Boring History For Sleep | The ENTIRE History Of Napoleon Bonaparte

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Tonight, my friends, we're 
diving into the entire history 

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of Napoleon Bonaparte from his 
humble beginnings on the island 

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of Corsica to his meteoric, rise
as emperor of France. 

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We'll follow his military 
genius, political ambition, and 

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the sweeping impact of his 
campaigns across Europe. 

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All the way to his final days in
Exile. 

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This is the full Journey with 
one of history's most complex 

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and influential figures. 
So before you get comfortable, 

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as always, take a moment to like
the video and subscribe to the 

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channel if you haven't already. 
Also, let us know where you're 

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watching from and what time it 
is for you. 

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We have a very long story, that 
is meant to be relaxed singing, 

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But I personally find it boring 
and believe me, it will help you

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fall asleep quickly. 
So dim those lights down really 

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low, grab your blanket and let's
start. the polio bonapartes 

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story opens not in the halls of 
Parisian power, but on a rugged 

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Mediterranean island, He was 
born Napoleonic Wanna Party in 

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1769, in a jaxo, Corsica only 
months after France seized the 

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island from Genoa. 
As a boy, he spoke the Italian 

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Corsican dialect and Harvard 
Fierce pride in his course to 

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compare it. 
Sent to Mainland France for 

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schooling at age 9. 
He arrived a thin intense child 

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who felt himself very much an 
outside her classmates, mocked 

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his accent and provincial 
manners. 

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In Quiet Moments under the 
ancient, Oaks of Biryani 

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Academy, young Bonaparte dreamed
of home, the smell of the Mackie

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shrubs on Corsican Hillside and 
tales of heroism by Corsican 

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Patriot Pasquale Paoli. 
These memories fueled, a 

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lifelong resentment, and a drive
to prove himself in a world that

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perceived him as a foreigner. 
Yet France also opened New 

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Horizons for him at the Royal 
military school in Paris 

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Napoleon. 
As he still signed his name, 

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immersed himself in 
Enlightenment ideas and Military

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texts. 
He was a various reader of 

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Rousseau and Voltaire 
cultivating. 

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Radical Notions about meriton 
reason. 

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Commissioned, as a young 
artillery officer, he honed a 

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mathematical Precision in 
ballistics and a Steely. 

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Calm under pressure Still in the
late 1780s, the ambitious left 

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10 and found himself idling on 
off. 

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Pay in provincial Garrison's 
chafing at the lack of 

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opportunity. 
Let us to his family betray a 

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Restless mind. 
He wrote an unfinished story and

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essays on course in history 
longing, to carve out a place 

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for himself. 
By 1789, the French revolution's

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fiery rhetoric gripped. 
Him the revolution's eruption 

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promised career opportunities 
for talented individuals and 

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Bonaparte. 
Now known as Bonaparte in French

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was determined to capitalize on 
this opportunity. 

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He returned to Corsica during 
the early Revolution hoping to 

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spread the new ideals. 
However, Island politics turned 

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against him, the revered. 
Powerly deemed Napoleon a 

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traitor for siding with the 
French Republic. 

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In 1793 after a bit of falling 
out and an attempt to depose his

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course, and government, the 
Bonaparte family fled their 

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Homeland under threat. 
The 24 year old artillery, 

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Captain arrived back in France 
as a refugee but also as a 

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staunch Republican officer 
hungry for action. 

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He soon got his chance at the 
end of 1793 royalists, in the 

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southern Port of too long 
revolted and welcome to British 

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forces. 
The besieging Revolutionary Army

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faltered until Bonaparte through
a mix of Corsican connections, 

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and share assertiveness was 
assigned to direct the 

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artillery. 
Amidst the Thunder of cannons 

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and Akron. 
Smoke, and Napoleon, Sean, he in

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place, batteries with lethal, 
Effectiveness. 

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Blasting the harbor and forcing 
the British to flee. 

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In the final assault, a bayonet 
wounds guard his thigh. 

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But victory was complete, the 
achievement was stunning. 

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Little known Corsica had 
masterminded the recapture of 

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too long word of his Brilliance 
travel to Paris and aged 24 

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Bonaparte was promoted to 
Brigadier General, the center of

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gunpowder at too long signaled. 
His assent to prominent, but 

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revolutionary fortunes shifted 
quickly. 

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Just months later Robespierre 
and the radical Jacobins fell 

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from Power. 
Napoleon considered a 

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Robespierre Ally by association 
was arrested. 

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He was briefly jailed in a dank 
sell at Fort Carey. 

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The omniscient Fates that 
elevated him. 

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Now threatened to cut short is a
scent. 

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He emerged unscaled but 
unemployed pacing. 

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The Paris streets in a 
threadbare coat, surviving on 

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meager rations, during this low 
ebb in 1795, he even toyed with 

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leaving France to serve the 
ottoman Sultan and ironic 

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Prospect for one who would one 
day, humble the great powers of 

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Europe. 
Opportunity, however, knocked 

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again, that October royalist 
mobs stormed, toward the ruling 

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convention aiming to topple The 
Fragile Republic. 

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General Paul Barras, desperate 
to save the revolution taped the

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only artillery expert. 
He knew who could be ruthless 

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enough, Napoleon Bonaparte. 
Napoleon did not hesitate 

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stationing canon in the streets 
of Paris. 

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He met the royalist charged with
blasts of great shot at Point 

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Blank Range, the Cobblestone of 
the roof Santana Rey shook. 

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With each thunderous volley 
shredding the Insurgent columns 

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and sending the survivors into 
panicked flight. 

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A whiff of great shot one. 
Witness called it cost to clean.

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Describing how shred banners and
bodies littered the Smoky 

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Avenue's. 
Bonapartes decisive action save 

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the Revolutionary government. in
a single brutal afternoon, he 

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became the Republic Savior and 
also earned a reputation for 

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cold-blooded efficiency that 
some would not forget Paris grew

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quiet at dusk. 
The are heavy with the Tang of 

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spent gunpowder and a new 
awareness, a young General had 

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shown. 
He would not hesitate to fire on

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his fellow Frenchman to secure 
order. 

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Far from hiding. 
This bloody episode Napoleon 

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later, had it celebrated each 
year, defending himself with the

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remark that a soldier is only a 
machine to obey orders. 

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The reward for this loyal 
service was extraordinary, 

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within weeks. 
The directory, the new executive

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body gave 26 year old Bonaparte 
command of the army of Italy, A 

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post that season generals had 
covered it. 

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Around the same time, he met 
Josephine debate on a glamorous 

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Creole Widow six years, his 
senior, who was connected to 

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Paris. 
The attraction was immediate and

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consuming In March 1796 just 
days before departing to take up

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his new command Napoleon married
Josephine in a private civil 

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ceremony. 
He adored her with an Earnest 

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impassioned. 
Love that. 

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Blazed through the letter, he 
would soon send daily from the 

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Italian front. 
Josephine, provided the social 

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polish and connections he 
lacked. 

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He gave her devotion and the 
promise of Destiny, As he rode 

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out of Paris in the spring rain 
Napoleon Bonaparte was a curious

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figure, a Corsican Outsider 
turned Republican General, 

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recently a penniless Outkast. 
Now, head of an army. 

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His Ambitions were boundless 
France had given him an Army in 

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a beautiful wife, he intended to
repay both with Glory, the dye 

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was cast the little corporals 
rapid Ascent was about to 

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commence. 
The Slender young General who 

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arrived to lead, the army of 
Italy in 1796, founded 

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dispirited ragtag Force, clad in
rags and hungry for both food 

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and Victory. 
Napoleon's predecessors had 

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achieved little in the grinding 
war against Austria. 

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But the new Commander 
electrified, his men from the 

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outset. 
Gathering. 

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The troops who looks skeptically
at his slight stature and 

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Youthful face, he pointed 
towards the enemies. 

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Richlands beyond the Alps 
soldiers, he cried, you are 

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ill-fed and almost naked. 
I will lead you into the most 

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fertile Plains in the world, 
Rich, provinces and great 

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cities. 
Will lie in your power in their 

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you will find honor glory and 
riches the soldiers erupted in. 

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Cheers, skepticism gave way to 
further as he promised to 

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transform their threadbare 
desperation into Triumph. 

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During the early days of the 
campaign in The Damp, foothills 

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of Piedmont men who were on the 
verge of deserting instead found

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themselves prepared to follow 
this fiery little general to the

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farthest reaches of the Earth. 
Napoleon promptly fulfilled his 

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promise. 
He moved with startling speed 

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and aggression catching Austrian
and piedmontese armies off. 

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Balance with bold tactics in a 
whirlwind of Battles, Through 

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the mountain passes. 
He demonstrated a Predators 

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Instinct striking, where least 
expected and driving his 

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exhausted troops forward with 
sheer force of will. 

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At Monte Dago malisimo and 
Mondovi French, Canon and 

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bayonets rooted forces. 
That months before would have 

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sent them reeling the Austrian, 
generals, many twice bonapartes 

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as age were confounded by his 
unpredictable maneuvers. 

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They haven't seen anything yet. 
Napoleon boasted confidently, 

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after one victory in our time. 
No one has the slightest 

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conception of what is great. 
It is up to me to give them an 

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example. 
His bravado was backed by 

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action. 
He negotiated Piedmont 

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withdrawal from the war within 
weeks. 

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Then turn the army of Italy 
against the austrians occupying 

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Lombardy. 
In May 1796 Napoleon cemented 

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his Legend at the bridge over, 
the Ada river near the town of 

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Lodi. the Austrian rear guard 
had taken up a strong position 

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across the river their Canon 
covering the narrow wooden span 

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Rather than wait for a safer 
Crossing Bonaparte. 

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Decided on a frontal, assault 
that defied. 

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All conventional sense. 
Amidst the deafening Roar of 

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enemy guns. 
You personally helped aim French

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cannons and rallied a column of 
grenadiers for a head on charge.

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Tricolor flag in hand. 
He plunged onto the bridge at 

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the head of his men grapeshot 
whistled past, his ears planks 

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splintered under the blast of 
artillery. 

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For an instant, the attack 
faltered under withering fire. 

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But Napoleon stood firm in the 
Smoke his sword drawn in his 

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uniform powered with Gunsmoke. 
His presence ignited. 

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The troops with a final yell 
honorable the troops surged 

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forward of more overrunning. 
The Austrian guns on the far 

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Bank, the stunned enemy broke 
and fled Lodi was a small battle

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that in its drama. 
Lay the seed of a myth. 

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The soldiers made by their 
generals Fearless exposure to 

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Fire and his willingness to do a
corporals Work. 

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Loading guns, affectionately, 
dubbed him, Liberty Caporal. 

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The little corporal. 
That night as the exhausted 

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French, camped under a moonlit 
sky. 

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And Napoleon could not sleep, he
adrenaline of Victory and 

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survival course through him in 
later years, he would recall 

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that at Lodi from that moment on
I feel so what I might be 

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Already, I felt the Earth flea 
from beneath me as if I were 

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being carried into the sky. 
It was at Lodi that Napoleon 

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Bonaparte began to believe 
unequivocally in his destiny. 

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Through the Summer, and Autumn 
of 1796 Napoleon LED his army on

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a Relentless offensive that read
like something out of Caesar's 

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commentaries Napoleon. 
Swiftly crossed the Po River 

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flanked enemy positions using 
Mountain tracks and repeatedly 

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encircled. 
The austrians in battle. 

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After battle, Castiglione are 
called Rivoli, the French over 

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came Superior numbers through 
bonapartes and imaginative 

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tactics. 
And the esri decor he instilled 

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his troops marched, Hungary and 
Barefoot over the Alps referring

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to him as father Violet due to 
his unexpected arrival, much 

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like the first Violet of spring,
they came to believe he could 

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do. 
It could take any Fortress and 

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defeat any foe an often he did. 
After a grueling sieged 

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Napoleon, captured manure in 
early 1797 breaking Austrian 

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resistance in Italy. 
By that spring, he had Advanced 

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to the very edge of Austrian 
territory. 

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The once Mighty Habsburg Empire,
shocked by the string of defeats

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and flicked by this. 
Upstart sued for peace. 

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Rather than CVS threatened, 
Bernard dictated terms, like a 

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seasoned statement in the Treaty
of Campo formio October 1797. 

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He reshaped the map of Northern 
Italy creating new republics 

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under French influence and 
seeded Venetia to Austria as 

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compensation. 
Remarkably, he negotiated this 

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piece directly outshining the 
politicians back in Paris. 

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He was a general taking the 
initiative to formulate foreign 

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policy. 
A sign of The Growing Power. 

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He was accumulating. 
Meanwhile in the territories he 

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conquered Napoleon revealed 
other facets. 

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He presented himself as a 
liberator, abolishing feudal, 

227
00:12:01,100 --> 00:12:03,500
Privileges, and spreading 
revolutionary principles in 

228
00:12:03,500 --> 00:12:05,700
Italy. 
But he also levied heavy 

229
00:12:05,700 --> 00:12:08,900
contributions and sent convoys 
of looted art back to France. 

230
00:12:08,900 --> 00:12:12,500
Wagon, loads of paintings and 
sculptures spoils from Milan 

231
00:12:12,500 --> 00:12:14,800
Verona and Venice trundled over 
the Alps Bound. 

232
00:12:14,800 --> 00:12:17,600
For the Louvre evidence that 
Napoleon understood the 

233
00:12:17,600 --> 00:12:21,000
propaganda value of culture 
parisians, were thrilled at the 

234
00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:23,900
arrival of masterpieces and the 
news of victory. 

235
00:12:24,800 --> 00:12:27,700
The directors in Paris found 
themselves a Clips by the glory 

236
00:12:27,700 --> 00:12:30,100
of their young General. 
As his Fame grew. 

237
00:12:30,100 --> 00:12:33,800
So did the complexities of his 
character Napoleon the Romantic 

238
00:12:33,800 --> 00:12:37,600
for instance, was on full 
display in Italy separated, from

239
00:12:37,600 --> 00:12:39,700
Josephine. 
He wrote her letters almost 

240
00:12:39,700 --> 00:12:42,200
nightly pouring out his heart in
unguarded Pros. 

241
00:12:43,300 --> 00:12:44,600
I have loved you for a long 
time. 

242
00:12:44,600 --> 00:12:47,900
He wrote off to one battle and I
feel that I love you more each 

243
00:12:47,900 --> 00:12:50,500
day. 
I thought I loved you a few days

244
00:12:50,500 --> 00:12:54,100
ago, but since I saw you, I feel
that I love you, 1000 times more

245
00:12:54,100 --> 00:12:57,900
words that reveal a passionate 
even obsessive attachment on the

246
00:12:57,908 --> 00:13:00,300
battlefield. 
He was icy and calculated, but 

247
00:13:00,300 --> 00:13:02,600
alone in his tent by 
candlelight, he could be almost 

248
00:13:02,600 --> 00:13:05,500
feverish with longing. 
Unbeknownst to him. 

249
00:13:05,500 --> 00:13:08,000
Josephine's replies were 
infrequent and often 

250
00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:10,500
perfunctory. 
The worldly Creole was enjoying 

251
00:13:10,500 --> 00:13:13,500
Paris society and a discrete 
affair on the side. 

252
00:13:13,500 --> 00:13:17,400
This imbalance of affection, the
Conqueror of Italy begging for 

253
00:13:17,400 --> 00:13:19,000
love was a poignant 
contradiction. 

254
00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:22,900
The soldiers saw their General 
as a demigod yet in matters of 

255
00:13:22,900 --> 00:13:24,900
the heart. 
He could be as vulnerable as any

256
00:13:24,900 --> 00:13:27,700
man Napoleon. 
Was the most renowned figure in 

257
00:13:27,700 --> 00:13:30,800
France by the time he returned 
to Paris at the end of 1797 

258
00:13:30,800 --> 00:13:33,800
newspapers. 
Hailed him as Italy. 

259
00:13:33,800 --> 00:13:37,600
The Italian hero, extolling. 
His Triumph overcoming 

260
00:13:37,600 --> 00:13:41,600
challenges Walking through the 
wheelies Gardens civilians gate 

261
00:13:41,600 --> 00:13:44,600
and officers snap to attention 
the energy. 

262
00:13:44,600 --> 00:13:47,500
He exuded had altered the course
of a continent in a matter of 

263
00:13:47,508 --> 00:13:50,400
months. 
Yet the directory grew where he 

264
00:13:50,400 --> 00:13:54,900
was a general, whose popularity 
rivaled their legitimacy. in 

265
00:13:54,900 --> 00:13:58,400
Napoleon's piercing gray eyes 
and Kurt self-confidence, some 

266
00:13:58,400 --> 00:14:01,800
directory members, Glimpse to 
Potential Threat, For the time 

267
00:14:01,800 --> 00:14:04,700
being, they showered him with 
honors, inviting him to dine, 

268
00:14:04,700 --> 00:14:07,600
with directors and seeking his 
advice on Grand strategy. 

269
00:14:08,600 --> 00:14:11,400
However, these politicians 
secretly felt a sense of relief 

270
00:14:11,400 --> 00:14:14,800
when Bonaparte accepted a new 
assignment that took him far 

271
00:14:14,800 --> 00:14:17,200
from Paris. 
The Restless general. 

