:30:52,700 --> 01:30:55,900
remains relevant. 
You couldn't learn Alchemy just 

1664
01:30:55,900 --> 01:30:58,900
from books, you had to actually 
work in the laboratory. 

1665
01:30:58,900 --> 01:31:02,600
Gaining embodied, knowledge of 
how substances, behaved 

1666
01:31:02,600 --> 01:31:06,700
developing sensitivity, to 
subtle, changes and cultivating 

1667
01:31:06,700 --> 01:31:11,500
patience through long processes.
This contrasts with modern 

1668
01:31:11,500 --> 01:31:14,200
education, often abstract 
theoretical approach. 

1669
01:31:15,400 --> 01:31:18,900
There's renewed appreciation for
Hands-On learning for knowledge,

1670
01:31:18,900 --> 01:31:21,300
that lives in the body and 
hands, not just the head 

1671
01:31:21,300 --> 01:31:24,400
environmental movements 
sometimes in vocal chemical 

1672
01:31:24,400 --> 01:31:27,400
language when discussing the 
transformation of industrial 

1673
01:31:27,400 --> 01:31:31,800
processes, cleaning polluted 
sites or developing sustainable 

1674
01:31:31,800 --> 01:31:35,300
practices. 
The alchemical ideal of working 

1675
01:31:35,300 --> 01:31:38,900
with nature rather than against 
it understanding material 

1676
01:31:38,900 --> 01:31:43,200
processes deeply enough to guide
the wisely respects limits while

1677
01:31:43,200 --> 01:31:45,200
achieving meaningful 
Transformations. 

1678
01:31:45,200 --> 01:31:48,900
This resonates with contemporary
efforts towards sustainability. 

1679
01:31:48,900 --> 01:31:53,700
The alkyl traditional reminds us
that science has history that 

1680
01:31:53,700 --> 01:31:57,000
current understanding emerge 
from long development and the 

1681
01:31:57,000 --> 01:32:00,300
even seemingly strange or 
outdated practices, often 

1682
01:32:00,300 --> 01:32:03,800
contained valuable, insights 
dismissing, Alchemy, as mere 

1683
01:32:03,800 --> 01:32:06,300
Superstition. 
Mrs. How it represented? 

1684
01:32:06,300 --> 01:32:08,700
The best of available attempts 
to understand matter? 

1685
01:32:09,500 --> 01:32:11,700
How it developed techniques we 
still use? 

1686
01:32:11,700 --> 01:32:14,700
And how asked questions we 
continue pondering? 

1687
01:32:14,700 --> 01:32:18,200
Most fundamentally Alchemy 
embodies the enduring human 

1688
01:32:18,200 --> 01:32:20,300
conviction. 
That transformation is possible.

1689
01:32:20,300 --> 01:32:22,500
The world isn't fixed or 
finished. 

1690
01:32:22,500 --> 01:32:26,000
Matter can be changed improved 
and perfected. 

1691
01:32:26,000 --> 01:32:31,500
So can we The Alchemist standing
before their ethanol patiently, 

1692
01:32:31,500 --> 01:32:34,900
working toward that distant goal
of the Philosopher's Stone was 

1693
01:32:34,900 --> 01:32:38,100
enacting a hope that remained 
Central to Human Experience. 

1694
01:32:38,700 --> 01:32:42,000
The belief that things can be 
better that effort and knowledge

1695
01:32:42,000 --> 01:32:45,300
can Elevate existence and that 
the ordinary might become 

1696
01:32:45,300 --> 01:32:48,000
extraordinary. 
A sleep gently beckons. 

1697
01:32:48,000 --> 01:32:51,900
Imagine yourself in an alchemist
laboratory, not from any 

1698
01:32:51,900 --> 01:32:56,000
specific time or place, but from
the Timeless realm, where such 

1699
01:32:56,000 --> 01:33:00,600
spaces exist in our Collective 
imagination, The light is golden

1700
01:33:00,600 --> 01:33:03,600
and soft. 
Filtering through high Windows 

1701
01:33:03,600 --> 01:33:08,100
glass, vessels catch and hold 
the light, transforming it into 

1702
01:33:08,100 --> 01:33:12,900
subtle rainbows. 
The furnace breathes quietly in 

1703
01:33:12,900 --> 01:33:16,600
its Corner, maintaining its 
patient, heat the air here, 

1704
01:33:16,600 --> 01:33:21,100
smells of mysteries incense, and
minerals aged parchment and 

1705
01:33:21,100 --> 01:33:24,500
growing things and the metallic 
Tang of transformation. 

1706
01:33:25,600 --> 01:33:29,400
Nothing feels rushed. 
Time moves differently in the 

1707
01:33:29,408 --> 01:33:31,200
space, following its own 
rhythms. 

1708
01:33:32,200 --> 01:33:36,300
Slow drip of distillation. 
The gradual shift of color in a 

1709
01:33:36,308 --> 01:33:39,200
sealed. 
Flask the almost imperceptible. 

1710
01:33:39,200 --> 01:33:43,800
Growth of crystals, these Define
the pace on the workbench, like 

1711
01:33:43,800 --> 01:33:46,000
open books. 
With hand drawn illustrations, 

1712
01:33:46,000 --> 01:33:51,400
symbolic animals, elaborate 
diagrams, and careful notation 

1713
01:33:51,400 --> 01:33:53,400
in languages. 
You have recognized. 

1714
01:33:54,700 --> 01:33:57,100
The symbol seemed to shift 
slightly when you're not looking

1715
01:33:57,100 --> 01:33:59,500
directly at them. 
As though, they contain 

1716
01:33:59,500 --> 01:34:01,400
meanings. 
That can't be fixed in place, 

1717
01:34:01,400 --> 01:34:05,100
but must be approached sideways 
through peripheral vision and 

1718
01:34:05,100 --> 01:34:08,200
intuition. 
The laboratory is also a garden.

1719
01:34:08,200 --> 01:34:11,600
Herbs grow in terracotta pots on
windowsills. 

1720
01:34:11,600 --> 01:34:16,100
Each plant, selected for 
specific virtues roses for their

1721
01:34:16,100 --> 01:34:20,900
Essence Rosemary for remembrance
Sage for wisdom and roofer 

1722
01:34:20,900 --> 01:34:23,400
healing. 
Their living presence. 

1723
01:34:23,400 --> 01:34:26,700
Remind you that Alchemy worked 
with Nature's processes, not 

1724
01:34:26,700 --> 01:34:29,500
against them. 
Transformation requires, 

1725
01:34:29,500 --> 01:34:33,900
patience, proper conditions, and
respect for natural timing. 

1726
01:34:33,900 --> 01:34:37,200
In this laboratory, you 
understand what the Alchemists 

1727
01:34:37,200 --> 01:34:40,200
sought. 
Not just gold or immortality 

1728
01:34:40,200 --> 01:34:41,900
though. 
Those would be nice. 

1729
01:34:42,800 --> 01:34:47,100
They sought understanding of 
matter of transformation of the 

1730
01:34:47,100 --> 01:34:48,800
Hidden connections between all 
things. 

1731
01:34:49,800 --> 01:34:52,600
They wanted to participate 
actively in creation's ongoing 

1732
01:34:52,600 --> 01:34:55,100
work rather than being passive 
Observers. 

1733
01:34:56,000 --> 01:34:58,500
They believed human's could 
collaborate with Nature's 

1734
01:34:58,500 --> 01:35:01,900
processes, guiding 
transformation, that elevated 

1735
01:35:01,900 --> 01:35:05,400
both matter and spirit the 
vessels on the shells. 

1736
01:35:05,400 --> 01:35:08,700
Represent stages of the great 
work, each containing its own 

1737
01:35:08,700 --> 01:35:12,800
lesson. 
One holds negro the black stage 

1738
01:35:12,800 --> 01:35:16,900
of dissolution, where old forms 
break down necessary before 

1739
01:35:16,900 --> 01:35:21,500
anything new can emerge. 
Another contains Albedo the 

1740
01:35:21,500 --> 01:35:24,600
white stage of purification 
where essential quality is 

1741
01:35:24,600 --> 01:35:28,600
separate from Dross. 
A third glows with citrinitas, 

1742
01:35:28,600 --> 01:35:31,800
the golden yellowing that 
promises approaching completion.

1743
01:35:33,000 --> 01:35:37,400
And somewhere perhaps still in 
process, the root beidou awaits 

1744
01:35:37,400 --> 01:35:41,500
the red of perfection of 
transformation completed. 

1745
01:35:41,500 --> 01:35:43,800
You understand? 
Now that the Alchemist 

1746
01:35:43,800 --> 01:35:47,900
laboratory was always two places
at once and actual workspace 

1747
01:35:47,900 --> 01:35:51,400
with real operators and 
materials and a symbolic space 

1748
01:35:51,400 --> 01:35:53,300
representing in a 
transformation. 

1749
01:35:54,400 --> 01:35:58,000
The external work of purifying 
substance is mirrored. 

1750
01:35:58,000 --> 01:36:00,100
The internal work of refining, 
consciousness. 

1751
01:36:01,600 --> 01:36:03,800
That's required for long. 
Chemical processes. 

1752
01:36:03,800 --> 01:36:08,300
Cultivated spiritual patience. 
The failures and setbacks in the

1753
01:36:08,300 --> 01:36:10,600
laboratory taught, humility and 
persistence. 

1754
01:36:11,500 --> 01:36:15,400
Success, when it came arrived as
much from personal growth. 

1755
01:36:15,400 --> 01:36:18,400
As from technical skill, the 
Philosopher's Stone. 

1756
01:36:18,400 --> 01:36:22,000
You realize in this drowsy State
between waking and dreams was 

1757
01:36:22,000 --> 01:36:26,100
never, just a magical object, it
represented perfected 

1758
01:36:26,100 --> 01:36:28,900
understanding. 
The state where The Alchemist 

1759
01:36:28,900 --> 01:36:31,200
had, so completely mastered 
their practice. 

1760
01:36:31,200 --> 01:36:34,800
So thoroughly transform 
themselves that transformational

1761
01:36:34,800 --> 01:36:36,900
materials became almost 
effortless. 

1762
01:36:36,900 --> 01:36:40,900
The stone was the practitioners 
own perfected skill and wisdom 

1763
01:36:40,900 --> 01:36:45,300
accumulated through years of 
patient work and the elixir of 

1764
01:36:45,300 --> 01:36:48,000
life. 
Perhaps it was never meant to be

1765
01:36:48,000 --> 01:36:50,500
swallowed. 
Perhaps it was the practice 

1766
01:36:50,500 --> 01:36:55,000
itself, the engagement with 
meaningful work, the pursuit of 

1767
01:36:55,008 --> 01:36:58,700
understanding the connection to 
tradition, stretching back 

1768
01:36:58,700 --> 01:37:01,600
Millennia. 
The scents of participating in 

1769
01:37:01,600 --> 01:37:06,100
something larger than one self. 
The Alchemist who devoted 

1770
01:37:06,100 --> 01:37:08,900
themselves to the great work, 
often lived with an intensity 

1771
01:37:08,900 --> 01:37:13,400
and purpose that gave their days
a richness ordinary life lacked.

1772
01:37:14,100 --> 01:37:17,500
Maybe that was its own form of 
immortality in this dream 

1773
01:37:17,500 --> 01:37:25,400
laboratory time collapses. 
Jabir, Eben Haiyan works at one 

1774
01:37:25,400 --> 01:37:29,300
bench, carefully recording 
observations in precise Arabic 

1775
01:37:29,300 --> 01:37:32,400
script. 
Albertus Magnus tends a 

1776
01:37:32,400 --> 01:37:35,700
distillation at another. 
Occasionally making notes for a 

1777
01:37:35,700 --> 01:37:39,400
students. 
Maria, the Jews adjust to double

1778
01:37:39,400 --> 01:37:42,600
boiler, checking the temperature
with experience fingers. 

1779
01:37:43,400 --> 01:37:47,800
Paracelsus crushes, minerals in 
a mortar preparing medicines 

1780
01:37:47,800 --> 01:37:51,300
that will genuinely heal. 
They work companion of blue. 

1781
01:37:51,300 --> 01:37:54,700
These figures from different 
centuries and cultures United by

1782
01:37:54,700 --> 01:37:57,600
their shared Quest. 
They're not competing or 

1783
01:37:57,600 --> 01:38:01,000
hoarding Secrets. 
Now in this Timeless space, they

1784
01:38:01,000 --> 01:38:04,200
share knowledge freely each 
contributing their piece to the 

1785
01:38:04,200 --> 01:38:08,300
great puzzle of understanding 
matter and transformation. the 

1786
01:38:08,300 --> 01:38:10,800
symbolic language, they want 
used to obscure, become a 

1787
01:38:10,800 --> 01:38:14,700
bridge, connecting insights 
across, cultures and Depots the 

1788
01:38:14,700 --> 01:38:19,200
green lion, the red dragon, the 
philosophical Mercury, these 

1789
01:38:19,200 --> 01:38:22,500
symbols, let them communicate 
experiences that ordinary words 

1790
01:38:22,500 --> 01:38:25,900
can't quite capture through the 
laboratory, Windows Eclipse, 

1791
01:38:25,900 --> 01:38:29,700
Gardens and Wilderness Beyond 
The natural world. 

1792
01:38:29,700 --> 01:38:33,600
That was always alchemy's true 
teacher, The Alchemist learned 

1793
01:38:33,600 --> 01:38:37,000
by observing natural 
Transformations, ought to metal,

1794
01:38:37,000 --> 01:38:42,400
great to wine and seed to flower
The laboratory work was an 

1795
01:38:42,400 --> 01:38:45,500
attempt to understand and 
consciously guide processes that

1796
01:38:45,500 --> 01:38:49,200
nature performed spontaneously. 
They weren't trying to break 

1797
01:38:49,200 --> 01:38:52,400
nature's laws but to discover 
and work within them. 

1798
01:38:52,400 --> 01:38:54,800
The furnace glows steady and 
warm. 

1799
01:38:54,800 --> 01:38:58,400
Neither too hot nor too cold. 
It's maintained this. 

1800
01:38:58,400 --> 01:39:02,800
Perfect balance for centuries. 
Maybe forever, it's patient heat

1801
01:39:02,800 --> 01:39:06,500
represents what The Alchemist 
knew transformation requires 

1802
01:39:06,500 --> 01:39:11,100
sustained, gentle effort over 
time You Can't Hurry the great 

1803
01:39:11,100 --> 01:39:15,300
work, Flash and force 
accomplished nothing but steady 

1804
01:39:15,300 --> 01:39:18,000
application. 
Proper conditions and sufficient

1805
01:39:18,000 --> 01:39:21,200
time can achieve, what seems 
impossible on a shelf. 

1806
01:39:21,200 --> 01:39:23,100
You notice a row of sealed 
vessels? 

1807
01:39:23,100 --> 01:39:26,000
Each containing materials at 
different stages of 

1808
01:39:26,000 --> 01:39:28,900
transformational. 
Some of being here for days, 

1809
01:39:28,900 --> 01:39:33,100
others, for months. 
And some perhaps for years, each

1810
01:39:33,100 --> 01:39:35,900
opens at its proper time. 
Not a moment sooner. 

1811
01:39:36,900 --> 01:39:41,200
The sealed vessel. 
Thus hermeticum, the Hermetic 

1812
01:39:41,200 --> 01:39:45,300
vessel protects transformation 
in progress from outside into 

1813
01:39:45,300 --> 01:39:48,500
fearon's. 
Some processes need isolation 

1814
01:39:48,500 --> 01:39:52,300
and protection, until they reach
completion, you feel yourself 

1815
01:39:52,300 --> 01:39:55,200
becoming drowsy? 
The laboratory is gold and light

1816
01:39:55,200 --> 01:39:58,800
softening further. 
The gentle sounds liquid 

1817
01:39:58,800 --> 01:40:02,100
dripping furnace breathing 
occasional, clink of glass 

1818
01:40:02,100 --> 01:40:05,900
become a lullaby. 
This is a good place to rest, 

1819
01:40:05,900 --> 01:40:09,000
the great work continues, 
whether you wake or sleep 

1820
01:40:09,000 --> 01:40:12,400
proceeding at its own pace. 
Requiring nothing from you now, 

1821
01:40:12,400 --> 01:40:16,000
except trust in the process, The
Alchemist understood something 

1822
01:40:16,000 --> 01:40:19,400
we sometimes forget Not 
everything worth doing can be 

1823
01:40:19,408 --> 01:40:22,800
finished quickly. 
Some achievements require years 

1824
01:40:22,800 --> 01:40:26,400
decades or even lifetimes of 
patient effort. 

1825
01:40:27,100 --> 01:40:31,400
The work itself becomes the 
reward, the daily practice, the 

1826
01:40:31,400 --> 01:40:35,100
gradual accumulation of skill 
and understanding and the 

1827
01:40:35,100 --> 01:40:38,400
smaller advances that slowly 
compound into Mastery. 

1828
01:40:38,400 --> 01:40:41,200
They know that failure was part 
of the process. 

1829
01:40:41,200 --> 01:40:45,900
Most experiments didn't succeed,
most attempts to create the 

1830
01:40:45,900 --> 01:40:48,700
Philosopher's Stone or the 
elixir of Life produced, only 

1831
01:40:48,700 --> 01:40:53,700
colorful, disaster's, expensive 
messes or nothing at all, but 

1832
01:40:53,700 --> 01:40:57,100
each failure taught something. 
The Alchemist learned, what 

1833
01:40:57,100 --> 01:40:59,700
didn't work, which was often 
more useful than knowing what 

1834
01:40:59,700 --> 01:41:03,300
theoretically should work. 
Knowledge grew through a patient

1835
01:41:03,300 --> 01:41:07,300
accumulation of both successes 
and instructive failures as your

1836
01:41:07,300 --> 01:41:10,400
Consciousness drifts towards 
sleep the laboratory around. 

1837
01:41:10,400 --> 01:41:14,300
You becomes less defined. 
Its edgers softening into dream.

1838
01:41:15,400 --> 01:41:18,800
Certain truths, remain. 
Clear transformation is possible

1839
01:41:18,800 --> 01:41:22,400
matter can change its form while
retaining its underlying 

1840
01:41:22,400 --> 01:41:26,500
Essence. 
So can we Person you are today 

1841
01:41:26,500 --> 01:41:30,100
contains the potential for the 
person you might become just as 

1842
01:41:30,100 --> 01:41:32,700
lead. 
Theoretically contained gold or 

1843
01:41:32,700 --> 01:41:34,300
at least the Alchemists believed
it did. 

1844
01:41:34,300 --> 01:41:37,800
And their belief LED them to 
develop chemistry patients 

1845
01:41:37,800 --> 01:41:40,500
matters. 
Nothing worth achieving happens 

1846
01:41:40,500 --> 01:41:44,500
instantly The most profound 
Transformations require time, 

1847
01:41:44,500 --> 01:41:49,600
attention and sustained effort. 
Quick fixes rarely last. 

1848
01:41:50,400 --> 01:41:53,800
But patient work returning day 
after day, to your practice 

1849
01:41:53,800 --> 01:41:58,900
accumulates into genuine change 
process and outcome into twine, 

1850
01:41:58,900 --> 01:42:01,400
The Alchemist seeking gold learn
chemistry. 

1851
01:42:02,400 --> 01:42:05,400
The practitioner pursuing The 
Elixir developed pharmacology. 

1852
01:42:06,300 --> 01:42:09,600
The Mystic investigating 
symbolic Transformations, gain 

1853
01:42:09,600 --> 01:42:13,100
cycleogical insight. 
The journey shapes The Traveler 

1854
01:42:13,100 --> 01:42:17,200
as much as the destination. 
Everything connects The 

1855
01:42:17,200 --> 01:42:20,000
Alchemist won't wrong to see, 
connections between metals and 

1856
01:42:20,000 --> 01:42:23,400
planets between laboratory, 
work, and spiritual practice, 

1857
01:42:23,400 --> 01:42:25,600
and between microcosm and 
macrocosm. 

1858
01:42:25,600 --> 01:42:31,100
They were recognizing a deep. 
Truth reality is interconnected 

1859
01:42:31,100 --> 01:42:35,400
in ways that rigid categorical 
thinking, misses The boundaries 

1860
01:42:35,400 --> 01:42:38,800
between disciplines between 
matter and spirit between inner 

1861
01:42:38,800 --> 01:42:41,400
and outer. 
These are useful fictions. 

1862
01:42:41,400 --> 01:42:46,100
Not fundamental truths, mystery 
remains For all that modern 

1863
01:42:46,100 --> 01:42:50,600
science has explained much 
remains unknown, with mapped, 

1864
01:42:50,600 --> 01:42:54,100
Mata down to quarks and leptons.
But Consciousness remains 

1865
01:42:54,100 --> 01:42:58,800
mysterious We've decoded DNA, 
but life's emergence is still 

1866
01:42:58,808 --> 01:43:02,900
puzzling. we've calculated the 
universe's age, but it's 

1867
01:43:02,900 --> 01:43:06,300
ultimate nature remains debate 
of The Alchemists. 

1868
01:43:06,300 --> 01:43:09,800
Humility before mystery, the 
recognition that knowledge was 

1869
01:43:09,800 --> 01:43:12,500
always partial and 
understanding, always incomplete

1870
01:43:12,500 --> 01:43:15,600
deserves. 
Remembering the vessels on the 

1871
01:43:15,600 --> 01:43:19,900
shelves Shimmer and fade asleep.
Take you their contents can 

1872
01:43:19,900 --> 01:43:22,900
continue their slow 
transformation, whether observed

1873
01:43:22,900 --> 01:43:26,400
or not. 
The great work proceeds 

1874
01:43:26,400 --> 01:43:29,200
somewhere in laboratory is 
around the world. 

1875
01:43:29,200 --> 01:43:32,900
People are still investigating 
transformation, different 

1876
01:43:32,900 --> 01:43:37,400
methods different goals, but the
same fundamental human drive to 

1877
01:43:37,400 --> 01:43:42,000
understand to change to elevate,
matter and spirit towards 

1878
01:43:42,000 --> 01:43:44,600
something better. 
The Alchemist would recognize 

1879
01:43:44,600 --> 01:43:48,500
this continuity He understood 
that knowledge was Collective 

1880
01:43:48,500 --> 01:43:52,000
and cumulative, that each 
generation built on previous 

1881
01:43:52,000 --> 01:43:54,100
work. 
And that today's impossible 

1882
01:43:54,100 --> 01:43:58,000
might become tomorrow's routine.
They stood in a tradition that 

1883
01:43:58,000 --> 01:44:01,400
stretched behind them to 
Egyptian temples and a head to 

1884
01:44:01,408 --> 01:44:02,700
laborers. 
They couldn't imagine. 

1885
01:44:03,800 --> 01:44:07,600
We stand in that same tradition,
connecting past and future 

1886
01:44:07,600 --> 01:44:10,900
through present practice as you 
finally slip into sleep. 

1887
01:44:10,900 --> 01:44:15,500
A last image that ancient symbol
the Arab Ross, the serpent 

1888
01:44:15,500 --> 01:44:18,200
eating its own tail beginning 
and end meet. 

1889
01:44:19,600 --> 01:44:22,100
Transformation is circular not 
linear. 

1890
01:44:22,100 --> 01:44:27,000
What dissolves will reconstitute
what breaks down will rebuild? 

1891
01:44:27,000 --> 01:44:30,000
What seems like an ending is 
really another beginnings. 

1892
01:44:30,700 --> 01:44:32,800
The great work never truly 
finishes. 

1893
01:44:32,800 --> 01:44:36,900
It just continues in new forms, 
new context, and new 

1894
01:44:36,900 --> 01:44:40,000
practitioners, taking up tools. 
Their predecessors laid down 

1895
01:44:40,000 --> 01:44:43,000
sleep. 
Now dream of furnaces and 

1896
01:44:43,000 --> 01:44:46,500
vessels of patient 
transformations of substances, 

1897
01:44:46,500 --> 01:44:49,000
changing their nature. 
While retaining their essence, 

1898
01:44:49,900 --> 01:44:52,700
Of the long chain of seekers 
stretching back through 

1899
01:44:52,700 --> 01:44:56,100
centuries, each contributing 
their piece to understanding. 

1900
01:44:56,900 --> 01:44:59,200
Dream of gardens where herbs 
grow under. 

1901
01:44:59,200 --> 01:45:03,200
Careful, tending of libraries 
where ancient texts preserve 

1902
01:45:03,200 --> 01:45:07,800
hard, one wisdom of Laboratories
where careful observation 

1903
01:45:07,800 --> 01:45:11,200
reveals Nature's patterns. 
The Alchemists are sleeping too.

1904
01:45:11,200 --> 01:45:13,700
Those patient workers of 
transformation. 

1905
01:45:14,400 --> 01:45:17,700
But their work continues in 
every chemistry, lab every 

1906
01:45:17,700 --> 01:45:21,500
pharmaceutical company and every
material science experiment. 

1907
01:45:21,500 --> 01:45:26,100
It continues in every Garden 
where someone tends plants in 

1908
01:45:26,100 --> 01:45:29,700
every kitchen, where ingredients
transformed into meals and in 

1909
01:45:29,700 --> 01:45:32,700
every mind where learning 
transforms ignorance, in to 

1910
01:45:32,700 --> 01:45:36,000
understanding the great work is 
never finished because there's 

1911
01:45:36,000 --> 01:45:39,400
always more to learn more to 
discover and more to understand.

1912
01:45:40,600 --> 01:45:44,000
The Philosopher's Stone remains 
eternally, just beyond reach, 

1913
01:45:44,000 --> 01:45:46,700
which is perhaps exactly as it 
should be. 

1914
01:45:47,700 --> 01:45:51,300
Seeking matters more than the 
finding the question matters. 

1915
01:45:51,300 --> 01:45:54,900
More than the answer. 
The transformation of the Seeker

1916
01:45:54,900 --> 01:45:57,800
matters, more than the discovery
of the sort rest. 

1917
01:45:57,800 --> 01:46:03,000
Easy the furnace Burns deadly. 
The vessels contain their slow 

1918
01:46:03,000 --> 01:46:06,200
Miracles time unfolds at its own
pace. 

1919
01:46:07,000 --> 01:46:10,900
All is well, in this laboratory 
between waking and dreams where 

1920
01:46:10,900 --> 01:46:15,100
ancient wisdom meets Eternal 
questions where the possible and

1921
01:46:15,100 --> 01:46:18,600
impossible blur together and 
we're transformation is always 

1922
01:46:18,600 --> 01:46:22,200
just beginning, the Golden Light
Fades to comfortable Darkness. 

1923
01:46:23,000 --> 01:46:25,100
The sounds of the laboratory 
become the sound of your own 

1924
01:46:25,100 --> 01:46:28,600
breathing steady and slow. 
The scent of transformation, 

1925
01:46:28,600 --> 01:46:31,100
becomes the familiar smell of 
your pillow and blankets. 

1926
01:46:32,300 --> 01:46:35,400
But somewhere in your sleeping 
mind the laboratory remains, 

1927
01:46:35,400 --> 01:46:38,600
always accessible. 
Always inviting always offering 

1928
01:46:38,600 --> 01:46:42,800
the promise that transformation 
of matter, of spirit of 

1929
01:46:42,800 --> 01:46:46,100
understanding remains possible. 
The Alchemist. 

1930
01:46:46,100 --> 01:46:50,300
Knew this truth we are all works
in progress materials. 

1931
01:46:50,300 --> 01:46:54,500
Being slowly refined moving 
through our own stages from the 

1932
01:46:54,500 --> 01:46:58,100
Greedo, through lbdo to Rubidoux
from dissolution through 

1933
01:46:58,100 --> 01:47:01,900
purification to perfection. 
The great work applies to 

1934
01:47:01,900 --> 01:47:04,600
substances in vessels and to 
Consciousness itself. 

1935
01:47:04,600 --> 01:47:08,400
We are simultaneously The 
Alchemist and the material, the 

1936
01:47:08,400 --> 01:47:12,100
practitioner, and the practice, 
the seeker, and the sort sleep 

1937
01:47:12,100 --> 01:47:16,300
deeply transformed while you 
rest tomorrow, you'll wake 

1938
01:47:16,300 --> 01:47:20,800
change in small ways continuing 
your own great work, your own 

1939
01:47:20,800 --> 01:47:24,000
patient transformation. 
The Alchemist would approve. 

1940
01:47:24,000 --> 01:47:27,100
They understood that the most 
important laboratory is 

1941
01:47:27,100 --> 01:47:30,200
consciousness itself and the 
most crucial transformation 

1942
01:47:30,200 --> 01:47:34,600
happens within good night. 
May your dreams be golden and 

1943
01:47:34,600 --> 01:47:39,400
your rest transformative. 
The great work continues as it 

1944
01:47:39,400 --> 01:47:42,900
always has and always will in 
Laboratories both physical and 

1945
01:47:42,900 --> 01:47:46,900
imaginal tended by practitioners
both waking and sleeping 

1946
01:47:46,900 --> 01:47:52,800
pursuing that Eternal Quest to 
understand to change to elevate,

1947
01:47:52,800 --> 01:47:57,200
to transform the base into the 
pressure, the crude into the 

1948
01:47:57,208 --> 01:48:00,200
refined, and the ordinary into 
the extraordinary. 

1949
01:48:07,900 --> 01:48:10,900
Picture yourself standing at the
edge of a vast Frozen plane 

1950
01:48:10,900 --> 01:48:13,100
somewhere in. 
What will one day be called 

1951
01:48:13,100 --> 01:48:16,800
Siberia? 
The year is approximately 15,000

1952
01:48:16,800 --> 01:48:19,500
BCE though. 
Calendars won't exist for 

1953
01:48:19,500 --> 01:48:22,500
thousands of years yet. 
The landscape stretches 

1954
01:48:22,500 --> 01:48:26,500
endlessly before you a rolling 
expanse, of tundra, grass, 

1955
01:48:26,500 --> 01:48:31,400
patches of snow and Scattered 
stands of Hardy pine trees. 

1956
01:48:31,400 --> 01:48:33,400
That somehow survived the brutal
cold. 

1957
01:48:34,300 --> 01:48:37,500
The air bites at your Exposed 
Skin with a sharpness that makes

1958
01:48:37,500 --> 01:48:40,900
your eyes water. 
And when you exhale, your breath

1959
01:48:40,900 --> 01:48:44,800
crystallizes, instantly into 
tiny, ice particles, that drift 

1960
01:48:44,800 --> 01:48:48,800
away like mixture Stars. 
This is the place to see me pop 

1961
01:48:48,800 --> 01:48:52,100
the great ice age that has 
gripped, the Earth for millennia

1962
01:48:52,800 --> 01:48:55,500
Massive. 
Glaciers some more than a mile, 

1963
01:48:55,500 --> 01:48:58,800
thick cover much of the northern
hemisphere. but you're not 

1964
01:48:58,808 --> 01:49:02,900
standing on Ice, you're in one 
of the Refuge zones, the areas 

1965
01:49:02,900 --> 01:49:06,200
between the glaciers, where life
clings stubbornly to existence, 

1966
01:49:07,300 --> 01:49:09,900
Sun, hangs low on the horizon. 
Even at midday. 

1967
01:49:09,900 --> 01:49:13,100
Casting everything, in a 
peculiar amber light. 

1968
01:49:13,100 --> 01:49:16,200
That makes the snow Sparkle like
scattered diamonds. 

1969
01:49:16,200 --> 01:49:20,000
Clothing is a Masterwork of 
survival technology though. 

1970
01:49:20,000 --> 01:49:21,100
You wouldn't think of it that 
way? 

1971
01:49:21,100 --> 01:49:25,300
Your wrapped in carefully 
prepared, animal hides reindeer 

1972
01:49:25,300 --> 01:49:28,400
primarily with the fur turned 
inward for warmth. 

1973
01:49:28,400 --> 01:49:32,500
Your boots are stuffed with 
dried grass for insulation and 

1974
01:49:32,500 --> 01:49:34,900
your hands are covered in 
mittens made from the winter 

1975
01:49:34,900 --> 01:49:38,900
coat of a woolly mammoth calf. 
Every piece of clothing 

1976
01:49:38,900 --> 01:49:44,200
represents hours of work. 
Scraping tanning and sowing with

1977
01:49:44,200 --> 01:49:48,200
needles made from bird bones and
thread made from animal sinew 

1978
01:49:48,200 --> 01:49:51,200
around you. 
The Ice Age Mega Foreigner go 

1979
01:49:51,200 --> 01:49:53,400
about their business with the 
Casual indifference of 

1980
01:49:53,400 --> 01:49:55,000
creatures. 
We've never learned to fear 

1981
01:49:55,000 --> 01:49:58,600
humans. 
A small herd of woolly, mammoths

1982
01:49:58,600 --> 01:50:02,700
moves slowly across the plain 
about half a mile away, their 

1983
01:50:02,700 --> 01:50:05,800
Shaggy rust-colored coat, 
swaying with each ponderous 

1984
01:50:05,800 --> 01:50:07,900
step. 
Their smaller than modern 

1985
01:50:07,900 --> 01:50:11,200
elephants, actually only about 
nine feet tall at the shoulder 

1986
01:50:11,200 --> 01:50:16,500
but they're enormous curved 
tusks some reaching 16 feet in 

1987
01:50:16,500 --> 01:50:18,400
length. 
Make them look like creatures 

1988
01:50:18,400 --> 01:50:21,800
from a fever dream, The 
Matriarch uses her trunk to 

1989
01:50:21,800 --> 01:50:26,000
sweep away snow exposing the 
dried grass beneath and the 

1990
01:50:26,000 --> 01:50:28,700
others follow. 
Her lead creating a scattered 

1991
01:50:28,700 --> 01:50:31,500
pattern of feeding spots. 
Across the white expanse. 

1992
01:50:31,500 --> 01:50:34,100
Further out, you spot a woolly 
rhinoceros. 

1993
01:50:34,100 --> 01:50:38,100
It's too horns, catching the low
sunlight, it's a solitary 

1994
01:50:38,100 --> 01:50:40,400
creature. 
This one methodically working 

1995
01:50:40,400 --> 01:50:43,900
its way across the tundra in 
search of the Woody shrubs it 

1996
01:50:43,900 --> 01:50:48,700
prefers its wool. 
Hangs in ragged strips not a 

1997
01:50:48,700 --> 01:50:51,600
sign of poor health but simply 
the normal appearance of an 

1998
01:50:51,600 --> 01:50:54,500
animal whose coat is evolved to 
survive temperatures that would 

1999
01:50:54,500 --> 01:50:59,000
kill most modern mammals within 
hours ahead of Step by son, the 

2000
01:50:59,000 --> 01:51:02,900
ancestors of modern American 
Bison, but larger with horns, 

2001
01:51:02,900 --> 01:51:06,200
spanning six feet to cross 
grazes in the middle distance. 

2002
01:51:07,100 --> 01:51:10,000
The darker than the snow around 
them, their breath creating 

2003
01:51:10,000 --> 01:51:13,400
small clouds that hang in the 
still cold air. 

2004
01:51:14,400 --> 01:51:17,600
One of them pores at the ground 
breaking through the snow crust,

2005
01:51:17,600 --> 01:51:21,000
to reach the vegetation below 
and the sound carries clearly 

2006
01:51:21,000 --> 01:51:25,400
across the Frozen landscape. 
Sharp crack followed by the 

2007
01:51:25,400 --> 01:51:28,900
softer sound of ice crystals 
falling but it's not the 

2008
01:51:28,900 --> 01:51:32,000
megafauna that you're watching. 
Most carefully, it's the wolves.

2009
01:51:32,900 --> 01:51:35,100
They're everywhere in this 
landscape though. 

2010
01:51:35,100 --> 01:51:36,600
You have to know how to look for
them. 

2011
01:51:37,400 --> 01:51:40,700
Unlike the mega 49 Wolves of 
learn to be cautious around 

2012
01:51:40,700 --> 01:51:42,600
humans. 
They're Not Afraid. 

2013
01:51:42,600 --> 01:51:45,800
Exactly. 
Not yet but they're careful. 

2014
01:51:46,900 --> 01:51:50,300
You spot one. 
Now about 300 yards away sitting

2015
01:51:50,300 --> 01:51:54,000
on a small rise. 
It's watching the mammoth heard 

2016
01:51:54,000 --> 01:51:57,400
with professional interests, but
you noticed that it occasionally

2017
01:51:57,400 --> 01:52:01,400
glances in your direction too. 
It's coat is longer and thicker 

2018
01:52:01,400 --> 01:52:05,100
than the Wolves of a warmer 
climates a magnificent blend of 

2019
01:52:05,100 --> 01:52:08,800
grey black and white, that makes
it nearly invisible against the 

2020
01:52:08,800 --> 01:52:11,200
mixed landscape of snow and bare
ground. 

2021
01:52:11,200 --> 01:52:14,500
These Ice Age walls are slightly
larger than their modern 

2022
01:52:14,500 --> 01:52:18,200
descendants will be. 
More robust build for bringing 

2023
01:52:18,200 --> 01:52:21,000
down prey that outweighs them by
thousands of pounds. 

2024
01:52:22,200 --> 01:52:25,900
This particular wolf, probably 
weighs around 120 pounds with 

2025
01:52:25,900 --> 01:52:28,600
massive Jaws capable of crushing
bone. 

2026
01:52:29,200 --> 01:52:32,400
It's Amber eyes Miss. 
Nothing constantly scanning the 

2027
01:52:32,400 --> 01:52:34,300
environment for opportunity or 
danger. 

2028
01:52:34,300 --> 01:52:39,000
You're part of a small band 
about 25 people ranging from 

2029
01:52:39,000 --> 01:52:41,100
infants to Elders in their 
forties. 

2030
01:52:41,700 --> 01:52:45,200
That might sound young for an 
elder but in this world reaching

2031
01:52:45,200 --> 01:52:47,500
40 is an achievement worthy of 
respect. 

2032
01:52:48,400 --> 01:52:51,000
Your people have been following 
the reindeer herds for weeks now

2033
01:52:51,000 --> 01:52:54,900
and you've set up a temporary 
camp in a sheltered area where a

2034
01:52:54,900 --> 01:52:57,100
rocky outcrop provides some 
protection from the wind. 

2035
01:52:57,100 --> 01:53:00,600
The campus itself is a 
collection of sturdy structures,

2036
01:53:00,600 --> 01:53:05,200
not quite tents, not quite huts.
You've created them by setting 

2037
01:53:05,200 --> 01:53:09,500
up Frameworks of Mammoth bones 
and tusks then covering these 

2038
01:53:09,500 --> 01:53:11,500
Frameworks with layers of animal
hides. 

2039
01:53:12,300 --> 01:53:15,900
The largest structure. 
The communal dwelling uses the 

2040
01:53:15,900 --> 01:53:18,000
skull of a mammoth as part of 
its entrance. 

2041
01:53:18,800 --> 01:53:22,600
In the temperature is bearable, 
not warm, but survivable. 

2042
01:53:22,600 --> 01:53:25,500
Thanks to a carefully maintained
fire at the center. 

2043
01:53:26,500 --> 01:53:29,800
The smoke is Skate through a gap
at the top and the highs are 

2044
01:53:29,800 --> 01:53:32,600
arranged so that the wind 
doesn't blow directly inside. 

2045
01:53:32,600 --> 01:53:35,400
Your band is preparing for a 
hunt though. 

2046
01:53:35,400 --> 01:53:38,300
Preparing might be too formal a 
word. 

2047
01:53:38,300 --> 01:53:42,300
It's more like a slow practiced 
Gathering of the necessary tools

2048
01:53:42,300 --> 01:53:45,000
and people. 
Several Hunters are checking 

2049
01:53:45,000 --> 01:53:47,400
their Spears. 
Not the throwing Spears that 

2050
01:53:47,400 --> 01:53:50,400
will be invented later. 
But heavy thrusting Spears with 

2051
01:53:50,400 --> 01:53:54,800
fire hardened wooden tips or for
the lucky few precious stone 

2052
01:53:54,800 --> 01:53:57,500
points that were traded from 
another band two summers ago. 

2053
01:53:57,500 --> 01:54:00,600
One of your cousins is working 
on a new atlatl. 

2054
01:54:01,400 --> 01:54:03,300
Spear thrower, that will 
multiply the force. 

2055
01:54:03,300 --> 01:54:06,100
By the throne, spear its new 
technology. 

2056
01:54:06,100 --> 01:54:09,400
This atlatl having been 
invented, just a few Generations

2057
01:54:09,400 --> 01:54:13,400
back. the older Hunters were 
skeptical at first but the young

2058
01:54:13,400 --> 01:54:17,000
people have proven its worth 
Your cousin is shaping the wood 

2059
01:54:17,000 --> 01:54:20,800
with a piece of sharp Flint. 
Occasionally pausing to cite 

2060
01:54:20,800 --> 01:54:23,800
along its length. 
Checking for straightness the 

2061
01:54:23,800 --> 01:54:26,500
Target. 
Today is not the mammoths, the 

2062
01:54:26,500 --> 01:54:29,500
two dangerous, and two, large 
require requiring, more planning

2063
01:54:29,500 --> 01:54:31,900
and more Hunters than your band.
Can spare right now. 

2064
01:54:31,900 --> 01:54:36,000
Instead, your hoping to Ambush a
reindeer that strayed from its 

2065
01:54:36,000 --> 01:54:40,300
herd he spotted one yesterday, a
young buck, that seems to have 

2066
01:54:40,300 --> 01:54:44,400
injured its legs slightly In the
harsh mathematics of Ice Age 

2067
01:54:44,400 --> 01:54:48,200
survival, that slight injury 
marks it as your best chance for

2068
01:54:48,200 --> 01:54:50,600
success. 
But as you move out with the 

2069
01:54:50,600 --> 01:54:53,100
hunting party, you notice 
something unusual. 

2070
01:54:53,100 --> 01:54:55,700
There are more wolves around the
normal. 

2071
01:54:55,700 --> 01:54:59,000
They're keeping their distance, 
but they're definitely watching.

2072
01:55:00,000 --> 01:55:03,500
You count at least six of them 
scattered across the landscape 

2073
01:55:03,500 --> 01:55:07,100
in positions, that suggests, 
they're not together, not a pack

2074
01:55:07,100 --> 01:55:09,700
but individual wolves or small 
family groups. 

2075
01:55:09,700 --> 01:55:13,700
Each pursuing their own Survival
strategy, one wolf in 

2076
01:55:13,700 --> 01:55:16,500
particular, catches your 
attention, it's smaller than the

2077
01:55:16,500 --> 01:55:18,800
others. 
With a slightly reddish tint to 

2078
01:55:18,800 --> 01:55:22,300
its grey coat. 
Unlike the other wolves which 

2079
01:55:22,300 --> 01:55:24,200
are carefully maintaining their 
distance. 

2080
01:55:24,200 --> 01:55:27,600
This one seems less concerned 
with the usual safety, 

2081
01:55:27,600 --> 01:55:31,300
protocols. 
It may be 200 yards away. 

2082
01:55:31,300 --> 01:55:35,600
Sitting calmly on its haunches, 
watching your hunting party with

2083
01:55:35,600 --> 01:55:38,900
an expression that almost looks 
curious, rather than cautious, 

2084
01:55:38,900 --> 01:55:41,600
you've seen wolves. 
Follow hunting parties before. 

2085
01:55:41,600 --> 01:55:45,100
It's not uncommon, They've 
learned that human Hunters 

2086
01:55:45,100 --> 01:55:49,900
sometimes, leave behind scraps, 
a gut pile, bones and pieces of 

2087
01:55:49,900 --> 01:55:54,000
hide two damage to be useful. 
In a world where every calorie 

2088
01:55:54,000 --> 01:55:57,300
counts where a harsh, winter can
mean the difference between 

2089
01:55:57,300 --> 01:56:01,800
survival and starvation, those 
scraps represent opportunity, 

2090
01:56:01,800 --> 01:56:05,500
this feels different somehow. 
This will isn't just following 

2091
01:56:05,500 --> 01:56:10,000
at a careful distance. 
It's observing learning the hunt

2092
01:56:10,000 --> 01:56:13,300
itself unfolds in the Timeless 
pattern of predator and prey. 

2093
01:56:14,100 --> 01:56:17,600
Your party spreads out moving 
slowly up wind toward where the 

2094
01:56:17,600 --> 01:56:21,200
injured reindeer was. 
Last seen the snow muffles your 

2095
01:56:21,208 --> 01:56:24,500
footsteps and you've rubbed your
cells with the leaves of 

2096
01:56:24,500 --> 01:56:28,800
aromatic plants to mask your 
human scent, the cold air helps 

2097
01:56:28,800 --> 01:56:32,900
too scent doesn't carry as well.
In extreme cold you spot. 

2098
01:56:32,900 --> 01:56:36,900
The reindeer browsing in a small
Hollow using its broad Hooves to

2099
01:56:36,900 --> 01:56:39,300
dig through the snow to reach 
the Loken beneath. 

2100
01:56:40,000 --> 01:56:42,500
His injured leg is indeed 
causing problems. 

2101
01:56:42,500 --> 01:56:45,100
You can see it. 
Favoring the other three legs. 

2102
01:56:45,100 --> 01:56:49,400
Shifting, its weight constantly.
From a distance. 

2103
01:56:49,400 --> 01:56:52,800
It might not seem like much of 
an impairment, but you know, 

2104
01:56:52,800 --> 01:56:56,100
from experience that this slight
imbalance will slow it to escape

2105
01:56:56,100 --> 01:56:58,600
just enough. 
The hunters move into position 

2106
01:56:58,600 --> 01:57:01,800
with practiced, efficiency, no 
words are spoken. 

2107
01:57:01,800 --> 01:57:05,900
Everyone knows their role two 
hunters will drive the reindeer 

2108
01:57:05,900 --> 01:57:08,600
toward a narrow passage between 
two large Boulders. 

2109
01:57:08,600 --> 01:57:12,700
Three others, including you are 
positioned at that passage 

2110
01:57:12,700 --> 01:57:17,600
Spears ready, the drive Begins 
the reindeers head snaps up and 

2111
01:57:17,600 --> 01:57:21,300
for a moment, it freezes trying 
to identify the threat, then it 

2112
01:57:21,300 --> 01:57:25,000
bolts, moving with the fluid 
Grace, that makes these animals 

2113
01:57:25,000 --> 01:57:28,600
so difficult to hunt. 
But the injured leg betrays, it 

2114
01:57:28,608 --> 01:57:32,900
slightly just a tiny hitch in 
its stride and the path of least

2115
01:57:32,900 --> 01:57:35,400
resistance leads. 
It exactly where the hunters 

2116
01:57:35,400 --> 01:57:38,100
knew it would go. 
Toward the gap between the 

2117
01:57:38,100 --> 01:57:40,600
boulders. 
Your muscles tense as it 

2118
01:57:40,600 --> 01:57:43,600
approaches. 
Timing is everything too early 

2119
01:57:43,608 --> 01:57:46,900
and it will Dodge too late and 
it will be passed. 

2120
01:57:46,900 --> 01:57:50,900
You The reindeer enters the Gap 
and in that moment of 

2121
01:57:50,900 --> 01:57:54,400
constriction, three Spears 
thrust forward simultaneously. 

2122
01:57:55,400 --> 01:57:59,200
At least two find their Mark and
the animal stumbles then Falls. 

2123
01:57:59,200 --> 01:58:02,700
There's no celebrating the work 
has only begun. 

2124
01:58:03,600 --> 01:58:07,000
Within minutes, the animal is 
being efficiently processed, the

2125
01:58:07,000 --> 01:58:10,200
hide is carefully removed. 
It will be needed for clothing 

2126
01:58:10,200 --> 01:58:13,300
or shelter repairs. 
The meat is butchered into 

2127
01:58:13,300 --> 01:58:16,700
manageable pieces, the bones and
antlers are set aside. 

2128
01:58:16,700 --> 01:58:20,400
They have a dozen uses. 
Even the sinews are carefully 

2129
01:58:20,400 --> 01:58:23,700
extracted for making cordage and
thread and throughout this 

2130
01:58:23,700 --> 01:58:26,300
entire process, you're aware of 
the Wolves watching. 

2131
01:58:27,100 --> 01:58:29,000
The reddish gray, one has crept 
closer. 

2132
01:58:29,000 --> 01:58:34,400
Now maybe 150 yards away, it 
sits perfectly still but you can

2133
01:58:34,400 --> 01:58:36,900
see its nostrils. 
Flaring sentencing. 

2134
01:58:36,900 --> 01:58:40,500
The fresh Blood on the cold air 
when your party is ready to head

2135
01:58:40,500 --> 01:58:42,600
back to Camp carrying the 
butcher. 

2136
01:58:42,600 --> 01:58:46,600
Reindeer, you notice something, 
The reddish gray wolf hasn't 

2137
01:58:46,600 --> 01:58:49,300
left. 
Its following maintaining that 

2138
01:58:49,300 --> 01:58:52,900
same distance, its eyes fixed 
not on the meat, you're 

2139
01:58:52,900 --> 01:58:56,300
carrying, but on the gut pile, 
you've left behind the stomach 

2140
01:58:56,300 --> 01:59:00,300
intestines and other organs that
are too much trouble to carry 

2141
01:59:00,300 --> 01:59:02,300
back. 
As soon as your party is about 

2142
01:59:02,308 --> 01:59:05,100
50 yards away, the wolf trots 
down to the gut pile. 

2143
01:59:05,800 --> 01:59:09,000
But instead of the frenzied 
feeding you might expect at each

2144
01:59:09,000 --> 01:59:11,400
quickly and efficiently then 
Retreats again. 

2145
01:59:12,400 --> 01:59:15,800
It's being careful but less 
careful than the other walls who

2146
01:59:15,800 --> 01:59:19,100
have an approached at all. 
Despite the easy meal that night

2147
01:59:19,100 --> 01:59:22,600
in the communal dwelling with 
the fire crackling and the wind 

2148
01:59:22,600 --> 01:59:25,800
howling outside. 
You think about that wolf? 

2149
01:59:26,800 --> 01:59:28,200
There was something different 
about it. 

2150
01:59:28,200 --> 01:59:32,200
A quality can't quite name. 
Not tameless. 

2151
01:59:32,200 --> 01:59:36,000
Exactly more like a willingness 
to cross the usual boundaries 

2152
01:59:36,000 --> 01:59:39,500
between species. 
You don't know it yet but you've

2153
01:59:39,500 --> 01:59:41,400
just witnessed something 
extraordinary. 

2154
01:59:42,200 --> 01:59:44,900
You've seen one of the first 
Tiny Steps in a relationship 

2155
01:59:44,900 --> 01:59:49,500
that will span Millennia that 
wolf with its slightly reduced 

2156
01:59:49,500 --> 01:59:52,600
caution. 
And it's observant nature is on 

2157
01:59:52,600 --> 01:59:56,100
the very edge of something 
entirely new, not just for 

2158
01:59:56,100 --> 01:59:59,500
wolves, but for the entire 
trajectory of human and animal 

2159
01:59:59,500 --> 02:00:03,000
life on Earth outside in the 
darkness, beyond the firelight, 

2160
02:00:03,000 --> 02:00:06,700
the wolf circles the camp at a 
respectful distance, it can 

2161
02:00:06,700 --> 02:00:11,200
smell the cooking meat can hear 
the human voice is and consents 

2162
02:00:11,200 --> 02:00:14,900
the warmth of the fire. 
And unlike every other wolf in 

2163
02:00:14,900 --> 02:00:19,100
the region, instead of moving on
to find its own prey, it settles

2164
02:00:19,100 --> 02:00:21,300
down in the snow about 100 yards
from the camp. 

2165
02:00:21,300 --> 02:00:25,600
It doesn't know why it's staying
Instinct mixed with curiosity, 

2166
02:00:25,600 --> 02:00:29,100
perhaps, or maybe just the 
simple calculus of survival. 

2167
02:00:29,100 --> 02:00:33,500
These humans mean food and in 
the harsh mathematics of the Ice

2168
02:00:33,500 --> 02:00:37,100
Age, any reliable source of 
calories is worth a slight risk.

2169
02:00:37,100 --> 02:00:40,400
The Moon Rises over the Frozen 
landscape Illuminating. 

2170
02:00:40,400 --> 02:00:42,100
A world. 
That is both beautiful and 

2171
02:00:42,100 --> 02:00:45,000
brutal. 
And in that world, a small 

2172
02:00:45,000 --> 02:00:48,100
change has begun. 
So, subtle, that no one could 

2173
02:00:48,100 --> 02:00:50,200
possibly recognize its 
significant. 

2174
02:00:51,000 --> 02:00:53,100
A wolf sits watching a human 
Camp. 

2175
02:00:53,100 --> 02:00:57,000
An inside that camp, a human 
lies awake, thinking about wolf 

2176
02:00:57,000 --> 02:01:00,400
King the reddish gray wolf, 
become something of a fixture 

2177
02:01:00,400 --> 02:01:03,700
over the following days though, 
fixture implies more permanent 

2178
02:01:03,700 --> 02:01:07,000
than his really accurate. 
It's more like a recurring 

2179
02:01:07,000 --> 02:01:10,600
character in your daily life. 
Peering near the camp Adorn 

2180
02:01:10,600 --> 02:01:14,600
following hunting parties at a 
distance materializing around, 

2181
02:01:14,600 --> 02:01:17,900
butchering site. 
You start to recognize it not 

2182
02:01:17,900 --> 02:01:20,100
just by its coloring, but By Its
Behavior. 

2183
02:01:21,300 --> 02:01:24,100
While other wolves that scavenge
from Human kills Dart, in 

2184
02:01:24,100 --> 02:01:25,600
nervously. 
Snatch. 

2185
02:01:25,600 --> 02:01:29,300
What they can and flee this one 
moves with a peculiar 

2186
02:01:29,300 --> 02:01:31,600
confidants. 
You're not the only one whose 

2187
02:01:31,600 --> 02:01:36,000
notice One evening as your band 
gathers around the fire, your 

2188
02:01:36,000 --> 02:01:40,000
aunt a woman of about 35 who 
survival skills, have earned her

2189
02:01:40,008 --> 02:01:45,100
enormous respect in the band. 
Mentions the wolf casually while

2190
02:01:45,100 --> 02:01:48,000
working a piece of reindeer hide
with a stone scraper. 

2191
02:01:48,000 --> 02:01:50,000
The red one was at the 
butchering site. 

2192
02:01:50,000 --> 02:01:53,000
Again she says a hands never 
pausing in their rhythmic 

2193
02:01:53,000 --> 02:01:57,600
scraping motion closer than 
before maybe 70 Paces, your 

2194
02:01:57,600 --> 02:02:01,000
uncle sharpening, a spear Point 
grunts acknowledgment, good 

2195
02:02:01,000 --> 02:02:04,400
thing or bad thing neither just 
a thing. 

2196
02:02:05,500 --> 02:02:07,900
You aren't holds the hide up to 
the firelight checking her 

2197
02:02:07,900 --> 02:02:10,900
progress. 
It's not aggressive, never 

2198
02:02:10,900 --> 02:02:15,600
approaches The Kills until we're
well away just interested. 

2199
02:02:15,600 --> 02:02:19,200
This is a typical example of how
your people discuss, the natural

2200
02:02:19,200 --> 02:02:23,400
world matter of factly without 
attributing too much meaning but

2201
02:02:23,400 --> 02:02:26,700
also without dismissing 
observations Every piece of 

2202
02:02:26,708 --> 02:02:29,600
information about animal 
behavior, might someday prove 

2203
02:02:29,600 --> 02:02:31,500
useful. 
So it's worth noting and 

2204
02:02:31,500 --> 02:02:33,900
remembering two weeks passed, 
then three. 

2205
02:02:35,100 --> 02:02:38,700
The Deep cold of winter begins 
its slow grudging transition 

2206
02:02:38,700 --> 02:02:40,700
towards something slightly less 
brutal. 

2207
02:02:41,600 --> 02:02:45,200
The sons are across the sky, 
grows incrementally longer each 

2208
02:02:45,200 --> 02:02:47,900
day. 
The change is subtle enough that

2209
02:02:47,900 --> 02:02:51,100
you might not notice it day to 
day, but over weeks it's 

2210
02:02:51,100 --> 02:02:53,600
unmistakable. 
Your band has remained in the 

2211
02:02:53,600 --> 02:02:56,600
same general area. 
The hunting has been decent and 

2212
02:02:56,600 --> 02:02:58,200
the sheltered spot. 
You've chosen off as good 

2213
02:02:58,208 --> 02:03:01,400
protection from the wind and 
through all of this the reddish 

2214
02:03:01,400 --> 02:03:03,500
gray wolf remains part of the 
landscape. 

2215
02:03:03,500 --> 02:03:08,300
You start to notice patterns The
wolf appears most reliably in 

2216
02:03:08,300 --> 02:03:11,700
the early morning shortly after 
Dawn and in the evening around 

2217
02:03:11,700 --> 02:03:14,500
dusk. 
During the brightest part of the

2218
02:03:14,500 --> 02:03:18,800
day is usually nowhere to be 
seen off Hunting its own prey. 

2219
02:03:18,800 --> 02:03:22,800
Presumably But in those liminal 
times, when the light is soft 

2220
02:03:22,800 --> 02:03:26,200
and the world, feels suspended 
between day and night, there it 

2221
02:03:26,200 --> 02:03:28,000
is. 
One more morning, you're awake 

2222
02:03:28,000 --> 02:03:30,600
early than usual sitting outside
the communal dwelling, and 

2223
02:03:30,600 --> 02:03:32,300
watching the sky like in the 
east. 

2224
02:03:33,200 --> 02:03:36,400
The temperature is brutally 
cold, the kind of cold that 

2225
02:03:36,400 --> 02:03:38,700
makes the inside of your 
nostrils stick together when you

2226
02:03:38,700 --> 02:03:42,400
breathe in, but the air is 
perfectly still and Stillness 

2227
02:03:42,400 --> 02:03:46,000
makes cold more bearable. 
Everything is touched with frost

2228
02:03:46,000 --> 02:03:50,500
each blade of grass, each Stone 
outlined in crystal in white, 

2229
02:03:50,500 --> 02:03:54,800
you see the wolf emerge from 
behind a distant, outcrops 200 

2230
02:03:54,800 --> 02:03:57,600
yards away. 
It's moving in that efficient 

2231
02:03:57,600 --> 02:04:00,900
ground covering Trot that wolves
used to travel long distances. 

2232
02:04:00,900 --> 02:04:05,500
It's breath creating rhythmic 
puffs of vapor in the Frigidaire

2233
02:04:05,500 --> 02:04:10,300
then it stops sits and looks 
directly at your camp for 

2234
02:04:10,300 --> 02:04:13,300
several long minutes. 
Nothing happened the wolf sits, 

2235
02:04:13,300 --> 02:04:17,400
you sit. 
The sky continues its slow, 

2236
02:04:17,400 --> 02:04:20,500
brightening from deep blue to 
lighter Shades that hint at the 

2237
02:04:20,508 --> 02:04:24,800
eventual arrival of the sun. 
Then acting on an Impulse, you 

2238
02:04:24,800 --> 02:04:28,000
don't fully understand. 
You toss a small piece of dried 

2239
02:04:28,000 --> 02:04:29,600
meat in the wolf's general 
direction. 

2240
02:04:29,600 --> 02:04:32,700
Not close to the wolf, you throw
it. 

2241
02:04:32,700 --> 02:04:35,700
Maybe 30 yards out from where 
you're sitting leaving it about 

2242
02:04:35,700 --> 02:04:39,400
170 yards from the wolf. 
It's more of a gesture than 

2243
02:04:39,400 --> 02:04:43,400
anything else and acknowledgment
of the wolf's presence, the wolf

2244
02:04:43,400 --> 02:04:46,000
watches, the meat Arc, through 
the air and land in the snow. 

2245
02:04:46,000 --> 02:04:48,600
It doesn't move for long 
minutes. 

2246
02:04:48,600 --> 02:04:52,200
It simply sits their eyes, 
moving between you and the meat,

2247
02:04:52,200 --> 02:04:54,900
then. 
So smoothly that you almost 

2248
02:04:54,900 --> 02:04:58,500
missed the transition. 
It stands trots to the meat, 

2249
02:04:58,500 --> 02:05:02,900
picks it up, and Retreats to its
original distance before lying 

2250
02:05:02,900 --> 02:05:05,700
down to eat it. 
Something about this interaction

2251
02:05:05,700 --> 02:05:09,700
feels significant though. 
You couldn't explain why It 

2252
02:05:09,700 --> 02:05:11,600
wasn't fear that made the wolf 
Retreat. 

2253
02:05:11,600 --> 02:05:15,100
It moved to calmly for that. 
It was more like an 

2254
02:05:15,100 --> 02:05:18,500
acknowledgment of boundaries a 
mutual understanding of 

2255
02:05:18,500 --> 02:05:22,400
appropriate distances over the 
following weeks, this becomes an

2256
02:05:22,400 --> 02:05:26,000
occasional ritual, not every 
morning and not with any regular

2257
02:05:26,000 --> 02:05:28,400
schedule. 
But sometimes when you're up 

2258
02:05:28,400 --> 02:05:30,700
early in the wall for peers, 
you'll to scrap. 

2259
02:05:32,200 --> 02:05:34,100
The wolf begins to anticipate 
this. 

2260
02:05:34,100 --> 02:05:39,000
You notice that when it sees you
sitting outside at dawn, it sits

2261
02:05:39,000 --> 02:05:42,500
at a particular distance. 
No longer 200 yards, but more 

2262
02:05:42,500 --> 02:05:46,100
like 150 and waits to see if 
you'll throw anything. 

2263
02:05:46,100 --> 02:05:49,600
You're not consciously, trying 
to tame the wolf that word 

2264
02:05:49,600 --> 02:05:52,500
doesn't even exist. 
In your vocabulary, You're 

2265
02:05:52,500 --> 02:05:55,000
simply engaging in a kind of 
pragmatic Exchange. 

2266
02:05:55,800 --> 02:05:58,600
The wolf cleans up scraps, that 
would otherwise attract less 

2267
02:05:58,600 --> 02:06:03,200
desirable scavengers hyenas. 
For instance, which are not only

2268
02:06:03,200 --> 02:06:06,800
more dangerous but all so much 
less Pleasant to have around in 

2269
02:06:06,800 --> 02:06:10,500
return. 
The wolf gets easy meals, it's a

2270
02:06:10,500 --> 02:06:14,000
transaction that benefits both 
parties but something else is 

2271
02:06:14,000 --> 02:06:16,200
happening, too, though. 
It's so gradual that you barely 

2272
02:06:16,200 --> 02:06:19,400
notice it. 
The wolf is becoming part of 

2273
02:06:19,400 --> 02:06:22,900
your mental landscape. 
Part of the expected patterns of

2274
02:06:22,900 --> 02:06:26,200
daily life. 
When you wake up now, you find 

2275
02:06:26,200 --> 02:06:28,000
yourself wandering. 
If the wolf will be there. 

2276
02:06:29,500 --> 02:06:32,200
When you're out hunting and you 
spot it following at a distance 

2277
02:06:32,200 --> 02:06:35,100
you feel a tiny flicker of 
recognition. 

2278
02:06:36,100 --> 02:06:39,100
Not quite pleasure, but 
something like acknowledgment. 

2279
02:06:40,700 --> 02:06:44,600
Hello again, the feeling seems 
to say you'll still hear one day

2280
02:06:44,600 --> 02:06:48,400
during a Hunting Expedition. 
Something unusual happened your 

2281
02:06:48,400 --> 02:06:50,400
party is tracking a small herd 
of horses. 

2282
02:06:50,400 --> 02:06:55,400
Ice Age horses stocky and robust
with thick coats that make them 

2283
02:06:55,400 --> 02:06:57,200
look almost barely like in the 
dim light. 

2284
02:06:58,100 --> 02:07:01,900
The tracking has been difficult,
the horses are weary, the wind 

2285
02:07:01,900 --> 02:07:04,600
keeps shifting and twice you've 
gotten close only to have them 

2286
02:07:04,600 --> 02:07:06,800
bolt. 
At the last moment, you're 

2287
02:07:06,800 --> 02:07:09,500
taking a brief rest. 
Assessing the situation when you

2288
02:07:09,500 --> 02:07:12,300
notice the reddish gray wolf 
about 100 yards away. 

