Hybrid quantum–classical computing chips and neutral-atom qubits both show promise

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Hello, and welcome to the Physics World Weekly

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Podcast.

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I'm Hamish Johnston.

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This episode looks at Quantum Computing

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from 2 different perspectives.

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Our first guest is Elena Blokina,

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who is Chief Scientific Officer at Equal 1,

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which is an award winning company that is

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developing

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a hybrid quantum classical

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computing chip.

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And our second guest is Brandon Grinkmeier,

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who is a PhD student at Harvard University

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working in several cutting edge areas

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of quantum research.

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But first,

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Physics World is brought to you by IOP

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Publishing,

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You can find progress in energy

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at IOPscience.

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Based in Dublin, EqualOne

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makes a hybrid quantum classical computing chip.

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It's won the 2024

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Quantum Business Innovation

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and Growth or Cubic Prize, which is given

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by the Institute of Physics

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to a small or medium sized company in

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the UK or Ireland

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that's focusing

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on the commercialization

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of quantum technology,

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products, or solutions.

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I'm very pleased to have Elena Blakina down

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the line from Dublin.

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She's chief scientific officer at Equal 1

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and also an associate professor of engineering

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at University College Dublin.

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Hi, Elena.

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Welcome to the podcast.

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Hello.

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Thanks very much for having me, and I'm

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delighted to be here. Thank you. So congratulations,

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Elena, to you and your colleagues

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at Equal One. And and to start off,

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I'd like to ask you to introduce the

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company.

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When was it founded, and how many employees

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does it have today?

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Equal One Starshas, and I would say it's

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Starshas, in 2017

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just from a collaboration.

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So, Dirk Leibold,

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Bogdan Stashevsky,

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and Mike Oscar, so that's the group of

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researchers. We knew each other very well.

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We start, like, a collaboration. And I I

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I also was one of the few researchers

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back then working with, like, Dirk Leibold and

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Mike.

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And, basically, our collaboration was triggered by, new

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technology. There was a very new process, semiconductor

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process EPID in 2017.

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And we asked the question, can we use

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this process to build a qubit and actually

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to build a

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kind of, you know, very affordable quantum computer?

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So

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as you can understand, from this, okay, so

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our company is based on a semiconductor process,

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based on semiconductor qubits. And since then, now

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if you look at, like, the company now,

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it's 36 people across 5 different locations, and,

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we are working to build really affordable,

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scalable quantum computers.

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Maybe just to ash a little bit on

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the choice of our technology, because semiconductor is

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so common. It's so kind of, absolutely

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technology, which is everywhere. It facilitates our information

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process,

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laptops, like smartphones and so on. And,

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so our goal is our goal is to

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build and, you know, to help to use

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this process to build cubits and integrate

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the cubits with,

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process in electronics, with control circuitry, and so

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on. So to achieve this goal, we started

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with an engineering team. So we have, like,

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a world leading engineering team. But now with

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36 people, we have physicists. We have computer

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scientists. We have people who understand how to

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build wafers, how to characterize qubits, how to

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actually build the cryo mechanical systems to maintain

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the low temperature.

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And we believe because of, again, this broad

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range of expertise within one company, so, we

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actually are on track to success.

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Maybe, also, I will note that,

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working in a deep technology space, okay, like

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in a deep technology field,

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and being still quite dominated by science and

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kind of research and academic groups, yes, we

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naturally would have quite a lot of again

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recognized researchers in the group, but we also

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have people who actually have a proven track

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record to bring success and commercialize commercialize silicon

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products. So it's also kind of a part

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like, very important part of the team. I

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see. That's great. So it sounds like you

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you you're sort of expanding

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out from a a core,

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sort of a a core of technology experts

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into

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a a sort of a a company that

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that has people of many talents in it.

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Yes. Correct. Yeah.

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And and, just,

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going back to the technology,

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Equal 1 offers a a quantum system on

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a chip,

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technology. Can you give us a brief description

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of of the architecture and how it works?

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When we say quantum system on chip, we

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imply dash, perhaps cubits themselves, so it's a

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core underlying quantum technology.

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So you have to have a cubits as

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a part of this chip. But we also

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need quite a lot of,

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classical or conventional electronics because we need to

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send the control signals to a quant, to

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cubits. We need to sense the cubits. We

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need to understand what's the state of the

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cubits.

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Quantum gates is a sequence of multiple pulses,

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so all of that, it requires classical electronics.

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Electronics builds on transistors.

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So and if you look at, like, again,

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at the what's what's actually what's what's the

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core? What's the hash of consumers' electronic right

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now is an integrated chip where you could

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do that all signal process in one device

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and one die.

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And we believe that quantum systems on chip

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will be that core, will be that hot

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of a quantum computer in the future. Because,

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again, all of these components, we must exist

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in the same condition or in the same

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space. We need to be very close together.

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Maybe to expand a little bit, like, to

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expand a little bit, like, why I would

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say so, why I would think so,

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Just think if you would like to control

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all those components separately. Like, think of, like,

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a very

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first generation of computers, like, any kind of

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45.

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So you would have a huge diode, like

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a tubes, okay, or, like, a large transistors.

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And if you want to kind of denage

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information processing or control, kind of, you know,

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control of all type of signals in the

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system, like vape being separately,

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it's very difficult to do. And you will

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not be able to control millions or billions

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of these devices.

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So what actually made possible,

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to progress to extremely kind of high density

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information processing devices is, like, the technology able

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allowed us to build the smaller transistors.

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Like, we made the transistor smaller so we

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could put many transistors on the same proximity

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in the immediate proxy machine. So we were

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able to build

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different logical or controlling blocks, coordination, the work

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of these transistors, and that's how we arrived

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to integrated technology.

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So integrated circuits and integrated technology.

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So this technology is now, available for 50

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years. There is 50 years of progress in

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this technology.

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And I'd say I believe DASH quantum

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technology is also entering the stage. So I

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think it's matured enough so we can begin

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to talk about cointegration

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cubits

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and all of DASH control electronics.

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Again, sensing systems, microwave driving systems, a system

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that actually must take decision, what pulses to

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apply, when to apply,

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maybe what pulses must, correct arrows and then

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cubits and so on. So I think I'm

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gonna look, you know, it's actually really at

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that stage.

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And

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integration

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actually is a very difficult kind of you

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know, it's a very challenging task. Okay? So,

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it's very easy to say, but, like, in

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reality, of course, I mean, like, you know,

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it's a very challenging task for physicists and

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for engineers to do that.

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Just think about this. Like, cubes generally require

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very low temperature.

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So,

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we're we're talking about, like, extremely low temperatures,

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like few millikelvins and pretty much no thermal

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fluctuations would exist. But then when you think

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about electronics,

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electronics dissipates, consumes a lot of power, dissipates

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a lot of heat, and particularly, again, if

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you're taking many decisions, taking many measurements, and

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so on. And it's very easy to see

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because if you just touch a back panel

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of the desktop or laptop, you will you

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will feel how how much heat is dissipated

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there. So combining these trends, like, you know,

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very low temperature for qubits, but then on

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the other hand, electronic dissipation power, is the

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challenge.

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But, again, take into account that semiconductor technology

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in general and the industry in general matured

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enough, we believe I mean, like, you know,

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we are in the in the right stage.

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We choose

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quantum dots cubits because these cubits can appear

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at a relatively high temperatures, again, compared to

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cubits, okay, not to our normal room temperature.

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And we know that circuits can be made

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very efficient.

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It could be very ultra low power circuits

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based on, like, most advanced technological nodes, so

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we we can process a lot of information

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and at the same time consume less power.

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So combining these two trends, I think there

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will be a sweet spot, a particular kind

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of, you know, point where spin

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silicon cubits, which is, again, a type of

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quantum dot cubits, will be finally Compachable and

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will be integrated for electronics.

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And and so that's why,

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Equal 1 has has chosen

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quantum dot cubits. Is it? Is it the

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the the integration?

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Well,

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I shouldn't I probably shouldn't say ease of

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integration,

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but but your belief that,

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quantum dot cubits,

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will be

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more easily

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integrated into a large scale

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quantum computer than, say, superconducting circuits or trapped

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ions?

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Yes. It's actually a very good point because

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in DSH you you mentioned VISTA Technologies, and

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in DSH, there are multiple

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platforms. Keep the platforms existing today.

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And it's very natural to say each will

274
00:10:21,519 --> 00:10:22,660
have its own advantages.

275
00:10:23,120 --> 00:10:25,279
And, again, very natural every there will be

276
00:10:25,279 --> 00:10:26,800
some some some bottlenecks, okay, in each of

277
00:10:26,800 --> 00:10:27,379
the technologies.

278
00:10:28,125 --> 00:10:30,445
But indeed, we choose to work with quantum

279
00:10:30,445 --> 00:10:33,184
dots, and quantum dot based cubits. And again,

280
00:10:33,644 --> 00:10:36,044
sometimes we'll say, silicon spin cubits is kind

281
00:10:36,044 --> 00:10:37,644
of, you know, a type of, the type

282
00:10:37,644 --> 00:10:38,465
of the cubish

283
00:10:38,924 --> 00:10:41,730
because because exactly for this reason. So the

284
00:10:41,730 --> 00:10:43,190
material of choice is silicon.

285
00:10:43,649 --> 00:10:46,370
It's a abundant material. It's a very kind

286
00:10:46,370 --> 00:10:48,629
of it's a very well understood material.

287
00:10:49,410 --> 00:10:52,049
We build classical conventional electronics based on this

288
00:10:52,049 --> 00:10:54,370
material. We can understand, we can use, we

289
00:10:54,370 --> 00:10:56,129
can leverage all of that we know from

290
00:10:56,129 --> 00:10:58,605
classical devices to bring it to a qubit.

291
00:11:00,024 --> 00:11:02,264
And maybe just, again, to understand a little

292
00:11:02,264 --> 00:11:03,865
bit like, to explain a little bit, okay,

293
00:11:03,865 --> 00:11:05,704
what's actually this type of a qubit. So

294
00:11:05,704 --> 00:11:07,544
that's it's not very that different from a

295
00:11:07,544 --> 00:11:08,044
transistor.

296
00:11:08,745 --> 00:11:10,204
So if you

297
00:11:10,959 --> 00:11:13,759
think about, semiconductor materials, if you can get,

298
00:11:13,759 --> 00:11:15,759
like probably the best device to compare will

299
00:11:15,759 --> 00:11:17,039
be a transistor. But, like, if you think

300
00:11:17,039 --> 00:11:18,879
about this, there is just a host material,

301
00:11:18,879 --> 00:11:21,200
silicon material. We take a wafer, and we

302
00:11:21,200 --> 00:11:23,459
will deposit a set of metallic gates.

303
00:11:23,855 --> 00:11:26,735
So metallic gates would exert electric fields. Electric

304
00:11:26,735 --> 00:11:28,274
fields would create, potential

305
00:11:28,654 --> 00:11:31,615
energy wells or potential energy barriers. And if

306
00:11:31,615 --> 00:11:33,454
the temperature is low enough, we can just

307
00:11:33,454 --> 00:11:35,875
trap 1 electrons in those in those wells.

308
00:11:36,254 --> 00:11:38,254
And exactly the same thing happens in the

309
00:11:38,254 --> 00:11:38,754
transistor.