272
00:14:17,200 --> 00:14:20,000
Just 28 was already looking 
Beyond Italy. 

273
00:14:20,700 --> 00:14:23,600
In his omnivorous mind. 
The next Grand Adventure was 

274
00:14:23,600 --> 00:14:26,300
forming. 
He spoke of an expedition to 

275
00:14:26,300 --> 00:14:29,400
Egypt a bold, strike aimed in 
directly at England. 

276
00:14:29,400 --> 00:14:31,800
It was audacious and full of 
risk. 

277
00:14:31,800 --> 00:14:35,300
Perfectly suited to Napoleon 
Bonaparte who by now believe 

278
00:14:35,300 --> 00:14:37,400
Destiny. 
Had extraordinary plans for him.

279
00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:40,300
Napoleon embarked on his 
campaign in the east, as both 

280
00:14:40,300 --> 00:14:42,800
conqueror and Visionary 
determined to etch. 

281
00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:44,400
His name, alongside Alexander 
the Great. 

282
00:14:45,400 --> 00:14:48,600
In May 1798. 
He set sail from France with a 

283
00:14:48,608 --> 00:14:52,400
fleet of soldiers, Scholars and 
dreams leaving the Comforts of 

284
00:14:52,408 --> 00:14:54,200
Europe. 
For the fabled, Sands of Egypt, 

285
00:14:54,200 --> 00:14:58,400
The Voyage itself felt like a 
journey into Legend on Deck 

286
00:14:58,400 --> 00:15:00,300
Under the Stars. 
Napoleon would point out 

287
00:15:00,300 --> 00:15:03,300
constellation's to his Savant 
and news about the glory of 

288
00:15:03,308 --> 00:15:06,900
antique by day. 
He devoured books on the Orient,

289
00:15:07,700 --> 00:15:10,400
He was not merely leading an 
army, he was crafting an image 

290
00:15:10,400 --> 00:15:14,300
of himself as an enlightened 
Liberator and a new season of 

291
00:15:14,300 --> 00:15:17,500
the East. 
The soldiers packed tightly in 

292
00:15:17,500 --> 00:15:20,100
the sweltering holds were 
regaled with their generals 

293
00:15:20,100 --> 00:15:22,800
proclamations, that they were 
Bound for Immortal Glory. 

294
00:15:23,800 --> 00:15:26,700
Many were sick and anxious, they
believed in him. 

295
00:15:27,500 --> 00:15:30,200
It was said that as their ships 
passed by the Great Pyramids. 

296
00:15:30,200 --> 00:15:33,500
Visible on the horizon, Napoleon
dramatically addressed his 

297
00:15:33,500 --> 00:15:37,400
troops soldiers, from the summit
of these pyramids. 40 centuries 

298
00:15:37,400 --> 00:15:40,800
looked down upon you, the line 
echoing across the Desert Wind 

299
00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:44,100
sent shivers down the ranks. 
It was bombastic, historically 

300
00:15:44,100 --> 00:15:47,100
dubious and utterly effective 
and stirring, men's Souls 

301
00:15:47,100 --> 00:15:50,600
Bonaparte was scripting his 
mythology, even as it unfolded. 

302
00:15:51,500 --> 00:15:54,700
After a swift conquest of the 
port of Alexandria Napoleon 

303
00:15:54,700 --> 00:15:57,400
marched his army, Inland to 
confront the ruling mamluk 

304
00:15:57,400 --> 00:16:01,700
Warlords. 
On July 21st, 1798 near the 

305
00:16:01,700 --> 00:16:04,900
village of Ember Bay Napoleon 
deployed his troops in massive 

306
00:16:04,900 --> 00:16:07,900
squares with the hazy outline of
pyramids in the distance. 

307
00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:12,200
The battle of the pyramids as it
came to be known as much theater

308
00:16:12,200 --> 00:16:15,400
as combat. 
Malik Cavalry, in colorful silk 

309
00:16:15,400 --> 00:16:19,000
and Armour charged repeatedly 
renowned for their ferocity. 

310
00:16:19,000 --> 00:16:21,800
But the shattered against the 
disciplined French Square's, 

311
00:16:21,800 --> 00:16:25,600
bristling with bayonets amid, 
the volleys and Canon smoke, 

312
00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:28,700
French drummers beat a steady 
Rhythm that mingled with the 

313
00:16:28,700 --> 00:16:32,100
distant cries of camels and the 
clang of samaritas Napoleon 

314
00:16:32,100 --> 00:16:35,100
seated, atop a gray Arabian, 
charger surveyed the 

315
00:16:35,100 --> 00:16:36,600
battlefield, through his 
Spyglass. 

316
00:16:36,600 --> 00:16:40,900
Outwardly, calm, When the dust 
settled by late afternoon, 

317
00:16:40,900 --> 00:16:44,600
thousands of mamluk riders, lay 
dead or dying in the Nile 

318
00:16:44,600 --> 00:16:46,700
marshes. 
The French losses were 

319
00:16:46,700 --> 00:16:49,900
relatively light word spread 
among the locals that the young 

320
00:16:49,900 --> 00:16:53,300
General had Supernatural Powers.
How else could one explain such 

321
00:16:53,300 --> 00:16:56,600
a lopsided victory. 
Napoleon encouraged these 

322
00:16:56,600 --> 00:17:00,600
Whispers, he established himself
in Cairo and convened, a diwan 

323
00:17:00,600 --> 00:17:04,599
council of local notables 
pledging respect for Islam and 

324
00:17:04,599 --> 00:17:08,599
the people In proclamations, he 
professed admiration for the 

325
00:17:08,599 --> 00:17:11,500
prophet Muhammad and claimed the
French were friends of Muslims 

326
00:17:11,500 --> 00:17:14,800
even inventing a tale of a 
mystical conversation with his 

327
00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:17,700
arms in a pyramid. 
Such declarations were cynical 

328
00:17:17,700 --> 00:17:19,800
but shrewd aimed at pacifying a 
land. 

329
00:17:19,808 --> 00:17:23,700
He knew little about Bonaparte, 
the chameleon was adapting once 

330
00:17:23,700 --> 00:17:26,400
more in Cairo. 
He appeared draped in an 

331
00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:29,700
oriental robe at times, playing 
the part of the Liberator of the

332
00:17:29,700 --> 00:17:32,600
East. 
However, reality intruded on his

333
00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:36,800
grandiose player's, in August 
1798, mere weeks after the 

334
00:17:36,800 --> 00:17:40,100
Triumph at the pyramids 
disaster, struck at Sea, the 

335
00:17:40,100 --> 00:17:41,700
British Admiral Horatio Nelson 
caught. 

336
00:17:41,700 --> 00:17:45,100
The French Fleet anchored in a 
bouquet Bay and annihilated it 

337
00:17:45,100 --> 00:17:49,200
in a fiery night, long battle. 
In one night, Napoleon's 

338
00:17:49,200 --> 00:17:52,500
communication with France was 
severed, his army was stranded 

339
00:17:52,500 --> 00:17:56,700
in Egypt, unfazed outwardly, he 
doubled down on forging. 

340
00:17:56,700 --> 00:17:59,700
A new narrative if returned to 
Europe was cut off. 

341
00:17:59,700 --> 00:18:02,700
He would turn his Conquest in to
a transformative mission. 

342
00:18:03,800 --> 00:18:07,700
He established the Institute 
Egypt in Cairo, where Scholars 

343
00:18:07,700 --> 00:18:10,700
studied everything from ancient 
hieroglyphs, the Rosetta Stone 

344
00:18:10,708 --> 00:18:13,500
would soon be Unearthed by his 
team, to Modern irrigation. 

345
00:18:14,600 --> 00:18:17,300
French officers strolled the 
streets with notebooks instead 

346
00:18:17,300 --> 00:18:20,200
of only muskets the occupation 
took on a curious. 

347
00:18:20,200 --> 00:18:24,800
Dual nature brutal military rule
on one hand, suppressing revolts

348
00:18:24,800 --> 00:18:28,500
with mass executions when needed
and enlightened exploration on 

349
00:18:28,500 --> 00:18:31,500
the other. 
Napoleon ordered local printers 

350
00:18:31,500 --> 00:18:33,200
to produce a French Arabic 
newspaper. 

351
00:18:33,200 --> 00:18:38,800
Created legit praising French 
and reforms commissioned artists

352
00:18:38,800 --> 00:18:42,600
to sketch, ruins and scientists 
to catalog, Egypt's, flora and 

353
00:18:42,600 --> 00:18:46,100
fauna under the glow of lanterns
in cairo's palaces 

354
00:18:46,100 --> 00:18:49,100
conversations, about philosophy 
and governance, unfolded in both

355
00:18:49,100 --> 00:18:52,800
French and Arabic This blend of 
force and charm offensive was 

356
00:18:52,800 --> 00:18:56,400
bonaparte's approached to Empire
Building luau through both sword

357
00:18:56,400 --> 00:18:59,600
and pain yet, Egypt would test 
Napoleon as never before. 

358
00:19:01,000 --> 00:19:04,800
In early 1799 hungry for further
Laurel's and concerned by an 

359
00:19:04,800 --> 00:19:05,600
impending ottoman 
counter-attack. 

360
00:19:05,600 --> 00:19:08,000
He marched North into ottoman 
Syria. 

361
00:19:08,000 --> 00:19:11,600
Today's Israel, Palestine an 
Overland Journeys through 

362
00:19:11,600 --> 00:19:14,000
sinai's deserts into a crucible 
of hardship. 

363
00:19:14,900 --> 00:19:17,700
The campaign swiftly turned into
a terrifying ordeal. 

364
00:19:17,700 --> 00:19:22,900
The sun above was merciless, 
water was scarce plague stalked,

365
00:19:22,900 --> 00:19:25,600
the ranks still Napoleon pushed 
on capturing. 

366
00:19:25,600 --> 00:19:29,500
Coastal towns like el-arish and 
Gaza and then storming Jaffer in

367
00:19:29,500 --> 00:19:33,400
March 1799. 
That Jaffa a horrifying incident

368
00:19:33,400 --> 00:19:37,000
tarnished his reputation after 
the city fell, thousands of 

369
00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:40,100
Ottoman, soldiers, who had 
surrendered including a Garrison

370
00:19:40,100 --> 00:19:42,600
previously, paroled by the 
French were executed under 

371
00:19:42,600 --> 00:19:45,400
Napoleon's orders, most by 
shooting or bayonet. 

372
00:19:45,400 --> 00:19:47,900
It was an act of Ruthless 
expedience. 

373
00:19:47,900 --> 00:19:51,500
He could neither feed nor guard.
So many prisoners, while enemy 

374
00:19:51,500 --> 00:19:54,800
forces, gathered nearby. 
The beach outside, Jaffa became 

375
00:19:54,800 --> 00:19:58,000
a field of death later. 
Accounts described Columns of 

376
00:19:58,000 --> 00:20:01,500
prisoners being led out under 
guard forced to kneel in the 

377
00:20:01,500 --> 00:20:05,000
dunes and the crackle of musket 
fire mingling with screams 

378
00:20:05,000 --> 00:20:07,600
Napoleon. 
Never publicly acknowledged, 

379
00:20:07,600 --> 00:20:11,600
this massacre within days, he 
had moved on That some of his 

380
00:20:11,600 --> 00:20:14,900
officers were sickened by it. 
The general who spoke of 

381
00:20:14,900 --> 00:20:17,300
Enlightenment had shown. 
He would also cross any moral 

382
00:20:17,300 --> 00:20:19,700
line for military necessity 
days. 

383
00:20:19,700 --> 00:20:23,600
Later in the same city, another 
scene, emerged immortalized in 

384
00:20:23,600 --> 00:20:26,300
paint and propaganda as a 
Counterpoint to the Bloodshed. 

385
00:20:26,300 --> 00:20:29,900
A vicious outbreak of Bubonic. 
Plague ravaged, the French Camp 

386
00:20:29,900 --> 00:20:32,900
after Jaffer soldiers. 
Lay moaning in a makeshift 

387
00:20:32,900 --> 00:20:35,400
Hospital. 
Housed in an old caravansary 

388
00:20:36,100 --> 00:20:38,900
Fear of contagion spread even 
faster than the disease. 

389
00:20:38,900 --> 00:20:41,700
Many troops, dare not go near 
the stricken. 

390
00:20:42,600 --> 00:20:45,700
Napoleon understood that fear, 
could destroy his army faster 

391
00:20:45,700 --> 00:20:48,500
than plague itself. 
So on a warm morning in 

392
00:20:48,500 --> 00:20:51,000
mid-march, he visited the play 
hospital in Jaffa. 

393
00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:54,500
According to accounts, he Strode
through the low, archways of the

394
00:20:54,500 --> 00:20:56,700
mosque turned infirmary with a 
calm expression. 

395
00:20:56,700 --> 00:21:00,600
As a rays of light pierced, the 
dusty are rows of the second 

396
00:21:00,600 --> 00:21:03,100
dying line. 
The walls, their face is etched 

397
00:21:03,100 --> 00:21:07,300
with feverish agony. 
Napoleon showed no hesitation he

398
00:21:07,300 --> 00:21:10,300
moved from cot to cot speaking 
softly, even touching one 

399
00:21:10,300 --> 00:21:12,900
soldiers in flame bubo with his 
bare hand, in a gesture of 

400
00:21:12,900 --> 00:21:16,500
compassion, and courage, the men
watched in astonishment as their

401
00:21:16,500 --> 00:21:19,300
General, the same man who had 
ordered Prisoners shot days 

402
00:21:19,300 --> 00:21:22,400
before now, comforted The 
Afflicted with near saintly 

403
00:21:22,400 --> 00:21:25,100
composure. 
One soldier, reportedly tried 

404
00:21:25,100 --> 00:21:28,700
weekly to rise, and salute 
Napoleon, gently made him, rest 

405
00:21:28,700 --> 00:21:32,600
this visit became legendary 
later back in France. 

406
00:21:32,600 --> 00:21:36,300
The event would be commemorated 
by artist Antoine Jean Gros in a

407
00:21:36,300 --> 00:21:39,200
massive painting depicting 
Bonaparte as a Fearless healer 

408
00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:42,400
reaching out to the plague 
stricken bathed in a quasi 

409
00:21:42,400 --> 00:21:45,700
religious glow. 
The painting glossed over the 

410
00:21:45,700 --> 00:21:48,200
Grimmer context, yet its power 
endures. 

411
00:21:48,200 --> 00:21:51,800
It was propaganda. 
As much as compassion, Napoleon 

412
00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:54,800
crafting, the myth of himself as
both ruthless conqueror and 

413
00:21:54,800 --> 00:21:57,400
benevolent hero. 
That spring, however, military 

414
00:21:57,400 --> 00:22:01,200
realities were harsh Napoleon's 
Advance Into the Heart of Syria 

415
00:22:01,200 --> 00:22:03,200
encountered. 
The formidable walls, of Accra 

416
00:22:03,200 --> 00:22:06,700
British warships, aided the 
ottoman Defenders, and despite 

417
00:22:06,700 --> 00:22:09,700
repeated assaults The Fortress 
of Akron did not fall. 

418
00:22:10,500 --> 00:22:14,700
Bonapartes Army grew weaker by 
the day, plague heat and stiff 

419
00:22:14,700 --> 00:22:18,200
resistance sap their strength. 
After two months of frustration 

420
00:22:18,200 --> 00:22:21,700
Napoleon, finally lifted The 
Siege in May 1799. 

421
00:22:22,600 --> 00:22:25,200
He led his gaunt Warren, man on 
a grueling Retreat. 

422
00:22:25,200 --> 00:22:28,900
Back to Egypt harassed by a 
mounted ottoman forces, and 

423
00:22:28,900 --> 00:22:30,700
bedeviled by the merciless 
climate. 

424
00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:34,200
The omniscient narrator of 
History might note that the 

425
00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:36,800
event was the first serious 
setback in the Poland's career. 

426
00:22:37,600 --> 00:22:40,700
Outside the walls of Accra. 
The limits of his fortune became

427
00:22:40,700 --> 00:22:43,700
evident in one point. 
Incident during the retreat, 

428
00:22:43,700 --> 00:22:46,000
French soldier, too. 
Sick to walk. 

429
00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:49,600
Begged not to be left behind 
Napoleon paused and in a red 

430
00:22:49,600 --> 00:22:51,900
display of quiet. 
Mercy ordered that a horse. 