2289
02:07:13,200 --> 02:07:15,900
It's not looking at you though. 
Is looking in the same 

2290
02:07:15,900 --> 02:07:18,700
direction, you've been heading 
toward where the horses should 

2291
02:07:18,700 --> 02:07:21,200
be, then the wolf does something
extraordinary. 

2292
02:07:21,200 --> 02:07:25,700
It moves forward about 50 yards,
stops looks back at you. 

2293
02:07:25,700 --> 02:07:29,100
Then looks forward again, the 
gesture is so clear that it's 

2294
02:07:29,100 --> 02:07:32,200
almost comical this way there, 
this way. 

2295
02:07:32,200 --> 02:07:36,300
Now it's entirely possible that 
the wolf was simply pursuing its

2296
02:07:36,300 --> 02:07:39,400
own agenda, that the apparent 
communication was pure 

2297
02:07:39,400 --> 02:07:43,200
incidents. you've survived to 
adulthood in the Ice Age by 

2298
02:07:43,200 --> 02:07:46,100
paying attention to 
environmental cues and this 

2299
02:07:46,100 --> 02:07:50,400
feels like a cue You signal to 
the other hunters and the party 

2300
02:07:50,400 --> 02:07:52,900
adjusts, its course, slightly 
moving more. 

2301
02:07:52,900 --> 02:07:56,800
In the direction, the wolf 
indicated. 50 minutes later you 

2302
02:07:56,800 --> 02:08:00,600
find the horses in a small 
Hollow perfectly positioned for 

2303
02:08:00,600 --> 02:08:03,500
an ambush. 
The Hunt is successful and 

2304
02:08:03,500 --> 02:08:05,600
afterward. 
You make sure to leave in a 

2305
02:08:05,600 --> 02:08:07,300
specially generous portion of 
the gut pile. 

2306
02:08:07,300 --> 02:08:10,400
The wolf as usual, weights until
you're well away before 

2307
02:08:10,400 --> 02:08:12,500
approaching. 
But you notice that? 

2308
02:08:12,500 --> 02:08:15,100
Before it starts eating, it 
looks toward where your party is

2309
02:08:15,108 --> 02:08:19,100
heading holds that gaze for a 
moment then begins its meal 

2310
02:08:19,100 --> 02:08:21,400
again. 
You could dismiss this as 

2311
02:08:21,400 --> 02:08:24,200
meaningless wolves. 
Look in all directions 

2312
02:08:24,200 --> 02:08:27,000
frequently, but you're starting 
to suspect. 

2313
02:08:27,000 --> 02:08:29,100
That something more complex is 
happening. 

2314
02:08:29,100 --> 02:08:32,600
The wolf isn't just Scavenging 
from your kills any more. 

2315
02:08:32,600 --> 02:08:37,300
It's participating in its own 
way, in the hunting process word

2316
02:08:37,300 --> 02:08:39,500
of the wolf begins to spread 
within your band. 

2317
02:08:39,500 --> 02:08:42,800
The children are fascinated by 
it. 

2318
02:08:42,800 --> 02:08:46,600
They've been warned to keep 
their distance, it is after all,

2319
02:08:46,600 --> 02:08:50,200
still a wild predator Perfectly 
capable of dangerous Behavior. 

2320
02:08:51,200 --> 02:08:53,800
But they watch it from the 
safety of the camp and they've 

2321
02:08:53,800 --> 02:08:57,400
given it a name of sorts. 
A specific sound that they used 

2322
02:08:57,400 --> 02:09:00,300
to refer to it, something 
between a whistle and a yep, 

2323
02:09:00,300 --> 02:09:02,800
that's meant to approximate a 
wolf's vocalization. 

2324
02:09:02,800 --> 02:09:06,400
One of the children. 
A girl of about seven has become

2325
02:09:06,400 --> 02:09:08,400
particularly interested in the 
wolf. 

2326
02:09:09,200 --> 02:09:12,700
She's the one who most reliably 
spots at each day who points out

2327
02:09:12,708 --> 02:09:16,300
its location to anyone who 
listen, who saves little scraps 

2328
02:09:16,300 --> 02:09:19,500
from a meals to toss out toward 
where the wolf typically sits. 

2329
02:09:20,100 --> 02:09:23,200
her mother allows this partly 
because it keeps the child 

2330
02:09:23,200 --> 02:09:27,700
engaged in Camp activities and 
partly because, well, the wolf 

2331
02:09:27,700 --> 02:09:31,700
doesn't seem to pose any actual 
threat months pass the season 

2332
02:09:31,700 --> 02:09:36,100
continues, its slow wheel 
towards Spring the days grow 

2333
02:09:36,100 --> 02:09:39,800
longer, the snow begins to 
develop a different texture, 

2334
02:09:39,800 --> 02:09:45,500
becoming wetter heavier and more
crystalline The mammoth start 

2335
02:09:45,500 --> 02:09:48,700
moving North following the 
retreating edge of the glaciers 

2336
02:09:48,700 --> 02:09:52,400
towards their summer, feeding 
grounds, the reindeer herds grow

2337
02:09:52,400 --> 02:09:54,700
Restless preparing for their own
migration. 

2338
02:09:54,700 --> 02:09:58,700
Your band must decide whether to
follow the herds or to stay in 

2339
02:09:58,708 --> 02:10:01,900
the region and switched to 
hunting the animals that remain 

2340
02:10:01,900 --> 02:10:05,900
year out by bison horses, and 
the occasional mam, that bucks 

2341
02:10:05,900 --> 02:10:09,900
the migration Trend in the end. 
The decision is made to stay. 

2342
02:10:09,900 --> 02:10:13,400
The camp is good. 
The hunting has been reliable 

2343
02:10:13,400 --> 02:10:16,300
and the effort required to pack 
everything and move is 

2344
02:10:16,300 --> 02:10:19,000
significant. 
The reddish gray wolf stays too.

2345
02:10:19,000 --> 02:10:23,200
This surprises, you slightly 
You'd assumed the wolf was 

2346
02:10:23,200 --> 02:10:26,600
following the human ban because 
humans meant food and that if 

2347
02:10:26,600 --> 02:10:28,900
the major game herds moved on 
the wolf would follow them. 

2348
02:10:28,900 --> 02:10:33,500
But it doesn't, it remains in 
the area, hunting, its own prey.

2349
02:10:34,200 --> 02:10:36,900
You occasionally, see it taking 
down rabbits with impressive, 

2350
02:10:36,900 --> 02:10:40,700
efficiency, and continuing its 
habit of appearing near the camp

2351
02:10:40,700 --> 02:10:44,300
at dawn and dusk the distance 
between wolves and humans 

2352
02:10:44,300 --> 02:10:46,200
continues to shrink 
incrementally. 

2353
02:10:46,900 --> 02:10:50,500
Not in any dramatic way, not on 
any single Leap Forward. 

2354
02:10:50,500 --> 02:10:53,700
But in tiny adjustments that 
accumulate over time. 

2355
02:10:53,700 --> 02:10:58,300
The wolf now sits about 100 
yards from camp in stead of 150.

2356
02:10:59,300 --> 02:11:03,000
When someone tosses it food, it 
no longer Retreats as far before

2357
02:11:03,000 --> 02:11:07,700
eating when it follows hunting 
parties, the Gap is perhaps 75 

2358
02:11:07,700 --> 02:11:12,200
yards instead of 100 one, warm 
afternoon, genuinely warm. 

2359
02:11:12,200 --> 02:11:15,400
Maybe even reaching 42 degrees 
Fahrenheit, which feels like 

2360
02:11:15,400 --> 02:11:18,800
summer after The Long Winter. 
Your working on repairing your 

2361
02:11:18,800 --> 02:11:20,500
boots outside. 
The communal dwelling. 

2362
02:11:21,500 --> 02:11:24,500
The wolf is lying in its usual 
spot about 90 yards away, 

2363
02:11:24,500 --> 02:11:28,600
drowsing in the Sun, a raven 
lands, nearby looking for 

2364
02:11:28,600 --> 02:11:31,300
scraps. 
It hops close to where you're 

2365
02:11:31,300 --> 02:11:33,600
working Boulders. 
Ravens always are cocking. 

2366
02:11:33,600 --> 02:11:35,600
Its head to examine you with one
bright eye. 

2367
02:11:35,600 --> 02:11:40,300
You ignore it Ravens are 
harmless mostly if occasionally 

2368
02:11:40,300 --> 02:11:43,400
annoying in their persistence. 
Then you notice the wolf is 

2369
02:11:43,400 --> 02:11:47,800
watching The Raven with focused 
intensity the wolf Rises to its 

2370
02:11:47,808 --> 02:11:50,600
feet. 
Stretches in a very dog-like 

2371
02:11:50,600 --> 02:11:53,400
manner. 
Then trots toward the camp, not 

2372
02:11:53,400 --> 02:11:56,900
directly toward you but on an 
angle that will bring it near 

2373
02:11:56,900 --> 02:12:00,600
the Raven, The Raven, seeing the
wolf approached squats and 

2374
02:12:00,600 --> 02:12:03,400
dignity and flaps away the wolf 
watches. 

2375
02:12:03,400 --> 02:12:05,700
It go. 
Then in stead of retreating to 

2376
02:12:05,700 --> 02:12:09,100
his usual spot, lies down, maybe
70 yards from where your city, 

2377
02:12:09,100 --> 02:12:12,700
the message seems clear. 
The Raven was bothering you so I

2378
02:12:12,700 --> 02:12:15,200
chased it off. 
Now we're a bit closer than 

2379
02:12:15,200 --> 02:12:17,700
before but that's okay. 
Because I just did you a favor. 

2380
02:12:17,700 --> 02:12:20,900
Again, you could argue that this
is anthropomorphization. 

2381
02:12:21,500 --> 02:12:24,000
Reading human motivations into 
animal behavior. 

2382
02:12:24,900 --> 02:12:27,300
But whether or not your 
interpretation is accurate, the 

2383
02:12:27,300 --> 02:12:30,300
effect is the same, the 
boundaries between human and 

2384
02:12:30,300 --> 02:12:34,000
wolf of shifted again, just 
slightly, just enough to notice 

2385
02:12:34,000 --> 02:12:37,800
that night lying in the communal
dwelling and listening to the 

2386
02:12:37,800 --> 02:12:39,700
sounds of the band settling in 
for sleep. 

2387
02:12:39,700 --> 02:12:43,700
You think about the wolf How 
long has this been going on now?

2388
02:12:43,700 --> 02:12:48,800
Six months seven. 
Long enough that it's strange to

2389
02:12:48,800 --> 02:12:51,000
remember, a time when the wolf 
wasn't part of the daily 

2390
02:12:51,000 --> 02:12:54,000
routine, you don't know that 
what your witnessing is, the 

2391
02:12:54,000 --> 02:12:57,600
beginning of domestication. 
You have no framework for 

2392
02:12:57,600 --> 02:13:01,200
understanding that concept. 
No way to imagine that this wild

2393
02:13:01,200 --> 02:13:04,600
Predators great. 
Great grandchildren will be so 

2394
02:13:04,600 --> 02:13:07,600
thoroughly changed. 
That they'll sit obediently at 

2395
02:13:07,600 --> 02:13:11,600
human commands or guard human 
homes and will work alongside 

2396
02:13:11,600 --> 02:13:15,300
humans in a 1000 different ways.
All, you know, is that somewhere

2397
02:13:15,300 --> 02:13:18,900
out in the darkness about 90 
yards from where your lying, a 

2398
02:13:18,900 --> 02:13:20,600
wolf is curled up in the snow 
sleeping. 

2399
02:13:21,300 --> 02:13:23,300
And for reasons, you can't fully
articulate. 

2400
02:13:24,500 --> 02:13:27,900
This knowledge feels comforting 
rather than threatening spring 

2401
02:13:27,900 --> 02:13:31,500
arrives, not with a bang but 
with a slow soggy whisper. 

2402
02:13:32,300 --> 02:13:35,500
Snow doesn't so much melt as 
gradually, surrendered to Mud, 

2403
02:13:35,500 --> 02:13:39,800
creating a landscape of 
startling, messiness, where 

2404
02:13:39,800 --> 02:13:41,500
everything was white and 
pristine. 

2405
02:13:41,500 --> 02:13:45,900
Now, everything is brown and wet
the rivers and streams. 

2406
02:13:45,900 --> 02:13:50,500
Frozen solid for months, begin 
to crack and grow in their ice. 

2407
02:13:50,500 --> 02:13:53,800
Breaking into huge chunks. 
That pile up against the banks 

2408
02:13:53,800 --> 02:13:55,300
with sounds like distant 
Thunder. 

2409
02:13:55,300 --> 02:13:59,900
The world becomes louder. 
Birds returned from their winter

2410
02:13:59,900 --> 02:14:03,500
grounds to the South filling the
air with calls and songs. 

2411
02:14:03,500 --> 02:14:06,900
The small mammals that spent 
winter underground emerge 

2412
02:14:06,900 --> 02:14:11,700
blinking in the bright sunlight.
Everything is waking up shaking 

2413
02:14:11,700 --> 02:14:15,100
off, the topper of winter, and 
resuming the Urgent business of 

2414
02:14:15,100 --> 02:14:18,700
survival and reproduction, the 
reddish gray wolf disappears for

2415
02:14:18,700 --> 02:14:21,300
several weeks. 
And you find yourself surprised 

2416
02:14:21,300 --> 02:14:22,900
by how much you miss its 
presence. 

2417
02:14:23,800 --> 02:14:27,300
The camp feels less complete 
somehow, as if a regular element

2418
02:14:27,300 --> 02:14:31,100
of daily life has been removed. 
He catch yourself looking for 

2419
02:14:31,100 --> 02:14:33,500
the wolf at dawn in the evening 
and during hunts. 

2420
02:14:33,500 --> 02:14:36,000
Where is it? 
Is it all right? 

2421
02:14:36,000 --> 02:14:40,000
Has it moved on to follow some 
other band of humans or return 

2422
02:14:40,000 --> 02:14:43,700
to a fully wild existence there 
more morning as your carrying 

2423
02:14:43,700 --> 02:14:45,800
water from the stream back to 
Camp, you see it? 

2424
02:14:46,600 --> 02:14:48,600
The wolf this city in its usual 
spot. 

2425
02:14:48,600 --> 02:14:53,700
Well, the spotted occupied two 
months ago about 100 yards from 

2426
02:14:53,700 --> 02:14:56,000
the camp. 
But there's something different.

2427
02:14:56,000 --> 02:14:59,100
The wolf looks thinner. 
It's coat rougher. 

2428
02:14:59,900 --> 02:15:02,500
And as you watch it, stands and 
stretches. 

2429
02:15:02,500 --> 02:15:06,500
And you see the elongated teats 
of a nursing mother, huh? 

2430
02:15:06,500 --> 02:15:10,000
So that's where you've been. 
You think of having puppies, the

2431
02:15:10,000 --> 02:15:14,100
wolf doesn't approach closer. 
It seems wary than before more 

2432
02:15:14,100 --> 02:15:15,700
careful about maintaining 
distance. 

2433
02:15:15,700 --> 02:15:20,000
This makes perfect sense a 
mother with dependent young has 

2434
02:15:20,000 --> 02:15:24,200
every reason to be cautious. 
You respect this new boundary 

2435
02:15:24,200 --> 02:15:27,800
making no attempt to approach, 
simply acknowledging. 

2436
02:15:27,800 --> 02:15:31,500
The wolf's returned with a toss 
of dried meat over the following

2437
02:15:31,500 --> 02:15:35,100
weeks, the wolf's visits become 
a regular, sometimes it appears 

2438
02:15:35,100 --> 02:15:39,000
at dawn sometimes, not sometimes
it follows the hunting parties, 

2439
02:15:39,000 --> 02:15:42,100
sometimes it's nowhere to be 
seen for days at a time. 

2440
02:15:42,108 --> 02:15:45,200
You understand that it's 
dividing its time between its 

2441
02:15:45,200 --> 02:15:49,000
den, wherever that is, and the 
Scavenging opportunities at the 

2442
02:15:49,000 --> 02:15:51,500
human Camp. 
Then one extraordinary morning 

2443
02:15:51,500 --> 02:15:54,200
the wolf appears at its usual 
spot and its not alone. 

2444
02:15:54,200 --> 02:15:57,800
He count three puppies though 
there might be more back at the 

2445
02:15:57,808 --> 02:16:00,800
den. 
Perhaps six or seven weeks old 

2446
02:16:00,800 --> 02:16:04,900
passed the helpless infant stage
but still, clearly young with 

2447
02:16:04,900 --> 02:16:08,000
oversized Paws and ears that 
seem to Big for their heads. 

2448
02:16:09,000 --> 02:16:10,700
Their coats are fluffy than 
their mothers. 

2449
02:16:10,700 --> 02:16:13,100
Giving them a roly poly 
appearance. 

2450
02:16:13,100 --> 02:16:16,300
That's almost comically cute. 
The mother wolf sits at her 

2451
02:16:16,300 --> 02:16:19,300
usual distance, but the puppies 
but not yet Having learned 

2452
02:16:19,300 --> 02:16:22,200
appropriate caution immediately.
Begin to explore. 

2453
02:16:23,200 --> 02:16:26,800
One of them spots, something 
interesting, probably just an 

2454
02:16:26,800 --> 02:16:30,900
unusual Rock and pounces on it 
with exaggerated intensity. 

2455
02:16:31,700 --> 02:16:35,500
Another tackles its sibling and 
they tumble together in a blur 

2456
02:16:35,500 --> 02:16:40,200
of Grey fur and wagging tails, 
the entire human Camp stops to 

2457
02:16:40,200 --> 02:16:42,799
watch. 
Even the most pragmatic adults, 

2458
02:16:42,799 --> 02:16:44,600
find themselves smiling at the 
puppies. 

2459
02:16:44,600 --> 02:16:48,700
Antics the children are 
entranced sitting at the edge of

2460
02:16:48,700 --> 02:16:51,400
camp and watching with barely 
contained excitement. 

2461
02:16:51,400 --> 02:16:54,900
One puppy Boulder or more 
Curious than its siblings 

2462
02:16:54,900 --> 02:16:56,799
begins. 
Wandering towards the camp. 

2463
02:16:57,600 --> 02:17:00,299
The mother wolf immediately 
gives a sharp bark and the puppy

2464
02:17:00,299 --> 02:17:03,000
freezes then Retreats but the 
message is clear. 

2465
02:17:03,900 --> 02:17:07,200
The puppy was interested in the 
camp, curious about the strange 

2466
02:17:07,200 --> 02:17:10,299
two-legged creatures. 
A seven year old girl, who has 

2467
02:17:10,299 --> 02:17:11,700
been most interested in the 
wolf. 

2468
02:17:11,700 --> 02:17:13,200
Looks at her mother with 
pleading eyes. 

2469
02:17:13,200 --> 02:17:17,700
Can I give them food? 
Her mother considers this in the

2470
02:17:17,700 --> 02:17:21,400
Ice Age where survival is, never
guaranteed wasting food on. 

2471
02:17:21,400 --> 02:17:25,500
Wild animals is generally not a 
smart strategy but these are not

2472
02:17:25,500 --> 02:17:28,500
normal times and this is not a 
normal situation. 

2473
02:17:30,100 --> 02:17:34,100
Finally, she nods. 
Small piece's, don't go any 

2474
02:17:34,100 --> 02:17:36,200
close closer. 
Let them come to you if they 

2475
02:17:36,208 --> 02:17:38,700
want to. 
The girl takes a piece of dried 

2476
02:17:38,700 --> 02:17:41,299
meat. 
Breaks it into smaller bits and 

2477
02:17:41,299 --> 02:17:43,900
tosses them about halfway 
between the camp and where the 

2478
02:17:43,907 --> 02:17:47,600
wolf family sits. 
The puppy is watch the meat Arc 

2479
02:17:47,600 --> 02:17:49,299
through the air with intense 
Focus. 

2480
02:17:49,299 --> 02:17:53,900
As soon as the piece is land. 
They bound forward all caution 

2481
02:17:53,900 --> 02:17:57,100
forgotten in their enthusiasm, 
the mother wolf tenses but 

2482
02:17:57,100 --> 02:17:59,799
doesn't call them back. 
She's watching carefully 

2483
02:17:59,799 --> 02:18:02,700
assessing the situation. 
Is this dangerous? 

2484
02:18:03,700 --> 02:18:06,900
Are the humans a threat. 
The puppies reached the meat and

2485
02:18:06,900 --> 02:18:08,600
immediately begin squabbling 
over. 

2486
02:18:08,600 --> 02:18:12,299
It play fighting and growling 
with all the ferocity their 

2487
02:18:12,299 --> 02:18:14,600
Young Voices can muster which 
isn't much. 

2488
02:18:14,600 --> 02:18:18,600
They sound like tiny squeaky 
toys rather than Fierce and 

2489
02:18:18,608 --> 02:18:21,900
predators one puppy, having 
secured a piece of meat larger 

2490
02:18:21,900 --> 02:18:25,299
than it can easily eat, tries to
drag it back toward its mother, 

2491
02:18:25,299 --> 02:18:29,500
but the meat is larger than 
anticipated and the puppy keeps 

2492
02:18:29,500 --> 02:18:33,299
tripping over it, somersaulting 
in the mud and generally making 

2493
02:18:33,299 --> 02:18:37,299
a spectacle of itself. 
Human's watching can't help but 

2494
02:18:37,299 --> 02:18:41,000
laugh at laughs. 
Not wanting to startle, the 

2495
02:18:41,000 --> 02:18:43,299
animals, but genuine Amusement 
nonetheless. 

2496
02:18:43,299 --> 02:18:46,200
The mother wolf watches all of 
this with what seems like 

2497
02:18:46,200 --> 02:18:49,799
resigned patients. 
Welcome to parent Hood her 

2498
02:18:49,799 --> 02:18:52,200
expression. 
Seems to say their idiots but 

2499
02:18:52,200 --> 02:18:54,900
there might idiots, this comes a
new pattern. 

2500
02:18:55,700 --> 02:18:59,299
Every few days, the wolf family 
appears near Camp, the puppies 

2501
02:18:59,299 --> 02:19:01,600
are gradually learning 
appropriate caution from their 

2502
02:19:01,600 --> 02:19:05,100
mother but their Natural 
Curiosity frequently overrides, 

2503
02:19:05,100 --> 02:19:06,900
their developing survival 
instincts. 

2504
02:19:06,900 --> 02:19:10,100
Their endlessly entertaining, 
tumbling and playing and 

2505
02:19:10,100 --> 02:19:12,500
investigating everything with 
the Boundless Energy of the 

2506
02:19:12,500 --> 02:19:14,400
young. 
The boldest puppy. 

2507
02:19:14,400 --> 02:19:18,000
You start to recognize it by 
distinctive marking, a white 

2508
02:19:18,000 --> 02:19:21,500
patch on its chest begins 
approaching closer than its 

2509
02:19:21,500 --> 02:19:24,000
siblings. 
It doesn't come all the way to 

2510
02:19:24,000 --> 02:19:28,200
the camp but it gets perhaps 50 
yards away close enough that you

2511
02:19:28,200 --> 02:19:31,400
can see its individual whiskers 
and the bright Amber of its eyes

2512
02:19:31,400 --> 02:19:34,900
one after noon, you're working 
on fashioning, a new spear shaft

2513
02:19:34,900 --> 02:19:38,600
sitting outside, the communal 
dwelling, The wolf family is in 

2514
02:19:38,600 --> 02:19:41,799
the usual spot. 
The puppy is napping in a furry 

2515
02:19:41,799 --> 02:19:45,200
pile, while their mother keeps 
watch The Bold puppy wakes up, 

2516
02:19:45,200 --> 02:19:49,000
looks around spots, you and 
begins walking toward the camp, 

2517
02:19:49,000 --> 02:19:52,100
the mother notices immediately 
and gives a warning bark. 

2518
02:19:52,900 --> 02:19:56,300
The puppy stops looks back at 
its mother and then looks at 

2519
02:19:56,300 --> 02:19:58,900
you. 
You can almost see the decision 

2520
02:19:58,900 --> 02:20:00,700
making process happening in his 
young. 

2521
02:20:00,700 --> 02:20:05,200
Brain mother says stop. 
But that human looks interesting

2522
02:20:05,200 --> 02:20:10,200
but mother sister stopped but 
the puppy compromises by line 

2523
02:20:10,200 --> 02:20:13,700
down about 60 yards away. 
Still closer than its mother 

2524
02:20:13,700 --> 02:20:15,900
would prefer but not actively 
disobeying. 

2525
02:20:16,600 --> 02:20:19,900
It watches you with intense 
Focus as you work on the spare 

2526
02:20:19,900 --> 02:20:23,600
shaft apparently fascinated, by 
the repetitive motions of your 

2527
02:20:23,608 --> 02:20:27,700
hands shaping, the wood you 
decide to test something without

2528
02:20:27,700 --> 02:20:30,000
making. 
Any sudden movements you toss a 

2529
02:20:30,000 --> 02:20:31,500
small piece of meat toward the 
puppy. 

2530
02:20:31,500 --> 02:20:36,300
Not all the way to it, but about
halfway between you the puppy's 

2531
02:20:36,300 --> 02:20:40,600
head snaps toward the meat, It 
looks at the meat then at its 

2532
02:20:40,600 --> 02:20:44,300
mother then at you the mother 
wolf gives another warning bark 

2533
02:20:44,300 --> 02:20:48,400
but the puppy is already made 
its decision it's slinks forward

2534
02:20:48,400 --> 02:20:52,200
barely load to the ground moving
carefully and snatches the meat.

2535
02:20:53,000 --> 02:20:56,000
But instead of retreating all 
the way back to its mother, it 

2536
02:20:56,000 --> 02:20:59,500
only goes about 20 yards away 
before lying down to eat the 

2537
02:20:59,500 --> 02:21:03,400
boundary, just shifted again, 70
yards, became 60 yards which 

2538
02:21:03,400 --> 02:21:06,100
became 40 yards. 
You don't push it further 

2539
02:21:07,000 --> 02:21:10,500
Patience is essential here, not 
because you're consciously 

2540
02:21:10,500 --> 02:21:13,200
trying to tame this animal, but 
because you understand 

2541
02:21:13,200 --> 02:21:17,500
instinctively, that rushing will
ruin whatever understanding is 

2542
02:21:17,500 --> 02:21:19,600
developing the summer 
progresses. 

2543
02:21:20,400 --> 02:21:23,200
The puppies grow rapidly. 
There are oversized features. 

2544
02:21:23,200 --> 02:21:26,600
Gradually becoming proportional.
They're learning to hunt 

2545
02:21:26,600 --> 02:21:30,100
accompanying their mother on 
Expeditions though. 

2546
02:21:30,100 --> 02:21:31,900
They are still comically bad at 
it. 

2547
02:21:32,700 --> 02:21:35,800
You occasionally, see them 
trying to catch rabbits bounding

2548
02:21:35,800 --> 02:21:39,600
through the grass with enormous,
enthusiasm and zero technique 

2549
02:21:39,600 --> 02:21:43,300
sending their prey fleeing long 
before they get anywhere. 

2550
02:21:43,300 --> 02:21:47,000
Close the Bold puppy with the 
white chest patch continues to 

2551
02:21:47,000 --> 02:21:50,900
be the most adventurous. 
It's now regularly coming within

2552
02:21:50,900 --> 02:21:54,000
40 yards of the camp close 
enough that the children can 

2553
02:21:54,000 --> 02:21:57,100
toss it treats without much 
effort, it hasn't yet allowed 

2554
02:21:57,100 --> 02:22:00,100
anyone to touch it, but there's 
a clear sense that it might 

2555
02:22:00,100 --> 02:22:02,100
someday for the approach were 
made carefully. 

2556
02:22:02,100 --> 02:22:04,200
Enough. 
The other two puppies are more 

2557
02:22:04,208 --> 02:22:06,400
cautious maintaining the 
distance. 

2558
02:22:06,400 --> 02:22:10,200
Their mother seems to prefer. 
They'll take tossed food but 

2559
02:22:10,200 --> 02:22:13,400
they're not as interested in the
humans themselves their 

2560
02:22:13,400 --> 02:22:17,000
following the traditional wolf 
path benefiting from Human 

2561
02:22:17,000 --> 02:22:19,700
proximity but maintaining their 
wild Independence. 

2562
02:22:19,700 --> 02:22:24,300
But the Bold one is different. 
It's crossing a threshold moving

2563
02:22:24,300 --> 02:22:28,000
into territory, that no Wolff 
has previously occupied not 

2564
02:22:28,000 --> 02:22:31,200
quite wild. 
Not quite tame, but something in

2565
02:22:31,200 --> 02:22:34,800
between a hybrid State that's 
being invented in real time. 

2566
02:22:34,800 --> 02:22:38,600
One evening as the sun sets and 
paints the sky and shades of 

2567
02:22:38,608 --> 02:22:42,300
orange and pink your sitting 
outside watching the day end. 

2568
02:22:43,100 --> 02:22:45,900
The Bold puppy is laying about 
30 yards away. 

2569
02:22:45,900 --> 02:22:49,400
Also watching the sunset or 
possibly just resting. 

2570
02:22:50,400 --> 02:22:53,500
The other members of the wolf 
family of moved off to hunt but 

2571
02:22:53,500 --> 02:22:57,000
this puppy has chosen to stay 
near the human camp for a long 

2572
02:22:57,008 --> 02:23:00,100
time. 
Neither of you moves, You're 

2573
02:23:00,100 --> 02:23:03,500
simply sharing the space, two 
different species, both watching

2574
02:23:03,500 --> 02:23:05,700
the same sky turn from day to 
night. 

2575
02:23:06,600 --> 02:23:10,000
It's a moment of perfect 
peaceful coexistence not 

2576
02:23:10,000 --> 02:23:14,100
dramatic, not particularly 
significant on its own, but part

2577
02:23:14,100 --> 02:23:17,500
of a larger pattern that slowly 
quietly rewriting the rules of 

2578
02:23:17,500 --> 02:23:19,300
how different species can relate
to each other. 

2579
02:23:19,300 --> 02:23:23,000
A shooting star streaks across 
the sky bright and brief. 

2580
02:23:23,900 --> 02:23:27,000
The puppies ears perk up. 
As if it heard something though,

2581
02:23:27,000 --> 02:23:28,600
of course, the star makes no 
sound. 

2582
02:23:29,600 --> 02:23:32,200
You find yourself wandering, 
what the puppy thinks of the sky

2583
02:23:32,200 --> 02:23:34,900
of the stars of this strange 
world? 

2584
02:23:34,900 --> 02:23:37,300
It's been born into, you'll 
never know. 

2585
02:23:37,300 --> 02:23:40,500
Of course the puppies internal 
life remains a mystery. 

2586
02:23:41,300 --> 02:23:43,500
But in this moment, that doesn't
seem to matter. 

2587
02:23:43,500 --> 02:23:47,100
What matters is the simple fact 
of shared space. 

2588
02:23:47,100 --> 02:23:51,800
Shared time and shared 
existence, the stars come out 

2589
02:23:51,800 --> 02:23:53,900
one by one. 
Filling the sky with their 

2590
02:23:53,900 --> 02:23:57,600
Ancient Light. 
Somewhere in the darkness, a 

2591
02:23:57,600 --> 02:24:01,200
mammoth trumpets. 
Sound carrying for miles across 

2592
02:24:01,200 --> 02:24:04,300
the still air. 
A puppy's ears swivel toward the

2593
02:24:04,300 --> 02:24:06,200
sound but it doesn't move from 
its spot. 

2594
02:24:06,200 --> 02:24:09,100
Neither do you. 
You sit together human and 

2595
02:24:09,100 --> 02:24:11,100
almost dog is the night deepens 
around you. 

2596
02:24:11,100 --> 02:24:14,600
The Bold puppy which you've 
started thinking of as white 

2597
02:24:14,600 --> 02:24:17,300
chest reaches. 
Adolescence with all the 

2598
02:24:17,300 --> 02:24:21,700
awkwardness that implies its 
paws temporarily too large for 

2599
02:24:21,700 --> 02:24:25,500
its body, give it a clumsy, 
gait, its voices changing 

2600
02:24:25,500 --> 02:24:30,100
producing sometimes a puppy, 
sometimes an adult bark and 

2601
02:24:30,100 --> 02:24:32,400
occasionally an embarrassing 
crack between the two. 

2602
02:24:33,300 --> 02:24:36,200
It goes through a phase where it
seems to trip over its own feet 

2603
02:24:36,200 --> 02:24:39,800
at least once per day, usually 
while trying to impress, the 

2604
02:24:39,800 --> 02:24:43,900
watching humans, with some feet 
of athletic prowess, white chest

2605
02:24:43,900 --> 02:24:47,300
is now about seven months old 
and something remarkable as 

2606
02:24:47,300 --> 02:24:50,100
happened. 
The distance between the puppy 

2607
02:24:50,100 --> 02:24:54,400
and the nearest humans as shrunk
to about 20 yards Some mornings 

2608
02:24:54,400 --> 02:24:57,700
white chest is waiting near the 
camp when people emerge from 

2609
02:24:57,700 --> 02:25:01,300
their dwellings tail. 
Whacking in greeting that tail. 

2610
02:25:01,300 --> 02:25:05,000
Whacking is itself noteworthy. 
Adult wolves, do wag their 

2611
02:25:05,008 --> 02:25:08,200
tails, but usually only in 
specific social contexts with 

2612
02:25:08,200 --> 02:25:12,000
other walls. white chest wags, 
its tail at humans constantly 

2613
02:25:12,000 --> 02:25:16,000
when it sees people, when it's 
given food and when someone 

2614
02:25:16,000 --> 02:25:19,300
simply looks in its direction, 
it's as if the puppy is 

2615
02:25:19,300 --> 02:25:22,700
repurposed a wolf to Wolf social
signal for Wolf to human 

2616
02:25:22,700 --> 02:25:25,800
communication, the other two 
puppies from that litter are 

2617
02:25:25,800 --> 02:25:28,500
still around but have remained 
more, traditionally wolf-like 

2618
02:25:29,100 --> 02:25:33,200
They scavenge from Human kills. 
They tolerate human proximity at

2619
02:25:33,200 --> 02:25:36,700
reasonable distances, but they 
show no interest in closer 

2620
02:25:36,700 --> 02:25:39,500
interaction. 
They're becoming normal wolves. 

2621
02:25:39,500 --> 02:25:43,100
Following the ancient patterns 
of their species, but white 

2622
02:25:43,100 --> 02:25:46,300
chest is becoming something else
entirely one breakthrough 

2623
02:25:46,300 --> 02:25:49,800
morning the seven year old girl.
Her name in the sound, your 

2624
02:25:49,800 --> 02:25:53,100
language uses is something that 
roughly translates to Bright. 

2625
02:25:53,100 --> 02:25:56,900
One approaches closer to white 
chest than anyone has dared 

2626
02:25:56,900 --> 02:25:59,100
before. 
She's holding a particularly 

2627
02:25:59,100 --> 02:26:02,700
nice piece of smoked meat and 
she's making soft encouraging 

2628
02:26:02,700 --> 02:26:06,400
sounds white chest, watches her 
approach with intense Focus, 

2629
02:26:06,400 --> 02:26:11,100
every muscle is tense ready to 
flee, if necessary but the puppy

2630
02:26:11,100 --> 02:26:15,100
doesn't flee when bright one 
gets within about 10 yards, she 

2631
02:26:15,100 --> 02:26:18,400
stops kneels down to make 
herself less threatening and 

2632
02:26:18,400 --> 02:26:21,100
extend her hand with the meat 
for long moments. 

2633
02:26:21,100 --> 02:26:24,500
Nothing happens. 
Then moving slowly hesitantly 

2634
02:26:24,500 --> 02:26:28,700
white chest approaches one. 
Step, two steps three. 

2635
02:26:28,700 --> 02:26:31,200
The puppy is now close enough 
that bright. 

2636
02:26:31,200 --> 02:26:32,700
One could touch it if she 
reached out. 

2637
02:26:32,700 --> 02:26:37,100
White chest stretches, its neck 
forward, still keeping its body 

2638
02:26:37,100 --> 02:26:38,900
at a safe distance ready to 
bolt. 

2639
02:26:39,700 --> 02:26:42,100
Its nose Twitches sending them 
the meat. 

2640
02:26:42,800 --> 02:26:46,900
Then in one quick motion, it 
snatches the meat from Bright 

2641
02:26:46,900 --> 02:26:50,300
ones hand and Retreats about 
five yards but here's the 

2642
02:26:50,300 --> 02:26:53,300
remarkable part. 
In stead of running all the way 

2643
02:26:53,300 --> 02:26:56,500
back to the safe distance, white
chest lies down right there, 

2644
02:26:56,500 --> 02:26:59,900
five yards away, and each the 
meat while watching bright one 

2645
02:26:59,900 --> 02:27:03,200
with an expression that seems 
almost friendly bright. 

2646
02:27:03,200 --> 02:27:06,900
One is beaming. 
He stays kneeling, not moving, 

2647
02:27:06,900 --> 02:27:09,300
not trying to push the boundary 
any further. 

2648
02:27:10,300 --> 02:27:14,000
Just watches as white chest 
finishes, the meat licks, its 

2649
02:27:14,000 --> 02:27:17,400
chops thoroughly and then in a 
gesture that makes bright one 

2650
02:27:17,400 --> 02:27:21,100
glass with delight yawns and 
stretches out for a nap. 

2651
02:27:21,100 --> 02:27:24,100
Right there. 
Five yards from Human if word 

2652
02:27:24,100 --> 02:27:27,100
spreads quickly through the camp
People emerge from their 

2653
02:27:27,100 --> 02:27:29,600
dwellings to see this 
extraordinary sight. 

2654
02:27:30,300 --> 02:27:34,600
A wolf nearly full-grown now 
sleeping peacefully within easy 

2655
02:27:34,600 --> 02:27:36,500
spear throw of a human 
settlement. 

2656
02:27:36,500 --> 02:27:40,700
Over the following weeks, white 
chest becomes Bolder, the puppy 

2657
02:27:40,700 --> 02:27:43,400
starts following bright one 
around when she does her daily 

2658
02:27:43,400 --> 02:27:47,600
tasks collecting firewood, 
hauling water and helping 

2659
02:27:47,600 --> 02:27:51,000
prepare. 
Hi, it's not always closed some 

2660
02:27:51,000 --> 02:27:53,100
times. 
It's 20 yards behind sometimes 

2661
02:27:53,100 --> 02:27:57,100
30, but it's clearly following 
clearly choosing to be near this

2662
02:27:57,100 --> 02:28:00,100
particular human. 
The relationship develops, what 

2663
02:28:00,100 --> 02:28:03,400
you might call reciprocity, 
though, you have no word for 

2664
02:28:03,400 --> 02:28:05,500
this concept. 
Right. 

2665
02:28:05,500 --> 02:28:09,000
One shares food with white chest
and white chest provides 

2666
02:28:09,000 --> 02:28:13,800
companionship and increasingly a
kind of early warning system. 

2667
02:28:15,300 --> 02:28:18,900
The puppy is a sharp of the 
human ears and its nose is 

2668
02:28:18,900 --> 02:28:23,400
infinitely, more sensitive. 
When white chests attention 

2669
02:28:23,400 --> 02:28:27,100
suddenly focuses on something 
distant, people have learned to 

2670
02:28:27,100 --> 02:28:29,500
pay attention. 
More than once. 

2671
02:28:29,500 --> 02:28:32,300
The puppies alertness has given 
warning of approaching animals. 

2672
02:28:32,300 --> 02:28:37,000
Sometimes dangerous, predators 
sometimes potential prey one 

2673
02:28:37,000 --> 02:28:39,700
afternoon. 
White chest is lying near where 

2674
02:28:39,700 --> 02:28:43,200
bright one is working on 
scraping hide The puppy's head 

2675
02:28:43,200 --> 02:28:46,800
suddenly lifts ears, pricked 
forward and body tense. 

2676
02:28:46,800 --> 02:28:51,100
It's staring intently toward a 
rocky outcrop about 200 yards 

2677
02:28:51,100 --> 02:28:53,700
away, right? 
One follows the puppies gaze but

2678
02:28:53,708 --> 02:28:56,500
sees nothing. 
Still, she's learned to trust 

2679
02:28:56,500 --> 02:28:59,700
white chess census. 
She calls out a warning to the 

2680
02:28:59,700 --> 02:29:03,400
camp and within seconds, several
adults emerge with spears for 

2681
02:29:03,400 --> 02:29:05,100
several minutes. 
Nothing happened. 

2682
02:29:06,000 --> 02:29:09,100
Then a Cave Bear a massive 
creature easily. 

2683
02:29:09,100 --> 02:29:12,600
Nine feet tall if it's stood on 
its hind legs with a disposition

2684
02:29:12,600 --> 02:29:16,000
that makes modern Grizzly. 
Seemed friendly emerges from 

2685
02:29:16,000 --> 02:29:19,200
behind the rocks. 
It's not approaching the camp 

2686
02:29:19,200 --> 02:29:23,000
just passing through the area 
but Cave, Bears and notoriously 

2687
02:29:23,000 --> 02:29:25,900
unpredictable. 
Having warning of its presence 

2688
02:29:25,900 --> 02:29:28,300
is the difference between safety
and disaster. 

2689
02:29:28,300 --> 02:29:32,100
The bear passes without 
incident, but the human's 

2690
02:29:32,100 --> 02:29:36,800
gratitude toward white chest is 
genuine Extra meter, shared that

2691
02:29:36,800 --> 02:29:39,300
evening. 
And the puppy for the first time

2692
02:29:39,300 --> 02:29:42,300
is allowed to sleep. 
Just outside the entrance to the

2693
02:29:42,300 --> 02:29:46,300
communal dwelling rather than at
its usual more distance bot 

2694
02:29:46,300 --> 02:29:49,400
white chest, isn't the only 
young wolf showing interest in 

2695
02:29:49,400 --> 02:29:53,300
humans as your band moves. 
Through its seasonal rounds, 

2696
02:29:53,300 --> 02:29:57,000
never strength too far from the 
core territory but shifting 

2697
02:29:57,000 --> 02:30:01,100
locations as resources. 
Dictate You notice other Wolves 

2698
02:30:01,100 --> 02:30:05,200
at different sites, particularly
younger ones that display 

2699
02:30:05,200 --> 02:30:07,400
varying levels of boldness 
around humans. 

2700
02:30:07,400 --> 02:30:11,500
Some are like white chest, 
actively seeking proximity 

2701
02:30:11,500 --> 02:30:13,300
others are somewhere in the 
middle. 

2702
02:30:13,300 --> 02:30:16,400
Not avoiding humans, but not 
seeking them out either. 

2703
02:30:17,400 --> 02:30:21,200
It's as if there's a spectrum of
personality types and the wolves

2704
02:30:21,200 --> 02:30:23,800
on the Bolder end of that 
spectrum of other ones, who keep

2705
02:30:23,800 --> 02:30:27,400
gravitating toward human camps. 
Your beginning to suspect, 

2706
02:30:27,400 --> 02:30:31,000
though, you have no framework to
articulate this, that some kind 

2707
02:30:31,000 --> 02:30:34,400
of selection is happening. 
The boldest wolves, get the most

2708
02:30:34,400 --> 02:30:36,700
access to easy food from Human 
scraps. 

2709
02:30:36,700 --> 02:30:40,300
The boldest walls of the ones 
learning to cooperate, however, 

2710
02:30:40,300 --> 02:30:44,200
Loosely with human hunting 
activities, the boldest wools 

2711
02:30:44,200 --> 02:30:46,400
are the ones, surviving best 
near human settlements. 

2712
02:30:46,400 --> 02:30:50,400
And when these bold wolves 
eventually, mate as white chest,

2713
02:30:50,400 --> 02:30:53,800
will in another year or so, 
they're likely produce offspring

2714
02:30:53,800 --> 02:30:58,200
that inherit this tendency 
toward boldness, Generation by 

2715
02:30:58,208 --> 02:31:01,800
Generation The Wolves, most 
comfortable around, humans are 

2716
02:31:01,800 --> 02:31:05,200
the ones most likely to thrive. 
In this new ecological niche 

2717
02:31:05,200 --> 02:31:08,800
that humans provide. 
Meanwhile, the Shire more 

2718
02:31:08,800 --> 02:31:11,800
traditionally wolf-like 
individuals continue to do fine 

2719
02:31:11,800 --> 02:31:14,200
in the vast Wilderness away from
human settlements. 

2720
02:31:15,100 --> 02:31:16,800
They're not being replaced or 
driven out. 

2721
02:31:16,800 --> 02:31:19,600
It's just that two. 
Populations are slowly. 

2722
02:31:19,600 --> 02:31:24,000
Diverging one remaining purely 
wolf one, beginning, the long 

2723
02:31:24,000 --> 02:31:27,300
journey toward becoming 
something else, white chest 

2724
02:31:27,300 --> 02:31:30,400
reaches full adult hood. 
About a year and a half old. 

2725
02:31:30,400 --> 02:31:34,500
Now, the puppy awkwardness is 
gone replaced by the lean 

2726
02:31:34,500 --> 02:31:39,400
efficiency of a mature predator.
White chess now, weighs about 75

2727
02:31:39,400 --> 02:31:42,200
pounds. 
Smaller than its mother but 

2728
02:31:42,200 --> 02:31:45,000
still formidable. 
And while the wolf is clearly 

2729
02:31:45,000 --> 02:31:48,400
bonded, with bright one and the 
rest of the band, it's not tame 

2730
02:31:48,400 --> 02:31:52,700
in any conventional sense. 
It still hunts its own prey, it 

2731
02:31:52,700 --> 02:31:56,000
still maintains some distance, 
it still makes its own decisions

2732
02:31:56,000 --> 02:31:59,000
about when to be near the camp 
and when to disappear into the 

2733
02:31:59,000 --> 02:32:02,500
Wilderness for days at a time, 
but something fundamental has 

2734
02:32:02,500 --> 02:32:05,600
changed when white chest returns
from these Wilderness. 

2735
02:32:05,600 --> 02:32:10,700
Excursions it greets the humans,
especially bright one with 

2736
02:32:10,700 --> 02:32:14,200
obvious, pleasure tail, wagging,
and body wiggling. 

2737
02:32:14,200 --> 02:32:19,400
In a dance of joy. when the band
moves Camp, white chest follows,

2738
02:32:19,400 --> 02:32:23,700
without hesitation, When 
Brightman sits by the fire in 

2739
02:32:23,700 --> 02:32:26,700
the evening. 
White chest lies nearby, close 

2740
02:32:26,700 --> 02:32:29,300
enough to be touched. 
Those still wary of sudden 

2741
02:32:29,300 --> 02:32:32,900
movements one evening. 
After a successful hunt, the 

2742
02:32:32,900 --> 02:32:36,900
band is in good spirits, there's
meter plenty and someone has 

2743
02:32:36,900 --> 02:32:40,000
found a wild berry bush. 
Still holding fruit, despite the

2744
02:32:40,000 --> 02:32:43,100
lateness of the season. 
The children are playing a game 

2745
02:32:43,100 --> 02:32:46,500
that involves running around the
camps perimeter and white chest 

2746
02:32:46,500 --> 02:32:49,600
joins in running, alongside them
with obvious enjoyment. 

2747
02:32:49,600 --> 02:32:52,800
The adults watch this with 
Expressions, ranging from 

2748
02:32:52,800 --> 02:32:55,600
amazement to Amusement to 
something approaching unease. 

2749
02:32:56,500 --> 02:32:59,100
This is unprecedented wild 
predators. 

2750
02:32:59,100 --> 02:33:03,700
Don't play with human children 
but here undeniably is a wolf 

2751
02:33:03,700 --> 02:33:07,300
doing exactly that. 
Carefully without using its 

2752
02:33:07,300 --> 02:33:10,100
teeth. 
Even in play fighting adjusting 

2753
02:33:10,100 --> 02:33:13,900
its strength to accommodate the 
smaller weaker, humans, bright 

2754
02:33:13,900 --> 02:33:16,300
ones, mother watches, her 
daughter and white chess playing

2755
02:33:16,300 --> 02:33:18,400
together. 
And she has a thought that 

2756
02:33:18,400 --> 02:33:21,000
she'll later try to express to 
her partner though. 

2757
02:33:21,000 --> 02:33:24,500
The language doesn't quite have 
the words for it yet. something 

2758
02:33:24,500 --> 02:33:28,800
like, we're watching something 
new being born, not just this 

2759
02:33:28,800 --> 02:33:33,600
wolf, but the idea of wolves and
humans together, What we're 

2760
02:33:33,600 --> 02:33:36,600
seeing isn't just unusual. 
It's never happened before. 

2761
02:33:36,600 --> 02:33:39,800
In all of history. 
She's right though. 

2762
02:33:39,800 --> 02:33:43,000
She doesn't know how right. 
She doesn't know that tens of 

2763
02:33:43,000 --> 02:33:45,500
thousands of years in the future
humans will live alongside 

2764
02:33:45,500 --> 02:33:48,300
millions of descendants of 
wolves like white chest. 

2765
02:33:49,300 --> 02:33:51,700
She doesn't know that these 
descendants will come and 

2766
02:33:51,700 --> 02:33:55,000
bewildering variety. 
Tiny ones that fit in a pocket. 

2767
02:33:55,008 --> 02:33:58,600
Huge ones that stand taller than
wolves ever did. 

2768
02:33:59,300 --> 02:34:02,900
Some bred for hunting, some for 
guarding, and some simply for 

2769
02:34:02,900 --> 02:34:05,500
companionship. 
She doesn't know that. 

2770
02:34:05,500 --> 02:34:08,400
Humans will develop complex, 
emotional bonds, with these 

2771
02:34:08,400 --> 02:34:12,900
animals, treating them as family
members morning their deaths and

2772
02:34:12,900 --> 02:34:16,500
celebrating their lives. 
All she knows is that right now.

2773
02:34:16,500 --> 02:34:19,700
In this moment her daughter is 
playing with a wolf and both of 

2774
02:34:19,700 --> 02:34:21,900
them are clearly absolutely 
happy. 

2775
02:34:21,900 --> 02:34:26,200
The fire crackles the Stars 
wheel overhead in their Eternal 

2776
02:34:26,200 --> 02:34:29,600
patterns, a cool breeze. 
Brings the center of the distant

2777
02:34:29,600 --> 02:34:33,300
Pine's and in the small corner 
of the vast Ice Age world. 

2778
02:34:33,300 --> 02:34:35,700
Something impossible has become 
possible. 

2779
02:34:35,700 --> 02:34:40,300
White chess stops running sits 
down to catch his breath and 

2780
02:34:40,300 --> 02:34:40,900
bright. 
One. 

2781
02:34:40,900 --> 02:34:43,700
Impulsively reaches out to touch
the top of the wolf's head. 

2782
02:34:44,700 --> 02:34:48,900
White chest goes very still. 
This is the first time, a human 

2783
02:34:48,900 --> 02:34:52,500
has directly touched it. 
For a moment, the outcome could 

2784
02:34:52,500 --> 02:34:55,300
go either way. 
Then white chest leans, into the

2785
02:34:55,300 --> 02:34:58,800
touch, just slightly and bright.
One begins, gently scratching 

2786
02:34:58,800 --> 02:35:01,900
behind the wolf's ears, white 
chest size, closing, 

2787
02:35:01,900 --> 02:35:04,900
contentment. 
One back leg starts twitching 

2788
02:35:04,900 --> 02:35:07,700
involuntarily the way dogs legs 
will twitch. 

2789
02:35:07,700 --> 02:35:11,100
When you find just the right 
spot, the bridge between species

2790
02:35:11,100 --> 02:35:13,800
has been crossed. 
There's no going back. 

2791
02:35:13,800 --> 02:35:16,700
Now, three years of pasts and 
white chest. 

2792
02:35:16,700 --> 02:35:20,500
First ventured close to the 
human campers of old puppy the 

2793
02:35:20,500 --> 02:35:23,300
wolf though. 
We increase in the incorrect to 

2794
02:35:23,300 --> 02:35:25,600
call it. 
Simply a wolf is now a mature 

2795
02:35:25,600 --> 02:35:29,200
adult fully integrated into the 
daily life of your band. 

2796
02:35:30,000 --> 02:35:32,800
White chest has become for lack 
of a better term, a member of 

2797
02:35:32,808 --> 02:35:35,700
the family, the wolf's daily 
routine mirrors. 

2798
02:35:35,700 --> 02:35:39,400
The human's own rhythms white, 
chess sleeps, near the camp 

2799
02:35:39,400 --> 02:35:42,900
entrance at night often beside 
bright, one sleeping area. 

2800
02:35:43,600 --> 02:35:46,400
In the morning, the wolf 
accompanies, whoever goes to 

2801
02:35:46,400 --> 02:35:48,900
fetch water. 
Trotting alongside them 

2802
02:35:48,900 --> 02:35:53,000
investigating, interesting 
smells and occasionally pausing 

2803
02:35:53,000 --> 02:35:57,200
to Mark territory. 
During the day, white chest 

2804
02:35:57,200 --> 02:36:00,900
often joins hunting parties and 
this is where the relationship 

2805
02:36:00,900 --> 02:36:03,300
has evolved into something truly
remarkable. 

2806
02:36:03,300 --> 02:36:07,100
White chest has learned to 
actively participate in Hunts. 

2807
02:36:07,100 --> 02:36:10,000
The wolf understands somehow 
what the humans are trying to 

2808
02:36:10,008 --> 02:36:12,700
do. 
When the hunting party is 

2809
02:36:12,700 --> 02:36:16,200
stalking prey, white chest 
remains silent and stays down 

2810
02:36:16,200 --> 02:36:20,100
wind When it's time to drive 
game, toward waiting Hunters, 

2811
02:36:20,100 --> 02:36:24,300
white chest helps with the drive
barking and lunging to push the 

2812
02:36:24,300 --> 02:36:28,900
animals in the right direction. 
And critically white chest has 

2813
02:36:28,900 --> 02:36:31,800
learned to wait for its share of
the kill rather than trying to 

2814
02:36:31,800 --> 02:36:34,900
claim it immediately. 
This cooperation isn't perfect. 

2815
02:36:35,900 --> 02:36:39,400
Like chest is still a predator 
with predator instincts and 

2816
02:36:39,400 --> 02:36:41,800
occasionally those instincts 
override training. 

2817
02:36:42,700 --> 02:36:45,800
Once during a particularly 
exciting Chase of a wounded by 

2818
02:36:45,800 --> 02:36:50,000
bison, white chest became over 
eager, and darted into early 

2819
02:36:50,000 --> 02:36:52,100
nearly getting trampled for the 
trouble. 

2820
02:36:52,900 --> 02:36:54,300
The wolf learned from this 
mistake. 

2821
02:36:55,300 --> 02:36:58,400
Painfully limping for several 
days off afterwards. 

2822
02:36:58,400 --> 02:37:02,500
But learned nonetheless, the 
human hunting success rate. 

2823
02:37:02,500 --> 02:37:05,500
Has noticeably improved with 
white chest participation. 

2824
02:37:05,500 --> 02:37:09,700
The wolf Superior senses, help 
locate prey that humanize would 

2825
02:37:09,700 --> 02:37:14,100
miss white chest presence, makes
them prey animals nervous, 

2826
02:37:14,100 --> 02:37:17,300
causing them to move in ways 
that make them easier for human 

2827
02:37:17,300 --> 02:37:20,400
Hunters to predict And 
occasionally when hunting 

2828
02:37:20,400 --> 02:37:24,300
smaller game like rabbits or 
foxes white chest makes kills 

2829
02:37:24,300 --> 02:37:27,600
entirely independently and 
shares them with the band, 

2830
02:37:27,600 --> 02:37:31,300
particularly with bright one. 
But it's not just practical 

2831
02:37:31,300 --> 02:37:33,000
benefits that Define this 
relationship. 

2832
02:37:33,000 --> 02:37:37,400
There's genuine affection here, 
genuine companionship. 

2833
02:37:38,300 --> 02:37:40,100
Bright one. 
Now, approaching 11 years old, 

2834
02:37:40,100 --> 02:37:44,100
has formed a bond with white 
chest that goes beyond utility. 

2835
02:37:44,900 --> 02:37:49,600
The wolf is a constant 
companion, her Playmate and her 

2836
02:37:49,600 --> 02:37:54,000
confidence. 
When bright one is sad and life.

2837
02:37:54,000 --> 02:37:56,100
In the Ice. 
Age provides plenty of reasons 

2838
02:37:56,100 --> 02:37:59,000
for sadness. 
White chest seems to sense it. 

2839
02:37:59,900 --> 02:38:02,400
This enclosed offering physical 
Comfort. 

2840
02:38:02,400 --> 02:38:05,800
One, particularly hard, winter 
food, becomes scarce. 

2841
02:38:06,900 --> 02:38:10,400
The band stored supplies run low
and several difficult weeks 

2842
02:38:10,400 --> 02:38:14,300
passed where everyone is hungry.
Most of the time, During this 

2843
02:38:14,300 --> 02:38:18,600
period, white chess continues to
hunt independently and bring us 

2844
02:38:18,600 --> 02:38:19,500
back. 
Small game. 

2845
02:38:19,500 --> 02:38:24,400
Rabbits Birds even wants a fox 
and leaves this food near 

2846
02:38:24,400 --> 02:38:28,500
Brighton sleeping area. the wolf
is choosing to share food with a

2847
02:38:28,500 --> 02:38:33,700
human even when food is scarce, 
This behavior is so unusual. 

2848
02:38:33,700 --> 02:38:38,800
So contrary to normal Predator 
behavior, that it cements white 

2849
02:38:38,800 --> 02:38:42,500
chest status within the band. 
This is not just a useful 

2850
02:38:42,500 --> 02:38:45,300
animal. 
This is family, white chest, 

2851
02:38:45,300 --> 02:38:48,600
isn't the only wolf showing this
new pattern of behavior over 

2852
02:38:48,600 --> 02:38:49,400
these. 
Three years. 

2853
02:38:49,400 --> 02:38:51,900
Several other young wolves. 
Have attached themselves to the 

2854
02:38:51,900 --> 02:38:54,300
band though. 
None as completely, as white 

2855
02:38:54,300 --> 02:38:57,500
chest. 
There's a larger Shaggy wolf 

2856
02:38:57,500 --> 02:38:59,100
that the hunters called gray 
shoulder. 

2857
02:39:00,000 --> 02:39:03,100
Who primarily companies hunting 
parties but keeps more distant 

2858
02:39:03,100 --> 02:39:06,300
than white chest. 
Does There's a younger female 

2859
02:39:06,300 --> 02:39:10,700
with unusual pale coloring light
coat, who seems most interested 

2860
02:39:10,700 --> 02:39:13,800
in staying near the camp, and 
getting handouts showing little 

2861
02:39:13,800 --> 02:39:16,800
interest in hunting, these 
different walls, display, 

2862
02:39:16,800 --> 02:39:20,500
different personality traits, 
different preferences, and 

2863
02:39:20,500 --> 02:39:23,100
different degrees of integration
with human society. 

2864
02:39:24,200 --> 02:39:27,100
It's becoming clear that not all
wolves, who associate with 

2865
02:39:27,100 --> 02:39:30,100
humans do. 
So in the same way, some are 

2866
02:39:30,100 --> 02:39:33,500
primarily interested in food. 
Some seem to Crave 

2867
02:39:33,500 --> 02:39:37,200
companionship, some appear to 
enjoy the Co-operative hunting. 

2868
02:39:38,000 --> 02:39:41,500
Each wolf is an individual, with
its own motivations and 

2869
02:39:41,500 --> 02:39:44,400
temperament gray shoulder. 
For instance, is all business, 

2870
02:39:44,400 --> 02:39:48,000
the wolf shows up when there's 
hunting to be done participates 

2871
02:39:48,000 --> 02:39:51,300
efficiently, takes its share of 
the kill and then often 

2872
02:39:51,300 --> 02:39:55,100
disappears for days at a time, 
there's no tail wagging know, 

2873
02:39:55,100 --> 02:39:57,700
playing with children and no 
sleeping near the camp. 

2874
02:39:58,700 --> 02:40:02,100
But grey shoulders reliable. 
When the hunting party sets out 

2875
02:40:02,100 --> 02:40:04,700
they can usually count on Gray 
shoulder appearing within a few 

2876
02:40:04,708 --> 02:40:09,000
hours ready to work like coat. 
Conversely seems to have no 

2877
02:40:09,000 --> 02:40:13,100
interest in hunting whatsoever, 
This wolf has perfected, the art

2878
02:40:13,100 --> 02:40:17,400
of looking pathetic, sitting at 
the edge of camp with big sad 

2879
02:40:17,400 --> 02:40:19,900
eyes until someone takes pity 
and tosses. 

2880
02:40:19,900 --> 02:40:23,200
It food. 
Like coat is gentle enough that 

2881
02:40:23,200 --> 02:40:26,600
even the smallest children can 
approach it safely and the Wolf 

2882
02:40:26,600 --> 02:40:29,000
seems to enjoy being petted and 
fussed over. 

2883
02:40:30,000 --> 02:40:34,500
If wolves could purr like coat 
would per constantly, the 

2884
02:40:34,500 --> 02:40:37,200
variety in these wolves. 
Behaviors is teaching your band.

2885
02:40:37,200 --> 02:40:40,200
Something important. 
These animals are not all the 

2886
02:40:40,208 --> 02:40:42,000
same. 
They have personalities 

2887
02:40:42,000 --> 02:40:44,400
preferences and individual 
quirks. 

2888
02:40:44,400 --> 02:40:48,400
This seems obvious now, but it's
actually a significant shift in 

2889
02:40:48,400 --> 02:40:51,000
thinking previously, wolves were
viewed. 

2890
02:40:51,000 --> 02:40:54,300
As a category dangerous, 
predators to be avoided or 

2891
02:40:54,300 --> 02:40:57,200
killed. 
Now, they're being seen as 

2892
02:40:57,200 --> 02:40:59,700
individuals. 
This one is friendly. 

2893
02:40:59,700 --> 02:41:03,200
That one is shy. 
This one is a good Hunter, and 

2894
02:41:03,200 --> 02:41:05,700
that one is lazy. 
But sweet natured. 

2895
02:41:05,700 --> 02:41:10,500
One spring, white chest 
disappears for several weeks at 

2896
02:41:10,500 --> 02:41:11,800
first. 
No one is particularly 

2897
02:41:11,800 --> 02:41:14,500
concerned. 
The wolf has always come and 

2898
02:41:14,508 --> 02:41:19,000
gone as it pleased, but as the 
day stretch into weeks, right, 

2899
02:41:19,000 --> 02:41:22,900
one becomes increasingly worried
As something happened to white 

2900
02:41:22,900 --> 02:41:26,100
chest. 
As the wolf been injured killed 

2901
02:41:26,100 --> 02:41:28,800
by a larger predator or fallen 
through thin ice. 

2902
02:41:28,800 --> 02:41:31,800
Then one more morning, white 
chest returns. 

2903
02:41:31,800 --> 02:41:35,300
And it's immediately obvious 
what's been happening. the wolf 

2904
02:41:35,300 --> 02:41:39,700
is accompanied by four puppies, 
about six weeks, old tumbling 

2905
02:41:39,700 --> 02:41:42,700
and playing and exploring 
everything with that particular,

2906
02:41:42,700 --> 02:41:46,800
Fearless curiosity of the very 
young, the band is astonished 

2907
02:41:47,500 --> 02:41:50,300
White Chester's reproduced? 
Of course it has that. 

2908
02:41:50,300 --> 02:41:53,100
What animals do? 
But his chosen to bring its 

2909
02:41:53,100 --> 02:41:56,600
Offspring to the human Camp 
rather than keeping them safely 

2910
02:41:56,600 --> 02:41:58,500
hidden in a den somewhere far 
away. 

2911
02:41:58,500 --> 02:42:02,300
This decision speaks volumes 
about how white chest views, the

2912
02:42:02,300 --> 02:42:05,100
relationship with humans. 
The camp isn't just a food 

2913
02:42:05,108 --> 02:42:09,000
source or a casual Association 
its home its packed. 

2914
02:42:09,000 --> 02:42:11,800
It's the place where white chest
wants to raise its young. 

2915
02:42:11,800 --> 02:42:15,400
The puppies are a mixture of 
traits, two of them. 

