Boring History For Sleep | The Bizarre History of Victorian Fashion and more

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Hey everyone. 
Tonight we're tightening our 

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corsets figuratively and 
stepping into one of the 

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strangest corners of History. 
Victorian fashion. 

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Despite its apparent Elegance. 
The Victorian era of lace and 

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top hats was Rife with bizarre 
Trends, risky accessories, and 

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numerous dubious decisions. 
So before you get cozy, take a 

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moment to like the video and 
subscribe. 

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If you enjoy the content, we 
push out daily. 

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Also, please let us know what 
part of the world you're tuning 

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in from, and what time it is for
you now, grab your blanket dim, 

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those bright lights and let's 
see the real history behind 

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Victorian fashion. 
Have you ever experienced the 

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sensation of your genes being 
slightly too tight after the 

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holidays? 
Imagine if the designer of every

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piece of clothing you owned 
held. 

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The belief that the human body 
was merely a suggestion. 

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Welcome to Victorian fashion 
where Comfort became Obsolete. 

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And Common Sense, took a long 
high 80s picture. 

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This it's 1850 and you're a 
well-to-do lady preparing for 

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your day. 
But first, you need to put on 

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approximately 17 different 
garments. 

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Each one more bewildering than 
the last. 

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Your morning routine, doesn't 
start with coffee. 

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It starts with an engineering 
degree in the patience of a 

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saint. 
The victorians had this peculiar

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relationship with the human 
form. 

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They believed that nature had 
created significant design 

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flaws, and they were determined 
to rectify these floors using 

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materials such as whale bone. 
Steel, and unwavering 

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determination. 
It was like, they looked at the 

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human body and said, you know 
what, this individual needs more

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geometric shapes and less 
ability to breathe. 

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But here's the thing that makes 
Victorian fashion so 

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fascinatingly absurd. 
None of these changes happen 

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overnight, it wasn't like 
someone woke up one morning in 

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1837 and declared from now on 
women's waist shall be the 

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circumference of a coffee mug. 
Know, the outcome was a gradual 

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slide into sartorial Madness 
that took decades to perfect. 

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Truly surprising aspect is that 
people at the time believed they

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were acting completely 
rationally. 

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They had elaborate justification
for every ridiculous element. 

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Tight corsets needless to say, 
they were beneficial for posture

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for the skirts so wide that they
can't fit through doorways. 

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Undoubtedly, they are essential 
for maintaining modesty to 

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sleeves need their own unique. 
Zip code, simply fashionable, 

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darling. 
You have to admire the 

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dedication really. 
These want people who have 

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committed to anything when 
victorians decided to complicate

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fashion, they went all in like 
they were trying to win an 

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Olympic medal in most 
impractical Clothing Design, 

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they approached fashion the way 
modern people approach extreme 

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sports with enthusiasm that 
bordered on the Reckless. 

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Men were not exempt from this 
madness though. 

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Their version was more subtly 
ridiculous. 

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While women were being 
transformed into human, 

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geometric shapes men were busy 
perfecting the art of looking 

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like very serious Penguins. 
They were top hats, that 

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accentuated their height coats 
with useless tales and enough 

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starch in their collars to 
construct a miniature boat. 

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Sneaking thing is how this all 
started with genuine intentions.

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The early victorians were trying
to create a fashion nightmare, 

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they were responding to real 
social and economic changes. 

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The industrial revolution had 
created New Wealth, new social 

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classes in new anxieties about 
respectability fashion. 

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Became a language a way to 
communicate your place in this 

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rapidly changing world. 
But somewhere along the way that

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language became increasingly 
complex, like a secret code that

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only the initiated could 
understand what started as 

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dressed nicely to show your 
respectable. 

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The Volta, transform yourself 
into a walking architectural, 

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Marvel or risk social 
Extinction. 

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The irony is delicious when you 
contemplate it. 

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Here was an error obsessed with 
moral virtue and proper 

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behavior. 
Yet they created clothing that 

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made simple human activities 
like sitting walking or 

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breathing into minor athletic 
achievements. it was as if they 

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believed that suffering for 
beauty was not just acceptable 

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but actually virtuous, As we 
drift into this story together, 

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imagine the rustling of silk, 
the creaking of whalebone and 

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the gentle chaos of an era, when
getting dressed was an adventure

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and staying dressed was an 
endurance test. 

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The victorians may have been 
many things, but boring wasn't 

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one of them. 
Let's talk about the corsage, 

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shall we? 
If Victorian fashion were a 

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movie, The corset would be the 
villain. 

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Everyone loves to hate. 
Simultaneously fascinating and 

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horrifying like a beautifully 
crafted instrument of torture 

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that someone decided to wear to 
offer new. 

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You've probably heard the 
stories about women fainting 

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left and right their organs 
rearranged like Furniture in a 

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studio apartment. 
However, the truth about corset 

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wearing was not as dramatic as 
the legend portray. 

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It's like that friend, who tells
fish stories, the basic facts 

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are there, but they've grown 
considerably in the telling 

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Let's first, tackle the issue of
the 18 inch waist in The Parlor.

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Do you notice the remarkably 
small waists and fashion plates 

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and photos? 
Many of them were about as real 

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as a unicorn wearing a tutu. 
Victorian photographers, and 

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illustrators were just as fond 
of creative editing, as modern 

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Instagram, users, they pinch in 
wastes, enhance curves and 

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generally present an idealized 
version that was, as achievable 

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as becoming a professional 
mermaid. 

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But that doesn't mean corsets 
were just gentle supportive 

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garments either. 
These were indeed serious 

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business. 
A well-made Victorian. 

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Corset was like wearing an 
architectural support system 

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designed by someone. 
Who never actually met a human 

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spine, they were marvels of 
engineering really dozens of 

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pieces of whale bone or steel 
carefully shaped and sown into 

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what was essentially a wearable 
cage. 

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The thing is, most women didn't 
tight lace to the extreme 

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degrees. 
You might imagine your average, 

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Victorian lady, Lester snugly, 
indeed, but not to the extent 

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that she required smelling salts
each time she sended a 

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staircase. 
The fainting epidemic was more 

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about the combination of tight 
lacing, heavy clothing, 

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overheated rooms. 
And the Victorian ladies 

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delicate Constitution, which was
often more performed, in 

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January, think of it this way. 
If women were really fainting on

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Mass from their undergarments, 
the Victorian era would have 

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been remarkably unproductive. 
Yet somehow the same courses did

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women? 
Managed to run households? 

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Raise children engage in social 
causes and even work in 

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factories. 
They weren't delicate flowers. 

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They were surprisingly Hardy 
individuals who happen to dress 

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like they were preparing for 
battle with their bodies. 

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The corset also served purposes 
beyond the aesthetic in an era 

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before bras were invented, it 
provided necessary support for 

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women's busts. 
It also helped distribute the 

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weight of those massive skirts 
will talk about shortly. 

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Imagine carrying a small tent 
around your waist all day. 

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You'd want some structural 
support too. 

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But here's where the corsets 
story gets really interesting. 

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It became a symbol of women's 
oppression and Liberation 

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simultaneously. 
Critics argued that tight lacing

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represented societies. 
Control over women's bodies. 

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Forcing them into unnatural 
shapes to please. 

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Male ideals of beauty. 
Supporters countered, that the 

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course it gave women, an 
hourglass figure that 

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emphasized, their femininity and
Power. 

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The medical establishment never 
want to miss an opportunity to 

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have opinions. 
About women's bodies weighed in 

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with dial warning about the 
dangers of tight lacing. 

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Doctors wrote lengthy treaters 
as about corset liver and Corset

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lung conditions. 
That sound like they were 

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invented by someone who'd never 
actually examined a corseted 

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woman but had profound feelings 
about fashion. 

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Meanwhile the women actually 
wearing these garments had more 

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nuanced views, many found their 
corsets comfortable and 

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supportive when properly fitted 
others endured silent suffering 

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for the sake of fashion. 
Some rebelled entirely and 

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joined the dress Reform 
movement, which sounds much more

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exciting than it. 
Actually was imagine a group of 

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very Earnest women campaigning 
for the right to wear clothing, 

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that didn't require an 
engineering degree to put on The

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corset industry itself. 
Was fascinating a complex 

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network of Manufacturers from 
high-end Corsa tears, who 

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created custom pieces, that fit 
like a second skin to mass 

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Market. 
Producers who turned out 

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ready-made versions for the 
growing middle class. 

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Getting a course at properly 
fitted was like visiting a very 

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specialized architect, who 
worked exclusively in human 

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modification. 
As you settled deeper into your 

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comfortable uncorporated 
evening, remember that for 

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Victorian women, this daily 
ritual of lacing and lacing was 

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simply part of life. 
They adapted to their 

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constraints with remarkable 
Ingenuity developing techniques 

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for movement, breathing, and 
even dance dancing while 

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wearing, what was essentially a 
fabric covered cage? 

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The human capacity for 
adaptation is truly remarkable. 

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Even when adapting to something,
utterly ridiculous, let's pause 

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here while you adjust your 
position on the couch something.

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Victorian women couldn't do 
quite so easily. 

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If corsets were Foundation of 
Victorian fashion Madness, then 

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skirts with a magnificent 
impractical, superstructure on 

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top. 
We're talking about garments 

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that required their own 
transportation planning, and had

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a carbon footprint larger than 
some small countries. 

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Picture yourself. 
Getting ready for a simple trip 

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to the market. 
In 1860 first, you need to 

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consider your skirts diameter. 
Typically, anywhere from six to 

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12 feet across, that's not a 
typo. 

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We're talking about wearing a 
fabric tent that could house a 

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small family. 
You couldn't just walk out the 

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door. 
You had to strategize your exit,

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like you were launching a space 
mission. 

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The evolution of the Victorian 
skirt can be compared to a 

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person gradually, losing their 
sense of reality, albeit in a 

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methodical manner, It started 
reasonably enough in the 1840s 

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full skirts. 
Yes. 

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But nothing that required 
architectural consultation. 

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Then something happened. 
Maybe it was competition. 

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Maybe it was boredom or maybe 
someone made a bet about how 

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wide they could make women 
Silhouettes before physics 

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intervened by the 1850s. 
The crinoline had become 

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ubiquitous and irreversible. 
The crinoline was essentially a 

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cage. 
You wore under your skirt Hoops 

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of steel or whale bone that 
created bell-shaped Foundation. 

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It was like wearing a personal 
tent frame, except the tent was 

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made of silk and you were 
expected to waltz in it. 

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The logistics of criminal in 
life was staggering doorways. 

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Became navigation, challenges 
sitting required careful 

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calculation and preferably a 
chair without arms. 

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Getting into a carriage was like
solving a three-dimensional 

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puzzle while wearing a small 
building Victoria women 

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developed skills that would have
made, NASA Engineers, weep with 

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admiration and yet they made it 
look. 

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Effortless photos from the era 
show, women gliding around in 

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these massive skirts as if they 
were Perfectly Natural. 

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However a complex science 
underlay, the management of 

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crinolines women learned to 
compress their skirts. 

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By pressing down on the Hoops to
Now navigate stairs, by lifting 

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the front of their skirts. 
Just so and to sit by 

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effortlessly collapsing, their 
criminals The really magnificent

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part was how the fashion 
industry supported this madness.

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Crinoline manufacturers competed
on engineering principles. 

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Some criminals had collapsible 
sections for sitting others. 

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Featured graduated Hoops, that 
created the perfect Bell shape, 

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the advertisements read like, 
technical manuals for personal 

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Transportation devices. 
But crinolines had their dangers

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and not just the obvious ones 
like getting stuck in doorways 

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or accidentally sweeping objects
off tables, fire was a genuine 

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Hazard. 
All that fabric often treated 

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with flammable starches and dies
combined with open Flames for 

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lighting and Heating. 
Victoria newspapers are full of 

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tragic stories of women, who 
skirts caught fire and the width

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of their crinolines made it 
difficult to extinguish the 

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Flames quickly. 
Then there were the weather 

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related challenges, wind turned 
a criminal in into a sale, which

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sounds poetic Until you realize 
it meant. 

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Women could be literally blown 
off. 

232
00:11:55,200 --> 00:11:56,700
Course, during their daily 
walks. 

233
00:11:57,799 --> 00:12:00,799
Rain was particularly 
problematic, imagine trying to 

234
00:12:00,807 --> 00:12:03,899
dry a tent that you'd been 
wearing all day, the social 

235
00:12:03,899 --> 00:12:06,899
implications were equally 
complex, a wide. 

236
00:12:06,899 --> 00:12:10,100
Crinoline was a status symbol 
proof that you could afford not 

237
00:12:10,100 --> 00:12:13,100
just the Garment itself, but the
lifestyle that accommodated it, 

238
00:12:13,100 --> 00:12:16,399
if you could wear a six foot 
wide skirt, you didn't need to 

239
00:12:16,399 --> 00:12:19,399
work cook clean or engage in any
practical activity. 

240
00:12:19,399 --> 00:12:23,000
It was completely consumption in
its most literal form. 

241
00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:25,600
You were conspicuously consuming
space. 

242
00:12:26,700 --> 00:12:28,399
Here's what makes the crinoline 
error. 

243
00:12:28,399 --> 00:12:31,500
So endearing in retrospect 
Victorian, women took these 

244
00:12:31,500 --> 00:12:33,799
absurd constraints and somehow 
made them work. 

245
00:12:34,500 --> 00:12:37,200
They developed elaborate 
etiquettes for criminal in 

246
00:12:37,200 --> 00:12:40,500
navigation techniques for 
managing their skirts in various

247
00:12:40,500 --> 00:12:43,799
social situations and even 
Sports modified for women 

248
00:12:43,799 --> 00:12:47,299
wearing personal tents. 
Croquet became popular partly 

249
00:12:47,299 --> 00:12:50,200
because it was one of the few 
activities where a crinoline, 

250
00:12:50,200 --> 00:12:52,600
wasn't a complete impediment 
dancing. 

251
00:12:52,600 --> 00:12:55,100
Required choreography. 
That accounted for each 

252
00:12:55,100 --> 00:12:57,500
partner's. 
Circumference, even something. 

253
00:12:57,500 --> 00:13:00,200
As simple as walking with a 
friend became an exercise, in 

254
00:13:00,200 --> 00:13:04,100
spatial coordination, The 
crinoline reached its peak 

255
00:13:04,100 --> 00:13:08,799
absurdity in the 1860s when 
skirts, achieve their maximum 

256
00:13:08,799 --> 00:13:12,100
circumference, it was as if 
Victorian fashion had been 

257
00:13:12,100 --> 00:13:15,500
steadily expanding, like a 
balloon and everyone was waiting

258
00:13:15,500 --> 00:13:18,000
to see, who would be brave 
enough to suggest that maybe, 

259
00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:21,399
just, maybe this was getting a 
bit ridiculous. 

260
00:13:22,700 --> 00:13:25,700
Little did they know the next 
chapter would involve buses 

261
00:13:25,700 --> 00:13:27,600
because apparently making 
skirts. 

262
00:13:27,600 --> 00:13:29,500
Impossibly wide wasn't quite 
enough. 

263
00:13:30,299 --> 00:13:32,000
Victorians were just getting 
warmed up. 

264
00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:34,700
Just when you think the 
victorians could not possibly 

265
00:13:34,700 --> 00:13:38,200
make clothing, more complicated 
Along Came the bus Lair to prove

266
00:13:38,200 --> 00:13:41,200
that human Ingenuity in the 
service of impracticality knows 

267
00:13:41,200 --> 00:13:43,799
no bounds. 
If the crinoline was like 

268
00:13:43,799 --> 00:13:47,000
wearing a bell, the bustle was 
like strapping a small shelf to 

269
00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:49,299
your posterior and pretending 
your posture was perfectly 

270
00:13:49,299 --> 00:13:52,399
normal. 
The transition from crinoline to

271
00:13:52,407 --> 00:13:54,799
bustle in the 1870s wasn't 
gradual. 

272
00:13:54,799 --> 00:13:58,399
It was like watching a balloon 
deflate and then re-inflate in a

273
00:13:58,399 --> 00:14:01,399
completely different shape. 
One day, women were navigating 

274
00:14:01,399 --> 00:14:04,500
doorways sideways because of 
their width and the next they 

275
00:14:04,500 --> 00:14:07,299
were backing into rooms because 
their skirts projected three 

276
00:14:07,299 --> 00:14:10,100
feet behind them. 
It was as if Victorian fashion 

277
00:14:10,100 --> 00:14:12,600
designers had gotten bored with 
horizontal challenges and 

278
00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:14,899
decided to explore vertical 
possibilities. 

279
00:14:16,000 --> 00:14:18,799
The bustle itself was a Marvel 
of engineering that would have 

280
00:14:18,799 --> 00:14:22,200
made Bridge Builders jealous. 
Early bustles were essentially 

281
00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:25,000
wire cages designed to create 
shelf like projection at the 

282
00:14:25,000 --> 00:14:28,200
back of the skirt. later 
version's became increasingly 

283
00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:31,799
elaborate some had Springs 
others featured a just 

284
00:14:31,799 --> 00:14:34,799
adjustable Frameworks and the 
most advanced models included 

285
00:14:34,799 --> 00:14:38,899
collapsible sections for sitting
Imagine attempting to sit down 

286
00:14:38,899 --> 00:14:41,799
while wearing a bustle. 
It wasn't just a matter of 

287
00:14:41,799 --> 00:14:44,200
bending at the waist. 
The required, a carefully 

288
00:14:44,200 --> 00:14:47,200
choreographed sequence of 
movements You'd approach the 

289
00:14:47,208 --> 00:14:50,000
chair from the side, collapse, 
your bustle by pressing down on 

290
00:14:50,000 --> 00:14:52,000
it. 
Lower yourself carefully while 

291
00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:55,399
managing several layers of skirt
and then somehow arrange all 

292
00:14:55,399 --> 00:14:57,200
that fabric. 
So you didn't look like you were

293
00:14:57,200 --> 00:14:58,399
being swallowed by your 
clothing. 

294
00:14:59,200 --> 00:15:02,100
The logistics of bustle. 
Life were even more complex than

295
00:15:02,100 --> 00:15:04,899
crinoline management. 
At least with the crinoline. 

296
00:15:04,899 --> 00:15:07,500
You needed extra space in all 
directions. 

297
00:15:07,500 --> 00:15:10,399
You never know what's going on 
behind you, and there's a 

298
00:15:10,399 --> 00:15:12,399
bustle. 
Victorian women developed a kind

299
00:15:12,407 --> 00:15:15,000
of spatial awareness, that 
modern people can't imagine. 

300
00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:18,500
They could sense exactly how 
much room their rear projection 

301
00:15:18,500 --> 00:15:20,399
required and navigate 
accordingly. 

302
00:15:21,600 --> 00:15:25,799
Doorways remain challenging, but
in new ways instead of squeezing

303
00:15:25,799 --> 00:15:29,100
through sideways bustled women 
had to judge, angles carefully. 

304
00:15:29,799 --> 00:15:32,700
If your approach was too steep, 
your skirt, might snag on the 

305
00:15:32,708 --> 00:15:35,100
door frame. 
If the approach was too shallow,

306
00:15:35,100 --> 00:15:38,299
you wouldn't be able to pass. 
It was like parking a car, 

307
00:15:38,299 --> 00:15:42,299
except the car was attached to 
your body, and made of silk, The

308
00:15:42,299 --> 00:15:46,700
bustle created intriguing, 
social dynamics, conversations 

309
00:15:46,700 --> 00:15:50,100
became exercises in Geometry. 
Her clothes, could you stand to 

310
00:15:50,100 --> 00:15:52,299
someone when you were both 
wearing rear projections? 

311
00:15:53,200 --> 00:15:56,100
Dancing required new techniques 
and something as simple as 

312
00:15:56,100 --> 00:15:58,500
walking arm and arm with a 
friend, became a coordination 

313
00:15:58,500 --> 00:16:00,799
challenge, worthy of 
synchronized swimmers. 

314
00:16:01,700 --> 00:16:04,700
The most remarkable thing about 
the bustle area was how it 

315
00:16:04,708 --> 00:16:07,700
demonstrated, Victorian 
societies ability to adapt to 

316
00:16:07,700 --> 00:16:10,600
absolutely anything. 
Furniture makers, began 

317
00:16:10,600 --> 00:16:12,899
designing chairs. 
That accommodated bustles 

318
00:16:12,899 --> 00:16:15,899
architecture started accounting 
for the extra space. 

319
00:16:15,899 --> 00:16:19,500
Women required social Customs 
evolved to handle the new 

320
00:16:19,500 --> 00:16:21,200
spatial requirements of female 
fashion. 

321
00:16:21,200 --> 00:16:24,100
The fashion plates of the era 
show, women looking perfectly 

322
00:16:24,100 --> 00:16:27,500
composed in their bustled gowns,
That the reality behind the 

323
00:16:27,500 --> 00:16:30,399
scenes was a constant comedy of 
spatial miscalculation. 

324
00:16:31,299 --> 00:16:33,799
Victorian literature is full of 
subtle references to the 

325
00:16:33,799 --> 00:16:37,200
challenges of bustled life. 
Women getting stuck in 

326
00:16:37,200 --> 00:16:40,000
carriages, skirts, caught 
indoors, and the general chaos 

327
00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:42,799
of trying to live normally while
wearing architectural elements 

328
00:16:42,799 --> 00:16:45,399
yet. 
Somehow Victorian women made it 

329
00:16:45,399 --> 00:16:48,299
work they developed techniques 
for bustle maintenance 

330
00:16:48,299 --> 00:16:52,600
strategies for navigation and 
even created new forms of social

331
00:16:52,600 --> 00:16:55,399
interaction that accommodated 
their enhanced silhouettes. 

332
00:16:56,500 --> 00:16:59,399
Human ability to normalize. 
The Absurd is truly impressive. 

333
00:16:59,399 --> 00:17:02,899
The bustle went through several 
iterations, during its Reign. 

334
00:17:02,899 --> 00:17:06,400
The first bustle area featured, 
relatively modest projections, 

335
00:17:06,400 --> 00:17:08,799
consider it to be training 
wheels for posterior 

336
00:17:08,799 --> 00:17:12,299
architecture. 
The early 1880s brought a brief 

337
00:17:12,299 --> 00:17:15,200
respite, when skirts became more
streamlined, like likely 

338
00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:16,799
bringing a sense of relief to 
everyone. 

339
00:17:18,098 --> 00:17:21,900
But for Victorian fashion wasn't
done yet, the second bustle era 

340
00:17:21,900 --> 00:17:25,799
beginning in the mid 1880s 
brought projections that defied.

341
00:17:25,799 --> 00:17:27,598
Not just Comfort, but basic 
physics. 

342
00:17:28,400 --> 00:17:31,500
These weren't just bustles. 
They were engineering Marvels, 

343
00:17:31,500 --> 00:17:33,799
that critic silhouette. 
So extreme, they look like 

344
00:17:33,799 --> 00:17:36,299
costume designs for a play about
furniture. 

345
00:17:37,299 --> 00:17:40,099
Final bustle designs were so 
elaborate, they came with their 

346
00:17:40,099 --> 00:17:44,000
instruction manuals, some 
featured, multiple tiers, others

347
00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:47,299
had adjustable angles, and the 
most advanced models included 

348
00:17:47,299 --> 00:17:49,700
patented mechanisms for collapse
and expansion. 

349
00:17:50,500 --> 00:17:53,700
It was as if Victorian women 
were wearing Transformer robots.

350
00:17:53,700 --> 00:17:58,200
Except instead of turning into 
cars, they turned into chairs As

351
00:17:58,200 --> 00:18:01,299
we move through this fashion 
timeline, remember that each of 

352
00:18:01,299 --> 00:18:05,400
these Trends lasted for years. 
This wasn't a brief moment of 

353
00:18:05,400 --> 00:18:08,700
collective Madness, entire 
generations of women live. 

354
00:18:08,700 --> 00:18:11,400
Their daily lives. 
In these Contraptions adapting 

355
00:18:11,400 --> 00:18:13,900
with remarkable Grace to 
constraints that seemed 

356
00:18:13,900 --> 00:18:15,299
impossible from our modern 
perspective. 

357
00:18:15,299 --> 00:18:17,799
If you thought, Victorian 
fashion was done. 

358
00:18:17,799 --> 00:18:21,299
Surprising us after corsets 
criminals and bustles, you 

359
00:18:21,299 --> 00:18:24,099
clearly underestimated their 
commitment to making every part 

360
00:18:24,099 --> 00:18:25,900
of the human body and 
engineering challenge. 

361
00:18:25,900 --> 00:18:30,599
Enter the 1890 sleeve also known
as the leg of mutton sleeve 

362
00:18:30,599 --> 00:18:32,700
though, that name doesn't quite 
capture. 

363
00:18:32,700 --> 00:18:35,700
The full absurdity of wearing, 
what amounted to small, hot air,

364
00:18:35,700 --> 00:18:37,200
balloons attached to your 
shoulders. 

365
00:18:38,299 --> 00:18:40,099
Early. 
Victorian sleeves were snug 

366
00:18:40,099 --> 00:18:42,500
practical Affairs. 
That allowed for actual arm 

367
00:18:42,500 --> 00:18:45,099
movement. 
However, as the century 

368
00:18:45,099 --> 00:18:48,400
progressed slaves, began to 
expand, as if they were 

369
00:18:48,400 --> 00:18:51,799
competing with skirts for the 
title of most impractical 

370
00:18:51,799 --> 00:18:56,000
garment component. 
By the 1890s sleeves had 

371
00:18:56,000 --> 00:18:57,900
achieved such Monumental 
proportions. 

372
00:18:57,900 --> 00:19:00,099
That women needed to turn 
sideways to fit through 

373
00:19:00,099 --> 00:19:03,599
doorways, not because of their 
skirts this time but because 

374
00:19:03,599 --> 00:19:06,099
their shoulders are effectively 
doubled in width. 

375
00:19:06,799 --> 00:19:08,700
These garments were not. 
Merely sleeves. 

376
00:19:08,700 --> 00:19:11,700
They resembled fabric 
architecture with arms hidden 

377
00:19:11,700 --> 00:19:14,799
inside them. 
The construction of a proper leg

378
00:19:14,799 --> 00:19:17,500
of mutton, sleeve was an 
engineering Marvel, that 

379
00:19:17,500 --> 00:19:20,099
required more planning than most
modern home renovations. 

380
00:19:21,299 --> 00:19:24,500
Sleeve had to be supported from 
within using various Frameworks 

381
00:19:24,500 --> 00:19:28,099
wire, whalebone or even cotton 
padding arranged in precise 

382
00:19:28,099 --> 00:19:31,200
configuration to maintain the 
proper shape, getting dressed 

383
00:19:31,200 --> 00:19:32,799
involved. 
Not just putting on clothing, 

384
00:19:32,799 --> 00:19:35,200
but assembling a complex 
structural system. 

385
00:19:36,700 --> 00:19:39,099
Imagine trying to eat dinner 
while wearing sleeves that 

386
00:19:39,099 --> 00:19:41,000
extended. 
Well beyond your actual arms, 

387
00:19:41,000 --> 00:19:44,299
spam Victorian women developed 
eating technique that would have

388
00:19:44,299 --> 00:19:47,099
impressed contortionists. 
They learned to approach their 

389
00:19:47,099 --> 00:19:50,299
plate at specific angles to cut 
food using carefully. 

390
00:19:50,299 --> 00:19:53,599
Calculated our movements and to 
drink tea without completely 

391
00:19:53,599 --> 00:19:55,900
obscuring, their faces behind 
walls of fabric. 

392
00:19:57,000 --> 00:19:58,599
The Practical challenges were 
endless. 

393
00:19:58,599 --> 00:20:02,500
Embracing someone required 
strategic planning, getting into

394
00:20:02,500 --> 00:20:05,200
a carriage, meant compressing, 
your sleeves like accordions, 

395
00:20:05,200 --> 00:20:08,500
even something as simple as 
reaching for an object on a 

396
00:20:08,500 --> 00:20:11,400
shelf, became an exercise in 
spatial mathematics. 

397
00:20:12,799 --> 00:20:14,700
Victorian. 
Women lived in a world where 

398
00:20:14,700 --> 00:20:16,900
their clothing had a larger 
footprint than their actual 

399
00:20:16,900 --> 00:20:19,200
bodies. 
That the sleeves were just 

400
00:20:19,200 --> 00:20:23,599
large, they were elaborately 
decorated, puffed, pleated, 

401
00:20:23,599 --> 00:20:26,000
gathered. 
And trimmed with every 

402
00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:29,000
conceivable ornament they were 
like, wearing two small 

403
00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:32,000
ballrooms complete with their 
interior design schemes. 

404
00:20:32,700 --> 00:20:36,400
Some sleeves featured multiple 
tiers of fabric creating layered

405
00:20:36,400 --> 00:20:38,900
architectural effects. 
That would have made wedding 

406
00:20:38,900 --> 00:20:40,799
cake. 
Decorators weep With Envy. 

407
00:20:40,799 --> 00:20:44,599
The maintenance requirements was
staggering these sleeves needed 

408
00:20:44,599 --> 00:20:47,299
to be pressed into shape 
regularly, their internal 

409
00:20:47,299 --> 00:20:49,000
structures are just dusted and 
repairs. 

410
00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:51,400
And there are elaborate 
decorations kept pristine. 

411
00:20:52,700 --> 00:20:55,799
Victorian women employed armies 
of servants or spent hours 

412
00:20:55,799 --> 00:20:57,900
themselves maintaining their 
sliver architecture. 

413
00:20:57,900 --> 00:21:01,299
It was like, owning a very high 
maintenance, pet that you water 

414
00:21:01,299 --> 00:21:05,200
social events. then there were 
the seasonal challenges, some 

415
00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:08,200
are sleeves in heavy, Fabrics 
created, portable saunas, around

416
00:21:08,200 --> 00:21:11,500
women's arms Winter mint. 
Adding even more layers to 

417
00:21:11,500 --> 00:21:13,200
already Monumental 
constructions. 

418
00:21:14,000 --> 00:21:15,799
Rain posed, a significant 
challenge. 

419
00:21:15,799 --> 00:21:19,700
Imagine a tempting to dry, two 
fabric Pavilions, fastened to 

420
00:21:19,700 --> 00:21:22,900
your shoulders, the social 
implications of extreme sleeves 

421
00:21:22,900 --> 00:21:25,700
were fascinating. 
They were clear indicators of 

422
00:21:25,700 --> 00:21:28,500
Leisure Class status. 
If you could wear sleeves that 

423
00:21:28,508 --> 00:21:31,599
made practical work impossible, 
you obviously didn't need to 

424
00:21:31,607 --> 00:21:34,900
engage in any, they were an 
extreme form of conspicuous 

425
00:21:34,900 --> 00:21:37,799
consumption demonstrating that 
one could afford to be 

426
00:21:37,807 --> 00:21:41,500
completely impractical. 
But Victorian fashion wasn't 

427
00:21:41,500 --> 00:21:45,000
finished with extremities yet 
hats during this era became 

428
00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:48,299
increasingly elaborate often 
featuring entire Gardens of 

429
00:21:48,307 --> 00:21:51,900
artificial flowers, preserved, 
birds, and decorative elements. 

430
00:21:51,900 --> 00:21:53,799
That would have been impressive 
on a parade float. 

431
00:21:54,599 --> 00:21:57,700
These worked hats. 
They were portable ecosystems 

432
00:21:57,700 --> 00:21:59,400
that happened to sit on people's
heads. 

433
00:22:00,799 --> 00:22:03,599
The millenary Arts reached new 
heights of complexity during the

434
00:22:03,599 --> 00:22:06,400
Victorian era. 
Hat construction involved. 

435
00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:09,500
Multiple Specialists one person,
might create the basic 

436
00:22:09,500 --> 00:22:11,299
structure. 
Another would handle the 

437
00:22:11,299 --> 00:22:14,099
flowers, and a third would add 
the birds and ornamental 

438
00:22:14,099 --> 00:22:16,599
elements. 
Some Victorian hats required 

439
00:22:16,599 --> 00:22:18,900
their own Structural 
Engineering, consultations 

440
00:22:18,900 --> 00:22:22,500
gloves, 2 became exercises in 
extremity enhancement. 

441
00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:26,200
Victorian gloves were often so 
long they disappeared entirely 

442
00:22:26,200 --> 00:22:28,900
under those enormous sleeves. 
Creating the impression that 

443
00:22:28,900 --> 00:22:31,599
women's arms simply ended in 
fabric somewhere around the 

444
00:22:31,599 --> 00:22:34,500
elbow. 
The longest gloves extended past

445
00:22:34,500 --> 00:22:37,900
the elbow requiring complex 
systems of buttons and hooks for

446
00:22:37,900 --> 00:22:40,700
removal. 
Even shoes, join the extremity 

447
00:22:40,700 --> 00:22:44,400
enhancement project Victorian 
boots, often featured dozens of 

448
00:22:44,408 --> 00:22:47,799
tiny buttons or an elaborate 
lacing system that required 

449
00:22:47,799 --> 00:22:51,799
special tools to fasten getting 
dressed from head to toe could 

450
00:22:51,799 --> 00:22:55,200
take hours and often required 
assistance from servants or 

451
00:22:55,200 --> 00:22:58,200
family members. 
The cumulative effect of all 

452
00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:01,500
these extremity enhancements was
that Victorian, women became 

453
00:23:01,500 --> 00:23:04,400
walking demonstrations of their 
societies relationship with 

454
00:23:04,400 --> 00:23:08,500
practicality which was to say, 
they broke up entirely and went 

455
00:23:08,500 --> 00:23:11,099
on speaking terms. 
Now, settle in for this part of 

456
00:23:11,107 --> 00:23:14,299
our story, because we're about 
to explore how Victorian fashion

457
00:23:14,299 --> 00:23:16,299
became more complex than quantum
physics. 

458
00:23:16,299 --> 00:23:20,700
But with more rules about 
appropriate necklines Behind all

459
00:23:20,700 --> 00:23:23,200
this sartorial Madness was a 
scientific approach to 

460
00:23:23,200 --> 00:23:25,500
respectability that would have 
impressed laboratory 

461
00:23:25,500 --> 00:23:27,900
researchers. 
The victorians didn't just 

462
00:23:27,900 --> 00:23:31,200
randomly decide to make clothing
complicated, they developed 

463
00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:34,400
elaborate systems of social 
communication through fabric, 

464
00:23:34,400 --> 00:23:37,799
creating a language. 
So complex, that anthropologists

465
00:23:37,799 --> 00:23:41,299
are still trying to decode it. 
The Victorian dress code wasn't 

466
00:23:41,299 --> 00:23:44,299
just about looking nice. 
It was about broadcasting your 

467
00:23:44,299 --> 00:23:49,099
moral character, social status 
economic situation marital 

468
00:23:49,099 --> 00:23:51,900
availability and probably your 
opinion on the weather. 

469
00:23:51,900 --> 00:23:54,599
All through carefully, 
calculated costume choices. 

470
00:23:54,599 --> 00:23:59,000
It was like wearing a social 
media profile except in posting 

471
00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:01,700
updates. 
You changed your outfit morning.

472
00:24:01,700 --> 00:24:05,599
Dress after noon dress, evening 
dress, calling dress, walking 

473
00:24:05,599 --> 00:24:07,900
dress, traveling dress, 
Victorian. 

474
00:24:07,900 --> 00:24:10,408
Women needed different costumes 
for different hours of the day 

475
00:24:10,416 --> 00:24:14,000
and different social activities.
It was as if they were actors in

476
00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:17,299
an incredibly elaborate play, 
where the costumes changed every

477
00:24:17,299 --> 00:24:20,599
few hours and forgetting your 
lines meant social death. 

478
00:24:21,599 --> 00:24:24,200
The specificity of the rules was
astounding. 

479
00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:27,299
There were appropriate colors 
for widows at different stages 

480
00:24:27,299 --> 00:24:30,599
of mourning, precise neckline 
depths for various social 

481
00:24:30,599 --> 00:24:33,799
occasions and exact sleeve 
lengths that communicated, 

482
00:24:33,799 --> 00:24:36,799
whether you were available for 
courtship or properly chaperone 

483
00:24:38,000 --> 00:24:40,599
Getting it wrong, wasn't just a 
fashion faux pair. 

484
00:24:40,599 --> 00:24:43,700
It was a social catastrophe that
could affect your family's 

485
00:24:43,700 --> 00:24:47,200
reputation for Generations. 
Take morning dress, for example.

486
00:24:47,200 --> 00:24:50,799
Victorian society had developed 
morning into a complex ritual 

487
00:24:50,799 --> 00:24:53,900
that lasted for years and 
involved costume changes more 

488
00:24:53,900 --> 00:24:56,900
elaborate than a Broadway 
production Full morning, 

489
00:24:56,908 --> 00:24:59,700
required, completely black 
clothing, with no ornamentation 

490
00:24:59,700 --> 00:25:03,000
for the first year. 
Then came half morning, which 

491
00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:05,799
allowed for touches of white, 
gray or purple. 

492
00:25:05,799 --> 00:25:09,200
The gradations were so specific.
That there were etiquette books 

493
00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:12,700
devoted entirely to appropriate 
mourning attire, the fabric 

494
00:25:12,700 --> 00:25:14,200
choices. 
Alone were a science. 

495
00:25:14,200 --> 00:25:17,099
Certain materials were 
appropriate for certain Seasons 

496
00:25:17,099 --> 00:25:20,900
social classes and life stages. 
Silk was appropriate for formal 

497
00:25:20,900 --> 00:25:25,500
occasions cotton for everyday 
wear wool for winter and linen 

498
00:25:25,500 --> 00:25:28,000
for summer. 
But not just any type of silk, 

499
00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:32,700
cotton, wool or linen. 
There were dozens of varieties 

500
00:25:32,700 --> 00:25:36,200
of each and choosing the wrong 
type, could broadcast ignorance 

501
00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:38,799
of social codes, more 
effectively than wearing a sign.

502
00:25:39,799 --> 00:25:41,400
Color. 
Symbolism reached levels of 

503
00:25:41,400 --> 00:25:44,500
complexity that would have 
challenged medieval Scholars. 

504
00:25:45,299 --> 00:25:47,099
White symbolizes, Purity and 
youth. 

505
00:25:47,099 --> 00:25:50,799
But this symbolism is limited to
unmarried, women specific 

506
00:25:50,799 --> 00:25:55,299
fabrics and Specific Seasons, 
black signifies, respectability 

507
00:25:55,299 --> 00:25:58,200
and Authority. 
Yet it significant varies based 

508
00:25:58,200 --> 00:26:02,500
on factors such as age marital 
status and the particular shade 

509
00:26:02,500 --> 00:26:07,500
of black Purple was mourning but
also royalty but also dangerous.

510
00:26:07,500 --> 00:26:10,900
If worn by the wrong person at 
the wrong time, the trimming and

511
00:26:10,900 --> 00:26:14,599
decoration systems were equally.
Elaborate ribbons lace 

512
00:26:14,599 --> 00:26:17,400
embroidery Buttons and Bows 
weren't just decorative 

513
00:26:17,400 --> 00:26:19,500
elements. 
They were parts of a complex 

514
00:26:19,500 --> 00:26:22,299
Communication System. 
The amount of ornamentation 

515
00:26:22,299 --> 00:26:25,700
appropriate for your age social 
status and the occasion, 

516
00:26:25,700 --> 00:26:28,700
required calculations more 
complex than filing tax returns.

517
00:26:29,400 --> 00:26:32,099
Even undergarments were part of 
this social communication 

518
00:26:32,099 --> 00:26:35,200
system, the right corsets 
drawers. 

519
00:26:35,200 --> 00:26:37,500
And petticoats weren't just 
about creating the proper 

520
00:26:37,500 --> 00:26:39,400
silhouette. 
They were about demonstrating 

521
00:26:39,400 --> 00:26:41,900
that you understood and could 
afford to participate in the 

522
00:26:41,900 --> 00:26:44,099
full complexity of Victorian 
fashion culture. 

523
00:26:45,200 --> 00:26:47,099
The economic implications were 
staggering. 

524
00:26:47,900 --> 00:26:50,599
A proper, Victorian ladies 
wardrobe, required a fortune, 

525
00:26:50,599 --> 00:26:54,400
not just to acquire, but to 
maintain the cleaning pressing 

526
00:26:54,400 --> 00:26:57,500
mending and updating needed to 
keep Pace with fashion changes. 

527
00:26:57,500 --> 00:27:01,400
Meant that clothing consumed a 
significant portion of middle 

528
00:27:01,400 --> 00:27:05,299
and upper class household 
budgets dressmakers became 

529
00:27:05,299 --> 00:27:08,700
crucial figures in Victorian 
society, not just as crafts 

530
00:27:08,700 --> 00:27:12,400
people, but as cultural 
interpreters, A competent 

531
00:27:12,400 --> 00:27:16,000
dressmaker didn't just so she 
guided her clients through the 

532
00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:18,700
complex social codes in bedded, 
in fashion choices. 

533
00:27:19,700 --> 00:27:23,299
She was part counselor part 
artist part, social strategist 

534
00:27:23,299 --> 00:27:27,599
and part structural engineer. 
The seasonal transitions were 

535
00:27:27,599 --> 00:27:31,000
particularly complex. 
Sprinkling wasn't just about 

536
00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:33,900
houses. 
It was about wardrobes summer 

537
00:27:33,900 --> 00:27:35,500
and winter. 
Wardrobes were stored separately

538
00:27:35,500 --> 00:27:39,799
with elaborate systems for 
preservation moth prevention and

539
00:27:39,799 --> 00:27:42,500
maintaining the shapes of 
complex garments during storage.

540
00:27:43,599 --> 00:27:46,299
Fashion magazines became 
essential reading, not for 

541
00:27:46,299 --> 00:27:49,700
inspiration, but for survival. 
They provided the constantly 

542
00:27:49,700 --> 00:27:52,900
updated information necessary to
navigate the changing rules of 

543
00:27:52,900 --> 00:27:56,799
appropriate address. 
Reading goaties ladies book or 

544
00:27:56,799 --> 00:27:58,599
Peterson's magazine wasn't 
Leisure. 

545
00:27:58,599 --> 00:28:01,500
It was continuing education in 
the science of social 

546
00:28:01,500 --> 00:28:04,500
acceptability. 
The really remarkable thing is, 

547
00:28:04,500 --> 00:28:07,299
how Victorian women managed to 
internalize all these rules 

548
00:28:07,299 --> 00:28:10,799
while making their complexion 
choices appear effortless and 

549
00:28:10,799 --> 00:28:13,099
natural. 
Behind every graceful. 

550
00:28:13,099 --> 00:28:15,700
Victorian lady gliding through a
social Gathering. 

551
00:28:15,700 --> 00:28:18,299
Was someone who had mastered a 
system of cultural 

552
00:28:18,299 --> 00:28:21,400
communication, more complex than
most modern professional 

553
00:28:21,400 --> 00:28:24,599
training programs. 
By the 1890s, something crazy 

554
00:28:24,599 --> 00:28:26,500
was happening in the world of 
Victorian fashion. 

555
00:28:26,500 --> 00:28:29,500
People were beginning to realize
that clothing should allow for 

556
00:28:29,500 --> 00:28:33,000
basic human functions like 
breathing sitting and moving 

557
00:28:33,000 --> 00:28:35,900
one's arms. 
Although it took several decades

558
00:28:35,900 --> 00:28:39,099
for this revolutionary concept 
to gain traction, women's 

559
00:28:39,099 --> 00:28:42,200
freedom, and move was a 
significant Catalyst for change.

560
00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:45,599
The dress Reform movement had 
been percolating throughout the 

561
00:28:45,599 --> 00:28:49,599
Victorian era, led by brave, 
souls who dared to suggest that 

562
00:28:49,599 --> 00:28:52,200
perhaps women's clothing 
shouldn't require engineering 

563
00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:56,000
degrees to operate these fashion
Rebels, proposed radical ideas, 

564
00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:59,900
like, skirts that didn't require
their own ZIP codes and sleeves 

565
00:28:59,900 --> 00:29:02,200
that acknowledge the existence 
of human arms. 

566
00:29:03,299 --> 00:29:06,200
Dr. Gustav Yeager introduced the
world to Woolen undergarments 

567
00:29:06,200 --> 00:29:09,200
that prioritized health over 
silhouette manipulation. 

568
00:29:10,099 --> 00:29:12,700
The rational dress movement 
promoted clothing that allowed 

569
00:29:12,700 --> 00:29:16,599
for actual physical activity. 
Casual clothing, that valued 

570
00:29:16,599 --> 00:29:19,700
Comfort over structural. 
Soundness tea, gowns gained 

571
00:29:19,700 --> 00:29:21,700
popularity. 
It was like watching 

572
00:29:21,700 --> 00:29:25,099
civilization slowly. 
Remember that humans had bodies 

573
00:29:25,099 --> 00:29:27,000
underneath all that 
architectural clothing? 

574
00:29:28,599 --> 00:29:31,700
The bicycle craze of the 1890s 
delivered, a particularly 

575
00:29:31,700 --> 00:29:35,200
effective blow to impractical 
fashion, you simply cannot ride 

576
00:29:35,200 --> 00:29:37,599
a bicycle while wearing a bustle
and Victorian. 

577
00:29:37,599 --> 00:29:40,099
Women were not about to give up 
this exciting new form of 

578
00:29:40,107 --> 00:29:42,799
transportation just to maintain 
their rear projections. 

579
00:29:43,599 --> 00:29:47,299
Cycling costumes, featured a 
revolutionary concept, divided 

580
00:29:47,299 --> 00:29:49,900
skirts, that allowed women to 
actually move their legs 

581
00:29:49,900 --> 00:29:52,900
independently. 
Sports in general began to 

582
00:29:52,900 --> 00:29:56,400
influence fashion in ways that 
prioritized function over form. 

583
00:29:57,099 --> 00:30:00,500
Tennis required clothing that 
allowed arm movement, golf 

584
00:30:00,500 --> 00:30:02,900
needed skirts, that didn't 
interfere with swing mechanics 

585
00:30:02,900 --> 00:30:06,799
even croquet that most Victorian
of games worked better. 

586
00:30:06,799 --> 00:30:10,000
When players could actually see 
their feet and move without 

587
00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:13,099
strategic planning. 
The influence of artistic 

588
00:30:13,099 --> 00:30:17,200
movements cannot be understated.
The aesthetic movement promoted,

589
00:30:17,200 --> 00:30:21,799
artistic dress, that prioritized
Beauty and comfort over rigid 

590
00:30:21,799 --> 00:30:25,799
social signaling Pre-raphaelite 
artists painted women in flowing

591
00:30:25,799 --> 00:30:27,700
gowns. 
That actually followed the lines

592
00:30:27,700 --> 00:30:31,099
of the human body rather than 
imposing geometric shapes upon 

593
00:30:31,099 --> 00:30:33,200
it. 
It was as if artists were 

594
00:30:33,200 --> 00:30:36,099
reminding Society, what people 
actually looked like under all 

595
00:30:36,099 --> 00:30:39,400
that Structural Engineering, 
World War one would ultimately 

596
00:30:39,400 --> 00:30:43,700
bring an end to the excesses of 
Victorian fashion but by 1900 

597
00:30:43,700 --> 00:30:46,200
the seeds of change had already 
begun to emerge. 

598
00:30:47,000 --> 00:30:49,400
Women were entering the 
workforce, increasing numbers 

599
00:30:49,400 --> 00:30:53,500
pursuing, higher education, and 
engaging in social causes that 

600
00:30:53,500 --> 00:30:56,799
required practical clothing. 
You can't effectively advocate 

601
00:30:56,799 --> 00:30:58,700
for social change, while wearing
a garment. 

602
00:30:58,700 --> 00:31:01,000
That requires two people and a 
manual to put on. 

603
00:31:01,799 --> 00:31:05,200
The corset began its long, slow 
Retreat from Maximum tightness. 

604
00:31:05,200 --> 00:31:09,099
The s-curve silhouette of the 
early 1900s while still 

605
00:31:09,099 --> 00:31:12,400
involving serious Foundation 
garments allowed for a somewhat 

606
00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:16,400
more natural waste placement 
skirts began to narrow sleeves 

607
00:31:16,400 --> 00:31:19,299
returned to more reasonable 
proportions and hat stopped. 

608
00:31:19,299 --> 00:31:20,799
Requiring their own postal 
codes. 

609
00:31:20,799 --> 00:31:23,799
Fashion magazines, began 
featuring articles about 

610
00:31:23,799 --> 00:31:26,799
healthful dress and rational 
clothing choices. 

611
00:31:28,000 --> 00:31:30,700
Doctors who had warned for 
decades about the dangers of 

612
00:31:30,700 --> 00:31:33,000
tight lacing were finally 
receiving attention. 

613
00:31:33,700 --> 00:31:36,299
Social pressure for impossible 
Silhouettes, was beginning to 

614
00:31:36,299 --> 00:31:38,599
give away to the medical 
establishments concerned about 

615
00:31:38,599 --> 00:31:40,400
corset liver and compressed 
organs. 

616
00:31:40,400 --> 00:31:43,900
Perhaps most importantly, women 
themselves were beginning to 

617
00:31:43,900 --> 00:31:46,900
question, why their clothing 
should be more complex than 

618
00:31:46,900 --> 00:31:51,099
their education. 
The new woman of the 1890s and 

619
00:31:51,099 --> 00:31:54,500
early 1900s wanted clothing, 
that matched her expanded role 

620
00:31:54,500 --> 00:31:57,099
in society. 
Practical enough for work 

621
00:31:57,099 --> 00:32:00,500
comfortable enough for an active
lifestyle and sensible enough to

622
00:32:00,500 --> 00:32:02,599
allow for the full range of 
human activities. 

623
00:32:03,799 --> 00:32:05,900
The transition wasn't immediate 
or complete. 

624
00:32:05,900 --> 00:32:09,799
Many Victorian fashion elements 
persisted well into the 20th 

625
00:32:09,799 --> 00:32:12,500
century and some never entirely 
disappeared. 

626
00:32:13,299 --> 00:32:17,200
But by 1910, the era of truly 
extreme fashion, construction 

627
00:32:17,200 --> 00:32:20,500
was winding down. 
Women were beginning to dress 

628
00:32:20,500 --> 00:32:23,599
like human beings rather than 
walking demonstrations of their 

629
00:32:23,599 --> 00:32:26,299
families economic status and 
their tolerance for physical 

630
00:32:26,299 --> 00:32:28,900
discomfort. 
Looking back at Victorian 

631
00:32:28,900 --> 00:32:31,000
fashion from our comfortable, 
modern perspective. 

632
00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:34,900
It's easy to laugh at the 
absurdity of it all, but there's

633
00:32:34,900 --> 00:32:37,599
something admirable about the 
sheer human adaptability. 

634
00:32:37,599 --> 00:32:41,200
It represented Victorian. 
Women took clothing that seems 

635
00:32:41,200 --> 00:32:44,000
impossible to live in and 
somehow build entire lives 

636
00:32:44,000 --> 00:32:47,000
around it. 
They developed skills techniques

637
00:32:47,000 --> 00:32:50,299
and social systems that allowed 
them to function despite wearing

638
00:32:50,299 --> 00:32:53,599
architectural elements. 
The Victorian fashion area 

639
00:32:53,599 --> 00:32:55,599
teaches us. 
Something important about human 

640
00:32:55,599 --> 00:32:59,500
nature, we can adapt to almost 
anything but that doesn't mean 

641
00:32:59,500 --> 00:33:03,400
we should have to Admitting that
something widely accepted is 

642
00:33:03,400 --> 00:33:05,900
actually ridiculous. 
And needs change. 

643
00:33:05,900 --> 00:33:08,599
Can often be the most 
revolutionary Act. 

644
00:33:09,400 --> 00:33:11,700
As you settle in, for a 
comfortable night's sleep in 

645
00:33:11,700 --> 00:33:13,299
your practical breathable 
pajamas. 

646
00:33:13,299 --> 00:33:16,400
Spare, a thought for those 
Victorian women who managed to 

647
00:33:16,408 --> 00:33:20,000
build Rich complex lives while 
wearing clothing that defied 

648
00:33:20,000 --> 00:33:23,000
both physics and Common Sense. 
They may not have been 

649
00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:25,500
comfortable but they were 
certainly never boring. 

650
00:33:25,500 --> 00:33:28,200
And with that we can conclude 
one of history's. 

651
00:33:28,200 --> 00:33:31,400
Most intricate attempts to 
overly complicate daily life 

652
00:33:31,400 --> 00:33:35,000
through fashion. 
Sweet dreams and be grateful for

653
00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:40,299
elastic, waistbands. 
We're starting off with the 

654
00:33:40,299 --> 00:33:44,000
veteran and the sacred spring 
Republic, 2nd Century BC. 

655
00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:47,099
Marcus licinius let out a pained
breath. 

656
00:33:47,099 --> 00:33:49,900
As he lowered his battle. 
Scarred body into the steaming 

657
00:33:49,900 --> 00:33:52,500
Stone Basin. 
The midday Sun filtered through 

658
00:33:52,500 --> 00:33:55,700
olive trees around The Rustic. 
Bathhouse turning the rising 

659
00:33:55,700 --> 00:33:59,900
Vapors, golden For a man who had
spent years rinsing and frigid 

660
00:33:59,900 --> 00:34:02,500
Camp Rivers. 
This language heat was a luxury.

661
00:34:03,500 --> 00:34:06,700
He closed his eyes feeling old 
Javelin wounds in his shoulder 

662
00:34:06,700 --> 00:34:09,400
and thighs for the first time 
since the wars against Carthage.

663
00:34:10,400 --> 00:34:12,500
Standing nearby. 
The Greek physician feel on 

664
00:34:12,500 --> 00:34:16,900
watched and smiled knowingly 
centered, warm water over the 

665
00:34:16,900 --> 00:34:19,800
veterans back. 
These Greek contrivances. 

666
00:34:19,800 --> 00:34:23,900
Markus began to Grumble but his 
voice softened into a sigh as 

667
00:34:23,900 --> 00:34:27,599
warmth, seeped into his bones. 
Bathing was a custom introduced 

668
00:34:27,599 --> 00:34:30,699
to Italy from Greece only 
recently and traditional Roman's

669
00:34:30,699 --> 00:34:34,199
like him still met it with equal
parts curiosity and skepticism. 

670
00:34:34,199 --> 00:34:36,599
Yep. 
Pain had a way of overcoming 

671
00:34:36,599 --> 00:34:38,699
Pride. 
Fill on recalled. 

672
00:34:38,699 --> 00:34:41,500
How Marcus had limped into the 
Grove that morning leaning on a 

673
00:34:41,500 --> 00:34:44,900
staff and refusing help. 
Now, the soothing Aromas of 

674
00:34:44,900 --> 00:34:48,300
lavender and Laurel in the water
softened, the soldiers hard 

675
00:34:48,300 --> 00:34:51,000
expression. 
Fillon had come to Rome as a 

676
00:34:51,007 --> 00:34:53,800
captive, Greek healer and earned
his freedom through medical 

677
00:34:53,800 --> 00:34:56,900
skill. 
Back home healers understood the

678
00:34:56,900 --> 00:34:59,800
power of balm the bath as a 
place of cure. 

679
00:35:00,599 --> 00:35:03,699
He had learned illness came from
imbalances within and believed 

680
00:35:03,699 --> 00:35:05,699
water and heat could help 
restore Harmony. 

681
00:35:06,599 --> 00:35:09,400
The Physician gently helped 
Marcus lean against the pool's 

682
00:35:09,400 --> 00:35:13,800
Edge and with a bronze struggle 
began, scraping sweat and oil 

683
00:35:13,800 --> 00:35:17,599
from the skin removing Grime, as
well as what he called, Bad 

684
00:35:17,599 --> 00:35:20,800
humors. 
Marcus did not fully grasp the 

685
00:35:20,800 --> 00:35:24,500
theory of the four humors but he
understood one thing, the ritual

686
00:35:24,500 --> 00:35:26,199
felt cleansing and oddly. 
Renewing. 

687
00:35:27,099 --> 00:35:29,800
They were not alone in this 
modest bath house by the sacred 

688
00:35:29,800 --> 00:35:32,400
Springs. 
Nearby a pair of villagers 

689
00:35:32,400 --> 00:35:35,400
quietly, soaked their aching 
Limbs and inhaled herbal Steam 

690
00:35:35,400 --> 00:35:38,300
for stop and coughs. 
The atmosphere was hushed and 

691
00:35:38,308 --> 00:35:42,400
reverent, this place wasn't a 
grand public, the may, but a 

692
00:35:42,400 --> 00:35:45,300
simple balmiere beside an 
ancient spring, long believed to

693
00:35:45,300 --> 00:35:48,900
be touched by the gods, Markus 
recalled, Tales of miraculous 

694
00:35:48,900 --> 00:35:52,300
Waters, curing, The Afflicted, 
the spring fed, a small, hot 

695
00:35:52,300 --> 00:35:55,699
bath chamber, and a cold pool 
Downstream and its reputation. 

696
00:35:55,699 --> 00:35:58,500
Had spread after soldiers, 
claimed wounds healed, faster 

697
00:35:58,500 --> 00:36:02,000
here than elsewhere. 
As Marcus's body grew acclimated

698
00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:05,099
to the heat Phil on guided him 
to the next step of the regimen.

699
00:36:05,699 --> 00:36:08,900
Now, for the cold plunge, The 
Physician said, Marcus grimmest,

700
00:36:08,900 --> 00:36:12,099
but complied. 
Hobbling to the frigidarium, a 

701
00:36:12,099 --> 00:36:15,800
circular Stone pool under the 
Open Sky, he braced himself and 

702
00:36:15,800 --> 00:36:18,000
descended, the cold water 
gripped. 

703
00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:21,800
His skin like an icy fist. 
Drawing a sharp gas, every 

704
00:36:21,800 --> 00:36:25,400
Instinct screamed to LEAP out 
but Marcus stayed recalling, 

705
00:36:25,400 --> 00:36:28,000
felons Council, that the sudden 
change in temperature would 

706
00:36:28,000 --> 00:36:30,000
stimulate his blood and 
invigorate the body. 

707
00:36:30,800 --> 00:36:34,099
After a few breaths, the ache in
his leg, dulled to a manageable 

708
00:36:34,099 --> 00:36:36,599
throb. 
The shock of cold following. 

709
00:36:36,599 --> 00:36:39,099
The Deep warmth left in 
breathless yet, strangely 

710
00:36:39,099 --> 00:36:43,599
revitalized Shivering. 
But smiling Marcus emerged and 

711
00:36:43,599 --> 00:36:45,000
wrapped himself in a Woolen 
Tower. 

712
00:36:45,000 --> 00:36:48,300
Offered by an attendant, he 
rolled his shoulder and found it

713
00:36:48,300 --> 00:36:50,699
looser. 
Usual stabbing pain, notably 

714
00:36:50,699 --> 00:36:53,300
diminished. 
Perhaps there is something to 

715
00:36:53,300 --> 00:36:57,599
These Bars after all, he 
admitted for onesies the Greek. 

716
00:36:57,599 --> 00:37:02,199
Patted, his arm, not magic. 
Friend Nature's gift and water 

717
00:37:02,199 --> 00:37:05,800
can do more than any salve. 
Marcus had to agree. 

718
00:37:06,599 --> 00:37:09,500
That the edge of the Springfed 
pools, stood a small altered in,

719
00:37:09,500 --> 00:37:13,599
thank offering voted shaped like
Limbs and tablets etched with 

720
00:37:13,607 --> 00:37:16,800
words of gratitude. 
Despite years of battle, 

721
00:37:16,800 --> 00:37:19,800
hardened skepticism. 
Marcus felt compelled to step 

722
00:37:19,800 --> 00:37:21,900
over. 
He murdered a few words to 

723
00:37:21,900 --> 00:37:24,500
escalate the god of healing 
giving quiet. 

724
00:37:24,500 --> 00:37:27,900
Thanks in the old way a breeze. 
Rustled, the olive branches 

725
00:37:27,900 --> 00:37:31,400
overhead, as if in gentle 
approval, Marcus stood taller. 

726
00:37:31,400 --> 00:37:34,599
The weight of his armor was 
gone, replaced by a lightness, 

727
00:37:34,599 --> 00:37:38,099
he hadn't felt in decades, In 
the silence broken. 

728
00:37:38,099 --> 00:37:41,900
Only by trickling water a battle
weary, Roman discovered a new 

729
00:37:41,908 --> 00:37:45,199
kind of Victory, the healing 
power of water and rest. 

730
00:37:46,099 --> 00:37:48,400
With felons helped Marcus dont 
his tunic. 

731
00:37:48,400 --> 00:37:51,599
The veterans scars would remain,
but he felt that a piece of the 

732
00:37:51,599 --> 00:37:55,099
wars burden had been lifted from
him left behind in those sacred 

733
00:37:55,099 --> 00:37:57,800
Waters. 
As they Departed, the Grove 

734
00:37:57,800 --> 00:38:01,800
Marcus glanced back at the 
spring one last time in that 

735
00:38:01,800 --> 00:38:03,800
tranquil Refuge of warmth and 
Faith. 

736
00:38:03,800 --> 00:38:06,400
He had found hope that even the 
deepest wounds might One Day. 

737
00:38:06,400 --> 00:38:11,199
Men the day at a grippers the 
May between 27 BC and 12 BC. 

738
00:38:11,199 --> 00:38:15,199
Early Empire, steam swirled 
through the cavernous Kildare as

739
00:38:15,199 --> 00:38:18,900
Lucius suggested a bronze pipe 
redirecting hot air beneath the 

740
00:38:18,908 --> 00:38:22,199
marble floor. 
He was a service Bell near us 

741
00:38:22,199 --> 00:38:25,400
both attendant in the 
Magnificent baths of a gripper 

742
00:38:25,400 --> 00:38:29,199
starting work before Dawn in the
furnace room face flushed from 

743
00:38:29,199 --> 00:38:33,000
stoking the Wood Fired hippo 
course Lucius finally climbed 

744
00:38:33,000 --> 00:38:35,900
out into the main Halls carrying
baskets of fresh olive oil and 

745
00:38:35,900 --> 00:38:38,500
folded Linens. 
The Bars were already coming 

746
00:38:38,500 --> 00:38:41,300
alive. 
Aristocrats in a locant togas, 

747
00:38:41,300 --> 00:38:45,900
weathered legionaries Merchants 
from afar and even freedmen and 

748
00:38:45,900 --> 00:38:47,699
slaves. 
Scraped together, the tiny fee 

749
00:38:47,699 --> 00:38:49,900
for entry all arriving in the 
Morning Light. 

750
00:38:50,599 --> 00:38:54,900
Social distinctions melted away.
Once inside Senators, Merchant 

751
00:38:54,900 --> 00:38:57,500
soldiers and even slaves. 
Mingled freely here on Common 

752
00:38:57,500 --> 00:39:00,599
Ground by mid-morning. 
They stationed Lucius in the 

753
00:39:00,599 --> 00:39:03,300
appetite area. 
A changing room filled with 

754
00:39:03,300 --> 00:39:06,699
cubbyholes for clothes. 
A kindly Senator pressed, a 

755
00:39:06,707 --> 00:39:10,000
quadrans, the customary fee 
until Lucius is Palm. 

756
00:39:10,000 --> 00:39:13,599
As a gratuity, since a grip is 
death, the Magnificent thermi 

757
00:39:13,599 --> 00:39:16,599
were left free to the people. 
So any payment now was a 

758
00:39:16,607 --> 00:39:19,699
personal gift. 
Lucius smiled gratefully and 

759
00:39:19,699 --> 00:39:22,500
tucked. 
The coin away suddenly a shout 

760
00:39:22,500 --> 00:39:25,199
at The Far Side signal that 
obeys cloak had gone missing. 

761
00:39:26,199 --> 00:39:29,599
Lucius stomach dropped theft in 
the crowded bars was 

762
00:39:29,599 --> 00:39:32,800
unfortunately, common in the 
gods would receive another bit 

763
00:39:32,800 --> 00:39:34,900
of prayer against a thief before
nightfall. 

764
00:39:35,800 --> 00:39:38,599
As the rush of beta slowed 
Lucius took a moment to breathe,

765
00:39:38,599 --> 00:39:42,500
he wondered through the 
tepidarium the warm room, a 

766
00:39:42,500 --> 00:39:44,400
clusters of men reclined on 
heated benches. 

767
00:39:45,300 --> 00:39:48,099
Two Scholars soaked and debated 
in Greek about Aristotle. 

768
00:39:48,099 --> 00:39:51,099
Nearby. 
A poet declined new verses to an

769
00:39:51,099 --> 00:39:53,699
appreciative Circle. 
He often saw philosophers and 

770
00:39:53,699 --> 00:39:58,199
Poets here, sharing wisdom with 
anyone who would listen He did 

771
00:39:58,199 --> 00:40:01,000
not interject Lucius, felt proud
to work in a place where 

772
00:40:01,000 --> 00:40:03,300
knowledge flowed as freely as 
water. 

773
00:40:03,300 --> 00:40:06,900
His reprieve was briefed a call 
from The Palace Restaurant. 

774
00:40:09,699 --> 00:40:12,500
One of the wrestling trainers 
needed more oil for athletes to 

775
00:40:12,500 --> 00:40:15,599
anoint themselves. 
Lucius fetched a jug of scented 

776
00:40:15,599 --> 00:40:18,099
oil and marveled at the 
surroundings as he trotted 

777
00:40:18,099 --> 00:40:21,199
through a Colonnade. 
A grip has complex was not only 

778
00:40:21,199 --> 00:40:25,900
bards and gyms but also Gardens 
and promenades through arched 

779
00:40:25,900 --> 00:40:29,099
doorways, he Glimpse manicured 
Courtyards and Colonnades like 

780
00:40:29,099 --> 00:40:33,199
the Greek gymnasia but even more
sumptuous Patron strolled those 

781
00:40:33,199 --> 00:40:36,900
paths to cool down surrounded by
statues and Greenery, a 

782
00:40:36,900 --> 00:40:39,000
carefully crafted landscape of 
leisure and health. 

783
00:40:39,900 --> 00:40:43,000
Back in the main barthold, 
Lucius carefully poured oil into

784
00:40:43,000 --> 00:40:45,800
the hands of a Burley veteran 
preparing for a massage. 

785
00:40:45,800 --> 00:40:49,599
The man nodded in. 
Thanks scars Criss, Crossing his

786
00:40:49,599 --> 00:40:51,800
back. 
He mentioned that his old war, 

787
00:40:51,800 --> 00:40:55,400
wounds paint him less after a 
hot soak, Lucius offered a 

788
00:40:55,408 --> 00:40:58,599
polite smile and moved on, but 
inside, he felt a spark of 

789
00:40:58,599 --> 00:41:01,400
satisfaction. 
He saw daily, how much relief 

790
00:41:01,400 --> 00:41:02,900
the bars brought to weary 
bodies. 

791
00:41:02,900 --> 00:41:05,900
People left, these Halls walking
taller than when they entered. 

792
00:41:07,199 --> 00:41:10,300
By late afternoon the crowds 
thin Lucius helped. 

793
00:41:10,300 --> 00:41:13,599
Sweep the now empty Frigidaire 
area, the cold plunge room, 

794
00:41:13,599 --> 00:41:17,900
shivering, a bit in the clammy 
are left behind Gathered, Strays

795
00:41:17,900 --> 00:41:21,400
drills and tidied shelves of 
oils at last as dusk approached.

796
00:41:21,400 --> 00:41:26,000
The thermic closed for cleaning.
Sore and exhausted, Lucius crept

797
00:41:26,000 --> 00:41:27,500
to a quiet corner of the 
caldarium. 

798
00:41:28,199 --> 00:41:30,900
With no patrons around, he 
finally dared to slip into the 

799
00:41:30,900 --> 00:41:33,900
warm bath himself. 
The Embrace of hot water was 

800
00:41:33,900 --> 00:41:37,699
immediate Bliss to his aching 
muscles eyes closed he floated 

801
00:41:37,699 --> 00:41:41,699
for a minute letting healing 
warmth wash over him in that 

802
00:41:41,699 --> 00:41:44,400
brief moment. 
The grand bath, he served each 

803
00:41:44,400 --> 00:41:47,900
day became his Sanctuary 2 
Lamplight flickers in the 

804
00:41:47,908 --> 00:41:49,699
corridors as he finished his 
duties. 

805
00:41:50,500 --> 00:41:53,199
Before leaving, he pulls by the 
small altar, where Patron's 

806
00:41:53,199 --> 00:41:56,500
offered thanks to the goddess of
Health Sailors and bowed his 

807
00:41:56,500 --> 00:41:59,000
head. 
He'd witnessed both Doles of 

808
00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:03,599
Nobles and workers find Solace 
cleanliness and companionship 

809
00:42:03,599 --> 00:42:06,099
beneath these voltage. 
Ceilings Lucius locked, the 

810
00:42:06,099 --> 00:42:09,400
massive, bronze doors from 
outside in the Amber glow of 

811
00:42:09,400 --> 00:42:11,599
Sundown. 
The baths of a gripper, stood, 

812
00:42:11,599 --> 00:42:15,400
silent and steamy behind him. 
An enduring gift to Rome 

813
00:42:15,400 --> 00:42:18,699
tomorrow at dawn, he would 
return to ignite its fires in 

814
00:42:18,699 --> 00:42:20,500
you. 
Knowing that within those walls,

815
00:42:20,500 --> 00:42:24,599
the aches of rich and poor alike
with the same Healing Waters in 

816
00:42:24,599 --> 00:42:29,099
The Sacred Waters of soulless. 
Aquae sulis Britannia second 

817
00:42:29,099 --> 00:42:31,699
century ad. 
Baraka lifted. 

818
00:42:31,699 --> 00:42:34,000
Her hands above the steaming 
pool as Dawn's. 

819
00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:37,099
First light crept through the 
open roof as a priestess of 

820
00:42:37,099 --> 00:42:39,800
Solace, Minerva. 
She began each day in Prayer by 

821
00:42:39,800 --> 00:42:43,099
The Sacred spring. 
Tendrils of mist curled around 

822
00:42:43,099 --> 00:42:46,699
her and the loan Roman veteran 
who stood shivering in the cool 

823
00:42:46,699 --> 00:42:49,699
morning air. 
Marcus Julius a retired 

824
00:42:49,699 --> 00:42:53,099
Centurion had traveled. 
Hundreds of miles to aquae sulis

825
00:42:53,099 --> 00:42:55,000
in hopes these famous thermal 
Waters. 

826
00:42:55,000 --> 00:42:58,300
Might ease the agonizing pain, 
in his joints, he watched with 

827
00:42:58,300 --> 00:43:00,699
cautious, reverence as the 
Priestess invoke, the goddess 

828
00:43:00,699 --> 00:43:03,800
Solace. 
Maneuver healer of Hills blessed

829
00:43:03,800 --> 00:43:07,500
us, she intoned Suis was 
venerated as healing, Divinity, 

830
00:43:07,500 --> 00:43:10,400
whose sacred Hot Springs, could 
cure physical and spiritual 

831
00:43:10,400 --> 00:43:13,599
suffering and a barakah felt the
goddess as presence in the rise 

832
00:43:13,599 --> 00:43:16,800
in Steam. 
At her nod, Mark, Marcus 

833
00:43:16,800 --> 00:43:21,000
destroyed, his toll scared frame
gingerly, descended the stone 

834
00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:24,800
steps into the great bath. 
He inhaled sharply the water was

835
00:43:24,800 --> 00:43:28,599
near scolding rich with sulfur 
and minerals that tinged it, a 

836
00:43:28,599 --> 00:43:31,800
translucent green. 
Every day a bureaucracy or 

837
00:43:31,800 --> 00:43:34,500
newcomers, react. 
The same way the gasp at the 

838
00:43:34,508 --> 00:43:36,400
heat. 
Then a sigh is the warmth 

839
00:43:36,400 --> 00:43:40,900
penetrated aching bones Marcus 
settled Neck Deep his muscles. 

840
00:43:40,900 --> 00:43:44,099
Gradually unclenching. 
A barakah took up a shallow 

841
00:43:44,099 --> 00:43:47,699
pewter bowl, dipped it and 
slowly poured, the hot mineral 

842
00:43:47,699 --> 00:43:49,300
water over the Veteran's 
shoulders. 

843
00:43:49,300 --> 00:43:51,800
This act was part of the healing
ritual. 

844
00:43:51,800 --> 00:43:54,699
The water trickling off his body
was thought to carry the 

845
00:43:54,699 --> 00:43:57,500
Springs. 
Healing Essence into him The 

846
00:43:57,500 --> 00:44:00,599
Centurion closed his eyes while 
the Priestess gently poured the 

847
00:44:00,599 --> 00:44:03,300
shimmering water. 
Again and again murmuring 

848
00:44:03,300 --> 00:44:06,000
prayers in both Latin. 
And the ancient protonic, tongue

849
00:44:06,000 --> 00:44:09,300
of this land all around them, 
the baths of soulless were 

850
00:44:09,308 --> 00:44:12,199
stirring away. 
Fellow pilgrims and local 

851
00:44:12,199 --> 00:44:14,599
townsfolk began to arrive their 
footsteps. 

852
00:44:14,599 --> 00:44:17,900
Echoing under the Portico 
families with sick children and 

853
00:44:17,900 --> 00:44:20,400
elderly Farmers with crutches 
came seeking relief. 

854
00:44:21,199 --> 00:44:24,599
A barakah greeted each quietly 
though, Rome governed, Britannia

855
00:44:24,599 --> 00:44:28,199
now in this complex, the goddess
welcomed all with Healing Waters

856
00:44:28,199 --> 00:44:31,699
within the adjacent Temple, 
acolytes prepared, offering of 

857
00:44:31,699 --> 00:44:35,000
food and carved plaques to 
present Maneuvers older. 

858
00:44:35,800 --> 00:44:39,400
The air smelled of moist Stone, 
burning incense and the metallic

859
00:44:39,400 --> 00:44:42,099
Tang of the spring. 
For a moment. 

860
00:44:42,099 --> 00:44:45,400
I Baraka glanced toward the 
Temple's inner sanctum, where a 

861
00:44:45,400 --> 00:44:47,599
gilded bronze statue of the 
Goddess caught the light. 

862
00:44:48,500 --> 00:44:51,300
She whispered a promise under 
her breath, that solaces power 

863
00:44:51,300 --> 00:44:55,099
would never be forsaken here. 
Even as foreign Customs swirled 

864
00:44:55,099 --> 00:44:58,500
around her, Marcus roused, her 
from her thoughts with a quiet 

865
00:44:58,508 --> 00:45:01,000
grown. 
He had been soaking for a while 

866
00:45:01,000 --> 00:45:03,500
eyes. 
Half closed as the thermal heat 

867
00:45:03,500 --> 00:45:06,300
worked on him. 
Priestess stepped to The Waters 

868
00:45:06,300 --> 00:45:09,199
Edge. 
How do you feel just softly? 

869
00:45:09,199 --> 00:45:12,500
The soldier rolled his shoulder.
Experimentally beneath the green

870
00:45:12,500 --> 00:45:14,000
surface? 
Better. 

871
00:45:14,900 --> 00:45:17,300
I think he replied no to wander 
in his voice. 

872
00:45:17,300 --> 00:45:20,199
He moved his knee that had been 
stiff with arthritis. 

873
00:45:20,199 --> 00:45:23,099
It was still in flexible. 
That the stabbing pain had 

874
00:45:23,099 --> 00:45:26,099
lessened. 
The goddess Smiles on you abuse 

875
00:45:26,099 --> 00:45:29,599
said with a gentle smile. 
She offered him a cup of the 

876
00:45:29,599 --> 00:45:32,699
spring water, many believed 
drinking it cleansed one from 

877
00:45:32,699 --> 00:45:34,900
within as well. 
Markers drank. 

878
00:45:34,900 --> 00:45:37,500
The warm metallic tasting water 
and managed to grin. 

879
00:45:37,508 --> 00:45:40,500
It was the first time ever 
rocker had seen the stern man, 

880
00:45:40,500 --> 00:45:44,800
smile that morning By midday 
Markus now raped in a Woolen 

881
00:45:44,800 --> 00:45:48,000
cloak joined deeper and other 
supplements of the circular 

882
00:45:48,000 --> 00:45:50,599
spring for a communal ritual. 
One by one. 

883
00:45:50,599 --> 00:45:53,300
They placed tokens in the 
bubbling water in, thanks or 

884
00:45:53,300 --> 00:45:56,800
petition, Marcus dropped a 
warned Legion pendant Into the 

885
00:45:56,800 --> 00:45:59,800
Depths as an offering. 
While others tossed coins. 

886
00:45:59,800 --> 00:46:03,300
That glinted beneath the ripples
the group, then chanted A Hymn 

887
00:46:03,300 --> 00:46:06,500
of healing in unison. 
Their Latin and brittonic 

888
00:46:06,500 --> 00:46:08,300
prayers intermingling under the 
high roof. 

889
00:46:09,099 --> 00:46:13,300
A baraka's voice, Rose strong 
and clear, invoking Solace, as a

890
00:46:13,300 --> 00:46:16,000
nourishing mother and Vigilant 
Minerva all at once. 

891
00:46:17,000 --> 00:46:20,199
When the rights concluded, a 
barakah noticed tears in the 

892
00:46:20,199 --> 00:46:23,500
centurions eyes. 
I feel New Again markers 

893
00:46:23,500 --> 00:46:27,599
whispered amazed he flexed, his 
hands finding the usual morning.

894
00:46:27,599 --> 00:46:30,800
Stiffness gone. 
Despite his scars from war and 

895
00:46:30,800 --> 00:46:32,900
age. 
The hot water's had restored his

896
00:46:32,900 --> 00:46:36,199
vitality. 
Helped him to his feet and 

897
00:46:36,199 --> 00:46:38,900
guided him to give. 
Thanks at the altar, Marcus 

898
00:46:38,900 --> 00:46:40,800
bowed deeply and left his old 
crutch. 

899
00:46:40,800 --> 00:46:43,800
Propped against a pillar a 
silent testimony that he hoped 

900
00:46:43,800 --> 00:46:46,699
not to need it again. 
That evening, as the last 

901
00:46:46,699 --> 00:46:49,199
devotees, departed. 
A bureau lingard. 

902
00:46:49,199 --> 00:46:52,199
Thank the goddess. 
She sprinkled rose petals into 

903
00:46:52,199 --> 00:46:55,000
the steaming pool and fed the 
altar until it glowed. 

904
00:46:55,900 --> 00:46:59,300
Many would depart aquae sulis 
carrying Tales of relief and 

905
00:46:59,300 --> 00:47:03,099
healing back to their homes. 
To see Baraka offered one. 

906
00:47:03,099 --> 00:47:06,800
Final prayer that the sacred 
Springs would remain a sanctuary

907
00:47:06,800 --> 00:47:09,000
of healing for all who truly 
needed it. 

908
00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:13,599
The Physicians Council Rome. 
See a 1888 Julius from Tina's 

909
00:47:13,599 --> 00:47:17,500
arrived at the baths of trajan 
at dawn, Trained physician, he 

910
00:47:17,500 --> 00:47:20,300
often met patients here amid. 
The marble halls and Healing 

911
00:47:20,300 --> 00:47:22,800
Waters. 
This morning, he had invited his

912
00:47:22,800 --> 00:47:25,400
friend Fabius for a private 
consultation in the bath. 

913
00:47:25,400 --> 00:47:29,000
Soothing environment Fabius had 
been listless and sorrowful. 

914
00:47:29,000 --> 00:47:32,300
Since losing his wife, last 
winter, a classic Melancholia as

915
00:47:32,308 --> 00:47:36,199
Julius saw it Julius believed 
the baths could succeed, where 

916
00:47:36,199 --> 00:47:38,400
months of mourning had failed to
restore. 

917
00:47:38,400 --> 00:47:41,599
His friends body and spirit by 
rebalancing, the humours thrown 

918
00:47:41,599 --> 00:47:44,500
off by grief. 
They found a quiet corner of the

919
00:47:44,500 --> 00:47:48,099
tepidarium where gentle warmth 
emanated from the floors and 

920
00:47:48,099 --> 00:47:50,800
walls. 
Julius encouraged Fabius to 

921
00:47:50,800 --> 00:47:54,500
recline on a heated bench. 
We will begin here to warm your 

922
00:47:54,500 --> 00:47:57,699
blood, he explained. 
In the soft light Mosaic of 

923
00:47:57,699 --> 00:48:01,599
higher looked down as if 
supervising therapy Julius mixed

924
00:48:01,599 --> 00:48:05,199
a few drops of eucalyptus oil 
into fabulous as palm trees, he 

925
00:48:05,199 --> 00:48:08,199
had learned to open the lungs 
and lift the mood. as Fabius 

926
00:48:08,199 --> 00:48:11,300
inhaled, the sharp scent Julius 
noted, his friend's posture 

927
00:48:11,300 --> 00:48:13,500
change, The Philosopher's 
shoulders. 

928
00:48:13,500 --> 00:48:17,199
Long tents began to relax. 
Gradual warmth was known to 

929
00:48:17,199 --> 00:48:20,000
purge on wholesome Vapors and 
prepare the body to release its 

930
00:48:20,000 --> 00:48:23,199
burden's. 
An indeed phobias is chess seem 

931
00:48:23,199 --> 00:48:26,699
to like with each breath. 
Next Julius LED his friend into 

932
00:48:26,699 --> 00:48:30,800
the Caldera, the hot steam 
chamber, a wave of moist heat 

933
00:48:30,800 --> 00:48:33,599
and enveloped the Fabius frowned
at the discomfort. 

934
00:48:33,599 --> 00:48:37,099
The Julius Satin by The Hot 
Fountain and urged him to 

935
00:48:37,107 --> 00:48:40,500
breathe deeply. 
Soon, sweat was streaming down 

936
00:48:40,500 --> 00:48:43,699
fabus his body. 
Julius gently, scraped it away 

937
00:48:43,699 --> 00:48:46,400
with a bronze struggle. 
As if peeling off a layer of 

938
00:48:46,400 --> 00:48:50,199
Sorrow along with the sweat, the
intense heat began to loosen his

939
00:48:50,199 --> 00:48:52,900
stiff muscles and even ease his 
tight chest. 

940
00:48:52,900 --> 00:48:56,099
Fabulous is breathing shallow at
first grew deeper and more 

941
00:48:56,099 --> 00:48:58,699
rhythmic. 
After a thorough, sweat Julius, 

942
00:48:58,699 --> 00:49:01,599
guided the trembling philosopher
toward the domed frigate area. 

943
00:49:02,599 --> 00:49:04,800
Circular pool of cold Clear 
Water? 