431
00:22:51,900 --> 00:22:55,900
Be left for the man, a small 
Redemption for jaffas Horror by 

432
00:22:55,900 --> 00:22:59,900
late, 1799, backing Cairo 
Napoleon received word of 

433
00:22:59,900 --> 00:23:02,500
political turmoil in France and 
the threat of invasion by 

434
00:23:02,500 --> 00:23:05,600
European coalitions. 
Sensing that his moment on the 

435
00:23:05,608 --> 00:23:09,300
larger World stage had arrived. 
He made a fateful decision, he 

436
00:23:09,300 --> 00:23:11,700
would abandon the Egyptian 
Enterprise and returned to Paris

437
00:23:11,700 --> 00:23:14,800
post haste. 
He left general kleber in charge

438
00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:17,500
of the army with secret 
instructions to negotiate 

439
00:23:17,500 --> 00:23:20,900
withdrawal and slipped out of 
Egypt, with a few close aides in

440
00:23:20,900 --> 00:23:24,600
August 1799, by luck and 
stealth, he navigated through 

441
00:23:24,600 --> 00:23:27,000
the British blockades and 
arrived in France in October 

442
00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:31,000
where he was greeted as a hero. 
Astonishingly, the disasters, 

443
00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:34,500
the fleet's destruction. 
And the failure at Ecker were 

444
00:23:34,500 --> 00:23:38,200
largely suppressed or ignored in
the news instead, France, heard 

445
00:23:38,200 --> 00:23:41,100
only of the triumphs, the battle
of the pyramids, the scientific 

446
00:23:41,100 --> 00:23:45,000
discoveries and the Bold Eastern
Adventure in the public eye. 

447
00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:49,500
Napoleon returned from Egypt, 
draped in Oriental, mystery and 

448
00:23:49,500 --> 00:23:52,700
Glory. 
As he intended He brought home 

449
00:23:52,700 --> 00:23:57,000
Scholars reports, exotic animals
and our art further fueling the 

450
00:23:57,000 --> 00:23:58,700
legend he was weaving around 
himself. 

451
00:23:59,800 --> 00:24:02,200
The Egyptian Expedition 
ultimately was a mixed success 

452
00:24:02,200 --> 00:24:06,200
of best in Practical terms, but 
in terms of Napoleon's self-made

453
00:24:06,200 --> 00:24:10,300
mythology, it was a Triumph. 
He had shown France, not only a 

454
00:24:10,300 --> 00:24:13,900
general of Battlefield genius, 
but also a leader who aspire to 

455
00:24:13,900 --> 00:24:15,900
Greatness on a civilizational 
scale. 

456
00:24:16,700 --> 00:24:19,700
He cast himself as a new 
Alexander, a law giver and 

457
00:24:19,700 --> 00:24:21,800
Patron of knowledge as well as a
warrior. 

458
00:24:21,800 --> 00:24:25,800
The contradictions were Stark. 
The same man who executed 

459
00:24:25,800 --> 00:24:29,000
prisoners and poisoned plague 
victims also posed as an 

460
00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:30,500
emancipator and enlightened 
ruler. 

461
00:24:31,200 --> 00:24:34,500
Napoleon seemed aware that to 
achieve immortality, a leader, 

462
00:24:34,500 --> 00:24:37,100
had to shape his narrative. 
In Egypt. 

463
00:24:37,100 --> 00:24:40,000
He learned the power of image 
and propaganda from the 

464
00:24:40,000 --> 00:24:42,700
grandiose proclamations and 
commissioned paintings to the 

465
00:24:42,700 --> 00:24:44,500
curated flow of news back to 
Europe. 

466
00:24:44,500 --> 00:24:48,100
He ensured that he Napoleon 
Bonaparte would not be 

467
00:24:48,100 --> 00:24:50,000
considered merely another French
General. 

468
00:24:50,600 --> 00:24:53,700
He would become a figure worthy 
of epic's a man who conquered 

469
00:24:53,700 --> 00:24:56,200
ancient lands and engaged in 
conversation with the pyramids. 

470
00:24:57,000 --> 00:24:59,500
As he returned to France. 
He prepared for his next daring 

471
00:24:59,500 --> 00:25:01,900
action, seizing, political 
power. 

472
00:25:02,800 --> 00:25:05,800
The Savior France had returned 
from the deserts burnished by 

473
00:25:05,800 --> 00:25:08,000
Sun and fame. 
Ready to dictate the next 

474
00:25:08,000 --> 00:25:10,000
chapter of the Revolution. 
The France. 

475
00:25:11,000 --> 00:25:15,600
Napoleon returned to in 1799 was
ripe for change in it. 

476
00:25:15,600 --> 00:25:19,400
The directory government was 
deeply unpopular marred by 

477
00:25:19,400 --> 00:25:23,500
corruption economic troubles and
Military setbacks in Europe 

478
00:25:23,500 --> 00:25:26,700
during his absence. 
Paris buzzed with rumors of 

479
00:25:26,700 --> 00:25:29,800
coups and conspiracies Emmanuel 
caes. 

480
00:25:29,800 --> 00:25:32,900
One of the directors famously 
muttered that France needed 

481
00:25:32,900 --> 00:25:35,900
ahead a sword to complete the 
revolution's work. 

482
00:25:36,700 --> 00:25:39,200
Fresh from his Egyptian, 
mystique and Italian Laurels 

483
00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:42,700
Napoleon appeared to many as the
ideal candidate for this role. 

484
00:25:42,700 --> 00:25:46,800
Ever the political opportunist, 
he quietly aligned with plotters

485
00:25:46,800 --> 00:25:51,400
including caes talar and his 
Savvy younger brother Lucien 

486
00:25:51,400 --> 00:25:56,300
Bonaparte Behind closed doors in
prison salons with cigar smoke, 

487
00:25:56,300 --> 00:25:58,800
the plotters scheme, to topple 
the directory throughout 

488
00:25:58,800 --> 00:26:03,200
October. 1799. 
Napoleon was cautious at first, 

489
00:26:03,200 --> 00:26:05,700
assessing every detail like a 
battlefield plan. 

490
00:26:06,500 --> 00:26:09,300
But as the crowds cheered him in
the streets, and even the fickle

491
00:26:09,300 --> 00:26:12,000
newspapers, hailed him, he 
realized that now was The 

492
00:26:12,000 --> 00:26:14,700
crucial moment. 
We command get caught in the 

493
00:26:14,700 --> 00:26:17,500
current of events. 
He confided to a friend, but I 

494
00:26:17,500 --> 00:26:21,600
will direct events myself. 
The omniscient, narrator might 

495
00:26:21,600 --> 00:26:25,500
observe that fortune was once 
again favoring him Napoleon put 

496
00:26:25,500 --> 00:26:29,200
his plan in motion on the 
morning of 18 Premier year. 8 

497
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:34,600
November 9th 1799 by the 
Republican calendar under the 

498
00:26:34,600 --> 00:26:38,300
pretext of a supposed Jack in 
the threat, he persuaded the 

499
00:26:38,300 --> 00:26:42,100
counts as legislature to move 
their session out of volatile 

500
00:26:42,100 --> 00:26:45,600
Paris to the Suburban. 
Chateau of sank clue where his 

501
00:26:45,600 --> 00:26:47,100
loyal troops could surround 
them. 

502
00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:50,500
The air was tense and thick with
the Intrigue. 

503
00:26:50,500 --> 00:26:53,300
As Bonaparte, donned his 
generals uniform, mounted, a 

504
00:26:53,300 --> 00:26:55,900
horse and trotted through the 
Paris streets flanked by 

505
00:26:55,908 --> 00:26:58,100
grenadiers. 
He had told Josephine to be 

506
00:26:58,100 --> 00:27:01,000
ready for any outcome success, 
or his death or imprisonment. 

507
00:27:02,100 --> 00:27:03,900
If I fail, I shall be outlawed 
tomorrow. 

508
00:27:03,900 --> 00:27:09,800
He said Flatley by afternoon and
a grain November Skies soldiers.

509
00:27:09,800 --> 00:27:13,800
Occupied key positions around 
Saint clue inside, bewildered, 

510
00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:15,500
deputies. 
Gathered in gilded Chambers. 

511
00:27:15,500 --> 00:27:19,800
Suspecting something was amiss 
Napoleon paste in an 

512
00:27:19,800 --> 00:27:22,400
anti-chamber 
uncharacteristically nervous. 

513
00:27:23,100 --> 00:27:26,600
He was a man used to commanding 
armies, not quelling politicians

514
00:27:26,600 --> 00:27:29,200
and for perhaps the first time 
out in him. 

515
00:27:29,900 --> 00:27:32,300
Nonetheless. 
He stealed himself and strolled 

516
00:27:32,300 --> 00:27:34,400
into the Hall of the Council of 
ancients head high. 

517
00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:38,700
He addressed the Ancients with 
controlled passion, decrying the

518
00:27:38,700 --> 00:27:41,900
incapable directory and the 
perils facing France. 

519
00:27:43,100 --> 00:27:46,500
His hands trembled slightly as 
he gestured, this was no 

520
00:27:46,500 --> 00:27:49,900
Battlefield and the Hostile 
stairs of elected. 

521
00:27:49,900 --> 00:27:53,600
Deputies were a new kind of 
danger some applauded, but 

522
00:27:53,600 --> 00:27:57,900
others in descent, Napoleon next
move to the Council of 500. 

523
00:27:57,900 --> 00:28:01,000
The lower house where things 
would soon descend into chaos. 

524
00:28:01,000 --> 00:28:04,700
The moment, he entered the 
orangery where 500 legislators 

525
00:28:04,700 --> 00:28:08,700
were meeting a hostile raw rose 
up down with the Tyrant Outlaw 

526
00:28:08,700 --> 00:28:11,400
him, Jacob, in deputies screamed
upon seeing soldiers at his 

527
00:28:11,400 --> 00:28:14,400
back, Napoleon momentarily, 
stumbled, over his words, 

528
00:28:14,400 --> 00:28:17,500
declaring, that his only goal 
was to preserve the Republic. 

529
00:28:18,400 --> 00:28:22,200
Presence in flamed the assembly 
and not of deputies rushed him 

530
00:28:22,200 --> 00:28:25,000
one even lunging as if to stab 
him with a paper knife. 

531
00:28:25,900 --> 00:28:30,800
Amid shouts of horse, Outlaw him
Napoleon, turned pale and 

532
00:28:30,800 --> 00:28:33,600
reportedly began to shake. 
For heartbeat. 

533
00:28:33,600 --> 00:28:36,000
It seemed his carefully laid 
Kumite collapse in 

534
00:28:36,008 --> 00:28:38,800
embarrassment. 
Grenadiers hustled him out as 

535
00:28:38,800 --> 00:28:42,100
the hall erupted in pandemonium 
outside in the palace. 

536
00:28:42,100 --> 00:28:44,800
Courtyard Napoleon court is 
breath sweat. 

537
00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:48,000
Beading on his forehead, in the 
cooler air, he was used to 

538
00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:51,600
Battlefield Glory, but this was 
raw political theater and it was

539
00:28:51,608 --> 00:28:54,100
almost lost. 
The day was saved by a 

540
00:28:54,100 --> 00:28:56,500
combination of military force on
his brothers, quick wits. 

541
00:28:57,200 --> 00:29:00,300
Lucia Bonaparte decisively took 
the stage as president of the 

542
00:29:00,300 --> 00:29:03,500
Council of 500. 
He Slipped Away in addressed the

543
00:29:03,500 --> 00:29:07,600
soldiers waiting outside. 
With a dramatic flourish Lucian 

544
00:29:07,600 --> 00:29:10,900
drew his sword and pointed it at
Napoleon's chest shouting, that 

545
00:29:10,900 --> 00:29:13,800
his brother been attacked by 
assassin's inside and that he 

546
00:29:13,800 --> 00:29:15,000
would strike in, Napoleon down 
himself. 

547
00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:19,600
If ever the general betrayed the
people, The grenadiers perplexed

548
00:29:19,600 --> 00:29:21,800
but swayed by lucian's bravado 
rallied. 

549
00:29:21,800 --> 00:29:25,400
They burst into the hall with 
fixed bayonets clearing, it of 

550
00:29:25,400 --> 00:29:28,600
recalcitrant, deputies and 
minutes legislators scrambled 

551
00:29:28,600 --> 00:29:31,400
out windows or bolted for the 
doors as soldiers occupied the 

552
00:29:31,400 --> 00:29:34,500
chamber. 
By evening Santa clue was silent

553
00:29:34,500 --> 00:29:36,900
save for the measured Tramp of 
boots on marble floors. 

554
00:29:36,900 --> 00:29:40,900
A rump of hand-picked deputies 
brought back under bayonet 

555
00:29:40,900 --> 00:29:42,700
guard. 
Voted to abolish the directory 

556
00:29:42,700 --> 00:29:45,100
and appointed a three-man 
consulate to govern. 

557
00:29:45,100 --> 00:29:48,100
France. 
The coup though, far messier 

558
00:29:48,100 --> 00:29:51,800
than planned had succeeded. 
Napoleon was named first Consul 

559
00:29:51,800 --> 00:29:53,400
the dominant position in the new
government. 

560
00:29:54,300 --> 00:29:56,400
As he rode back to Paris that 
night under escort. 

561
00:29:56,400 --> 00:30:00,900
He was exhausted, but exalted. 
The revolution is over declared 

562
00:30:00,900 --> 00:30:03,800
to an aide with quiet Triumph, I
am the revolution now. 

563
00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:07,900
In reality, it was a new 
beginning, the 30 year old 

564
00:30:07,900 --> 00:30:10,200
General had seized control of 
the nation. 

565
00:30:10,900 --> 00:30:14,100
Over the next month's Napoleon. 
Solidified, his power with 

566
00:30:14,100 --> 00:30:16,200
breathtaking speed and 
shrewdness. 

567
00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:18,800
While Sears. 
And Decor, the other two 

568
00:30:18,800 --> 00:30:22,500
consoles were shunted, aside 
into irrelevance Bonaparte set 

569
00:30:22,500 --> 00:30:25,200
up residence in the tuileries 
palace, the former Royal 

570
00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:28,400
residence signaling that a new 
kind of ruler had arrived. 

571
00:30:28,400 --> 00:30:32,300
He worked for roshi sometimes 18
hours, a day, overseeing 

572
00:30:32,300 --> 00:30:34,800
everything from military 
operations to administrative 

573
00:30:34,800 --> 00:30:37,100
reforms. 
The third person, omniscient 

574
00:30:37,100 --> 00:30:40,900
view allows a glimpse into his 
private routine Rising Before 

575
00:30:40,900 --> 00:30:42,400
Dawn. 
He would dictate letters to 

576
00:30:42,400 --> 00:30:45,500
multiple secretaries and 
succession his mind leaping from

577
00:30:45,500 --> 00:30:47,800
topic to topic. 
Then meet ministers then 

578
00:30:47,800 --> 00:30:50,400
generals sorting each issue with
a decisive Clarity. 

579
00:30:50,400 --> 00:30:54,000
He seemed to scarcely need sleep
running on ambition and endless 

580
00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:56,200
cups of strong coffee. 
France. 

581
00:30:56,200 --> 00:30:57,800
Weary of a decade of 
revolutionary. 

582
00:30:57,800 --> 00:31:01,100
Chaos responded enthusiastically
to firmly leadership. 

583
00:31:01,100 --> 00:31:05,000
Even as Napoleon Titan 
censorship on the press and set 

584
00:31:05,000 --> 00:31:06,900
up an efficient secret police 
under Joseph. 

585
00:31:06,900 --> 00:31:09,400
Fouche, many welcome the 
stability. 

586
00:31:09,400 --> 00:31:13,400
These measures brought a new 
slogan appeared Authority, not 

587
00:31:13,400 --> 00:31:16,800
Liberty. 
The very people who had once 

588
00:31:16,800 --> 00:31:20,000
shouted for Freedom now, craved 
order and Bonaparte. 

589
00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:23,600
Delivered, it Abroad. 
He continued to prove his genius

590
00:31:23,600 --> 00:31:26,900
on the battlefield further 
cementing his position at home. 

591
00:31:28,200 --> 00:31:31,408
In 1800 when Austria threatened 
to overturn the gains of the 

592
00:31:31,416 --> 00:31:34,500
Revolution Napoleon, led a 
dramatic crossing of the Alps, 

593
00:31:34,500 --> 00:31:37,500
guiding the army of the reserve 
through the high passes with 

594
00:31:37,500 --> 00:31:40,100
Canon dragged by mules and men 
in scenes. 

595
00:31:40,100 --> 00:31:42,800
That would later be immortalized
in art, albeit with a white 

596
00:31:42,808 --> 00:31:45,500
charger. 
He likely never rode He 

597
00:31:45,500 --> 00:31:47,900
surprised the austrians in 
Northern Italy by securing a 

598
00:31:47,900 --> 00:31:52,400
victory at moringo in June, 1800
a fierce battle where a midday 

599
00:31:52,400 --> 00:31:55,700
crisis almost led to the 
French's defeat, but a timely 

600
00:31:55,700 --> 00:31:59,600
cavalry charge reversed, the 
outcome Moreno became Mythic in 

601
00:31:59,608 --> 00:32:02,800
France, Napoleon. 
Spun it as a grand Triumph for 

602
00:32:02,808 --> 00:32:06,300
his personal leadership, indeed,
when his exhausted troops, 

603
00:32:06,300 --> 00:32:09,200
cheered Vive Bonaparte on the 
blood soaked fields of, moringo 

604
00:32:09,200 --> 00:32:13,900
it reinforced his near mechanic 
status Austria sued for peace. 

605
00:32:13,900 --> 00:32:17,400
And Britain, two signed the 
Treaty of Amy on in 1802, a rare

606
00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:20,700
moment of General European peace
that the first console used to 

607
00:32:20,700 --> 00:32:23,300
consolidate his regime. 
During these years. 