310
00:11:39,129 --> 00:11:40,730
So if you think, like, about the classical

311
00:11:40,730 --> 00:11:43,289
transistor, it's something very, very similar happening there,

312
00:11:43,289 --> 00:11:45,289
except for at high temperature, you do not

313
00:11:45,289 --> 00:11:47,209
charge a single electron. But in cold in

314
00:11:47,209 --> 00:11:49,610
cold temperatures and deep cryogenic temperatures, we can

315
00:11:49,610 --> 00:11:50,985
just manipulate one electron.

316
00:11:51,544 --> 00:11:54,584
So the accuracy of electric signals, the, again,

317
00:11:54,584 --> 00:11:56,504
the efficiency of the circuits is is is

318
00:11:56,504 --> 00:11:58,424
so good, so we can actually really manipulate

319
00:11:58,424 --> 00:11:59,164
one electron.

320
00:11:59,704 --> 00:12:01,625
Now if you add a magnetic field, so

321
00:12:01,625 --> 00:12:03,084
we can actualize spin,

322
00:12:03,490 --> 00:12:06,290
spin of election, and, it's a fundamental quantum

323
00:12:06,290 --> 00:12:06,790
property.

324
00:12:07,170 --> 00:12:09,570
And spin of election is quite is actually,

325
00:12:10,210 --> 00:12:12,790
is a very good example here because

326
00:12:13,410 --> 00:12:15,170
it's a quantum it's it's it's a quantum

327
00:12:15,170 --> 00:12:16,470
state with only 2 projections.

328
00:12:16,955 --> 00:12:18,955
So if you apply external magnetic field, there's

329
00:12:18,955 --> 00:12:20,554
going to be only 2 projections in the

330
00:12:20,554 --> 00:12:22,634
same or the opposite direction of the external

331
00:12:22,634 --> 00:12:24,715
magnetic field, and you will get a natural

332
00:12:24,715 --> 00:12:26,955
qubit here in this case. So with natural

333
00:12:26,955 --> 00:12:28,174
state 0 and 1.

334
00:12:30,899 --> 00:12:32,100
So quantum dots,

335
00:12:32,500 --> 00:12:34,419
cubits, and, like, again, spin silicon qubit, in

336
00:12:34,419 --> 00:12:36,120
particular case of dash I,

337
00:12:36,500 --> 00:12:38,039
is a relatively new platform,

338
00:12:38,740 --> 00:12:40,600
again, compared to other mature technologies.

339
00:12:41,620 --> 00:12:43,799
However, what we can see is the

340
00:12:44,134 --> 00:12:46,615
performance metrics of these qubits keep increasing year

341
00:12:46,615 --> 00:12:48,215
after year after year, just over the past

342
00:12:48,215 --> 00:12:49,514
5, maybe 10 years.

343
00:12:50,215 --> 00:12:52,134
So it means that now we have we

344
00:12:52,134 --> 00:12:54,215
can see very good coherence time. We begin

345
00:12:54,215 --> 00:12:56,134
to see very high fidelity of quantum gates.

346
00:12:56,134 --> 00:12:57,839
We begin to see the metrics which which

347
00:12:57,839 --> 00:12:59,779
are now comparable with mature technologies.

348
00:13:00,559 --> 00:13:02,759
And one of the important notes I want

349
00:13:02,759 --> 00:13:04,480
to make here is I mentioned this, like,

350
00:13:04,480 --> 00:13:06,980
a little bit in my previous answer. So

351
00:13:07,199 --> 00:13:09,919
quantum dot cubits or spilly or silicon spin

352
00:13:09,919 --> 00:13:11,940
cubits can appear at higher temperatures.

353
00:13:12,524 --> 00:13:14,684
So we don't need, like, 50 millikelvins or

354
00:13:14,684 --> 00:13:15,504
100 millikelvins.

355
00:13:15,804 --> 00:13:18,524
There are some examples where a spin oscillation

356
00:13:18,524 --> 00:13:19,664
or kind of, you know, spin

357
00:13:20,284 --> 00:13:22,204
flip can be seen can be seen even

358
00:13:22,204 --> 00:13:23,024
at 1 Kelvin.

359
00:13:23,404 --> 00:13:25,184
So compared, again, to millikelvin

360
00:13:25,700 --> 00:13:27,399
cubit, it's it's actually a big difference.

361
00:13:28,179 --> 00:13:30,179
And at 1 Kelvin, you can build already

362
00:13:30,179 --> 00:13:31,940
quite efficient circuits. So it will allow you

363
00:13:32,019 --> 00:13:33,580
the thermal budget would allow you to build

364
00:13:33,580 --> 00:13:36,100
a quite efficient circuits. So that's, I think,

365
00:13:36,100 --> 00:13:37,700
one of the one of the main reasons

366
00:13:37,700 --> 00:13:40,019
why we work with quantum dots and, silicon

367
00:13:40,019 --> 00:13:40,995
and silicon cubits.

368
00:13:41,554 --> 00:13:43,714
And, yes, the other one you also pointed

369
00:13:43,714 --> 00:13:46,514
out from the very beginning, it's integration. It's

370
00:13:46,514 --> 00:13:47,955
the same, as I mentioned, like, you know,

371
00:13:47,955 --> 00:13:49,634
like, when I was explaining what's actually is

372
00:13:49,634 --> 00:13:50,835
a is a qubit. It's pretty much a

373
00:13:50,835 --> 00:13:52,455
transistor. It's it's very similar.

374
00:13:52,835 --> 00:13:54,509
So it's the ease of, like, you know,

375
00:13:54,509 --> 00:13:56,110
it's like a similarity of the process. I

376
00:13:56,110 --> 00:13:57,629
mean, like, you know, being able to build

377
00:13:57,629 --> 00:13:59,710
very similar devices, being able also to build

378
00:13:59,710 --> 00:14:01,389
sensors to accommodate them, like, you know, all

379
00:14:01,389 --> 00:14:01,889
the,

380
00:14:02,509 --> 00:14:04,909
analog and digital electronics to drive the qubits.

381
00:14:04,909 --> 00:14:06,429
It's kind of, you know, that's, that also,

382
00:14:06,429 --> 00:14:08,294
like, you know, it's a very it's going

383
00:14:08,294 --> 00:14:10,235
to be quite simple in the case of

384
00:14:10,294 --> 00:14:12,294
relatively simple, right, in molecular, I should say,

385
00:14:12,294 --> 00:14:13,674
in the case of spin qubits.

386
00:14:15,254 --> 00:14:17,095
I see. And does that does that mean

387
00:14:17,095 --> 00:14:19,894
that there's no there's no lasers involved, there's

388
00:14:19,894 --> 00:14:21,115
no microwaves

389
00:14:21,495 --> 00:14:23,669
involved like you would have with other qubits?

390
00:14:24,230 --> 00:14:25,850
The the control is all

391
00:14:27,269 --> 00:14:27,769
electronic.

392
00:14:28,230 --> 00:14:31,269
You will require microwave driving. So it's still

393
00:14:31,350 --> 00:14:33,190
I mean, looking off the energy cap for

394
00:14:33,190 --> 00:14:34,970
a spin qubit, it's still a microwave,

395
00:14:35,429 --> 00:14:36,409
kind of new frequency.

396
00:14:36,815 --> 00:14:40,495
So however, again, in conventional electronics, it's not

397
00:14:40,495 --> 00:14:42,894
something unheard of. Right? Because if you look,

398
00:14:42,894 --> 00:14:44,654
like, for example, smartphone, so we are driving

399
00:14:44,654 --> 00:14:46,334
much higher frequencies. Like, we we we are

400
00:14:46,334 --> 00:14:48,514
controlling, kind of manipulating much higher frequencies.

401
00:14:48,860 --> 00:14:50,460
For a qubit, we are speaking about, like,

402
00:14:50,460 --> 00:14:53,420
real, like, RF microwave range. So 5, maybe

403
00:14:53,420 --> 00:14:55,759
10 gigahertz, which is, again, very comfortable,

404
00:14:56,220 --> 00:14:59,340
design range for integrated circuitry. So, Elena, what

405
00:14:59,340 --> 00:15:02,235
challenges did you have to overcome to achieve

406
00:15:02,235 --> 00:15:04,875
the level of integration that you'd like to,

407
00:15:05,355 --> 00:15:06,254
to get to?

408
00:15:06,875 --> 00:15:09,375
Yeah. Okay. It's also a very good question.

409
00:15:09,835 --> 00:15:13,195
A number of challenges, Aureish. Maybe 1, maybe

410
00:15:13,195 --> 00:15:16,154
one follows directly from my previous answer because

411
00:15:16,154 --> 00:15:18,129
I mentioned that we would like to increase

412
00:15:18,129 --> 00:15:19,350
the temperature of the qubit.

413
00:15:20,690 --> 00:15:22,610
If we can a period, let's say, 500

414
00:15:22,610 --> 00:15:25,409
milliKelberts, 1 kelvins, that will be excellent. Again,

415
00:15:25,409 --> 00:15:27,409
that allow quite a lot of analytical thermal

416
00:15:27,409 --> 00:15:29,589
budget for electronics. But that's difficult,

417
00:15:30,304 --> 00:15:32,004
possible for quantum dots, but difficult

418
00:15:32,384 --> 00:15:35,125
because the temperature is something again, thermal fluctuation

419
00:15:35,184 --> 00:15:36,945
is something that will affect the initial state

420
00:15:36,945 --> 00:15:38,544
of the qubit. It will affect, again, in

421
00:15:38,544 --> 00:15:41,024
the, like, you know, the quality of quantum

422
00:15:41,024 --> 00:15:41,524
operation,

423
00:15:42,039 --> 00:15:44,120
coherence of the qubit, or or time when

424
00:15:44,120 --> 00:15:46,139
qubit actually preserves quantum information.

425
00:15:46,519 --> 00:15:48,600
So temperature generally is is is a is

426
00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:50,519
a destroying, this kind of damaging factor for

427
00:15:50,519 --> 00:15:51,019
qubits.

428
00:15:51,879 --> 00:15:53,720
However, what we can see now is the

429
00:15:53,720 --> 00:15:55,879
scientific community is looking into this, and, like,

430
00:15:55,879 --> 00:15:57,615
there's a lot of ideas we can adapt,

431
00:15:57,615 --> 00:16:00,014
we can take from scientific community and research

432
00:16:00,014 --> 00:16:02,414
as well. So there are algorithms how to

433
00:16:02,414 --> 00:16:05,054
help with a preselection of initial states. There

434
00:16:05,054 --> 00:16:06,434
are algorithms to mitigate,

435
00:16:06,815 --> 00:16:09,375
mitigate errors. There are you there is a

436
00:16:09,375 --> 00:16:11,294
very, very kind of, you know, emergent, private

437
00:16:11,294 --> 00:16:13,075
field of quantum error correction.

438
00:16:13,659 --> 00:16:15,659
So a lot of that can be proshed,

439
00:16:15,899 --> 00:16:17,200
to engineering and design.

440
00:16:17,820 --> 00:16:20,139
And I think, again, scientific scientific community, in

441
00:16:20,139 --> 00:16:21,740
this case, actually provide a couple of,

442
00:16:23,019 --> 00:16:25,519
ideas and techniques we can use to mitigate,

443
00:16:25,980 --> 00:16:27,899
this kind of, you know, declining performance of

444
00:16:27,899 --> 00:16:28,960
qubit of temperature.

445
00:16:29,714 --> 00:16:31,154
So that's one one of the aspects a

446
00:16:31,154 --> 00:16:33,954
key very important aspect. Keep increasing the temperature

447
00:16:33,954 --> 00:16:35,735
of the qubit, but at the same time,

448
00:16:36,115 --> 00:16:37,954
make sure that the quality of the qubit,

449
00:16:37,954 --> 00:16:39,735
the coherence time is still very good.