2916
02:42:15,400 --> 02:42:19,000
Look, almost exactly like 
traditional wolves with typical 

2917
02:42:19,000 --> 02:42:23,400
coloring and build but one puppy
is smaller with softer features 

2918
02:42:23,400 --> 02:42:26,400
and a coat that slightly curlier
than normal. 

2919
02:42:27,100 --> 02:42:31,300
And one puppy has distinctive 
markings, a white tip tail and a

2920
02:42:31,308 --> 02:42:34,500
blaze of white down its face. 
That make it look quite 

2921
02:42:34,500 --> 02:42:37,900
different from any wolf you've 
ever seen these puppies have 

2922
02:42:37,900 --> 02:42:40,300
never experienced the wild the 
way their parent did. 

2923
02:42:41,100 --> 02:42:43,600
From their earliest memories, 
humans are simply part of the 

2924
02:42:43,600 --> 02:42:46,200
landscape. 
No more frightening than trees 

2925
02:42:46,200 --> 02:42:48,800
or rocks. 
They approach people with no 

2926
02:42:48,800 --> 02:42:52,700
hesitation investigate 
everything, fearlessly and 

2927
02:42:52,700 --> 02:42:55,600
quickly, work out, that humans 
are an excellent source of food 

2928
02:42:55,600 --> 02:43:00,200
and entertainment, right? 
One is Enchanted She spent hours

2929
02:43:00,200 --> 02:43:03,000
playing with the puppies, 
teaching, them simple games and 

2930
02:43:03,000 --> 02:43:04,500
getting them accustomed to being
handled. 

2931
02:43:05,700 --> 02:43:09,500
One puppy in particular, the 
small one with the curly coat 

2932
02:43:09,500 --> 02:43:13,300
becomes a specialty attached to 
Bright one following her 

2933
02:43:13,300 --> 02:43:16,900
everywhere sleeping curled 
against her at night, the band 

2934
02:43:16,900 --> 02:43:20,500
decides to call the puppy curl, 
for obvious reasons, and curl 

2935
02:43:20,500 --> 02:43:23,400
represents something even more 
significant than white chested. 

2936
02:43:24,200 --> 02:43:27,500
White chest was a wild wolf that
chose to associate with humans. 

2937
02:43:27,500 --> 02:43:30,800
Curl is being raised from birth 
as part of a human family. 

2938
02:43:31,800 --> 02:43:35,608
Curl will never know, a purely 
wild existence curl is in 

2939
02:43:35,616 --> 02:43:39,000
essence, the first truly 
domestic dog, even though that 

2940
02:43:39,000 --> 02:43:42,600
word won't exist for thousands 
of years yet, as curl gross, the

2941
02:43:42,600 --> 02:43:45,200
differences from a traditional 
wolf become more pronounced. 

2942
02:43:46,300 --> 02:43:50,000
Curl is smaller than a full wolf
with shorter legs and a more 

2943
02:43:50,000 --> 02:43:53,000
rounded, skulls ears. 
Don't stand up, quite as a 

2944
02:43:53,000 --> 02:43:56,100
directly. 
Curls, Tails over its back, in a

2945
02:43:56,108 --> 02:43:59,400
way that would be considered a 
wolf, but is somehow Charming in

2946
02:43:59,408 --> 02:44:02,900
this context and curls, 
temperament is gentler and more 

2947
02:44:02,900 --> 02:44:06,100
tractable than any Wolf's curl, 
never goes through the 

2948
02:44:06,100 --> 02:44:09,100
Adolescent period of testing 
boundaries, and asserting 

2949
02:44:09,100 --> 02:44:11,400
Independence that wolves 
typically experience. 

2950
02:44:12,500 --> 02:44:16,000
Curl simply accepts, human 
authority as natural, and right?

2951
02:44:17,100 --> 02:44:21,500
When bright one gives curl a 
command sit, stay calm. 

2952
02:44:22,400 --> 02:44:24,500
Curler Bay's with eager and 
enthusiasm. 

2953
02:44:25,400 --> 02:44:29,200
Not because curls punishment but
because pleasing bright, one is 

2954
02:44:29,200 --> 02:44:31,100
Carl's primary motivation in 
life. 

2955
02:44:31,100 --> 02:44:35,200
This eager to please quality is 
something new Under the Sun. 

2956
02:44:35,200 --> 02:44:39,000
Wolves can be trained to an 
extent but their cooperation 

2957
02:44:39,000 --> 02:44:42,300
always feels like a negotiation 
a transaction. 

2958
02:44:43,600 --> 02:44:45,900
Curls, obedience feels more like
devotion. 

2959
02:44:45,900 --> 02:44:50,100
It's the key difference between 
a tamed wolf and a truly 

2960
02:44:50,100 --> 02:44:52,500
domestic dog. 
Other puppies, from White 

2961
02:44:52,500 --> 02:44:55,400
chests, litter show, varying 
degrees of this new temperament.

2962
02:44:56,100 --> 02:45:00,000
One is almost indistinguishable 
from a wild wolf eventually 

2963
02:45:00,000 --> 02:45:02,100
leaving the band to live 
independently. 

2964
02:45:02,800 --> 02:45:05,900
Two are intermediate friendly 
with humans but retaining 

2965
02:45:05,900 --> 02:45:09,800
significant Independence, but 
curl is fully completely 

2966
02:45:09,800 --> 02:45:12,200
domestic. 
The band begins to see the 

2967
02:45:12,200 --> 02:45:16,500
possibilities. if wolves can be 
raised to be this Cooperative, 

2968
02:45:16,500 --> 02:45:20,200
this helpful, this 
companionable, then, perhaps 

2969
02:45:20,200 --> 02:45:24,100
this relationship could be 
deliberately cultivated Perhaps 

2970
02:45:24,100 --> 02:45:26,900
when white chest, or one of the 
other walls has another litter, 

2971
02:45:26,900 --> 02:45:29,300
the band could keep the 
friendliest puppies and 

2972
02:45:29,300 --> 02:45:31,500
encourage them to mate with 
other friendly wolves. 

2973
02:45:31,500 --> 02:45:34,400
This thought represents the 
beginning of conscience 

2974
02:45:34,400 --> 02:45:37,600
selection. 
Not just accepting walls that 

2975
02:45:37,600 --> 02:45:41,100
happen to be bold enough to 
approach humans but actively 

2976
02:45:41,100 --> 02:45:44,400
choosing which wolves to keep 
and breed based on desirable 

2977
02:45:44,400 --> 02:45:47,300
traits. 
The shift from passive 

2978
02:45:47,300 --> 02:45:51,000
acceptance of a phenomenon to 
active participation in shaping 

2979
02:45:51,000 --> 02:45:53,700
it, you don't know that you're 
inventing animal husbandry. 

2980
02:45:54,700 --> 02:45:57,200
You don't know that the same 
process will eventually be 

2981
02:45:57,200 --> 02:46:01,200
applied to Wild sheep. 
Wild, cattle, and wild horses. 

2982
02:46:01,200 --> 02:46:05,200
Transforming them all into 
domestic animals, you don't even

2983
02:46:05,200 --> 02:46:07,500
really know that what you're 
doing is revolutionary. 

2984
02:46:07,500 --> 02:46:10,400
You just know that having curl 
around makes life better. 

2985
02:46:10,400 --> 02:46:15,300
The puppy is cheerful 
affectionate helpful in its 

2986
02:46:15,300 --> 02:46:18,600
small ways and brings Joy to the
entire band. 

2987
02:46:20,000 --> 02:46:22,000
When you're working on a 
difficult task and getting 

2988
02:46:22,000 --> 02:46:26,500
frustrated, curl seems to sense 
it and comes over tail. 

2989
02:46:26,500 --> 02:46:29,500
Wagging inviting you to take a 
break and play. 

2990
02:46:30,700 --> 02:46:33,500
When the camp is quiet and 
everyone is feeling the weight 

2991
02:46:33,500 --> 02:46:36,800
of survivals. 
Constant demands curled, does 

2992
02:46:36,800 --> 02:46:39,100
something silly. 
Chasing its own tail. 

2993
02:46:39,100 --> 02:46:43,200
Play bowing to a shadow barking 
at a butterfly and makes 

2994
02:46:43,200 --> 02:46:47,000
everyone laugh. 
Laugh in the ice ages hard, it's

2995
02:46:47,000 --> 02:46:48,600
dangerous. 
It's unpredictable. 

2996
02:46:50,000 --> 02:46:53,000
But with a curly coated, little 
dog curled up against you at 

2997
02:46:53,008 --> 02:46:57,400
night, with a wolf dog, bringing
you fresh killed rabbits with a 

2998
02:46:57,400 --> 02:47:00,200
gentle pale wolf accepting 
scratches from your children. 

2999
02:47:00,200 --> 02:47:04,200
Some of that hardness feels a 
bit more bearable, the sun sets 

3000
02:47:04,200 --> 02:47:06,900
over the tundra, painting 
everything in shades of gold and

3001
02:47:06,900 --> 02:47:09,600
Amber. 
White chest sits on a rise near 

3002
02:47:09,600 --> 02:47:11,400
the camp silhouetted against the
sky. 

3003
02:47:11,400 --> 02:47:15,800
Looking out over the landscape. 
Curl sits beside, its parent, 

3004
02:47:15,800 --> 02:47:19,300
attempting to match the adults 
dignified pose, but somewhat 

3005
02:47:19,300 --> 02:47:21,700
undermining, the effect by 
occasionally, scratching 

3006
02:47:21,700 --> 02:47:24,800
vigorously at his ear. 
You watch them from the camp and

3007
02:47:24,800 --> 02:47:27,500
you feel something that might be
the Ice Age equivalent of 

3008
02:47:27,500 --> 02:47:30,600
contentment. 
Things change slowly in this 

3009
02:47:30,600 --> 02:47:36,200
world, the seasons cycle, the 
herds migrate life continues in,

3010
02:47:36,200 --> 02:47:40,100
its ancient patterns. 
But here in this small detail of

3011
02:47:40,108 --> 02:47:42,600
wolf, dogs sitting peacefully 
near a human Camp. 

3012
02:47:42,600 --> 02:47:46,800
Something genuinely new is 
happening, the future is being 

3013
02:47:46,800 --> 02:47:51,500
born one, whacking tail at a 
time, 10 years of passed since 

3014
02:47:51,500 --> 02:47:55,100
white chest first approached, 
the camp as a bold puppy and the

3015
02:47:55,100 --> 02:47:58,200
landscape of human wolf 
relationships as transformed in 

3016
02:47:58,200 --> 02:48:00,500
ways that would have seemed 
impossible back then. 

3017
02:48:01,300 --> 02:48:05,200
Your band now lives alongside 
not one or two wolf dogs, but an

3018
02:48:05,200 --> 02:48:08,300
entire community of them perhaps
15 in total. 

3019
02:48:08,300 --> 02:48:11,600
Ranging from very wolf, like 
individuals who maintain 

3020
02:48:11,600 --> 02:48:15,600
significant Independence to 
animals, like curls Offspring, 

3021
02:48:15,600 --> 02:48:20,000
The so thoroughly integrated 
into human society that calling 

3022
02:48:20,000 --> 02:48:21,800
them wolves feels completely 
wrong. 

3023
02:48:21,800 --> 02:48:24,500
The terminology is becoming a 
problem actually. 

3024
02:48:25,300 --> 02:48:27,800
You need to distinguish between 
the animals that live with you 

3025
02:48:27,800 --> 02:48:30,400
and the wild wolves that still 
roam the tundra. 

3026
02:48:31,500 --> 02:48:34,500
The word your band has settled 
on for the domesticated ones 

3027
02:48:34,500 --> 02:48:38,600
roughly translates to hand-fed 
ones or possibly chosen ones 

3028
02:48:38,600 --> 02:48:42,800
depending on context it's clunky
but it serves its purpose. 

3029
02:48:42,800 --> 02:48:47,100
White chest is now elderly by 
wolf, standards approaching, 11 

3030
02:48:47,100 --> 02:48:50,700
years old with a graying muzzle 
and stiff movements that speak 

3031
02:48:50,700 --> 02:48:54,500
to arthritis in the hips. 
The wolf, no longer accompanies 

3032
02:48:54,500 --> 02:48:57,800
hunting parties, spending most 
days, sleeping near the camps 

3033
02:48:57,800 --> 02:49:01,200
warmest spots. 
But white chest remains deeply 

3034
02:49:01,200 --> 02:49:04,400
beloved respected as the 
founding member of this new 

3035
02:49:04,400 --> 02:49:07,100
relationship. 
The younger wolfdogs treat, 

3036
02:49:07,100 --> 02:49:10,200
white chest with clear, 
deference and bright one. 

3037
02:49:10,200 --> 02:49:14,500
Now, a woman of 21 with Children
of her own, still sits beside 

3038
02:49:14,500 --> 02:49:17,400
the old wolf in the evening 
stroking, its graying, fur, and 

3039
02:49:17,400 --> 02:49:21,300
talking softly, the wolfdogs of 
become essential to the bands of

3040
02:49:21,300 --> 02:49:24,700
survival strategy, their 
contributions are multiple and 

3041
02:49:24,700 --> 02:49:29,000
significant in hunting. 
A well-trained wolf, dog can be 

3042
02:49:29,000 --> 02:49:33,100
worth two human Hunters. 
The animals can run down prey, 

3043
02:49:33,100 --> 02:49:35,900
that would Escape humans and can
track wounded animals through 

3044
02:49:35,900 --> 02:49:39,300
terrain, too difficult for 
people to navigate and can hold 

3045
02:49:39,300 --> 02:49:41,400
a cornered animal until the 
hunters arrive. 

3046
02:49:41,400 --> 02:49:44,700
But the wolf dogs provide 
benefits Beyond hunting. 

3047
02:49:44,700 --> 02:49:48,800
They serve as an alarm system 
alerting the camp to approaching

3048
02:49:48,800 --> 02:49:54,000
Predators or rival human bands. 
They keep scavengers like hyenas

3049
02:49:54,000 --> 02:49:58,100
and foxes away from stored food.
They provide warmth on cold 

3050
02:49:58,100 --> 02:50:01,000
nights, several wolf, dogs 
sleeping in the communal 

3051
02:50:01,000 --> 02:50:02,800
dwelling. 
Raise the temperature notice of 

3052
02:50:02,800 --> 02:50:05,600
lis, and perhaps most 
importantly in the harsh 

3053
02:50:05,600 --> 02:50:09,100
calculus of Ice Age survival, 
they provide psychological 

3054
02:50:09,100 --> 02:50:12,200
comfort. 
Having these animals around 

3055
02:50:12,200 --> 02:50:15,800
makes people feel safer and less
alone in a vast and often 

3056
02:50:15,800 --> 02:50:18,600
hostile landscape. 
The different wolf dogs have 

3057
02:50:18,600 --> 02:50:21,900
found different roles within the
human Community playing to their

3058
02:50:21,900 --> 02:50:25,800
individual strengths. 
Their Scout, a lean fast, 

3059
02:50:25,800 --> 02:50:29,500
female, who excels, ranging 
ahead of traveling groups, alert

3060
02:50:29,500 --> 02:50:33,100
for danger. 
There's Guardian a massive male 

3061
02:50:33,100 --> 02:50:35,500
with a protective temperament 
Who was appointed himself 

3062
02:50:35,500 --> 02:50:39,700
defender of the children. 
Even the smallest child can 

3063
02:50:39,700 --> 02:50:42,600
toddler around camps safely with
Guardian following like a 

3064
02:50:42,600 --> 02:50:46,600
patient furry shadow. 
Then there's Hunter descended 

3065
02:50:46,600 --> 02:50:49,700
from greater. 
Who is inherited its ancestors. 

3066
02:50:49,700 --> 02:50:53,100
No, not since approached to 
hunting, Hunter has little 

3067
02:50:53,100 --> 02:50:56,200
interest in being petted or 
playing games, but when the 

3068
02:50:56,208 --> 02:50:59,400
hunting party goes out, Hunter 
is all business. 

3069
02:51:00,200 --> 02:51:03,800
Efficient tireless and 
remarkably skilled at 

3070
02:51:03,800 --> 02:51:07,600
anticipating where prey animals 
will run some wolf, dogs have 

3071
02:51:07,600 --> 02:51:11,000
discovered entirely, unexpected 
roles warmth. 

3072
02:51:11,500 --> 02:51:14,600
A female with unusually thick 
fur, has somehow worked out that

3073
02:51:14,600 --> 02:51:18,100
if she lies down near someone 
who sick her body heat helps 

3074
02:51:18,100 --> 02:51:20,500
them feel better. 
She's become the band. 

3075
02:51:20,500 --> 02:51:24,400
Unofficial nurse spending her 
time with anyone who's ill or 

3076
02:51:24,408 --> 02:51:28,000
injured, providing comfort. 
And warmth that may have real 

3077
02:51:28,000 --> 02:51:31,200
therapeutic value. 
The breeding of these animals is

3078
02:51:31,200 --> 02:51:34,800
becoming more deliberate with 
each generation. when a female 

3079
02:51:34,800 --> 02:51:38,300
wolf dog comes into heat, the 
band pays attention to which 

3080
02:51:38,300 --> 02:51:41,700
males she's interested in and 
may actively encourage or 

3081
02:51:41,700 --> 02:51:45,900
discourage certain pairings 
Friendly's animals are 

3082
02:51:45,900 --> 02:51:47,200
encouraged to breed with each 
other. 

3083
02:51:47,200 --> 02:51:51,600
The best hunters appeared with 
other good Hunters animals with 

3084
02:51:51,600 --> 02:51:54,400
health problems or poor. 
Temperaments are discouraged 

3085
02:51:54,400 --> 02:51:56,800
from breeding though, this is 
done Humane Lee. 

3086
02:51:56,800 --> 02:52:00,300
They're simply watched carefully
and potential mates are kept 

3087
02:52:00,300 --> 02:52:01,700
separate during the critical 
time. 

3088
02:52:01,700 --> 02:52:04,900
This selective breeding is 
already producing visible 

3089
02:52:04,900 --> 02:52:08,000
results. 
The wolf dogs of Carl's lineage 

3090
02:52:08,000 --> 02:52:11,900
are consistently smaller than 
full wolves with shorter snouts.

3091
02:52:11,900 --> 02:52:15,100
Smaller teeth and more variable 
coat colors. 

3092
02:52:16,100 --> 02:52:20,100
One recent letter produced a 
puppy with floppy ears ears that

3093
02:52:20,108 --> 02:52:24,100
never fully stood erect instead 
hanging down in a way that would

3094
02:52:24,100 --> 02:52:27,800
be a severe disadvantage for a 
wild wolf, but is merely and 

3095
02:52:27,800 --> 02:52:32,200
daring in a domestic animal. 
Another litter included a puppy 

3096
02:52:32,200 --> 02:52:35,700
with a coat pattern, never seen 
in wild, wolves black with 

3097
02:52:35,700 --> 02:52:39,100
symmetrical, White markings on 
the chest and Paws, these 

3098
02:52:39,100 --> 02:52:41,900
physical changes are accompanied
by behavioral ones. 

3099
02:52:41,900 --> 02:52:45,700
The newest generation of wolf 
dogs is even more tractable than

3100
02:52:45,700 --> 02:52:49,600
their parents more eager to 
please and more attuned human 

3101
02:52:49,600 --> 02:52:53,100
communication. 
A human can point and these 

3102
02:52:53,100 --> 02:52:55,400
animals will look where the 
human is pointing. 

3103
02:52:56,400 --> 02:52:59,400
A cognitive skill that wolves 
rarely demonstrate, but that 

3104
02:52:59,400 --> 02:53:01,800
these hand fed ones have 
developed to a remarkable 

3105
02:53:01,800 --> 02:53:05,500
degree, one of Brighton's 
children, a boy of about seven 

3106
02:53:05,500 --> 02:53:09,100
as formed a particularly close 
bond with a young wolf dog named

3107
02:53:09,100 --> 02:53:12,400
Swift. 
The two are inseparable and 

3108
02:53:12,400 --> 02:53:15,800
their relationship demonstrates.
Just how far this human animal 

3109
02:53:15,800 --> 02:53:19,400
partnership has evolved. 
Swift sleeps, with the boy, 

3110
02:53:19,400 --> 02:53:23,600
plays with him constantly, and 
seems to understand the child's 

3111
02:53:23,600 --> 02:53:25,800
moods and needs with uncanny 
accuracy. 

3112
02:53:26,800 --> 02:53:29,800
When the boy is sad Swift offers
Comfort. 

3113
02:53:29,800 --> 02:53:33,800
When the boy is excited. 
Swift matches that excitement 

3114
02:53:33,800 --> 02:53:38,100
when the boy wanders, too far 
from camps with gently heard him

3115
02:53:38,100 --> 02:53:42,200
back using the same techniques. 
Swift ancestors used for herding

3116
02:53:42,200 --> 02:53:45,600
prey, this level of interspecies
communication would have seen 

3117
02:53:45,600 --> 02:53:47,900
magical to your band just to 
generation ago. 

3118
02:53:48,800 --> 02:53:52,100
Now, it's simply normal. 
Of course, the wolf dogs 

3119
02:53:52,100 --> 02:53:55,300
understand pointing, of course, 
they respond to voice commands, 

3120
02:53:55,300 --> 02:53:58,700
of course, they integrate 
seamlessly into human social 

3121
02:53:58,700 --> 02:54:00,800
structures. 
What else would they do? 

3122
02:54:00,800 --> 02:54:04,500
The wolf dogs, have even begun 
to adopt human sleeping patterns

3123
02:54:04,500 --> 02:54:07,800
to some degree. 
While wolves are most active at 

3124
02:54:07,800 --> 02:54:10,900
dawn and dusk resting during the
midday and midnight hours. 

3125
02:54:11,800 --> 02:54:14,200
But the hand fed ones, 
increasingly match human 

3126
02:54:14,200 --> 02:54:18,500
activity patterns awake. 
When humans are awake sleeping, 

3127
02:54:18,500 --> 02:54:21,900
when humans sleep, There are 
adapting, not just to living 

3128
02:54:21,900 --> 02:54:24,200
near humans, but to living as 
humans. 

3129
02:54:24,200 --> 02:54:29,200
Do one spring, arrival band, not
hostile exactly, but competing 

3130
02:54:29,200 --> 02:54:32,600
for the same resources camps 
about two days travel from your 

3131
02:54:32,600 --> 02:54:36,200
territory. 
Negotiations attempts, both 

3132
02:54:36,200 --> 02:54:39,600
bands, need access to the river 
for fishing and the best fishing

3133
02:54:39,600 --> 02:54:41,300
spots. 
Can't support both groups 

3134
02:54:41,300 --> 02:54:45,600
simultaneously, your band has an
advantage, the Rival, ban lacks 

3135
02:54:45,600 --> 02:54:49,300
the wolf dogs. 
When the Rival ban sees guardian

3136
02:54:49,300 --> 02:54:52,100
and Hunter and the others. 
When they see how these animals 

3137
02:54:52,100 --> 02:54:55,400
respond to human commands, how 
they coordinate with human 

3138
02:54:55,400 --> 02:54:57,900
Hunters, the balance of power 
shifts. 

3139
02:54:58,700 --> 02:55:01,900
A band with wolf dogs, is simply
more formidable than a band 

3140
02:55:01,900 --> 02:55:05,300
without them, the Rival bands, 
leader proposes a solution, 

3141
02:55:05,300 --> 02:55:08,000
they'll concede. 
The best fishing spots in 

3142
02:55:08,000 --> 02:55:11,000
exchange for two wolf dog, 
puppies, from the next litter, 

3143
02:55:12,200 --> 02:55:14,500
It's the first time will dogs 
have been traded? 

3144
02:55:15,400 --> 02:55:18,100
First time they've been 
recognized as having concrete 

3145
02:55:18,100 --> 02:55:22,200
value, that can be exchanged. 
Your band agrees though. 

3146
02:55:22,200 --> 02:55:24,400
They are significant debate 
about which puppies to give 

3147
02:55:24,408 --> 02:55:26,600
away. 
Should you give them inferior 

3148
02:55:26,600 --> 02:55:29,700
puppies? 
The less friendly less trainable

3149
02:55:29,700 --> 02:55:32,000
ones, or would that be 
dishonorable? 

3150
02:55:32,900 --> 02:55:35,000
Eventually a compromises 
reached. 

3151
02:55:35,800 --> 02:55:39,500
You'll give them two good 
puppies from good lineages but 

3152
02:55:39,500 --> 02:55:43,900
not the very best The Rival band
leaves satisfied and when 

3153
02:55:43,900 --> 02:55:47,100
breeding season arrives, your 
band carefully, selects two 

3154
02:55:47,100 --> 02:55:48,700
puppies that are friendly and 
healthy. 

3155
02:55:48,700 --> 02:55:54,100
But not exceptional, this trade 
opens, a new chapter within a 

3156
02:55:54,100 --> 02:55:57,200
few years of the bands in the 
region are also keeping wolfdogs

3157
02:55:57,800 --> 02:56:00,700
The animals spread across the 
landscape moving from band to 

3158
02:56:00,700 --> 02:56:02,600
band through trade and 
gift-giving. 

3159
02:56:03,300 --> 02:56:06,900
And with each trade, with each 
new home, the wolf dogs adapt 

3160
02:56:06,900 --> 02:56:10,100
further to Human Society. 
But something has been lost, 

3161
02:56:10,100 --> 02:56:12,900
too. 
The earliest wolf dogs like 

3162
02:56:12,900 --> 02:56:17,500
white chest retained significant
Independence, still capable of 

3163
02:56:17,500 --> 02:56:19,300
surviving in the wild if 
necessary. 

3164
02:56:20,300 --> 02:56:22,100
The newer Generations are losing
this. 

3165
02:56:23,000 --> 02:56:26,400
So, adapted to human society 
that they would struggle to 

3166
02:56:26,400 --> 02:56:30,300
survive alone. 
They've become dependent, not in

3167
02:56:30,300 --> 02:56:33,400
a weak or pity able way, but 
simply, as a fact of their 

3168
02:56:33,400 --> 02:56:37,000
evolution, they've traded 
Independence for partnership 

3169
02:56:37,000 --> 02:56:40,100
Wilderness for home. 
Is this good or bad? 

3170
02:56:41,100 --> 02:56:43,700
The question doesn't really 
occur to anyone in your band. 

3171
02:56:43,700 --> 02:56:45,800
This is simply how things are 
developing. 

3172
02:56:45,800 --> 02:56:50,700
The wolfdogs are happy they 
play, they form bonds and they 

3173
02:56:50,708 --> 02:56:55,100
seem to enjoy their lives. 
Humans are happy, life is easier

3174
02:56:55,100 --> 02:56:58,400
and more, secure with Wolfdog 
Partners, what else matters? 

3175
02:56:58,400 --> 02:57:02,900
White chest dies, one cold, 
winter morning, simply failing 

3176
02:57:02,900 --> 02:57:06,200
to wake up. 
Death is a constant companion in

3177
02:57:06,200 --> 02:57:09,600
the Ice Age and the band has 
developed rituals for dealing 

3178
02:57:09,600 --> 02:57:12,400
with it. 
White chess body is placed on a 

3179
02:57:12,400 --> 02:57:15,900
rise, overlooking, the camp, 
positioned to face the Sunrise. 

3180
02:57:15,900 --> 02:57:19,400
It's a mark of respect given to 
honored band members. 

3181
02:57:19,400 --> 02:57:23,100
Now extended to this animal, who
helped create something entirely

3182
02:57:23,100 --> 02:57:26,500
New Bright. 
One sits beside the body for a 

3183
02:57:26,500 --> 02:57:30,000
long time, crying openly. 
She's mourning, not just an 

3184
02:57:30,000 --> 02:57:32,200
animal. 
But a friend, a companion who's 

3185
02:57:32,200 --> 02:57:35,300
been part of her entire life 
from childhood into adulthood 

3186
02:57:36,300 --> 02:57:38,400
The other wolf, dog seemed to 
understand that something 

3187
02:57:38,400 --> 02:57:41,400
significant has happened. 
They approach white chest. 

3188
02:57:41,400 --> 02:57:44,700
Body cautiously sniff, it 
carefully and several of them 

3189
02:57:44,700 --> 02:57:48,800
emit low, mournful howls, that 
evening gathered around the 

3190
02:57:48,800 --> 02:57:50,400
fire. 
The band tell stories about 

3191
02:57:50,400 --> 02:57:54,200
white chest, how the wolf first 
approached the camp as a bold 

3192
02:57:54,200 --> 02:57:56,000
puppy. 
How it learned to hunt 

3193
02:57:56,000 --> 02:57:59,800
cooperatively with humans, how 
it brought its own puppies to be

3194
02:57:59,800 --> 02:58:03,800
raised alongside human children.
The story serve multiple 

3195
02:58:03,800 --> 02:58:07,700
purposes honoring the dead 
passing knowledge to younger 

3196
02:58:07,700 --> 02:58:11,400
generations, and processing 
grief through narrative one of 

3197
02:58:11,408 --> 02:58:14,400
the elders, speaking slowly, and
thoughtfully says something that

3198
02:58:14,400 --> 02:58:17,800
resonates with everyone. 
White chest changed the world, 

3199
02:58:17,800 --> 02:58:22,300
not the whole world may be, but 
our world, our lives are 

3200
02:58:22,300 --> 02:58:24,800
different because of that one 
Brave, curious wolf. 

3201
02:58:24,800 --> 02:58:28,900
It's a simple eulogy but it's 
also profoundly true. 

3202
02:58:29,700 --> 02:58:33,400
One individual animal acting on 
instincts toward boldness and 

3203
02:58:33,400 --> 02:58:36,700
curiosity initiated, a 
relationship that has 

3204
02:58:36,700 --> 02:58:39,400
transformed an entire human band
way of life. 

3205
02:58:39,400 --> 02:58:42,400
The wolf dogs, Who Remain the 
partnership? 

3206
02:58:42,400 --> 02:58:46,100
White chess began, they hunt, 
they guard and they provide 

3207
02:58:46,100 --> 02:58:49,500
companionship and warmth. 
And in the spring new puppies 

3208
02:58:49,500 --> 02:58:53,100
are born smaller, friendlier and
more variable in appearance than

3209
02:58:53,100 --> 02:58:56,800
their wild ancestors. 
The transformation continues 

3210
02:58:56,800 --> 02:59:01,300
Generation by generation. 
Moving steadily away from Wolf 

3211
02:59:01,300 --> 02:59:05,900
and towards something new in the
distance, a wild wolf howls, one

3212
02:59:05,900 --> 02:59:09,200
of white chest contemporaries, 
perhaps, or a descendant of the 

3213
02:59:09,200 --> 02:59:13,500
Wolves who chose to remain Wild.
The sound is beautiful and Eerie

3214
02:59:13,500 --> 02:59:18,200
echoing across the tundra Under 
the Stars, Guardian near, the 

3215
02:59:18,208 --> 02:59:20,600
fire lifts his head and howls 
and response. 

3216
02:59:21,600 --> 02:59:25,500
But Guardians, howl is different
from the wild Wolf's shorter 

3217
02:59:25,500 --> 02:59:29,400
less sustained and mixed with 
what almost sounds like a bark, 

3218
02:59:29,400 --> 02:59:34,000
two species, once one to Futures
diverging. 

3219
02:59:34,700 --> 02:59:38,500
And somewhere in that Divergence
in that space between wild and 

3220
02:59:38,500 --> 02:59:41,000
domestic between Independence 
and partnership. 

3221
02:59:41,000 --> 02:59:45,500
Something precious has been 
created, the fire crackles, the 

3222
02:59:45,500 --> 02:59:49,400
Stars wheel overhead and the 
next generation of wolf dogs 

3223
02:59:49,400 --> 02:59:53,700
sleeps peacefully, dreaming 
whatever wolfdogs dream in a 

3224
02:59:53,700 --> 02:59:57,200
world that their ancestors 
courage, helped create 50 years 

3225
02:59:57,200 --> 03:00:00,500
of past since white chest first 
approached, that camp your 

3226
03:00:00,500 --> 03:00:02,300
bands. 
Descendants have moved to new 

3227
03:00:02,308 --> 03:00:05,000
territories. 
Following the slowly shifting 

3228
03:00:05,000 --> 03:00:08,300
climate as the Ice Age begins, 
its long gradual retreat. 

3229
03:00:09,700 --> 03:00:13,600
The massive Glaciers are melting
in perceptibly slowly, creating 

3230
03:00:13,600 --> 03:00:17,400
new Rivers, new lakes, and new 
opportunities for human 

3231
03:00:17,400 --> 03:00:19,800
habitation and wherever humans 
go. 

3232
03:00:19,800 --> 03:00:23,700
The wolf dog's go with the 
relationship between humans and 

3233
03:00:23,700 --> 03:00:27,200
these Proto dogs has become so 
normalized that it's difficult 

3234
03:00:27,200 --> 03:00:29,200
to remember a time when it 
didn't exist. 

3235
03:00:30,200 --> 03:00:34,100
Every human band in the region. 
Now has wolfdogs, they've become

3236
03:00:34,100 --> 03:00:38,300
as essential to human survival, 
as fire as tools as language 

3237
03:00:38,300 --> 03:00:42,500
itself, the wolfdogs of 
continued to diversify some 

3238
03:00:42,500 --> 03:00:45,800
bands, prefer larger more wolf 
like animals for hunting, large 

3239
03:00:45,800 --> 03:00:49,200
game, other bands, favored 
smaller friendly animals. 

3240
03:00:49,200 --> 03:00:51,600
Better suited to life in 
increasingly settled 

3241
03:00:51,600 --> 03:00:54,400
communities. 
Some bands, have wolf dogs that 

3242
03:00:54,400 --> 03:00:56,800
specialize in guarding stored 
food from pests. 

3243
03:00:57,700 --> 03:01:00,800
Others have animals trained to 
help dry fish into Nets during 

3244
03:01:00,808 --> 03:01:02,800
seasonal. 
Salmon runs this 

3245
03:01:02,800 --> 03:01:05,400
diversification, is the 
beginning of what will 

3246
03:01:05,400 --> 03:01:07,800
eventually become distinct 
breeds though? 

3247
03:01:07,800 --> 03:01:09,700
That concept is far in the 
future. 

3248
03:01:11,100 --> 03:01:13,600
For now it's simply practical 
adaptation. 

3249
03:01:14,400 --> 03:01:17,500
Different human communities, 
have different needs and there 

3250
03:01:17,500 --> 03:01:20,300
are unconsciously selecting for 
the traits that serve those 

3251
03:01:20,300 --> 03:01:22,700
needs best. 
One, particularly interesting 

3252
03:01:22,700 --> 03:01:25,900
development is happening in 
coastal communities, where 

3253
03:01:25,900 --> 03:01:28,500
humans are beginning to exploit 
Marine Resources, more 

3254
03:01:28,500 --> 03:01:31,900
systematically. 
The wolfdogs in these 

3255
03:01:31,900 --> 03:01:34,600
communities have learned to be 
fish something. 

3256
03:01:34,600 --> 03:01:39,000
Wild wolves rarely do some of 
even learn to help with fishing 

3257
03:01:39,000 --> 03:01:41,300
diving into shallow water to 
drive. 

3258
03:01:41,300 --> 03:01:44,900
Fish toward waiting Nets or even
catching fish independently, 

3259
03:01:44,900 --> 03:01:48,100
these Coastal wolf, dogs are 
developing slightly different. 

3260
03:01:48,100 --> 03:01:51,800
Physical characteristics, more 
webbing between their toes and 

3261
03:01:51,800 --> 03:01:55,800
slightly oily, a coats that shed
water better, There are adapting

3262
03:01:55,800 --> 03:01:59,700
to their environment within just
a few Generations, demonstrating

3263
03:01:59,700 --> 03:02:02,900
the remarkable, plasticity of 
the wolf dog genome under 

3264
03:02:02,900 --> 03:02:05,900
selective pressure. 
Meanwhile, in the interior 

3265
03:02:05,900 --> 03:02:08,800
regions where big game hunting 
Remains the primary survival 

3266
03:02:08,800 --> 03:02:12,300
strategy, the wolfdogs remain 
larger and more wolf. 

3267
03:02:12,300 --> 03:02:15,900
Like, These animals need to 
strengthen endurance to help 

3268
03:02:15,900 --> 03:02:19,300
bring down mammoths bison, and 
other megafauna. 

3269
03:02:20,100 --> 03:02:22,500
But even these hunting 
Specialists are more tractable 

3270
03:02:22,500 --> 03:02:25,800
than their wild ancestors. 
More responsive to human 

3271
03:02:25,800 --> 03:02:29,600
Direction and more integrated 
into human social structures. 

3272
03:02:29,600 --> 03:02:32,500
The trade-in wolf dogs has 
become extensive. 

3273
03:02:33,300 --> 03:02:36,100
Prized animals might be traded 
across territories spanning 

3274
03:02:36,100 --> 03:02:38,900
hundreds of miles a particularly
good. 

3275
03:02:38,900 --> 03:02:41,700
Hunting dog. 
Might be exchanged for tools for

3276
03:02:41,700 --> 03:02:44,700
Furs or for access to prime 
hunting grounds. 

3277
03:02:45,600 --> 03:02:48,600
Female wolf dogs in heat are 
sometimes taken long distance. 

3278
03:02:48,600 --> 03:02:52,800
To be bred with males from other
lineages, preventing inbreeding 

3279
03:02:52,800 --> 03:02:54,900
and introducing new genetic 
variation. 

3280
03:02:54,900 --> 03:02:57,800
This trade, has unexpected 
benefits. 

3281
03:02:57,800 --> 03:03:01,900
It creates connections between 
human bands facilitating. 

3282
03:03:01,900 --> 03:03:06,700
The exchange of knowledge tools 
and genetic material, both dog 

3283
03:03:06,700 --> 03:03:09,700
and human. 
Bands that might previously have

3284
03:03:09,700 --> 03:03:12,800
been Rivals, find common ground 
in their shared interest in wolf

3285
03:03:12,800 --> 03:03:15,700
dogs. 
A man from one band might travel

3286
03:03:15,700 --> 03:03:17,700
to another specifically to 
breed. 

3287
03:03:17,700 --> 03:03:20,900
His female wolf, dog with a male
known for its hunting prowess. 

3288
03:03:20,900 --> 03:03:25,100
And during that visit trade 
other Goods, share stories and 

3289
03:03:25,100 --> 03:03:27,500
perhaps even arranged marriages 
between the bands. 

3290
03:03:27,500 --> 03:03:31,900
The wolf dogs are becoming a 
form of social glue binding 

3291
03:03:31,900 --> 03:03:35,900
human communities together 
across vast distances, but the 

3292
03:03:35,900 --> 03:03:37,700
relationship isn't uniformly, 
positive. 

3293
03:03:38,600 --> 03:03:41,800
Some bands, reject the wolfdogs 
entirely seeing them as an 

3294
03:03:41,808 --> 03:03:44,200
unnecessary, burden in terms of 
food, resources. 

3295
03:03:45,300 --> 03:03:48,900
These bands continue the old 
ways hunting without animal 

3296
03:03:48,900 --> 03:03:53,300
assistance, and they do find 
humans are adaptable enough to 

3297
03:03:53,300 --> 03:03:55,500
thrive with or without canine 
Partners. 

3298
03:03:55,500 --> 03:03:57,800
There are also occasional 
problems. 

3299
03:03:57,800 --> 03:04:01,400
A wolfdog might revert to more 
wild Behavior attacking 

3300
03:04:01,400 --> 03:04:04,700
livestock as humans, begin 
tentative experiments with 

3301
03:04:04,700 --> 03:04:07,800
keeping other animals captive or
even biting humans. 

3302
03:04:08,600 --> 03:04:12,000
These incidents are handled Case
by case, but they serve as 

3303
03:04:12,000 --> 03:04:15,100
reminders that these animals are
still close to their Wild Roots,

3304
03:04:15,100 --> 03:04:18,100
still capable of unpredictable 
Behavior. 

3305
03:04:18,100 --> 03:04:21,500
One particularly tragic 
incident, involves a wolf dog 

3306
03:04:21,500 --> 03:04:23,900
that during a harsh winter. 
With severe food. 

3307
03:04:23,900 --> 03:04:27,900
Shortages kills and eats a human
infant left momentarily. 

3308
03:04:27,900 --> 03:04:32,400
Unattended, The Wolfdog is 
immediately killed and their 

3309
03:04:32,400 --> 03:04:34,600
serious discussion in the band 
about whether the entire 

3310
03:04:34,600 --> 03:04:37,400
experiment with keeping these 
animals is worth the risk. 

3311
03:04:37,400 --> 03:04:41,500
But ultimately the decision is 
made to continue the benefits. 

3312
03:04:41,500 --> 03:04:43,800
Outweigh the risks. 
As long as everyone remains 

3313
03:04:43,800 --> 03:04:46,300
Vigilant and realistic about 
what these animals are. 

3314
03:04:47,200 --> 03:04:49,600
Near the fully wild nor fully 
tame. 

3315
03:04:49,600 --> 03:04:53,600
But something in between that 
requires constant awareness as 

3316
03:04:53,600 --> 03:04:56,200
Generations. 
Pass the wolf dogs become more 

3317
03:04:56,200 --> 03:04:58,300
and more distinct from their 
wild ancestors. 

3318
03:04:58,300 --> 03:05:03,200
The physical changes accumulate 
smaller teeth, shorter snouts 

3319
03:05:03,200 --> 03:05:06,800
and more variable coat colors 
and patterns floppy. 

3320
03:05:06,800 --> 03:05:10,600
Ears appear in multiple lineages
curled, Tails, become common. 

3321
03:05:11,500 --> 03:05:15,400
Some wolf dogs, develop spotted 
coats, or unusual color patterns

3322
03:05:15,400 --> 03:05:19,200
or even long silky fur that 
would be impractical for wild 

3323
03:05:19,200 --> 03:05:22,400
wolves but his prized by humans 
for its appearance. 

3324
03:05:22,400 --> 03:05:25,300
The behavioral changes are even 
more pronounced. 

3325
03:05:25,300 --> 03:05:29,300
The newest generation of wolf. 
Dogs are born with a NATO, 

3326
03:05:29,300 --> 03:05:33,200
understanding of human social 
cues, they instinctively defer 

3327
03:05:33,200 --> 03:05:36,800
to human authority. 
If forms strong emotional bonds 

3328
03:05:36,800 --> 03:05:40,800
with human families showing 
distress when separated and joy.

3329
03:05:40,800 --> 03:05:44,300
When reunited, they've become 
emotionally domesticated. 

3330
03:05:44,300 --> 03:05:48,000
In a way that goes beyond me a 
training, scientists far in the 

3331
03:05:48,000 --> 03:05:51,600
future will identify this as a 
change in the wolf dog genome 

3332
03:05:51,600 --> 03:05:54,300
related to stress, hormones, and
social bonding. 

3333
03:05:55,300 --> 03:05:58,800
Specific genetic variations that
make these animals, less fearful

3334
03:05:58,800 --> 03:06:03,100
of humans more tolerant of close
contact and more capable of 

3335
03:06:03,100 --> 03:06:05,200
reading, human emotions and 
intentions. 

3336
03:06:05,200 --> 03:06:08,800
But your band only knows that 
the puppies, born now are 

3337
03:06:08,800 --> 03:06:12,100
somehow sweeter friendlier. 
And more lovable than their 

3338
03:06:12,100 --> 03:06:15,500
ancestors were the wolf dogs. 
Have even begun to participate 

3339
03:06:15,500 --> 03:06:19,300
in human spiritual life. when 
the band performs rituals 

3340
03:06:19,300 --> 03:06:23,500
thanking the spirits of hunted 
animals celebrating successful 

3341
03:06:23,500 --> 03:06:28,300
births, Mourning the Dead, the 
wolf, dogs are present treated 

3342
03:06:28,300 --> 03:06:30,700
as participants rather than mere
Witnesses. 

3343
03:06:31,600 --> 03:06:34,100
Some bands are beginning to 
develop stories about how the 

3344
03:06:34,100 --> 03:06:36,100
first wolf dog came to live with
humans. 

3345
03:06:36,100 --> 03:06:40,600
Mythologizing white chests, 
descendants into legendary 

3346
03:06:40,600 --> 03:06:42,500
figures. 
Who Bridge the worlds of human 

3347
03:06:42,500 --> 03:06:45,500
and animal? 
One story told around, countless

3348
03:06:45,500 --> 03:06:48,100
fires across the generations, go
something like this. 

3349
03:06:49,200 --> 03:06:52,400
In the ancient time. 
Wolves and humans, were enemies 

3350
03:06:52,400 --> 03:06:54,700
killing each other for food and 
territory. 

3351
03:06:55,700 --> 03:06:58,800
But one wise wolf saw that 
humans had fire and tools. 

3352
03:06:58,800 --> 03:07:02,800
Things wolves could never have. 
And one wise, human saw that 

3353
03:07:02,800 --> 03:07:05,500
wolves had sharp senses and 
Cooperative hunting skills. 

3354
03:07:05,500 --> 03:07:10,200
That humans lacked These two 
wolf and human met in a neutral 

3355
03:07:10,200 --> 03:07:14,600
place and made an agreement. 
Share with us your Fires at the 

3356
03:07:14,600 --> 03:07:18,600
wolf and we'll share with you 
our hunting skill and from that 

3357
03:07:18,600 --> 03:07:21,500
day forward wolves and humans 
have been Partners. 

3358
03:07:21,500 --> 03:07:26,800
Each making the other stronger, 
it's a myth not history but like

3359
03:07:26,800 --> 03:07:29,700
all good myths. 
It contains a kernel of Truth. 

3360
03:07:30,700 --> 03:07:33,900
The relationship between humans 
and wolf, dogs is indeed a form 

3361
03:07:33,900 --> 03:07:37,200
of partnership, a mutual 
exchange of benefits that 

3362
03:07:37,200 --> 03:07:41,700
enhances both species chances of
survival as the Ice Age slowly 

3363
03:07:41,700 --> 03:07:45,700
wanes as the climate warms and 
the megafauna begin to decline. 

3364
03:07:45,700 --> 03:07:48,200
Human societies are changing 
too. 

3365
03:07:49,200 --> 03:07:51,700
People are beginning to stay in 
the same place as for longer 

3366
03:07:51,700 --> 03:07:54,900
periods, building more 
substantial shelters and storing

3367
03:07:54,900 --> 03:07:56,200
food. 
More systematically. 

3368
03:07:57,200 --> 03:08:00,300
Different fully nomadic to semi 
settled, existence is beginning.

3369
03:08:00,300 --> 03:08:04,200
And the wolfdogs are part of 
this transition in settled camps

3370
03:08:04,200 --> 03:08:07,500
with stored, food, wolf dogs, 
proven valuable as guards 

3371
03:08:07,500 --> 03:08:11,100
preventing raids by predators 
and rival human groups. 

3372
03:08:11,900 --> 03:08:15,600
The alert to approaching danger 
defend territory and provide a 

3373
03:08:15,608 --> 03:08:18,100
sense of security that allows 
humans to sleep. 

3374
03:08:18,100 --> 03:08:21,100
More soundly at night. 
The wolf dogs are also helping 

3375
03:08:21,100 --> 03:08:25,400
with an entirely new human 
activity, managing other Proto 

3376
03:08:25,400 --> 03:08:29,000
domestic animals as humans. 
Begin keeping captured young 

3377
03:08:29,000 --> 03:08:32,000
megafauna, not quite farming 
them yet, but moving in that 

3378
03:08:32,000 --> 03:08:35,900
direction, the wolfdogs help 
control these animals using 

3379
03:08:35,900 --> 03:08:39,300
their herding instincts to keep 
young mammoths or bison from 

3380
03:08:39,300 --> 03:08:41,800
wandering off. 
This herding Behavior will 

3381
03:08:41,800 --> 03:08:44,300
eventually become one of the 
most important functions of 

3382
03:08:44,300 --> 03:08:47,700
domestic dogs but for now it's a
happy accident. 

3383
03:08:47,700 --> 03:08:50,600
The wolf dog's natural, prey 
heard. 

3384
03:08:50,600 --> 03:08:53,700
Inks being redirected towards a 
new purpose. 

3385
03:08:53,700 --> 03:08:57,200
Thousands of miles away in 
different parts of the world. 

3386
03:08:57,200 --> 03:08:59,600
Similar processes are occurring 
independently. 

3387
03:09:00,900 --> 03:09:03,800
Wolves near human settlements in
what will become Europe? 

3388
03:09:03,800 --> 03:09:08,200
A beginning, their own journey 
toward domestication, wolves, in

3389
03:09:08,200 --> 03:09:11,100
East Asia are developing their 
own relationships with human 

3390
03:09:11,100 --> 03:09:14,400
communities. 
Processes isn't uniform, but the

3391
03:09:14,400 --> 03:09:17,900
pattern is recognizable. 
Wherever humans and wolves 

3392
03:09:17,900 --> 03:09:20,600
coexist. 
Some wolves are discovering the 

3393
03:09:20,600 --> 03:09:23,700
advantages of cooperation over 
competition, these 

3394
03:09:23,700 --> 03:09:26,900
geographically separated, 
populations of Proto dogs will 

3395
03:09:26,900 --> 03:09:28,400
eventually, give rise to 
different. 

3396
03:09:28,400 --> 03:09:31,900
Lineages different regional 
types that reflect both the 

3397
03:09:31,900 --> 03:09:35,700
local wolf populations, and the 
specific needs of local human 

3398
03:09:35,700 --> 03:09:39,600
communities, but all of them 
share the same fundamental 

3399
03:09:39,600 --> 03:09:43,400
transformation from Wild 
Predator to domestic partner. 

3400
03:09:43,400 --> 03:09:47,100
You don't know any of this. 
Of course your world is limited 

3401
03:09:47,100 --> 03:09:50,100
to your band your territory and 
your direct experience. 

3402
03:09:51,100 --> 03:09:53,500
Which your great, great 
grandchildren's descendants will

3403
03:09:53,500 --> 03:09:56,600
spread across continents and 
they'll bring their wolf dogs 

3404
03:09:56,600 --> 03:10:00,400
with them when humans eventually
cross the land bridge from Asia 

3405
03:10:00,400 --> 03:10:04,600
to the Americas, wolfdogs will 
be among the first domesticated 

3406
03:10:04,600 --> 03:10:08,900
animals to reach the new world. 
When humans develop boats 

3407
03:10:08,900 --> 03:10:12,700
capable of Crossing open, ocean 
wolfdogs will be in those boats 

3408
03:10:12,700 --> 03:10:14,800
heading to Ireland and new 
continents. 

3409
03:10:15,500 --> 03:10:19,100
The partnership that began with 
one curious wolf and one willing

3410
03:10:19,100 --> 03:10:23,200
to experiment, human band has 
become a global phenomenon that 

3411
03:10:23,200 --> 03:10:26,800
will persist for millennia. 
Long after the mammoths and 

3412
03:10:26,808 --> 03:10:30,700
woolly rhinos and giant sloths 
have gone extinct long. 

3413
03:10:30,700 --> 03:10:33,800
After the ice ages faded into 
geological history, this 

3414
03:10:33,800 --> 03:10:36,400
relationship will endure your 
bands. 

3415
03:10:36,400 --> 03:10:39,200
Current generation of wolf dogs.
Includes a young female named 

3416
03:10:39,200 --> 03:10:42,400
Echo. 
Descended from curls, lineage 

3417
03:10:42,400 --> 03:10:47,100
through multiple Generations. 
Echo is small barely 60 pounds 

3418
03:10:47,100 --> 03:10:51,700
with a curly coat floppy ears, 
and a tail that curls. 

3419
03:10:51,700 --> 03:10:53,900
So tightly, it almost makes a 
full circle. 

3420
03:10:55,000 --> 03:10:58,300
Echoes temperament is gentle and
playful and the animal has 

3421
03:10:58,300 --> 03:11:01,500
become particularly attached to 
the band's children serving as 

3422
03:11:01,500 --> 03:11:04,800
an unofficial guardian and 
Playmate one, warm summer 

3423
03:11:04,800 --> 03:11:07,400
evening as the sun sets over a 
landscape. 

3424
03:11:07,400 --> 03:11:10,400
That's noticeably Greener and 
less harsh than the tundra of 

3425
03:11:10,400 --> 03:11:13,700
your ancestors time. 
Echo lies surrounded by 

3426
03:11:13,700 --> 03:11:16,100
children. 
Their petting, the wolf dog 

3427
03:11:16,100 --> 03:11:19,800
telling stories and laughing at 
Echoes clownish attempts to 

3428
03:11:19,808 --> 03:11:23,300
catch moths that flutter around 
the fire and Elder watches. 

3429
03:11:23,300 --> 03:11:26,600
This scene with satisfaction, 
this elder is the great. 

3430
03:11:26,600 --> 03:11:30,700
Great grandchild of bright one, 
carrier of stories passed down 

3431
03:11:30,700 --> 03:11:34,800
through multiple Generations. 
The Elder remembers the tales of

3432
03:11:34,808 --> 03:11:39,300
white chest of curl of the early
days when having a wolf dog near

3433
03:11:39,300 --> 03:11:42,300
the camp was strange. 
And frightening how to imagine 

3434
03:11:42,300 --> 03:11:45,200
being afraid of them. 
Now the Elder says to no one in 

3435
03:11:45,200 --> 03:11:48,000
particular speaking softly 
enough, not to disturb the 

3436
03:11:48,000 --> 03:11:51,600
children's play, another adult 
sitting nearby laughs quietly 

3437
03:11:51,600 --> 03:11:53,900
hard to imagine living without 
them. 

3438
03:11:53,900 --> 03:11:56,900
What did our ancestors do 
without wolfdogs? 

3439
03:11:56,900 --> 03:11:59,700
How did they hunt? 
How did they feel safe at night?

3440
03:11:59,700 --> 03:12:03,200
It's a good question. 
The answer, of course, is that 

3441
03:12:03,200 --> 03:12:06,000
human survive for hundreds of 
thousands of years without 

3442
03:12:06,000 --> 03:12:08,900
canine partners. 
But now that the partnership 

3443
03:12:08,900 --> 03:12:12,200
exists. 
Difficult to imagine going back.

3444
03:12:13,100 --> 03:12:16,200
The relationship has become so 
integral to human society. 

3445
03:12:16,200 --> 03:12:19,900
That its absence would be felt 
like the loss of a limb Echo 

3446
03:12:19,900 --> 03:12:21,400
tired from playing with the 
children. 

3447
03:12:21,400 --> 03:12:24,900
Finally, settles down resting 
its head on a child's lap. 

3448
03:12:25,700 --> 03:12:28,800
The child Strokes Echoes curly, 
fur and the Wolf. 

3449
03:12:28,800 --> 03:12:32,200
Dog's eyes drift closed in 
contentment somewhere in the 

3450
03:12:32,200 --> 03:12:35,100
darkness beyond the firelight a 
wild wolf howls. 

3451
03:12:35,800 --> 03:12:39,300
Echoes ears perk up and the wolf
dog lift its head briefly but 

3452
03:12:39,300 --> 03:12:43,200
there's no answering how no urge
to run off and join that wild 

3453
03:12:43,200 --> 03:12:46,300
song. 
Echoes world is here with these 

3454
03:12:46,300 --> 03:12:49,200
humans by this fire after a 
moment. 

3455
03:12:49,200 --> 03:12:52,500
Echo, settles back down content 
with its chosen place in the 

3456
03:12:52,500 --> 03:12:55,600
world. 
The stars come out the same 

3457
03:12:55,600 --> 03:12:58,300
stars that Sean on white, chest,
and bright one. 

3458
03:12:58,300 --> 03:13:03,400
All those Generations ago Fire 
crackles and Pops, children's 

3459
03:13:03,400 --> 03:13:05,200
voices, mixed with adult 
laughter. 

3460
03:13:05,200 --> 03:13:09,000
And beneath it all the steady 
rhythm of Echoes breathing as 

3461
03:13:09,000 --> 03:13:12,700
the wolf, dog sleeps. 
In this moment peaceful and 

3462
03:13:12,700 --> 03:13:17,100
ordinary and yet profound, you 
can see the future taking shape.

3463
03:13:17,800 --> 03:13:20,700
These children growing up with 
Echo will never know a world 

3464
03:13:20,700 --> 03:13:24,400
without wolfdogs, their children
won't either nor their 

3465
03:13:24,400 --> 03:13:27,400
children's children 100s of 
generations to come. 

3466
03:13:27,400 --> 03:13:30,100
What began as one Wolf's 
curiosity. 

3467
03:13:30,100 --> 03:13:33,000
And one humans willingness to 
share has become something 

3468
03:13:33,000 --> 03:13:36,100
timeless. 
A partnership that will Outlast 

3469
03:13:36,100 --> 03:13:40,700
Empires survived the collapse of
civilizations and endure through

3470
03:13:40,700 --> 03:13:44,200
changes in human society. 
That would be unrecognizable to 

3471
03:13:44,200 --> 03:13:46,300
you. 
The wolf dogs will be there when

3472
03:13:46,300 --> 03:13:48,200
humans build their first 
permanent Villages. 

3473
03:13:48,200 --> 03:13:51,800
They'll be there when humans 
develop agriculture when they 

3474
03:13:51,800 --> 03:13:54,800
domesticate other animals. 
And when they create the first 

3475
03:13:54,800 --> 03:13:59,500
cities, they'll pull sleds 
across Frozen, wastes herd sheep

3476
03:13:59,500 --> 03:14:03,500
across, mountainsides guard, 
palaces and warm the laps of 

3477
03:14:03,508 --> 03:14:07,100
Emperors and peasants alike. 
They'll change of course, 

3478
03:14:07,100 --> 03:14:11,200
they'll diversify into forms. 
That would seem impossible, tiny

3479
03:14:11,200 --> 03:14:14,600
dogs that fit in a pocket. 
Giant dogs larger than wolves 

3480
03:14:14,600 --> 03:14:18,500
ever were dogs with pushed in 
phases dogs with legs. 

3481
03:14:18,500 --> 03:14:22,100
So short, they can barely run 
and dogs bred for every 

3482
03:14:22,100 --> 03:14:25,600
conceivable purpose from hunting
rats, to guarding temples to 

3483
03:14:25,600 --> 03:14:28,100
Simply being beautiful. 
But underneath, all those 

3484
03:14:28,100 --> 03:14:31,600
changes underneath all, that 
diversity, they'll still carry 

3485
03:14:31,600 --> 03:14:34,400
the same essential nature that 
Echo demonstrates to night 

3486
03:14:34,408 --> 03:14:37,000
tonight. 
Loyalty, affection. 

3487
03:14:37,000 --> 03:14:40,500
And the deep-rooted desire to be
part of a human family. 

3488
03:14:40,500 --> 03:14:45,000
The fire burns, low people begin
heading to their sleeping areas.

3489
03:14:45,700 --> 03:14:49,800
Echo Rises shakes vigorously and
follows the children to the 

3490
03:14:49,808 --> 03:14:53,500
shelter where they sleep. 
The Wolfdog settles down among 

3491
03:14:53,500 --> 03:14:56,900
them and within moments, three 
children are using Echo as a 

3492
03:14:56,900 --> 03:14:59,700
pillow outside. 
The summer night is mild and 

3493
03:14:59,700 --> 03:15:01,700
clear. 
Tomorrow will bring new 

3494
03:15:01,700 --> 03:15:03,900
challenges, new work and new 
adventures. 

3495
03:15:03,900 --> 03:15:09,500
But tonight there's just this 
humans and wolf dogs sleeping 

3496
03:15:09,500 --> 03:15:13,700
peacefully together Partners in 
the Grand Adventure of survival.

3497
03:15:14,600 --> 03:15:19,100
The Stars wheel slowly overhead.
The Moon Rises casting 

3498
03:15:19,100 --> 03:15:21,500
Silverlight across a world that 
has changed profoundly. 

3499
03:15:21,500 --> 03:15:25,000
Even though, most of those 
changes are too subtle to see 

3500
03:15:25,000 --> 03:15:30,700
day-to-day But they're there, 
accumulating genetic shifts 

3501
03:15:30,700 --> 03:15:35,300
behavioral adaptations, and the 
slow, but next Rebel, 

3502
03:15:35,300 --> 03:15:39,100
transformation of wolf into dog.
And in the morning, when the Sun

3503
03:15:39,100 --> 03:15:43,700
rises Echo will be among the 
first to wake, Tail already, 

3504
03:15:43,700 --> 03:15:46,100
wagging ready to greet the new 
day. 

3505
03:15:46,100 --> 03:15:50,100
Alongside the humans who have 
become in every meaningful 

3506
03:15:50,100 --> 03:15:52,000
sense. 
Echoes Pack. 

3507
03:15:52,000 --> 03:15:56,300
Story that began 15,000 years 
ago with a reddish gray, wolf 

3508
03:15:56,300 --> 03:16:00,500
watching a human Camp continues 
generation after generation 

3509
03:16:00,500 --> 03:16:03,800
changing slowly but never ending
a partnership. 

3510
03:16:03,808 --> 03:16:07,800
That is enriched both species 
beyond measure and that more 

3511
03:16:07,800 --> 03:16:09,400
than anything else. 
Is the Legacy. 

3512
03:16:10,100 --> 03:16:14,200
Not just that humans tamed 
wolves but that together humans 

3513
03:16:14,200 --> 03:16:16,700
and wolves created something 
entirely new. 

3514
03:16:16,700 --> 03:16:21,400
A relationship of mutual 
benefit, Mutual affection, and 

3515
03:16:21,400 --> 03:16:23,800
mutual transformation. 
That is persisted across 

3516
03:16:23,800 --> 03:16:27,500
Millennia and will continue long
into whatever future awaits. 

3517
03:16:37,300 --> 03:16:40,100
You wake Before Dawn in a river 
valley in an era. 

3518
03:16:40,100 --> 03:16:42,500
When agriculture is still a 
whispered rumor passed between 

3519
03:16:42,500 --> 03:16:46,100
neighboring groups, the air 
smells clean and sharp carrying 

3520
03:16:46,100 --> 03:16:48,800
the scent of wet grass and 
distant Pine. 

3521
03:16:48,800 --> 03:16:51,600
Your hands know exactly where to
find the wild. 

3522
03:16:51,600 --> 03:16:54,000
Emma wheat that grows in 
scattered patches along the 

3523
03:16:54,000 --> 03:16:57,000
hillside. 
The same Hillside, your mother 

3524
03:16:57,000 --> 03:17:01,000
walked and her mother before 
her, the Gathering takes hours. 

3525
03:17:01,000 --> 03:17:04,600
You move slowly through the Tall
Grass, running your fingers 

3526
03:17:04,600 --> 03:17:06,900
along each stalk to feel which 
seeds are ready. 

3527
03:17:07,800 --> 03:17:10,700
The right ones come away easily 
between your thumb and forth 

3528
03:17:10,700 --> 03:17:13,600
finger dropping into the woven 
basket slug. 

3529
03:17:13,600 --> 03:17:17,500
Your shoulder, some people Rush 
this task, but you've learned 

3530
03:17:17,500 --> 03:17:21,300
that hurrying means bruising the
kernels and bruised seeds, don't

3531
03:17:21,300 --> 03:17:25,200
store properly. 
The sun climbs, higher warming, 

3532
03:17:25,200 --> 03:17:28,100
your back through the leather 
tunic, you've worn smooth over 

3533
03:17:28,100 --> 03:17:31,300
three seasons. 
Your basket is lined with soft 

3534
03:17:31,300 --> 03:17:33,700
grasses to cushion the seeds as 
they fall. 

3535
03:17:34,400 --> 03:17:36,100
You've woven this basket 
yourself. 

3536
03:17:36,100 --> 03:17:39,400
During The Long Winter. 
Evenings using techniques passed

3537
03:17:39,400 --> 03:17:42,400
down through observation, rather
than instruction. 

3538
03:17:42,400 --> 03:17:45,500
The Weave needs to be tight 
enough to hold the smallest 

3539
03:17:45,500 --> 03:17:47,500
seeds. 
But flexible enough to compress,

3540
03:17:47,500 --> 03:17:51,300
when the baskets full your 
fingers, best small scars from 

3541
03:17:51,300 --> 03:17:55,400
the sharp edges of the reads. 
You worked with tiny white lines

3542
03:17:55,400 --> 03:17:57,900
that Mark, you as someone who 
makes useful things. 