608
00:32:23,300 --> 00:32:26,400
Napoleon revealed himself, not 
just as a brilliant General, but

609
00:32:26,400 --> 00:32:30,000
as a statement of extraordinary 
talent and contradictions, he 

610
00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:33,800
set about rebuilding France, the
consulate saw sweeping reforms, 

611
00:32:33,800 --> 00:32:37,100
a new legal code. 
The code civil Napoleonic Code 

612
00:32:37,100 --> 00:32:41,000
was drafted to enshrine equality
before the law property rights 

613
00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:44,700
and secular Authority. 
Napoleon took a direct hand. 

614
00:32:44,700 --> 00:32:47,000
In its formulation personally, 
chairing. 

615
00:32:47,000 --> 00:32:50,400
Many sessions of the Council of 
State quill in hand, debating 

616
00:32:50,400 --> 00:32:52,300
points of contract, law or 
inheritance. 

617
00:32:52,300 --> 00:32:56,800
The code completed in 1804 
eliminated, feudal, remnants and

618
00:32:56,800 --> 00:32:58,700
became one of Napoleon's 
proudest achievements. 

619
00:32:58,700 --> 00:33:03,400
A lasting framework of Justice. 
At the same time, he broke at a 

620
00:33:03,400 --> 00:33:06,400
reconciliation with the Catholic
Church through the concordat of 

621
00:33:06,400 --> 00:33:09,600
1801 healing, the rift caused by
a revolutionary 

622
00:33:09,600 --> 00:33:13,600
christianization. 
To the horror of ideologues this

623
00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:16,600
pragmatic deal recognized 
Catholicism as the religion of 

624
00:33:16,600 --> 00:33:19,800
most Frenchmen though, not the 
state, religion and restored 

625
00:33:19,800 --> 00:33:23,700
some church influence. 
But under Napoleon's terms The 

626
00:33:23,700 --> 00:33:26,200
once anti-clerical General 
understood that to pacify 

627
00:33:26,200 --> 00:33:29,900
France, he must placate her 
Believers thus in Notre. 

628
00:33:29,900 --> 00:33:31,900
Dame Cathedral where 
revolutionaries had. 

629
00:33:31,900 --> 00:33:35,400
Once exalted reason Mass was 
celebrated Again, by order of 

630
00:33:35,400 --> 00:33:38,100
the first console. 
No detail of governance. 

631
00:33:38,100 --> 00:33:40,700
Escaped him. 
He created the bank of France to

632
00:33:40,700 --> 00:33:44,100
stabilize, the currency 
overhauled education with newly 

633
00:33:44,100 --> 00:33:47,600
says and scholarships and reform
taxation so revenues flowed. 

634
00:33:47,600 --> 00:33:50,900
Reliably roads and bridges were 
built or appeared across the 

635
00:33:50,900 --> 00:33:53,300
country. 
In the Twilight Halls of the 

636
00:33:53,300 --> 00:33:55,400
twillery. 
Courtiers once again, danced at 

637
00:33:55,400 --> 00:33:58,400
balls, but this time on a 
soldier in place of a king 

638
00:33:59,100 --> 00:34:02,400
France was regaining prosperity 
in confidence under Napoleon's 

639
00:34:02,400 --> 00:34:05,900
firm hand, all the while 
bonapartes personal power, grew 

640
00:34:05,900 --> 00:34:11,400
ever more concentrated In 1802 a
national plebiscite Premiere 

641
00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:14,800
carefully managed by his 
officials, made him first consul

642
00:34:14,800 --> 00:34:17,100
for life. 
The result was announced with 

643
00:34:17,100 --> 00:34:21,800
Fanfare, an implausible majority
of Voters in favor which 

644
00:34:21,800 --> 00:34:24,800
flattered him immensely, he 
would famously dismiss 

645
00:34:24,800 --> 00:34:27,600
objections by pointing to such 
plebiscites claiming. 

646
00:34:27,600 --> 00:34:31,699
He had the people's mandate An 
emperor in Waiting in orbit 

647
00:34:31,699 --> 00:34:33,500
name, he began to Envision a 
dynasty. 

648
00:34:34,199 --> 00:34:37,100
In the quiet of his private 
study, pondered the fate of 

649
00:34:37,100 --> 00:34:40,100
Caesar and Charmaine concluding 
that the revolution needed the 

650
00:34:40,100 --> 00:34:41,800
permanents of monarchy in a new 
form. 

651
00:34:41,800 --> 00:34:44,900
His siblings would give an 
honors and arranger Adventures. 

652
00:34:44,900 --> 00:34:47,900
Marriages Napoleon was 
positioning, the bonapartes as 

653
00:34:47,900 --> 00:34:51,600
France's new royal family, much 
to the ridicule of some old 

654
00:34:51,600 --> 00:34:54,900
revolutionaries who muttered 
that we did not destroy one 

655
00:34:54,900 --> 00:34:58,500
aristocracy to create another 
but many others went along 

656
00:34:58,500 --> 00:35:01,300
eagerly trading. 
Ideological Purity for the 

657
00:35:01,300 --> 00:35:06,100
trapping of a renewed Court. by 
1804 foiled plot against his 

658
00:35:06,100 --> 00:35:09,600
life, such as the infernal 
machine bomb on a Paris Street 

659
00:35:09,600 --> 00:35:14,000
in 1800 And royalist intrigues, 
provided the pretext to take the

660
00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:18,300
final step. 
In the spring of 1804 evidence 

661
00:35:18,300 --> 00:35:20,900
of a bourbon princes 
involvement, in a conspiracy 

662
00:35:20,900 --> 00:35:25,100
lead Napoleon to order the Duke 
of Ong Yen seized from neutral 

663
00:35:25,100 --> 00:35:28,400
territory and executed an action
that sent a chill through 

664
00:35:28,400 --> 00:35:31,000
Europe's aristocracy but 
eliminated a potential 

665
00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:34,500
figurehead for monarchists. 
Soon after the Senate petition 

666
00:35:34,500 --> 00:35:37,000
Napoleon to assume the title of 
Emperor to stabilize the 

667
00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:39,500
government, it was staged, 
managed yet. 

668
00:35:39,500 --> 00:35:42,600
It answered a real yearning, 
among the French for continuity 

669
00:35:42,600 --> 00:35:45,400
and Glory. 
Napoleon accepted. 

670
00:35:45,400 --> 00:35:47,600
Another plebiscite was held 
again. 

671
00:35:47,600 --> 00:35:50,500
Approving by an overwhelming 
margin, that Bonaparte become 

672
00:35:50,500 --> 00:35:54,800
emperor of the French On 
December 2nd, 1804 Notre Dame 

673
00:35:54,800 --> 00:35:57,600
cathedral in Paris hosted a 
coronation the likes of which 

674
00:35:57,600 --> 00:36:01,300
Europe had not seen in decades. 
The medieval edifice wants to 

675
00:36:01,300 --> 00:36:03,400
face and neglected in the 
Revolutionary term. 

676
00:36:03,400 --> 00:36:06,700
Oil was lavishly restored and 
raped in crimson and gold the 

677
00:36:06,700 --> 00:36:09,400
occasion. 
Dignitaries from across Europe. 

678
00:36:09,400 --> 00:36:12,300
Some grudging others, curious 
attended. 

679
00:36:13,100 --> 00:36:16,000
Pope Pius, the seventh himself 
was brought from Rome to bless 

680
00:36:16,000 --> 00:36:19,300
the ceremony, a stunning coup 
that led to mantle of ancient 

681
00:36:19,300 --> 00:36:22,400
legitimacy. 
The atmosphere inside Notre Dame

682
00:36:22,400 --> 00:36:26,300
mixed grandia with spectacle. 
Incense wafted through the air 

683
00:36:26,300 --> 00:36:30,800
hundreds of candles illuminated 
the Nave and the 35 year old 

684
00:36:30,808 --> 00:36:35,100
Napoleon clad in Robes of velvet
and ermine process down the 

685
00:36:35,100 --> 00:36:37,300
aisle to the strains of Glorious
music. 

686
00:36:38,300 --> 00:36:41,300
But true to his character, he 
subtly upended Tradition at the 

687
00:36:41,308 --> 00:36:44,600
climactic moment. 
As the pope prepared to anoint 

688
00:36:44,600 --> 00:36:48,800
and Crown Him Napoleon, stepped 
forward, took the crown, the new

689
00:36:48,800 --> 00:36:52,100
golden diadem modeled on 
Charlemagne's into his hands and

690
00:36:52,100 --> 00:36:55,400
placed it upon his head. 
The audience gasped, softly, it 

691
00:36:55,400 --> 00:36:57,000
was unheard of from a monarch 
Crown himself. 

692
00:36:57,000 --> 00:37:00,000
Then Napoleon. 
Crowned Josephine as empress 

693
00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:02,700
gently setting, a small crown on
her bowed head. 

694
00:37:02,700 --> 00:37:06,600
Even as tears of emotion, filled
her eyes, their marriage had 

695
00:37:06,600 --> 00:37:08,300
been Rocky over the issue of an 
air. 

696
00:37:08,300 --> 00:37:11,600
But today, they presented a 
united front in Majesty. 

697
00:37:12,400 --> 00:37:15,100
The pope raised a hand in 
blessing, effectively ratified 

698
00:37:15,100 --> 00:37:18,600
what had already occurred. 
Observers noted, the symbolism 

699
00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:21,800
Napoleon signaled, that he owed 
his throne to no one. 

700
00:37:21,800 --> 00:37:24,900
But himself in the French people
by the grace of God and the 

701
00:37:24,908 --> 00:37:27,500
constitution of the Republic as 
the formula ran. 

702
00:37:28,300 --> 00:37:30,900
Some detractors whispered it was
the ultimate Act of bonaparte's 

703
00:37:30,900 --> 00:37:34,000
arrogant, others saw in it. 
The genius of a man who made and

704
00:37:34,000 --> 00:37:37,600
recognized his own destiny. 
Either way Napoleon had risen 

705
00:37:37,600 --> 00:37:40,700
from Corsican, obscurity to 
Imperial Zenith in just 15 

706
00:37:40,700 --> 00:37:43,800
years. 
As the Cannons boomed, a 21 gun 

707
00:37:43,800 --> 00:37:47,000
salute across Paris and the 
newly crowned Empress stepped 

708
00:37:47,000 --> 00:37:50,500
out on the cathedral steps. 
In the same uniform, he wore at 

709
00:37:50,500 --> 00:37:53,500
moringo beneath the Imperial 
mantle the crowds acclaimed him 

710
00:37:53,500 --> 00:37:57,600
wildly many had tears in their 
eyes believing they beheld the 

711
00:37:57,600 --> 00:38:01,600
savior of France, crowned in 
glory, Thus, the French Republic

712
00:38:01,600 --> 00:38:04,700
gave way to the French Empire 
with Napoleon the first on the 

713
00:38:04,700 --> 00:38:08,000
throne in him. 
People saw a rare combination of

714
00:38:08,000 --> 00:38:10,100
revolutionary change and 
traditional Authority. 

715
00:38:10,100 --> 00:38:13,500
He kept the slogan, Liberty 
equality for eternity on his 

716
00:38:13,500 --> 00:38:17,100
lips even as he founded a new 
nobility, granted Marshalls 

717
00:38:17,100 --> 00:38:19,300
princely titles and sat on a 
throne. 

718
00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:22,700
The third person, omniscient 
perspective discerns in. 

719
00:38:22,700 --> 00:38:24,800
Napoleon a consciousness of this
paradox. 

720
00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:28,100
He sincerely, viewed himself as 
the guarantor of the 

721
00:38:28,100 --> 00:38:31,700
revolution's core games, even 
while accumulating power more 

722
00:38:31,700 --> 00:38:33,800
absolute than any bourbon before
him. 

723
00:38:34,900 --> 00:38:36,600
On the night. 
After the coronation in the 

724
00:38:36,600 --> 00:38:39,100
wheeleri palace, the emperor, 
sat long awake. 

725
00:38:39,800 --> 00:38:42,100
The Imperial Crown rested on a 
table nearby. 

726
00:38:42,100 --> 00:38:45,500
Did he feel Triumph will the 
weight of what he had assumed 

727
00:38:45,500 --> 00:38:48,800
perhaps both? 
He had achieved Grandeur but the

728
00:38:48,800 --> 00:38:50,600
drive that fuel him did not 
Abate. 

729
00:38:50,600 --> 00:38:53,900
He murmured to one confident 
that evening I have crown 

730
00:38:53,900 --> 00:38:56,600
Josephine, but is only a wreath 
on a journey. 

731
00:38:56,600 --> 00:38:58,900
I refuse to slack off on the 
throne. 

732
00:38:58,900 --> 00:39:03,500
We have only begun. 
Indeed, New Horizons of power 

733
00:39:03,500 --> 00:39:07,800
stretched out before him Kings, 
to topple Nations, to found, and

734
00:39:07,800 --> 00:39:11,000
an Empire that at its height. 
Would redraw the map of Europe 

735
00:39:11,000 --> 00:39:13,000
and leave an indelible mark on 
History. 

736
00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:17,100
Napoleon's empire burst onto the
world stage with all the pomp of

737
00:39:17,100 --> 00:39:20,600
a revived Roman Empire and the 
energy of a modern nation state.

738
00:39:21,400 --> 00:39:24,300
By 1805, the newly. 
Crowned emperor of the French 

739
00:39:24,300 --> 00:39:26,600
stood at the Apex of his power 
and Charisma. 

740
00:39:26,600 --> 00:39:29,100
He transformed France 
internally. 

741
00:39:29,100 --> 00:39:32,900
And now he set out to reshape 
Europe in France's image, and 

742
00:39:32,900 --> 00:39:36,000
under France's domination courts
across the continent. 

743
00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:40,000
He from Vienna to Berlin. 
Watch the self-made Monarch with

744
00:39:40,000 --> 00:39:43,500
a mix of all fear and loathing, 
they dubbed him, the Corsican 

745
00:39:43,500 --> 00:39:46,900
ogre in private yet could not 
deny his Brilliance in war in 

746
00:39:46,900 --> 00:39:49,500
governance. 
Napoleon's contradictions were 

747
00:39:49,500 --> 00:39:53,000
becoming the world's problem. 
A child of Revolution who donned

748
00:39:53,000 --> 00:39:56,200
a crown, a promoter of a 
galatian law who married into 

749
00:39:56,200 --> 00:39:59,100
the anime. 
In 1809, he divorced Josephine 

750
00:39:59,100 --> 00:40:03,200
who had failed to produce an 
heir, a married Louise and 

751
00:40:03,200 --> 00:40:06,900
Austrian holder on Archer's, 
thus, allowing himself to the 

752
00:40:06,900 --> 00:40:11,800
habsburgs. 
The Empire Zenith roughly 1807 

753
00:40:11,800 --> 00:40:14,600
to 1809. 
It seemed nothing could stand 

754
00:40:14,600 --> 00:40:17,000
against him. 
His Empire stretched from the 

755
00:40:17,000 --> 00:40:20,200
Atlantic to the Russian border 
from the North Sea to Naples. 

756
00:40:20,200 --> 00:40:24,200
His brother Joseph sat on the 
throne in Naples, Joseph also 

757
00:40:24,200 --> 00:40:27,500
ruled in Spain after 1808. 
His brother Louie, governed in 

758
00:40:27,508 --> 00:40:29,600
Holland. 
His brothers, Jerome reigned in 

759
00:40:29,608 --> 00:40:32,000
Westphalia. 
And in Italy, he himself wore 

760
00:40:32,000 --> 00:40:35,700
the iron crown of Lombardy. 
A veritable family system of 

761
00:40:35,700 --> 00:40:38,900
bonapartes replaced. 
Old dynasties Napoleon's 

762
00:40:38,900 --> 00:40:41,200
Marshals once commoners and 
Soldiers of Fortune. 

763
00:40:41,200 --> 00:40:45,300
Now, ruled as Duke's over, 
Concord province's, the map of 

764
00:40:45,300 --> 00:40:48,600
Europe was redrawn with French 
client, republics and kingdoms 

765
00:40:48,600 --> 00:40:50,700
Napoleon. 
Dismantled the ancient. 

766
00:40:50,700 --> 00:40:55,500
Holy Roman Empire in the German 
Heartland in 1806, erasing, a 

767
00:40:55,500 --> 00:40:56,900
millennium of history in the 
process. 

768
00:40:56,900 --> 00:40:59,600
In its place. 
He created the confederation of 

769
00:40:59,600 --> 00:41:03,900
the Rhine under his protection. 
From Portugal to Prussia, nearly

770
00:41:03,900 --> 00:41:06,700
the whole of Continental Europe.
Either lay under his Direct 

771
00:41:06,700 --> 00:41:10,700
Control or dance to his tune. 
These years saw Napoleon's 

772
00:41:10,700 --> 00:41:13,700
military genius at its 
Undisputed Peak. 

773
00:41:14,700 --> 00:41:18,200
The war of the third Coalition 
in 1805, brought France, head to

774
00:41:18,200 --> 00:41:20,200
head with Austria, Russia and 
Britain. 

775
00:41:21,000 --> 00:41:23,700
Napoleon's response was 
characteristically audacious. 