944
00:49:04,800 --> 00:49:08,699
Awaited Fabius balked on the 
edge eyeing, the chili Basin 

945
00:49:08,699 --> 00:49:12,900
with Dread Trust me, Julius 
said, with the support of arm, 

946
00:49:12,900 --> 00:49:16,400
he helped Fabius step down the 
cold, hit him with a brutal 

947
00:49:16,400 --> 00:49:20,900
shock, Fabius gasped and almost 
bolted out, but Julius held him 

948
00:49:20,900 --> 00:49:24,599
a moment until the Panic passed.
His heart pounded and his skin 

949
00:49:24,599 --> 00:49:27,900
tingled such as Sudden Change in
temperature was believed to 

950
00:49:27,900 --> 00:49:31,500
stimulate circulation and 
sharpen the senses, an indeed, 

951
00:49:31,500 --> 00:49:33,599
Fabius felt more alert than he 
had in ages. 

952
00:49:33,599 --> 00:49:37,900
He waited out of the pool on his
own, a look of astonishment and 

953
00:49:37,900 --> 00:49:40,199
his face. 
Feel awake. 

954
00:49:40,199 --> 00:49:44,099
He marveled through chattering 
teeth, Julius briskly rubbed him

955
00:49:44,099 --> 00:49:46,800
down with a course, towel 
restoring warmth to his skin. 

956
00:49:47,599 --> 00:49:49,900
Color returned to fabi's cheeks 
and a light. 

957
00:49:49,908 --> 00:49:52,599
His eyes. 
They arrested in a sunlit 

958
00:49:52,599 --> 00:49:57,099
courtyard in Fresh Linen, robes 
and sipping watered wine favors.

959
00:49:57,099 --> 00:49:58,800
His limbs were loose in his 
mind. 

960
00:49:58,800 --> 00:50:02,300
Clear. 
Grasped julius's hand greatly 

961
00:50:02,300 --> 00:50:06,500
grief, had driven his humors to 
imbalance, but nature aided by 

962
00:50:06,508 --> 00:50:09,000
hot water, and cold, had helped 
restore. 

963
00:50:09,000 --> 00:50:12,199
What was lost Julius gently 
reminded him, that regular 

964
00:50:12,199 --> 00:50:15,000
bathing purifies the body of 
toxins and cannot lift the 

965
00:50:15,000 --> 00:50:18,699
spirit. as they prepared to 
depart Julius observed, a 

966
00:50:18,699 --> 00:50:21,500
cluster of men by the colonies 
engaged in a lively debate on 

967
00:50:21,500 --> 00:50:25,900
Aristotle's, ethics The 
Physician smiled bathhouses, 

968
00:50:25,900 --> 00:50:28,800
often served as informal forums 
for Scholars and Physicians 

969
00:50:28,800 --> 00:50:31,099
alike. 
He himself had exchanged 

970
00:50:31,099 --> 00:50:34,199
remedies and insights in these 
Halls, many times knowledge, 

971
00:50:34,199 --> 00:50:36,099
flowing freely among those 
dedicated to Wellness. 

972
00:50:37,099 --> 00:50:39,800
Indeed, this place cared for the
spirit just as much as the body.

973
00:50:40,699 --> 00:50:43,599
He noted that Fabius now sat 
upright, calmly, watching the 

974
00:50:43,599 --> 00:50:46,300
morning bussel the horned look 
on from his face. 

975
00:50:47,300 --> 00:50:50,300
Before departing Julius gave 
Fabius a small vial of soothing 

976
00:50:50,300 --> 00:50:54,000
herbal oil, instructing him to 
use it each night. fairies 

977
00:50:54,000 --> 00:50:57,599
thanked him and promised to 
return to the bald soon, not as 

978
00:50:57,599 --> 00:51:01,000
a patient, but as a friend, For 
Julius. 

979
00:51:01,000 --> 00:51:04,800
This was the true reward of 
medicine easing an ailment and 

980
00:51:04,800 --> 00:51:08,500
seeing hope rekindled in the 
vaulted Halls of the bars. 

981
00:51:08,500 --> 00:51:11,699
Assault weighed down by sorrow 
had truly been lightened. 

982
00:51:11,699 --> 00:51:15,199
Heeling had come through hot and
cold water medicine and 

983
00:51:15,199 --> 00:51:18,300
friendship. 
All in harmony together in Rome,

984
00:51:18,300 --> 00:51:23,500
2717 add a merchant at Carroll's
bars name, like Sandra of Tire 

985
00:51:23,500 --> 00:51:26,000
stepped through the Towering 
entrance of the baths of 

986
00:51:26,000 --> 00:51:29,000
caracalla and felt his breath 
catch in his throat. 

987
00:51:29,800 --> 00:51:32,500
He had traveled across half the 
Empire, but never seen a 

988
00:51:32,500 --> 00:51:36,099
monument to Leisure as 
magnificent as this a vast Hall 

989
00:51:36,099 --> 00:51:39,199
stretched before him, its 
voltage ceiling held a loft by 

990
00:51:39,199 --> 00:51:42,800
dozens of columns everywhere, 
stood, marble statues of gods 

991
00:51:42,800 --> 00:51:45,599
and heroes. 
Colossal Hercules leaning on his

992
00:51:45,599 --> 00:51:49,099
Club, dominated the scene. 
The complex was renowned for its

993
00:51:49,099 --> 00:51:52,800
unparalleled lavish decoration, 
the merchant, past bronze, 

994
00:51:52,800 --> 00:51:56,599
fountains tinkling gently, their
water music, echoing off, the 

995
00:51:56,599 --> 00:52:00,400
high walls, Clad only in a 
simple loin cloth provided at 

996
00:52:00,400 --> 00:52:03,400
the entrance by Sandra moved 
from the grand Atrium into the 

997
00:52:03,400 --> 00:52:07,099
bustling of Pooh die. 
Terrier Here garments of rich, 

998
00:52:07,099 --> 00:52:09,099
and poor hung side by side in 
the wall. 

999
00:52:09,099 --> 00:52:11,400
Niches, two young bath 
attendants. 

1000
00:52:11,400 --> 00:52:13,000
Helped Lysander Stow his 
belongings. 

1001
00:52:13,900 --> 00:52:17,300
Castor cautious side toward his 
Satchel of precious spices until

1002
00:52:17,300 --> 00:52:19,300
an attendant to short him, it 
would be safe. 

1003
00:52:20,199 --> 00:52:22,300
With a knot of. 
Thanks Lysander, stepped 

1004
00:52:22,300 --> 00:52:25,900
gingerly onward, the smooth 
marble floor, warm under his 

1005
00:52:25,900 --> 00:52:28,000
bare feet, thanks to the 
hypocrisy fires below. 

1006
00:52:28,000 --> 00:52:32,699
He first entered, the tepidarium
a warm chamber, wearing inviting

1007
00:52:32,699 --> 00:52:36,599
heat caressed, his travel weary 
muscles, Golden Light, filtered 

1008
00:52:36,599 --> 00:52:39,699
through high Windows, 
Illuminating mosaic's of sea 

1009
00:52:39,699 --> 00:52:43,099
creatures across the floor, 
Groups of men reclined on heated

1010
00:52:43,099 --> 00:52:45,900
benches, along the walls 
chatting in a dozen tongues 

1011
00:52:45,900 --> 00:52:50,000
Latin Greek, Egyptian Aramaic 
and even his native Syriac 

1012
00:52:50,000 --> 00:52:54,300
despite differences and speech 
and Status here, all were simply

1013
00:52:54,300 --> 00:52:58,000
bathers at ease. 
Poorly, Roman negotiator struck 

1014
00:52:58,000 --> 00:53:01,400
up a friendly conversation about
Caravan routes and even offered.

1015
00:53:01,400 --> 00:53:05,300
Lysander a dab of citrus scented
oil from his flask the merchant 

1016
00:53:05,300 --> 00:53:09,199
graciously, accepted rubbing it 
into his skin as the tension of 

1017
00:53:09,199 --> 00:53:11,400
months on the road began to melt
from his shoulders. 

1018
00:53:11,400 --> 00:53:15,400
Next, he followed the flow of 
bathers into the Caldera, the 

1019
00:53:15,400 --> 00:53:17,699
enormous hot room at one end of 
this. 

1020
00:53:17,699 --> 00:53:20,599
Cavernous Hall Road. 
Circular pool of steaming Water 

1021
00:53:20,599 --> 00:53:24,500
flanked by enormous marble tubs.
Yeah, it was thick and steamy 

1022
00:53:24,500 --> 00:53:28,400
muffling every sound to a murmur
like sander, eased himself into 

1023
00:53:28,400 --> 00:53:32,099
the central hot pool, the water 
embraced him almost too hot at 

1024
00:53:32,099 --> 00:53:36,300
first, but he slowly sank up to 
his chest waves of heat unfolded

1025
00:53:36,300 --> 00:53:39,500
through his limbs dissolving, 
the stiffness in his spine, from

1026
00:53:39,500 --> 00:53:41,699
weeks of jostling in a camel 
drawn wagon. 

1027
00:53:42,699 --> 00:53:45,699
Nearby, a pair of off-duty, 
legionaries sighed with relief 

1028
00:53:45,699 --> 00:53:49,300
as they submerge themselves. 
I sand a closed, his eyes and 

1029
00:53:49,300 --> 00:53:52,800
let's sweat bead on his brow. 
A bath attendant appeared with a

1030
00:53:52,800 --> 00:53:55,300
bronze drill. 
And Lysander allowed, the young 

1031
00:53:55,300 --> 00:53:58,000
man to briskly scrape the 
perspiration and oil from his 

1032
00:53:58,000 --> 00:54:00,400
skin. 
He marveled at the sight of even

1033
00:54:00,400 --> 00:54:02,500
this humble task in the Palace 
of well-being. 

1034
00:54:03,300 --> 00:54:06,699
Properly steamed and scrubbed. 
Lysander was ready for the final

1035
00:54:06,699 --> 00:54:10,800
trial the Frigidaire. 
He braced himself as he stepped 

1036
00:54:10,800 --> 00:54:14,300
into the next chamber and Airy 
Hall with a vast cold swimming 

1037
00:54:14,300 --> 00:54:18,500
pool notat, open to the sky, the
sun climbed higher. 

1038
00:54:18,500 --> 00:54:21,099
Now, it's raised dancing on the 
turquoise water. 

1039
00:54:21,900 --> 00:54:25,800
With a hearty Excel like sander 
plunged forward, the cold, 

1040
00:54:25,800 --> 00:54:30,000
shocked him to his core gasped 
as the input is overheated skin.

1041
00:54:30,800 --> 00:54:33,099
When he surfaced invigorated, he
was glad for it. 

1042
00:54:33,900 --> 00:54:37,800
He laughed out loud and surprise
some nearby bathers chuckled at 

1043
00:54:37,800 --> 00:54:40,699
his shocked face. 
And he grinned back the sudden 

1044
00:54:40,699 --> 00:54:43,699
contrast from hot to cold Cent 
new energy coursing through his 

1045
00:54:43,699 --> 00:54:46,300
veins. 
Leaving him alert and renewed. 

1046
00:54:47,400 --> 00:54:50,000
After swimming, like sander 
wandered into a landscape 

1047
00:54:50,000 --> 00:54:53,699
gardening, the natatorium 
clipped Hedges and fruit trees 

1048
00:54:53,699 --> 00:54:56,599
offered dappled shade. 
He strolled along a portico 

1049
00:54:56,599 --> 00:54:58,400
where others Lounge, cooling 
off. 

1050
00:54:58,400 --> 00:55:02,099
Some enjoying a light snack. 
In one corner, stood a small 

1051
00:55:02,107 --> 00:55:04,400
Shrine to escalate peace. 
The god of healing. 

1052
00:55:05,500 --> 00:55:09,300
So not a devout man, they send a
pause to Bow his head and offer 

1053
00:55:09,300 --> 00:55:10,800
a silent. 
Thanks to the powers watching 

1054
00:55:10,800 --> 00:55:13,500
over weary Travelers. 
Only that morning. 

1055
00:55:13,500 --> 00:55:16,699
He had arrived in Rome bone, 
tired, and soar in every joint 

1056
00:55:16,699 --> 00:55:19,500
now. 
He felt practically Reborn. 

1057
00:55:20,400 --> 00:55:23,599
As he prepared to leave Lysander
felt the day's burdens 

1058
00:55:23,599 --> 00:55:26,699
completely lifted. 
Stepping back out through the 

1059
00:55:26,699 --> 00:55:28,500
Grand doors into the bustling 
streets. 

1060
00:55:28,500 --> 00:55:31,599
The Syrian Merchants carried 
with him, a newfound Vigor. 

1061
00:55:31,599 --> 00:55:35,099
The baths of caracalla had, 
cleansed the dust from his skin 

1062
00:55:35,099 --> 00:55:37,300
and washed away the weariness of
his long journey. 

1063
00:55:38,000 --> 00:55:41,000
Refreshed and optimistic by 
Sandra hefted, his Satchel of 

1064
00:55:41,000 --> 00:55:43,199
spices. 
Surprisingly lighter on his 

1065
00:55:43,199 --> 00:55:46,099
shoulders now and set off to 
conclude his business in the 

1066
00:55:46,099 --> 00:55:49,000
capital rejuvenated. 
By the restorative powers of 

1067
00:55:49,000 --> 00:55:53,900
Rome's granddads, the saint of 
the bars, Rome sea, 420 ad. 

1068
00:55:55,300 --> 00:55:58,500
The late afternoon sun cast Long
Shadows through the half, empty,

1069
00:55:58,500 --> 00:56:01,400
baths of Titus, Illuminating 
moats of dust. 

1070
00:56:01,400 --> 00:56:04,900
Swirling above, the tepidarium 
pool, Flavia a middle aged 

1071
00:56:04,900 --> 00:56:07,900
Deaconess of the Christian 
Church, rang out, a linen cloth,

1072
00:56:07,900 --> 00:56:11,599
in warm water and gently laid at
over an old woman's arthritic. 

1073
00:56:11,599 --> 00:56:16,400
Knees around the handful of the 
sick and poor soaked quietly in 

1074
00:56:16,400 --> 00:56:19,699
the small bath Hall. 
This once Grand facility had 

1075
00:56:19,699 --> 00:56:22,199
seen better days, mosaic's, 
missing tiles. 

1076
00:56:22,199 --> 00:56:26,400
A drive found in Niche, where a 
statue of Apollo had stood yet 

1077
00:56:26,400 --> 00:56:28,800
to Flavia. 
It was a sacred place of 

1078
00:56:28,800 --> 00:56:31,800
healing. 
In the corner, where a fresco of

1079
00:56:31,800 --> 00:56:34,699
nymphs was fading, a simple 
wooden cross hung on the wall, 

1080
00:56:34,699 --> 00:56:37,099
she offered a silent prayer as 
she worked. 

1081
00:56:37,099 --> 00:56:41,300
Not to Pagan, nymphs or Gods, 
but asking Christ to bless these

1082
00:56:41,300 --> 00:56:43,300
Waters as he wants to the pool 
of Bethesda. 

1083
00:56:44,300 --> 00:56:47,800
The city's Elite now, shunned 
public, baths, preferring 

1084
00:56:47,800 --> 00:56:50,000
private tubs or avoiding them on
moral grounds. 

1085
00:56:50,900 --> 00:56:53,699
Church leaders condemned 
bathhouses as dens of sin. 

1086
00:56:53,699 --> 00:56:57,199
Outlawing, mixed bathing and 
segregating men and women Buy 

1087
00:56:57,199 --> 00:56:59,699
hours. 
Many once great bath, complexes 

1088
00:56:59,699 --> 00:57:03,400
were closing due to neglect but 
flavius saw opportunity in the 

1089
00:57:03,408 --> 00:57:07,000
decline with few Pleasure 
Seekers left, One Wing of the 

1090
00:57:07,000 --> 00:57:11,400
baths of Titus, now served as an
unofficial Infirmary, It's warm 

1091
00:57:11,400 --> 00:57:14,199
rooms and water. 
Comforted those two poor or ill 

1092
00:57:14,199 --> 00:57:17,099
to Bay that home. 
Her patients this day, included 

1093
00:57:17,099 --> 00:57:22,199
septimius a feverish stonemason 
near us, retired legionary with 

1094
00:57:22,199 --> 00:57:26,099
a festering leg wound and old 
Olivia, who's throbbed with 

1095
00:57:26,107 --> 00:57:29,900
arthritis one by one, Flavia 
guided them through a gentle 

1096
00:57:29,900 --> 00:57:34,000
bathing regiment in the 
tepidarium mild warmth stiff, 

1097
00:57:34,000 --> 00:57:36,300
joints loosened and fevers began
to break. 

1098
00:57:37,300 --> 00:57:40,000
She crushed a bit of Rosemary 
and Eucalyptus into hot water, 

1099
00:57:40,000 --> 00:57:43,900
filling the air with sharp 
cleansing Vapors that Drew a 

1100
00:57:43,900 --> 00:57:45,800
weak smile from feverish 
septimius. 

1101
00:57:46,599 --> 00:57:49,800
Next with help from a few 
volunteers, former bath 

1102
00:57:49,800 --> 00:57:52,699
attendance now serving as 
Christian helpers, Flavia 

1103
00:57:52,699 --> 00:57:54,300
brought them into the small 
caldarium. 

1104
00:57:55,000 --> 00:57:58,900
In the hazy steam, she softly 
sang A Hymn nerius, the old 

1105
00:57:58,900 --> 00:58:01,599
Soldier closed his eyes and 
joined in between deep. 

1106
00:58:01,599 --> 00:58:05,199
Breaths of hot air. 
This beats the Army Camps, he 

1107
00:58:05,199 --> 00:58:08,500
murmured with a faint grin. 
Even if we sing to a different 

1108
00:58:08,500 --> 00:58:11,500
God. 
Now, Flavia chuckled even as 

1109
00:58:11,500 --> 00:58:15,099
times changed enduring, practice
of soothing, weary bodies with 

1110
00:58:15,099 --> 00:58:19,400
heat remained After the steam 
bath, Flavia led the group to 

1111
00:58:19,400 --> 00:58:22,000
The Frigid area. 
Only a trickle of cold water 

1112
00:58:22,000 --> 00:58:23,800
still flowed. 
But it was enough. 

1113
00:58:23,800 --> 00:58:27,599
Olivia ghastly, a porter bowl of
the cool water over her. 

1114
00:58:27,599 --> 00:58:30,400
Swollen knees, easy flavius 
soothed. 

1115
00:58:30,400 --> 00:58:34,199
The brief Cold Shot brought 
relief Olivia sighed as the 

1116
00:58:34,199 --> 00:58:37,800
inflammation in her joints, ease
Flavia thought of how ancient 

1117
00:58:37,800 --> 00:58:40,199
Physicians praise. 
The contrast of hot and cold to 

1118
00:58:40,199 --> 00:58:43,400
stimulate healing and how even a
Christian Bishop had urged. 

1119
00:58:43,400 --> 00:58:45,300
The use of god-given Remedies 
like bars. 

1120
00:58:46,300 --> 00:58:49,099
Their circuit complete Flavia 
helped, the weakened, by these 

1121
00:58:49,099 --> 00:58:51,900
dry off and rest along the 
courtyard Colonnade for fresh 

1122
00:58:51,900 --> 00:58:55,000
air. 
Twilight approached a breeze 

1123
00:58:55,000 --> 00:58:56,900
carrying in the center of olive 
trees outside. 

1124
00:58:58,000 --> 00:59:01,400
She ladled out cups of warm 
broth from a pot simmering where

1125
00:59:01,400 --> 00:59:05,400
perfumed oils were once heated 
in the fading light, the group 

1126
00:59:05,400 --> 00:59:09,000
murmured prayers of thanks. 
Septimius is fever, had broken 

1127
00:59:09,000 --> 00:59:12,099
sweat beaded on his brow, but 
his eyes were clear. 

1128
00:59:13,000 --> 00:59:16,000
Nearest flexed his leg and found
the wound clean, the pain 

1129
00:59:16,000 --> 00:59:20,508
abated, Livia squeezed flavia's 
hand, and gratitude, and for the

1130
00:59:20,516 --> 00:59:23,800
first time in weeks, Livia felt 
her pain knees. 

1131
00:59:24,900 --> 00:59:26,800
As Flavia packed away, her 
supplies. 

1132
00:59:26,800 --> 00:59:29,000
Young. 
Acolyte lit a few oil lamps 

1133
00:59:29,000 --> 00:59:31,400
along the walls. 
They're gentle glow fell on 

1134
00:59:31,400 --> 00:59:34,800
faded painting of Roman gods and
the simple crosses scratched by 

1135
00:59:34,800 --> 00:59:37,599
the Fateful. 
The old and new converged here. 

1136
00:59:38,300 --> 00:59:42,500
These Bars once echoed with 
Pagan odds and idle gossip now 

1137
00:59:42,500 --> 00:59:45,699
they heard prayers and hymns. 
The water that Romans once 

1138
00:59:45,699 --> 00:59:48,599
dedicated to descale Pius was 
now blessed in Christ's name 

1139
00:59:48,599 --> 00:59:51,500
different prayers led to the 
same Healing Waters. 

1140
00:59:52,400 --> 00:59:55,500
Before closing for the night 
flavian, knelt by the pool and 

1141
00:59:55,500 --> 00:59:56,900
dipped her hand into the warm 
water. 

1142
00:59:56,900 --> 00:59:59,400
Whispering a final prayer of 
thanks. 

1143
00:59:59,400 --> 01:00:03,300
This derelict Bath House. 
Turned infirmary felt as holy to

1144
01:00:03,300 --> 01:00:07,099
her as any Chapel place where 
suffering was eased and dignity 

1145
01:00:07,099 --> 01:00:09,800
restored. 
With that thought warming her 

1146
01:00:09,800 --> 01:00:14,300
heart, Flavia shuttered, the 
doors, the baths of Titus fell 

1147
01:00:14,300 --> 01:00:17,099
into quiet Darkness, say for The
Gleam of the wooden cross on the

1148
01:00:17,107 --> 01:00:21,099
wall, a reminder that even as 
Empires fade, the call to care 

1149
01:00:21,099 --> 01:00:25,300
for the sick endures under a 
legend winter Sky, Marcus pushed

1150
01:00:25,300 --> 01:00:27,699
open the heavy doors of the 
baths of Diocletian. 

1151
01:00:27,699 --> 01:00:31,900
In our final story of the 
Twilight of the thermae, romae 

1152
01:00:31,900 --> 01:00:36,199
537, add a sharp wind followed 
him in swirling. 

1153
01:00:36,199 --> 01:00:39,900
Fallen leaves across the floor, 
only a dozen patrons huddled in 

1154
01:00:39,900 --> 01:00:42,599
the vast complex. 
The baths emptiness was 

1155
01:00:42,599 --> 01:00:47,400
palpable, Markus had served as 
curator a water engineer for 

1156
01:00:47,400 --> 01:00:51,199
over 30 years, tending, Rome's 
aqueducts and bathhouses. 

1157
01:00:51,199 --> 01:00:54,599
He remembered when these Halls 
echoed with laughter each after 

1158
01:00:54,599 --> 01:00:59,000
noon, now, many pools, set dry 
or lukewarm still, he made his 

1159
01:00:59,000 --> 01:01:02,400
rounds determined to offer what 
Comfort he could to those few 

1160
01:01:02,400 --> 01:01:06,699
Romans who clung to the old ways
in the tepidarium only two 

1161
01:01:06,699 --> 01:01:09,300
loyal. 
Patrons lingard, In the lukewarm

1162
01:01:09,300 --> 01:01:13,099
pool, Marcus checked, the water 
with his hand cooler than it 

1163
01:01:13,099 --> 01:01:15,599
should be. 
The furnaces had barely any fuel

1164
01:01:15,599 --> 01:01:18,099
left would be being scared 
during the seed. 

1165
01:01:19,599 --> 01:01:22,800
He fed the last bits of charcoal
into the boiler coaxing Amiga 

1166
01:01:22,800 --> 01:01:25,400
flame, moving on. 
He passed through the empty 

1167
01:01:25,400 --> 01:01:29,500
palestra now, strewn with dust. 
In a corner weed sprouted 

1168
01:01:29,500 --> 01:01:33,199
between cracked marble tiles. 
Where athletes once wrestled He 

1169
01:01:33,199 --> 01:01:34,900
sighed and entered the 
caldarium. 

1170
01:01:35,599 --> 01:01:38,900
Only one pool here was still in 
use fed by a trickle of warm 

1171
01:01:38,900 --> 01:01:41,699
water. 
A gaunt mother bathed her young 

1172
01:01:41,699 --> 01:01:44,300
son in the shallows of the one 
remaining warm pool. 

1173
01:01:45,199 --> 01:01:48,199
The same need for warmth and 
water, which had sustained so 

1174
01:01:48,199 --> 01:01:52,000
many before them drew them here.
The mother looked up at Marcus 

1175
01:01:52,000 --> 01:01:55,300
and gave a polite hopeful smile 
markers mustered. 

1176
01:01:55,300 --> 01:01:58,300
And in return, even as his heart
clenched with the knowledge, he 

1177
01:01:58,300 --> 01:02:02,199
bore Dawn Marcus had scouted the
aqueduct outside the city and 

1178
01:02:02,199 --> 01:02:06,000
discovered the Grim truth. 
Gothic soldiers had cut the aqua

1179
01:02:06,000 --> 01:02:08,199
toppling. 
Its arches to choke off, Rome's 

1180
01:02:08,199 --> 01:02:11,000
water, the lifeblood of the bars
was severed. 

1181
01:02:11,000 --> 01:02:13,800
What little water remained in 
the pools was all there would 

1182
01:02:13,800 --> 01:02:19,308
ever be. like tomorrow, the bars
of He made his way to the 

1183
01:02:19,316 --> 01:02:22,800
Frigidaire the cavernous Hall 
that once housed a cold swimming

1184
01:02:22,800 --> 01:02:26,199
pool larger than a forum. 
Now it was dry the Mosaic of 

1185
01:02:26,199 --> 01:02:28,300
Neptune on its floor exposed and
dull. 

1186
01:02:28,300 --> 01:02:31,699
Marcus ran a hand along a 
cracked column, how many 

1187
01:02:31,699 --> 01:02:33,599
generations had cooled their 
brows here. 

1188
01:02:33,599 --> 01:02:37,000
After the steam, he could almost
hear ghostly, splashes, and 

1189
01:02:37,000 --> 01:02:38,900
Youthful. 
Shouts from centuries, past 

1190
01:02:38,900 --> 01:02:41,800
returning to the tepidarium 
Marcus gently informed. 

1191
01:02:41,800 --> 01:02:44,599
The few remaining bathers that 
he baths would like to close 

1192
01:02:44,599 --> 01:02:47,599
after today. 
The old man bowed their heads in

1193
01:02:47,599 --> 01:02:51,500
resigned understanding and the 
young mothers eyes with tears as

1194
01:02:51,500 --> 01:02:55,099
she held her son closer. 
Patron placed a rolled parchment

1195
01:02:55,099 --> 01:02:58,599
into Marcus's hand as a token of
appreciation for his years of 

1196
01:02:58,599 --> 01:03:01,699
service, causing markers to 
swallow a lump in his throat. 

1197
01:03:02,699 --> 01:03:05,099
He promised the mother, he would
direct her to a nearby church 

1198
01:03:05,099 --> 01:03:08,500
offering heated rooms for 
refugees a small solace. 

1199
01:03:09,800 --> 01:03:13,500
As Twilight fell and the last 
Bay's departed, Markus remained 

1200
01:03:13,500 --> 01:03:17,699
alone in the cooling, Caldera 
area, the hiss of water gone. he

1201
01:03:17,699 --> 01:03:21,699
sat by an empty baseman, an old 
saying echoed, while the baths 

1202
01:03:21,699 --> 01:03:27,800
remain Rome remains But Rome had
changed its people scattered. 

1203
01:03:27,800 --> 01:03:32,599
Its aqueducts broken communal 
bathing once the pride of Roman 

1204
01:03:32,599 --> 01:03:35,800
life was now slipping into 
memory yet in the Gathering. 

1205
01:03:35,800 --> 01:03:37,900
Darkness markers, Felton measure
of Peace. 

1206
01:03:37,900 --> 01:03:40,900
The legacy of the therme would 
not vanish. 

1207
01:03:42,599 --> 01:03:45,099
In the Eastern Empire, massive 
bath, still thrived. 

1208
01:03:45,099 --> 01:03:48,199
And in country Villages, people 
still sought natural hot springs

1209
01:03:48,199 --> 01:03:50,300
for Relief just as they always 
had. 

1210
01:03:51,300 --> 01:03:53,900
Rome had introduced the world to
the benefits of bathing. 

1211
01:03:53,900 --> 01:03:57,099
And subsequent Generations, 
would continue this Legacy. 

1212
01:03:58,099 --> 01:04:01,199
Perhaps future Generations. 
In better times would build new 

1213
01:04:01,199 --> 01:04:04,800
bathhouses or find new ways to 
use waters Healing Touch. 

1214
01:04:05,699 --> 01:04:08,900
Marcus Rose and made his final 
rounds, snuffing out lamps and 

1215
01:04:08,900 --> 01:04:11,699
securing doors. 
He took one last look at the 

1216
01:04:11,699 --> 01:04:14,699
silent Halls. 
This chapter was closing, but he

1217
01:04:14,699 --> 01:04:18,900
did not feel despair water. 
Soothing power was eternal and 

1218
01:04:18,900 --> 01:04:21,400
he believed that someday its 
fountains would flow again for 

1219
01:04:21,400 --> 01:04:24,699
those in need. 
With that hope, Marcus Fallon's 

1220
01:04:24,699 --> 01:04:27,599
left, the baths of direcion and 
shut its doors behind him. 

1221
01:04:27,599 --> 01:04:31,000
The fading light, the great 
complex, stood dark, and still 

1222
01:04:31,000 --> 01:04:33,500
sleeping giant. 
Waiting a new dawn in some 

1223
01:04:33,500 --> 01:04:40,400
distant future. 
Picture this. 

1224
01:04:41,300 --> 01:04:44,900
You're walking down a city 
street in 1923 and the world 

1225
01:04:44,900 --> 01:04:46,599
around. 
You is humming with an energy 

1226
01:04:46,599 --> 01:04:50,199
that feels almost Electric. 
The atmosphere isn't quite 

1227
01:04:50,199 --> 01:04:53,000
electric, but it's close enough.
Sure. 

1228
01:04:53,000 --> 01:04:54,699
There are more light bulbs than 
ever before. 

1229
01:04:54,699 --> 01:04:58,099
But the real electricity is in 
the air itself crackling with 

1230
01:04:58,099 --> 01:05:01,300
possibility and change. 
You'd notice it first in the 

1231
01:05:01,308 --> 01:05:04,800
sounds. 
The clip-clop of horses that 

1232
01:05:04,800 --> 01:05:08,000
dominated just a decade ago, has
been replaced by the puttering 

1233
01:05:08,000 --> 01:05:11,800
growl of automobiles. 
The sound is not the smooth pair

1234
01:05:11,800 --> 01:05:15,099
of modern cars, but rather a 
sound, akin to a coffee grinder 

1235
01:05:15,099 --> 01:05:18,800
arguing with a lawn mower. 
The Model T Ford despite its 

1236
01:05:18,800 --> 01:05:22,000
mechanical prowess was as 
unassuming as a brass band, 

1237
01:05:22,000 --> 01:05:24,400
playing in a library. 
Smell hits. 

1238
01:05:24,400 --> 01:05:29,000
You next a cocktail of motor oil
cigarette smoke and something in

1239
01:05:29,000 --> 01:05:32,800
definitely optimistic it's the 
center of a country that's just 

1240
01:05:32,800 --> 01:05:35,400
discovered it. 
Can reinvent itself like a 

1241
01:05:35,400 --> 01:05:38,199
middle-aged person trying on a 
completely different hair cut 

1242
01:05:38,199 --> 01:05:39,699
and deciding they rather like 
it. 

1243
01:05:40,500 --> 01:05:42,500
Your dressed in a tire that 
would make your great 

1244
01:05:42,500 --> 01:05:44,199
grandparents cling to their 
pearls. 

1245
01:05:45,099 --> 01:05:48,199
If you're a woman your hemline 
is scandalously revealing 

1246
01:05:48,199 --> 01:05:51,599
several inches of ankle and 
calf, your hair is Bob Short of 

1247
01:05:51,599 --> 01:05:54,000
the most men. 
You might be smoking a cigarette

1248
01:05:54,000 --> 01:05:56,500
in public without a single 
person calling the authorities. 

1249
01:05:56,500 --> 01:06:00,599
If you're a man, your collar is 
a bit lower, your pants, a bit, 

1250
01:06:00,607 --> 01:06:03,500
looser, and you've got enough 
hair permit to lubricate, a 

1251
01:06:03,500 --> 01:06:06,800
small engine. 
The funny thing about the 1920s 

1252
01:06:06,800 --> 01:06:09,599
is that everyone calls them 
roaring but they didn't start 

1253
01:06:09,599 --> 01:06:12,699
out that way. 
The decade began with people 

1254
01:06:12,699 --> 01:06:15,099
suffering from severe hangovers 
from World War One. 

1255
01:06:16,099 --> 01:06:18,400
The country was like someone 
who'd been to a really intense 

1256
01:06:18,400 --> 01:06:22,000
party and was now standing in 
their kitchen at 2 a.m. eating 

1257
01:06:22,000 --> 01:06:24,400
cold. 
Pizza wondering what on Earth 

1258
01:06:24,400 --> 01:06:27,500
had just happened. 
However, the Americans with 

1259
01:06:27,500 --> 01:06:31,800
their unwavering optimism gazed 
at the chaos and expressed, That

1260
01:06:31,800 --> 01:06:34,400
quite unpleasant. 
Let's try something completely 

1261
01:06:34,400 --> 01:06:36,900
different and boy, did they 
ever? 

1262
01:06:38,099 --> 01:06:42,599
The Warhead ended in 1918 and by
1920 everyone was ready to 

1263
01:06:42,607 --> 01:06:43,900
forget. 
It had ever happened. 

1264
01:06:43,900 --> 01:06:47,400
It was as if everyone had 
experienced Collective Amnesia, 

1265
01:06:47,400 --> 01:06:50,500
a company by jazz music and 
illegal cocktails. 

1266
01:06:51,400 --> 01:06:55,599
People wanted to dance laugh. 
Make money and generally behave 

1267
01:06:55,599 --> 01:06:57,800
as if they had discovered the 
perfect cocktail sauce. 

1268
01:06:57,800 --> 01:07:01,599
You'd see this attitude. 
Everywhere, people walked with a

1269
01:07:01,599 --> 01:07:03,900
spring in their step, suggesting
they were late for something 

1270
01:07:03,900 --> 01:07:07,099
fun. 
They spoke fast faster louder 

1271
01:07:07,099 --> 01:07:09,699
and with more slang than a 
teenager who had just 

1272
01:07:09,699 --> 01:07:11,300
discovered, they could invent 
their own language. 

1273
01:07:12,599 --> 01:07:16,699
These knees and cats Pajamas. 
Not only served as expressions. 

1274
01:07:17,500 --> 01:07:20,300
but also, as Declarations of 
Independence from the Victorian 

1275
01:07:20,300 --> 01:07:24,599
era which had finally thankfully
left town The cities were 

1276
01:07:24,599 --> 01:07:26,400
growing like mushrooms after 
rain. 

1277
01:07:27,000 --> 01:07:30,599
People were flooding in from 
farms and small towns drawn by 

1278
01:07:30,599 --> 01:07:33,900
the promise of factory jobs and 
electric lights and the chance 

1279
01:07:33,900 --> 01:07:35,599
to reinvent themselves 
completely. 

1280
01:07:35,599 --> 01:07:39,300
It was like the world's largest 
costume party, except the 

1281
01:07:39,300 --> 01:07:42,699
costumes were new lives and 
nobody was planning to take them

1282
01:07:42,699 --> 01:07:44,900
off. 
At midnight, money was flowing 

1283
01:07:44,900 --> 01:07:48,199
like water from a broken pipe 
and everyone was convinced. 

1284
01:07:48,199 --> 01:07:49,599
They could catch some in a 
bucket. 

1285
01:07:50,599 --> 01:07:53,199
People were buying stocks with 
the same casual confidence. 

1286
01:07:53,199 --> 01:07:56,800
They'd used to choose a new hat 
as the stock market soared to 

1287
01:07:56,800 --> 01:07:59,900
unprecedented Heights. 
What could possibly go wrong? 

1288
01:08:00,800 --> 01:08:04,500
However, we are assuming too 
much at this point right now, in

1289
01:08:04,500 --> 01:08:08,599
this moment, your standing on a 
street corner in 1923 and the 

1290
01:08:08,599 --> 01:08:11,099
future looks as bright. 
As a freshly polished brass 

1291
01:08:11,099 --> 01:08:14,800
button, the air brims with 
potential, your pockets, May 

1292
01:08:14,800 --> 01:08:18,300
hold some cash and a jazz band 
playing a tune in the distance 

1293
01:08:18,300 --> 01:08:20,600
entices. 
Your feet to dance 

1294
01:08:20,600 --> 01:08:24,399
independently. 
Welcome to the Roaring 20s, 

1295
01:08:24,399 --> 01:08:27,698
where the past was new, and the 
future was whatever you dare to 

1296
01:08:27,698 --> 01:08:29,800
make it. 
Let's now discuss your daily 

1297
01:08:29,800 --> 01:08:32,399
activities and the exciting 
world of 1923. 

1298
01:08:32,399 --> 01:08:37,000
If your fortunate enough to have
a job as most people did adding,

1299
01:08:37,100 --> 01:08:40,000
Into the magic, you'd be engaged
in a way that would have left 

1300
01:08:40,000 --> 01:08:42,300
your parents, scratching their 
heads and confusion. 

1301
01:08:43,399 --> 01:08:46,000
The first time in American 
history, more people were living

1302
01:08:46,000 --> 01:08:49,399
in cities than on farms. 
This transformation wasn't just 

1303
01:08:49,399 --> 01:08:52,500
a demographic shift. 
It was like the entire country 

1304
01:08:52,500 --> 01:08:55,899
had decided to change. 
Its personality, America was 

1305
01:08:55,899 --> 01:08:58,800
transforming from a nation of 
people who knew every neighbor's

1306
01:08:58,800 --> 01:09:01,899
Cow by name to a place where you
might not even know the name of 

1307
01:09:01,899 --> 01:09:03,800
the person living in the 
apartment next door. 

1308
01:09:04,800 --> 01:09:07,399
If you were a woman, you'd 
probably be working outside. 

1309
01:09:07,399 --> 01:09:09,500
The home in a way that would 
have scanned your grandmother 

1310
01:09:09,500 --> 01:09:13,698
instead of Performing strenuous 
Farm tasks or handling laundry. 

1311
01:09:13,698 --> 01:09:17,000
Women found themselves seated at
a desk in an office building 

1312
01:09:17,000 --> 01:09:20,600
using Innovative typewriters 
that resembled a hybrid of a 

1313
01:09:20,600 --> 01:09:24,899
piano and a mechanical spider. 
He'd be earning your money which

1314
01:09:24,899 --> 01:09:27,698
gave you a kind of Freedom that 
previous generations of women 

1315
01:09:27,698 --> 01:09:31,399
could only dream about The work 
itself had a rhythm to it, that 

1316
01:09:31,399 --> 01:09:34,899
was entirely new. 
You'd clock in at 8 a.m. sharp 

1317
01:09:34,899 --> 01:09:38,000
because the whole concept of 
business hours was becoming 

1318
01:09:38,000 --> 01:09:40,698
sacred. 
Launch was exactly one hour. 

1319
01:09:40,698 --> 01:09:43,198
Usually eaten at a counter lunch
spots. 

1320
01:09:43,198 --> 01:09:46,300
That served food fast to the. 
You could say the fishing sea, 

1321
01:09:47,100 --> 01:09:50,300
everything was about speed and 
productivity on the wonderful 

1322
01:09:50,300 --> 01:09:52,100
terrible idea that time was 
money. 

1323
01:09:53,300 --> 01:09:56,600
But here's the thing that made 
the 20 special when that work 

1324
01:09:56,600 --> 01:09:58,399
day ended. 
The real fun began. 

1325
01:09:58,399 --> 01:10:01,600
You'd step out of your office 
building into a world that was 

1326
01:10:01,600 --> 01:10:04,699
determined to entertain you. 
The streets were aligned with 

1327
01:10:04,707 --> 01:10:07,300
movie, theaters showing the 
latest, Charlie Chaplin or 

1328
01:10:07,300 --> 01:10:09,899
Buster Keaton films. 
These weren't just movies. 

1329
01:10:09,899 --> 01:10:13,199
They were escapes into Worlds, 
where Anything could happen and 

1330
01:10:13,199 --> 01:10:16,199
usually did. 
If you desire to dance, you 

1331
01:10:16,199 --> 01:10:18,600
would make your way to one of 
the hundreds of dance halls 

1332
01:10:18,600 --> 01:10:20,199
that. 
Had sprung up like, fervent 

1333
01:10:20,199 --> 01:10:24,800
plants Jazz, new musical genre 
resembled traditional music with

1334
01:10:24,800 --> 01:10:28,199
a hint of improvisation. 
It was syncopated unpredictable 

1335
01:10:28,199 --> 01:10:32,199
and absolutely irresistible. 
You do the Charleston until your

1336
01:10:32,199 --> 01:10:34,500
feet hurt. 
And keep dancing anyway, because

1337
01:10:34,500 --> 01:10:39,199
the music wouldn't let you stop.
Food was changing too instead of

1338
01:10:39,199 --> 01:10:42,199
the heavy Germanic meals that 
are dominated American tables. 

1339
01:10:42,199 --> 01:10:44,500
You'd find yourself eating Light
Affair. 

1340
01:10:44,500 --> 01:10:47,699
Salads became fashionable. 
Not because anyone was 

1341
01:10:47,699 --> 01:10:50,500
particularly concerned about 
health, but because they felt 

1342
01:10:50,500 --> 01:10:54,199
modern and sophisticated canned 
foods were everywhere. 

1343
01:10:54,199 --> 01:10:56,399
Promising, convenience and 
consistency. 

1344
01:10:56,399 --> 01:11:00,500
You could open a can of peaches 
in the middle of winter and feel

1345
01:11:00,500 --> 01:11:01,699
like you were living in the 
future. 

1346
01:11:02,699 --> 01:11:04,800
And speaking of the future, 
everything was about being 

1347
01:11:04,800 --> 01:11:08,000
modern, Furniture art and ideas.
What? 

1348
01:11:08,000 --> 01:11:10,500
All modern. 
If something was old, it was 

1349
01:11:10,500 --> 01:11:14,100
automatically suspect people 
were redecorating, their homes 

1350
01:11:14,100 --> 01:11:17,600
with clean lines and geometric 
patterns throwing out the heavy 

1351
01:11:17,600 --> 01:11:20,699
or Nate Victorian furniture that
had dominated parlors for 

1352
01:11:20,699 --> 01:11:23,100
decades. 
Seemed as though the entire 

1353
01:11:23,100 --> 01:11:26,000
nation had made a Resolute 
decision to purge and never look

1354
01:11:26,000 --> 01:11:28,600
back your evening. 
Entertainment might include 

1355
01:11:28,600 --> 01:11:31,500
listening to the radio, which 
was still magical enough to make

1356
01:11:31,500 --> 01:11:35,399
you shake your head in one day. 
The are carried voices and music

1357
01:11:35,399 --> 01:11:38,500
directly into your living room, 
you'd gather around the radio. 

1358
01:11:38,500 --> 01:11:41,800
Like it was a campfire listening
to programs that connected you 

1359
01:11:41,800 --> 01:11:44,899
to the rest of the country in a 
way that had never been possible

1360
01:11:44,899 --> 01:11:48,100
before, but the real excitement 
came from the speakeasies. 

1361
01:11:48,100 --> 01:11:51,199
Now, officially alcohol was 
illegal. 

1362
01:11:51,199 --> 01:11:54,600
Thanks to Prohibition, which had
gone into effect in 1920. 

1363
01:11:55,899 --> 01:11:58,399
But in reality people were 
drinking more than ever. 

1364
01:11:59,100 --> 01:12:01,300
And they were drinking it in 
Hidden clubs that had the 

1365
01:12:01,300 --> 01:12:05,000
atmosphere of a permanent party.
You'd knock on an unmarked door,

1366
01:12:05,000 --> 01:12:08,500
whisper a password and suddenly 
you'd be in a world of dim 

1367
01:12:08,500 --> 01:12:11,500
lights strong during drinks and 
the kind of music that made you 

1368
01:12:11,500 --> 01:12:15,199
want to dance until dawn. 
The irony wasn't lost on anyone.

1369
01:12:15,199 --> 01:12:18,500
The Government tried to make 
America more morale by Banning 

1370
01:12:18,500 --> 01:12:21,800
alcohol, but it made drinking 
more fun, social and exciting. 

1371
01:12:21,800 --> 01:12:25,199
There was a kin to receiving a 
ban on desert, which instantly 

1372
01:12:25,199 --> 01:12:27,100
elevated it to the Pinnacle of 
Desire. 

1373
01:12:27,100 --> 01:12:30,899
Let's settle in and talk about 
money in the 1920s because this 

1374
01:12:30,899 --> 01:12:32,300
is where things get really 
interesting. 

1375
01:12:33,300 --> 01:12:36,100
Imagine if everyone in your 
neighborhood discovered, they 

1376
01:12:36,100 --> 01:12:38,800
had a talent for finding twenty 
dollar bills in their coat 

1377
01:12:38,800 --> 01:12:40,800
pockets. 
That's roughly what the economy 

1378
01:12:40,800 --> 01:12:44,000
felt like in 1924. 
You'd wake up each morning and 

1379
01:12:44,000 --> 01:12:45,600
check the newspaper for stock 
prices. 

1380
01:12:45,600 --> 01:12:47,500
The way people today, check 
their social media. 

1381
01:12:47,500 --> 01:12:51,399
The numbers, consistently 
increased, akin to a helium 

1382
01:12:51,399 --> 01:12:55,300
balloon devoid of gravity, your 
neighbor, who previously sold 

1383
01:12:55,300 --> 01:12:58,699
insurance was now, providing you
with valuable insights about 

1384
01:12:58,699 --> 01:13:02,899
radio companies and automobile. 
Manufacturers, your barbell was 

1385
01:13:02,899 --> 01:13:05,100
talking about his portfolio 
while he trimmed your hair. 

1386
01:13:06,000 --> 01:13:08,399
Even the woman who ran the 
corner grocery store, was buying

1387
01:13:08,399 --> 01:13:10,800
stocks with the confidence of 
someone who had been doing it 

1388
01:13:10,800 --> 01:13:13,800
for decades. 
The beautiful thing was you 

1389
01:13:13,800 --> 01:13:15,300
didn't need to be rich to get 
started. 

1390
01:13:15,300 --> 01:13:19,399
You could buy stocks on margin 
which meant you only needed to 

1391
01:13:19,399 --> 01:13:21,800
put down a small amount of your 
money and borrow the rest. 

1392
01:13:21,800 --> 01:13:24,699
There was like a layaway but for
wealth building. 

1393
01:13:25,899 --> 01:13:28,300
What could possibly go wrong 
with borrowing money to buy 

1394
01:13:28,300 --> 01:13:29,899
something? 
That was guaranteed to go up in 

1395
01:13:29,899 --> 01:13:33,000
value your typical day might 
start with a quick stop at the 

1396
01:13:33,000 --> 01:13:36,000
bank where the teller would 
greet you with a smile that 

1397
01:13:36,000 --> 01:13:38,000
suggested. 
He was personally invested in 

1398
01:13:38,000 --> 01:13:42,399
your fine natural success. 
Banks were no longer the stern, 

1399
01:13:42,399 --> 01:13:44,600
intimidating institutions. 
They've been in your 

1400
01:13:44,600 --> 01:13:47,600
grandfather's day. 
They were friendly welcoming 

1401
01:13:47,600 --> 01:13:49,899
places that were eager to lend 
you money for just about 

1402
01:13:49,899 --> 01:13:53,300
anything. 
Want to buy a car, here's a 

1403
01:13:53,300 --> 01:13:54,600
loan. 
Want to buy a house? 

1404
01:13:54,608 --> 01:13:57,300
Here's a mortgage. 
Want to buy stocks. 

1405
01:13:57,300 --> 01:14:01,000
Here's some margin financing. 
The bankers practically threw 

1406
01:14:01,000 --> 01:14:04,000
money at you, instilling in you 
a sense of gratitude for their 

1407
01:14:04,000 --> 01:14:07,500
faith in your future. 
The cars were a perfect example 

1408
01:14:07,500 --> 01:14:08,899
of how money was changing. 
Everything. 

1409
01:14:08,899 --> 01:14:12,300
Henry Ford had figured out how 
to mass produce automobiles, 

1410
01:14:12,300 --> 01:14:15,600
which meant that for the first 
time in history, regular 

1411
01:14:15,600 --> 01:14:17,399
working, people could afford to 
buy one. 

1412
01:14:17,399 --> 01:14:23,199
A Model T cost about 290 in 
1925, which was roughly three 

1413
01:14:23,199 --> 01:14:24,899
months wages for an average 
worker. 

1414
01:14:25,899 --> 01:14:29,100
Compare that to today, when a 
new car cost more like eight 

1415
01:14:29,100 --> 01:14:32,199
months wages and you can see why
everyone was feeling pretty 

1416
01:14:32,199 --> 01:14:34,000
optimistic about their 
purchasing power. 

1417
01:14:34,000 --> 01:14:38,600
The real magic happened when you
got that car home, Suddenly, you

1418
01:14:38,600 --> 01:14:40,300
weren't limited to your 
neighborhood anymore. 

1419
01:14:40,300 --> 01:14:43,699
You could drive to the next town
over for dinner, or take a 

1420
01:14:43,699 --> 01:14:46,600
weekend trip to the mountains or
simply cruise around on a Sunday

1421
01:14:46,600 --> 01:14:48,399
afternoon feeling like the king 
of the world. 

1422
01:14:49,500 --> 01:14:50,899
The automobile didn't just 
change. 

1423
01:14:50,899 --> 01:14:53,899
How you got around it changed, 
how you thought about distance 

1424
01:14:53,899 --> 01:14:57,699
time and possibility, consumer 
goods were flooding, the market 

1425
01:14:57,699 --> 01:15:01,899
electric refrigerators vacuum 
cleaners, washing machines 

1426
01:15:01,899 --> 01:15:05,500
radio, all of these things that 
have been luxuries for the 

1427
01:15:05,500 --> 01:15:08,100
wealthy was suddenly Within 
Reach of the middle class. 

1428
01:15:09,000 --> 01:15:11,300
You could buy them on 
installment plans paying a 

1429
01:15:11,300 --> 01:15:12,899
little bit each month until they
were yours. 

1430
01:15:12,899 --> 01:15:15,800
It was like Christmas morning. 
Every time you brought home a 

1431
01:15:15,800 --> 01:15:19,000
new Appliance, Department stores
became Wonderland of 

1432
01:15:19,000 --> 01:15:21,399
possibility. 
You'd walk through Macy's or 

1433
01:15:21,399 --> 01:15:24,199
wannamakers and feel like you 
were touring a museum of modern 

1434
01:15:24,199 --> 01:15:27,800
living, everything was bright, 
shiny and available for 

1435
01:15:27,800 --> 01:15:30,199
purchase. 
The salespeople, made you feel 

1436
01:15:30,199 --> 01:15:33,300
entitled to the best and the 
credit terms were so generous 

1437
01:15:33,300 --> 01:15:36,300
that you couldn't afford not to 
buy the advertising, was getting

1438
01:15:36,300 --> 01:15:39,699
more sophisticated to instead of
just listing the features of a 

1439
01:15:39,699 --> 01:15:43,100
product advertisers, were 
selling you a Lifestyle by this 

1440
01:15:43,100 --> 01:15:46,100
open, you'll be more attractive 
by this car, and you'll be more 

1441
01:15:46,100 --> 01:15:49,399
successful by this radio and 
you'll be more connected to the 

1442
01:15:49,399 --> 01:15:51,800
world. 
They were just selling products.

1443
01:15:51,800 --> 01:15:54,699
They were selling dreams and 
business was booming. 

1444
01:15:54,699 --> 01:15:57,800
Your neighbor's were all 
participating in this wonderful 

1445
01:15:57,800 --> 01:16:01,699
dance of prosperity. 
Everyone was buying everyone was

1446
01:16:01,699 --> 01:16:03,899
selling. 
And everyone was convinced that 

1447
01:16:03,899 --> 01:16:07,699
the music would never stop 
playing. the stock market was 

1448
01:16:07,699 --> 01:16:11,199
like a giant Casino where 
everyone was winning and the 

1449
01:16:11,199 --> 01:16:14,899
house never seemed to mine and 
here's the thing about dancing. 

1450
01:16:14,899 --> 01:16:18,600
It's wonderful while the music 
is playing, but eventually the 

1451
01:16:18,600 --> 01:16:23,300
band needs to take a break. 
The trouble was nobody in 1925 

1452
01:16:23,300 --> 01:16:25,699
was thinking about what would 
happen when the music stopped. 

1453
01:16:25,699 --> 01:16:28,800
They were too busy, enjoying the
Rhythm, the movement and the 

1454
01:16:28,800 --> 01:16:32,199
sheer Joy of being part of 
something that felt bigger than 

1455
01:16:32,199 --> 01:16:35,199
themselves. 
When the sun went down in 1925, 

1456
01:16:35,199 --> 01:16:38,000
that's when the real personality
of the decade, came out to play.

1457
01:16:38,000 --> 01:16:41,399
You'd finish your dinner 
straighten, your tie or powder, 

1458
01:16:41,399 --> 01:16:44,300
your nose, and step out into a 
world, that was absolutely 

1459
01:16:44,300 --> 01:16:46,100
determined to show you a good 
time. 

1460
01:16:47,100 --> 01:16:49,800
Streets after dark were like 
nothing America had ever seen 

1461
01:16:49,800 --> 01:16:52,800
before. 
Electric signs blazed from every

1462
01:16:52,800 --> 01:16:56,600
storefront turning night into a 
neon tinged approximation of 

1463
01:16:56,600 --> 01:17:00,199
day. 
Cities had learned to stay awake

1464
01:17:00,199 --> 01:17:02,899
and they were absolutely 
delighted with their insomnia. 

1465
01:17:02,899 --> 01:17:06,699
You'd walk down broad way or 
State Street or any main drag in

1466
01:17:06,699 --> 01:17:09,000
any City and the lights would be
so bright. 

1467
01:17:09,000 --> 01:17:10,899
You could read a newspaper 
without squinting. 

1468
01:17:11,699 --> 01:17:14,699
Your first stop might be a movie
theater because the pictures 

1469
01:17:14,699 --> 01:17:17,000
were getting more elaborate and 
entertaining by the month. 

1470
01:17:17,800 --> 01:17:21,600
These weren't just films. 
They were experiences theaters 

1471
01:17:21,600 --> 01:17:24,199
themselves. 
Resembled palaces the donned 

1472
01:17:24,199 --> 01:17:26,600
with elaborate ceilings 
luxurious seats. 

1473
01:17:26,600 --> 01:17:30,800
And orchestras that accompanied 
the silent films, You'd sit in 

1474
01:17:30,800 --> 01:17:34,100
the dark with hundreds of other 
people, all of you, gasping and 

1475
01:17:34,100 --> 01:17:36,899
laughing and collectively 
forgetting that the real world 

1476
01:17:36,899 --> 01:17:39,100
existed outside those velvet 
curtains. 

1477
01:17:39,100 --> 01:17:42,300
Charlie Chaplin was making 
everyone laugh with his little 

1478
01:17:42,300 --> 01:17:44,600
Tramp character. 
A fellow who seemed to find 

1479
01:17:44,600 --> 01:17:49,399
dignity in the most undignified 
Situation's, Buster Keaton was 

1480
01:17:49,399 --> 01:17:51,600
performing. 
Stunts that defied both gravity 

1481
01:17:51,600 --> 01:17:54,300
and Common Sense. 
These comedians weren't just 

1482
01:17:54,300 --> 01:17:56,399
entertainers. 
They were philosophers of the 

1483
01:17:56,399 --> 01:17:59,500
Absurd showing you that life's 
problems could be solved with 

1484
01:17:59,500 --> 01:18:02,699
creativity persistence and a 
willingness to look ridiculous. 

1485
01:18:02,699 --> 01:18:05,899
But the real Adventure began. 
When you decided to find a 

1486
01:18:05,907 --> 01:18:10,500
speakeasy by 1925, the country 
had gotten very creative about 

1487
01:18:10,500 --> 01:18:12,300
working around the five year, 
old prohibition. 

1488
01:18:12,300 --> 01:18:15,699
You'd walk down a perfectly 
ordinary Street counting 

1489
01:18:15,699 --> 01:18:17,399
doorways until you found the 
right one. 

1490
01:18:17,399 --> 01:18:20,699
Maybe it was marked with a small
symbol or maybe you just had to 

1491
01:18:20,699 --> 01:18:23,800
know which door to knock on. 
Password might be something like

1492
01:18:23,800 --> 01:18:27,500
bees knees or Oscar sent me, 
you'd whisper it to a person 

1493
01:18:27,508 --> 01:18:30,300
whose eyes you could see through
a small window and if you'd 

1494
01:18:30,300 --> 01:18:32,699
gotten it, right? 
The door would swing open to 

1495
01:18:32,699 --> 01:18:34,800
reveal a world. 
That was half party, half 

1496
01:18:34,800 --> 01:18:38,300
conspiracy inside. 
The atmosphere was thick with 

1497
01:18:38,300 --> 01:18:41,899
cigarette smoke and possibility.
The are practically vibrated 

1498
01:18:41,899 --> 01:18:44,600
with jazz music played by 
musicians who seem to be making 

1499
01:18:44,600 --> 01:18:48,100
it up as they went along 
numerous instances their 

1500
01:18:48,100 --> 01:18:51,000
interpretations were accurate 
Jazz was all about improvisation

1501
01:18:51,000 --> 01:18:54,300
about taking a familiar tune and
twisting it into something 

1502
01:18:54,300 --> 01:18:57,399
entirely new. 
It was music that matched. 

1503
01:18:57,399 --> 01:19:02,100
The mood of the time's confident
experimental and slightly 

1504
01:19:02,100 --> 01:19:05,000
dangerous. 
The drinks were stronger than 

1505
01:19:05,000 --> 01:19:07,199
anything you'd ever tasted 
partly. 

1506
01:19:07,199 --> 01:19:09,500
Because the Bootleggers weren't 
particularly concerned with 

1507
01:19:09,500 --> 01:19:12,800
subtlety. 
They mixed gin that could strip 

1508
01:19:12,800 --> 01:19:16,000
paint with fruit juices and 
served it in cocktail glasses 

1509
01:19:16,000 --> 01:19:20,899
reminiscent of fairy tales The 
cocktails had names like Gin 

1510
01:19:20,899 --> 01:19:25,000
Rickey, sidecar and bees knees, 
as if someone had decided that 

1511
01:19:25,000 --> 01:19:27,399
drinking should be an adventure 
in linguistics, as well as 

1512
01:19:27,399 --> 01:19:30,399
intoxication. 
The dancing was unlike anything,

1513
01:19:30,399 --> 01:19:32,100
your parents generation had ever
seen. 

1514
01:19:33,000 --> 01:19:36,199
Charleston was the signature 
move, all flying feet and 

1515
01:19:36,199 --> 01:19:39,300
Swinging arms and complete. 
Abandonment of anything that 

1516
01:19:39,300 --> 01:19:42,600
might be considered dignified. 
The music would compel you to 

1517
01:19:42,600 --> 01:19:44,800
continue dancing. 
Despite your clothes becoming 

1518
01:19:44,800 --> 01:19:48,500
soaked, with sweat, the women 
smoked cigarettes or make up. 

1519
01:19:48,500 --> 01:19:51,300
And generally behaved in ways 
that would have horrified their 

1520
01:19:51,300 --> 01:19:54,500
grandmothers known as Flappers. 
They appeared to have 

1521
01:19:54,500 --> 01:19:57,300
collectively, decided to 
disregard the traditional Norms 

1522
01:19:57,300 --> 01:19:59,800
of feminine Behavior. 
They wore their hair short, 

1523
01:19:59,800 --> 01:20:03,000
their skirts short shorter and 
their attitude shortest of all 

1524
01:20:03,000 --> 01:20:06,500
the men were trying to keep up 
loosening their ties and 

1525
01:20:06,500 --> 01:20:08,600
learning dance steps. 
That would have been considered 

1526
01:20:08,600 --> 01:20:10,800
scandalous just a decade 
earlier. 

1527
01:20:11,800 --> 01:20:14,399
Everyone was engaged in a 
collective Rebellion against the

1528
01:20:14,399 --> 01:20:16,899
stuffiness of the previous 
generation and they were 

1529
01:20:16,899 --> 01:20:18,899
thoroughly enjoying themselves 
in the process. 

1530
01:20:20,000 --> 01:20:22,600
But here's the thing that made 
the Speakeasy culture, so 

1531
01:20:22,600 --> 01:20:26,300
special, it was Democratic in a 
way that American Social Life 

1532
01:20:26,300 --> 01:20:30,600
had never been before rich and 
poor young and old immigrants 

1533
01:20:30,600 --> 01:20:33,199
and native born Americans. 
All crowded together around the 

1534
01:20:33,199 --> 01:20:35,800
same. 
Small tables drinking the same 

1535
01:20:35,800 --> 01:20:39,300
illegal liquor and dancing to 
the same outrageous music. 

1536
01:20:40,199 --> 01:20:43,600
Prohibition had inadvertently 
created a kind of social mixing 

1537
01:20:43,600 --> 01:20:45,399
that the country had never 
experienced. 

1538
01:20:46,300 --> 01:20:48,800
The Knight would end with you, 
stumbling out into the door and 

1539
01:20:48,800 --> 01:20:52,600
your ears, ringing with jazz and
your head spinning with gin and 

1540
01:20:52,600 --> 01:20:54,899
the sheer exhilaration of being 
alive at a time. 

1541
01:20:54,907 --> 01:20:58,699
When anything seemed possible 
tomorrow was another day and 

1542
01:20:58,699 --> 01:21:02,399
tomorrow's night would bring new
adventures new music and new 

1543
01:21:02,399 --> 01:21:04,899
reasons to celebrate. 
The simple fact that you were 

1544
01:21:04,899 --> 01:21:08,000
young and American and living in
the most exciting decade. 

1545
01:21:08,000 --> 01:21:10,500
Anyone could remember. 
Now, let's talk about how the 

1546
01:21:10,500 --> 01:21:13,300
1920s changed the way. 
People thought about everything.

1547
01:21:13,300 --> 01:21:16,800
Not only did the music enclose 
change, but the concept of what 

1548
01:21:16,800 --> 01:21:19,399
it meant to be an American 
underwent, a complete 

1549
01:21:19,399 --> 01:21:23,600
transformation, you'd wake up in
1926 and realize that the world 

1550
01:21:23,600 --> 01:21:26,300
your parents had prepared you 
for no longer existed. 

1551
01:21:27,399 --> 01:21:29,899
A kind of exhilarating on 
certainly replaced the old 

1552
01:21:29,899 --> 01:21:32,800
certain teas, making every day, 
feel like an adventure. 

1553
01:21:32,800 --> 01:21:35,699
It was like someone had 
Rewritten, the rules of Life 

1554
01:21:35,699 --> 01:21:38,100
while you were sleeping and you 
had to figure out the new 

1555
01:21:38,100 --> 01:21:41,800
version as you went to Long. 
The most significant change was 

1556
01:21:41,800 --> 01:21:44,699
in how people thought about 
themselves, your 

1557
01:21:44,699 --> 01:21:47,500
great-grandparents are defined 
themselves by their work, their 

1558
01:21:47,500 --> 01:21:50,899
family, their church and their 
Community, but you are part of 

1559
01:21:50,899 --> 01:21:53,699
the first generation that could 
Define Itself by its 

1560
01:21:53,699 --> 01:21:56,600
entertainment, its style and its
attitude. 

1561
01:21:56,600 --> 01:22:00,000
You won't just a blacksmith or a
farmer or a shopkeeper. 

1562
01:22:00,000 --> 01:22:02,800
You were someone who listened to
Jazz drove a car. 

1563
01:22:02,800 --> 01:22:05,500
Went to the pictures and had 
opinions about everything. 

1564
01:22:05,500 --> 01:22:09,100
The radio was particularly 
important in this transformation

1565
01:22:09,100 --> 01:22:12,399
every evening, you'd gather 
around that wooden box with its 

1566
01:22:12,399 --> 01:22:15,300
mysterious glowing tubes. 
And listen to voices from New 

1567
01:22:15,300 --> 01:22:19,500
York, Chicago, and Los Angeles. 
For the first time in American 

1568
01:22:19,500 --> 01:22:23,100
history, the entire country was 
hearing the same jokes, the same

1569
01:22:23,100 --> 01:22:25,199
music and the same 
advertisements. 

1570
01:22:25,199 --> 01:22:28,199
You were part of a shared 
National conversation that 

1571
01:22:28,199 --> 01:22:31,500
stretched from coast to coast. 
These developments created a 

1572
01:22:31,500 --> 01:22:35,500
kind of cultural democracy that 
was entirely new Song that was 

1573
01:22:35,500 --> 01:22:38,100
popular in Harlem could be 
harmed by a farmer in Kansas 

1574
01:22:38,100 --> 01:22:41,600
within a week within a month. 
A dance that originated in 

1575
01:22:41,600 --> 01:22:44,399
Chicago might be performed at an
Alabama, High School Dance. 

1576
01:22:45,300 --> 01:22:48,000
The regional differences that 
had defined American culture for

1577
01:22:48,000 --> 01:22:51,199
centuries were beginning to blur
into something more unified and 

1578
01:22:51,199 --> 01:22:54,600
simultaneously more diverse. 
The movie's were doing something

1579
01:22:54,600 --> 01:22:57,399
similar. 
But even more powerful, you'd 

1580
01:22:57,399 --> 01:22:59,899
sit in a dark theater on, watch 
stories that took you places. 

1581
01:22:59,899 --> 01:23:01,899
You'd never been showed you 
lives. 

1582
01:23:01,899 --> 01:23:04,100
You'd never lived and made you 
feel emotions. 

1583
01:23:04,100 --> 01:23:07,800
You'd never experienced Stars 
weren't just actors. 

1584
01:23:07,800 --> 01:23:12,000
They were templates for how to 
be glamorous sophisticated and 

1585
01:23:12,000 --> 01:23:16,500
modern Mary Pickford Charlie 
Chaplin and Rudolph Valentino 

1586
01:23:16,500 --> 01:23:19,000
weren't just entertainers. 
They were teachers in the 

1587
01:23:19,000 --> 01:23:21,800
Academy of style. 
The magazines were changing too,

1588
01:23:21,800 --> 01:23:24,800
the previous generations, 
serious morally, instructive 

1589
01:23:24,800 --> 01:23:27,899
Publications gave way to 
magazines entirely focused on 

1590
01:23:27,899 --> 01:23:30,300
entertainment, fashion and 
lifestyle. 

1591
01:23:30,300 --> 01:23:33,300
You'd flip through pages of 
photographs showing you how to 

1592
01:23:33,308 --> 01:23:36,699
dress, how to decorate your home
and how to conduct yourself at 

1593
01:23:36,699 --> 01:23:38,899
parties. 
It was like having a personal 

1594
01:23:38,899 --> 01:23:40,399
tutor in the art of Being 
modern. 

1595
01:23:41,600 --> 01:23:44,199
The younger generation were 
particularly enthusiastic about 

1596
01:23:44,199 --> 01:23:47,100
rejecting everything, their 
parents have taught them, they 

1597
01:23:47,100 --> 01:23:48,600
called themselves, The Lost 
Generation. 

1598
01:23:49,699 --> 01:23:52,100
Sounds Melancholy, but was 
actually a kind of Celebration. 

1599
01:23:52,100 --> 01:23:55,000
They were lost from the old 
certain teas, the old 

1600
01:23:55,000 --> 01:23:58,300
restrictions and the old ways of
thinking about life and they 

1601
01:23:58,300 --> 01:24:01,399
were perfectly content to be 
lost because being lost meant 

1602
01:24:01,399 --> 01:24:02,800
being free to find their own 
way. 

1603
01:24:03,800 --> 01:24:05,500
Slang reflected, this new 
attitude. 

1604
01:24:05,500 --> 01:24:09,300
Everything was swell or Keen or 
the cat's pajamas. 

1605
01:24:09,300 --> 01:24:13,000
The language was becoming more 
playful, more inventive and more

1606
01:24:13,000 --> 01:24:15,500
fun. 
People were making up words and 

1607
01:24:15,500 --> 01:24:18,800
phrases with the confidence of 
poets and every one was eager to

1608
01:24:18,800 --> 01:24:20,600
adopt the latest linguistic 
Fashions. 

1609
01:24:20,600 --> 01:24:24,000
Even the art was changing. 
Instead of the realistic 

1610
01:24:24,000 --> 01:24:26,100
paintings and sculptures that 
are dominated. 

1611
01:24:26,100 --> 01:24:29,500
American culture artists were 
experimenting with abstract 

1612
01:24:29,500 --> 01:24:33,000
forms, bold colors and ideas 
that didn't necessarily make 

1613
01:24:33,000 --> 01:24:36,000
logical sense. 
It was art that matched the mood

1614
01:24:36,000 --> 01:24:40,100
of the times experimental, 
confident and slightly 

1615
01:24:40,100 --> 01:24:42,399
rebellious. 
The architecture was 

1616
01:24:42,399 --> 01:24:46,199
transforming to buildings, were 
getting taller sleeker and more 

1617
01:24:46,199 --> 01:24:48,899
geometric. 
The art deco style was emerging 

1618
01:24:48,899 --> 01:24:53,300
with its emphasis on clean lines
and mechanical Elegance cities 

1619
01:24:53,300 --> 01:24:56,500
would begin to look like the 
future, which was precisely what

1620
01:24:56,500 --> 01:24:59,399
their inhabitants wanted. 
But perhaps the most important 

1621
01:24:59,399 --> 01:25:02,000
change was in how people thought
about tradition itself. 

1622
01:25:03,100 --> 01:25:06,899
Previous generations had revered
the past seeing it as source of 

1623
01:25:06,907 --> 01:25:10,899
wisdom and guidance. 
However, the 1920s generation 

1624
01:25:10,899 --> 01:25:14,500
viewed the past as a challenge 
to conquer in enhance or 

1625
01:25:14,500 --> 01:25:17,300
disregard. 
The future was more interesting 

1626
01:25:17,300 --> 01:25:20,000
than the past and the present 
was more fun than either. 

1627
01:25:21,000 --> 01:25:24,000
This perspective created a kind 
of cultural acceleration. 

1628
01:25:24,000 --> 01:25:26,500
That was both exhilarating and 
exhausting. 

1629
01:25:26,500 --> 01:25:29,699
Everything was changing so far, 
so you could barely keep up. 

1630
01:25:30,699 --> 01:25:32,199
But that was part of the 
excitement. 

1631
01:25:32,199 --> 01:25:36,399
You lived in a time of global 
reinvention and were part of it 

1632
01:25:36,399 --> 01:25:39,399
by 1927. 
It was evident that something 

1633
01:25:39,399 --> 01:25:42,399
was beginning to go awry. 
The party was still going 

1634
01:25:42,399 --> 01:25:45,500
strong, the music was still 
playing and everyone still 

1635
01:25:45,500 --> 01:25:48,600
dancing. 
But if you looked carefully, you

1636
01:25:48,600 --> 01:25:51,000
might have noticed that some of 
the dancers were starting to 

1637
01:25:51,000 --> 01:25:54,100
look a little worn out and some 
of the music was starting to 

1638
01:25:54,108 --> 01:25:56,899
sound a little forced. 
The stock market was still 

1639
01:25:56,899 --> 01:25:59,899
climbing, but it was climbing in
a way that was starting to make 

1640
01:25:59,899 --> 01:26:03,399
thoughtful people nervous. 
The numbers were getting so high

1641
01:26:03,399 --> 01:26:06,800
that they seem to have lost any 
connection to reality companies 

1642
01:26:06,800 --> 01:26:09,699
that had never made a profit 
were worth millions on paper. 

1643
01:26:10,500 --> 01:26:13,199
stocks were doubling and 
tripling in value, placed on 

1644
01:26:13,199 --> 01:26:15,800
nothing more than the assumption
that they would continue to 

1645
01:26:15,800 --> 01:26:19,199
double and triple You'd over 
here conversations, that would 

1646
01:26:19,199 --> 01:26:21,199
have been impossible just a few 
years earlier. 

1647
01:26:22,000 --> 01:26:24,500
Your Barber would be talking 
about his stock portfolio, while

1648
01:26:24,500 --> 01:26:27,699
he cut your hair. 
The woman who sold newspapers on

1649
01:26:27,699 --> 01:26:29,899
the corner would be discussing 
market trends with her. 

1650
01:26:29,899 --> 01:26:33,500
Customers, everyone claimed to 
be an expert and while many 

1651
01:26:33,500 --> 01:26:36,300
appeared to be getting rich, 
nobody was asking the obvious 

1652
01:26:36,300 --> 01:26:38,000
question. 
Where was all this money 

1653
01:26:38,000 --> 01:26:41,100
actually coming from the answer?
It turned out was that it was 

1654
01:26:41,100 --> 01:26:44,000
coming from the future. 
People were borrowing against 

1655
01:26:44,000 --> 01:26:47,300
tomorrow's prosperity to pay. 
For today's lifestyle, they were

1656
01:26:47,300 --> 01:26:50,100
buying stocks on margin, which 
meant they were borrowing money 

1657
01:26:50,100 --> 01:26:52,899
to buy Investments, that they 
hoped would be worth more money 

1658
01:26:52,899 --> 01:26:55,100
later. 
It was a pyramid scheme that 

1659
01:26:55,100 --> 01:26:57,500
worked perfectly. 
As long as everyone kept 

1660
01:26:57,500 --> 01:26:58,600
believing, it would work 
forever. 

1661
01:26:59,800 --> 01:27:02,800
The agriculture sector was 
already showing signs of strain,

1662
01:27:02,800 --> 01:27:06,300
Farmers had expanded their 
operations during World War, One

1663
01:27:06,300 --> 01:27:10,100
to meet the demand for food. 
But when the war ended that need

1664
01:27:10,100 --> 01:27:14,100
disappeared, Prices were falling
and farmers were struggling to 

1665
01:27:14,100 --> 01:27:16,000
pay off the loans. 
They'd taken to buy more land 

1666
01:27:16,000 --> 01:27:19,500
and equipment. no one in the 
cities was paying much attention

1667
01:27:19,500 --> 01:27:22,800
to the fact that rural Banks 
were beginning to fail, The 

1668
01:27:22,800 --> 01:27:24,699
construction industry was 
beginning to slow down. 

1669
01:27:24,699 --> 01:27:27,600
There were only so many Office 
Buildings and apartment 

1670
01:27:27,600 --> 01:27:31,300
complexes that any City could 
actually use the developers kept

1671
01:27:31,300 --> 01:27:32,899
building them. 
Anyway, because construction 

1672
01:27:32,899 --> 01:27:36,300
loans were easy to get and real 
estate seemed like a guaranteed 

1673
01:27:36,300 --> 01:27:39,800
investment empty buildings were 
becoming more common that the 

1674
01:27:39,800 --> 01:27:41,399
newspapers didn't write much 
about that. 

1675
01:27:41,399 --> 01:27:45,199
Even the consumer goods Market 
was showing signs of saturation.

1676
01:27:45,199 --> 01:27:47,800
What is the Practical number of 
radio's? 

1677
01:27:47,800 --> 01:27:50,699
A family might need? 
What is the Practical number of 

1678
01:27:50,699 --> 01:27:52,300
automobiles? 
A person can drive. 

1679
01:27:53,300 --> 01:27:55,399
The factories were producing 
more than the market could 

1680
01:27:55,399 --> 01:27:58,399
absorb, but they kept producing 
any way because the credit was 

1681
01:27:58,399 --> 01:28:00,500
available and the future looked 
bright. 

1682
01:28:01,399 --> 01:28:04,100
In international situation, was 
becoming more complicated too 

1683
01:28:04,100 --> 01:28:07,600
Europe, was still struggling to 
recover from the war and the 

1684
01:28:07,608 --> 01:28:09,800
German economy was particularly 
fragile. 

1685
01:28:10,600 --> 01:28:13,199
American Banks had loaned 
enormous amounts of money to 

1686
01:28:13,199 --> 01:28:16,100
European governments and 
businesses but those loans were 

1687
01:28:16,100 --> 01:28:19,399
looking increasingly risky. 
If Europe couldn't pay back what

1688
01:28:19,399 --> 01:28:22,100
it owed American Banks would be 
in serious trouble. 

1689
01:28:23,199 --> 01:28:26,500
But in 1927, you probably 
wouldn't have noticed any of 

1690
01:28:26,500 --> 01:28:28,500
this. 
You'd be too busy, enjoying the 

1691
01:28:28,500 --> 01:28:31,600
prosperity, the entertainment, 
and the sheer fun of being alive

1692
01:28:31,600 --> 01:28:34,100
in the most exciting decade in 
American history. 

1693
01:28:35,500 --> 01:28:37,300
Despite the presence of warning 
signs. 

1694
01:28:37,300 --> 01:28:39,899
It was effortless to overlook 
them when everything in your 

1695
01:28:39,899 --> 01:28:41,500
immediate experience was 
thriving. 

1696
01:28:42,300 --> 01:28:45,000
Speaking speakeasies were still 
packed, the Jazz was still 

1697
01:28:45,000 --> 01:28:47,000
playing. 
The stock market was still 

1698
01:28:47,000 --> 01:28:49,899
climbing and everyone was still 
convinced that the good times 

1699
01:28:49,899 --> 01:28:52,899
would last forever. 
The prospect of everything 

1700
01:28:52,899 --> 01:28:55,100
collapsing was too disheartening
to contemplate. 

1701
01:28:55,100 --> 01:28:58,699
This was America. 
After all Americans didn't have 

1702
01:28:58,699 --> 01:29:01,500
a economic disaster. 
They had temporary setbacks 

1703
01:29:01,500 --> 01:29:03,100
followed by even greater 
prosperity. 

1704
01:29:04,100 --> 01:29:06,800
The newspapers were full of 
optimistic predictions about the

1705
01:29:06,800 --> 01:29:10,800
future by 1950. 
They said everyone would have an

1706
01:29:10,800 --> 01:29:13,000
airplane in their garage and a 
robot in their kitchen. 

1707
01:29:14,000 --> 01:29:17,300
Shemes would do all the work 
eliminating poverty and disease 

1708
01:29:17,300 --> 01:29:19,199
and reducing the work week to a 
few hours. 

1709
01:29:19,199 --> 01:29:23,199
It all sounded perfectly 
reasonable science was advancing

1710
01:29:23,199 --> 01:29:25,800
rapidly. 
Technology was solving problems 

1711
01:29:25,800 --> 01:29:27,500
faster than anyone could have 
imagined. 

1712
01:29:27,500 --> 01:29:30,699
And the American economy seemed 
to have discovered the secret of

1713
01:29:30,699 --> 01:29:33,500
Perpetual growth. 
What could possibly go wrong. 

1714
01:29:34,600 --> 01:29:37,300
The answer to this question was 
already beginning to emerge in 

1715
01:29:37,300 --> 01:29:40,300
the financial markets. 
The agricultural sector the 

1716
01:29:40,300 --> 01:29:43,300
construction industry and the 
international banking system. 

1717
01:29:44,100 --> 01:29:47,800
But in 1927 you could still 
choose to ignore those warning 

1718
01:29:47,800 --> 01:29:51,000
signs and focus on the fun. 
And that's exactly what most 

1719
01:29:51,000 --> 01:29:54,899
people did. 
And then suddenly it was 1929 

1720
01:29:54,899 --> 01:29:58,399
and the music stopped. 
You'd wake up on a Tuesday in 

1721
01:29:58,399 --> 01:30:00,600
October in the world would look 
the same as the day before. 

1722
01:30:00,600 --> 01:30:03,800
You'd see the same building 
streets and people rushing to 

1723
01:30:03,808 --> 01:30:05,399
work with the same hopeful 
attitude. 

1724
01:30:06,600 --> 01:30:08,399
Something fundamental had 
changed overnight. 

1725
01:30:08,399 --> 01:30:11,600
Something that would take months
or even years to fully 

1726
01:30:11,600 --> 01:30:14,399
understand the stock market had 
crashed. 

1727
01:30:15,300 --> 01:30:19,000
Stock market not only experience
to decline correction or 

1728
01:30:19,000 --> 01:30:23,199
adjustment, but it plummeted 
akin to a chandelier plummeting 

1729
01:30:23,199 --> 01:30:26,600
from a ballroom ceiling. 
Stocks that have been worth 100 

1730
01:30:26,600 --> 01:30:30,100
of dollars were suddenly worth 
pennies fortunes that had been 

1731
01:30:30,100 --> 01:30:32,899
built over years of careful. 
Speculation were wiped out. 

1732
01:30:32,907 --> 01:30:35,899
In a matter of hours, the crash 
did not occur abruptly. 

1733
01:30:36,800 --> 01:30:39,600
A process began when a few 
nervous investors decided to 

1734
01:30:39,600 --> 01:30:43,199
sell their stocks leading to a 
slight drop in prices that made 

1735
01:30:43,199 --> 01:30:46,800
other investors anxious, more 
selling calls prices to drop 

1736
01:30:46,800 --> 01:30:49,300
further, which made even more 
investors nervous. 

1737
01:30:49,300 --> 01:30:53,300
The situation resembled a domino
effect, but in stead of 

1738
01:30:53,300 --> 01:30:56,000
traditional, Dominos, the pieces
consisted of money and 

1739
01:30:56,000 --> 01:30:58,899
confidence. 
In just a few days, the American

1740
01:30:58,899 --> 01:31:01,800
economy had experienced a 
significant decline of 

1741
01:31:01,800 --> 01:31:05,800
approximately 40% in its value. 
People who had gone to bed 

1742
01:31:05,800 --> 01:31:10,100
wealthy, woke up poorly, the 
banks seemingly a solid as 

1743
01:31:10,100 --> 01:31:13,199
mountains revealed themselves to
be based on sand. 

1744
01:31:14,100 --> 01:31:17,500
The prosperity that had seemed 
so permanent was exposed as an 

1745
01:31:17,500 --> 01:31:20,600
elaborate illusion. 
Human cost was staggering. 

1746
01:31:21,500 --> 01:31:24,300
Your neighbor would be bragging 
about his stock portfolio. 

1747
01:31:24,300 --> 01:31:27,100
Was now trying to figure out how
to pay his mortgage. 