3543
03:17:58,700 --> 03:18:02,500
By mid-morning, you filled one 
basket and started on another 

3544
03:18:02,500 --> 03:18:07,300
your fingers move with practiced
efficiency and your mind wanders

3545
03:18:07,300 --> 03:18:10,800
to other things, the crack in 
your grinding stone, that needs 

3546
03:18:10,800 --> 03:18:14,600
repair and the Strange Birds. 
You saw yesterday flying south 

3547
03:18:14,600 --> 03:18:17,300
earlier than usual, a 
grasshopper lands on your 

3548
03:18:17,300 --> 03:18:20,900
forearm bright, green against 
your son, dark and skin, and you

3549
03:18:20,900 --> 03:18:23,500
pause to watch it before it 
Springs away into the wheat. 

3550
03:18:23,500 --> 03:18:27,200
The wild lentils grow in a 
different area down near the 

3551
03:18:27,200 --> 03:18:29,900
stream where the soil stays damp
even in the dry season. 

3552
03:18:30,700 --> 03:18:32,200
You have to crouch low for 
these. 

3553
03:18:32,200 --> 03:18:36,200
Sorting the plump pods from the 
shriveled ones, listening to the

3554
03:18:36,200 --> 03:18:40,300
water birbal over smooth Stones.
Your knees protest this position

3555
03:18:40,300 --> 03:18:43,500
after a while, and you shift 
your weight from side to side, 

3556
03:18:43,500 --> 03:18:47,100
trying to ease the ache. 
Occasionally you spot a fish 

3557
03:18:47,100 --> 03:18:51,100
quick and silver and you make a 
mental note to bring the net 

3558
03:18:51,100 --> 03:18:54,400
tomorrow but today is for 
Gathering and you stay focused 

3559
03:18:54,400 --> 03:18:57,500
on the task. 
The lentil plants have delicate 

3560
03:18:57,500 --> 03:19:00,600
stems that break easily. 
If you're not careful, you've 

3561
03:19:00,600 --> 03:19:03,300
learned to support each plant 
with one hand while picking the 

3562
03:19:03,300 --> 03:19:06,900
pods with the other. 
Two-handed operation, that slows

3563
03:19:06,900 --> 03:19:10,800
the process, but preserves the 
plants for future harvests, some

3564
03:19:10,800 --> 03:19:12,900
of the younger people in your 
group, have not figured this out

3565
03:19:12,908 --> 03:19:16,500
yet, and they leave a trail of 
broken stems and damaged plants 

3566
03:19:16,500 --> 03:19:19,100
behind them. 
You feel a flicker of irritation

3567
03:19:19,100 --> 03:19:22,300
at their carelessness. 
You also remember being young 

3568
03:19:22,300 --> 03:19:26,200
and impatient yourself when you 
return to Camp, others have 

3569
03:19:26,200 --> 03:19:29,100
brought different offerings. 
Someone found a patch of wild 

3570
03:19:29,100 --> 03:19:31,400
garlic. 
Another person collected 

3571
03:19:31,400 --> 03:19:34,800
mushrooms from the Shaded 
Northern slope and a small group

3572
03:19:34,800 --> 03:19:37,200
managed to trap three fat. 
Rabbits. 

3573
03:19:37,200 --> 03:19:40,400
This is how your people eat a 
little bit of everything 

3574
03:19:40,400 --> 03:19:43,400
gathered from dozens of 
different locations, combined, 

3575
03:19:43,400 --> 03:19:46,800
in ways that shift with the 
seasons, and the weather and the

3576
03:19:46,800 --> 03:19:49,700
simple luck of what you happen 
to find you. 

3577
03:19:49,700 --> 03:19:52,800
Pour your wheat, kernels onto a 
Flat Rock and begin the tedious 

3578
03:19:52,800 --> 03:19:57,100
process of removing the husks. 
The technique requires patience,

3579
03:19:57,100 --> 03:20:00,800
rubbing the seeds between your 
palms blowing away, the chaff 

3580
03:20:00,800 --> 03:20:03,500
and picking out tiny stones, 
that could crack a tooth. 

3581
03:20:03,500 --> 03:20:07,400
Your grandmother could do this 
while telling stories a hands 

3582
03:20:07,400 --> 03:20:10,300
working automatically, but you 
still need to concentrate. 

3583
03:20:11,400 --> 03:20:15,000
Pile of clean. 
Kernels, grow slowly golden in 

3584
03:20:15,000 --> 03:20:17,800
the late afternoon, light. 
The chaff blows away on the 

3585
03:20:17,808 --> 03:20:21,200
breeze, scattering across the 
camp, like snow children. 

3586
03:20:21,200 --> 03:20:24,600
Chase it laughing while you work
steadily through your pile. 

3587
03:20:24,600 --> 03:20:28,300
Your palms are turning pink from
the friction and you pause 

3588
03:20:28,300 --> 03:20:31,200
occasionally to flex your 
fingers and ease the cramping 

3589
03:20:31,900 --> 03:20:34,100
This is mindless work in the 
best sense. 

3590
03:20:34,100 --> 03:20:37,600
It occupies your hands but 
leaves, your thoughts free to 

3591
03:20:37,600 --> 03:20:40,300
drift where they will. 
The fire pit has been in the 

3592
03:20:40,308 --> 03:20:42,500
same location for as long as 
anyone could remember. 

3593
03:20:43,400 --> 03:20:46,200
A shallow depression ringed with
heat black and Stones. 

3594
03:20:46,200 --> 03:20:49,600
Build up and tended and rebuilt.
Countless times. 

3595
03:20:49,600 --> 03:20:53,400
Starting the fire is your 
responsibility to day and you 

3596
03:20:53,400 --> 03:20:55,500
approach it with the same 
careful attention. 

3597
03:20:55,500 --> 03:20:59,100
You gave to Gathering the wheat.
The drill and half board a warns

3598
03:20:59,100 --> 03:21:02,100
smooth from use carved by 
someone whose name is no longer 

3599
03:21:02,100 --> 03:21:05,100
spoken, but who skills still 
serves the community? 

3600
03:21:05,100 --> 03:21:08,400
You brace the half board with 
your foot and begin spinning. 

3601
03:21:08,400 --> 03:21:11,700
The drill between your palms, 
pressing down, just enough to 

3602
03:21:11,700 --> 03:21:13,100
create friction without 
breaking. 

3603
03:21:13,100 --> 03:21:17,400
The Rhythm, the motion is hit. 
Noticed your palms sliding down 

3604
03:21:17,400 --> 03:21:19,800
the wooden shaft in quick, 
repeated movements. 

3605
03:21:20,700 --> 03:21:24,600
Smoke appears first, thin and 
promising, then a few orange 

3606
03:21:24,600 --> 03:21:27,400
Sparks that drop into the nest 
of dried grass. 

3607
03:21:27,400 --> 03:21:31,200
You've prepared, you lean close 
and blow gently steadily 

3608
03:21:31,200 --> 03:21:33,400
coaxing. 
Those tiny Sparks into actual 

3609
03:21:33,400 --> 03:21:37,200
Flame the grass catches and you 
feed it carefully with small 

3610
03:21:37,200 --> 03:21:41,400
Twigs, then larger sticks 
building the fire up until it's 

3611
03:21:41,400 --> 03:21:43,800
strong enough to handle the 
green wood that will burn for 

3612
03:21:43,800 --> 03:21:46,400
hours. 
The choice of wood matters, more

3613
03:21:46,400 --> 03:21:49,900
than you once realized dry Oak 
Burns, hot and steady. 

3614
03:21:49,900 --> 03:21:52,800
Perfect for cooking, that 
requires sustained Heat. 

3615
03:21:53,700 --> 03:21:57,300
Pine catches quickly but spit 
Sparks and leaves behind a 

3616
03:21:57,300 --> 03:22:00,800
resinous, residue birch bark 
makes, excellent kindling, 

3617
03:22:00,800 --> 03:22:04,100
peeling away in papery. 
Sheets, that ignite the 

3618
03:22:04,100 --> 03:22:07,500
slightest touch of flame you've 
learned to read the forest. 

3619
03:22:07,500 --> 03:22:10,100
Identifying the best wood for 
different purposes. 

3620
03:22:10,100 --> 03:22:14,300
Understanding that fire is not 
just heat, but a relationship 

3621
03:22:14,300 --> 03:22:18,300
between fuel air and the 
patience to let it develop 

3622
03:22:18,300 --> 03:22:20,800
properly. 
The rabbits are already skinned 

3623
03:22:20,800 --> 03:22:24,500
and cleaned but you have other 
plans for first your range, 

3624
03:22:24,500 --> 03:22:27,900
several large stones in the 
heart of the fire smooth River 

3625
03:22:27,900 --> 03:22:30,800
Rocks that won't explode from 
the heat while these are 

3626
03:22:30,800 --> 03:22:32,500
warming. 
You prepare the week. 

3627
03:22:32,500 --> 03:22:36,600
You spent all morning Gathering 
Instead of grinding it into 

3628
03:22:36,600 --> 03:22:40,300
flour today, you'll cook it 
whole a technique that preserves

3629
03:22:40,300 --> 03:22:43,900
more nutrition and creates a 
Nutty satisfying texture. 

3630
03:22:43,900 --> 03:22:47,400
You fill a clay pot with water 
from the stream and add the 

3631
03:22:47,400 --> 03:22:49,300
wheat along with the wild 
garlic. 

3632
03:22:49,300 --> 03:22:53,500
Someone else found chopped fine.
The pot goes directly onto the 

3633
03:22:53,500 --> 03:22:56,500
fire balanced carefully on Three
Stones. 

3634
03:22:56,500 --> 03:23:00,400
The heat is intense and you can 
feel it on your face when you 

3635
03:23:00,400 --> 03:23:04,300
lean into stir. 
As the water begins to simmer 

3636
03:23:04,300 --> 03:23:07,800
you add the lentils and a 
handful of the mushrooms torn 

3637
03:23:07,800 --> 03:23:10,800
into rough pieces. 
The smell that rises from the 

3638
03:23:10,800 --> 03:23:15,500
pot is extraordinary earthy and 
Rich with a sharpness of garlic,

3639
03:23:15,500 --> 03:23:17,000
cutting through the deeper 
notes. 

3640
03:23:17,000 --> 03:23:20,300
You watch the wheat kernels, 
swell as they absorb the water 

3641
03:23:20,300 --> 03:23:23,900
changing from hard, little 
pellets into something soft and 

3642
03:23:23,900 --> 03:23:26,600
substantial. 
This transformation, never 

3643
03:23:26,600 --> 03:23:29,400
stops. 
Fascinating you the way heat and

3644
03:23:29,400 --> 03:23:33,200
time and liquid can turn bitter 
seeds into food that actually 

3645
03:23:33,200 --> 03:23:36,800
sustains. 
Steam rises from the pot in lazy

3646
03:23:36,800 --> 03:23:40,000
Spirals and you add more water 
as needed to keep everything 

3647
03:23:40,000 --> 03:23:42,800
submerged. 
The lentils, cook faster than 

3648
03:23:42,800 --> 03:23:46,200
the wheat softening into tender 
crescents that threatened to 

3649
03:23:46,200 --> 03:23:47,900
fall apart if you stir too 
vigorously. 

3650
03:23:48,900 --> 03:23:51,100
The mushrooms release their 
moisture and Shrink 

3651
03:23:51,100 --> 03:23:55,300
concentrating, their flavor into
something, almost meaty. 

3652
03:23:55,300 --> 03:23:58,400
You taste the broth with a 
wooden spoon, considering 

3653
03:23:58,400 --> 03:24:01,400
whether it needs anything else 
deciding, it's perfect as it is.

3654
03:24:01,408 --> 03:24:04,400
Meanwhile the stones in the fire
of reached the perfect 

3655
03:24:04,400 --> 03:24:07,400
temperature hot enough to hiss 
when you drip water on them. 

3656
03:24:07,400 --> 03:24:10,400
But not so hot. 
They'll crack the clay using two

3657
03:24:10,400 --> 03:24:13,700
sticks as tongs. 
You carefully transfer several 

3658
03:24:13,700 --> 03:24:16,800
stones into the pot where they 
can continue heating the stew 

3659
03:24:16,800 --> 03:24:19,600
from within keeping it at a 
gentle bubble. 

3660
03:24:19,600 --> 03:24:22,700
Even as you tend to the rabbits 
the meat goes on to a green 

3661
03:24:22,700 --> 03:24:26,400
Branch strip of leaves suspended
over the coals, where the heat 

3662
03:24:26,400 --> 03:24:28,600
is less intense than the direct 
Flamez. 

3663
03:24:29,200 --> 03:24:33,300
Fat drips down and sizzles 
sending up small, flares of 

3664
03:24:33,300 --> 03:24:36,000
light in the irresistible Center
of roasting meat. 

3665
03:24:36,000 --> 03:24:39,300
You turn the spit slowly 
watching the skin darken and 

3666
03:24:39,300 --> 03:24:42,000
crisp rotating. 
It a quarter turn, every few 

3667
03:24:42,008 --> 03:24:44,500
minutes to ensure even cooking. 
Your arms. 

3668
03:24:44,500 --> 03:24:47,700
Begin to ache from holding the 
spit at the right height and you

3669
03:24:47,708 --> 03:24:50,800
fashioned the support from 
forked sticks driven into the 

3670
03:24:50,800 --> 03:24:53,200
ground. 
On either side of the fire this.

3671
03:24:53,200 --> 03:24:56,400
Frees your hands to tend to 
other tasks, adjusting the 

3672
03:24:56,400 --> 03:24:59,500
stones supporting the pot. 
Adding more wood to maintain the

3673
03:24:59,508 --> 03:25:02,100
fire and checking the donors of 
the wheat. 

3674
03:25:02,100 --> 03:25:04,900
Buy fishing out a few grains and
testing them between your teeth.

3675
03:25:04,900 --> 03:25:07,200
The rabbits take longer than 
you. 

3676
03:25:07,200 --> 03:25:10,800
Expect the meat near the bones 
stays stubbornly pink while the 

3677
03:25:10,800 --> 03:25:12,700
outer portions threatened to dry
out. 

3678
03:25:12,700 --> 03:25:16,600
You pull the spit back from the 
heat, slightly allowing the 

3679
03:25:16,600 --> 03:25:20,300
temperature to equalize trusting
in patients rather than urgency.

3680
03:25:21,300 --> 03:25:24,700
Good food, cannot be rushed, and
you've learned this lesson 

3681
03:25:24,700 --> 03:25:27,400
through, countless meals. 
That suffered from impatience 

3682
03:25:27,400 --> 03:25:30,600
4,000 years. 
Later, you live in a stone house

3683
03:25:30,600 --> 03:25:33,800
with a proper other than to the 
wall that the relationship 

3684
03:25:33,800 --> 03:25:36,000
between heat and food remains 
equally. 

3685
03:25:36,000 --> 03:25:40,100
Intimate your hand, a deep in a 
bowl of dough kneading with a 

3686
03:25:40,100 --> 03:25:42,000
steady Rhythm that your 
shoulders and arms. 

3687
03:25:42,000 --> 03:25:45,600
Remember, even when your mind 
wanders, this bread started 

3688
03:25:45,600 --> 03:25:49,700
three days ago with just flour 
water and a piece of dough save 

3689
03:25:49,700 --> 03:25:52,600
from the last batch. 
What you'll someday here called 

3690
03:25:52,600 --> 03:25:56,200
a sourdough starter though, 
right now, it's just how Bread 

3691
03:25:56,200 --> 03:25:58,600
is made. 
The dough has a personality. 

3692
03:25:58,600 --> 03:26:01,700
You've learned some days. 
It rises quickly and springs 

3693
03:26:01,700 --> 03:26:05,300
back eagerly under your hands. 
Other days, it sits Sullen and 

3694
03:26:05,300 --> 03:26:08,900
heavy requiring more needing 
more patience and more time, to 

3695
03:26:08,900 --> 03:26:12,200
develop the complex flavors that
make good bread with waiting for

3696
03:26:12,200 --> 03:26:16,600
to these batch Falls somewhere 
in between Cooperative but not 

3697
03:26:16,600 --> 03:26:20,200
enthusiastic slowly transforming
from a Shaggy mess into 

3698
03:26:20,200 --> 03:26:22,900
something smooth and elastic, 
you work. 

3699
03:26:22,900 --> 03:26:25,800
The dough with the heels of your
hands, pushing it away from you 

3700
03:26:25,800 --> 03:26:27,300
and then folding it back over 
itself. 

3701
03:26:28,300 --> 03:26:32,600
The motion is rhythmic almost 
meditative and you fall into the

3702
03:26:32,600 --> 03:26:35,800
kind of steady work that allows 
your thoughts to roam freely. 

3703
03:26:35,800 --> 03:26:38,100
The dough. 
Gradually changes under your 

3704
03:26:38,100 --> 03:26:42,300
hands becoming smoother and more
cohesive developing the gluten 

3705
03:26:42,300 --> 03:26:45,400
strands that will trap air and 
create the characteristic 

3706
03:26:45,400 --> 03:26:48,700
texture of risen bread. 
The smell of the dough is 

3707
03:26:48,700 --> 03:26:51,500
mildly. 
Sour Pleasant in a way that 

3708
03:26:51,500 --> 03:26:53,900
promises flavor rather than 
spoilage. 

3709
03:26:54,700 --> 03:26:57,300
You've learned to distinguish 
between the Tang of proper 

3710
03:26:57,300 --> 03:27:00,500
fermentation and the off-putting
smell of dough. 

3711
03:27:00,500 --> 03:27:04,300
That's gone bad. 
This batch smells right yeasty 

3712
03:27:04,300 --> 03:27:08,200
and Alive with undertones that 
are hearted describe but easy to

3713
03:27:08,200 --> 03:27:11,900
recognize when they're present. 
You shape the dough into round 

3714
03:27:11,900 --> 03:27:14,800
loaves. 
Each one, the size of two fists 

3715
03:27:14,800 --> 03:27:17,500
pressed together. 
They go into baskets lined with 

3716
03:27:17,500 --> 03:27:20,800
linen, cloths dusted with flour 
and you cover them with more 

3717
03:27:20,800 --> 03:27:22,700
cloth to keep them warm while 
they rise. 

3718
03:27:23,400 --> 03:27:27,600
This second Rising is critical 
too short and the bread will be 

3719
03:27:27,600 --> 03:27:32,100
dense and gummy too long and it 
will collapse all those careful 

3720
03:27:32,100 --> 03:27:34,400
air bubbles deflating into 
sourness. 

3721
03:27:34,400 --> 03:27:37,900
The basket sits on a shelf near 
the warmth of the half. 

3722
03:27:37,900 --> 03:27:41,200
Not close enough to start 
cooking the dough, but warm 

3723
03:27:41,200 --> 03:27:44,100
enough to encourage the firm 
intention you check them. 

3724
03:27:44,100 --> 03:27:47,700
Occasionally pressing a finger 
gently into the surface to gauge

3725
03:27:47,700 --> 03:27:51,000
how far they've risen the dough,
should spring back slowly 

3726
03:27:51,000 --> 03:27:54,300
leaving a slight indentation 
that fills in gradually. 

3727
03:27:54,300 --> 03:27:57,600
When it reaches this stage is 
ready for the oven. 

3728
03:27:57,600 --> 03:28:00,700
While the bread rise is, you 
prepare the soup that will 

3729
03:28:00,700 --> 03:28:04,300
accompany it. 
Barley forms the base, a grain 

3730
03:28:04,300 --> 03:28:07,000
that cooks up, hearty and 
filling almost chewy. 

3731
03:28:07,000 --> 03:28:10,500
You add dried beans that you've 
soaked overnight along with 

3732
03:28:10,500 --> 03:28:13,900
carrots onions. 
And a precious bit of salt, the 

3733
03:28:13,900 --> 03:28:17,100
vegetables require their own 
preparation washing away. 

3734
03:28:17,100 --> 03:28:19,700
The dirt trimming the tough 
parts, and chopping everything 

3735
03:28:19,700 --> 03:28:22,900
into pieces, small enough to 
cook through, but large enough 

3736
03:28:22,908 --> 03:28:25,900
to have presents in the spoon. 
The carrots are particularly 

3737
03:28:25,900 --> 03:28:28,600
stubborn today, they caused 
dense and Woody. 

3738
03:28:28,600 --> 03:28:32,100
You trim, these away, saving 
them in a separate Bowl for the 

3739
03:28:32,108 --> 03:28:34,600
chickens. 
Using only the tender outer 

3740
03:28:34,600 --> 03:28:37,900
portions for the soup, the 
onions, make your eyes water as 

3741
03:28:37,900 --> 03:28:41,200
you peel away, the papery skin 
and slice them into half Moon's,

3742
03:28:41,200 --> 03:28:44,300
you've tried every trick. 
People suggest, for avoiding 

3743
03:28:44,300 --> 03:28:47,700
tears, holding a piece of bread.
In your mouth cutting the onions

3744
03:28:47,700 --> 03:28:51,600
under running, water, chilling, 
them, first, but nothing really 

3745
03:28:51,600 --> 03:28:54,100
works. 
You've made peace with crying. 

3746
03:28:54,100 --> 03:28:57,400
While you chop onions, accepting
it as part of the process. 

3747
03:28:58,500 --> 03:29:00,800
The suit is made of iron heavy 
enough. 

3748
03:29:00,800 --> 03:29:03,100
That you need both hands to lift
it when it's full. 

3749
03:29:03,100 --> 03:29:07,000
You add the barley first along 
with enough water to cover it, 

3750
03:29:07,000 --> 03:29:10,300
by several inches, knowing the 
grain will swell as it Cooks. 

3751
03:29:11,200 --> 03:29:14,300
The pop goes over the fire 
suspended from a hook that 

3752
03:29:14,300 --> 03:29:16,600
allows you to adjust its height 
of the flames. 

3753
03:29:16,600 --> 03:29:19,400
You want to steady simmer, not a
rolling boil. 

3754
03:29:19,400 --> 03:29:22,600
So you position it carefully and
watch until the bubbles, start 

3755
03:29:22,600 --> 03:29:26,200
to rise at the right pace. 
The oven is essentially a large 

3756
03:29:26,200 --> 03:29:29,600
clay Dome with an opening at the
front, you build the fire inside

3757
03:29:29,600 --> 03:29:32,600
the oven itself, letting the 
Flames, heat the walls and the 

3758
03:29:32,600 --> 03:29:34,600
stone floor until everything 
radiates warmth. 

3759
03:29:34,600 --> 03:29:37,800
This takes the better part of an
hour and you feed the fire 

3760
03:29:37,800 --> 03:29:41,200
steadily watching the interior 
walls change color, as they 

3761
03:29:41,200 --> 03:29:45,200
reach the right temperature. 
When spit evaporates, instantly 

3762
03:29:45,200 --> 03:29:47,600
on the stone floor, you know, 
it's ready. 

3763
03:29:47,600 --> 03:29:51,700
You sweep out the coals and Ash 
clearing a space for the loaves.

3764
03:29:51,700 --> 03:29:54,900
The long handled brush you use 
for this task is made from 

3765
03:29:54,900 --> 03:29:58,300
bundled Twigs constantly 
shedding pieces that you have to

3766
03:29:58,308 --> 03:30:01,300
fish out before they burn. 
The swept dashes. 

3767
03:30:01,300 --> 03:30:04,000
Go into a bucket that you're 
later use for making soap. 

3768
03:30:04,000 --> 03:30:08,000
Nothing is wasted and everything
serves multiple purposes. 

3769
03:30:09,200 --> 03:30:12,700
The bread goes in, on a long 
wooden paddle, each loaf sliding

3770
03:30:12,700 --> 03:30:14,700
off onto the hot stone with a 
soft thumb. 

3771
03:30:14,700 --> 03:30:18,700
You seal the opening with a clay
door and wait trusting in heat 

3772
03:30:18,700 --> 03:30:20,500
and time to complete the 
transformation. 

3773
03:30:20,500 --> 03:30:24,300
You started with your hands, the
temperature inside the oven is 

3774
03:30:24,300 --> 03:30:27,300
fierce in enough that you can 
feel the heat radiating through 

3775
03:30:27,300 --> 03:30:30,200
the clay walls. 
When you stand nearby, the smell

3776
03:30:30,200 --> 03:30:32,200
that eventually seeps from the 
oven is nothing. 

3777
03:30:32,200 --> 03:30:36,700
Short of miraculous yeast and 
warm with caramelized sugars 

3778
03:30:36,700 --> 03:30:39,900
Browning on the crossed. 
When you finally open the door 

3779
03:30:39,900 --> 03:30:42,600
and pull out the loaves, their 
gold, and Hollow sounding. 

3780
03:30:42,600 --> 03:30:45,800
When you tap the bottom. 
You set them on a rack to cool 

3781
03:30:45,800 --> 03:30:49,600
resisting, the urge, to tear one
open immediately knowing the 

3782
03:30:49,600 --> 03:30:53,500
crumb needs time to set properly
while the bread cools, you 

3783
03:30:53,500 --> 03:30:56,200
return to the soup. 
The Barley has absorbed much of 

3784
03:30:56,200 --> 03:31:00,100
the water and swelled to twice. 
Its original size you add the 

3785
03:31:00,108 --> 03:31:03,700
beans and vegetables along with 
a generous, pinch of salt and 

3786
03:31:03,700 --> 03:31:06,800
some dried herbs, you collected 
Last Summer, the soup will 

3787
03:31:06,800 --> 03:31:09,800
simmer for another hour. 
At least the flavors, melding 

3788
03:31:09,800 --> 03:31:13,100
and deepening the vegetables 
softening until they're tender 

3789
03:31:13,100 --> 03:31:15,700
but not mushy. 
You'll standing in a late, 

3790
03:31:15,700 --> 03:31:18,100
Autumn field, surrounded by 
cabbages, that need to be 

3791
03:31:18,108 --> 03:31:20,000
harvested before the first hard 
freeze. 

3792
03:31:21,000 --> 03:31:25,300
The leaves are enormous veined 
and curling beaded with Morning 

3793
03:31:25,300 --> 03:31:27,200
Dew that soaks through your 
sleeves. 

3794
03:31:27,200 --> 03:31:30,500
As you work, each cabbage 
requires a firm twist and pull 

3795
03:31:30,500 --> 03:31:33,300
separating it from the stem with
a satisfying snap. 

3796
03:31:34,100 --> 03:31:37,000
Your basket fills quickly and 
you haul it back to the house 

3797
03:31:37,000 --> 03:31:40,900
where the real work Begins. 
The field stretches away in neat

3798
03:31:40,900 --> 03:31:43,300
rows. 
Each one planted with Precision 

3799
03:31:43,300 --> 03:31:45,600
back in the spring when the soil
was still cool. 

3800
03:31:45,600 --> 03:31:49,600
And damp, you remember the day 
you set up the seedling, your 

3801
03:31:49,600 --> 03:31:53,200
back aching, from bending over 
row off to rowing. 

3802
03:31:53,200 --> 03:31:56,700
If you'd planted two many, now 
you're grateful for your early 

3803
03:31:56,700 --> 03:31:59,300
optimism. 
Looking at the abundance that 

3804
03:31:59,300 --> 03:32:01,200
will see your family through the
winter months. 

3805
03:32:02,200 --> 03:32:05,700
Some of the outer leaves are 
damaged by wind nibbled by 

3806
03:32:05,708 --> 03:32:10,100
insects or simply pass their 
Prime, you strip these away in 

3807
03:32:10,100 --> 03:32:13,300
the field, leaving them to 
decompose where they fall and 

3808
03:32:13,300 --> 03:32:16,800
return nutrients to the soil. 
The inner heads are perfect 

3809
03:32:16,800 --> 03:32:20,700
dense and heavy. 
Exactly what you need for the 

3810
03:32:20,700 --> 03:32:23,300
preservation. 
Work ahead, the earthenware 

3811
03:32:23,300 --> 03:32:26,900
crock stands as tall as your 
waist, glazed on the inside and 

3812
03:32:26,900 --> 03:32:30,400
scrubbed spotless. 
You've done this every Autumn 

3813
03:32:30,400 --> 03:32:33,900
for more than 20 years turning 
fresh vegetables into 

3814
03:32:33,900 --> 03:32:36,600
sauerkraut, that will feed your 
household through the lean 

3815
03:32:36,600 --> 03:32:40,600
months, when nothing green, 
grows the process is simple, but

3816
03:32:40,600 --> 03:32:43,800
demands Precision. 
Two little salt in the Cabbage 

3817
03:32:43,800 --> 03:32:46,400
will wrote too much and it 
becomes inedible. 

3818
03:32:46,400 --> 03:32:50,500
The balance is critical as any 
recipe, you know, you cut away 

3819
03:32:50,500 --> 03:32:53,700
the outer leaves and the tough 
cause then slice the remaining 

3820
03:32:53,700 --> 03:32:57,600
cabbage Into Thin ribbons. 
The knife work is met to Tiff 

3821
03:32:57,600 --> 03:33:01,600
requires just enough attention 
to keep your fingers safe, but 

3822
03:33:01,600 --> 03:33:04,100
leaving your mind free to wander
slice. 

3823
03:33:05,000 --> 03:33:06,600
Slice. 
Slice. 

3824
03:33:07,600 --> 03:33:10,300
The blade rocking Against The 
Cutting Board in a rhythm. 

3825
03:33:10,300 --> 03:33:14,100
That your wrist remembers from 
years of practice, the pile of 

3826
03:33:14,100 --> 03:33:17,800
shredded cabbage, grows into a 
pale green Mountain, your knife 

3827
03:33:17,800 --> 03:33:21,300
needs sharpening after the first
few heads, the blade Dragon 

3828
03:33:21,300 --> 03:33:23,300
slightly instead of slicing 
cleanly. 

3829
03:33:24,100 --> 03:33:25,800
You take it to the Wet Stone and
work. 

3830
03:33:25,800 --> 03:33:28,000
It carefully maintaining the 
angle. 

3831
03:33:28,000 --> 03:33:31,200
That creates the sharpest Edge. 
The stone makes a pleasant 

3832
03:33:31,200 --> 03:33:34,800
scratching sound a steel, slide 
across it, and you test the 

3833
03:33:34,800 --> 03:33:38,100
educationally against your 
thumbnail, feeling for the catch

3834
03:33:38,100 --> 03:33:42,300
that indicates proper sharpness.
Now, comes the salting. 

3835
03:33:42,300 --> 03:33:45,700
You sprinkle coarse salt over 
layers of cabbage in the crock, 

3836
03:33:45,700 --> 03:33:49,300
then pound everything with a 
wooden Masher pressing down hard

3837
03:33:49,300 --> 03:33:51,300
to break the cell walls, and 
release the cabbages. 

3838
03:33:51,300 --> 03:33:54,600
Own moisture, after 15 minutes 
of vigorous pounding. 

3839
03:33:54,600 --> 03:33:57,800
Liquid begins to pull at the 
bottom of the crock, you add 

3840
03:33:57,800 --> 03:34:01,200
more cabbage, more salt and more
pounding, your arms. 

3841
03:34:01,200 --> 03:34:04,800
Ache pleasantly from the effort,
the salt crystals are large and 

3842
03:34:04,800 --> 03:34:08,100
a regular harvested from 
saltpans near the coast and 

3843
03:34:08,100 --> 03:34:10,200
traded Inland at considerable 
expense. 

3844
03:34:11,200 --> 03:34:13,400
You measure it. 
Carefully knowing that this 

3845
03:34:13,400 --> 03:34:16,300
precious ingredient needs to be 
distributed evenly throughout 

3846
03:34:16,300 --> 03:34:20,400
the Cabbage too much salt in one
layer and two little in another 

3847
03:34:20,400 --> 03:34:24,000
defeats the purpose, creating 
Pockets where fermentation 

3848
03:34:24,000 --> 03:34:25,600
proceed to quickly or not at 
all. 

3849
03:34:25,608 --> 03:34:29,100
When the Croc is full, you weigh
down the cabbage with a plate 

3850
03:34:29,100 --> 03:34:32,400
and a clean Stone ensuring, 
everything stays submerged in 

3851
03:34:32,400 --> 03:34:35,600
the brine. 
Cloth covers the top to keep out

3852
03:34:35,600 --> 03:34:38,700
dust and insects while still 
allowing air to escape as 

3853
03:34:38,700 --> 03:34:42,000
fermentation begins, you carry 
the heavy Croc to the cool 

3854
03:34:42,000 --> 03:34:44,900
Cellar and place it in the 
corner where it will sit for six

3855
03:34:44,900 --> 03:34:48,600
weeks transforming slowly from 
raw vegetable into something 

3856
03:34:48,600 --> 03:34:50,800
Tangy and Alive with beneficial 
bacteria. 

3857
03:34:50,800 --> 03:34:55,100
The seller is already filling 
with other preserved Foods clay 

3858
03:34:55,100 --> 03:34:57,600
jars of olive oil. 
Stand in neat rows, each one, 

3859
03:34:57,600 --> 03:35:00,300
sealed with wax. 
You filled these yourself back 

3860
03:35:00,300 --> 03:35:03,500
in late summer pressing, olives 
and to your hands were stained 

3861
03:35:03,500 --> 03:35:06,300
purple and your shoulders ached 
from working the lever. 

3862
03:35:06,300 --> 03:35:10,200
The oil is green gold and 
fruity, perfect for drizzling 

3863
03:35:10,200 --> 03:35:13,900
over bread or using and cooking 
throughout the winter strings of

3864
03:35:13,900 --> 03:35:17,000
onions and garlic. 
Hang from the rafters, their 

3865
03:35:17,000 --> 03:35:20,900
papers, skins rustling. 
When you brush against these 

3866
03:35:20,900 --> 03:35:24,700
carefully, weaving, the dried 
stems together into long ropes 

3867
03:35:24,700 --> 03:35:28,300
that can hang with out tangling.
Each bulb was inspected for 

3868
03:35:28,300 --> 03:35:31,900
damage or soft spots before 
being added to the braid because

3869
03:35:31,900 --> 03:35:35,600
one rotten onion can spoil an 
entire string, dried beans? 

3870
03:35:35,600 --> 03:35:41,400
Phil woven sacks sorted by type 
white beans black, beans, and 

3871
03:35:41,400 --> 03:35:45,200
speckled beans each variety with
its own cooking time and 

3872
03:35:45,200 --> 03:35:47,800
character grew. 
All of these in a separate 

3873
03:35:47,800 --> 03:35:51,100
garden plot, letting the pods 
dry on the vine until they 

3874
03:35:51,100 --> 03:35:53,500
rattled. 
When shaking them, was a 

3875
03:35:53,508 --> 03:35:56,500
multi-day project that left your
thumbs or in your lap covered in

3876
03:35:56,508 --> 03:35:59,600
bits of dried pod. 
Satisfaction of seeing. 

3877
03:35:59,600 --> 03:36:04,000
Saxfull of beans made the tedium
worthwhile smoked fish wrapped 

3878
03:36:04,000 --> 03:36:07,600
in cloth, occupies one shelf 
while another holds wheels of 

3879
03:36:07,608 --> 03:36:09,400
cheese at various stages of 
Aging. 

3880
03:36:10,300 --> 03:36:14,400
Fish and mackerel caught in the 
late summer, run, split and hung

3881
03:36:14,400 --> 03:36:17,100
in The Smokehouse until they 
turned golden and firm. 

3882
03:36:17,100 --> 03:36:20,300
The cheese represents months of 
work collecting milk. 

3883
03:36:20,300 --> 03:36:24,100
Heating, it carefully, adding 
rennet pressing the curds and 

3884
03:36:24,100 --> 03:36:27,300
then the long, wait, while it 
develops flavor, you've also 

3885
03:36:27,300 --> 03:36:30,800
dried apples slice thin and laid
out on screens in the Autumn Sun

3886
03:36:30,800 --> 03:36:32,500
until they turned leathery and 
sweet. 

3887
03:36:33,400 --> 03:36:36,900
These sit in a wooden box 
layered with clean straw ready 

3888
03:36:36,900 --> 03:36:39,100
to be stewed or eaten as a chewy
snack? 

3889
03:36:39,100 --> 03:36:42,500
During the long evening's, you 
check them periodically for any 

3890
03:36:42,500 --> 03:36:46,100
signs of mold, removing any 
questionable pieces before they 

3891
03:36:46,100 --> 03:36:49,900
can contaminate the rest tried. 
Mushrooms, fill glass jars, 

3892
03:36:49,900 --> 03:36:52,600
paulini, chanterelles and 
others. 

3893
03:36:52,600 --> 03:36:54,800
You collected during careful, 
foraging trips through the 

3894
03:36:54,800 --> 03:36:57,300
forest. 
Always leaving enough behind to 

3895
03:36:57,300 --> 03:37:01,000
ensure next year's Harvest Each 
type of mushroom required 

3896
03:37:01,000 --> 03:37:04,000
different treatment. 
The porcini used sliced thick 

3897
03:37:04,000 --> 03:37:06,900
and dried slowly. 
While the delicate chanterelles 

3898
03:37:06,900 --> 03:37:09,000
needed, faster. 
Drying to preserve their color 

3899
03:37:09,000 --> 03:37:10,900
and flavor. 
Root vegetables. 

3900
03:37:10,900 --> 03:37:15,100
Are stored in bins of sand, 
carrots, parsnips, and beets, 

3901
03:37:15,100 --> 03:37:17,500
nestled in layers. 
That keep them from touching 

3902
03:37:17,500 --> 03:37:20,200
each other. 
The sand maintains just enough 

3903
03:37:20,200 --> 03:37:22,800
moisture to prevent shriveling 
while keeping the vegetables. 

3904
03:37:22,800 --> 03:37:26,000
Cool enough to slow, any 
sprouting, you'll dig into these

3905
03:37:26,000 --> 03:37:28,300
bins throughout the winter, 
pulling out what you need and 

3906
03:37:28,300 --> 03:37:31,800
leaving the rest undisturbed. 
The Market Square fills Before 

3907
03:37:31,800 --> 03:37:35,700
Dawn vendors arriving in the 
dark, to claim their usual spots

3908
03:37:35,700 --> 03:37:38,300
and set up their displays, 
you're among them. 

3909
03:37:38,300 --> 03:37:40,200
Arranging your goods on a wooden
table. 

3910
03:37:40,200 --> 03:37:42,700
You've carried from home rounds 
of the cheese. 

3911
03:37:42,700 --> 03:37:46,400
You've been aging since spring 
each one in wax and marked with 

3912
03:37:46,400 --> 03:37:48,700
the date, it was made next to 
these. 

3913
03:37:48,700 --> 03:37:52,300
You stack loaves of the Rye 
break, you bake yesterday, still

3914
03:37:52,300 --> 03:37:56,000
fresh enough to be slightly soft
inside while the crust crackles 

3915
03:37:56,000 --> 03:37:59,000
under your fingertips, the 
journey to mark, it started 

3916
03:37:59,400 --> 03:38:03,200
Stars still crowded, the sky, 
your hand can't bumping over 

3917
03:38:03,200 --> 03:38:06,400
rutted roads. 
The cheese carefully cushioned 

3918
03:38:06,400 --> 03:38:10,100
with straw to prevent damage. 
You've made this trip once a 

3919
03:38:10,100 --> 03:38:12,500
week for years. 
And, you know, every turn and 

3920
03:38:12,500 --> 03:38:16,000
dip in the road every place 
where the wheel catches on a 

3921
03:38:16,000 --> 03:38:19,400
particular Stone, unless you 
angle it just right, your spot 

3922
03:38:19,400 --> 03:38:22,100
in the market is one you've 
earned through years of reliable

3923
03:38:22,100 --> 03:38:26,200
attendance, the best locations 
go to those who show up every 

3924
03:38:26,200 --> 03:38:28,100
week. 
Regardless of whether who build 

3925
03:38:28,100 --> 03:38:31,600
relationships with customers and
who maintained a reputation for 

3926
03:38:31,600 --> 03:38:33,908
Quality. 
New vendors, get assigned to the

3927
03:38:33,916 --> 03:38:36,700
edges where foot traffic is 
lighter, but you're near the 

3928
03:38:36,700 --> 03:38:41,300
center where people naturally 
congregate As the sun rises, the

3929
03:38:41,300 --> 03:38:45,200
market comes alive with color 
and noise and 100 competing 

3930
03:38:45,200 --> 03:38:48,300
smells. 
The fishmonger, 2 stalls down is

3931
03:38:48,300 --> 03:38:49,600
selling mackerel. 
So fresh. 

3932
03:38:49,600 --> 03:38:53,000
They're still silver bright. 
Packed in baskets of crushed 

3933
03:38:53,000 --> 03:38:55,500
ice. 
They're clean Briny scent. 

3934
03:38:55,500 --> 03:38:58,300
Mingles with the earthy smell of
root vegetables from the 

3935
03:38:58,300 --> 03:39:02,900
farmer's at you. 
Potatoes, turnips and carrots. 

3936
03:39:02,900 --> 03:39:06,200
All with dirt, still clinging to
them because everyone knows 

3937
03:39:06,200 --> 03:39:08,600
that's how you identify the 
freshly dug ones. 

3938
03:39:08,600 --> 03:39:11,000
The fish monger is a woman about
your age. 

3939
03:39:11,000 --> 03:39:13,700
Who's been working this Market? 
As long as you have, you 

3940
03:39:13,700 --> 03:39:16,000
exchanged greetings and brief 
comments about the weather. 

3941
03:39:16,000 --> 03:39:18,900
While you both set up, this 
relationship is built on 

3942
03:39:18,900 --> 03:39:21,900
proximity rather than deep 
friendship, but there's a 

3943
03:39:21,908 --> 03:39:25,500
comfortable familiarity to it. 
A shared understanding of The 

3944
03:39:25,500 --> 03:39:29,200
rhythms and challenges of Market
life, a woman stops at your 

3945
03:39:29,200 --> 03:39:31,600
table and picks up one of your 
cheese rounds, testing its 

3946
03:39:31,600 --> 03:39:34,400
weight and firmness. 
She doesn't ask the price 

3947
03:39:34,400 --> 03:39:36,500
immediately and you don't 
volunteer it. 

3948
03:39:36,500 --> 03:39:41,000
This is a dance, you both know. 
Well, instead you cut a thin 

3949
03:39:41,000 --> 03:39:43,100
slice from the sample wheel and 
offer it to her. 

3950
03:39:44,000 --> 03:39:45,800
He tastes it. 
Thoughtfully considering the 

3951
03:39:45,800 --> 03:39:48,200
sharp Tang that develops during 
proper aging. 

3952
03:39:48,200 --> 03:39:51,200
And the way it melts slightly 
from the warmth of her mouth, 

3953
03:39:51,200 --> 03:39:54,800
the negotiation unfolds in the 
leisurely manner of people who 

3954
03:39:54,800 --> 03:39:57,800
know they have all day. 
She mentions that the cheese 

3955
03:39:57,800 --> 03:40:01,200
maker on the far side of the 
square is charging less and you 

3956
03:40:01,200 --> 03:40:04,500
point out that his cheeses 
younger and won't keep as long, 

3957
03:40:04,500 --> 03:40:07,300
she agrees. 
But suggest your prices still 

3958
03:40:07,300 --> 03:40:10,300
ambitious, you counter by 
offering a slightly better 

3959
03:40:10,300 --> 03:40:12,500
price. 
If she takes two rounds in stead

3960
03:40:12,500 --> 03:40:16,600
of one, She nods already 
reaching for her coin purse. 

3961
03:40:16,600 --> 03:40:20,900
This kind of bargaining is 
expected almost ritualistic to 

3962
03:40:20,900 --> 03:40:23,400
accept the first price. 
Offered would seem desperate 

3963
03:40:23,400 --> 03:40:25,800
while to haggle too 
aggressively, would damage. 

3964
03:40:25,800 --> 03:40:28,500
The relationship? 
You found a middle path that 

3965
03:40:28,500 --> 03:40:31,400
serves you. 
Well, firm about your Cheese's 

3966
03:40:31,400 --> 03:40:35,100
quality, but flexible enough to 
reward loyal customers or bulk 

3967
03:40:35,100 --> 03:40:37,700
purchases. 
Across the square. 

3968
03:40:37,700 --> 03:40:40,800
Someone is roasting chestnuts in
a perforated. 

3969
03:40:40,800 --> 03:40:45,100
Pan over a charcoal Brazier the 
smoke carries their sweet nutty 

3970
03:40:45,100 --> 03:40:48,200
scent across the entire market. 
And you notice people 

3971
03:40:48,200 --> 03:40:52,100
gravitating toward that corner 
drawn by their noses rather than

3972
03:40:52,100 --> 03:40:54,300
their eyes. 
The chestnut Cellar has 

3973
03:40:54,300 --> 03:40:58,800
positioned himself strategically
at wind in maximum distribution 

3974
03:40:58,800 --> 03:41:02,000
of that enticing. 
Aroma vendor selling honey has 

3975
03:41:02,000 --> 03:41:04,400
lined up Earth and Ware pots of 
different varieties. 

3976
03:41:04,400 --> 03:41:08,700
Like Amber from spring flowers, 
darker and more, robust from 

3977
03:41:08,700 --> 03:41:12,000
late summer wildflowers and 
nearly black from Chestnut, 

3978
03:41:12,000 --> 03:41:15,200
Grove each pot Bears. 
A label describing not just the 

3979
03:41:15,200 --> 03:41:18,400
source but the specific Hillside
where the bees collected their 

3980
03:41:18,400 --> 03:41:20,900
nectar. 
She offers tastes on small 

3981
03:41:20,900 --> 03:41:23,400
wooden paddles and customers 
sample. 

3982
03:41:23,400 --> 03:41:26,400
Thoughtfully comparing the 
delicate sweetness of Kesha 

3983
03:41:26,400 --> 03:41:28,100
honey. 
With the almost bitter. 

3984
03:41:28,100 --> 03:41:31,100
Complexity of Buckwheat. 
You watch a Young Apprentice, 

3985
03:41:31,100 --> 03:41:34,800
learn the art of making sausages
at a butcher stall carefully 

3986
03:41:34,800 --> 03:41:38,000
grinding meat, while the master 
adds Size amounts of salt, 

3987
03:41:38,000 --> 03:41:42,200
pepper and herbs teaching 
through demonstration rather 

3988
03:41:42,200 --> 03:41:45,300
than instruction. 
The mixture goes into casings 

3989
03:41:45,300 --> 03:41:49,000
that will hang in a cool dry 
room for weeks slowly developing

3990
03:41:49,000 --> 03:41:52,100
the complex flavors that make 
preserved Meats more than just 

3991
03:41:52,100 --> 03:41:55,000
sustenance. 
The butcher catches you watching

3992
03:41:55,000 --> 03:41:58,500
and nods in acknowledgment, his 
hands, never stop moving. 

3993
03:41:58,500 --> 03:42:01,500
As he works showing The 
Apprentice how to tie off each 

3994
03:42:01,500 --> 03:42:04,400
sausage link, without creating 
air pockets, that could lead to 

3995
03:42:04,400 --> 03:42:07,200
spoilage. 
Young man is trying hard, but 

3996
03:42:07,200 --> 03:42:09,200
clearly hasn't developed the 
muscle memory yet. 

3997
03:42:10,000 --> 03:42:13,700
His movement stiff, and 
self-conscious by mid-morning, 

3998
03:42:13,700 --> 03:42:17,300
you've sold more than half your 
cheese, and all of the bread, a 

3999
03:42:17,300 --> 03:42:20,800
steady stream of customers, as 
kept, you busy each transaction.

4000
03:42:20,800 --> 03:42:24,000
Requiring, its own small 
performance, the greeting, the 

4001
03:42:24,000 --> 03:42:27,800
sample, the negotiation, and the
exchange of goods, for money, 

4002
03:42:27,800 --> 03:42:31,500
your coin purse, grows heavy, 
the reassuring weight of a 

4003
03:42:31,500 --> 03:42:34,900
successful Market day, you use 
some of your earnings to buy 

4004
03:42:34,900 --> 03:42:36,100
things. 
You can't produce yourself. 

4005
03:42:37,000 --> 03:42:38,500
A small bag of the foreign 
spice. 

4006
03:42:38,500 --> 03:42:41,600
They called black pepper 
impossibly expensive but 

4007
03:42:41,600 --> 03:42:45,100
transformative in the right dish
and a cone of sugar wrapped in 

4008
03:42:45,108 --> 03:42:49,300
blue paper, a luxury, you allow 
yourself twice a year. 

4009
03:42:49,308 --> 03:42:52,800
The sugar is refined in a 
distant country and has traveled

4010
03:42:52,800 --> 03:42:54,600
thousands of miles to reach this
Market. 

4011
03:42:54,600 --> 03:42:59,500
Changing Hands, multiple times 
each transaction, adding to its 

4012
03:42:59,500 --> 03:43:02,100
cost. 
Spice Merchants weighs your 

4013
03:43:02,100 --> 03:43:05,400
pepper carefully, on a small 
brass scale adding and removing 

4014
03:43:05,400 --> 03:43:07,400
grains until the balance is 
perfect. 

4015
03:43:08,200 --> 03:43:11,600
He wraps it in a Twist of paper 
and seals it with a dab of wax 

4016
03:43:11,600 --> 03:43:13,500
protecting the precious 
contents. 

4017
03:43:13,500 --> 03:43:17,700
You tuck it carefully into your 
bag already planning the dishes,

4018
03:43:17,700 --> 03:43:19,800
you'll enhance with this 
expensive Edition. 

4019
03:43:20,700 --> 03:43:23,600
As the day wears on the Market's
character changes. 

4020
03:43:23,600 --> 03:43:27,300
The early morning Shoppers who 
came for the best selection have

4021
03:43:27,300 --> 03:43:29,300
been replaced. 
By people looking for bargains, 

4022
03:43:29,300 --> 03:43:32,400
waiting to see what vendors 
might discount, rather than 

4023
03:43:32,400 --> 03:43:36,500
carry home, some sellers begin 
packing up, but you stay knowing

4024
03:43:36,500 --> 03:43:38,900
that the late after noon. 
Often brings a second wave of 

4025
03:43:38,900 --> 03:43:42,600
customers people who work during
the day and can only shop when 

4026
03:43:42,600 --> 03:43:45,600
their labor is finished. 
Your preparing for a journey 

4027
03:43:45,600 --> 03:43:49,200
that will take three weeks, 
maybe more and the food you 

4028
03:43:49,200 --> 03:43:52,400
carry needs to sustain you 
without spoiling without 

4029
03:43:52,400 --> 03:43:56,000
requiring cooking, and without 
adding unnecessary weight to 

4030
03:43:56,000 --> 03:43:58,700
your pack. 
This kind of travel food is not 

4031
03:43:58,700 --> 03:44:01,900
formed perfected over 
generations, and you prepare it 

4032
03:44:01,900 --> 03:44:04,100
with the same care, you'd give 
to any Feast. 

4033
03:44:04,100 --> 03:44:07,900
The heart attack biscuits, start
with just flour water and salt. 

4034
03:44:07,900 --> 03:44:12,100
No fat, or milk or anything that
might turn rancid under hot sun.

4035
03:44:12,800 --> 03:44:15,300
You mix the dough until it's 
barely cohesive. 

4036
03:44:15,300 --> 03:44:18,300
Then roll it thin and cut it 
into rectangles. 

4037
03:44:18,300 --> 03:44:20,700
Each biscuit gets docked with a 
fork. 

4038
03:44:20,700 --> 03:44:23,400
Creating rows of holes, that 
will help it dry evenly. 

4039
03:44:24,200 --> 03:44:27,600
They bake slowly in a low oven 
losing moisture, until their 

4040
03:44:27,600 --> 03:44:30,000
hardest stones and will remain 
edible for months. 

4041
03:44:30,000 --> 03:44:33,200
When you tap two together, they 
sound like wood knocking. 

4042
03:44:33,900 --> 03:44:36,000
You make dozens of these 
biscuits knowing from 

4043
03:44:36,000 --> 03:44:39,300
experience, how many you'll need
the calculation. 

4044
03:44:39,300 --> 03:44:41,800
Involves not just the number of 
days, you'll be traveling but 

4045
03:44:41,800 --> 03:44:44,400
also the level of physical 
exertion you'll be maintaining 

4046
03:44:44,400 --> 03:44:48,100
hard travel Burns through 
calories at an astonishing rate.

4047
03:44:48,100 --> 03:44:51,300
And you've learned to err on the
side of bringing too much rather

4048
03:44:51,300 --> 03:44:55,000
than too little The biscuits 
emerge from the oven pale and 

4049
03:44:55,000 --> 03:44:57,500
unpromising. 
Nothing like the golden loaves. 

4050
03:44:57,500 --> 03:45:00,400
You normally bake, but their 
purpose isn't to be delicious. 

4051
03:45:00,400 --> 03:45:04,500
It's to be reliable to provide 
sustenance when fresh food isn't

4052
03:45:04,500 --> 03:45:06,600
available and to keep you alive 
and moving. 

4053
03:45:07,700 --> 03:45:10,400
You pack them in a canvas bag 
where they settle with a dry 

4054
03:45:10,400 --> 03:45:14,100
rattle for protein, you've made 
a Pembroke and using techniques 

4055
03:45:14,100 --> 03:45:17,700
your grandmother taught you. 
Dried meat gets pounded into a 

4056
03:45:17,708 --> 03:45:20,500
powder. 
Fine enough to pack densely then

4057
03:45:20,500 --> 03:45:23,700
mixed with rendered fat and 
dried berries, you form this 

4058
03:45:23,700 --> 03:45:27,100
into cakes and wrap each one in 
cloth creating portable 

4059
03:45:27,100 --> 03:45:29,500
nutrition. 
That won't freeze in Winter or 

4060
03:45:29,500 --> 03:45:34,500
melt in summer, the ratio of fat
to meet matters enormously too 

4061
03:45:34,500 --> 03:45:38,700
much fat and it becomes greasy 
and unpleasant too little and it

4062
03:45:38,700 --> 03:45:41,400
crumbles and doesn't provide 
enough calories for hard travel.

4063
03:45:41,400 --> 03:45:44,700
The meat you use for pemmican 
comes from the lean cuts that 

4064
03:45:44,700 --> 03:45:48,100
aren't Pleasant to eat fresh. 
The kind of tough sinewy meet 

4065
03:45:48,100 --> 03:45:50,200
that requires hours of cooking 
to become tender. 

4066
03:45:51,000 --> 03:45:53,400
But dried and pounded it 
transforms into something 

4067
03:45:53,400 --> 03:45:57,600
useful, you slice, it thin and 
hang it in a dry Airy. 

4068
03:45:57,600 --> 03:46:00,500
Place waiting for it to become 
brittle enough to power. 

4069
03:46:01,500 --> 03:46:05,000
The rendered fat is equally 
important, you collect this 

4070
03:46:05,000 --> 03:46:08,400
throughout the year, saving the 
fat trimmed from better cuts of 

4071
03:46:08,400 --> 03:46:12,300
meat rendering it slowly over 
low heat until it's pure and 

4072
03:46:12,300 --> 03:46:15,300
shelf stable. 
Smell of rendering fat isn't 

4073
03:46:15,300 --> 03:46:18,500
pleasant, but the result is 
essential for pemmican that 

4074
03:46:18,500 --> 03:46:21,400
holds together and provides the 
cleric density needed for long 

4075
03:46:21,400 --> 03:46:23,800
Journeys. 
The dried berries at a touch of 

4076
03:46:23,808 --> 03:46:27,000
sweetness and provide vitamins 
that pure meat and fat lack. 

4077
03:46:27,800 --> 03:46:31,700
You use whatever you have dried 
currants, chopped dried apples, 

4078
03:46:31,700 --> 03:46:34,300
even rose hips pounded to a 
powder. 

4079
03:46:34,300 --> 03:46:37,200
These get mixed into the fat 
while it's still warm and 

4080
03:46:37,208 --> 03:46:40,200
pliable Distributing evenly 
throughout the mixture. 

4081
03:46:40,200 --> 03:46:44,400
You've also prepared a supply of
parched corn, each kernel, 

4082
03:46:44,400 --> 03:46:46,700
toasted, until it's crunchy and 
slightly sweet. 

4083
03:46:46,700 --> 03:46:50,800
This can be eaten as is for a 
quick snack or boiled into a 

4084
03:46:50,800 --> 03:46:53,400
simple porridge when you have 
time to make camp and build a 

4085
03:46:53,400 --> 03:46:55,400
fire. 
A Leather Pouch holds dried 

4086
03:46:55,400 --> 03:46:58,000
fruit apples. 
Pears and cherries. 

4087
03:46:58,000 --> 03:47:01,800
All picked at Peak ripeness and 
dried slowly to concentrate 

4088
03:47:01,800 --> 03:47:05,200
their natural sugars. 
The parching of corn is a 

4089
03:47:05,200 --> 03:47:07,400
process that requires constant 
attention. 

4090
03:47:07,400 --> 03:47:10,400
The kernels. 
Go into a dry pan over the fire 

4091
03:47:10,400 --> 03:47:14,100
and you shake them continuously 
to prevent burning they pop and 

4092
03:47:14,100 --> 03:47:17,100
jump occasionally, leaping out 
of the pan and you watch for the

4093
03:47:17,100 --> 03:47:20,600
moment when they turn golden and
develop a toasted Aroma too much

4094
03:47:20,608 --> 03:47:25,100
heat and they burn coming bitter
and inevitable too little and 

4095
03:47:25,100 --> 03:47:28,700
they remain tough and difficult 
to chew your water skin hangs 

4096
03:47:28,700 --> 03:47:32,000
from your pack. 
So from goat hide and sealed 

4097
03:47:32,000 --> 03:47:35,500
with pine pitched to prevent 
leaking water, is the heaviest 

4098
03:47:35,500 --> 03:47:37,400
thing. 
You'll carry and you plan your 

4099
03:47:37,400 --> 03:47:40,400
route carefully around reliable 
streams and Springs where you 

4100
03:47:40,400 --> 03:47:42,800
can refill between water 
sources. 

4101
03:47:42,800 --> 03:47:47,600
You drink sparingly rationing 
the skin to last trusting your 

4102
03:47:47,600 --> 03:47:50,900
experience to judge how much you
actually need versus how much 

4103
03:47:50,900 --> 03:47:54,500
you think you want? 
The water skin itself represents

4104
03:47:54,500 --> 03:47:57,200
weaks of work. 
The hide had to be cleaned and 

4105
03:47:57,200 --> 03:47:59,500
treated stretched and sewn with 
sinew. 

4106
03:47:59,500 --> 03:48:03,000
Then tested for leaks and 
repaired where necessary you've 

4107
03:48:03,000 --> 03:48:06,000
gone through several skins. 
Over the years, each one of 

4108
03:48:06,008 --> 03:48:09,700
eventually failing at a sea more
developing a crack that no 

4109
03:48:09,700 --> 03:48:14,000
amount of pitch could seal This 
current one is relatively new 

4110
03:48:14,000 --> 03:48:17,700
and still Supple not yet stiff 
from repeated drying and 

4111
03:48:17,708 --> 03:48:20,300
wetting. 
You also pack a small quantity 

4112
03:48:20,300 --> 03:48:23,900
of salt wrapped in oil Paper. 
Salt is essential for 

4113
03:48:23,900 --> 03:48:26,800
maintaining your body's balance 
during hard physical work. 

4114
03:48:27,700 --> 03:48:30,000
Especially in hot weather when 
you'll be sweating constantly. 

4115
03:48:30,000 --> 03:48:35,100
You rationally taking just a few
grains dissolved in water, each 

4116
03:48:35,100 --> 03:48:38,200
day enough to prevent the 
weakness and cramping that comes

4117
03:48:38,200 --> 03:48:42,400
from Salt depletion, first few 
days of travel are always an 

4118
03:48:42,400 --> 03:48:45,600
adjustment, your body, expects, 
regular meals at predictable 

4119
03:48:45,600 --> 03:48:47,900
times. 
And in stage you eat small 

4120
03:48:47,900 --> 03:48:51,000
amounts throughout the day, 
keeping your energy steady, 

4121
03:48:51,000 --> 03:48:54,300
rather than spiking and 
crashing, you discover that you 

4122
03:48:54,300 --> 03:48:57,500
can walk for hours on nothing 
but water, and a piece of dried 

4123
03:48:57,500 --> 03:49:00,000
fruit. 
Then eat a more substantial meal

4124
03:49:00,000 --> 03:49:03,300
when you stop for the night. 
Your pack also contains a small 

4125
03:49:03,300 --> 03:49:07,400
pot for cooking and a few basic 
implements a knife, a spoon and 

4126
03:49:07,400 --> 03:49:11,100
a cup. these are the minimum 
tools needed to prepare a hot 

4127
03:49:11,100 --> 03:49:14,800
meal when circumstances allow 
Pod is battered from years of 

4128
03:49:14,800 --> 03:49:18,500
use dented and discolored but it
still holds water and conducts 

4129
03:49:18,500 --> 03:49:22,100
heat which is all that matters. 
When you do stop you build a 

4130
03:49:22,108 --> 03:49:25,300
small fire and make a simple 
soup from the dried vegetables 

4131
03:49:25,300 --> 03:49:28,900
you've carried. 
Peas beans and onions, 

4132
03:49:28,900 --> 03:49:33,100
reconstituted in water. 
And seasoned with salt, the hot 

4133
03:49:33,100 --> 03:49:34,700
meal is psychologically 
important. 

4134
03:49:34,700 --> 03:49:38,500
As much as nutritionally 
necessary, a moment of warmth, 

4135
03:49:38,500 --> 03:49:42,000
the normal sea, in the midst of 
constant movement, you eat 

4136
03:49:42,000 --> 03:49:45,900
slowly savoring each spoonful, 
letting the heat settle into 

4137
03:49:45,900 --> 03:49:48,000
your bones. 
Before you roll yourself in your

4138
03:49:48,000 --> 03:49:51,800
blanket and sleep. 
The dried vegetables expand 

4139
03:49:51,800 --> 03:49:55,300
remarkably as they absorb water 
swelling to something 

4140
03:49:55,300 --> 03:49:59,000
approaching their original size,
you've learned to use less than 

4141
03:49:59,000 --> 03:50:01,300
you think. 
You'll need because a handful of

4142
03:50:01,300 --> 03:50:04,800
dried beans, becomes a full pot 
of soup after sufficient soaking

4143
03:50:04,800 --> 03:50:07,800
cooking. 
The transformation is satisfying

4144
03:50:07,800 --> 03:50:10,400
to watch. 
Another example of how proper 

4145
03:50:10,400 --> 03:50:13,500
preparation extends, the 
usefulness of food far beyond 

4146
03:50:13,500 --> 03:50:16,500
its fresh State, you arrive at 
the Gathering house. 

4147
03:50:16,500 --> 03:50:19,900
Just as the sun begins to set 
your arms full of the 

4148
03:50:19,900 --> 03:50:23,300
contribution you've prepared for
tonight's shared meal 20 

4149
03:50:23,300 --> 03:50:25,900
families will eat together. 
Each household, bringing 

4150
03:50:25,900 --> 03:50:29,100
whatever they've made and the 
long table is already beginning 

4151
03:50:29,100 --> 03:50:31,600
to fill with an astonishing 
variety of dishes. 

4152
03:50:31,600 --> 03:50:35,400
This is how your community 
celebrates the Harvest the 

4153
03:50:35,400 --> 03:50:39,300
changing seasons or sometimes 
nothing in particular, except 

4154
03:50:39,300 --> 03:50:42,600
the pleasure of eating together.
Your offering is a large pot of 

4155
03:50:42,608 --> 03:50:44,400
stew made from the tough cut of 
beef. 

4156
03:50:44,400 --> 03:50:47,400
You've been braising since 
morning, the meat started almost

4157
03:50:47,400 --> 03:50:51,200
inedible But hours of gentle 
cooking and wine and stock of 

4158
03:50:51,200 --> 03:50:54,400
transformed it into something 
that falls apart at the touch of

4159
03:50:54,400 --> 03:50:56,900
a fork. 
You added root vegetables in the

4160
03:50:56,900 --> 03:51:01,400
final, our carrots potatoes and 
turnips and cut large enough to 

4161
03:51:01,400 --> 03:51:04,500
hold their shape while absorbing
the rich wine dark Source. 

4162
03:51:04,500 --> 03:51:07,700
The pot is still warmed in 
towels to keep the heat in 

4163
03:51:07,700 --> 03:51:09,400
during the short walk from your 
house. 