450
00:16:40,595 --> 00:16:42,115
Maybe also to note,

451
00:16:43,049 --> 00:16:45,070
scaling up the number of cubits as well.

452
00:16:46,090 --> 00:16:48,330
Even if with mature technologies, like, if you

453
00:16:48,330 --> 00:16:49,690
look at the current state of the art,

454
00:16:49,690 --> 00:16:52,090
we are talking about 100, maybe few 100

455
00:16:52,090 --> 00:16:52,750
of cubits.

456
00:16:54,570 --> 00:16:56,955
With quantum dots, again, as I as I

457
00:16:56,955 --> 00:16:58,875
mentioned, so we we basically leverage. We use

458
00:16:58,875 --> 00:17:01,754
semiconductor technologies. With quantum dots, potentially, we can

459
00:17:01,754 --> 00:17:03,674
build many many quantum dots on the same

460
00:17:03,674 --> 00:17:05,115
chip, on the same type. They are very

461
00:17:05,115 --> 00:17:07,355
small. They can, again, utilize the same technology

462
00:17:07,355 --> 00:17:08,335
as classical transistors.

463
00:17:09,289 --> 00:17:11,529
However, we still need to push boundaries. We

464
00:17:11,529 --> 00:17:13,450
still need to improve the process. So it

465
00:17:13,450 --> 00:17:13,950
means

466
00:17:14,250 --> 00:17:17,069
better quality of, silicon, better quality of materials,

467
00:17:18,329 --> 00:17:21,765
improving quality of deposition of metals. So, actually,

468
00:17:21,765 --> 00:17:23,924
again, process steps must be much, much fresher,

469
00:17:23,924 --> 00:17:25,305
much cleaner, and so on.

470
00:17:25,845 --> 00:17:26,345
And,

471
00:17:26,805 --> 00:17:29,765
so, basically, yes, quality control material control quality

472
00:17:29,765 --> 00:17:32,265
control is is going to be very important.

473
00:17:33,460 --> 00:17:34,519
On the good side,

474
00:17:34,900 --> 00:17:37,000
we can see that a number of foundries,

475
00:17:37,460 --> 00:17:39,380
thinking of this, and there is quite a

476
00:17:39,380 --> 00:17:41,220
lot of momentum, quite a lot of lot

477
00:17:41,220 --> 00:17:43,299
of effort to bring the existence in the

478
00:17:43,299 --> 00:17:45,480
conductor processes to this quantum standard.

479
00:17:46,174 --> 00:17:47,394
So we can see that

480
00:17:47,775 --> 00:17:50,835
there are really significant efforts, okay, to decrease

481
00:17:51,054 --> 00:17:53,454
the dimensions of the metal gates, to improve

482
00:17:53,454 --> 00:17:56,434
the, quantity of materials. So that's also work,

483
00:17:56,894 --> 00:18:00,015
in progress also on a foundry side as

484
00:18:00,015 --> 00:18:00,420
well.

485
00:18:00,820 --> 00:18:02,820
I see. And and when you when you

486
00:18:02,820 --> 00:18:05,240
deal with people in the in the semiconductor

487
00:18:05,539 --> 00:18:07,619
industry, do you find that they're very keen

488
00:18:07,619 --> 00:18:08,119
on

489
00:18:08,500 --> 00:18:09,400
on quantum

490
00:18:09,779 --> 00:18:13,000
computing? That they're interested in working with with

491
00:18:13,140 --> 00:18:15,720
your company and and I suppose other companies

492
00:18:15,779 --> 00:18:19,484
to to create chips and and drive the

493
00:18:19,484 --> 00:18:19,984
technology?

494
00:18:21,805 --> 00:18:23,484
Yes. I would say there is a lot

495
00:18:23,484 --> 00:18:25,244
of interest. At least a lot of interest.

496
00:18:25,244 --> 00:18:26,065
Yes. Because,

497
00:18:26,525 --> 00:18:29,404
we hear about quantum applications. We hear how

498
00:18:29,404 --> 00:18:31,585
we can unlock the potential of quantum confusion,

499
00:18:31,644 --> 00:18:33,649
like, classes of different applications,

500
00:18:34,269 --> 00:18:36,669
particularly compatible, again, with quantum algorithms. And so

501
00:18:36,669 --> 00:18:39,549
there's at least interest. Okay? So what can

502
00:18:39,549 --> 00:18:40,289
we do about,

503
00:18:41,149 --> 00:18:42,509
how how we can improve it? And, like,

504
00:18:42,509 --> 00:18:43,809
when we talk about semiconductor

505
00:18:44,109 --> 00:18:46,509
qubits or quantum dot qubits, again, this is

506
00:18:46,509 --> 00:18:47,730
the main of, semiconductor

507
00:18:48,085 --> 00:18:50,644
industry, right, where, again, the progress decades of

508
00:18:50,644 --> 00:18:51,144
progress.

509
00:18:51,684 --> 00:18:53,525
So and in some of the some cases,

510
00:18:53,525 --> 00:18:56,325
yes, there is a significant support, significant support.

511
00:18:56,325 --> 00:18:58,325
Okay? So how can we improve? Like, how

512
00:18:58,325 --> 00:18:59,924
can we improve the process? Can you provide

513
00:18:59,924 --> 00:19:01,679
us feedback? Can you, I mean, like, can

514
00:19:01,679 --> 00:19:04,000
you share? Can you, help us to understand

515
00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:06,419
the performance of, like, our process? Like,

516
00:19:07,359 --> 00:19:09,679
quite often, we would have a collaboration or

517
00:19:09,679 --> 00:19:12,079
kind of iteration process where we would discuss,

518
00:19:12,079 --> 00:19:14,444
review feedback, and change maybe some of the

519
00:19:14,444 --> 00:19:16,765
design design to keep based, based on the

520
00:19:16,765 --> 00:19:17,265
discussion.

521
00:19:17,565 --> 00:19:19,005
So in my opinion, there is a lot

522
00:19:19,005 --> 00:19:20,785
of interest and support from foundries,

523
00:19:21,484 --> 00:19:24,305
to make sure that quantum semiconductor process happen.

524
00:19:24,765 --> 00:19:27,119
I see. And and you've already touched on

525
00:19:27,119 --> 00:19:29,779
on this idea of quantum error correction.

526
00:19:30,240 --> 00:19:32,500
And and I think that your systems offer

527
00:19:32,720 --> 00:19:33,220
integrated

528
00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:35,380
quantum error correction.

529
00:19:36,079 --> 00:19:37,539
Why is error correction

530
00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:38,500
necessary?

531
00:19:38,799 --> 00:19:40,420
And and how is it done?

532
00:19:40,954 --> 00:19:43,115
I okay. So maybe I would say that

533
00:19:43,115 --> 00:19:43,615
it's

534
00:19:44,795 --> 00:19:46,654
fundamentally virtually impossible

535
00:19:47,115 --> 00:19:49,535
to make a ideal physical Qubash.

536
00:19:50,714 --> 00:19:53,355
So it's impossible to isolate a keyboard from

537
00:19:53,355 --> 00:19:54,734
the environment. And

538
00:19:55,710 --> 00:19:57,869
when we operation the qubit, there is always

539
00:19:57,869 --> 00:19:58,369
some

540
00:19:58,910 --> 00:20:01,650
fundamental underlying interactions going on. So

541
00:20:02,269 --> 00:20:05,150
it's manifested by a qubit losing the quantum

542
00:20:05,150 --> 00:20:07,150
information to the environment, like one of the

543
00:20:07,150 --> 00:20:09,825
typical channels. Okay? It's like, incoherent noises. Like,

544
00:20:09,904 --> 00:20:12,565
basically, qubit losing this quantum information. And,

545
00:20:13,424 --> 00:20:15,585
we could characterize this loss or kind of

546
00:20:15,585 --> 00:20:16,244
this nonideality

547
00:20:16,704 --> 00:20:17,684
by different metrics.

548
00:20:18,065 --> 00:20:21,105
So I said few times coherence time. That's

549
00:20:21,105 --> 00:20:22,784
one of the indications. So it's kind of

550
00:20:22,784 --> 00:20:23,764
a time where,

551
00:20:24,144 --> 00:20:24,964
kind of, qubit

552
00:20:25,319 --> 00:20:28,279
keeps the enough kind of amount of quantum

553
00:20:28,279 --> 00:20:28,779
information

554
00:20:29,079 --> 00:20:31,000
isolated from the environment. Like so it's a

555
00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:32,599
little bit awkward, but, like, it's kind of

556
00:20:32,599 --> 00:20:33,419
like an indication.

557
00:20:35,319 --> 00:20:37,079
In all these metrics, you can measure. You

558
00:20:37,079 --> 00:20:39,419
can, like, really see how much of nonideality

559
00:20:39,640 --> 00:20:41,019
is going on there with qubits.

560
00:20:41,535 --> 00:20:42,994
And even the best qubits,

561
00:20:43,375 --> 00:20:45,795
in other platforms, we are still not ideal.

562
00:20:45,934 --> 00:20:48,575
Their coherence time, their fidelity, their kind of

563
00:20:48,575 --> 00:20:51,134
performance magic are still not, like, not, like,

564
00:20:51,134 --> 00:20:53,075
100%, like, ideal. So

565
00:20:53,410 --> 00:20:56,150
physical qubits are noisy. They experience this interaction,

566
00:20:56,210 --> 00:20:58,210
so it's going to happen. Like, we need

567
00:20:58,210 --> 00:20:59,730
to think about, like, a form of error

568
00:20:59,730 --> 00:21:01,190
correction, a form of mitigation.

569
00:21:03,170 --> 00:21:04,609
But if you think and, again, I will

570
00:21:04,609 --> 00:21:06,450
oversimplify. But if you think what's what's the

571
00:21:06,450 --> 00:21:08,894
idea of error correction, it means dash

572
00:21:09,674 --> 00:21:12,315
we will try to store quantum information not

573
00:21:12,315 --> 00:21:13,674
just in 1 qubit, but, like, in the

574
00:21:13,674 --> 00:21:14,575
multiple qubits.

575
00:21:14,954 --> 00:21:16,974
So it means we are going to distribute

576
00:21:17,035 --> 00:21:19,914
this information across maybe, like, maybe 2, maybe

577
00:21:19,914 --> 00:21:22,315
3, maybe 1,000 qubits. So it depends again

578
00:21:22,315 --> 00:21:23,519
on the type of error code.

579
00:21:24,400 --> 00:21:25,920
And then it means we need to be

580
00:21:25,920 --> 00:21:27,380
able to reset, entangle,

581
00:21:27,759 --> 00:21:28,259
measure,

582
00:21:29,039 --> 00:21:31,119
selected qubits, not all, but selected qubits in

583
00:21:31,119 --> 00:21:33,940
this column. Array. And it means we also

584
00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:35,140
must make a decision

585
00:21:35,599 --> 00:21:38,274
if, an error is happening there. So and

586
00:21:38,274 --> 00:21:39,714
you need to do it, like, in real

587
00:21:39,714 --> 00:21:41,474
life or in kind of in real time

588
00:21:41,474 --> 00:21:43,474
while qubits are still coherent. And that's a

589
00:21:43,474 --> 00:21:44,454
lot of operations,

590
00:21:44,994 --> 00:21:47,394
involved in the game, resetting qubits, measuring qubits,

591
00:21:47,394 --> 00:21:49,634
and so on. All of that takes time

592
00:21:49,634 --> 00:21:51,875
in the qubit also decoherence. The qubit also

593
00:21:51,875 --> 00:21:55,230
is not ideal for infinite amount of time.