1748
01:31:27,100 --> 01:31:30,699
Suddenly, the bank were you 
deposited your savings clothes 

1749
01:31:30,699 --> 01:31:34,399
and assign on the door, declared
your money unavailable The 

1750
01:31:34,399 --> 01:31:36,600
factory where you'd worked for 
years was laying off workers 

1751
01:31:36,600 --> 01:31:39,100
because nobody could afford to 
buy what they were producing. 

1752
01:31:39,100 --> 01:31:42,800
But here's the thing about the 
crash, it wasn't really the end 

1753
01:31:42,800 --> 01:31:45,699
of the Roaring 20s. 
It was more like the moment when

1754
01:31:45,699 --> 01:31:48,699
someone turned on the lights at 
the end of a party and everyone 

1755
01:31:48,699 --> 01:31:52,000
realized what the place actually
looked like. problems had been 

1756
01:31:52,000 --> 01:31:54,800
there all along hidden by the 
excitement, optimism, and sheer 

1757
01:31:54,800 --> 01:31:58,600
fun of it all We would call the 
decade that followed the Great 

1758
01:31:58,600 --> 01:32:01,800
Depression appeared marked by 
hardship, struggle and 

1759
01:32:01,800 --> 01:32:05,100
Collective Soul searching, but 
it would also be a time of 

1760
01:32:05,100 --> 01:32:08,199
innovation and resilience and 
the discovery that Americans 

1761
01:32:08,199 --> 01:32:10,500
could survive just about 
anything if they worked 

1762
01:32:10,500 --> 01:32:12,800
together. 
Looking back from the 

1763
01:32:12,800 --> 01:32:17,199
perspective of 1932 or 1935, you
might have been tempted to 

1764
01:32:17,207 --> 01:32:21,899
dismiss the entire decade of the
1920s, as a foolish mistake, the

1765
01:32:21,899 --> 01:32:24,600
time, when the country lost its 
mind, and forgot about the value

1766
01:32:24,600 --> 01:32:28,000
that made it great. 
But that would have been unfair 

1767
01:32:28,000 --> 01:32:29,899
to the genuine achievements of 
the era. 

1768
01:32:30,500 --> 01:32:35,500
The 1920s had given America Jazz
movies radio and Automobiles, as

1769
01:32:35,500 --> 01:32:37,699
well as the beginnings of a 
modern consumer culture. 

1770
01:32:38,699 --> 01:32:41,600
It had liberated women from 
Victorian restrictions and given

1771
01:32:41,600 --> 01:32:43,600
young people, the freedom to 
define the cells. 

1772
01:32:43,600 --> 01:32:46,699
It had connected the country in 
ways that had never been 

1773
01:32:46,699 --> 01:32:50,100
possible before and created a 
shared National culture that 

1774
01:32:50,100 --> 01:32:51,699
transcended Regional 
differences. 

1775
01:32:51,699 --> 01:32:54,800
Most importantly, it had shown 
Americans that they could 

1776
01:32:54,800 --> 01:32:57,899
reinvent themselves that they 
could reject the limitations of 

1777
01:32:57,899 --> 01:33:00,000
the past and create something 
entirely new. 

1778
01:33:00,800 --> 01:33:02,899
That lesson would prove 
invaluable in the decades to 

1779
01:33:02,899 --> 01:33:06,800
come as the country faced the 
challenges of depression war and

1780
01:33:06,800 --> 01:33:10,800
social transformation. 
The Roaring 20s evoked, a vision

1781
01:33:10,808 --> 01:33:13,500
of immense, prosperity and 
boundless possibilities. 

1782
01:33:13,500 --> 01:33:18,600
It was excessive unsustainable 
and ultimately destructive but 

1783
01:33:18,600 --> 01:33:22,100
it was also creative liberating 
and genuinely enjoyable. 

1784
01:33:22,100 --> 01:33:25,199
It was a time when Americans 
learned, they could be more than

1785
01:33:25,199 --> 01:33:27,500
they ever thought. 
Even if they couldn't keep it 

1786
01:33:27,500 --> 01:33:30,500
up, as you drifted off to sleep,
you may have realized that the 

1787
01:33:30,500 --> 01:33:34,199
1920s True Legacy was the 
confidence, they gave Americans 

1788
01:33:34,199 --> 01:33:37,000
to believe, anything was 
possible, not the crash. 

1789
01:33:37,000 --> 01:33:39,800
That ended them. 
That confidence would be tested 

1790
01:33:39,800 --> 01:33:42,300
in the years to come but it 
would never be completely 

1791
01:33:42,300 --> 01:33:44,399
broken. 
And that perhaps was the most 

1792
01:33:44,399 --> 01:33:47,800
important lesson of all. 
The music had stopped at the 

1793
01:33:47,808 --> 01:33:49,600
memory of the dance would last 
forever. 

1794
01:33:55,000 --> 01:33:59,399
Alexander Hamilton was born 
around, January 11th, 1755 or 

1795
01:33:59,399 --> 01:34:01,800
1757. 
Conflicting. 

1796
01:34:01,800 --> 01:34:04,300
Records in Nevis. 
A small island in the 

1797
01:34:04,308 --> 01:34:07,500
Caribbean's Leeward chain. 
His father, James Hamilton, 

1798
01:34:07,500 --> 01:34:10,199
hailed from Scotland and drifted
financially. 

1799
01:34:10,199 --> 01:34:13,199
While his mother. 
Rachel Fossett was a strange 

1800
01:34:13,199 --> 01:34:16,199
from a prior marriage. 
So social stigma dogged the 

1801
01:34:16,199 --> 01:34:19,899
family as Hamilton was deemed 
illegitimate Charles had brought

1802
01:34:19,899 --> 01:34:22,600
precarious, living conditions in
Midwest sugar based economy 

1803
01:34:22,600 --> 01:34:26,699
reliant on enslaved labor Still 
the bright Caribbean, Sun, and 

1804
01:34:26,707 --> 01:34:29,199
bustle of Island trade shaped 
his early impressions of 

1805
01:34:29,199 --> 01:34:32,199
Commerce and hierarchy. 
By the time, Hamilton reached 

1806
01:34:32,199 --> 01:34:36,000
adolescence familial hardships, 
worsened his father left 

1807
01:34:36,000 --> 01:34:38,199
compounding the families 
instability. 

1808
01:34:38,199 --> 01:34:42,500
Then a fever claimed his mother 
when he was around 11 or 

1809
01:34:42,500 --> 01:34:46,399
Hamilton found Refuge with local
Merchants who recognized a keen 

1810
01:34:46,399 --> 01:34:48,100
mind. 
The boys formal, but urgent 

1811
01:34:48,100 --> 01:34:50,100
letters. 
He took a clocking job at 

1812
01:34:50,100 --> 01:34:52,699
Beekman and Kruger's. 
Trading firm absorbing the 

1813
01:34:52,699 --> 01:34:56,000
mechanics of shipping manifests 
currency exchange and 

1814
01:34:56,000 --> 01:34:59,500
negotiation. 
Observers noted a precocious 

1815
01:34:59,500 --> 01:35:02,800
skill in accountancy and a car 
under pressure When Storms 

1816
01:35:02,800 --> 01:35:06,100
disrupted, cargo arrivals. 
This apprenticeship would lay 

1817
01:35:06,100 --> 01:35:08,399
the groundwork for Hamilton's 
later Mastery of financial 

1818
01:35:08,399 --> 01:35:11,100
systems. 
A crucial moment arrived. 

1819
01:35:11,100 --> 01:35:14,000
When Hamilton Pender Vivid 
letter describing A hurricane's,

1820
01:35:14,000 --> 01:35:17,399
Devastation his prose published 
in a local paper. 

1821
01:35:17,399 --> 01:35:20,899
So impressed leading citizens 
that they raised funds to send 

1822
01:35:20,899 --> 01:35:23,399
him to Mainland. 
Colonies for Education, the 

1823
01:35:23,399 --> 01:35:27,399
budding writer sets sail 
eventually Landing British North

1824
01:35:27,399 --> 01:35:29,699
America. 
They precisely Howie arranged 

1825
01:35:29,699 --> 01:35:31,699
for the schooling remains partly
obscure. 

1826
01:35:32,500 --> 01:35:35,300
By the time he stepped onto 
Mainland soil, Hamilton 

1827
01:35:35,300 --> 01:35:38,500
possessed, an unshakable resolve
to escape the constraints of 

1828
01:35:38,500 --> 01:35:42,100
colonial class, Prejudice and 
prove his intellect in a broader

1829
01:35:42,100 --> 01:35:44,500
Arena. 
He enrolled at King's College 

1830
01:35:44,500 --> 01:35:46,800
later. 
Columbia University in New York 

1831
01:35:46,800 --> 01:35:50,000
City political tensions soared 
as Britain. 

1832
01:35:50,000 --> 01:35:52,800
Impose new taxes and cracked 
down on Colonial resistance. 

1833
01:35:52,800 --> 01:35:57,300
Hamilton originally cautious 
soon, found himself stirred by 

1834
01:35:57,308 --> 01:36:01,199
pamphlets on natural rights. 
He contributed Anonymous essays 

1835
01:36:01,199 --> 01:36:04,300
defending Colonial, protests 
revealing a knack for political 

1836
01:36:04,300 --> 01:36:07,300
writing spite. 
His youthful status readers 

1837
01:36:07,300 --> 01:36:09,699
found his arguments crisp 
blending logic with moral 

1838
01:36:09,699 --> 01:36:12,000
further. 
However, the outbreak of open 

1839
01:36:12,000 --> 01:36:14,699
Conflict at Lexington and 
Concord disrupted studies at 

1840
01:36:14,699 --> 01:36:17,800
King's College. 
Hamilton though short of stature

1841
01:36:17,800 --> 01:36:21,199
was physically active and 
spirited, he joined a volunteer 

1842
01:36:21,199 --> 01:36:24,100
artillery, company drilling near
City Square's. 

1843
01:36:24,100 --> 01:36:27,199
Even a shot from British ships, 
threatened Manhattan. 

1844
01:36:27,199 --> 01:36:31,500
He balanced academics with 
preparing for possible war in 

1845
01:36:31,500 --> 01:36:34,500
1776. 
Amid, the swirl of confusion 

1846
01:36:34,500 --> 01:36:38,100
over Independence, Hamilton left
formal schooling to commit, 

1847
01:36:38,100 --> 01:36:42,000
fully to the Patriot cause some 
peers found in bold to do so, 

1848
01:36:42,000 --> 01:36:45,800
but Hamilton believed in forging
a new order that might reward 

1849
01:36:45,800 --> 01:36:48,600
Merit over birth. 
After performing an artillery 

1850
01:36:48,600 --> 01:36:52,100
unit Hamilton, exhibited 
discipline and quick strategic. 

1851
01:36:52,100 --> 01:36:55,800
Thinking at the disastrous 
Battle of Long Island, his unit 

1852
01:36:55,800 --> 01:36:59,600
helps secure a retreat. 
The next month's through mere 

1853
01:36:59,600 --> 01:37:01,800
collapses, you drew the notice 
of key figures. 

1854
01:37:02,699 --> 01:37:07,399
During the harsh winter of 1776 
to 1777 with the Army, battered 

1855
01:37:07,399 --> 01:37:10,100
Hamilton's diligence in 
orchestrating supplies. 

1856
01:37:10,100 --> 01:37:13,199
And maintaining morale, stood 
out, General, George Washington,

1857
01:37:13,199 --> 01:37:17,000
recognized these talents 
inviting Hamilton to serve as an

1858
01:37:17,000 --> 01:37:20,600
aid to come and assignment that 
while staff bound gave Hamilton 

1859
01:37:20,600 --> 01:37:23,899
unprecedented exposure to 
high-level decision-making in 

1860
01:37:23,899 --> 01:37:27,300
Washington's Camp Hamilton 
became indispensable drafting 

1861
01:37:27,300 --> 01:37:30,500
letters, shaping policy briefs, 
and forging alliances with other

1862
01:37:30,500 --> 01:37:33,699
officers gleaned Leadership 
Lessons From the General's 

1863
01:37:33,699 --> 01:37:35,899
balancing of caution and daring,
yet. 

1864
01:37:35,899 --> 01:37:38,199
Hamilton always seeking direct 
action. 

1865
01:37:38,199 --> 01:37:42,399
Occasionally chafed, at staff 
duties, yearn to lead troops on 

1866
01:37:42,399 --> 01:37:45,500
the battlefield tensions, with 
senior officers, sometimes 

1867
01:37:45,500 --> 01:37:49,699
flared once Hamilton fell out 
with Washington, for a perceived

1868
01:37:49,699 --> 01:37:52,500
slight over tardiness that they 
eventually reconciled. 

1869
01:37:52,500 --> 01:37:57,199
Despite these brief spats the 
Synergy between them grew hanged

1870
01:37:57,199 --> 01:37:59,699
in mutual respect for diligence 
and strategy. 

1871
01:38:00,699 --> 01:38:05,000
Throughout 1777 to 1778. 
Hamilton's writing skill 

1872
01:38:05,000 --> 01:38:08,899
extended to political commentary
published, essays advocating for

1873
01:38:08,899 --> 01:38:12,399
a stronger Central authority, to
unify the war effort, the 

1874
01:38:12,399 --> 01:38:15,600
rickety Continental Congress 
lacking stable finance and 

1875
01:38:15,600 --> 01:38:19,500
overshadowed by state autonomy. 
Troubled him, he believed only a

1876
01:38:19,500 --> 01:38:22,500
robust National structure, could
defeat Britain this conviction 

1877
01:38:22,500 --> 01:38:24,500
would later inform his 
championing of a Federal 

1878
01:38:24,500 --> 01:38:28,100
Constitution. 
Meanwhile, in the immediate of 

1879
01:38:28,100 --> 01:38:31,300
War you juggled mission after 
mission, for Washington, 

1880
01:38:31,300 --> 01:38:34,899
coordinating intelligence 
planning for Combined 

1881
01:38:34,899 --> 01:38:39,100
franco-american operations. 
And refining Supply, requests by

1882
01:38:39,100 --> 01:38:43,100
1779 Hamilton, stood at the 
intersection of military and 

1883
01:38:43,100 --> 01:38:46,500
political Realms forging. 
The identity of an intellect who

1884
01:38:46,500 --> 01:38:49,100
saw National success hinged upon
structure and cohesive 

1885
01:38:49,100 --> 01:38:53,000
governance. 
In early, 1780, Alexander 

1886
01:38:53,000 --> 01:38:56,100
Hamilton encountered, Elizabeth 
Schuyler daughter of General. 

1887
01:38:56,100 --> 01:38:59,199
Philip Schuyler a prominent New 
York, family patriarch. 

1888
01:39:00,100 --> 01:39:03,699
Their courtship blossomed 
swiftly, Elizabeth often called 

1889
01:39:03,699 --> 01:39:07,100
Eliza shared Hamilton's 
patriotic further and admired 

1890
01:39:07,100 --> 01:39:10,600
his Restless intellect. 
They married in December, 1780 

1891
01:39:10,600 --> 01:39:13,399
forging a partnership that would
steady Hamilton through 

1892
01:39:13,399 --> 01:39:16,899
tumultuous. 
Time's the Skyler connections, 

1893
01:39:16,899 --> 01:39:19,699
his social standing giving him a
link to one of the colonies 

1894
01:39:19,699 --> 01:39:23,000
influential clams. 
Some whispered that Hamilton a 

1895
01:39:23,000 --> 01:39:26,300
once penniless immigrant had 
upped but he dismissed such 

1896
01:39:26,300 --> 01:39:29,399
insinuations cherishing Eliza's 
steadfast support. 

1897
01:39:29,399 --> 01:39:32,800
Meanwhile Hamilton's earning for
field, command. 

1898
01:39:32,800 --> 01:39:36,600
Lingard, he finally saw the 
action that the siege of 

1899
01:39:36,608 --> 01:39:40,699
Yorktown in 1781 leading a 
lighter sold on British. 

1900
01:39:40,699 --> 01:39:45,100
Redoubts this bold for a brief, 
gave him the battlefield 

1901
01:39:45,100 --> 01:39:48,000
credibility. 
He had long craved After 

1902
01:39:48,000 --> 01:39:51,000
Yorktown success the wars 
momentum shifted. 

1903
01:39:51,000 --> 01:39:53,500
Peace. 
Negotiations Advanced 

1904
01:39:53,500 --> 01:39:56,699
culminating in Britain's formal 
acknowledgment of American 

1905
01:39:56,699 --> 01:40:01,199
independence With the conflict 
winding down Hamilton resigned 

1906
01:40:01,199 --> 01:40:04,508
from Washington staff. 
Now, his energy is turned to the

1907
01:40:04,516 --> 01:40:07,800
new nations post-war 
reconstruction, he recognized 

1908
01:40:07,800 --> 01:40:11,100
that Independence alone, didn't 
guarantee Prosperity, a more 

1909
01:40:11,100 --> 01:40:15,100
cohesive Union was necessary. 
Back in civilian life, Hamilton 

1910
01:40:15,100 --> 01:40:20,000
studied law intensively. 
Passing the bar in 1782 settling

1911
01:40:20,000 --> 01:40:22,600
in New York, he found a city 
grappling with war debts. 

1912
01:40:22,600 --> 01:40:25,800
Local factionalism, intention 
between wealthy merchants and 

1913
01:40:25,800 --> 01:40:29,000
populist artists. 
Hamilton opened a law practice 

1914
01:40:29,000 --> 01:40:32,199
specializing in commercial 
disputes, revealing a knack for 

1915
01:40:32,207 --> 01:40:34,100
clarifying intricate financial 
matters. 

1916
01:40:35,000 --> 01:40:38,300
Through these cases, he saw 
first-hand how the Articles of 

1917
01:40:38,300 --> 01:40:40,699
Confederation left the national 
government too, weak to regulate

1918
01:40:40,699 --> 01:40:44,800
trade or impose taxes, leaving 
States and disarray and stifling

1919
01:40:44,800 --> 01:40:47,399
economic growth. 
He started writing articles 

1920
01:40:47,399 --> 01:40:50,399
calling for a stronger Central 
Authority overshadowing. 

1921
01:40:50,399 --> 01:40:54,000
The patchwork of state-based 
Solutions in 1786. 

1922
01:40:54,000 --> 01:40:57,000
Shays Rebellion in Western 
Massachusetts alarmed, many 

1923
01:40:57,000 --> 01:41:01,100
national figures, including 
Hamilton that Revolt by indebted

1924
01:41:01,100 --> 01:41:03,100
Farmers demonstrated that 
unchecked local. 

1925
01:41:03,100 --> 01:41:07,000
Unrest, could threaten broader 
stability, Hamilton used it as 

1926
01:41:07,000 --> 01:41:09,800
fodder to argue that the current
Confederation risked fracturing 

1927
01:41:09,800 --> 01:41:12,699
under internal stress. 
He joined with others, such as 

1928
01:41:12,699 --> 01:41:15,199
James Madison to push for 
convention. 

1929
01:41:15,199 --> 01:41:17,899
That would revise the Articles 
although the Annapolis 

1930
01:41:17,899 --> 01:41:22,100
convention of 1786 was sparsely 
attended, it led to the more 

1931
01:41:22,100 --> 01:41:24,000
definitive Philadelphia 
Convention of 1787. 

1932
01:41:25,699 --> 01:41:29,800
Hamilton arrived in Philadelphia
with well-honed conviction, he 

1933
01:41:29,800 --> 01:41:32,500
believed the new government 
needed, robust Powers the 

1934
01:41:32,500 --> 01:41:36,199
capacities attacks regulate 
commerce, maintain an army and 

1935
01:41:36,199 --> 01:41:39,300
ensure domestic peace yet. 
He faced considerable skepticism

1936
01:41:39,300 --> 01:41:43,500
from delegates, who feared 
monarchy indeed Hamilton's 

1937
01:41:43,500 --> 01:41:45,100
personal proposal at the 
convention. 

1938
01:41:45,100 --> 01:41:49,100
Favoring lifetime terms for 
executives and Senators seem too

1939
01:41:49,100 --> 01:41:52,800
close to monarchy for many. 
Realizing the group's mood 

1940
01:41:52,800 --> 01:41:55,300
Hamilton, set aside those 
extremes. 

1941
01:41:55,899 --> 01:41:59,000
He worked at broker compromises.
Although overshadowed by 

1942
01:41:59,000 --> 01:42:02,800
Madison's systematic plan, 
Hamilton's rhetorical skill and 

1943
01:42:02,800 --> 01:42:05,100
one-on-one lobbying helped shape
the final Constitution. 

1944
01:42:06,199 --> 01:42:09,399
After four taxing months, the 
Constitution was signed in 

1945
01:42:09,399 --> 01:42:12,800
September 1787, yet ratification
required. 

1946
01:42:12,800 --> 01:42:15,699
Each State's approval, sensing a
fierce debate. 

1947
01:42:15,699 --> 01:42:17,899
Hamilton. 
Collaborated with Madison and 

1948
01:42:17,899 --> 01:42:20,600
John Jay depend The Federalist 
Papers under the pseudonym 

1949
01:42:20,600 --> 01:42:24,600
Publius Hamilton wrote the 
majority, the secting proposed 

1950
01:42:24,600 --> 01:42:28,800
structures, like the Presidente,
Senate, Judiciary and addressing

1951
01:42:28,800 --> 01:42:32,199
Anti-Federalists. 
Fears His essays emphasized 

1952
01:42:32,199 --> 01:42:35,199
checks and balances the 
necessity of a central authority

1953
01:42:35,199 --> 01:42:39,199
to manage Commerce and defense. 
and the improbability of tyranny

1954
01:42:39,199 --> 01:42:42,899
under the new system, These 
Federalist essays profoundly 

1955
01:42:42,899 --> 01:42:46,199
influenced, the ratification 
discourse marking Hamilton as a 

1956
01:42:46,207 --> 01:42:49,100
top tier constitutional, 
interpreter with the 

1957
01:42:49,100 --> 01:42:52,600
Constitution ratified in 1788 
Hamilton died. 

1958
01:42:52,600 --> 01:42:55,100
A new challenge forging actual 
governments. 

1959
01:42:56,600 --> 01:42:59,899
When George Washington became 
the first president, he tapped 

1960
01:42:59,899 --> 01:43:01,600
Hamilton as Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

1961
01:43:01,600 --> 01:43:04,300
Hamilton. 
Embracing, the role discovered, 

1962
01:43:04,300 --> 01:43:07,100
an untapped opportunity to 
establish a National Financial 

1963
01:43:07,100 --> 01:43:09,699
system. 
Inherited a war debt that 

1964
01:43:09,707 --> 01:43:13,199
threatened the new nation's 
Credit in a flurry of reports to

1965
01:43:13,199 --> 01:43:15,500
Congress, he proposed the 
federal Assumption of State 

1966
01:43:15,500 --> 01:43:18,300
debts, the issuance of new 
government bonds and the 

1967
01:43:18,300 --> 01:43:21,300
creation of a National Bank. 
These measures aim to unify 

1968
01:43:21,300 --> 01:43:23,600
finances spurring economic 
confidence. 

1969
01:43:23,600 --> 01:43:27,000
However, they ignited, Fierce 
opposition led by Thomas 

1970
01:43:27,000 --> 01:43:30,600
Jefferson and James Madison. 
We deemed them expansion of 

1971
01:43:30,600 --> 01:43:32,800
federal power to the detriment 
of State. 

1972
01:43:32,800 --> 01:43:36,600
Autonomy, despite pushback, 
Hamilton's financial plan. 

1973
01:43:36,600 --> 01:43:40,199
Largely prevailed in Congress. 
And carefully negotiated with 

1974
01:43:40,199 --> 01:43:43,600
Southerners trading, the idea of
placing the national capital on 

1975
01:43:43,600 --> 01:43:46,899
the Potomac for their backing on
debt assumption, the bank of the

1976
01:43:46,899 --> 01:43:51,399
United States authorized in 1791
Consolidated. 

1977
01:43:51,399 --> 01:43:55,699
Federal financial might and 
fostered stable currently This 

1978
01:43:55,699 --> 01:43:59,100
forging of a national economy 
was overshadowed by ideological.

1979
01:43:59,100 --> 01:44:02,500
Splits what some labeled 
Hamilton's acceptance of 

1980
01:44:02,500 --> 01:44:07,000
Consolidated, Authority, even 
quasi Monarch called forums, but

1981
01:44:07,000 --> 01:44:09,699
Hamilton believed, it was 
essential for a dynamic Republic

1982
01:44:09,699 --> 01:44:13,800
by the early 1790s. 
He had become a central figure 

1983
01:44:13,800 --> 01:44:16,899
in Washington's cabinet driving 
a vision of an industrial 

1984
01:44:16,899 --> 01:44:20,699
commercial robust America. 
Rivalries with Jefferson however

1985
01:44:20,699 --> 01:44:24,100
would soon erupt shaping the 
political landscape for years to

1986
01:44:24,100 --> 01:44:28,800
come Secretary of the Treasury. 
Alexander Hamilton found himself

1987
01:44:28,800 --> 01:44:31,699
entwined in ideological 
showdowns with Thomas Jefferson,

1988
01:44:31,699 --> 01:44:35,899
then Secretary of State. 
Jefferson envisaged, an agrarian

1989
01:44:35,899 --> 01:44:39,500
Republic of independent Farmers,
with limited Federal intrusion 

1990
01:44:39,500 --> 01:44:43,800
Hamilton, conversely believed, 
commas industry, and robust 

1991
01:44:43,800 --> 01:44:46,699
National structures would anchor
the nation's progress. 

1992
01:44:47,600 --> 01:44:50,399
Both men recognized George 
Washington, as a stabilizing 

1993
01:44:50,399 --> 01:44:53,899
presence, yet their friction, 
fueled early factional lines 

1994
01:44:53,899 --> 01:44:57,500
Federalists, rallied around 
Hamilton while Jefferson's 

1995
01:44:57,500 --> 01:45:00,699
faction later the Democratic 
Republicans grew around his 

1996
01:45:00,699 --> 01:45:02,500
agrarian, limited government 
stance. 

1997
01:45:03,600 --> 01:45:06,800
Foreign policy stoked further, 
attention the French Revolution 

1998
01:45:06,800 --> 01:45:12,000
launched in 1789, escalated into
European War by the early 1790s 

1999
01:45:12,000 --> 01:45:14,100
France pressed for us 
assistance. 

2000
01:45:14,100 --> 01:45:18,600
Citing the 1778 Alliance 
Hamilton mindful of Britain as a

2001
01:45:18,600 --> 01:45:21,399
crucial trading partner and 
believing the US lacked 

2002
01:45:21,399 --> 01:45:25,000
resources. 
Urged neutrality, Jefferson more

2003
01:45:25,000 --> 01:45:26,699
sympathetic to revolutionary 
ideals. 

2004
01:45:26,699 --> 01:45:30,399
Favorite measured support for 
France, Washington adopted a 

2005
01:45:30,399 --> 01:45:33,899
policy of the official 
neutrality in 1793 endorsing 

2006
01:45:33,899 --> 01:45:38,699
Hamilton's pragmatic approach. 
This decision, outraged Ardent, 

2007
01:45:38,699 --> 01:45:41,300
francophiles in the public, but 
secured commercial ties with 

2008
01:45:41,300 --> 01:45:44,100
Britain. 
Meanwhile, Hamilton Advanced 

2009
01:45:44,100 --> 01:45:46,800
domestic policies that 
integrated States deeper into 

2010
01:45:46,800 --> 01:45:50,000
the federal system, he 
introduced excise taxes, 

2011
01:45:50,000 --> 01:45:54,600
including one on Whiskey aiming 
to bolster federal revenue in 

2012
01:45:54,600 --> 01:45:57,600
1794. 
This whiskey tax incited unrest 

2013
01:45:57,600 --> 01:45:59,399
among Frontier farmers in 
Western Pennsylvania. 

2014
01:45:59,399 --> 01:46:02,399
Culminating in the so called 
Whiskey Rebellion. 

2015
01:46:03,300 --> 01:46:06,000
Hamilton urged Washington to a 
certain National Authority. 

2016
01:46:06,000 --> 01:46:09,699
And the president dispatched 
militia to quell the Revolt, the

2017
01:46:09,699 --> 01:46:12,000
rebellious Farmers dispersed 
with without major Bloodshed 

2018
01:46:12,000 --> 01:46:16,199
Hamilton's critics though, 
branded him a tyrant accusing 

2019
01:46:16,199 --> 01:46:20,199
him of trampling local freedoms.
Hamilton argued, that only firm 

2020
01:46:20,199 --> 01:46:21,800
in forcement. 
Proved the Constitution's, 

2021
01:46:21,800 --> 01:46:24,600
viability over the old feeble 
Articles of Confederation 

2022
01:46:24,600 --> 01:46:27,000
clashes, over the bank of the 
United States. 

2023
01:46:27,000 --> 01:46:29,000
Further deepened, the Hamilton 
Jefferson. 

2024
01:46:29,000 --> 01:46:33,600
Divide Jefferson viewed the bank
as constitutionally suspect not 

2025
01:46:33,600 --> 01:46:35,399
enumerated. 
In the founding document 

2026
01:46:35,399 --> 01:46:38,600
Hamilton invoke the 
Constitution's necessary and 

2027
01:46:38,600 --> 01:46:42,300
proper clause contending that 
the bank was an implied power 

2028
01:46:42,300 --> 01:46:45,699
vital for the government's 
Financial operations, Washington

2029
01:46:45,699 --> 01:46:48,300
cited. 
With Hamilton signing, the bank 

2030
01:46:48,300 --> 01:46:51,399
bill into law. 
This incident set a precedent 

2031
01:46:51,399 --> 01:46:54,300
for broad constitutional 
interpretation to Jefferson's 

2032
01:46:54,300 --> 01:46:57,500
alarm the dispute laid, the 
ideological foundation for the 

2033
01:46:57,500 --> 01:47:00,699
two-party system with Hamilton's
Federalists championing. 

2034
01:47:00,699 --> 01:47:03,300
Implied federal powers and 
Jeff's Republic. 

2035
01:47:03,399 --> 01:47:07,199
Insisting on narrower, 
interpretations by 1795. 

2036
01:47:07,199 --> 01:47:10,800
Hamilton having established, a 
stable Financial footing 

2037
01:47:10,800 --> 01:47:14,399
resigned as treasury secretary 
returning to New York City's 

2038
01:47:14,399 --> 01:47:16,899
legal sphere. 
And continued to provide 

2039
01:47:16,899 --> 01:47:20,300
discreet advice to Washington, 
drafting speeches and shaping 

2040
01:47:20,300 --> 01:47:24,100
policy directions in 1796 
Washington's Farewell Address, 

2041
01:47:24,100 --> 01:47:27,600
partly authored by Hamilton 
warned against partizan in 

2042
01:47:27,600 --> 01:47:31,399
Tangled and foreign alliances. 
Ironically Hamilton himself was 

2043
01:47:31,399 --> 01:47:35,300
a Primark and lines the 
presidential election that year.

2044
01:47:35,300 --> 01:47:39,300
Saw John Adams, a federalist 
defeat Jefferson Hamilton who 

2045
01:47:39,300 --> 01:47:42,699
harbored doubts about atoms 
endeavored to exert influence on

2046
01:47:42,699 --> 01:47:45,899
the administration from hidden 
position, but friction, with 

2047
01:47:45,899 --> 01:47:48,899
Adams, soon, spiraled, 
culminating in an irreparable 

2048
01:47:48,899 --> 01:47:53,800
Rift, During Adams is presently,
the US found itself in a Quasi 

2049
01:47:53,800 --> 01:47:57,699
War with revolutionary France. 
Hamilton, who believed in a 

2050
01:47:57,699 --> 01:48:00,699
robust to fence spurred the 
creation of a provisional army 

2051
01:48:00,699 --> 01:48:02,600
with himself as an influential 
Major General. 

2052
01:48:03,399 --> 01:48:07,199
Hope to unify Federalist power 
but Adams seeking to maintain 

2053
01:48:07,199 --> 01:48:09,300
peace. 
Eventually negotiated with 

2054
01:48:09,300 --> 01:48:11,699
France. 
The scotched Hamilton's 

2055
01:48:11,699 --> 01:48:13,600
Ambitions for an expanded 
military role. 

2056
01:48:13,600 --> 01:48:17,100
The Federalist Party, thus split
between atoms, Loyalists and 

2057
01:48:17,100 --> 01:48:20,100
Hamilton's faction. 
Meanwhile, the Alien and 

2058
01:48:20,100 --> 01:48:24,000
Sedition Acts championed by some
Federalists stifled free speech 

2059
01:48:24,000 --> 01:48:26,899
and outrage. 
Republicans Hamilton had mixed 

2060
01:48:26,899 --> 01:48:31,100
feelings recognizing the acts as
overreaching, but not vigorously

2061
01:48:31,100 --> 01:48:33,699
condemning them. 
The controversy is fueled, 

2062
01:48:33,699 --> 01:48:36,199
Jefferson's eventual victory in 
the 1800 election. 

2063
01:48:37,600 --> 01:48:40,899
That election turned bitter 
Hamilton disliked, both 

2064
01:48:40,899 --> 01:48:44,100
Jefferson and his Party's 
candidate, Aaron Burr. 

2065
01:48:44,100 --> 01:48:47,699
Whom he deemed unprincipled. 
When the Electoral College 

2066
01:48:47,699 --> 01:48:50,600
produced a tie between Jefferson
and Burr, the House of 

2067
01:48:50,600 --> 01:48:54,300
Representatives had to choose 
Hamilton lobbied for Jefferson 

2068
01:48:54,300 --> 01:48:56,399
feeling, he was at least 
consistent. 

2069
01:48:56,399 --> 01:48:58,500
While Burr was dangerously 
opportunistic. 

2070
01:48:58,500 --> 01:49:03,100
Jefferson's win ended the 
Federalist grip on power despite

2071
01:49:03,100 --> 01:49:05,300
undermining his nominal Ally 
Burr. 

2072
01:49:05,300 --> 01:49:07,899
Hamilton saw it as the less 
harmful option. 

2073
01:49:07,899 --> 01:49:12,899
The feud with Burr was set to 
escalate post 1800 Hamilton 

2074
01:49:12,899 --> 01:49:14,500
retreated. 
Partially from National 

2075
01:49:14,500 --> 01:49:16,500
politics. 
He resumed law. 

2076
01:49:16,500 --> 01:49:19,699
Founded the New York evening 
post to promote Federalist 

2077
01:49:19,699 --> 01:49:22,000
ideals. 
And wrote fervent editorials 

2078
01:49:22,000 --> 01:49:23,300
criticizing Jefferson's 
presidency. 

2079
01:49:23,300 --> 01:49:28,300
He also scolded John Adams in a 
notorious pamphlet factoring 

2080
01:49:28,300 --> 01:49:29,699
Federalist. 
Unity further. 

2081
01:49:29,699 --> 01:49:34,600
Meanwhile tensions with burst 
simmered in 1804 the by then 

2082
01:49:34,608 --> 01:49:36,899
vice president ran for governor 
of New York. 

2083
01:49:37,699 --> 01:49:42,000
Hamilton openly opposed vs bid, 
claiming he was unfit, but lost 

2084
01:49:42,000 --> 01:49:45,199
blaming Hamilton for scarless 
remarks that cost him the 

2085
01:49:45,199 --> 01:49:47,699
election. 
There are acrimony peaked in 

2086
01:49:47,707 --> 01:49:51,300
personal insults culminating and
demands for an apology that 

2087
01:49:51,300 --> 01:49:55,000
Hamilton Shrugged off. 
The stage was set for a final 

2088
01:49:55,000 --> 01:49:58,300
confrontation, The Duel that 
would reverberate across the 

2089
01:49:58,300 --> 01:50:03,800
nation's Consciousness. 
Thus by 1803 to 1804 Hamilton's 

2090
01:50:03,800 --> 01:50:06,699
storied career in compass the 
forging of National Finance. 

2091
01:50:06,699 --> 01:50:10,399
The creation of a stable federal
government, deep personal 

2092
01:50:10,399 --> 01:50:13,899
rivalries, and the impetus for 
fractions Party politics. 

2093
01:50:14,800 --> 01:50:18,199
Well, overshadowed by his Feud 
with Burr, his broader impact on

2094
01:50:18,199 --> 01:50:21,600
shaping early American 
governance, was vast the looming

2095
01:50:21,600 --> 01:50:23,899
conflict with Burr in a 
Weehawken duel, might overshadow

2096
01:50:23,899 --> 01:50:27,300
many achievements, but it also 
exemplified the period's intense

2097
01:50:27,300 --> 01:50:29,899
code of honor. 
Revealing how personal Pride 

2098
01:50:29,899 --> 01:50:32,000
could overshadow reason in The 
Early Republic. 

2099
01:50:33,000 --> 01:50:37,600
On the morning of July 11th, 
1804 Alexander Hamilton, and 

2100
01:50:37,600 --> 01:50:41,699
Aaron Burr meta to Dueling 
ground in Weehawken, New Jersey 

2101
01:50:41,699 --> 01:50:45,899
perched, above the Hudson River.
Jewels were technically illegal 

2102
01:50:45,899 --> 01:50:49,500
in both New York and New Jersey,
but we can was a known neutral 

2103
01:50:49,500 --> 01:50:52,000
ground. 
The tradition, demanded formal 

2104
01:50:52,000 --> 01:50:55,500
rituals second oversaw, loaded 
pistols, and showing fairness. 

2105
01:50:56,399 --> 01:50:59,100
Hamilton though in accomplished 
Marksman in the Revolutionary 

2106
01:50:59,100 --> 01:51:01,800
War. 
Harbored morals about dueling in

2107
01:51:01,800 --> 01:51:04,500
letters to confidants. 
He expressed an intention not to

2108
01:51:04,500 --> 01:51:07,699
fire at bourbon to throw away. 
His shot hoping to meet the code

2109
01:51:07,699 --> 01:51:09,000
of honor without a lethal 
outcome. 

2110
01:51:09,000 --> 01:51:13,100
The vexed by Hamilton's public 
site's approached the 

2111
01:51:13,100 --> 01:51:16,207
confrontation more aggressively 
as a Count's differ on the 

2112
01:51:16,215 --> 01:51:18,699
precise sequence. 
We rely on the second 

2113
01:51:18,699 --> 01:51:21,199
conflicting. 
Recollections, one shot rang 

2114
01:51:21,199 --> 01:51:23,699
out. 
Then another Hamilton was struck

2115
01:51:23,699 --> 01:51:26,000
in the lower abdomen. 
The bullet lodging near his 

2116
01:51:26,000 --> 01:51:30,600
spine Burr, apparently unharmed 
realized Hamilton was fatally 

2117
01:51:30,600 --> 01:51:32,899
wounded. 
Hamilton was carrying back 

2118
01:51:32,899 --> 01:51:35,500
across the river delirious and 
in agony. 

2119
01:51:36,199 --> 01:51:39,399
By the next afternoon July 12th.
He died at a friend's house. 

2120
01:51:39,399 --> 01:51:43,500
New spread swiftly overshadowing
Burr with accusations of murder.

2121
01:51:43,500 --> 01:51:47,899
Even many of birds allies found 
his act, reprehensible shock 

2122
01:51:47,899 --> 01:51:51,600
reverberated Nationwide, 
Hamilton was just 47. 

2123
01:51:51,600 --> 01:51:55,199
A Founding Father, the Chief 
Architect of federal finance, 

2124
01:51:55,199 --> 01:51:59,100
and a voice for a strong union 
that he fell in a personal duel 

2125
01:51:59,100 --> 01:52:02,899
seemed tragic, borderline 
barbaric, the faced immediate 

2126
01:52:02,899 --> 01:52:05,000
score on the inducted for 
murder. 

2127
01:52:05,000 --> 01:52:09,300
He Slipped Away his political 
career never recovered the 

2128
01:52:09,300 --> 01:52:10,899
jewel. 
Also, propelled, a reevaluation 

2129
01:52:10,899 --> 01:52:14,699
of such honor bound Traditions 
public condemnation swelled 

2130
01:52:14,699 --> 01:52:18,600
remained embedded in certain 
subcultures for decades to come 

2131
01:52:18,600 --> 01:52:21,500
in the immediate aftermath 
Hamilton's family faced 

2132
01:52:21,500 --> 01:52:24,399
Financial insecurity. 
His estate was less robust than 

2133
01:52:24,399 --> 01:52:27,699
many assumed reflecting that 
Hamilton had poured resources 

2134
01:52:27,699 --> 01:52:31,500
into speculative deals and 
lifestyle. morning, featherless 

2135
01:52:31,500 --> 01:52:34,500
championed him as a martyr to 
Prince Paul ignoring the messy 

2136
01:52:34,500 --> 01:52:37,699
politics that led him to that 
fateful ground, eulogies 

2137
01:52:37,699 --> 01:52:40,899
praised, his brilliant's 
managerial Acumen and unwavering

2138
01:52:40,899 --> 01:52:44,399
patriotism critics while 
acknowledging his achievements 

2139
01:52:44,399 --> 01:52:47,800
pointed out, how is ambition and
personal Feud shake to harsh 

2140
01:52:47,800 --> 01:52:52,000
style that fanned party rank, or
Nonetheless, the sense of a 

2141
01:52:52,000 --> 01:52:55,699
towering figure losing too soon.
Overshadowed those critiques in 

2142
01:52:55,699 --> 01:52:58,300
the short term. 
His funeral in New York, Drew 

2143
01:52:58,300 --> 01:53:01,600
massive crowds processions in 
black with the city's shipping 

2144
01:53:01,600 --> 01:53:04,100
at half mast. 
Showcased, Hamilton's local 

2145
01:53:04,100 --> 01:53:07,000
significance. 
People recalled, his rise from 

2146
01:53:07,000 --> 01:53:09,899
impoverished Caribbean youth to 
key founding Statesman. 

2147
01:53:10,600 --> 01:53:12,600
A hush fell over the city's 
usual clamor. 

2148
01:53:12,600 --> 01:53:15,600
This wave of Sorrow. 
Ironically, softened, some of 

2149
01:53:15,608 --> 01:53:17,699
the political vitriol that a 
dogged him in life. 

2150
01:53:18,500 --> 01:53:22,399
Over time though party. 
Lines continue to shift and the 

2151
01:53:22,399 --> 01:53:24,899
nation turned into new 
challenges from the War of 1812 

2152
01:53:24,899 --> 01:53:29,399
to expansion's West. 
Hamilton's memory lodged in 

2153
01:53:29,407 --> 01:53:32,300
history as the brilliant, but 
intense figure overshadowed by 

2154
01:53:32,300 --> 01:53:35,600
The Final Duel. 
In that Gloom and essential 

2155
01:53:35,600 --> 01:53:38,899
question, remained how to 
interpret Hamilton's lasting 

2156
01:53:38,899 --> 01:53:41,399
impact. 
As the immediate swirl of grief,

2157
01:53:41,399 --> 01:53:46,100
ease intellectuals examined, his
extensive writings reports on 

2158
01:53:46,100 --> 01:53:49,399
Public Credit, the Federalist 
essays and personal letters. 

2159
01:53:50,699 --> 01:53:53,399
They recognize that the federal 
government stable Finance is 

2160
01:53:53,399 --> 01:53:56,899
owed much to Hamilton's early 
Frameworks, the Constitution's, 

2161
01:53:56,899 --> 01:53:59,199
broad interpretation that 
spurred the bank of the United 

2162
01:53:59,199 --> 01:54:01,500
States shaped future 
developments and federal 

2163
01:54:01,500 --> 01:54:04,199
Authority. 
The tension he introduced with 

2164
01:54:04,199 --> 01:54:07,199
Jefferson over implied powers, 
would remain a fixture in legal 

2165
01:54:07,199 --> 01:54:10,199
debate for centuries? 
Had the personal level 

2166
01:54:10,199 --> 01:54:13,699
Hamilton's family, endured 
heartbreak, Eliza Hamilton 

2167
01:54:13,699 --> 01:54:17,399
survived decades longer. 
Dedicating herself to preserving

2168
01:54:17,399 --> 01:54:19,600
his papers and championing 
philanthropic work. 

2169
01:54:20,500 --> 01:54:23,199
He co-founded charitable 
societies, including an 

2170
01:54:23,199 --> 01:54:26,300
orphanage in New York, perhaps 
reflecting her empathy for 

2171
01:54:26,300 --> 01:54:29,899
fatherless children mindful of 
Hamilton's own orphaned 

2172
01:54:29,899 --> 01:54:33,300
beginnings. 
Over time Eliza's curation of 

2173
01:54:33,300 --> 01:54:34,800
Hamilton's letters and 
manuscripts. 

2174
01:54:34,800 --> 01:54:38,899
Sure that his role in founding 
the nation wouldn't fade without

2175
01:54:38,899 --> 01:54:41,600
her stewardship. 
Many of his insights might have 

2176
01:54:41,600 --> 01:54:44,600
been lost overshadowed by the 
swirl of other founding figures.

2177
01:54:44,600 --> 01:54:48,300
Meanwhile Aaron Burr slunk from 
public life. 

2178
01:54:48,300 --> 01:54:51,899
Although he briefly re-emerged 
in conspiratorial escapades in 

2179
01:54:51,899 --> 01:54:55,699
the west Coleman in a 
high-profile treason trial that 

2180
01:54:55,699 --> 01:54:59,199
Fiasco, further tarnished his 
name over the 19th century, 

2181
01:54:59,199 --> 01:55:02,899
Burr's memory was entwined with 
villainy while Hamilton became 

2182
01:55:02,899 --> 01:55:07,699
the heroic victim. 
This moral Narrative of 

2183
01:55:07,699 --> 01:55:11,800
simplified found residents in 
society, seeking tidy lessons 

2184
01:55:11,800 --> 01:55:14,300
about the cost of personal feuds
amongst statement. 

2185
01:55:15,199 --> 01:55:18,399
Hence, the jewels tragedy 
overshadowed Hamilton's, final 

2186
01:55:18,399 --> 01:55:21,600
years of potential. 
He left behind partial drafts of

2187
01:55:21,608 --> 01:55:25,699
essays a life, cut short and a 
legacy that historians would 

2188
01:55:25,699 --> 01:55:28,800
piece together. 
The subsequent swirl of politics

2189
01:55:28,800 --> 01:55:30,199
saw. 
The Federalist Party fade 

2190
01:55:30,199 --> 01:55:33,500
overshadowed by Jeffersonian and
Jacksonian movements. 

2191
01:55:34,199 --> 01:55:37,899
Yet as the new Republic faced 
Wars and expansions Hamilton's 

2192
01:55:37,899 --> 01:55:41,100
institutional Frameworks. 
Endured shaping how the union 

2193
01:55:41,100 --> 01:55:45,199
Finance conflicts and integrated
new territories over time the 

2194
01:55:45,199 --> 01:55:48,300
memory of Hamilton Grew From the
dust of partisan fights into a 

2195
01:55:48,300 --> 01:55:51,100
near legend of the unsilence of 
all voice for a strong union. 

2196
01:55:51,899 --> 01:55:55,399
A testament to how brilliant can
shine even after tragic, demise 

2197
01:55:55,399 --> 01:55:59,000
Hamilton's reputation 
experience, both highs and lows 

2198
01:55:59,000 --> 01:56:01,500
as the 19th century unfolded 
early. 

2199
01:56:01,500 --> 01:56:05,000
In the 1800s supporters, who 
revered his Federalist Vision 

2200
01:56:05,000 --> 01:56:08,199
championed him as an 
intellectual Giant. 

2201
01:56:09,100 --> 01:56:12,199
While Jeffersonian, loyalists 
found him dangerously elitist, 

2202
01:56:12,199 --> 01:56:16,199
the War of 1812 under scored the
value of robust Federal 

2203
01:56:16,199 --> 01:56:19,100
finance's and echo of Hamilton's
arguments. 

2204
01:56:19,100 --> 01:56:22,500
However, the rise in tide of 
Jacksonian Democracy in the 

2205
01:56:22,508 --> 01:56:26,000
1820s and 30s, resurrected 
negative images of Hamilton as 

2206
01:56:26,000 --> 01:56:28,100
the father of a financial 
aristocracy. 

2207
01:56:28,899 --> 01:56:31,300
This preference for a central 
bank and Industrial growth, 

2208
01:56:31,300 --> 01:56:33,600
clashed with The Agrarian 
populism. 

2209
01:56:33,600 --> 01:56:37,100
That saw big government as 
suspect in historical writing of

2210
01:56:37,100 --> 01:56:39,800
the mid-1800s. 
Hamilton was overshadowed by 

2211
01:56:39,800 --> 01:56:43,399
Washington, soldierly Aura, 
Jefferson's philosophical 

2212
01:56:43,399 --> 01:56:45,600
romance and the dramatic 
expansion. 

2213
01:56:45,600 --> 01:56:49,000
Shaping the continent. 
His ideas about manufacturing 

2214
01:56:49,000 --> 01:56:51,699
shaped by the reading adamson's 
tour. 

2215
01:56:51,699 --> 01:56:55,000
From Smith's Works found fresh 
appreciation in some northern 

2216
01:56:55,000 --> 01:56:57,199
states pushing early 
industrialization. 

2217
01:56:57,199 --> 01:57:00,199
But the memory of his direct 
political battles, had receded. 

2218
01:57:00,199 --> 01:57:02,800
Meanwhile his widow allies are 
persistently. 

2219
01:57:02,800 --> 01:57:05,899
Championed her husband's memory 
carefully, organizing his 

2220
01:57:05,899 --> 01:57:09,199
letters. 
She lived until 1854 bridging 

2221
01:57:09,199 --> 01:57:11,899
eras, from the founding to the 
eve of sectional crisis over 

2222
01:57:11,899 --> 01:57:14,800
slavery. 
Has the Civil War approached, 

2223
01:57:14,800 --> 01:57:18,300
some Northern intellectuals, 
rediscovered Hamilton's emphasis

2224
01:57:18,300 --> 01:57:21,199
on a strong union. 
Seeing him as a prophet of 

2225
01:57:21,199 --> 01:57:24,500
National Authority. 
They noted that had Hamilton's 

2226
01:57:24,500 --> 01:57:27,899
brand of federal, cohesion, 
fully blossomed, perhaps State's

2227
01:57:27,899 --> 01:57:29,899
rights doctor's. 
Fueling secession might have 

2228
01:57:29,899 --> 01:57:33,000
been curtailed earlier, writers 
of Oak. 

2229
01:57:33,000 --> 01:57:35,000
Hamilton as the founder, who 
best grasped. 

2230
01:57:35,000 --> 01:57:38,399
The necessity of a controlling 
Center that could override local

2231
01:57:38,399 --> 01:57:41,199
fractiousness. 
Opponents of such 

2232
01:57:41,199 --> 01:57:44,100
interpretations pointed out that
Hamilton's Frameworks, never 

2233
01:57:44,100 --> 01:57:47,100
explicitly addressed the moral 
contradiction of slavery. 

2234
01:57:48,000 --> 01:57:51,399
Indeed, Hamilton personally, 
opposed enslavement but parted 

2235
01:57:51,399 --> 01:57:54,899
from radical anti-slavery moves 
his stance overshadowed by 

2236
01:57:54,899 --> 01:57:59,199
political pragmatism after the 
Civil War industrial capitalism 

2237
01:57:59,199 --> 01:58:01,699
boomed. 
Prompting new appreciation for 

2238
01:58:01,699 --> 01:58:04,699
Hamilton's foresight about 
manufacturing, Gilded Age 

2239
01:58:04,699 --> 01:58:07,100
finances, admired him. 
As the original champion of a 

2240
01:58:07,100 --> 01:58:11,300
stable currency in Big Business 
critics, including agrarian 

2241
01:58:11,300 --> 01:58:14,000
populists in. 
Turn, damned him for setting a 

2242
01:58:14,000 --> 01:58:15,699
pattern, favoring Capital over 
farmers. 

2243
01:58:16,600 --> 01:58:19,100
Debate over monetary policy 
frequently, referenced 

2244
01:58:19,100 --> 01:58:20,699
Hamilton's original Central 
Bank. 

2245
01:58:21,600 --> 01:58:24,500
Specially regarding gold versus 
silver standards in the late 

2246
01:58:24,500 --> 01:58:27,500
19th century. 
Some saw him as the father of 

2247
01:58:27,500 --> 01:58:31,000
stable credit others as the 
father of corporate overreach 

2248
01:58:31,000 --> 01:58:35,500
this relit, his legacy fueling a
fresh wave of scholarly interest

2249
01:58:35,500 --> 01:58:40,199
in the 20th century historian, 
systematically uncovered more of

2250
01:58:40,199 --> 01:58:43,500
Hamilton's personal writing's. 
They found a figure of 

2251
01:58:43,500 --> 01:58:45,500
overshadowed by his own towering
intensity. 

2252
01:58:45,500 --> 01:58:49,100
Riven by internalizing anxiety 
is about identity and acceptance

2253
01:58:49,100 --> 01:58:51,899
born religious and lacking 
wealth. 

2254
01:58:51,899 --> 01:58:56,800
He sawed through brilliant solo.
That personal Dimension gave a 

2255
01:58:56,800 --> 01:58:59,699
new angle. 
Hamilton wasn't merely an aloof 

2256
01:58:59,699 --> 01:59:02,500
elitist but a man forging 
personal progress in a world 

2257
01:59:02,500 --> 01:59:07,300
dominated by landed aristocracy 
simultaneously, the renewed 

2258
01:59:07,300 --> 01:59:09,800
scholarship dissected how The 
Federalist Papers shaped the 

2259
01:59:09,800 --> 01:59:11,899
Supreme Court's approach to 
constitutional interpretation 

2260
01:59:11,899 --> 01:59:16,500
cultural depictions. 
Varied in some plays Hamilton 

2261
01:59:16,500 --> 01:59:21,199
was the stiff proud foil to the 
warm Jefferson and textbooks. 

2262
01:59:21,199 --> 01:59:24,699
He appeared as the founder of 
the American Financial system. 

2263
01:59:25,500 --> 01:59:28,600
Overshadowing the fact that he 
also practiced law with further 

2264
01:59:28,600 --> 01:59:32,899
championed reforms in local 
governance and penned scathing 

2265
01:59:32,899 --> 01:59:34,699
critiques of political 
adversaries. 

2266
01:59:34,699 --> 01:59:39,500
Hollywood took scammed interest 
overshadowed by the flamboyant 

2267
01:59:39,500 --> 01:59:41,899
stories of the war of 
independence or the Civil War. 

2268
01:59:43,199 --> 01:59:45,800
Hamilton's presence. 
Mostly stuck to academic circles

2269
01:59:45,800 --> 01:59:48,600
until the wave of musicals or 
pop culture references and the 

2270
01:59:48,600 --> 01:59:51,500
21st century suddenly 
catapulted, him back in to 

2271
01:59:51,500 --> 01:59:55,800
mainstream conversation. in 
that, modern re-imagining, a 

2272
01:59:55,800 --> 01:59:58,600
more complex, portrait emerges, 
the Visionary, who overcame 

2273
01:59:58,600 --> 02:00:01,699
humble Origins shaped 
institutions that 

2274
02:00:01,699 --> 02:00:06,100
self-destructed in a lethal Feud
This dual narrative resonates 

2275
02:00:06,100 --> 02:00:09,000
with a public intrigued by 
Underdog success, stories and 

2276
02:00:09,000 --> 02:00:10,600
cautionary. 
Tales about ambition. 

2277
02:00:10,600 --> 02:00:13,800
Meanwhile, historians, continue 
unraveling. 

2278
02:00:13,800 --> 02:00:16,699
His personal letters for 
glimpses of how he wrestled with

2279
02:00:16,699 --> 02:00:20,000
his private identity 
overshadowing, any single label 

2280
02:00:20,000 --> 02:00:24,000
like nationalist or elitist, 
they see him, the Deep tension 

2281
02:00:24,000 --> 02:00:26,699
between moral convictions and 
the messy realm of real world, 

2282
02:00:26,699 --> 02:00:30,300
politics, consequently 
Hamilton's Legacy stands as a 

2283
02:00:30,300 --> 02:00:33,600
testament, to a Founder whose 
Brilliance forged the Frameworks

2284
02:00:33,600 --> 02:00:35,699
of the American Finance. 
Ushering. 

2285
02:00:35,699 --> 02:00:39,399
In a strong union that could 
handle crises from 1812 to be on

2286
02:00:39,399 --> 02:00:42,199
his life. 
Truncated by a bullet, in a 

2287
02:00:42,199 --> 02:00:46,300
duel, exemplifies the era's 
precarious, Norms of Honor Yet 

2288
02:00:46,300 --> 02:00:50,199
the institutional Frameworks, he
championed endured overshadowing

2289
02:00:50,199 --> 02:00:54,000
ephemeral, partisan feuds as 
American Commerce and governance

2290
02:00:54,000 --> 02:00:56,699
matured. 
Many of his ideas about credit 

2291
02:00:56,699 --> 02:01:00,600
out systems minted currency and 
regulated trade blossomed. 

2292
02:01:00,600 --> 02:01:03,899
Therefore though, overshadowed 
uncertain historical arcs 

2293
02:01:03,899 --> 02:01:07,800
Hamilton's imprint remains woven
into the fabric of the modern 

2294
02:01:07,800 --> 02:01:11,300
American state, Bridging, the 
intangible line from rebellious 

2295
02:01:11,300 --> 02:01:14,800
colony to global economic power.
Alexander Hamilton's Journey 

2296
02:01:14,800 --> 02:01:18,899
might Echo as one of Unstoppable
curiosity and drive born into 

2297
02:01:18,899 --> 02:01:21,699
adversity. 
He harnessed his intellect to 

2298
02:01:21,699 --> 02:01:24,699
climb political and financial 
Summits historian schools. 

2299
02:01:24,699 --> 02:01:27,399
How Relentless learning and a 
willingness to challenge and 

2300
02:01:27,399 --> 02:01:30,399
trench Norms can yield 
transformative results. 

2301
02:01:30,399 --> 02:01:34,899
And yet it also warns of how 
personal vendettas and impulsive

2302
02:01:34,899 --> 02:01:38,500
decisions like The Final Duel 
can overshadow, even the 

2303
02:01:38,500 --> 02:01:41,899
grandest achievements. 
The interplay of success and 

2304
02:01:41,899 --> 02:01:44,600
tragedy and Hamilton's. 
Life offers a cautionary 

2305
02:01:44,600 --> 02:01:47,600
Dimension about letting rivalry 
over Shadow reason. 

2306
02:01:48,699 --> 02:01:51,399
One, dimension often overlooked 
is Hamilton's approached to 

2307
02:01:51,399 --> 02:01:55,199
social Mobility. 
He believed in meritocracy, that

2308
02:01:55,199 --> 02:01:58,600
Talent not lineage should Define
one station. 

2309
02:01:58,600 --> 02:02:01,000
His views clashed with the 
prevailing. 

2310
02:02:01,000 --> 02:02:04,300
Aristocratic mores that granted 
advantage to established 

2311
02:02:04,300 --> 02:02:07,199
families in championing, a 
strong central government 

2312
02:02:07,199 --> 02:02:09,000
Hamilton believed it would 
break. 

2313
02:02:09,000 --> 02:02:12,100
Local oligarchies allowing new 
men of skill to advance. 

2314
02:02:13,000 --> 02:02:15,399
That conviction shaped his 
financial blueprint. 

2315
02:02:15,399 --> 02:02:18,699
Ensuring that the nation's 
credit system, extended Beyond a

2316
02:02:18,699 --> 02:02:22,199
handful of wealthy Planters yet.
It also invited accusations of 

2317
02:02:22,199 --> 02:02:25,699
favoritism toward banking. 
Elites ironically suggesting 

2318
02:02:25,699 --> 02:02:29,000
that merits still found 
expression, primarily among 

2319
02:02:29,000 --> 02:02:32,199
well-connected City, financiers 
another lesson. 

2320
02:02:32,199 --> 02:02:35,300
Known angle is how Hamilton 
viewed foreign policy. 

2321
02:02:35,300 --> 02:02:39,100
He favored Commerce based 
alliances that distrusted 

2322
02:02:39,100 --> 02:02:41,399
entangling. 
The US in ideological battles. 

2323
02:02:41,399 --> 02:02:44,699
While acknowledging Britain as a
trade partner, despite the 

2324
02:02:44,699 --> 02:02:48,000
rancor left from the revolution.
He saw stable trade routes as 

2325
02:02:48,000 --> 02:02:50,199
essential for revenue and Global
standing. 

2326
02:02:51,100 --> 02:02:54,600
Jefferson and Madison criticized
the strategy as an over cozy 

2327
02:02:54,600 --> 02:02:58,500
approach with a recent foe that 
Hamilton saw post-war British 

2328
02:02:58,500 --> 02:03:01,100
power as a practical anchor for 
commercial expansion. 

2329
02:03:01,100 --> 02:03:04,600
In this sense, his realism over 
shadowed older. 

2330
02:03:04,600 --> 02:03:08,500
Resentments that stance was a 
Harbinger for how modern States.

2331
02:03:08,500 --> 02:03:12,600
Wait, economic ties against 
historic grief of Additionally, 

2332
02:03:12,600 --> 02:03:16,199
Hamilton's personal style at 
Social Gatherings and in Daily 

2333
02:03:16,199 --> 02:03:18,600
interactions reveals a man who 
could be both charmingly 

2334
02:03:18,600 --> 02:03:22,699
eloquent and abrasively direct. 
Contemporaries described him as 

2335
02:03:22,699 --> 02:03:25,500
intense with a quick mind, that 
occasionally battered 

2336
02:03:25,500 --> 02:03:28,500
conversation partners he thrived
on intellectual debate. 

2337
02:03:28,500 --> 02:03:31,399
Some say, he embraced 
confrontation to refine ideas 

2338
02:03:31,399 --> 02:03:33,100
yet. 
This habit might have 

2339
02:03:33,100 --> 02:03:36,500
contributed to the accumulation 
of enemies culminating in the 

2340
02:03:36,508 --> 02:03:40,600
Fateful spat with Burr sir. 
In an era where honor was a 

2341
02:03:40,600 --> 02:03:44,399
Cornerstone of social standing. 
Hamilton's cutting wit proved a 

2342
02:03:44,399 --> 02:03:48,100
dangerous asset at home Hamilton
and Eliza raised a growing 

2343
02:03:48,108 --> 02:03:51,000
family though. 
Tragedies struck the death of 

2344
02:03:51,008 --> 02:03:53,699
their son, Philip in a duel 
reminiscent of his father's, 

2345
02:03:53,699 --> 02:03:57,600
Fierce approached, a personal 
disputes, This sorrow weighed 

2346
02:03:57,600 --> 02:04:00,399
heavily on Hamilton, 
intensifying his reflection on 

2347
02:04:00,399 --> 02:04:03,500
the code of honor. 
Paradoxical he still ended up 

2348
02:04:03,500 --> 02:04:07,600
abiding by that same code 
accepting, Burr's challenge, The

2349
02:04:07,600 --> 02:04:10,100
Duality of a brilliant mine 
trapped by the period. 

2350
02:04:10,100 --> 02:04:13,699
Social norms emerges starkly in 
these personal heartbreaks for 

2351
02:04:13,699 --> 02:04:15,399
modern readers. 
The scenario. 

2352
02:04:15,399 --> 02:04:18,100
Underscores, how societal 
expectations can override 

2353
02:04:18,100 --> 02:04:22,699
individual caution, even for a 
pragmatic statement, Examining 

2354
02:04:22,699 --> 02:04:25,899
Hamilton's religious evolution 
is another nuanced topic. 

2355
02:04:26,699 --> 02:04:29,199
Later in life, particularly 
after Philip's death. 

2356
02:04:29,899 --> 02:04:32,000
He re-engaged with spiritual 
considerations. 

2357
02:04:33,300 --> 02:04:36,100
While not as devout as John Jay 
or Patrick Henry Hamilton 

2358
02:04:36,100 --> 02:04:39,399
expressed, his belief that moral
Frameworks were crucial to 

2359
02:04:39,399 --> 02:04:42,399
stable governance. 
Some Scholars, see a nearer 

2360
02:04:42,399 --> 02:04:45,300
turned Christian Orthodoxy in 
his final years overshadowing, 

2361
02:04:45,300 --> 02:04:48,800
the early secular aura. 
This dimension of moral or 

2362
02:04:48,800 --> 02:04:50,600
religious introspection is 
overshadowed. 

2363
02:04:50,600 --> 02:04:54,000
In many popular accounts that 
focus on battles of Finance or 

2364
02:04:54,000 --> 02:04:58,100
parties and ship. 
Lastly, the robust mythmaking 

2365
02:04:58,100 --> 02:05:01,000
around Hamilton in the 21st 
century, particularly following 

2366
02:05:01,000 --> 02:05:04,000
a certain successful musical 
reflects how malleable 

2367
02:05:04,000 --> 02:05:07,500
historical figures can become 
for decades overshadowed in 

2368
02:05:07,508 --> 02:05:10,500
public memory. 
Hamilton found new admirers 

2369
02:05:10,500 --> 02:05:14,199
enthralled by his Underdog 
narrative, the musical Drew from

2370
02:05:14,199 --> 02:05:17,000
historical sources but adapted 
them for modern audiences 

2371
02:05:17,000 --> 02:05:20,800
highlighting, themes of 
immigration ambition and the 

2372
02:05:20,808 --> 02:05:24,199
forging of identity. 
Meanwhile professional 

2373
02:05:24,199 --> 02:05:27,399
historians maintain a more 
measured stance acknowledging, 

2374
02:05:27,399 --> 02:05:30,199
the genius behind the bank, and 
The Federalist Papers, but also 

2375
02:05:30,199 --> 02:05:33,600
the moral complexities 
involvement in a scandalous 

2376
02:05:33,600 --> 02:05:37,100
Reynolds affair. the backing of 
harsh policies like the Alien 

2377
02:05:37,100 --> 02:05:40,100
and Sedition Acts and the 
overshadowed complicity in a 

2378
02:05:40,108 --> 02:05:44,100
system that tolerated slavery, 
hence Hamilton's life, embodies 

2379
02:05:44,100 --> 02:05:47,500
many contradictions, Hamilton 
was a brilliant champion of 

2380
02:05:47,500 --> 02:05:51,100
American finance, an immigrant 
success story and a defender of 

2381
02:05:51,100 --> 02:05:55,600
robust National institution's in
Tangled in political vendettas, 

2382
02:05:55,600 --> 02:06:00,300
personal heartbreak, and moral 
ambiguity is the lethal code of 

2383
02:06:00,308 --> 02:06:02,800
personal honor of the era. 
Brought him down from the 

2384
02:06:02,808 --> 02:06:06,899
Pinnacle of policy influence. 
Contemporary observers can glean

2385
02:06:06,899 --> 02:06:09,899
from his Saga. 
How Vision intellect and 

2386
02:06:09,899 --> 02:06:13,500
determination can reshape a 
society while cautioning that 

2387
02:06:13,500 --> 02:06:16,199
untempered ambition and rivalry 
risk. 

2388
02:06:16,199 --> 02:06:19,899
Overshadowing, even the grandest
legacies in the modern Mosaic of

2389
02:06:19,899 --> 02:06:23,100
American History. 
Alexander Hamilton occupies a 

2390
02:06:23,100 --> 02:06:27,000
unique Niche, straddling Realms 
of Finance, politics and 

2391
02:06:27,000 --> 02:06:30,600
personal drama. 
Behind the scenes, he shaped the

2392
02:06:30,600 --> 02:06:32,899
national domain by delivering 
pragmatic, solutions, to 

2393
02:06:32,899 --> 02:06:35,300
fundamental questions about, 
governance and economy. 

2394
02:06:36,100 --> 02:06:39,199
Yet his flamboyant final act, 
the duel with Aaron Burr. 

2395
02:06:39,199 --> 02:06:41,399
Long overshadowed, the breadth 
of his achievements? 

2396
02:06:42,600 --> 02:06:46,000
Over the past two centuries, the
perception of Hamilton has 

2397
02:06:46,000 --> 02:06:48,899
fluctuated between critical 
warehouse and near heroic 

2398
02:06:48,899 --> 02:06:52,399
adulation leading to a 
reexamination that highlights 

2399
02:06:52,399 --> 02:06:56,600
his full complexity. 
For many decades Hamilton served

2400
02:06:56,600 --> 02:06:58,699
as a reference point for strong 
central governments. 

2401
02:06:59,500 --> 02:07:02,899
In debates about tariffs, 
internal improvements and the 

2402
02:07:02,899 --> 02:07:06,199
role of a National Bank, 
legislators invoke his name. 

2403
02:07:06,899 --> 02:07:11,000
The hamiltonian vision signified
a dynamic industrializing. 

2404
02:07:11,000 --> 02:07:12,699
America. 
That invests in large-scale 

2405
02:07:12,699 --> 02:07:15,399
infrastructure and cultivates. 
A robust bond market. 

2406
02:07:16,500 --> 02:07:19,500
Opponents retorted that such 
policies undercut, local 

2407
02:07:19,500 --> 02:07:22,500
autonomy. 
Echoing Jeffersonian concerns 

2408
02:07:22,500 --> 02:07:25,899
about overreach this cyclical 
debate recurs whenever the 

2409
02:07:25,907 --> 02:07:29,100
nation confronts a crisis or 
looks to expand Federal 

2410
02:07:29,100 --> 02:07:31,600
influence. 
Be it in responding to economic 

2411
02:07:31,600 --> 02:07:35,000
depressions, or modern Financial
bailouts among Scholars, 

2412
02:07:35,000 --> 02:07:38,300
Hamilton's contribution to the 
Federalist remains a crowning 

2413
02:07:38,300 --> 02:07:41,500
literary feat. 
Essays like Federalist number 78

2414
02:07:41,500 --> 02:07:44,699
shape, the judiciaries 
conceptual role championing 

2415
02:07:44,699 --> 02:07:47,699
judicial Independence and the 
power of constitutional review. 

2416
02:07:47,699 --> 02:07:52,199
Federal number 84 argued that 
enumerating rights might risk. 

2417
02:07:52,199 --> 02:07:54,800
Constraining them, though, I 
ironically the Bill of Rights 

2418
02:07:54,800 --> 02:07:56,899
was soon appended to the 
Constitution anyway. 

2419
02:07:57,600 --> 02:08:01,000
Such Works left to Lasting 
intellectual deposit frequently.

2420
02:08:01,000 --> 02:08:04,800
Cited in Supreme Court decision,
the interplay between Hamilton's

2421
02:08:04,800 --> 02:08:07,199
preference for strong federal 
courts and modern Juris Prudence

2422
02:08:07,199 --> 02:08:09,699
reveals the longevity of his 
influence. 

2423
02:08:10,500 --> 02:08:14,399
Public interest sword a new in 
the 21st century with a popular 

2424
02:08:14,399 --> 02:08:18,100
musical, recasting Hamilton as a
hip Scrappy immigrant shaping 

2425
02:08:18,100 --> 02:08:21,100
the nation's destiny. 
That retelling lending. 

2426
02:08:21,100 --> 02:08:23,800
Hip hop, and historical 
references stoked. 

2427
02:08:23,800 --> 02:08:26,300
Fresh curiosity about details of
his Caribbean, youth. 

2428
02:08:26,300 --> 02:08:29,300
The Heartbreak of losing his 
mother and the unexpected 

2429
02:08:29,300 --> 02:08:32,500
mentorship from Merchants. 
It also reintroduced figures 

2430
02:08:32,500 --> 02:08:36,000
like John Lawrence, Hercules, 
Mulligan or Elizabeth Schuyler 

2431
02:08:36,000 --> 02:08:39,199
to mainstream conversation. 
This phenomenon demonstrates, 

2432
02:08:39,199 --> 02:08:42,600
how historical figures can be 
revived and reinterpreted to 

2433
02:08:42,600 --> 02:08:45,100
speak to current cultural 
dialogues about immigration 

2434
02:08:45,100 --> 02:08:49,600
representation and the forging 
of American identity that said 

2435
02:08:49,600 --> 02:08:51,600
the musicals creative Liberties 
overshadow. 

2436
02:08:51,600 --> 02:08:55,000
Certain complexities for 
instance the Deep potentials 

2437
02:08:55,000 --> 02:08:57,899
around slavery or Hamilton's 
relationship with Haitian 

2438
02:08:57,899 --> 02:09:01,000
Independence yet. 
It undeniably catapulted him 

2439
02:09:01,000 --> 02:09:04,699
back into the public eye. 
Critically modern reflection 

2440
02:09:04,699 --> 02:09:07,000
contends with Hamilton stance on
slavery. 

2441
02:09:08,000 --> 02:09:09,300
Though. 
Personally, not an owner of 

2442
02:09:09,300 --> 02:09:12,500
large plantations, he married 
into a family that benefited 

2443
02:09:12,500 --> 02:09:13,500
from enslaved. 
Labor. 

2444
02:09:14,399 --> 02:09:17,899
The international slave trade, 
but was less vocal about media. 

2445
02:09:17,899 --> 02:09:20,399
Abolition. 
Some historians, see him as 

2446
02:09:20,399 --> 02:09:22,699
moderately anti-slavery in 
principle yet. 

2447
02:09:22,699 --> 02:09:25,000
Overshadowed by the ear as 
political constraints. 

2448
02:09:25,800 --> 02:09:28,800
This mild stance differs from 
the further of an abolitionist 

2449
02:09:28,800 --> 02:09:32,699
highlighting that even bright 
Minds can compromise on pressing

2450
02:09:32,699 --> 02:09:35,399
moral issues for perceived 
political necessity. 

2451
02:09:36,500 --> 02:09:39,199
Another puzzle is how Hamilton 
would respond to the subsequent 

2452
02:09:39,199 --> 02:09:42,100
expansion. 
He died before industrialization

2453
02:09:42,100 --> 02:09:44,899
truly took flight or the 
question of slavery, overtook 

2454
02:09:44,899 --> 02:09:48,500
National politics, would he have
advocated for federal solutions 

2455
02:09:48,500 --> 02:09:50,500
to keep the union intact in the 
1850s? 

2456
02:09:50,500 --> 02:09:54,199
Or would he have favored more 
localized pragmatic deals? 

2457
02:09:55,000 --> 02:09:57,699
The counterfactual is 
tantalizing, but unanswerable. 

2458
02:09:58,300 --> 02:10:01,399
Like many Founders, his ideas 
form the skeleton for future 

2459
02:10:01,399 --> 02:10:04,600
developments, but subsequent 
Generations, molded them to new 

2460
02:10:04,600 --> 02:10:08,399
contexts. 
Finally, Hamilton's, personal 

2461
02:10:08,399 --> 02:10:11,100
letters uncovered in archives 
over time. 

2462
02:10:11,100 --> 02:10:14,699
Reveal the emotional complexity 
Behind The Confident public 

2463
02:10:14,699 --> 02:10:19,899
Persona he could be warm witty 
or scathing anxious about 

2464
02:10:19,899 --> 02:10:23,899
respect and standing. 
The Specter of orphanhood Never 

2465
02:10:23,899 --> 02:10:27,600
Fully left him, a sense of 
precariousness pervaded his 

2466
02:10:27,600 --> 02:10:30,399
ambition. 
He engaged in verbal battles 

2467
02:10:30,399 --> 02:10:34,199
with the Press establishing, a 
partisan strategy, the Reynolds 

2468
02:10:34,199 --> 02:10:36,800
Affair in which he admitted to 
an extramarital relationship 

2469
02:10:36,800 --> 02:10:39,199
tarnished. 
His moral standing yet 

2470
02:10:39,199 --> 02:10:42,800
underscored his willingness to 
publicly confess in a swirl of 

2471
02:10:42,800 --> 02:10:45,899
political blackmail. 
All these episodes, illustrator 

2472
02:10:45,899 --> 02:10:47,800
founder who was no pristine 
statue. 

2473
02:10:47,800 --> 02:10:51,600
But a flawed participant in the 
messy birth of a republic in 

2474
02:10:51,600 --> 02:10:55,399
some Alexander, Hamilton's, 
Odyssey stands as an emblem of 

2475
02:10:55,399 --> 02:10:59,000
America's early audacity someone
forging National Frameworks with

2476
02:10:59,000 --> 02:11:02,899
unstoppable further, bridging 
personal adversity and political

2477
02:11:02,899 --> 02:11:05,000
upheaval. 
He hammered out Financial 

2478
02:11:05,000 --> 02:11:07,399
Machinery, that stabilized or 
precarious Union. 

2479
02:11:07,399 --> 02:11:10,199
Wrote constitutional 
commentaries that guided 

2480
02:11:10,199 --> 02:11:14,300
centuries of legal thought and 
valiantly served in war only to 

2481
02:11:14,300 --> 02:11:17,500
be undone by personal Vendetta 
in a misguided duel. 

2482
02:11:18,199 --> 02:11:21,100
This story resonates with 
universal themes of ambition, 

2483
02:11:21,100 --> 02:11:25,399
principal rivalry, and the 
subtle interplay of personal and

2484
02:11:25,399 --> 02:11:27,800
public Realms. 
Hamilton's imprint endures in 

2485
02:11:27,800 --> 02:11:30,300
the institutions. 
He shaped the arguments, he 

2486
02:11:30,300 --> 02:11:33,600
Advanced and the persistent 
puzzle of how brilliant mind can

2487
02:11:33,600 --> 02:11:36,100
fall victim to a bullet 
summoned, by the code of honor 

2488
02:11:36,100 --> 02:11:42,300
with confusing reasoning. 
Picture yourself settling into a

2489
02:11:42,300 --> 02:11:45,199
wooden chair by your half on a 
crisp or to evening in the year.

2490
02:11:45,199 --> 02:11:48,399
1066. 
You've just finished your barley

2491
02:11:48,399 --> 02:11:51,899
soup and dark bread and the fire
crackles with that particular 

2492
02:11:51,899 --> 02:11:54,500
satisfaction. 
That comes from a belly that's 

2493
02:11:54,500 --> 02:11:58,600
finally full after a long day of
backbreaking work, Your bones 

2494
02:11:58,600 --> 02:12:01,899
ache in that familiar way. 
The kind that reminds you that 

2495
02:12:01,899 --> 02:12:04,899
you've earned your rest. 
You step out side to check on 

2496
02:12:04,899 --> 02:12:07,500
the chickens one last time and 
that's when you see it. 

2497
02:12:08,600 --> 02:12:11,000
Blazing Sword. 
Hangs in the Western sky. 

2498
02:12:11,000 --> 02:12:13,500
It's fiery tail streaming behind
it. 

2499
02:12:13,500 --> 02:12:15,199
Like the banner of some 
Celestial Army. 

2500
02:12:15,899 --> 02:12:19,399
Your heart pauses, not because 
your witnessing one of Nature's 

2501
02:12:19,399 --> 02:12:23,100
Most spectacular shows. 
But because, you know, with the 

2502
02:12:23,100 --> 02:12:25,399
certainty that comes from a 
lifetime of sermons and 

2503
02:12:25,399 --> 02:12:28,199
warnings, that this thing in the
sky means trouble. 

2504
02:12:28,199 --> 02:12:32,000
See, you don't live in a world 
where comets are chunks of ice 

2505
02:12:32,000 --> 02:12:35,000
and rock following predictable. 
Orbits, the sun, you live in a 

2506
02:12:35,008 --> 02:12:37,000
world where the heavens are 
God's Own theater. 

2507
02:12:37,000 --> 02:12:40,199
And when something unusual 
appears up there, it's not 

2508
02:12:40,199 --> 02:12:43,399
astronomy. 
It's a Divine Telegram and this 

2509
02:12:43,399 --> 02:12:45,300
particular message, looks pretty
ominous. 

2510
02:12:45,300 --> 02:12:47,100
Your medieval brain. 
Doesn't think. 

2511
02:12:47,100 --> 02:12:50,100
Oh, fascinating. 
A Celestial visitor from the 

2512
02:12:50,100 --> 02:12:51,600
outer reaches of our solar 
system. 

2513
02:12:51,600 --> 02:12:56,100
Instead it thinks something more
along the lines of well, that's 

2514
02:12:56,100 --> 02:12:58,800
it, then? 
Someone's about to die probably 

2515
02:12:58,800 --> 02:13:02,800
and it might just be me. 
The thing is you're not being 

2516
02:13:02,800 --> 02:13:05,300
irrational, not by the standards
of your time. 

2517
02:13:05,300 --> 02:13:08,699
Anyway you live in an age where 
the line between the natural and

2518
02:13:08,699 --> 02:13:11,699
Supernatural is as blurry as 
your vision after too much. 

2519
02:13:11,707 --> 02:13:15,899
Ale angels and demons are as 
real as your neighbor's cow and 

2520
02:13:15,899 --> 02:13:19,100
the sky serves as God's bulletin
board, and now announcing his 

2521
02:13:19,100 --> 02:13:21,500
disapproval of Humanity's latest
misdeeds. 

2522
02:13:21,500 --> 02:13:25,500
You know, the stories. 
Everyone knows the story is how 

2523
02:13:25,500 --> 02:13:28,199
a blazing star appeared before 
Jerusalem fell to the Romans. 

2524
02:13:28,199 --> 02:13:31,199
How strange that like in the sky
proceeded? 

2525
02:13:31,199 --> 02:13:32,899
The death of Emperors and the 
fall of Kingdoms. 

2526
02:13:33,800 --> 02:13:35,500
Your grandfather told you about 
the time. 

2527
02:13:35,500 --> 02:13:38,100
A Comet appeared, just before 
the terrible famine that killed 

2528
02:13:38,100 --> 02:13:39,899
half the village. 
For you. 

2529
02:13:39,899 --> 02:13:42,100
These stories are more than mere
entertainment. 

2530
02:13:42,100 --> 02:13:44,699
They serve as historical 
records. 

2531
02:13:45,500 --> 02:13:48,699
And here's the thing that makes 
it even worse, you can't just 

2532
02:13:48,699 --> 02:13:52,000
shrug and go back inside. 
Everyone else in your villagers 

2533
02:13:52,000 --> 02:13:54,899
also witnessed it and their 
thoughts aligned with yours 

2534
02:13:54,899 --> 02:13:57,399
tomorrow. 
They'll be worried Whispers at 

2535
02:13:57,399 --> 02:13:59,699
the well and anxious glances 
toward the manor house. 

2536
02:14:00,399 --> 02:14:02,100
The priest will have that 
particular expression. 

2537
02:14:02,100 --> 02:14:05,199
That means he's about to deliver
some very unwelcome news from 

2538
02:14:05,199 --> 02:14:07,699
the pulpit. 
You pull your Woolen cloak, 

2539
02:14:07,699 --> 02:14:10,899
tighter around your shoulders. 
And try to remember if you've 

2540
02:14:10,899 --> 02:14:14,899
been particularly sinful lately 
Did you take that extra turn it 

2541
02:14:14,899 --> 02:14:17,699
from the Lord's field? 
Were you on charitable toward 

2542
02:14:17,699 --> 02:14:20,500
your neighbor when his Pig got 
into your garden, these things 

2543
02:14:20,500 --> 02:14:23,300
matter now because clearly the 
all Mighty is paying attention 

2544
02:14:23,300 --> 02:14:25,000
and he's not happy about 
something. 