4164
03:51:10,300 --> 03:51:13,300
The beef came from a neighbor's 
cow, slaughtered last week and 

4165
03:51:13,300 --> 03:51:16,800
divided among several families. 
You received this particular cut

4166
03:51:16,800 --> 03:51:20,900
as part of your share a shoulder
roast riddled with connective 

4167
03:51:20,900 --> 03:51:23,100
tissue. 
The kind of meat that most 

4168
03:51:23,100 --> 03:51:26,300
people consider inferior but you
know what to do with it. 

4169
03:51:27,100 --> 03:51:30,100
Applying time and moisture and 
low heat until the collagen 

4170
03:51:30,100 --> 03:51:33,100
melted into gelatin and the meat
became tender. 

4171
03:51:33,100 --> 03:51:36,800
The wine you use for braising is
from your own small Vineyard 

4172
03:51:36,800 --> 03:51:39,300
pressed. 
Last Auto and allowed to ferment

4173
03:51:39,300 --> 03:51:42,100
through the winter. 
It's not fancy wine. 

4174
03:51:42,100 --> 03:51:45,600
Just honest, table wine with 
enough acidity to balance the 

4175
03:51:45,600 --> 03:51:48,400
richness of the beef. 
You pulled in nearly half a 

4176
03:51:48,400 --> 03:51:51,400
bottle knowing that the alcohol 
would cook off while the flavors

4177
03:51:51,400 --> 03:51:54,600
concentrated. 
Family beside you as brought 

4178
03:51:54,600 --> 03:51:59,200
fresh bread, three, enormous, 
loaves, with Crispy crusts, and 

4179
03:51:59,200 --> 03:52:02,900
tender Airy crumbs. 
The baker scores each loaf in 

4180
03:52:02,900 --> 03:52:06,000
decorative patterns before 
setting them out, not for 

4181
03:52:06,000 --> 03:52:07,900
vanity. 
But because Beauty matters 

4182
03:52:07,900 --> 03:52:10,700
because the appearance of food 
is part of the gift. 

4183
03:52:10,700 --> 03:52:14,200
You give to your community next,
to the bread, sits a crock of 

4184
03:52:14,208 --> 03:52:17,000
Butter Churn this morning, still
slightly cool. 

4185
03:52:17,000 --> 03:52:20,800
And beaded with condensation. 
You watch the baker arrange, the

4186
03:52:20,800 --> 03:52:24,000
lows with obvious, Pride, 
positioning them, to show off 

4187
03:52:24,000 --> 03:52:26,000
the patterns scored into their 
crosses. 

4188
03:52:26,500 --> 03:52:30,700
These aren't simple slashes but 
intricate designs wheat. 

4189
03:52:30,700 --> 03:52:34,000
Sheaves on one loaf a geometric 
pattern on another and 

4190
03:52:34,000 --> 03:52:37,000
decorative flourishes that turn 
functional bread into something 

4191
03:52:37,000 --> 03:52:39,800
approaching art. 
Someone has prepared a salad. 

4192
03:52:39,800 --> 03:52:43,500
Using the last of the Autumn 
greens dress simply with oil and

4193
03:52:43,500 --> 03:52:45,800
vinegar and Scattered with 
toasted. 

4194
03:52:45,800 --> 03:52:50,200
Walnuts the leaves are a mix of 
colors and textures, dark green,

4195
03:52:50,200 --> 03:52:54,300
kale, red, veined lettuce and 
bitter ridiculous that adds 

4196
03:52:54,300 --> 03:52:57,700
complexity to each bite. 
Another person is baked a whole 

4197
03:52:57,700 --> 03:53:01,000
salmon packed with herbs, the 
skin crispy and the flesh. 

4198
03:53:01,000 --> 03:53:04,800
Still moist served on a platter 
decorated with lemon slices. 

4199
03:53:04,800 --> 03:53:09,200
The salmon is magnificent. 
It skin bronze and blistered 

4200
03:53:09,200 --> 03:53:13,000
from high heat. 
Flesh beneath flaking into moist

4201
03:53:13,000 --> 03:53:16,100
pink layers. 
Someone has taken an enormous 

4202
03:53:16,100 --> 03:53:20,000
care with a presentation. 
Arranging thin lemon slices in 

4203
03:53:20,000 --> 03:53:23,200
an overlapping pattern and 
tucking fresh dill around the 

4204
03:53:23,200 --> 03:53:27,400
edges smell of it carries across
the table fish and Lemmon and 

4205
03:53:27,400 --> 03:53:29,800
the slight Char of perfectly 
crisped skin. 

4206
03:53:31,000 --> 03:53:34,100
The table groans under the 
weight of all this food, and you

4207
03:53:34,100 --> 03:53:36,000
feel a deep satisfaction at the 
site. 

4208
03:53:36,000 --> 03:53:39,900
This abundance comes from 
everyone's labor from the 

4209
03:53:39,900 --> 03:53:43,200
farmers who grew the vegetables,
the fishermen who caught the 

4210
03:53:43,200 --> 03:53:47,300
salmon, and the Bakers Who Rose 
Before Dawn to 10 their ovens. 

4211
03:53:47,900 --> 03:53:51,200
Each dish represents hours of 
work freely given and freely. 

4212
03:53:51,200 --> 03:53:54,900
Shared a demonstration of trust 
and community that goes deeper 

4213
03:53:54,900 --> 03:53:58,300
than any spoken agreement. 
You fill your plate with small. 

4214
03:53:58,300 --> 03:54:00,700
Portions of everything, wanting 
to taste. 

4215
03:54:00,700 --> 03:54:02,600
The full range of what's been 
offered. 

4216
03:54:02,600 --> 03:54:05,000
The flavors are wildly 
different. 

4217
03:54:05,900 --> 03:54:09,800
Sweetness of roasted carrots, 
the salty richness of the salmon

4218
03:54:09,800 --> 03:54:13,700
and the brightest acidity of the
dressed greens, but they all 

4219
03:54:13,700 --> 03:54:16,400
Belong Together. 
Somehow, creating a meal that's 

4220
03:54:16,400 --> 03:54:19,200
more satisfying than the sum of 
its individual Parts. 

4221
03:54:19,200 --> 03:54:23,100
Your first bite is the beef stew
and your pleased with how it 

4222
03:54:23,100 --> 03:54:25,500
turned out. 
The meat is indeed, 10 tender, 

4223
03:54:25,500 --> 03:54:29,100
the vegetables have absorbed, 
the wine, enriched sauce, and 

4224
03:54:29,100 --> 03:54:31,800
the whole dish has a depth of 
flavor that only comes from 

4225
03:54:31,800 --> 03:54:34,900
patient cooking. 
You notice others reaching for 

4226
03:54:34,900 --> 03:54:39,600
it, which brings its own quiet, 
satisfaction conversation, flows

4227
03:54:39,600 --> 03:54:42,100
around the table, rising and 
falling in waves. 

4228
03:54:42,800 --> 03:54:45,100
Someone tells a story about the 
Summers strange. 

4229
03:54:45,100 --> 03:54:48,500
Weather held the tomatoes came 
in late, but were sweeter than 

4230
03:54:48,500 --> 03:54:51,700
anyone remembered someone else 
mentioned seeing geese, flying 

4231
03:54:51,700 --> 03:54:56,000
south last week, early than 
usual, and a discussion develops

4232
03:54:56,000 --> 03:54:58,000
about what that might mean for 
the coming winter. 

4233
03:54:58,000 --> 03:55:01,800
The torque is comfortable and 
unhurried, the kind of 

4234
03:55:01,800 --> 03:55:04,300
conversation that happens 
naturally when people aren't 

4235
03:55:04,300 --> 03:55:07,100
rushing to finish eating and 
move on to the next thing. 

4236
03:55:08,100 --> 03:55:12,200
Children run between the tables,
they're excited voices adding to

4237
03:55:12,200 --> 03:55:15,700
the general noise. 
They quickly more interested in 

4238
03:55:15,700 --> 03:55:19,100
playing than in sitting still 
and soon they're outside chasing

4239
03:55:19,100 --> 03:55:21,600
each other. 
In the fading light, the adults,

4240
03:55:21,600 --> 03:55:24,700
eat more slowly taking time to 
appreciate the food and to talk 

4241
03:55:24,700 --> 03:55:26,700
with neighbors. 
They might not see often during 

4242
03:55:26,700 --> 03:55:29,800
the busy work season. 
Someone has brought a fruit tart

4243
03:55:29,800 --> 03:55:33,200
for dessert, the pastry crisp 
and the fruit arranged in 

4244
03:55:33,208 --> 03:55:37,200
concentric circles, plums and 
late apples, glazed with honey. 

4245
03:55:37,200 --> 03:55:40,900
And they shine, another person 
contributes, a simple pudding, 

4246
03:55:40,900 --> 03:55:43,700
creamy, and flavored with 
vanilla, the kind of 

4247
03:55:43,700 --> 03:55:46,400
uncomplicated desert that 
children love and adults, 

4248
03:55:46,400 --> 03:55:48,600
appreciate for its honesty. 
As the evening. 

4249
03:55:48,600 --> 03:55:51,300
Progresses, the candles are lit 
and the Gathering takes on a 

4250
03:55:51,300 --> 03:55:54,300
different character. 
The conversation becomes more 

4251
03:55:54,300 --> 03:55:57,900
intimate, people sharing 
concerns and hopes in the gentle

4252
03:55:57,900 --> 03:56:01,800
Darkness, the candlelight soft 
on faces you've known for years.

4253
03:56:01,800 --> 03:56:06,000
This is when Community truly 
reveals itself, not in the 

4254
03:56:06,000 --> 03:56:08,800
abundance on the table but in 
the trust that allows people to 

4255
03:56:08,800 --> 03:56:13,200
speak openly to ask for help and
to offer support, you help. 

4256
03:56:13,200 --> 03:56:14,600
Clear. 
The table, when the meal 

4257
03:56:14,600 --> 03:56:18,000
finally, winds down carrying 
dishes to the kitchen, where 

4258
03:56:18,000 --> 03:56:19,500
others are already washing and 
drying. 

4259
03:56:19,500 --> 03:56:23,000
This Collective cleanup is as 
much a part of the tradition as 

4260
03:56:23,000 --> 03:56:25,800
the meal itself. 
Everyone working together to 

4261
03:56:25,800 --> 03:56:28,900
restore all order to ensure that
the Gathering house is ready for

4262
03:56:28,900 --> 03:56:32,200
the next communal meal, your 
standing in a kitchen that 

4263
03:56:32,200 --> 03:56:35,500
doesn't quite exist anymore or 
rather it exists. 

4264
03:56:35,500 --> 03:56:39,600
Only in your memory as clear and
details as if you'd left it 

4265
03:56:39,600 --> 03:56:42,900
yesterday and said a 40 years 
ago, your grandmother is 

4266
03:56:42,900 --> 03:56:45,400
teaching you to make the apple 
cake that has been passed down 

4267
03:56:45,400 --> 03:56:48,900
through four generations. 
Each woman learning the recipe 

4268
03:56:48,900 --> 03:56:52,500
not from written instructions, 
but from watching from helping, 

4269
03:56:53,000 --> 03:56:56,500
From developing the muscle 
memory that makes certain 

4270
03:56:56,500 --> 03:56:59,000
techniques. 
As automatic as breathing, the 

4271
03:56:59,000 --> 03:57:02,600
kitchen smells like apples and 
cinnamon with undertones of the 

4272
03:57:02,600 --> 03:57:05,800
wood, smoke from the stove, and 
the faint mustiness of The Root 

4273
03:57:05,800 --> 03:57:07,300
Cellar, where the apples have 
been stored. 

4274
03:57:07,300 --> 03:57:11,100
Your grandmother's hands are 
gnarled with arthritis but they 

4275
03:57:11,100 --> 03:57:14,700
move with complete confidence, 
performing tasks, they've done 

4276
03:57:14,700 --> 03:57:18,300
thousands of times, the apples 
need to be prepared in a 

4277
03:57:18,300 --> 03:57:22,600
specific way peeled but not too 
thin because some of the best 

4278
03:57:22,600 --> 03:57:25,200
flavor lives, right? 
Beneath the skin, cut into 

4279
03:57:25,200 --> 03:57:29,200
slices that a uniform enough to 
cook evenly but not so precise 

4280
03:57:29,200 --> 03:57:31,900
that you lose The Rustic charm 
that makes this a home cake 

4281
03:57:31,900 --> 03:57:35,500
rather than a bakery product. 
Your grandmother's hands move 

4282
03:57:35,500 --> 03:57:38,900
with absolute confidence, the 
pairing knife, following the 

4283
03:57:38,900 --> 03:57:41,800
curve of each apple in one 
continuous spiral of Peel. 

4284
03:57:41,800 --> 03:57:45,500
You try to imitate her technique
but your peel breaks off to the 

4285
03:57:45,500 --> 03:57:49,200
first rotation leaving you with 
disconnected strips and stead of

4286
03:57:49,200 --> 03:57:51,600
the elegant spiral. 
She produces effortlessly. 

4287
03:57:51,600 --> 03:57:55,900
She doesn't She just 
demonstrates again, explaining 

4288
03:57:55,900 --> 03:57:59,000
that the key is maintaining 
consistent pressure and letting 

4289
03:57:59,000 --> 03:58:01,300
the knife do, the work rather 
than forcing it. 

4290
03:58:01,300 --> 03:58:05,000
She had cinnamon and sugar to 
the apples, but the amounts 

4291
03:58:05,000 --> 03:58:08,800
aren't measured instead. 
She judges by Ai and taste 

4292
03:58:08,800 --> 03:58:12,800
adjusting based on how sweet the
apples are and how much moisture

4293
03:58:12,800 --> 03:58:15,800
they're likely to release during
baking too much sugar. 

4294
03:58:15,800 --> 03:58:19,400
And the filling becomes cloying 
too little and the natural 

4295
03:58:19,400 --> 03:58:22,900
tartness of the apples. 
Dominates the goal is balanced, 

4296
03:58:22,900 --> 03:58:26,300
letting the fruit taste like 
itself while enhancing its best 

4297
03:58:26,300 --> 03:58:28,800
qualities. 
You watch her Taste of raw, 

4298
03:58:28,800 --> 03:58:31,100
slice of apple considering its 
sweetness. 

4299
03:58:31,100 --> 03:58:34,100
Its texture and its moisture 
content. 

4300
03:58:35,000 --> 03:58:39,100
Then she adds sugar in small 
handfuls mixing and tasting 

4301
03:58:39,100 --> 03:58:42,400
again making adjustments until 
she satisfied. 

4302
03:58:42,400 --> 03:58:45,700
This kind of intuitive cooking. 
Can't really be taught through 

4303
03:58:45,700 --> 03:58:48,500
instruction. 
It requires experience. 

4304
03:58:48,500 --> 03:58:53,800
Countless cakes made and tasted 
failures analyzed and success is

4305
03:58:53,808 --> 03:58:57,100
replicated. 
The cake batter is equally 

4306
03:58:57,100 --> 03:59:01,300
intuitive eggs beaten, until 
they're light, and fluffy sugar.

4307
03:59:01,300 --> 03:59:04,700
Creamed with butter until the 
mixture pails and increases in 

4308
03:59:04,700 --> 03:59:09,100
volume is folded in carefully. 
Just until combined because 

4309
03:59:09,100 --> 03:59:12,400
overworking develops gluten, and
creates a tough chewy texture. 

4310
03:59:12,400 --> 03:59:15,800
Instead of the tender crumb, 
you're aiming for your 

4311
03:59:15,800 --> 03:59:17,400
grandmother. 
Lets you do the folding while 

4312
03:59:17,400 --> 03:59:20,800
she watches ready to correct. 
If your Technique starts to 

4313
03:59:20,800 --> 03:59:24,300
drift the butter and sugar 
creamed together with a 

4314
03:59:24,300 --> 03:59:27,700
satisfying change in texture 
becoming fluffy and almost 

4315
03:59:27,700 --> 03:59:30,000
white. 
You beat the eggs in a separate 

4316
03:59:30,000 --> 03:59:31,900
Bowl. 
Watching them, transform from 

4317
03:59:31,900 --> 03:59:34,100
thick and viscous to lightened 
foamy. 

4318
03:59:34,900 --> 03:59:37,500
Color lightning as are 
incorporates these 

4319
03:59:37,500 --> 03:59:40,900
Transformations Fascinate You 
the Way simple ingredients. 

4320
03:59:40,900 --> 03:59:44,300
Change character through 
mechanical action, the assembled

4321
03:59:44,300 --> 03:59:47,500
cake goes into the oven and you 
both sit at the kitchen table to

4322
03:59:47,500 --> 03:59:51,600
wait the room gradually filling 
with the center of baking apples

4323
03:59:51,600 --> 03:59:55,400
and cinnamon, this is when she 
tells you stories about learning

4324
03:59:55,400 --> 03:59:58,900
to make this same cake from our 
own grandmother about the year, 

4325
03:59:58,900 --> 04:00:01,400
the apple harvest failed, and 
they had to use dried fruit 

4326
04:00:01,400 --> 04:00:03,800
instead. 
And about the time she made 

4327
04:00:03,800 --> 04:00:07,300
three of these cakes for a 
wedding, and the groomer half of

4328
04:00:07,300 --> 04:00:10,000
one before. 
The ceremony even started, her 

4329
04:00:10,000 --> 04:00:13,300
story is connect you to a past 
you never experienced directly, 

4330
04:00:13,300 --> 04:00:17,500
creating a sense of continuity 
that extends beyond your own 

4331
04:00:17,500 --> 04:00:19,300
life time. 
You learn that your 

4332
04:00:19,300 --> 04:00:21,800
great-great-grandmother 
preferred tart apples while your

4333
04:00:21,800 --> 04:00:23,300
great-grandmother liked them, 
sweet. 

4334
04:00:24,100 --> 04:00:26,900
And how the recipe adjusted over
time to accommodate these 

4335
04:00:26,900 --> 04:00:29,500
different preferences while 
maintaining its essential 

4336
04:00:29,500 --> 04:00:32,000
character. 
Now decades, later you make the 

4337
04:00:32,000 --> 04:00:34,600
same cake in your own kitchen 
and your hands. 

4338
04:00:34,608 --> 04:00:37,900
Remember every step, even though
your conscious mind might 

4339
04:00:37,900 --> 04:00:40,900
struggle to explain it, the 
muscle memory is deeply 

4340
04:00:40,900 --> 04:00:43,300
embedded. 
The way, the batter should look,

4341
04:00:43,300 --> 04:00:47,100
when it's properly mixed, the 
exact shade of golden brown, 

4342
04:00:47,100 --> 04:00:50,400
that means the cake is done and 
the faint resistance. 

4343
04:00:50,400 --> 04:00:53,400
You should feel when you insert 
a testing secure into the 

4344
04:00:53,400 --> 04:00:56,300
center, your kitchen is nothing 
like your grandmother's. 

4345
04:00:56,300 --> 04:01:00,400
The stove is gas and of wood. 
The mixing bowls are stainless 

4346
04:01:00,400 --> 04:01:03,900
steel instead of ceramic and the
measuring cups are standardized 

4347
04:01:03,900 --> 04:01:05,800
rather than handed down through 
generations. 

4348
04:01:05,800 --> 04:01:08,600
That somehow these differences 
don't matter. 

4349
04:01:08,600 --> 04:01:12,400
The essential gestures, remain 
the same, the rhythm of the work

4350
04:01:12,400 --> 04:01:15,200
unchanged. 
But more than the technique 

4351
04:01:15,200 --> 04:01:17,800
you've inherited the 
understanding that this cake is 

4352
04:01:17,800 --> 04:01:21,300
more than just ingredients 
combined and baked, it's a 

4353
04:01:21,300 --> 04:01:24,700
connection to the women who made
it before you a tangible link to

4354
04:01:24,700 --> 04:01:27,100
kitchens. 
You'll never see and people 

4355
04:01:27,100 --> 04:01:30,800
you'll never meet but who 
nevertheless shaped who you are 

4356
04:01:30,800 --> 04:01:34,400
when you serve this cake to your
own grandchildren, you're not 

4357
04:01:34,408 --> 04:01:38,500
just feeding them desert, your 
passing on a Tribune, a set of 

4358
04:01:38,508 --> 04:01:42,000
values about care and quality 
and the importance of taking 

4359
04:01:42,000 --> 04:01:45,400
time, to do things properly, 
your grandchildren, watch you, 

4360
04:01:45,400 --> 04:01:47,700
with the same attention. 
You once gave your grandmother 

4361
04:01:47,700 --> 04:01:50,700
though, they're more likely to 
ask questions than simply 

4362
04:01:50,700 --> 04:01:52,900
observe. 
They want to know why you don't 

4363
04:01:52,900 --> 04:01:56,200
use a food processor, why you 
insist on peeling, the apples by

4364
04:01:56,200 --> 04:02:00,400
hand, and why you refuse to 
substitute ingredients, even 

4365
04:02:00,400 --> 04:02:03,400
when the original ones are 
difficult to find, you try to 

4366
04:02:03,408 --> 04:02:06,100
explain though, you're not sure 
you're explanations. 

4367
04:02:06,100 --> 04:02:09,200
Capture the real reasons. 
The first bite always 

4368
04:02:09,200 --> 04:02:11,900
transports. 
You backward your taste memory. 

4369
04:02:11,900 --> 04:02:15,100
So powerful that you can almost 
see your grandmother's kitchen, 

4370
04:02:15,100 --> 04:02:19,200
almost smell the wood smoke from
her stove and almost hear her 

4371
04:02:19,200 --> 04:02:21,200
voice offering gentle 
corrections. 

4372
04:02:21,200 --> 04:02:25,600
As you learn to fold the batter.
This is what food does at its 

4373
04:02:25,600 --> 04:02:28,700
best. 
It collapses time creating 

4374
04:02:28,700 --> 04:02:32,500
moments where past and present 
exists simultaneously where the 

4375
04:02:32,500 --> 04:02:36,100
people we've lost somehow, feel 
present again, the cake tastes 

4376
04:02:36,100 --> 04:02:39,500
exactly right. 
The apples tender but not mushy,

4377
04:02:39,500 --> 04:02:43,100
the cinnamon present, but not 
overwhelming and the texture of 

4378
04:02:43,108 --> 04:02:46,200
the cake itself. 
Fine, crumbed and moist, you 

4379
04:02:46,200 --> 04:02:48,800
feel a wave of satisfaction 
knowing that you've maintained 

4380
04:02:48,800 --> 04:02:51,800
the standard that this cake 
would meet your grandmother's 

4381
04:02:51,800 --> 04:02:53,500
approval. 
If she were here to take it, 

4382
04:02:53,500 --> 04:02:57,100
you've made this cake for 
birthdays holidays and ordinary 

4383
04:02:57,100 --> 04:03:00,800
Tuesday evenings when you wanted
the Comfort to familiar flavors 

4384
04:03:00,800 --> 04:03:03,800
each time the process remains 
essentially. 

4385
04:03:03,800 --> 04:03:07,500
The same though, small 
variations creep in different 

4386
04:03:07,500 --> 04:03:10,400
varieties of apples, slightly 
more or less cinnamon 

4387
04:03:10,400 --> 04:03:14,500
adjustments based on the days 
humidity or the peculiarities of

4388
04:03:14,500 --> 04:03:17,200
your oven. 
The recipe is alive in the way. 

4389
04:03:17,200 --> 04:03:20,000
Adapting, while maintaining its 
core identity. 

4390
04:03:20,900 --> 04:03:24,700
Tonight as you settle into 
sleep, consider all the hands 

4391
04:03:24,700 --> 04:03:27,700
that have prepared meals 
throughout human history, think 

4392
04:03:27,700 --> 04:03:29,600
about the patience required to 
grind. 

4393
04:03:29,600 --> 04:03:33,700
Wild Grain between Stones about 
the skill needed to keep a fire 

4394
04:03:33,700 --> 04:03:36,800
exactly the right temperature 
and about the knowledge 

4395
04:03:36,800 --> 04:03:40,600
accumulated over 1000s of years 
regarding which foods pair well 

4396
04:03:40,600 --> 04:03:42,900
together and which should be 
kept separate. 

4397
04:03:42,900 --> 04:03:46,500
Imagine the first person who 
discovered that milk left in a 

4398
04:03:46,500 --> 04:03:49,400
leather bag and shake, and while
traveling would transform into 

4399
04:03:49,400 --> 04:03:53,600
butter, All the ancient cook, 
who realized that grains stored 

4400
04:03:53,600 --> 04:03:57,900
in a damp location developed. 
A fuzzy coating that when mixed 

4401
04:03:57,900 --> 04:04:02,000
into new batches Made bread 
rise, these discoveries weren't 

4402
04:04:02,000 --> 04:04:03,700
written down or formally 
studied. 

4403
04:04:03,700 --> 04:04:08,400
They were observed tested and 
shared passed from one person to

4404
04:04:08,400 --> 04:04:10,200
another until they became common
knowledge. 

4405
04:04:10,200 --> 04:04:13,500
Every cooking technique, you 
know, was invented by someone 

4406
04:04:13,500 --> 04:04:16,400
whose name has been forgotten 
the perfect temperature for 

4407
04:04:16,400 --> 04:04:19,700
roasting meat, the ratio of salt
to water, for preserving 

4408
04:04:19,700 --> 04:04:22,300
vegetables. 
The length of time, bread needs 

4409
04:04:22,300 --> 04:04:25,700
to be needed All of these were 
figured out through trial and 

4410
04:04:25,700 --> 04:04:30,100
error through countless failed 
experiments and rare successes 

4411
04:04:30,100 --> 04:04:32,900
and through the accumulated 
wisdom of people who paid 

4412
04:04:32,900 --> 04:04:35,800
attention to what they were 
doing the meals, you eat today 

4413
04:04:35,800 --> 04:04:39,200
where the simple or elaborate 
connect you to every human who 

4414
04:04:39,200 --> 04:04:41,700
has ever ground grain tendered a
fire? 

4415
04:04:41,700 --> 04:04:45,200
Or shared food with others, the 
fundamental rhythms remain 

4416
04:04:45,200 --> 04:04:48,200
unchanged. 
Transformational of roaring 

4417
04:04:48,200 --> 04:04:49,800
ingredients into something 
nourishing. 

4418
04:04:49,800 --> 04:04:54,200
The patience required for proper
preparation and The Joy of 

4419
04:04:54,200 --> 04:04:57,200
Eating with people. 
You care about think about a day

4420
04:04:57,200 --> 04:05:00,900
in the life of someone. 5,000 
years ago, they woke hungry as 

4421
04:05:00,900 --> 04:05:03,200
you do. 
They gather or hunted or 

4422
04:05:03,200 --> 04:05:06,400
harvested food as you do in your
own way, when you shop or garden

4423
04:05:06,400 --> 04:05:10,200
they applied heat and time and 
skilled, transform roaring 

4424
04:05:10,200 --> 04:05:14,300
ingredients into meals as you do
the eight with their families 

4425
04:05:14,300 --> 04:05:18,500
and communities, sharing both 
food and conversation as you do.

4426
04:05:19,900 --> 04:05:23,700
The details differ enormously. 
But the essential pattern 

4427
04:05:23,700 --> 04:05:28,300
persists consider the continuity
of certain foods across time 

4428
04:05:28,300 --> 04:05:30,800
bread. 
In various forms has been made 

4429
04:05:30,800 --> 04:05:35,500
for at least 10,000 years, the 
basic process grinding grain 

4430
04:05:35,500 --> 04:05:39,700
mixing it with water applying 
heat remains fundamentally 

4431
04:05:39,700 --> 04:05:43,600
unchanged a baker from ancient 
Egypt transported to a modern 

4432
04:05:43,608 --> 04:05:45,600
kitchen. 
Would recognize what was 

4433
04:05:45,600 --> 04:05:50,500
happening even if the tools look
strange, Principles endure as 

4434
04:05:50,500 --> 04:05:53,200
you drift towards sleep. 
Let your mind wander through all

4435
04:05:53,200 --> 04:05:56,200
the kitchens and halves, and 
campfires, where humans have 

4436
04:05:56,200 --> 04:05:59,700
cooked feel the warmth of those 
Flames smell. 

4437
04:05:59,700 --> 04:06:01,900
The countless meals bubbling and
pots. 

4438
04:06:01,900 --> 04:06:04,900
And here, the quiet 
conversations that happen when 

4439
04:06:04,900 --> 04:06:08,400
people prepare food together, 
these sensory memories belong to

4440
04:06:08,408 --> 04:06:12,200
all of us a shared inheritance 
that transcends culture, and 

4441
04:06:12,200 --> 04:06:15,200
geography, and time itself, 
picture the hands that have 

4442
04:06:15,200 --> 04:06:17,900
kneaded bread. 
Young hands learning the motion 

4443
04:06:17,900 --> 04:06:22,100
old hands performing, it 
automatically and skilled hands,

4444
04:06:22,100 --> 04:06:24,400
judging the dose redness by 
touch alone. 

4445
04:06:24,400 --> 04:06:27,100
Think about all the vegetables, 
ever Chopped. 

4446
04:06:27,100 --> 04:06:30,400
All the meat ever roasted and 
all the pots stirred and tasted 

4447
04:06:30,400 --> 04:06:32,900
and adjusted. 
This is human work. 

4448
04:06:32,900 --> 04:06:36,500
In its most fundamental form, 
the daily labor of keeping 

4449
04:06:36,500 --> 04:06:39,700
ourselves alive. 
Elevated through skill and Care 

4450
04:06:39,700 --> 04:06:42,000
into something approaching art 
rest. 

4451
04:06:42,000 --> 04:06:45,400
Now, knowing that tomorrow, 
you'll wake hungry and Elite. 

4452
04:06:45,400 --> 04:06:48,400
Something that connects you to 
this endless chain of humans. 

4453
04:06:48,700 --> 04:06:52,400
Transforming the world into 
meals, the details change the 

4454
04:06:52,400 --> 04:06:55,800
ingredients, the techniques the 
technology, but the essential 

4455
04:06:55,800 --> 04:07:00,000
act Remains the Same. 
We Gather we prepare, we share 

4456
04:07:00,000 --> 04:07:03,400
and we remember. 
And in these simple actions, we 

4457
04:07:03,400 --> 04:07:05,900
find one of the deepest 
expressions of what it means to 

4458
04:07:05,900 --> 04:07:09,000
be human. 
The fire that cooked Humanity's 

4459
04:07:09,000 --> 04:07:12,000
first intentional meal has never
really gone out. 

4460
04:07:12,000 --> 04:07:15,500
It's been passed from half to 
half from generation to 

4461
04:07:15,508 --> 04:07:19,100
generation transforming in form 
but never in purpose. 

4462
04:07:20,000 --> 04:07:22,800
The flame that bakes, your bread
is the same flame that cooked 

4463
04:07:22,800 --> 04:07:26,400
grain for people who lived 
before cities existed before 

4464
04:07:26,400 --> 04:07:30,300
written language, before history
itself began to be recorded 

4465
04:07:30,300 --> 04:07:33,800
sleep. 
Well, nourished by the knowledge

4466
04:07:33,800 --> 04:07:36,700
that you participate in 
something ancient and ongoing 

4467
04:07:36,700 --> 04:07:41,200
something that will continue 
long after your gone, The work 

4468
04:07:41,200 --> 04:07:44,500
of feeding ourselves in each 
other is never finished, never 

4469
04:07:44,500 --> 04:07:48,800
perfected and always renewable 
and that perhaps is part of its 

4470
04:07:48,800 --> 04:07:51,900
beauty. 
The daily renewal the constant 

4471
04:07:51,900 --> 04:07:55,500
opportunity to do familiar 
things with fresh attention to 

4472
04:07:55,500 --> 04:07:59,100
honor the past while creating 
the future one meal at a time. 

4473
04:08:06,700 --> 04:08:09,100
He awake Before Dawn, and your 
timber frame house. 

4474
04:08:09,900 --> 04:08:13,200
The kind with walls that lean 
slightly Inward and flaws that 

4475
04:08:13,200 --> 04:08:15,600
Creek with the memory of 100 
footsteps. 

4476
04:08:15,600 --> 04:08:20,200
The room smells of salt and 
smoke that particular blend that

4477
04:08:20,200 --> 04:08:23,500
never quite leaves, Coastal 
homes, no matter how, many times

4478
04:08:23,500 --> 04:08:26,200
you scrub the floorboards 
through the gaps in the 

4479
04:08:26,208 --> 04:08:29,200
shutters, you can hear the 
Harvest stirring, not with 

4480
04:08:29,200 --> 04:08:31,000
sudden noise. 
But with the gradual 

4481
04:08:31,000 --> 04:08:33,900
accumulation of sounds, that 
means the port is stretching 

4482
04:08:33,900 --> 04:08:36,400
awake. 
The first thing, you notice even

4483
04:08:36,400 --> 04:08:40,600
before you're fully conscious is
the quality of the air is 

4484
04:08:40,600 --> 04:08:44,600
different here than it would be.
Inland heavier, somehow carrying

4485
04:08:44,600 --> 04:08:47,800
the weight of ocean moisture, 
mixed with the earthier sense of

4486
04:08:47,800 --> 04:08:52,000
fish and Tara and wet rope your 
lungs, have grown, so accustomed

4487
04:08:52,000 --> 04:08:55,600
to this particular atmosphere 
that you'd probably feel uneasy 

4488
04:08:55,600 --> 04:08:58,600
breathing anything else when 
your cousin visited from the 

4489
04:08:58,600 --> 04:09:00,900
countryside. 
Last Summer, She complained that

4490
04:09:00,908 --> 04:09:03,900
the air felt thick enough to 
chew you hadn't known what she 

4491
04:09:03,900 --> 04:09:07,300
meant until you visited her farm
and found yourself gasping at 

4492
04:09:07,300 --> 04:09:12,000
how thin and empty the Inland 
air seemed he swing your legs 

4493
04:09:12,000 --> 04:09:14,100
out of bed, feet finding the 
wooden floor. 

4494
04:09:14,100 --> 04:09:16,400
That was always slightly damp 
this close to the water. 

4495
04:09:17,400 --> 04:09:20,700
The cold travels up through your
souls a morning, greeting, 

4496
04:09:20,700 --> 04:09:24,000
you've learned to expect your 
house, sits three streets back 

4497
04:09:24,000 --> 04:09:27,000
from the main Wharf. 
Close enough that you can gauge 

4498
04:09:27,000 --> 04:09:31,100
the tide by sound alone. 
Right now, it's coming in. 

4499
04:09:31,900 --> 04:09:34,400
You can tell, by the way, the 
water slaps against the dock 

4500
04:09:34,400 --> 04:09:38,500
pilings, with a particular Halo 
Rhythm, When the tide goes out, 

4501
04:09:38,500 --> 04:09:42,300
the sound changes entirely 
becoming more of a sucking, 

4502
04:09:42,300 --> 04:09:44,700
whisper, as the sea Retreats 
across the mud flats. 

4503
04:09:45,600 --> 04:09:48,900
The pre-dawn light filtering 
through your shutters has that 

4504
04:09:48,900 --> 04:09:52,100
strange quality. 
You've learned means fog not the

4505
04:09:52,100 --> 04:09:55,800
thick pea soupers that sometimes
role in during Autumn but the 

4506
04:09:55,800 --> 04:09:58,400
light morning Haze that will 
burn off by mid-morning. 

4507
04:09:58,400 --> 04:10:01,800
Once the sun gains proper 
strength, you've learned to read

4508
04:10:01,800 --> 04:10:05,600
whether the way, some people 
read books interpreting signs, 

4509
04:10:05,600 --> 04:10:07,900
that would mean nothing to 
someone who didn't live by the 

4510
04:10:07,900 --> 04:10:11,100
Seas, moods dressing in the 
half-light you pull on the same 

4511
04:10:11,100 --> 04:10:14,600
layers you or yesterday the ones
that smell least of fish and 

4512
04:10:14,600 --> 04:10:17,400
sweat. 
Laundry happens when it happens.

4513
04:10:17,400 --> 04:10:20,300
Usually when your daughter 
complains that your shirt could 

4514
04:10:20,300 --> 04:10:22,200
probably walk to the Washington 
by itself. 

4515
04:10:22,200 --> 04:10:26,100
The fashion here runs toward 
practical rather than decorative

4516
04:10:26,100 --> 04:10:30,500
Woolen britches that can survive
salt spray a linen shirt that's 

4517
04:10:30,500 --> 04:10:32,400
been mended. 
So many times, the original 

4518
04:10:32,400 --> 04:10:36,400
fabric is hard to identify and a
leather Jerkins that supposed to

4519
04:10:36,400 --> 04:10:39,800
provide some protection against 
the wind that never quite stops.

4520
04:10:39,800 --> 04:10:43,100
Blowing by the time you make it 
down stairs, your wife has 

4521
04:10:43,100 --> 04:10:45,000
already coaxed, the kitchen fire
back to life. 

4522
04:10:45,900 --> 04:10:48,900
The half dominates, the main 
room built large enough that you

4523
04:10:48,908 --> 04:10:51,400
could roast a whole sheep. 
If you were the sort of person 

4524
04:10:51,400 --> 04:10:54,200
who could afford whole sheep 
more, typically at hosts a 

4525
04:10:54,200 --> 04:10:57,300
Perpetual pot of something. 
Usually fish stew or oat 

4526
04:10:57,300 --> 04:10:59,800
porridge occasionally both. 
If you've had a particularly 

4527
04:10:59,800 --> 04:11:04,200
good week fires warmth hasn't 
spread far yet and the corners 

4528
04:11:04,200 --> 04:11:07,100
of the room still hold pockets 
of cold air that will linger 

4529
04:11:07,100 --> 04:11:09,600
until noon. 
Your wife moves through her 

4530
04:11:09,600 --> 04:11:11,900
morning routine with the 
efficiency of someone who's 

4531
04:11:11,900 --> 04:11:15,900
performed the same actions for 
20 years, Bread from yesterday, 

4532
04:11:15,900 --> 04:11:20,400
gets cut into thick slices 
butter if there's any butter 

4533
04:11:20,400 --> 04:11:24,300
more likely just the bread may 
be softened in whatever's 

4534
04:11:24,300 --> 04:11:27,300
warming in the pot. 
She doesn't say much this early.

4535
04:11:27,300 --> 04:11:30,900
Neither of you do morning. 
Conversation is a luxury for 

4536
04:11:30,900 --> 04:11:32,700
people who don't have to be at 
the Docks before. 

4537
04:11:32,700 --> 04:11:35,900
The fishing boats return through
the open door, you can hear the 

4538
04:11:35,900 --> 04:11:38,100
ports morning Symphony beginning
in Earnest now. 

4539
04:11:38,900 --> 04:11:41,900
Someone's hammering, metal 
against metal, probably the 

4540
04:11:41,900 --> 04:11:45,300
Smithy three streets, over 
getting an early, start on 

4541
04:11:45,300 --> 04:11:47,300
whatever repairs accumulated 
yesterday. 

4542
04:11:47,300 --> 04:11:51,000
A dog barks is told to shut up 
and Barks again. 

4543
04:11:51,000 --> 04:11:54,200
Anyway. 
Footsteps on cobblestones dozens

4544
04:11:54,200 --> 04:11:57,000
of them all heading in the same,
general direction toward the 

4545
04:11:57,000 --> 04:12:00,000
water, you eat your bread, 
quickly washing it down with 

4546
04:12:00,000 --> 04:12:02,300
small beer, that tastes like 
it's gone slightly off but 

4547
04:12:02,300 --> 04:12:05,600
probably hasn't everything 
tastes like it's gone slightly 

4548
04:12:05,600 --> 04:12:08,700
off when you live this close to 
fish markets, your youngest 

4549
04:12:08,700 --> 04:12:12,300
daughter appears already 
dressed, looking more awake than

4550
04:12:12,300 --> 04:12:13,900
any child. 
Should at this hour. 

4551
04:12:13,900 --> 04:12:16,600
She's reached that age where she
wants to be involved in 

4552
04:12:16,600 --> 04:12:19,000
everything. 
Ask questions about ship rigging

4553
04:12:19,000 --> 04:12:21,700
and cargo manifests. 
And why exactly ships floating 

4554
04:12:21,700 --> 04:12:24,800
the first place you've tried 
explaining about displacement 

4555
04:12:24,800 --> 04:12:27,300
and hulls and why Oak is better 
than Pine. 

4556
04:12:27,300 --> 04:12:30,500
But your understanding of these 
matters is more practical than 

4557
04:12:30,500 --> 04:12:33,500
theoretical ships float because 
their belt, right? 

4558
04:12:33,500 --> 04:12:37,300
And they sink when they're not, 
that's the extent of your Naval 

4559
04:12:37,300 --> 04:12:40,300
architecture. 
Expertise, Outside. 

4560
04:12:40,300 --> 04:12:43,600
The sky is lightened enough that
you can make out the mast in the

4561
04:12:43,600 --> 04:12:46,500
harbor. 
They rise like a forest of bare 

4562
04:12:46,500 --> 04:12:48,900
trees. 
Swaying slightly even though 

4563
04:12:48,900 --> 04:12:52,200
there's barely any wind yet. 
Counting them has become a 

4564
04:12:52,200 --> 04:12:54,900
habit. 
You do it without thinking the 

4565
04:12:54,900 --> 04:12:56,300
same way. 
You might count your children 

4566
04:12:56,300 --> 04:13:00,000
before bed, to make sure 
everyone's home. 23 ships are 

4567
04:13:00,000 --> 04:13:02,900
currently at anchor, which means
business is decent, but not 

4568
04:13:02,900 --> 04:13:05,200
booming. 
During the height of Summer, 

4569
04:13:05,200 --> 04:13:09,000
you've seen 40 or more crowding,
the harbor, their Crews 

4570
04:13:09,000 --> 04:13:11,700
competing for dock space and 
unloading priority. 

4571
04:13:11,700 --> 04:13:14,800
The walk to the Waterfront takes
you through streets that grow 

4572
04:13:14,800 --> 04:13:16,600
narrower. 
The closer you get to the docks.

4573
04:13:17,400 --> 04:13:21,000
Houses, lean toward each other, 
overhead upper storeys jutting 

4574
04:13:21,000 --> 04:13:22,500
out far. 
Enough that neighbors could 

4575
04:13:22,508 --> 04:13:25,700
Shake Hands Across The Gap. 
If they wanted to the streets, 

4576
04:13:25,700 --> 04:13:29,700
themselves are less streets and 
more suggestions cobblestones 

4577
04:13:29,700 --> 04:13:31,500
laid down. 
Whenever someone got around to 

4578
04:13:31,500 --> 04:13:35,000
it, filling in the gaps between 
buildings that were constructed.

4579
04:13:35,000 --> 04:13:38,700
According to no particular plan,
you navigate more by muscle 

4580
04:13:38,700 --> 04:13:42,400
memory than sight knowing which 
Corners to cut and which puddles

4581
04:13:42,400 --> 04:13:46,600
never drain even in drought. 
Other workers appear from 

4582
04:13:46,600 --> 04:13:50,200
doorways and alleys joining the 
general flow toward the harbor. 

4583
04:13:50,200 --> 04:13:53,200
You recognize most of them by 
silhouette alone. 

4584
04:13:53,200 --> 04:13:57,100
There's Willem who works the 
crane that hoist cargo from ship

4585
04:13:57,100 --> 04:13:59,900
to shore. 
Margaret who sells bread to 

4586
04:13:59,900 --> 04:14:00,900
Sailors? 
Fresh Off. 

4587
04:14:00,900 --> 04:14:04,500
Long voyages, young Thomas, 
who's Apprentice to a wrote 

4588
04:14:04,500 --> 04:14:05,900
maker and always smells like 
hemp. 

4589
04:14:05,900 --> 04:14:09,700
Nobody talks much, it's too 
early for conversation and 

4590
04:14:09,700 --> 04:14:12,908
besides you'll have 12 hours 
together at the Docks to say, 

4591
04:14:12,916 --> 04:14:17,000
whatever needs saying the harbor
itself opens up Suddenly the 

4592
04:14:17,000 --> 04:14:20,300
cramped streets giving way to a 
wide expanse of wolves and 

4593
04:14:20,300 --> 04:14:23,900
warehouses and water. 
The fog, sits heavier here, 

4594
04:14:23,900 --> 04:14:26,900
softening the edges of 
everything so that distance 

4595
04:14:26,900 --> 04:14:29,400
ships look like ghosts vessels 
from some Legend. 

4596
04:14:29,400 --> 04:14:32,900
The water surface is glass 
smooth in the protected Harbor 

4597
04:14:32,900 --> 04:14:35,200
broken. 
Only by the occasional ripple 

4598
04:14:35,200 --> 04:14:38,600
from a fish or the wake of an 
early rowing boat, you can smell

4599
04:14:38,600 --> 04:14:42,100
breakfast cooking on several of 
the anchored ship's, bacon and 

4600
04:14:42,108 --> 04:14:44,800
onions. 
If your nose isn't lying Sailors

4601
04:14:44,800 --> 04:14:47,600
who've been at sea for weeks 
often cook elaborate meals their

4602
04:14:47,600 --> 04:14:50,900
first morning in Port 
celebrating, the availability of

4603
04:14:50,900 --> 04:14:54,000
fresh food that doesn't need to 
be pickled or salted or dried 

4604
04:14:54,000 --> 04:14:57,300
until it's practically inedible.
The smell makes your stomach. 

4605
04:14:57,300 --> 04:14:59,000
Remind you. 
That bread alone does not 

4606
04:14:59,000 --> 04:15:02,100
constitute a proper breakfast 
but there's no help for it. 

4607
04:15:02,100 --> 04:15:06,300
Now, the wharf Master is already
at his post which surprises 

4608
04:15:06,300 --> 04:15:09,500
nobody because the wharf Master 
is always at his post. 

4609
04:15:09,500 --> 04:15:13,400
You've sometimes wondered if he 
actually sleeps there, curled up

4610
04:15:13,400 --> 04:15:16,300
in the small office that juts 
out over the water like a wooden

4611
04:15:16,300 --> 04:15:19,400
growth. 
He nods as you pass checking 

4612
04:15:19,400 --> 04:15:21,400
your face against some internal 
roster. 

4613
04:15:21,400 --> 04:15:23,900
He maintains, he knows everyone 
who works. 

4614
04:15:23,900 --> 04:15:26,900
The docks knows who's reliable, 
and who needs watching? 

4615
04:15:26,900 --> 04:15:31,100
Who can be trusted with delicate
cargo and who should only handle

4616
04:15:31,100 --> 04:15:33,700
sacks of grain? 
That can survive a drop or two 

4617
04:15:33,700 --> 04:15:36,600
your job. 
Today, assuming the ship's 

4618
04:15:36,600 --> 04:15:39,200
cooperate will involve 
unloading, whatever cargo needs 

4619
04:15:39,200 --> 04:15:42,200
unloading and loading, whatever 
cargo needs loading. 

4620
04:15:43,100 --> 04:15:47,100
It's not complicated work but 
it's particular every type of 

4621
04:15:47,100 --> 04:15:50,900
goods requires its own handling.
You don't stack barrels of wine.

4622
04:15:50,900 --> 04:15:53,800
The same way, you stack crates 
of pottery and you definitely 

4623
04:15:53,800 --> 04:15:57,200
don't approach bales of wool the
same way you'd approach costs of

4624
04:15:57,200 --> 04:15:59,000
gunpowder. 
You've learned these 

4625
04:15:59,000 --> 04:16:02,500
distinctions the way you learn 
to walk through a combination of

4626
04:16:02,500 --> 04:16:06,600
instruction observation and 
occasional painful mistakes. 

4627
04:16:06,600 --> 04:16:09,200
The first ship scheduled to 
unload this morning. 

4628
04:16:09,200 --> 04:16:12,500
Sits in the water, which means 
she's carrying something heavy 

4629
04:16:12,500 --> 04:16:17,600
lead may be or iron bars or 
possibly just a massive quantity

4630
04:16:17,600 --> 04:16:19,600
of salt, you'll find out soon 
enough. 

4631
04:16:20,400 --> 04:16:23,200
Crews already moving around on 
Deck, preparing lines and 

4632
04:16:23,200 --> 04:16:26,300
checking the rigging. 
Sailors, move with a particular 

4633
04:16:26,300 --> 04:16:30,100
Grace that land dwellers never 
quite achieve balancing on 

4634
04:16:30,100 --> 04:16:33,200
surfaces. 
That shift and tilt, making it 

4635
04:16:33,200 --> 04:16:36,800
look effortless, the sun breaks 
through the fog, just enough to 

4636
04:16:36,808 --> 04:16:40,300
turn the harbor into something, 
almost beautiful light, reflects

4637
04:16:40,300 --> 04:16:43,600
off the water, and shifting 
patterns and for a moment you 

4638
04:16:43,600 --> 04:16:46,300
can see why painters sometimes 
set up easels along the 

4639
04:16:46,300 --> 04:16:49,900
Waterfront, trying to capture 
this particular quality of 

4640
04:16:49,900 --> 04:16:53,400
morning on canvas, then someone 
drops a barrel behind you. 

4641
04:16:53,400 --> 04:16:57,900
The crash destroying any poetic 
Ambience and the workday 

4642
04:16:57,900 --> 04:17:01,600
properly begins. 
Your house like every house 

4643
04:17:01,600 --> 04:17:05,000
within shouting distance of the 
harbor Bears, the marks of its 

4644
04:17:05,000 --> 04:17:08,400
proximity to saltwater. 
The wooden shutters have that 

4645
04:17:08,400 --> 04:17:11,400
bleached weather look that comes
from constant exposure to 

4646
04:17:11,400 --> 04:17:14,700
Sierra. 
The nails holding them in place,

4647
04:17:14,700 --> 04:17:18,200
show Orange traces of rustic 
matter how often their replaced,

4648
04:17:18,200 --> 04:17:21,500
even the stones in the 
foundation of taking on a dark 

4649
04:17:21,500 --> 04:17:25,500
and damp appearance that never 
quite dries out, as if they've 

4650
04:17:25,500 --> 04:17:29,000
absorbed so much moisture over 
the years that they've given up 

4651
04:17:29,000 --> 04:17:31,300
trying to be properly dry 
inside. 

4652
04:17:31,300 --> 04:17:34,800
The battle against dampness is 
constant and never truly one, 

4653
04:17:34,800 --> 04:17:38,300
your wife maintains a vigil that
would put Castle guards to 

4654
04:17:38,300 --> 04:17:42,600
shame, checking corners for mold
airing out bedding, whenever the

4655
04:17:42,600 --> 04:17:45,900
weather permits and burning 
herbs, that supposedly help. 

4656
04:17:45,900 --> 04:17:48,900
Prevent rot. 
Smell of lavender and rosemary 

4657
04:17:48,900 --> 04:17:52,200
is nearly as constant as the 
smell of salt, and while it 

4658
04:17:52,200 --> 04:17:55,100
doesn't actually stop. 
The dampness at least makes the 

4659
04:17:55,100 --> 04:17:58,200
dampness smell better. 
The house itself is three 

4660
04:17:58,200 --> 04:18:01,600
stories of Timber and plaster, 
the calling the third story a 

4661
04:18:01,600 --> 04:18:05,400
proper floor is generous It's 
more of a large attic where your

4662
04:18:05,400 --> 04:18:07,900
older children sleep and where 
you store things that need to be

4663
04:18:07,900 --> 04:18:12,000
kept dry, which is ironic 
because the roof leaks in at 

4664
04:18:12,000 --> 04:18:15,600
least four places that you know,
about and probably several more 

4665
04:18:15,600 --> 04:18:19,400
that you haven't discovered yet.
Every Heavy Rain becomes an 

4666
04:18:19,400 --> 04:18:23,200
exercise in strategic bucket 
placement, the main living area,

4667
04:18:23,200 --> 04:18:25,900
occupies the ground floor 
centered around that massive 

4668
04:18:25,900 --> 04:18:28,100
half. 
The room serves as kitchen, 

4669
04:18:28,100 --> 04:18:31,300
dining room, workshop, and 
general Gathering space all at. 

4670
04:18:31,300 --> 04:18:34,600
Once your wife, Spinning Wheel 
sits in the corner near the 

4671
04:18:34,600 --> 04:18:37,900
window, where the light is best.
Your daughter's slate for 

4672
04:18:37,900 --> 04:18:41,600
practicing letters, rest on the 
table, surrounded by the crumbs 

4673
04:18:41,600 --> 04:18:44,600
of countless meals. 
A cabinet that belonged to your 

4674
04:18:44,600 --> 04:18:47,700
wife's grandmother stands 
against one wall his shells. 

4675
04:18:47,700 --> 04:18:50,300
Displaying the few pieces of 
pottery, nice enough to be shown

4676
04:18:50,300 --> 04:18:53,700
off rather than used. 
The floor is packed in most 

4677
04:18:53,700 --> 04:18:57,600
rooms covered with rushes that 
need replacing more often than 

4678
04:18:57,600 --> 04:19:00,900
you'd like only the main room 
has actual wooden floorboards. 

4679
04:19:00,900 --> 04:19:03,900
And those are so worn in the 
traffic patterns that you can 

4680
04:19:03,900 --> 04:19:07,100
see, the grain standing up in 
ridges, you've thought about 

4681
04:19:07,100 --> 04:19:10,300
sanding them smooth again, but 
that feels like the kind of 

4682
04:19:10,300 --> 04:19:13,000
project that gets perpetually 
postponed in favor of more 

4683
04:19:13,000 --> 04:19:16,800
urgent repairs, the walls are 
supposed to be whitewashed and 

4684
04:19:16,800 --> 04:19:20,200
they are in theory in practice. 
There are Patchwork of different

4685
04:19:20,200 --> 04:19:23,200
shades where you've repaired 
sections or covered stains or 

4686
04:19:23,200 --> 04:19:26,300
just given up and let the 
original plaster show through 

4687
04:19:26,300 --> 04:19:29,900
your wife has hung bundles of 
dried herbs from the ceiling. 

4688
04:19:29,900 --> 04:19:33,400
Beams partly for cooking and 
partly, because she insists, 

4689
04:19:33,400 --> 04:19:36,600
they help with the smell. 
Whether they actually held or 

4690
04:19:36,600 --> 04:19:39,000
just contribute, different 
smells to the existing 

4691
04:19:39,000 --> 04:19:42,200
collection is debatable. 
Ferniture is sparse, and 

4692
04:19:42,200 --> 04:19:44,500
practical. 
The table is Oak. 

4693
04:19:44,500 --> 04:19:47,500
Heavy enough that moving. 
It requires two strong people 

4694
04:19:47,500 --> 04:19:52,500
and a sense of purpose. 
Chairs don't match 3 came from 

4695
04:19:52,500 --> 04:19:53,700
different neighbor's over the 
years. 

4696
04:19:53,700 --> 04:19:57,200
One, you built yourself during a
winter when there wasn't enough 

4697
04:19:57,200 --> 04:20:00,000
dock work. 
And the smallest one was a gift 

4698
04:20:00,008 --> 04:20:02,800
from your brother-in-law who 
felt guilty about something 

4699
04:20:02,800 --> 04:20:06,000
you've since forgotten. 
None of them are particularly 

4700
04:20:06,000 --> 04:20:09,600
comfortable, but Comfort isn't 
really the point of chairs in a 

4701
04:20:09,608 --> 04:20:13,700
working household. 
The second floor holds the 

4702
04:20:13,700 --> 04:20:16,800
sleeping quarters divided by 
thin walls. 

4703
04:20:16,800 --> 04:20:19,700
That don't reach all the way to 
the ceiling privacy. 

4704
04:20:19,700 --> 04:20:23,700
Is More Concept than reality. 
You can hear your arguments 

4705
04:20:23,700 --> 04:20:26,800
through the shared wall and they
can undoubtedly hear yours. 

4706
04:20:26,800 --> 04:20:30,000
You've learned to recognize 
their footsteps and know their 

4707
04:20:30,000 --> 04:20:34,300
routines almost as well as your 
own when their baby was sick. 

4708
04:20:34,300 --> 04:20:37,300
Last month, everyone within 
three houses, lost sleep 

4709
04:20:37,300 --> 04:20:41,700
together, your bedroom contains 
a bed, a chest for storing 

4710
04:20:41,700 --> 04:20:45,400
clothes and a small table that 
holds a candle and whatever 

4711
04:20:45,400 --> 04:20:46,800
book. 
You're currently failing, to 

4712
04:20:46,800 --> 04:20:50,700
make time to read the bed itself
is a construction of rope and a 

4713
04:20:50,700 --> 04:20:53,100
straw mattress that needs 
retightening regularly. 

4714
04:20:53,900 --> 04:20:57,000
When the Rope stretch the 
mattress sags into a shape that 

4715
04:20:57,000 --> 04:21:00,500
guarantees a back ache, your 
wife has mastered the art of the

4716
04:21:00,500 --> 04:21:04,100
Rope bed adjustment, though, she
claims, you deliberately let go 

4717
04:21:04,100 --> 04:21:06,500
to long before. 
Mentioning the problem, the 

4718
04:21:06,500 --> 04:21:09,300
children share a room that's 
theoretically large enough for 

4719
04:21:09,308 --> 04:21:11,900
all of them but practically 
feels like a game of human 

4720
04:21:11,900 --> 04:21:15,400
Tetris. 
Two beds arranged in an l-shape 

4721
04:21:15,400 --> 04:21:17,900
somehow accommodate four 
children through a combination 

4722
04:21:17,900 --> 04:21:21,100
of careful scheduling and the 
youngest ones, being small 

4723
04:21:21,100 --> 04:21:23,300
enough to double up your oldest 
son. 

4724
04:21:23,300 --> 04:21:26,800
Whose nearly grown the started 
making noises about needing his 

4725
04:21:26,800 --> 04:21:29,400
own space. 
You've started making noises 

4726
04:21:29,400 --> 04:21:31,900
back about him, being nearly 
grown enough to find his own 

4727
04:21:31,908 --> 04:21:35,300
logging. 
Water is a constant concern. 

4728
04:21:35,300 --> 04:21:38,300
You have a well in the tiny 
Courtyard behind the house, 

4729
04:21:38,300 --> 04:21:42,600
shared with two other families. 
The water tastes metallic and 

4730
04:21:42,600 --> 04:21:46,300
slightly off but at least it's 
reliably wet for washing. 

4731
04:21:46,300 --> 04:21:48,500
You collect rainwater in 
barrels. 

4732
04:21:48,500 --> 04:21:51,600
When you can, though the same 
rain that fills, your barrels, 

4733
04:21:51,600 --> 04:21:53,300
also Finds Its way through your 
roof. 

4734
04:21:53,300 --> 04:21:56,300
There's probably a metaphor in 
there somewhere about the 

4735
04:21:56,300 --> 04:21:59,100
double-edged nature of 
blessings, but you're too tired 

4736
04:21:59,100 --> 04:22:02,700
to work it out. 
Courtyard serves as an outdoor 

4737
04:22:02,700 --> 04:22:06,900
workspace, a storage area and 
the place where things go to be 

4738
04:22:06,900 --> 04:22:10,000
forgotten old barrels. 
That might be useful, someday 

4739
04:22:10,000 --> 04:22:13,200
lean against the wall. 
Links of rope to short for dock 

4740
04:22:13,200 --> 04:22:16,600
work but too long to throw away.
Hang from pegs, your wife's 

4741
04:22:16,600 --> 04:22:20,100
washing line, stretches across 
the space currently empty but 

4742
04:22:20,100 --> 04:22:22,100
destined to be full of laundry 
by afternoon. 

4743
04:22:22,100 --> 04:22:25,600
If the weather holds the private
occupies one corner of the 

4744
04:22:25,600 --> 04:22:29,400
courtyard, a wooden structure 
that is exactly as pleasant as 

4745
04:22:29,400 --> 04:22:32,400
you'd expect for something. 
That's essentially a shed with a

4746
04:22:32,400 --> 04:22:34,500
hole in. 
It, it's positioned, downwind 

4747
04:22:34,500 --> 04:22:37,700
from the house which helps in 
theory, but matters less. 

4748
04:22:37,700 --> 04:22:40,400
When you can consider that the 
wind here changes Direction 

4749
04:22:40,400 --> 04:22:43,400
about six times a day, your 
children have developed, 

4750
04:22:43,400 --> 04:22:46,300
impressive, bladder control, as 
a result of wanting to avoid 

4751
04:22:46,300 --> 04:22:48,700
nighttime. 
Trips to the out house the 

4752
04:22:48,700 --> 04:22:51,400
neighbor's on your left side or 
a family of rope makers. 

4753
04:22:51,400 --> 04:22:54,700
You can hear the rhythmic 
whacking of their work through 

4754
04:22:54,700 --> 04:22:57,300
the shared wall. 
A sound that's become so 

4755
04:22:57,300 --> 04:22:59,300
familiar. 
You barely notice it anymore. 

4756
04:22:59,300 --> 04:23:02,500
The neighbor's on your Lighter a
widow and her adult daughter who

4757
04:23:02,500 --> 04:23:05,300
taken sewing. 
The daughter has a voice that 

4758
04:23:05,300 --> 04:23:09,100
carries particularly when she's 
arguing with suitors which is 

4759
04:23:09,100 --> 04:23:12,500
often you know, more about her 
romantic life than you've ever 

4760
04:23:12,500 --> 04:23:16,100
wanted to know your street like 
most streets in this part of 

4761
04:23:16,100 --> 04:23:19,900
town lacks an official name. 
People call it the street where 

4762
04:23:19,900 --> 04:23:23,600
the sail-maker used to live. 
even though the sail-maker moved

4763
04:23:23,600 --> 04:23:26,800
away, seven years ago, and was 
replaced by a man who repairs 

4764
04:23:26,800 --> 04:23:31,000
Nets This seems to bother the 
net repairman, but not enough 

4765
04:23:31,000 --> 04:23:33,500
for him to do anything about it.
Try to change. 

4766
04:23:33,500 --> 04:23:36,100
What people call a street is 
like trying to change the tide 

4767
04:23:36,100 --> 04:23:40,000
schedule, theoretically possible
but practically pointless. 

4768
04:23:40,900 --> 04:23:43,600
The house is proud together with
barely enough space between them

4769
04:23:43,600 --> 04:23:45,000
for a skinny cat to pass 
through. 

4770
04:23:45,000 --> 04:23:49,200
This isn't by Design, but rather
by the organic growth of a port 

4771
04:23:49,200 --> 04:23:52,000
town, where every square foot of
land near the docks is valuable 

4772
04:23:52,000 --> 04:23:54,500
building screw up wherever there
was space. 

4773
04:23:54,500 --> 04:23:58,100
Sometimes sharing walls 
Sometimes using a neighbor's 

4774
04:23:58,100 --> 04:24:00,600
wall, as one of your own, 
creating an architectural, 

4775
04:24:00,600 --> 04:24:04,500
Patchwork that follows no plan 
except the plan of putting a 

4776
04:24:04,500 --> 04:24:08,100
roof over your head as close to 
work as possible. 

4777
04:24:08,100 --> 04:24:12,700
Windows are small and few 
glasses expensive and shutters 

4778
04:24:12,700 --> 04:24:14,300
serve just fine for most 
purposes. 

4779
04:24:14,300 --> 04:24:18,600
Your house has actual glass in 
two windows, both on the street 

4780
04:24:18,600 --> 04:24:20,100
side, where visitors might see 
them. 

4781
04:24:20,100 --> 04:24:24,300
The glass is thick and wavy 
making everything outside looks 

4782
04:24:24,300 --> 04:24:27,400
slightly distorted. 
Lets in the light while keeping 

4783
04:24:27,400 --> 04:24:30,300
out wind that counts as luxury 
here. 

4784
04:24:30,300 --> 04:24:35,300
The door to the street is Oak, 
reinforced with iron bands and 

4785
04:24:35,300 --> 04:24:38,000
heavy enough that your youngest 
daughter can't open it without 

4786
04:24:38,000 --> 04:24:40,400
help. 
It's borrowed at night with a 

4787
04:24:40,400 --> 04:24:44,100
beam as thick as your forearm, 
the harbor attracts, all sorts, 

4788
04:24:44,100 --> 04:24:46,600
and while your neighborhood 
isn't particularly dangerous, 

4789
04:24:46,600 --> 04:24:48,200
it's not particularly safe 
either. 