776
00:41:23,700 --> 00:41:27,300
He abandoned his frequently 
discussed plan to invade Britain

777
00:41:27,300 --> 00:41:29,900
as the Royal Navy still held 
sway over the seas. 

778
00:41:29,900 --> 00:41:34,400
And instead he swiftly marched 
his Grand Army, Eastward In a 

779
00:41:34,400 --> 00:41:37,400
master stroke of maneuver, he 
encircled an Austrian Army at 

780
00:41:37,400 --> 00:41:41,100
all, in October 1805, without a 
major fight, forcing its 

781
00:41:41,100 --> 00:41:44,500
surrender then as an Austrian 
and Russian combined Force, 

782
00:41:44,500 --> 00:41:47,300
attempted to regroup, Napoleon 
lured them into a trap on the 

783
00:41:47,300 --> 00:41:52,100
fields of austerlitz in Moravia.
On December 2nd, 1805 exactly 

784
00:41:52,100 --> 00:41:53,800
one year. 
After his coronation, he 

785
00:41:53,800 --> 00:41:56,200
delivered what he himself, 
regarded as his tactical 

786
00:41:56,200 --> 00:41:59,600
Masterpiece, the Battle of 
austerlitz also called The 

787
00:41:59,600 --> 00:42:04,000
Battle of the three emperors. 
Adorn, a gentle, fog blanketed 

788
00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:06,800
the plane concealing parts of 
the French positions. 

789
00:42:06,800 --> 00:42:10,300
Napoleon intentionally exposed 
to his right flank to the Allies

790
00:42:10,300 --> 00:42:12,000
attack. 
And when they succumbed his 

791
00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:15,800
deception, he launched an attack
on their Center, as the 

792
00:42:15,800 --> 00:42:18,800
mid-morning Sun, the famed son 
of Australia's burned through 

793
00:42:18,800 --> 00:42:21,700
the Mist. 
The French seized the high 

794
00:42:21,700 --> 00:42:25,200
pratts and Heights splitting. 
The enemy Army in two Napoleon 

795
00:42:25,200 --> 00:42:28,200
galloped past cheering columns 
as they rolled up the Allied 

796
00:42:28,200 --> 00:42:31,400
Lines by early afternoon. 
The Coalition Army was in full 

797
00:42:31,400 --> 00:42:33,500
Retreat and thousands of enemy 
soldiers. 

798
00:42:33,500 --> 00:42:36,400
Drowned in the ice of frozen 
lakes that the French artillery 

799
00:42:36,400 --> 00:42:38,600
shattered. 
The victory was complete. 

800
00:42:39,600 --> 00:42:41,800
Watching the remnants of the 
Russian army limbo. 

801
00:42:41,800 --> 00:42:45,000
A Napoleon remarked to his 
Marshals with pride gentlemen. 

802
00:42:45,000 --> 00:42:48,800
Remember this day it may well be
the greatest of my life indeed 

803
00:42:48,800 --> 00:42:51,200
austerlitz served as the 
crowning achievement of his 

804
00:42:51,200 --> 00:42:55,000
Imperial Reign Austria. 
Capitulated signing the Treaty 

805
00:42:55,000 --> 00:42:58,300
of pressburg and seeding 
territory The Holy Roman Emperor

806
00:42:58,300 --> 00:43:02,100
abdicated his ancient title 
shortly after effectively ending

807
00:43:02,100 --> 00:43:05,900
the Holy Roman Empire. 
In gratitude Napoleon soldiers, 

808
00:43:05,900 --> 00:43:10,100
nicknamed him, the Soleil, 
distalis the son of Australis, a

809
00:43:10,100 --> 00:43:11,500
symbol of the glory, he had 
brought them. 

810
00:43:12,500 --> 00:43:15,900
With Austria, cowd Napoleon 
turned on Prussia in 1806. 

811
00:43:15,900 --> 00:43:19,400
When that Kingdom belatedly an 
unwise, Lee challenged French 

812
00:43:19,400 --> 00:43:22,100
dominance. 
The Emperors response was Swift 

813
00:43:22,100 --> 00:43:26,700
and devastating in October 1806.
He crushed the proud Prussian 

814
00:43:26,700 --> 00:43:30,200
Army in a twin battle on the 
same de Janeiro and our state 

815
00:43:30,200 --> 00:43:33,300
outside Jenner. 
Napoleon's forces routed, a 

816
00:43:33,300 --> 00:43:36,300
Prussian Army while on a nearby 
Field Marshal devou with a 

817
00:43:36,308 --> 00:43:39,200
smaller French Court, defeated 
the main Prussian Army at our 

818
00:43:39,200 --> 00:43:42,800
state Frederick the great Smith 
of Prussian military prowess 

819
00:43:42,800 --> 00:43:46,700
crumbled in a single morning. 
The French marched into Berlin 

820
00:43:46,700 --> 00:43:49,700
and Napoleon visited the tomb of
Frederick contemplatively 

821
00:43:49,700 --> 00:43:52,400
marking. 
If you are alive, we wouldn't be

822
00:43:52,400 --> 00:43:55,800
here today. 
In a display of both magnanimity

823
00:43:55,800 --> 00:43:57,700
and shrewdness. 
He took the sword of Frederick 

824
00:43:57,700 --> 00:44:01,000
the great as a he ordered that 
the Fallen Prussian officers be 

825
00:44:01,000 --> 00:44:04,100
respectfully buried. 
Despite the trophy Napoleon's 

826
00:44:04,100 --> 00:44:07,300
empire burst onto the world 
stage with all the pomp of a 

827
00:44:07,300 --> 00:44:10,300
revived Roman Empire and the 
energy of a modern nation state.

828
00:44:11,300 --> 00:44:14,100
By 1805, the newly. 
Crowned emperor of the French 

829
00:44:14,100 --> 00:44:16,200
stood at the Apex of his power 
and Charisma. 

830
00:44:16,200 --> 00:44:18,600
He had transformed France 
internally. 

831
00:44:18,600 --> 00:44:22,100
And now he set out to reshape 
Europe in France's image and 

832
00:44:22,100 --> 00:44:26,100
under France's domination. 
Courts across the continent from

833
00:44:26,100 --> 00:44:28,900
Vienna to Berlin. 
Watched the self-made Monarch 

834
00:44:28,900 --> 00:44:32,400
with a mix of all fear and 
loathing a dubbed him, the 

835
00:44:32,400 --> 00:44:35,800
Corsican ogre in private yet, 
could not deny his Brilliance 

836
00:44:35,800 --> 00:44:38,900
and wearing governance. 
Napoleon's contradictions were 

837
00:44:38,900 --> 00:44:42,200
becoming the world's problem. 
A child of Revolution who donned

838
00:44:42,200 --> 00:44:45,400
a crown, a promoter of a 
galatian law, who married into 

839
00:44:45,400 --> 00:44:49,100
the ancient regime in 1809 to 
divorce Josephine, who had 

840
00:44:49,100 --> 00:44:52,600
failed to produce an heir and 
married Marie Louise and 

841
00:44:52,600 --> 00:44:56,200
Austrian arched Duchess thus 
lying himself to the habsburg's 

842
00:44:57,400 --> 00:45:01,000
At the Empire Zenith roughly 
1807 to 1809. 

843
00:45:01,000 --> 00:45:03,300
It seemed nothing could stand 
against him. 

844
00:45:03,300 --> 00:45:06,400
His Empire stretched from the 
Atlantic to the Russian border 

845
00:45:06,400 --> 00:45:10,100
from the North Sea to Naples. 
His brother Joseph sat on the 

846
00:45:10,100 --> 00:45:13,000
throne in Naples Joseph, ruled 
in Spain. 

847
00:45:13,000 --> 00:45:16,500
After 1808, his brother Louie, 
governed in Holland, his 

848
00:45:16,500 --> 00:45:18,200
brothers jakim reigned in 
Westphalia. 

849
00:45:18,200 --> 00:45:21,500
And in Italy, he himself wore 
the iron crown of Lombardy. 

850
00:45:22,300 --> 00:45:25,500
A veritable family system of 
bonaparte's replaced old 

851
00:45:25,500 --> 00:45:29,600
dynasties Napoleon's, Marshals 
once commoners and Soldiers of 

852
00:45:29,608 --> 00:45:31,800
Fortune. 
Now, ruled as Duke's over 

853
00:45:31,808 --> 00:45:35,300
conquered provinces, the map of 
Europe was redrawn with French 

854
00:45:35,300 --> 00:45:39,300
client, republics and kingdoms. 
Napoleon dismantled the ancient.

855
00:45:39,300 --> 00:45:43,400
Holy Roman Empire in the German 
Heartland in 1806, erasing, a 

856
00:45:43,400 --> 00:45:44,900
millennium of history in the 
process. 

857
00:45:44,900 --> 00:45:47,300
In its place. 
He created the confederation of 

858
00:45:47,300 --> 00:45:51,200
the Rhine under his protection. 
From Portugal to Prussia, nearly

859
00:45:51,200 --> 00:45:53,900
the whole of Continental Europe.
Either lay under his Direct 

860
00:45:53,900 --> 00:45:58,000
Control or dance to his tune. 
These years saw Napoleon's 

861
00:45:58,000 --> 00:46:00,600
military genius at its 
Undisputed Peak. 

862
00:46:01,500 --> 00:46:05,100
The war of the third Coalition 
in 1805, brought France, head to

863
00:46:05,100 --> 00:46:07,000
head with Austria, Russia and 
Britain. 

864
00:46:07,800 --> 00:46:10,500
Napoleon's response was 
characteristically or audacious,

865
00:46:10,500 --> 00:46:14,200
he abandoned his frequently 
discussed plan to invade Britain

866
00:46:14,200 --> 00:46:16,700
as the Royal Navy still held 
sway over the seas. 

867
00:46:16,700 --> 00:46:21,400
And instead he swiftly marched, 
his Grand Army, Eastwood in a 

868
00:46:21,400 --> 00:46:24,000
master stroke of maneuver, he 
encircled an Austrian Army at 

869
00:46:24,000 --> 00:46:28,200
all, in October 1805, without a 
major fight, forcing its 

870
00:46:28,200 --> 00:46:30,800
surrender. 
Then, as an Austrian and Russian

871
00:46:30,800 --> 00:46:34,000
combined Force, attempted to 
regroup, Napoleon lured them 

872
00:46:34,000 --> 00:46:36,200
into a trap on the fields of 
Australis in Moravia. 

873
00:46:37,400 --> 00:46:42,400
December 2nd, 1805 exactly one 
year, after his coronation, he 

874
00:46:42,400 --> 00:46:44,700
delivered what he himself, 
regarded as his tactical 

875
00:46:44,700 --> 00:46:47,800
Masterpiece, the Battle of 
austerlitz also called The 

876
00:46:47,800 --> 00:46:51,800
Battle of the three emperors. 
At dawn, a gentle fog, blanketed

877
00:46:51,800 --> 00:46:54,500
the plane concealing parts of 
the French positions. 

878
00:46:54,500 --> 00:46:58,100
Napoleon intentionally exposed 
his right flank to the Allies 

879
00:46:58,100 --> 00:46:59,800
attack. 
And when they succumb to his 

880
00:46:59,808 --> 00:47:03,500
deception, he launched an attack
on their Center, as the 

881
00:47:03,500 --> 00:47:07,500
mid-morning Sun, the famed son 
of austerlitz burned Through The

882
00:47:07,500 --> 00:47:10,100
Mists, the French seized the 
high, pratts and Heights 

883
00:47:10,100 --> 00:47:12,400
splitting. 
The enemy Army in two Napoleon 

884
00:47:12,400 --> 00:47:15,200
galloped past cheering columns 
as they rolled up the Allied 

885
00:47:15,200 --> 00:47:18,600
Lines by early afternoon. 
The Coalition Army was in full 

886
00:47:18,600 --> 00:47:20,700
Retreat and thousands of enemy 
soldiers. 

887
00:47:20,700 --> 00:47:23,200
Drowned in the ice of Frozen 
Lake's, that the French 

888
00:47:23,200 --> 00:47:25,900
artillery shattered, the victory
was complete. 

889
00:47:27,100 --> 00:47:28,800
Watching the remnants of the 
Russian army. 

890
00:47:28,800 --> 00:47:31,500
Limp away Napoleon remarked to 
his Marshals with pride 

891
00:47:31,500 --> 00:47:34,900
gentlemen. 
Remember this day it may well be

892
00:47:34,900 --> 00:47:39,800
the greatest of my life. 
Indeed, Austin as the crowning 

893
00:47:39,800 --> 00:47:41,400
achievement of his Imperial 
reign. 

894
00:47:42,100 --> 00:47:45,700
Austria, capitulated signing the
Treaty of pressburg and seeding 

895
00:47:45,700 --> 00:47:47,900
territory. 
The Holy Roman Emperor, 

896
00:47:47,900 --> 00:47:51,800
abdicated his ancient title 
shortly after effectively ending

897
00:47:51,800 --> 00:47:55,200
the Holy Roman Empire in 
gratitude, Napoleon soldiers, 

898
00:47:55,200 --> 00:47:59,600
nicknamed him, the Soleil, 
Dustin the son of Australis, a 

899
00:47:59,600 --> 00:48:00,900
symbol of the glory, he had 
brought them. 

900
00:48:01,900 --> 00:48:05,500
With Austria coward, Napoleon 
turned on pressure in 1806, when

901
00:48:05,500 --> 00:48:08,800
that Kingdom, relatedly and 
unwisely challenged French 

902
00:48:08,800 --> 00:48:11,600
dominance. 
The emperor's response was Swift

903
00:48:11,600 --> 00:48:16,200
and devastating in October 1806.
He crushed the proud Prussian 

904
00:48:16,200 --> 00:48:18,600
Army. 
In a twin battle on the same day

905
00:48:18,600 --> 00:48:23,600
Jenner and our stead outside. 
Jaina Napoleon's, forces routed.

906
00:48:23,600 --> 00:48:27,000
Oppression Army while on a 
nearby Field Marshal davout with

907
00:48:27,000 --> 00:48:30,200
a smaller French Corps, defeated
the main Prussian Army at our 

908
00:48:30,200 --> 00:48:33,800
state Frederick the great myth 
of Prussian military prowess 

909
00:48:33,800 --> 00:48:37,500
crumbled in a single morning. 
The French marched into Berlin 

910
00:48:37,500 --> 00:48:40,400
and Napoleon visited the tomb of
Frederick contemplatively 

911
00:48:40,400 --> 00:48:43,000
remarking. 
If he were alive, we wouldn't be

912
00:48:43,000 --> 00:48:46,300
here today. 
In a display of both magnanimity

913
00:48:46,300 --> 00:48:48,200
and shrewdness. 
He took the sword of Frederick 

914
00:48:48,200 --> 00:48:51,600
the great as he ordered that the
fall of Russian officers be 

915
00:48:51,600 --> 00:48:54,100
respectfully buried. 
Despite the trophy, the 

916
00:48:54,100 --> 00:48:56,900
peninsula War as the conflict. 
In Spain, came to be known 

917
00:48:56,900 --> 00:49:00,800
became a vision years long 
gorilla struggle that Napoleon 

918
00:49:00,800 --> 00:49:04,000
later referred to as the Spanish
ulcer. 

919
00:49:05,000 --> 00:49:08,500
Draining his resources. 
It was the first major crack in 

920
00:49:08,500 --> 00:49:11,300
his Empire. 
The mighty French arm designed 

921
00:49:11,300 --> 00:49:15,400
for peace battles, found itself,
bleeding in a symmetric war of 

922
00:49:15,400 --> 00:49:17,600
ambushes and reprise in the 
Spanish Hills. 

923
00:49:18,600 --> 00:49:23,000
Napoleon himself traveled to 
Spain in late 1808 to Blitz, the

924
00:49:23,000 --> 00:49:26,000
resisting Spanish armies and did
win conventional battles with 

925
00:49:26,000 --> 00:49:28,700
typical Brilliance. 
But he could not pacify the 

926
00:49:28,700 --> 00:49:33,300
proud and hostile in definitely 
The British seized the chance 

927
00:49:33,300 --> 00:49:36,900
and landed forces under Arthur 
Wellesley the future Duke of 

928
00:49:36,900 --> 00:49:39,600
Wellington to support the 
Spaniards and Portuguese. 

929
00:49:40,400 --> 00:49:43,600
For the first time Napoleon's 
Aura of invincibility was under 

930
00:49:43,600 --> 00:49:46,700
Threat by an Insurrection and a 
foreign Expedition on his flank.

931
00:49:47,600 --> 00:49:50,200
Still at the Empire's height, 
these troubles seemed minor 

932
00:49:50,200 --> 00:49:52,500
compared to the Grand canvas of 
Napoleon's dominance. 

933
00:49:53,500 --> 00:49:58,000
In 1809 Austria, encouraged by 
French difficulties in Spain to 

934
00:49:58,000 --> 00:50:00,600
challenge. 
Napoleon once more, the emperor 

935
00:50:00,600 --> 00:50:03,900
responded with swift Fury 
though, the Austrian surprise 

936
00:50:03,900 --> 00:50:06,300
him and handed him. 
His first personal defeat in a 

937
00:50:06,308 --> 00:50:09,100
pitched battle at Aspen essling 
just outside Vienna. 