2545
02:14:25,800 --> 02:14:28,800
The comet hangs there like a 
cosmic reproach and you can't 

2546
02:14:28,800 --> 02:14:30,500
help but wonder what fresh 
disaster. 

2547
02:14:30,500 --> 02:14:33,000
It's announcing. 
Do you think the Normans will 

2548
02:14:33,000 --> 02:14:35,199
eventually follow through on 
their threats to invade? 

2549
02:14:35,199 --> 02:14:38,699
Will there be another plague 
will your lord decide to raise 

2550
02:14:38,699 --> 02:14:41,500
the taxes. 
Again in your world, bad news 

2551
02:14:41,500 --> 02:14:44,399
swiftly spreads, across the 
night, sky, with a fiery tail. 

2552
02:14:44,399 --> 02:14:48,000
You stand there for what feels 
like hours, but is probably only

2553
02:14:48,000 --> 02:14:51,800
minutes watching this, unwelcome
visitor, you want to appreciate 

2554
02:14:51,800 --> 02:14:55,399
its awful Beauty but mostly you 
want it to leave with the 

2555
02:14:55,399 --> 02:14:58,800
disaster at advertising. 
If there's one thing you've 

2556
02:14:58,800 --> 02:15:02,300
learned in your Hardscrabble, 
medieval life is usually not the

2557
02:15:02,300 --> 02:15:05,199
kind of show you want front row 
seats, for the next morning 

2558
02:15:05,199 --> 02:15:07,800
arrives with all the subtlety of
a mule kick to the head. 

2559
02:15:07,808 --> 02:15:11,800
You wake to the sound of church 
bells not the regular call to 

2560
02:15:11,800 --> 02:15:14,699
morning prayers but the Urgent 
irregular clanging that means 

2561
02:15:14,699 --> 02:15:18,000
father Benedict has something 
important to announce And 

2562
02:15:18,000 --> 02:15:20,000
judging by the Frantic quality 
of the ringing. 

2563
02:15:20,000 --> 02:15:22,699
It's probably not good news 
about the Harvest Festival. 

2564
02:15:22,699 --> 02:15:26,500
You stumble out of your cottage 
still pulling on your boots to 

2565
02:15:26,500 --> 02:15:28,699
find half the village, already 
gathered in the Square. 

2566
02:15:28,699 --> 02:15:32,300
Everyone looks like they've seen
a ghost which, in a way they 

2567
02:15:32,300 --> 02:15:36,899
have, it's the celestial ghost 
of impending, doom complete with

2568
02:15:36,899 --> 02:15:40,600
a fiery tail and a profoundly 
negative outlook on Humanity's 

2569
02:15:40,600 --> 02:15:43,399
moral State. 
Father Benedict, stands on the 

2570
02:15:43,399 --> 02:15:47,399
church steps his expression, as 
troubled as everyone else's his 

2571
02:15:47,399 --> 02:15:50,899
usually neatens is to shovel and
his clutching his prayer book. 

2572
02:15:50,899 --> 02:15:53,500
Like it might Sprout wings and 
carry him away from this mess. 

2573
02:15:54,399 --> 02:15:57,300
When he speaks his voice has 
that particular Tremor that 

2574
02:15:57,300 --> 02:15:59,600
suggests, he's been up all night
wrestling with theological 

2575
02:15:59,600 --> 02:16:02,899
implications. 
My dear children will begins. 

2576
02:16:03,399 --> 02:16:05,699
You know, immediately that 
whatever follows is going to be 

2577
02:16:05,699 --> 02:16:09,300
the opposite of reassuring. 
The Lord has sent us a sign in 

2578
02:16:09,300 --> 02:16:11,399
the heavens. 
A reminder, of his Divine 

2579
02:16:11,399 --> 02:16:14,800
displeasure with the sins of 
this world, Now here's where 

2580
02:16:14,800 --> 02:16:16,699
medieval logic gets particularly
intriguing. 

2581
02:16:16,699 --> 02:16:20,899
In your time, everything happens
for a reason and that reason is 

2582
02:16:20,899 --> 02:16:23,699
usually either God rewarding the
faithful or God punishing the 

2583
02:16:23,699 --> 02:16:26,600
wicked. 
There are no random Cosmic 

2584
02:16:26,600 --> 02:16:29,699
events or natural phenomena that
occur simply due to the laws of 

2585
02:16:29,699 --> 02:16:32,500
physics. 
When a comet appears, it's 

2586
02:16:32,500 --> 02:16:35,000
because God grabbed it by the 
tail and flung it across the 

2587
02:16:35,000 --> 02:16:37,299
sky. 
Like a cosmic Javelin, aimed 

2588
02:16:37,299 --> 02:16:40,299
directly at whatever Kingdom 
Village, or individual has been 

2589
02:16:40,299 --> 02:16:41,799
getting too big for their 
britches. 

2590
02:16:42,799 --> 02:16:45,398
The mathematics of this system 
are beautifully, simple, and 

2591
02:16:45,398 --> 02:16:48,700
absolutely terrifying. 
Bad things happen because 

2592
02:16:48,700 --> 02:16:52,500
someone somewhere has offended 
the almighty, the bigger, the 

2593
02:16:52,500 --> 02:16:57,100
wicked thing, the bigger the sin
that caused it and a comet a 

2594
02:16:57,100 --> 02:16:58,799
comet is not just any ordinary 
bad thing. 

2595
02:16:58,799 --> 02:17:02,898
That's the cosmic equivalent of 
God taking a serious storms. 

2596
02:17:03,799 --> 02:17:06,398
You glance around your 
neighbor's, all of whom are 

2597
02:17:06,398 --> 02:17:09,898
doing their own moral inventory.
There's Thomas the Miller you're

2598
02:17:09,898 --> 02:17:11,500
pretty sure has been watering 
down the flower. 

2599
02:17:11,500 --> 02:17:15,200
Margaret the baker undoubtedly, 
overcharges for bread and likely

2600
02:17:15,200 --> 02:17:18,898
fabricates the weight. 
Old Henrik is known by everyone 

2601
02:17:18,898 --> 02:17:20,600
to poach rabbits from the Lord's
Forest. 

2602
02:17:20,600 --> 02:17:25,000
But he is clever enough to avoid
getting caught In fact upon 

2603
02:17:25,000 --> 02:17:28,299
reflection your village 
resembles a catalog of petty 

2604
02:17:28,299 --> 02:17:32,200
sins and moral compromises. 
Flaming harbinger of divine 

2605
02:17:32,200 --> 02:17:35,600
Justice, suddenly casts a shadow
over your village, making it 

2606
02:17:35,600 --> 02:17:39,100
seem less amusing and more like 
a poor strategic decision. 

2607
02:17:39,898 --> 02:17:43,100
Father, Benedict, continues, his
sermon explaining how comets 

2608
02:17:43,100 --> 02:17:46,200
have historically appeared 
before, great disasters, the 

2609
02:17:46,200 --> 02:17:49,100
medieval catastrophes, which 
included the destruction of 

2610
02:17:49,100 --> 02:17:53,100
cities, the deaths of Kings 
famines plagues and invasions 

2611
02:17:53,100 --> 02:17:56,299
were all proceeded by fiery 
visitors from the afterlife. 

2612
02:17:57,200 --> 02:18:00,000
Father, Benedict provides 
detailed explanation for most of

2613
02:18:00,000 --> 02:18:02,398
his points. 
Supplemented by insightful 

2614
02:18:02,398 --> 02:18:05,398
quotes from various Saints who 
shared their perspectives on 

2615
02:18:05,398 --> 02:18:09,000
Celestial phenomena, The truly 
maddening part is that this 

2616
02:18:09,000 --> 02:18:11,799
system of cosmic cause and 
effect actually makes sense 

2617
02:18:11,799 --> 02:18:15,500
within the medieval worldview if
God is all powerful and all 

2618
02:18:15,500 --> 02:18:18,000
knowing the nothing happened 
with without his permission. 

2619
02:18:18,000 --> 02:18:21,500
If something dramatic happened 
in the heavens, it's because he 

2620
02:18:21,500 --> 02:18:24,700
put it there and if he put it 
there it's because he's trying 

2621
02:18:24,700 --> 02:18:27,398
to tell you something. 
The only question is if you 

2622
02:18:27,398 --> 02:18:30,100
possess the intelligence to 
decipher that message before, 

2623
02:18:30,100 --> 02:18:33,398
it's too late, You find yourself
nodding in agreement with the 

2624
02:18:33,398 --> 02:18:37,000
priests explanation despite a 
part of your mind resisting, the

2625
02:18:37,000 --> 02:18:38,600
overwhelming unfairness of it 
all. 

2626
02:18:38,608 --> 02:18:42,299
After all, you've been a 
reasonably decent person, you go

2627
02:18:42,299 --> 02:18:44,398
to church, you don't murder 
anyone. 

2628
02:18:44,398 --> 02:18:47,500
You only steal when you're 
really hungry and you've never 

2629
02:18:47,500 --> 02:18:50,299
covered your neighbor's Ox, with
any serious intent. 

2630
02:18:50,299 --> 02:18:54,000
But apparently, the cosmic 
justice system operates on a 

2631
02:18:54,000 --> 02:18:56,898
collective guilt principal and 
your villagers moral credit 

2632
02:18:56,898 --> 02:18:59,799
rating has just been downgraded 
to pray for your souls. 

2633
02:19:00,700 --> 02:19:03,500
As father Benedict, wraps up his
impromptu, sermon with a call 

2634
02:19:03,500 --> 02:19:07,000
for increased piety and possibly
some emergency donations to the 

2635
02:19:07,000 --> 02:19:09,299
church roof fund. 
You can't help but stare up at 

2636
02:19:09,299 --> 02:19:12,398
the morning sky. 
The comet isn't visible now but 

2637
02:19:12,398 --> 02:19:15,200
you know it's still there. 
Lurking behind the sun like a 

2638
02:19:15,200 --> 02:19:18,700
cosmic bill collector waiting to
serve papers by midday. 

2639
02:19:18,700 --> 02:19:22,000
Your village has descended into 
a state of organized hysteria. 

2640
02:19:22,000 --> 02:19:24,600
It's remarkable really her 
quickly. 

2641
02:19:24,600 --> 02:19:27,398
A community can pivot from 
mundane concerns about grain 

2642
02:19:27,398 --> 02:19:31,100
storage and pig breeding to 
full-scale apocalyptic anxiety. 

2643
02:19:32,100 --> 02:19:35,600
Everyone becomes an expert on 
Divine wrath and Celestial Omens

2644
02:19:35,600 --> 02:19:38,600
after witnessing a fiery 
visitor, in the night sky. 

2645
02:19:39,799 --> 02:19:42,500
While you attempt to carry out 
your daily tasks, such as 

2646
02:19:42,500 --> 02:19:45,100
feeding, the chickens, and 
fixing the Leaky that in your 

2647
02:19:45,108 --> 02:19:48,299
cottage, it becomes difficult to
focus when half of your 

2648
02:19:48,299 --> 02:19:50,799
neighbor's are convinced that 
the world is on the verge of a 

2649
02:19:50,799 --> 02:19:54,299
catastrophic end and the other 
half a debating, the specifics 

2650
02:19:54,299 --> 02:19:58,200
of this end. the blacksmith has 
become convinced that the comet 

2651
02:19:58,200 --> 02:20:01,100
is specifically targeting Smiths
because he once made a horse 

2652
02:20:01,100 --> 02:20:04,399
shoe on a Sunday, The baker 
thinks it's about bread prices 

2653
02:20:04,399 --> 02:20:07,500
which honestly might not be 
wrong, give what she charges for

2654
02:20:07,500 --> 02:20:10,200
a decent loaf. 
Young William from the mill is 

2655
02:20:10,200 --> 02:20:12,600
certain it's because he's been 
having him pure thoughts about 

2656
02:20:12,600 --> 02:20:16,299
the merchants daughter though. 
Frankly half the village has 

2657
02:20:16,299 --> 02:20:18,399
been having him pure thoughts 
about the merchants daughter. 

2658
02:20:18,399 --> 02:20:22,100
So if God punished every lustful
glance with Cosmic fireworks, 

2659
02:20:22,100 --> 02:20:24,899
the sky would look like a 
continuous celebration. 

2660
02:20:26,100 --> 02:20:29,100
What's fascinating is how 
everyone's personal guilt is 

2661
02:20:29,100 --> 02:20:32,399
suddenly Cosmic in scope? 
Do you remember the Apple you 

2662
02:20:32,399 --> 02:20:35,600
stole from your neighbor's tree 
last Autumn clearly grounds for 

2663
02:20:35,600 --> 02:20:39,200
divine retribution via a flaming
Celestial messenger the 

2664
02:20:39,200 --> 02:20:42,000
occasion, when you informed your
supervisor that you were too ill

2665
02:20:42,000 --> 02:20:45,700
to work, even though you simply 
wish to sleep in This is 

2666
02:20:45,700 --> 02:20:48,799
undoubtedly, the type of moral 
transgression that necessitates 

2667
02:20:48,799 --> 02:20:51,799
a correction from a higher 
power, your City on your 

2668
02:20:51,799 --> 02:20:55,100
doorstep, trying to patch a hole
in your boot and listening to 

2669
02:20:55,100 --> 02:20:57,799
the increasingly creative 
theories about what the comet 

2670
02:20:57,799 --> 02:21:00,299
means. 
When old Martha shuffles over, 

2671
02:21:00,299 --> 02:21:02,899
she is The Village's unofficial 
historian. 

2672
02:21:02,899 --> 02:21:06,000
The keeper of all the local 
disasters and the supposed 

2673
02:21:06,000 --> 02:21:09,799
Celestial announcements, if 
anyone knows about comets and 

2674
02:21:09,799 --> 02:21:12,100
their terrible implications, its
Martha. 

2675
02:21:13,200 --> 02:21:16,600
So on, just like it, 40 years 
ago, she says settling onto the 

2676
02:21:16,600 --> 02:21:19,100
wooden bench beside your door 
with the careful, Precision of 

2677
02:21:19,108 --> 02:21:20,700
joints, that complain about 
everything. 

2678
02:21:21,600 --> 02:21:24,100
It was the same color, the same 
terrible brightness. 

2679
02:21:24,100 --> 02:21:27,600
You know what happened next? 
You're not sure you want to know

2680
02:21:27,600 --> 02:21:29,399
but Martha is going to tell you 
anyway. 

2681
02:21:30,399 --> 02:21:32,899
There's a gleam in her eye 
indicating that she's about to 

2682
02:21:32,899 --> 02:21:36,600
reveal a particularly juicy 
piece of historical catastrophe.

2683
02:21:37,899 --> 02:21:41,100
The great sickness came through 
the sickness, claimed the lives 

2684
02:21:41,100 --> 02:21:44,100
of every third person in the 
village, including my first 

2685
02:21:44,100 --> 02:21:48,799
husband God, Rest his soul. 
Though between you and me, she 

2686
02:21:48,799 --> 02:21:52,000
leans closer, a voice dropping 
to, a conspiratorial whisper 

2687
02:21:52,000 --> 02:21:54,399
Harold. 
Had it coming man? 

2688
02:21:54,399 --> 02:21:56,700
Never met a commandment. 
He couldn't find a way around. 

2689
02:21:56,700 --> 02:22:00,500
This is the thing about medieval
life that makes Comet Fierce so 

2690
02:22:00,500 --> 02:22:02,500
perfectly. 
Reasonable bad. 

2691
02:22:02,500 --> 02:22:04,600
Things really do happen with 
alarming regularity. 

2692
02:22:05,700 --> 02:22:12,000
Plagues famines Wars. 
Floods droughts fires invasions,

2693
02:22:12,000 --> 02:22:15,100
it's like living in a cosmic 
pinball machine where you're the

2694
02:22:15,108 --> 02:22:17,000
ball and disaster is every 
bumper. 

2695
02:22:17,799 --> 02:22:20,700
When your Baseline existence 
includes regular encounters with

2696
02:22:20,700 --> 02:22:24,100
death disease and destruction, 
the appearance of something 

2697
02:22:24,100 --> 02:22:27,200
unusual in the sky isn't just 
Superstition, it's pattern 

2698
02:22:27,200 --> 02:22:30,399
recognition. 
Martha continues her catalogue 

2699
02:22:30,399 --> 02:22:33,600
of comet related to disasters 
and you start to understand why 

2700
02:22:33,600 --> 02:22:36,399
your ancestors developed such a 
healthy fear of celestial 

2701
02:22:36,399 --> 02:22:39,799
visitors in a world where 
Medical Science consists largely

2702
02:22:39,799 --> 02:22:42,600
of bloodletting and prayer. 
Where crop failure means 

2703
02:22:42,600 --> 02:22:45,700
starvation and where political 
stability is whatever mood. 

2704
02:22:45,700 --> 02:22:47,399
The local Lord happens to be in 
that day. 

2705
02:22:47,399 --> 02:22:51,000
Any advance warning of trouble 
is valuable, even if that 

2706
02:22:51,000 --> 02:22:53,799
warning comes in the form of 
astronomical phenomena, that 

2707
02:22:53,799 --> 02:22:56,100
won't be properly understood for
another few hundred years. 

2708
02:22:57,399 --> 02:22:59,899
Truly clever thing about Comet 
fear is that it's almost 

2709
02:22:59,899 --> 02:23:03,299
impossible to disprove something
bad or was happened. 

2710
02:23:03,299 --> 02:23:06,100
Eventually that's just the 
nature of medieval life. 

2711
02:23:06,899 --> 02:23:10,100
When a Calamity occurs, 
everyone, recalls the comet and 

2712
02:23:10,100 --> 02:23:12,899
reverently acknowledges, the 
Divine warnings and Cosmic 

2713
02:23:12,899 --> 02:23:15,600
Justice. 
The fact that bad things also 

2714
02:23:15,600 --> 02:23:17,200
happen, when there aren't any 
comments around. 

2715
02:23:17,200 --> 02:23:20,399
It's conveniently forgotten in 
favor of the much more, 

2716
02:23:20,399 --> 02:23:23,100
satisfying Narrative of 
celestials and effect. 

2717
02:23:24,000 --> 02:23:27,100
As the day progresses, You 
observe that the Panic begins to

2718
02:23:27,100 --> 02:23:29,000
assume a distinctly. 
Practical aspect. 

2719
02:23:29,000 --> 02:23:31,200
People are checking their food 
stores. 

2720
02:23:31,200 --> 02:23:35,100
Making sure their tools are in 
good repair, settling old debts 

2721
02:23:35,100 --> 02:23:36,899
and being unusually. 
Nice to people. 

2722
02:23:36,899 --> 02:23:40,399
They normally can't stand. 
If a Calamity is imminent, it's 

2723
02:23:40,399 --> 02:23:43,600
crucial to prepare thoroughly. 
And the last thing you want is 

2724
02:23:43,600 --> 02:23:46,899
to confront Divine wrath, while 
in debt, your neighbor or 

2725
02:23:46,899 --> 02:23:49,899
harboring resentment towards the
Miller, evening comes again. 

2726
02:23:49,899 --> 02:23:54,100
And with it, the return of your 
unwelcome Celestial visitor, The

2727
02:23:54,108 --> 02:23:57,299
comet hangs in the Western sky 
like a cosmic Sword of Damocles,

2728
02:23:57,299 --> 02:24:00,200
and you're beginning to 
understand why your medieval 

2729
02:24:00,200 --> 02:24:02,700
ancestors developed such 
elaborate theories about what 

2730
02:24:02,700 --> 02:24:05,600
these things meant. 
When you don't have telescopes 

2731
02:24:05,600 --> 02:24:08,000
or orbital mechanics or any real
understanding of what's 

2732
02:24:08,000 --> 02:24:11,100
Happening beyond the atmosphere.
Captain matching become your 

2733
02:24:11,100 --> 02:24:15,200
primary scientific method. 
You must admit the patterns are 

2734
02:24:15,200 --> 02:24:18,799
quite compelling, comets appear,
bad things happen. 

2735
02:24:19,700 --> 02:24:23,100
Sometimes the timing is 
remarkably coincidental like the

2736
02:24:23,100 --> 02:24:25,899
comet, everyone still talks 
about that showed up just weeks 

2737
02:24:25,899 --> 02:24:30,100
before the terrible winter when 
the rivers froze solid and half 

2738
02:24:30,100 --> 02:24:33,100
the livestock died. 
Occasionally the connection is 

2739
02:24:33,100 --> 02:24:36,700
more General, a comet appears 
and then sometime in the 

2740
02:24:36,708 --> 02:24:39,700
following months or years. 
There's a war or plague or 

2741
02:24:39,700 --> 02:24:43,799
famine or political upheaval. 
Of course, give them that Wars 

2742
02:24:43,799 --> 02:24:46,100
plagues famines. 
And political upheavals are 

2743
02:24:46,100 --> 02:24:48,200
basically the background noise 
of medieval existence. 

2744
02:24:48,899 --> 02:24:52,399
Connecting them to any unusual 
Celestial event isn't exactly a 

2745
02:24:52,399 --> 02:24:54,200
stretch. 
It's like predicting that 

2746
02:24:54,200 --> 02:24:56,100
sometime after you see a strange
Cloud. 

2747
02:24:56,100 --> 02:25:00,799
It will rain. in medieval 
Europe, the analogous prediction

2748
02:25:00,799 --> 02:25:04,100
would be that upon witnessing a 
comet a calamitous event would 

2749
02:25:04,100 --> 02:25:07,200
inevitably be full someone and 
this prediction would almost 

2750
02:25:07,200 --> 02:25:11,399
always proved accurate Your 
contemplating this prediction 

2751
02:25:11,399 --> 02:25:14,500
while sitting outside your 
cottage, sharing a cup of weak 

2752
02:25:14,500 --> 02:25:17,399
ale with your neighbor Edmond. 
He's been unusually thoughtful 

2753
02:25:17,399 --> 02:25:20,600
all day which is notable because
Edmunds usual approach to 

2754
02:25:20,600 --> 02:25:23,600
complex problems is to ignore 
them until they either go away 

2755
02:25:23,600 --> 02:25:26,100
or become someone else's 
responsibility. 

2756
02:25:27,000 --> 02:25:28,399
Been thinking about that thing 
up there. 

2757
02:25:28,399 --> 02:25:32,200
He says gesturing toward the 
comet with his cup wandering. 

2758
02:25:32,200 --> 02:25:35,299
If maybe we're looking at this 
all wrong, the subject is 

2759
02:25:35,299 --> 02:25:37,899
intriguing headmen. 
Having an original thought is 

2760
02:25:37,899 --> 02:25:40,799
like seeing a comet unusual 
enough to Merit attention. 

2761
02:25:41,799 --> 02:25:45,500
How do you mean you are? 
Well, Edmond continues warming 

2762
02:25:45,500 --> 02:25:48,000
to his theme. 
What if it's not a warning about

2763
02:25:48,000 --> 02:25:49,000
something that's going to 
happen? 

2764
02:25:49,000 --> 02:25:51,799
Could it be a warning about 
something currently occurring 

2765
02:25:51,799 --> 02:25:53,000
that we have? 
Not yet observed. 

2766
02:25:53,799 --> 02:25:56,899
This interpretation of cosmic 
messaging theory is surprisingly

2767
02:25:56,899 --> 02:26:00,299
sophisticated rather than the 
comet serving as a foreshadowing

2768
02:26:00,299 --> 02:26:03,000
of future events. 
It's a kindergarten gently 

2769
02:26:03,000 --> 02:26:05,600
reminding you to take notice of 
a situation that has been 

2770
02:26:05,608 --> 02:26:08,600
unfolding while you've been 
preoccupied with other matters. 

2771
02:26:08,600 --> 02:26:11,700
This interpretation has the 
advantage of being almost 

2772
02:26:11,700 --> 02:26:15,100
impossible to argue with is 
their political tension, Brewing

2773
02:26:15,100 --> 02:26:16,299
between neighboring. 
Lords. 

2774
02:26:16,299 --> 02:26:18,700
As there been an unusual number 
of sick. 

2775
02:26:18,700 --> 02:26:21,200
Cattle lately are the crops 
looking a bit too good, this 

2776
02:26:21,200 --> 02:26:24,100
year, setting up for complacency
and eventual disaster. 

2777
02:26:25,000 --> 02:26:27,200
Any of these could be the 
something that the comet is 

2778
02:26:27,200 --> 02:26:30,299
highlighting Edmunds. 
Theory of explains, why Comet 

2779
02:26:30,299 --> 02:26:33,399
seemed to proceed disaster as 
rather than directly caused 

2780
02:26:33,399 --> 02:26:36,200
them, then they're not Cosmic 
artillery shells fired by an 

2781
02:26:36,200 --> 02:26:38,299
upset deity. 
They're more like, Divine, 

2782
02:26:38,299 --> 02:26:41,299
highlighter markers drawing 
attention to problems that were 

2783
02:26:41,299 --> 02:26:43,500
already in the works. 
You find the idea. 

2784
02:26:43,500 --> 02:26:47,899
Oddly comforting, it suggests 
that maybe, just maybe there's 

2785
02:26:47,899 --> 02:26:50,299
still time to address, whatever 
issue the comet is pointing out.

2786
02:26:51,100 --> 02:26:52,700
If you can figure out what it 
is, anyway. 

2787
02:26:53,899 --> 02:26:56,899
The two of you sit in 
companionable silence watching 

2788
02:26:56,899 --> 02:27:00,600
the comet and sipping your ale. 
Around the village other people 

2789
02:27:00,600 --> 02:27:03,000
are doing the same thing 
standing in doorways, sitting on

2790
02:27:03,008 --> 02:27:06,100
benches and gathering in small 
groups to stare at the sky and 

2791
02:27:06,100 --> 02:27:09,700
speculate about meaning. 
It's like the entire Community 

2792
02:27:09,700 --> 02:27:12,500
has become a philosophical 
Society dedicated to the 

2793
02:27:12,500 --> 02:27:14,399
interpretation of celestial 
phenomena. 

2794
02:27:15,399 --> 02:27:18,100
The funny thing is all this 
Comet watching and disaster 

2795
02:27:18,100 --> 02:27:20,000
theorizing is actually bringing 
people together. 

2796
02:27:20,000 --> 02:27:23,799
Shared anxiety has a way of 
dissolving Petty Grievances and 

2797
02:27:23,799 --> 02:27:26,799
social barriers, the Miller who 
usually can't be bothered to 

2798
02:27:26,799 --> 02:27:29,600
acknowledge Your Existence nods 
Gravely when you pass him on the

2799
02:27:29,600 --> 02:27:31,399
road. 
The Lord Steward. 

2800
02:27:31,399 --> 02:27:34,700
Normally as a probable as a 
rapid Badger, actually stops to 

2801
02:27:34,700 --> 02:27:38,100
ask your opinion about what the 
comet might signify, you realize

2802
02:27:38,100 --> 02:27:41,500
that fear serves as a powerful 
equalizer when everyone's 

2803
02:27:41,500 --> 02:27:44,200
worried about the same Cosmic 
threat, suddenly the normal 

2804
02:27:44,200 --> 02:27:48,000
hierarchies and social divisions
seem less important everyone 

2805
02:27:48,000 --> 02:27:51,500
ritual, poor Noble or peasant 
has the same view of the 

2806
02:27:51,500 --> 02:27:54,200
troubling visitor, in the 
Western sky, and the same 

2807
02:27:54,200 --> 02:27:56,399
questions about what it means 
and what to do. 

2808
02:27:56,399 --> 02:28:00,299
This communal aspect of comet, 
fear is probably one of its most

2809
02:28:00,299 --> 02:28:04,200
valuable functions in medieval 
Society, it provides a shared 

2810
02:28:04,200 --> 02:28:07,299
experience that transcends 
individual concerns and creates 

2811
02:28:07,299 --> 02:28:11,000
a sense of common purpose. 
Everyone is on the same Cosmic 

2812
02:28:11,000 --> 02:28:14,399
Journey collectively rowing 
towards an uncertain yet, 

2813
02:28:14,399 --> 02:28:16,399
potentially disastrous 
destination. 

2814
02:28:17,600 --> 02:28:20,100
As the evening deepens and the 
comet becomes more visible 

2815
02:28:20,100 --> 02:28:22,899
against the darkening Sky. 
You can't help, but appreciate 

2816
02:28:22,899 --> 02:28:25,200
the elegant Simplicity of 
medieval cosmology. 

2817
02:28:26,100 --> 02:28:29,299
Everything has meaning, 
everything is connected and 

2818
02:28:29,299 --> 02:28:31,100
everything. 
Ultimately serves a Divine 

2819
02:28:31,100 --> 02:28:34,299
Purpose, it's a worldview that 
leaves no room for chance or 

2820
02:28:34,299 --> 02:28:37,500
meaningless coincidence, which 
means it also leaves no room for

2821
02:28:37,500 --> 02:28:41,299
the kind of existential anxiety 
that comes from living in an 

2822
02:28:41,299 --> 02:28:42,700
apparently, purposeless 
Universe. 

2823
02:28:42,700 --> 02:28:46,000
Within three days of the comic 
crisis, your villagers 

2824
02:28:46,000 --> 02:28:48,700
established an advanced system 
of apocalyptic management. 

2825
02:28:49,600 --> 02:28:52,799
It's impressive, really how 
quickly a community can organize

2826
02:28:52,799 --> 02:28:55,799
itself around the shared belief 
that the sky is trying to tell 

2827
02:28:55,799 --> 02:28:58,100
them something important and 
probably unpleasant. 

2828
02:28:58,899 --> 02:29:01,600
The blacksmith has taken on the 
role of the villages spiritual 

2829
02:29:01,600 --> 02:29:04,399
audit committee. 
Conducting daughter Dora 

2830
02:29:04,399 --> 02:29:07,399
assessments to identify 
everyone's recent transgressions

2831
02:29:07,399 --> 02:29:11,700
and recommend suitable penances.
The baker has started giving 

2832
02:29:11,700 --> 02:29:14,600
away Dale old bread to the poor 
apparently reasoning. 

2833
02:29:14,600 --> 02:29:17,299
That excessive charity. 
Might offset whatever, Cosmic 

2834
02:29:17,299 --> 02:29:19,200
imbalance as a tracked, his 
Divine attention. 

2835
02:29:20,100 --> 02:29:23,000
Even the Lord Stewart has been 
unusually lenient about tax 

2836
02:29:23,000 --> 02:29:26,799
collection, which is either a 
sign of genuine piety or 

2837
02:29:26,799 --> 02:29:28,899
evidence that he's just as 
worried as everyone else. 

2838
02:29:28,899 --> 02:29:32,299
Your beginning to understand 
that medieval Comet fear isn't 

2839
02:29:32,299 --> 02:29:34,100
just about Superstition or 
ignorance. 

2840
02:29:34,100 --> 02:29:37,100
It's actually a pretty 
sophisticated social technology 

2841
02:29:37,100 --> 02:29:39,799
for dealing with uncertainty and
managing Collective anxiety. 

2842
02:29:41,100 --> 02:29:43,700
When faced with something 
potentially threatening but 

2843
02:29:43,700 --> 02:29:47,399
fundamentally and comprehensible
the community is instinctively 

2844
02:29:47,399 --> 02:29:50,200
developed a response that serves
multiple practical functions. 

2845
02:29:50,200 --> 02:29:54,399
First, it creates social 
cohesion, everyone's focused on 

2846
02:29:54,399 --> 02:29:57,100
the same problem, which means 
everyone's pulling in the same 

2847
02:29:57,108 --> 02:29:59,500
direction. 
The usual Village feuds and 

2848
02:29:59,508 --> 02:30:02,200
Petty grievances have been 
temporarily set aside in favor 

2849
02:30:02,200 --> 02:30:03,799
of more pressing, Cosmic 
concerns. 

2850
02:30:04,600 --> 02:30:07,100
When you're all potentially 
facing Divine judgment together,

2851
02:30:07,100 --> 02:30:09,899
it's easier to forgive your 
neighbor for letting his pigs 

2852
02:30:09,899 --> 02:30:13,399
route, through your garden. 
Second, it encourages moral 

2853
02:30:13,399 --> 02:30:15,000
reflection and behavioral 
Improvement. 

2854
02:30:15,000 --> 02:30:17,700
The prospect of celestial 
retribution. 

2855
02:30:17,700 --> 02:30:20,299
Effectively prompts individuals 
to reconsider their recent 

2856
02:30:20,299 --> 02:30:23,000
ethical decisions. 
The Village has become 

2857
02:30:23,000 --> 02:30:26,399
noticeably more civil, more 
generous and more Cooperative 

2858
02:30:26,399 --> 02:30:29,899
since the Comet appeared. 
If Divine threats can achieve, 

2859
02:30:29,899 --> 02:30:33,100
what's sermons and social 
pressure couldn't perhaps a 

2860
02:30:33,100 --> 02:30:35,500
little Cosmic, anxiety, holds 
Merit third. 

2861
02:30:35,500 --> 02:30:37,899
It provides a framework for 
Collective action. 

2862
02:30:37,899 --> 02:30:40,500
Instead of everyone panicking 
individually. 

2863
02:30:40,500 --> 02:30:43,299
The community is organized. 
Its worrying to productive 

2864
02:30:43,299 --> 02:30:45,600
channels. 
Food stores are being checked 

2865
02:30:45,600 --> 02:30:48,000
and Consolidated. 
Tools are being repaired. 

2866
02:30:48,000 --> 02:30:51,200
Debts, are being settled, 
relationships, are being mended.

2867
02:30:51,200 --> 02:30:54,700
If disaster is coming, at least,
everyone will face it together 

2868
02:30:54,700 --> 02:30:58,399
and prepared your pondering. 
These sociological insights 

2869
02:30:58,399 --> 02:31:02,100
while helping Edmond repair his 
roof A task, he's been putting 

2870
02:31:02,100 --> 02:31:05,500
off for months but suddenly 
considers urgent given the 

2871
02:31:05,508 --> 02:31:09,000
current Celestial circumstances.
It's remarkable how the 

2872
02:31:09,000 --> 02:31:11,799
possibility of divine 
displeasure can motivate Home 

2873
02:31:11,799 --> 02:31:14,200
Maintenance projects. 
You know what? 

2874
02:31:14,200 --> 02:31:17,299
I find interesting Edmond says 
pausing in his hammering to 

2875
02:31:17,299 --> 02:31:19,500
gesture toward the sky, where 
the comet will soon become 

2876
02:31:19,500 --> 02:31:21,500
visible. 
How come we never get good 

2877
02:31:21,500 --> 02:31:24,399
comments, comments that mean 
prosperity and favorable 

2878
02:31:24,399 --> 02:31:26,500
harvests and peaceful relations 
with our neighbors. 

2879
02:31:27,399 --> 02:31:29,600
This query is actually a 
profound question about the 

2880
02:31:29,600 --> 02:31:32,899
nature of divine communication 
through astronomical phenomena. 

2881
02:31:34,100 --> 02:31:36,299
Why are comets always harbingers
of Doom? 

2882
02:31:36,299 --> 02:31:39,200
Why can't they be harbingers of 
exceptional? 

2883
02:31:39,200 --> 02:31:42,500
Wine vintages or unusually 
Cooperative weather patterns in 

2884
02:31:42,500 --> 02:31:45,600
Stead You can consider this 
while handing Edmond another 

2885
02:31:45,600 --> 02:31:48,299
nail. 
Maybe because good things don't 

2886
02:31:48,299 --> 02:31:51,299
need warnings. 
You suggest, If God wanted to 

2887
02:31:51,299 --> 02:31:55,100
send us prosperity, he just send
it and if troubles coming we 

2888
02:31:55,100 --> 02:31:58,799
need time to prepare Edmonds. 
Thought forli so comments are 

2889
02:31:58,799 --> 02:32:02,399
like Divine early Warning 
Systems exactly. 

2890
02:32:02,399 --> 02:32:05,500
God's way of saying, heads up, 
things are about to get 

2891
02:32:05,500 --> 02:32:08,100
complicated. 
This interpretation has the 

2892
02:32:08,100 --> 02:32:10,700
advantage of making Comet Fierce
seen, not just reasonable. 

2893
02:32:10,700 --> 02:32:14,700
But practically, why is of 
course you should be worried. 

2894
02:32:14,700 --> 02:32:16,700
When unusual Celestial phenomena
appear. 

2895
02:32:16,700 --> 02:32:20,299
They're not just random Cosmic 
events their intelligence 

2896
02:32:20,299 --> 02:32:22,399
briefing from the highest 
possible Authority. 

2897
02:32:22,399 --> 02:32:25,500
Delivered via the most dramatic,
communication, medium of 

2898
02:32:25,500 --> 02:32:28,399
available, The more you think 
about it, the more you 

2899
02:32:28,399 --> 02:32:30,600
appreciate the elegant 
efficiency of the system? 

2900
02:32:31,700 --> 02:32:35,100
Complex bureaucracies or 
elaborate communication networks

2901
02:32:35,100 --> 02:32:38,200
are not necessary. 
Just grab a convenient chunk of 

2902
02:32:38,200 --> 02:32:40,700
ice and rock. 
Set it on a spectacular 

2903
02:32:40,700 --> 02:32:43,700
trajectory through the inner 
solar system and let human 

2904
02:32:43,700 --> 02:32:45,500
pattern. 
Recognition instincts, do the 

2905
02:32:45,508 --> 02:32:48,100
rest every culture on Earth will
see it. 

2906
02:32:48,100 --> 02:32:51,899
Everyone will understand that it
means something significant and 

2907
02:32:51,899 --> 02:32:54,100
everyone will start taking 
appropriate precautions. 

2908
02:32:55,700 --> 02:32:58,100
As evening approaches and the 
comet becomes visible. 

2909
02:32:58,100 --> 02:33:01,000
Again, you and Edmund down from 
the roof to join. 

2910
02:33:01,000 --> 02:33:04,299
The usual Community Comet 
watching session It's become a 

2911
02:33:04,299 --> 02:33:06,700
nightly ritual. 
Now, this Collective observation

2912
02:33:06,700 --> 02:33:09,600
and interpretation of your 
unwelcome Celestial visitor, 

2913
02:33:09,600 --> 02:33:12,200
people bring cups of ale or weak
wine. 

2914
02:33:12,200 --> 02:33:15,299
Share theories about what the 
comet might signify and 

2915
02:33:15,299 --> 02:33:18,200
generally turn astronomical 
anxiety into a social event 

2916
02:33:19,100 --> 02:33:21,299
tonight. 
Father, Benedict has joined the 

2917
02:33:21,299 --> 02:33:24,200
group which adds a certain 
official theological weight to 

2918
02:33:24,200 --> 02:33:26,600
the proceedings. 
He's been Consulting various 

2919
02:33:26,600 --> 02:33:28,700
religious texts about comets and
their meanings. 

2920
02:33:28,700 --> 02:33:31,500
And he has some intriguing 
insights to share about the 

2921
02:33:31,500 --> 02:33:34,899
historical relationship between 
Celestial phenomena and Earthly 

2922
02:33:34,899 --> 02:33:37,799
events. 
The thing about Divine warnings,

2923
02:33:37,799 --> 02:33:41,000
he explains settling onto a 
wooden stool that someone has 

2924
02:33:41,000 --> 02:33:43,700
thoughtfully provided. 
Is that they're not just about 

2925
02:33:43,700 --> 02:33:46,399
predicting the future. 
There are about giving us the 

2926
02:33:46,399 --> 02:33:49,700
opportunity to change it. 
A week has passed since your 

2927
02:33:49,700 --> 02:33:52,700
Celestial visitor first appeared
and you're beginning to suspect,

2928
02:33:52,700 --> 02:33:55,600
that medieval Comet, 
interpretation might be more art

2929
02:33:55,600 --> 02:33:58,500
than science. 
The villagers now generated 

2930
02:33:58,500 --> 02:34:01,399
approximately 17, different 
theories about what the comet 

2931
02:34:01,399 --> 02:34:03,399
means? 
Ranging from father, Benedict, 

2932
02:34:03,399 --> 02:34:06,600
scholarly assessment, that it 
represents Divine displeasure 

2933
02:34:06,600 --> 02:34:10,100
with moral laxity to Young 
Williams conviction, that it 

2934
02:34:10,100 --> 02:34:12,899
specifically about his lustful 
thoughts, regarding the 

2935
02:34:12,899 --> 02:34:16,600
merchants daughter, The most 
creative interpretation so far 

2936
02:34:16,600 --> 02:34:19,899
has come from old Henrik who 
believes the comet is actually a

2937
02:34:19,899 --> 02:34:23,399
beneficial sign, God's way of 
burning away, evil influences. 

2938
02:34:23,399 --> 02:34:27,100
So that righteousness can 
flourish This theory is notably 

2939
02:34:27,100 --> 02:34:29,700
popular with people who consider
themselves generally righteous 

2940
02:34:29,700 --> 02:34:32,899
and would prefer Cosmic events 
to work in their favor for once.

2941
02:34:33,700 --> 02:34:37,399
You'll sit by your half, mending
a torn shirt and contemplating 

2942
02:34:37,399 --> 02:34:40,899
the remarkable human capacity to
find meaning in random of events

2943
02:34:40,899 --> 02:34:42,200
when there's a knock at your 
door. 

2944
02:34:43,399 --> 02:34:44,799
It's Margaret from the 
Bakehouse. 

2945
02:34:45,600 --> 02:34:48,899
Looking unusually flustered and 
carrying what appears to be an 

2946
02:34:48,899 --> 02:34:53,100
entire loaf of her best bread. 
I need to talk to someone, she 

2947
02:34:53,100 --> 02:34:55,600
says, settling into your spare 
chair without waiting for an 

2948
02:34:55,600 --> 02:34:59,399
invitation about the comet about
what it might really mean. 

2949
02:35:00,500 --> 02:35:02,799
You set aside your mending and 
give her your full attention. 

2950
02:35:03,799 --> 02:35:06,500
Margaret rarely indulges in 
fanciful or theological 

2951
02:35:06,500 --> 02:35:09,200
speculation. 
If she's worried about Cosmic 

2952
02:35:09,200 --> 02:35:11,600
implications, there's probably a
good practical reason. 

2953
02:35:12,700 --> 02:35:16,000
I've been thinking about timing.
She continues breaking off a 

2954
02:35:16,000 --> 02:35:17,200
piece of bread and offering it 
to you. 

2955
02:35:18,000 --> 02:35:20,700
When exactly the Comet appeared 
and what was happening right 

2956
02:35:20,700 --> 02:35:23,399
around then and I think I might 
have figured something out. 

2957
02:35:24,299 --> 02:35:27,500
This line is intriguing Margaret
has apparently been conducting 

2958
02:35:27,500 --> 02:35:30,000
her own investigation into Comet
related causation. 

2959
02:35:30,000 --> 02:35:33,100
While everyone else has been 
focusing on moral inventory, and

2960
02:35:33,100 --> 02:35:37,100
spiritual preparation. 
Remember how Lord Jeffery son 

2961
02:35:37,100 --> 02:35:39,700
came back from his travels? 
Just two days before the comet 

2962
02:35:39,700 --> 02:35:41,600
showed up. 
And how did he bring all those 

2963
02:35:41,600 --> 02:35:44,200
strangers with him? 
The one who have been staying at

2964
02:35:44,200 --> 02:35:47,000
the manor house? 
You do remember there had been 

2965
02:35:47,008 --> 02:35:49,200
quite a bit of Village gossip 
about the young Lords 

2966
02:35:49,200 --> 02:35:52,500
companions, foreign looking men 
with expensive clothes and 

2967
02:35:52,500 --> 02:35:56,100
secretive conversations. 
The general consensus was that 

2968
02:35:56,100 --> 02:35:59,399
they were probably merchants of 
some sort though, nobody seemed 

2969
02:35:59,399 --> 02:36:00,500
quite sure what they were 
selling. 

2970
02:36:01,399 --> 02:36:04,299
Well, Margaret continues. 
Lowering her voice. 

2971
02:36:04,299 --> 02:36:07,899
Even though you're alone in your
cottage, I heard from Alice who 

2972
02:36:07,899 --> 02:36:10,299
heard from the cook at the manor
house, that those aren't 

2973
02:36:10,299 --> 02:36:14,200
Merchants at all their soldiers 
mercenaries and they've been 

2974
02:36:14,208 --> 02:36:17,100
asking many questions about the 
local roads and the best routes 

2975
02:36:17,100 --> 02:36:20,700
to the neighboring Lordships 
suddenly the comet takes on an 

2976
02:36:20,700 --> 02:36:24,200
entirely different significance.
If Margaret is right, then your 

2977
02:36:24,200 --> 02:36:26,899
Celestial visitor isn't warning 
about Divine displeasure with 

2978
02:36:26,899 --> 02:36:29,899
moral failing. 
It's a warning about human plans

2979
02:36:29,899 --> 02:36:33,399
for very Earthly conflict. 
The cosmic telegram isn't about 

2980
02:36:33,399 --> 02:36:36,100
spiritual concerns, it's about 
political ones. 

2981
02:36:36,100 --> 02:36:39,299
This Revelation is both 
relieving and terrifying. 

2982
02:36:39,299 --> 02:36:43,100
This Revelation is both 
relieving and terrifying as it 

2983
02:36:43,100 --> 02:36:45,700
implies that mere improvements 
in piety and charitable. 

2984
02:36:45,700 --> 02:36:48,700
Giving may not be sufficient to 
address the issues. 

2985
02:36:48,700 --> 02:36:51,200
The comet is announcing 
Terrifying. 

2986
02:36:51,200 --> 02:36:53,799
Because it suggests that your 
village might be about to become

2987
02:36:53,799 --> 02:36:57,200
involved in the kind of armed 
conflict, that tends to leave 

2988
02:36:57,200 --> 02:37:00,000
places looking significantly 
less Village like than they did 

2989
02:37:00,000 --> 02:37:02,700
before. 
So what do we do? 

2990
02:37:02,700 --> 02:37:06,299
You ask Margaret shrugs with the
Practical fatalism of someone 

2991
02:37:06,299 --> 02:37:09,200
who has survived several decades
of medieval on certainly. 

2992
02:37:10,000 --> 02:37:13,100
Same thing we do if it was about
Divine wrath prepare for 

2993
02:37:13,108 --> 02:37:16,500
potential difficulties. 
Maintain optimism and avoid 

2994
02:37:16,500 --> 02:37:18,500
becoming entangled in the 
impending chaos. 

2995
02:37:19,200 --> 02:37:21,399
You spend the rest of the 
evening, discussing practical 

2996
02:37:21,399 --> 02:37:23,200
preparations for potential 
conflict. 

2997
02:37:23,200 --> 02:37:26,100
And you realize that the 
villages response to the comet 

2998
02:37:26,100 --> 02:37:29,299
has actually been pretty 
sensible regardless of what the 

2999
02:37:29,299 --> 02:37:32,899
comet actually means food 
stores, checked and Consolidated

3000
02:37:32,899 --> 02:37:36,299
tools, repaired and sharpened, 
debt, settled relationships. 

3001
02:37:36,299 --> 02:37:39,799
Mended all of these things are 
just as useful for surviving 

3002
02:37:39,799 --> 02:37:43,399
human caused disasters. 
As Divine ones, the next morning

3003
02:37:43,399 --> 02:37:46,799
you share Margaret's Theory with
Edmund who receives it with the 

3004
02:37:46,799 --> 02:37:49,700
thoughtful consideration. 
He's been applying to all Comet 

3005
02:37:49,700 --> 02:37:53,000
related intelligence. 
After some discussion you both 

3006
02:37:53,000 --> 02:37:55,500
agree that it doesn't really 
matter whether the comet is 

3007
02:37:55,508 --> 02:37:58,100
warning about spiritual crisis 
or political conflict. 

3008
02:37:58,700 --> 02:38:00,799
The appropriate response is 
pretty much the same. 

3009
02:38:00,799 --> 02:38:04,100
Get ready for trouble and hope 
you're wrong about how awful 

3010
02:38:04,100 --> 02:38:07,200
it's going to be. 
This insight into the practical 

3011
02:38:07,200 --> 02:38:09,600
wisdom of comet fear is oddly 
comforting. 

3012
02:38:09,600 --> 02:38:13,100
Your medieval ancestors, won't 
just superstitious Primitives 

3013
02:38:13,100 --> 02:38:16,200
jumping at shadows in the sky. 
They were people living in, 

3014
02:38:16,200 --> 02:38:19,600
genuinely dangerous and 
unpredictable circumstances and 

3015
02:38:19,600 --> 02:38:22,299
they developed a system. 
For interpreting unusual events 

3016
02:38:22,299 --> 02:38:24,899
that encouraged useful 
precautionary, Behavior, 

3017
02:38:24,899 --> 02:38:28,799
regardless of the specific 
nature of the threat, Whether 

3018
02:38:28,799 --> 02:38:32,399
the comet means divine wrath 
political upheaval natural 

3019
02:38:32,399 --> 02:38:35,000
disaster or just Cosmic 
coincidence. 

3020
02:38:35,000 --> 02:38:38,200
The response is the same pay 
attention, prepare for 

3021
02:38:38,200 --> 02:38:41,600
difficulties work together and 
try to be the kind of person 

3022
02:38:41,600 --> 02:38:45,200
you'd want to be if you knew the
world was watching as evening 

3023
02:38:45,200 --> 02:38:47,000
approaches and the comet becomes
visible. 

3024
02:38:47,000 --> 02:38:49,700
Once again, you find yourself 
looking at it with something 

3025
02:38:49,700 --> 02:38:52,799
approaching appreciation. 
Not because you're happy, it's 

3026
02:38:52,799 --> 02:38:54,500
there. 
But because you're beginning to 

3027
02:38:54,500 --> 02:38:57,100
understand the elegance and 
simplicity of a worldview that 

3028
02:38:57,100 --> 02:39:00,799
treats every unusual event as 
potentially meaningful and every

3029
02:39:00,799 --> 02:39:04,100
bit of meaning, as a call to 
appropriate action, two weeks 

3030
02:39:04,100 --> 02:39:07,600
after your Cosmic visitor first 
appeared, Lord Jeffrey's son, 

3031
02:39:07,600 --> 02:39:10,399
make his announcement. 
There will indeed be a military 

3032
02:39:10,399 --> 02:39:13,000
campaign, though. 
He has the Diplomatic courtesy 

3033
02:39:13,000 --> 02:39:15,799
to call it a defensive 
expedition to secure Regional 

3034
02:39:15,799 --> 02:39:18,799
stability. 
The Mercenaries Margaret spotted

3035
02:39:18,799 --> 02:39:21,700
were Advanced Scouts and the 
young Lord has been planning, 

3036
02:39:21,700 --> 02:39:23,899
what amounts, to a small scale 
invasion of his neighbor's 

3037
02:39:23,899 --> 02:39:27,100
territory, over a disputed claim
to some particularly fertile 

3038
02:39:27,100 --> 02:39:29,000
farmland. 
Comet. 

3039
02:39:29,000 --> 02:39:31,799
It turns out was neither a 
Divine warning nor a Celestial 

3040
02:39:31,799 --> 02:39:34,600
coincidence. 
It was just excellent timing. 

3041
02:39:35,299 --> 02:39:38,799
A cosmic Spotlight Illuminating,
a very Earthly drama that was 

3042
02:39:38,807 --> 02:39:41,399
about to unfold whether the 
heavens cooperated or not. 

3043
02:39:42,500 --> 02:39:44,899
But here's the thing about comic
fear, that you're beginning to 

3044
02:39:44,899 --> 02:39:48,000
truly appreciate, it doesn't 
actually matter whether the 

3045
02:39:48,000 --> 02:39:51,100
comic calls the crisis or just 
happen to show up for it. 

3046
02:39:52,000 --> 02:39:54,500
What matters is that its 
appearance motivated your 

3047
02:39:54,500 --> 02:39:56,100
community to prepare for 
trouble? 

3048
02:39:56,100 --> 02:39:59,899
And that preparation is about to
prove extremely valuable The 

3049
02:39:59,899 --> 02:40:03,200
villages in better shape than 
it's been in years food, stores 

3050
02:40:03,200 --> 02:40:06,399
are organized and adequate tools
are prepared and ready. 

3051
02:40:06,399 --> 02:40:09,399
People have settled their debts 
and mended their relationships. 

3052
02:40:09,399 --> 02:40:13,000
The community is more cohesive, 
and Cooperative than anyone can 

3053
02:40:13,000 --> 02:40:15,700
remember. 
When Lord Jeffrey Stewart comes 

3054
02:40:15,700 --> 02:40:18,799
around to requisition Supply's 
for the campaign, your village 

3055
02:40:18,799 --> 02:40:20,700
is able to contribute without 
facing starvation. 

3056
02:40:20,700 --> 02:40:24,600
When he demands men for military
service, the community is 

3057
02:40:24,600 --> 02:40:28,100
Unified enough to negotiate 
reasonable terms instead of just

3058
02:40:28,100 --> 02:40:30,100
accepting whatever conscription 
he imposes. 

3059
02:40:31,100 --> 02:40:33,799
Most importantly, when the 
inevitable refugees start 

3060
02:40:33,799 --> 02:40:36,899
arriving from the disputed 
territory families, fleeing the 

3061
02:40:36,899 --> 02:40:39,500
advancing soldiers, and the 
chaos that always accompanies 

3062
02:40:39,500 --> 02:40:42,200
armed conflict. 
Your village is prepared to 

3063
02:40:42,200 --> 02:40:44,500
help. 
Not only does your village 

3064
02:40:44,500 --> 02:40:47,799
provide material assistance but 
it also provides social and 

3065
02:40:47,799 --> 02:40:51,100
emotional support. 
The comet has reminded everyone 

3066
02:40:51,100 --> 02:40:54,100
that we're all vulnerable to 
forces beyond our control and 

3067
02:40:54,100 --> 02:40:57,899
that Mutual support is the best 
defense against uncertainty your

3068
02:40:57,899 --> 02:41:00,500
helping to distribute blankets 
to the refugee families. 

3069
02:41:00,500 --> 02:41:03,399
When old Martha shuffles over 
where wearing the satisfied 

3070
02:41:03,399 --> 02:41:06,200
expression of someone whose 
theories have been validated by 

3071
02:41:06,200 --> 02:41:09,299
events, told you that comment 
meant something, she says 

3072
02:41:09,299 --> 02:41:13,000
settling beside you on the bench
outside the church, Maybe not 

3073
02:41:13,000 --> 02:41:15,700
exactly what we thought. 
But something important, all the

3074
02:41:15,700 --> 02:41:17,600
same. 
So you think the comet actually 

3075
02:41:17,600 --> 02:41:20,600
caused all this? 
You ask genuinely curious about 

3076
02:41:20,600 --> 02:41:23,600
her perspective, Martha 
considers this with the careful 

3077
02:41:23,600 --> 02:41:25,899
deliberation of someone who has 
seen enough history to 

3078
02:41:25,899 --> 02:41:29,600
understand its complexity. 
Maybe, yes, maybe. 

3079
02:41:29,600 --> 02:41:33,000
No, but does it matter? 
The comet got us ready for what 

3080
02:41:33,000 --> 02:41:36,600
was coming, whether it knew what
was coming or not, that 

3081
02:41:36,600 --> 02:41:40,000
certainly holds significance. 
This is the final wisdom of 

3082
02:41:40,000 --> 02:41:42,600
medieval Comet fear. 
It's not really about 

3083
02:41:42,600 --> 02:41:45,799
understanding Cosmic causation, 
or predicting specific 

3084
02:41:45,799 --> 02:41:48,799
disasters. 
It's about maintaining the kind 

3085
02:41:48,799 --> 02:41:52,299
of adaptive alertness that helps
communities survive in genuinely

3086
02:41:52,299 --> 02:41:56,000
uncertain circumstances. 
The comet reminds us that the 

3087
02:41:56,000 --> 02:41:59,299
future is uncertain, but we 
should prepare and that we're 

3088
02:41:59,299 --> 02:42:01,700
all in this together. 
As you settle into bed that 

3089
02:42:01,700 --> 02:42:05,299
night, you step outside one last
time to look at your Celestial 

3090
02:42:05,299 --> 02:42:07,899
visitor, it's noticeably dimmer 
now. 

3091
02:42:07,899 --> 02:42:11,500
Beginning its long journey back 
toward the outer Darkness, where

3092
02:42:11,500 --> 02:42:15,899
comets spend most of their time,
In a few more weeks it will fade

3093
02:42:15,899 --> 02:42:19,000
from visibility entirely leaving
your village to deal. 

3094
02:42:19,000 --> 02:42:21,799
With the Earthly consequences of
Lourdes Jeffries, territorial 

3095
02:42:21,799 --> 02:42:25,399
ambitions But the Comets real 
work, is already done. 

3096
02:42:25,399 --> 02:42:27,500
It. 
Appeared at exactly the right 

3097
02:42:27,500 --> 02:42:30,500
moment to motivate exactly the 
right kind of preparation. 

3098
02:42:30,500 --> 02:42:32,500
For exactly, the right kind of 
crisis. 

3099
02:42:33,200 --> 02:42:36,299
Whether this event was Divine 
Providence, Cosmic coincidence, 

3100
02:42:36,299 --> 02:42:39,399
or just the inevitable 
intersection of astronomical 

3101
02:42:39,399 --> 02:42:41,899
mechanics and human foolishness,
doesn't really matter. 

3102
02:42:41,899 --> 02:42:45,000
What matters is that when 
unusual things appear in the 

3103
02:42:45,000 --> 02:42:48,799
sky, it's probably wise to pay 
attention. this is not because 

3104
02:42:48,799 --> 02:42:51,899
the sky is attempting to convey 
a message but rather because 

3105
02:42:51,899 --> 02:42:55,000
observing unusual occurrences 
often serves as an effective 

3106
02:42:55,000 --> 02:42:59,399
survival tactic, the universe is
full of surprises, some of which

3107
02:42:59,399 --> 02:43:02,899
require preparation cooperation 
and the wisdom to distinguish 

3108
02:43:02,899 --> 02:43:05,500
between the things you can 
control and the things you can't

3109
02:43:06,399 --> 02:43:08,600
Your medieval ancestors, 
understood these facts 

3110
02:43:08,600 --> 02:43:12,100
instinctively, they lived in a 
world where unexpected events 

3111
02:43:12,100 --> 02:43:15,200
could be fatal and preparation 
often made the difference 

3112
02:43:15,200 --> 02:43:19,000
between survival and disaster. 
They developed Comet fear, not 

3113
02:43:19,000 --> 02:43:21,899
because they were superstitious 
Primitives, but because they 

3114
02:43:21,899 --> 02:43:24,899
were practical people dealing 
with practical problems using 

3115
02:43:24,899 --> 02:43:26,600
the best information available 
to them. 

3116
02:43:27,600 --> 02:43:30,600
As you drift off to sleep in 
your cottage, listening to The 

3117
02:43:30,600 --> 02:43:33,200
Familiar sounds of your village 
settle into the night. 

3118
02:43:33,200 --> 02:43:36,500
You find yourself oddly grateful
for your Cosmic visitor, 

3119
02:43:37,500 --> 02:43:40,299
experience taught you valuable 
lessons about Community 

3120
02:43:40,299 --> 02:43:43,799
preparation and the importance 
of taking unusual events, 

3121
02:43:43,799 --> 02:43:48,299
seriously, even if you don't 
fully understand them, The comet

3122
02:43:48,299 --> 02:43:52,200
blazes on through the darkness 
carrying its tail of fire toward

3123
02:43:52,200 --> 02:43:56,000
distant appointments with other 
worlds and civilizations, who 

3124
02:43:56,000 --> 02:43:58,899
will look up at it and wonder 
what it means and what they 

3125
02:43:58,899 --> 02:44:02,000
should do about it. 
Perhaps, if they are wise, they 

3126
02:44:02,000 --> 02:44:05,000
will follow the same path as 
your village Grace for 

3127
02:44:05,000 --> 02:44:07,100
challenges. 
Hold on to optimism. 

3128
02:44:07,100 --> 02:44:10,700
And keep in mind that we are all
merely transitory occupants of a

3129
02:44:10,700 --> 02:44:13,500
small planet. 
Orbiting a common star in a 

3130
02:44:13,500 --> 02:44:16,000
universe brimming with both 
wonders and dangers. 

3131
02:44:16,700 --> 02:44:20,299
Sometimes, the sky catches fire 
and sometimes, that's exactly 

3132
02:44:20,299 --> 02:44:25,399
what we need to see. 
Pictures. 

3133
02:44:25,399 --> 02:44:29,399
If you will, the year 1564 in 
Stratford upon Avon Where the 

3134
02:44:29,407 --> 02:44:32,399
River meanders like a drunken 
playwright searching for his 

3135
02:44:32,399 --> 02:44:36,399
next line here in a timber frame
house that creaks like old bones

3136
02:44:36,399 --> 02:44:40,100
young, William Shakespeare draws
his first breath in to a world 

3137
02:44:40,100 --> 02:44:43,399
that will spend the next Force 
centuries arguing about whether 

3138
02:44:43,399 --> 02:44:47,200
he actually existed. 
The irony dear listeners is that

3139
02:44:47,200 --> 02:44:48,899
existing was precisely his 
problem. 

3140
02:44:48,899 --> 02:44:52,799
Born to John Shakespeare, A 
Glover, whose hands shaped 

3141
02:44:52,799 --> 02:44:56,100
leather, but whose dreams shaped
disappointment, William 

3142
02:44:56,100 --> 02:44:59,700
inherited more than just his 
father's trade aspirations, he 

3143
02:44:59,700 --> 02:45:02,299
inherited, the crushing weight 
of middle-class respectability 

3144
02:45:02,299 --> 02:45:04,899
in an age. 
When stepping outside, your 

3145
02:45:04,899 --> 02:45:08,799
designated social box was like 
performing Hamlet without a 

3146
02:45:08,799 --> 02:45:11,200
script. 
John you see wasn't content with

3147
02:45:11,208 --> 02:45:14,799
merely crafting gloves. 
He harbored, Municipal Ambitions

3148
02:45:14,799 --> 02:45:17,899
becoming an Alderman and 
eventually bailiff of Stratford 

3149
02:45:18,899 --> 02:45:21,500
Success, however, proved as 
slippery as wet leather. 

3150
02:45:21,500 --> 02:45:24,600
And by the time young will 
reached out lessons, the 

3151
02:45:24,600 --> 02:45:27,600
family's fortunes a tumbled fast
at the poorly rehearsed death 

3152
02:45:27,600 --> 02:45:29,700
scene. 
The Shakespeare household, 

3153
02:45:29,700 --> 02:45:32,399
echoed with the peculiar 
attention of Fallen gentility. 

3154
02:45:32,399 --> 02:45:35,600
That special kind of misery 
reserved for families who 

3155
02:45:35,600 --> 02:45:38,299
remember better time while 
counting their remaining coins 

3156
02:45:39,200 --> 02:45:41,399
John's financial troubles 
weren't merely about money. 

3157
02:45:41,399 --> 02:45:45,000
They were about identity in 
Elizabethan England. 

3158
02:45:45,000 --> 02:45:48,299
You're worth was measured not 
just by your purse, but by your 

3159
02:45:48,299 --> 02:45:51,500
position and John's declining 
fortunes meant the family name. 

3160
02:45:51,500 --> 02:45:55,500
Carried the particular stigma of
ambitious failure, young William

3161
02:45:55,500 --> 02:45:58,000
blessed with what? 
We now recognize as genius but 

3162
02:45:58,000 --> 02:46:00,200
what his contemporaries might 
have called Dangerous 

3163
02:46:00,200 --> 02:46:03,299
imagination found himself 
trapped between his father's 

3164
02:46:03,299 --> 02:46:05,399
expectations. 
And his own impossible Dreams, 

3165
02:46:05,399 --> 02:46:08,799
grammar school, provided him 
with Latin rhetoric and a 

3166
02:46:08,799 --> 02:46:11,399
dangerous taste for stories that
transported him far beyond 

3167
02:46:11,399 --> 02:46:13,100
Stratford suffocating 
boundaries. 

3168
02:46:13,100 --> 02:46:16,500
However, the Dual nature of 
Education, only served to stifle

3169
02:46:16,500 --> 02:46:19,899
his provincial life, akin to 
attempting to encapsulate the 

3170
02:46:19,899 --> 02:46:24,500
vastness of the ocean. 
Within a tiny teacup. the boy 

3171
02:46:24,500 --> 02:46:27,000
who had become England's 
greatest writer, spent his 

3172
02:46:27,000 --> 02:46:29,899
formative years watching his 
father's dreams crumble while 

3173
02:46:29,899 --> 02:46:33,600
his own grew increasingly 
impossible, In a society where 

3174
02:46:33,600 --> 02:46:36,299
most people died within 20 miles
of where they were born 

3175
02:46:36,299 --> 02:46:40,000
William's imagination roamed 
freely through the ancient Rome,

3176
02:46:40,000 --> 02:46:44,100
mythical Athens and magical 
islands that existed nowhere. 

3177
02:46:44,100 --> 02:46:47,600
But in his wrestlers mine this 
disconnect between inner 

3178
02:46:47,600 --> 02:46:50,100
vastness and outer limitation 
would haunt him throughout his 

3179
02:46:50,100 --> 02:46:52,000
life. 
The eternal struggle of the 

3180
02:46:52,008 --> 02:46:53,899
artist born into the wrong 
circumstances. 

3181
02:46:55,200 --> 02:46:58,700
Perhaps most cruelty, young 
Shakespeare possess, something 

3182
02:46:58,700 --> 02:47:02,600
that made his situation 
unbearable Talent, his talent 

3183
02:47:02,600 --> 02:47:04,399
was not the comfortable 
mediocrity. 

3184
02:47:04,399 --> 02:47:06,799
That would have enabled him to 
follow his father's trade with 

3185
02:47:06,799 --> 02:47:11,299
contentment, but a blazing 
undeniable gift that made 

3186
02:47:11,299 --> 02:47:13,299
ordinary life. 
Feel like wearing clothes, 

3187
02:47:13,299 --> 02:47:16,399
several sizes, too small. 
You could see the Poetry, in 

3188
02:47:16,399 --> 02:47:18,799
everyday speech. 
Hear the music and casual 

3189
02:47:18,799 --> 02:47:21,700
conversation and feel. 
The dramatic potential in the 

3190
02:47:21,700 --> 02:47:23,899
mundane interactions of 
provincial life. 

3191
02:47:25,000 --> 02:47:29,000
This sensitivity, this capacity 
to elevate the ordinary to the 

3192
02:47:29,000 --> 02:47:32,500
extraordinary served as both, 
his greatest gift, and his most 

3193
02:47:32,500 --> 02:47:35,799
enduring curse. 
The Stratford of Shakespeare's 

3194
02:47:35,799 --> 02:47:38,799
youth was a place where dreams 
were luxuries, few could afford 

3195
02:47:38,799 --> 02:47:42,500
Market Days, brought temporary 
excitement, travelling players, 

3196
02:47:42,500 --> 02:47:45,899
occasionally provided glimpses 
of The Wider world but mostly 

3197
02:47:45,899 --> 02:47:49,000
life moved with the inexorable 
rhythm of seasonal, Agriculture 

3198
02:47:49,000 --> 02:47:52,200
and traditional expectations. 
For most residents this 

3199
02:47:52,200 --> 02:47:54,899
predictability provided comfort 
for young. 

3200
02:47:54,899 --> 02:47:57,100
William, it felt like a gradual 
Suffocation. 

3201
02:47:57,100 --> 02:48:01,000
He was born into a cup of 
contented chickens and everyone 

3202
02:48:01,000 --> 02:48:03,500
wondered why he couldn't simply 
be satisfied with the available 

3203
02:48:03,500 --> 02:48:07,100
seeds at 18. 
Our future Bard found himself in

3204
02:48:07,100 --> 02:48:12,500
snared in life's most common 
Trap by and Hathaway eight years

3205
02:48:12,508 --> 02:48:15,200
is senior and already showing 
signs of their impending, child 

3206
02:48:15,200 --> 02:48:18,200
represented, both salvation and 
imprisonment for young 

3207
02:48:18,200 --> 02:48:21,100
Shakespeare. 
The marriage hastily arranged in

3208
02:48:21,100 --> 02:48:24,500
November 1582 solved. 
One immediate problem while 

3209
02:48:24,500 --> 02:48:27,700
creating a dozen others like 
using a beautiful bandage to 

3210
02:48:27,700 --> 02:48:32,100
cover a gaping wound and 
daughter of a prosperous farmer.

3211
02:48:32,100 --> 02:48:35,600
Brought to the union, everything
William Lacked maturity, 

3212
02:48:35,600 --> 02:48:39,100
practical knowledge and the 
grounding influence of someone 

3213
02:48:39,100 --> 02:48:41,700
who understood that life 
required more than pretty words 

3214
02:48:41,700 --> 02:48:45,200
and soaring imagination. 
She also brought pregnancy, 

3215
02:48:45,200 --> 02:48:48,799
which in Elizabethan England. 
Meant marriage wasn't a choice 

3216
02:48:48,799 --> 02:48:51,299
but a moral imperative wrapped 
in social necessity. 

3217
02:48:51,299 --> 02:48:55,299
The wedding conducted with 
unseemly, haste, whispered of 

3218
02:48:55,299 --> 02:48:58,700
Scandal in a society where 
reputation was currency and 

3219
02:48:58,700 --> 02:49:01,000
shame was bankruptcy within two 
years. 

3220
02:49:01,000 --> 02:49:05,399
The couple had three children, 
Suzanne followed by twins Hamlet

3221
02:49:05,399 --> 02:49:08,299
and Judith. 
Suddenly the dreamy young man 

3222
02:49:08,299 --> 02:49:10,899
who had spent his youth 
crafting, sonnets in his head 

3223
02:49:10,899 --> 02:49:14,600
found himself responsible for 
four mouths to feed and a 

3224
02:49:14,600 --> 02:49:17,899
household to maintain fatherhood
that magnificent. 

3225
02:49:17,899 --> 02:49:21,299
Destroyer of artistic 
pretensions descended upon 

3226
02:49:21,299 --> 02:49:24,399
Shakespeare, like a plague of 
locusts consuming his time 

3227
02:49:24,399 --> 02:49:29,299
energy and the luxury of 
self-contemplation The irony was

3228
02:49:29,299 --> 02:49:31,399
Exquisite, the man who had 
right? 

3229
02:49:31,399 --> 02:49:34,299
The most psychologically complex
characters in literature, found 

3230
02:49:34,299 --> 02:49:37,700
himself, trapped in the most 
conventional of plots morning. 

3231
02:49:37,700 --> 02:49:40,500
Brought not inspiration but the 
demands of crying babies 

3232
02:49:40,500 --> 02:49:43,100
evening. 
Arrived with exhaustion in stead

3233
02:49:43,100 --> 02:49:46,100
of Creative Energy and the night
hours that should have belonged 

3234
02:49:46,100 --> 02:49:49,100
to his Muse, were claimed by the
basic requirements of survival, 

3235
02:49:49,100 --> 02:49:53,500
and practical and patient manage
the household with competent 

3236
02:49:53,500 --> 02:49:55,600
efficiency. 
While William struggled to 

3237
02:49:55,608 --> 02:49:59,100
reconcile, his soaring Ambitions
with the grinding reality of 

3238
02:49:59,100 --> 02:50:03,899
domestic responsibility. 
Money that Eternal antagonist in

3239
02:50:03,899 --> 02:50:07,000
the drama of artistic 
aspiration, became an obsessive 

3240
02:50:07,000 --> 02:50:10,899
concern, teaching his most 
obvious career path, offered 

3241
02:50:10,899 --> 02:50:14,399
meager compensation. 
And a soul-crushing routine, the

3242
02:50:14,399 --> 02:50:16,399
law. 
Another possibility required 

3243
02:50:16,399 --> 02:50:19,799
connections and capital. 
He didn't possess His father's 

3244
02:50:19,799 --> 02:50:22,399
glove making trade promised, 
steady, income, and social 

3245
02:50:22,399 --> 02:50:25,899
respectability, but the thought 
of spending his days shaping 

3246
02:50:25,899 --> 02:50:29,000
leather while his imagination 
withered felt like creative 

3247
02:50:29,000 --> 02:50:31,700
suicide. 
The young father found himself 

3248
02:50:31,700 --> 02:50:34,500
caught in the classic bind of 
the dreamer made practical. 

3249
02:50:34,500 --> 02:50:37,299
Every moment spent earning money
was time. 

3250
02:50:37,299 --> 02:50:41,600
Stolen from his art yet without 
money, his family would starve 

3251
02:50:41,600 --> 02:50:45,399
and his dreams would become 
irrelevant luxuries and growing 

3252
02:50:45,399 --> 02:50:47,200
more practical with each passing
day. 

3253
02:50:47,200 --> 02:50:49,899
Began to view her husband's 
artistic inclination with the 

3254
02:50:49,899 --> 02:50:53,200
barely concealed in patients of 
someone who understood that, 

3255
02:50:53,200 --> 02:50:56,000
poetry didn't pay rent or put 
food on the table. 

3256
02:50:57,299 --> 02:51:00,899
Stratford once merely confining 
now felt like a velvet line 

3257
02:51:00,899 --> 02:51:03,399
coffin. 
The Familiar streets that had 

3258
02:51:03,399 --> 02:51:04,799
nurtured, his Boyhood 
imagination. 

3259
02:51:04,799 --> 02:51:06,500
Now seemed to mock his trapped 
condition. 

3260
02:51:07,399 --> 02:51:11,000
He knew every face, every story,
every possibility for 

3261
02:51:11,000 --> 02:51:13,500
advancement. 
And none of them included, 

3262
02:51:13,500 --> 02:51:15,700
becoming the greatest writer in 
the English language. 

3263
02:51:16,799 --> 02:51:19,200
The provinces he was learning 
were designed for raising 

3264
02:51:19,200 --> 02:51:22,200
families and maintaining 
Traditions not for nurturing 

3265
02:51:22,200 --> 02:51:25,299
revolutionary genius. 
Yet amid this domestic 

3266
02:51:25,299 --> 02:51:28,399
imprisonment something 
unexpected began to emerge. 

3267
02:51:29,200 --> 02:51:31,399
The very constraints that seemed
to strangle. 

3268
02:51:31,399 --> 02:51:33,799
His creativity began to teach 
him about human nature. 

3269
02:51:33,799 --> 02:51:37,500
In ways his Bachelor, Freedom 
never could Watching his wife 

3270
02:51:37,500 --> 02:51:40,700
manage, their household, 
observing his children, develop 

3271
02:51:40,700 --> 02:51:43,500
their distinct personalities and
struggling with the daily 

3272
02:51:43,500 --> 02:51:46,799
negotiations of marriage 
provided him with insights into 

3273
02:51:46,799 --> 02:51:49,799
character and demotivation that 
would later inform his greatest 

3274
02:51:49,799 --> 02:51:52,700
works. 
Force to live among understand 

3275
02:51:52,700 --> 02:51:55,799
and depend upon real people. 
He was learning to write about 

3276
02:51:55,799 --> 02:52:00,000
them between 1585 and 1592 
William, Shakespeare vanished 

3277
02:52:00,000 --> 02:52:02,600
from historical record like a 
magician's assistant stepping 

3278
02:52:02,600 --> 02:52:05,200
behind a curtain leaving 
Scholars to debate his 

3279
02:52:05,200 --> 02:52:07,799
whereabouts with the further of 
theologians are doing, about 

3280
02:52:07,799 --> 02:52:11,600
angels and pinheads these Lost 
Years represent. 

3281
02:52:11,600 --> 02:52:13,700
Perhaps the most crucial period 
of his development. 

3282
02:52:13,700 --> 02:52:17,100
When the provincial Family, Man,
somehow transformed into 

3283
02:52:17,100 --> 02:52:20,600
London's most promising, 
playwright The Transformations. 

3284
02:52:20,600 --> 02:52:23,000
However, came at a cost that 
would echo through every 

3285
02:52:23,000 --> 02:52:26,299
subsequent Triumph. 
The decision to leave Stratford 

3286
02:52:26,299 --> 02:52:28,500
required courage that bordered 
on Madness. 

3287
02:52:28,500 --> 02:52:32,799
In the 1580s, London was a 
tumultuous mix of ambition 

3288
02:52:32,799 --> 02:52:36,799
disease, creativity and 
violence, a city, where people 

3289
02:52:36,799 --> 02:52:40,100
made and lost fortunes on a 
daily basis, where Geniuses and 

3290
02:52:40,100 --> 02:52:43,399
charlatans interacted and where 
the difference between success 

3291
02:52:43,399 --> 02:52:47,500
and destitution was measured in 
single performances for a 

3292
02:52:47,500 --> 02:52:49,600
married man. 
With three children, abandoning 

3293
02:52:49,600 --> 02:52:52,299
the security of provincial life 
for the uncertainties of the 

3294
02:52:52,299 --> 02:52:53,799
theater. 
World wasn't a romantic 

3295
02:52:53,799 --> 02:52:56,500
adventure, it was a potential 
catastrophe. 

3296
02:52:57,299 --> 02:53:00,399
Yet London's theatrical scene 
beckoned with irresistible 

3297
02:53:00,399 --> 02:53:03,299
Allure. 
The playhouses the theater, the 

3298
02:53:03,299 --> 02:53:05,600
curtained one. 
And the rows were 

3299
02:53:05,600 --> 02:53:09,000
revolutionizing entertainment 
transforming drama from 

3300
02:53:09,000 --> 02:53:11,100
religious instruction into 
popular art. 

3301
02:53:11,799 --> 02:53:15,600
Here, writers like Christopher 
Marlowe were crafting place that

3302
02:53:15,600 --> 02:53:18,899
made audience's gas with 
recognition and Terror while 

3303
02:53:18,899 --> 02:53:21,200
actors achieved Fame that 
rivaled nobility. 

3304
02:53:22,299 --> 02:53:24,600
For Shakespeare whose 
imagination had been cramped by 

3305
02:53:24,600 --> 02:53:28,000
the Stratford's, limitations 
London's theaters represented, 

3306
02:53:28,000 --> 02:53:30,600
Liberation from everything that 
had constrained, his artistic 

3307
02:53:30,600 --> 02:53:33,399
development. 
The Practical challenges were 

3308
02:53:33,399 --> 02:53:37,399
staggering London's population 
had swollen to nearly 200,000 

3309
02:53:37,399 --> 02:53:40,600
making it one of Europe's 
largest cities and certainly its

3310
02:53:40,600 --> 02:53:43,299
most chaotic housing was scarce 
and expensive. 

3311
02:53:43,299 --> 02:53:46,799
Food was often contaminated and 
disease spread through crowded 

3312
02:53:46,799 --> 02:53:48,700
neighborhoods with devastating 
efficiency. 

3313
02:53:48,700 --> 02:53:52,200
The plague that recurring 
nightmare of Elizabethan life, 

3314
02:53:52,200 --> 02:53:55,000
could shut down theaters for 
months leaving actors and 

3315
02:53:55,000 --> 02:53:57,600
writers without income and 
audiences without entertainment.

3316
02:53:58,399 --> 02:54:01,700
Success required, not just 
talent but survival and survival

3317
02:54:01,700 --> 02:54:04,000
demanded adaptability that few 
possessed. 

3318
02:54:04,700 --> 02:54:07,399
Shakespeare's entry into 
London's theatrical World likely

3319
02:54:07,399 --> 02:54:10,399
began at the bottom. 
Perhaps as a prompter possibly 

3320
02:54:10,399 --> 02:54:13,600
as an actor in minor roles, 
certainly as someone willing to 

3321
02:54:13,600 --> 02:54:16,500
perform whatever tasks, kept him
near the Creative Energy, he 

3322
02:54:16,500 --> 02:54:20,200
craved The established 
playwrights University educated 

3323
02:54:20,200 --> 02:54:22,299
men like Marlowe, green and 
Nash. 

3324
02:54:22,299 --> 02:54:25,100
Initially regarded. 
This provincial interloper with 

3325
02:54:25,100 --> 02:54:28,000
suspicion and condescension, 
they possessed classical 

3326
02:54:28,000 --> 02:54:31,399
education, aristocratic 
connections and the intellectual

3327
02:54:31,399 --> 02:54:34,100
arrogance that comes from 
believing oneself, naturally 

3328
02:54:34,100 --> 02:54:37,799
Superior to one's competitors, 
the famous attack by Robert 

3329
02:54:37,799 --> 02:54:41,299
Greene, calling Shakespearean, 
upstart Crow revealed, the 

3330
02:54:41,307 --> 02:54:44,000
complex social dynamics of 
Elizabethan theater. 

3331
02:54:45,500 --> 02:54:49,100
Green dying in poverty, despite 
his university, education and 

3332
02:54:49,100 --> 02:54:52,700
literary reputation resented, 
Shakespeare's rapid rise through

3333
02:54:52,700 --> 02:54:54,600
sheer talent and Commercial 
Instinct. 

3334
02:54:54,600 --> 02:54:58,299
The insult, stung, not because 
it was unfair, but because it 

3335
02:54:58,299 --> 02:55:02,299
contained an uncomfortable 
truth, Shakespeare was indeed an

3336
02:55:02,299 --> 02:55:04,799
outsider someone who had 
achieved through Merit, what 

3337
02:55:04,799 --> 02:55:08,700
others claimed by Birthright. 
Yet this very Outsider status 

3338
02:55:08,700 --> 02:55:13,100
became Shakespeare's greatest 
advantage, while his university 

3339
02:55:13,100 --> 02:55:15,899
educated competitors wrote for 
their intellectual peers, 

3340
02:55:15,899 --> 02:55:18,500
Shakespeare, understood ordinary
audiences. 

3341
02:55:18,500 --> 02:55:20,399
Because he came from ordinary 
circumstances. 

3342
02:55:20,399 --> 02:55:24,200
He could craft entertainment, 
that satisfied, both Groundlings

3343
02:55:24,200 --> 02:55:27,700
and Aristocrats, because he 
possessed the rare ability to 

3344
02:55:27,700 --> 02:55:30,299
see human nature from multiple 
perspectives simultaneously. 

3345
02:55:31,500 --> 02:55:35,000
His provincial background rather
than limiting his vision a tour.

3346
02:55:35,000 --> 02:55:37,500
Tim to observe and understand 
the full spectrum of human 

3347
02:55:37,500 --> 02:55:40,100
behavior. 
The separation from his family. 

3348
02:55:40,100 --> 02:55:42,799
However, created wounds that 
never fully healed. 

3349
02:55:43,600 --> 02:55:46,899
And the children remained in 
Stratford supported by whatever 

3350
02:55:46,899 --> 02:55:49,899
money William could send from 
London's and certain theatrical 

3351
02:55:49,899 --> 02:55:53,100
economy. 
Letters, traveled, slowly visits

3352
02:55:53,100 --> 02:55:56,100
were infrequent and the growing 
distance between husband and 

3353
02:55:56,100 --> 02:55:58,100
wife extended Far Beyond near 
geography. 