594
00:21:55,230 --> 00:21:57,549
So and you can, again, understand. So it's

595
00:21:57,549 --> 00:21:59,470
a real challenge to build such a system

596
00:21:59,470 --> 00:22:01,630
that works fast, that makes a decision, and

597
00:22:01,630 --> 00:22:03,649
again, in real time, and so on. And

598
00:22:03,789 --> 00:22:05,549
in order to do that, that's why you

599
00:22:05,549 --> 00:22:08,029
need to, again, have all those components closer

600
00:22:08,029 --> 00:22:09,755
to qubits on the same dice so you

601
00:22:09,755 --> 00:22:10,894
can exchange the separation,

602
00:22:11,355 --> 00:22:11,855
information,

603
00:22:12,634 --> 00:22:14,315
faster case, so you can make decisions and

604
00:22:14,315 --> 00:22:16,075
so on. But then I was that's why

605
00:22:16,075 --> 00:22:18,075
I was talking about the creation, how important

606
00:22:18,075 --> 00:22:19,054
it is, because

607
00:22:19,355 --> 00:22:21,355
dash must be a chip that must be

608
00:22:21,355 --> 00:22:23,390
very close to cubits. So you can really,

609
00:22:24,410 --> 00:22:26,809
really, facilitate. You can really, like, apply this

610
00:22:26,809 --> 00:22:28,970
error correction in real time when the cubits

611
00:22:28,970 --> 00:22:31,309
dash, you know, kind of will decay in

612
00:22:31,450 --> 00:22:32,590
some amount of time.

613
00:22:33,049 --> 00:22:35,230
Elena, you were talking about temperatures

614
00:22:35,615 --> 00:22:37,295
and, you know, the fact that you you

615
00:22:37,295 --> 00:22:39,934
have to run your your the the quantum

616
00:22:39,934 --> 00:22:42,275
side of your of your chips at at

617
00:22:42,414 --> 00:22:42,914
cryogenic

618
00:22:43,775 --> 00:22:46,654
temperatures and the importance of being able to,

619
00:22:46,654 --> 00:22:48,835
you know, maybe do that at a slightly

620
00:22:48,974 --> 00:22:49,875
higher temperature.

621
00:22:50,579 --> 00:22:52,419
Do you think that someday it might be

622
00:22:52,419 --> 00:22:54,599
possible to to run,

623
00:22:54,980 --> 00:22:57,640
quantum dot cubits at room temperature?

624
00:22:58,099 --> 00:23:00,579
Or will they always have to be cooled

625
00:23:00,579 --> 00:23:01,079
down

626
00:23:01,460 --> 00:23:02,359
using cryogenics?

627
00:23:03,924 --> 00:23:05,464
Yeah. Okay. Yes. Great.

628
00:23:06,484 --> 00:23:08,585
Yeah. It's a great question. I

629
00:23:09,205 --> 00:23:10,724
I I think it will be a dream

630
00:23:10,724 --> 00:23:13,605
for the entire quantum engineering community to see

631
00:23:13,605 --> 00:23:17,205
quantum confusion, quantum phenomenon operation at the room

632
00:23:17,205 --> 00:23:17,705
temperature.

633
00:23:18,410 --> 00:23:18,910
However,

634
00:23:19,289 --> 00:23:21,609
I think that my answer for the moment,

635
00:23:21,609 --> 00:23:24,250
okay, short term, maybe even mid term, medium

636
00:23:24,250 --> 00:23:26,429
term will be probably no.

637
00:23:28,250 --> 00:23:29,929
I think we will have to discover a

638
00:23:29,929 --> 00:23:32,429
completely new material or a completely new phenomenon.

639
00:23:32,535 --> 00:23:34,934
Okay? So to facilitate a quantum confusion at

640
00:23:34,934 --> 00:23:35,595
room temperature.

641
00:23:36,455 --> 00:23:38,455
And if again, I can I maybe, like,

642
00:23:38,455 --> 00:23:40,795
expand a little bit, but I think so?

643
00:23:41,575 --> 00:23:43,195
It's if you think about

644
00:23:43,974 --> 00:23:44,474
actual

645
00:23:45,309 --> 00:23:48,269
properties of different materials, in particular semiconductor materials

646
00:23:48,269 --> 00:23:50,349
at room temperature, at cryogenic temperatures, which is

647
00:23:50,349 --> 00:23:52,609
again millikelvin or, like, 1 kelvin range,

648
00:23:53,150 --> 00:23:54,690
the the properties are quite different.

649
00:23:55,390 --> 00:23:58,430
So our normal temperature, room temperature, will generate

650
00:23:58,430 --> 00:24:00,690
a lot of thermal fluctuations, and thermal fluctuations

651
00:24:00,830 --> 00:24:04,085
leads to thermally generated electrons and holes. So,

652
00:24:04,085 --> 00:24:07,384
basically, typical material is flooded with charge carriers.

653
00:24:07,444 --> 00:24:09,684
There are so many elections and holes, even

654
00:24:09,684 --> 00:24:11,144
in, like, dielectric materials.

655
00:24:11,684 --> 00:24:13,829
And we are talking about numbers such as

656
00:24:13,909 --> 00:24:15,909
10 to the 10 charge carriers per cubic

657
00:24:15,909 --> 00:24:16,409
centimeter,

658
00:24:17,269 --> 00:24:19,909
and even weighing metals. And remember how we

659
00:24:19,909 --> 00:24:21,750
were saying that, in order to build a

660
00:24:21,750 --> 00:24:24,149
quantum dot qubit, like a semiconductor spin qubit,

661
00:24:24,149 --> 00:24:26,069
you have this potential well, and you trap

662
00:24:26,069 --> 00:24:27,909
an election and you manipulate a spin there.

663
00:24:27,909 --> 00:24:29,369
So but you trap one election.

664
00:24:30,015 --> 00:24:32,115
You cannot be able to do it efficiently

665
00:24:32,174 --> 00:24:34,174
in the material with, like, a large, large

666
00:24:34,174 --> 00:24:36,174
number of charge carriers. And that's a very,

667
00:24:36,174 --> 00:24:38,815
again, very typical behavior for semiconductor and dielectric

668
00:24:38,815 --> 00:24:40,974
materials at room temperature. So I think in

669
00:24:40,974 --> 00:24:43,109
this particular case, we'll have to hope, okay,

670
00:24:43,109 --> 00:24:45,430
Dash, we might discover some new process, some

671
00:24:45,430 --> 00:24:48,150
new materials, some new phenomenon because you never

672
00:24:48,150 --> 00:24:50,869
know what happens. Science and engineering keep delivering

673
00:24:50,869 --> 00:24:52,309
kind of, you know, new discoveries. So it

674
00:24:52,309 --> 00:24:54,164
might happen and not going to reverse out.

675
00:24:54,484 --> 00:24:56,345
However, I think, again, like, you know, maybe

676
00:24:56,484 --> 00:24:58,404
not not in the very, very near future.

677
00:24:58,404 --> 00:24:59,465
I don't think so.

678
00:25:01,045 --> 00:25:02,805
But maybe if I can comment on this

679
00:25:02,805 --> 00:25:04,025
because I think it's important.

680
00:25:04,404 --> 00:25:06,164
If we can keep a strand, if we

681
00:25:06,164 --> 00:25:07,465
can actually can keep

682
00:25:08,289 --> 00:25:09,109
quantum dots

683
00:25:09,730 --> 00:25:11,650
or quantum dot cubit like a or spin

684
00:25:11,650 --> 00:25:14,210
cubit, operation at 1 Kelvin, that will be

685
00:25:14,210 --> 00:25:16,369
incredible. I think that will be really, really

686
00:25:16,369 --> 00:25:17,109
huge progress

687
00:25:17,490 --> 00:25:17,990
because

688
00:25:18,289 --> 00:25:19,890
I know it sounds like a very low

689
00:25:19,890 --> 00:25:22,289
temperature, but it's actually they are quite efficient

690
00:25:22,289 --> 00:25:24,345
systems to cool down to 1 Kelvin. So

691
00:25:24,345 --> 00:25:26,505
there are now very compact machines. You can

692
00:25:26,585 --> 00:25:28,345
it's they they don't do not consume that

693
00:25:28,345 --> 00:25:30,184
much power. So it's, and, like, they're actually

694
00:25:30,184 --> 00:25:32,285
like a desktop or maybe, like, a server

695
00:25:32,664 --> 00:25:33,164
size.

696
00:25:33,625 --> 00:25:35,625
So, it's not that because Flash is used

697
00:25:35,625 --> 00:25:36,849
to be. So

698
00:25:37,230 --> 00:25:38,830
if if if you can catch a cube

699
00:25:38,830 --> 00:25:40,990
at parking at, like, even 1 Kelvin, that's

700
00:25:40,990 --> 00:25:42,830
going to be already, like, a hot kind

701
00:25:42,830 --> 00:25:44,269
of, you know, temperature cube or kind of,

702
00:25:44,269 --> 00:25:46,029
you know, it's it's going to be a

703
00:25:46,029 --> 00:25:48,049
it's going to be an incredible progress. Yeah.

704
00:25:49,075 --> 00:25:51,475
Yeah. Well, actually, that's a good point, Elena,

705
00:25:51,475 --> 00:25:54,195
because, you know, at a bit outside of

706
00:25:54,195 --> 00:25:56,595
quantum computing, you know, for example, at the

707
00:25:56,595 --> 00:25:57,894
Large Hadron Collider,

708
00:25:59,154 --> 00:26:03,015
huge systems there are maintained at cryogenic temperatures.

709
00:26:03,075 --> 00:26:04,819
So it's not really

710
00:26:06,160 --> 00:26:07,299
that that much of a

711
00:26:07,919 --> 00:26:10,339
technological challenge, is it, to to

712
00:26:10,799 --> 00:26:11,940
to cool things down?

713
00:26:13,119 --> 00:26:15,200
And and finally, Elena, I just wanted to

714
00:26:15,200 --> 00:26:18,259
ask you what equal one is working on

715
00:26:18,554 --> 00:26:20,254
today. Do you do you have a functional

716
00:26:20,714 --> 00:26:22,734
and practical quantum computer?

717
00:26:23,194 --> 00:26:25,615
Or, are there further modifications,

718
00:26:26,554 --> 00:26:28,234
that you have to make to your system

719
00:26:28,234 --> 00:26:30,974
and and challenges that must be overcome

720
00:26:31,500 --> 00:26:33,039
before you reach that goal?

721
00:26:35,579 --> 00:26:38,480
We work right now on a few variants

722
00:26:38,539 --> 00:26:41,200
of, quantum dot cubits or spin cubits

723
00:26:41,579 --> 00:26:43,500
because, again, even like we say at the

724
00:26:43,500 --> 00:26:46,140
same time, there's actually multiple different variants there.

725
00:26:46,380 --> 00:26:48,924
Each, will have its own metric. And, again,

726
00:26:48,924 --> 00:26:51,005
maybe compatible with some particular, like, you know,

727
00:26:51,005 --> 00:26:53,345
type of electronics. So we we we investigate

728
00:26:53,484 --> 00:26:53,984
this.