4790
04:24:49,000 --> 04:24:52,300
Things disappear from 
Courtyards, drunk Sailors, 

4791
04:24:52,300 --> 04:24:54,500
looking for lodging. 
Sometimes try doors to see if 

4792
04:24:54,508 --> 04:24:57,900
they're open better to Bar the 
door and sleep soundly than 

4793
04:24:57,900 --> 04:24:59,600
trust in the kindness of 
strangers. 

4794
04:24:59,600 --> 04:25:03,500
Even in your home means, 
Candlelight and firelight and 

4795
04:25:03,500 --> 04:25:06,300
trying to accomplish whatever 
needs accomplishing before, 

4796
04:25:06,300 --> 04:25:10,000
Darkness makes it impossible. 
Your wife sews by the fire 

4797
04:25:10,000 --> 04:25:13,200
squinting at her work. 
Your children do their chores 

4798
04:25:13,200 --> 04:25:15,600
with varying degrees of 
enthusiasm and success. 

4799
04:25:15,600 --> 04:25:18,700
You might repair some piece of 
equipment that broke during the 

4800
04:25:18,708 --> 04:25:23,200
day or sharpen tools, or just 
sit and feel your back complain 

4801
04:25:23,200 --> 04:25:26,000
about the 12 hours of lifting, 
you put it through the house. 

4802
04:25:26,008 --> 04:25:29,300
Settles as it cools making 
creaking and popping sounds that

4803
04:25:29,300 --> 04:25:32,400
you've learned to distinguish 
from the sound of actual 

4804
04:25:32,400 --> 04:25:35,000
problems. 
There's the post that always 

4805
04:25:35,000 --> 04:25:38,400
grows when the temperature 
drops, the board near the window

4806
04:25:38,400 --> 04:25:41,800
that clicks when stepped on, 
just write the raft of that 

4807
04:25:41,800 --> 04:25:44,300
scrapes against its neighbor. 
When the wind comes from the 

4808
04:25:44,308 --> 04:25:47,100
East. 
These are the nighttime sounds 

4809
04:25:47,100 --> 04:25:49,900
of your home as familiar as your
own breathing. 

4810
04:25:49,900 --> 04:25:54,100
When you finally head upstairs 
to sleep, the days work sits in 

4811
04:25:54,100 --> 04:25:57,400
your muscles, like stones, the 
bed sag becomes almost 

4812
04:25:57,400 --> 04:25:59,700
comfortable. 
When you're this tired through 

4813
04:25:59,700 --> 04:26:02,100
the walls, you can hear your 
neighbors settling in as well. 

4814
04:26:02,100 --> 04:26:05,700
For footsteps overhead voices 
through the plaster and the 

4815
04:26:05,700 --> 04:26:07,900
general Symphony of people 
ending their days. 

4816
04:26:09,100 --> 04:26:13,100
Outside the Harbour continues, 
its work, the tides don't care, 

4817
04:26:13,100 --> 04:26:16,600
whether you're awake or asleep, 
ships arrive, and depart by 

4818
04:26:16,600 --> 04:26:20,800
their own schedules, the sea 
keeps its own hours and everyone

4819
04:26:20,800 --> 04:26:23,200
who lives nearer to just their 
lives accordingly. 

4820
04:26:23,200 --> 04:26:26,800
The morning Market sets up while
you're still hauling cargo at 

4821
04:26:26,800 --> 04:26:29,900
the Docks, but you can track its
progress by sound. 

4822
04:26:30,600 --> 04:26:33,600
First, comes the rumble of 
cartwheels on cobblestones, 

4823
04:26:33,600 --> 04:26:36,900
dozens of them converging on the
Market Square from different 

4824
04:26:36,900 --> 04:26:40,100
directions. 
Then the shouts, begin vendors, 

4825
04:26:40,100 --> 04:26:42,800
claiming their spots arguing 
over, who was their first 

4826
04:26:42,800 --> 04:26:46,200
negotiating, the invisible 
boundaries that separate one 

4827
04:26:46,200 --> 04:26:49,200
stalled from another. 
By the time, the sun is properly

4828
04:26:49,200 --> 04:26:50,900
up. 
The market is in full voice. 

4829
04:26:51,900 --> 04:26:54,300
Cacophony that can be heard 
three streets away. 

4830
04:26:55,400 --> 04:26:58,100
You finish your dock work 
around, mid-morning your back 

4831
04:26:58,100 --> 04:27:00,600
providing details complaints 
about every barrel. 

4832
04:27:00,600 --> 04:27:03,900
You've lifted the wolf master 
tale is your hours on a board 

4833
04:27:03,900 --> 04:27:06,100
that is more scratches and marks
than wood at this point. 

4834
04:27:06,900 --> 04:27:10,200
Payment happens on Saturday, 
assuming the merchants actually,

4835
04:27:10,200 --> 04:27:12,700
pay the wharf. 
Master, who pays the dock, 

4836
04:27:12,700 --> 04:27:16,000
Foreman, who pays you. 
It's a system that works until 

4837
04:27:16,000 --> 04:27:17,700
it doesn't. 
And you've learned to keep 

4838
04:27:17,700 --> 04:27:20,200
mental track of what you're owed
versus what you've actually 

4839
04:27:20,200 --> 04:27:23,300
received. 
The walk from Dr. Market takes 

4840
04:27:23,300 --> 04:27:26,400
you through the commercial heart
of the port town here, the 

4841
04:27:26,400 --> 04:27:29,700
buildings are slightly taller, 
slightly better maintained, and 

4842
04:27:29,700 --> 04:27:33,400
bearing signs that advertise 
their Wares, a ship Charmander, 

4843
04:27:33,400 --> 04:27:37,200
occupies a corner, building his 
windows full of rope and canvas 

4844
04:27:37,200 --> 04:27:38,900
and mysterious brass 
instruments. 

4845
04:27:38,900 --> 04:27:43,200
That supposedly help with 
navigation next to him, the 

4846
04:27:43,200 --> 04:27:45,800
tavern is already doing steady 
business despite the hour 

4847
04:27:46,600 --> 04:27:48,400
Sailors operate on their own 
schedules. 

4848
04:27:48,400 --> 04:27:52,200
And when you've just spent six 
weeks, at Sea, 10 in the morning

4849
04:27:52,200 --> 04:27:55,400
feels perfectly reasonable for a
drink, a man, selling 

4850
04:27:55,400 --> 04:27:57,600
broadsheets stands near the 
market entrance. 

4851
04:27:57,600 --> 04:28:01,200
Shouting headlines about wars 
and kings, and events that may 

4852
04:28:01,200 --> 04:28:04,200
or may not be true. 
You've learned to be skeptical 

4853
04:28:04,200 --> 04:28:07,500
of news that comes printed on 
cheap paper but people buy the 

4854
04:28:07,500 --> 04:28:09,700
sheets. 
Anyway, hungry for information 

4855
04:28:09,700 --> 04:28:13,200
about The Wider world, the 
printer makes most of his money 

4856
04:28:13,200 --> 04:28:16,900
from the advertisements on the 
back page, notices about ships 

4857
04:28:16,900 --> 04:28:21,200
to parking cargo for sale and 
rewards for runaway apprentices.

4858
04:28:21,200 --> 04:28:23,600
The Market Square isn't actually
Square. 

4859
04:28:23,600 --> 04:28:26,800
It's more of an irregular 
polygon that exist in the space 

4860
04:28:26,800 --> 04:28:29,500
between buildings that were put 
up without much concerned for 

4861
04:28:29,500 --> 04:28:32,000
civic planning. 
Someone tried to organize it 

4862
04:28:32,000 --> 04:28:36,000
once painting lines to Mark, 
Stahl locations, but the lines 

4863
04:28:36,000 --> 04:28:37,700
of long since faded and been 
ignored. 

4864
04:28:37,700 --> 04:28:40,900
Anyway, stall placement is 
determined by tradition, 

4865
04:28:40,900 --> 04:28:45,000
seniority, and occasionally, by 
who's willing to show up early 

4866
04:28:45,000 --> 04:28:48,300
as to claim the best spots. 
The fish sellers occupy, the 

4867
04:28:48,308 --> 04:28:51,600
section nearest, the docks which
makes sense given their products

4868
04:28:51,600 --> 04:28:54,500
freshness requirements. 
They've arranged their Wares on 

4869
04:28:54,500 --> 04:28:58,700
tables covered with seaweed Fish
laid out in neat rows, that 

4870
04:28:58,700 --> 04:29:01,000
disguise the fact that most of 
these fish were swimming 

4871
04:29:01,000 --> 04:29:03,600
yesterday. 
The sellers keep up a constant 

4872
04:29:03,600 --> 04:29:05,800
pattern. 
Praising their fishes, firm 

4873
04:29:05,800 --> 04:29:08,900
flesh and Clear Eyes. 
Cleaning each catch is the 

4874
04:29:08,900 --> 04:29:11,700
finest of the morning. 
You've learned to judge fish 

4875
04:29:11,700 --> 04:29:14,200
quality yourself. 
The eyes are indeed important 

4876
04:29:14,200 --> 04:29:16,900
that. 
So is the smell, the texture of 

4877
04:29:16,908 --> 04:29:19,500
the skin and whether the gills 
are still bright red. 

4878
04:29:19,500 --> 04:29:23,800
A woman, you've known for years,
Margaret of the good fish spots,

4879
04:29:23,800 --> 04:29:26,400
you and gestures to order. 
Particularly nice looking Cod, 

4880
04:29:26,400 --> 04:29:28,400
you examine it with the 
seriousness. 

4881
04:29:28,400 --> 04:29:31,000
It deserves checking for the 
signs. 

4882
04:29:31,000 --> 04:29:34,800
That separate merely acceptable,
fish from genuinely good fish. 

4883
04:29:36,000 --> 04:29:38,900
Flesh Springs. 
Back, when you press it, the 

4884
04:29:38,900 --> 04:29:42,100
eyes have not clouded. 
Margaret watches this inspection

4885
04:29:42,100 --> 04:29:43,900
with the patience of someone who
knows. 

4886
04:29:43,900 --> 04:29:47,500
Her product is solid. 
You negotiate a price that's 

4887
04:29:47,500 --> 04:29:50,100
probably fair to both of you 
though. 

4888
04:29:50,100 --> 04:29:51,800
You both pretend to be slightly 
dissatisfied. 

4889
04:29:51,800 --> 04:29:54,900
It's expected beyond the fish 
sellers. 

4890
04:29:54,900 --> 04:29:58,900
The market spreads into other 
Specialties vegetables from 

4891
04:29:58,900 --> 04:30:02,200
local farms looking somewhat sad
this late in Autumn but still 

4892
04:30:02,200 --> 04:30:04,800
edible bread from three 
different Bakers. 

4893
04:30:04,800 --> 04:30:08,400
Each claiming superiority over 
the others in ways that seem to 

4894
04:30:08,400 --> 04:30:12,500
involve ancient grudges and 
complicated, family histories, a

4895
04:30:12,500 --> 04:30:16,300
woman sells eggs from a car, the
eggs, nested in straw, and 

4896
04:30:16,300 --> 04:30:18,700
swears these are from her own 
chickens even though everyone 

4897
04:30:18,700 --> 04:30:21,000
knows she buys them from a 
farmer 10 miles. 

4898
04:30:21,000 --> 04:30:23,700
Inland and marks. 
The mop, the butcher operates 

4899
04:30:23,700 --> 04:30:27,000
from a permanent stall that's 
more shop than stall with actual

4900
04:30:27,000 --> 04:30:30,100
walls and a roof and a counter 
one Smooth by years of 

4901
04:30:30,108 --> 04:30:33,900
transactions. 
He's got mutton today and pork 

4902
04:30:33,900 --> 04:30:36,800
and something he claims his 
beef, but might be old dairy, 

4903
04:30:36,800 --> 04:30:38,900
cow. 
The price is a higher enough 

4904
04:30:38,900 --> 04:30:41,600
that you mentally calculate, 
whether you can afford meet this

4905
04:30:41,608 --> 04:30:44,900
week or whether you're looking 
at another few days of fish and 

4906
04:30:44,900 --> 04:30:47,100
bread. 
Your wife has opinions about 

4907
04:30:47,100 --> 04:30:50,600
your fish and bread diet. 
specifically, that she is tired 

4908
04:30:50,600 --> 04:30:54,300
of cooking it and you're all 
tired of eating it Cloth sellers

4909
04:30:54,300 --> 04:30:58,000
occupy a favored position near 
the Market Center, their Wares, 

4910
04:30:58,000 --> 04:30:59,800
colorful enough to attract 
attention. 

4911
04:30:59,800 --> 04:31:03,500
Most of what their selling is 
wool, practical, warm and 

4912
04:31:03,500 --> 04:31:07,200
waterproof when properly treated
But there are also Linens for 

4913
04:31:07,208 --> 04:31:10,400
those who can afford them and 
even a few pieces of silk for 

4914
04:31:10,400 --> 04:31:12,700
those who can afford them and 
want everyone to know it. 

4915
04:31:12,700 --> 04:31:15,500
You finger a piece of wool that 
would make a good winter. 

4916
04:31:15,500 --> 04:31:18,700
Cloak calculate the cost against
your recent earnings and move 

4917
04:31:18,700 --> 04:31:22,000
on, winter is coming but it's 
not here yet. 

4918
04:31:22,000 --> 04:31:25,400
A general Goods, Merchant has 
spread an impressive array of 

4919
04:31:25,400 --> 04:31:29,200
items across two tables. 
Nails knives, cooking pots, 

4920
04:31:29,200 --> 04:31:33,900
needles thread buttons, buckles 
and mysterious items whose 

4921
04:31:33,900 --> 04:31:37,000
purposes you can only guess at 
its price is a higher than they 

4922
04:31:37,000 --> 04:31:39,100
should be. 
But he's the only source for 

4923
04:31:39,108 --> 04:31:41,200
many of these Goods. 
Unless you want to wait for a 

4924
04:31:41,200 --> 04:31:45,100
ship from London, to bring 
specialized items, he knows this

4925
04:31:45,100 --> 04:31:49,000
and prices accordingly. 
Seller has actual cheese from 

4926
04:31:49,000 --> 04:31:52,600
actual dairy, cows aged, in 
cave, somewhere in London. 

4927
04:31:52,600 --> 04:31:55,700
And the smell alone is enough to
make your mouth water. 

4928
04:31:55,700 --> 04:31:58,600
You buy a small round of 
something hard and yellow. 

4929
04:31:58,600 --> 04:32:00,900
That the seller promises will 
last through winter, without 

4930
04:32:00,900 --> 04:32:03,600
going bad weather. 
It will last through winter in 

4931
04:32:03,600 --> 04:32:06,000
your house. 
As another question, your 

4932
04:32:06,000 --> 04:32:08,300
children have been known to chip
pieces off when they think 

4933
04:32:08,300 --> 04:32:11,700
nobody's watching spice is 
occupier corner of the market, 

4934
04:32:11,700 --> 04:32:14,700
where a merchant who considers 
himself several steps of the 

4935
04:32:14,700 --> 04:32:17,600
common vendors are set up. 
Something approaching a proper 

4936
04:32:17,600 --> 04:32:19,600
shop. 
He's got pepper which is 

4937
04:32:19,608 --> 04:32:23,400
expensive but worth it cinnamon 
which is more expensive and 

4938
04:32:23,400 --> 04:32:25,900
possibly worth it. 
If you're the sort of person who

4939
04:32:25,900 --> 04:32:29,500
put cinnamon in things Strange 
powders in jars labeled with 

4940
04:32:29,500 --> 04:32:31,900
names. 
You can't pronounce which he 

4941
04:32:31,900 --> 04:32:33,600
swears. 
Will transform ordinary food 

4942
04:32:33,600 --> 04:32:37,300
into extraordinary food your 
skeptical but your wife is 

4943
04:32:37,300 --> 04:32:39,600
expressed interest in something 
called cardamom. 

4944
04:32:39,600 --> 04:32:42,700
So you inquire about prices and 
immediately regret it. 

4945
04:32:43,500 --> 04:32:45,600
A Potter sells bowls and cups 
and plates. 

4946
04:32:45,600 --> 04:32:48,600
All of them, Brown, and 
practical and approximately the 

4947
04:32:48,600 --> 04:32:51,200
same shape. 
He's been at this corner for 15 

4948
04:32:51,200 --> 04:32:54,200
years and every house in the 
neighborhood contains at least 

4949
04:32:54,200 --> 04:32:57,500
three of his bowls. 
They're not beautiful, but 

4950
04:32:57,500 --> 04:33:00,500
they're cheap and they don't 
break easily, which matters more

4951
04:33:00,500 --> 04:33:02,600
than Beauty. 
When you're serving stew to 

4952
04:33:02,600 --> 04:33:05,700
Hungry children, the market 
also, hosts less permanent 

4953
04:33:05,700 --> 04:33:08,700
vendors, people who show up 
sporadically with, whatever 

4954
04:33:08,700 --> 04:33:10,599
they've made or found or 
salvaged. 

4955
04:33:11,300 --> 04:33:13,900
Today, there's a man selling 
rope scraps, which you might 

4956
04:33:13,900 --> 04:33:17,700
have used for a woman with 
baskets woven from reads. 

4957
04:33:17,700 --> 04:33:20,500
A boy who claims these shells. 
A special shells. 

4958
04:33:20,500 --> 04:33:24,400
Lucky shells shells that will 
bring Fortune to whoever owns 

4959
04:33:24,400 --> 04:33:26,500
them. 
The shells look like regular 

4960
04:33:26,500 --> 04:33:28,400
shells to you but people are 
buying them. 

4961
04:33:28,400 --> 04:33:32,500
Anyway, arguments break out. 
Periodically accusations of 

4962
04:33:32,500 --> 04:33:36,300
short, weights disputes over, 
whose customer was whose first 

4963
04:33:36,300 --> 04:33:38,300
and complaints about someone's 
fish. 

4964
04:33:38,300 --> 04:33:41,500
Stinking up, someone else's 
bread, a Market, official 

4965
04:33:41,500 --> 04:33:44,300
wanders, through occasionally 
settling disputes with the 

4966
04:33:44,308 --> 04:33:47,900
authority of someone who seen 
every possible Market argument 

4967
04:33:47,900 --> 04:33:50,099
and is unimpressed, by all of 
them. 

4968
04:33:50,099 --> 04:33:54,000
He carries a set of standard 
weights to verify scales and 

4969
04:33:54,000 --> 04:33:55,900
vendors. 
Suddenly become very interested 

4970
04:33:55,900 --> 04:33:57,300
in checking their own 
measurements. 

4971
04:33:57,300 --> 04:33:59,800
When they see him coming 
children weave through the 

4972
04:33:59,800 --> 04:34:03,000
crowd, some running errands for 
their parents, some just running

4973
04:34:03,000 --> 04:34:06,700
because Market Days exciting. 
They cluster around a man doing 

4974
04:34:06,700 --> 04:34:09,400
magic tricks. 
At least, he calls the magic 

4975
04:34:09,400 --> 04:34:11,200
tricks though, your fairly 
certain. 

4976
04:34:11,300 --> 04:34:13,900
That coin didn't actually 
disappear so much as end up in 

4977
04:34:13,908 --> 04:34:16,400
his other hand. 
The children don't care. 

4978
04:34:16,400 --> 04:34:19,700
They gasped and applaud and 
making him to do it again. 

4979
04:34:19,700 --> 04:34:23,500
Your wife appears from somewhere
basket already half full of 

4980
04:34:23,508 --> 04:34:25,599
purchases, you'll need to 
account for later. 

4981
04:34:25,599 --> 04:34:28,900
She's got bread and vegetables 
and something wrapped in cloth 

4982
04:34:28,900 --> 04:34:31,500
that she won't show you. 
Which means it's either a 

4983
04:34:31,500 --> 04:34:33,300
surprise or something. 
She thinks you'll object 

4984
04:34:33,300 --> 04:34:38,000
spending money on Possibly both,
she examines your fish purchase,

4985
04:34:38,000 --> 04:34:40,800
nods approval, and adds it to 
her basket. 

4986
04:34:41,900 --> 04:34:45,200
The market will continue until 
early afternoon then gradually 

4987
04:34:45,200 --> 04:34:47,800
dispersed as vendors pack up 
their remaining Goods. 

4988
04:34:47,800 --> 04:34:50,700
Some items will be cheaper in 
the final Hour Bread. 

4989
04:34:50,700 --> 04:34:53,400
That won't be fresh tomorrow 
fish that definitely won't be 

4990
04:34:53,408 --> 04:34:56,500
fresh tomorrow and vegetables 
that are already borderline 

4991
04:34:56,500 --> 04:34:59,099
smart Shoppers with flexible 
schedules. 

4992
04:34:59,099 --> 04:35:02,500
Wait until the end gambling that
they'll get Bargains without 

4993
04:35:02,500 --> 04:35:03,800
missing out on everything. 
Good. 

4994
04:35:04,800 --> 04:35:07,900
You've tried this strategy, the 
results have been mixed. 

4995
04:35:07,900 --> 04:35:11,500
The Tavern called the mermaid's,
rest occupies, a building that 

4996
04:35:11,500 --> 04:35:15,099
looks like it might collapse. 
If everyone inside leaned left 

4997
04:35:15,099 --> 04:35:19,200
at the same time the floors 
tilted angles that seem to defy 

4998
04:35:19,200 --> 04:35:22,700
basic principles of construction
and the whole structure of its 

4999
04:35:22,700 --> 04:35:24,500
Creeks that sound like 
complaints. 

5000
04:35:25,200 --> 04:35:28,800
Despite this or perhaps because 
of it the mermaid's rest has 

5001
04:35:28,800 --> 04:35:31,900
been serving ale and gossip for 
longer than anyone can remember.

5002
04:35:31,900 --> 04:35:36,000
And will probably continue doing
so long after more, sensible 

5003
04:35:36,000 --> 04:35:39,099
buildings are fallen down. 
You push through the door around

5004
04:35:39,099 --> 04:35:42,300
evening when the days work is 
finally finished and your 

5005
04:35:42,300 --> 04:35:44,800
muscles have progressed from 
complaining to outright 

5006
04:35:44,800 --> 04:35:47,599
Rebellion. 
The interior is dark, despite 

5007
04:35:47,599 --> 04:35:51,000
several Windows partly because 
the windows are small and dirty 

5008
04:35:51,000 --> 04:35:54,200
partly, because the ceiling is 
low and smoke stained. 

5009
04:35:54,200 --> 04:35:58,599
The room smells of Ale and sweat
and wood smoke with underlying 

5010
04:35:58,599 --> 04:36:01,200
notes of spilled wine. 
And yesterday, stew. 

5011
04:36:01,200 --> 04:36:03,599
It's not a pleasant smell. 
Exactly. 

5012
04:36:03,599 --> 04:36:06,800
But it's familiar. 
And after 12 hours of moving 

5013
04:36:06,800 --> 04:36:10,200
cargo familiar counts for a lot.
The Tavern keeper. 

5014
04:36:10,200 --> 04:36:13,300
A woman named Beatrice whose 
like a barrel and has a 

5015
04:36:13,300 --> 04:36:16,800
personality to match nods. 
Toward your usual Corner. 

5016
04:36:16,800 --> 04:36:20,200
The table there is slightly more
level than the others, which is 

5017
04:36:20,200 --> 04:36:23,099
why it's popular and why you 
have to arrive early to claim 

5018
04:36:23,099 --> 04:36:25,300
it. 
You settle onto a bench that has

5019
04:36:25,300 --> 04:36:28,200
been worn Smooth by countless 
other dockworkers settling onto 

5020
04:36:28,200 --> 04:36:31,800
it at the end of countless other
days, Beatrice Springs ale 

5021
04:36:31,800 --> 04:36:34,700
without asking what you want, 
because what you want is always 

5022
04:36:34,700 --> 04:36:38,200
ale and specifically the cheap 
pale rather than the slightly 

5023
04:36:38,200 --> 04:36:41,200
less cheap ale. 
The cup is wooden the rim 

5024
04:36:41,200 --> 04:36:45,000
darkened, by years of lips and 
the alien side is brown and 

5025
04:36:45,000 --> 04:36:48,599
cloudy and tastes like bread, 
that started to go bad, which is

5026
04:36:48,608 --> 04:36:51,000
basically what it is. 
You drink it. 

5027
04:36:51,000 --> 04:36:54,300
Anyway, after the day, you've 
had, it tastes like Victory. 

5028
04:36:54,300 --> 04:36:56,599
Other workers, filtering 
gradually. 

5029
04:36:56,599 --> 04:36:59,900
Each claiming their customary 
spots through a combination of 

5030
04:36:59,900 --> 04:37:02,400
habit. 
An unspoken territorial 

5031
04:37:02,400 --> 04:37:06,000
agreements. 
Villa arrives still smelling of 

5032
04:37:06,000 --> 04:37:07,800
the tar, he works with on the 
docks. 

5033
04:37:07,800 --> 04:37:11,400
Margaret's husband comes in 
probably sent by Margaret to 

5034
04:37:11,400 --> 04:37:14,900
limit how long he stays and how 
much he drinks young Thomas 

5035
04:37:14,900 --> 04:37:18,000
appears with his master, the 
Rope maker who immediately 

5036
04:37:18,000 --> 04:37:21,000
launches into a technical 
discussion about rope tension 

5037
04:37:21,000 --> 04:37:24,500
that nobody else cares about but
everyone will pretend to listen 

5038
04:37:24,500 --> 04:37:28,099
to the conversation. 
Starts slowly building, like a 

5039
04:37:28,099 --> 04:37:31,900
fire that needs time to catch. 
Someone mentions the ship that 

5040
04:37:31,900 --> 04:37:33,500
arrived this morning from 
Amsterdam. 

5041
04:37:33,500 --> 04:37:35,500
Someone else knows someone who 
knows. 

5042
04:37:35,500 --> 04:37:38,099
Someone on that ship and heard 
they'd had trouble with pirates 

5043
04:37:38,099 --> 04:37:40,599
near the channel. 
This leads to other pirate 

5044
04:37:40,599 --> 04:37:44,500
stories, each more dramatic than
the last until you're fairly 

5045
04:37:44,500 --> 04:37:46,000
certain. 
No one involved in this 

5046
04:37:46,000 --> 04:37:49,400
conversation has ever actually 
seen a pirate but everyone has 

5047
04:37:49,400 --> 04:37:51,900
strong opinions about them. 
A group of sailors. 

5048
04:37:51,900 --> 04:37:55,099
Occupies the far Corner, their 
voice is loud with the 

5049
04:37:55,099 --> 04:37:57,200
particular. 
Enthusiasm of men who've 

5050
04:37:57,200 --> 04:38:00,400
recently been paid, they're from
the merchant ship that unloaded 

5051
04:38:00,400 --> 04:38:04,000
salt, this morning celebrating 
their wages before those wages 

5052
04:38:04,000 --> 04:38:07,099
disappear into the pockets of 
landlords, and Tavern Keepers 

5053
04:38:07,099 --> 04:38:10,099
and the various Merchants will 
be happy to sell them things. 

5054
04:38:10,099 --> 04:38:13,400
They don't need one of them is 
demonstrating some not that he 

5055
04:38:13,400 --> 04:38:16,300
swears saved the ship during a 
storm though? 

5056
04:38:16,300 --> 04:38:18,700
His hands are on steady enough 
that the demonstration isn't 

5057
04:38:18,700 --> 04:38:23,200
particularly convincing. 
The taverns gradually as evening

5058
04:38:23,200 --> 04:38:26,500
properly sets, in workers from 
all over the port area 

5059
04:38:26,500 --> 04:38:30,599
congregate here, not just Dock 
Workers, but also the Coopers 

5060
04:38:30,599 --> 04:38:33,900
who make barrels, The 
sail-maker's Who Repair canvas, 

5061
04:38:33,900 --> 04:38:37,700
the Charmers who Supply ships, 
the Customs officers, who 

5062
04:38:37,700 --> 04:38:42,000
extract taxes and the scribes 
who record transactions, 

5063
04:38:42,000 --> 04:38:45,000
everyone who makes their living 
from the Seas, Commerce of 

5064
04:38:45,000 --> 04:38:47,000
eventually ends up at the 
mermaid's rest. 

5065
04:38:47,700 --> 04:38:51,200
Drawn by Cheap ale and the 
comfort of complaining to people

5066
04:38:51,200 --> 04:38:54,300
who understand what you're 
complaining about, Beatrice 

5067
04:38:54,300 --> 04:38:56,900
moves through the crowd with 
surprising Grace, for someone 

5068
04:38:56,900 --> 04:39:01,099
her size, delivering, drinks, 
and food, and sharp comments in 

5069
04:39:01,099 --> 04:39:04,099
equal measure. 
She runs this tavern with iron 

5070
04:39:04,099 --> 04:39:07,400
efficiency tolerating, No 
Nonsense and suffering. 

5071
04:39:07,400 --> 04:39:09,900
No fools. 
When an argument breaks out near

5072
04:39:09,900 --> 04:39:11,700
the bar. 
Something about someone owing 

5073
04:39:11,700 --> 04:39:14,400
someone money, or maybe about 
someone looking at someone 

5074
04:39:14,400 --> 04:39:16,000
else's wife. 
It's hard to tell. 

5075
04:39:16,800 --> 04:39:19,900
Beatrice simply appears between 
the arms crossed. 

5076
04:39:20,599 --> 04:39:22,400
And the argument dies, 
instantly. 

5077
04:39:22,400 --> 04:39:26,700
Nobody argues, with Beatrice 
Beatrice, could probably stop a 

5078
04:39:26,700 --> 04:39:27,599
war. 
Through sheer force of 

5079
04:39:27,599 --> 04:39:31,500
disapproval the food. 
When you order, it is basic, but

5080
04:39:31,500 --> 04:39:34,500
substantial, stew. 
That's been simmering all day 

5081
04:39:34,500 --> 04:39:37,600
full of meat and vegetables and 
things that might be the onions 

5082
04:39:37,600 --> 04:39:39,600
or potatoes. 
Depending on what was available 

5083
04:39:39,600 --> 04:39:42,800
bread. 
For soaking up the stew crusty 

5084
04:39:42,800 --> 04:39:45,900
on the outside and soft inside. 
Still warm from whenever it was 

5085
04:39:45,900 --> 04:39:48,300
baked. 
The portions are generous 

5086
04:39:48,300 --> 04:39:51,100
because Beatrice understands 
that men who spend 12 hours 

5087
04:39:51,100 --> 04:39:55,100
lifting heavy things need fuel 
to recover music starts around 

5088
04:39:55,100 --> 04:39:57,400
the second. 
Our provided by an old sailor 

5089
04:39:57,400 --> 04:39:59,900
whose missing three fingers but 
can still coat. 

5090
04:39:59,900 --> 04:40:02,300
Surprise me. 
Good sounds from a small wooden 

5091
04:40:02,300 --> 04:40:05,400
flute. 
He knows maybe six songs plays 

5092
04:40:05,400 --> 04:40:08,300
them in the same order of 
reunite and nobody complains 

5093
04:40:08,300 --> 04:40:11,400
because these are good songs. 
The kind, everyone knows the 

5094
04:40:11,400 --> 04:40:13,700
words to, even if they can't 
remember where they learned 

5095
04:40:13,700 --> 04:40:16,800
them, some songs are about the 
sea naturally. 

5096
04:40:17,500 --> 04:40:20,500
Summer about women. 
Inevitably some are about 

5097
04:40:20,508 --> 04:40:23,800
drinking appropriately. 
One is about a rooster that 

5098
04:40:23,808 --> 04:40:26,900
challenged the king to a duel 
which doesn't make much sense 

5099
04:40:26,900 --> 04:40:30,200
but has a catchy Melody. 
The atmosphere grows warmer and 

5100
04:40:30,200 --> 04:40:34,100
louder as the evening progresses
conversations overlap, until 

5101
04:40:34,100 --> 04:40:36,500
individual words, become 
impossible to distinguish. 

5102
04:40:36,500 --> 04:40:41,200
Creating a general Roar 
punctuated by occasional shouts 

5103
04:40:41,200 --> 04:40:44,800
of laughter or argument the air 
grows thick with Pipe smoke. 

5104
04:40:44,800 --> 04:40:47,600
Everyone seems to be smoking 
cheap tobacco. 

5105
04:40:47,600 --> 04:40:51,700
That smells like burning rope. 
Your eyes water but opening a 

5106
04:40:51,700 --> 04:40:55,100
window would let in cold air. 
So the smoke stays someone 

5107
04:40:55,100 --> 04:40:59,100
proposes a dice game which leads
to several dice games which 

5108
04:40:59,100 --> 04:41:02,100
leads to the inevitable 
accusations of loaded Dice and 

5109
04:41:02,100 --> 04:41:05,300
suspicious rolling techniques 
Money Changes hands. 

5110
04:41:05,300 --> 04:41:09,400
Based on the tumbling of small 
bone, cubes fortunes rising and 

5111
04:41:09,400 --> 04:41:12,900
falling with each throw you 
watch rather than participate 

5112
04:41:12,900 --> 04:41:15,000
Having learned that dice games 
at the mermaid's. 

5113
04:41:15,000 --> 04:41:18,200
Rest tend to favor the house and
ways that aren't immediately 

5114
04:41:18,200 --> 04:41:21,300
obvious, but become clearer. 
When you calculate your losses 

5115
04:41:21,300 --> 04:41:24,000
later. 
Stories circulate like currently

5116
04:41:24,000 --> 04:41:26,800
each person trying to top the 
previous tail. 

5117
04:41:27,500 --> 04:41:29,400
Carpenter describes a house. 
He's building. 

5118
04:41:29,400 --> 04:41:33,500
That's supposedly the finest in 
the district with glass in every

5119
04:41:33,500 --> 04:41:36,700
window and floorboard. 
So perfectly fitted, you could 

5120
04:41:36,700 --> 04:41:39,100
roll a marble across them with a
crack. 

5121
04:41:39,100 --> 04:41:41,700
A fisherman talks about the 
enormous Cod. 

5122
04:41:41,700 --> 04:41:44,800
He almost caught, describing it 
with hand gestures that 

5123
04:41:44,800 --> 04:41:48,200
suggests, it was roughly the 
size of a rowboat, a merchant 

5124
04:41:48,200 --> 04:41:50,300
clerk. 
Complains about his employer's 

5125
04:41:50,300 --> 04:41:52,900
son, who's being trained to take
over the business, despite 

5126
04:41:52,900 --> 04:41:55,900
having apparently, the 
intelligence of a wooden post. 

5127
04:41:55,900 --> 04:42:00,200
The tavern also serves as an 
unofficial news Bureau here, you

5128
04:42:00,200 --> 04:42:03,500
learn, which ships are hiring, 
which Merchants are paying Fair 

5129
04:42:03,500 --> 04:42:07,300
wages, which captains a cruel 
and which are merely demanding. 

5130
04:42:08,000 --> 04:42:10,900
You hear about the storm that 
damaged three ships last week 

5131
04:42:10,900 --> 04:42:13,200
off the coast of France. 
Someone's cousin. 

5132
04:42:13,200 --> 04:42:15,500
Know, someone who knows someone 
who heard that war might be 

5133
04:42:15,508 --> 04:42:19,400
coming again though, with whom 
and about what remains unclear, 

5134
04:42:19,400 --> 04:42:22,700
a new regulation, from London. 
Apparently requires different 

5135
04:42:22,700 --> 04:42:26,000
paperwork for imported wine, 
which means more work for 

5136
04:42:26,000 --> 04:42:29,200
Customs officers and more delays
for everyone else. 

5137
04:42:29,200 --> 04:42:33,600
Young Thomas gets progressively 
drunker his face flushing read, 

5138
04:42:33,600 --> 04:42:36,800
as he tries to keep Pace with 
older more experienced drinkers,

5139
04:42:36,800 --> 04:42:40,000
his master notices and cuts him 
off over. 

5140
04:42:40,000 --> 04:42:43,500
Thomas's loud, protests that 
he's perfectly fine, which he 

5141
04:42:43,500 --> 04:42:46,600
demonstrates by attempting to 
stand in immediately sitting 

5142
04:42:46,600 --> 04:42:49,600
back down hard. 
The master, Halton to his feet 

5143
04:42:49,600 --> 04:42:52,800
and guides him toward the door, 
Thomas still insisting. 

5144
04:42:52,800 --> 04:42:55,100
That one more drink would be 
reasonable and appropriate. 

5145
04:42:56,300 --> 04:42:59,400
As the night deepens, some 
people leave While others settle

5146
04:42:59,400 --> 04:43:02,700
in for the duration, the serious
drinkers separate themselves 

5147
04:43:02,700 --> 04:43:06,600
from the social drinkers, their 
focus narrowing to the cup in 

5148
04:43:06,600 --> 04:43:09,900
front of them and the regular 
rhythm of lifting it drinking 

5149
04:43:09,900 --> 04:43:13,900
putting it down and repeating 
Beatrice watches them with the 

5150
04:43:13,900 --> 04:43:15,900
careful eye of someone, who 
knows exactly. 

5151
04:43:15,900 --> 04:43:19,100
When a customer is crossed from 
profitable to problematic. 

5152
04:43:19,100 --> 04:43:22,200
The conversation at your table 
is cycled through work 

5153
04:43:22,200 --> 04:43:25,800
complaints to family updates, to
vague plans that will probably 

5154
04:43:25,800 --> 04:43:28,700
never materialized villain 
mentions. 

5155
04:43:28,700 --> 04:43:30,300
He's thinking of looking for 
better work. 

5156
04:43:30,300 --> 04:43:34,000
Maybe Inland where the hours are
more predictable, you've heard 

5157
04:43:34,000 --> 04:43:36,500
him say this before and you'll 
probably hear him say it again 

5158
04:43:36,500 --> 04:43:40,700
in six months, but you nod 
sympathetically anyway, everyone

5159
04:43:40,700 --> 04:43:44,100
talks about getting out of Doc 
work, nobody actually does it. 

5160
04:43:44,100 --> 04:43:47,500
When you finally push back from 
the table legs slightly 

5161
04:43:47,500 --> 04:43:51,600
unsteady, the world has taken on
that softened quality that comes

5162
04:43:51,600 --> 04:43:54,500
from several cups of Ale on an 
empty stomach. 

5163
04:43:54,500 --> 04:43:58,100
The walk home requires 
concentration, the Cobblestone 

5164
04:43:58,100 --> 04:44:00,800
seemed determined to trip you 
and the familiar streets. 

5165
04:44:00,800 --> 04:44:04,100
Look, slightly different in the 
darkness, the harbor water 

5166
04:44:04,100 --> 04:44:06,900
reflects Moonlight turning the 
pool into something almost 

5167
04:44:06,900 --> 04:44:09,600
magical at least until you 
remember. 

5168
04:44:09,600 --> 04:44:14,200
It's the same dirty water that 
smells like fish and worse your 

5169
04:44:14,200 --> 04:44:17,700
house when you reach it is dark 
except for a single candle in 

5170
04:44:17,700 --> 04:44:20,500
the window. 
Your wife has left it burning as

5171
04:44:20,500 --> 04:44:24,100
a guide, a small gesture that 
fills you with more gratitude 

5172
04:44:24,100 --> 04:44:27,900
than several cups of Ale. 
Probably warrant you fumble with

5173
04:44:27,908 --> 04:44:32,100
the door, latch trying to be 
quiet and failing completely and

5174
04:44:32,100 --> 04:44:34,700
make your way to bed where sleep
arrives quickly. 

5175
04:44:34,700 --> 04:44:37,900
And without Mercy, you've never 
owned a clock, but you don't 

5176
04:44:37,900 --> 04:44:40,600
need one. 
The tide tells time better than 

5177
04:44:40,600 --> 04:44:42,800
any mechanism of gears and 
springs ever. 

5178
04:44:42,800 --> 04:44:46,600
Could you've learned to read it 
schedule in the waters voice in 

5179
04:44:46,600 --> 04:44:48,800
the height of the Waves against 
the dock pilings. 

5180
04:44:48,800 --> 04:44:52,900
And in the smell of exposed mud 
flats that marks low tide, as 

5181
04:44:52,900 --> 04:44:56,800
surely as a bell marks the hour 
this morning or possibly early 

5182
04:44:56,800 --> 04:45:00,100
after noon, the distinction 
matters less when your schedule 

5183
04:45:00,100 --> 04:45:03,600
follows water rather than Sun 
The Tide is going out. 

5184
04:45:04,400 --> 04:45:06,500
You can hear it in the 
particular sucking sound. 

5185
04:45:06,500 --> 04:45:10,200
The harbor makes us water 
Retreats pulling back to expose.

5186
04:45:10,200 --> 04:45:12,100
The post that usually stay 
submerged. 

5187
04:45:13,000 --> 04:45:17,100
The whole Port operates on this 
Rhythm every activity timed to 

5188
04:45:17,100 --> 04:45:21,000
match what the sea allows ships.
Can only enter The Harbor at 

5189
04:45:21,000 --> 04:45:23,000
high tide. 
When there is enough depth to 

5190
04:45:23,000 --> 04:45:26,200
clear The Sandbar that looks at 
the harbor, mouth like a trap 

5191
04:45:26,200 --> 04:45:29,200
for unwary captains. 
You've watched ships attempt 

5192
04:45:29,200 --> 04:45:32,400
entry at low tide, seen them 
scrape bottom and stick fast 

5193
04:45:32,400 --> 04:45:35,500
their Crews forced to wait for 
the waters returned while 

5194
04:45:35,500 --> 04:45:38,000
everyone onshore laughs at their
impatience. 

5195
04:45:38,000 --> 04:45:41,500
The local pilots who know every 
inch of the harbor bottom charge

5196
04:45:41,500 --> 04:45:44,200
extra for guiding ships in 
during marginal conditions. 

5197
04:45:44,200 --> 04:45:47,200
Unloading happens on the falling
tide. 

5198
04:45:47,200 --> 04:45:50,900
The ship, sit higher enough that
gangs can reach from deck to 

5199
04:45:50,900 --> 04:45:54,500
Dock and the work proceeds with 
urgency because everyone knows 

5200
04:45:54,500 --> 04:45:58,100
the window is limited When the 
tide comes fully in the ship's 

5201
04:45:58,100 --> 04:46:02,200
rise too high, the angle becomes
wrong and unloading stops until 

5202
04:46:02,200 --> 04:46:05,300
the tide turns again. 
You've got maybe four hours to 

5203
04:46:05,300 --> 04:46:08,000
move whatever cargo needs moving
before, the water makes the 

5204
04:46:08,000 --> 04:46:10,700
decision for you. 
Your work today, involves 

5205
04:46:10,700 --> 04:46:13,600
barrels, endless. 
Barrels of wine. 

5206
04:46:13,600 --> 04:46:17,000
Brought from France in a ship 
that smells like an enormous 

5207
04:46:17,000 --> 04:46:20,000
grape. 
Each Barrel weighs as much as a 

5208
04:46:20,000 --> 04:46:23,500
small person and requires, two 
men to maneuver it safely down 

5209
04:46:23,500 --> 04:46:25,900
the gangplank. 
You've developed a technique 

5210
04:46:25,900 --> 04:46:28,600
over the years. 
A particular way of gripping the

5211
04:46:28,600 --> 04:46:31,300
rim and shifting your weight 
that makes the barrels role 

5212
04:46:31,300 --> 04:46:33,000
rather than deadlifting their 
full weight. 

5213
04:46:33,000 --> 04:46:36,500
Your back still protests, but 
less violently than it would 

5214
04:46:36,500 --> 04:46:39,500
with poor technique. 
The corporation sits 50 yards 

5215
04:46:39,500 --> 04:46:42,600
from the dock positioned 
precisely to minimize the 

5216
04:46:42,600 --> 04:46:44,800
distance. 
Barrels need to travel while 

5217
04:46:44,800 --> 04:46:48,300
staying far enough from the 
water to avoid flooding, you and

5218
04:46:48,300 --> 04:46:50,700
your partner today. 
It's a man named Peter who talks

5219
04:46:50,700 --> 04:46:55,200
too much, but works steadily, 
Rolly along the dock, navigate 

5220
04:46:55,200 --> 04:46:58,400
the uneven cobblestones and 
stack them in the Copper Ridge, 

5221
04:46:58,400 --> 04:47:02,400
yard, the Cooper checks each 
Barrel looking for damaged leaks

5222
04:47:02,400 --> 04:47:05,800
and suspicious, bulges, that 
might indicate the wine has gone

5223
04:47:05,800 --> 04:47:08,500
bad. 
Between barrels, you can track 

5224
04:47:08,500 --> 04:47:11,500
the tides progress by watching 
the water line on the dock 

5225
04:47:11,500 --> 04:47:13,800
posts. 
She posted Bears rings of 

5226
04:47:13,800 --> 04:47:17,800
discoloration marking, different
tide levels, dark green algae, 

5227
04:47:17,800 --> 04:47:21,100
near the top where high tide 
reaches lighter Rings below. 

5228
04:47:21,100 --> 04:47:24,700
Showing the gradual progression 
downward right now, you're 

5229
04:47:24,700 --> 04:47:27,500
watching the water received pass
the third ring which means 

5230
04:47:27,500 --> 04:47:29,800
you've got about an hour left 
before the lowest point. 

5231
04:47:30,500 --> 04:47:33,400
Low tide transforms the harbor 
into a different landscape 

5232
04:47:33,400 --> 04:47:36,200
entirely. 
What was underwater, becomes 

5233
04:47:36,200 --> 04:47:38,400
temporary land or at least 
temporary mud. 

5234
04:47:38,400 --> 04:47:42,700
The mud flat stretch out gray 
brown, and glistening marked by 

5235
04:47:42,700 --> 04:47:46,800
the tracks of birds who know 
this is feeding time clams hide 

5236
04:47:46,800 --> 04:47:49,600
in the mud along with worms and 
small crabs. 

5237
04:47:49,600 --> 04:47:51,700
And other creatures that make 
their living in the space 

5238
04:47:51,700 --> 04:47:55,600
between sea and land. 
Children appear during low tide 

5239
04:47:55,600 --> 04:47:59,300
armed with buckets and shovels 
digging for clams and mussels 

5240
04:47:59,300 --> 04:48:04,000
its work disguised as play or 
maybe play that produces useful 

5241
04:48:04,000 --> 04:48:06,900
results. 
By the way, the children take 

5242
04:48:06,900 --> 04:48:09,000
it. 
Seriously competing to see who 

5243
04:48:09,000 --> 04:48:12,200
can gather the most occasionally
stealing from each other's 

5244
04:48:12,200 --> 04:48:13,600
buckets. 
When they think no one's 

5245
04:48:13,600 --> 04:48:16,800
watching their parents will be 
glad of the free protein. 

5246
04:48:16,800 --> 04:48:19,900
Even if they have to rinse sand 
out of the shellfish for longer 

5247
04:48:19,900 --> 04:48:23,400
than seems reasonable, the 
Harbor Master uses low tide to 

5248
04:48:23,400 --> 04:48:26,800
inspect doc foundations, 
checking for damage replacing 

5249
04:48:26,800 --> 04:48:29,600
posts that have rotted and 
assessing what repairs will be 

5250
04:48:29,600 --> 04:48:32,600
needed before. 
Winter, storms arrive, he Wades 

5251
04:48:32,600 --> 04:48:35,500
through ankle deep water, 
occasionally plunging, a 

5252
04:48:35,500 --> 04:48:38,900
pull-down to check the depth of 
mud making notes on a slate 

5253
04:48:38,900 --> 04:48:41,500
board that he wipes and rewrites
throughout the day. 

5254
04:48:41,500 --> 04:48:44,500
Some workers specialize in the 
mud flats themselves. 

5255
04:48:44,500 --> 04:48:48,000
Harvesting Reeds that grow in 
the marshy areas and cutting 

5256
04:48:48,000 --> 04:48:50,300
them for use infections or 
making baskets. 

5257
04:48:50,300 --> 04:48:53,800
They move with the confidence of
people who know which mud is 

5258
04:48:53,800 --> 04:48:56,900
enough to walk on, and which 
will swallow your boot. 

5259
04:48:56,900 --> 04:49:00,100
If you step wrong, you've seen 
newcomers attempt to cross the 

5260
04:49:00,100 --> 04:49:03,100
flats at low tide. 
Watch them sink to their knees 

5261
04:49:03,100 --> 04:49:05,200
and her their curses as they try
to. 

5262
04:49:05,600 --> 04:49:08,800
Track themselves from mud that 
grips like it has personal 

5263
04:49:08,800 --> 04:49:11,900
feelings about letting go. 
The fishing boats that were out 

5264
04:49:11,908 --> 04:49:15,800
overnight return on the incoming
tide timing, their arrival to 

5265
04:49:15,800 --> 04:49:17,700
ride the rising water into 
Harbor. 

5266
04:49:17,700 --> 04:49:22,000
They sale in with the particular
exhausted satisfaction of people

5267
04:49:22,000 --> 04:49:25,900
who've worked through the night 
and are ready to be done their 

5268
04:49:25,900 --> 04:49:27,500
catchers, get unloaded 
immediately. 

5269
04:49:27,500 --> 04:49:30,200
The fish destined for the 
morning Market. 

5270
04:49:30,200 --> 04:49:33,900
Even though morning is long past
freshness is relative in the 

5271
04:49:33,900 --> 04:49:36,100
fish. 
Trade caught last night, counts 

5272
04:49:36,100 --> 04:49:38,100
as fresh. 
If you get it to Market before 

5273
04:49:38,100 --> 04:49:41,500
it starts to smell. 
You finish the barrel work just 

5274
04:49:41,500 --> 04:49:44,800
as the tide begins to turn. 
You can see it in the water's 

5275
04:49:44,800 --> 04:49:49,600
Behavior, the way it slows its 
Retreat pauses then starts 

5276
04:49:49,600 --> 04:49:53,700
moving in the other direction. 
It's not dramatic, there's no 

5277
04:49:53,700 --> 04:49:58,000
visible way or sudden surge, but
the changes unmistakable. 

5278
04:49:58,000 --> 04:50:01,000
Once, you know what to watch 
for, the water starts, filling 

5279
04:50:01,000 --> 04:50:04,200
in the areas it recently, 
vacated crawling up the dock 

5280
04:50:04,200 --> 04:50:07,200
posts ring by ring reclaiming 
its territory. 

5281
04:50:07,200 --> 04:50:11,100
The rise in tide brings 
different work ships that were 

5282
04:50:11,100 --> 04:50:13,200
too high. 
Now become accessible again as 

5283
04:50:13,200 --> 04:50:14,600
they settle into their proper 
height. 

5284
04:50:15,400 --> 04:50:17,700
Cargo that couldn't be loaded 
earlier, can be loaded. 

5285
04:50:17,700 --> 04:50:21,400
Now, the whole porch shifts, its
activities to match the waters, 

5286
04:50:21,400 --> 04:50:24,700
new position, everything 
synchronized to a schedule. 

5287
04:50:24,700 --> 04:50:26,500
That's been the same since 
humans. 

5288
04:50:26,500 --> 04:50:30,100
First built, docks, and decided 
to argue with the sea about who,

5289
04:50:30,100 --> 04:50:33,600
controlled what you eat your 
midday meal sitting on a barrel 

5290
04:50:33,600 --> 04:50:36,000
watching. 
The tide, come in, your food is 

5291
04:50:36,000 --> 04:50:38,900
bread and cheese. 
The cheese already soft from the

5292
04:50:38,908 --> 04:50:41,700
heat of your pocket. 
The bread tastes like it was 

5293
04:50:41,700 --> 04:50:44,900
fresh yesterday, which means 
it's stale today, but not yet. 

5294
04:50:44,900 --> 04:50:48,000
Truly old. 
You wash it down with beer from 

5295
04:50:48,000 --> 04:50:51,500
a skin that seen better days, 
the leather starting to crack at

5296
04:50:51,500 --> 04:50:54,900
the seams around you. 
The port hums with activity 

5297
04:50:54,900 --> 04:50:59,300
calibrated to the water's level.
Cranes, lift cargo from ships. 

5298
04:50:59,300 --> 04:51:01,500
That are now at the correct 
height workers. 

5299
04:51:01,500 --> 04:51:04,700
Secure lines are just fenders 
and shift Goods around with the 

5300
04:51:04,700 --> 04:51:06,800
practice deficiency of people 
who've done this. 

5301
04:51:06,800 --> 04:51:10,400
A thousand times, a ship 
preparing to depart Waits 

5302
04:51:10,400 --> 04:51:13,400
patiently, for high tide, 
knowing that attempting to cross

5303
04:51:13,400 --> 04:51:14,500
the SandBar. 
At the wrong. 

5304
04:51:14,500 --> 04:51:17,600
Moment means either sticking 
fast or tearing out the hull, 

5305
04:51:17,600 --> 04:51:22,100
the afternoon tied Peaks around 
mid-afternoon the Water Rising 

5306
04:51:22,100 --> 04:51:25,800
almost to the top of its range. 
The harbor looks full at high 

5307
04:51:25,800 --> 04:51:29,200
tide with all the exposed mud 
covered and the docks nearly 

5308
04:51:29,200 --> 04:51:32,600
level with the water surface. 
It's the prettiest time when 

5309
04:51:32,600 --> 04:51:36,200
everything looks clean and the 
smell of mud flats is replace by

5310
04:51:36,200 --> 04:51:38,400
the relatively freshest smell of
Open Water. 

5311
04:51:38,400 --> 04:51:43,700
Of course refresher is relative.
This is still horrible Water. 

5312
04:51:43,700 --> 04:51:46,900
Full of everything that gets 
thrown or Falls or leaks in to 

5313
04:51:46,900 --> 04:51:49,600
it but at least the sewage is 
diluted. 

5314
04:51:49,600 --> 04:51:53,700
You work through the high tide, 
period loading, a departing ship

5315
04:51:53,700 --> 04:51:57,200
with bales of wool, destined for
some ports of never visited and 

5316
04:51:57,400 --> 04:52:00,400
probably never will. 
The wool is heavy and awkward 

5317
04:52:00,400 --> 04:52:02,900
the ballets bound with rough 
rope. 

5318
04:52:02,900 --> 04:52:06,200
That tears at your hands you've 
developed calluses on your 

5319
04:52:06,200 --> 04:52:08,500
calluses. 
But even they struggle with the 

5320
04:52:08,500 --> 04:52:12,300
particularly course hemp the 
ship's Captain supervises. 

5321
04:52:12,300 --> 04:52:15,400
The loading shouting Corrections
and adjustments in a voice that 

5322
04:52:15,400 --> 04:52:18,900
suggests he believes everyone. 
But him is incompetent, he's 

5323
04:52:18,900 --> 04:52:21,400
probably, right? 
Or at least, he's responsible 

5324
04:52:21,400 --> 04:52:24,400
for everything that goes wrong. 
Once his ship leaves Port, so 

5325
04:52:24,400 --> 04:52:28,400
his paranoia is understandable. 
You've learned to nod and adjust

5326
04:52:28,400 --> 04:52:31,800
and not take the shouting 
personally, Captain shout the 

5327
04:52:31,800 --> 04:52:36,100
way fish swim it's just what 
they do as the afternoon wears 

5328
04:52:36,100 --> 04:52:38,800
into evening. 
The tide begins its outward 

5329
04:52:38,800 --> 04:52:42,000
Journey again. 
The cycle continues twice daily 

5330
04:52:42,000 --> 04:52:45,300
as reliable as sunrise and 
considerably more important. 

5331
04:52:45,300 --> 04:52:48,600
To your livelihood, you've seen 
the sun fail to appear through 

5332
04:52:48,600 --> 04:52:51,500
fog and clouds, but you've never
seen the tide. 

5333
04:52:51,500 --> 04:52:55,000
Forget to turn. 
It's the one certainty and a 

5334
04:52:55,000 --> 04:52:58,200
life full of variables. 
The evening low tide, brings the

5335
04:52:58,200 --> 04:53:01,200
clam diggers back out those who 
work, multiple shifts, 

5336
04:53:01,200 --> 04:53:04,900
extracting, whatever, they can 
from the exposed Flats the 

5337
04:53:04,900 --> 04:53:08,200
Setting Sun Paints, the mud 
flats orange and pink making 

5338
04:53:08,200 --> 04:53:10,100
them look almost beautiful 
though. 

5339
04:53:10,100 --> 04:53:12,500
You know that up close they're 
just mud and smell like it. 

5340
04:53:12,500 --> 04:53:17,000
The birds that feed at low tide 
cry and circle their calls 

5341
04:53:17,000 --> 04:53:18,900
mixing with the sound of human 
work. 

5342
04:53:18,900 --> 04:53:21,700
All of it, part of the harbors 
Eternal Rhythm. 

5343
04:53:21,700 --> 04:53:25,600
You head home as the light fails
your day, measured not in hours,

5344
04:53:25,600 --> 04:53:29,500
but entire two full Cycles from 
low to high to low. 

5345
04:53:29,500 --> 04:53:32,900
Again, your work fitted into the
windows, the sea allowed 

5346
04:53:32,900 --> 04:53:36,600
tomorrow will be the same but 
shifted slightly because the 

5347
04:53:36,600 --> 04:53:40,100
tides come 50 minutes. 
Later each day, a slow rotation,

5348
04:53:40,100 --> 04:53:42,800
that means you're never working 
quite the same schedule, two 

5349
04:53:42,800 --> 04:53:44,900
days running. 
Should be confusing. 

5350
04:53:44,900 --> 04:53:48,600
But after Years of Living by 
Tides any other way of tracking 

5351
04:53:48,600 --> 04:53:52,300
time would feel stranger. 
Your house after Sunset smells 

5352
04:53:52,300 --> 04:53:55,600
like fish soup and smoke and wet
wool drying by the fire. 

5353
04:53:55,600 --> 04:53:59,000
Your wife has transformed. 
The Cod you brought home into 

5354
04:53:59,000 --> 04:54:01,900
something edible through a 
process that involves more 

5355
04:54:01,900 --> 04:54:04,300
onions and herbs than seem 
strictly necessary. 

5356
04:54:04,300 --> 04:54:07,800
But the result is good enough 
that your children eat without 

5357
04:54:07,800 --> 04:54:10,900
complaining which counts as 
success. 

5358
04:54:10,900 --> 04:54:12,900
The meal happens around the 
table. 

5359
04:54:12,900 --> 04:54:16,700
Everyone crowded together on 
mismatched chairs, the youngest 

5360
04:54:16,700 --> 04:54:19,700
daughter perched on a stool 
because there are enough proper 

5361
04:54:19,700 --> 04:54:21,700
seats. 
Your oldest son, the one who's 

5362
04:54:21,700 --> 04:54:24,500
nearly grown complains that his 
portion is smaller than his 

5363
04:54:24,500 --> 04:54:26,500
brothers, which leads to a 
detail. 

5364
04:54:50,500 --> 04:54:54,100
Though, her story keeps getting 
derailed by unnecessary details,

5365
04:54:54,100 --> 04:54:58,100
about who was wearing what? 
And who said, what to whom your 

5366
04:54:58,100 --> 04:55:00,900
youngest daughter, contributes, 
random, observations about 

5367
04:55:00,900 --> 04:55:04,900
birds, she saw and games, she 
played, none of it connected to 

5368
04:55:04,900 --> 04:55:07,800
anything else. 
Just a stream of Consciousness 

5369
04:55:07,800 --> 04:55:11,000
from someone who hasn't learned 
that conversation should have 

5370
04:55:11,000 --> 04:55:14,100
topics. 
Your wife asks about your day in

5371
04:55:14,100 --> 04:55:17,300
the tone of someone who doesn't 
really want to detail answer. 

5372
04:55:17,300 --> 04:55:22,000
But feels obligated to ask you 
provide, the abbreviated version

5373
04:55:22,000 --> 04:55:25,900
cargo moved ships and loaded the
usual work. 

5374
04:55:25,900 --> 04:55:29,000
She nods with the understanding 
of someone who's heard this 

5375
04:55:29,000 --> 04:55:32,700
answer many times before, and 
will hear it many times again in

5376
04:55:32,700 --> 04:55:35,100
return. 
You ask about her day and she 

5377
04:55:35,100 --> 04:55:38,400
describes the market prices and 
which neighbor is feuding with 

5378
04:55:38,400 --> 04:55:40,900
which other neighbor and 
something complicated about 

5379
04:55:40,900 --> 04:55:44,800
someone's cousin getting married
to someone inappropriate you nod

5380
04:55:44,800 --> 04:55:47,300
and make sounds of Interest 
while understanding, perhaps a 

5381
04:55:47,300 --> 04:55:51,700
third of the social dynamics. 
She's explaining After the meal 

5382
04:55:51,700 --> 04:55:54,100
chores divided along familiar 
lines. 

5383
04:55:54,100 --> 04:55:57,100
The Boys carry water from the 
well, because they're strong 

5384
04:55:57,100 --> 04:55:58,600
enough to manage the heavy 
buckets. 

5385
04:55:58,600 --> 04:56:01,700
The girls, clear the table and 
washed dishes, because that's 

5386
04:56:01,700 --> 04:56:05,200
what girls do or at least. 
That's what your wife in CIS, 

5387
04:56:05,200 --> 04:56:07,100
girls, do. 
And you've learned not to 

5388
04:56:07,100 --> 04:56:08,500
involve yourself in these 
debates. 

5389
04:56:08,500 --> 04:56:11,600
You're assigned to check the 
shutters and make sure the fire 

5390
04:56:11,600 --> 04:56:15,200
is properly banked for the night
tasks that require minimal 

5391
04:56:15,200 --> 04:56:18,000
skill. 
But someone has to do them, your

5392
04:56:18,000 --> 04:56:20,600
oldest son mentions that he's 
been offered work on a merchant 

5393
04:56:20,600 --> 04:56:24,400
ship, a position that were taken
away for months at a time, but 

5394
04:56:24,400 --> 04:56:27,800
pays better than dock, work. 
Your wife's face, does something

5395
04:56:27,800 --> 04:56:29,900
complicated. 
While trying to maintain a 

5396
04:56:29,900 --> 04:56:33,500
neutral expression, you can read
the concern, there, she's 

5397
04:56:33,500 --> 04:56:36,100
already imagining all the things
that could go wrong at Sea, 

5398
04:56:36,100 --> 04:56:39,200
which is fair because many 
things do go wrong at sea. 

5399
04:56:39,200 --> 04:56:42,500
But you're also thinking about 
the money, about how another 

5400
04:56:42,500 --> 04:56:45,100
income could mean a better 
house, or at least repairs to 

5401
04:56:45,100 --> 04:56:46,800
this one. 
You tell him. 

5402
04:56:46,800 --> 04:56:50,000
You'll think about it, which is 
what you say when you need time 

5403
04:56:50,000 --> 04:56:52,300
to figure out. 
What you actually think the 

5404
04:56:52,300 --> 04:56:54,900
evening routine involves, your 
wife's endless battle with 

5405
04:56:54,900 --> 04:56:57,200
mending. 
She sits by the fire with a 

5406
04:56:57,200 --> 04:57:00,000
basket of clothes that need 
patches or darning or buttons. 

5407
04:57:00,000 --> 04:57:03,400
Replaced working through them, 
with the steady Persistence of 

5408
04:57:03,400 --> 04:57:05,400
someone. 
Who knows the work is never, 

5409
04:57:05,400 --> 04:57:08,500
truly finished. 
Because clothes continue to wear

5410
04:57:08,508 --> 04:57:10,800
out faster than they can be 
fixed. 

5411
04:57:11,800 --> 04:57:14,200
She explained this futile cycle 
to use several times. 

5412
04:57:14,200 --> 04:57:17,900
Usually, while you're wearing a 
shirt that needs mending which 

5413
04:57:17,900 --> 04:57:21,500
tends to undermine your ability 
to offer, sympathy, your younger

5414
04:57:21,500 --> 04:57:23,600
children are supposed to be 
practicing their letters on 

5415
04:57:23,608 --> 04:57:25,900
slates. 
But what they're actually doing 

5416
04:57:25,900 --> 04:57:29,700
is drawing pictures and giggling
about something education in 

5417
04:57:29,708 --> 04:57:32,200
your household is sporadic and 
largely self-directed. 