3354
02:55:58,899 --> 02:56:01,500
And was raising their children, 
essentially as a single mother 

3355
02:56:01,500 --> 02:56:03,500
while William was becoming 
someone. 

3356
02:56:03,500 --> 02:56:07,500
She barely recognized successful
celebrated, but increasingly 

3357
02:56:07,500 --> 02:56:10,000
foreign to the man. 
She had married London's 

3358
02:56:10,000 --> 02:56:12,799
theaters in the 1590s operated 
under constant threat of 

3359
02:56:12,799 --> 02:56:16,100
closure, not from artistic 
failure but from biological 

3360
02:56:16,100 --> 02:56:20,399
catastrophe, the plague that 
medieval Horsemen who refused to

3361
02:56:20,399 --> 02:56:23,299
acknowledge the Renaissance. 
Stalked, Elizabethan England, 

3362
02:56:23,299 --> 02:56:26,299
with particular, fondness for 
crowded spaces where people 

3363
02:56:26,299 --> 02:56:30,700
gathered for entertainment, When
death rates, climbed authorities

3364
02:56:30,700 --> 02:56:33,500
shuttered, playhouses faster 
than a negative review, could 

3365
02:56:33,500 --> 02:56:36,700
close a modern production 
leaving, everyone connected to 

3366
02:56:36,708 --> 02:56:39,700
the theater industry, suddenly 
unemployed and searching for 

3367
02:56:39,700 --> 02:56:42,700
alternative income. 
Shakespeare experience, these 

3368
02:56:42,700 --> 02:56:46,299
closures as artistic and 
financial disasters, that tested

3369
02:56:46,299 --> 02:56:47,899
his commitment to theatrical 
life. 

3370
02:56:48,700 --> 02:56:53,000
During the prolonged closure of 
593 to 1594 when the plague 

3371
02:56:53,000 --> 02:56:56,200
killed over 10,000 londoners, he
turned to poetry as both the 

3372
02:56:56,200 --> 02:56:58,299
creative outlet and a potential 
income source. 

3373
02:56:59,100 --> 02:57:02,399
Venus and a Donis. 
His first published work that 

3374
02:57:02,399 --> 02:57:04,200
came the literary sensation of 
its time. 

3375
02:57:04,200 --> 02:57:07,500
Establishing his reputation, 
among educated readers who might

3376
02:57:07,500 --> 02:57:11,100
never have attended his plays 
yet success in poetry, while 

3377
02:57:11,100 --> 02:57:13,799
gratifying couldnt replace the 
immediate income and 

3378
02:57:13,799 --> 02:57:17,700
collaborative energy that 
theater provided The competitive

3379
02:57:17,700 --> 02:57:20,899
landscape of Elizabethan drama 
was ruthlessly darwinian. 

3380
02:57:20,899 --> 02:57:24,500
Playwright stole plots, 
characters and even entire 

3381
02:57:24,500 --> 02:57:27,700
speeches from each other. 
With casual efficiency, creating

3382
02:57:27,700 --> 02:57:30,399
an environment where originality
was less important than 

3383
02:57:30,399 --> 02:57:34,000
effective adaptation. 
Shakespeare, who would later be 

3384
02:57:34,000 --> 02:57:36,700
criticized for borrowing? 
Most of his plots was simply 

3385
02:57:36,700 --> 02:57:40,000
following industry practice. 
The real challenge wasn't 

3386
02:57:40,000 --> 02:57:42,700
finding Source material. 
But transforming it into 

3387
02:57:42,700 --> 02:57:44,100
something? 
Commercially viable. 

3388
02:57:45,000 --> 02:57:46,299
And artistically. 
Satisfying. 

3389
02:57:47,399 --> 02:57:50,399
The tasks required not just 
literary skill, but practical 

3390
02:57:50,399 --> 02:57:53,000
understanding of what audience 
is wanted and actors could 

3391
02:57:53,000 --> 02:57:55,200
deliver. 
Christopher Marlow's death in 

3392
02:57:55,200 --> 02:57:59,500
1593 removed Shakespeare's most 
formidable rival, while creating

3393
02:57:59,500 --> 02:58:02,399
a cautionary tale about the 
dangers of literary ambition. 

3394
02:58:03,799 --> 02:58:06,899
Marlow whose plays like doctor 
Faustus and Tamara Lane. 

3395
02:58:06,899 --> 02:58:09,200
Had redefined dramatic 
possibility. 

3396
02:58:09,200 --> 02:58:12,100
Died under mysterious 
circumstances, involving 

3397
02:58:12,100 --> 02:58:15,899
government styes, religious, 
controversy and violence. 

3398
02:58:16,799 --> 02:58:19,500
His fate Illustrated the 
precarious position of writers 

3399
02:58:19,500 --> 02:58:22,500
who attracted both Fame and 
suspicion, particularly those 

3400
02:58:22,500 --> 02:58:24,799
whose Works challenge to 
established Authority or 

3401
02:58:24,799 --> 02:58:28,200
explored dangerous ideas. 
Shakespeare's response to 

3402
02:58:28,208 --> 02:58:30,299
Marlow's death revealed, his 
practical wisdom. 

3403
02:58:31,100 --> 02:58:34,600
Rather than attempting to match 
Marlow's rebellious intensity he

3404
02:58:34,600 --> 02:58:36,100
developed a more subtle 
approach. 

3405
02:58:36,100 --> 02:58:39,200
That allowed him to explore 
controversial themes, without 

3406
02:58:39,200 --> 02:58:42,600
attracting fatal attention. 
His villains became 

3407
02:58:42,600 --> 02:58:46,000
psychologically complex rather 
than theologically dangerous and

3408
02:58:46,000 --> 02:58:48,700
his political commentary 
remained sufficiently ambiguous 

3409
02:58:48,700 --> 02:58:50,600
to avoid, treasonous 
interpretation. 

3410
02:58:51,500 --> 02:58:54,600
This careful navigation between 
artistic ambition and personal 

3411
02:58:54,600 --> 02:58:57,299
safety, required constant, 
vigilance, and occasional 

3412
02:58:57,299 --> 02:58:59,700
artistic compromise, the 
formation of the Lord, 

3413
02:58:59,700 --> 02:59:02,899
Chamberlain's men in 1594 
provided Shakespeare with the 

3414
02:59:02,899 --> 02:59:06,899
stability, he had been seeking 
since arriving in London as both

3415
02:59:06,899 --> 02:59:09,799
shareholder and principal 
playwright for the company, he 

3416
02:59:09,799 --> 02:59:12,899
finally achieved the financial 
security that had alluded him 

3417
02:59:12,899 --> 02:59:16,000
throughout his youth. 
Yet, this security came with its

3418
02:59:16,000 --> 02:59:18,399
pressures. 
The company needed, new plays 

3419
02:59:18,399 --> 02:59:22,000
regularly audiences, expected, 
consistent quality, and 

3420
02:59:22,000 --> 02:59:25,200
competitors were always ready to
steal successful Innovations. 

3421
02:59:25,899 --> 02:59:28,799
Shakespeare found himself in 
snared in A Creative Cycle. 

3422
02:59:28,799 --> 02:59:32,000
That required constant output. 
All the while upholding artistic

3423
02:59:32,000 --> 02:59:35,700
standards, the escalated with 
the triumph, The Blackfriars, 

3424
02:59:35,700 --> 02:59:39,100
theater controversy of 1596, 
demonstrated, how quickly 

3425
02:59:39,100 --> 02:59:41,500
theatrical success could become 
a political liability. 

3426
02:59:42,700 --> 02:59:45,399
The company's attempt to 
establish an indoor theater in a

3427
02:59:45,399 --> 02:59:48,100
fashionable neighborhood met 
Fierce resistance from residents

3428
02:59:48,100 --> 02:59:51,700
who considered actors morally 
contaminating influences, legal 

3429
02:59:51,700 --> 02:59:54,799
battles, and social criticism, 
reminded Shakespeare that 

3430
02:59:54,799 --> 02:59:57,700
despite his growing Fame and 
Fortune Society. 

3431
02:59:57,700 --> 03:00:00,100
Still regarded his professional 
with suspicion. 

3432
03:00:00,799 --> 03:00:03,600
He might write plays that 
entertained royalty, but he 

3433
03:00:03,600 --> 03:00:06,399
remained essentially, a 
glorified Vagabond in the eyes 

3434
03:00:06,399 --> 03:00:10,700
of respectable citizens personal
tragedy struck in 1596, with the

3435
03:00:10,708 --> 03:00:13,100
death of his son Hamlet, whose 
name would later. 

3436
03:00:13,100 --> 03:00:15,100
Echo through his father's 
greatest tragedy. 

3437
03:00:15,100 --> 03:00:18,899
The Lost devastated, 
Shakespeare's in ways that his 

3438
03:00:18,899 --> 03:00:23,299
subsequent masterpieces only 
partially revealed Hamlet's 

3439
03:00:23,299 --> 03:00:26,100
death represented, not just 
parental grief, but the collapse

3440
03:00:26,100 --> 03:00:28,799
of dynastic hopes. 
In an age, when family 

3441
03:00:28,799 --> 03:00:32,399
continuity, depended on male 
heirs, losing his only son that 

3442
03:00:32,399 --> 03:00:35,500
all Shakespeare's success. 
Would ultimately prove a femoral

3443
03:00:35,500 --> 03:00:38,000
his name, surviving only through
his artistic Works. 

3444
03:00:38,000 --> 03:00:42,100
Rather than through living 
descendants by 1600, William 

3445
03:00:42,100 --> 03:00:45,000
Shakespeare, had achieved what 
few artists ever experienced 

3446
03:00:45,000 --> 03:00:49,299
recognition of his genius during
his own life time Hamlet, which 

3447
03:00:49,299 --> 03:00:52,700
premiered that year established 
him not merely as a successful 

3448
03:00:52,700 --> 03:00:55,399
playwright, but as someone who 
had fundamentally change, what 

3449
03:00:55,399 --> 03:00:59,700
drama could accomplish Yes. 
Success that false friend of 

3450
03:00:59,700 --> 03:01:03,100
artists everywhere brought 
complications that provincial, 

3451
03:01:03,100 --> 03:01:06,500
obscurity had never threatened 
Fame, made him a target for 

3452
03:01:06,500 --> 03:01:09,200
criticism envying. 
The particularly vicious attacks

3453
03:01:09,200 --> 03:01:11,600
reserved for those who rise 
above their supposed station. 

3454
03:01:12,399 --> 03:01:14,600
The weight of expectation became
overwhelming. 

3455
03:01:14,600 --> 03:01:17,200
Every new play was measured 
against his previous 

3456
03:01:17,200 --> 03:01:19,200
achievements. 
And every Innovation was 

3457
03:01:19,200 --> 03:01:22,299
scrutinized for signs of decline
or betrayal of his established 

3458
03:01:22,299 --> 03:01:24,600
Style. 
Audiences arrived at his 

3459
03:01:24,600 --> 03:01:27,899
premieres with predetermined 
judgments and critics sharpen 

3460
03:01:27,899 --> 03:01:30,600
their quills for reviews that 
would either confirm or 

3461
03:01:30,600 --> 03:01:34,500
challenge his reputation. 
The spontaneous Joy of creation 

3462
03:01:34,500 --> 03:01:37,700
which had sustained him through 
his early struggles became 

3463
03:01:37,700 --> 03:01:40,399
contaminated by aware of his 
public role, as England's 

3464
03:01:40,399 --> 03:01:43,899
premiere, dramatist. 
Financial success, while solving

3465
03:01:43,899 --> 03:01:48,299
many practical problems created,
new anxiety is Shakespeare's 

3466
03:01:48,299 --> 03:01:51,700
investments in property, his 
share in the Globe Theater and 

3467
03:01:51,700 --> 03:01:53,799
his growing wealth required 
management and protection. 

3468
03:01:55,000 --> 03:01:58,000
He found himself spending time 
on legal documents property 

3469
03:01:58,000 --> 03:02:00,899
disputes and business 
negotiations that have nothing 

3470
03:02:00,899 --> 03:02:03,500
to do with writing, but 
everything to do with 

3471
03:02:03,500 --> 03:02:05,200
preserving, what his writing had
earned. 

3472
03:02:06,000 --> 03:02:09,000
The artist who had won purely 
for Creative fulfillment. 

3473
03:02:09,000 --> 03:02:12,100
Now, wrote partly to maintain an
increase in complex Financial 

3474
03:02:12,100 --> 03:02:14,500
Empire. 
The relationship with his 

3475
03:02:14,500 --> 03:02:16,600
family, grew more strained with 
each passing year. 

3476
03:02:17,299 --> 03:02:20,200
And and the surviving children, 
Susannah and Judith lived 

3477
03:02:20,200 --> 03:02:22,000
comfortable lives. 
Thanks to his success. 

3478
03:02:22,000 --> 03:02:25,000
The Comfort couldn't Bridge the 
emotional distance that is 

3479
03:02:25,000 --> 03:02:28,600
prolonged, absences had created.
He had become a stranger to his 

3480
03:02:28,600 --> 03:02:31,700
household someone who visited 
rather than inhabited, the 

3481
03:02:31,700 --> 03:02:34,700
domestic life. 
He was supporting his daughter's

3482
03:02:34,700 --> 03:02:37,399
grew up, knowing their father, 
primarily through his reputation

3483
03:02:37,399 --> 03:02:40,600
and the money he sent rather 
than through daily interaction 

3484
03:02:40,600 --> 03:02:44,000
and shared experience. 
London Social Scene offered 

3485
03:02:44,000 --> 03:02:46,700
compensation but also 
temptations that complicated, 

3486
03:02:46,700 --> 03:02:49,799
his personal life. 
The theater World provided 

3487
03:02:49,799 --> 03:02:53,200
intellectual stimulation and 
artistic collaboration, but it 

3488
03:02:53,200 --> 03:02:55,700
also exposed him to 
relationships and possibilities 

3489
03:02:55,700 --> 03:02:58,500
that could not be easily 
reconciled with his family 

3490
03:02:58,500 --> 03:03:01,299
obligations. 
The mysterious dark Lady of his 

3491
03:03:01,299 --> 03:03:04,299
sonnets where the real or 
fictional represented, the kind 

3492
03:03:04,299 --> 03:03:06,899
of passionate connection. 
That his practical marriage had 

3493
03:03:06,899 --> 03:03:09,899
never provided these 
relationships where the 

3494
03:03:09,899 --> 03:03:13,200
consummated, or merely imagined 
created guilt and longing that 

3495
03:03:13,200 --> 03:03:15,200
enriched his art while 
complicating his life. 

3496
03:03:16,100 --> 03:03:18,700
The political climate under 
James, The Thirst proved, both 

3497
03:03:18,700 --> 03:03:20,399
more and less dangerous than 
under Elizabeth. 

3498
03:03:21,200 --> 03:03:24,399
The new King's fascination with 
witchcraft and Scottish history 

3499
03:03:24,399 --> 03:03:27,500
provided Shakespeare with 
material for Macbeth while his 

3500
03:03:27,500 --> 03:03:30,500
interest in the theater led to 
Royal patronage that elevated. 

3501
03:03:30,500 --> 03:03:34,000
The company status However, 
James's authoritarian, 

3502
03:03:34,000 --> 03:03:37,799
Tendencies and sensitivity to 
criticism, required playwrights 

3503
03:03:37,799 --> 03:03:40,399
to navigate a more delicate 
balance between entertainment 

3504
03:03:40,399 --> 03:03:43,899
and sedition. 
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 

3505
03:03:43,899 --> 03:03:47,000
created an atmosphere of 
suspicion that made any 

3506
03:03:47,000 --> 03:03:48,899
political commentary potentially
dangerous. 

3507
03:03:49,799 --> 03:03:52,899
Shakespeare's response to these 
pressures was to retreat into 

3508
03:03:52,899 --> 03:03:56,000
increasingly complex, artistic 
visions that satisfied his 

3509
03:03:56,000 --> 03:03:58,399
creative Ambitions while 
maintaining his commercial 

3510
03:03:58,399 --> 03:04:04,700
viability King Lear Othello. 
And Macbeth represented the 

3511
03:04:04,700 --> 03:04:08,200
height of his tragic vision. 
Plays that explored the darkest 

3512
03:04:08,200 --> 03:04:11,200
aspects of human nature while 
remaining sufficiently removed 

3513
03:04:11,200 --> 03:04:13,200
from contemporary politics to 
avoid censorship. 

3514
03:04:14,200 --> 03:04:16,899
Yet creating these masterpieces 
required, emotional and 

3515
03:04:16,899 --> 03:04:20,500
psychological resources that 
left him increasingly drained. 

3516
03:04:21,399 --> 03:04:24,000
The artistic isolation that 
accompanied, his success was 

3517
03:04:24,000 --> 03:04:25,700
perhaps the most difficult 
burden to bear. 

3518
03:04:26,600 --> 03:04:29,100
As his reputation grew 
colleague's began, treating him 

3519
03:04:29,100 --> 03:04:31,399
with a different that made 
genuine collaboration to 

3520
03:04:31,399 --> 03:04:33,899
difficult. 
Young younger writers imitated 

3521
03:04:33,899 --> 03:04:36,700
his style rather than 
challenging, his ideas and 

3522
03:04:36,700 --> 03:04:39,000
actors sought his approval 
rather than offering creative 

3523
03:04:39,000 --> 03:04:41,000
input. 
The lonely authority of 

3524
03:04:41,000 --> 03:04:43,399
acknowledged Mastery was 
replacing the collaborative 

3525
03:04:43,399 --> 03:04:45,299
spirit that had made theater 
exciting. 

3526
03:04:46,299 --> 03:04:49,399
Recognition of his genius. 
While gratifying also brought 

3527
03:04:49,399 --> 03:04:51,899
unwanted attention to his 
personal life and background. 

3528
03:04:52,600 --> 03:04:55,899
Critics questioned his 
education, Scholars debated, his

3529
03:04:55,899 --> 03:04:58,600
sources and Rivals. 
Attacked his humble Origins. 

3530
03:04:59,399 --> 03:05:02,299
Every aspect of his biography 
was scrutinized for evidence 

3531
03:05:02,299 --> 03:05:05,899
that might explain or diminish. 
His achievements, the Privacy he

3532
03:05:05,899 --> 03:05:08,600
had once taken for granted 
became a luxury that his famous 

3533
03:05:08,600 --> 03:05:11,100
permanently. 
Destroyed Shakespeare, having 

3534
03:05:11,100 --> 03:05:14,100
written approximately 37, plays 
gained. 

3535
03:05:14,100 --> 03:05:16,899
Widespread recognition as the 
greatest English trumpet of his 

3536
03:05:16,899 --> 03:05:21,600
Generation by the year 1610 This
recognition, however, came with 

3537
03:05:21,600 --> 03:05:25,100
the peculiar bird that haunts 
all artists who achieved 

3538
03:05:25,100 --> 03:05:28,100
legendary status during their 
lifetime, The Impossible 

3539
03:05:28,100 --> 03:05:30,500
pressure to surpass their own 
previous achievements. 

3540
03:05:30,500 --> 03:05:33,000
While maintaining the very 
qualities that made those 

3541
03:05:33,000 --> 03:05:36,399
achievements possible. 
Each new work was inevitably 

3542
03:05:36,399 --> 03:05:39,500
compared not just to 
contemporary competitors but to 

3543
03:05:39,500 --> 03:05:43,100
his own masterpieces creating a 
critical standard that grew more

3544
03:05:43,100 --> 03:05:46,600
demanding with every success. 
The physical strain of 

3545
03:05:46,608 --> 03:05:49,000
continuous, writing started to 
wear him out. 

3546
03:05:49,700 --> 03:05:52,899
Creating two plays annually, 
while maintaining his acting 

3547
03:05:52,899 --> 03:05:55,299
responsibilities, and managing 
his business interests, 

3548
03:05:55,299 --> 03:05:58,500
required, an output that would 
exhaust writers half his age. 

3549
03:05:59,299 --> 03:06:02,600
Once flowing with natural ease, 
the composition process became 

3550
03:06:02,600 --> 03:06:05,200
increasingly laborious as he 
struggled to find fresh 

3551
03:06:05,200 --> 03:06:09,100
approaches to familiar themes. 
The Well of inspiration that had

3552
03:06:09,100 --> 03:06:12,399
seemed inexhaustible during his 
30s began showing signs of 

3553
03:06:12,399 --> 03:06:16,799
depletion as he approached 50. 
His later plays the Winter's 

3554
03:06:16,799 --> 03:06:21,899
Tale cymbeline and the Tempest 
reflected this creative fatigue.

3555
03:06:21,899 --> 03:06:24,299
While simultaneously 
representing new artistic 

3556
03:06:24,299 --> 03:06:28,600
directions, these Works often 
called romances combined 

3557
03:06:28,600 --> 03:06:31,600
elements of comedy and tragedy 
in ways that suggested either 

3558
03:06:31,600 --> 03:06:34,799
experimental boldness or 
diminished certainly about 

3559
03:06:34,799 --> 03:06:37,600
dramatic form. 
Contemporary audience is 

3560
03:06:37,600 --> 03:06:40,299
expecting the clear generic 
boundaries of his early work 

3561
03:06:40,299 --> 03:06:43,500
often responded with confusion 
rather than appreciation. 

3562
03:06:44,399 --> 03:06:47,200
Critics debated, whether these 
plays represented artistically 

3563
03:06:47,200 --> 03:06:50,399
Evolution or declined, a 
question that would persist for 

3564
03:06:50,399 --> 03:06:53,000
centuries. 
The relationship with his acting

3565
03:06:53,000 --> 03:06:55,500
company growing increasingly 
complicated, as younger 

3566
03:06:55,500 --> 03:06:57,399
performers and writers. 
Challenged his authority. 

3567
03:06:58,399 --> 03:07:01,799
The Lord Chamberlain's men 
renamed, the King's Men under 

3568
03:07:01,799 --> 03:07:03,600
James. 
The first had evolved from a 

3569
03:07:03,608 --> 03:07:06,000
collaborative Enterprise into an
Institutional, where 

3570
03:07:06,000 --> 03:07:08,500
Shakespeare's preferences 
carried disproportionate weight.

3571
03:07:08,500 --> 03:07:13,100
This power while professionally 
advantageous isolated him from 

3572
03:07:13,100 --> 03:07:15,399
the creative friction that had 
previously stimulated. 

3573
03:07:15,399 --> 03:07:19,899
His best work collaboration, 
became consultation discussion 

3574
03:07:19,899 --> 03:07:23,200
became deferens and the 
Democratic chaos of theatrical 

3575
03:07:23,200 --> 03:07:27,000
creation was replaced by the 
ordered but sterile hierarchy of

3576
03:07:27,000 --> 03:07:30,700
established success. 
Personal relationships suffered 

3577
03:07:30,700 --> 03:07:32,299
under the weight of his public 
persona. 

3578
03:07:33,000 --> 03:07:36,000
Friends approached him 
differently, aware that casual 

3579
03:07:36,000 --> 03:07:38,500
conversation might later appear 
in his plays. 

3580
03:07:39,200 --> 03:07:42,399
Enemies multiplied as his 
success created resentment among

3581
03:07:42,399 --> 03:07:46,299
those who felt overlooked or 
undervalued, even his closest 

3582
03:07:46,299 --> 03:07:49,600
relationships became Complicated
by awareness of his Fame and the

3583
03:07:49,600 --> 03:07:52,200
potential benefits or dangers of
association with him. 

3584
03:07:53,000 --> 03:07:55,399
The spontaneous human 
connections that had once 

3585
03:07:55,399 --> 03:07:58,200
nourished his understanding of 
character became increasingly 

3586
03:07:58,200 --> 03:08:01,600
artificial in self-conscious, 
the question of retirement began

3587
03:08:01,600 --> 03:08:04,500
haunting His Thoughts, with 
growing insistence. 

3588
03:08:05,399 --> 03:08:08,100
Unlike modern artists who can 
live comfortably on royalties 

3589
03:08:08,100 --> 03:08:11,100
and residuals, Elizabethan 
playwrights earned money. 

3590
03:08:11,100 --> 03:08:12,799
Only through continued 
productivity. 

3591
03:08:13,700 --> 03:08:16,799
Stopping work meant accepting 
Financial decline yet. 

3592
03:08:16,799 --> 03:08:19,500
Continuing work was becoming 
increasingly difficult, both, 

3593
03:08:19,500 --> 03:08:22,500
physically and creatively. 
A prospect of returning 

3594
03:08:22,500 --> 03:08:25,600
permanently to Stratford offered
rest and family reconciliation 

3595
03:08:25,600 --> 03:08:28,899
but also threatened the artistic
stimulation that had become 

3596
03:08:28,899 --> 03:08:33,700
essential to his identity. 
His health, never robust began 

3597
03:08:33,700 --> 03:08:36,200
showing the effects of Decades, 
of London living. 

3598
03:08:37,000 --> 03:08:39,299
His Constitution had suffered 
due to the city's. 

3599
03:08:39,299 --> 03:08:43,500
Polluted air contaminated water 
and periodic plague outbreaks 

3600
03:08:43,500 --> 03:08:46,299
contemporary medical knowledge. 
Offered little Beyond 

3601
03:08:46,299 --> 03:08:49,200
bloodletting and herbal remedies
while the stress of constant 

3602
03:08:49,200 --> 03:08:52,000
productivity exacerbated, 
whatever, underlying conditions 

3603
03:08:52,000 --> 03:08:55,200
were developing He began 
experiencing symptoms that 

3604
03:08:55,200 --> 03:08:58,100
modern doctors might recognize 
as heart disease or diabetes, 

3605
03:08:58,100 --> 03:09:02,100
but that Elizabethan Physicians,
could neither diagnose nor treat

3606
03:09:02,100 --> 03:09:05,399
effectively. 
Irony of his situation was 

3607
03:09:05,399 --> 03:09:07,700
Exquisite, having achieved 
everything. 

3608
03:09:07,700 --> 03:09:11,200
He dreamed of as a young man in 
Stratford, he found that success

3609
03:09:11,200 --> 03:09:13,899
had created new forms of 
suffering that obscurity had 

3610
03:09:13,899 --> 03:09:17,299
never threatened. 
Fame brought scrutiny wealth, 

3611
03:09:17,299 --> 03:09:20,600
brought anxiety, artistic 
achievement, brought creative 

3612
03:09:20,600 --> 03:09:23,299
pressure, and recognition 
brought isolation. 

3613
03:09:24,299 --> 03:09:27,200
The provincial boy who had fled 
Stratford to escape limitations 

3614
03:09:27,200 --> 03:09:30,700
discovered that success created 
different but equally confining 

3615
03:09:30,700 --> 03:09:34,500
constraints. 
His final complete play, The 

3616
03:09:34,500 --> 03:09:38,200
Tempest served as both artistic 
summation and personal farewell,

3617
03:09:38,200 --> 03:09:41,299
to the theatrical world that had
defined his adult life. 

3618
03:09:42,200 --> 03:09:45,500
Prospero's renunciation of magic
seemed to mirror Shakespeare's, 

3619
03:09:45,500 --> 03:09:48,500
own preparation for retirement 
from the stage, while the place 

3620
03:09:48,500 --> 03:09:50,100
themes of forgiveness and 
Reconciliation. 

3621
03:09:50,100 --> 03:09:53,299
Suggested his growing desire to 
resolve the conflicts that had 

3622
03:09:53,299 --> 03:09:56,399
shaped his career. 
He famous epilogue asking the 

3623
03:09:56,399 --> 03:09:58,500
audience for their Applause, to 
set the magician. 

3624
03:09:58,500 --> 03:10:02,000
Free carried obvious, 
autobiographical resonance for a

3625
03:10:02,000 --> 03:10:04,700
playwright contemplating his own
Liberation from the demands of 

3626
03:10:04,700 --> 03:10:07,299
public performance. 
William Shakespeare's return to 

3627
03:10:07,307 --> 03:10:10,299
Stratford in 1613 should have 
represented Triumph. 

3628
03:10:10,299 --> 03:10:13,299
The provincial Boy made good 
coming home to enjoy the fruits 

3629
03:10:13,299 --> 03:10:15,100
of unprecedented literary 
success. 

3630
03:10:15,100 --> 03:10:19,399
Instead it marked the beginning 
of his final Act appeared marked

3631
03:10:19,399 --> 03:10:22,799
by declining Health family 
tensions and the peculiar 

3632
03:10:22,799 --> 03:10:25,000
Melancholy that often 
accompanies the achievement of 

3633
03:10:25,000 --> 03:10:26,200
one's deepest. 
Ambitions. 

3634
03:10:26,200 --> 03:10:29,600
The man who had conquered 
London's theatrical world, found

3635
03:10:29,600 --> 03:10:32,000
himself, struggling with 
questions that success could not

3636
03:10:32,000 --> 03:10:34,799
answer and fame. 
Couldn't resolve new place. 

3637
03:10:34,799 --> 03:10:37,899
The grand house he had purchased
to symbolize his risen status 

3638
03:10:37,899 --> 03:10:40,000
felt more like a museum than a 
home. 

3639
03:10:40,000 --> 03:10:43,500
The rooms echoed with the 
absence of shared memories their

3640
03:10:43,500 --> 03:10:45,200
Elegance, a constant reminders 
of the years. 

3641
03:10:45,200 --> 03:10:48,799
He'd spent away from those who 
were supposed to love most And 

3642
03:10:48,799 --> 03:10:52,200
now in her late 50s, had grown 
into a formidable household 

3643
03:10:52,200 --> 03:10:55,100
manager, who ran their domestic 
affairs with efficient 

3644
03:10:55,100 --> 03:10:58,399
Independence, the marriage that 
had begun with passion and 

3645
03:10:58,399 --> 03:11:00,299
continued. 
Through financial necessity, had

3646
03:11:00,299 --> 03:11:02,700
evolved into a polite 
Arrangement between virtual 

3647
03:11:02,700 --> 03:11:05,600
strangers who happen to share 
illegal Bond and two surviving 

3648
03:11:05,600 --> 03:11:09,000
daughters. 
His daughters Susanna and Judith

3649
03:11:09,000 --> 03:11:12,299
represented, both his greatest 
joy and his deepest 

3650
03:11:12,299 --> 03:11:14,700
disappointment. 
Suzanne. 

3651
03:11:14,700 --> 03:11:17,399
The Elder had married well and 
produced the granddaughter who 

3652
03:11:17,399 --> 03:11:19,299
might carry forward. 
Something of his legacy. 

3653
03:11:20,000 --> 03:11:22,399
However, his awareness that 
female descendants couldn't 

3654
03:11:22,399 --> 03:11:25,399
preserve family names or inherit
theatrical companies in their 

3655
03:11:25,399 --> 03:11:27,500
society complicated this 
comfort. 

3656
03:11:28,299 --> 03:11:30,799
Judith, who remained unmarried, 
well, into spinsterhood by 

3657
03:11:30,799 --> 03:11:33,899
Elizabeth and standards seemed 
to regard her famous father with

3658
03:11:33,899 --> 03:11:36,200
a mixture of Pride and 
resentment that he could never 

3659
03:11:36,200 --> 03:11:39,399
fully understand. 
His reputation followed him to 

3660
03:11:39,399 --> 03:11:42,899
Stratford, akin to a faithful 
yet, burdened some dog. 

3661
03:11:43,700 --> 03:11:46,600
Visitors arrived, regularly, 
seeking audiences with England's

3662
03:11:46,600 --> 03:11:48,500
greatest. 
Playwright turning his 

3663
03:11:48,500 --> 03:11:50,399
retirement into a series of 
performance. 

3664
03:11:50,399 --> 03:11:53,799
Is that exhausted him more than 
his professional obligations? 

3665
03:11:53,799 --> 03:11:56,899
Ever had local dignitaries who 
had once ignored. 

3666
03:11:56,899 --> 03:11:59,899
The Glover's son now competed 
for his attention and approval. 

3667
03:12:00,799 --> 03:12:03,500
The transformation from local 
boy to returning celebrity 

3668
03:12:03,500 --> 03:12:05,700
created a social Dynamic that 
satisfied. 

3669
03:12:05,700 --> 03:12:10,500
No one completely least of all 
Shakespeare himself, his final 

3670
03:12:10,500 --> 03:12:13,399
collaboration with John 
Fletcher, on Henry, the 8th, and

3671
03:12:13,399 --> 03:12:16,799
the two Noble Kinsmen suggested 
both his ongoing creative 

3672
03:12:16,799 --> 03:12:20,100
vitality and his growing 
awareness of artistic mortality 

3673
03:12:21,100 --> 03:12:23,200
Working with a younger, 
playwright forced him to 

3674
03:12:23,200 --> 03:12:26,299
confront changes in Theatrical 
taste and technique that his own

3675
03:12:26,299 --> 03:12:30,200
work had helped inspire. 
Fletcher represented the next 

3676
03:12:30,200 --> 03:12:33,100
generation of dramatists who had
learned from Shakespeare's 

3677
03:12:33,100 --> 03:12:35,700
Innovations while developing 
their own approaches to 

3678
03:12:35,700 --> 03:12:38,500
character and language. 
The collaboration was 

3679
03:12:38,500 --> 03:12:41,899
professionally successful but 
personally difficult reminding 

3680
03:12:41,899 --> 03:12:44,299
Shakespeare that even his 
artistic Authority was 

3681
03:12:44,299 --> 03:12:47,200
ultimately temporary. 
The legal complications 

3682
03:12:47,200 --> 03:12:50,100
surrounding his will revealed 
that complex web of 

3683
03:12:50,100 --> 03:12:52,700
relationships and resentments 
that success had created. 

3684
03:12:53,500 --> 03:12:56,200
Decisions about property 
distribution, became tests of 

3685
03:12:56,200 --> 03:12:58,100
family, loyalty and social 
obligation. 

3686
03:12:59,000 --> 03:13:02,399
The famous bequest of his second
best bed to Anne, has puzzled 

3687
03:13:02,399 --> 03:13:05,899
Scholars for centuries, but it 
perfectly captured, the mixture 

3688
03:13:05,899 --> 03:13:09,200
of affection Duty and distance 
that characterized their long 

3689
03:13:09,200 --> 03:13:12,100
partnership. 
Whether intended as insult or 

3690
03:13:12,100 --> 03:13:15,399
intimate gesture the Legacy, 
reflected the ambiguous nature 

3691
03:13:15,399 --> 03:13:18,299
of their relationship and the 
impossibility of reducing 

3692
03:13:18,299 --> 03:13:20,100
complex. 
Human connections to simple 

3693
03:13:20,100 --> 03:13:23,799
legal formulas, His health 
deteriorated rapidly during the 

3694
03:13:23,799 --> 03:13:29,000
winter of 1615 to 1660. 
The exact nature of his illness 

3695
03:13:29,000 --> 03:13:32,000
remains mysterious. 
Temporary accounts. 

3696
03:13:32,000 --> 03:13:34,799
Suggest fever and weakness 
symptoms that could indicate 

3697
03:13:34,799 --> 03:13:37,500
anything from influenza to heart
disease to the various 

3698
03:13:37,500 --> 03:13:39,899
infections that regularly 
claimed Elizabethan lives. 

3699
03:13:39,899 --> 03:13:43,000
Modern medical speculation has 
proposed everything from 

3700
03:13:43,000 --> 03:13:46,799
syphilis to brain tumors, but 
the diagnosis matters less than 

3701
03:13:46,799 --> 03:13:50,200
the irony of England's greatest 
writer dying while still at the 

3702
03:13:50,200 --> 03:13:53,399
height of his creative Powers. 
The final weeks brought visitors

3703
03:13:53,399 --> 03:13:57,299
seeking wisdom, benedictions or 
simply the bragging rights of 

3704
03:13:57,299 --> 03:14:00,600
having spoken with the famous 
playwright Shakespeare, received

3705
03:14:00,600 --> 03:14:02,799
them with diminishing energy, 
but characteristic Grace 

3706
03:14:02,799 --> 03:14:05,899
offering insights into his craft
while carefully avoiding the 

3707
03:14:05,899 --> 03:14:08,700
kind of personal revelation that
might compromise, his 

3708
03:14:08,700 --> 03:14:12,799
meticulously constructed Public 
Image even approaching death, he

3709
03:14:12,799 --> 03:14:15,200
remained conscious of his 
reputation and concerned about 

3710
03:14:15,200 --> 03:14:17,100
how his legacy would be 
interpreted by Future 

3711
03:14:17,100 --> 03:14:21,000
Generations. 
He died on April, the 20th 1616 

3712
03:14:21,000 --> 03:14:24,700
possibly on his 52nd birthday, 
though, Elizabeth and record. 

3713
03:14:24,700 --> 03:14:26,700
Keeping makes precise dating 
impossible. 

3714
03:14:26,700 --> 03:14:30,600
The date itself, appeared 
appropriate for a man whose life

3715
03:14:30,600 --> 03:14:33,299
had been Characterized by 
dramatic timing and poetic 

3716
03:14:33,299 --> 03:14:36,399
coincidence. 
His passing prompted, immediate 

3717
03:14:36,399 --> 03:14:39,299
allergies from fellow writers, 
who recognize that English 

3718
03:14:39,299 --> 03:14:42,899
literature had lost its greatest
practitioner while also creating

3719
03:14:42,899 --> 03:14:45,899
space for new voices to emerge 
from his enormous Shadow. 

3720
03:14:45,899 --> 03:14:49,500
The inscription on his tomb in 
Stratford's, Holy Trinity Church

3721
03:14:49,500 --> 03:14:54,299
good friend for Jesus's sake for
Bear to dig the dust and closed 

3722
03:14:54,299 --> 03:14:56,899
here. 
Reflected his final concern 

3723
03:14:56,899 --> 03:14:59,600
about privacy and posthumous 
dignity. 

3724
03:14:59,600 --> 03:15:02,899
The curse against grave robbers 
where the composed by 

3725
03:15:02,907 --> 03:15:05,299
Shakespeare himself or by 
someone who knew his fears 

3726
03:15:05,299 --> 03:15:09,700
proved remarkably effective. 
His remains stayed undisturbed, 

3727
03:15:09,700 --> 03:15:12,000
while his reputation grew to 
proportions, that would have 

3728
03:15:12,008 --> 03:15:14,399
astonished. 
And possibly horrified the man 

3729
03:15:14,399 --> 03:15:17,100
who had simply wanted to write 
good plays and support his 

3730
03:15:17,100 --> 03:15:19,799
family. 
The true tragedy of William 

3731
03:15:19,799 --> 03:15:22,399
Shakespeare's life, wasn't that 
he failed to achieve his dreams 

3732
03:15:22,399 --> 03:15:25,500
but that achieving them revealed
how insufficient even the 

3733
03:15:25,500 --> 03:15:28,600
greatest success could be when 
measured against human longing 

3734
03:15:28,600 --> 03:15:32,000
for connection, understanding 
and Lasting meaning he became 

3735
03:15:32,000 --> 03:15:34,799
Immortal through his words while
remaining painfully mortal in 

3736
03:15:34,807 --> 03:15:38,600
his need for love recognition 
and the simple satisfactions of 

3737
03:15:38,600 --> 03:15:41,500
domestic happiness. 
His genius elevated. 

3738
03:15:41,500 --> 03:15:43,299
Him above his contemporaries 
while. 

3739
03:15:43,299 --> 03:15:46,500
Isolating him from the very 
human experiences that had 

3740
03:15:46,500 --> 03:15:50,500
inspired his greatest works. 
In the end Shakespeare's life 

3741
03:15:50,500 --> 03:15:53,399
embodied, the central Paradox of
artistic achievement. 

3742
03:15:53,399 --> 03:15:57,500
The qualities that made him a 
brilliant writer sensitivity, 

3743
03:15:57,500 --> 03:16:00,899
imagination. 
Most tall depth an intellectual 

3744
03:16:00,899 --> 03:16:04,700
curiosity also made ordinary 
life extraordinarily difficult. 

3745
03:16:05,799 --> 03:16:09,100
Achieved success beyond all 
reasonable expectations, yet the

3746
03:16:09,100 --> 03:16:12,799
consequences of his success 
haunted him. his plays have 

3747
03:16:12,799 --> 03:16:16,000
outlived the civilization, that 
produced them, but the man who 

3748
03:16:16,000 --> 03:16:20,600
wrote them exceed Experience the
same struggles with love death, 

3749
03:16:20,600 --> 03:16:24,399
ambition and disappointment. 
That defined Human Experience 

3750
03:16:24,399 --> 03:16:27,700
across all centuries. 
The boy from Stratford who 

3751
03:16:27,700 --> 03:16:31,000
dreamed of escaping provincial 
limitations, succeeded Beyond 

3752
03:16:31,000 --> 03:16:35,200
his wildest imagination only to 
discover that success created 

3753
03:16:35,200 --> 03:16:39,899
its own forms of imprisonment 
his victory over, obscurity was 

3754
03:16:39,899 --> 03:16:43,899
complete, but the Triumph as his
tragedies consistently 

3755
03:16:43,899 --> 03:16:48,000
demonstrated often proves 
indistinguishable from defeat 

3756
03:16:49,299 --> 03:16:50,700
William. 
Shakespeare achieved, his 

3757
03:16:50,700 --> 03:16:54,299
aspiration and discovered 
regrettably that achieving what 

3758
03:16:54,299 --> 03:16:56,799
he desired off and mark the 
beginning rather than the 

3759
03:16:56,799 --> 03:16:59,899
conclusion of life's most 
challenging issues, perhaps, 

3760
03:16:59,899 --> 03:17:01,799
that's why his Works continue to
resonate. 

3761
03:17:02,600 --> 03:17:05,799
Not because he found answers to 
Life's essential questions, but 

3762
03:17:05,799 --> 03:17:07,100
because he lived those 
questions. 

3763
03:17:07,100 --> 03:17:10,500
So completely that his Art 
became an eternal meditation on 

3764
03:17:10,500 --> 03:17:12,799
the beautiful impossibility of 
human satisfaction. 

3765
03:17:13,899 --> 03:17:17,000
He sucked at being William 
Shakespeare precisely because he

3766
03:17:17,000 --> 03:17:18,500
turned out to be humanly 
impossible. 

3767
03:17:18,500 --> 03:17:22,399
And in that impossibility he 
created something genuinely 

3768
03:17:22,399 --> 03:17:29,600
immortal Picture this, you wake 
up tomorrow morning but instead 

3769
03:17:29,600 --> 03:17:32,200
of reaching for your phone to 
check the whether you're 

3770
03:17:32,200 --> 03:17:34,899
reaching for a wooden bucket to 
collect rainwater from The Leaky

3771
03:17:34,899 --> 03:17:38,899
thatch about your head. 
Congratulations, you've just 

3772
03:17:38,899 --> 03:17:43,299
been transported to rural Island
in 1847, right in the midst of 

3773
03:17:43,299 --> 03:17:46,600
what historians politely refer 
to as the Great Famine. 

3774
03:17:46,600 --> 03:17:49,399
Although the locals have more 
colorful names for it. 

3775
03:17:50,299 --> 03:17:54,399
You stretch expecting your usual
morning aches but instead your 

3776
03:17:54,399 --> 03:17:57,200
greeted by a hollowing in your 
stomach that feels like you've 

3777
03:17:57,200 --> 03:17:58,899
swallowed a particularly angry 
badger. 

3778
03:17:59,899 --> 03:18:02,000
The pain isn't your ice skipped 
breakfast hunger. 

3779
03:18:02,000 --> 03:18:05,100
This is your, I have not had a 
proper meal in three weeks 

3780
03:18:05,100 --> 03:18:08,600
hunger, and your body is 
starting to send some very Stern

3781
03:18:08,600 --> 03:18:10,200
memos to your brain about the 
situation. 

3782
03:18:11,100 --> 03:18:14,100
Probably your initial reaction 
is to head to the kitchen to 

3783
03:18:14,100 --> 03:18:15,000
check. 
What's in the fridge 

3784
03:18:15,000 --> 03:18:17,600
unsurprisingly? 
There's no frigate Insight. 

3785
03:18:17,600 --> 03:18:20,700
There's barely a kitchen. 
What you've got is a single room

3786
03:18:20,700 --> 03:18:23,600
with a dirt floor, stone walls. 
That seem to specialize in 

3787
03:18:23,600 --> 03:18:25,600
letting in the cold and a 
fireplace. 

3788
03:18:25,600 --> 03:18:27,500
That's more optimistic than 
functional. 

3789
03:18:28,700 --> 03:18:32,000
The pantry consists of a wooden 
shelf that is looking as empty 

3790
03:18:32,000 --> 03:18:35,600
as a politician's promise. 
Now, you might be thinking How 

3791
03:18:35,600 --> 03:18:38,700
bad could it really be? 
People survived famines 

3792
03:18:38,700 --> 03:18:40,299
throughout history and you're 
right. 

3793
03:18:40,299 --> 03:18:43,799
Some did. 
But here's the thing, you're not

3794
03:18:43,807 --> 03:18:45,600
just dealing with a little food 
shortage. 

3795
03:18:45,600 --> 03:18:49,200
You're dealing with a perfect 
storm of agricultural disaster, 

3796
03:18:49,200 --> 03:18:52,200
economic, exploitation, and 
social upheaval. 

3797
03:18:52,200 --> 03:18:54,399
That would make your worst 
Monday at the office. 

3798
03:18:54,399 --> 03:18:58,700
Look like a spa day, the potato.
Yes, that humble tuber. 

3799
03:18:58,700 --> 03:19:01,600
You probably take for granted in
your French fries was literally 

3800
03:19:01,600 --> 03:19:04,299
the difference between life and 
death for most Irish families. 

3801
03:19:05,200 --> 03:19:07,399
We're not talking about potatoes
as a side dish here. 

3802
03:19:07,399 --> 03:19:10,899
We're talking about potatoes for
breakfast, potatoes, for lunch, 

3803
03:19:10,899 --> 03:19:14,200
potatoes for dinner, and if you 
were really lucky, maybe some 

3804
03:19:14,200 --> 03:19:17,899
buttermilk to wash them down. 
A typical Irish Labour ate 

3805
03:19:17,899 --> 03:19:20,700
between 12 and 14 pounds of 
potatoes per day. 

3806
03:19:20,700 --> 03:19:23,200
That's like eating 46, medium 
potatoes. 

3807
03:19:23,200 --> 03:19:25,899
This amount was consumed on a 
daily basis. 

3808
03:19:27,100 --> 03:19:30,100
But here's where the real 
trouble starts the potatoes of 

3809
03:19:30,108 --> 03:19:34,100
vanished, the potatoes of not 
only become scarce, but have 

3810
03:19:34,100 --> 03:19:38,100
completely disappeared. 
A microscopic fungus called 

3811
03:19:38,100 --> 03:19:41,899
fighter investors, which sounds 
like a spell from Harry Potter 

3812
03:19:41,899 --> 03:19:45,600
but is actually far more deadly 
than any dark magic as rotted 

3813
03:19:45,600 --> 03:19:49,600
the potatoes in the ground. 
Stepping outside your small 

3814
03:19:49,608 --> 03:19:52,899
cottage, you Harbor a faint. 
Hope that perhaps just possibly 

3815
03:19:52,899 --> 03:19:55,899
you overlook to healthy patch of
potatoes, the previous day. 

3816
03:19:55,899 --> 03:20:00,200
Instead feels akin to a 
Botanical apocalypse greet you 

3817
03:20:00,200 --> 03:20:04,200
the plants are black slimy and 
they smell like death, decide to

3818
03:20:04,200 --> 03:20:08,000
take up gardening your stomach 
rumbles again this time loud 

3819
03:20:08,000 --> 03:20:09,899
enough that you're pretty sure 
the neighbor's heard it. 

3820
03:20:09,899 --> 03:20:12,899
By the way, the neighbor's are 
in the same situation as you. 

3821
03:20:12,899 --> 03:20:14,899
So, no one is likely to drop by 
with a casserole. 

3822
03:20:14,899 --> 03:20:18,100
Anytime soon. 
In fact, if you had a casserole,

3823
03:20:18,100 --> 03:20:21,200
you'd probably have to post 
armed, guards around it, you 

3824
03:20:21,200 --> 03:20:24,399
decide to take inventory of your
resources because surely there 

3825
03:20:24,399 --> 03:20:25,700
must be something edible around 
here. 

3826
03:20:26,700 --> 03:20:29,899
Let's examine your possessions. 
You have a few worn out clothes,

3827
03:20:29,899 --> 03:20:32,500
some rough ferniture and well 
that's about it. 

3828
03:20:32,500 --> 03:20:35,200
You have no savings account, no 
credit cards. 

3829
03:20:35,200 --> 03:20:38,600
And no door Dash app was 
literally growing in the ground 

3830
03:20:38,600 --> 03:20:41,200
and now it's a stinking mess of 
plant matter. 

3831
03:20:41,200 --> 03:20:43,000
That would make a compost pile, 
weep. 

3832
03:20:43,799 --> 03:20:46,500
Truly maddening part there's 
food in Ireland. 

3833
03:20:46,500 --> 03:20:50,299
There is an abundance of grain 
cattle and dairy products 

3834
03:20:50,299 --> 03:20:53,100
available in Ireland. 
The issue lies in the fact that 

3835
03:20:53,108 --> 03:20:57,000
landlords in England who have 
never set foot on Irish soil, a 

3836
03:20:57,000 --> 03:20:59,799
receiving at all as rent, it's 
like watching a loaded. 

3837
03:20:59,799 --> 03:21:02,500
Grocery truck drive past your 
house every day while you're 

3838
03:21:02,500 --> 03:21:04,799
starving, except the truck 
belongs to someone who thinks 

3839
03:21:04,799 --> 03:21:07,100
you're not quite human enough to
deserve what's on it. 

3840
03:21:07,100 --> 03:21:11,000
So, here you are facing your 
first full day and famine era 

3841
03:21:11,000 --> 03:21:12,899
Ireland. 
And you're starting to realize 

3842
03:21:12,899 --> 03:21:15,399
that you're greatest challenge 
isn't just finding food. 

3843
03:21:15,399 --> 03:21:17,500
It's finding food that won't 
kill you. 

3844
03:21:17,500 --> 03:21:20,799
When you're desperate enough, 
you'll eat just about anything 

3845
03:21:20,799 --> 03:21:24,399
and nature has a twisted sense 
of humor about what looks edible

3846
03:21:24,399 --> 03:21:28,100
versus what actually is. 
Your grandmother bless her heart

3847
03:21:28,100 --> 03:21:31,500
has been experimenting with what
the locals you for mystically 

3848
03:21:31,500 --> 03:21:34,899
call famine Foods. 
This morning, she's preparing. 

3849
03:21:34,899 --> 03:21:37,500
A delightful breakfast of 
nettles dandelions and 

3850
03:21:37,500 --> 03:21:39,899
something. 
She insists is grass soup, 

3851
03:21:39,899 --> 03:21:42,100
though. 
You are pretty sure grasses are 

3852
03:21:42,100 --> 03:21:45,100
supposed to be left to the cows.
She is also managed to find some

3853
03:21:45,100 --> 03:21:48,299
tree bark, which she's grinding 
into flour with the kind of 

3854
03:21:48,299 --> 03:21:50,399
determination, usually, reserved
for Olympic athletes. 

3855
03:21:51,399 --> 03:21:54,600
Now, you might think how bad 
could tree bark be? 

3856
03:21:54,600 --> 03:21:57,000
Let me illustrate the situation 
for you. 

3857
03:21:58,000 --> 03:21:59,700
Imagine chewing on a wooden 
coffee. 

3858
03:21:59,700 --> 03:22:01,700
Stirrer. 
Only to find it bitter and 

3859
03:22:01,700 --> 03:22:05,100
fibrous leaving your digestive 
system unsure of how to handle 

3860
03:22:05,100 --> 03:22:08,000
it. 
Your stomach already confused 

3861
03:22:08,000 --> 03:22:11,500
and angry about the whole 
situation decides to Stage a 

3862
03:22:11,500 --> 03:22:15,200
full-scale revolt. 
The ensuing cramps prompt you to

3863
03:22:15,200 --> 03:22:16,899
question whether your modern 
life's food. 

3864
03:22:16,907 --> 03:22:21,500
Waste is punishing you but wait,
there's more your well-meaning 

3865
03:22:21,500 --> 03:22:23,700
neighbor as heard about 
something called yellow meal. 

3866
03:22:23,700 --> 03:22:27,399
Cornmeal centers relief from 
America, sounds promising, right

3867
03:22:27,399 --> 03:22:30,500
wrong. 
The preparation of cornmeal is 

3868
03:22:30,508 --> 03:22:32,500
beyond the comprehension of 
anyone in Ireland. 

3869
03:22:32,500 --> 03:22:35,799
The instructions might as well 
be written in ancient Sumerian. 

3870
03:22:35,799 --> 03:22:39,100
So what do people do? 
They mix it with water and eat 

3871
03:22:39,100 --> 03:22:41,700
it raw, which results in 
digestive issues that would make

3872
03:22:41,700 --> 03:22:45,399
a medical textbook blush. 
It's like someone shipped over a

3873
03:22:45,399 --> 03:22:47,500
thousand pounds of concrete mix 
and told everyone. 

3874
03:22:47,500 --> 03:22:50,100
It was food. 
Speaking of your digestive 

3875
03:22:50,100 --> 03:22:52,899
system, let's talk about 
something, truly, horrifying, 

3876
03:22:52,899 --> 03:22:55,000
your body is starting to eat 
itself. 

3877
03:22:55,799 --> 03:22:57,200
When you don't consume enough 
calories. 

3878
03:22:57,200 --> 03:23:00,299
And right now your consuming 
about as many calories as a 

3879
03:23:00,299 --> 03:23:03,700
small bird, your body begins 
breaking down muscle tissue for 

3880
03:23:03,700 --> 03:23:05,899
energy. 
You'll notice that climbing the 

3881
03:23:05,899 --> 03:23:08,299
small hill to the well feels 
like summiting Mount Everest, 

3882
03:23:08,299 --> 03:23:12,100
your legs, shake your vision 
gets spotty and you find 

3883
03:23:12,100 --> 03:23:15,500
yourself taking breaks every 10 
steps, like your 90 years old, 

3884
03:23:16,899 --> 03:23:19,399
The psychological effects are 
almost worse than the physical 

3885
03:23:19,399 --> 03:23:23,700
ones, your brain Running on 
Fumes, and whatever nutrients it

3886
03:23:23,700 --> 03:23:25,399
can scavenge from that 
questionable bark. 

3887
03:23:25,399 --> 03:23:27,600
Soup starts playing tricks on 
you. 

3888
03:23:28,500 --> 03:23:30,899
You find yourself having 
elaborate fantasies about food, 

3889
03:23:30,899 --> 03:23:35,500
not just any food but specific 
foods, you can practically taste

3890
03:23:35,500 --> 03:23:38,100
that ham sandwich. 
You had three months ago, you 

3891
03:23:38,100 --> 03:23:40,700
dream about apples. 
So vividly that you wake up 

3892
03:23:40,708 --> 03:23:44,000
chewing on your sleeve. then 
there's the social aspect of 

3893
03:23:44,000 --> 03:23:47,799
starving, which nobody really 
prepares you for Hunger doesn't 

3894
03:23:47,799 --> 03:23:50,700
bring out the best in people 
that friendly neighbor who you 

3895
03:23:50,700 --> 03:23:54,000
used to chat about the weather. 
Now is eyeing, your family's 

3896
03:23:54,000 --> 03:23:56,500
cooking pot with the intensity 
of a hawk watching a mouse. 

3897
03:23:57,399 --> 03:23:59,500
Trust turns into an inaccessible
luxury. 

3898
03:23:59,500 --> 03:24:03,600
You find yourself hiding the few
scraps you manage to find even 

3899
03:24:03,600 --> 03:24:06,500
from your family because the 
animal part of your brain has 

3900
03:24:06,500 --> 03:24:10,000
taken over the rational part. 
Your daily routine now, evolves 

3901
03:24:10,000 --> 03:24:11,500
entirely around the search for 
anything. 

3902
03:24:11,500 --> 03:24:15,799
Remotely edible, you spend hours
picking through ditches looking 

3903
03:24:15,799 --> 03:24:18,000
for forgotten turnips or 
overlooked grain. 

3904
03:24:18,000 --> 03:24:22,100
You examine every plant, every 
route every suspicious looking 

3905
03:24:22,100 --> 03:24:24,500
fungus trying to remember if 
your grandmother ever mentioned,

3906
03:24:24,500 --> 03:24:28,100
whether it was safe to eat. 
The answer is usually, no, but 

3907
03:24:28,100 --> 03:24:30,100
desperation makes you consider 
at any way. 

3908
03:24:30,100 --> 03:24:33,700
What's the most concerning 
aspect, your starting to 

3909
03:24:33,700 --> 03:24:35,799
understand why people are 
abandoning their homes and 

3910
03:24:35,799 --> 03:24:38,799
walking to the nearest Port 
Town, hoping to catch a ship to 

3911
03:24:38,799 --> 03:24:41,600
anywhere else? 
The problem is that walking to 

3912
03:24:41,600 --> 03:24:44,799
the port requires energy, you 
don't have and ship passage 

3913
03:24:44,799 --> 03:24:46,600
costs money. 
You definitely don't have. 

3914
03:24:46,600 --> 03:24:49,899
It's like being trapped in the 
world's most depressing escape 

3915
03:24:49,899 --> 03:24:52,700
room except the only way out is 
through a door that might not 

3916
03:24:52,700 --> 03:24:54,799
even exist. 
You've likely come to the 

3917
03:24:54,807 --> 03:24:57,600
realization that obtaining food 
is only half the struggle. 

3918
03:24:57,600 --> 03:25:02,600
The other half is finding clean 
water and in 1847 Ireland, clean

3919
03:25:02,600 --> 03:25:05,299
water is about as common, as a 
unicorn, with a college degree. 

3920
03:25:06,000 --> 03:25:08,500
Given that it rains in Ireland, 
approximately every 12 minutes, 

3921
03:25:08,500 --> 03:25:11,399
you might assume that finding 
clean water would be easy. 

3922
03:25:11,399 --> 03:25:14,700
However, this is where your 
modern sense abilities could 

3923
03:25:14,700 --> 03:25:16,899
potentially lead you into 
serious trouble. 

3924
03:25:17,700 --> 03:25:21,500
That beautiful Babbling. 
Brook behind your cottage. it's 

3925
03:25:21,500 --> 03:25:24,700
essentially an open sewer not 
because people are intentionally

3926
03:25:24,700 --> 03:25:27,399
polluting it, but because when 
your starving and sick 

3927
03:25:27,399 --> 03:25:31,799
sanitation becomes a luxury you 
can't afford Your village uses, 

3928
03:25:31,799 --> 03:25:34,700
the same water source for 
drinking cooking washing and 

3929
03:25:34,700 --> 03:25:38,700
well, everything else, your 
stomach already upset about the 

3930
03:25:38,700 --> 03:25:41,000
bark soup. 
Situation is about to become 

3931
03:25:41,000 --> 03:25:44,399
absolutely Furious. 
You fill your wooden bucket from

3932
03:25:44,399 --> 03:25:45,899
the streams cleanest looking 
part. 

3933
03:25:45,899 --> 03:25:47,600
Trying not to think of what 
might be in it. 

3934
03:25:48,299 --> 03:25:51,200
Back in your time, you'd boil 
this water without a second 

3935
03:25:51,200 --> 03:25:53,299
thought, but fuel is precious 
here. 

3936
03:25:53,299 --> 03:25:56,500
You need every scrap of turf and
wood for cooking, what little 

3937
03:25:56,500 --> 03:25:59,000
food you can find. 
You must make a difficult 

3938
03:25:59,000 --> 03:26:02,500
decision, consume potentially 
contaminated, water, or wrist 

3939
03:26:02,500 --> 03:26:04,100
dehydration, in the midst of 
starvation. 

3940
03:26:04,100 --> 03:26:07,700
It's like choosing between being
attacked by a bear or a wolf 

3941
03:26:07,700 --> 03:26:10,200
within a day of drinking the 
local water. 

3942
03:26:10,200 --> 03:26:13,200
You discover something that 
historical accounts politely 

3943
03:26:13,200 --> 03:26:16,700
refer to as the flux though. 
Your ancestors had much more 

3944
03:26:16,700 --> 03:26:20,299
colorful terms for it. 
Your digestive system already 

3945
03:26:20,299 --> 03:26:23,700
confused by the unconventional 
menu decides to evacuate 

3946
03:26:23,700 --> 03:26:25,899
everything with the urgency of a
fire drill. 

3947
03:26:25,899 --> 03:26:29,700
This scenario wouldn't just be 
uncomfortable, it would be life.

3948
03:26:29,700 --> 03:26:33,799
Threatening every time your body
expels fluids, your losing, 

3949
03:26:33,799 --> 03:26:36,799
precious, nutrients, and salt, 
that you can't afford to lose 

3950
03:26:36,799 --> 03:26:39,700
the cruel. 
Irony is that you need water to 

3951
03:26:39,700 --> 03:26:42,500
survive that the water of 
available might kill you fast 

3952
03:26:42,500 --> 03:26:44,700
to. 
The dehydration would imagine 

3953
03:26:44,700 --> 03:26:47,899
receiving a glass of water in 
the desert, only to discover 

3954
03:26:47,899 --> 03:26:49,799
that, It could potentially 
Harbor cholera. 

3955
03:26:50,399 --> 03:26:53,899
Your ancestors didn't know about
bacteria and viruses, but they 

3956
03:26:53,899 --> 03:26:56,299
knew that certain water sources 
made people sick. 

3957
03:26:56,299 --> 03:26:59,899
The problem is when you're 
desperate enough, you'll drink 

3958
03:26:59,899 --> 03:27:04,500
from anywhere, let's discuss 
typhus not because it's nice but

3959
03:27:04,500 --> 03:27:07,500
because you need to know what 
you're facing typhus is 

3960
03:27:07,500 --> 03:27:10,000
transmitted by lice and during a
famine. 

3961
03:27:10,000 --> 03:27:12,700
Maintaining personal hygiene 
becomes nearly impossible. 

3962
03:27:12,700 --> 03:27:16,500
You can't afford soap, you can't
heat enough water for regular 

3963
03:27:16,500 --> 03:27:19,399
bathing and you're probably 
sharing living space with more 

3964
03:27:19,399 --> 03:27:22,399
people than the room was 
designed for life, becomes 

3965
03:27:22,399 --> 03:27:24,899
common as breathing and with 
them comes typhus. 

3966
03:27:26,200 --> 03:27:29,500
Fever starts slowly, you might 
mistake it for just being tired 

3967
03:27:29,500 --> 03:27:32,700
from Hunger. 
But then escalates your 

3968
03:27:32,700 --> 03:27:34,799
temperature, saws, you develop a
rash. 

3969
03:27:34,799 --> 03:27:36,899
That looks like someone 
splattered red paint to cross 

3970
03:27:36,899 --> 03:27:39,000
your body. 
Your head feels like someone's 

3971
03:27:39,000 --> 03:27:42,100
using it as a drum. 
In your weakened State. 

3972
03:27:42,100 --> 03:27:46,799
Typhus isn't just dangerous, 
it's often fatal, the graveyards

3973
03:27:46,799 --> 03:27:49,399
are filling up with people who 
survived months of hunger. 

3974
03:27:49,399 --> 03:27:52,799
Only to be killed by tiny 
insects they couldn't even see. 

3975
03:27:53,600 --> 03:27:57,500
However, even if you manage to 
avoid typhus, you still face the

3976
03:27:57,500 --> 03:28:01,000
threat of dysentery cholera and 
a variety of other water-borne 

3977
03:28:01,000 --> 03:28:03,799
diseases that could frighten 
even a medieval plague doctor, 

3978
03:28:03,799 --> 03:28:07,399
your immune system already 
compromised by malnutrition, 

3979
03:28:07,399 --> 03:28:10,399
can't fight off infections that 
are healthy person. 

3980
03:28:10,399 --> 03:28:14,799
Might shake off in a few days. 
The cycle of constant illness is

3981
03:28:14,799 --> 03:28:17,899
almost worse than the physical 
effects you wake up each 

3982
03:28:17,899 --> 03:28:20,000
morning, not knowing. 
If today's the day, your body 

3983
03:28:20,000 --> 03:28:23,000
finally gives up every stomach, 
cramp, could be the beginning of

3984
03:28:23,008 --> 03:28:25,500
the end. 
Every fever could be your last 

3985
03:28:26,200 --> 03:28:29,700
You find yourself making more 
bid calculations if I drink from

3986
03:28:29,700 --> 03:28:33,399
the well I might get sick, but 
if I don't drink anything, I'll 

3987
03:28:33,399 --> 03:28:36,500
definitely die of thirst. 
If you possess any modern 

3988
03:28:36,500 --> 03:28:39,500
medical knowledge, it turns into
a burden rather than a benefit. 

3989
03:28:40,299 --> 03:28:43,000
You know how dangerous your 
situation is, but you can't get 

3990
03:28:43,000 --> 03:28:44,399
any of the treatments that could
help. 

3991
03:28:45,200 --> 03:28:47,500
It's like being a mechanic 
trapped in a broken down car, 

3992
03:28:47,500 --> 03:28:51,000
without any tools. 
Now, let's talk about money or 

3993
03:28:51,000 --> 03:28:53,700
rather your complete and utter 
lack of it. 

3994
03:28:54,399 --> 03:28:56,200
In your Modern Life. 
Being broke, might mean, 

3995
03:28:56,200 --> 03:28:59,700
skipping a few restaurant meals 
or putting off that vacation in 

3996
03:28:59,700 --> 03:29:02,899
1847, Ireland. 
Being broke means watching your 

3997
03:29:02,899 --> 03:29:05,899
family die slowly. 
While this food literally all 

3998
03:29:05,899 --> 03:29:07,600
around you, that you can't 
afford to buy. 

3999
03:29:08,500 --> 03:29:10,000
Here's how the economics work 
in. 

4000
03:29:10,000 --> 03:29:13,500
This delightful situation, 
you're probably a tenant farmer 

4001
03:29:13,500 --> 03:29:15,700
which means you don't own the 
land you work. 

4002
03:29:16,299 --> 03:29:19,200
You pay rent to a landlord who 
may or may not live in Ireland, 

4003
03:29:19,200 --> 03:29:22,899
and that rent is due where the 
your crops succeed or fail. 

4004
03:29:23,899 --> 03:29:27,100
Potato crop that just rotted. 
That was your rent, money, your 

4005
03:29:27,100 --> 03:29:30,600
food, and your entire economic 
Foundation all rolled into one. 

4006
03:29:30,600 --> 03:29:33,899
Tuber, your landlord, meanwhile 
is having his own financial 

4007
03:29:33,899 --> 03:29:37,799
troubles The famine has made his
Irish properties worthless and 

4008
03:29:37,799 --> 03:29:42,000
he's got debts to pay in London 
his solution, evict the tenants 

4009
03:29:42,000 --> 03:29:44,600
who can't pay rent and convert 
the land to cattle grazing which

4010
03:29:44,600 --> 03:29:47,799
is more profitable. 
So not only you starving but 

4011
03:29:47,799 --> 03:29:50,700
you're also facing the very real
possibility of being thrown out 

4012
03:29:50,700 --> 03:29:53,399
of your home. 
The eviction process in famine. 

4013
03:29:53,399 --> 03:29:55,100
Near Ireland is particularly 
brutal. 

4014
03:29:55,899 --> 03:29:58,299
The landlord sends men to 
physically remove you in your 

4015
03:29:58,299 --> 03:30:01,100
family from the property. 
Then they knocked down your 

4016
03:30:01,100 --> 03:30:02,299
house. 
So you can't come back. 

4017
03:30:03,299 --> 03:30:05,799
They don't just put your stuff 
on the curb, they destroy your 

4018
03:30:05,807 --> 03:30:08,899
shelter entirely. 
Your left standing in the rain 

4019
03:30:08,899 --> 03:30:10,799
with whatever you could carry 
watching. 

4020
03:30:10,799 --> 03:30:13,399
The only home you've ever known 
get reduced to a pile of stones.

4021
03:30:14,399 --> 03:30:17,000
Now, you might think. 
Surely, there's some kind of 

4022
03:30:17,000 --> 03:30:21,899
government assistance. 
Oh there is sort of The British 

4023
03:30:21,899 --> 03:30:25,200
government has set up workhouses
and soup kitchens, but accessing

4024
03:30:25,200 --> 03:30:27,899
them requires navigating a 
bureaucracy that would make the 

4025
03:30:27,899 --> 03:30:31,100
modern DMV. 
Look efficient. first, you have 

4026
03:30:31,100 --> 03:30:35,000
to prove your truly destitute, 
Which involves surrendering any 

4027
03:30:35,000 --> 03:30:38,500
remaining possessions, then you 
have to travel to the workhouse,

4028
03:30:38,500 --> 03:30:41,600
which might be days away on foot
while you're already weak from 

4029
03:30:41,600 --> 03:30:44,500
Hunger. 
The workhouse is the cells are 

4030
03:30:44,500 --> 03:30:47,200
designed to be so unpleasant 
that only the truly desperate 

4031
03:30:47,200 --> 03:30:50,899
would enter them, they separate 
families, provide barely enough 

4032
03:30:50,899 --> 03:30:53,899
food to keep you alive and 
require you to perform mine 

4033
03:30:53,899 --> 03:30:55,500
numbing labor for 12 hours a 
day. 

4034
03:30:56,500 --> 03:31:00,000
It's like a prison except your 
only crime was being poor during

4035
03:31:00,000 --> 03:31:02,399
a famine. 
Many people choose to die, 

4036
03:31:02,399 --> 03:31:05,399
rather than to the workhouse, 
which tells you everything you 

4037
03:31:05,399 --> 03:31:08,799
need to know about conditions. 
Inside let's say you decide to 

4038
03:31:08,799 --> 03:31:12,100
try your luck in the job market.
After all, surely someone needs 

4039
03:31:12,100 --> 03:31:15,500
workers, right? 
Wrong, the economy has collapsed

4040
03:31:15,500 --> 03:31:16,899
along with the potato. 
Crop. 

4041
03:31:16,899 --> 03:31:19,799
The people who might normally 
hire laborers, are either dead, 

4042
03:31:19,799 --> 03:31:24,100
emigrated or broke themselves. 
Those few jobs that do exist, 

4043
03:31:24,100 --> 03:31:26,399
pay wages that wouldn't buy 
enough food to sustain a 

4044
03:31:26,399 --> 03:31:28,500
sparrow. 
Let alone a human being. 

4045
03:31:29,299 --> 03:31:32,299
You might consider selling your 
few remaining possessions, but 

4046
03:31:32,299 --> 03:31:35,100
here's the catch. 
Everyone else is trying to do 

4047
03:31:35,100 --> 03:31:38,100
the same thing. 
The market is flooded with 

4048
03:31:38,100 --> 03:31:40,600
desperate people selling 
everything they own. 

4049
03:31:41,399 --> 03:31:43,899
That family heirloom that might 
have been worth something in 

4050
03:31:43,899 --> 03:31:46,299
normal times. 
Now, it's competing with 

4051
03:31:46,299 --> 03:31:49,100
thousands of other family, 
heirlooms from families. 

4052
03:31:49,100 --> 03:31:52,600
Just as desperate as yours. 
The psychological impact of 

4053
03:31:52,600 --> 03:31:55,799
economic helplessness is 
devastating in your Modern Life.

4054
03:31:55,799 --> 03:31:58,899
Even if you're struggling 
financially, you probably have 

4055
03:31:58,899 --> 03:32:02,200
options, credit cards, family 
members who could help 

4056
03:32:02,200 --> 03:32:05,600
government assistance programs. 
Here you have, none of that. 

4057
03:32:05,600 --> 03:32:08,299
There's no safety. 
Net, no bailout, no stimulus 

4058
03:32:08,299 --> 03:32:10,700
package, you're watching your 
family, waste away. 

4059
03:32:10,708 --> 03:32:13,799
And there's absolutely nothing 
you can do about it because the 

4060
03:32:13,799 --> 03:32:17,500
entire economic system has 
collapsed, The truly maddening 

4061
03:32:17,500 --> 03:32:19,799
part is that this isn't a 
natural disaster in the 

4062
03:32:19,807 --> 03:32:23,100
traditional sense. 
There's food in Ireland, lots of

4063
03:32:23,100 --> 03:32:26,399
it, but it's being exported to 
pay debts and rents to English. 

4064
03:32:26,399 --> 03:32:30,100
Landlords ships, loaded with 
grain leave Irish Port every day

4065
03:32:30,100 --> 03:32:32,100
while Irish people starve on the
docks. 

4066
03:32:32,100 --> 03:32:35,399
It's like watching ambulance is 
drive past acts and victims 

4067
03:32:35,399 --> 03:32:37,799
because the victims can't afford
the right to the hospital. 

4068
03:32:37,799 --> 03:32:41,399
By now you've probably noticed 
that Society is, you know, it 

4069
03:32:41,399 --> 03:32:45,000
has completely broken down. 
What were the social norms and 

4070
03:32:45,000 --> 03:32:46,899
Customs? 
That United, your community, 

4071
03:32:46,899 --> 03:32:49,299
their dissolving fast, faster 
than sugar? 

4072
03:32:49,299 --> 03:32:51,700
In rain when survival is at 
stake. 

4073
03:32:51,700 --> 03:32:54,399
Civilization becomes a luxury 
that nobody can afford. 

4074
03:32:55,899 --> 03:32:57,899
Let's start with something. 
That would shock your modern 

4075
03:32:57,899 --> 03:33:00,899
sensibilities. 
The abandonment of the elderly. 

4076
03:33:01,600 --> 03:33:04,799
In normal times, Irish families,
took care of their grandparents 

4077
03:33:04,799 --> 03:33:07,600
and aging relatives. 
But when you're choosing between

4078
03:33:07,600 --> 03:33:11,299
feeding your children or feeding
your elderly parent, the choice 

4079
03:33:11,299 --> 03:33:14,899
becomes brutally simple. 
You find yourself participating 

4080
03:33:14,899 --> 03:33:18,299
in decisions that would have 
been Unthinkable just months 

4081
03:33:18,299 --> 03:33:21,299
ago. 
Grandpa wants a Storyteller by 

4082
03:33:21,299 --> 03:33:23,299
the fire. 
Now serves as an additional 

4083
03:33:23,299 --> 03:33:26,000
source of sustenance in a 
household where food is scarce 

4084
03:33:26,000 --> 03:33:28,700
for everyone. 
The disintegration of family 

4085
03:33:28,700 --> 03:33:32,299
structures can continue on this 
point, parents are abandoning 

4086
03:33:32,299 --> 03:33:35,799
their children, not out of 
Cruelty, but out of desperate 

4087
03:33:35,799 --> 03:33:38,200
hope that the children might 
have a better chance of survival

4088
03:33:38,200 --> 03:33:41,000
on their own. 
The local workhouse is full of 

4089
03:33:41,000 --> 03:33:43,899
children, whose parents are 
either dead or unable to care 

4090
03:33:43,899 --> 03:33:46,000
for them. 
These aren't orphans in the 

4091
03:33:46,000 --> 03:33:48,799
traditional sense, these are 
children whose families have 

4092
03:33:48,799 --> 03:33:51,600
been destroyed by circumstances 
Beyond anyone's control. 

4093
03:33:52,500 --> 03:33:55,299
Your neighbors who used to help 
with Harvest and share tools. 

4094
03:33:55,299 --> 03:33:57,200
Now, I each other with 
suspicion. 

4095
03:33:58,299 --> 03:34:00,899
Which family down the lane 
borrowed a cup of flour, last 

4096
03:34:00,899 --> 03:34:04,100
spring, they're not giving it 
back and you're not asking for 

4097
03:34:04,100 --> 03:34:05,399
it. 
Because you understand that 

4098
03:34:05,399 --> 03:34:07,899
asking for food back is 
essentially asking them to 

4099
03:34:07,899 --> 03:34:11,799
choose between your family 
survival and their own. trust 

4100
03:34:11,799 --> 03:34:15,899
which took generations to build 
in rural communities, evaporates

4101
03:34:15,899 --> 03:34:19,600
in a matter of weeks, The local 
church which used to be the 

4102
03:34:19,600 --> 03:34:22,200
center of community life is 
overwhelmed. 

4103
03:34:22,200 --> 03:34:25,700
The priest is trying to minister
to a congregation that's 

4104
03:34:25,700 --> 03:34:28,899
literally dying in front of him.
Sunday Services become 

4105
03:34:28,899 --> 03:34:32,500
increasingly Grim Affairs, where
the main topic is who died 

4106
03:34:32,500 --> 03:34:34,600
during the week and who might be
next? 

4107
03:34:35,500 --> 03:34:38,200
The Collection plate, which used
to help support the church and 

4108
03:34:38,200 --> 03:34:41,899
local charity sits empty because
nobody has anything to give 

4109
03:34:42,700 --> 03:34:46,100
crime, which was relatively 
rare, in rural Irish communities

4110
03:34:46,100 --> 03:34:49,899
becomes commonplace but we're 
not talking about sophisticated 

4111
03:34:49,899 --> 03:34:52,799
criminal Enterprise is here. 
We're talking about desperate 

4112
03:34:52,799 --> 03:34:56,000
people, doing desperate things, 
children still turnips from 

4113
03:34:56,000 --> 03:34:59,100
Fields, adults breaking into 
houses, seeking hidden food 

4114
03:34:59,100 --> 03:35:01,500
stores. 
People each other for resources,

4115
03:35:01,500 --> 03:35:03,799
that wouldn't have been worth 
stealing in normal times. 

4116
03:35:03,799 --> 03:35:07,000
A single potato becomes valuable
enough to fight over. 

4117
03:35:07,799 --> 03:35:10,700
Most heartbreaking aspect of 
social breakdown, is the loss of

4118
03:35:10,700 --> 03:35:13,399
Hope. 
In normal times, even during 

4119
03:35:13,399 --> 03:35:15,899
hardship, there was always the 
sense that things would 

4120
03:35:15,899 --> 03:35:19,500
eventually get better bad 
Harvest happened, but they were 

4121
03:35:19,500 --> 03:35:23,399
followed by good harvests. 
Economic downturns occurred, but

4122
03:35:23,399 --> 03:35:27,299
recovery usually followed during
the Great Famine that optimism 

4123
03:35:27,299 --> 03:35:30,000
disappears. 
Entirely people stopped planning

4124
03:35:30,000 --> 03:35:32,399
for the future because they're 
not sure there will be one 

4125
03:35:32,399 --> 03:35:36,299
marriage births and other 
celebrations that Mark the 

4126
03:35:36,299 --> 03:35:38,600
passage of normal life virtually
disappear. 

4127
03:35:39,399 --> 03:35:41,799
Who would plan a wedding when 
there isn't enough food for a 

4128
03:35:41,799 --> 03:35:44,799
celebration, who's going to 
bring a child into a world where

4129
03:35:44,799 --> 03:35:48,399
that child will likely starve. 
The normal rhythms of life, that

4130
03:35:48,399 --> 03:35:53,600
give meaning to human existence,
a single monotonous rhythm of 

4131
03:35:53,600 --> 03:35:57,200
searching for food. 
Education stops entirely. 

4132
03:35:58,000 --> 03:36:00,399
Children who might have been 
learning to read and write, or 

4133
03:36:00,399 --> 03:36:02,899
instead Scavenging, for anything
edible. 

4134
03:36:03,799 --> 03:36:06,600
Schools closed because teachers 
can't survive on their salaries 

4135
03:36:06,600 --> 03:36:08,700
and students are too weak to 
attend. 

4136
03:36:09,600 --> 03:36:12,399
The transmission of Knowledge 
from one generation to the next.

4137
03:36:12,399 --> 03:36:16,200
One of the fundamental functions
of human society comes to a 

4138
03:36:16,200 --> 03:36:18,899
complete halt. 
Perhaps most disturbing of all 

4139
03:36:18,899 --> 03:36:22,899
is the normalization of death. 
In your Modern Life, Death is 

4140
03:36:22,899 --> 03:36:24,700
relatively rare and always 
shocking. 

4141
03:36:25,399 --> 03:36:28,600
Death Becomes so commonplace 
during the famine that people no

4142
03:36:28,600 --> 03:36:32,200
longer react emotionally to it. 
Your emotional capacity over 

4143
03:36:32,200 --> 03:36:34,700
well as you as you walk, past 
bodies on the road. 

4144
03:36:35,600 --> 03:36:38,000
Grief becomes a luxury. 
You can't afford because you 

4145
03:36:38,000 --> 03:36:40,899
need all your emotional energy 
focused on staying alive. 

4146
03:36:40,899 --> 03:36:43,399
Let's discuss the rapid and 
horrifying. 

4147
03:36:43,399 --> 03:36:46,000
Physical deterioration, your 
body's undergoing during this 

4148
03:36:46,000 --> 03:36:49,299
prolonged starvation. 
Your body which you probably 

4149
03:36:49,299 --> 03:36:50,899
take from granted in your 
modern. 

4150
03:36:50,899 --> 03:36:54,100
Life is about to demonstrate, 
just how quickly it can turn 

4151
03:36:54,100 --> 03:36:57,100
from a reliable machine into a 
collection of failing systems. 

4152
03:36:58,000 --> 03:37:01,100
After about three weeks of 
severe malnutrition your body 

4153
03:37:01,100 --> 03:37:03,299
enters, what medical 
professionals, call starvation 

4154
03:37:03,299 --> 03:37:05,600
mode. 
Though, your ancestors had more 

4155
03:37:05,600 --> 03:37:09,200
descriptive terms for it. 
Your metabolism slows down 

4156
03:37:09,200 --> 03:37:11,500
dramatically as your body, tries
to conserve energy. 

4157
03:37:12,600 --> 03:37:15,299
Its phase sounds like it might 
be helpful, but it actually 

4158
03:37:15,299 --> 03:37:19,299
makes you feel terrible, your 
cold all the time not just 

4159
03:37:19,299 --> 03:37:22,700
chilly, but bone deep cold that?
No amount of layering can fix. 

4160
03:37:23,500 --> 03:37:26,200
You shiver all the time because 
your body no longer generates 

4161
03:37:26,200 --> 03:37:28,200
enough heat to keep you warm 
burning. 

4162
03:37:28,200 --> 03:37:31,299
Even more of the calories, you 
don't have your muscles are 

4163
03:37:31,299 --> 03:37:34,299
literally disappearing, your 
body desperate for protein 

4164
03:37:34,299 --> 03:37:36,799
starts, breaking down muscle 
tissue to feed your vital 

4165
03:37:36,799 --> 03:37:39,500
organs. 
You'll notice the change first 

4166
03:37:39,500 --> 03:37:42,600
in your arms and legs which 
become so weak that tasks. 