729
00:26:54,365 --> 00:26:56,365
But I think most importantly, from the point

730
00:26:56,365 --> 00:26:58,525
of your quantum hardware, we work on a

731
00:26:58,525 --> 00:27:00,924
6 quantum dot or 6 qubit processor at

732
00:27:00,924 --> 00:27:02,250
the moment we test this device.

733
00:27:02,730 --> 00:27:05,849
And we test, integrated controller to control the

734
00:27:05,849 --> 00:27:06,589
6 qubits.

735
00:27:06,890 --> 00:27:08,269
So that's a work in progress.

736
00:27:08,730 --> 00:27:10,809
In addition to DASH, there is a design,

737
00:27:11,049 --> 00:27:13,609
development of a cryo mechanical system to maintain

738
00:27:13,609 --> 00:27:15,950
the temperature for this, 6 qubit processor.

739
00:27:16,855 --> 00:27:17,974
This, I think, I mean, looking at one

740
00:27:17,974 --> 00:27:19,494
of the most important thing because it's the

741
00:27:19,494 --> 00:27:21,115
actual hard quantum hardware.

742
00:27:22,054 --> 00:27:23,194
But generally speaking,

743
00:27:23,575 --> 00:27:25,014
if you've kind of also if I would

744
00:27:25,014 --> 00:27:27,014
think about, like, a range of engineering and

745
00:27:27,014 --> 00:27:29,460
scientific problems to help, okay, to support this.

746
00:27:29,460 --> 00:27:31,460
Okay? So I I say I was mentioning.

747
00:27:31,460 --> 00:27:31,960
So,

748
00:27:32,579 --> 00:27:34,019
we we are we are working on a

749
00:27:34,019 --> 00:27:35,460
new type of sensors which will be very

750
00:27:35,460 --> 00:27:37,779
fast for error correction. So we'll be able

751
00:27:37,779 --> 00:27:40,259
to detect the spin state within order of

752
00:27:40,259 --> 00:27:41,399
magnitude of a microsecond.

753
00:27:41,700 --> 00:27:43,284
That's, kind of our goal.

754
00:27:43,744 --> 00:27:46,304
So, we optimize quantum dots. So we see,

755
00:27:46,304 --> 00:27:47,845
I'm looking at what's the best dimensions,

756
00:27:48,224 --> 00:27:49,664
kind of, you know, what's the best materials

757
00:27:49,664 --> 00:27:51,904
as well. And we look at the specific

758
00:27:51,904 --> 00:27:55,019
systems to deliver microwave pulses to control spin.

759
00:27:56,220 --> 00:27:56,700
And,

760
00:27:57,180 --> 00:27:59,339
I at the beginning, I was mentioning, so

761
00:27:59,339 --> 00:28:01,980
the team is actually very, very broad. So

762
00:28:01,980 --> 00:28:03,980
we have, like, different skills. We also have

763
00:28:03,980 --> 00:28:05,839
a team working on quantum algorithms,

764
00:28:06,539 --> 00:28:08,799
and, so there is a work on

765
00:28:09,180 --> 00:28:11,015
original method for error mitigation.

766
00:28:11,875 --> 00:28:13,715
And, that's something like, you know, some series

767
00:28:13,715 --> 00:28:15,154
of works we are going to present this

768
00:28:15,154 --> 00:28:17,414
year in different workshops and conferences.

769
00:28:19,075 --> 00:28:21,234
Oh, well, that's great. Thanks, Elena. Thanks for,

770
00:28:21,474 --> 00:28:24,599
for talking to me about, Equal 1. And

771
00:28:24,599 --> 00:28:27,000
congratulations again to you and your colleagues for

772
00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:27,500
winning

773
00:28:27,960 --> 00:28:29,019
the Cubic Prize.

774
00:28:29,400 --> 00:28:30,140
Thank you.

775
00:28:30,599 --> 00:28:32,619
Thank you for inviting me. Thank you.

776
00:28:39,255 --> 00:28:42,615
Brandon Grinkmeier is a Physics PhD student in

777
00:28:42,615 --> 00:28:44,394
the group of Misha Lukin

778
00:28:44,775 --> 00:28:47,115
at Harvard University in the US.

779
00:28:47,734 --> 00:28:50,100
The group is active in the fields of

780
00:28:50,100 --> 00:28:53,380
Quantum Optics and Atomic Physics and is at

781
00:28:53,380 --> 00:28:54,920
the forefront of developing

782
00:28:55,460 --> 00:28:59,080
Quantum Processors that use arrays of trapped atoms

783
00:28:59,299 --> 00:29:00,680
as quantum bits.

784
00:29:01,555 --> 00:29:04,615
Physics World's Margaret Harris caught up with Brandon

785
00:29:04,914 --> 00:29:05,894
at the Optica

786
00:29:06,275 --> 00:29:06,775
Quantum

787
00:29:07,234 --> 00:29:07,734
2.0

788
00:29:08,115 --> 00:29:08,615
Conference,

789
00:29:08,994 --> 00:29:12,134
which was held earlier this summer in Rotterdam,

790
00:29:12,434 --> 00:29:13,174
the Netherlands.

791
00:29:13,970 --> 00:29:16,369
As you might expect, there was a buzz

792
00:29:16,369 --> 00:29:19,009
of excitement at the conference, which you will

793
00:29:19,009 --> 00:29:21,750
hear in the background of their conversation.

794
00:29:28,964 --> 00:29:31,125
So, Brandon, what's what's it like being part

795
00:29:31,125 --> 00:29:33,704
of a research group that's doing cutting edge

796
00:29:34,005 --> 00:29:36,565
work in several different areas of quantum science

797
00:29:36,565 --> 00:29:38,484
at once? Yeah. I guess it's really exciting

798
00:29:38,484 --> 00:29:40,809
being part of the Lukin Group because there

799
00:29:40,809 --> 00:29:42,570
is such like a big diversity of people

800
00:29:42,570 --> 00:29:44,490
working on so many different things. So it's

801
00:29:44,490 --> 00:29:46,490
really nice to be able to get like

802
00:29:46,490 --> 00:29:48,410
a spectrum of people working on like quantum

803
00:29:48,410 --> 00:29:48,910
sensing

804
00:29:49,210 --> 00:29:52,029
as well as like quantum computing, quantum networking.

805
00:29:52,570 --> 00:29:54,734
And then like, what I work on is

806
00:29:54,734 --> 00:29:56,335
actually kind of at the heart of a

807
00:29:56,335 --> 00:29:58,255
lot of these things, which is, like, very

808
00:29:58,255 --> 00:30:00,255
nice for me to be able to have,

809
00:30:00,255 --> 00:30:02,414
like, all these different communities to talk to,

810
00:30:02,414 --> 00:30:04,674
but also very nice to have, like,

811
00:30:05,055 --> 00:30:07,154
I don't know, a lot of expertise around.

812
00:30:07,679 --> 00:30:09,359
So what what do you work on? Oh,

813
00:30:09,359 --> 00:30:10,500
and then so,

814
00:30:10,880 --> 00:30:13,279
like, there's different subgroups in our lab. There's

815
00:30:13,279 --> 00:30:14,720
a lot of people that work on quantum

816
00:30:14,720 --> 00:30:17,059
computing, quantum networking, and quantum sensing.

817
00:30:17,599 --> 00:30:19,299
My project is actually taking

818
00:30:19,644 --> 00:30:21,884
the quantum computing aspects and combining that with

819
00:30:21,884 --> 00:30:24,045
quantum networking where we can try to have,

820
00:30:24,045 --> 00:30:26,765
like, a quantum computer that can then connect

821
00:30:26,765 --> 00:30:28,944
to other quantum computers in, like, a modular

822
00:30:29,005 --> 00:30:32,204
fashion. So more generally speaking, like, modular quantum

823
00:30:32,204 --> 00:30:34,890
computing. So in particular, we trap single atoms

824
00:30:34,890 --> 00:30:37,390
in optical tweezers and manipulate them like cubits.

825
00:30:37,529 --> 00:30:39,450
And then we couple them to optical cavities,

826
00:30:39,450 --> 00:30:41,609
which gives us a photonic interface that we

827
00:30:41,609 --> 00:30:44,410
can then use to distribute this entanglement to

828
00:30:44,410 --> 00:30:45,710
other quantum computers,

829
00:30:46,170 --> 00:30:48,509
essentially. And why is that gonna be necessary?

830
00:30:49,285 --> 00:30:50,505
Yeah. So I guess

831
00:30:50,964 --> 00:30:52,805
at some point, people believe that there will

832
00:30:52,805 --> 00:30:54,964
be a limit to how many cubits you

833
00:30:54,964 --> 00:30:57,045
can have in a single quantum computer. And

834
00:30:57,045 --> 00:30:58,404
at that point, in order to scale up

835
00:30:58,404 --> 00:30:59,704
the number of quantum

836
00:31:00,085 --> 00:31:02,085
or and cubits in your processor, you'll need

837
00:31:02,085 --> 00:31:03,545
to find some way of

838
00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:06,799
distributing the entanglement or doing this, like, modular

839
00:31:06,799 --> 00:31:07,619
quantum computing.

840
00:31:08,480 --> 00:31:10,319
So when you're you're doing this this sort

841
00:31:10,319 --> 00:31:11,839
of, you know, sort of putting a single

842
00:31:11,839 --> 00:31:13,759
atom is a single atom into a into

843
00:31:13,759 --> 00:31:15,919
a cavity Yeah. And then coupling how does

844
00:31:15,919 --> 00:31:17,519
that work? Tell us a bit more about

845
00:31:17,519 --> 00:31:20,115
that. Yeah. So I guess, our platform, we've

846
00:31:20,115 --> 00:31:22,615
explored a few different types of cavities, actually.

847
00:31:22,674 --> 00:31:24,355
So early on in my PhD, we were

848
00:31:24,355 --> 00:31:25,894
working with these, like, nanophotonic

849
00:31:26,194 --> 00:31:28,355
cavities, which is something very special. It's something

850
00:31:28,355 --> 00:31:31,240
that, like, has really only been, like, achieved

851
00:31:31,240 --> 00:31:31,740
well

852
00:31:32,200 --> 00:31:34,779
in the in the Luken group early on.

853
00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:37,480
So, like, this was work done maybe, like,

854
00:31:37,480 --> 00:31:40,359
a decade ago now where people actually managed

855
00:31:40,359 --> 00:31:42,519
to take a single atom and trap it

856
00:31:42,519 --> 00:31:43,740
and then move it onto,

857
00:31:44,279 --> 00:31:45,075
like, a nice,

858
00:31:45,794 --> 00:31:47,174
silicon nitride nanophotonic

859
00:31:47,474 --> 00:31:49,794
device and couple to the photonic mode of

860
00:31:49,794 --> 00:31:50,454
that device

861
00:31:50,755 --> 00:31:52,115
in a way where you can now have

862
00:31:52,115 --> 00:31:54,914
coherent coupling between an individual photon and this

863
00:31:54,914 --> 00:31:55,815
individual atom.

864
00:31:56,434 --> 00:31:58,274
The other platforms that I've kind of worked

865
00:31:58,274 --> 00:32:00,194
on throughout my PhD and kind of, like,

866
00:32:00,194 --> 00:32:00,690
developed

867
00:32:01,169 --> 00:32:03,649
throughout the last few years has been, coupling

868
00:32:03,649 --> 00:32:06,529
to optical fiber cavities. So this is a

869
00:32:06,529 --> 00:32:07,429
different platform.