938
00:50:09,100 --> 00:50:13,500
Where in May 1809 Archduke 
Charles and flicked heavy losses

939
00:50:13,500 --> 00:50:16,700
as Napoleon's attempt to cross 
the Danube was repelled, the 

940
00:50:16,700 --> 00:50:20,600
French regrouped. 
In July Napoleon spearheaded a 

941
00:50:20,600 --> 00:50:22,600
significant attack during the 
Battle of white Graham. 

942
00:50:22,600 --> 00:50:25,600
The two-day intense battle on 
the plane's close to Vienna. 

943
00:50:26,300 --> 00:50:29,500
It was a grim attritional battle
lacking, the elegant maneuvers 

944
00:50:29,500 --> 00:50:32,500
of Australis but Napoleon's 
larger reserve of men and 

945
00:50:32,500 --> 00:50:35,600
artillery prevailed. 
Austria sued for peace again 

946
00:50:35,600 --> 00:50:39,500
after Wagram as part of the 
settlement and to solidify the 

947
00:50:39,500 --> 00:50:43,300
new Franco Austrian Amity, 
Napoleon took the dramatic step 

948
00:50:43,300 --> 00:50:47,300
of divorcing Josephine. 
His beloved but now 46 year old 

949
00:50:47,308 --> 00:50:50,300
Empress who would give him no 
children and marrying 

950
00:50:50,300 --> 00:50:52,300
archduchess Marie Louise of 
Austria. 

951
00:50:53,200 --> 00:50:56,900
The Act was a profound personal 
sacrifice for him, both he and 

952
00:50:56,900 --> 00:51:00,700
Josephine wept bitterly at their
formal parting, despite passed 

953
00:51:00,700 --> 00:51:05,000
infidelities on both sides. 
Yet Napoleon ever pragmatic 

954
00:51:05,000 --> 00:51:07,800
about power. 
Knew the Bonaparte Legacy needed

955
00:51:07,800 --> 00:51:10,500
an air of his own blood and an 
Austrian princess would bring 

956
00:51:10,500 --> 00:51:12,000
legitimacy in the eyes of 
Europe. 

957
00:51:13,100 --> 00:51:17,300
In 1811 married Louise, born a 
son who Napoleon grandly titled,

958
00:51:17,300 --> 00:51:20,700
the king of Rome. 
At 42, the emperor had a healthy

959
00:51:20,700 --> 00:51:23,500
male, Heir, that year marked the
Pinnacle of Napoleonic 

960
00:51:23,500 --> 00:51:26,400
confidence. 
He spoke a founding a dynasty 

961
00:51:26,400 --> 00:51:30,000
that would last 100 years. 
One evening, holding the infant 

962
00:51:30,000 --> 00:51:32,000
prints in his arms. 
Beneath the glow of chandelier 

963
00:51:32,000 --> 00:51:34,600
light. 
He said to have murmured, you 

964
00:51:34,600 --> 00:51:37,900
will be my living trophy, you 
will inherit all I have made 

965
00:51:37,900 --> 00:51:41,700
amidst, these triumphs 
Napoleon's influence went beyond

966
00:51:41,700 --> 00:51:45,400
Warfare and politics leaving an 
imprint on society and even 

967
00:51:45,400 --> 00:51:48,700
distant continents, he spread 
the Napoleonic Code to the 

968
00:51:48,700 --> 00:51:51,100
lands. 
He conquered laying foundations 

969
00:51:51,100 --> 00:51:54,500
for legal systems from Italy to 
the Rhineland systems that 

970
00:51:54,500 --> 00:51:57,500
emphasized clear laws and the 
end of feudal practices. 

971
00:51:57,500 --> 00:52:01,000
He abolished serfdom in Poland 
and introduced religious 

972
00:52:01,000 --> 00:52:04,300
toleration and secular education
in many backward corners of 

973
00:52:04,300 --> 00:52:06,800
Europe. 
In the German State and 

974
00:52:06,800 --> 00:52:09,600
elsewhere, his rule 
inadvertently sparked feeling of

975
00:52:09,600 --> 00:52:13,200
nationalism subject. 
People's even as they resented 

976
00:52:13,200 --> 00:52:16,400
French domination. 
Also, absorbed the ideas of the 

977
00:52:16,400 --> 00:52:19,300
French Revolution that Napoleon 
carried with his armies. 

978
00:52:20,200 --> 00:52:24,700
A young German or Italian in 
1810, might at once Napoleon's, 

979
00:52:24,700 --> 00:52:28,100
oppressive taxes and 
conscription yet be inspired by 

980
00:52:28,100 --> 00:52:30,700
the new concepts of Liberty and 
nationhood that came in his 

981
00:52:30,700 --> 00:52:33,100
wake. 
The consequences of his Reign 

982
00:52:33,100 --> 00:52:34,600
also rippled across the 
Atlantic. 

983
00:52:35,600 --> 00:52:39,400
In 1803 needing funds for war 
and sensing that holding 

984
00:52:39,400 --> 00:52:42,400
territory in America was 
untenable after losing Haiti to 

985
00:52:42,400 --> 00:52:45,500
a slave rebellion, Napoleon 
sold, the vast Louisiana, 

986
00:52:45,500 --> 00:52:49,100
territory to the United States. 
An act that doubled the size of 

987
00:52:49,108 --> 00:52:52,200
the young American Republic and 
reshaped, Global geopolitics 

988
00:52:52,200 --> 00:52:55,200
equipped that this sale would 
forever thwart, British 

989
00:52:55,200 --> 00:52:58,200
Ambitions in the new world and 
ensuring American power that 

990
00:52:58,200 --> 00:53:01,400
could rival England. 
In a way, he was crafting the 

991
00:53:01,408 --> 00:53:05,000
future Beyond his own Empire. 
Similarly his toppling of the 

992
00:53:05,000 --> 00:53:07,600
Spanish regime jolted Spain's 
colonies in Latin. 

993
00:53:07,600 --> 00:53:10,800
America leaders like Simon 
Bolivar would soon take 

994
00:53:10,800 --> 00:53:12,700
advantage of the chaos to fight 
for independence. 

995
00:53:12,700 --> 00:53:16,200
Indirectly influenced by 
Napoleonic upheaval. 

996
00:53:16,200 --> 00:53:20,500
However at the beginning of the 
1810s Napoleon's World appeared 

997
00:53:20,500 --> 00:53:23,300
to be completely focused on him.
He had achieved something 

998
00:53:23,300 --> 00:53:27,700
unprecedented, a French Empire 
that dominated Europe in a 

999
00:53:27,700 --> 00:53:31,200
manner, not seen since Roman 
times flanked by his Marshals at

1000
00:53:31,200 --> 00:53:34,500
Grand Victory parades. 
The emperor would stand on a 

1001
00:53:34,500 --> 00:53:35,800
reviewing platform in his 
iconic. 

1002
00:53:35,800 --> 00:53:39,000
Bicorn hat and simple, green 
uniform of the Imperial Guard 

1003
00:53:39,000 --> 00:53:41,500
while thousands of troops passed
in martial. 

1004
00:53:42,700 --> 00:53:46,200
Bands played La Marseilles and 
other patriotic hymns that once 

1005
00:53:46,200 --> 00:53:49,300
belonged to the revolution, but 
were Now co-opted to celebrate 

1006
00:53:49,300 --> 00:53:52,200
an emperor. 
To observe as in London or 

1007
00:53:52,200 --> 00:53:55,700
Vienna it might have looked as 
if Europe was lost in a trance 

1008
00:53:55,700 --> 00:53:59,600
of Napoleonic Glory. 
And indeed, many of the common 

1009
00:53:59,600 --> 00:54:01,500
folk in France and her satellite
States. 

1010
00:54:01,500 --> 00:54:04,800
Revered, Napoleon sincerely 
crediting him with delivering 

1011
00:54:04,800 --> 00:54:08,100
efficient government national 
pride and victory after victory.

1012
00:54:08,900 --> 00:54:10,700
Yet within Napoleon's tight 
Circle. 

1013
00:54:10,700 --> 00:54:13,400
There were those who sensed the 
dangers of hubris creeping in. 

1014
00:54:13,400 --> 00:54:17,500
Tally, ran his Wily foreign 
minister till Napoleon dismissed

1015
00:54:17,500 --> 00:54:20,000
him once. 
Remarked acidly, that Napoleon's

1016
00:54:20,000 --> 00:54:24,100
downfall would be his inability 
to stop himself ill, Nepal 

1017
00:54:24,100 --> 00:54:26,900
delimits, he wander colleague. 
The man knows no limits. 

1018
00:54:28,200 --> 00:54:31,000
Fouche, the police Minister kept
secret dossi's mapping 

1019
00:54:31,000 --> 00:54:34,500
discontent and conspiracies 
aware that not all hearts with 

1020
00:54:34,500 --> 00:54:37,000
the emperor. 
Even some Marshals grumbled 

1021
00:54:37,000 --> 00:54:40,400
about the endless Wars and their
human costs. mothers across 

1022
00:54:40,400 --> 00:54:43,500
France, quite likely cursed, the
Emperor who took their sons year

1023
00:54:43,500 --> 00:54:46,500
after year, for his 
granddaughter May The empire was

1024
00:54:46,500 --> 00:54:50,200
powerful but brittle in places 
Reliant entirely on one man's 

1025
00:54:50,200 --> 00:54:54,200
brilliant and Charisma in 1812 
at the height of his control. 

1026
00:54:54,200 --> 00:54:57,200
Napoleon assembled, the largest 
army Europe had ever seen over 

1027
00:54:57,200 --> 00:55:00,000
half a million men drawn from 
every corner of his domains. 

1028
00:55:00,000 --> 00:55:03,000
LED them Eastward in a campaign 
that he believed would secure 

1029
00:55:03,000 --> 00:55:05,900
his dominance once. 
And for all the target, his 

1030
00:55:05,900 --> 00:55:09,000
former Ally, the Russian Tsar 
who had drifted out of the 

1031
00:55:09,000 --> 00:55:12,500
continental system and defied 
French influence confident in 

1032
00:55:12,500 --> 00:55:15,500
his Destiny and a custom to 
Rapid victories Napoleon. 

1033
00:55:15,500 --> 00:55:18,000
Wagered everything on one more 
lightning War. 

1034
00:55:18,900 --> 00:55:23,400
The Grand Army, a Cosmopolitan 
host of Frenchmen Italians 

1035
00:55:23,400 --> 00:55:28,100
Germans polls and others marched
off with singing and high morale

1036
00:55:28,100 --> 00:55:30,900
under summer Skies. 
It was the apogee of Napoleon's 

1037
00:55:30,900 --> 00:55:33,800
hubris an emperor at the peak of
his power. 

1038
00:55:33,800 --> 00:55:36,800
Thinking, the conquest of the 
vast Russian planes would be, 

1039
00:55:36,800 --> 00:55:38,900
but another Triumph to notch on 
his belt. 

1040
00:55:39,700 --> 00:55:42,500
He told a diplomat we should be 
in Moscow in two months. 

1041
00:55:44,000 --> 00:55:46,600
As the column snaked East 
drummers tapping out, the 

1042
00:55:46,600 --> 00:55:49,700
Cadence on Dusty Rhodes. 
An eagle's glinting in the sun, 

1043
00:55:49,700 --> 00:55:53,000
none could imagine that the 
Zenith of the empire was also 

1044
00:55:53,000 --> 00:55:54,800
the beginning of a catastrophic 
decline. 

1045
00:55:54,800 --> 00:55:58,500
For now though, Napoleon star 
blazed as bright as the midday 

1046
00:55:58,500 --> 00:56:01,600
sun in the minds of many. 
He was the master of Europe 

1047
00:56:01,600 --> 00:56:05,100
perhaps even Invincible. 
The thought that this supreme 

1048
00:56:05,100 --> 00:56:07,900
height might precede a full had 
not yet troubled, the dreams of 

1049
00:56:07,908 --> 00:56:10,700
the emperor of the French. 
However, at the beginning of the

1050
00:56:10,708 --> 00:56:14,700
1810s Napoleon's World appeared 
to be completely focused on him.

1051
00:56:14,700 --> 00:56:18,800
He had achieved something 
unprecedented, a French Empire 

1052
00:56:18,800 --> 00:56:21,500
that dominated Europe in a 
manner, not seen since Roman 

1053
00:56:21,500 --> 00:56:25,400
times Flanked by his Marshals at
Grand Victory parades the 

1054
00:56:25,400 --> 00:56:28,200
emperor's Pier would stand on a 
reviewing platform in his 

1055
00:56:28,200 --> 00:56:30,400
iconic. 
Buy corn hat, and simple green 

1056
00:56:30,400 --> 00:56:33,700
uniform of the Imperial Guard 
while thousands of troops passed

1057
00:56:33,700 --> 00:56:37,200
in martial splendor. 
Bands played LA marseillaise and

1058
00:56:37,200 --> 00:56:40,700
other patriotic hymns that once 
belonged to the revolution, but 

1059
00:56:40,700 --> 00:56:42,800
were Now co-opted to celebrate 
an emperor. 

1060
00:56:43,600 --> 00:56:46,800
To observe as in London or 
Vienna it might have looked as 

1061
00:56:46,800 --> 00:56:49,700
if Europe was lost in a trance 
of Napoleonic Glory. 

1062
00:56:50,400 --> 00:56:54,000
And indeed, many of the common 
folk in France and her satellite

1063
00:56:54,000 --> 00:56:56,100
States. 
Revered, Napoleon sincerely 

1064
00:56:56,100 --> 00:56:59,100
crediting him with delivering 
efficient government national 

1065
00:56:59,100 --> 00:57:03,100
pride and victory after victory.
Yet within Napoleon's tight 

1066
00:57:03,100 --> 00:57:04,700
Circle. 
There were those who sensed the 

1067
00:57:04,700 --> 00:57:07,300
dangers of hubris creeping in 
Talia. 

1068
00:57:07,300 --> 00:57:10,400
Al his Wily foreign minister 
till Napoleon dismissed him 

1069
00:57:10,400 --> 00:57:12,800
once. 
Remarked acidly that Napoleon's 

1070
00:57:12,800 --> 00:57:16,800
downfall would be his inability 
to stop himself ill, Nepal 

1071
00:57:16,800 --> 00:57:19,700
delimits, he wander colleague. 
The man knows no limits. 

1072
00:57:20,900 --> 00:57:22,900
Fouche, the police Minister kept
secret. 

1073
00:57:22,900 --> 00:57:26,700
Dozier's mapping discontent and 
conspiracies aware that not all 

1074
00:57:26,700 --> 00:57:29,800
hearts with the emperor. 
Even some Marshals grumbled 

1075
00:57:29,800 --> 00:57:31,800
about the endless Wars and their
human costs. 

1076
00:57:32,500 --> 00:57:34,500
Mothers across France, quite 
likely cursed. 

1077
00:57:34,500 --> 00:57:37,100
The emperor we took their sons 
year off to year for his 

1078
00:57:37,100 --> 00:57:41,000
granddaughter May The empire was
powerful, but brittle in places 

1079
00:57:41,000 --> 00:57:45,600
Reliant entirely on one man's 
Brilliance and Charisma in 1812 

1080
00:57:45,600 --> 00:57:48,500
at the height of his control. 
Napoleon assembled, the largest 

1081
00:57:48,500 --> 00:57:51,400
army Europe had ever seen over 
half a million men drawn from 

1082
00:57:51,400 --> 00:57:54,700
every corner of his domains. 
LED them Eastward in a campaign 

1083
00:57:54,700 --> 00:57:56,700
that he believed would secure 
his dominance once. 

1084
00:57:56,700 --> 00:58:00,500
And for all the target, his 
former Ally, the Russian Tsar 

1085
00:58:00,500 --> 00:58:03,300
who had drifted out of the 
continental system and defied 

1086
00:58:03,300 --> 00:58:06,700
French influence confident in 
his Destiny and a custom to 

1087
00:58:06,700 --> 00:58:09,900
Rapid victories Napoleon. 
Wagered everything on one more 

1088
00:58:09,900 --> 00:58:13,800
lightning War. 
The Grand Army, a Cosmopolitan 

1089
00:58:13,800 --> 00:58:19,000
host of Frenchmen Italians 
Germans polls and others marched

1090
00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:20,700
off with singing and high 
morale. 

1091
00:58:20,700 --> 00:58:23,700
And summer Skies. 
It was the apogee of Napoleon's 

1092
00:58:23,700 --> 00:58:26,500
hubris an emperor at the peak of
his power. 

1093
00:58:26,500 --> 00:58:29,600
Thinking, the conquest of the 
vast Russian planes would be, 

1094
00:58:29,608 --> 00:58:31,600
but another Triumph to notch on 
his belt. 

1095
00:58:32,500 --> 00:58:35,200
He told a diplomat, we shall be 
a Moscow in two months. 

1096
00:58:36,700 --> 00:58:39,400
As the column snake. 
Deezed drummers tapping out, the

1097
00:58:39,400 --> 00:58:42,500
Cadence on Dusty Rhodes, an 
eagle's glinting in the sun, 

1098
00:58:42,500 --> 00:58:45,800
none could imagine that the 
Zenith of the empire was also 

1099
00:58:45,800 --> 00:58:47,800
the beginning of a catastrophic 
decline. 