5418
04:57:33,300 --> 04:57:36,800
Constrained by the fact that you
can barely read yourself and 

5419
04:57:36,800 --> 04:57:40,500
your wife isn't much better, you
can manage to puzzle out, simple

5420
04:57:40,500 --> 04:57:43,300
texts and sign your name, which 
puts you ahead of many 

5421
04:57:43,300 --> 04:57:45,900
dockworkers. 
But doesn't qualify you to teach

5422
04:57:45,900 --> 04:57:49,100
proper reading and writing the 
local Church offers some 

5423
04:57:49,100 --> 04:57:52,300
schooling, but it costs money. 
You don't always have and 

5424
04:57:52,300 --> 04:57:54,500
besides the children are needed 
for work. 

5425
04:57:54,500 --> 04:57:57,900
More often than not, the fire 
creates Shadows, that dance on 

5426
04:57:57,900 --> 04:58:01,200
the walls, turning the familiar 
room into something slightly 

5427
04:58:01,200 --> 04:58:03,600
mysterious your youngest 
daughter claimed. 

5428
04:58:03,600 --> 04:58:07,100
She can see faces in the Flames 
which leads to a discussion 

5429
04:58:07,100 --> 04:58:10,400
about where the fire can have 
faces which leads to your son 

5430
04:58:10,400 --> 04:58:13,200
explaining that fire isn't alive
so it definitely can't have 

5431
04:58:13,200 --> 04:58:16,700
faces which leads to an argument
about whether you need to be 

5432
04:58:16,708 --> 04:58:19,600
alive to have a face. 
You let them work this out 

5433
04:58:19,600 --> 04:58:21,600
themselves. 
While you attempt to read a 

5434
04:58:21,600 --> 04:58:23,900
pamphlet someone gave you about 
new regulations. 

5435
04:58:23,900 --> 04:58:27,900
On imported goods, the reading 
goes slowly, your finger tracing

5436
04:58:27,900 --> 04:58:30,600
under each word. 
Occasionally asking your wife 

5437
04:58:30,600 --> 04:58:35,100
about words, you can't decipher 
Time is less of an event and 

5438
04:58:35,100 --> 04:58:38,700
more of a gradual process. 
The younger children get sleepy.

5439
04:58:38,700 --> 04:58:41,400
First, their heads drooping. 
While they insist, they're not 

5440
04:58:41,408 --> 04:58:44,000
tired at all. 
Your wife, heard them upstairs 

5441
04:58:44,000 --> 04:58:46,400
with promises. 
That tomorrow will come faster 

5442
04:58:46,400 --> 04:58:49,700
if they just close their eyes 
now, which is technically true, 

5443
04:58:49,700 --> 04:58:53,200
but probably not the Comfort. 
She intends the older children 

5444
04:58:53,200 --> 04:58:55,600
stay up later. 
The privilege of being nearly 

5445
04:58:55,600 --> 04:58:59,600
grown Though, staying up mostly 
mean sitting around looking 

5446
04:58:59,600 --> 04:59:01,100
bored because there's not much 
to do. 

5447
04:59:01,100 --> 04:59:03,200
Once it's dark except sit and be
awake. 

5448
04:59:03,200 --> 04:59:07,500
Your wife tells a story before 
sleep or tries to because you're

5449
04:59:07,500 --> 04:59:10,000
youngest daughter keeps 
interrupting with questions that

5450
04:59:10,000 --> 04:59:13,200
derail The Narrative. 
The story is about a fisherman 

5451
04:59:13,200 --> 04:59:16,900
who caught a magical fish? 
That granted wishes a tale. 

5452
04:59:16,900 --> 04:59:20,600
Your wife has told many times 
with their radiations tonight. 

5453
04:59:20,600 --> 04:59:24,400
The fish's gold in silver, and 
the fisherman has three wishes 

5454
04:59:24,400 --> 04:59:28,800
in stead of seven, but the 
morale Remains the Same Be 

5455
04:59:28,800 --> 04:59:31,000
careful what you wish for 
because you're probably get it 

5456
04:59:31,000 --> 04:59:33,000
wrong. 
Your children have heard this 

5457
04:59:33,000 --> 04:59:35,000
story enough time so that they 
correct her. 

5458
04:59:35,000 --> 04:59:37,600
When she deviates too far from 
the established version. 

5459
04:59:37,600 --> 04:59:41,100
Once the children are finally 
asleep or at least pretending 

5460
04:59:41,100 --> 04:59:44,200
convincingly enough you and your
wife have a brief moment of 

5461
04:59:44,200 --> 04:59:47,500
quiet. 
You continues her mending, you 

5462
04:59:47,500 --> 04:59:51,100
sit and feel your body catalog. 
Every complaint from the day's 

5463
04:59:51,100 --> 04:59:54,500
work, the fire burns, low and 
neither of you moves to build it

5464
04:59:54,508 --> 04:59:57,600
up. 
Fuel costs money and you're both

5465
04:59:57,608 --> 05:00:00,000
tired enough that bed sounds 
better than warmth. 

5466
05:00:00,000 --> 05:00:02,700
Anyway, she mentions that the 
neighbors daughter is getting 

5467
05:00:02,700 --> 05:00:05,700
married which leads to a 
complicated discussion about 

5468
05:00:05,700 --> 05:00:07,700
dowries and whether they're 
doing it properly. 

5469
05:00:07,700 --> 05:00:11,100
And what kind of life that girl 
can expect with the boy, she's 

5470
05:00:11,100 --> 05:00:13,300
marrying. 
You can contribute occasional 

5471
05:00:13,300 --> 05:00:16,700
grunts of agreement because your
wife doesn't actually need you 

5472
05:00:16,700 --> 05:00:19,700
to participate in this 
conversation so much as 

5473
05:00:19,700 --> 05:00:22,100
Witnesses. 
She's thinking out loud 

5474
05:00:22,100 --> 05:00:25,700
processing, the social dynamics 
of your small community, and 

5475
05:00:25,700 --> 05:00:28,300
trying to understand the web of 
obligations and expectations 

5476
05:00:28,300 --> 05:00:32,100
that governs everything You 
mention the possible ship job 

5477
05:00:32,100 --> 05:00:34,900
for your oldest son. 
She silent for a moment, the 

5478
05:00:34,900 --> 05:00:38,100
needle pausing in its work. 
Then she says, what you both 

5479
05:00:38,100 --> 05:00:42,300
know, That it's good money but 
dangerous that he's old enough 

5480
05:00:42,300 --> 05:00:45,200
to make his own decisions but 
young enough to make stupid ones

5481
05:00:45,200 --> 05:00:48,800
that you can't protect him 
forever but you're not ready to 

5482
05:00:48,800 --> 05:00:51,200
stop trying, you don't resolve 
anything. 

5483
05:00:51,200 --> 05:00:54,000
There's nothing to resolve yet 
but at least you've said it out 

5484
05:00:54,008 --> 05:00:56,700
loud. 
Making the worries concrete 

5485
05:00:56,700 --> 05:00:58,700
instead of leaving them as a 
vague anxiety. 

5486
05:01:00,300 --> 05:01:02,100
The house settles into its 
nighttime. 

5487
05:01:02,100 --> 05:01:06,300
Sounds up stairs, someone turns 
over in bed making the ropes 

5488
05:01:06,300 --> 05:01:09,000
Creek outside the Harbour 
continues. 

5489
05:01:09,000 --> 05:01:12,500
Its work You can hear voices 
calling back and forth between 

5490
05:01:12,500 --> 05:01:16,500
ships, the sound of footsteps on
the docks and a dog barking at 

5491
05:01:16,500 --> 05:01:19,100
something only, it can see the 
sea. 

5492
05:01:19,100 --> 05:01:22,300
Never sleeps, and neither, does 
the port that serves it. 

5493
05:01:22,300 --> 05:01:26,100
When you finally head up stairs,
your wife, extinguishing, the 

5494
05:01:26,100 --> 05:01:29,900
candles behind you, the day 
feels complete in a way that has

5495
05:01:29,900 --> 05:01:32,900
nothing to do with 
accomplishment and everything to

5496
05:01:32,900 --> 05:01:36,200
do with survival. 
Another day of work done, family

5497
05:01:36,200 --> 05:01:39,100
fed house, still standing 
children still alive. 

5498
05:01:40,000 --> 05:01:43,600
It's not much by grandstands but
by the standards of people who 

5499
05:01:43,600 --> 05:01:46,900
live by the Sea and work with 
their backs, it, everything that

5500
05:01:46,900 --> 05:01:50,700
matters your bed receives you 
with the same lumpy familiarity,

5501
05:01:50,700 --> 05:01:54,900
it always does your wife, 
settles in beside you and for a 

5502
05:01:54,900 --> 05:01:57,900
moment before sleep, cums, 
you're aware of the simple 

5503
05:01:57,900 --> 05:01:59,700
comfort of another person's 
warmth. 

5504
05:02:00,300 --> 05:02:02,300
The shared life. 
You've built in this tilting 

5505
05:02:02,300 --> 05:02:04,700
house by the harbor. 
The way your days. 

5506
05:02:04,700 --> 05:02:08,300
Follow the tides and your lives 
follow patterns as old as the 

5507
05:02:08,308 --> 05:02:11,900
port itself, the sun sets into 
the harbor, like, it's been 

5508
05:02:11,900 --> 05:02:15,400
doing this all its life. 
Turning the water into something

5509
05:02:15,400 --> 05:02:18,800
resembling molten, copper the 
evening light, does things to 

5510
05:02:18,800 --> 05:02:21,600
the port town that almost make 
you forget it's the same place 

5511
05:02:21,600 --> 05:02:23,600
that smells like fish guts and 
sewage. 

5512
05:02:23,600 --> 05:02:28,000
During the day Shadows, stretch 
long across the docks softening,

5513
05:02:28,000 --> 05:02:31,500
the rough edges of warehouses 
and masts making everything look

5514
05:02:31,500 --> 05:02:35,000
gentler than it deserves. 
You finish your last bit of work

5515
05:02:35,000 --> 05:02:37,600
as the light Fades securing a 
line here. 

5516
05:02:37,600 --> 05:02:41,100
Checking the car goes properly 
covered there and doing the 

5517
05:02:41,100 --> 05:02:42,900
small tasks that prevent 
tomorrow. 

5518
05:02:42,900 --> 05:02:46,600
From starting with disasters, 
the Wolf Master walks, the docks

5519
05:02:46,600 --> 05:02:50,100
one final time, his Lantern 
bobbing in the growing Darkness.

5520
05:02:50,100 --> 05:02:53,600
Making sure everything is 
secured before night fully 

5521
05:02:53,600 --> 05:02:56,100
settles in. 
He's been doing this for 30 

5522
05:02:56,100 --> 05:03:00,300
years checking the same things 
in the same order, finding 

5523
05:03:00,300 --> 05:03:03,100
occasional problems that would 
have become major problems by 

5524
05:03:03,100 --> 05:03:05,300
morning. 
The evening brings a different 

5525
05:03:05,300 --> 05:03:08,500
population to the docks. 
The daytime workers head home 

5526
05:03:08,500 --> 05:03:11,400
While others emerge Fishman, 
preparing for night, fishing, 

5527
05:03:11,400 --> 05:03:14,900
ship's Cruise, rotating watch. 
And Various individuals, whose 

5528
05:03:14,900 --> 05:03:17,000
business is better conducted in 
darkness. 

5529
05:03:17,900 --> 05:03:21,300
You don't ask about the latter 
Port Towns attract all sorts of 

5530
05:03:21,308 --> 05:03:23,800
Commerce. 
Some of it legal, some of it, 

5531
05:03:23,800 --> 05:03:27,200
less legal, and most of it 
existing in a gray area that 

5532
05:03:27,200 --> 05:03:30,400
depends on who's asking and how 
much they're willing to pay to 

5533
05:03:30,400 --> 05:03:33,200
avoid asking to closely walking 
home. 

5534
05:03:33,200 --> 05:03:36,100
You pass through streets that 
are transforming as the light 

5535
05:03:36,100 --> 05:03:40,700
dies lanterns appear in Windows,
small points of Illumination, 

5536
05:03:40,700 --> 05:03:44,100
that create more Shadows than 
they, dispel the taverns glow 

5537
05:03:44,100 --> 05:03:47,800
warmly, their doors opening and 
closing as workers seek the 

5538
05:03:47,800 --> 05:03:51,200
comfort of drink and Company. 
Someone's cooking something that

5539
05:03:51,200 --> 05:03:54,100
smells like roasted meat. 
And your stomach, reminds you 

5540
05:03:54,100 --> 05:03:56,500
that fish soup for dinner. 
While adequate wasn't 

5541
05:03:56,500 --> 05:03:59,800
particularly exciting. 
Your street is quieter than the 

5542
05:03:59,808 --> 05:04:03,500
commercial areas, settling into 
evening, routines that revolve 

5543
05:04:03,500 --> 05:04:07,400
around families and homes rather
than Commerce, Smoke rises from 

5544
05:04:07,400 --> 05:04:09,700
chimneys, as people build up 
their Fires for the night, 

5545
05:04:09,700 --> 05:04:12,100
children play in the last bit of
light. 

5546
05:04:12,100 --> 05:04:15,600
Their game's having that frantic
quality that comes from knowing 

5547
05:04:15,600 --> 05:04:19,200
they'll be called inside soon. 
A mother yells for her son who 

5548
05:04:19,200 --> 05:04:22,100
pretends not to hear which 
earned him a more emphatic, 

5549
05:04:22,100 --> 05:04:24,000
summons that he can't pretend to
ignore. 

5550
05:04:25,000 --> 05:04:26,900
Your own house has that warm 
glow. 

5551
05:04:26,900 --> 05:04:29,500
That means your wife has already
lit, the candles and built up 

5552
05:04:29,500 --> 05:04:32,000
the fire. 
You can see your children moving

5553
05:04:32,000 --> 05:04:34,700
around inside Through the 
Windows Shadows against the 

5554
05:04:34,700 --> 05:04:37,400
light. 
It's a simple site one. 

5555
05:04:37,400 --> 05:04:40,800
You see every evening, but 
tonight, you pause to appreciate

5556
05:04:40,800 --> 05:04:43,400
it. 
The basic fact of having a home 

5557
05:04:43,400 --> 05:04:47,400
to return to people who expect 
your return, and a fire, that's 

5558
05:04:47,400 --> 05:04:50,900
been kept burning for your 
arrival inside, your wife has 

5559
05:04:50,900 --> 05:04:53,700
progressed Beyond soup and a 
somehow produced bread pudding, 

5560
05:04:53,700 --> 05:04:56,400
which is ambitious, given your 
typical supplies. 

5561
05:04:56,400 --> 05:04:58,600
You don't ask how she managed 
it. 

5562
05:04:58,600 --> 05:05:01,700
There are mysteries in household
economy that you've learned, not

5563
05:05:01,700 --> 05:05:05,400
to probe to deeply the, putting 
his heavy and sweet and taste 

5564
05:05:05,400 --> 05:05:07,600
like raisins. 
That might have had better days 

5565
05:05:07,600 --> 05:05:10,400
but are still perfectly adequate
when mixed with enough honey. 

5566
05:05:11,400 --> 05:05:14,900
The evening stretches out 
without urgency your oldest son,

5567
05:05:14,908 --> 05:05:17,000
sits by the window supposedly 
reading. 

5568
05:05:17,000 --> 05:05:20,400
But probably just thinking about
that ship job and whatever 

5569
05:05:20,400 --> 05:05:22,700
fantasies he has about life at 
Sea. 

5570
05:05:22,700 --> 05:05:25,400
Your daughters have discovered 
that the cat is willing to 

5571
05:05:25,400 --> 05:05:27,200
tolerate being dressed in doll 
clothes. 

5572
05:05:27,200 --> 05:05:30,800
At least until it isn't. 
Which happens suddenly and with 

5573
05:05:30,800 --> 05:05:34,600
impressive use of claws, your 
middle son works on some carving

5574
05:05:34,600 --> 05:05:36,900
project. 
Creating wood shavings that will

5575
05:05:36,900 --> 05:05:40,600
need sweeping up later absorbed 
in the particular Focus that 

5576
05:05:40,600 --> 05:05:42,900
children bring to projects. 
They've chosen themselves. 

5577
05:05:42,900 --> 05:05:46,100
Your wife settles into a chair 
with a cup of something hot. 

5578
05:05:46,100 --> 05:05:50,800
Probably not t, because T is 
expensive more likely some 

5579
05:05:50,800 --> 05:05:53,100
herbal mixed? 
She's decided as beneficial 

5580
05:05:53,100 --> 05:05:56,200
properties. 
She sits it slowly staring into 

5581
05:05:56,200 --> 05:05:58,900
the fire with the expression of 
someone whose mind is elsewhere 

5582
05:05:58,900 --> 05:06:03,100
working through whatever 
calculations and worries, occupy

5583
05:06:03,100 --> 05:06:05,900
her thoughts. 
You've learned not to interrupt 

5584
05:06:05,900 --> 05:06:08,800
this thinking time. 
She'll share what she needs to 

5585
05:06:08,800 --> 05:06:11,500
share when she is ready. 
Fire Burns. 

5586
05:06:11,500 --> 05:06:15,300
Deadly, it's like creating a 
circle of warmth and visibility 

5587
05:06:15,300 --> 05:06:18,000
in the Gathering. 
Darkness beyond that Circle. 

5588
05:06:18,000 --> 05:06:21,000
The corners of the room faded 
into Shadow and your content to 

5589
05:06:21,000 --> 05:06:23,100
let them. 
There's something comforting 

5590
05:06:23,100 --> 05:06:26,800
about having the world reduced 
to this manageable size just 

5591
05:06:26,800 --> 05:06:30,400
this room. 
This fire, these people outside 

5592
05:06:30,400 --> 05:06:33,700
the Harbour continues, its 
Eternal Rhythm, you can hear 

5593
05:06:33,700 --> 05:06:37,400
water lapping against the docks 
that gentle repetitive sound 

5594
05:06:37,400 --> 05:06:41,000
that so constant he usually 
don't notice it until you're 

5595
05:06:41,000 --> 05:06:43,700
sitting still enough to pay 
attention, occasionally, a voice

5596
05:06:43,708 --> 05:06:47,000
carries across the water. 
Someone calling instructions or 

5597
05:06:47,000 --> 05:06:50,800
greetings, A bell ring 
somewhere, marking some 

5598
05:06:50,800 --> 05:06:54,400
nautical, our that has meaning 
to Sailors, but is just sound to

5599
05:06:54,400 --> 05:06:57,900
you, your youngest daughter 
climbs into your lap, which has 

5600
05:06:57,900 --> 05:07:00,400
become more difficult to she 
grows, but which she still 

5601
05:07:00,400 --> 05:07:03,600
insists on doing, she smells 
like whatever she got into 

5602
05:07:03,600 --> 05:07:06,800
today, probably the garden. 
Possibly the neighbor's 

5603
05:07:06,800 --> 05:07:09,200
chickens. 
Definitely something that needs 

5604
05:07:09,200 --> 05:07:11,100
washing, but won't get washed 
until tomorrow. 

5605
05:07:11,100 --> 05:07:15,400
She asks you to tell her about 
the big fish, Which is her way 

5606
05:07:15,408 --> 05:07:19,200
of requesting the same story. 
You've told her 50 times about 

5607
05:07:19,200 --> 05:07:21,000
the time. 
You saw a whale breach in the 

5608
05:07:21,008 --> 05:07:23,400
harbor mouth. 
You tell the story again, 

5609
05:07:23,400 --> 05:07:27,100
embellishing the parts you've 
embellished before, the whale 

5610
05:07:27,100 --> 05:07:29,800
growing slightly, larger with 
each retelling until it's 

5611
05:07:29,800 --> 05:07:32,200
probably twice the size of the 
actual creature. 

5612
05:07:32,200 --> 05:07:35,100
She listens with the 
satisfaction of hearing a 

5613
05:07:35,100 --> 05:07:37,300
familiar tale. 
Occasionally correcting your 

5614
05:07:37,300 --> 05:07:40,600
details when you deviate too far
from the established narrative 

5615
05:07:40,600 --> 05:07:43,400
when you finish. 
She immediately asks, if you've 

5616
05:07:43,400 --> 05:07:46,300
ever seen a bigger fish than 
that, which leads to speculation

5617
05:07:46,300 --> 05:07:49,500
of about what might live in the 
deep ocean, which leads to her 

5618
05:07:49,500 --> 05:07:53,000
being convinced, there are 
definitely Sea Monster's, your 

5619
05:07:53,000 --> 05:07:56,000
wife interrupts before the sea 
monster discussion can escalate 

5620
05:07:56,000 --> 05:07:58,900
into nightmares. 
She heard the children toward 

5621
05:07:58,900 --> 05:08:01,600
the stairs with Gentle 
insistence Beginning. 

5622
05:08:01,600 --> 05:08:05,200
The long process of getting 
everyone to bed, your oldest son

5623
05:08:05,200 --> 05:08:08,200
doesn't need herding. 
But goes anyway, probably glad 

5624
05:08:08,200 --> 05:08:11,000
for the excuse to escape family 
time and return to whatever, 

5625
05:08:11,000 --> 05:08:14,200
thoughts occupy. 
His almost adult mind you 

5626
05:08:14,200 --> 05:08:17,000
remained by the fire adding 
another log because the night is

5627
05:08:17,000 --> 05:08:20,200
growing cold and you're not 
quite ready to surrender warmth 

5628
05:08:20,200 --> 05:08:24,000
for sleep. 
The wood catchers slowly Flames,

5629
05:08:24,000 --> 05:08:26,600
licking up the sides before 
fully committing to burning. 

5630
05:08:26,600 --> 05:08:29,600
You watch this with the 
attention of someone who's tired

5631
05:08:29,600 --> 05:08:31,700
enough that even fire becomes 
interesting. 

5632
05:08:32,500 --> 05:08:35,100
The house quiets as children 
settle into sleep. 

5633
05:08:35,800 --> 05:08:38,700
The creaking and thumping from 
upstairs gradually diminishes 

5634
05:08:38,700 --> 05:08:40,700
until there's only The house's 
own sounds. 

5635
05:08:40,700 --> 05:08:44,900
The Timbers settling the wind 
finding gaps in the walls and 

5636
05:08:44,900 --> 05:08:48,800
the fire popping occasionally 
when pockets of sap heat and 

5637
05:08:48,800 --> 05:08:51,000
burst. 
These sounds are so familiar. 

5638
05:08:51,000 --> 05:08:53,500
They're almost silenced the 
white noise of home. 

5639
05:08:54,300 --> 05:08:57,300
Your wife returns having 
achieved the minor miracle of 

5640
05:08:57,308 --> 05:08:59,400
getting everyone in bed, without
major drama. 

5641
05:08:59,400 --> 05:09:02,200
She settles back into her chair 
with a side. 

5642
05:09:02,200 --> 05:09:04,400
That contains a full day's worth
of tiredness. 

5643
05:09:05,800 --> 05:09:08,900
For a while, neither of you 
speaks, there's nothing that 

5644
05:09:08,900 --> 05:09:11,300
needs saying. 
And you're both too tired for 

5645
05:09:11,300 --> 05:09:14,800
Unnecessary conversation Fire 
Burns. 

5646
05:09:14,800 --> 05:09:17,600
Darkness beyond the windows is 
complete. 

5647
05:09:17,600 --> 05:09:20,900
Now, the Harbin visible except 
for occasional lanterns. 

5648
05:09:20,900 --> 05:09:24,300
Moving on distant ships, she 
mentions that the roof is 

5649
05:09:24,300 --> 05:09:27,800
definitely leaking worse than 
before and that the leak in the 

5650
05:09:27,800 --> 05:09:30,700
corner, has expanded to include 
the area near the window. 

5651
05:09:30,700 --> 05:09:33,900
You acknowledge this with the 
resignation of someone who 

5652
05:09:33,900 --> 05:09:37,700
knows, roof repairs cost money, 
you don't have, she suggests may

5653
05:09:37,700 --> 05:09:41,100
be asking your brother in law 
who supposedly knows about roofs

5654
05:09:41,100 --> 05:09:43,300
though. 
You both know this is unlikely 

5655
05:09:43,300 --> 05:09:47,500
to result in actual repairs and 
very likely to result in advice.

5656
05:09:47,500 --> 05:09:49,800
You don't want about other 
things wrong with your house, 

5657
05:09:49,800 --> 05:09:53,500
you discuss quietly the 
possibility of your oldest son, 

5658
05:09:53,500 --> 05:09:56,800
taking that ship job. 
The conversation is careful. 

5659
05:09:56,800 --> 05:09:58,800
Both of you. 
Testing the edges of your 

5660
05:09:58,800 --> 05:10:01,300
feelings about it without 
committing to positions. 

5661
05:10:01,300 --> 05:10:04,400
She worries about storms, and 
Pirates and all the things that 

5662
05:10:04,400 --> 05:10:07,700
can go wrong at Sea. 
You worry about the same things 

5663
05:10:07,700 --> 05:10:10,900
but also think about the money 
about what it could mean for the

5664
05:10:10,900 --> 05:10:13,000
family. 
Neither of you wants to make 

5665
05:10:13,000 --> 05:10:15,900
this decision but it's probably 
not your decision to make. 

5666
05:10:15,900 --> 05:10:19,700
Anyway, the boys, nearly grown 
and grown men make their own 

5667
05:10:19,700 --> 05:10:22,600
choices. 
The fire burns lower and you 

5668
05:10:22,600 --> 05:10:25,800
should probably Bank it for the 
night, but moving requires 

5669
05:10:25,800 --> 05:10:27,200
energy. 
You're not sure you have. 

5670
05:10:27,200 --> 05:10:29,700
Your wife seems to be thinking 
the same thing. 

5671
05:10:29,700 --> 05:10:33,000
Both of you sitting there aware 
that you should go to bed, but 

5672
05:10:33,000 --> 05:10:34,800
lacking the motivation to 
actually do it. 

5673
05:10:35,800 --> 05:10:39,300
These moments of quiet between 
tasks are rare enough that your 

5674
05:10:39,300 --> 05:10:41,800
reluctant to end them eventually
necessity. 

5675
05:10:41,800 --> 05:10:45,200
Overcomes inertia. 
You tend to the fire arranging 

5676
05:10:45,200 --> 05:10:47,400
logs and Ash to keep some heat 
through the night without 

5677
05:10:47,400 --> 05:10:50,400
burning too much fuel. 
Your wife checks, the door is 

5678
05:10:50,408 --> 05:10:53,000
barred and the shutter is 
secured and performs all the 

5679
05:10:53,000 --> 05:10:55,000
small rituals that separate day 
from night. 

5680
05:10:55,000 --> 05:10:58,400
You follow her up stairs. 
Each step, reminding you of 

5681
05:10:58,400 --> 05:11:01,400
muscles that will work hard 
today and will be worked hard 

5682
05:11:01,400 --> 05:11:04,000
again. 
Tomorrow, the bedroom is cold 

5683
05:11:04,000 --> 05:11:06,000
despite the lingering warmth 
from downstairs. 

5684
05:11:06,000 --> 05:11:09,100
You undress. 
Quickly clothes folded and left 

5685
05:11:09,100 --> 05:11:11,800
on the chest because hanging 
them up is more effort than 

5686
05:11:11,800 --> 05:11:14,800
seems worthwhile. 
The bed is cold, and you've been

5687
05:11:14,800 --> 05:11:17,700
in it for a few minutes and then
it becomes merely cool. 

5688
05:11:17,700 --> 05:11:21,500
And then, finally, warm enough 
that you can relax your wife, 

5689
05:11:21,500 --> 05:11:25,100
settles in beside you and for a 
moment, your both awake in the 

5690
05:11:25,108 --> 05:11:27,400
darkness. 
Listening to the house around 

5691
05:11:27,400 --> 05:11:31,600
you, the harbor Beyond, and the 
whole Port Town settling into 

5692
05:11:31,600 --> 05:11:34,200
its nighttime. 
Rhythm tomorrow will be much 

5693
05:11:34,200 --> 05:11:38,600
like today the Tide will turn 
ships will need unloading and 

5694
05:11:38,600 --> 05:11:41,300
the market will sell fish and 
bread and all the other 

5695
05:11:41,300 --> 05:11:44,500
necessities of life, your 
children will grow, slightly 

5696
05:11:44,500 --> 05:11:47,800
older, your back will hurt 
slightly more and the roof will 

5697
05:11:47,800 --> 05:11:49,800
leak exactly as much as it 
leaks. 

5698
05:11:49,800 --> 05:11:52,200
Now, until you eventually do 
something about it. 

5699
05:11:53,400 --> 05:11:58,000
But that's tomorrow's concern 
tonight your warm and horizontal

5700
05:11:58,000 --> 05:12:00,900
and your family is safe under 
your roof, leaky though. 

5701
05:12:00,900 --> 05:12:03,900
That roof may be the sea, 
murmurs in the background 

5702
05:12:03,900 --> 05:12:08,600
Eternal and endless the sound 
that's been the backdrop to your

5703
05:12:08,608 --> 05:12:10,400
life. 
Since you were born in this port

5704
05:12:10,400 --> 05:12:13,500
town and will be the backdrop 
until you die here. 

5705
05:12:13,500 --> 05:12:19,100
It's not a bad sound to fall 
asleep to constant rhythmic 

5706
05:12:19,100 --> 05:12:22,600
almost like breathing, if 
breathing were larger and wetter

5707
05:12:22,600 --> 05:12:26,000
and involved, moving several 
million tons of water twice a 

5708
05:12:26,000 --> 05:12:27,700
day. 
Sleep comes gradually 

5709
05:12:27,700 --> 05:12:32,100
Consciousness, fading like the 
tide going out and your last 

5710
05:12:32,108 --> 05:12:34,800
thought before it takes you as 
something about tomorrow's work 

5711
05:12:34,800 --> 05:12:38,900
by morning, you won't remember 
what that thought was only that 

5712
05:12:38,900 --> 05:12:43,000
you had it and it seemed 
important at the time and now 

5713
05:12:43,000 --> 05:12:46,200
it's gone like everything else 
in the gentle darkness of sleep 

5714
05:12:46,200 --> 05:12:56,800
and home. 
Imagine yourself on a Liverpool 

5715
05:12:56,800 --> 05:13:00,600
dock in 1838 watching What 
appears to be a sailing ship. 

5716
05:13:00,600 --> 05:13:04,100
Have an affair with a factory 
paddle Wheels, turn the water 

5717
05:13:04,100 --> 05:13:06,800
like enormous. 
Wooden washing machines smoke, 

5718
05:13:06,800 --> 05:13:09,000
billows from tall funnels and 
somewhere. 

5719
05:13:09,000 --> 05:13:12,500
Deep within this mechanical, 
whale coal, fires burn, hot 

5720
05:13:12,500 --> 05:13:15,000
enough to convert water into the
steam that will take you across 

5721
05:13:15,000 --> 05:13:19,100
the Atlantic Ocean in just 18 
days, rather than the customary 

5722
05:13:19,100 --> 05:13:22,300
six weeks, this marks, the 
beginning of the steamship era 

5723
05:13:22,300 --> 05:13:25,000
when traveling across the ocean 
became more like following a 

5724
05:13:25,008 --> 05:13:27,400
schedule, rather than a prayer 
to the wind gods. 

5725
05:13:28,400 --> 05:13:30,900
One of the first specially 
designed steamships to 

5726
05:13:30,900 --> 05:13:32,600
frequently Traverse the 
Atlantic. 

5727
05:13:32,600 --> 05:13:36,200
The great Weston was essentially
a floating city with a very 

5728
05:13:36,200 --> 05:13:38,900
particular issue. 
How do you feed hundreds of 

5729
05:13:38,900 --> 05:13:40,800
people? 
When the closest supermarket is 

5730
05:13:40,800 --> 05:13:44,000
thousands of miles away, and 
won't be accessible for weeks, 

5731
05:13:44,000 --> 05:13:47,300
prior to steamships, traveling 
by sea, was similar to camping 

5732
05:13:47,300 --> 05:13:50,400
for wealthy people. 
He brought your own food, hoped 

5733
05:13:50,400 --> 05:13:52,800
it wouldn't go bad. 
And accepted that meals would 

5734
05:13:52,800 --> 05:13:55,100
consist of whatever the ship's, 
cook, could prepare using 

5735
05:13:55,100 --> 05:13:58,100
hardtack salt pork and anything 
that wasn't moldy. 

5736
05:13:59,300 --> 05:14:02,500
But everything changed with 
steam ships, these were luxury 

5737
05:14:02,500 --> 05:14:04,300
hotels. 
That just so happened to float 

5738
05:14:04,300 --> 05:14:07,000
and luxury hotels, require 
luxury dining. 

5739
05:14:07,800 --> 05:14:09,300
They weren't merely transport 
ships. 

5740
05:14:09,300 --> 05:14:13,400
The difficulty of the task was 
magnificent, imagine attempting 

5741
05:14:13,400 --> 05:14:15,000
to stock a restaurant for three 
weeks. 

5742
05:14:15,000 --> 05:14:18,200
While your kitchen is always 
changing in three dimensions, 

5743
05:14:18,200 --> 05:14:21,900
you have limited storage space. 
No Refrigeration, other than 

5744
05:14:21,900 --> 05:14:25,200
what nature provides and you are
unable to go outside for fresh 

5745
05:14:25,200 --> 05:14:28,300
ingredients. 
Oh, and your patrons anticipate,

5746
05:14:28,300 --> 05:14:31,400
the same level of quality that 
they would find at the best 

5747
05:14:31,400 --> 05:14:32,900
restaurants in New York or 
London. 

5748
05:14:32,900 --> 05:14:35,900
This issue was resolved by ship 
designers using the same 

5749
05:14:35,900 --> 05:14:39,400
Victorian inventiveness that 
produced the sewers canal and 

5750
05:14:39,400 --> 05:14:43,100
the London sewer system. 
They developed dining systems, 

5751
05:14:43,100 --> 05:14:46,000
inventive preservation 
techniques and floating 

5752
05:14:46,000 --> 05:14:47,700
pantries. 
That would make contemporary 

5753
05:14:47,700 --> 05:14:51,300
cruise ship designers swoon. 
In addition, to overcoming 

5754
05:14:51,300 --> 05:14:54,500
distance, the steamship was also
transforming the idea of what it

5755
05:14:54,500 --> 05:14:56,900
meant to eat healthily while 
traveling launched. 

5756
05:14:56,900 --> 05:15:00,800
In 1843, the SS Great Britain, 
resembled a mechanical, Marvel 

5757
05:15:00,800 --> 05:15:04,500
crossed with a floating palace. 
It was the world's largest ship 

5758
05:15:04,500 --> 05:15:08,700
measuring 300 and 322 ft in 
length and its designers 

5759
05:15:08,700 --> 05:15:11,700
recognized that passengers were 
purchasing an experience rather 

5760
05:15:11,700 --> 05:15:15,300
than merely a ticket In addition
to reflecting the social 

5761
05:15:15,300 --> 05:15:18,300
structures of the era, the 
dining Arrangements on these 

5762
05:15:18,300 --> 05:15:21,600
early steamships introduced new 
types of Maritime Hospitality 

5763
05:15:21,600 --> 05:15:25,100
that would shape Ocean Travel in
the century that followed the 

5764
05:15:25,100 --> 05:15:28,000
way that steamship dining 
addressed issues that a dogged 

5765
05:15:28,000 --> 05:15:30,400
Maritime travel ever. 
Since people first tied logs 

5766
05:15:30,400 --> 05:15:33,300
together and aimed them toward 
the Horizon was what made it so 

5767
05:15:33,300 --> 05:15:36,100
intriguing. 
Proper food storage and menu 

5768
05:15:36,100 --> 05:15:39,600
planning helped prevent scurvy. 
The vitamin deficit disease that

5769
05:15:39,600 --> 05:15:43,300
made Sailors teeth into loose 
accessories, multi-course meals.

5770
05:15:43,300 --> 05:15:45,900
That could compete with anything
served on land, replace the 

5771
05:15:45,900 --> 05:15:48,200
boring diet of ship biscuits and
salt beef. 

5772
05:15:48,200 --> 05:15:52,000
The true Revolution however, was
not in what people ate but 

5773
05:15:52,000 --> 05:15:54,900
rather in how dining became an 
integral part of the steamship 

5774
05:15:54,900 --> 05:15:58,100
experience. 
Like all communities, these 

5775
05:15:58,100 --> 05:16:00,700
ships were forming floating, 
communities centered around 

5776
05:16:00,700 --> 05:16:03,400
communal meals. 
The ship's Dining Saloon 

5777
05:16:03,400 --> 05:16:06,500
developed into its Social Hub, 
where travelers from various 

5778
05:16:06,500 --> 05:16:09,100
backgrounds in interacted 
romances blossomed. 

5779
05:16:09,100 --> 05:16:12,300
And the simple Act of sharing 
meals, forged relationships that

5780
05:16:12,300 --> 05:16:15,400
persisted long after the ship 
docked and imagine yourself 

5781
05:16:15,400 --> 05:16:17,200
standing on that. 
Liverpool doc, as you fall 

5782
05:16:17,200 --> 05:16:20,100
asleep tonight, watching, people
bored with their trunks and 

5783
05:16:20,100 --> 05:16:23,600
their expectations. 
First meal, service of a voyage 

5784
05:16:23,600 --> 05:16:25,300
that will redefine what it means
to eat. 

5785
05:16:25,300 --> 05:16:28,200
While traveling is already 
underway somewhere in the ship's

5786
05:16:28,200 --> 05:16:30,400
belly, as the whistle blows and 
the paddle Wheels start. 

5787
05:16:30,400 --> 05:16:33,500
Their rhythmic churning. 
You're about to learn how these 

5788
05:16:33,500 --> 05:16:36,700
floating eateries catered to 
their patrons, serving 

5789
05:16:36,700 --> 05:16:39,500
everything from the most 
elaborate first-class Feast to 

5790
05:16:39,500 --> 05:16:42,600
the most basic steerage meal, 
all while navigating the 

5791
05:16:42,600 --> 05:16:45,500
Atlantic Oceans. 
Never-ending waves you might not

5792
05:16:45,500 --> 05:16:48,500
even realize you're on a ship 
when you enter the SS Great 

5793
05:16:48,500 --> 05:16:51,900
Eastern's. 
Dining Saloon in 1860 Like a 

5794
05:16:51,900 --> 05:16:55,400
cathedral devoted to the art of 
eating the rooms sprawls out in 

5795
05:16:55,400 --> 05:16:59,400
front of you long tables covered
in Immaculate, white linen, 

5796
05:16:59,400 --> 05:17:01,600
stretch into the distance, like 
a Royal Banquet. 

5797
05:17:02,200 --> 05:17:05,800
Crystal chandeliers sway softly 
with the motion of the ship and 

5798
05:17:05,800 --> 05:17:08,100
massive mirrors. 
Reflect Gaslight off polished 

5799
05:17:08,100 --> 05:17:10,100
mahogany during the Victorian 
era. 

5800
05:17:10,100 --> 05:17:12,500
These dining saloons were the 
answer to a very specific 

5801
05:17:12,500 --> 05:17:14,600
question. 
What can you create an 

5802
05:17:14,600 --> 05:17:17,300
atmosphere of refined Elegance 
in a space? 

5803
05:17:17,300 --> 05:17:21,300
That is surrounded by thousands 
of tons of cold, sea water and 

5804
05:17:21,300 --> 05:17:24,600
is always in motion. 
Most people were unaware, that 

5805
05:17:24,600 --> 05:17:27,700
the answer required more 
theatrical stagecraft every 

5806
05:17:27,700 --> 05:17:30,700
component, including the 
substantial Furniture fastened 

5807
05:17:30,700 --> 05:17:34,100
to the deck, and the specially 
made fiddles those elevated 

5808
05:17:34,100 --> 05:17:36,100
edges, that prevented plates 
from slipping off. 

5809
05:17:36,100 --> 05:17:39,300
Tables was thoughtfully arranged
to preserve the appearance of 

5810
05:17:39,300 --> 05:17:42,500
stability and elegance with 400 
seats of available. 

5811
05:17:42,500 --> 05:17:45,800
At once the great Easterns 
Dining Saloon was larger than 

5812
05:17:45,800 --> 05:17:47,900
the majority of eateries in New 
York or London. 

5813
05:17:48,800 --> 05:17:52,100
This one, however, had to 
operate, while tilting rolling, 

5814
05:17:52,100 --> 05:17:54,900
and occasionally, lurching in 
ways that would cause a 

5815
05:17:54,900 --> 05:17:55,800
terrestrial. 
Maitre d. 

5816
05:17:55,808 --> 05:17:59,000
To go into cardiac arrest in 
contrast to those land-based 

5817
05:17:59,000 --> 05:18:02,300
establishments. 
Ship designers, used inventions 

5818
05:18:02,300 --> 05:18:05,600
that combined engineering 
prowess and magical thinking to 

5819
05:18:05,600 --> 05:18:08,600
overcome these obstacles wide 
low tables with the 

5820
05:18:08,608 --> 05:18:11,600
characteristic raised edges, 
that came to Define dining at 

5821
05:18:11,600 --> 05:18:14,600
Sea were constructed. 
Chairs were made to remain 

5822
05:18:14,600 --> 05:18:17,400
stationary in the event of 
choppy seas, and were heavier 

5823
05:18:17,400 --> 05:18:20,800
than their cousins on shore. 
Thick carpets that absorbed 

5824
05:18:20,800 --> 05:18:23,800
sound and offered traction. 
Covered the floors, creating an 

5825
05:18:23,800 --> 05:18:26,500
acoustic space where diners 
could hear one another over the 

5826
05:18:26,500 --> 05:18:28,800
continuous harm of paddle, 
wheels and steam engines. 

5827
05:18:28,800 --> 05:18:32,400
Lighting post, special 
difficulties of its own dining. 

5828
05:18:32,400 --> 05:18:35,200
Saloons were reliant on oil 
lamps and later gas fixtures, 

5829
05:18:35,200 --> 05:18:38,400
which had to be built to be safe
even when the ship was pitching 

5830
05:18:38,400 --> 05:18:41,200
in severe weather because 
candles were fire hazards on 

5831
05:18:41,200 --> 05:18:45,200
Wooden Ships, As a result even 
basic meals, felt refined and 

5832
05:18:45,200 --> 05:18:48,000
sophisticated thanks to the warm
golden illumination. 

5833
05:18:48,800 --> 05:18:51,500
Many Travelers recalled the 
entire experience more vividly 

5834
05:18:51,500 --> 05:18:54,600
than the places they were 
sailing toward because the food 

5835
05:18:54,600 --> 05:18:57,300
and passengers looked better. 
And the whole thing took on an 

5836
05:18:57,300 --> 05:19:00,900
almost dreamlike quality, these 
dining saloons social dynamics 

5837
05:19:00,900 --> 05:19:03,100
were meticulously planned out 
like a ballet. 

5838
05:19:03,800 --> 05:19:06,900
Based on their social standing 
class of travel and occasionally

5839
05:19:06,900 --> 05:19:09,500
their nationality. 
Passengers were given seats. 

5840
05:19:10,300 --> 05:19:13,000
Prominent passengers might find 
themselves dining with the ships

5841
05:19:13,000 --> 05:19:15,600
officers and exchanging tales 
that would eventually become 

5842
05:19:15,600 --> 05:19:17,900
part of Maritime folklore at the
Captain's Table. 

5843
05:19:17,900 --> 05:19:21,000
The most prestigious seating 
arrangement, the way these 

5844
05:19:21,000 --> 05:19:23,500
dining saloons manage the 
straightforward Logistics of 

5845
05:19:23,500 --> 05:19:25,300
serving hundreds of meals at 
once. 

5846
05:19:25,300 --> 05:19:28,600
While the entire restaurant was 
constantly moving was perhaps 

5847
05:19:28,600 --> 05:19:32,900
their most impressive feature. 
Waiters also known as stewards 

5848
05:19:32,900 --> 05:19:36,000
created methods that combined 
elements of martial arts and 

5849
05:19:36,000 --> 05:19:38,100
dance. 
They developed an almost 

5850
05:19:38,100 --> 05:19:41,000
Supernatural ability to carry 
loaded trays, across a rolling 

5851
05:19:41,000 --> 05:19:44,400
deck without losing a single 
dinner roll as they learn to 

5852
05:19:44,400 --> 05:19:47,100
anticipate the movement of the 
ship in time their steps to its 

5853
05:19:47,100 --> 05:19:49,500
Rhythm. 
There was nothing like the sound

5854
05:19:49,500 --> 05:19:52,300
of a steamship Dining Saloon in 
full operation on land. 

5855
05:19:53,300 --> 05:19:56,700
The soft chatter of passengers, 
the clink of silverware, the 

5856
05:19:56,700 --> 05:20:00,300
rustle of Stuart's feet on the 
plush carpet, and beneath it all

5857
05:20:00,300 --> 05:20:03,200
the steady hum of the engines 
that powered this floating 

5858
05:20:03,200 --> 05:20:07,200
Eatery, as a reminder, that this
sophisticated social area was 

5859
05:20:07,200 --> 05:20:09,100
encircled by the vastness of the
ocean. 

5860
05:20:09,100 --> 05:20:12,200
You may occasionally hear the 
distant sound of waves against 

5861
05:20:12,200 --> 05:20:15,500
the hull. 
The Cry of seabirds meals in the

5862
05:20:15,500 --> 05:20:17,400
evening were specially magical 
events. 

5863
05:20:18,000 --> 05:20:21,100
In the midst of the trackless 
sea, the Dining Saloon turned 

5864
05:20:21,100 --> 05:20:24,000
into a cozy Haven of 
civilization as the daylight 

5865
05:20:24,000 --> 05:20:27,400
dimmed and the lamps were lit. 
For a few hours, the 

5866
05:20:27,400 --> 05:20:30,700
difficulties and discomforts of 
sea travel would be replaced by 

5867
05:20:30,708 --> 05:20:35,200
conversation, delicious food and
the strange intimacy that arises

5868
05:20:35,200 --> 05:20:37,800
when strangers share an 
extraordinary experience. 

5869
05:20:38,800 --> 05:20:41,100
Passengers were dressed to 
impress formal. 

5870
05:20:41,100 --> 05:20:43,000
Dining was expected on 
steamships. 

5871
05:20:43,000 --> 05:20:46,600
These dining swoons menu cards 
are poetic codes to Victorian. 

5872
05:20:46,600 --> 05:20:50,100
Plenty, She dish would be 
described in such a way that 

5873
05:20:50,100 --> 05:20:52,900
even the most basic preparations
would seem like culinary 

5874
05:20:52,900 --> 05:20:55,500
masterpieces. 
And course, after course, would 

5875
05:20:55,500 --> 05:20:59,300
be listed in intricate script. 
This theatrical presentation, 

5876
05:20:59,300 --> 05:21:02,000
however, was based on a 
sophisticated understanding of 

5877
05:21:02,000 --> 05:21:04,600
what worked in Maritime dining. 
Foods. 

5878
05:21:04,600 --> 05:21:06,700
That could be prepared ahead of 
time that traveled. 

5879
05:21:06,700 --> 05:21:09,600
Well, and that would retain 
their excellent flavor even 

5880
05:21:09,600 --> 05:21:11,900
after being served in a 
constantly moving room. 

5881
05:21:11,900 --> 05:21:15,300
Consider yourself in 1875 
sitting down to dinner. 

5882
05:21:15,300 --> 05:21:18,600
After becoming wealthy enough to
reserve first class passage on 

5883
05:21:18,600 --> 05:21:21,900
the RMS Britannic. 
With dishes like turtle soup, 

5884
05:21:21,900 --> 05:21:25,400
salmon with lobster sauce, roast
beef, with Yorkshire pudding, 

5885
05:21:25,400 --> 05:21:28,200
game pie, Charlotte Russe, and 
fresh fruit. 

5886
05:21:28,200 --> 05:21:30,400
That somehow survived the 
journey from Mediterranean 

5887
05:21:30,400 --> 05:21:32,800
Groves to your plate. 
Without wilting in the Atlantic 

5888
05:21:32,800 --> 05:21:34,900
spray. 
The menu in front of you reads 

5889
05:21:34,900 --> 05:21:36,900
like a love letter to Victorian 
access. 

5890
05:21:36,900 --> 05:21:40,500
This was more than just dinner. 
It was a show of Humanity's 

5891
05:21:40,500 --> 05:21:43,600
ability to overcome the inherent
constraints of Maritime travel. 

5892
05:21:44,700 --> 05:21:47,900
Every component on your plate. 
Symbolized a triumph over 

5893
05:21:47,900 --> 05:21:50,300
spoiling and each expertly 
prepared. 

5894
05:21:50,300 --> 05:21:53,400
Dish, was a protest against the 
oceans attempt to turn your food

5895
05:21:53,400 --> 05:21:57,000
into salted meat and hard tack. 
First class, passengers were 

5896
05:21:57,000 --> 05:22:00,300
purchasing temporary protection 
from the harsh realities of Life

5897
05:22:00,300 --> 05:22:02,300
at Sea. 
Not just a means of 

5898
05:22:02,300 --> 05:22:05,400
transportation a contemporary 
supply chain manager would have 

5899
05:22:05,408 --> 05:22:08,100
been impressed by the logistics 
of these elaborate meals. 

5900
05:22:08,100 --> 05:22:12,500
Consider that fresh fruit, the 
rightness of Spanish oranges, 

5901
05:22:12,500 --> 05:22:15,500
English apples and French grapes
had to be carefully. 

5902
05:22:15,500 --> 05:22:19,300
Chosen packed to protect them 
from ship motion and kept in 

5903
05:22:19,300 --> 05:22:21,200
specialty. 
Ventilated compartments that 

5904
05:22:21,200 --> 05:22:23,900
allowed just enough air 
circulation to keep wrote of bay

5905
05:22:23,900 --> 05:22:26,900
without allowing in the sultan. 
That would destroy everything. 

5906
05:22:26,900 --> 05:22:30,900
The problems with meat were even
worse, they didn't just throw 

5907
05:22:30,900 --> 05:22:33,200
that roast beef in the ship's 
pantry and hope for the best. 

5908
05:22:33,200 --> 05:22:36,000
It was a component of a 
well-planned system. 

5909
05:22:36,000 --> 05:22:39,300
That also included, traditional 
salt preserved Meats for longer 

5910
05:22:39,300 --> 05:22:42,900
voyages, live cattle. 
Kept in pens on deck and Cutting

5911
05:22:42,900 --> 05:22:44,900
Edge preservation methods, that 
stretched. 

5912
05:22:44,900 --> 05:22:46,900
The limits of 19th century, 
food, science. 

5913
05:22:47,800 --> 05:22:50,500
Some ships even have their own 
ice houses, which were 

5914
05:22:50,500 --> 05:22:52,600
essentially floating 
refrigerators that allowed 

5915
05:22:52,600 --> 05:22:55,200
perishables to last far longer 
than they could have a 

5916
05:22:55,200 --> 05:22:57,800
generation ago. 
These looks Furious steamships 

5917
05:22:57,800 --> 05:23:01,300
had wine cellars that were Feats
of engineering and taste in 

5918
05:23:01,300 --> 05:23:04,300
order to maintain a appropriate 
storage conditions bottles 

5919
05:23:04,300 --> 05:23:07,000
needed to be fastened against 
the ship's continuous motion. 

5920
05:23:07,800 --> 05:23:10,700
The wine Steward who frequently 
held a highly esteemed position 

5921
05:23:10,708 --> 05:23:13,700
on board, a ship was 
knowledgeable about both wines 

5922
05:23:13,700 --> 05:23:16,200
and the unique difficulties of 
serving them in a constantly 

5923
05:23:16,200 --> 05:23:20,100
tilting environment. 
If handled improperly a vintage 

5924
05:23:20,100 --> 05:23:22,800
Bordeaux that was excellent on 
land could become unfit for 

5925
05:23:22,808 --> 05:23:26,000
consumption, while traveling 
across the Atlantic first class 

5926
05:23:26,000 --> 05:23:28,500
breakfasts, which catered to the
international character of 

5927
05:23:28,500 --> 05:23:31,500
steamship travel range from 
traditional English, fair to 

5928
05:23:31,500 --> 05:23:34,300
Continental Delicacies, and 
could last for hours. 

5929
05:23:35,300 --> 05:23:38,500
Ships ovens which had to work. 
While the entire kitchen was 

5930
05:23:38,500 --> 05:23:41,600
rolling through ocean swells 
baked fresh bread, every day, 

5931
05:23:41,600 --> 05:23:44,800
every morning, the first class 
corridors would fill with the 

5932
05:23:44,808 --> 05:23:48,600
aroma of Freshly Baked Goods, a 
homely comfort that transformed 

5933
05:23:48,600 --> 05:23:51,400
the ship from a mechanical 
vehicle into a floating 

5934
05:23:51,400 --> 05:23:54,000
residents. 
However, the way first class 

5935
05:23:54,000 --> 05:23:56,800
dining accommodated, special 
dietary requirements and 

5936
05:23:56,800 --> 05:24:01,500
preferences was arguably, its 
most remarkable feature Wealthy 

5937
05:24:01,500 --> 05:24:03,600
passengers. 
Expected their shipboard meals 

5938
05:24:03,600 --> 05:24:06,400
to reflect the increasingly 
complex ideas about nutrition 

5939
05:24:06,400 --> 05:24:10,000
and health that were emerging in
Victorian society for 

5940
05:24:10,000 --> 05:24:12,500
passengers, who were worried 
about their health ships 

5941
05:24:12,500 --> 05:24:15,700
carried, special preparations 
for invalids, kid-friendly 

5942
05:24:15,700 --> 05:24:18,700
meals, and even the early 
iterations of what we might. 

5943
05:24:18,700 --> 05:24:21,800
Now, know, as spark Cuisine 
first class food was presented 

5944
05:24:21,800 --> 05:24:25,400
in a theatrical fashion. 
Course became a miniature 

5945
05:24:25,400 --> 05:24:27,400
performance. 
The silver covered dishes 

5946
05:24:27,400 --> 05:24:30,800
arrived at tables and were 
simultaneously lifted by white 

5947
05:24:30,800 --> 05:24:33,000
gloved. 
Stewards resulting in dramatic 

5948
05:24:33,000 --> 05:24:37,700
reveals, At Sea, hundreds of 
passengers were served meal 

5949
05:24:37,700 --> 05:24:39,200
after meal with the finest 
China. 

5950
05:24:39,200 --> 05:24:42,300
Crystal and silverware. 
That would have been reserved 

5951
05:24:42,300 --> 05:24:44,100
for the most aristocratic homes 
on land. 

5952
05:24:44,100 --> 05:24:47,600
Protocols in the first class. 
Dining Saloon were a strict as 

5953
05:24:47,600 --> 05:24:50,800
those in the best hotels. 
In London, the social graces 

5954
05:24:50,800 --> 05:24:53,600
that affluent passengers 
expected were taught to stewards

5955
05:24:53,600 --> 05:24:56,800
in addition to Food Service. 
They knew how to clear courses 

5956
05:24:56,800 --> 05:25:00,300
in the right order how to serve 
wine properly and the delicate 

5957
05:25:00,300 --> 05:25:02,300
art of paying attention without 
being obtrusive. 

5958
05:25:03,300 --> 05:25:05,900
Many of these men brought Land 
Based experience to the 

5959
05:25:05,900 --> 05:25:08,000
particular difficulty of 
Maritime service. 

5960
05:25:08,000 --> 05:25:11,200
Having previously, worked in 
upscale homes or restaurants. 

5961
05:25:11,200 --> 05:25:13,100
First class, meals were 
scheduled. 

5962
05:25:13,100 --> 05:25:15,900
According to patterns that 
represented both practical needs

5963
05:25:15,900 --> 05:25:19,700
and social expectations in order
to allow passengers to wake up 

5964
05:25:19,708 --> 05:25:22,400
at their own pace. 
Breakfast, may be served from 8 

5965
05:25:22,400 --> 05:25:25,400
to 10, Light Affair was usually 
served at lunch time. 

5966
05:25:25,400 --> 05:25:30,300
However, dinner dinner was the 
focal point of the day presented

5967
05:25:30,300 --> 05:25:33,500
with such Grandeur and ceremony 
that it was The Culinary and 

5968
05:25:33,500 --> 05:25:36,300
social high point of life. 
Aboard ship passengers had to 

5969
05:25:36,308 --> 05:25:39,300
pack formal attire for what was 
effectively camping on water 

5970
05:25:39,300 --> 05:25:42,100
because first class dinner 
required evening, dress. 

5971
05:25:42,900 --> 05:25:46,000
Women wore all night gowns that 
had to be made to look elegant 

5972
05:25:46,000 --> 05:25:48,800
while taking into account the 
practicalities of life on a 

5973
05:25:48,800 --> 05:25:52,500
moving ship, while men showed up
wearing white tie and Tails, the

5974
05:25:52,500 --> 05:25:54,500
end result was a fashion show 
every night. 

5975
05:25:54,500 --> 05:25:57,300
That was on par with anything. 
You might see at a grand ball or

5976
05:25:57,300 --> 05:26:00,300
the Opera, these sophisticated 
meals could become Applied 

5977
05:26:00,300 --> 05:26:03,300
Physics Adventures, depending on
the weather, even the most 

5978
05:26:03,300 --> 05:26:06,600
meticulously planned service 
could devolve into chaos, when 

5979
05:26:06,600 --> 05:26:08,300
the ship encountered choppy 
Waters. 

5980
05:26:09,200 --> 05:26:11,800
While novices frequently found 
themselves chasing their dinner 

5981
05:26:11,800 --> 05:26:14,800
rolls across the table or 
wearing their soup seasoned 

5982
05:26:14,800 --> 05:26:16,900
Travelers. 
Learn to time their movements to

5983
05:26:16,900 --> 05:26:20,000
the ship's Rhythm. 
However, even when the laws of 

5984
05:26:20,000 --> 05:26:23,000
gravity were momentarily, 
suspended the staff will always 

5985
05:26:23,000 --> 05:26:25,600
manage to preserve an air of 
refinement and dignity. 

5986
05:26:25,600 --> 05:26:28,100
The lower levels of the ship 
were a different culinary 

5987
05:26:28,100 --> 05:26:31,900
Universe where the majority of 
passengers emigrants working 

5988
05:26:31,900 --> 05:26:34,700
class Travelers and those 
seeking their Fortunes in new 

5989
05:26:34,700 --> 05:26:37,500
lands. 
Experience steamship dining in 

5990
05:26:37,500 --> 05:26:41,500
ways that were both more basic 
and in some ways more authentic 

5991
05:26:41,500 --> 05:26:44,700
to the maritime experience. 
While first class passengers 

5992
05:26:44,700 --> 05:26:48,000
were enjoying turtle soup, and 
Vintage Wines steerage. 

5993
05:26:48,000 --> 05:26:50,900
Passengers had to eat in 
cramped, utilitarian rather than

5994
05:26:50,900 --> 05:26:53,400
aesthetically pleasing 
compartments, that would have 

5995
05:26:53,400 --> 05:26:55,700
made contemporary Airline seats 
appear Rumi. 

5996
05:26:56,600 --> 05:26:59,500
Passengers used pewter utensils,
that could survive the rough 

5997
05:26:59,500 --> 05:27:02,600
treatment of shipboard. 
Life 8, from metal plates rather

5998
05:27:02,600 --> 05:27:05,600
than China and sat on benches 
rather than chairs. 

5999
05:27:05,600 --> 05:27:08,000
In communal, dining areas 
crowded with long, wooden 

6000
05:27:08,000 --> 05:27:10,600
tables. 
However, don't think of this as 

6001
05:27:10,600 --> 05:27:13,500
depressing experience. 
Steerage meals were filling 

6002
05:27:13,500 --> 05:27:16,300
healthy and frequently more 
interesting than what many 

6003
05:27:16,300 --> 05:27:17,900
passengers had experienced back 
home. 

6004
05:27:17,900 --> 05:27:21,200
Good food became one of the few 
consistent Pleasures in their 

6005
05:27:21,200 --> 05:27:24,700
everyday routine and ship Cooks.
Recognized that these Travelers 

6006
05:27:24,700 --> 05:27:27,000
were frequently dealing with 
weeks of uncertainty and 

6007
05:27:27,000 --> 05:27:30,500
discomfort Thick stews, freshly 
baked bread. 

6008
05:27:30,500 --> 05:27:33,600
Hearty meat dishes and 
straightforward desserts that 

6009
05:27:33,600 --> 05:27:35,700
were both comforting and 
nourishing with a focus. 

6010
05:27:35,700 --> 05:27:38,900
Not Elegance, typically 
steerage, passengers breakfast, 

6011
05:27:38,900 --> 05:27:41,900
consisted of porridge, not the 
fancy oatmeal. 

6012
05:27:41,900 --> 05:27:44,900
You might find in first class 
but substantial filling 

6013
05:27:44,900 --> 05:27:47,800
preparations that could keep 
hard working people going for 

6014
05:27:47,800 --> 05:27:52,800
extended periods of inactivity. 
Bread butter and occasionally 

6015
05:27:52,800 --> 05:27:56,500
salt pork or bacon was served 
with this coffee or tea offered 

6016
05:27:56,500 --> 05:27:58,800
caffeine, and warmth to 
Essentials. 

6017
05:27:58,800 --> 05:28:01,800
When your quarters may be cold 
and your sleep is regularly 

6018
05:28:01,800 --> 05:28:05,300
disturbed by ship motion, steel 
lunches were typically thick 

6019
05:28:05,300 --> 05:28:08,600
broths made with barley 
vegetables and what ever protein

6020
05:28:08,600 --> 05:28:12,300
was on hand In addition to being
nourishing and filling these 

6021
05:28:12,300 --> 05:28:15,600
soups could be made in bulk and 
were comparatively simple to 

6022
05:28:15,600 --> 05:28:18,600
serve an inclement weather. 
When maintaining liquids in 

6023
05:28:18,600 --> 05:28:21,900
bowls, became a skill and a 
matter of luck, The majority of 

6024
05:28:21,900 --> 05:28:25,600
meals were accompanied by ships 
biscuits, a hard tack that had 

6025
05:28:25,600 --> 05:28:28,600
been refined over centuries of 
seafaring and provided 

6026
05:28:28,600 --> 05:28:31,100
carbohydrates that could 
withstand any conditions. 

6027
05:28:31,100 --> 05:28:34,300
The ocean might present the 
substantial meal of the day for 

6028
05:28:34,300 --> 05:28:37,400
ordinary passengers was dinner, 
which frequently consisted of 

6029
05:28:37,400 --> 05:28:40,000
salt, pork or beef, variously 
prepared. 

6030
05:28:40,000 --> 05:28:43,400
Potatoes, cabbage or other 
preserved, vegetables, and 

6031
05:28:43,400 --> 05:28:46,100
occasionally fresh fish that the
ship's crew had caught while at 

6032
05:28:46,100 --> 05:28:48,300
sea. 
Passengers from various 

6033
05:28:48,300 --> 05:28:51,500
backgrounds gathered around 
tables, exchange stories and 

6034
05:28:51,500 --> 05:28:54,400
developed the odd bond that 
arises when people share a 

6035
05:28:54,400 --> 05:28:57,100
remarkable experience, during 
these communal meals in 

6036
05:28:57,100 --> 05:28:59,600
actuality serving. 
First class diners, was easier 

6037
05:28:59,600 --> 05:29:03,200
than the logistics of feeding 
stage passengers, steerage could

6038
05:29:03,200 --> 05:29:06,300
accommodate of people, all of 
whom needed to be fed 

6039
05:29:06,300 --> 05:29:08,900
effectively and affordably 
passengers. 

6040
05:29:08,900 --> 05:29:12,200
Might number in the dozens 
passengers rotated through the 

6041
05:29:12,200 --> 05:29:14,600
dining areas and groups that 
could fit the seating and 

6042
05:29:14,600 --> 05:29:18,200
serving Personnel available and 
meals were served in shifts in 

6043
05:29:18,200 --> 05:29:20,500
steerage. 
Water was a valuable resource. 

6044
05:29:20,500 --> 05:29:23,500
That was mostly utilized for 
cooking and drinking instead of 

6045
05:29:23,500 --> 05:29:25,700
the all-night table settings 
that were typical of first 

6046
05:29:25,700 --> 05:29:29,300
class, In order to make room for
the next group of diners 

6047
05:29:29,300 --> 05:29:32,200
passengers, learned how to eat 
efficiently and clean their 

6048
05:29:32,200 --> 05:29:35,000
utensils quickly. 
In contrast to the formal 

6049
05:29:35,000 --> 05:29:37,400
service upstairs, this 
established a communal. 