870
00:32:07,730 --> 00:32:08,049
It's,

871
00:32:08,609 --> 00:32:09,909
it's more like a

872
00:32:10,529 --> 00:32:11,029
traditional

873
00:32:11,490 --> 00:32:12,704
cavity where you have,

874
00:32:13,184 --> 00:32:15,444
free space mode formed by 2,

875
00:32:15,825 --> 00:32:17,984
curved mirrors and you can put an atom

876
00:32:17,984 --> 00:32:19,664
inside of that. The way that we do

877
00:32:19,664 --> 00:32:21,444
this that kind of makes these platforms

878
00:32:21,744 --> 00:32:24,244
pretty compelling in terms of integration with,

879
00:32:24,784 --> 00:32:25,980
quantum computers is

880
00:32:26,700 --> 00:32:28,539
we can just trap the atoms right above

881
00:32:28,539 --> 00:32:30,559
the cavity or nearby with the nanophotonic

882
00:32:30,859 --> 00:32:33,019
device or the fiber cavity device and then

883
00:32:33,019 --> 00:32:34,859
move them in. So we do this, like,

884
00:32:34,859 --> 00:32:37,259
coherent transport process that's also done in the

885
00:32:37,259 --> 00:32:38,240
quantum computing.

886
00:32:38,700 --> 00:32:40,025
So So this may be a slight unfair

887
00:32:40,025 --> 00:32:41,865
question, but I know there are also people

888
00:32:41,865 --> 00:32:44,184
working on doing quantum computing with photons, which

889
00:32:44,184 --> 00:32:45,704
I guess sort of skips Yeah. The the

890
00:32:45,704 --> 00:32:47,865
atomic step from there and just starts natively

891
00:32:47,865 --> 00:32:48,765
with with photons.

892
00:32:49,144 --> 00:32:50,984
Yeah. Yeah. What are the advantages of adding

893
00:32:50,984 --> 00:32:53,990
this extra layer complexity effectively and starting to

894
00:32:53,990 --> 00:32:56,789
have atom cubits that communicate with photons? Yeah.

895
00:32:56,789 --> 00:32:58,250
I guess photons are

896
00:32:58,630 --> 00:33:01,430
kind of necessarily lossy by having, like, a

897
00:33:01,430 --> 00:33:04,069
matter interface. You're able to store, like, the

898
00:33:04,069 --> 00:33:06,150
the cubit state on something that you can

899
00:33:06,150 --> 00:33:07,609
kind of keep around. So

900
00:33:07,964 --> 00:33:10,125
the the kind of architectures that we think

901
00:33:10,125 --> 00:33:12,144
about are doing all of our quantum computation

902
00:33:12,285 --> 00:33:14,365
on matter cubits and just using the photonic

903
00:33:14,365 --> 00:33:17,244
cubits as kind of a bus to distribute

904
00:33:17,244 --> 00:33:20,944
the entanglement between nodes. Because as, like, classical

905
00:33:21,244 --> 00:33:24,859
communication has taught us, like, communication over fiber

906
00:33:24,859 --> 00:33:26,779
is one of the, like, best ways of

907
00:33:26,779 --> 00:33:28,319
doing long distance communication.

908
00:33:29,819 --> 00:33:32,140
I guess the other kind of interesting thing

909
00:33:32,140 --> 00:33:34,480
about our platform is there are also applications

910
00:33:34,954 --> 00:33:36,875
where we can couple a matter cubit to

911
00:33:36,875 --> 00:33:39,855
this photonic mode and generate interesting non classical

912
00:33:39,914 --> 00:33:42,075
states of light as well, which is something

913
00:33:42,075 --> 00:33:43,855
that, like, in our field

914
00:33:44,315 --> 00:33:46,875
with of neutral atoms, we have been very

915
00:33:46,875 --> 00:33:48,634
good at as well, and it's something we're

916
00:33:48,634 --> 00:33:50,095
also interested in pursuing.

917
00:33:51,080 --> 00:33:53,339
Interesting to me, like, how all these different

918
00:33:53,400 --> 00:33:55,240
technologies fit together because it's good that you

919
00:33:55,240 --> 00:33:57,080
need to have all the pieces in place

920
00:33:57,080 --> 00:33:59,259
before you can actually build a quantum computer

921
00:33:59,720 --> 00:34:01,740
that communicates with other quantum computers

922
00:34:02,039 --> 00:34:02,924
and that

923
00:34:03,325 --> 00:34:06,125
potentially has error correction, you know. What are

924
00:34:06,125 --> 00:34:08,525
the the really big challenges in in that

925
00:34:08,525 --> 00:34:11,425
space that you you're focused on? Mhmm.

926
00:34:11,804 --> 00:34:12,465
I guess

927
00:34:13,005 --> 00:34:13,905
so historically,

928
00:34:14,684 --> 00:34:17,405
people have done, like, quantum computing with neutral

929
00:34:17,405 --> 00:34:17,905
atoms.

930
00:34:18,204 --> 00:34:20,819
And as, like, recent results have shown, it's

931
00:34:20,819 --> 00:34:22,900
it's a very promising platform. And people have

932
00:34:22,900 --> 00:34:26,279
also separately done, quantum networking with neutral atoms.

933
00:34:26,500 --> 00:34:29,139
And that's also been, like, very promising. I

934
00:34:29,139 --> 00:34:31,079
think some of these, like, neutral atom experiments

935
00:34:31,139 --> 00:34:33,059
are also, like, kind of some of the

936
00:34:33,059 --> 00:34:35,855
best in the world as well. And so

937
00:34:36,235 --> 00:34:37,614
trying to put those together

938
00:34:37,994 --> 00:34:40,155
ends up being somewhat of a difficult challenge.

939
00:34:40,155 --> 00:34:42,474
It's something that we have, studied quite a

940
00:34:42,474 --> 00:34:45,135
bit as well. So one issue is that,

941
00:34:45,514 --> 00:34:48,255
when you're you're using these neutral atom computers,

942
00:34:48,474 --> 00:34:50,519
the way that you perform gates is by

943
00:34:50,519 --> 00:34:52,679
exciting your atom to a Rydberg state. And

944
00:34:52,679 --> 00:34:54,039
these So what's what's I'll just pause you

945
00:34:54,039 --> 00:34:55,900
there. What's a Rydberg state? Yeah. So

946
00:34:56,599 --> 00:34:59,320
a Rydberg atom is a highly excited atom

947
00:34:59,320 --> 00:35:01,900
where you excite the electron to, like, some

948
00:35:02,039 --> 00:35:02,519
high,

949
00:35:04,204 --> 00:35:07,085
principle quantum number state. And essentially that takes

950
00:35:07,085 --> 00:35:09,085
your electron far away from the nucleus and

951
00:35:09,085 --> 00:35:11,324
forms like a a very large dipole in

952
00:35:11,324 --> 00:35:13,485
kind of a classical picture. And that large

953
00:35:13,485 --> 00:35:15,344
dipole gives you strong interactions

954
00:35:15,965 --> 00:35:18,989
with other dipoles, which is great for doing

955
00:35:18,989 --> 00:35:21,230
gates, but also bad if you are near,

956
00:35:21,230 --> 00:35:23,070
like, for example, a surface. And if that

957
00:35:23,070 --> 00:35:25,869
surface has charges, then it causes issues with

958
00:35:25,869 --> 00:35:27,650
coherence of this red burst state.

959
00:35:28,030 --> 00:35:29,789
So that's one of the issues that we've

960
00:35:29,789 --> 00:35:31,489
been trying to tackle, which is,

961
00:35:32,085 --> 00:35:34,484
these optical cavities that we work with are

962
00:35:34,484 --> 00:35:35,304
like macroscopic

963
00:35:35,605 --> 00:35:37,684
devices. They're made out of dielectric and they

964
00:35:37,684 --> 00:35:40,324
host charges and these charges can fluctuate which

965
00:35:40,324 --> 00:35:42,264
would lead to fluctuations in the Rydberg,

966
00:35:43,125 --> 00:35:43,625
coherence.

967
00:35:44,244 --> 00:35:45,844
And as a result that could lower your

968
00:35:45,844 --> 00:35:48,829
gate fidelities. So we did some, recent studies

969
00:35:48,969 --> 00:35:51,549
where we studied how the Rydberg atom,

970
00:35:52,170 --> 00:35:53,949
is influenced by a nanophotonic

971
00:35:54,569 --> 00:35:56,889
device and how we can restore coherence of

972
00:35:56,889 --> 00:35:59,869
that Rydberg atom by performing some special,

973
00:36:00,329 --> 00:36:01,069
pulse sequences.

974
00:36:02,675 --> 00:36:04,695
Then beyond that, we can,

975
00:36:05,074 --> 00:36:06,454
think about things like,

976
00:36:07,554 --> 00:36:08,054
tailoring

977
00:36:08,355 --> 00:36:10,514
quantum gates that are now more robust to

978
00:36:10,514 --> 00:36:13,494
these charge sources. And the other kinds of

979
00:36:13,635 --> 00:36:16,260
architectures we think about is not performing the

980
00:36:16,260 --> 00:36:18,199
gates, like, near the nanophotonic

981
00:36:18,579 --> 00:36:20,660
device or near the cavity, but kind of

982
00:36:20,660 --> 00:36:23,940
transporting from a logical processor into this photonic

983
00:36:23,940 --> 00:36:25,940
interface and back and forth. And does that

984
00:36:25,940 --> 00:36:28,579
mean physically sort of moving the atoms by

985
00:36:28,579 --> 00:36:30,394
magnetic fields or something like that? How do

986
00:36:30,394 --> 00:36:31,755
you do that? Oh, yeah. So the way

987
00:36:31,755 --> 00:36:32,494
that we do,

988
00:36:33,355 --> 00:36:35,755
kind of atom transport is we work with,

989
00:36:36,474 --> 00:36:39,195
arrays of atoms trapped in optical tweezers. Each

990
00:36:39,195 --> 00:36:40,094
optical tweezer

991
00:36:40,394 --> 00:36:43,514
corresponds to some, tone and an acoustic optic

992
00:36:43,514 --> 00:36:44,880
deflector in most cases.

993
00:36:45,199 --> 00:36:47,839
So an acoustic optic deflector is a device

994
00:36:47,839 --> 00:36:49,619
where you can send in a single beam

995
00:36:49,679 --> 00:36:51,380
and then by just

996
00:36:51,679 --> 00:36:53,139
driving tones on the

997
00:36:53,759 --> 00:36:56,319
the acoustic optic device, you can create an

998
00:36:56,319 --> 00:36:59,714
array of, beams. And each beam then can

999
00:36:59,714 --> 00:37:02,034
be focused into an image plane to an

1000
00:37:02,034 --> 00:37:05,074
objective to correspond to a single trap for

1001
00:37:05,074 --> 00:37:07,155
a single atom. And then by changing the

1002
00:37:07,155 --> 00:37:09,074
frequency of that tone that you're driving the

1003
00:37:09,074 --> 00:37:12,135
AOD with, you can move the, the trap

1004
00:37:12,400 --> 00:37:14,559
in space. And so this is something that's

1005
00:37:14,559 --> 00:37:15,860
been, I guess

1006
00:37:17,119 --> 00:37:19,599
I guess, developed mostly in in our group

1007
00:37:19,599 --> 00:37:20,179
at Harvard,

1008
00:37:20,960 --> 00:37:22,500
to do atom transport

1009
00:37:23,119 --> 00:37:25,360
in the middle of, like, quantum circuits but

1010
00:37:25,360 --> 00:37:27,619
also for, like, transporting atoms into,

1011
00:37:27,965 --> 00:37:28,465
like,

1012
00:37:28,925 --> 00:37:30,385
cavities, optical cavities.