4167
03:37:42,600 --> 03:37:46,200
You could do easily before like,
carrying water from the well 

4168
03:37:46,200 --> 03:37:51,600
become Monumental challenges. 
Your hands Shake constantly not 

4169
03:37:51,600 --> 03:37:54,600
from nervousness but because 
your muscles no longer have the 

4170
03:37:54,600 --> 03:37:58,000
strength to remain steady. 
But here's where it gets really 

4171
03:37:58,000 --> 03:38:01,899
disturbing your body starts 
consuming itself in a specific 

4172
03:38:01,899 --> 03:38:05,299
order. 
It goes after fat first, then 

4173
03:38:05,299 --> 03:38:07,799
muscle. 
And finally, when there's 

4174
03:38:07,799 --> 03:38:10,100
nothing else left. 
It starts breaking down your 

4175
03:38:10,100 --> 03:38:13,799
organs, your heart already 
straining to pump blood through 

4176
03:38:13,799 --> 03:38:16,000
a depleted system starts to 
contract. 

4177
03:38:16,899 --> 03:38:19,899
Your liver kidneys and other 
vital organs start failing as 

4178
03:38:19,899 --> 03:38:21,799
they're literally digested by 
your body. 

4179
03:38:21,799 --> 03:38:25,899
To keep you alive for a few more
days, your skin takes on a 

4180
03:38:25,907 --> 03:38:28,799
particular appearance that 
people of the time could 

4181
03:38:28,799 --> 03:38:31,799
recognize from a distance, it 
becomes thin and translucent 

4182
03:38:31,799 --> 03:38:35,299
stretched tight over bones, that
are increasingly visible. 

4183
03:38:36,200 --> 03:38:39,899
You what looks like an elderly 
person skin regardless of your 

4184
03:38:39,899 --> 03:38:44,100
actual age, your hair falls out 
in clumps and what remains 

4185
03:38:44,100 --> 03:38:47,399
becomes brittle and colorless 
your teeth become loose in your 

4186
03:38:47,407 --> 03:38:51,200
gums and a distinct. 
Sweet sickly smell develops in 

4187
03:38:51,200 --> 03:38:53,500
your breath. 
Indicating that your body is 

4188
03:38:53,500 --> 03:38:56,200
breaking down proteins in a 
desperate attempt to survive. 

4189
03:38:57,500 --> 03:39:00,700
The swelling is perhaps the most
deceptive symptom, your legs 

4190
03:39:00,700 --> 03:39:04,399
feet and face, begin to swell 
with fluid, which might make you

4191
03:39:04,399 --> 03:39:08,299
think you're getting better. 
You're not This phenomenon is 

4192
03:39:08,299 --> 03:39:11,299
called kwashiorkor and it's a 
sign that your body's protein 

4193
03:39:11,299 --> 03:39:13,000
reserves are completely 
depleted. 

4194
03:39:13,799 --> 03:39:16,700
The swelling, makes you look 
less skeletal but it's actually 

4195
03:39:16,700 --> 03:39:19,700
a sign that you're closer to 
death, not farther from it. 

4196
03:39:20,500 --> 03:39:22,899
Your mental state deteriorates, 
along with your physical 

4197
03:39:22,899 --> 03:39:25,899
condition if you could 
understand what was happening to

4198
03:39:25,899 --> 03:39:27,700
you. 
So severe malnutrition would 

4199
03:39:27,700 --> 03:39:30,000
terrify you. 
You become irritable. 

4200
03:39:30,700 --> 03:39:34,000
Apathetic then confused. 
Simple decisions, become 

4201
03:39:34,000 --> 03:39:36,299
impossible. 
You might stand in front of your

4202
03:39:36,299 --> 03:39:39,100
door for several minutes. 
Unable to remember, whether you 

4203
03:39:39,100 --> 03:39:43,000
were going inside or outside, 
Hallucinations become common as 

4204
03:39:43,000 --> 03:39:45,700
your brain. 
Starved of glucose and essential

4205
03:39:45,700 --> 03:39:49,399
nutrients begins to malfunction.
You might see food. 

4206
03:39:49,399 --> 03:39:53,100
That isn't there, hear voices 
calling your name or experience 

4207
03:39:53,100 --> 03:39:55,399
vivid dreams that feel more real
than reality? 

4208
03:39:56,200 --> 03:39:58,500
Your ancestors thought these 
symptoms were caused by 

4209
03:39:58,500 --> 03:40:02,299
Supernatural forces because they
didn't know the brain is just 

4210
03:40:02,299 --> 03:40:04,600
another organ that fails without
nutrients. 

4211
03:40:05,500 --> 03:40:09,299
Sleep becomes both Elusive and 
your only Escape you're 

4212
03:40:09,299 --> 03:40:11,899
constantly exhausted. 
But actual, sleep is difficult 

4213
03:40:11,899 --> 03:40:15,200
because your body is in a state 
of high alert desperately 

4214
03:40:15,200 --> 03:40:18,100
searching for resources. 
When you do sleep. 

4215
03:40:18,100 --> 03:40:22,200
You dream almost exclusively 
about food, not just any food 

4216
03:40:22,200 --> 03:40:25,200
but specific meals. 
You remember from better times 

4217
03:40:25,200 --> 03:40:28,200
you wake up feeling worse than 
when you went to sleep because 

4218
03:40:28,200 --> 03:40:30,100
the dream was so different from 
reality. 

4219
03:40:30,100 --> 03:40:33,299
Your immune system already, 
compromised stops functioning 

4220
03:40:33,299 --> 03:40:37,500
entirely minor Cuts refused to 
heal and often become infected. 

4221
03:40:37,500 --> 03:40:41,100
A simple cold which might have 
been a minor inconvenience in 

4222
03:40:41,100 --> 03:40:44,000
your modern life becomes life. 
Threatening your body has no 

4223
03:40:44,000 --> 03:40:47,000
resources left to fight off. 
Even the most basic infections, 

4224
03:40:47,000 --> 03:40:51,200
the final stage is something 
called terminal starvation, and 

4225
03:40:51,200 --> 03:40:54,100
it's exactly. 
As pleasant as it sounds, your 

4226
03:40:54,100 --> 03:40:56,399
body temperature drops to 
dangerous levels, your heart 

4227
03:40:56,399 --> 03:41:00,200
rate becomes a regular you slip 
in and out of Consciousness at 

4228
03:41:00,200 --> 03:41:02,000
this point. 
Even if food suddenly became 

4229
03:41:02,000 --> 03:41:05,200
available, your digestive system
might not be able to process it.

4230
03:41:05,500 --> 03:41:08,200
People who survived until the 
very end of the family and 

4231
03:41:08,200 --> 03:41:10,200
sometimes died from receding 
syndrome. 

4232
03:41:10,200 --> 03:41:12,799
Their bodies could not handle 
the shock of suddenly having 

4233
03:41:12,799 --> 03:41:15,799
adequate nutrition again. 
So, here you are having survived

4234
03:41:15,799 --> 03:41:17,899
longer than you probably should 
have in this historical 

4235
03:41:17,899 --> 03:41:20,299
Nightmare and you're beginning 
to understand something. 

4236
03:41:20,299 --> 03:41:22,899
That's statistics and history 
books can't really convey. 

4237
03:41:23,799 --> 03:41:26,600
The Great Famine wasn't just a 
period of food shortage. 

4238
03:41:26,600 --> 03:41:29,000
It was a complete collapse of 
human society. 

4239
03:41:29,000 --> 03:41:33,100
A breakdown of everything that 
makes life worth living and a 

4240
03:41:33,100 --> 03:41:36,600
demonstration of how quickly 
civilization can disappear when 

4241
03:41:36,600 --> 03:41:40,000
survival becomes the only 
priority You've learned that 

4242
03:41:40,000 --> 03:41:43,000
starvation isn't just about 
being hungry, it's about 

4243
03:41:43,000 --> 03:41:45,299
watching your body consume 
itself, while your mind. 

4244
03:41:45,299 --> 03:41:49,200
Slowly disconnects from reality,
you've discovered, that thirst 

4245
03:41:49,200 --> 03:41:52,399
can be more dangerous than 
hunger when clean water doesn't 

4246
03:41:52,399 --> 03:41:55,299
exist. 
You've experienced the horror of

4247
03:41:55,307 --> 03:41:58,000
economic helplessness in a 
system designed to extract 

4248
03:41:58,000 --> 03:42:01,200
wealth from the poorest people 
during their most vulnerable 

4249
03:42:01,200 --> 03:42:04,200
moments. 
Most importantly, you've 

4250
03:42:04,200 --> 03:42:07,200
witnessed the complete breakdown
of social structures that took 

4251
03:42:07,200 --> 03:42:10,399
centuries to develop. 
You've seen families, torn 

4252
03:42:10,399 --> 03:42:14,299
apart, community's destroyed and
individuals reduce to their most

4253
03:42:14,299 --> 03:42:18,200
basic survival instincts. 
You've participated in decisions

4254
03:42:18,200 --> 03:42:20,500
that would have been morally, 
Unthinkable, in normal times. 

4255
03:42:20,500 --> 03:42:24,100
And you've understood that 
morality itself becomes a luxury

4256
03:42:24,100 --> 03:42:27,700
during existential crises. 
The truly disturbing 

4257
03:42:27,700 --> 03:42:29,799
realization. 
Is that nothing about your 

4258
03:42:29,799 --> 03:42:32,600
situation was inevitable. 
Throughout the famine. 

4259
03:42:32,600 --> 03:42:35,399
Food remained in Ireland, 
destined for export to cover 

4260
03:42:35,399 --> 03:42:39,600
rents and debts over to English.
Landlords ships, loaded with 

4261
03:42:39,600 --> 03:42:43,500
grain left Irish ports, while 
Irish people starved on the 

4262
03:42:43,500 --> 03:42:45,700
docks. 
The British government had the 

4263
03:42:45,700 --> 03:42:49,399
resources to provide adequate 
relief, but chose not to because

4264
03:42:49,399 --> 03:42:52,700
of ideological beliefs about 
free markets and Irish racial 

4265
03:42:52,700 --> 03:42:56,200
inferiority. 
Your suffering wasn't caused by 

4266
03:42:56,200 --> 03:42:59,500
natural disaster alone. 
It was the result of human 

4267
03:42:59,500 --> 03:43:02,200
decisions made by people who 
could have chosen differently. 

4268
03:43:03,100 --> 03:43:04,799
This incident brings up 
uncomfortable. 

4269
03:43:04,799 --> 03:43:06,500
Questions about your own time, 
period. 

4270
03:43:06,500 --> 03:43:09,399
How many preventable disasters 
are happening right now? 

4271
03:43:09,399 --> 03:43:13,500
While people with the power to 
help choose not to people with 

4272
03:43:13,500 --> 03:43:15,500
adequate resources, made 
different choices. 

4273
03:43:15,500 --> 03:43:18,700
How many famines epidemics and 
social collapses? 

4274
03:43:18,700 --> 03:43:22,399
Could we prevent The Great 
Famine wasn't ancient tragedy. 

4275
03:43:22,399 --> 03:43:26,399
It happened in the modern era 
during the Industrial Revolution

4276
03:43:26,399 --> 03:43:28,899
and one of the wealthiest 
Empires and human history. 

4277
03:43:28,899 --> 03:43:31,899
You've also learned something 
about human resilience, that's 

4278
03:43:31,899 --> 03:43:35,500
both inspiring and terrifying. 
Some people survive conditions 

4279
03:43:35,500 --> 03:43:38,500
that should have been fatal, 
they endured months of 

4280
03:43:38,500 --> 03:43:43,799
starvation disease, social 
breakdown and cycle trauma, then

4281
03:43:43,799 --> 03:43:46,200
somehow found the strength to 
rebuild their lives. 

4282
03:43:46,200 --> 03:43:49,500
The fact that you're reading 
this story means that at least 

4283
03:43:49,500 --> 03:43:54,200
some of your ancestors survived 
famines plagues Wars and other 

4284
03:43:54,200 --> 03:43:56,500
disasters that killed millions 
of their contemporaries. 

4285
03:43:56,500 --> 03:43:59,600
That survival came at a cost. 
That's difficult to calculate. 

4286
03:44:00,700 --> 03:44:03,200
The trauma of the Great Famine 
was passed down through 

4287
03:44:03,200 --> 03:44:06,799
generations families, that 
survived developed, behaviors 

4288
03:44:06,799 --> 03:44:10,700
and attitudes about food, money 
and security that persisted for 

4289
03:44:10,700 --> 03:44:13,700
decades. 
Famine destroyed social trust, 

4290
03:44:13,700 --> 03:44:15,799
which took generations to 
rebuild. 

4291
03:44:16,500 --> 03:44:19,899
The economic systems that fail 
during the crisis were replaced 

4292
03:44:19,899 --> 03:44:22,700
by new systems that carried 
their forms of Injustice and 

4293
03:44:22,700 --> 03:44:25,799
vulnerability. 
The emigration that resulted 

4294
03:44:25,799 --> 03:44:27,200
from the famine changed the 
world. 

4295
03:44:27,200 --> 03:44:30,799
Millions of Irish immigrants, 
took their skills and Trauma to 

4296
03:44:30,807 --> 03:44:33,700
America, Australia and 
elsewhere, Irish American 

4297
03:44:33,700 --> 03:44:37,600
culture with its emphasis on 
family loyalty, political 

4298
03:44:37,600 --> 03:44:41,299
organization, and suspicion of 
authority was shaped by the 

4299
03:44:41,299 --> 03:44:45,299
famine experience, the global 
Irish diaspora exists because 

4300
03:44:45,299 --> 03:44:47,399
staying in Ireland meant death, 
for many families. 

4301
03:44:48,299 --> 03:44:50,600
As you contemplate your 
hypothetical day, during the 

4302
03:44:50,600 --> 03:44:53,600
Great Famine, you might wonder 
what lessons apply to your 

4303
03:44:53,600 --> 03:44:56,299
actual life. 
Perhaps, it's an appreciation 

4304
03:44:56,299 --> 03:45:00,000
for the fragility of the systems
that keep you fed household and 

4305
03:45:00,000 --> 03:45:02,600
healthy perhaps. 
It's an understanding that 

4306
03:45:02,600 --> 03:45:05,600
individual survival often 
depends on social cooperation 

4307
03:45:05,600 --> 03:45:08,600
and mutual Aid. 
Perhaps it's a recognition that 

4308
03:45:08,600 --> 03:45:11,299
government policies and economic
systems, have life and death 

4309
03:45:11,307 --> 03:45:12,899
consequences for ordinary 
people. 

4310
03:45:12,899 --> 03:45:17,100
Or perhaps the lesson is simpler
that human beings are capable of

4311
03:45:17,100 --> 03:45:20,399
enduring almost unimaginable 
hardship, but they shouldn't 

4312
03:45:20,399 --> 03:45:23,799
have to many of the calamities 
occurring in the world. 

4313
03:45:23,799 --> 03:45:26,899
Today could have been avoided. 
Just as the Great Famine, was 

4314
03:45:26,899 --> 03:45:29,600
the difference between 
catastrophe and Recovery. 

4315
03:45:29,600 --> 03:45:32,299
Often comes down to whether 
people with power choose to help

4316
03:45:32,299 --> 03:45:34,100
or to ignore the suffering of 
others. 

4317
03:45:34,100 --> 03:45:36,500
Your day. 
During the Great Famine is over,

4318
03:45:36,500 --> 03:45:38,799
and you can return to your 
Modern Life with its 

4319
03:45:38,799 --> 03:45:42,200
refrigerators. 
Clean water, social safety nets,

4320
03:45:42,200 --> 03:45:45,399
and Medical Care. 
Somewhere in the world. 

4321
03:45:45,399 --> 03:45:48,100
People are still facing the 
choice between impossible 

4322
03:45:48,100 --> 03:45:50,100
options, still watching their 
children. 

4323
03:45:50,100 --> 03:45:54,100
Go hungry while food exists that
they can't afford to buy still 

4324
03:45:54,100 --> 03:45:56,799
struggling against systems 
designed to extract wealth from 

4325
03:45:56,799 --> 03:46:01,000
those who have the least. 
The Great Famine ended but the 

4326
03:46:01,008 --> 03:46:02,500
conditions that made it 
possible. 

4327
03:46:03,399 --> 03:46:07,399
Extreme inequality, Colonial 
exploitation an ideological 

4328
03:46:07,399 --> 03:46:10,500
blindness to human suffering, 
did not disappear from the 

4329
03:46:10,500 --> 03:46:14,299
world. 
Your hypothetical day in 1847 is

4330
03:46:14,299 --> 03:46:17,100
over, but for millions of people
around the world that they 

4331
03:46:17,100 --> 03:46:20,200
continues, How do you plan to 
address this issue? 

4332
03:46:23,700 --> 03:46:26,899
Picture this, you're settling 
into your favorite chair after a

4333
03:46:26,899 --> 03:46:30,100
long day, maybe with a warm cup 
of tea steaming beside you. 

4334
03:46:30,100 --> 03:46:34,000
Now, imagine if instead of 
relaxing your feet suddenly 

4335
03:46:34,000 --> 03:46:37,600
decided they had other plans 
entirely Not just a little 

4336
03:46:37,608 --> 03:46:40,600
restless leg syndrome. 
Mind you, but full-blown, can't 

4337
03:46:40,600 --> 03:46:42,000
stop. 
Won't Stop Dancing. 

4338
03:46:42,000 --> 03:46:44,899
That's essentially what happened
to the good people of 

4339
03:46:44,899 --> 03:46:47,500
Strasbourg. 
In July 1518, though, they 

4340
03:46:47,500 --> 03:46:50,799
didn't have the luxury of 
calling it quirky It started 

4341
03:46:50,799 --> 03:46:54,200
with Fowler a woman whose name 
has echoed through history for 

4342
03:46:54,200 --> 03:46:57,100
all the wrong reasons, on a 
perfectly ordinary summer 

4343
03:46:57,100 --> 03:46:58,700
morning. 
She stepped out of her 

4344
03:46:58,700 --> 03:47:02,399
half-timbered house onto the 
cobblestones of Strasbourg and 

4345
03:47:02,399 --> 03:47:05,299
began to dance. 
Her dancing was not the kind you

4346
03:47:05,299 --> 03:47:08,200
might do at a wedding after a 
few glasses of wine, but an 

4347
03:47:08,200 --> 03:47:11,100
urgent desperate kind of 
movement that seemed to possess 

4348
03:47:11,100 --> 03:47:15,299
her entire being You have to 
understand this wasn't 

4349
03:47:15,299 --> 03:47:16,700
Renaissance. 
Flash mob material. 

4350
03:47:17,899 --> 03:47:20,299
Danced as if her life relied on 
it. 

4351
03:47:20,299 --> 03:47:25,000
And in fact, it did Her feet 
moved in patterns that made no 

4352
03:47:25,000 --> 03:47:27,799
musical sense. 
And her arms flailed in rhythms 

4353
03:47:27,799 --> 03:47:29,200
that belong to know Earthly 
song. 

4354
03:47:30,600 --> 03:47:33,399
The townspeople gathered around 
her initially amused. 

4355
03:47:33,399 --> 03:47:36,700
After all, who doesn't enjoy a 
bit of unexpected Street 

4356
03:47:36,700 --> 03:47:41,000
Entertainment. but as the hours 
ticked by their smiles, began to

4357
03:47:41,000 --> 03:47:45,200
fade, like in the rain, Faucet 
dancing. 

4358
03:47:46,000 --> 03:47:48,700
During the midday heat. 
When sensible people sought 

4359
03:47:48,700 --> 03:47:52,000
shade and cool drinks for our 
trophy can continue to dance 

4360
03:47:52,000 --> 03:47:55,200
during the dinner hour. 
The aroma of roasted meat and 

4361
03:47:55,200 --> 03:47:57,500
fresh bread, should have 
beckoned any sensible individual

4362
03:47:57,500 --> 03:48:00,200
home during the evening. 
Her feet should have been 

4363
03:48:00,200 --> 03:48:02,899
expressing gratitude for her 
decision to finally sit down. 

4364
03:48:03,799 --> 03:48:06,000
The cobblestones beneath her 
feet told their story. 

4365
03:48:06,000 --> 03:48:09,200
One Smooth by centuries of 
cartwheels and horses. 

4366
03:48:09,200 --> 03:48:13,500
Now witnessed to this strange, 
new Rhythm, you can almost hear 

4367
03:48:13,500 --> 03:48:15,500
them. 
Those ancient Stones Whispering 

4368
03:48:15,500 --> 03:48:18,200
among themselves about this 
peculiar turn of events. 

4369
03:48:18,899 --> 03:48:23,700
They'd seen plague and War feast
and famine, but never anything 

4370
03:48:23,700 --> 03:48:27,500
quite like this. 
By Nightfall for our trophy was 

4371
03:48:27,500 --> 03:48:30,200
still moving though. 
Her dance and transformed from 

4372
03:48:30,200 --> 03:48:33,500
something, almost graceful, and 
does something more akin to a 

4373
03:48:33,500 --> 03:48:36,799
marionette with tangled strings.
Her neighbors brought her water,

4374
03:48:36,799 --> 03:48:39,100
which she drank without stopping
her movement. 

4375
03:48:39,100 --> 03:48:42,200
They offered food, which she 
barely managed to consume 

4376
03:48:42,200 --> 03:48:45,500
between steps, they pleaded with
her to rest, but she seemed as 

4377
03:48:45,508 --> 03:48:47,500
unable to stop. 
As you might be unable to stop 

4378
03:48:47,500 --> 03:48:50,399
breathing. 
The local Authority scratched 

4379
03:48:50,399 --> 03:48:53,200
their heads and consulted, their
limited medical knowledge. 

4380
03:48:54,000 --> 03:48:56,899
Perhaps it was a fever, they 
reasoned fevers could make 

4381
03:48:56,907 --> 03:49:00,600
people act strangely. 
But rather Faye showed no signs 

4382
03:49:00,600 --> 03:49:02,299
of illness. 
Beyond this compulsive movement.

4383
03:49:02,299 --> 03:49:05,899
Her skin wasn't flushed. 
Her eyes weren't glassy. 

4384
03:49:05,899 --> 03:49:08,100
She simply could not stop 
dancing. 

4385
03:49:09,299 --> 03:49:12,100
As you lie there, tonight, 
comfortable in your bed. 

4386
03:49:12,100 --> 03:49:15,500
Imagine the bewilderment of 
those medieval Minds trying to 

4387
03:49:15,508 --> 03:49:19,000
process this impossibility. 
They lived in a world where 

4388
03:49:19,000 --> 03:49:23,200
everything had a place and a 
purpose cows gave milk chickens 

4389
03:49:23,200 --> 03:49:26,200
laid eggs and people danced only
when there was music and 

4390
03:49:26,200 --> 03:49:29,000
merriment. 
But here was Frau trophy. 

4391
03:49:30,000 --> 03:49:32,600
The natural order with every 
unwilling step. 

4392
03:49:33,500 --> 03:49:36,700
The nightwatchman took turns 
observing her partly out of 

4393
03:49:36,708 --> 03:49:39,100
concern and partly out of morbid
fascination. 

4394
03:49:40,100 --> 03:49:42,399
They'd seen plenty of odd 
things, during their midnight 

4395
03:49:42,399 --> 03:49:47,100
rounds, drunken revelries, that 
lasted too long lovers quarrels,

4396
03:49:47,100 --> 03:49:50,100
that spilled into the streets 
and the occasional Sleepwalker, 

4397
03:49:50,100 --> 03:49:51,799
stumbling about in their night 
clothes. 

4398
03:49:52,899 --> 03:49:55,399
But nothing had prepared them 
for the sight of a middle-aged 

4399
03:49:55,399 --> 03:49:57,399
woman dancing alone under the 
stars. 

4400
03:49:57,399 --> 03:50:01,100
Her Shadow performing, an 
endless exhausting ballet on the

4401
03:50:01,108 --> 03:50:04,600
moonlit Stones as Dawn 
approached bringing with it the 

4402
03:50:04,600 --> 03:50:07,399
promise of a new day for our 
trophy was still dancing. 

4403
03:50:07,399 --> 03:50:12,399
Her movement had slowed but they
hadn't stopped it was as if some

4404
03:50:12,399 --> 03:50:14,899
invisible Puppeteer had taken 
control of her strings and 

4405
03:50:14,899 --> 03:50:17,700
forgotten how to let go. 
Now, you might assume that the 

4406
03:50:17,700 --> 03:50:20,500
sensible citizens of stress book
would have shunned for after 

4407
03:50:20,500 --> 03:50:22,700
Fair after witnessing her 
bizarre, predicament for a full 

4408
03:50:22,708 --> 03:50:25,899
day and night. 
You'd be wrong of course because

4409
03:50:25,899 --> 03:50:28,100
people have always been 
magnetically drawn to the 

4410
03:50:28,100 --> 03:50:31,799
inexplicable like moths to a 
particularly puzzling flame 

4411
03:50:31,799 --> 03:50:35,600
instead of backing away, small 
crowds began to gather regularly

4412
03:50:35,600 --> 03:50:38,600
around for air. 
They brought their morning bread

4413
03:50:38,600 --> 03:50:41,100
and ate it. 
While watching her dance, they 

4414
03:50:41,100 --> 03:50:44,200
discussed her condition over 
their midday meals, gesturing 

4415
03:50:44,200 --> 03:50:47,200
with chicken legs and chunks of 
cheese, they turned her 

4416
03:50:47,200 --> 03:50:49,500
suffering into a form of 
communal entertainment. 

4417
03:50:49,500 --> 03:50:52,500
Although none of them would have
openly acknowledged it in those 

4418
03:50:52,500 --> 03:50:55,799
exact terms. 
This is where the story takes a 

4419
03:50:55,799 --> 03:50:56,700
turn. 
That would make even the most 

4420
03:50:56,700 --> 03:50:58,799
creative screenwriter, pause, 
and reconsider. 

4421
03:50:59,899 --> 03:51:03,500
Within a week of Frau trays 
first and voluntary step, others

4422
03:51:03,500 --> 03:51:05,899
began to join her, not 
voluntarily. 

4423
03:51:05,899 --> 03:51:08,299
You understand? 
These were not copycat dancers 

4424
03:51:08,299 --> 03:51:11,100
or attention Seekers. 
These were Ordinary People Who 

4425
03:51:11,100 --> 03:51:13,299
suddenly found their feet, 
betraying them in the most 

4426
03:51:13,299 --> 03:51:16,100
extraordinary way. 
Hands. 

4427
03:51:16,100 --> 03:51:19,299
The baker was kneading dough. 
When it started his hands which 

4428
03:51:19,299 --> 03:51:21,799
had shaped thousands of loaves 
with methodical Precision, 

4429
03:51:21,799 --> 03:51:24,200
suddenly began. 
Moving to a different rhythm 

4430
03:51:25,000 --> 03:51:27,700
Before he knew it, his whole 
body had joined the dance. 

4431
03:51:27,700 --> 03:51:31,399
Leaving behind a kitchen, full 
of half-formed bread and a wife 

4432
03:51:31,407 --> 03:51:33,700
who thought he'd finally succumb
to the summer heat. 

4433
03:51:34,700 --> 03:51:38,299
Greta the Weaver abandoned her 
Loom, mid thread when her feet 

4434
03:51:38,299 --> 03:51:41,000
decided, they had more important
things to do than operate. 

4435
03:51:41,000 --> 03:51:42,700
The pedals in their usual, 
measured way. 

4436
03:51:43,799 --> 03:51:46,200
The half finished cloth remained
stretched on the frame for 

4437
03:51:46,200 --> 03:51:47,899
weeks, a testament to the 
moment. 

4438
03:51:47,899 --> 03:51:50,200
When normal life simply stopped 
making sense. 

4439
03:51:51,100 --> 03:51:52,600
You can picture the scene, can't
you? 

4440
03:51:53,799 --> 03:51:56,399
The Town Square that had once 
been a place of orderly Commerce

4441
03:51:56,399 --> 03:52:00,399
vendors, Hawking, their Wares, 
children playing simple games, 

4442
03:52:00,399 --> 03:52:04,100
Merchants, negotiating deals 
transformed into something, 

4443
03:52:04,100 --> 03:52:08,000
resembling a fever dream. except
the fever seemed to be catching 

4444
03:52:08,000 --> 03:52:12,000
spreading from person to person 
like a yawn in A Worn Out 

4445
03:52:12,008 --> 03:52:15,100
congregation The dancing wasn't 
Beautiful Mind you. 

4446
03:52:15,100 --> 03:52:18,399
This wasn't some spontaneous 
celebration of life and joy. 

4447
03:52:19,600 --> 03:52:23,200
The dancers moved with a 
desperate urgency, their faces 

4448
03:52:23,200 --> 03:52:25,200
etched with exhaustion and 
confusion. 

4449
03:52:25,200 --> 03:52:28,299
The clothes became tattered from
the constant motion. 

4450
03:52:28,299 --> 03:52:31,399
Their shoes were thin against 
the unforgiving, cobblestones 

4451
03:52:31,399 --> 03:52:35,600
some dance, to their feet. 
Played leaving small red marks 

4452
03:52:35,600 --> 03:52:40,299
on the stones like some Macabre 
breadcrumb Trail The local 

4453
03:52:40,299 --> 03:52:41,799
Physicians were summoned 
naturally. 

4454
03:52:41,799 --> 03:52:44,899
These learned men arrived with 
their leather satchels, full of 

4455
03:52:44,899 --> 03:52:48,100
mysterious remedies and their 
heads full of medieval medical 

4456
03:52:48,100 --> 03:52:50,399
wisdom. 
They observed the dancers with 

4457
03:52:50,399 --> 03:52:53,200
the same intensity, you might 
observe a puzzle that's missing.

4458
03:52:53,200 --> 03:52:56,899
Several crucial pieces. 
They took notes, they consulted 

4459
03:52:56,899 --> 03:52:59,799
their texts and they stroked 
their beards thoughtfully. 

4460
03:53:00,600 --> 03:53:03,399
Their diagnosis, when it came 
reflected, the medical 

4461
03:53:03,399 --> 03:53:06,700
understanding of the time, they 
declared that the dancers had a 

4462
03:53:06,708 --> 03:53:10,200
condition known as hot blood. 
Therefore, the solution was to 

4463
03:53:10,200 --> 03:53:13,000
encourage more dancing and until
the heat dissipated from their 

4464
03:53:13,000 --> 03:53:15,399
systems. 
It was rather like suggesting 

4465
03:53:15,399 --> 03:53:17,899
that someone with hiccups should
hiccup more vigorously until 

4466
03:53:17,899 --> 03:53:20,899
they stopped, but it seemed 
logical within the framework of 

4467
03:53:20,899 --> 03:53:24,200
16th century medicine. 
Therefore, the authorities 

4468
03:53:24,200 --> 03:53:27,799
Guided by their immense wisdom, 
chose to combat the issue 

4469
03:53:27,799 --> 03:53:30,100
head-on. 
They hired musicians to play for

4470
03:53:30,100 --> 03:53:33,100
the dancers reasoning, that 
proper music might help regulate

4471
03:53:33,100 --> 03:53:36,200
their chaotic movements. 
They cleared larger spaces for 

4472
03:53:36,200 --> 03:53:39,299
the dancing moving Market, 
stalls, redirecting, cart 

4473
03:53:39,299 --> 03:53:41,700
traffic. 
They even built a stage thinking

4474
03:53:41,700 --> 03:53:44,299
that perhaps the dance was would
feel more dignified performing 

4475
03:53:44,299 --> 03:53:47,399
on an elevated platform. 
The irony would have been 

4476
03:53:47,399 --> 03:53:49,200
delicious if it weren't so 
tragic. 

4477
03:53:50,000 --> 03:53:53,200
Instead of curing, the dances 
the music and attention seemed 

4478
03:53:53,200 --> 03:53:55,799
to attract more victims. 
The dancing seemed to have 

4479
03:53:55,799 --> 03:53:59,500
transformed into a seductive 
Melody appealing to a profound 

4480
03:53:59,500 --> 03:54:03,000
concealed fragility within the 
human soul by the end of the 

4481
03:54:03,000 --> 03:54:05,700
second week. 
Nearly 40 people were dancing in

4482
03:54:05,700 --> 03:54:08,299
the streets of Strasbourg. 
Their individual rhythms 

4483
03:54:08,299 --> 03:54:11,799
creating a chaotic Symphony of 
movement, The families of the 

4484
03:54:11,799 --> 03:54:14,700
dancers, tried everything, they 
could think of, they brought 

4485
03:54:14,708 --> 03:54:18,000
favorite foods hoping to tempt, 
their loved ones to stop and eat

4486
03:54:18,008 --> 03:54:21,299
properly. 
They Carried chairs and stools 

4487
03:54:21,299 --> 03:54:23,500
placing them hopefully in the 
dancers paths. 

4488
03:54:23,500 --> 03:54:26,799
They also brought pillows and 
blankets, believing that if they

4489
03:54:26,799 --> 03:54:29,600
could persuade, the dancers to 
take a moment's rest, the spell 

4490
03:54:29,600 --> 03:54:31,899
might be broken. 
But nothing worked. 

4491
03:54:31,899 --> 03:54:36,299
The dancers danced on day and 
night their movements becoming 

4492
03:54:36,299 --> 03:54:38,100
more frantic as their body's 
grew weaker. 

4493
03:54:38,100 --> 03:54:42,399
It was like watching people 
slowly drown in are struggling 

4494
03:54:42,399 --> 03:54:44,200
against an invisible. 
Current that only. 

4495
03:54:44,200 --> 03:54:47,700
They could feel by the third 
week of this peculiar epidemic 

4496
03:54:47,700 --> 03:54:50,500
the city of Strasbourg had 
transformed into something 

4497
03:54:50,500 --> 03:54:54,200
unrecognizable You know, how far
familiar room can suddenly feel 

4498
03:54:54,200 --> 03:54:55,899
strange. 
When you move just one piece of 

4499
03:54:55,899 --> 03:54:59,500
furniture. 
Well, imagine and entire city, 

4500
03:54:59,500 --> 03:55:02,000
where the fundamental rules of 
human behavior had been 

4501
03:55:02,000 --> 03:55:05,600
Rewritten overnight. 
The marketplace, which it 

4502
03:55:05,600 --> 03:55:08,299
operated according to centuries,
old rhythms of buying and 

4503
03:55:08,299 --> 03:55:10,299
selling. 
Now, resembled something between

4504
03:55:10,299 --> 03:55:13,500
a medical ward and a carnival. 
Even in the face of 

4505
03:55:13,500 --> 03:55:16,100
impossibility vendors still set 
up their stalls each morning, 

4506
03:55:16,100 --> 03:55:19,399
but their attention was divided 
between their Wares and the 

4507
03:55:19,407 --> 03:55:22,299
growing number of dancers who 
wove between the displays like 

4508
03:55:22,299 --> 03:55:26,200
exhausted ghosts. children, who 
had initially found the whole 

4509
03:55:26,200 --> 03:55:30,000
spectacle entertaining, began to
grow frightened There's 

4510
03:55:30,000 --> 03:55:32,200
something unsettling about, 
seeing adults lose control, 

4511
03:55:32,200 --> 03:55:35,600
especially when those adults, 
include your neighbor's, your 

4512
03:55:35,600 --> 03:55:38,200
teacher, or your aunt. 
Who always remember your 

4513
03:55:38,200 --> 03:55:41,500
birthday? 
The dancing had crossed the line

4514
03:55:41,500 --> 03:55:44,000
from Curious novelty to 
something darker and more 

4515
03:55:44,000 --> 03:55:47,000
threatening. the dancers 
themselves had begun to show 

4516
03:55:47,000 --> 03:55:50,600
serious signs of wear their 
clothes hung in tatters, their 

4517
03:55:50,600 --> 03:55:54,500
faces, gaunt, from exhaustion, 
and irregular eating Some had 

4518
03:55:54,500 --> 03:55:57,799
collapsed and been carried home,
only to rise and begin dancing 

4519
03:55:57,799 --> 03:55:59,100
again. 
As soon as they regained 

4520
03:55:59,100 --> 03:56:02,399
consciousness. 
It was as if rest only stored up

4521
03:56:02,399 --> 03:56:06,399
energy for more frantic movement
Maria, the seamstress developed 

4522
03:56:06,399 --> 03:56:08,100
a particularly heartbreaking 
pathan. 

4523
03:56:08,100 --> 03:56:11,700
She would dance for hours then 
suddenly stop mid-step and look 

4524
03:56:11,700 --> 03:56:15,000
around with clear confused eyes 
as if waking from a dream. 

4525
03:56:15,000 --> 03:56:18,399
She would recognize her 
surroundings call out to friends

4526
03:56:18,399 --> 03:56:21,299
and family and even sit down for
a few minutes to drink water or 

4527
03:56:21,299 --> 03:56:24,200
nibble bread. 
Then just as suddenly the 

4528
03:56:24,200 --> 03:56:27,100
compulsion would return and she 
would leap to her feet and 

4529
03:56:27,100 --> 03:56:30,700
resumed her endless dance. 
These moments of clarity made 

4530
03:56:30,700 --> 03:56:32,500
the condition even more 
disturbing. 

4531
03:56:32,500 --> 03:56:36,100
It wasn't Madness in any 
traditional sense, the dancers 

4532
03:56:36,100 --> 03:56:39,100
knew what was happening to them,
they simply couldn't stop it. 

4533
03:56:40,100 --> 03:56:42,000
Imagine being trapped in your 
own body. 

4534
03:56:42,000 --> 03:56:44,200
Watching yourself perform 
actions. 

4535
03:56:44,200 --> 03:56:47,500
You never chose to perform like 
being a passenger in a vehicle 

4536
03:56:47,500 --> 03:56:49,100
who steering wheel. 
You can't reach. 

4537
03:56:50,000 --> 03:56:53,200
The city's records kept by 
meticulous scribes, who 

4538
03:56:53,200 --> 03:56:56,899
documented everything from grain
prices to weather patterns began

4539
03:56:56,899 --> 03:57:00,600
to read like something from a 
fever dream item, the dancing 

4540
03:57:00,600 --> 03:57:04,799
sickness continues item Johan, 
the Cooper joined the dancers 

4541
03:57:04,799 --> 03:57:08,100
this morning item. 
The musicians have been paid for

4542
03:57:08,100 --> 03:57:11,899
another week of play in item. 
Three more dancers collapsed 

4543
03:57:11,899 --> 03:57:15,600
today, but resumed upon waking, 
You have to admire those record.

4544
03:57:15,600 --> 03:57:18,600
Keepers, really faced with 
something completely outside 

4545
03:57:18,600 --> 03:57:21,100
their experience. 
They did what bureaucrats have 

4546
03:57:21,100 --> 03:57:24,000
always done, they wrote it down 
carefully, and hoped someone 

4547
03:57:24,000 --> 03:57:25,399
else would figure out what it 
all meant. 

4548
03:57:25,399 --> 03:57:28,200
The religious authorities. 
Meanwhile were having 

4549
03:57:28,200 --> 03:57:30,799
theological debate, that would 
have been fascinating if they 

4550
03:57:30,799 --> 03:57:34,100
were so urgent. 
Was this Divine punishment for 

4551
03:57:34,100 --> 03:57:38,000
some collective sin? 
The test of faith was this a 

4552
03:57:38,000 --> 03:57:41,299
manifestation of malevolent 
spirits Different priests 

4553
03:57:41,299 --> 03:57:43,700
offered different 
interpretations and their 

4554
03:57:43,700 --> 03:57:47,299
congregations split accordingly,
some organized prayer, vigils 

4555
03:57:47,299 --> 03:57:50,799
others called for public 
confessions and a few suggested 

4556
03:57:50,799 --> 03:57:53,299
that perhaps God was simply 
enjoying some Cosmic 

4557
03:57:53,299 --> 03:57:57,299
entertainment at human expense. 
The dancers themselves became 

4558
03:57:57,299 --> 03:58:00,299
unwilling celebrities. 
People traveled from neighboring

4559
03:58:00,299 --> 03:58:03,600
towns to witness the phenomenon 
turning strassberg into an 

4560
03:58:03,600 --> 03:58:07,600
accidental tourist, destination.
Merchants arrive to sell food 

4561
03:58:07,600 --> 03:58:10,399
and trinkets to the crowds 
street performers. 

4562
03:58:10,399 --> 03:58:12,299
Came to compete for attention 
though. 

4563
03:58:12,299 --> 03:58:14,899
Their conventional acts seemed 
almost quaint compared to the 

4564
03:58:14,899 --> 03:58:16,600
desperate dancing. 
Happening all around the 

4565
03:58:17,700 --> 03:58:21,200
However, the locals were growing
tired of the novelty living in 

4566
03:58:21,200 --> 03:58:24,200
the middle of an ongoing crisis,
has a way of exhausting even the

4567
03:58:24,200 --> 03:58:27,200
most patient communities. 
Families were disrupted 

4568
03:58:27,200 --> 03:58:30,500
businesses, struggled to 
function normally and everyone 

4569
03:58:30,500 --> 03:58:33,100
walked around with the nervous 
energy of people waiting for the

4570
03:58:33,100 --> 03:58:36,600
other shoe to drop. 
Except in this case the shoes 

4571
03:58:36,600 --> 03:58:40,700
never stopped moving. 
The dancers families organized 

4572
03:58:40,700 --> 03:58:42,700
themselves into an informal 
support network. 

4573
03:58:42,700 --> 03:58:46,899
They took turns bringing food 
and water alternated in watching

4574
03:58:46,899 --> 03:58:49,500
over their Afflicted. 
Relatives and shared the burden 

4575
03:58:49,500 --> 03:58:51,899
of worry, that comes from 
loving, someone who is slowly 

4576
03:58:51,899 --> 03:58:55,299
wearing themselves down. 
It was Community Care, born from

4577
03:58:55,299 --> 03:58:59,000
desperation, but it was 
beautiful in its way some of the

4578
03:58:59,000 --> 03:59:01,600
dancers had begun to develop 
their own individual styles. 

4579
03:59:02,299 --> 03:59:05,600
Otto, the blacksmith danced with
heavy rhythmic movements, that 

4580
03:59:05,600 --> 03:59:09,600
echoed his hammering, motions at
the forge Liesel, the baker's 

4581
03:59:09,600 --> 03:59:11,700
daughter. 
Spun and twisted as if needing 

4582
03:59:11,700 --> 03:59:15,299
invisible dough their bodies. 
Even in the grip of this strange

4583
03:59:15,299 --> 03:59:17,700
compulsion. 
Remember their daily work and 

4584
03:59:17,700 --> 03:59:21,600
transformed it into movement. 
By now, the city authorities 

4585
03:59:21,600 --> 03:59:24,799
were beginning to panic, what 
had started as a curious. 

4586
03:59:24,799 --> 03:59:27,500
Local phenomenon was threatening
to become a complete breakdown 

4587
03:59:27,500 --> 03:59:30,399
of civil order. 
More importantly, people were 

4588
03:59:30,399 --> 03:59:34,000
starting to die death when it 
finally came to, the dancers 

4589
03:59:34,000 --> 03:59:37,000
arrived, not with drama, but 
with a kind of merciful 

4590
03:59:37,000 --> 03:59:39,799
exhaustion. 
Similar to a candle nearing. 

4591
03:59:39,799 --> 03:59:42,700
Its end, the dance has struggled
to maintain the constant energy 

4592
03:59:42,700 --> 03:59:45,000
their bodies required. 
It was closed. 

4593
03:59:45,000 --> 03:59:47,799
The Miller who went first 
collapsing in the middle of what

4594
03:59:47,799 --> 03:59:50,700
had been a particularly vigorous
sequence of Spin and somehow 

4595
03:59:50,700 --> 03:59:54,700
failing to rise again? 
The site of clouding, still on 

4596
03:59:54,700 --> 03:59:57,799
those worn cobblestones created 
a strange silence in the Square.

4597
03:59:58,799 --> 04:00:02,000
Even the other dance seem to 
pause as if some invisible 

4598
04:00:02,000 --> 04:00:04,899
conductor had finally give them 
permission for a moment's rest. 

4599
04:00:05,600 --> 04:00:08,799
However, only a brief moment 
passed before the surviving 

4600
04:00:08,799 --> 04:00:12,100
dancers, resumed their endless 
movement carefully stepping 

4601
04:00:12,100 --> 04:00:14,899
around their fallen friend, as 
if he were merely another 

4602
04:00:14,899 --> 04:00:17,799
obstacle in their path. 
You might wonder what goes 

4603
04:00:17,799 --> 04:00:20,700
through a community's mind when 
the impossible becomes deadly. 

4604
04:00:21,399 --> 04:00:23,899
The people of Strasbourg were 
experiencing something that 

4605
04:00:23,899 --> 04:00:26,899
challenged every assumption 
laid, ever made about how the 

4606
04:00:26,899 --> 04:00:29,200
world worked. 
They were practical people 

4607
04:00:29,200 --> 04:00:32,200
accustomed to practical problems
with practical Solutions. 

4608
04:00:32,200 --> 04:00:36,600
Crop failures could be endured 
diseases, could be treated or at

4609
04:00:36,600 --> 04:00:39,399
least understood and Wars could 
be fought and ended. 

4610
04:00:40,200 --> 04:00:43,200
But this dancing plague defied 
every category they had, for 

4611
04:00:43,200 --> 04:00:47,200
making sense of suffering. 
The Physicians these learned men

4612
04:00:47,200 --> 04:00:49,299
with their impressive 
collections of books and 

4613
04:00:49,299 --> 04:00:52,299
instruments were beginning to 
admit privately that their hot 

4614
04:00:52,299 --> 04:00:54,100
blood theory might need some 
adjustment. 

4615
04:00:55,100 --> 04:00:57,399
Several had observed. 
The dancers closely enough to 

4616
04:00:57,399 --> 04:01:00,600
notice that they weren't 
sweating excessively despite 

4617
04:01:00,600 --> 04:01:04,100
their constant motion, their 
skin remained relatively cool. 

4618
04:01:04,100 --> 04:01:06,799
And their breathing wasn't as 
labor as it should have been 

4619
04:01:06,799 --> 04:01:09,700
given their activity level. 
Their bodies appeared to 

4620
04:01:09,700 --> 04:01:11,600
function under entirely 
different rules. 

4621
04:01:12,700 --> 04:01:16,200
Dr. Hermon the most respected 
physician in the region, spent 

4622
04:01:16,200 --> 04:01:18,600
three full days and nights 
observing, the dancers. 

4623
04:01:19,399 --> 04:01:22,100
He took careful notes about 
their movements, they're eating 

4624
04:01:22,100 --> 04:01:24,799
and drinking patterns and their 
brief moments of rest. 

4625
04:01:25,500 --> 04:01:28,100
What he discovered puzzled him 
even more than the original 

4626
04:01:28,100 --> 04:01:30,799
phenomenon. 
The dancers seem to be in a 

4627
04:01:30,799 --> 04:01:32,600
state that was neither fully 
conscious nor unconscious 

4628
04:01:32,600 --> 04:01:35,899
neither sick, nor healthy and 
neither voluntary, nor 

4629
04:01:35,899 --> 04:01:40,100
completely involuntary. 
It is he wrote in his journal as

4630
04:01:40,100 --> 04:01:43,200
if they are sleepwalking, while 
awake or perhaps Awakening, 

4631
04:01:43,200 --> 04:01:46,000
while they sleep. 
They respond to their names and 

4632
04:01:46,000 --> 04:01:48,700
can speak coherently when 
directly addressed yet. 

4633
04:01:48,700 --> 04:01:50,100
They cannot choose to stop 
moving. 

4634
04:01:50,100 --> 04:01:53,299
It is as though some part of 
their will as being Borrowed by 

4635
04:01:53,299 --> 04:01:56,500
an unknown Force. 
The families of the dancers were

4636
04:01:56,500 --> 04:01:59,399
developing their own expertise. 
Born from Desperate necessity, 

4637
04:01:59,399 --> 04:02:02,299
they learned to anticipate when 
their loved ones were most 

4638
04:02:02,299 --> 04:02:04,000
likely to collapse from 
exhaustion. 

4639
04:02:04,899 --> 04:02:07,600
They discovered which foods the 
dancers could manage to eat 

4640
04:02:07,600 --> 04:02:10,299
while moving and they developed 
techniques for helping them 

4641
04:02:10,299 --> 04:02:12,399
drink water without breaking 
their rhythm. 

4642
04:02:13,100 --> 04:02:15,399
They became amateur medical 
attendance, though. 

4643
04:02:15,399 --> 04:02:17,399
No medical school could have 
prepared them for this 

4644
04:02:17,399 --> 04:02:21,399
particular Anna, whose husband 
had been dancing for nearly a 

4645
04:02:21,399 --> 04:02:24,899
month described the experience 
in terms that still echo across 

4646
04:02:24,899 --> 04:02:29,399
the centuries, he is there and 
not there, his body dance is yet

4647
04:02:29,399 --> 04:02:33,000
his eyes at me with a profound 
sadness as if he finds himself 

4648
04:02:33,000 --> 04:02:36,500
imprisoned behind glass. 
Occasionally, I think he's 

4649
04:02:36,500 --> 04:02:39,200
trying to tell me something with
his movements but I cannot 

4650
04:02:39,200 --> 04:02:41,200
understand the languages feet of
speaking. 

4651
04:02:41,200 --> 04:02:44,399
The community was starting to 
feel the effects of the constant

4652
04:02:44,399 --> 04:02:47,299
music which they had initially 
perceived as beneficial. 

4653
04:02:48,299 --> 04:02:51,000
The Hired musicians were 
exhausted from playing for weeks

4654
04:02:51,000 --> 04:02:54,600
on end and their Melodies are 
taken on a repetitive almost 

4655
04:02:54,600 --> 04:02:57,600
hypnotic quality that seemed to 
make some listeners feel dizzy. 

4656
04:02:59,000 --> 04:03:01,799
Several people reported feeling 
an uncomfortable urge to move 

4657
04:03:01,799 --> 04:03:04,000
their feet in time. 
With the music though, they 

4658
04:03:04,000 --> 04:03:05,500
managed to resist. 
The compulsion. 

4659
04:03:05,500 --> 04:03:09,700
The dancing itself was evolving.
What had started? 

4660
04:03:09,700 --> 04:03:13,399
As individual isolated movements
was becoming something more 

4661
04:03:13,399 --> 04:03:15,799
coordinated. 
The dancers seemed to be 

4662
04:03:15,799 --> 04:03:19,000
responding to each other 
creating patterns and formations

4663
04:03:19,000 --> 04:03:20,899
without any apparent conscious 
intent. 

4664
04:03:21,899 --> 04:03:25,899
They would form circles, then 
lines scatter and reform in 

4665
04:03:25,899 --> 04:03:28,799
different configurations. 
It was like watching a flock of 

4666
04:03:28,799 --> 04:03:32,399
birds or a school of fish. 
Except these were human beings. 

4667
04:03:32,399 --> 04:03:34,500
Who should have been making 
deliberate choices about their 

4668
04:03:34,500 --> 04:03:37,899
movements, some of the dancers 
have begun to show signs of what

4669
04:03:37,899 --> 04:03:39,600
we might now recognized as 
trance. 

4670
04:03:39,600 --> 04:03:42,600
State's their eyes would roll 
back, their breathing would 

4671
04:03:42,600 --> 04:03:45,399
become shallow and rapid and 
they would move with an intense 

4672
04:03:45,399 --> 04:03:48,000
that seemed to come from 
somewhere outside the cells. 

4673
04:03:48,799 --> 04:03:51,399
During these episodes, they 
appeared completely unreachable.

4674
04:03:51,399 --> 04:03:55,500
As if they had temporarily left,
their bodies behind entirely the

4675
04:03:55,500 --> 04:03:57,700
religious community was 
fracturing under the weight of 

4676
04:03:57,708 --> 04:04:01,100
competing interpretations. 
Father, Philip preached. 

4677
04:04:01,100 --> 04:04:04,399
That the dancing was a form of 
divine ecstasy, similar to what?

4678
04:04:04,399 --> 04:04:06,100
Mystics experienced during 
prayer. 

4679
04:04:06,100 --> 04:04:09,700
Father, Johann, argued it was 
clearly demonic possession and 

4680
04:04:09,700 --> 04:04:13,399
called for exorcisms. 
Father, Klaus the city's, oldest

4681
04:04:13,399 --> 04:04:16,100
priest suggested that God was 
teaching them about the nature 

4682
04:04:16,100 --> 04:04:19,200
of human will and the body's 
relationship to the soul. 

4683
04:04:20,000 --> 04:04:22,500
The debates were becoming 
increasingly heated and the 

4684
04:04:22,508 --> 04:04:25,700
congregation was choosing sides 
based as much on their fears as 

4685
04:04:25,700 --> 04:04:28,000
on their face. 
It's remarkable. 

4686
04:04:28,000 --> 04:04:31,200
How quickly theological 
certainty can crumble when faced

4687
04:04:31,200 --> 04:04:34,799
with something that doesn't fit 
neatly into existing categories 

4688
04:04:34,799 --> 04:04:37,799
of understanding. 
Meanwhile, the dancers danced on

4689
04:04:37,799 --> 04:04:41,100
their numbers fluctuating as 
some collapsed and others were 

4690
04:04:41,100 --> 04:04:42,700
mysteriously called to join 
them. 

4691
04:04:42,700 --> 04:04:45,000
The city had become a living 
laboratory. 

4692
04:04:45,000 --> 04:04:49,500
The questions that nobody knew 
how to ask let alone answer when

4693
04:04:49,500 --> 04:04:52,600
faced with the an explicable. 
Humans have a tendency to 

4694
04:04:52,600 --> 04:04:55,200
multiply explanations rather 
than admit ignorance. 

4695
04:04:56,399 --> 04:04:58,200
By the fourth week of the 
dancing plague. 

4696
04:04:58,200 --> 04:05:01,399
Strasbourg had attracted more 
experts than a modern medical 

4697
04:05:01,399 --> 04:05:04,200
conference each arriving, with 
their own pet, theories and 

4698
04:05:04,208 --> 04:05:08,100
proposed Solutions Master Yuan 
from the University of Basil, 

4699
04:05:08,100 --> 04:05:11,399
brought an impressive collection
of astrological charts and 

4700
04:05:11,399 --> 04:05:13,100
announced that the dancing was 
clearly. 

4701
04:05:13,100 --> 04:05:16,299
The result of planetary, Mel 
alignment, Mercury. 

4702
04:05:16,299 --> 04:05:19,500
He explained with considerable 
Authority, was in an unfortunate

4703
04:05:19,500 --> 04:05:23,600
conjunction with Mars, creating 
an excess of kinetic energy and 

4704
04:05:23,600 --> 04:05:26,899
susceptible individuals. 
His solution involved complex 

4705
04:05:26,899 --> 04:05:30,000
calculations of when the planets
would return to a more 

4706
04:05:30,008 --> 04:05:32,600
harmonious configuration. 
Roughly six months. 

4707
04:05:32,600 --> 04:05:35,899
Hence brother Augustine from the
monastery at multimed. 

4708
04:05:35,899 --> 04:05:37,500
Had a different interpretation 
entirely. 

4709
04:05:37,500 --> 04:05:41,100
He arrived with a cart full of 
holy relics, and proclaimed that

4710
04:05:41,100 --> 04:05:44,700
the dancers were experiencing a 
form of religious ecstasy, like,

4711
04:05:44,700 --> 04:05:48,299
Watson, vitals himself had 
experienced The solution. 

4712
04:05:48,299 --> 04:05:52,500
He insisted was pilgrimage to 
the shrine of Saint Vitus, where

4713
04:05:52,500 --> 04:05:55,500
the dancers could Channel their 
divinely inspired movement into 

4714
04:05:55,500 --> 04:05:58,100
proper worship. 
You can imagine the scene 

4715
04:05:58,100 --> 04:06:00,700
learned men with their Scrolls 
and instruments. 

4716
04:06:00,700 --> 04:06:04,299
Religious authorities with their
crosses and holy water, all 

4717
04:06:04,299 --> 04:06:07,100
standing around debating the 
finer points of their theories. 

4718
04:06:07,100 --> 04:06:10,200
While 40 exhaust, people can 
continue their endless, dance, 

4719
04:06:10,200 --> 04:06:14,299
mere feet away, It was like 
convening a panel of experts to 

4720
04:06:14,299 --> 04:06:17,100
discuss the nature of rain while
standing in the middle of a 

4721
04:06:17,100 --> 04:06:19,200
thunderstorm. 
The city council. 

4722
04:06:19,200 --> 04:06:23,700
Meanwhile was dealing with a 
practical concerns, the dancing 

4723
04:06:23,700 --> 04:06:27,000
had disrupted Commerce attracted
unwanted attention from 

4724
04:06:27,000 --> 04:06:29,399
neighboring regions and was 
beginning to strain. 

4725
04:06:29,399 --> 04:06:32,799
The city's resources, they 
needed Solutions, not theories, 

4726
04:06:32,799 --> 04:06:35,899
but every expert who arrived 
seemed to bring more questions 

4727
04:06:35,899 --> 04:06:39,600
than answers. 
Dr. Paracelsus, Who would later 

4728
04:06:39,600 --> 04:06:40,899
become famous for his 
revolutionary. 

4729
04:06:40,899 --> 04:06:44,100
Medical ideas made a brief 
appearance during this period. 

4730
04:06:44,100 --> 04:06:47,899
His assessment was 
characteristically blunt, These 

4731
04:06:47,899 --> 04:06:50,899
learned men speak of hot blood 
and planetary influences, while 

4732
04:06:50,899 --> 04:06:54,399
people die before their eyes. 
Perhaps the sickness is not in 

4733
04:06:54,399 --> 04:06:57,600
the dancers bodies, but in our 
understanding of what body can 

4734
04:06:57,600 --> 04:07:01,000
do, He was particularly critical
of the decision to provide music

4735
04:07:01,000 --> 04:07:03,899
for the dancers. 
You might as well give wine to a

4736
04:07:03,899 --> 04:07:07,000
drunkard and call it medicine. 
He observed, the music feeds, 

4737
04:07:07,000 --> 04:07:10,200
the compulsion rather than 
curing it occasionally, the 

4738
04:07:10,200 --> 04:07:13,299
kindest treatment is to remove 
what seems helpful, but proves 

4739
04:07:13,299 --> 04:07:16,399
harmful. 
His words carried weight and 

4740
04:07:16,399 --> 04:07:19,700
action began to form around the 
idea of trying complete silent 

4741
04:07:19,700 --> 04:07:23,399
of constant music. 
It was a radical departure from 

4742
04:07:23,399 --> 04:07:26,299
the established treatment, but 
then again, the existing 

4743
04:07:26,299 --> 04:07:27,799
treatment wasn't working 
particularly. 

4744
04:07:27,799 --> 04:07:30,600
Well, the families of the 
dancers were developing their 

4745
04:07:30,600 --> 04:07:34,100
own theories, based on intimate 
observation, they noticed that 

4746
04:07:34,100 --> 04:07:36,899
their loved ones seem to dance 
more frantically when crowds 

4747
04:07:36,899 --> 04:07:41,500
gathered as if performing for an
audience, they couldn't see They

4748
04:07:41,500 --> 04:07:44,200
observed that certain types of 
music triggered more intense 

4749
04:07:44,200 --> 04:07:46,899
movements, While others seem to 
calm the dancers slightly. 

4750
04:07:47,899 --> 04:07:50,899
They discovered that the dancers
movement, sometimes echoed their

4751
04:07:50,899 --> 04:07:54,100
daily work routines. 
Often that none of the Learned 

4752
04:07:54,100 --> 04:07:55,399
experts had bothered to 
document. 

4753
04:07:56,500 --> 04:07:59,000
Elizabeth, whose teenage 
daughter had been dancing for 

4754
04:07:59,000 --> 04:08:01,399
three weeks. 
Made a particularly astute 

4755
04:08:01,399 --> 04:08:03,899
observation. 
She dances like she's trying to 

4756
04:08:03,899 --> 04:08:06,700
escape from something, but also,
like she's trying to reach 

4757
04:08:06,700 --> 04:08:08,600
something. 
Her movements aren't random 

4758
04:08:08,600 --> 04:08:12,500
their searching, but I cannot 
tell what she searching for this

4759
04:08:12,500 --> 04:08:15,500
idea of the dance is a form of 
searching resonated with other 

4760
04:08:15,500 --> 04:08:17,899
families. 
They began to notice that their 

4761
04:08:17,899 --> 04:08:20,700
dancers appeared to be moving, 
either towards something or away

4762
04:08:20,700 --> 04:08:22,700
from it. 
Although the nature of that 

4763
04:08:22,700 --> 04:08:24,700
something remained invisible to 
everyone else. 

4764
04:08:25,399 --> 04:08:28,399
It was as if the dance could see
a landscape that existed only 

4765
04:08:28,399 --> 04:08:30,700
for their them. 
The younger members of the 

4766
04:08:30,700 --> 04:08:32,899
community were having their 
reactions to the prolonged 

4767
04:08:32,899 --> 04:08:36,399
crisis children who had 
initially been fascinated. 

4768
04:08:36,399 --> 04:08:39,000
When now having nightmares about
being unable to stop moving. 

4769
04:08:39,799 --> 04:08:41,899
Teenagers were avoiding the 
areas, where dancers 

4770
04:08:41,899 --> 04:08:45,799
congregated, the compulsion 
might somehow reach out and grab

4771
04:08:45,799 --> 04:08:48,399
them too. 
Young adults were leaving the 

4772
04:08:48,399 --> 04:08:52,100
city entirely unwilling to risk 
being caught up in whatever was 

4773
04:08:52,100 --> 04:08:55,399
happening. 
Perhaps most tellingly some 

4774
04:08:55,399 --> 04:08:58,000
people were beginning to report.
Feeling a strange sympathy with 

4775
04:08:58,000 --> 04:09:00,399
the dancers. 
They would watch the endless 

4776
04:09:00,399 --> 04:09:03,100
movement and find their feet 
tapping involuntarily. 

4777
04:09:03,100 --> 04:09:06,700
They were dream of dancing and 
wake up with their legs Tangled 

4778
04:09:06,700 --> 04:09:09,399
in bed sheets. 
The few even reported brief 

4779
04:09:09,399 --> 04:09:12,299
moments of feeling enormous 
irresistible urge to join the 

4780
04:09:12,299 --> 04:09:14,799
dancers though. 
They managed to fight off the 

4781
04:09:14,799 --> 04:09:17,799
compulsion. 
Their experience is raised 

4782
04:09:17,799 --> 04:09:19,799
disturbing questions about the 
nature of the condition. 

4783
04:09:19,799 --> 04:09:23,899
Was it truly random or some 
people more susceptible than 

4784
04:09:23,899 --> 04:09:26,600
others? 
Was it a hidden contagion or a 

4785
04:09:26,600 --> 04:09:28,399
dormant part of the human 
psyche? 

4786
04:09:29,100 --> 04:09:31,299
Dr. Hermon would be an observing
the dancers. 

4787
04:09:31,299 --> 04:09:33,299
Since the beginning was 
developing a theory, that was 

4788
04:09:33,299 --> 04:09:36,100
both simpler and more complex 
than the others being proposed. 

4789
04:09:36,899 --> 04:09:39,600
He suspected that the dancing 
might be a physical expression 

4790
04:09:39,600 --> 04:09:42,799
of something psychological a 
kind of breaking point. 

4791
04:09:42,799 --> 04:09:45,200
Where individual human will 
simply gave up trying to 

4792
04:09:45,200 --> 04:09:47,700
maintain control over an 
increasingly uncontrollable 

4793
04:09:47,700 --> 04:09:51,000
world. 
Perhaps he wrote in his private 

4794
04:09:51,000 --> 04:09:54,500
notes, the dancers are not sick,
but rather more honest than the 

4795
04:09:54,500 --> 04:09:56,600
rest of us. 
They are showing us what it 

4796
04:09:56,600 --> 04:09:59,399
looks like when the human Spirit
can no longer pretend that, it 

4797
04:09:59,399 --> 04:10:01,399
has Mastery over the body, it 
inhabits. 

4798
04:10:02,200 --> 04:10:05,000
It was a radical idea for its 
time suggesting that the 

4799
04:10:05,000 --> 04:10:08,200
boundary between mind and body 
might be more porous than anyone

4800
04:10:08,200 --> 04:10:11,399
had imagined some times the most
profound shifts happen. 

4801
04:10:11,399 --> 04:10:14,899
Not with dramatic Revelations 
but with quiet observations made

4802
04:10:14,899 --> 04:10:19,000
by exhausted people who have run
out of clever theories It was 

4803
04:10:19,008 --> 04:10:21,799
Frau Betha, the baker's wife, 
who had been caring for three 

4804
04:10:21,799 --> 04:10:24,500
different dancers, who first 
noticed the pattern that would 

4805
04:10:24,500 --> 04:10:26,299
eventually lead to the plagues 
resolution. 

4806
04:10:27,100 --> 04:10:30,200
She observed that the dancers 
seemed calmer though they never 

4807
04:10:30,200 --> 04:10:33,799
stopped moving entirely when 
they were in smaller groups away

4808
04:10:33,799 --> 04:10:35,500
from the crowds and the constant
music. 

4809
04:10:36,399 --> 04:10:39,100
More importantly, she noticed 
that they danced differently in 

4810
04:10:39,100 --> 04:10:42,000
the early morning hours before 
the city fully awakened. 

4811
04:10:42,700 --> 04:10:45,600
Their movements were still 
compulsive but they seem less 

4812
04:10:45,600 --> 04:10:48,700
frantic more like people walking
in their sleep than people 

4813
04:10:48,700 --> 04:10:52,299
fleeing from invisible demons. 
It's the watching. 

4814
04:10:52,299 --> 04:10:54,700
She told doctor Herman one 
morning after a, particularly 

4815
04:10:54,700 --> 04:10:57,299
long night of observation, they 
danced harder. 

4816
04:10:57,299 --> 04:11:00,000
When people watch the, not 
because they wanted attention, 

4817
04:11:00,000 --> 04:11:02,200
but because something about 
being watched to make the 

4818
04:11:02,200 --> 04:11:07,299
dancing worse, This Insight led 
to acquire to experiment, a few 

4819
04:11:07,307 --> 04:11:09,600
families began taking their 
dancing relatives to more 

4820
04:11:09,600 --> 04:11:12,299
secluded locations, quiet 
Courtyards. 

4821
04:11:12,299 --> 04:11:16,100
Guardians outside the city walls
even private homes with large 

4822
04:11:16,100 --> 04:11:18,399
rooms. 
The results were subtle. 

4823
04:11:18,399 --> 04:11:21,700
But unmistakable away from 
audiences and musicians, the 

4824
04:11:21,700 --> 04:11:24,700
dancers movements became less 
violent, less desperate. 

4825
04:11:25,899 --> 04:11:28,299
Doctor Herman documented, these 
changes carefully. 

4826
04:11:28,299 --> 04:11:31,399
The dancers are still couldn't 
stop moving but their movements 

4827
04:11:31,399 --> 04:11:34,500
became more flowing, less like 
convulsion and more like a 

4828
04:11:34,500 --> 04:11:38,000
strange form of sleepwalking. 
Some even began to show brief 

4829
04:11:38,000 --> 04:11:41,500
moments of genuine rest, not 
collapse from exhaustion. 

4830
04:11:41,500 --> 04:11:44,700
But actual pauses in their 
movement, the religious 

4831
04:11:44,700 --> 04:11:47,000
authorities were initially 
resistant to this approach, 

4832
04:11:47,000 --> 04:11:49,799
rather Augustine argued, that 
removing the dancers. 

4833
04:11:49,799 --> 04:11:52,899
From public view, was tantamount
to hide in God's work, from the 

4834
04:11:52,899 --> 04:11:55,399
faithful. 
But father Klaus the elderly 

4835
04:11:55,399 --> 04:11:57,799
priest who had been quietly 
observing throughout the crisis,

4836
04:11:57,799 --> 04:12:02,799
supported the experiment. 
Perhaps he suggested what these 

4837
04:12:02,799 --> 04:12:05,600
Souls need is not more 
attention, but more piece. 

4838
04:12:06,500 --> 04:12:10,000
The city council pragmatic has 
always, was simply relieved to 

4839
04:12:10,008 --> 04:12:12,700
have the disruption moved away 
from the main commercial areas. 

4840
04:12:12,700 --> 04:12:16,000
They officially sanctioned the 
creation of quiet spaces where 

4841
04:12:16,000 --> 04:12:18,700
dancers could be cared for away 
from crowds though. 

4842
04:12:18,700 --> 04:12:20,600
They were careful not to call it
to cure. 

4843
04:12:21,299 --> 04:12:24,000
Gradually, as they relocated the
dancers to more peaceful 

4844
04:12:24,000 --> 04:12:26,500
environments, an unexpected 
event occurred. 

4845
04:12:27,200 --> 04:12:30,000
Without the stimulation of 
constant music and crowds their 

4846
04:12:30,000 --> 04:12:32,299
individual personalities began 
to reassert themselves. 

4847
04:12:33,500 --> 04:12:37,500
Maria, the seamstress started 
incorporating recognizable, 

4848
04:12:37,500 --> 04:12:39,500
gestures from her work in her 
dance. 

4849
04:12:40,299 --> 04:12:43,299
Not the Frantic mimicry that had
characterized her earlier 

4850
04:12:43,299 --> 04:12:46,200
movements but something more 
like a conversation between her 

4851
04:12:46,200 --> 04:12:50,700
conscious and unconscious minds.
Otto the blacksmith's movements 

4852
04:12:50,700 --> 04:12:53,100
began to follow the rhythm of 
breathing rather than some 

4853
04:12:53,100 --> 04:12:55,500
internal drum beat that no one 
else could hear. 

4854
04:12:56,600 --> 04:12:59,600
His dance became less about 
desperate energy and more about 

4855
04:12:59,600 --> 04:13:02,899
a kind of patient endurance as 
if he were waiting for something

4856
04:13:02,899 --> 04:13:05,899
to finish cooling in his Forge. 
The families caring for the 

4857
04:13:05,899 --> 04:13:09,500
dancers developed new routines. 
By these observations, they 

4858
04:13:09,500 --> 04:13:12,200
created spaces that were 
comfortable, but not stimulating

4859
04:13:12,200 --> 04:13:14,899
provided simple Foods at regular
intervals. 

4860
04:13:14,899 --> 04:13:18,000
And most importantly, they learn
to be present without being 

4861
04:13:18,000 --> 04:13:20,700
intrusive. 
They discovered that the dancers

4862
04:13:20,700 --> 04:13:23,399
seem to respond to quiet 
companionship in ways. 

4863
04:13:23,399 --> 04:13:26,399
They hadn't responded to Medical
interventions or religious 

4864
04:13:26,399 --> 04:13:30,399
ceremonies Anna, whose husband 
had been dancing for over a 

4865
04:13:30,399 --> 04:13:31,500
month. 
Described the change. 

4866
04:13:32,200 --> 04:13:35,000
He still moves constantly but 
now it's like he's dancing with 

4867
04:13:35,000 --> 04:13:36,799
something instead of fighting 
against something. 

4868
04:13:37,799 --> 04:13:40,899
I can see him in there behind 
his eyes waiting. 

4869
04:13:42,000 --> 04:13:44,700
This sentence of waiting became 
a common theme in her family's 

4870
04:13:44,700 --> 04:13:46,200
described their dancing 
relatives. 

4871
04:13:46,200 --> 04:13:49,799
The dancers appeared to be in a 
state of floods, neither fully 

4872
04:13:49,799 --> 04:13:53,000
present or fully absent and 
neither completely sick nor 

4873
04:13:53,000 --> 04:13:57,100
completely well Dr. Hermon began
to theorize that the dancing 

4874
04:13:57,100 --> 04:13:58,500
might represent a form of 
healing. 

4875
04:13:58,500 --> 04:14:01,299
Instead of being, merely a sign 
of sickness, though. 

4876
04:14:01,299 --> 04:14:03,200
He couldn't specify what it was 
healing from. 

4877
04:14:04,200 --> 04:14:07,399
Perhaps he wrote, there are 
injuries to the human spirit. 

4878
04:14:07,399 --> 04:14:09,200
That can only be mended through 
movement. 

4879
04:14:09,200 --> 04:14:12,500
Just as there are injuries to 
the body that can only be healed

4880
04:14:12,500 --> 04:14:16,000
through rest. 
The idea was revolutionary that 

4881
04:14:16,000 --> 04:14:19,299
the dancing might be a cure 
rather than a disease a 

4882
04:14:19,299 --> 04:14:21,700
necessary process rather than a 
pathological condition. 

4883
04:14:22,700 --> 04:14:25,500
It suggested that the dancers 
bodies might possess a wisdom 

4884
04:14:25,500 --> 04:14:27,200
that their conscious Minds 
couldn't access. 

4885
04:14:28,200 --> 04:14:31,299
As word of the quieter approach,
spread some of the original 

4886
04:14:31,299 --> 04:14:33,399
experts began to reconsider 
their theories. 

4887
04:14:34,399 --> 04:14:37,100
Master Yohan, from barcel 
admitted that his planetary 

4888
04:14:37,100 --> 04:14:39,500
calculations might need to 
account for environmental 

4889
04:14:39,500 --> 04:14:42,200
factors. 
Brother, Augustine suggested 

4890
04:14:42,200 --> 04:14:44,399
that perhaps the saint was 
working through peaceful 

4891
04:14:44,399 --> 04:14:47,399
contemplation rather than public
demonstration. 

4892
04:14:48,100 --> 04:14:50,100
Even paracelsus in his final 
notes. 

4893
04:14:50,100 --> 04:14:53,000
On the case, acknowledge that 
the solution had come not from 

4894
04:14:53,000 --> 04:14:56,000
learning intervention but from 
careful observation by people 

4895
04:14:56,000 --> 04:14:58,600
who cared more about helping 
than about being right. 

4896
04:14:59,799 --> 04:15:01,799
The family's discovered, what we
experts missed. 

4897
04:15:01,799 --> 04:15:05,100
He wrote sometimes, healing 
requires not doing more, but 

4898
04:15:05,100 --> 04:15:08,700
doing less The number of new 
cases had already begun to slow 

4899
04:15:08,700 --> 04:15:11,700
their whether the decline was 
due to the change to approach or

4900
04:15:11,700 --> 04:15:14,000
simply the natural progression 
of the phenomenon remained 

4901
04:15:14,000 --> 04:15:16,600
unclear. 
What was clear was that the 

4902
04:15:16,600 --> 04:15:18,600
desperate? 
Frantic quality of the dancing 

4903
04:15:18,600 --> 04:15:21,600
was gradually, giving way to 
something that looked more like 

4904
04:15:21,600 --> 04:15:23,600
a strange form of prayer or 
meditation. 

4905
04:15:24,299 --> 04:15:26,500
The city itself was slowly 
returning to something 

4906
04:15:26,500 --> 04:15:29,799
resembling normal life, though. 
The experience had changed 

4907
04:15:29,807 --> 04:15:33,399
everyone who lived through it. 
People walked more carefully as 

4908
04:15:33,399 --> 04:15:36,000
if testing whether their feet 
would obey their intentions. 

4909
04:15:36,000 --> 04:15:38,700
They looked at each other 
differently with the new 

4910
04:15:38,700 --> 04:15:41,299
awareness of how little control.
Any of them really had over 

4911
04:15:41,299 --> 04:15:44,299
their own bodies and Minds. 
You know, how some storms end 

4912
04:15:44,299 --> 04:15:47,700
not with the dramatic crash of 
Thunder, but with a gradual 

4913
04:15:47,700 --> 04:15:51,000
lessening of wind and rain until
you suddenly realize the silence

4914
04:15:51,000 --> 04:15:54,700
as returned. 
The dancing plague of Strathmore

4915
04:15:54,700 --> 04:15:58,200
ended in much the same way. 
So, gradually that nobody could 

4916
04:15:58,200 --> 04:16:00,799
say exactly, when it stopped 
being an emergency, and started 

4917
04:16:00,799 --> 04:16:04,799
being a memory, For a trophy, 
who'd started it all with her 

4918
04:16:04,799 --> 04:16:07,799
first involuntary. 
Step was among the last to find 

4919
04:16:07,799 --> 04:16:10,000
Stillness. 
For six weeks. 

4920
04:16:10,000 --> 04:16:12,299
She had been the unwilling Pine 
Pioneer of this strange 

4921
04:16:12,299 --> 04:16:14,500
territory. 
Where human will met its 

4922
04:16:14,508 --> 04:16:17,700
mysterious limits? 
When she finally stopped moving,

4923
04:16:17,700 --> 04:16:19,799
it wasn't with collapse or 
drama. 

4924
04:16:20,500 --> 04:16:23,299
But with a simple pause, that 
gradually extended into rest. 

4925
04:16:24,200 --> 04:16:27,200
She was sitting in the garden by
the baker's house where her 

4926
04:16:27,200 --> 04:16:29,700
family had moved her to escape 
the crowds and the constant 

4927
04:16:29,700 --> 04:16:32,200
music. 
The morning sun was filtering 

4928
04:16:32,200 --> 04:16:35,200
through Apple leaves and she had
been moving in slow gentle 

4929
04:16:35,200 --> 04:16:39,100
circles for hours. 
Then as naturally as a person 

4930
04:16:39,100 --> 04:16:42,399
might stop humming a tune. 
She simply sat down on a wooden 

4931
04:16:42,399 --> 04:16:45,600
bench and stayed there. 
Her sister had been watching 

4932
04:16:45,600 --> 04:16:48,500
anxiously from the kitchen 
window almost didn't believe it 

4933
04:16:48,500 --> 04:16:51,399
at first. 
She waited several minutes 

4934
04:16:51,399 --> 04:16:54,399
before approaching Aid that any 
attention might restart the 

4935
04:16:54,399 --> 04:16:57,399
compulsive movement. 
The ultra Fair remained seated. 

4936
04:16:57,399 --> 04:17:01,200
Looking around the garden with 
clear present eyes as if she was

4937
04:17:01,200 --> 04:17:03,000
seeing it for the first time in 
weeks. 

4938
04:17:03,000 --> 04:17:06,299
I'm tired. 
She said, simply and her sister 

4939
04:17:06,299 --> 04:17:10,299
began to weep with relief. 
Over the following days, the 

4940
04:17:10,299 --> 04:17:12,500
other dancers found their ways 
back to Stillness. 

4941
04:17:13,299 --> 04:17:16,000
Some stopped during sleep and 
simply didn't resume when they 

4942
04:17:16,000 --> 04:17:19,500
woke, others came to rest. 
Gradually their movement, 

4943
04:17:19,500 --> 04:17:23,600
slowing like music boxes. 
Winding down a few experience, 

4944
04:17:23,600 --> 04:17:26,600
their final dance as something 
beautiful rather than desperate.

4945
04:17:27,299 --> 04:17:29,600
The kind of Celebration or 
completion, that left them 

4946
04:17:29,600 --> 04:17:33,200
exhausted but oddly peaceful. 
Not everyone survived the 

4947
04:17:33,200 --> 04:17:37,000
experience, the official record 
show that several dancers died 

4948
04:17:37,000 --> 04:17:40,500
from exhaustion or related 
complications though. 

4949
04:17:40,500 --> 04:17:44,000
The exact number was never 
precisely documented, those who 

4950
04:17:44,000 --> 04:17:46,600
lived carried the memory of 
those weeks in their bodies for 

4951
04:17:46,600 --> 04:17:49,200
the rest of their lives. 
They walked differently 

4952
04:17:49,200 --> 04:17:52,000
afterwards with a kind of 
conscious gratitude for their 

4953
04:17:52,000 --> 04:17:54,100
ability to choose when and how 
to move. 

4954
04:17:54,899 --> 04:17:57,700
Doctor, Herman spent months in 
viewing, the recovered dancers, 

4955
04:17:57,700 --> 04:18:00,500
trying to understand what they 
had experienced during their 

4956
04:18:00,500 --> 04:18:03,600
weeks of compulsive movement. 
Their descriptions were 

4957
04:18:03,600 --> 04:18:07,200
remarkably consistent in some 
ways, and completely individual 

4958
04:18:07,200 --> 04:18:10,200
in others. 
Most remembered feeling trapped 

4959
04:18:10,200 --> 04:18:12,200
in their bodies aware of what 
was happening. 

4960
04:18:12,200 --> 04:18:15,600
But unable to control it. 
But they also described odd 

4961
04:18:15,600 --> 04:18:19,200
moments of Peace as if dancing 
had taken them to places, they 

4962
04:18:19,200 --> 04:18:22,700
couldn't reach on purpose. 
It was like being carried by a 

4963
04:18:22,700 --> 04:18:26,100
river of the seamstress told him
frightening because I couldn't 

4964
04:18:26,100 --> 04:18:28,799
swim to shore. 
But also sometimes beautiful 

4965
04:18:28,799 --> 04:18:31,600
because I could see things from 
the water that I never would 

4966
04:18:31,600 --> 04:18:34,899
have seen from the bank. 
Otto, the blacksmith had a 

4967
04:18:34,907 --> 04:18:37,600
different metaphor. 
It was like being a piece of 

4968
04:18:37,600 --> 04:18:40,200
metal on my Anvil being shaped 
by Hamas. 

4969
04:18:40,200 --> 04:18:43,700
I couldn't see it hurt but 
something in me knew the 

4970
04:18:43,700 --> 04:18:46,399
hammering was necessary. 
These interviews revealed that 

4971
04:18:46,399 --> 04:18:49,299
the dancers had maintained more 
awareness than anyone had 

4972
04:18:49,299 --> 04:18:51,899
suspected. 
They had been conscious of their

4973
04:18:51,899 --> 04:18:55,799
families care grateful for the 
quiet spaces and aware of the 

4974
04:18:55,799 --> 04:18:58,899
changes in their movement 
patterns they'd simply been 

4975
04:18:58,899 --> 04:19:01,500
powerless to communicate this 
awareness while the dancing 

4976
04:19:01,500 --> 04:19:04,600
continued. 
The city of Strasbourg, 

4977
04:19:04,600 --> 04:19:07,399
gradually returned to its normal
rhythms though. 

4978
04:19:07,399 --> 04:19:09,799
The memory of those summer 
weeks, left permanent changes, 

4979
04:19:09,799 --> 04:19:13,200
the authorities developed better
protocols for caring for people 

4980
04:19:13,200 --> 04:19:16,799
in crisis, emphasizing comfort 
and observation over dramatic 

4981
04:19:16,799 --> 04:19:19,899
interventions. 
The Physicians Incorporated, new

4982
04:19:19,899 --> 04:19:22,600
ideas about the relationship 
between mind and body into their

4983
04:19:22,600 --> 04:19:25,600
practice, the religious 
community developed, a more 

4984
04:19:25,600 --> 04:19:28,399
complex conception of how the 
sacred might manifest in Human 

4985
04:19:28,399 --> 04:19:30,899
Experience. 
But perhaps the most lasting 

4986
04:19:30,899 --> 04:19:34,299
change was in how the people of 
Strasbourg, the nature of human 

4987
04:19:34,299 --> 04:19:37,600
control and human vulnerability.
They had witnessed something 

4988
04:19:37,600 --> 04:19:40,700
that challenged fundamental 
assumptions about how much power

4989
04:19:40,700 --> 04:19:43,799
individuals have over their 
bodies and choices They had 

4990
04:19:43,799 --> 04:19:46,700
learned that sometimes the most 
caring response to someone's 

4991
04:19:46,700 --> 04:19:50,000
crisis is not to try to fix them
but to stay present. 