1100
00:58:47,800 --> 00:58:51,400
For now though, Napoleon star 
blazed as bright as the midday 

1101
00:58:51,400 --> 00:58:53,100
Sun. 
The minds of many. 

1102
00:58:53,100 --> 00:58:56,200
He was the master of Europe 
perhaps even Invincible. 

1103
00:58:56,200 --> 00:58:59,400
The thought that this supreme 
height might precede a full had 

1104
00:58:59,400 --> 00:59:02,300
not yet troubled, the dreams of 
the emperor of the French, the 

1105
00:59:02,300 --> 00:59:04,800
ACT left thousands on the far 
Bank, who shouted as the 

1106
00:59:04,800 --> 00:59:08,400
remaining Escape path burned, 
early December saw the Grande. 

1107
00:59:08,400 --> 00:59:12,400
Are may possibly 20,000 ragged 
frostbitten survivors from 

1108
00:59:12,400 --> 00:59:15,700
600,000 stagger into Poland and 
Prussia. 

1109
00:59:16,600 --> 00:59:18,900
Napoleon's side with 
satisfaction when he entered 

1110
00:59:18,900 --> 00:59:21,700
friendly territory after 
narrowly escaping arrest 

1111
00:59:21,700 --> 00:59:23,600
multiple times during the 
retreat. 

1112
00:59:24,300 --> 00:59:28,400
The cost was nearly unfathomable
the Russian winter attacks and 

1113
00:59:28,400 --> 00:59:32,700
starvation reduced, the overall 
centering Russia, less than 10% 

1114
00:59:32,700 --> 00:59:35,800
of survived snow shattered, 
Napoleon's European 

1115
00:59:35,800 --> 00:59:39,100
invincibility. 
Paris rumors about the disaster 

1116
00:59:39,100 --> 00:59:42,000
for shadowed. 
His return Napoleon, abandoned 

1117
00:59:42,000 --> 00:59:44,900
the remaining troops and rode a 
sled, back to France and Cognito

1118
00:59:44,900 --> 00:59:49,900
and quickly in December 1812. 
He left, martial nae nae and 

1119
00:59:49,908 --> 00:59:54,300
others to oversee the terrible 
retreat. polian left his forces 

1120
00:59:54,300 --> 00:59:57,600
to avert a domestic coup, the 
general named melaye had 

1121
00:59:57,600 --> 01:00:01,200
launched a strange coup in Paris
falsely announcing Napoleon's 

1122
01:00:01,200 --> 01:00:06,100
death illustrating how delicate 
things were Napoleon crossed 

1123
01:00:06,100 --> 01:00:07,600
blizzards day and night to 
Paris. 

1124
01:00:07,600 --> 01:00:10,600
Before the year's end, he made 
the country, believe, everything

1125
01:00:10,600 --> 01:00:12,900
was fine, masking the 
devastation. 

1126
01:00:13,800 --> 01:00:17,600
Short-lived for sad after Russia
won Europe's rulers, formed a 

1127
01:00:17,600 --> 01:00:19,200
coalition to destroy the weaker 
Empire. 

1128
01:00:20,100 --> 01:00:24,300
Prussia joined Russia, against 
France in early 1813 Austria 

1129
01:00:24,300 --> 01:00:27,600
prepared to jump in Napoleon 
quickly, recruited youngsters 

1130
01:00:27,600 --> 01:00:30,000
and Last Resort reserves to 
replace his Veterans. 

1131
01:00:30,000 --> 01:00:34,100
As before he examined maps and 
made massive plans to defeat the

1132
01:00:34,108 --> 01:00:38,300
Allies, he was still alive, but 
reality was looming his Marshals

1133
01:00:38,300 --> 01:00:40,700
feared, he could win an 
interminable War because the 

1134
01:00:40,700 --> 01:00:44,400
French were exhausted. 
Napoleon returned triumphantly 

1135
01:00:44,400 --> 01:00:49,000
in mid 1813 in March 1813. 
He does beat the Russo Prussian 

1136
01:00:49,000 --> 01:00:52,300
Army at looks and about with 
hardly trained, Concepts Dem and

1137
01:00:52,300 --> 01:00:54,000
straightening his operational 
competence. 

1138
01:00:54,000 --> 01:00:57,900
He hoped to prevent catastrophe 
again, too many odds were 

1139
01:00:57,900 --> 01:01:02,000
against him, October 1813 saw 
the Battle of light sick, later 

1140
01:01:02,000 --> 01:01:05,900
renamed, the Battle of Nations 
and Saxony three days of fierce 

1141
01:01:05,900 --> 01:01:08,500
fighting between Napoleon's, 
Marshals and guard and a 

1142
01:01:08,500 --> 01:01:11,100
combined Russian Austrian and 
Swedish army. 

1143
01:01:11,800 --> 01:01:15,700
Napoleon was outnumbered roughly
two to one attrition and hostile

1144
01:01:15,700 --> 01:01:17,300
teamwork. 
Defeated him despite his 

1145
01:01:17,300 --> 01:01:21,500
expertise and bravery. 
Scared French officer blew up a 

1146
01:01:21,500 --> 01:01:24,000
crucial bridge too early 
trapping a rear guard on the 

1147
01:01:24,008 --> 01:01:25,600
wrong side of the river to be 
captured. 

1148
01:01:25,600 --> 01:01:28,500
Napoleon lost the biggest battle
in European history. 

1149
01:01:28,500 --> 01:01:32,100
Ending French rule in Germany. 
Many of Napoleon's, German 

1150
01:01:32,100 --> 01:01:35,100
allies affected. 
The Rhine Confederation fell 

1151
01:01:35,100 --> 01:01:38,700
while retreating over the elster
river, his beloved polish hero, 

1152
01:01:38,700 --> 01:01:43,300
martial, Pontius drowned 
Napoleon retreated France with 

1153
01:01:43,300 --> 01:01:46,300
his 70,000 defeated soldiers, 
resolved to fight. 

1154
01:01:47,300 --> 01:01:50,200
In early 1814, the Allies 
invaded France, expecting a 

1155
01:01:50,208 --> 01:01:53,400
quick march to Paris. 
Napoleon's little Force, 

1156
01:01:53,400 --> 01:01:56,500
defeated elements of the bigger 
Allied soldiers in the six days 

1157
01:01:56,500 --> 01:02:00,200
campaign in February. 1814 one 
of his most successful defensive

1158
01:02:00,200 --> 01:02:04,200
campaigns offered overlooked. 
His youthful mobility and skills

1159
01:02:04,200 --> 01:02:07,300
surprised his opponents at 
Shopper, bear Montreal and 

1160
01:02:07,300 --> 01:02:11,000
Montrose seeing the emperor. 
Sprint, like a firefighter gave 

1161
01:02:11,000 --> 01:02:13,800
French peasants. 
Hope math told him he was two 

1162
01:02:13,800 --> 01:02:17,100
outnumbered to win. 
Despite his few victories, the 

1163
01:02:17,100 --> 01:02:21,100
Allies reached Paris by late 
March 1814 after Marshalls 

1164
01:02:21,100 --> 01:02:25,200
marmor and Morty left to defend 
Paris concluded resistance was 

1165
01:02:25,200 --> 01:02:27,400
pointless. 
The Coalition Army, took it 

1166
01:02:27,400 --> 01:02:31,300
practically in peace after 
centuries without foreign rule, 

1167
01:02:31,300 --> 01:02:34,900
the Victorious, Czar Alexander, 
King, Frederick, William of 

1168
01:02:34,900 --> 01:02:37,900
Prussia and other dignitaries 
entered Paris on March, 31st 

1169
01:02:37,900 --> 01:02:42,500
1814 Parisians flocked to the 
boulevards and despair or relief

1170
01:02:42,500 --> 01:02:44,300
as Napoleon's epic adventure 
ended. 

1171
01:02:45,200 --> 01:02:48,000
Napoleon was outraged and 
unhappy and Fontainebleau 

1172
01:02:48,000 --> 01:02:51,200
following paris's loss. 
Pondered marching his remaining 

1173
01:02:51,200 --> 01:02:54,200
men to seize the city, his 
Marshals, confronted him 

1174
01:02:54,200 --> 01:02:58,400
exhausted and honest for the 
first time, Marshalls nay had no

1175
01:02:58,400 --> 01:03:01,300
and Lafayette who had followed 
him across Europe, advised him 

1176
01:03:01,300 --> 01:03:04,700
to reason they claimed France 
was defeated and resistance 

1177
01:03:04,700 --> 01:03:08,600
would be fatal Napoleon was 
Furious, accusing them of 

1178
01:03:08,600 --> 01:03:11,700
cowardice and betrayal. 
He faced a reality alone in 

1179
01:03:11,700 --> 01:03:14,800
Fontainebleau at night, the 
Allies sought his unconditional 

1180
01:03:14,800 --> 01:03:18,900
surrender, even his stepson and 
Brother Joseph, persuaded him to

1181
01:03:18,900 --> 01:03:21,800
submit for the nation. 
Marshals, May, and MacDonald 

1182
01:03:21,800 --> 01:03:26,500
issued a stunning ultimate on 
April 4th 1814 Philippe must 

1183
01:03:26,500 --> 01:03:28,100
abdicate. 
Before the Army could march on 

1184
01:03:28,100 --> 01:03:32,000
Paris, Napoleon abdicated for 
his son, expecting an Allied 

1185
01:03:32,000 --> 01:03:35,200
Regency, when rejected, he 
realized the game was over 

1186
01:03:35,200 --> 01:03:40,000
Napoleon abdicated on April 
11th, 1814 relinquishing, French

1187
01:03:40,000 --> 01:03:42,600
Regal rights. 
He received an annual stipend 

1188
01:03:42,600 --> 01:03:46,200
and a modest guard on Elder a 
small Italian Island from the 

1189
01:03:46,200 --> 01:03:48,800
Allies, a beautiful prison, for 
a Fallen King. 

1190
01:03:50,000 --> 01:03:52,700
Napoleon said goodbye to his old
guard in Fontaine. 

1191
01:03:52,700 --> 01:03:55,100
Blows Courtyard on April 20th, 
1814. 

1192
01:03:55,100 --> 01:03:59,400
France would remember a touching
scene Napoleon continued 

1193
01:03:59,400 --> 01:04:03,000
speaking with a steady and 
passionate voice saying to the 

1194
01:04:03,008 --> 01:04:06,900
soldiers of my old guard. 
I bid you farewell You've been 

1195
01:04:06,900 --> 01:04:10,400
my constant companion on the 
path to honor and glory for 20 

1196
01:04:10,400 --> 01:04:14,400
years do not mourn my fate. 
I want to document our wonderful

1197
01:04:14,400 --> 01:04:16,000
Deeds. 
Sweet kids. 

1198
01:04:16,000 --> 01:04:21,700
Goodbye Napoleon veteran 
grenadiers of 12 campaigns cried

1199
01:04:21,700 --> 01:04:25,700
the emperor, kissed the Imperial
Eagle flag one last time and 

1200
01:04:25,700 --> 01:04:28,600
hugged General Petty who was 
holding the regimental Eagle. 

1201
01:04:28,600 --> 01:04:32,600
He said goodbye kids raising his
hand in salutation. 

1202
01:04:33,500 --> 01:04:36,200
Napoleon despite his best 
efforts jumped into a carriage 

1203
01:04:36,200 --> 01:04:39,900
crying that night, many jaded 
soldiers, lay under the stars 

1204
01:04:39,900 --> 01:04:43,400
unsure of France's or their 
future without Lumpur, a veteran

1205
01:04:43,400 --> 01:04:46,300
mermaid. 
It's over a wonderful person 

1206
01:04:46,300 --> 01:04:49,700
left. 
An imaginary Kingdom held 

1207
01:04:49,700 --> 01:04:53,300
European ruler, Napoleon 
Bonaparte captive, he arrived at

1208
01:04:53,308 --> 01:04:57,300
Elba, 119 square miles of rugged
terrain and Vineyards and 

1209
01:04:57,300 --> 01:05:01,000
Tuscany. 
In late, April, 1814, He was 

1210
01:05:01,008 --> 01:05:05,000
rarely self-pitying, keeping the
title Emperor, yellows gave him 

1211
01:05:05,000 --> 01:05:08,100
the name as a polite fiction. 
He established a small Court. 

1212
01:05:08,100 --> 01:05:11,900
In Puerto ferriero elba's main 
town and rained like France in 

1213
01:05:11,900 --> 01:05:14,900
miniature. 
Napoleon was Restless on Elba 

1214
01:05:14,900 --> 01:05:18,100
for nine months, he studied 
lilliput's iron mines and 

1215
01:05:18,100 --> 01:05:21,800
quarries planned to modernize 
Agriculture and designed a flag.

1216
01:05:21,800 --> 01:05:25,200
A diagonal band of white with 
red and bees symbolizing 

1217
01:05:25,200 --> 01:05:28,200
industriousness, and potentially
nodding to his Imperial emblem. 

1218
01:05:29,100 --> 01:05:31,900
He formed a small Navy and army 
with a few ships and hundreds of

1219
01:05:31,908 --> 01:05:34,100
people including a loyal Old 
Guard Detachment. 

1220
01:05:34,100 --> 01:05:38,000
He wrote tight Roots inspected, 
Olive, Orchards and talked to 

1221
01:05:38,000 --> 01:05:40,200
Port. 
Fishermen Villages said his 

1222
01:05:40,200 --> 01:05:43,100
micromanagement. 
Improved roads built a small 

1223
01:05:43,108 --> 01:05:46,700
hospital and accelerated tax 
collection elba's. 

1224
01:05:46,700 --> 01:05:50,300
People were amazed and perplexed
that this powerful man cared 

1225
01:05:50,300 --> 01:05:53,600
about their humble life. 
A friendly Elven Elder joked. 

1226
01:05:53,600 --> 01:05:55,600
He thinks he's still ruling, the
world. 

1227
01:05:57,300 --> 01:05:59,800
Poland's Vigor, overwhelmed 
elbows, a delicate appearance, 

1228
01:05:59,800 --> 01:06:02,900
connections and newspapers kept 
him, abreast of French and 

1229
01:06:02,900 --> 01:06:05,100
European happenings this 
information. 

1230
01:06:05,100 --> 01:06:08,600
Ordered him, the restored 
bourbon monarchy, the 18th was 

1231
01:06:08,600 --> 01:06:11,100
unpopular in France. 
The Arrogant Return of the old 

1232
01:06:11,100 --> 01:06:14,300
aristocracy led to dismissal of 
many Napoleon Affiliated French 

1233
01:06:14,300 --> 01:06:18,000
officers, and bureaucrats rumors
of royalist Revenge and economic

1234
01:06:18,000 --> 01:06:20,600
recession. 
Circulated peasants, feared, the

1235
01:06:20,608 --> 01:06:23,300
Bourbons would retake their 
game's after Napoleon's reign. 

1236
01:06:24,100 --> 01:06:26,800
During a Congress of the great 
countries in Vienna to redraw 

1237
01:06:26,800 --> 01:06:28,700
Europe's map often Napoleon's 
fall. 

1238
01:06:28,700 --> 01:06:31,900
The British may send Napoleon to
a remote Atlantic Rock. 

1239
01:06:31,900 --> 01:06:35,100
If he becomes too difficult in 
Elba the island felt like a 

1240
01:06:35,100 --> 01:06:37,500
gilded prison. 
The Bonaparte family was 

1241
01:06:37,500 --> 01:06:40,800
Infamous for their infighting 
and Napoleon's mother and sister

1242
01:06:40,800 --> 01:06:43,900
clashed often Napoleon's busy 
mind, was bored. 

1243
01:06:43,900 --> 01:06:46,300
He was sad. 
Looking at the sea via a 

1244
01:06:46,300 --> 01:06:49,500
telescope from Elders. 
Cliffs in early 1815, I live 

1245
01:06:49,500 --> 01:06:52,000
like a sleeping volcano. 
Read one letter. 

1246
01:06:52,000 --> 01:06:55,600
He could not bear the world 
going on without him his 

1247
01:06:55,600 --> 01:06:57,300
insatiable ambition and Fate 
One. 

1248
01:06:58,000 --> 01:07:01,400
In late February 1815, Napoleon 
returned to France to reclaim 

1249
01:07:01,400 --> 01:07:02,700
his crown. 
After hearing, the Congress of 

1250
01:07:02,708 --> 01:07:05,800
Vienna was in disorder and 
France is anger with Louis, the 

1251
01:07:05,800 --> 01:07:09,100
18th was growing. 
It appeared impossible and 

1252
01:07:09,100 --> 01:07:11,400
expelled Emperor. 
The scored by Allied ships, 

1253
01:07:11,400 --> 01:07:14,700
trying to incite a civilian 
Insurrection to overthrow a 

1254
01:07:14,700 --> 01:07:17,000
reconstituted. 
Monarchy Napoleon had the 

1255
01:07:17,000 --> 01:07:22,100
ability to bring dreams to life.
Napoleon fled elbow on February 

1256
01:07:22,100 --> 01:07:27,000
26th, 1815 under loose guards, 
traveled to France with several 

1257
01:07:27,000 --> 01:07:30,000
hundred loyal Warriors, aboard 
the ship in constant and on 

1258
01:07:30,000 --> 01:07:33,500
numerous small of vessels to 
evade British surveillance. he 

1259
01:07:33,500 --> 01:07:37,500
escaped capture on the voyage by
chance and daring, Napoleon 

1260
01:07:37,500 --> 01:07:41,100
stared at the prowl with a 
familiar fire as the Coke does 

1261
01:07:41,100 --> 01:07:44,000
Europe appeared France is ours 
informed. 