1013
00:37:30,684 --> 00:37:32,364
Right. Right. It's the base technology. It kinda

1014
00:37:32,364 --> 00:37:34,844
has different applications. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. So I

1015
00:37:34,844 --> 00:37:37,425
wanna actually turn to that that, that application

1016
00:37:37,485 --> 00:37:39,900
you mentioned because, you know, I'm referring to

1017
00:37:39,980 --> 00:37:40,880
the sort of

1018
00:37:42,299 --> 00:37:44,940
stunning demonstration of 48 logical cubits that was

1019
00:37:44,940 --> 00:37:45,579
done in,

1020
00:37:45,980 --> 00:37:48,239
Mitchel Lukens group by some of your colleagues

1021
00:37:48,779 --> 00:37:50,940
earlier this year. And I think for a

1022
00:37:50,940 --> 00:37:53,545
while, it seemed like other technology platforms, you

1023
00:37:53,545 --> 00:37:56,585
know, superconducting circuits, maybe ions, to scrap ions

1024
00:37:56,585 --> 00:37:58,585
to some degree, had really been making all

1025
00:37:58,585 --> 00:38:00,364
the headlines in quantum computing.

1026
00:38:00,985 --> 00:38:03,144
And this result, I think, kind of surprised

1027
00:38:03,144 --> 00:38:03,885
some people.

1028
00:38:04,265 --> 00:38:05,849
You know, should they have been surprised that

1029
00:38:06,010 --> 00:38:07,530
that your neutrality was so so good at

1030
00:38:07,530 --> 00:38:08,590
doing this sort of thing?

1031
00:38:10,570 --> 00:38:13,289
I mean, I guess from an outsider perspective,

1032
00:38:13,289 --> 00:38:14,970
I think that it it would be pretty

1033
00:38:14,970 --> 00:38:16,970
surprising because this is, like, a goal that

1034
00:38:16,970 --> 00:38:17,950
many companies

1035
00:38:18,574 --> 00:38:21,614
were saying would happen in, like, 5 to

1036
00:38:21,614 --> 00:38:23,795
10 years. And it is something that, like,

1037
00:38:23,934 --> 00:38:26,514
everyone thinks is this, like, very far off,

1038
00:38:27,295 --> 00:38:29,474
development. But I think from,

1039
00:38:29,775 --> 00:38:33,059
like, an insider perspective seeing, like, the development

1040
00:38:33,059 --> 00:38:35,059
of neutral atoms over the past 5 to

1041
00:38:35,059 --> 00:38:37,380
10 years, you can actually kind of plot,

1042
00:38:37,380 --> 00:38:40,599
like, gate fidelities as a function of time

1043
00:38:40,820 --> 00:38:42,500
and you can then fit, like, a line

1044
00:38:42,500 --> 00:38:44,500
to it. And you'll see that at, like,

1045
00:38:44,500 --> 00:38:46,019
this point in time it was kind of

1046
00:38:46,019 --> 00:38:48,114
it. I mean, if you trust the linear

1047
00:38:48,114 --> 00:38:51,474
fit, it it crosses quite literally a threshold

1048
00:38:51,474 --> 00:38:52,434
where you can now,

1049
00:38:52,755 --> 00:38:54,835
do error correction in a way where you

1050
00:38:54,835 --> 00:38:57,315
can actually see an improvement. And that's kind

1051
00:38:57,315 --> 00:38:58,289
of what sparked

1052
00:38:59,250 --> 00:39:01,090
this this development. So they had a lot

1053
00:39:01,090 --> 00:39:01,829
of the pieces

1054
00:39:02,130 --> 00:39:02,949
early on,

1055
00:39:03,250 --> 00:39:04,710
I guess, in, like, 2022,

1056
00:39:05,010 --> 00:39:07,190
I think. They had this coherent transport

1057
00:39:07,650 --> 00:39:09,030
to do, like,

1058
00:39:10,210 --> 00:39:12,304
like, like, it was like a quantum processor

1059
00:39:12,304 --> 00:39:14,625
based on coherent transport of atoms and optical

1060
00:39:14,625 --> 00:39:16,644
tweezers where they could do non local,

1061
00:39:17,025 --> 00:39:19,105
2 cubic gates. But their gate fidelities were

1062
00:39:19,105 --> 00:39:20,405
still around, like, 95%,

1063
00:39:20,784 --> 00:39:23,105
I think. And that was that's not enough

1064
00:39:23,105 --> 00:39:25,050
to be able to do error correction where

1065
00:39:25,050 --> 00:39:27,150
you actually see a benefit. But then,

1066
00:39:27,930 --> 00:39:29,390
after a lot of, like, technological

1067
00:39:29,690 --> 00:39:32,730
development and collaboration with industry as well, they

1068
00:39:32,730 --> 00:39:35,130
improved their laser systems and also developed a

1069
00:39:35,130 --> 00:39:37,844
better understanding of how to do the, like,

1070
00:39:37,844 --> 00:39:40,085
do these time optimal gates, they were able

1071
00:39:40,085 --> 00:39:42,324
to bring down their, gate fidelities to around,

1072
00:39:42,324 --> 00:39:42,985
like, 99.5

1073
00:39:44,324 --> 00:39:46,985
or bring up their fidelities to around 99.5%.

1074
00:39:48,005 --> 00:39:50,244
And that does cross this threshold where error

1075
00:39:50,244 --> 00:39:52,859
correction will now, like, give you a benefit.

1076
00:39:52,859 --> 00:39:55,019
Then by combining all of these pieces, they

1077
00:39:55,019 --> 00:39:57,739
were able to then do this logical processor

1078
00:39:57,739 --> 00:39:58,239
work.

1079
00:39:59,099 --> 00:40:01,739
Yeah. And the the the the interplay between

1080
00:40:01,739 --> 00:40:04,380
technological developments and scientific ones is, I think,

1081
00:40:04,380 --> 00:40:07,034
particularly strong in this field. Now what what

1082
00:40:07,034 --> 00:40:08,635
do you think has been the biggest game

1083
00:40:08,635 --> 00:40:11,614
changer in in your research, technologically speaking?

1084
00:40:12,954 --> 00:40:15,694
So in in particular for us, we collaborate

1085
00:40:15,755 --> 00:40:17,755
a lot with, people in the applied physics

1086
00:40:17,755 --> 00:40:20,234
department actually where we we benefit a lot

1087
00:40:20,234 --> 00:40:21,855
from developments in photonics.

1088
00:40:22,340 --> 00:40:24,519
So a lot of our devices are fabricated

1089
00:40:25,059 --> 00:40:27,300
in the clean room and it's not really

1090
00:40:27,300 --> 00:40:29,059
an expertise of our group but we have

1091
00:40:29,059 --> 00:40:31,480
nearby groups that work on nonlinear optics

1092
00:40:31,940 --> 00:40:33,239
and advanced fabrication.

1093
00:40:33,699 --> 00:40:35,860
And I think the development of these fields

1094
00:40:35,860 --> 00:40:37,974
is is very important to us. And they

1095
00:40:37,974 --> 00:40:41,734
are like continuously, like, progressing these photonic platforms

1096
00:40:41,734 --> 00:40:43,414
which we can then make use of almost

1097
00:40:43,414 --> 00:40:45,094
immediately in our lab. And I think this

1098
00:40:45,094 --> 00:40:47,815
connection between applied physics and physics in our

1099
00:40:47,815 --> 00:40:50,775
group is is very special. Like the so

1100
00:40:50,775 --> 00:40:53,014
many people are familiar with the Adamurie experiment

1101
00:40:53,014 --> 00:40:56,130
but there's the silicon vacancies experiment, which is

1102
00:40:57,070 --> 00:40:58,929
one of I guess recently

1103
00:40:59,230 --> 00:41:00,929
they've demonstrated this Metropolitan,

1104
00:41:01,869 --> 00:41:04,910
Quantum Network in Boston, which is, like, an

1105
00:41:04,910 --> 00:41:07,090
amazing result. And it's really the

1106
00:41:07,414 --> 00:41:08,554
kind of the collaboration

1107
00:41:09,094 --> 00:41:12,375
between the, like, Marco Longhard's group where they

1108
00:41:12,375 --> 00:41:12,875
developed,

1109
00:41:13,574 --> 00:41:15,275
very particular type of fabrication

1110
00:41:15,655 --> 00:41:17,894
and the expertise of the Lukin Group and

1111
00:41:17,894 --> 00:41:20,500
and Quantum Networking that made these things happen.

1112
00:41:20,500 --> 00:41:22,420
And it it's these connections that I think

1113
00:41:22,420 --> 00:41:23,559
are extremely important.

1114
00:41:24,019 --> 00:41:24,519
K.

1115
00:41:24,900 --> 00:41:26,980
And, you know, what are the next steps

1116
00:41:26,980 --> 00:41:29,299
for for you and your research? What's what's

1117
00:41:29,299 --> 00:41:30,579
coming up next for you? Give us a

1118
00:41:30,579 --> 00:41:32,264
preview. Yeah. So I guess

1119
00:41:32,744 --> 00:41:35,224
it's in my opinion, it's a very exciting

1120
00:41:35,224 --> 00:41:37,324
time. So I've been working on this one,

1121
00:41:37,625 --> 00:41:40,184
like, this platform coupling atoms to this new

1122
00:41:40,184 --> 00:41:42,984
type of optical cavity, which is also being

1123
00:41:42,984 --> 00:41:45,389
developed in collaboration with the LUNCAR Group as

1124
00:41:45,389 --> 00:41:47,549
well as Keule Yang's group and, the applied

1125
00:41:47,549 --> 00:41:48,369
physics department.

1126
00:41:49,230 --> 00:41:51,250
And we're just starting to,

1127
00:41:51,630 --> 00:41:53,469
I guess, see results from it and know

1128
00:41:53,469 --> 00:41:55,389
that we can make it work. Now it's

1129
00:41:55,389 --> 00:41:57,764
just about implementing it at a larger scale.

1130
00:41:57,844 --> 00:41:59,844
So we wanna work on modular quantum computing,

1131
00:41:59,844 --> 00:42:01,284
and in order to do that we need

1132
00:42:01,284 --> 00:42:01,784
multiple

1133
00:42:02,085 --> 00:42:04,505
devices. So we've started building a second experiment,

1134
00:42:04,885 --> 00:42:06,644
and we're starting to scale up the main

1135
00:42:06,644 --> 00:42:09,464
experiment to act more like a quantum computer.

1136
00:42:09,684 --> 00:42:11,284
And then I think we'll be able to

1137
00:42:11,284 --> 00:42:14,179
demonstrate some of these, like, modular quantum computing

1138
00:42:14,400 --> 00:42:14,900
applications

1139
00:42:15,359 --> 00:42:17,679
in the near term. And I think there's

1140
00:42:17,679 --> 00:42:19,760
also other very interesting things that we can

1141
00:42:19,760 --> 00:42:20,880
do just on,

1142
00:42:21,920 --> 00:42:24,900
like, just on the scientific side of,

1143
00:42:25,359 --> 00:42:28,000
like, more interesting, more novel interactions that you

1144
00:42:28,000 --> 00:42:30,614
can do between photons and atoms in a

1145
00:42:30,614 --> 00:42:31,114
cavity.

1146
00:42:31,735 --> 00:42:32,474
Such as?