4992
04:19:50,000 --> 04:19:52,500
While they work through whatever
healing process, their more 

4993
04:19:52,500 --> 04:19:56,100
profound wisdom has initiated 
The cobblestones in the Town 

4994
04:19:56,100 --> 04:19:57,799
Square. 
Still bear faint marks from 

4995
04:19:57,799 --> 04:20:00,399
those weeks of endless dancing, 
though, you'd have to know where

4996
04:20:00,399 --> 04:20:03,600
to look to see them. 
Local guides sometimes Point 

4997
04:20:03,600 --> 04:20:06,799
them out to visitors telling 
abbreviated version of the story

4998
04:20:06,799 --> 04:20:10,000
that emphasized the strangeness 
while missing the deeper lessons

4999
04:20:10,000 --> 04:20:12,799
about Community Care and the 
Mystery of human resilience. 

5000
04:20:13,899 --> 04:20:16,600
Years later when other 
communities experienced similar 

5001
04:20:16,600 --> 04:20:19,799
outbreaks of dancing Mania, and 
there were several throughout 

5002
04:20:19,799 --> 04:20:22,500
Medieval Europe, some 
remembered, the lessons of 

5003
04:20:22,500 --> 04:20:25,000
Strasbourg. 
They learned to provide quiet 

5004
04:20:25,000 --> 04:20:28,799
spaces rather than public stages
to offer patient presence, 

5005
04:20:28,799 --> 04:20:31,899
rather than dramatic cures. 
And to trust that sometimes 

5006
04:20:31,899 --> 04:20:33,899
healing looks different from 
what we expect. 

5007
04:20:35,200 --> 04:20:38,299
The dancing plague of 1518 
remains one of history's, most 

5008
04:20:38,299 --> 04:20:41,700
puzzling medical Mysteries, but 
it's also a story about how 

5009
04:20:41,700 --> 04:20:45,100
communities can learn to care 
for members who are experiencing

5010
04:20:45,100 --> 04:20:47,200
something Beyond ordinary 
understanding. 

5011
04:20:48,000 --> 04:20:50,799
It reminds us that the human 
body and spirit capable of 

5012
04:20:50,799 --> 04:20:53,899
experiences that exceed our 
ability to categorize or control

5013
04:20:53,899 --> 04:20:57,100
them and that sometimes the 
wisest response to mystery is 

5014
04:20:57,100 --> 04:21:01,100
not to solve it but to honor it.
As you drift towards sleep 

5015
04:21:01,100 --> 04:21:04,100
tonight, you might think about 
Frau Trophy and her fellow 

5016
04:21:04,100 --> 04:21:07,000
dancers and about the families 
who learn to love them through 

5017
04:21:07,000 --> 04:21:10,200
their strange Journey. 
You might contemplate the 

5018
04:21:10,200 --> 04:21:13,899
delicate boundary that sometimes
exists between what we perceive 

5019
04:21:13,899 --> 04:21:17,000
as normal and what we perceive 
as impossible and how much 

5020
04:21:17,000 --> 04:21:20,200
healing occurs not through 
expert intervention through the 

5021
04:21:20,200 --> 04:21:23,899
patient presence of individuals 
who care enough to remain and 

5022
04:21:23,899 --> 04:21:27,600
observe what ever unfolds. 
The dance is always there. 

5023
04:21:27,600 --> 04:21:31,299
Just beneath the surface of our 
ordered lives waiting to teach 

5024
04:21:31,299 --> 04:21:34,799
us something about surrender 
about community, and about the 

5025
04:21:34,799 --> 04:21:38,600
beautiful terrifying, mystery of
Being Human in a body that is 

5026
04:21:38,600 --> 04:21:40,200
never entirely under our 
control. 

5027
04:21:45,799 --> 04:21:48,799
The November wind of 1476 
carried more than just the 

5028
04:21:48,799 --> 04:21:51,700
promise of winter across the 
lake in forests. 

5029
04:21:51,700 --> 04:21:55,600
It carried Whispers of betrayal 
of Shifting alliances and a land

5030
04:21:55,608 --> 04:22:00,100
perpetually caught between 
Empires Vlad draculea the 45 

5031
04:22:00,100 --> 04:22:03,399
year old, Prince known to 
history as the Impaler rode at 

5032
04:22:03,399 --> 04:22:05,200
the head of a modest contingent 
of troops. 

5033
04:22:05,200 --> 04:22:08,600
His third reign as voivode of 
wallachia, had lasted, barely 

5034
04:22:08,600 --> 04:22:11,200
two months, a shadow of his 
former glory. 

5035
04:22:11,200 --> 04:22:14,200
When his name alone had sent 
ottoman Scouts fleeing back 

5036
04:22:14,200 --> 04:22:17,100
across the Danube. 
The man who now traversed. 

5037
04:22:17,100 --> 04:22:19,399
The forested mountains. 
Bore little resemblance to the 

5038
04:22:19,399 --> 04:22:21,200
Conqueror. 
Celebrated in muskovich 

5039
04:22:21,200 --> 04:22:23,799
Chronicles. 
Years in Hungarian, captivity 

5040
04:22:23,799 --> 04:22:26,100
had weathered him the lines 
around his eyes. 

5041
04:22:26,100 --> 04:22:29,600
Deepening with each political 
maneuver required to reclaim his

5042
04:22:29,600 --> 04:22:30,500
ancestral. 
Throne. 

5043
04:22:31,600 --> 04:22:35,000
Although Vlad remained 
formidable with Blade & bow, his

5044
04:22:35,000 --> 04:22:38,899
dark hair now, had streaks of 
silver at the Temple's and the 

5045
04:22:38,899 --> 04:22:41,899
wounded in his left thigh 
momento from a skirmish near. 

5046
04:22:41,899 --> 04:22:44,899
Giorgio had never properly 
healed, resulting, in a slight 

5047
04:22:44,899 --> 04:22:47,000
limp that he worked diligently 
to conceal. 

5048
04:22:47,899 --> 04:22:51,500
My Lord called a Girardeau, his 
most trusted captain and one of 

5049
04:22:51,508 --> 04:22:54,700
the few men who'd remained loyal
through his Hungarian exile. 

5050
04:22:55,399 --> 04:22:57,899
Ottoman Scouts report movement 
in the valley ahead. 

5051
04:22:59,200 --> 04:23:03,299
Vlad's thin lips pressed into a 
grim line meitz forces could not

5052
04:23:03,299 --> 04:23:06,500
have advanced this far north so 
quickly, this implied that the 

5053
04:23:06,500 --> 04:23:10,600
army of basarab Liotta his 
cousin usurper and most recent 

5054
04:23:10,600 --> 04:23:12,500
betrayer was probably 
responsible. 

5055
04:23:13,799 --> 04:23:15,799
How many not asked his voice 
steady? 

5056
04:23:15,799 --> 04:23:19,600
Despite the implications several
thousand, the Ottomans have 

5057
04:23:19,600 --> 04:23:21,600
provided him substantial 
reinforcements. 

5058
04:23:22,799 --> 04:23:26,299
Privately Vlad recognized the 
bitter symmetry he had once used

5059
04:23:26,299 --> 04:23:28,799
ottoman support to gain his 
throne before turning against 

5060
04:23:28,799 --> 04:23:32,200
them in spectacular fashion. 
Now, another individual played 

5061
04:23:32,200 --> 04:23:35,899
the same game with Vlad himself 
being used as the sacrifice. 

5062
04:23:36,799 --> 04:23:39,399
For two decades, Vlad had 
navigated the treacherous 

5063
04:23:39,399 --> 04:23:42,500
politics between Hungary, the 
Ottoman Empire and his own 

5064
04:23:42,500 --> 04:23:44,799
boyars. 
The aristocratic landowners who 

5065
04:23:44,799 --> 04:23:47,600
viewed their prints as merely 
first among equals to be 

5066
04:23:47,600 --> 04:23:51,399
replaced whenever convenient. 
His notorious impalement of 

5067
04:23:51,399 --> 04:23:55,100
20,000 prisoners outside Targa 
Vista, had established his 

5068
04:23:55,100 --> 04:23:58,299
fearsome reputation. 
But even Terror had its 

5069
04:23:58,299 --> 04:23:59,899
limitations as a governing 
strategy. 

5070
04:24:01,000 --> 04:24:03,100
That evening Vlad with Drew his 
tent. 

5071
04:24:03,100 --> 04:24:05,299
While his men made camp in a 
sheltered depression. 

5072
04:24:05,299 --> 04:24:07,100
Surrounded by ancient Beech 
trees. 

5073
04:24:08,000 --> 04:24:11,299
The persistent discomfort in his
abdomen, had worsened a dull 

5074
04:24:11,299 --> 04:24:13,200
ache that had plagued him since 
midsummer. 

5075
04:24:14,100 --> 04:24:16,399
The court physician in brush 
off, had prescribed Herbal 

5076
04:24:16,399 --> 04:24:20,000
Remedies Larry and wormwood that
the pain, persisted, 

5077
04:24:20,000 --> 04:24:22,500
occasionally flaring into 
something more concerning. 

5078
04:24:23,399 --> 04:24:26,399
Vlad had enough wounds to know 
when something was wrong, but 

5079
04:24:26,399 --> 04:24:29,000
with enemies closing in, he 
couldn't afford to be weak. 

5080
04:24:29,899 --> 04:24:33,000
He unfolded a map across his 
campaign table, the parchment 

5081
04:24:33,000 --> 04:24:34,799
illuminated by a single oil 
lamp. 

5082
04:24:35,500 --> 04:24:37,899
The mountains offered potential 
routes of Escape toward 

5083
04:24:37,899 --> 04:24:41,299
Transylvania, where Matthias 
corvinus of Hungary might, again

5084
04:24:41,299 --> 04:24:44,600
offer reluctant Sanctuary but 
Retreat meant abandoning 

5085
04:24:44,600 --> 04:24:46,799
wallachia, again and 
surrendering. 

5086
04:24:46,799 --> 04:24:49,399
All he had fought to reclaim 
Enter. 

5087
04:24:49,399 --> 04:24:52,100
He called at the sound of 
approaching footsteps, his 

5088
04:24:52,100 --> 04:24:54,700
secretary ion Gaspar duck 
through the tent flap, his 

5089
04:24:54,700 --> 04:24:58,700
scholarly framing Congress among
Warriors, my prints and messages

5090
04:24:58,700 --> 04:25:01,600
arrived from Bucharest. 
He extended a sealed parchment. 

5091
04:25:01,600 --> 04:25:05,000
Bearing, the Insignia of 
Demetrius stood, one of the few 

5092
04:25:05,000 --> 04:25:08,700
boyars who had declared for 
vlad's restoration, Breaking the

5093
04:25:08,700 --> 04:25:12,200
seal of LED scan the contents, 
his expression darkening. 

5094
04:25:13,200 --> 04:25:16,299
Stirred sir writes that the 
ottoman Commander has issued a 

5095
04:25:16,299 --> 04:25:18,799
proclamation throughout the 
southern provinces they offer 

5096
04:25:18,799 --> 04:25:22,899
10,000 for my head. 
Gash bars face paled. 

5097
04:25:23,500 --> 04:25:29,700
The sum is substantial. 
Indeed, that smiled thinly, I 

5098
04:25:29,700 --> 04:25:32,899
should be flattered during my 
previous rain, the Bounty was 

5099
04:25:32,899 --> 04:25:36,799
merely half that amount. 
As night deepened, Vlad found 

5100
04:25:36,799 --> 04:25:39,799
himself unable to sleep. 
His mind calculating 

5101
04:25:39,799 --> 04:25:43,600
permutations of strategy while 
the pain in his gut spread 

5102
04:25:43,600 --> 04:25:47,600
tendrils of fire through his 
midsection Outside the December 

5103
04:25:47,600 --> 04:25:51,500
snow began to fall blanketing, 
the camp in silence his 

5104
04:25:51,500 --> 04:25:53,000
thoughts. 
Turned to his young wife in 

5105
04:25:53,000 --> 04:25:56,500
Brash off and the son. 
He had rarely seen with the boy,

5106
04:25:56,500 --> 04:25:58,299
remember him? 
If he fell in the coming days, 

5107
04:25:58,299 --> 04:26:01,399
or would he know his father, 
only through the exaggerated 

5108
04:26:01,399 --> 04:26:04,000
Tales of Cruelty that had spread
throughout Christendom? 

5109
04:26:04,700 --> 04:26:07,399
History, rarely captured, the 
complexities of men who made 

5110
04:26:07,399 --> 04:26:11,600
difficult choices in impossible.
Circumstances already German 

5111
04:26:11,600 --> 04:26:14,700
pamphlets depicted him as a 
Madman drinking blood. 

5112
04:26:14,700 --> 04:26:18,600
Amid forests of impaled victims,
convenient propaganda to unite 

5113
04:26:18,600 --> 04:26:20,299
Christians against the ottoman 
threat. 

5114
04:26:21,200 --> 04:26:24,700
The irony was not lost on him. 
His Extreme Measures against the

5115
04:26:24,700 --> 04:26:27,100
Turks had protected the same 
European powers that now 

5116
04:26:27,100 --> 04:26:31,899
vilified him as Dawn approached 
Vlad made his decision, they 

5117
04:26:31,899 --> 04:26:33,299
would not Retreat to 
Transylvania. 

5118
04:26:33,299 --> 04:26:36,799
They would push forward to Ward 
Bucharest Gathering. 

5119
04:26:36,799 --> 04:26:39,899
What loyalists remained? 
They would make a final attempt 

5120
04:26:39,899 --> 04:26:42,000
to reclaim what was rightfully 
theirs by Birthright? 

5121
04:26:43,000 --> 04:26:46,000
If he were to die and 
increasingly he suspected, he 

5122
04:26:46,000 --> 04:26:49,299
would not survive this winter, 
it would be on wall in soil, 

5123
04:26:49,299 --> 04:26:52,700
fighting for his principality. 
His secretary on gash bar. 

5124
04:26:52,700 --> 04:26:55,600
Duck through the tent flap, his 
scholarly framing conqueror 

5125
04:26:55,600 --> 04:26:58,700
among Warriors. 
My prints and messages arrived 

5126
04:26:58,700 --> 04:27:01,100
from Bucharest. 
He extended a sealed parchment 

5127
04:27:01,100 --> 04:27:04,200
bearing, the Insignia of 
Dimitrius sturdza, one of the 

5128
04:27:04,200 --> 04:27:06,700
few boyars who had declared for 
vlad's restoration. 

5129
04:27:07,700 --> 04:27:10,100
Breaking the seal Vlad scanned. 
The contents? 

5130
04:27:10,100 --> 04:27:13,799
His expression darkening. 
Stirred her rights that the 

5131
04:27:13,799 --> 04:27:16,500
ottoman Commander has issued a 
proclamation throughout the 

5132
04:27:16,500 --> 04:27:20,000
southern provinces, they offer 
10,000 axi for my head. 

5133
04:27:20,899 --> 04:27:25,200
Gash bars face paled. 
The sum is substantial. 

5134
04:27:26,000 --> 04:27:30,899
Indeed, that smiled thinly, I 
should be flattered during my 

5135
04:27:30,899 --> 04:27:33,399
previous rain, that Bounty was 
merely half that amount. 

5136
04:27:34,500 --> 04:27:37,600
As night deepened, lad found 
himself unable to sleep. 

5137
04:27:37,600 --> 04:27:41,200
His mind calculating 
permutations of strategy while 

5138
04:27:41,200 --> 04:27:44,299
the pain in his gut spread 
tendrils of fire through his 

5139
04:27:44,299 --> 04:27:48,799
midsection Outside the December 
snow began to fall blanketing, 

5140
04:27:48,799 --> 04:27:51,000
the camp in silence his 
thoughts. 

5141
04:27:51,000 --> 04:27:53,200
Turned to his young wife in 
Brash off and the son. 

5142
04:27:53,200 --> 04:27:56,299
He had rarely seen with the boy,
remember him? 

5143
04:27:56,299 --> 04:27:59,299
If he fell in the coming days, 
or would he know his father, 

5144
04:27:59,299 --> 04:28:02,100
only through the exaggerated 
Tales of Cruelty that had 

5145
04:28:02,100 --> 04:28:05,399
throughout Christendom? 
History, rarely captured, the 

5146
04:28:05,399 --> 04:28:08,399
complexities of men who made 
difficult choices in impossible.

5147
04:28:08,399 --> 04:28:12,600
Circumstances already German 
pamphlets depicted him as a 

5148
04:28:12,600 --> 04:28:15,899
Madman drinking blood. 
Amid forests of impaled victims,

5149
04:28:15,899 --> 04:28:19,399
convenient propaganda to unite 
Christians against the ottoman 

5150
04:28:19,399 --> 04:28:22,000
threat. 
The irony was not lost on him. 

5151
04:28:22,799 --> 04:28:25,500
His Extreme Measures against the
Turks had protected the same 

5152
04:28:25,500 --> 04:28:29,100
European powers that now 
vilified him as Dawn approached 

5153
04:28:29,100 --> 04:28:32,200
Vlad made his decision, they 
would not Retreat to 

5154
04:28:32,200 --> 04:28:34,899
Transylvania. 
They would push forward toward 

5155
04:28:34,899 --> 04:28:38,399
Bucharest Gathering. 
What loyalists remained they 

5156
04:28:38,399 --> 04:28:40,299
would make a final attempt to 
reclaim what was rightfully 

5157
04:28:40,299 --> 04:28:44,000
theirs by Birthright. 
If he were to die and 

5158
04:28:44,000 --> 04:28:46,600
increasingly he suspected, he 
would not survive this winter, 

5159
04:28:46,600 --> 04:28:50,299
it would be on wallachian soil 
fighting for his principality 

5160
04:28:50,299 --> 04:28:54,100
despite gash bars protests, that
he was barely standing Vlad 

5161
04:28:54,100 --> 04:28:57,500
insisted on mounting his horse, 
when Dawn broke a prince of 

5162
04:28:57,508 --> 04:29:01,899
Wales, in a litter, like some 
ottoman concubine, he asserted 

5163
04:29:01,899 --> 04:29:04,700
despite the exertion of getting 
into the saddle leaving him 

5164
04:29:04,700 --> 04:29:08,500
drenched in perspiration. 
They diverted from their plan 

5165
04:29:08,500 --> 04:29:10,899
route. 
Taking a treacherous goat path 

5166
04:29:10,899 --> 04:29:13,000
that wound through a series of 
limestone ravines. 

5167
04:29:13,799 --> 04:29:17,700
By midday even Vlad recognized. 
He could go no farther they made

5168
04:29:17,700 --> 04:29:20,399
camp in a defensible position. 
Overlooking a narrow Valley 

5169
04:29:20,399 --> 04:29:24,399
posting triple centuries despite
their dwindling numbers as 

5170
04:29:24,399 --> 04:29:27,100
Twilight approached Nicolae 
returned from a scouting 

5171
04:29:27,100 --> 04:29:32,100
Expedition his young face grave.
My prince bass forces, have 

5172
04:29:32,100 --> 04:29:34,899
split into three columns. 
They searched the forest. 

5173
04:29:34,899 --> 04:29:38,299
Systematically the nearest group
is perhaps, two hours behind us.

5174
04:29:39,299 --> 04:29:43,200
flat nodded resignation settling
over him like the winter snow 

5175
04:29:43,200 --> 04:29:46,600
know accumulating on the 
branches of He had cheated 

5176
04:29:46,608 --> 04:29:50,100
death, many times, survived 
assassination attempts 

5177
04:29:50,100 --> 04:29:52,600
Battlefield, wounds years of 
imprisonment. 

5178
04:29:52,600 --> 04:29:56,200
But now with his body failing 
and betrayal lurking among his 

5179
04:29:56,200 --> 04:30:00,600
final loyal men, he recognized 
the approaching end that night 

5180
04:30:00,600 --> 04:30:04,399
as the other slept Vlad penned 
letters, one to his wife, 

5181
04:30:04,399 --> 04:30:07,200
instructing her to flee with her
son to the Saxon stronghold of 

5182
04:30:07,200 --> 04:30:10,600
sibiu, another to King, Matthias
of Hungary, requesting 

5183
04:30:10,600 --> 04:30:13,799
protection for his family, in 
exchange, for Intelligence, on 

5184
04:30:13,799 --> 04:30:17,299
ottoman military Arrangements. 
The pain in his abdomen. 

5185
04:30:19,799 --> 04:30:22,000
Dumb men and become a constant 
companion. 

5186
04:30:22,000 --> 04:30:25,700
A burning coalescence of Agony 
that radiated outward with each 

5187
04:30:25,700 --> 04:30:28,500
heartbeat. 
As he sealed the letter with 

5188
04:30:28,500 --> 04:30:32,299
whacks, vladar whose version of 
his story, would survive the 

5189
04:30:32,299 --> 04:30:36,000
Vengeance, obsessed Tyrant, the 
brutal, but effective bull work,

5190
04:30:36,000 --> 04:30:39,399
against Autism, and expansion, 
or simply another Fallen prince 

5191
04:30:39,399 --> 04:30:41,299
in the bloody tapestry of Balkan
politics. 

5192
04:30:41,299 --> 04:30:44,600
Could it be all three? 
All three or none at all. 

5193
04:30:44,600 --> 04:30:47,399
He had learned that whoever 
remained to tell the story would

5194
04:30:47,399 --> 04:30:51,100
write history by December 20th, 
Vlad could no longer hide his 

5195
04:30:51,100 --> 04:30:55,500
deteriorating condition The 
fever Came In Waves leaving him.

5196
04:30:55,500 --> 04:30:57,100
Alternately burning and 
shivering. 

5197
04:30:57,799 --> 04:30:59,899
More concerning was the 
progressive swelling and 

5198
04:30:59,899 --> 04:31:01,899
discoloration, spreading across 
his abdomen. 

5199
04:31:02,600 --> 04:31:05,600
A purplish Hue, that Dragonair 
with his Battlefield medical 

5200
04:31:05,600 --> 04:31:09,200
experience recognized as a 
harbinger of serious internal 

5201
04:31:09,200 --> 04:31:12,000
damage. 
You've been poisoned by Prince 

5202
04:31:12,000 --> 04:31:15,500
the old Warrior stated bluntly. 
He examined Vlad in the privacy 

5203
04:31:15,500 --> 04:31:18,399
of his tent. 
The pattern suggests arsenic 

5204
04:31:18,399 --> 04:31:22,000
administered in small doses over
months, it explains, the gradual

5205
04:31:22,000 --> 04:31:24,899
weakening the pain and the 
digestive disturbances you've 

5206
04:31:24,899 --> 04:31:27,799
hidden from us. 
Flags expression remained in 

5207
04:31:27,807 --> 04:31:31,399
passive though his mind raced 
through possibilities, not 

5208
04:31:31,399 --> 04:31:33,799
months. 
The symptoms, likely started 

5209
04:31:33,799 --> 04:31:35,500
after my return to Lake Erie in 
October. 

5210
04:31:35,500 --> 04:31:39,600
The symptoms began shortly after
my restoration feast Who 

5211
04:31:39,600 --> 04:31:41,200
prepared your food during that 
time. 

5212
04:31:42,100 --> 04:31:45,500
Everyone and no one. 
I was surrounded by dozens of 

5213
04:31:45,500 --> 04:31:48,799
supposedly loyal boyars all 
eager to demonstrate their 

5214
04:31:48,799 --> 04:31:51,899
renewed Allegiance. 
Vlad laughed. 

5215
04:31:51,899 --> 04:31:55,000
Bitterly triggering a coughing 
fit that left flecks of blood on

5216
04:31:55,000 --> 04:31:57,600
his handkerchief. 
How fitting that my enemies 

5217
04:31:57,600 --> 04:32:01,700
finally discovered subtlety why 
face the Impala in battle when 

5218
04:32:01,700 --> 04:32:06,799
patients and poison work just as
effectively That evening, a 

5219
04:32:06,799 --> 04:32:09,500
sleet pelted, their makeshift 
Camp Vlad called his remaining 

5220
04:32:09,500 --> 04:32:13,000
confidence to his tent. 
Despite his weakened State, he 

5221
04:32:13,000 --> 04:32:16,399
sat upright refusing to address 
them from a position of illness.

5222
04:32:16,399 --> 04:32:18,700
The pain is actions caused 
remained. 

5223
04:32:18,700 --> 04:32:21,299
Hidden behind his 
characteristically impassive 

5224
04:32:21,299 --> 04:32:23,899
expression. 
Tomorrow we reach across roads, 

5225
04:32:23,899 --> 04:32:26,899
he informed them. 
Bazar ABS forces, continue to 

5226
04:32:26,899 --> 04:32:29,799
close from the south and east, 
the Western route toward 

5227
04:32:29,799 --> 04:32:33,000
Transylvania remains open, but 
snowfall has made the mountain 

5228
04:32:33,000 --> 04:32:36,899
passes treacherous. 
My prince McNair interjected. 

5229
04:32:36,899 --> 04:32:40,299
We have received word that the 
Garrison Pointe remains loyal. 

5230
04:32:41,200 --> 04:32:44,200
If we can reach the Fortress, we
could withstand the seed until 

5231
04:32:44,200 --> 04:32:46,299
reinforcements arrived from your
Hungarian allies. 

5232
04:32:47,399 --> 04:32:50,299
Vlad's gaze, sharpened what 
reinforcements? 

5233
04:32:50,299 --> 04:32:53,799
A TS Covina has made, no 
promises more likely. 

5234
04:32:53,799 --> 04:32:57,100
He watches from Buddha, waiting 
to see, which corpse to support 

5235
04:32:57,100 --> 04:32:58,500
after the battlefield is 
cleared. 

5236
04:32:59,299 --> 04:33:02,500
Then perhaps it is time to 
consider terms with suggested 

5237
04:33:02,500 --> 04:33:06,098
gasbarre cautiously, your life 
might be spared in exchange for 

5238
04:33:06,098 --> 04:33:10,200
more Annunciation of your claim.
The silence that followed was 

5239
04:33:10,200 --> 04:33:13,598
broken only by the crack of the 
Brazier heating, the tent, all 

5240
04:33:13,598 --> 04:33:16,900
present new vlad's history. 
How his father and elder brother

5241
04:33:16,900 --> 04:33:19,598
had been murdered despite 
Promises of safe conduct. 

5242
04:33:19,598 --> 04:33:22,700
How betrayal had been the 
constant companion of his family

5243
04:33:22,700 --> 04:33:26,098
for Generations? 
Like claim is my Birthright flat

5244
04:33:26,098 --> 04:33:30,299
finally responded his voice, 
dangerously soft, I would sooner

5245
04:33:30,299 --> 04:33:34,000
feed my intros to the crows and 
surrender it to a puppet dancing

5246
04:33:34,000 --> 04:33:38,098
on ottoman strings. 
He paused studying each face. 

5247
04:33:39,000 --> 04:33:41,200
But neither will, I lead you all
to certain death for my 

5248
04:33:41,200 --> 04:33:43,500
ambition. 
Each of you has demonstrated 

5249
04:33:43,500 --> 04:33:47,098
loyalty beyond what any prints 
deserves a dawn, those who wish 

5250
04:33:47,098 --> 04:33:50,799
to seek terms with basarab, made
a part with my blessing, I will 

5251
04:33:50,799 --> 04:33:54,799
continue to POI Inari. 
Although no one mentioned 

5252
04:33:54,799 --> 04:33:57,400
leaving. 
Vlad observed, a brief flicker 

5253
04:33:57,400 --> 04:34:00,900
in nickel is youthful eyes, not 
out of cowardice, but from the 

5254
04:34:00,900 --> 04:34:03,700
natural human desire to survive 
beyond the approaching days. 

5255
04:34:03,700 --> 04:34:07,900
Vlad did not begrudge him this 
Instinct, unlike the boyars who 

5256
04:34:07,900 --> 04:34:10,799
had repeatedly betrayed him 
throughout his Reigns, these men

5257
04:34:10,799 --> 04:34:15,500
had proven their worth. 
Later alone except for radius 

5258
04:34:15,500 --> 04:34:18,299
standing guard outside Vlad. 
Examined the progression of the 

5259
04:34:18,299 --> 04:34:20,400
Poison's work in the polished 
metal mirror. 

5260
04:34:20,400 --> 04:34:24,299
He carried the sclera of his 
eyes had yellowed and the veins 

5261
04:34:24,299 --> 04:34:27,598
visible beneath his increasingly
translucent skin carried a 

5262
04:34:27,598 --> 04:34:31,000
darker than normal. 
And experience to physician one 

5263
04:34:31,000 --> 04:34:33,700
with knowledge, beyond the 
limitations of contemporary were

5264
04:34:33,700 --> 04:34:38,000
lockean medicine must intervene 
or is prognosis will be clear. 

5265
04:34:38,900 --> 04:34:41,700
He had perhaps two weeks 
possibly less if the physical 

5266
04:34:41,700 --> 04:34:44,299
exertion of evading Bastrop's 
forces accelerated. 

5267
04:34:44,299 --> 04:34:47,098
The poison spread. 
You might not have enough time 

5268
04:34:47,098 --> 04:34:49,799
to reclaim his throne but he 
might have enough to ensure his 

5269
04:34:49,799 --> 04:34:52,598
legacy was carried on through 
his young son or immediately 

5270
04:34:52,598 --> 04:34:54,400
concerning was the progressive 
weakness. 

5271
04:34:54,400 --> 04:34:58,098
That would soon render him 
unable to ride or fight a 

5272
04:34:58,098 --> 04:35:00,098
vulnerability. 
He could not afford with enemies

5273
04:35:00,098 --> 04:35:04,000
drawing Closer by the hour. 
That night, he drafted, coded 

5274
04:35:04,000 --> 04:35:07,500
instructions and sewed them into
the lining of Nicole's cloaks 

5275
04:35:07,500 --> 04:35:09,799
directions to a cache of gold 
and documents hidden during his 

5276
04:35:09,799 --> 04:35:13,400
previous Reign resources. 
That would prove valuable to his

5277
04:35:13,400 --> 04:35:16,900
Heirs of properly secured. 
The young man's nervous, energy 

5278
04:35:16,900 --> 04:35:19,299
made him the most likely to slip
through Enemy Lines 

5279
04:35:19,299 --> 04:35:21,000
successfully. 
If they are situation, 

5280
04:35:21,000 --> 04:35:24,500
deteriorated further by morning,
fresh snowfall, at covered their

5281
04:35:24,500 --> 04:35:26,700
tracks. 
Providing temporary concealment.

5282
04:35:26,700 --> 04:35:30,700
As they moved North, West toward
the arche River Valley, Vlad 

5283
04:35:30,700 --> 04:35:33,400
Road at the center of their 
formation rather than in the 

5284
04:35:33,400 --> 04:35:36,200
lead, a concession to his 
condition that required. 

5285
04:35:36,200 --> 04:35:39,500
No verbalization. 
During the Day's Journey, he 

5286
04:35:39,500 --> 04:35:42,900
nearly lost Consciousness, twice
and the safe from falling only 

5287
04:35:42,900 --> 04:35:45,000
by dragon, as vigilance as he 
wrote beside him. 

5288
04:35:45,900 --> 04:35:47,700
They set up camp in a limestone 
cave. 

5289
04:35:47,700 --> 04:35:50,700
Overlooking the river where the 
natural formation not only 

5290
04:35:50,700 --> 04:35:53,799
provided shelter but also 
limited the possible approaches 

5291
04:35:54,900 --> 04:35:57,700
as Mena and Nikolai hunted for 
fresh meat to supplement their 

5292
04:35:57,700 --> 04:36:01,200
dwindling Provisions Vlad Maps 
across a flat stone 

5293
04:36:01,200 --> 04:36:04,000
strategizing, alternative 
routes, should their primary 

5294
04:36:04,000 --> 04:36:05,799
path to point, Inari, be 
compromised. 

5295
04:36:06,799 --> 04:36:09,900
The poison progresses quickly 
dragged me or observed quietly, 

5296
04:36:09,900 --> 04:36:11,799
joining him at the makeshift 
table. 

5297
04:36:11,799 --> 04:36:14,400
You need rest. 
My prints not more planning. 

5298
04:36:14,400 --> 04:36:18,900
Rest awaits in the grave, Vlad 
replied without looking up until

5299
04:36:18,900 --> 04:36:22,200
then we move forward. 
Forward to what end? 

5300
04:36:22,200 --> 04:36:24,900
Even if we reach poenari your 
condition. 

5301
04:36:24,900 --> 04:36:27,400
My condition is not your 
concern. 

5302
04:36:27,400 --> 04:36:32,299
Vlad interrupted sharply. 
Then relenting slightly I have 

5303
04:36:32,299 --> 04:36:37,000
survived Hungarian dungeons, 
Ottoman pursuers and countless 

5304
04:36:37,000 --> 04:36:40,200
assassination, attempts, this 
current difficulty is merely 

5305
04:36:40,200 --> 04:36:43,598
another obstacle. 
But both men recognize the Halo 

5306
04:36:43,598 --> 04:36:46,700
optimism in his words. 
The poison now coursing through 

5307
04:36:46,700 --> 04:36:50,200
his veins was an enemy that 
could not be impaled beheaded or

5308
04:36:50,200 --> 04:36:54,000
outmaneuvered it Advanced with 
the next Rebel patients of death

5309
04:36:54,000 --> 04:36:56,500
itself. 
A worthy opponent for a man who 

5310
04:36:56,500 --> 04:36:59,299
had made violence and art form 
in defense of his troubled, 

5311
04:36:59,299 --> 04:37:03,000
Prince of Pally, on December, 
the 23rd with basser abs forces 

5312
04:37:03,000 --> 04:37:06,500
closing from multiple directions
Vlad and his dwindling company 

5313
04:37:06,500 --> 04:37:09,799
sought shelter in an unexpected 
Sanctuary deeper in the 

5314
04:37:09,799 --> 04:37:11,400
forested. 
Foothills of the fager 

5315
04:37:11,400 --> 04:37:14,098
mountains, stood a hunting lodge
that had belonged to Vader's 

5316
04:37:14,098 --> 04:37:16,700
family for Generations. 
A simple structure of stone and 

5317
04:37:16,700 --> 04:37:20,799
Timber unremarkable except for 
what labor beneath it. if you 

5318
04:37:20,807 --> 04:37:23,900
remember this, place exists Vlad
explained as Rowdy Force, the 

5319
04:37:23,900 --> 04:37:26,500
weather door, open my 
grandfather, built it not for 

5320
04:37:26,500 --> 04:37:31,200
hunting game, but for hunting 
men, Inside beneath rotting 

5321
04:37:31,200 --> 04:37:34,500
floorboards that minor and 
Dragonair Pride away Stone 

5322
04:37:34,500 --> 04:37:38,200
steps, descended Into Darkness, 
the narrow staircase opened into

5323
04:37:38,200 --> 04:37:40,900
a Subterranean chamber. 
Carved directly into the Bedrock

5324
04:37:40,900 --> 04:37:44,900
a rim, perhaps 30 feet square 
with smaller cells, branching 

5325
04:37:44,900 --> 04:37:48,098
off the central space. 
Ancient manacles hung from the 

5326
04:37:48,098 --> 04:37:51,299
walls and channels carved into 
the social and stone floor, 

5327
04:37:51,299 --> 04:37:55,700
converged to Central drain. 
A faint lingering smell of Old 

5328
04:37:55,700 --> 04:37:59,098
Death, permeated the air, 
despite the decades since its 

5329
04:37:59,098 --> 04:38:02,299
last use. 
The house of bone Dragonair 

5330
04:38:02,299 --> 04:38:05,400
mermaid with recognition. 
I heard Tales from the old 

5331
04:38:05,400 --> 04:38:07,000
veterans, who served your 
grandfather. 

5332
04:38:07,900 --> 04:38:11,000
They claimed, he extracted 
confession from Hungarian spies 

5333
04:38:11,000 --> 04:38:13,299
here during the campaigns of the
1420s. 

5334
04:38:14,200 --> 04:38:17,299
More than confessionals flat 
replied, lowering himself 

5335
04:38:17,299 --> 04:38:19,799
carefully onto a stone bench, 
each movement. 

5336
04:38:19,799 --> 04:38:23,400
Now causing waves of pain to 
radiate from his poisoned core. 

5337
04:38:24,299 --> 04:38:29,098
Information Alliance structures 
military dispositions, my 

5338
04:38:29,098 --> 04:38:31,799
grandfather understood that 
properly applied pain, yields 

5339
04:38:31,799 --> 04:38:35,200
knowledge and understanding is 
the true current sea of power in

5340
04:38:35,200 --> 04:38:39,098
our position. 
While decline Gaspar secured the

5341
04:38:39,098 --> 04:38:42,700
perimeter of the hunting lodge, 
minor invented the remaining 

5342
04:38:42,700 --> 04:38:46,200
supplies. 
The situation was Grim food for 

5343
04:38:46,200 --> 04:38:49,000
perhaps, three more days at half
rations, minimal, Medical 

5344
04:38:49,000 --> 04:38:52,000
sapins. 
And ammunition for only a brief 

5345
04:38:52,000 --> 04:38:53,500
defense. 
Should they be discovered? 

5346
04:38:54,400 --> 04:38:57,299
That evening as a heavy snowfall
provided temporary, concealment 

5347
04:38:57,299 --> 04:39:01,700
from pursuers vlad's condition, 
deteriorated, sharply the fever 

5348
04:39:01,700 --> 04:39:04,799
that had been intermittent now 
burned constantly and the pain 

5349
04:39:04,799 --> 04:39:07,400
in his abdomen had become so 
severe that even breathing 

5350
04:39:07,400 --> 04:39:11,500
shallowly cause spasms of agony.
Increasingly frequent bouts of 

5351
04:39:11,500 --> 04:39:14,098
vomiting brought up dark blood 
and his urine. 

5352
04:39:14,098 --> 04:39:15,700
Carried an alarming reddish 
tint. 

5353
04:39:16,900 --> 04:39:18,700
The poison attacks, the liver 
and kidneys. 

5354
04:39:18,700 --> 04:39:21,098
Dragonair explained to the 
others while Vlad. 

5355
04:39:21,098 --> 04:39:23,098
Slept fitfully in an adjacent 
chamber. 

5356
04:39:24,000 --> 04:39:27,200
Without proper treatment and 
medicine's available. 

5357
04:39:27,200 --> 04:39:30,598
Perhaps in Constantinople Venice
but not here in the wilderness, 

5358
04:39:30,598 --> 04:39:35,299
the progress is irreversible How
long are Radu? 

5359
04:39:35,299 --> 04:39:37,299
His face, betraying rare 
emotional? 

5360
04:39:38,099 --> 04:39:42,099
Days, not weeks old Warrior 
applied, and his suffering will 

5361
04:39:42,099 --> 04:39:45,299
increase as systems fail. 
Then we must reach. 

5362
04:39:45,299 --> 04:39:48,900
Help insisted cash bar. 
Perhaps, if we sent Nikolai to 

5363
04:39:48,900 --> 04:39:52,400
brush of bassar, ABS men control
all approaches to the Saxon 

5364
04:39:52,400 --> 04:39:57,000
cities, making are inters, and 
even if a messenger could pass, 

5365
04:39:57,000 --> 04:39:59,900
what physician would risk coming
to treat? 

5366
04:39:59,900 --> 04:40:02,400
The prince would be tantamount 
to treason against the new 

5367
04:40:02,400 --> 04:40:06,299
regime. 
In the stone chamber, where Vlad

5368
04:40:06,299 --> 04:40:09,599
rested the flickering oil lamp 
cast, monstrous Shadows across 

5369
04:40:09,599 --> 04:40:12,799
walls, that had witnessed 
generations of suffering during 

5370
04:40:12,799 --> 04:40:16,200
a moment of Lucidity. 
He beckoned Rado closer I need 

5371
04:40:16,208 --> 04:40:19,500
parchment and ink. 
He whispered his once commanding

5372
04:40:19,500 --> 04:40:23,000
voice now ragged, When the 
materials were brought vlad's 

5373
04:40:23,000 --> 04:40:25,700
trembling hand produced a map 
and accompanying instructions, 

5374
04:40:25,700 --> 04:40:28,599
the location of his personal 
treasury hidden during his 

5375
04:40:28,599 --> 04:40:31,099
second Reign. 
And no, only to him, not the 

5376
04:40:31,099 --> 04:40:33,799
official treasury of wallachia, 
which had been depleted by 

5377
04:40:33,799 --> 04:40:36,599
successive Wars and regime 
changes, but his private 

5378
04:40:36,599 --> 04:40:40,099
accumulation of gold jewels, and
portable wealth. this will 

5379
04:40:40,099 --> 04:40:43,599
secure my son's future, he 
explained to Radu ensure it 

5380
04:40:43,607 --> 04:40:47,700
reaches him when he is of age, 
Until then, the Saxons of sibiu 

5381
04:40:47,700 --> 04:40:50,299
will protect him and my wife if 
properly compensated. 

5382
04:40:52,000 --> 04:40:54,700
That night as the other 
strategize, their next movements

5383
04:40:54,700 --> 04:40:57,900
of Vlad remained alone in the 
ancient torture chamber 

5384
04:40:57,900 --> 04:41:00,599
surrounded by the implements. 
His ancestors had used to 

5385
04:41:00,607 --> 04:41:02,500
maintain their tenuous grip on 
power. 

5386
04:41:03,500 --> 04:41:05,099
The Symmetry was not lost on 
him. 

5387
04:41:05,099 --> 04:41:09,000
The man known throughout Europe 
as history is great torture, was

5388
04:41:09,000 --> 04:41:12,599
now suffering his own prolonged 
and agonizing end in his 

5389
04:41:12,599 --> 04:41:15,400
delirium. 
The Shadows took shape the faces

5390
04:41:15,400 --> 04:41:17,799
of those. 
He had impaled beheaded and 

5391
04:41:17,799 --> 04:41:21,500
dismembered during his campaigns
not just ottoman soldiers and 

5392
04:41:21,500 --> 04:41:24,400
officials, but were Lakin 
boyars, who had betrayed him 

5393
04:41:24,400 --> 04:41:28,200
Saxon Merchants, who had died 
his economic policies and 

5394
04:41:28,200 --> 04:41:30,200
peasants who had collaborated 
with his enemies. 

5395
04:41:31,299 --> 04:41:34,000
The brutal calculus of 
maintaining Independence in a 

5396
04:41:34,000 --> 04:41:37,500
region contested by Empires had 
required unprecedented Terror 

5397
04:41:37,500 --> 04:41:40,700
and Vlad had applied at 
methodically without passional 

5398
04:41:40,700 --> 04:41:43,000
cruelty. 
But with the precise logic of a 

5399
04:41:43,000 --> 04:41:46,900
mathematician, I protected 
wallachia, he told the Shadows 

5400
04:41:46,900 --> 04:41:49,200
everything I did served that 
purpose. 

5401
04:41:50,900 --> 04:41:53,700
The accusatory Silence from the 
gathered Spirits offered no 

5402
04:41:53,700 --> 04:41:58,000
Absolution Dawn, brought new 
complications, Nicole returning 

5403
04:41:58,000 --> 04:42:00,599
from scouting the perimeter 
reported movement in the valley 

5404
04:42:00,599 --> 04:42:04,299
below, not bassar ABS main 
Force, but a smaller contingent 

5405
04:42:04,299 --> 04:42:06,400
tracking their path through the 
fresh snow. 

5406
04:42:07,500 --> 04:42:10,700
Thirty men, perhaps 40, the 
young fighter, reported moving 

5407
04:42:10,700 --> 04:42:13,700
cautiously, they found traces of
our passage, despite the 

5408
04:42:13,700 --> 04:42:18,400
snowfall. radu's expression, 
dark and They should not have 

5409
04:42:18,400 --> 04:42:20,700
found this Trail. 
It's known to few outside the 

5410
04:42:20,700 --> 04:42:23,799
princes in a circle. 
The traitor Among Us has sent 

5411
04:42:23,799 --> 04:42:27,000
signals lad stated from the 
stairway entrance, where he 

5412
04:42:27,000 --> 04:42:29,599
stood leaning heavily against 
the stone walled, his 

5413
04:42:29,599 --> 04:42:32,400
deteriorating, physical 
condition, his mind remained 

5414
04:42:32,400 --> 04:42:36,000
razor sharp. 
Like 35s on the Eastern Slope 

5415
04:42:36,000 --> 04:42:40,700
arranged in a triangle. 
McNair looked confused. 

5416
04:42:41,500 --> 04:42:43,500
My prints that would reveal our 
position. 

5417
04:42:45,200 --> 04:42:48,400
Lie. 
Vlad's fevered eyes gleamed with

5418
04:42:48,400 --> 04:42:51,599
the Strategic intellect that had
kept him alive through Decades 

5419
04:42:51,599 --> 04:42:54,200
of intrigued. 
But not to whom they expect. 

5420
04:42:55,900 --> 04:42:58,900
How is later as Twilight 
approached the distinctive 

5421
04:42:58,900 --> 04:43:01,700
Thunder of Hungarian Cavalry 
echoed through the forested 

5422
04:43:01,700 --> 04:43:04,400
valley. 
King Matthias had not abandoned 

5423
04:43:04,400 --> 04:43:07,900
his former prisoner entirely a 
contingent of his border troops.

5424
04:43:07,900 --> 04:43:12,200
50 strong had been patrolling 
the Transylvanian Frontier The 

5425
04:43:12,200 --> 04:43:14,400
Three Fires arranged in the 
pattern. 

5426
04:43:14,400 --> 04:43:18,299
Vlad had specified represented 
an old signal between him and 

5427
04:43:18,299 --> 04:43:20,900
the Hungarian Monarch from their
years of uneasy Alliance. 

5428
04:43:21,799 --> 04:43:24,700
The resulting Skirmish between 
Vassar ABS tracking party and 

5429
04:43:24,700 --> 04:43:27,799
the Hungarian Cavalry provided 
brief respite and more 

5430
04:43:27,799 --> 04:43:30,700
importantly, confusion about 
vlad's, true location and 

5431
04:43:30,700 --> 04:43:33,299
condition. 
By Nightfall, when the 

5432
04:43:33,299 --> 04:43:36,299
hungarians had driven off the 
lake, in pursuers their 

5433
04:43:36,299 --> 04:43:37,900
Commander, approached the 
hunting lodge alone. 

5434
04:43:37,900 --> 04:43:41,099
Following radius guidance 
through concealed paths. 

5435
04:43:42,099 --> 04:43:46,400
Prince Vlad, the Hungarian 
Captain said bowing stiffly upon

5436
04:43:46,400 --> 04:43:48,700
entering the Subterranean 
chamber where Vlad rested? 

5437
04:43:49,500 --> 04:43:52,299
King Matthew census regards and 
offers Sanctuary cross the 

5438
04:43:52,299 --> 04:43:56,099
border and Transylvania How 
generous ladder replied with 

5439
04:43:56,099 --> 04:43:59,500
characteristic dryness? 
And what does the king request 

5440
04:43:59,500 --> 04:44:02,299
in exchange for this sudden 
remembrance of our alliance? 

5441
04:44:02,299 --> 04:44:04,200
The Hungarian shifted 
uncomfortably? 

5442
04:44:05,000 --> 04:44:08,299
in the current circumstances, my
Lord believes your expertise 

5443
04:44:08,299 --> 04:44:10,900
regarding ottoman military 
dispositions would prove 

5444
04:44:10,900 --> 04:44:14,599
valuable a bitter laugh escaped 
vlad's cracked lips. 

5445
04:44:14,599 --> 04:44:18,500
Of course, not Sanctuary for an 
ally, but intelligence from a 

5446
04:44:18,500 --> 04:44:21,099
dying man. 
Gestured toward a stone bench. 

5447
04:44:21,099 --> 04:44:23,200
Sit Captain. 
I will provide. 

5448
04:44:23,200 --> 04:44:25,099
What Matthias seeks though? 
I doubt. 

5449
04:44:25,099 --> 04:44:26,599
I shall live to collect whatever
payment. 

5450
04:44:26,599 --> 04:44:29,599
He might offer Christmas Eve 
donned over the hunting lodge, 

5451
04:44:29,599 --> 04:44:33,099
the pristine, snowfall masking 
the vials that had occurred in 

5452
04:44:33,099 --> 04:44:36,400
the valley below. the Hungarian 
Cavalry contingent had 

5453
04:44:36,400 --> 04:44:39,000
established a defensive 
perimeter around the structure, 

5454
04:44:39,000 --> 04:44:42,599
their presence, temporarily 
deterring, basser of Scouts from

5455
04:44:42,599 --> 04:44:46,900
approaching, Inside an impromptu
war council had assembled in the

5456
04:44:46,900 --> 04:44:49,200
main chamber of the Subterranean
sells. 

5457
04:44:49,200 --> 04:44:53,000
Captain Tebow Bathory of the 
Hungarian border, forces, set up

5458
04:44:53,000 --> 04:44:56,400
Vlad who had insisted on being 
carried, up stairs, rather than 

5459
04:44:56,400 --> 04:44:59,000
conducting business from what he
directly referred to as my 

5460
04:44:59,000 --> 04:45:02,000
deathbed below. 
Despite the prince's 

5461
04:45:02,000 --> 04:45:05,700
deteriorating condition. 
His complexion of the visible 

5462
04:45:05,700 --> 04:45:09,200
Tremors of the year but 
occasionally sees his limbs his 

5463
04:45:09,200 --> 04:45:11,599
mind remained focused on the 
Strategic situation. 

5464
04:45:13,000 --> 04:45:15,700
Basarab will not risk. 
Confrontation with Hungarian 

5465
04:45:15,700 --> 04:45:18,299
forces. 
Vlad stated his voice weaker, 

5466
04:45:18,299 --> 04:45:20,700
but still carrying the 
authoritative tone that had 

5467
04:45:20,700 --> 04:45:23,799
commanded armies. 
Not without explicit ottoman 

5468
04:45:23,799 --> 04:45:26,400
backing, which would take weeks 
to arrange in winter. 

5469
04:45:27,299 --> 04:45:29,299
My orders are to escort you to 
fagar. 

5470
04:45:29,299 --> 04:45:32,400
Ash Castle Beverly explained. 
King Matthias has prepared 

5471
04:45:32,408 --> 04:45:35,500
secure quarters there, his 
personal physician, awaits your 

5472
04:45:35,508 --> 04:45:38,799
arrival. 
The unspoken reality hung 

5473
04:45:38,799 --> 04:45:41,500
heavily in the room that even 
with the immediate medical 

5474
04:45:41,500 --> 04:45:44,599
attention vlad's poisoning had 
progressed too far for recovery.

5475
04:45:45,299 --> 04:45:48,599
This rescue was merely Matthias 
corvinus in showing that vlad's 

5476
04:45:48,599 --> 04:45:51,200
considerable knowledge of 
Ottoman military structures and 

5477
04:45:51,200 --> 04:45:53,599
were like in politics. 
Wouldn't be lost with his 

5478
04:45:53,599 --> 04:45:57,299
passing. 
And my men that inquired 

5479
04:45:57,299 --> 04:46:00,500
gesturing to his five remaining 
loyalists They will receive 

5480
04:46:00,500 --> 04:46:03,900
Royal protection as well. 
They three confirmed though King

5481
04:46:03,900 --> 04:46:06,799
Mattea specifically requested 
that secretary gash bar bring 

5482
04:46:06,799 --> 04:46:09,000
all correspondence and documents
in his possession. 

5483
04:46:10,400 --> 04:46:13,900
Vlads gaze shifted briefly to 
gash bar noting the secretaries 

5484
04:46:13,900 --> 04:46:16,900
momentary discomfort. 
The Hungarian interest in his 

5485
04:46:16,900 --> 04:46:20,000
administrative papers, suggested
concerns Beyond near Military 

5486
04:46:20,000 --> 04:46:23,400
Intelligence, perhaps questions,
about vlad's diplomatic Outreach

5487
04:46:23,400 --> 04:46:26,400
to Venice or is correspondents 
with rebellious elements in 

5488
04:46:26,400 --> 04:46:29,500
ottoman, Bulgaria. 
We depart at first light, 

5489
04:46:29,500 --> 04:46:33,400
tomorrow battery continued. 
The mountain pass remains 

5490
04:46:33,400 --> 04:46:36,500
navigable but another snowstorm 
approaches from the West. 

5491
04:46:37,700 --> 04:46:40,299
After the Hungarian, Captain 
withdrew to consult his left 

5492
04:46:40,299 --> 04:46:43,500
tenants Vlad motioned for his 
inner circle to gather closer. 

5493
04:46:43,500 --> 04:46:48,099
His voice dropping to ensure 
privacy I will not reach fager, 

5494
04:46:48,099 --> 04:46:49,799
Ashe alive. 
He stated matter-of-factly. 

5495
04:46:51,000 --> 04:46:54,200
The journey alone would finish, 
what the poison has begun and 

5496
04:46:54,200 --> 04:46:58,000
Matthias knows this, his concern
is not my survival but 

5497
04:46:58,000 --> 04:47:00,900
controlling The Narrative of my 
death and whatever Secrets I 

5498
04:47:00,908 --> 04:47:05,200
might reveal in my final hours. 
Then we refuse Hungarian escort.

5499
04:47:05,200 --> 04:47:09,099
McNair suggested, his hand in 
stinky moving to his sword. 

5500
04:47:09,099 --> 04:47:14,599
Hilt, make our own way to play. 
Inari as planned, Vlad shook his

5501
04:47:14,607 --> 04:47:19,500
head, slowly, the Strategic 
situation has changed bassar. 

5502
04:47:19,500 --> 04:47:22,599
ABS forces, have likely blocked.
All approaches to pointer by 

5503
04:47:22,599 --> 04:47:26,599
now, and my condition, he 
gestured dismissively toward his

5504
04:47:26,599 --> 04:47:29,900
swollen abdomen. 
I cannot ride, I can barely 

5505
04:47:29,900 --> 04:47:32,599
walk. 
I could potentially pose a 

5506
04:47:32,599 --> 04:47:36,500
threat to your survival. 
A heavy sales settled over the 

5507
04:47:36,500 --> 04:47:38,799
group. 
For men who had to Define their 

5508
04:47:38,799 --> 04:47:41,799
existence through loyalty to 
their prints, the prospect of a 

5509
04:47:41,799 --> 04:47:44,700
banding him, even at his 
instruction was nearly 

5510
04:47:44,700 --> 04:47:47,900
unthinkable. 
There is another option Vlad 

5511
04:47:47,900 --> 04:47:51,200
continued after a moment, one 
that serves multiple purposes. 

5512
04:47:52,299 --> 04:47:56,000
His fevered eyes seemed to burn 
with renewed Clarity, Captain 

5513
04:47:56,000 --> 04:48:00,700
Bathory stated, we depart at 
dawn Radu McNair and Nikolai 

5514
04:48:00,700 --> 04:48:03,000
will accompany my litter with 
the hungarians. 

5515
04:48:03,500 --> 04:48:05,299
Dragonair and gash bar will 
disappear. 

5516
04:48:05,299 --> 04:48:08,200
During the night, taking 
alternate routes to deliver 

5517
04:48:08,200 --> 04:48:10,900
messages and secure certain 
items of importance. 

5518
04:48:11,799 --> 04:48:14,099
He produced several sealed 
documents from within his 

5519
04:48:14,099 --> 04:48:16,500
doublet documents. 
He had been preparing during 

5520
04:48:16,500 --> 04:48:18,500
moments of Lucidity over the 
past days. 

5521
04:48:19,400 --> 04:48:22,599
Dragon will deliver this package
to my wife in Brush of along 

5522
04:48:22,599 --> 04:48:24,700
with instructions for reaching 
sacks and protection. 

5523
04:48:24,700 --> 04:48:28,000
In CPU gasbarre will take this 
second packet to the monastery 

5524
04:48:28,000 --> 04:48:30,700
at snag of where certain 
loyalists wait directions. 

5525
04:48:31,799 --> 04:48:35,400
What remained unspoken was Vlad 
suspicion, at least one among 

5526
04:48:35,400 --> 04:48:39,000
them, had betrayed him, like the
same person who had facilitated 

5527
04:48:39,000 --> 04:48:42,700
his poisoning months earlier. 
By separating his remaining 

5528
04:48:42,700 --> 04:48:45,700
followers, he increased the 
chance that at least some of his

5529
04:48:45,700 --> 04:48:48,099
final commands would be executed
Faithfully. 

5530
04:48:49,099 --> 04:48:51,299
As night, deepened and the 
hungarians maintained, their 

5531
04:48:51,299 --> 04:48:54,299
watchful perimeter around the 
lodge Vlad requested privacy in 

5532
04:48:54,299 --> 04:48:56,900
the Subterranean chamber where 
he had spent the previous night.

5533
04:48:57,700 --> 04:49:00,700
Only Radu remained nearby 
standing guard at the top of the

5534
04:49:00,700 --> 04:49:03,400
stone staircase. 
In the flickering lamp light 

5535
04:49:03,400 --> 04:49:06,400
Vlad produced a small Leather 
Pouch from among his possessions

5536
04:49:06,400 --> 04:49:09,299
inside layer gold Signet ring 
bearing. 

5537
04:49:09,299 --> 04:49:12,200
The dragon emblem of the order 
of the Dragon, the organization,

5538
04:49:12,200 --> 04:49:14,700
his father had belonged to and 
from which the family named 

5539
04:49:14,700 --> 04:49:18,500
draculae derived, alongside it 
rested, a small Orthodox, 

5540
04:49:18,500 --> 04:49:21,700
crucifix of Byzantine 
craftsmanship and a folded piece

5541
04:49:21,700 --> 04:49:24,400
of parchment containing a prayer
written in his mother's hand 

5542
04:49:24,400 --> 04:49:27,599
decades earlier. 
These personal effects, not the 

5543
04:49:27,599 --> 04:49:30,299
elaborate Royal regalia that had
been lost during his various 

5544
04:49:30,299 --> 04:49:33,299
Exiles, but the modest items 
that connected him to his 

5545
04:49:33,299 --> 04:49:36,599
lineage were all that remained 
of vlad's personal Legacy. 

5546
04:49:37,500 --> 04:49:41,000
He wrap them carefully, adding a
letter to his young son and 

5547
04:49:41,000 --> 04:49:44,299
sealed, the package with wax 
impressed by his thumb, rather 

5548
04:49:44,299 --> 04:49:48,200
than his official seal. 
When Radu descended, the stairs 

5549
04:49:48,200 --> 04:49:51,200
later to check on his prints. 
He found Vlad kneeling in prayer

5550
04:49:51,200 --> 04:49:54,700
before an improvised alter the 
crucifix placed upon the same 

5551
04:49:54,700 --> 04:49:56,900
Stone table, where his 
grandfather had extracted 

5552
04:49:56,900 --> 04:49:59,099
confessionals, through 
methodical torture. 

5553
04:49:59,900 --> 04:50:02,799
The juxtaposition captured, the 
contradiction that had defined 

5554
04:50:02,799 --> 04:50:06,700
the Dracula to Dynasty for 
Generations devout, Orthodox, 

5555
04:50:06,700 --> 04:50:10,200
Christians, who had employed 
shocking violence in defense of 

5556
04:50:10,200 --> 04:50:14,299
their faith and principality. 
You should rest my prince Radu 

5557
04:50:14,299 --> 04:50:17,700
suggested quietly, tomorrow's 
Journey will tax your strength. 

5558
04:50:18,400 --> 04:50:20,700
Rest Vlad repeated 
contemplatively. 

5559
04:50:20,700 --> 04:50:23,200
There will be time enough for 
that soon. 

5560
04:50:23,900 --> 04:50:26,400
He struggled to his feet, 
accepting rados assistance, with

5561
04:50:26,400 --> 04:50:28,599
the pride that would have 
forbidden such help in early 

5562
04:50:28,607 --> 04:50:31,900
days. 
Tell me, honestly, old friend. 

5563
04:50:31,900 --> 04:50:34,500
How will history? 
Remember me? 

5564
04:50:34,500 --> 04:50:38,099
Do consider the question 
carefully as a defender of 

5565
04:50:38,099 --> 04:50:40,099
Christendom against the ottoman 
advance. 

5566
04:50:40,900 --> 04:50:43,200
As a prince who held the line 
when others would have 

5567
04:50:43,200 --> 04:50:46,200
surrendered. 
And the impairments, The Forest 

5568
04:50:46,200 --> 04:50:48,799
of stakes outside, tag office 
day that made The Sultans Army 

5569
04:50:48,799 --> 04:50:53,599
turn back. necessary, rarely 
replied simply Those who haven't

5570
04:50:53,599 --> 04:50:55,799
faced the decisions. 
You face cannot judge the 

5571
04:50:55,799 --> 04:50:58,900
methods you employed. 
Vlad, nodded slowly. 

5572
04:50:59,900 --> 04:51:03,900
Yet judge, they will already the
German printers spread their 

5573
04:51:03,900 --> 04:51:06,900
pamphlets depicting me as a 
Monster who died among forests 

5574
04:51:06,900 --> 04:51:11,099
of impaled victims. 
The Saxons who cities, I 

5575
04:51:11,099 --> 04:51:13,000
protected from ottoman raids, 
right? 

5576
04:51:13,000 --> 04:51:17,700
Of me as a bloodthirsty tyrant, 
A bitter smile crossed his pale 

5577
04:51:17,700 --> 04:51:20,000
features. 
Perhaps it is better to be 

5578
04:51:20,000 --> 04:51:22,299
remembered as a monster than 
forgotten entirely. 

5579
04:51:23,500 --> 04:51:25,599
As Christmas Eve gave way to 
Christmas morning. 

5580
04:51:25,599 --> 04:51:29,299
The Hungarian escort prepared 
for departure Vlad was carefully

5581
04:51:29,299 --> 04:51:31,400
placed in a litter? 
That would be carried between 

5582
04:51:31,400 --> 04:51:34,400
two horses and Arrangement. 
He accepted with grim 

5583
04:51:34,400 --> 04:51:37,400
resignation understanding his 
body, no longer permitted, the 

5584
04:51:37,400 --> 04:51:41,599
Dignity of riding upright. 
Before they departed, Dragonair 

5585
04:51:41,599 --> 04:51:45,000
and Gaspar disappeared as 
planned ostensibly to scout the 

5586
04:51:45,000 --> 04:51:47,700
forward path. 
But in reality beginning, their 

5587
04:51:47,700 --> 04:51:50,299
separate Journeys to deliver 
vlad's final Communications. 

5588
04:51:51,099 --> 04:51:54,000
Nobody could have predicted that
only one of these messages would

5589
04:51:54,000 --> 04:51:56,900
reach its intended recipient. 
And that the other messenger 

5590
04:51:56,900 --> 04:51:59,500
Harbor treachery that would 
shape the final chapter of Vlad 

5591
04:51:59,500 --> 04:52:01,299
Story. 
The journey toward the 

5592
04:52:01,299 --> 04:52:05,299
Transylvania border proceeded 
slowly through deepening snow by

5593
04:52:05,299 --> 04:52:07,799
midday on Christmas of lads. 
Condition had deteriorated 

5594
04:52:07,799 --> 04:52:10,700
sharply. 
The poison had progressed to his

5595
04:52:10,700 --> 04:52:14,000
extremities causing periodic 
muscle spasms, that left him 

5596
04:52:14,000 --> 04:52:17,099
gasping for breath. 
Captain Bathory ordered a 

5597
04:52:17,099 --> 04:52:18,700
temporary halt. 
In a sheltered Ravine. 

5598
04:52:18,700 --> 04:52:22,000
Allowing his men to establish a 
Windbreak around vlad's litter. 

5599
04:52:22,700 --> 04:52:25,400
We should reach the Border post 
by Nightfall, that Hungarian 

5600
04:52:25,400 --> 04:52:27,599
officer informed Rado from 
there. 

5601
04:52:27,599 --> 04:52:30,799
We can obtain a proper wagon for
transport to fager rash. 

5602
04:52:31,700 --> 04:52:34,599
What remained on spoken was the 
increasing likelihood that they 

5603
04:52:34,599 --> 04:52:37,599
would be transporting a corpse 
rather than a living prints. 

5604
04:52:38,500 --> 04:52:41,299
Flat had been unconscious for 
the past hour, his breathing 

5605
04:52:41,299 --> 04:52:45,500
shallow, and a regular. 
Nikolai had been sent ahead to 

5606
04:52:45,500 --> 04:52:47,900
ensure the Border Garrison 
prepared appropriate 

5607
04:52:47,900 --> 04:52:50,200
accommodations. 
While the remaining wallachian 

5608
04:52:50,200 --> 04:52:52,599
maintained, a protective circle 
around their dying leader. 

5609
04:52:53,599 --> 04:52:55,799
As Twilight approached bringing 
with it. 

5610
04:52:55,799 --> 04:52:59,299
Plummeting temperatures Vlad 
unexpectedly, regained 

5611
04:52:59,299 --> 04:53:02,000
Consciousness. 
His yellow eyes seemed to burn 

5612
04:53:02,000 --> 04:53:05,400
with our natural clarity as he 
beckoned Rado closer water. 

5613
04:53:05,400 --> 04:53:09,900
He rust after taking a small sip
from the offered water skin Vlad

5614
04:53:09,900 --> 04:53:11,599
gripped. 
His wrist with surprising 

5615
04:53:11,599 --> 04:53:14,599
strength Do you have the package
from my son secured? 

5616
04:53:14,599 --> 04:53:17,099
Yes. 
My prince hidden as you 

5617
04:53:17,099 --> 04:53:20,299
instructed. 
And dragomir has there been 

5618
04:53:20,299 --> 04:53:21,900
word. 
None yet. 

5619
04:53:21,900 --> 04:53:25,400
But he knows the forest paths 
better than any man he will 

5620
04:53:25,400 --> 04:53:30,200
reach brush of safely. 
Vlad's expression title and he 

5621
04:53:30,200 --> 04:53:32,900
will not reach brush of. 
He travels in the opposite 

5622
04:53:32,900 --> 04:53:36,099
direction. 
Raw dudes confusion was evident 

5623
04:53:36,099 --> 04:53:41,500
but during instructions were a 
test Vlad interrupted his voice.

5624
04:53:41,500 --> 04:53:45,200
Barely above a whisper when I 
needed to confirm before death 

5625
04:53:45,200 --> 04:53:47,400
claims me with tremendous 
effort. 

5626
04:53:47,400 --> 04:53:50,500
He raised himself slightly on 
one elbow scanning the nearby 

5627
04:53:50,500 --> 04:53:53,700
figures until he located near 
Consulting maps with the 

5628
04:53:53,700 --> 04:53:55,500
Hungarian Captain. 
Several yards away. 

5629
04:53:55,500 --> 04:53:59,799
My cousin has betrayed me Vlad 
whispered, it was McNair who 

5630
04:53:59,799 --> 04:54:01,799
arranged for the poison. 
She has been sending 

5631
04:54:01,799 --> 04:54:04,099
intelligence to basarab 
throughout our retreat. 

5632
04:54:04,900 --> 04:54:07,400
Raju's hand moved instinctively 
to his weapon. 

5633
04:54:07,400 --> 04:54:10,799
How can you be? 
Certain, the documents I gave to

5634
04:54:10,799 --> 04:54:14,299
Dragonair and gasbarre contain 
different information location 

5635
04:54:14,299 --> 04:54:17,700
of treasuries military 
dispositions names of loyal 

5636
04:54:17,700 --> 04:54:20,900
agents, the packet for 
Dragonair, contained accurate 

5637
04:54:20,900 --> 04:54:22,400
information about my wife's 
location. 

5638
04:54:23,200 --> 04:54:25,599
The packet for gash bar 
contained false information, 

5639
04:54:25,599 --> 04:54:30,299
including the claim that McNair 
was My Chosen successor and you 

5640
04:54:30,299 --> 04:54:34,000
believe gash bar is loyal. 
While dragomir dragomir served 

5641
04:54:34,000 --> 04:54:37,700
my father before me his loyalty 
was never in question blood 

5642
04:54:37,700 --> 04:54:42,299
explained. 
Each word clearly causing him 

5643
04:54:42,299 --> 04:54:45,200
pain. 
I sent him North because I knew 

5644
04:54:45,200 --> 04:54:47,099
McNair would expect me to send 
messages South. 

5645
04:54:47,099 --> 04:54:50,700
I suspected gash bar maintained 
correspondence with McNair. 

5646
04:54:50,700 --> 04:54:55,000
So I gave him false information.
Standing dawned on radius 

5647
04:54:55,000 --> 04:54:58,099
weathered face. 
The shepherd, mentioned by stirs

5648
04:54:58,099 --> 04:55:01,000
as messenger gash bar was 
passing information through him.

5649
04:55:01,799 --> 04:55:05,400
indeed and now gash bar travels 
to Rendezvous with ottoman 

5650
04:55:05,400 --> 04:55:08,400
agents carrying what he 
believed, are vital State 

5651
04:55:08,400 --> 04:55:12,799
secrets, a ghost of vlad's old 
calculating, smile crossed his 

5652
04:55:12,799 --> 04:55:15,700
features. 
Instead he delivers carefully 

5653
04:55:15,700 --> 04:55:19,099
crafted misinformation that will
send bass Arabs, forces, 

5654
04:55:19,099 --> 04:55:21,099
searching in the wrong direction
for weeks. 

5655
04:55:22,099 --> 04:55:25,500
A Meena. 
Flatts gay is hardened. 

5656
04:55:25,500 --> 04:55:28,700
Watches me die by inches. 
Believing himself. 

5657
04:55:28,700 --> 04:55:32,000
The architect of my downfall, 
never suspecting I identified 

5658
04:55:32,000 --> 04:55:36,500
him months ago He paused 
struggling for breath. but I 

5659
04:55:36,500 --> 04:55:39,599
would not leave this earth 
without him knowing that his 

5660
04:55:39,599 --> 04:55:44,200
treachery was as transparent to 
me as the winter are What would 

5661
04:55:44,200 --> 04:55:46,500
you have me? 
Do my prints Radu asked the 

5662
04:55:46,508 --> 04:55:48,599
Loyalty of decades evident in 
his voice? 

5663
04:55:49,400 --> 04:55:52,599
Nothing old friend, the 
hungarians will protect him as 

5664
04:55:52,599 --> 04:55:54,200
part of their agreement with 
basarab. 

5665
04:55:54,200 --> 04:55:57,200
Another betrayal by Messiahs 
that I anticipated. 

5666
04:55:58,099 --> 04:56:01,599
Vlad's voice weakened further. 
Let minor live with the 

5667
04:56:01,607 --> 04:56:05,099
knowledge that he did. 
Not deceive me that even dying I

5668
04:56:05,099 --> 04:56:06,599
remained one step ahead of his 
schemes. 

5669
04:56:08,200 --> 04:56:11,599
As night descended fully over 
the carpathians small cavalcade 

5670
04:56:11,599 --> 04:56:15,299
reached the Hungarian border 
Fortress Vlad was transferred to

5671
04:56:15,299 --> 04:56:17,599
a proper bed. 
In the Commander's quarters, the

5672
04:56:17,599 --> 04:56:20,900
all present, recognized that 
death approached swiftly the 

5673
04:56:20,900 --> 04:56:23,400
poison had reached his 
extremities turning his 

5674
04:56:23,400 --> 04:56:26,099
fingertips black while the 
yellowing of his skin had 

5675
04:56:26,099 --> 04:56:29,500
deepened to an alarming bronze 
hue, Throughout the night. 

5676
04:56:29,500 --> 04:56:33,200
As Hungarian guards maintained, 
vigil outside his chamber, Radu 

5677
04:56:33,200 --> 04:56:35,799
watched as flag drifted between 
Consciousness and delirium. 

5678
04:56:36,599 --> 04:56:39,700
In his fevered State, the prince
recited, Byzantine military 

5679
04:56:39,700 --> 04:56:43,900
formations debated theology with
long-dead Bishops and issued 

5680
04:56:43,900 --> 04:56:46,200
commands, to armies that had 
dissolved years earlier. 

5681
04:56:46,200 --> 04:56:50,099
Shortly before Dawn, on December
26th, Vlad experienced a final 

5682
04:56:50,099 --> 04:56:54,000
Moment of clarity. 
His eyes opened focusing on Radu

5683
04:56:54,000 --> 04:56:57,200
with unexpected sharpness. 
My story ends here. 

5684
04:56:57,200 --> 04:57:00,700
He stated with surprising 
strength, but were like, he has 

5685
04:57:00,700 --> 04:57:03,400
continues. 
We must protect my son until he 

5686
04:57:03,400 --> 04:57:05,200
can reclaim, what is rightfully 
his? 

5687
04:57:06,200 --> 04:57:09,700
Swear it Radu promised. 
Vlad nodded slightly 

5688
04:57:09,700 --> 04:57:13,000
satisfaction evident despite his
pain. 

5689
04:57:14,000 --> 04:57:17,599
History, writes itself with 
blood Radu, mine has contributed

5690
04:57:17,599 --> 04:57:23,000
its share to those pages. 
He paused his breathing becoming

5691
04:57:23,000 --> 04:57:26,400
more irregular. 
I regret nothing, every 

5692
04:57:26,400 --> 04:57:30,500
impalement, every execution, 
every brutal act preserved were 

5693
04:57:30,500 --> 04:57:33,799
late as Independence one day 
longer against forces, that 

5694
04:57:33,799 --> 04:57:37,299
would devour us. 
As the first light of dawn, 

5695
04:57:37,299 --> 04:57:40,400
illuminated, the Eastern Sky 
Vlad Dracula. 

5696
04:57:41,099 --> 04:57:44,400
Three-time Prince of Wale Kia 
closed his eyes for the final 

5697
04:57:44,400 --> 04:57:48,099
time, the Man known throughout 
Christendom as the Impala died. 

5698
04:57:48,099 --> 04:57:50,700
Not on a battlefield or by an 
assassin's blade, but from 

5699
04:57:50,700 --> 04:57:52,799
Poison administered by trusted 
Kinsman. 

5700
04:57:53,500 --> 04:57:55,900
The most traditional death for a
Balkan ruler. 

5701
04:57:57,200 --> 04:57:58,900
Captain Bathory entered the 
chamber. 

5702
04:57:58,900 --> 04:58:01,900
In our later, paying proper 
respects to the deceased prints 

5703
04:58:01,900 --> 04:58:03,400
before turning to practical 
matters. 

5704
04:58:04,299 --> 04:58:07,500
King Matthias has ordered that 
Prince Vlad received, proper 

5705
04:58:07,500 --> 04:58:10,099
Christian Burial at the 
monastery in snagov, he 

5706
04:58:10,099 --> 04:58:12,700
informed, radhu, we depart as 
soon as Arrangements can be 

5707
04:58:12,708 --> 04:58:15,200
made. 
Neither man mentioned that 

5708
04:58:15,200 --> 04:58:17,400
Matthias is sudden concern for 
vlad's. 

5709
04:58:17,400 --> 04:58:19,799
Proper internment, likely, 
stemmed from political 

5710
04:58:19,799 --> 04:58:23,900
calculations rather than respect
a verifiable grave would prevent

5711
04:58:23,900 --> 04:58:26,799
Pretenders from claiming to be 
the resurrected Dracula in 

5712
04:58:26,799 --> 04:58:29,599
future years. 
A common occurrence with 

5713
04:58:29,599 --> 04:58:32,099
charismatic leaders, whose 
deaths occurred under ambiguous 

5714
04:58:32,099 --> 04:58:35,700
circumstances as Hungarian 
soldiers, constructed as 

5715
04:58:35,700 --> 04:58:39,400
Transportation beer, Radu 
noticed me in a watching from a 

5716
04:58:39,400 --> 04:58:43,099
distance, his expression 
unreadable The cousin who had 

5717
04:58:43,107 --> 04:58:45,700
betrayed his prints now, found 
himself in an uncertain 

5718
04:58:45,700 --> 04:58:49,400
position, neither fully trusted 
by the hungarians, nor able to 

5719
04:58:49,400 --> 04:58:52,200
return to Basra ABS Court 
without risking exposure of his 

5720
04:58:52,200 --> 04:58:55,299
double game. 
That evening as the small 

5721
04:58:55,299 --> 04:58:58,700
procession prepared to depart 
for snag of Radu approached many

5722
04:58:58,700 --> 04:59:02,400
in the Fortress Stables. 
He knew how do you stated simply

5723
04:59:02,400 --> 04:59:05,000
he identified, you as the 
traitor months ago? 

5724
04:59:06,099 --> 04:59:08,799
The color drained from Mina's 
face impossible. 

5725
04:59:08,799 --> 04:59:11,599
I was careful. 
I didn't exercise enough caution

5726
04:59:11,599 --> 04:59:14,299
his final words concerned, you 
specifically. 

5727
04:59:15,299 --> 04:59:18,299
The story was not entirely true 
but Radu considered the 

5728
04:59:18,307 --> 04:59:21,700
embellishment Justified. 
He died knowing exactly who had 

5729
04:59:21,700 --> 04:59:25,700
poisoned him and why? 
as minor struggled to respond, 

5730
04:59:25,700 --> 04:59:29,299
rather continued The hungarians 
may protect you for now. 

5731
04:59:29,299 --> 04:59:32,700
But eventually, they'll 
recognize your true nature men, 

5732
04:59:32,700 --> 04:59:35,299
who betray family, rarely prove 
loyal to strangers. 

5733
04:59:36,900 --> 04:59:39,400
Without waiting for a response 
he turned and walked away. 

5734
04:59:39,400 --> 04:59:42,299
Leaving vlad's treacherous 
cousin alone with the 

5735
04:59:42,299 --> 04:59:45,599
consequences of his actions. 
The funeral procession traveled 

5736
04:59:45,599 --> 04:59:49,000
only through the winter 
landscape carrying Flags body 

5737
04:59:49,000 --> 04:59:52,000
from the Hungarian border 
Fortress to snagov Monastery. 

5738
04:59:52,000 --> 04:59:56,099
Captain Bathory had a signed 20 
of his best men as escort. 

5739
04:59:56,900 --> 05:00:00,299
Stencil as a mark of respect. 
But primarily to ensure that the

5740
05:00:00,307 --> 05:00:03,200
former Prince was truly laid to 
rest rather than spiritual Way 

5741
05:00:03,200 --> 05:00:06,000
by loyalists who might use him 
as a rallying symbol. 

5742
05:00:07,200 --> 05:00:09,400
Rado and Nikolai wrote directly 
behind the wagon. 

5743
05:00:09,400 --> 05:00:12,799
Bearing vlad's body which should
be prepared according to 

5744
05:00:12,799 --> 05:00:17,099
Orthodox tradition by monks, who
accompanied the procession In 

5745
05:00:17,099 --> 05:00:19,500
death with the tension release 
from his features. 

5746
05:00:19,500 --> 05:00:23,099
The Fearsome ruler appeared. 
Surprisingly peaceful, an 

5747
05:00:23,099 --> 05:00:25,900
illusion that contrasted sharply
with the violent reality of his 

5748
05:00:25,900 --> 05:00:29,900
life and reign. 
McNair had remained behind at 

5749
05:00:29,900 --> 05:00:34,099
the border Fortress his status. 
Now ambiguous without vlad's, 

5750
05:00:34,099 --> 05:00:36,900
direct accusation, there was 
insufficient evidence to charge 

5751
05:00:36,900 --> 05:00:40,200
him with regicide, yet his 
obvious complicity in battle 

5752
05:00:40,200 --> 05:00:42,599
Arab schemes made him 
untrustworthy to both Hungarian 

5753
05:00:42,599 --> 05:00:46,099
and were leaking interests. like
many failed, conspirators 

5754
05:00:46,099 --> 05:00:48,900
throughout history, he had 
created a precarious position 

5755
05:00:48,900 --> 05:00:52,400
for himself, useful to various 
Powers temporarily, but 

5756
05:00:52,400 --> 05:00:56,599
ultimately Expendable to all on 
January 3rd 1477. 

5757
05:00:57,799 --> 05:01:00,799
As a heavy snowfall blanketed, 
the countryside in purifying 

5758
05:01:00,799 --> 05:01:04,900
white, Vlad Dracula was laid to 
rest in The Monastery Church at 

5759
05:01:04,900 --> 05:01:07,400
snagov. 
The ceremony combined, the 

5760
05:01:07,400 --> 05:01:10,700
elaborate rituals of Orthodox 
tradition with the subdued 

5761
05:01:10,700 --> 05:01:13,000
atmosphere necessitated by 
political reality. 

5762
05:01:13,900 --> 05:01:16,799
No boyars from basara. 
ABS quarter, tended though 

5763
05:01:16,799 --> 05:01:19,500
several sent representatives to 
verify the death of their former

5764
05:01:19,500 --> 05:01:21,700
Prince. 
Following tradition. 

5765
05:01:21,700 --> 05:01:24,200
The officiating priest, 
delivered a eulogy that 

5766
05:01:24,200 --> 05:01:27,200
emphasized vlad's defense of 
Christianity against ottoman 

5767
05:01:27,200 --> 05:01:29,900
expansion while diplomatically 
avoiding mention of his more 

5768
05:01:29,900 --> 05:01:33,700
controversial methods. 
In the flickering, candle light 

5769
05:01:33,700 --> 05:01:36,500
of the Monastery Church, the 
contradiction that had defined 

5770
05:01:36,500 --> 05:01:39,500
vlad's, existence seemed 
temporarily resolved with 

5771
05:01:39,500 --> 05:01:42,299
Byzantine icons gazing down from
gilded walls. 

5772
05:01:42,299 --> 05:01:45,000
The warrior Prince. 
Finally at peace after the 

5773
05:01:45,000 --> 05:01:48,500
formal ceremony concluded and 
the Hungarian escort withdrew to

5774
05:01:48,500 --> 05:01:51,799
establish camp nearby, Rado 
remained alone in the church, 

5775
05:01:51,799 --> 05:01:55,900
maintaining vigil beside his 
princes body As night deepened 

5776
05:01:55,900 --> 05:01:58,299
and monks completed their 
evening prayers in adjacent, 

5777
05:01:58,299 --> 05:02:01,299
Chambers a hooded figure slipped
quietly through the side 

5778
05:02:01,299 --> 05:02:03,799
entrance. 
I wasn't certain, you would come

5779
05:02:03,799 --> 05:02:07,000
rather commented with, without 
looking up Dragonair pushed 

5780
05:02:07,000 --> 05:02:09,900
back, his hood snow, melting 
from his grizzled, beard in the 

5781
05:02:09,900 --> 05:02:13,700
church's relative warmth. 
I would not miss paying final 

5782
05:02:13,700 --> 05:02:17,400
respects, regardless of risk. 
Did you deliver the package as 

5783
05:02:17,400 --> 05:02:20,799
instructed? 
The old Warrior, nodded the 

5784
05:02:20,799 --> 05:02:24,500
princess and her son of safely 
established in sibiu and a Saxon

5785
05:02:24,500 --> 05:02:27,000
protection. 
The documents and gold will 

5786
05:02:27,000 --> 05:02:28,799
ensure their security for years 
to come. 