6050
05:29:37,400 --> 05:29:40,200
Dining Rhythm that was more 
personal and Democratic many 

6051
05:29:40,200 --> 05:29:42,400
steerage passengers brought 
extra foods. 

6052
05:29:42,400 --> 05:29:45,800
Such as nuts dried, fruits, 
preserved, meats and other 

6053
05:29:45,800 --> 05:29:49,400
non-perishables to add variety 
to the ship's regular meals. 

6054
05:29:50,600 --> 05:29:53,300
The international nature of 
steamship travel was reflected 

6055
05:29:53,300 --> 05:29:56,200
in the informal networks of 
culinary exchange that were 

6056
05:29:56,200 --> 05:29:58,900
formed when traveling companions
or new acquaintances shared 

6057
05:29:58,900 --> 05:30:01,500
these personal Provisions. 
Steerage, passengers had 

6058
05:30:01,500 --> 05:30:03,100
limited. 
But adequate cooking for 

6059
05:30:03,100 --> 05:30:05,900
facilities, some ships gave 
passengers access to. 

6060
05:30:05,900 --> 05:30:08,800
Basically, he's where they could
reheat food, they had brought 

6061
05:30:08,800 --> 05:30:12,300
with them or make hot beverages.
These communal kitchens 

6062
05:30:12,300 --> 05:30:15,700
developed into social hubs where
people could exchange recipes, 

6063
05:30:15,700 --> 05:30:19,700
practice cooking and create 
improvised Fusion Cuisine by 

6064
05:30:19,700 --> 05:30:21,500
combining. 
The Culinary traditions of 

6065
05:30:21,508 --> 05:30:24,400
various cultures special 
attention was given to the 

6066
05:30:24,400 --> 05:30:28,100
feeding of children in steerage.
The ships Cooks were aware that 

6067
05:30:28,100 --> 05:30:31,100
young passengers had different 
nutritional needs and were more 

6068
05:30:31,108 --> 05:30:32,800
prone to travel related 
illnesses. 

6069
05:30:32,800 --> 05:30:36,000
Like sea sickness treats like 
sugar, cookies, or fruit 

6070
05:30:36,000 --> 05:30:38,100
preserves offered solids to 
homesick children. 

6071
05:30:38,100 --> 05:30:40,500
Who face an uncertain future and
foreign Nations. 

6072
05:30:40,500 --> 05:30:43,400
While simple Bland Foods were 
available for those with 

6073
05:30:43,400 --> 05:30:47,300
sensitive stomachs in steerage, 
the serving crew hone their own 

6074
05:30:47,300 --> 05:30:50,100
unique abilities. 
In contrast to First Class 

6075
05:30:50,100 --> 05:30:52,500
formal stewards. 
These employees had to be 

6076
05:30:52,500 --> 05:30:56,900
amiable productive and able to 
oversee sizable dining parties 

6077
05:30:56,900 --> 05:31:00,800
in confined spaces by mediating 
between passengers who spoke 

6078
05:31:00,800 --> 05:31:03,600
different languages. 
Resolving small arguments 

6079
05:31:03,600 --> 05:31:07,100
overseeing and upholding order 
in areas where tension and 

6080
05:31:07,100 --> 05:31:09,600
uncertainty could quickly 
degenerate into conflict. 

6081
05:31:09,600 --> 05:31:13,000
They turned into amateur 
diplomats steerage. 

6082
05:31:13,000 --> 05:31:15,700
Dining was more significantly 
impacted by weather than first 

6083
05:31:15,700 --> 05:31:18,300
class service. 
Passengers would have to settle 

6084
05:31:18,300 --> 05:31:21,700
for cold food bread and whatever
could be distributed without 

6085
05:31:21,700 --> 05:31:24,500
running the risk of getting hurt
by flying plates or schooling 

6086
05:31:24,500 --> 05:31:26,900
liquids. 
When the Seas were rough as it 

6087
05:31:26,900 --> 05:31:29,000
might be impossible to serve, 
hot meals safely. 

6088
05:31:30,300 --> 05:31:33,600
Not only for Comfort, but also 
as a practical measure to help 

6089
05:31:33,600 --> 05:31:36,300
passengers deal with the 
physical challenges of severe 

6090
05:31:36,300 --> 05:31:38,100
weather. 
The crew would frequently 

6091
05:31:38,100 --> 05:31:41,100
distribute extra rations of 
spirits during these times. 

6092
05:31:41,100 --> 05:31:44,000
Many steerage passengers had 
pleasant memories of their 

6093
05:31:44,000 --> 05:31:47,000
shipboard meals, despite the 
simpler, fare and more basic 

6094
05:31:47,000 --> 05:31:50,700
accommodations eating together 
in that floating community and 

6095
05:31:50,700 --> 05:31:53,600
sharing food, while traveling 
across the ocean to start over 

6096
05:31:53,600 --> 05:31:55,600
with something. 
That forged lifelong friendships

6097
05:31:55,600 --> 05:31:58,000
and memories. 
Even though the meals were 

6098
05:31:58,000 --> 05:32:01,300
straightforward, they were 
infused with optimism excitement

6099
05:32:01,300 --> 05:32:05,000
and the unique taste that comes 
from eating as one Journeys 

6100
05:32:05,000 --> 05:32:08,500
toward an unknowable future. 
The true Center of Maritime 

6101
05:32:08,500 --> 05:32:12,200
dining was located deep within a
steamships belly, beneath the 

6102
05:32:12,200 --> 05:32:15,700
crowded steerage compartments 
and elegant dining saloons, the 

6103
05:32:15,700 --> 05:32:18,300
ship's kitchens or galleys as 
they were officially known 

6104
05:32:18,300 --> 05:32:21,600
combining, the functionality of 
a professional restaurant 

6105
05:32:21,600 --> 05:32:24,400
kitchen with the space 
limitations of a submarine, and 

6106
05:32:24,400 --> 05:32:27,000
the additional difficulty of 
functioning while continuously 

6107
05:32:27,000 --> 05:32:30,600
moving these areas were marvels 
of compact efficiently. 

6108
05:32:30,600 --> 05:32:33,600
Imagine a kitchen that is about 
the size of a contemporary 

6109
05:32:33,600 --> 05:32:38,600
studio apartment and is set up 
to serve, 200 to 2000 people 3 

6110
05:32:38,600 --> 05:32:42,800
meals a day for weeks at a time.
Every square inch was utilized 

6111
05:32:42,800 --> 05:32:46,800
with storage compartments built 
into walls cooking surfaces that

6112
05:32:46,800 --> 05:32:49,800
could be secured during rough 
weather and ingenious systems 

6113
05:32:49,800 --> 05:32:52,600
for managing everything from 
fresh water to food waste. 

6114
05:32:53,300 --> 05:32:55,300
It was similar to watching 
someone create a restaurant 

6115
05:32:55,300 --> 05:32:58,300
inside a running, washing 
machine, on a large steamship, 

6116
05:32:58,300 --> 05:32:59,700
the head. 
Chef was a highly respected 

6117
05:32:59,700 --> 05:33:03,700
individual, who was respected 
by, both crew and passengers, an

6118
05:33:03,700 --> 05:33:07,800
expert in food, preservation 
nutrition psychology and the odd

6119
05:33:07,800 --> 05:33:10,000
physics of cooking in a 
constantly changing environment.

6120
05:33:10,000 --> 05:33:13,000
This person was more than just a
skilled chef. 

6121
05:33:13,800 --> 05:33:15,800
In order to address the 
particular difficulties of 

6122
05:33:15,808 --> 05:33:19,800
dining at Sea, many head chefs 
on the great steamships were 

6123
05:33:19,800 --> 05:33:22,500
hired from the best restaurants 
in London Paris or New York. 

6124
05:33:22,500 --> 05:33:25,600
These galleys cooking 
apparatuses were the Pinnacle of

6125
05:33:25,600 --> 05:33:29,000
19th century technology. 
To avoid carbon monoxide 

6126
05:33:29,000 --> 05:33:31,900
poisoning Coal. 
Fired Rangers had to be built 

6127
05:33:31,900 --> 05:33:34,700
with efficient combustion and 
adequate ventilation. 

6128
05:33:35,600 --> 05:33:38,700
Despite the ship's motion ovens 
had to keep their temperatures 

6129
05:33:38,700 --> 05:33:42,400
constant to keep prepared foods.
Warm, without overcooking them 

6130
05:33:42,400 --> 05:33:45,000
steam tables made use of the 
ship's power plant. 

6131
05:33:45,000 --> 05:33:49,000
Everything was designed to be 
safe workable and able to 

6132
05:33:49,000 --> 05:33:50,800
produce a lot of food in 
conditions. 

6133
05:33:50,800 --> 05:33:53,200
That would be difficult for even
the most seasoned chefs to 

6134
05:33:53,200 --> 05:33:56,100
handle on steamships. 
Storing food was like playing 

6135
05:33:56,100 --> 05:33:59,800
three-dimensional chess. 
Compartments that maximized air 

6136
05:33:59,800 --> 05:34:01,600
circulation and minimized 
temperature. 

6137
05:34:01,600 --> 05:34:05,500
Fluctuations, were used to store
fresh Provisions, meets that had

6138
05:34:05,508 --> 05:34:07,800
been salt. 
Preserved, were hung in special 

6139
05:34:07,800 --> 05:34:10,100
areas that allowed for adequate 
ventilation without 

6140
05:34:10,100 --> 05:34:13,400
contaminating them. 
Containers used to store dry 

6141
05:34:13,400 --> 05:34:16,100
goods were made to withstand 
ship motion, while shielding 

6142
05:34:16,100 --> 05:34:18,200
their contents from moisture and
rodents. 

6143
05:34:18,900 --> 05:34:21,900
In order to create floating 
Farms that supplied fresh meat 

6144
05:34:21,900 --> 05:34:23,800
and eggs. 
Throughout the journey, some 

6145
05:34:23,800 --> 05:34:27,100
ships even carried live poultry 
and small livestock because 

6146
05:34:27,100 --> 05:34:29,700
feeding hundreds of people 
required constant preparation, 

6147
05:34:29,700 --> 05:34:32,700
the Food Service crew worked in 
shifts around the clock. 

6148
05:34:32,700 --> 05:34:35,400
While the majority of passengers
were still asleep. 

6149
05:34:35,400 --> 05:34:38,600
Bakers started working Before 
Dawn making the bread for the 

6150
05:34:38,600 --> 05:34:40,800
day. 
In order to prepare elaborate 

6151
05:34:40,800 --> 05:34:43,400
meals prep Cooks, had to spend 
hours chopping vegetables, 

6152
05:34:43,400 --> 05:34:46,600
making stocks and doing the 
innumerable little chores. 

6153
05:34:46,600 --> 05:34:50,700
Despite the ship's continuous 
motion The Galley, as a whole 

6154
05:34:50,700 --> 05:34:54,600
transformed into a choreographed
dance of cooks servers and 

6155
05:34:54,600 --> 05:34:57,700
kitchen assistance, cooperating,
during meal service, there were 

6156
05:34:57,700 --> 05:35:00,300
particular difficulties in 
managing fresh water for 

6157
05:35:00,300 --> 05:35:02,700
cooking. 
Large amounts of fresh water 

6158
05:35:02,700 --> 05:35:06,100
were transported by steamships 
for cooking and drinking each 

6159
05:35:06,100 --> 05:35:08,800
gallon needed to be carefully, 
rationed and used effectively. 

6160
05:35:09,900 --> 05:35:12,700
Systems for cleaning utensils 
and dishes, had to reduce water 

6161
05:35:12,700 --> 05:35:15,400
waste, while upholding the 
hygienic requirements needed to 

6162
05:35:15,400 --> 05:35:17,500
keep people healthy in a ship's,
cramped quarters. 

6163
05:35:18,500 --> 05:35:20,900
To make the most of their 
valuable freshwater resources. 

6164
05:35:20,900 --> 05:35:24,100
Some ships first cleaned with 
sea water and then rinsed with 

6165
05:35:24,100 --> 05:35:26,600
fresh water. 
Steamship galleys, Waste 

6166
05:35:26,600 --> 05:35:28,400
Management systems were 
engineering Marvels. 

6167
05:35:29,200 --> 05:35:32,100
Food scraps needed to be 
disposed of properly to avoid a 

6168
05:35:32,100 --> 05:35:35,100
tracking rodents or causing 
sanitary issues to avoid 

6169
05:35:35,100 --> 05:35:38,500
contaminating, the ship's water 
supply, grease and cooking oils 

6170
05:35:38,500 --> 05:35:41,700
needed to be handled carefully. 
Anything that could not be 

6171
05:35:41,700 --> 05:35:44,400
recycled or used. 
Again was either disposed of 

6172
05:35:44,408 --> 05:35:47,100
Overboard in ways, that would 
not interfere with the ship's 

6173
05:35:47,100 --> 05:35:50,500
ability to operate or fed to 
livestock that was transported 

6174
05:35:50,500 --> 05:35:53,100
on board controling. 
The galleys temperature was a 

6175
05:35:53,108 --> 05:35:56,800
never-ending struggle These 
areas which were deep inside the

6176
05:35:56,800 --> 05:35:59,800
ship with little ventilation 
produced, massive amounts of 

6177
05:35:59,808 --> 05:36:02,000
heat from Steam systems and 
cooking fires. 

6178
05:36:02,800 --> 05:36:05,300
Working in conditions that would
make a contemporary restaurant. 

6179
05:36:05,300 --> 05:36:08,000
Kitchen. 
Seem refreshingly, cool, Cook's 

6180
05:36:08,000 --> 05:36:10,700
perspired in temperatures that 
could reach over 100 degrees 

6181
05:36:10,700 --> 05:36:13,100
Fahrenheit. 
Even in moderate weather while 

6182
05:36:13,100 --> 05:36:16,600
doning bulky clothing, to 
prevent Burns steamship galleys,

6183
05:36:16,600 --> 05:36:19,000
social structure, was a 
reflection of both practical 

6184
05:36:19,000 --> 05:36:20,700
necessity and Maritime 
tradition. 

6185
05:36:21,600 --> 05:36:23,300
With the authority of a ship's 
officer. 

6186
05:36:23,300 --> 05:36:26,600
The head, chef oversaw, the 
kitchen making choices about 

6187
05:36:26,600 --> 05:36:30,400
menus, the use of ingredients 
and meal timing that had an 

6188
05:36:30,400 --> 05:36:33,600
impact on the entire Journey. 
One sous chef might specialize 

6189
05:36:33,600 --> 05:36:37,500
in roasted Meats, another, in 
soups, and stews, and a third in

6190
05:36:37,500 --> 05:36:40,300
the intricate desserts that are 
expected in first class service 

6191
05:36:40,300 --> 05:36:43,500
systems that could work. 
In spite of the ship's noise and

6192
05:36:43,500 --> 05:36:46,500
the separation between the 
cooking and serving areas were 

6193
05:36:46,500 --> 05:36:49,200
needed for communication between
the gallery and dining areas. 

6194
05:36:50,000 --> 05:36:52,600
The intricate Logistics of 
delivering hot food from the 

6195
05:36:52,600 --> 05:36:55,200
kitchen to the table. 
While upholding the passenger 

6196
05:36:55,200 --> 05:36:58,600
expected presentation standards 
were managed by hand signals, 

6197
05:36:58,600 --> 05:37:01,000
written notes and Timing 
Systems. 

6198
05:37:01,800 --> 05:37:04,500
This communication was even more
important during inclement 

6199
05:37:04,500 --> 05:37:08,300
weather because safety concerns 
impacted all facets of food 

6200
05:37:08,300 --> 05:37:11,600
service in steamship galleys. 
The night shift, had a distinct 

6201
05:37:11,600 --> 05:37:15,700
personality Skeletal Crews, kept
the constant watchfulness needed

6202
05:37:15,700 --> 05:37:19,100
to safely manage coal fires 
throughout the night prepared, 

6203
05:37:19,100 --> 05:37:22,000
the meals for the following day 
and attended to slow cooking 

6204
05:37:22,000 --> 05:37:23,100
dishes. 
That would be ready for 

6205
05:37:23,108 --> 05:37:25,700
breakfast. 
While passengers, slept the most

6206
05:37:25,708 --> 05:37:28,400
intricate food, preparation 
frequently, took place during 

6207
05:37:28,400 --> 05:37:32,000
these quiet hours, including 
elaborate stocks that needed to 

6208
05:37:32,000 --> 05:37:35,200
simmer for hours, bread doughs. 
That needed to rise for a long 

6209
05:37:35,208 --> 05:37:39,200
time and desserts that needed to
set overnight steamship Galley 

6210
05:37:39,200 --> 05:37:40,900
menu planning. 
Struck a balance between 

6211
05:37:40,900 --> 05:37:43,600
passenger, expectations and real
world constraints. 

6212
05:37:44,300 --> 05:37:47,800
Using ingredients, that could 
withstand weeks at Sea efficient

6213
05:37:47,800 --> 05:37:51,300
rather than adaptable cooking 
equipment and storage systems. 

6214
05:37:51,300 --> 05:37:54,000
That prevented the last minute 
shopping that defined land-based

6215
05:37:54,000 --> 05:37:56,900
restaurants, chefs had to 
produce a variety of intriguing 

6216
05:37:56,900 --> 05:37:59,400
meals. 
This restriction frequently 

6217
05:37:59,400 --> 05:38:02,400
resulted in Creative pairings 
and methods that impacted 

6218
05:38:02,400 --> 05:38:05,000
culinary advancements. 
Well beyond the maritime realm 

6219
05:38:05,000 --> 05:38:08,100
steamship Galley crew members, 
acquired skills, that made them 

6220
05:38:08,100 --> 05:38:10,200
employable long, after their 
time, at Sea was over. 

6221
05:38:10,200 --> 05:38:13,900
They knew how to produce food on
a large scale, manage resources,

6222
05:38:13,900 --> 05:38:16,200
effectively, and collaborate 
under pressure. 

6223
05:38:17,000 --> 05:38:19,900
Many went on to become 
prosperous hotels, chefs Food, 

6224
05:38:19,900 --> 05:38:23,100
Service managers, or rest 
returns bringing Maritime 

6225
05:38:23,100 --> 05:38:26,600
efficiency to hospitality. 
Enterprises on land, steamship 

6226
05:38:26,600 --> 05:38:29,500
companies realized that special 
occasions could turn a simple 

6227
05:38:29,500 --> 05:38:32,900
journey into a lifelong memory, 
and there's something magical 

6228
05:38:32,900 --> 05:38:35,600
about celebrating while 
surrounded by the vast emptiness

6229
05:38:35,600 --> 05:38:39,300
of the ocean. 
These ships became floating 

6230
05:38:39,300 --> 05:38:42,900
stages for celebrations, that 
Blended Maritime tradition with 

6231
05:38:42,900 --> 05:38:46,300
the unique intimacy that arises 
among Travelers, sharing an 

6232
05:38:46,300 --> 05:38:49,000
extraordinary experience, 
whether it was a passenger's, 

6233
05:38:49,000 --> 05:38:52,200
birthday Christmas day in the 
middle of the Atlantic, or the 

6234
05:38:52,208 --> 05:38:55,400
customary ceremony of crossing 
the Equator on a steamship 

6235
05:38:55,400 --> 05:38:58,300
Christmas took months of 
preparation and a great deal of 

6236
05:38:58,300 --> 05:39:00,900
imagination. 
Imagine trying to create a 

6237
05:39:00,900 --> 05:39:03,900
traditional holiday feast when 
your ingredients had to be 

6238
05:39:03,900 --> 05:39:07,500
selected and preserved weeks 
before departure, your dining 

6239
05:39:07,500 --> 05:39:10,800
room was constantly in motion 
and your guests included people 

6240
05:39:10,800 --> 05:39:13,300
from dozens of different 
countries with their own holiday

6241
05:39:13,300 --> 05:39:16,300
traditions. 
In response to this challenge, 

6242
05:39:16,300 --> 05:39:19,400
the ship's developed 
innovations, that would shape 

6243
05:39:19,400 --> 05:39:23,600
holiday dining for many years to
come in. 1875 the RMS, 

6244
05:39:23,600 --> 05:39:26,200
britannia's Christmas menu, 
sounded like a celebration of 

6245
05:39:26,200 --> 05:39:28,600
preservation, methods must 
grading as festive. 

6246
05:39:28,600 --> 05:39:32,600
Plenty mints pies made with 
fruits candy and preserved using

6247
05:39:32,600 --> 05:39:34,900
methods that stretch. 
The limits of Victorian food, 

6248
05:39:34,900 --> 05:39:38,200
science Plum, puddings that had 
been maturing in the ship stores

6249
05:39:38,200 --> 05:39:41,700
since before departure and roast
Goose that had been specially 

6250
05:39:41,700 --> 05:39:43,200
prepared and packed for the 
journey. 

6251
05:39:44,400 --> 05:39:46,900
The end product was a dish that 
represented outstanding 

6252
05:39:46,900 --> 05:39:49,400
accomplishments in Maritime 
Logistics and tasted 

6253
05:39:49,400 --> 05:39:52,100
traditionally familiar, modern 
party planners would be 

6254
05:39:52,108 --> 05:39:54,800
impressed by the inventiveness 
needed to decorate for Christmas

6255
05:39:54,800 --> 05:39:57,700
on a steamship. 
Since it was impossible to get 

6256
05:39:57,700 --> 05:40:01,000
fresh Greenery, decorations, had
to be made of materials that 

6257
05:40:01,000 --> 05:40:03,700
wouldn't Wilt or deteriorate 
after weeks at sea. 

6258
05:40:04,300 --> 05:40:07,200
Despite being surrounded by 
thousands of miles of frigid, 

6259
05:40:07,200 --> 05:40:10,700
ocean sterile dining, saloons 
were transformed into festive 

6260
05:40:10,700 --> 05:40:14,200
spaces with paper flowers, 
fabric Bunting and creative 

6261
05:40:14,200 --> 05:40:16,400
arrangements made from the ships
own materials. 

6262
05:40:16,400 --> 05:40:19,300
Steamship New Year's Eve 
festivities develop their own 

6263
05:40:19,300 --> 05:40:22,600
distinctive customs. 
Because midnight is arbitrary 

6264
05:40:22,600 --> 05:40:24,500
when traveling across time zones
at Sea. 

6265
05:40:24,500 --> 05:40:27,400
People have come up with 
inventive ways to determine the 

6266
05:40:27,400 --> 05:40:31,000
exact start of the new year. 
While some ships, observe the 

6267
05:40:31,008 --> 05:40:33,600
New Year in accordance, with the
time zone of their departure 

6268
05:40:33,600 --> 05:40:36,200
Port. 
Others, celebrated several times

6269
05:40:36,200 --> 05:40:39,300
as they traveled across 
different meridians as a result 

6270
05:40:39,308 --> 05:40:41,900
passengers would frequently 
celebrate for hours on end 

6271
05:40:41,900 --> 05:40:43,800
sipping. 
Champagne that somehow managed 

6272
05:40:43,800 --> 05:40:46,500
to stay perfectly chilled in 
spite of the lack of modern 

6273
05:40:46,500 --> 05:40:49,700
refrigeration birthday is 
wedding anniversaries and other 

6274
05:40:49,700 --> 05:40:51,400
private festivities gained 
particular. 

6275
05:40:51,400 --> 05:40:55,300
Meaning on steamships individual
celebrations became shared 

6276
05:40:55,300 --> 05:40:58,600
experiences for all passengers 
due to the limited entertainment

6277
05:40:58,600 --> 05:41:00,800
options and the close-knit 
community. 

6278
05:41:00,800 --> 05:41:04,100
That formed during lengthy 
voyages, the ship's Bakers 

6279
05:41:04,100 --> 05:41:07,200
became skilled at making unique 
cakes and desserts using few 

6280
05:41:07,200 --> 05:41:10,200
ingredients and other Travelers 
helped with the entertainment 

6281
05:41:10,200 --> 05:41:13,300
and decorations, that turn these
private milestones in to group 

6282
05:41:13,308 --> 05:41:16,200
festivities crossing. 
The Equator is a tradition that 

6283
05:41:16,200 --> 05:41:19,500
has its own culinary traditions.
The celebration of King 

6284
05:41:19,500 --> 05:41:22,500
Neptune's Feast combined 
long-standing Maritime customs 

6285
05:41:22,500 --> 05:41:24,900
with the pragmatic requirement 
to Signal. 

6286
05:41:24,900 --> 05:41:29,200
The halfway point of protracted 
voyages to Asia Africa or South 

6287
05:41:29,200 --> 05:41:32,000
America. 
The majority of passengers found

6288
05:41:32,000 --> 05:41:34,300
these meals to be exotic with 
dishes. 

6289
05:41:34,300 --> 05:41:37,200
That reflected the international
character of steamship travel 

6290
05:41:37,200 --> 05:41:41,100
fish, caught by the ship's crew 
and tropical fruits obtained 

6291
05:41:41,100 --> 05:41:44,500
during recent portals when 
travelers from various nation's 

6292
05:41:44,500 --> 05:41:47,200
were celebrating on the same 
ship during national holidays. 

6293
05:41:47,200 --> 05:41:51,500
It created intriguing problems. 
While British passengers 

6294
05:41:51,500 --> 05:41:55,200
expected the Queen's birthday to
be properly, recognized American

6295
05:41:55,200 --> 05:41:57,500
passengers, might want to 
observe the Fourth of July. 

6296
05:41:58,400 --> 05:42:01,300
Diplomatic meals that respected 
various Customs without 

6297
05:42:01,300 --> 05:42:04,000
favouring. 
Anyone nationality, tort ships 

6298
05:42:04,008 --> 05:42:07,200
officers how to handle these 
potentially delicate situations.

6299
05:42:07,200 --> 05:42:10,600
One of the most, eagerly awaited
aspects of any steamship Journey

6300
05:42:10,600 --> 05:42:13,600
was the farewell dinner, which 
was served the final night 

6301
05:42:13,600 --> 05:42:15,600
before arriving at the 
destination port. 

6302
05:42:16,500 --> 05:42:19,400
In order to create memorable, 
fair for passengers who had 

6303
05:42:19,400 --> 05:42:22,500
become temporary communities. 
During their time at Sea, the 

6304
05:42:22,500 --> 05:42:25,100
crew had the chance to 
demonstrate their best abilities

6305
05:42:25,100 --> 05:42:27,600
by using up perishable 
ingredients, that wouldn't 

6306
05:42:27,600 --> 05:42:31,300
survive to the next voyage. 
These meals frequently included 

6307
05:42:31,300 --> 05:42:34,000
fair that had been unattainable 
early in the journey. 

6308
05:42:34,000 --> 05:42:37,900
New Goods brought in at recent 
Port calls complex dishes. 

6309
05:42:37,900 --> 05:42:40,300
That could only be tried when 
the galley didn't have to budget

6310
05:42:40,300 --> 05:42:42,700
for more days at Sea. 
Although, it may sound 

6311
05:42:42,700 --> 05:42:46,600
contradictory seasoned steamship
passengers created Customs for 

6312
05:42:46,600 --> 05:42:49,800
commemorating the survival of 
exceptionally harsh weather. 

6313
05:42:50,800 --> 05:42:52,900
Passengers and crew would 
assemble for meals that 

6314
05:42:52,900 --> 05:42:55,100
commemorated. 
Their common experience of 

6315
05:42:55,100 --> 05:42:58,800
confronting Nature's might and 
escaping safely once the threat 

6316
05:42:58,800 --> 05:43:01,100
had passed and the ship had 
returned to Karma Waters. 

6317
05:43:02,600 --> 05:43:05,300
These were frequently, 
straightforward events, hot 

6318
05:43:05,300 --> 05:43:08,700
soup, freshly baked bread and 
anything else that could be made

6319
05:43:08,700 --> 05:43:11,600
fast, but They Carried. 
Emotional significance. 

6320
05:43:11,600 --> 05:43:14,800
That went well beyond their 
culinary complexity steamships 

6321
05:43:14,800 --> 05:43:17,100
had to be considerate of the 
various religious beliefs of 

6322
05:43:17,100 --> 05:43:19,700
their International passengers. 
When it came to religious 

6323
05:43:19,700 --> 05:43:23,500
observances, the ship's chefs 
developed the ability to create 

6324
05:43:23,500 --> 05:43:26,100
festive settings. 
That could accommodate diverse 

6325
05:43:26,100 --> 05:43:28,700
worship, Customs, while 
preparing meals, that respected,

6326
05:43:28,700 --> 05:43:32,000
a range of dietary restrictions.
The intricate cultural 

6327
05:43:32,000 --> 05:43:34,500
navigation needed on board. 
These floating communities 

6328
05:43:34,500 --> 05:43:38,700
included Friday, fish dinners 
for Catholic passengers, special

6329
05:43:38,700 --> 05:43:41,400
preparations for Jewish 
Travelers at hearing to kosher 

6330
05:43:41,400 --> 05:43:43,900
dietary laws. 
And acknowledgment, of Eastern 

6331
05:43:43,900 --> 05:43:47,500
Orthodox fasting periods on 
steamships, crew, and fellow 

6332
05:43:47,500 --> 05:43:49,900
passengers paid particular 
attention to the birthday 

6333
05:43:49,900 --> 05:43:53,200
celebration of children. 
These young passengers, who 

6334
05:43:53,200 --> 05:43:54,900
frequently left home with their 
families. 

6335
05:43:54,900 --> 05:43:58,200
In search of Uncertain, Futures 
were surrounded by a transient 

6336
05:43:58,200 --> 05:44:01,000
extended family of fellow 
Travelers who helped to make 

6337
05:44:01,008 --> 05:44:04,700
their memorable special days. 
Ship Bakers developed a skill 

6338
05:44:04,700 --> 05:44:06,700
for making easy at, delicious 
treats. 

6339
05:44:06,700 --> 05:44:09,300
That could cheer up home sick 
kids, who are struggling with 

6340
05:44:09,300 --> 05:44:12,900
life at Sea on steamships, the 
entertainment that went with 

6341
05:44:12,900 --> 05:44:15,400
special occasion, meals 
represented the potential and 

6342
05:44:15,400 --> 05:44:19,500
constraints of Life on board. in
order to turn dining saloons 

6343
05:44:19,500 --> 05:44:22,200
into make shift, theaters 
passengers stage, their own 

6344
05:44:22,200 --> 05:44:26,600
musical performances, recited 
poetry told stories and invented

6345
05:44:26,600 --> 05:44:31,000
diversions These areas Acoustics
which were largely intended for 

6346
05:44:31,000 --> 05:44:33,100
conversation during meals 
frequently. 

6347
05:44:33,100 --> 05:44:36,200
Produced surprisingly small 
performance spaces where 

6348
05:44:36,200 --> 05:44:38,900
unprofessional performers could 
showcase their skills to 

6349
05:44:38,900 --> 05:44:42,400
Grateful audiences celebrations 
at ports, celebrated the 

6350
05:44:42,400 --> 05:44:45,700
successful completion of ocean 
Crossings and gave Travelers a 

6351
05:44:45,700 --> 05:44:48,200
chance to talk about their 
experiences with newcomers 

6352
05:44:48,200 --> 05:44:50,000
getting ready for their own 
Journeys. 

6353
05:44:51,100 --> 05:44:54,000
Major port cities like Liverpool
New York and Hamburg were 

6354
05:44:54,000 --> 05:44:57,000
transformed into stages for 
continuous Maritime festivals 

6355
05:44:57,000 --> 05:45:00,200
where the conclusion of one 
Voyage served as the impetus for

6356
05:45:00,200 --> 05:45:03,600
the next thanks to these 
transitions which produced an 

6357
05:45:03,600 --> 05:45:06,100
endless cycle of Celebration and
expectation. 

6358
05:45:06,100 --> 05:45:09,200
It's worthwhile to think about 
how those early steamships, not 

6359
05:45:09,200 --> 05:45:11,700
only revolutionized 
Transportation but also 

6360
05:45:11,700 --> 05:45:15,400
profoundly changed how people 
relate to food dining and the 

6361
05:45:15,400 --> 05:45:18,200
idea of eating while traveling, 
as you, curl up with your 

6362
05:45:18,200 --> 05:45:22,000
blanket and maybe take one last 
sip of tea, the necessity of 

6363
05:45:22,008 --> 05:45:25,400
feeding hundreds of people in 
floating metal boxes, led to 

6364
05:45:25,400 --> 05:45:27,800
innovations that would 
eventually impact everything 

6365
05:45:27,800 --> 05:45:31,200
from Airline meals to 
contemporary cruise ship's from 

6366
05:45:31,200 --> 05:45:34,000
restaurants service procedures 
to food preservation methods. 

6367
05:45:34,000 --> 05:45:36,800
The idea that meals on 
steamships could be more than 

6368
05:45:36,800 --> 05:45:40,400
just a means of subsistence was 
the most direct Legacy of 

6369
05:45:40,400 --> 05:45:43,200
steamship dining. 
Eating while traveling was a 

6370
05:45:43,200 --> 05:45:45,800
survival strategy prior to the 
great steamships. 

6371
05:45:45,800 --> 05:45:49,400
You packed what you could hoped 
it wouldn't spoil and accepted, 

6372
05:45:49,400 --> 05:45:51,900
that meals would be basic 
repetitive and frequently 

6373
05:45:51,900 --> 05:45:54,500
unpleasant. 
The groundbreaking notion that 

6374
05:45:54,508 --> 05:45:57,300
eating could be one of the joys 
of travel rather than one of its

6375
05:45:57,300 --> 05:46:00,800
challenges was made possible by 
steamships this change laid, the

6376
05:46:00,808 --> 05:46:03,300
groundwork for the modern field 
of hospitality management 

6377
05:46:03,300 --> 05:46:06,800
companies that operated 
steamships were among the first 

6378
05:46:06,800 --> 05:46:09,800
to realize that the customer 
experience, encompassed, all 

6379
05:46:09,800 --> 05:46:13,500
facets of service from the time 
passengers boarded until they 

6380
05:46:13,500 --> 05:46:17,200
arrived at their destination. 
Hotel dining rooms restaurant 

6381
05:46:17,200 --> 05:46:20,300
service standards, the 
burgeoning tourism industry that

6382
05:46:20,300 --> 05:46:23,800
would thrive in the late. 19th, 
and early 20th centuries were 

6383
05:46:23,800 --> 05:46:26,500
all impacted by the complex, 
dining protocols established 

6384
05:46:26,500 --> 05:46:28,700
aboard. 
These ships, the uses of food 

6385
05:46:28,700 --> 05:46:31,400
preservation methods developed 
on steamships extended. 

6386
05:46:31,400 --> 05:46:35,200
Well, beyond dining on board. 
In order to transport produce 

6387
05:46:35,200 --> 05:46:38,100
over longer distances and 
prolonged growing Seasons By 

6388
05:46:38,100 --> 05:46:41,200
shipping foods from different 
climate zones, techniques for 

6389
05:46:41,208 --> 05:46:43,800
storing fresh fruits, and 
vegetables during link the 

6390
05:46:43,800 --> 05:46:45,700
ocean. 
Crossings had an impact on 

6391
05:46:45,700 --> 05:46:47,500
agricultural Distribution 
Systems. 

6392
05:46:48,200 --> 05:46:51,400
The globalization of food that 
defines contemporary Cuisine was

6393
05:46:51,400 --> 05:46:55,100
facilitated by these inventions,
the schedule and format of meals

6394
05:46:55,100 --> 05:46:57,400
on steamships. 
Created trends that affected 

6395
05:46:57,400 --> 05:47:00,000
dining habits in newly popular 
tourist locations. 

6396
05:47:00,700 --> 05:47:04,400
Early Airlines resort hotels and
railroad dining cars. 

6397
05:47:04,400 --> 05:47:06,900
All adopted aspects of steamship
meal service. 

6398
05:47:06,900 --> 05:47:10,200
Resulting in standardized 
methods for effectively serving 

6399
05:47:10,200 --> 05:47:13,300
large numbers of passengers 
while upholding standards for 

6400
05:47:13,300 --> 05:47:15,800
quality and presentation? 
What historians? 

6401
05:47:15,800 --> 05:47:18,400
Now, acknowledged as one of the 
first truly global fusion 

6402
05:47:18,400 --> 05:47:21,500
Cuisines was influenced by the 
international nature of 

6403
05:47:21,500 --> 05:47:25,200
steamship dining. recipes were 
shared among crew, members from 

6404
05:47:25,200 --> 05:47:28,300
different countries, passengers 
from different countries, shared

6405
05:47:28,300 --> 05:47:31,500
tables, and many planning had to
take into account a range of 

6406
05:47:31,500 --> 05:47:35,100
cultural preferences Immigrant 
food, Customs, Port City 

6407
05:47:35,100 --> 05:47:38,200
eateries, and the slow, 
internationalization of urban 

6408
05:47:38,200 --> 05:47:40,500
dining, which would pick up 
speed throughout. 

6409
05:47:40,500 --> 05:47:43,600
The 20th century were all 
impacted by this cross-cultural 

6410
05:47:43,600 --> 05:47:46,100
culinary interchange for 
Generations. 

6411
05:47:46,100 --> 05:47:48,700
The hospitality industry was 
impacted by the Professional 

6412
05:47:48,700 --> 05:47:52,200
Standards established by staff 
training programs created for 

6413
05:47:52,200 --> 05:47:55,700
steamship dining service. 
Specialized skills were needed 

6414
05:47:55,700 --> 05:47:58,300
to manage large groups of diners
with different expectations, 

6415
05:47:58,300 --> 05:48:02,200
serve meals, efficiently in 
constantly moving environments 

6416
05:48:02,200 --> 05:48:05,000
and maintained service quality 
under difficult circumstances. 

6417
05:48:06,400 --> 05:48:09,400
These skills led to workers 
becoming valuable employees in 

6418
05:48:09,400 --> 05:48:12,200
restaurants hotels and other 
service Industries. 

6419
05:48:12,200 --> 05:48:15,400
Early models for modern Supply 
Chain management were 

6420
05:48:15,400 --> 05:48:17,800
established by the logistics 
systems developed to provide 

6421
05:48:17,800 --> 05:48:21,400
food to steamships. 
It took organizational abilities

6422
05:48:21,400 --> 05:48:24,000
and methodical, thinking to 
coordinate the procurement 

6423
05:48:24,000 --> 05:48:26,700
storage and distribution of 
thousands of ingredients across 

6424
05:48:26,700 --> 05:48:29,400
several ports, which had an 
impact on more General 

6425
05:48:29,400 --> 05:48:32,500
advancements in commercial food,
distribution and inventory 

6426
05:48:32,500 --> 05:48:35,400
control long into the modern 
era, commercial kitchen 

6427
05:48:35,400 --> 05:48:38,400
development, was impacted by the
kitchen design innovations that 

6428
05:48:38,400 --> 05:48:40,300
were first introduced aboard 
steamships. 

6429
05:48:41,300 --> 05:48:43,100
Advances in restaurant and 
institutional. 

6430
05:48:43,100 --> 05:48:46,500
Kitchen design were influenced 
by the need for small effective 

6431
05:48:46,500 --> 05:48:48,000
layouts. 
Due to space constraints. 

6432
05:48:48,000 --> 05:48:51,200
The specialized equipment 
developed for cooking on ships 

6433
05:48:51,200 --> 05:48:54,600
and the workflow patterns 
developed for producing large 

6434
05:48:54,600 --> 05:48:56,600
quantities of food under 
difficult conditions. 

6435
05:48:56,600 --> 05:49:00,000
The menu planning methods, 
created for steamship dining 

6436
05:49:00,000 --> 05:49:03,300
created models for large-scale 
food service, that affected 

6437
05:49:03,300 --> 05:49:06,900
institutional dining in schools 
hospitals, and other places 

6438
05:49:06,900 --> 05:49:09,800
where a lot of people needed to 
be fed in an economical and 

6439
05:49:09,800 --> 05:49:12,500
efficient manner. 
Models that maintain their 

6440
05:49:12,500 --> 05:49:15,100
relevance long after steam. 
Power was replaced by diesel 

6441
05:49:15,100 --> 05:49:18,700
engines and jet, aircraft were 
produced by striking a balance 

6442
05:49:18,700 --> 05:49:20,400
between variety and 
practicality. 

6443
05:49:20,400 --> 05:49:23,900
As well as between passenger 
expectations and operational, 

6444
05:49:23,900 --> 05:49:27,200
constraints cross-class, social 
mixing and attitudes toward 

6445
05:49:27,200 --> 05:49:30,400
public dining have changed as a 
result of the social aspects of 

6446
05:49:30,400 --> 05:49:33,400
steamship dining. 
Even though these ships upheld 

6447
05:49:33,400 --> 05:49:36,500
rigid social hierarchies, they 
also made it possible for 

6448
05:49:36,500 --> 05:49:39,400
members of various social groups
to interact in ways that were 

6449
05:49:39,400 --> 05:49:41,600
not feasible in more 
conventional contexts. 

6450
05:49:42,300 --> 05:49:45,100
The modern era is broader, 
social changes were influenced 

6451
05:49:45,100 --> 05:49:49,300
by the slow democratization of 
dining experiences with its 

6452
05:49:49,300 --> 05:49:52,300
lavish buffets specialty 
eateries and 24 hour Food 

6453
05:49:52,300 --> 05:49:55,500
Service, modern cruise ship. 
Dining has its roots in the 

6454
05:49:55,508 --> 05:49:58,400
inventions made on the great 
steamships of the 19th century. 

6455
05:49:58,400 --> 05:50:01,800
The idea that a ship could 
function as a floating resort 

6456
05:50:01,800 --> 05:50:05,100
with dining experiences. 
As a major component of the 

6457
05:50:05,100 --> 05:50:08,400
total entertainment value 
created trends that still affect

6458
05:50:08,400 --> 05:50:11,400
leisure travel on the Seas 
today, despite its Infamous 

6459
05:50:11,400 --> 05:50:14,800
reputation airline meal. 
Service also adheres to the same

6460
05:50:14,800 --> 05:50:17,200
standard set forth on these 
early steamships. 

6461
05:50:17,200 --> 05:50:20,800
Whether your flying at 35,000 
feet or steaming across the 

6462
05:50:20,808 --> 05:50:23,800
Atlantic the difficulties of 
serving a large number of 

6463
05:50:23,800 --> 05:50:27,800
passengers, effectively safely 
and palatable in a small space. 

6464
05:50:27,800 --> 05:50:30,800
While traversing, a potentially 
hostile environment are 

6465
05:50:30,800 --> 05:50:34,000
essentially the same early forms
of hospitality industry 

6466
05:50:34,000 --> 05:50:36,200
research, that would later 
develop into contemporary 

6467
05:50:36,200 --> 05:50:39,300
customer service analysis and 
menu, engineering were 

6468
05:50:39,300 --> 05:50:42,800
established by the documentation
practices developed aboard Ships

6469
05:50:42,800 --> 05:50:47,100
including detailed menu records,
passenger, feedback systems, and

6470
05:50:47,100 --> 05:50:49,900
operational reports. 
These ships were some of the 

6471
05:50:49,900 --> 05:50:52,400
first companies to 
systematically research what 

6472
05:50:52,400 --> 05:50:55,300
their customers wanted, and how 
to provide it on a regular 

6473
05:50:55,300 --> 05:50:57,700
basis. 
International maritime, law, 

6474
05:50:57,700 --> 05:51:00,200
regarding food, safety, 
passenger, welfare and crew, 

6475
05:51:00,200 --> 05:51:03,700
working conditions traces. 
Its Origins to regulations 

6476
05:51:03,700 --> 05:51:06,400
developed during the steamship 
era legal. 

6477
05:51:06,400 --> 05:51:08,600
Precedence, that still have an 
impact on Maritime. 

6478
05:51:08,600 --> 05:51:11,400
Commerce, were established as a 
result of the difficulty of 

6479
05:51:11,400 --> 05:51:13,700
overseeing food. 
Service in international waters,

6480
05:51:13,700 --> 05:51:17,300
across multiple legal 
jurisdictions and for passengers

6481
05:51:17,300 --> 05:51:20,100
of different nationalities 
dining on steamships. 

6482
05:51:20,100 --> 05:51:23,100
Had a profound cultural impact 
that went well beyond the ships 

6483
05:51:23,100 --> 05:51:25,800
themselves. 
When immigrants crossed the 

6484
05:51:25,800 --> 05:51:29,400
Atlantic with sophisticated meal
service, they returned home with

6485
05:51:29,400 --> 05:51:31,800
higher standards and a wider 
understanding of cooking. 

6486
05:51:32,700 --> 05:51:35,100
Because of the cross-cultural 
interactions that took place on 

6487
05:51:35,100 --> 05:51:37,800
board, these floating 
communities port cities where 

6488
05:51:37,800 --> 05:51:40,500
these ships docked developed 
dining scenes and coloring 

6489
05:51:40,500 --> 05:51:42,200
Customs. 
That reflected, the 

6490
05:51:42,200 --> 05:51:43,900
international nature of Maritime
travel. 

6491
05:51:43,900 --> 05:51:47,900
The cycle foundation for 
contemporary travel dining, the 

6492
05:51:47,900 --> 05:51:50,800
notion that meals eaten while 
traveling should be experiences 

6493
05:51:50,800 --> 05:51:53,200
that enrich rather than merely 
prolong. 

6494
05:51:53,200 --> 05:51:56,600
The trip was arguably most 
significantly established by 

6495
05:51:56,600 --> 05:51:59,400
steamships. 
The elaborate dining cars of 

6496
05:51:59,400 --> 05:52:02,300
luxury trains, the themed 
restaurants of contemporary 

6497
05:52:02,300 --> 05:52:05,900
theme parks the celebrity chef 
Venus aboard modern cruise ships

6498
05:52:05,900 --> 05:52:09,600
and the artisanal food courts in
contemporary airports were all 

6499
05:52:09,600 --> 05:52:12,300
impacted by this idea. 
The need to reduce waste 

6500
05:52:12,300 --> 05:52:16,300
increase efficiency and use all 
available resources, the 

6501
05:52:16,300 --> 05:52:19,500
environmental Consciousness That
Grew on steamships, established 

6502
05:52:19,500 --> 05:52:22,700
early models for sustainable 
Food, Service that are now more 

6503
05:52:22,708 --> 05:52:25,600
relevant than ever in our 
current environmental era. 

6504
05:52:26,300 --> 05:52:28,600
Modern food service operations, 
looking to lessen. 

6505
05:52:28,600 --> 05:52:31,300
Their environmental impact can 
learn from the closed system, 

6506
05:52:31,300 --> 05:52:34,400
thinking needed to run a ship's 
Galley, effectively, labor 

6507
05:52:34,400 --> 05:52:37,400
organization in the hospitality 
sector was impacted by the 

6508
05:52:37,400 --> 05:52:40,100
professional development, 
programs and staff hierarchies 

6509
05:52:40,100 --> 05:52:42,400
that were first implemented on 
steamships. 

6510
05:52:42,400 --> 05:52:45,900
Professional Standards that 
influenced restaurant and hotel 

6511
05:52:45,900 --> 05:52:48,800
operations for Generations were 
established by the carer 

6512
05:52:48,800 --> 05:52:51,500
progression from Galley hand to 
head, chef, the specific 

6513
05:52:51,500 --> 05:52:54,400
training needed for various 
roles and the emphasis on 

6514
05:52:54,400 --> 05:52:57,200
teamwork Under Pressure, the 
early forms of hospitality 

6515
05:52:57,200 --> 05:53:00,500
industry economics, that 
impacted pricing strategies and 

6516
05:53:00,500 --> 05:53:03,400
profit management. 
Across the service sector were 

6517
05:53:03,400 --> 05:53:06,000
established by the financial 
models created for steamship 

6518
05:53:06,000 --> 05:53:09,600
dining, which included 
Inventory, management food cost 

6519
05:53:09,600 --> 05:53:12,600
calculations and balancing 
passenger, expectations with 

6520
05:53:12,600 --> 05:53:16,200
operational, constraints. 
Among the first companies to 

6521
05:53:16,200 --> 05:53:18,600
systematically examine the 
connection between customer 

6522
05:53:18,600 --> 05:53:21,900
satisfaction and service quality
in a way that could be 

6523
05:53:21,908 --> 05:53:24,000
Quantified and enhanced with 
these ships. 

6524
05:53:24,000 --> 05:53:27,900
Their dining Innovations, moved 
to New locations and uses a 

6525
05:53:27,900 --> 05:53:30,700
steamships changed and 
eventually made way for quicker,

6526
05:53:30,700 --> 05:53:32,700
more effective modes of 
transportation. 

6527
05:53:33,700 --> 05:53:36,900
Steamship dining was transformed
into even more intricate forms 

6528
05:53:36,900 --> 05:53:39,600
of hospitality theater by the 
great ocean. 

6529
05:53:39,600 --> 05:53:41,400
Liners of the early 20th 
century. 

6530
05:53:42,900 --> 05:53:45,500
These Customs have been turned 
into floating entertainment, 

6531
05:53:45,500 --> 05:53:49,400
complexes by contemporary cruise
ships where meals are expertly. 

6532
05:53:49,400 --> 05:53:51,400
Planned. 
Performance is meant to leave a 

6533
05:53:51,400 --> 05:53:54,000
lasting impression, even the 
most common place, elements of 

6534
05:53:54,000 --> 05:53:56,900
contemporary travel dining have 
their roots in invention's, made

6535
05:53:56,900 --> 05:53:59,400
on those first steamships 
Solutions. 

6536
05:53:59,400 --> 05:54:02,100
Initially created to feed 
passengers travelling across the

6537
05:54:02,100 --> 05:54:05,600
Atlantic under steam power. 
Gave rise to pre-plan meals 

6538
05:54:05,600 --> 05:54:09,500
standardized portion sizes, 
specialized serving utensils 

6539
05:54:09,500 --> 05:54:12,800
coordinated meal service and 
methodological approaches to 

6540
05:54:12,800 --> 05:54:15,100
meeting dietary. 
Requirements, the cultural 

6541
05:54:15,100 --> 05:54:17,700
exchange that took place on 
steamships is largely 

6542
05:54:17,700 --> 05:54:20,300
responsible for the 
globalization of food culture 

6543
05:54:20,300 --> 05:54:22,400
that defines contemporary 
dining. 

6544
05:54:23,200 --> 05:54:25,400
Food barriers that had 
previously kept National 

6545
05:54:25,400 --> 05:54:29,300
Cuisines separate and distinct 
began to gradually dissolve as a

6546
05:54:29,300 --> 05:54:32,500
result of international 
passengers, sharing meals, crew 

6547
05:54:32,500 --> 05:54:34,900
members from different 
countries, cooperating and ship 

6548
05:54:34,900 --> 05:54:37,900
galleys and port cities, 
modifying, their restaurants to 

6549
05:54:37,900 --> 05:54:41,300
accommodate foreign visitors, 
the importance of ambience in 

6550
05:54:41,300 --> 05:54:43,900
dining areas, the use of 
lighting and Decor to improve 

6551
05:54:43,900 --> 05:54:46,800
the meal experience and the 
timing of service to create 

6552
05:54:46,800 --> 05:54:49,000
seamless. 
Dining experiences are all 

6553
05:54:49,000 --> 05:54:52,200
examples of restaurant Design 
Concepts that started out as 

6554
05:54:52,200 --> 05:54:55,100
ways to make dining on ships, 
which were essentially floating 

6555
05:54:55,100 --> 05:54:58,100
restaurants that catered to 
captive audiences for weeks at a

6556
05:54:58,100 --> 05:55:01,100
time more enjoyable. 
The customers experience is 

6557
05:55:01,100 --> 05:55:04,800
crucial attention to detail 
distinguishes between adequate 

6558
05:55:04,800 --> 05:55:07,700
and memorable, service and 
successful operations. 

6559
05:55:07,700 --> 05:55:11,900
Necessitate coordination between
front of house presentation and 

6560
05:55:11,900 --> 05:55:15,300
back of house, efficiency. 
All of which are reflected in 

6561
05:55:15,300 --> 05:55:17,400
the customer service 
philosophies that rule 

6562
05:55:17,400 --> 05:55:19,300
contemporary hospitality 
industries. 

6563
05:55:19,300 --> 05:55:22,800
These principles were first 
established aboard steamships, 

6564
05:55:23,200 --> 05:55:26,400
These ideas which originated 
from the need to ensure 

6565
05:55:26,400 --> 05:55:28,600
passenger satisfaction during 
link. 

6566
05:55:28,600 --> 05:55:31,300
The ocean voyages became the 
Cornerstone of the service 

6567
05:55:31,300 --> 05:55:33,500
economy as a whole Lessons 
Learned aboard. 

6568
05:55:33,500 --> 05:55:35,800
Steamships are still 
incorporated into training 

6569
05:55:35,800 --> 05:55:38,000
programs for contemporary 
Hospitality workers. 

6570
05:55:39,000 --> 05:55:42,100
These lessons include how to 
remain composed and productive 

6571
05:55:42,100 --> 05:55:44,600
under pressure. 
How to serve a variety of 

6572
05:55:44,600 --> 05:55:47,100
populations with different 
expectations and cultural 

6573
05:55:47,100 --> 05:55:49,600
backgrounds. 
How to collaborate well, in 

6574
05:55:49,600 --> 05:55:52,300
cramped spaces and how to come 
up with innovative solutions. 

6575
05:55:52,300 --> 05:55:55,000
When traditional ones aren't 
available the measurement 

6576
05:55:55,000 --> 05:55:57,600
analysis, tools. 
Used by contemporary restaurants

6577
05:55:57,600 --> 05:56:01,200
to monitor menu, performance 
customer satisfaction and 

6578
05:56:01,200 --> 05:56:04,000
operational efficiency 
originated with steamships, 

6579
05:56:04,000 --> 05:56:08,100
where precise documentation was 
crucial for overseeing intricate

6580
05:56:08,100 --> 05:56:10,800
food, service, operations for 
extended periods of time. 

6581
05:56:10,800 --> 05:56:13,800
Without the possibility of 
outside Assistance or resupply 

6582
05:56:13,800 --> 05:56:17,000
while passenger traffic weather 
and supply, chain Logistics, 

6583
05:56:17,000 --> 05:56:20,100
created predictable patterns of 
busy and slow periods. 

6584
05:56:20,100 --> 05:56:22,700
That required different 
operational, approaches and 

6585
05:56:22,700 --> 05:56:25,800
Staffing strategies. 
Even the seasonal and cyclical 

6586
05:56:25,800 --> 05:56:27,900
patterns that Define modern 
Hospitality. 

6587
05:56:27,900 --> 05:56:30,900
Businesses are reminiscent of 
rhythms established during the 

6588
05:56:30,900 --> 05:56:33,200
steamship era. 
As the gentle rocking of our 

6589
05:56:33,200 --> 05:56:36,800
imaginary steamship roles you 
towards sleep, take a moment to 

6590
05:56:36,800 --> 05:56:40,200
appreciate the remarkable human 
achievement represented by these

6591
05:56:40,200 --> 05:56:42,000
floating restaurants of the 19th
century. 

6592
05:56:43,200 --> 05:56:46,200
Every time you take for granted 
the variety and quality of food 

6593
05:56:46,200 --> 05:56:49,400
available in Modern Life, every 
time you Savor a thoughtfully 

6594
05:56:49,400 --> 05:56:52,500
prepared meal while traveling, 
or every time you appreciate 

6595
05:56:52,500 --> 05:56:55,300
thoughtful service and a 
restaurant, you are reaping the 

6596
05:56:55,300 --> 05:56:57,700
benefits of Innovations. 
Initially, pioneered by 

6597
05:56:57,700 --> 05:57:00,500
individuals, who refuse to 
accept that traveling meant for 

6598
05:57:00,500 --> 05:57:01,900
going the pleasures of fine 
dining. 

6599
05:57:01,900 --> 05:57:05,000
Imagine the SS Great Western 
approaching New York Harbor 

6600
05:57:05,000 --> 05:57:08,100
after 18 days at Sea with the 
sound of her final Dinner. 

6601
05:57:08,100 --> 05:57:11,200
Bell resonating through the 
ship's corridors the Dining 

6602
05:57:11,200 --> 05:57:13,700
Saloon, which has served as the 
passenger's Social Hub. 

6603
05:57:14,500 --> 05:57:17,400
Entertainment venue and daily 
meeting spot during the crossing

6604
05:57:17,400 --> 05:57:19,300
is where they come together one 
last time. 

6605
05:57:20,200 --> 05:57:21,600
A celebration of human 
Ingenuity. 

6606
05:57:21,600 --> 05:57:25,100
A demonstration of the ability 
of hospitality to Foster 

6607
05:57:25,100 --> 05:57:28,000
Community amongst strangers and 
a reminder that some of our 

6608
05:57:28,000 --> 05:57:30,700
greatest inventions stem from 
resolving, the straightforward 

6609
05:57:30,700 --> 05:57:32,900
issue of how to meet one 
another's basic needs. 

6610
05:57:33,700 --> 05:57:35,600
The meal they share is more than
just food. 

6611
05:57:35,600 --> 05:57:38,600
The multi-lingual discussion 
that took place around these 

6612
05:57:38,600 --> 05:57:42,200
tables representing dozens of 
distinct cultural backgrounds 

6613
05:57:42,200 --> 05:57:45,100
for shadowed, the increasingly 
interconnected world. 

6614
05:57:45,100 --> 05:57:49,600
We live in today The methods 
created to prepare and preserve 

6615
05:57:49,600 --> 05:57:52,200
those Foods. 
Created habits that still affect

6616
05:57:52,200 --> 05:57:56,200
our eating habits today. 
The hospitality Customs that are

6617
05:57:56,200 --> 05:57:59,400
still practiced in contemporary 
hotels restaurants, and 

6618
05:57:59,400 --> 05:58:01,800
entertainment. 
Venues were established by the 

6619
05:58:01,800 --> 05:58:03,800
service standards designed to 
oversee. 

6620
05:58:03,800 --> 05:58:06,600
Those floating communities. 
Perhaps more significantly, 

6621
05:58:06,600 --> 05:58:09,500
though, those steamship dining 
experiences, created the 

6622
05:58:09,500 --> 05:58:11,300
expectation. 
That travel should improve 

6623
05:58:11,300 --> 05:58:13,600
rather than lower our quality of
life. 

6624
05:58:13,600 --> 05:58:16,700
That transient groups of 
strangers could unite around 

6625
05:58:16,700 --> 05:58:19,900
shared meals and that human 
Ingenuity could overcome 

6626
05:58:19,900 --> 05:58:22,600
logistical obstacles that seemed
insurmountable to create 

6627
05:58:22,600 --> 05:58:25,000
experiences that fed the body of
the Soul. 

6628
05:58:25,000 --> 05:58:27,600
When you pour your coffee 
tomorrow morning and make plans 

6629
05:58:27,600 --> 05:58:30,400
for the day, keep in mind that 
the coffee in your mug, may 

6630
05:58:30,400 --> 05:58:33,700
contain beans that were 
transported across Ocean's using

6631
05:58:33,700 --> 05:58:38,100
Transportation Systems developed
from steamship innovations that 

6632
05:58:38,100 --> 05:58:40,600
the breakfast you eat represents
food preparation and 

6633
05:58:40,600 --> 05:58:44,400
preservation technique initially
perfected in ships, galleys and 

6634
05:58:44,400 --> 05:58:47,200
that the very idea of beginning 
your day with a satisfying meal.

6635
05:58:47,200 --> 05:58:50,300
Oh, something to those Victorian
Travelers, who maintain That 

6636
05:58:50,300 --> 05:58:53,400
civilization was portable. 
That Comfort could be created 

6637
05:58:53,400 --> 05:58:55,600
anywhere. 
And that a good meal shared with

6638
05:58:55,600 --> 05:58:57,700
fellow humans was worth, 
whatever effort. 

6639
05:58:57,700 --> 05:59:00,800
It took to make it possible. 
These days steamships have been 

6640
05:59:00,808 --> 05:59:03,400
replaced by container ships, 
that transport cargo more 

6641
05:59:03,400 --> 05:59:06,300
effectively but disregard the 
comfort of their passengers. 

6642
05:59:06,300 --> 05:59:09,400
And by airliners that travel 
across Ocean's in a matter of 

6643
05:59:09,400 --> 05:59:12,500
hours rather than weeks, but 
serve meals that are 

6644
05:59:12,508 --> 05:59:15,000
insignificant in comparison to 
what those floating restaurants 

6645
05:59:15,000 --> 05:59:17,100
were able to accomplish with 
much less funding. 

6646
05:59:18,100 --> 05:59:21,800
However, their legacy endures. 
Each time, we assemble around a 

6647
05:59:21,800 --> 05:59:26,200
table, transform a meal into a 
social Gathering, a news food to

6648
05:59:26,200 --> 05:59:28,700
Foster community and make 
memories that endure long after 

6649
05:59:28,700 --> 05:59:31,700
the dishes are cleared away. 
Sweet dreams of paddle Wheels, 

6650
05:59:31,700 --> 05:59:35,500
churning through Atlantic, 
swells of dining, saloons lit by

6651
05:59:35,500 --> 05:59:38,500
Gaslight and warmed. 
By human conversation of Galley 

6652
05:59:38,500 --> 05:59:41,000
is where skilled Cooks. 
Worked miracles with limited 

6653
05:59:41,000 --> 05:59:45,100
ingredients and unlimited 
creativity, Imagine a time when 

6654
05:59:45,100 --> 05:59:47,600
eating together, could turn a 
group of strangers into a 

6655
05:59:47,600 --> 05:59:50,800
transient family Bound by their 
common quest for New 

6656
05:59:50,800 --> 05:59:53,500
Opportunities. 
When traveling across the ocean 

6657
05:59:53,500 --> 05:59:55,500
was an adventure rather than a 
hassle. 

6658
05:59:55,500 --> 05:59:58,600
And when meals were occasions 
rather than stops for fuel. 

6659
05:59:58,600 --> 06:00:00,800
The final dinner service. 
Bell is rung. 

6660
06:00:00,800 --> 06:00:04,000
The great ship is steaming 
through the night toward port in

6661
06:00:04,000 --> 06:00:05,500
the end of another amazing 
journey. 

6662
06:00:05,500 --> 06:00:08,600
The tables have been cleared and
the passengers have gone to 

6663
06:00:08,600 --> 06:00:12,300
their cabinets. 
However, the invention's customs

6664
06:00:12,300 --> 06:00:16,100
and uncomplicated human warmth 
that made those meals special on

6665
06:00:16,100 --> 06:00:19,100
their own path through time 
impacting our eating habits 

6666
06:00:19,100 --> 06:00:23,200
travel habits and interpersonal 
care in both significant and 

6667
06:00:23,200 --> 06:00:25,500
minor ways. 
Take comfort in the knowledge 

6668
06:00:25,500 --> 06:00:28,500
that you are carrying on a 
tradition that dates back to the

6669
06:00:28,500 --> 06:00:30,800
first Travelers who demanded 
that Pleasant company. 

6670
06:00:30,800 --> 06:00:34,700
Excellent Cuisine, and courteous
service could co-exist 

6671
06:00:34,700 --> 06:00:37,200
peacefully in the middle of the 
vast frigid ocean. 

6672
06:00:38,200 --> 06:00:41,600
Every time we decide to make a 
meal, special invite strangers 

6673
06:00:41,600 --> 06:00:45,100
to our table or reject, the idea
that Civilization and comfort 

6674
06:00:45,100 --> 06:00:48,100
are extravagances, that can only
be enjoyed in ideal 

6675
06:00:48,100 --> 06:00:51,500
circumstances, their legacy 
endures in every Kitchen 

6676
06:00:51,500 --> 06:00:54,500
restaurant and home, where 
people come together to elevate 

6677
06:00:54,500 --> 06:00:57,500
the simple Act of eating into 
something far more meaningful. 

6678
06:00:58,600 --> 06:01:02,400
A celebration of human Community
creativity and the Limitless 

6679
06:01:02,400 --> 06:01:05,200
possibility that tomorrow's meal
might just be the best one. 

6680
06:01:05,200 --> 06:01:07,600
Yet. 
The steamship dining Bell has 

6681
06:01:07,600 --> 06:01:11,700
gone silent, but it's called to 
gather to share and to turn 

6682
06:01:11,700 --> 06:01:13,300
necessity into pleasure, still