1147
00:42:33,494 --> 00:42:35,094
I I guess it it it would get

1148
00:42:35,094 --> 00:42:37,255
pretty technical but Okay. So so I guess,

1149
00:42:37,255 --> 00:42:39,574
like, we're so we're about to publish this,

1150
00:42:39,974 --> 00:42:41,914
work where we're able to use,

1151
00:42:42,699 --> 00:42:43,199
the

1152
00:42:43,579 --> 00:42:45,420
the strong coupling between the atoms and the

1153
00:42:45,420 --> 00:42:47,360
cavity to do kind of long range,

1154
00:42:48,219 --> 00:42:50,780
entanglement generation, which is I think it can

1155
00:42:50,780 --> 00:42:53,840
be potentially useful to supplement the quantum computer.

1156
00:42:54,344 --> 00:42:56,585
But it's also just an interesting avenue on

1157
00:42:56,585 --> 00:42:58,125
its own because cavity interactions

1158
00:42:58,905 --> 00:43:01,704
are very special. They can generate, like, squeeze

1159
00:43:01,704 --> 00:43:03,144
states and I think that a lot of

1160
00:43:03,144 --> 00:43:04,525
our work can kind of,

1161
00:43:05,304 --> 00:43:07,144
advance that field as well in a way

1162
00:43:07,144 --> 00:43:10,170
where we can produce maybe better and, like,

1163
00:43:10,170 --> 00:43:11,069
better squeezing

1164
00:43:11,449 --> 00:43:11,690
and,

1165
00:43:12,730 --> 00:43:13,469
have applications

1166
00:43:14,489 --> 00:43:16,809
more in in that domain. So squeeze state,

1167
00:43:16,809 --> 00:43:19,289
just remind the listener's names. Yeah. So,

1168
00:43:19,769 --> 00:43:21,849
I guess one of the biggest applications for

1169
00:43:21,849 --> 00:43:24,505
optical cavities and neutral atoms in our field

1170
00:43:24,505 --> 00:43:27,625
is you would place an ensemble of atoms

1171
00:43:27,625 --> 00:43:30,284
inside an optical cavity. And then by performing,

1172
00:43:30,905 --> 00:43:32,204
like, non destructive

1173
00:43:32,505 --> 00:43:34,985
quantum measurements on it, you can take the,

1174
00:43:36,025 --> 00:43:36,844
like the,

1175
00:43:38,660 --> 00:43:40,280
like the atom number distribution

1176
00:43:40,579 --> 00:43:43,079
and essentially squeeze it in,

1177
00:43:43,700 --> 00:43:46,519
phase space, which which gives you more precision

1178
00:43:47,059 --> 00:43:47,460
for,

1179
00:43:48,579 --> 00:43:48,980
any,

1180
00:43:49,460 --> 00:43:51,380
measurement of phase that you would do. So

1181
00:43:51,380 --> 00:43:53,400
for example, if you were to take

1182
00:43:54,005 --> 00:43:56,744
an ensemble of atoms and perform clock interrogation

1183
00:43:56,804 --> 00:43:58,184
on it, you can get some,

1184
00:43:58,644 --> 00:44:00,804
limit on your sensitivity which is given by,

1185
00:44:00,804 --> 00:44:03,364
like, the the projection noise limit. But if

1186
00:44:03,364 --> 00:44:04,965
you were to use a squeeze state, you

1187
00:44:04,965 --> 00:44:08,164
could go below that and get, quantum projection

1188
00:44:08,164 --> 00:44:08,985
noise limited.

1189
00:44:10,039 --> 00:44:12,360
So that's just an example. Squeezing generally is

1190
00:44:12,360 --> 00:44:15,039
you you sort of, reduce the uncertainty Yeah.

1191
00:44:15,159 --> 00:44:17,079
One variable Exactly. At the expense of another

1192
00:44:17,079 --> 00:44:18,679
variable that you don't care as much about.

1193
00:44:18,679 --> 00:44:19,579
Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.

1194
00:44:20,119 --> 00:44:22,264
Yeah. Okay. And what's next for you personally?

1195
00:44:22,324 --> 00:44:23,605
You must be coming toward the end of

1196
00:44:23,605 --> 00:44:25,684
your PhD or or not yet? Yeah. Sticking

1197
00:44:25,684 --> 00:44:27,525
around for a while? Yeah. So I'm a

1198
00:44:27,525 --> 00:44:29,605
5th year graduate student. I guess I'll be

1199
00:44:29,605 --> 00:44:31,284
starting my 6th year. So I am starting

1200
00:44:31,284 --> 00:44:33,045
to think about what to do next. I

1201
00:44:33,045 --> 00:44:35,284
think that these, these platforms that we've been

1202
00:44:35,284 --> 00:44:37,760
developing are very exciting and I would like

1203
00:44:37,760 --> 00:44:38,260
to

1204
00:44:38,559 --> 00:44:39,139
see them,

1205
00:44:39,679 --> 00:44:42,159
like, make make some things happen. So I

1206
00:44:42,159 --> 00:44:42,659
am

1207
00:44:43,519 --> 00:44:44,019
thinking

1208
00:44:44,400 --> 00:44:44,900
about

1209
00:44:45,199 --> 00:44:47,300
what to do next but not not exactly

1210
00:44:47,360 --> 00:44:50,159
sure. Yeah. Brandon Brickmars, thank you very much.

1211
00:44:50,159 --> 00:44:51,135
Yeah. Thank you.

1212
00:44:58,094 --> 00:44:59,715
That was Harvard University's

1213
00:45:00,094 --> 00:45:00,994
Brandon Grinkmeier

1214
00:45:01,534 --> 00:45:03,715
in conversation with Margaret Harris.

1215
00:45:04,659 --> 00:45:07,940
Margaret has written about the Optica Quantum 2

1216
00:45:07,940 --> 00:45:09,159
Point Naught Conference

1217
00:45:09,619 --> 00:45:11,320
on the Physics World website.

1218
00:45:12,420 --> 00:45:13,400
Under the headline,

1219
00:45:13,860 --> 00:45:17,140
Bringing the Second Quantum Revolution to the Rest

1220
00:45:17,140 --> 00:45:17,960
of the World,

1221
00:45:18,405 --> 00:45:21,364
Margaret looks at how physicists in low and

1222
00:45:21,364 --> 00:45:22,905
middle income countries

1223
00:45:23,204 --> 00:45:26,505
are trying to ensure that their regions develop

1224
00:45:26,885 --> 00:45:30,505
and benefit from quantum science and technology.

1225
00:45:31,730 --> 00:45:35,190
Margaret also looks at the current trend towards

1226
00:45:35,250 --> 00:45:36,309
fault tolerant

1227
00:45:36,690 --> 00:45:37,750
quantum computing

1228
00:45:38,130 --> 00:45:39,190
under the headline,

1229
00:45:39,569 --> 00:45:42,549
how to get the errors out of quantum

1230
00:45:42,609 --> 00:45:43,109
computing.

1231
00:45:43,809 --> 00:45:45,429
You can find both articles

1232
00:45:45,804 --> 00:45:48,545
in the blog section of our website.

1233
00:45:50,284 --> 00:45:53,585
CERN is one of Europe's premier research facilities.

1234
00:45:54,125 --> 00:45:56,844
And this year, the lab is celebrating its

1235
00:45:56,844 --> 00:45:58,065
70th anniversary.

1236
00:45:59,005 --> 00:46:01,500
In the latest episode of the physics world

1237
00:46:01,739 --> 00:46:02,719
Stories podcast,

1238
00:46:03,420 --> 00:46:04,239
2 former

1239
00:46:04,539 --> 00:46:05,440
public relations

1240
00:46:05,739 --> 00:46:10,079
gurus at CERN, James Gillies and Achintya Rao,

1241
00:46:10,380 --> 00:46:12,539
look back on some of the highlights of

1242
00:46:12,539 --> 00:46:13,360
their careers.

1243
00:46:13,900 --> 00:46:17,360
These include welcoming Hollywood royalty to the lab

1244
00:46:17,474 --> 00:46:20,035
for the launch of the film Angels and

1245
00:46:20,035 --> 00:46:20,535
Demons

1246
00:46:21,235 --> 00:46:23,555
and the announcement of the discovery of the

1247
00:46:23,555 --> 00:46:24,535
Higgs Boson

1248
00:46:24,994 --> 00:46:25,815
at the lab.

1249
00:46:26,595 --> 00:46:29,494
That episode is hosted by Andrew Glester

1250
00:46:29,875 --> 00:46:32,375
and is called CERN at 70.

1251
00:46:32,820 --> 00:46:34,119
How the Higgs Hunt

1252
00:46:34,420 --> 00:46:36,119
Elevated Particle Physics

1253
00:46:36,420 --> 00:46:37,880
to Hollywood Status.

1254
00:46:38,579 --> 00:46:40,579
You can find it on the Physics World

1255
00:46:40,579 --> 00:46:41,079
website

1256
00:46:41,460 --> 00:46:44,280
or at your favorite podcast provider.

1257
00:46:44,974 --> 00:46:46,195
And the CERN celebrations

1258
00:46:46,574 --> 00:46:48,755
continue here at Physics World.

1259
00:46:49,295 --> 00:46:50,114
On Thursday,

1260
00:46:50,494 --> 00:46:52,594
26th September, we present

1261
00:46:52,894 --> 00:46:55,155
the future of particle physics.

1262
00:46:55,775 --> 00:46:59,010
This is a Physics World live event produced

1263
00:46:59,150 --> 00:47:00,849
in partnership with the journal

1264
00:47:01,309 --> 00:47:03,570
Reports on Progress in Physics.

1265
00:47:04,349 --> 00:47:06,050
The live panel discussion

1266
00:47:06,349 --> 00:47:09,550
will feature Tara Shears of the University of

1267
00:47:09,550 --> 00:47:10,050
Liverpool,

1268
00:47:10,844 --> 00:47:11,744
Phil Burrows

1269
00:47:12,045 --> 00:47:13,824
at the University of Oxford,

1270
00:47:14,445 --> 00:47:17,824
and Talika Bose of the University of Wisconsin,

1271
00:47:18,445 --> 00:47:18,945
Madison.

1272
00:47:19,965 --> 00:47:23,005
They will explore what the future holds for

1273
00:47:23,005 --> 00:47:24,385
high energy physics

1274
00:47:24,800 --> 00:47:27,619
and where the next particle collider

1275
00:47:28,079 --> 00:47:29,059
should be built.

1276
00:47:29,840 --> 00:47:32,159
You can register now for this free event

1277
00:47:32,159 --> 00:47:33,780
on the physics world website.

1278
00:47:34,639 --> 00:47:37,619
Just click on the physics world live tab

1279
00:47:37,920 --> 00:47:39,940
at the top right of the homepage.

1280
00:47:41,034 --> 00:47:42,795
I'm afraid that's all the time we have

1281
00:47:42,795 --> 00:47:44,094
for this week's podcast.

1282
00:47:44,474 --> 00:47:46,094
Thanks to Brandon Grinkmeyer,

1283
00:47:46,795 --> 00:47:47,775
Elena Blakina,

1284
00:47:48,235 --> 00:47:50,894
and Margaret Harris for joining me today.

1285
00:47:51,275 --> 00:47:53,914
And a special thanks to our producer, Fred

1286
00:47:53,914 --> 00:47:54,414
Iles.

1287
00:47:55,019 --> 00:47:56,880
We'll be back again next week.

1288
00:47:57,260 --> 00:47:58,160
See you then.