5787
05:02:29,700 --> 05:02:33,200
He paused studying the peaceful 
face of his deceased master. 

5788
05:02:34,200 --> 05:02:38,299
So, it was poisoned after all. 
It was administered, gradually 

5789
05:02:38,299 --> 05:02:41,700
over months, rather confirmed 
like Lee beginning during the 

5790
05:02:41,700 --> 05:02:45,099
restoration feast in October. 
And the perpetrator. 

5791
05:02:45,900 --> 05:02:49,599
Minor. 
With gaspar's assistance, the 

5792
05:02:49,599 --> 05:02:51,599
prince identified them both 
before the end. 

5793
05:02:52,700 --> 05:02:54,400
Dragon is weathered face 
hardened. 

5794
05:02:54,400 --> 05:02:58,900
Then Justice must the prince 
expressly forbade Vengeance. 

5795
05:02:58,900 --> 05:03:02,200
Radu interrupted, his final 
concern was for his son's 

5796
05:03:02,208 --> 05:03:07,299
future, not retribution against 
his betrayers The two Veterans 

5797
05:03:07,299 --> 05:03:10,599
of countless campaign stood in 
contemplative silence their 

5798
05:03:10,599 --> 05:03:13,700
shared history with the dead man
before them spanning Decades of 

5799
05:03:13,700 --> 05:03:17,599
Wallace turbulent existence. 
Eventually dragomir spoke. 

5800
05:03:17,599 --> 05:03:20,799
Again, what happens now to 
wallachia to his legacy. 

5801
05:03:21,799 --> 05:03:24,200
Bazaro will rule until the 
Ottomans find him. 

5802
05:03:24,200 --> 05:03:26,900
No longer useful. 
Hungary will maintain the 

5803
05:03:26,900 --> 05:03:29,500
pretense of opposing ottoman 
influence while practically 

5804
05:03:29,500 --> 05:03:32,200
accommodating it. 
The cycle continues. 

5805
05:03:33,400 --> 05:03:35,900
Rados voice. 
Carried the weary in a man who 

5806
05:03:35,900 --> 05:03:39,400
had witnessed too many political
transitions too many betrayals, 

5807
05:03:40,299 --> 05:03:44,700
and US Dragonair asked, Nicolai 
will return to his family's 

5808
05:03:44,700 --> 05:03:47,900
lands near the Western border. 
I've instructed him to maintain 

5809
05:03:47,900 --> 05:03:51,400
communication with certain loyal
elements but to avoid obvious 

5810
05:03:51,400 --> 05:03:55,400
political engagement has for you
and me, Rowdy paws. 

5811
05:03:56,200 --> 05:03:59,799
Our obligations now, extend the 
Young Prince, he will need 

5812
05:03:59,799 --> 05:04:02,099
protection and guidance. 
When he eventually seeks to 

5813
05:04:02,099 --> 05:04:06,099
reclaim his father's throne. 
Outside the monastery walls, the

5814
05:04:06,099 --> 05:04:09,400
January wind carried swirling 
snow across Lake snuggle the 

5815
05:04:09,400 --> 05:04:12,200
Frozen surface reflecting 
Moonlight like polished silver. 

5816
05:04:13,200 --> 05:04:16,500
Within hours official Messengers
would depart for Constantinople 

5817
05:04:16,500 --> 05:04:20,200
Budapest and Venice carrying 
formal notification of Vlad 

5818
05:04:20,200 --> 05:04:23,000
Dracula's death. 
Diplomats and spies throughout 

5819
05:04:23,000 --> 05:04:25,599
Europe would adjust their 
calculations accordingly while 

5820
05:04:25,599 --> 05:04:28,299
ordinary citizens and Villages 
from the Danube to the Rhine, 

5821
05:04:28,299 --> 05:04:31,299
which tellingly elaborate 
stories about the bloodthirsty 

5822
05:04:31,299 --> 05:04:33,500
while in Prince, what none could
have? 

5823
05:04:33,500 --> 05:04:35,900
Anticipated was how those 
stories would evolve over, 

5824
05:04:35,900 --> 05:04:39,400
subsequent centuries how the 
historical figure of Vlad, the 

5825
05:04:39,408 --> 05:04:42,400
Impaler would gradually 
transformed through German folk 

5826
05:04:42,400 --> 05:04:46,400
tales, Victorian literature and 
eventually Cinema into the 

5827
05:04:46,400 --> 05:04:48,500
supernatural character of Count 
Dracula. 

5828
05:04:49,599 --> 05:04:54,000
The actual man complex brutal, 
but effective ultimately 

5829
05:04:54,000 --> 05:04:57,299
poisoned by his cousin would 
fade behind the fictional 

5830
05:04:57,299 --> 05:05:00,200
vampire created by Bram Stoker 
for centuries later. 

5831
05:05:01,099 --> 05:05:04,099
Yet for those who had known him,
who had fought alongside him in 

5832
05:05:04,099 --> 05:05:07,799
defense of Independence, Vlad 
remained, neither monster nor 

5833
05:05:07,799 --> 05:05:11,500
myth but a ruler shaped by the 
harsh reality of 15th century 

5834
05:05:11,500 --> 05:05:14,799
Balkan politics. 
His methods have been extreme 

5835
05:05:14,799 --> 05:05:18,200
though is Vengeance terrifying, 
but his fundamental objective 

5836
05:05:18,200 --> 05:05:21,200
preserving, his principalities 
autonomy between expanding 

5837
05:05:21,200 --> 05:05:23,500
Empires. 
Had been achieved repeatedly 

5838
05:05:23,500 --> 05:05:26,000
against overwhelming odds in the
Years. 

5839
05:05:26,000 --> 05:05:29,200
Following vlad's death, as 
ottoman influence, expanded 

5840
05:05:29,200 --> 05:05:32,799
throughout the region, many ways
would look back on his reign 

5841
05:05:32,799 --> 05:05:35,700
with complex. 
Nostalgia the terror, he had 

5842
05:05:35,700 --> 05:05:37,400
employed became in cultural 
memory. 

5843
05:05:37,400 --> 05:05:41,599
A symbol of strength rather than
cruelty evidence that a small 

5844
05:05:41,607 --> 05:05:44,700
principality could temporarily 
halt the advance of Empires 

5845
05:05:44,700 --> 05:05:48,200
through sheer force of will. 
The historical record would 

5846
05:05:48,200 --> 05:05:51,000
later become muddled regarding 
vlad's final resting place. 

5847
05:05:51,900 --> 05:05:54,799
Some Chronicles, assert that The
Salted who had once been his 

5848
05:05:54,799 --> 05:05:57,799
hostage sent his head to 
Constantinople as proof of his 

5849
05:05:57,799 --> 05:06:00,900
death, others. 
Maintain that loyalists secretly

5850
05:06:00,900 --> 05:06:04,099
removed his body from snagov to 
a more secure location to 

5851
05:06:04,099 --> 05:06:08,400
prevent desecration by enemies. 
Arceus logical investigations in

5852
05:06:08,400 --> 05:06:11,000
the 20th century would yielding 
conclusive results. 

5853
05:06:11,000 --> 05:06:13,700
Adding further mystery to the 
ending of a life already 

5854
05:06:13,700 --> 05:06:17,500
shrouded in Legend. 
What remained certain was that 

5855
05:06:17,500 --> 05:06:21,099
Vlad Dracula died, as he had 
lived surrounded by betrayal. 

5856
05:06:21,099 --> 05:06:24,000
Yet maintaining strategic 
Clarity until his final breath. 

5857
05:06:24,900 --> 05:06:27,700
The poison that claimed his life
represented, the culmination of 

5858
05:06:27,700 --> 05:06:31,400
personal and political vendettas
accumulated through three 

5859
05:06:31,400 --> 05:06:35,299
turbulent Reigns yet, even in 
death, through careful planning 

5860
05:06:35,299 --> 05:06:37,700
and the Loyalty of men like Radu
and Dragonair. 

5861
05:06:37,700 --> 05:06:41,099
He had established contingencies
to protect his bloodline and 

5862
05:06:41,099 --> 05:06:43,500
Legacy. 
On the morning, following the 

5863
05:06:43,500 --> 05:06:47,599
funeral, as Hungarian escorts, 
prepared to depart Abbott nectar

5864
05:06:47,599 --> 05:06:50,099
of snuggle approached Radu with 
a sealed manuscript. 

5865
05:06:50,900 --> 05:06:53,400
The Prince and trusted this item
to our Monastery during his 

5866
05:06:53,400 --> 05:06:56,900
second Reign, the elderly 
explained with instructions, 

5867
05:06:56,900 --> 05:06:59,299
that it'd be delivered to his 
successor when the time came 

5868
05:07:00,299 --> 05:07:04,000
Rado accepted the document, 
recognizing vlad's distinctive 

5869
05:07:04,000 --> 05:07:05,900
seal. 
What does it contain? 

5870
05:07:07,099 --> 05:07:09,200
I do not know its contents the 
Abbot replied. 

5871
05:07:10,000 --> 05:07:13,700
But he called it his Testament 
not of material possessions but 

5872
05:07:13,700 --> 05:07:15,799
of knowledge accumulated through
years of rule. 

5873
05:07:17,500 --> 05:07:20,599
Later examining the manuscript 
in private, Rado discovered, a 

5874
05:07:20,599 --> 05:07:24,299
comprehensive analysis of lake 
in politics, ottoman military, 

5875
05:07:24,299 --> 05:07:26,599
strategies. 
And Hungarian diplomatic 

5876
05:07:26,599 --> 05:07:30,299
duplicity effectively a 
guidebook for governance by a 

5877
05:07:30,299 --> 05:07:33,000
prince who had navigated these 
treacherous waters for decades. 

5878
05:07:33,799 --> 05:07:36,500
The final page, contained a 
personal message to vlad's Son 

5879
05:07:36,500 --> 05:07:40,000
written in his hand. 
Power maintains itself through 

5880
05:07:40,000 --> 05:07:43,700
fear. 
When Love is unavailable, I 

5881
05:07:43,700 --> 05:07:46,299
chose fear because our 
circumstances permitted no 

5882
05:07:46,299 --> 05:07:48,900
alternative perhaps your time 
will offer different 

5883
05:07:48,900 --> 05:07:52,599
possibilities. 
Rulers conditions, require not a

5884
05:07:52,599 --> 05:07:57,000
sentiment prefers The dragons 
Shadow protected, willakia, when

5885
05:07:57,000 --> 05:08:00,900
the dragons claws could not. 
A spring gradually reclaimed the

5886
05:08:00,900 --> 05:08:04,500
Carpathian landscape in 1477. 
The political situation 

5887
05:08:04,500 --> 05:08:08,599
stabilized into a new 
equilibrium. bass surround to 

5888
05:08:08,599 --> 05:08:12,099
cemented his control over well 
Ikea with ottoman support while 

5889
05:08:12,099 --> 05:08:15,900
Hungarian influence concentrated
on Transylvania the Border 

5890
05:08:15,900 --> 05:08:18,500
regions returned to their 
traditional state of uneasy 

5891
05:08:18,500 --> 05:08:22,200
coexistence punctuated by 
occasional raids and diplomatic 

5892
05:08:22,200 --> 05:08:25,000
adjustments. 
The story of Vlad the Impaler, 

5893
05:08:25,000 --> 05:08:28,400
his extraordinary methods of 
maintaining power his resistance

5894
05:08:28,400 --> 05:08:31,700
against ottoman expansion and 
his ultimately unsuccessful. 

5895
05:08:31,700 --> 05:08:34,799
Struggle against internal 
betrayal, became gradually 

5896
05:08:34,799 --> 05:08:38,200
incorporated into the broader 
Narrative of Eastern European 

5897
05:08:38,200 --> 05:08:40,299
resistance against Imperial 
domination. 

5898
05:08:41,099 --> 05:08:43,599
His cultural afterlife of 
eventually, overshadowed, his 

5899
05:08:43,599 --> 05:08:45,700
significant, but temporary 
historical impact. 

5900
05:08:46,400 --> 05:08:48,799
Serving as the inspiration for 
fictional vampirism. 

5901
05:08:49,599 --> 05:08:52,200
Yet, for those who truly 
understood Balkan politics of 

5902
05:08:52,200 --> 05:08:55,500
the 15th century Vlad 
represented something more 

5903
05:08:55,500 --> 05:08:58,799
complex than either hero or 
villain, he embodied The 

5904
05:08:58,807 --> 05:09:01,700
Desperate Measures required of 
small states caught between 

5905
05:09:01,700 --> 05:09:05,000
expanding Empires. 
His poisoning by a trusted 

5906
05:09:05,000 --> 05:09:07,299
Kinsman, merely confirmed the 
dangerous reality. 

5907
05:09:07,299 --> 05:09:10,799
He had navigated throughout his 
life where family connections, 

5908
05:09:10,799 --> 05:09:14,200
provided no immunity from 
betrayal in the quiet Monastery 

5909
05:09:14,200 --> 05:09:17,900
Church at snagov where candles 
burned perpetually for his soul 

5910
05:09:17,900 --> 05:09:21,500
according to Orthodox tradition,
Vlad Dracula, found a piece that

5911
05:09:21,500 --> 05:09:24,700
had alluded him in life. 
Whether his physical remains 

5912
05:09:24,700 --> 05:09:27,099
actually rested, beneath the 
stone floor became less 

5913
05:09:27,099 --> 05:09:29,299
important than the legacy of 
determined resistance. 

5914
05:09:29,299 --> 05:09:33,000
He had established a template 
for national identity, that 

5915
05:09:33,000 --> 05:09:35,900
would resonate through Romanian 
Consciousness for centuries to 

5916
05:09:35,900 --> 05:09:40,200
come The mystery surrounding his
final days and death, like many 

5917
05:09:40,200 --> 05:09:43,200
aspects of his controversial 
life would still stimulate 

5918
05:09:43,200 --> 05:09:46,599
debate among historians writers 
and ordinary citizens, 

5919
05:09:46,599 --> 05:09:48,799
fascinated by The Man Behind the
mythology. 

5920
05:09:48,799 --> 05:09:52,099
The poisoning that led to his 
death was merely the final 

5921
05:09:52,099 --> 05:09:55,299
betrayal in a life characterized
by treachery, which he overcame 

5922
05:09:55,299 --> 05:09:58,000
through strategic Brilliance and
calculated Terror. 

5923
05:09:59,000 --> 05:10:02,099
Perhaps most fitting was that 
Vlad died, not from a Turkish 

5924
05:10:02,099 --> 05:10:06,000
Cinema or Hungarian execution, 
but from Poison administered by 

5925
05:10:06,000 --> 05:10:08,700
his blood relation, a death that
embodied. 

5926
05:10:08,700 --> 05:10:11,599
The Byzantine complexity of 
Balkan politics, he had 

5927
05:10:11,599 --> 05:10:15,500
navigated throughout his 
remarkable life. in this as, in 

5928
05:10:15,500 --> 05:10:18,700
many aspects, the historical 
reality of Vlad, the Impaler 

5929
05:10:18,700 --> 05:10:21,700
proved more nuanced and 
ultimately more intriguing than 

5930
05:10:21,700 --> 05:10:24,099
the supernatural fiction that 
would later bear, his family 

5931
05:10:24,099 --> 05:10:30,099
name, Picture yourself settling 
into your favorite chair. 

5932
05:10:30,099 --> 05:10:33,700
Maybe with a warm cup of tea as 
we travel back to a time when 

5933
05:10:33,700 --> 05:10:35,400
America was a very different 
place. 

5934
05:10:35,400 --> 05:10:39,400
It's the late 1800s, and if you 
wanted to get somewhere, you'd 

5935
05:10:39,400 --> 05:10:42,900
better have a good pair of shoes
or reliable horse or access to a

5936
05:10:42,900 --> 05:10:45,700
train. 
The idea of every family owning 

5937
05:10:45,700 --> 05:10:47,799
their own personal 
Transportation device. 

5938
05:10:47,799 --> 05:10:50,700
Well, that was about as likely 
as having a computer in your 

5939
05:10:50,708 --> 05:10:53,000
pocket that could connect you to
anyone in the world. 

5940
05:10:53,000 --> 05:10:57,400
Oh wait. 
A Story begins with a young man 

5941
05:10:57,400 --> 05:11:01,400
named Henry. 
Ford born in 1863 on a farm in 

5942
05:11:01,400 --> 05:11:03,000
what's now Dearborn. 
Michigan. 

5943
05:11:04,099 --> 05:11:08,099
Now Henry wasn't your typical 
Farm Boy, while the kids were 

5944
05:11:08,099 --> 05:11:09,900
content to milk cows and plant 
corn. 

5945
05:11:09,900 --> 05:11:13,200
Henry was the kind of kid who 
take apart the family's pocket 

5946
05:11:13,200 --> 05:11:16,799
watch just to see how it worked.
His father probably wasn't 

5947
05:11:16,799 --> 05:11:19,900
thrilled about this habit much 
like how you might feel if your 

5948
05:11:19,900 --> 05:11:22,200
teenager decided to fix your 
smartphone. 

5949
05:11:23,099 --> 05:11:26,099
Henry had what we'd call today? 
A classic case of mechanical 

5950
05:11:26,099 --> 05:11:28,700
curiosity. 
Couldn't see a machine without 

5951
05:11:28,700 --> 05:11:31,299
wondering how it ticked, 
literally and figuratively. 

5952
05:11:32,400 --> 05:11:35,200
When Henry first laid eyes on a 
steam engine, at the age of 13, 

5953
05:11:35,200 --> 05:11:38,799
it was an instant connection. 
Not the romantic kind of love 

5954
05:11:38,799 --> 05:11:41,400
mind you but the kind of 
obsession that makes you forget 

5955
05:11:41,400 --> 05:11:44,299
to eat dinner because you're too
busy sketching gear ratios. 

5956
05:11:45,200 --> 05:11:48,200
By 16 Henry had left the farm 
for Detroit which was already 

5957
05:11:48,200 --> 05:11:50,000
becoming a hub of American 
industry. 

5958
05:11:50,000 --> 05:11:53,500
He found work as a machinists, 
Apprentice earning two dollars 

5959
05:11:53,500 --> 05:11:56,700
and fifty cents a week. 
To put that in perspective, 

5960
05:11:56,700 --> 05:11:59,000
that's about what you might 
spend on a fancy coffee drink 

5961
05:11:59,000 --> 05:12:02,000
today except Henry had to live 
on it for seven days. 

5962
05:12:03,000 --> 05:12:06,299
But he was learning absorbing 
everything, about how things 

5963
05:12:06,299 --> 05:12:09,799
worked from Steam Engines to the
newfangled electricity. 

5964
05:12:09,799 --> 05:12:11,900
That was just beginning to light
up cities. 

5965
05:12:12,900 --> 05:12:15,799
What made Henry different from 
other Tinkers of his time? 

5966
05:12:15,799 --> 05:12:17,900
Wasn't just his Mechanical 
Aptitude. 

5967
05:12:17,900 --> 05:12:21,599
It was his vision. 
While others saw machines, as 

5968
05:12:21,599 --> 05:12:24,799
individual Marvels, Henry began 
to see them as part of something

5969
05:12:24,799 --> 05:12:28,200
bigger he understood that the 
real magic wasn't just in making

5970
05:12:28,200 --> 05:12:30,400
something look, but in making it
work for everyone. 

5971
05:12:30,400 --> 05:12:33,299
The project wasn't just about 
building a better mousetrap. 

5972
05:12:33,299 --> 05:12:35,900
This was about reimagining, how 
Society itself could function 

5973
05:12:35,900 --> 05:12:39,599
during these early years. 
In Detroit, Henry worked for the

5974
05:12:39,599 --> 05:12:42,799
Edison Illuminating Company 
eventually becoming their chief 

5975
05:12:42,799 --> 05:12:45,500
engineer. 
Yes, that Edison Thomas Edison 

5976
05:12:45,500 --> 05:12:48,700
himself working for the man who 
brought us the light bulb gave 

5977
05:12:48,700 --> 05:12:50,900
Henry front row seats. 
To the biggest technological 

5978
05:12:50,900 --> 05:12:53,900
revolution of his time. 
He watched how Edison didn't 

5979
05:12:53,900 --> 05:12:57,299
just invent things but created 
entire systems around them. 

5980
05:12:57,299 --> 05:13:01,200
The light bulb was useless 
without power plants wiring, and

5981
05:13:01,200 --> 05:13:05,900
switches Henry was taking notes.
But Henry's real passion project

5982
05:13:05,900 --> 05:13:09,200
was happening in his spare time 
in a little brick shed behind 

5983
05:13:09,200 --> 05:13:11,599
his house. 
He was building what he called a

5984
05:13:11,599 --> 05:13:14,099
Horseless. 
Carriage basically a carriage 

5985
05:13:14,099 --> 05:13:16,799
with out the horse, powered by a
gasoline engine. 

5986
05:13:16,799 --> 05:13:19,700
The Carriage wasn't a completely
original idea. 

5987
05:13:20,200 --> 05:13:23,700
Other inventors were working on 
similar projects, but Henry had 

5988
05:13:23,700 --> 05:13:26,700
something different in mind 
while others were creating 

5989
05:13:26,700 --> 05:13:28,700
expensive toys. 
For the wealthy Henry was 

5990
05:13:28,700 --> 05:13:31,200
already dreaming of something 
that Ordinary People could 

5991
05:13:31,200 --> 05:13:34,400
afford. 
In 1896, a 2. 

5992
05:13:34,400 --> 05:13:36,900
Mm, on a June morning. 
Henry fired up his first 

5993
05:13:36,900 --> 05:13:41,099
successful automobile. 
There was just one problem, the 

5994
05:13:41,099 --> 05:13:43,000
car was wider than the door of 
his Workshop. 

5995
05:13:43,000 --> 05:13:45,700
So what did he do? 
He took an axe to the brick 

5996
05:13:45,700 --> 05:13:47,799
wall? 
His wife Clara watching from the

5997
05:13:47,807 --> 05:13:50,099
doorway in her nightgown. 
Probably wondered if she'd 

5998
05:13:50,099 --> 05:13:53,799
married a genius or a Madman 
time would reveal that it was a 

5999
05:13:53,799 --> 05:13:55,200
combination of both genius and 
Madness. 

6000
05:13:56,200 --> 05:13:59,599
That first car, the quadricycle 
as he called it, could reach the

6001
05:13:59,599 --> 05:14:02,200
Blazing speed of 20 miles per 
hour. 

6002
05:14:03,200 --> 05:14:06,099
To put that in perspective that 
slower than most people jogged 

6003
05:14:06,099 --> 05:14:09,299
today, but it was fast enough to
scare horses and create quite a 

6004
05:14:09,299 --> 05:14:12,200
stir in the neighborhood. 
Henry had achieved a significant

6005
05:14:12,200 --> 05:14:14,900
Milestone. 
He'd proven that his vision was 

6006
05:14:14,900 --> 05:14:16,900
not just a dream, it was 
possible. 

6007
05:14:17,799 --> 05:14:20,900
As you drift off to tonight, 
imagine that moment when Henry 

6008
05:14:20,900 --> 05:14:24,400
first drove his quadricycle 
down, Detroit's dirt roads, the 

6009
05:14:24,400 --> 05:14:26,200
neighbors peered out their 
Windows wandering. 

6010
05:14:26,200 --> 05:14:29,299
What that strange contraction 
was Henry himself, probably 

6011
05:14:29,299 --> 05:14:32,400
grinning from ear to ear knowing
that he just taken the first 

6012
05:14:32,400 --> 05:14:35,299
step toward changing, not just 
how people got around how they 

6013
05:14:35,299 --> 05:14:37,500
lived worked. 
And thought about the future. 

6014
05:14:37,500 --> 05:14:40,900
Now, you might think that after 
building his first car Henry, 

6015
05:14:40,900 --> 05:14:44,099
Ford would have immediately 
started mass producing them, but

6016
05:14:44,099 --> 05:14:46,200
here's where our story gets 
interesting and where Henry 

6017
05:14:46,200 --> 05:14:48,099
shows, he was more than just a 
good mechanic. 

6018
05:14:48,099 --> 05:14:51,099
He was a dreamer with a 
practical Street and he 

6019
05:14:51,099 --> 05:14:53,900
understood something that many 
inventors, Miss building 

6020
05:14:53,900 --> 05:14:56,700
something wants his engineering,
but building at affordably for 

6021
05:14:56,700 --> 05:14:58,900
millions of people that's 
Revolution. 

6022
05:14:59,900 --> 05:15:02,599
Henry's earlier attempts at 
starting a car company, were to 

6023
05:15:02,599 --> 05:15:04,400
put it, gently learning 
experiences. 

6024
05:15:04,400 --> 05:15:08,700
His first company the Detroit 
automobile company folded faster

6025
05:15:08,700 --> 05:15:12,400
than a cheap lawn chair. 
The cars were too expensive, too

6026
05:15:12,400 --> 05:15:16,000
unreliable and frankly too much.
Like the luxury play things that

6027
05:15:16,008 --> 05:15:19,200
other manufacturers were making 
Henry wanted something 

6028
05:15:19,200 --> 05:15:21,900
different, but he wasn't quite 
sure how to get there yet. 

6029
05:15:22,799 --> 05:15:25,099
This is where Henry's story 
becomes relatable to. 

6030
05:15:25,099 --> 05:15:29,000
Anyone who's ever had a big idea
that seemed impossible, you 

6031
05:15:29,000 --> 05:15:31,200
know, that feeling when you can 
see exactly what you want to 

6032
05:15:31,200 --> 05:15:34,400
accomplish, but every practical 
step seems to lead to another 

6033
05:15:34,400 --> 05:15:36,700
obstacle. 
That was Henry in the early 

6034
05:15:36,700 --> 05:15:39,400
1900s. 
He could Envision millions of 

6035
05:15:39,400 --> 05:15:42,799
American's driving affordable 
cars, but the math just didn't 

6036
05:15:42,799 --> 05:15:45,500
add up. 
Cars were assembled by skilled 

6037
05:15:45,500 --> 05:15:49,000
Craftsmen one at a time like 
handmade nature. 

6038
05:15:49,000 --> 05:15:52,799
The result was beautiful but 
expensive about 3,000 dollars 

6039
05:15:52,799 --> 05:15:55,900
for a basic model which was more
than most people made in two 

6040
05:15:55,900 --> 05:15:58,500
years. 
But Henry was stubborn in the 

6041
05:15:58,500 --> 05:16:01,299
best possible way. 
Instead of giving up or settling

6042
05:16:01,299 --> 05:16:04,599
for the luxury Market, he became
obsessed with a single question.

6043
05:16:04,599 --> 05:16:07,500
How do you make something both 
good and cheap? 

6044
05:16:07,500 --> 05:16:10,500
It's the same question. 
That would later drive on 

6045
05:16:10,500 --> 05:16:12,400
entrepreneurs to create 
everything from affordable 

6046
05:16:12,400 --> 05:16:15,700
computers to budget. 
Airlines Henry was researching 

6047
05:16:15,700 --> 05:16:18,400
cars at a time when most people 
considered them a fleeting 

6048
05:16:18,400 --> 05:16:21,099
trend. 
The Breakthrough came when Henry

6049
05:16:21,099 --> 05:16:23,900
started studying other 
Industries, he spent time in 

6050
05:16:23,900 --> 05:16:27,500
slaughterhouses, not the most 
Pleasant research locations but 

6051
05:16:27,500 --> 05:16:31,000
bear with me here. 
He watched how they processed 

6052
05:16:31,000 --> 05:16:34,200
cattle with each worker 
performing, one specific task as

6053
05:16:34,200 --> 05:16:36,099
the carcass moved along overhead
rails. 

6054
05:16:36,799 --> 05:16:39,799
He visited flour Mills and 
watched grain being processed in

6055
05:16:39,799 --> 05:16:43,000
stages, he was seeing the power 
of breaking down complex tasks 

6056
05:16:43,000 --> 05:16:44,700
into simple. 
Repeatable steps. 

6057
05:16:44,700 --> 05:16:47,000
The process wasn't just about 
efficiency. 

6058
05:16:47,000 --> 05:16:51,000
It was about democratization. 
You can only make a few of them 

6059
05:16:51,000 --> 05:16:54,200
and they'll be expensive, but if
you can teach someone to do one 

6060
05:16:54,200 --> 05:16:57,200
task, well, you can make a lot 
of them and they can be cheap. 

6061
05:16:57,200 --> 05:17:00,200
It's the same principle that 
makes your smartphone possible. 

6062
05:17:00,200 --> 05:17:02,799
Instead of one person. 
Handcrafting each phone. 

6063
05:17:02,799 --> 05:17:06,299
Thousands of people each to one 
small part of the process. 

6064
05:17:07,400 --> 05:17:09,799
Henry's breakthrough occurred. 
When he realized that, instead 

6065
05:17:09,799 --> 05:17:13,500
of workers circling a stationary
car, the car could move past 

6066
05:17:13,500 --> 05:17:16,299
these workers. 
Each person would install one 

6067
05:17:16,299 --> 05:17:19,000
component, then the car would 
move to the next station. 

6068
05:17:20,200 --> 05:17:23,099
It sounds simple now but it was 
revolutionary then it was like, 

6069
05:17:23,099 --> 05:17:25,400
rearranging the entire world of 
manufacturing. 

6070
05:17:25,400 --> 05:17:28,000
But here's what made Henry 
different from other 

6071
05:17:28,000 --> 05:17:31,200
industrialists of his time. 
He didn't just want to make cars

6072
05:17:31,200 --> 05:17:33,400
efficiently. 
He wanted to make them so 

6073
05:17:33,400 --> 05:17:36,099
efficiently that his own workers
could afford to buy them. 

6074
05:17:36,099 --> 05:17:38,799
This wasn't just good business. 
It was Visionary. 

6075
05:17:38,799 --> 05:17:41,799
He understood that the people 
who made the cars, should also 

6076
05:17:41,799 --> 05:17:45,000
be able to enjoy them. 
It's a lesson that some Modern 

6077
05:17:45,008 --> 05:17:49,700
companies are still learning. 
In 1903, Henry founded the Ford 

6078
05:17:49,700 --> 05:17:53,000
Motor Company with 28,000 
dollars in capital that's 

6079
05:17:53,000 --> 05:17:57,099
roughly 850,000 dollars in 
today's money significant but 

6080
05:17:57,099 --> 05:17:58,799
not the billions. 
We associate with major 

6081
05:17:58,799 --> 05:18:01,799
companies today. 
From the beginning, he was clear

6082
05:18:01,799 --> 05:18:04,299
about his mission. 
I will build a car for the great

6083
05:18:04,299 --> 05:18:07,599
multitude. 
He was not building a car for 

6084
05:18:07,599 --> 05:18:12,000
the wealthy or the elite, but 
for everyone The first Ford 

6085
05:18:12,000 --> 05:18:15,900
Model, A sold for 850 dollars 
which was still expensive, but 

6086
05:18:15,900 --> 05:18:17,700
considerably less than the 
competition. 

6087
05:18:18,700 --> 05:18:21,599
More importantly, Henry was 
already planning for the future.

6088
05:18:21,599 --> 05:18:25,299
He knew that the present was 
just the beginning that the real

6089
05:18:25,299 --> 05:18:28,700
goal was to make cars as common 
as bicycles, his Partners 

6090
05:18:28,700 --> 05:18:31,099
thought he was crazy. 
They wanted to focus on more 

6091
05:18:31,099 --> 05:18:34,599
expensive cars with higher 
profit, margins per unit, But 

6092
05:18:34,599 --> 05:18:37,500
Henry had a different vision of 
profit instead of making a lot 

6093
05:18:37,508 --> 05:18:40,400
of money on a few cars, why not?
Make a little money on many 

6094
05:18:40,400 --> 05:18:42,900
cars. 
As you settle in for the night. 

6095
05:18:42,900 --> 05:18:45,799
Picture Henry in his office 
sketching and calculating 

6096
05:18:45,799 --> 05:18:49,000
rounded by the noise and smoke 
of early Detroit industry. 

6097
05:18:49,799 --> 05:18:52,700
He's not just designing a car. 
He's designing a new way of 

6098
05:18:52,708 --> 05:18:54,900
life. 
He's imagining families, taking 

6099
05:18:54,900 --> 05:18:58,299
Sunday, drives workers commuting
to better jobs and young, people

6100
05:18:58,299 --> 05:19:00,299
exploring the world beyond their
neighborhoods. 

6101
05:19:00,299 --> 05:19:03,799
His dreaming of an America where
Mobility isn't a privilege, but 

6102
05:19:03,799 --> 05:19:07,099
a possibility for everyone. 
Let's talk about what might be 

6103
05:19:07,099 --> 05:19:08,700
the most important car ever 
built. 

6104
05:19:09,299 --> 05:19:12,299
A car so revolutionary that it 
changed not just Transportation 

6105
05:19:12,299 --> 05:19:17,400
but the entire fabric of 
American society in 1908 Henry 

6106
05:19:17,400 --> 05:19:20,599
Ford introduced the Model T and 
if you've ever heard someone 

6107
05:19:20,599 --> 05:19:23,400
jokingly say you can have any 
color you want, as long as it's 

6108
05:19:23,400 --> 05:19:26,000
black, you're hearing an echo of
this moment in history. 

6109
05:19:26,000 --> 05:19:28,799
But here's the thing about that 
famous quote. 

6110
05:19:28,799 --> 05:19:32,000
It wasn't about Henry being 
stubborn or lacking imagination.

6111
05:19:33,000 --> 05:19:34,900
It was about something much more
profound. 

6112
05:19:35,799 --> 05:19:40,200
The power of standardization. 
By offering the Model T in just 

6113
05:19:40,200 --> 05:19:43,099
one color and it was actually 
dark green initially. 

6114
05:19:43,099 --> 05:19:46,799
But black dried faster Henry 
could streamline production and 

6115
05:19:46,799 --> 05:19:49,900
keep costs down. 
It's the same principle that 

6116
05:19:49,900 --> 05:19:53,099
makes modern fast food, 
possible, limited options, but 

6117
05:19:53,099 --> 05:19:54,900
consistent quality and low 
prices. 

6118
05:19:54,900 --> 05:19:57,500
The Model T wasn't just 
affordable. 

6119
05:19:57,500 --> 05:19:59,400
It was practically 
indestructible. 

6120
05:20:00,400 --> 05:20:03,200
Henry, understood that if you're
going to sell cars to Farmers 

6121
05:20:03,200 --> 05:20:05,400
Factory workers and middle-class
families. 

6122
05:20:05,400 --> 05:20:08,099
Those cars better to be able to 
handle whatever life throws at 

6123
05:20:08,099 --> 05:20:10,599
them. 
The Model T could drive through 

6124
05:20:10,599 --> 05:20:14,200
mud that would stop a modern SUV
and it was so simple that just 

6125
05:20:14,200 --> 05:20:17,799
about anyone could learn to 
repair it. it was the era of 

6126
05:20:17,799 --> 05:20:21,000
smartphone not due to its 
complexity but because it was 

6127
05:20:21,000 --> 05:20:25,200
easy to use Now, imagine you're 
living in 1908. 

6128
05:20:25,900 --> 05:20:28,400
Your world is still largely 
organized around walking 

6129
05:20:28,400 --> 05:20:30,900
distance. 
You live near where you work, 

6130
05:20:30,900 --> 05:20:32,900
you shop at the stores in your 
neighborhood. 

6131
05:20:32,900 --> 05:20:36,000
And if you want to visit family 
in the next town over, that's a 

6132
05:20:36,000 --> 05:20:38,400
major Expedition, requiring 
careful planning. 

6133
05:20:39,299 --> 05:20:41,200
The Model T changed. 
All of that. 

6134
05:20:42,400 --> 05:20:45,200
Suddenly distance became less 
important than time. 

6135
05:20:45,200 --> 05:20:48,099
You could live in one place and 
work in another, you could shop 

6136
05:20:48,099 --> 05:20:50,299
where prices were better, not 
just where things were closest, 

6137
05:20:50,299 --> 05:20:54,099
but here's where Henry's Real 
Genius shows didn't just build a

6138
05:20:54,099 --> 05:20:57,099
car, he built a system. 
He understood that selling cars 

6139
05:20:57,099 --> 05:20:59,200
was useless. 
If people couldn't get parts 

6140
05:20:59,200 --> 05:21:02,599
fuel or repairs, so Ford created
and network of dealerships 

6141
05:21:02,599 --> 05:21:04,900
across the country. 
Trained mechanics and 

6142
05:21:04,900 --> 05:21:08,099
standardized Parts when your 
Model T broke down in rural 

6143
05:21:08,099 --> 05:21:11,099
Kansas, you could fix it with 
Detroit parts and procedures. 

6144
05:21:11,799 --> 05:21:13,700
Is the same thing thinking that 
makes your phone work. 

6145
05:21:13,700 --> 05:21:16,700
The same way whether you're in 
New York or Nebraska, the 

6146
05:21:16,700 --> 05:21:19,700
production Innovations would 
just as revolutionary as the car

6147
05:21:19,700 --> 05:21:21,799
itself. 
Henry's assembly line, didn't 

6148
05:21:21,799 --> 05:21:24,799
just make cars faster, it made 
them consistently better. 

6149
05:21:24,799 --> 05:21:27,900
When each worker becomes an 
expert at one specific task 

6150
05:21:27,900 --> 05:21:31,200
quality actors actually. 
Improves its like, the 

6151
05:21:31,200 --> 05:21:34,500
difference between a home cook 
making one elaborate meal and a 

6152
05:21:34,500 --> 05:21:36,700
specialist making one perfect 
dish, hundreds of times. 

6153
05:21:37,599 --> 05:21:40,799
In 1908 the Model T sold for 
825. 

6154
05:21:42,000 --> 05:21:46,900
By 1925, the price had dropped 
to 290, even though the car had 

6155
05:21:46,900 --> 05:21:49,799
gotten better, that's the 
opposite of what usually happens

6156
05:21:49,799 --> 05:21:51,700
with products. 
They typically get more 

6157
05:21:51,700 --> 05:21:53,599
expensive over time, not 
cheaper. 

6158
05:21:54,500 --> 05:21:58,000
Henry found the learning curve, 
the more you make something, the

6159
05:21:58,000 --> 05:22:01,500
better you get at it, the 
cheaper it is, but the real 

6160
05:22:01,500 --> 05:22:05,200
Revolution was so social the 
Model, T democratized mobility 

6161
05:22:05,200 --> 05:22:09,299
in a way that changed everything
about how Americans lived young 

6162
05:22:09,299 --> 05:22:11,099
people could Court. 
Someone from the next town. 

6163
05:22:11,099 --> 05:22:14,400
Over families, could live in 
suburbs and commute to city jobs

6164
05:22:14,400 --> 05:22:16,400
Farmers. 
Could get their products to 

6165
05:22:16,400 --> 05:22:19,900
Market faster and cheaper. 
It's hard to overstate how 

6166
05:22:19,900 --> 05:22:22,599
fundamentally these Innovations 
changed daily life. 

6167
05:22:22,599 --> 05:22:24,900
The Model T also created 
something. 

6168
05:22:24,900 --> 05:22:29,599
We take for granted today, the 
weekend road trip. before cars 

6169
05:22:29,599 --> 05:22:32,299
Leisure Travel was something 
only the wealthy could afford 

6170
05:22:32,299 --> 05:22:35,299
but with a Model T, A 
middle-class family could pack 

6171
05:22:35,299 --> 05:22:37,799
up on the Saturday morning and 
explore places, they had only 

6172
05:22:37,807 --> 05:22:41,200
heard about This marked the 
start of America's passion for 

6173
05:22:41,200 --> 05:22:45,299
the open road, extending from 
Route 66 to the interstate 

6174
05:22:45,299 --> 05:22:48,700
highway system Henry's workers 
were among the first to benefit 

6175
05:22:48,700 --> 05:22:51,599
in 1914. 
He made a decision that shocked 

6176
05:22:51,599 --> 05:22:54,500
the business world. 
He doubled his workers wages to 

6177
05:22:54,500 --> 05:22:57,500
five dollars a day. 
Other industrialists believed. 

6178
05:22:57,500 --> 05:23:00,200
He had gone insane but Henry 
understood something they 

6179
05:23:00,200 --> 05:23:02,400
didn't. 
If his workers could afford to 

6180
05:23:02,408 --> 05:23:04,799
buy the cars, they were making, 
he'd have a whole new market. 

6181
05:23:05,700 --> 05:23:08,000
It wasn't just generosity. 
It was brilliant, business 

6182
05:23:08,000 --> 05:23:10,500
strategy. 
The five dollar day, did more 

6183
05:23:10,500 --> 05:23:13,799
than boost sales, it created a 
new kind of middle class. 

6184
05:23:14,700 --> 05:23:17,599
Ford workers could afford not 
just cars, but home's appliances

6185
05:23:17,599 --> 05:23:20,799
and education for their 
children, they became consumers.

6186
05:23:20,799 --> 05:23:24,099
Not just producers this year was
the beginning of the consumer 

6187
05:23:24,099 --> 05:23:26,500
economy that would define 20th 
century America. 

6188
05:23:27,299 --> 05:23:29,900
Because you drift towards sleep.
Imagine the sound of a Model. 

6189
05:23:29,900 --> 05:23:34,500
T puttering down a dirt road in 
1915, a family on their first 

6190
05:23:34,500 --> 05:23:37,599
real vacation, or a young 
entrepreneur heading to the city

6191
05:23:37,599 --> 05:23:39,799
to start a business. 
That's simple. 

6192
05:23:39,799 --> 05:23:41,400
Black car wasn't just 
Transportation. 

6193
05:23:41,400 --> 05:23:45,000
It was possibility, itself, 
rolling down American, roads and

6194
05:23:45,000 --> 05:23:46,799
into the future. 
Now, we come to the most 

6195
05:23:46,799 --> 05:23:49,700
important part of our story. 
When Henry, Ford changed, how 

6196
05:23:49,700 --> 05:23:52,799
everything was made. 
The assembly line wasn't just a 

6197
05:23:52,799 --> 05:23:55,500
manufacturing technique. 
It was a complete rethinking of 

6198
05:23:55,500 --> 05:23:57,099
how work itself could be 
organized. 

6199
05:23:57,099 --> 05:24:00,500
Like many revolutionary ideas. 
It began with a simple 

6200
05:24:00,508 --> 05:24:03,799
observation and a willingness to
challenge traditional methods. 

6201
05:24:04,599 --> 05:24:06,700
Picture the world of 
manufacturing before Henry's 

6202
05:24:06,700 --> 05:24:09,299
innovation. 
If you desired a car, a skilled 

6203
05:24:09,299 --> 05:24:11,299
Craftsmen would construct it 
from beginning to end. 

6204
05:24:11,299 --> 05:24:13,799
He'd be partner mechanic part 
artist and part engineer. 

6205
05:24:13,799 --> 05:24:17,299
Each car was unique like a 
handmade piece of furniture. 

6206
05:24:17,299 --> 05:24:21,799
It was beautiful in its way as a
slow expensive and required 

6207
05:24:21,799 --> 05:24:24,900
workers with years of training. 
It's like the difference between

6208
05:24:24,900 --> 05:24:27,200
having a Master Chef. 
Prepare your meal from scratch 

6209
05:24:27,200 --> 05:24:30,599
versus having a kitchen staff or
each person specializes in one 

6210
05:24:30,599 --> 05:24:33,799
aspect of the meal. 
Henry's breakthrough came from 

6211
05:24:33,799 --> 05:24:36,900
watching that slaughterhouse we 
mentioned earlier but also from 

6212
05:24:36,900 --> 05:24:40,099
studying his workers, he noticed
that when someone did the same 

6213
05:24:40,099 --> 05:24:42,900
task repeatedly they got 
remarkably quick at it. 

6214
05:24:42,900 --> 05:24:46,400
They became not just slightly 
faster but significantly faster,

6215
05:24:46,400 --> 05:24:49,400
a worker who could install a 
dashboard in 20 minutes. 

6216
05:24:49,400 --> 05:24:52,799
Could do it in five minutes 
after doing it 100 times, the 

6217
05:24:52,799 --> 05:24:55,700
Steep learning curve, led to 
substantial improvements, but 

6218
05:24:55,700 --> 05:24:59,000
the real Innovation was moving 
the work to the worker instead 

6219
05:24:59,000 --> 05:25:02,200
of the worker to the work. 
Instead of Craftsman walking 

6220
05:25:02,200 --> 05:25:03,900
around a stationary car with 
their tools. 

6221
05:25:03,900 --> 05:25:07,099
The car would move along a line,
while workers stayed in one spot

6222
05:25:07,099 --> 05:25:08,099
with their tools. 
Organized. 

6223
05:25:08,099 --> 05:25:12,200
Exactly how they needed them. 
It sounds obvious now, but it 

6224
05:25:12,200 --> 05:25:15,400
was revolutionary, then it's 
akin to the difference between a

6225
05:25:15,400 --> 05:25:18,400
chef frantically Gathering 
ingredients in a kitchen and 

6226
05:25:18,400 --> 05:25:20,799
having everything they need 
within easy reach. 

6227
05:25:22,000 --> 05:25:24,700
The first assembly line at 
Ford's Highland Park plant was 

6228
05:25:24,700 --> 05:25:27,700
almost comically simple. 
They used a rope and pulley 

6229
05:25:27,700 --> 05:25:30,500
system to drag car frame's 
password as onto wooden floor. 

6230
05:25:31,299 --> 05:25:34,599
But it worked the time to build 
a car dropped from 12 hours to 

6231
05:25:34,599 --> 05:25:37,099
two and a half hours, almost 
immediately, and this 

6232
05:25:37,099 --> 05:25:38,299
Improvement was just the 
beginning. 

6233
05:25:39,299 --> 05:25:42,700
As they refine the process, 
adding conveyors and optimizing 

6234
05:25:42,700 --> 05:25:44,500
the workflow. 
The time kept dropping. 

6235
05:25:45,500 --> 05:25:47,700
But here's what made Henry's 
approach different from other 

6236
05:25:47,700 --> 05:25:50,200
industrialists. 
The obsessed over the details 

6237
05:25:50,200 --> 05:25:53,099
that made workers' lives better,
not just more productive. 

6238
05:25:53,799 --> 05:25:56,900
We studied how high the conveyor
belt should be so workers didn't

6239
05:25:56,900 --> 05:26:00,400
have to bend over or reach up. 
You figured out the optimal 

6240
05:26:00,400 --> 05:26:03,799
speed fast enough to maintain 
efficiency, but not so fast that

6241
05:26:03,807 --> 05:26:05,500
workers felt rushed or made 
mistakes. 

6242
05:26:06,299 --> 05:26:09,200
He was essentially inventing 
ergonomics though that word 

6243
05:26:09,200 --> 05:26:13,200
wouldn't be coined for decades. 
The results were staggering by 

6244
05:26:13,200 --> 05:26:15,900
1914. 
Ford's Highland Park plant could

6245
05:26:15,900 --> 05:26:18,900
produce more cars in a day than 
most manufacturers could make in

6246
05:26:18,900 --> 05:26:22,599
a month. 
The Model T, which is taking 728

6247
05:26:22,599 --> 05:26:28,400
minutes to assemble in 1913 was 
taking just 93 million by 1914. 

6248
05:26:28,400 --> 05:26:31,799
That's not just Improvement, 
that's transformation. 

6249
05:26:31,799 --> 05:26:34,599
But with this efficiency came, a
new challenges. 

6250
05:26:34,599 --> 05:26:38,400
Repetitive work could be 
mind-numbing worker. 

6251
05:26:38,400 --> 05:26:40,900
Turnover was initially high as 
people found the work boring 

6252
05:26:40,900 --> 05:26:43,000
compared to the variety of 
traditional craftsmanship. 

6253
05:26:43,900 --> 05:26:45,500
Henry's solution was typically 
Direct. 

6254
05:26:46,299 --> 05:26:48,599
You paid workers as well enough 
that they wanted to stay. 

6255
05:26:49,500 --> 05:26:52,000
The famous five dollars day 
wasn't just about buying cars. 

6256
05:26:52,000 --> 05:26:55,000
It was about creating jobs that 
people actually wanted to keep 

6257
05:26:56,200 --> 05:26:58,599
This is where Henry's philosophy
really shines through. 

6258
05:26:58,599 --> 05:27:02,500
He understood that efficiency 
without Humanity was ultimately 

6259
05:27:02,500 --> 05:27:05,599
self-defeating. 
Happy workers were productive, 

6260
05:27:05,599 --> 05:27:08,099
workers. 
Well-paid workers were loyal 

6261
05:27:08,099 --> 05:27:10,500
workers workers. 
Who could afford the products? 

6262
05:27:10,500 --> 05:27:13,700
They made were also customers. 
It was a virtuous cycle. 

6263
05:27:13,700 --> 05:27:17,000
That benefited everyone. 
The assembly line also, 

6264
05:27:17,000 --> 05:27:20,400
democratized skill. 
Previously making cars required 

6265
05:27:20,400 --> 05:27:23,599
Master Craftsman with years of 
training, but Henry's system 

6266
05:27:23,599 --> 05:27:25,500
could take someone with no 
experience and make them 

6267
05:27:25,500 --> 05:27:28,500
productive in days. 
The initiative wasn't about 

6268
05:27:28,500 --> 05:27:31,799
replacing skilled workers. 
It was about creating a new kind

6269
05:27:31,799 --> 05:27:34,900
of skilled work. 
Workers became experts in their 

6270
05:27:34,900 --> 05:27:37,599
specific tasks. 
Often innovating better ways to 

6271
05:27:37,599 --> 05:27:41,500
do their jobs, other Industries.
Took notice the assembly line 

6272
05:27:41,500 --> 05:27:44,599
principles Fred to everything 
from appliances to electronics, 

6273
05:27:44,599 --> 05:27:48,200
to food processing, even today. 
When you unwrap a smartphone or 

6274
05:27:48,200 --> 05:27:51,099
open a package meal, your 
benefiting from principal's 

6275
05:27:51,099 --> 05:27:55,000
Henry, Ford pioneered The modern
world of abundant affordable 

6276
05:27:55,000 --> 05:27:57,900
Goods traces back to that first 
rope and pulley system. 

6277
05:27:57,900 --> 05:28:00,200
Dragging car frames across a 
factory floor in Detroit. 

6278
05:28:01,099 --> 05:28:03,400
But perhaps the most important 
thing to understand is that 

6279
05:28:03,400 --> 05:28:06,500
Henry didn't just speed up 
production, he made it more 

6280
05:28:06,500 --> 05:28:10,000
predictable. 
Before the assembly line, you 

6281
05:28:10,000 --> 05:28:13,099
never knew exactly when a car 
would be finished. with the 

6282
05:28:13,099 --> 05:28:15,700
assembly line, you could plan 
production weeks in advance, 

6283
05:28:15,700 --> 05:28:19,799
this predictability, made 
everything else possible Supply,

6284
05:28:19,799 --> 05:28:23,900
chains, dealer networks, even 
consumer financing, As you rest 

6285
05:28:23,900 --> 05:28:26,599
tonight, think about how many 
things in your daily life exists

6286
05:28:26,599 --> 05:28:29,700
because of Henry's Innovations. 
The device you're listening to 

6287
05:28:29,708 --> 05:28:32,500
this on the car in your 
driveway, even the grocery 

6288
05:28:32,500 --> 05:28:35,299
store, where you shop, they all 
know something to that moment, 

6289
05:28:35,299 --> 05:28:38,599
when Henry decided to move the 
work to the worker, instead of 

6290
05:28:38,599 --> 05:28:41,599
the worker to the work, he 
didn't just change how cars were

6291
05:28:41,599 --> 05:28:46,599
made and changed, how everything
was made January 5th. 1914 was a

6292
05:28:46,607 --> 05:28:50,000
day that changed, not just Ford 
Motor Company, but the entire 

6293
05:28:50,000 --> 05:28:52,599
relationship between workers and
Employers in America. 

6294
05:28:53,400 --> 05:28:55,599
On that day Henry. 
Ford announced something so 

6295
05:28:55,599 --> 05:28:58,000
radical, that newspapers across 
the country struggled, to 

6296
05:28:58,000 --> 05:29:00,500
believe it was real. 
He was going to pay his work as 

6297
05:29:00,500 --> 05:29:03,599
five dollars a day. 
To understand why the news was 

6298
05:29:03,599 --> 05:29:05,599
so shocking. 
You need to know that the 

6299
05:29:05,599 --> 05:29:08,099
average industrial wage. 
At the time, was about two 

6300
05:29:08,099 --> 05:29:12,200
dollars and fifty cents a day, 
Henry wasn't just raising wages,

6301
05:29:12,200 --> 05:29:15,799
he was more than doubling them. 
Other Business Leaders believed,

6302
05:29:15,799 --> 05:29:18,299
Henry was insane. 
The Wall Street Journal called 

6303
05:29:18,299 --> 05:29:21,500
it an economic crime and 
predicted it would ruin Ford 

6304
05:29:21,500 --> 05:29:24,299
Motor Company. 
Competitors, were Furious 

6305
05:29:24,299 --> 05:29:27,099
worried that they'd have to 
raise their wages to compete for

6306
05:29:27,099 --> 05:29:30,799
workers, but Henry had done his 
math and his reasoning was both 

6307
05:29:30,799 --> 05:29:33,299
simple and Brilliant. 
If we pay our work as well, 

6308
05:29:33,299 --> 05:29:37,400
they'll be able to buy our cars.
The immediate effect was chaos 

6309
05:29:37,400 --> 05:29:40,599
but the good kind of chaos. 
The next morning, thousands of 

6310
05:29:40,607 --> 05:29:44,000
men lined up outside Ford's 
Highland Park, plant hoping for 

6311
05:29:44,000 --> 05:29:48,099
jobs, police had to use fire 
hoses to control the crowds word

6312
05:29:48,099 --> 05:29:49,299
spread that Ford was paying 
wages. 

6313
05:29:49,299 --> 05:29:52,400
That could actually support a 
family and workers came from 

6314
05:29:52,400 --> 05:29:55,200
across the country. 
It was like the Gold Rush except

6315
05:29:55,200 --> 05:29:57,700
in stead of searching for gold. 
People were searching for good 

6316
05:29:57,700 --> 05:30:00,500
jobs. 
However, Henry's 5.00 a day was 

6317
05:30:00,500 --> 05:30:03,500
not without its limitations 
workers, had to meet certain 

6318
05:30:03,500 --> 05:30:07,299
standards, not just at work, but
in their personal lives, Ford 

6319
05:30:07,299 --> 05:30:10,200
created a Sociological 
Department that would visit 

6320
05:30:10,200 --> 05:30:12,599
workers home's to ensure they 
were living properly. 

6321
05:30:13,299 --> 05:30:16,099
This meant no drinking, No 
gambling, keeping a clean house 

6322
05:30:16,099 --> 05:30:20,400
and sending children to school. 
By modern standards, the 

6323
05:30:20,400 --> 05:30:22,400
arrangement, seems intrusive and
paternalistic. 

6324
05:30:22,400 --> 05:30:27,500
But in the context of 1914, many
workers, saw it as a fair trade,

6325
05:30:27,500 --> 05:30:30,500
a middle class wage in exchange 
for middle class Behavior. 

6326
05:30:31,299 --> 05:30:33,200
The program worked better than 
even Henry. 

6327
05:30:33,200 --> 05:30:38,500
Expected worker turnover dropped
to under 20% down from over 300%

6328
05:30:38,500 --> 05:30:40,599
annually. 
Meaning, they had to hire three 

6329
05:30:40,599 --> 05:30:44,299
people for every job just to 
keep positions filled quality 

6330
05:30:44,299 --> 05:30:47,299
improved dramatically 
productivity soared. 

6331
05:30:47,900 --> 05:30:50,500
The workers who stayed were 
invested in their jobs, in a way

6332
05:30:50,500 --> 05:30:53,099
that had never been seen before 
in an industrial America. 

6333
05:30:54,000 --> 05:30:56,400
But the real Revolution was what
happened after work. 

6334
05:30:57,000 --> 05:31:00,000
For the first time in American 
history, you had industrial 

6335
05:31:00,000 --> 05:31:02,299
workers who could afford more 
than just survival. 

6336
05:31:02,299 --> 05:31:04,799
They could buy homes. 
Not just rent them. 

6337
05:31:04,799 --> 05:31:07,299
They could purchase appliances 
furniture. 

6338
05:31:07,299 --> 05:31:10,799
And yes, cars, they could send 
their children to high school 

6339
05:31:10,799 --> 05:31:12,700
instead of putting them to work 
at age 14. 

6340
05:31:12,700 --> 05:31:15,799
They could plan for the future 
in stead of just surviving the 

6341
05:31:15,799 --> 05:31:18,599
present day. 
Henry had essentially created a 

6342
05:31:18,599 --> 05:31:22,599
new social class, the industrial
middle class, these were not 

6343
05:31:22,599 --> 05:31:25,400
Farmers or shopkeepers or 
professionals, they were Factory

6344
05:31:25,400 --> 05:31:27,200
workers who lived like middle 
class people. 

6345
05:31:28,200 --> 05:31:31,500
The idea was revolutionary. 
Throughout history, people who 

6346
05:31:31,500 --> 05:31:33,599
worked with their hands had 
always been poor. 

6347
05:31:34,200 --> 05:31:37,299
Henry, changed that equation. 
The Ripple effects were 

6348
05:31:37,299 --> 05:31:40,299
enormous. 
When Ford workers could afford 

6349
05:31:40,299 --> 05:31:43,700
to buy homes, the construction 
industry boomed, when they could

6350
05:31:43,700 --> 05:31:46,799
afford appliances, the appliance
industry grew and they could 

6351
05:31:46,799 --> 05:31:49,400
afford cars, the entire 
automotive industry expanded. 

6352
05:31:50,299 --> 05:31:53,099
Henry had discovered something 
that colonists would later call 

6353
05:31:53,099 --> 05:31:56,099
the multiplier effect. 
When you put money in workers 

6354
05:31:56,099 --> 05:31:59,000
pockets, they spend it, which 
creates more jobs, which creates

6355
05:31:59,000 --> 05:32:02,299
more spending other companies 
slowly began to follow Ford's 

6356
05:32:02,299 --> 05:32:05,500
lead, not out of generosity, but
out of necessity, they 

6357
05:32:05,500 --> 05:32:07,400
discovered what Henry had 
already figured out. 

6358
05:32:07,400 --> 05:32:10,599
Well paid workers were more 
productive, more loyal and more 

6359
05:32:10,599 --> 05:32:13,299
innovative. 
The idea that paying work as 

6360
05:32:13,299 --> 05:32:15,700
well, could build a better 
business challenge, the notion 

6361
05:32:15,700 --> 05:32:17,599
that paying them as little as 
possible would work. 

6362
05:32:18,500 --> 05:32:20,400
But the five dollar day was 
about more than wages. 

6363
05:32:20,400 --> 05:32:24,000
It was about dignity. 
For the first time in industrial

6364
05:32:24,000 --> 05:32:26,299
workers, experienced a sense of 
partnership in the business 

6365
05:32:26,299 --> 05:32:28,599
rather than being mere 
components. 

6366
05:32:29,299 --> 05:32:32,099
They had a stake in the Company 
Success because that success 

6367
05:32:32,099 --> 05:32:35,700
directly affected their lives. 
When the Model T sold, well, 

6368
05:32:35,700 --> 05:32:39,500
Ford workers benefited when the 
company grew their job security,

6369
05:32:39,500 --> 05:32:42,200
increase. 
Henry, also understood something

6370
05:32:42,200 --> 05:32:45,799
that many modern companies have 
forgotten training workers is an

6371
05:32:45,799 --> 05:32:49,900
investment, not Nepal's, the 
Sociological Department didn't 

6372
05:32:49,900 --> 05:32:53,200
just monitor work, as Behavior, 
it provided education and 

6373
05:32:53,200 --> 05:32:56,700
support workers could learn 
English, take classes and 

6374
05:32:56,700 --> 05:32:59,900
personal finance and get help 
navigate the bureaucracy of home

6375
05:32:59,900 --> 05:33:02,900
ownership. 
Ford was creating not just 

6376
05:33:02,900 --> 05:33:06,500
employees. 
But citizens, the program wasn't

6377
05:33:06,500 --> 05:33:09,599
perfect the intrusion into 
workers private lives was 

6378
05:33:09,599 --> 05:33:13,099
problematic, and the standards 
were sometimes arbitrary and 

6379
05:33:13,099 --> 05:33:16,000
culturally biased. 
But the fundamental principle 

6380
05:33:16,000 --> 05:33:19,799
that workers should share in the
prosperity, they help create was

6381
05:33:19,799 --> 05:33:21,799
revolutionary and remains 
relevant today. 

6382
05:33:23,200 --> 05:33:25,599
By 1915. 
Ford workers were buying model 

6383
05:33:25,599 --> 05:33:29,400
T's with their own paychecks 
Henry's forecasted materialized.

6384
05:33:29,400 --> 05:33:33,700
His employees had transformed 
into his clients more than that.

6385
05:33:33,700 --> 05:33:35,900
They had become tangible 
evidence, that the American 

6386
05:33:35,900 --> 05:33:38,400
dream was achievable for 
individuals who employed their 

6387
05:33:38,400 --> 05:33:42,400
hands, not just their minds. 
As you settle into sleep, 

6388
05:33:42,400 --> 05:33:45,799
imagine what it must have felt 
like to be a Ford worker in 1915

6389
05:33:45,799 --> 05:33:48,799
driving home in a car, you built
and paid for with wages. 

6390
05:33:48,799 --> 05:33:52,400
That seemed impossible just a 
few years earlier you won't just

6391
05:33:52,400 --> 05:33:54,799
going home from work. 
You were driving toward a future

6392
05:33:54,799 --> 05:33:57,299
that previous generations of 
workers could never have 

6393
05:33:57,299 --> 05:34:00,500
imagined by the 1920s. 
Something remarkable had 

6394
05:34:00,500 --> 05:34:03,799
happened in America, the country
had become Mobile in a way that 

6395
05:34:03,799 --> 05:34:06,400
no Society in human history had 
ever been before. 

6396
05:34:07,200 --> 05:34:10,700
Thanks to Henry Ford's vision 
and the Model T success cars 

6397
05:34:10,700 --> 05:34:12,799
were no longer luxury items for 
the wealthy. 

6398
05:34:12,799 --> 05:34:15,799
They were becoming as common as 
telephones and electric lights. 

6399
05:34:15,799 --> 05:34:19,099
And this transformation was 
changing everything about how 

6400
05:34:19,099 --> 05:34:22,299
Americans lived worked and 
thought about themselves. 

6401
05:34:22,299 --> 05:34:26,900
The numbers telling incredible 
story in 1910, approximately 

6402
05:34:26,900 --> 05:34:29,500
half a million cars were present
throughout the United States. 

6403
05:34:29,500 --> 05:34:35,099
By 1920, there were 9 million by
1930, there were 26 million, 

6404
05:34:35,099 --> 05:34:38,700
that's not just growth. 
That's a complete transformation

6405
05:34:38,700 --> 05:34:41,000
of society. 
It's like the adoption of 

6406
05:34:41,008 --> 05:34:43,200
smartphones. 
But even more fundamental, 

6407
05:34:43,200 --> 05:34:46,400
because cars change it where 
people could live work and play.

6408
05:34:46,400 --> 05:34:49,200
Think about what this 
development meant for a typical 

6409
05:34:49,200 --> 05:34:52,799
American family. 
In 1910, your job options were 

6410
05:34:52,799 --> 05:34:55,400
limited to what you could reach 
on foot or by streetcar 

6411
05:34:55,400 --> 05:34:59,400
neighborhood stores with the 
only places you could shop your 

6412
05:34:59,400 --> 05:35:02,299
social, life was limited to 
people who lived nearby your 

6413
05:35:02,299 --> 05:35:05,900
children's education was limited
to the local school by 1925. 

6414
05:35:05,900 --> 05:35:08,200
All of those limitations had 
been swept away. 

6415
05:35:09,200 --> 05:35:12,200
The car had given Ordinary 
People, a kind of Freedom that 

6416
05:35:12,200 --> 05:35:14,299
had previously been available 
only to the wealthy. 

6417
05:35:14,299 --> 05:35:17,700
The transformation was 
especially dramatic in rural 

6418
05:35:17,700 --> 05:35:20,000
areas. 
Farmers had been among the most 

6419
05:35:20,000 --> 05:35:24,200
isolated people in America. 
Sometimes going weeks without 

6420
05:35:24,200 --> 05:35:27,700
seeing anyone outside their 
immediate family, the Model T 

6421
05:35:27,700 --> 05:35:30,400
changed that overnight Farmers. 
Could drive to town for 

6422
05:35:30,400 --> 05:35:33,299
supplies, attend church 
regularly and send their 

6423
05:35:33,299 --> 05:35:36,200
children to better schools, they
could get their crops to Market 

6424
05:35:36,200 --> 05:35:39,000
faster and cheaper. 
They could access medical care 

6425
05:35:39,000 --> 05:35:40,299
that have been unreachable 
before. 

6426
05:35:41,299 --> 05:35:44,200
The card didn't just change 
Rural Life, it saved it. 

6427
05:35:44,200 --> 05:35:47,700
Perhaps the most profound change
was in how young people lived. 

6428
05:35:48,400 --> 05:35:52,000
Before cars, caught ship was a 
highly supervised a fair young 

6429
05:35:52,000 --> 05:35:54,900
men would visit young women in 
their families parlor under the 

6430
05:35:54,900 --> 05:35:57,400
watchful eye of pairs, the car 
changed all that. 

6431
05:35:57,400 --> 05:36:01,500
Suddenly, young people could go 
out together alone and explore 

6432
05:36:01,500 --> 05:36:03,299
their feelings without constant 
supervision. 

6433
05:36:04,599 --> 05:36:07,000
It's hard to overstate how 
revolutionary The Invention was 

6434
05:36:07,000 --> 05:36:09,400
the car didn't just change 
Transportation. 

6435
05:36:09,400 --> 05:36:12,400
It changed romance, marriage, 
and family formation. 

6436
05:36:13,299 --> 05:36:15,200
Cities began to reshape 
themselves around the 

6437
05:36:15,200 --> 05:36:18,200
automobile. 
New suburbs sprang up connected 

6438
05:36:18,200 --> 05:36:21,000
to downtown areas by roads, 
rather than streetcar lines. 

6439
05:36:21,700 --> 05:36:23,599
Shopping centers. 
Moved from downtown to the 

6440
05:36:23,599 --> 05:36:26,799
outskirts where land was cheaper
and parking was abundant. 

6441
05:36:27,700 --> 05:36:31,099
The mall that quintessentially 
American institution was born 

6442
05:36:31,099 --> 05:36:32,799
from the marriage of cars and 
commas. 

6443
05:36:33,599 --> 05:36:36,200
People could live in quiet 
residential areas and commute to

6444
05:36:36,200 --> 05:36:38,900
work shop at convenient 
locations and still have access 

6445
05:36:38,900 --> 05:36:41,700
to Urban amenities. 
The car also democratized 

6446
05:36:41,700 --> 05:36:43,799
leisure in ways that are 
difficult to imagine today. 

6447
05:36:44,799 --> 05:36:48,000
Before cars vacation travel was 
something only the wealthy could

6448
05:36:48,000 --> 05:36:51,200
afford Working Families. 
Might take a day trip to a 

6449
05:36:51,200 --> 05:36:54,000
nearby lake or park. 
But real travel required trains 

6450
05:36:54,000 --> 05:36:56,299
and hotels that were Beyond most
people's budgets. 

6451
05:36:56,299 --> 05:37:00,000
The car changed that Families 
could pack up and drive to 

6452
05:37:00,000 --> 05:37:01,700
National Parks beaches or 
mountains. 

6453
05:37:01,700 --> 05:37:04,599
They could camp along the way 
making vacation travel 

6454
05:37:04,599 --> 05:37:08,400
affordable for the first time 
This phenomenon gave birth to an

6455
05:37:08,400 --> 05:37:12,400
entirely new industry, Roadside 
America, gas, stations motor 

6456
05:37:12,400 --> 05:37:14,200
courts. 
The predecessors of motels 

6457
05:37:14,200 --> 05:37:17,599
diners and tourist attractions. 
Sprang up along major highways 

6458
05:37:17,599 --> 05:37:21,400
Route. 66 the famous highway 
from Chicago to Los Angeles, 

6459
05:37:21,400 --> 05:37:25,799
became a symbol of American 
freedom and Adventure railroads 

6460
05:37:25,799 --> 05:37:28,700
bypass small Tails, but if they 
happen to be along a major 

6461
05:37:28,708 --> 05:37:31,299
highway found themselves back on
the map. 

6462
05:37:32,299 --> 05:37:34,400
But the car Revolution wasn't 
just about Leisure. 

6463
05:37:34,400 --> 05:37:38,099
It was about opportunity 
workers, could live in one place

6464
05:37:38,099 --> 05:37:41,000
and work in another which meant 
they could choose jobs based on 

6465
05:37:41,008 --> 05:37:42,799
quality rather than just 
proximity. 

6466
05:37:43,599 --> 05:37:46,299
Businesses could locate where 
land was cheaper and still 

6467
05:37:46,299 --> 05:37:49,900
attract workers the entire 
economic geography of America 

6468
05:37:49,900 --> 05:37:51,599
was being redrawn by the 
automobile. 

6469
05:37:52,500 --> 05:37:55,799
Henry Ford had predicted this 
transformation but even he was 

6470
05:37:55,799 --> 05:37:58,700
probably surprised by how 
quickly and completely it 

6471
05:37:58,700 --> 05:38:01,099
happened. 
The Model T had become more than

6472
05:38:01,099 --> 05:38:03,500
just a product. 
It was the Catalyst for a new 

6473
05:38:03,508 --> 05:38:06,400
way of life. 
Americans were becoming a mobile

6474
05:38:06,400 --> 05:38:08,200
people. 
Always ready to move toward 

6475
05:38:08,200 --> 05:38:11,500
better opportunities. 
New experience is and different 

6476
05:38:11,500 --> 05:38:15,200
ways of living. 
The cycle impact was just as 

6477
05:38:15,200 --> 05:38:18,599
important as the Practical one. 
Owning a car gave people, a 

6478
05:38:18,599 --> 05:38:20,700
sense of control over their 
lives that they'd never had 

6479
05:38:20,700 --> 05:38:22,900
before. 
They weren't dependent on 

6480
05:38:22,900 --> 05:38:25,599
streetcars or limited to walking
distance. 

6481
05:38:25,599 --> 05:38:27,799
They could make decisions about 
where. 

6482
05:38:27,799 --> 05:38:30,900
And when to go there, it was a 
kind of personal freedom that 

6483
05:38:30,900 --> 05:38:32,599
was entirely new in Human 
Experience. 

6484
05:38:33,400 --> 05:38:36,900
Of course, this transformation 
brought challenges too, traffic 

6485
05:38:36,900 --> 05:38:40,299
jams, parking problems, and air 
pollution with the price of 

6486
05:38:40,299 --> 05:38:43,200
Mobility. 
Traditional communities began to

6487
05:38:43,208 --> 05:38:46,700
break down as people became more
mobile and less tied to specific

6488
05:38:46,700 --> 05:38:49,599
neighborhoods. 
The car enabled suburbanization,

6489
05:38:49,599 --> 05:38:52,299
which had both positive and 
negative effects on American 

6490
05:38:52,299 --> 05:38:55,000
society. 
But for most Americans in the 

6491
05:38:55,008 --> 05:38:59,299
1920s, the car represented pure 
possibility, it was the physical

6492
05:38:59,299 --> 05:39:00,799
embodiment of the American 
dream. 

6493
05:39:00,799 --> 05:39:04,099
The idea that with hard work and
determination, you could go 

6494
05:39:04,099 --> 05:39:07,599
anywhere and become anything. 
Henry Ford had built more than 

6495
05:39:07,599 --> 05:39:10,099
just an affordable car. 
He had built a machine that made

6496
05:39:10,099 --> 05:39:13,799
dreams feel achievable. 
Imagine the excitement of a 

6497
05:39:13,799 --> 05:39:19,099
family in 1925 packing, their 
Model T for their first real 

6498
05:39:19,099 --> 05:39:21,900
vacation heading out on roads 
that led to places. 

6499
05:39:21,900 --> 05:39:25,500
They'd only read about in books,
they weren't just driving. 

6500
05:39:25,500 --> 05:39:28,099
They were exploring a new kind 
of Freedom that their parents 

6501
05:39:28,099 --> 05:39:31,099
could never have imagined as we 
reached the end of our story as 

6502
05:39:31,099 --> 05:39:33,900
worth reflecting on just how 
completely Henry Ford changed, 

6503
05:39:33,900 --> 05:39:37,900
not just a America but the 
world. by the time, he died in 

6504
05:39:37,900 --> 05:39:41,500
1947, the boy who took apart 
pocket watches on a Michigan 

6505
05:39:41,500 --> 05:39:45,799
Farm, fundamentally altered, how
people lived worked, and thought

6506
05:39:45,799 --> 05:39:49,599
about the future, but his legacy
goes far beyond the millions of 

6507
05:39:49,599 --> 05:39:51,400
cars that rolled off his 
assembly lines. 

6508
05:39:52,299 --> 05:39:54,400
Henry's greatest achievement was
not technical. 

6509
05:39:54,400 --> 05:39:57,700
It was philosophical. 
He proved that mass production 

6510
05:39:57,700 --> 05:40:00,200
and high wages. 
Could work together that 

6511
05:40:00,200 --> 05:40:03,099
efficiently and Humanity, won't 
opposites and that the people 

6512
05:40:03,099 --> 05:40:05,599
who made things should also be 
able to afford them. 

6513
05:40:06,299 --> 05:40:08,299
His approach wasn't just a 
business strategy. 

6514
05:40:08,299 --> 05:40:11,200
It was a new way of thinking 
about the relationship between 

6515
05:40:11,200 --> 05:40:14,700
work and prosperity. 
The principles Henry pioneered 

6516
05:40:14,700 --> 05:40:17,599
standardization continuous 
Improvement and treating workers

6517
05:40:17,599 --> 05:40:19,400
as partners rather than just 
labor. 

6518
05:40:20,200 --> 05:40:23,099
Became the foundation of modern 
Manufacturing. 

6519
05:40:24,000 --> 05:40:26,299
When you buy something today, 
that's both high-quality and 

6520
05:40:26,299 --> 05:40:29,599
affordable, your benefiting from
ideas that Henry Ford developed 

6521
05:40:29,599 --> 05:40:33,299
in his Detroit factories. 
From smartphones to Furniture to

6522
05:40:33,299 --> 05:40:35,500
food. 
The modern world of abundant 

6523
05:40:35,500 --> 05:40:38,000
consumer goods traces. 
Back to those early assembly 

6524
05:40:38,000 --> 05:40:40,200
lines. 
But perhaps Henry's most 

6525
05:40:40,200 --> 05:40:42,500
important contribution was 
proving that Innovation could be

6526
05:40:42,500 --> 05:40:45,900
democratic. 
Before Ford most new 

6527
05:40:45,900 --> 05:40:48,599
technologies were luxury items 
that gradually became more 

6528
05:40:48,599 --> 05:40:51,400
affordable. 
Henry, reversed that process. 

6529
05:40:51,400 --> 05:40:54,400
He started with the goal of 
making cars, affordable for 

6530
05:40:54,400 --> 05:40:56,900
everyone, then figured out how 
to make them efficiently. 

6531
05:40:57,799 --> 05:41:01,000
He began with the customer, not 
the technology and that customer

6532
05:41:01,000 --> 05:41:03,900
first approach revolutionized. 
How businesses think about 

6533
05:41:03,900 --> 05:41:07,099
innovation? 
The social changes Henry, set in

6534
05:41:07,099 --> 05:41:09,799
motion were even more profound 
than the economic ones. 

6535
05:41:09,799 --> 05:41:13,400
The ultimate Bill culture, he 
created the freedom to live, 

6536
05:41:13,400 --> 05:41:16,099
where you want work, where you 
want and travel where you want 

6537
05:41:16,099 --> 05:41:20,099
the game Central to the American
identity, the suburbs the 

6538
05:41:20,099 --> 05:41:22,700
shopping mall, the family road 
trip the drive-in restaurant, 

6539
05:41:22,700 --> 05:41:26,099
even the drive through bank. 
All of these, Trace back to 

6540
05:41:26,099 --> 05:41:28,400
Henry's decision to make cars 
affordable for ordinary 

6541
05:41:28,400 --> 05:41:31,000
families. 
Henry, also, demonstrated 

6542
05:41:31,000 --> 05:41:33,799
something that many modern 
companies struggle with the 

6543
05:41:33,799 --> 05:41:38,200
power of long-term thinking. 
While his competitors focused on

6544
05:41:38,208 --> 05:41:41,799
quarterly profits, Henry was 
thinking in decades, he 

6545
05:41:41,799 --> 05:41:44,099
understood that building a 
sustainable business meant 

6546
05:41:44,099 --> 05:41:47,299
creating a sustainable Society 
where workers could afford to be

6547
05:41:47,299 --> 05:41:50,500
customers where efficiency 
served Humanity, rather than 

6548
05:41:50,500 --> 05:41:53,599
replacing it and where 
innovation made life better for 

6549
05:41:53,599 --> 05:41:56,000
everyone. 
Not just the wealthy, the 

6550
05:41:56,000 --> 05:41:58,900
influence of Henry's ideas, 
extended fare on the automotive 

6551
05:41:58,900 --> 05:42:01,299
industry. 
The assembly line principle, 

6552
05:42:01,299 --> 05:42:04,000
transformed manufacturing across
every sector. 

6553
05:42:04,000 --> 05:42:07,200
The concept of paying workers. 
Well enough to be customers 

6554
05:42:07,200 --> 05:42:09,299
influenced labor policy for 
Generations. 

6555
05:42:10,200 --> 05:42:13,000
The idea that mass production 
could create Prosperity rather 

6556
05:42:13,000 --> 05:42:15,299
than just profit. 
They came a Cornerstone of 

6557
05:42:15,307 --> 05:42:19,000
American Economic Policy, but 
Henry story also teaches us 

6558
05:42:19,000 --> 05:42:22,400
about the complexity of change 
The same innovation's that 

6559
05:42:22,400 --> 05:42:26,200
created Suburban Prosperity. 
Also contributed to Urban Decay 

6560
05:42:27,200 --> 05:42:30,299
The freedom of the automobile 
came with costs pollution 

6561
05:42:30,299 --> 05:42:32,900
traffic and the decline of 
public transportation. 

6562
05:42:34,000 --> 05:42:35,400
The efficiency of mass 
production. 

6563
05:42:35,400 --> 05:42:38,200
Sometimes came at the expense of
Crossman in individual 

6564
05:42:38,200 --> 05:42:41,500
creativity, every Revolution 
brings both benefits and 

6565
05:42:41,500 --> 05:42:43,700
challenges and Henry's was no 
exception. 

6566
05:42:44,500 --> 05:42:46,500
What made Henry special wasn't 
that he was perfect. 

6567
05:42:46,500 --> 05:42:50,299
He certainly wasn't. 
He could be stubborn sometimes 

6568
05:42:50,299 --> 05:42:52,299
to the point of damaging his own
company. 

6569
05:42:53,200 --> 05:42:55,599
His paternalistic approach to 
worker, welfare would be 

6570
05:42:55,607 --> 05:42:59,000
unacceptable today. 
His later Embrace of automation,

6571
05:42:59,000 --> 05:43:01,000
over employment, showed the 
limits of his vision. 

6572
05:43:01,799 --> 05:43:04,700
But what made him remarkable 
was, his ability to see on the 

6573
05:43:04,700 --> 05:43:06,900
immediate problem to the larger 
possibilities? 

6574
05:43:07,700 --> 05:43:10,700
Today, as we Face, new 
Revolutions in technology and 

6575
05:43:10,700 --> 05:43:12,599
work. 
Henry's example, remains 

6576
05:43:12,599 --> 05:43:16,099
relevant his approach. 
Starting with human needs rather

6577
05:43:16,099 --> 05:43:18,900
than technical capabilities, 
thinking about workers as 

6578
05:43:18,900 --> 05:43:22,299
partners, rather than costs and 
believing that Innovation should

6579
05:43:22,299 --> 05:43:25,200
serve. 
Everyone not just the few offers

6580
05:43:25,200 --> 05:43:28,500
lessons for our digital age. 
When you drive your car to 

6581
05:43:28,500 --> 05:43:31,400
tomorrow, remember that you're 
not just using a machine, your 

6582
05:43:31,400 --> 05:43:34,200
participating in a revolution 
that began with a young man who 

6583
05:43:34,200 --> 05:43:36,700
couldn't resist taking things 
apart to see how they worked. 

6584
05:43:37,599 --> 05:43:39,700
When you buy something that's 
both high quality and 

6585
05:43:39,700 --> 05:43:42,700
affordable, your benefiting from
principles that Henry Ford 

6586
05:43:42,700 --> 05:43:46,299
pioneered over a century ago. 
Henry, proved that work, can 

6587
05:43:46,299 --> 05:43:50,700
provide not just survival, but 
prosperity The boy who left his 

6588
05:43:50,700 --> 05:43:53,099
father's Farm to work in. 
Detroit Factory is became the 

6589
05:43:53,099 --> 05:43:55,900
man who showed the world that 
technology could serve Humanity,

6590
05:43:55,900 --> 05:43:59,900
that efficiency could co-exist 
with fairness and that 

6591
05:43:59,900 --> 05:44:02,500
Innovation could create 
opportunities for everyone. 

6592
05:44:03,299 --> 05:44:05,000
He didn't just change how cars 
were made. 

6593
05:44:05,000 --> 05:44:08,200
He changed how we think about 
work prosperity, and the 

6594
05:44:08,200 --> 05:44:11,700
possibilities of American Life. 
As you settle into sleep 

6595
05:44:11,700 --> 05:44:13,599
tonight. 
Remember that your living in the

6596
05:44:13,599 --> 05:44:16,599
world that Henry Ford helped 
create a world where Ordinary 

6597
05:44:16,599 --> 05:44:19,500
People can afford extraordinary 
things where Innovation serves 

6598
05:44:19,500 --> 05:44:22,000
humanity and where the next 
great breakthrough might come 

6599
05:44:22,000 --> 05:44:24,900
from someone who simply refuses 
to accept that things have to be

6600
05:44:24,900 --> 05:44:26,200
done the way they've always been
done. 

6601
05:44:27,500 --> 05:44:30,700
Remember every Revolution begins
with someone brave enough to 

6602
05:44:30,708 --> 05:44:32,200
imagine that things could be 
different?