1262
01:07:44,000 --> 01:07:47,100
His troops Bonaparte believed 
Louis, the 18th France would 

1263
01:07:47,100 --> 01:07:51,300
fail on March 1st 1815, the 
French Riviera witnessed an 

1264
01:07:51,300 --> 01:07:54,000
astonishing sight. 
Napoleon Bonaparte. 

1265
01:07:54,000 --> 01:07:57,500
The exiled Emperor landed near 
canned with a tiny force and 

1266
01:07:57,500 --> 01:08:01,100
unfurled his tricolor flag once 
more Dressed in his trademark 

1267
01:08:01,100 --> 01:08:03,800
grey coat and cocked hat. 
He stepped ashore and 

1268
01:08:03,800 --> 01:08:06,400
proclaimed. 
I have come to save France. 

1269
01:08:07,700 --> 01:08:11,400
Thus began the episode known as 
the 100 days a final blaze of 

1270
01:08:11,400 --> 01:08:15,700
Napoleon's meteoric, life. 
He marched northward voiding the

1271
01:08:15,700 --> 01:08:19,000
royalist stronghold of Provence,
choosing the Alpine route 

1272
01:08:19,000 --> 01:08:22,300
through the dolphin. 
A His band was small barely a 

1273
01:08:22,300 --> 01:08:25,899
thousand men but as they 
Advanced Napoleon's Charisma and

1274
01:08:25,899 --> 01:08:29,899
France is simmering discontent 
began to work miracles, a town 

1275
01:08:29,908 --> 01:08:33,100
after town locals, especially 
veterans and peasants turned out

1276
01:08:33,100 --> 01:08:35,700
with curiosity and growing 
enthusiasm. 

1277
01:08:35,700 --> 01:08:39,200
To many, the news of his return 
felt like a long-lost family 

1278
01:08:39,200 --> 01:08:42,200
member coming home. 
A pivotal moment, came on March,

1279
01:08:42,200 --> 01:08:45,800
7th near the mountain town of 
loughrey, Royal troops of the 

1280
01:08:45,800 --> 01:08:47,800
5th, regiment and orders to 
arrest the user. 

1281
01:08:47,800 --> 01:08:51,500
For confronted, Napoleon on the 
road, the two forces faced each 

1282
01:08:51,500 --> 01:08:53,800
other nervous and Silent 
Napoleon. 

1283
01:08:53,800 --> 01:08:57,100
Fearless Strode forward. 
Alone flung open his coat to 

1284
01:08:57,100 --> 01:08:59,899
bear his chest and shouted to 
the soldiers, arrayed against 

1285
01:08:59,908 --> 01:09:02,500
him soldiers. 
If there is one among you, who 

1286
01:09:02,508 --> 01:09:04,800
wants to kill his General, his 
Emperor here. 

1287
01:09:04,800 --> 01:09:09,100
I am for a tent heartbeat, no 
one moved then in an emotional 

1288
01:09:09,100 --> 01:09:10,899
Rush, the Royal troops erupted 
in. 

1289
01:09:10,899 --> 01:09:15,100
Cheers Vivo rang out as they 
threw down their white bourbon 

1290
01:09:15,100 --> 01:09:17,000
cocaine's and surged toward 
Napoleon. 

1291
01:09:17,000 --> 01:09:21,200
The men of the 5th, joined 
Napoleon's ranks in unison, Hi 

1292
01:09:21,200 --> 01:09:23,700
Witnesses, saw veterans, crying 
and laughing as they embraced, 

1293
01:09:23,700 --> 01:09:26,600
their former leader word 
quickly, spread throughout the 

1294
01:09:26,608 --> 01:09:30,800
countryside, Napoleon had 
returned, and the Army was unite

1295
01:09:30,800 --> 01:09:33,899
in behind him. 
King Louis the 18th attempts to 

1296
01:09:33,908 --> 01:09:37,500
muster resistance faltered as 
one regiment after another, 

1297
01:09:37,500 --> 01:09:39,600
either went over to Bonaparte or
melted away. 

1298
01:09:39,600 --> 01:09:43,700
So Nei once Napoleon's trusted 
bravest of the Brave had 

1299
01:09:43,700 --> 01:09:45,899
initially promised. 
The king he would bring Napoleon

1300
01:09:45,899 --> 01:09:48,700
back in an iron cage but 
confronted with the fur of his 

1301
01:09:48,700 --> 01:09:52,600
troops for the emperor, nay too 
defected overmeld buy old 

1302
01:09:52,600 --> 01:09:55,500
loyalties and perhaps the 
irresistible tide of sentiment 

1303
01:09:56,500 --> 01:09:58,800
By March 20th, Napoleon reached 
Paris. 

1304
01:09:58,800 --> 01:10:03,200
Louis 18th had already fled into
Exile supposedly leaving so 

1305
01:10:03,200 --> 01:10:06,500
hastily that, he lost a shoe. 
Thus, giving a touch of fast to 

1306
01:10:06,500 --> 01:10:09,200
the bourbon. 
King's second departure, that 

1307
01:10:09,200 --> 01:10:12,800
night Napoleon entered the 
Wheeler's to the ecstatic Roar 

1308
01:10:12,800 --> 01:10:15,500
of parisians. 
Who just weeks earlier had been 

1309
01:10:15,500 --> 01:10:18,700
murmuring against him as the 
ogre public opinion had. 

1310
01:10:18,700 --> 01:10:22,400
Once again, whiplashed 
remarkably in a matter of 20 

1311
01:10:22,400 --> 01:10:24,900
days without a single shot fired
in Anger. 

1312
01:10:24,900 --> 01:10:27,300
Napoleon had regular regained, 
his throne. 

1313
01:10:27,300 --> 01:10:31,300
It was one of the most dramatic 
political The Comebacks in 

1314
01:10:31,300 --> 01:10:34,100
history servers are Testament to
his unequaled, ability to 

1315
01:10:34,100 --> 01:10:37,600
inspire or intimidate and they 
also reflect the French people's

1316
01:10:37,600 --> 01:10:41,600
ambivalence about the restored 
monarchy The tricolor flew once 

1317
01:10:41,600 --> 01:10:44,800
more from public buildings in 
the streets people sang La 

1318
01:10:44,800 --> 01:10:47,800
marseillaise and lip. 
Bonfires Napoleon moved quickly 

1319
01:10:47,800 --> 01:10:51,400
to consolidate this unexpected. 
Second chance he sent letters 

1320
01:10:51,400 --> 01:10:54,100
professing peaceful intentions 
and offering new alliances. 

1321
01:10:54,100 --> 01:10:56,500
He even adopted a more liberal 
tone. 

1322
01:10:56,500 --> 01:10:58,200
Promulgating a revised 
Constitution. 

1323
01:10:58,200 --> 01:11:01,400
The additional act that granted 
a free oppress, and a 

1324
01:11:01,400 --> 01:11:02,900
constitutional monarchy style 
government. 

1325
01:11:02,900 --> 01:11:06,300
An olive branch to liberals and 
the moderates and France, who 

1326
01:11:06,300 --> 01:11:08,600
wanted reform. 
The emperor claimed he had 

1327
01:11:08,600 --> 01:11:11,800
learned from Exile and now 
desire to be a benign ruler of a

1328
01:11:11,800 --> 01:11:14,400
free people. 
Many were skeptical of this late

1329
01:11:14,400 --> 01:11:17,000
hour conversion to liberalism 
that they preferred him to the 

1330
01:11:17,000 --> 01:11:20,200
Bourbons regardless. 
However, Napoleon's escape and 

1331
01:11:20,200 --> 01:11:23,700
restoration shook Europe. the 
crowned heads at the Congress of

1332
01:11:23,700 --> 01:11:28,100
Vienna were aghast and Furious, 
Coalition of practically every 

1333
01:11:28,100 --> 01:11:31,000
other European power, Britain 
Prussia, Austria, Russia and 

1334
01:11:31,000 --> 01:11:34,200
others immediately formed 
declaring Napoleon and Outlaw 

1335
01:11:34,200 --> 01:11:38,300
and enemy of World Peace. 
The devil has been Unchained at 

1336
01:11:38,300 --> 01:11:40,800
the Austrian foreign minister 
Netanyahu. 

1337
01:11:40,800 --> 01:11:44,600
The shocked outrage of the 
aristocracies the aristocracies 

1338
01:11:44,600 --> 01:11:46,300
quickly mobilized their Idol 
armies. 

1339
01:11:46,300 --> 01:11:49,400
To decisively crush and 
Napoleon, Napoleon aware that 

1340
01:11:49,400 --> 01:11:51,700
diplomacy was hopeless? 
The Allies refused anything 

1341
01:11:51,700 --> 01:11:54,900
short of his second abdication 
prepared for war with a mix of 

1342
01:11:54,908 --> 01:11:59,300
urgency and confidence yet. 
Perhaps 125,000 soldiers of the 

1343
01:11:59,300 --> 01:12:02,300
regular army immediately it and 
plus volunteers swelling. 

1344
01:12:02,300 --> 01:12:05,800
The ranks daily Both veterans 
and new recruits were present, 

1345
01:12:05,800 --> 01:12:09,600
many driven by a patriotic Zeal 
to ensure that foreign monarchs 

1346
01:12:09,600 --> 01:12:12,800
would not dictate to France. 
He also reconstituted the 

1347
01:12:12,800 --> 01:12:16,100
formidable Imperial Guard. 
Still facing him would soon be 

1348
01:12:16,100 --> 01:12:19,100
several massive Allied armies 
converging from all sides, 

1349
01:12:19,100 --> 01:12:21,200
potentially over half a million 
men. 

1350
01:12:22,000 --> 01:12:24,900
Napoleon strategic Instinct 
guided him to swiftly and 

1351
01:12:24,900 --> 01:12:27,700
forcefully attack the closest 
adversaries before the Coalition

1352
01:12:27,700 --> 01:12:30,200
could fully unite. 
He famously said, to his 

1353
01:12:30,200 --> 01:12:33,200
Marshals, we must make a 
campaign that is prompt and 

1354
01:12:33,200 --> 01:12:35,500
energetic as in the days of our 
youth. 

1355
01:12:36,500 --> 01:12:39,900
In June 1815, he marched into. 
What is now Belgium then part of

1356
01:12:39,900 --> 01:12:42,700
the United Kingdom of the 
Netherlands to preempt the 

1357
01:12:42,700 --> 01:12:45,800
anglo-dutch Army under the Duke 
of Wellington and the Prussian 

1358
01:12:45,800 --> 01:12:49,000
Army under Marshal blucher 
hoping to defeat each in turn. 

1359
01:12:50,100 --> 01:12:54,000
On June, the 16th, 1815, 
Napoleon's are made in Nord 

1360
01:12:54,000 --> 01:12:57,000
clashed with the crush onions, 
at Linney and the Anglo Allied 

1361
01:12:57,000 --> 01:13:01,500
Forces at Napoleon. 
Defeated blue here, marking it 

1362
01:13:01,500 --> 01:13:04,300
as his last victory. 
However, it was not a route 

1363
01:13:04,300 --> 01:13:07,900
since bouquet's prussians with 
Drew in good order bruised but 

1364
01:13:07,900 --> 01:13:11,300
not broken. 
Marshal's fight at Bragg against

1365
01:13:11,300 --> 01:13:14,600
Wellington's, forces was 
inconclusive neighbor's, unable 

1366
01:13:14,600 --> 01:13:16,100
to prevent Wellington from 
later. 

1367
01:13:16,100 --> 01:13:18,400
Pulling back to a defensive 
position near the village of 

1368
01:13:18,400 --> 01:13:21,700
Waterloo. 
Two days later on June 18th 

1369
01:13:21,700 --> 01:13:24,300
1815, Napoleon faced 
Wellington's. 

1370
01:13:24,300 --> 01:13:27,700
British-led Allied Army on the 
rolling plateau of monsen, Jean 

1371
01:13:27,700 --> 01:13:30,500
just south of Waterloo. 
The ground had been soaked by 

1372
01:13:30,500 --> 01:13:32,600
heavy rains, the night before 
delaying. 

1373
01:13:32,600 --> 01:13:34,300
Napoleon's attack, until late 
morning. 

1374
01:13:34,300 --> 01:13:38,100
While it dried Napoleon's fate 
would be decided on a field of 

1375
01:13:38,108 --> 01:13:41,200
clover and Rye. 
One mile long and three miles 

1376
01:13:41,200 --> 01:13:45,000
wide with Wellington Scarlet. 
Coated infantry in Union, Jack 

1377
01:13:45,000 --> 01:13:47,800
flags, array to get against the 
tri-color standards of France. 

1378
01:13:48,700 --> 01:13:52,300
Wellington an experienced 
defensive, General had a raid, 

1379
01:13:52,300 --> 01:13:56,100
his 68,000 troops behind gentle 
ridges and in strong points, 

1380
01:13:56,100 --> 01:13:59,200
like the farm of Lahey sent in 
the anxiously, awaited, the 

1381
01:13:59,208 --> 01:14:01,600
arrival of Blue's prussians to 
bolster him. 

1382
01:14:03,000 --> 01:14:06,900
Napoleon had around 72,000 
troops, including the rodeo in 

1383
01:14:06,900 --> 01:14:09,900
Imperial Guard, but he too was 
looking over his shoulder for 

1384
01:14:09,900 --> 01:14:12,600
the prussians, hoping his 
subordinate Marshal grouchy, 

1385
01:14:12,600 --> 01:14:15,500
would keep them at Bay. 
There's Battle of Waterloo was 

1386
01:14:15,500 --> 01:14:18,800
fierce and unrelenting a true 
end game between the year as 

1387
01:14:18,800 --> 01:14:22,100
greatest commanders. 
Napoleon launched a midday 

1388
01:14:22,100 --> 01:14:25,100
assault with a grand battery of 
artillery and the main attack 

1389
01:14:25,100 --> 01:14:28,400
against the Allied Center. 
While they lead, Cavalry Charges

1390
01:14:28,400 --> 01:14:29,900
that thundered against 
Wellington's. 

1391
01:14:29,900 --> 01:14:33,500
Infantry Square's, The British 
and their allies held firm on 

1392
01:14:33,508 --> 01:14:35,200
the ridge despite horrific 
losses. 

1393
01:14:36,100 --> 01:14:38,500
By late afternoon, Nei 
misunderstanding. 

1394
01:14:38,500 --> 01:14:42,600
An enemy movement was the Anglo 
Allied line was faltering and 

1395
01:14:42,600 --> 01:14:45,400
led one of military history's. 
Most infamous Mass Cavalry 

1396
01:14:45,400 --> 01:14:48,900
Charges dozens of squadrons with
glittering quranism. 

1397
01:14:48,900 --> 01:14:51,500
Penance thundering over the 
ridge without infantry or 

1398
01:14:51,500 --> 01:14:54,100
artillery support. 
They were met by the Resolute. 

1399
01:14:54,100 --> 01:14:57,300
Infantry squares. 
Wellington soldiers and Silent 

1400
01:14:57,300 --> 01:15:00,500
rows behind bayonets. 
Endured repeated waves of French

1401
01:15:00,500 --> 01:15:03,600
Horseman swirling around their 
bristling squares unable to 

1402
01:15:03,600 --> 01:15:06,600
break them. 
Naze Valley was undeniable. 

1403
01:15:06,600 --> 01:15:09,900
His horse was shot from under 
him five times that day, but the

1404
01:15:09,900 --> 01:15:12,100
Chargers game, nothing. 
But heaps of dead, men and 

1405
01:15:12,100 --> 01:15:14,700
horses. 
Napoleon watched this spectacle 

1406
01:15:14,700 --> 01:15:17,500
and reportedly explained that he
had gone mad. 

1407
01:15:18,500 --> 01:15:22,200
As the afternoon wore on news 
reached Napoleon forces were 

1408
01:15:22,200 --> 01:15:24,800
approaching from Easter. 
Was coming from filling his 

1409
01:15:24,800 --> 01:15:27,800
promise to Wellington. 
For the love of God, come as 

1410
01:15:27,800 --> 01:15:30,200
fast as you can, will fight to 
the last man. 

1411
01:15:31,000 --> 01:15:34,500
Indeed by early evening, 
crushing Advanced units, under 

1412
01:15:34,500 --> 01:15:38,400
pulo attack the French right 
flank at the Village of Plankton

1413
01:15:38,400 --> 01:15:42,100
Napoleon to divert troops 
including part of the young 

1414
01:15:42,100 --> 01:15:45,100
guard, to hold them off the iron
Vice was closing. 

1415
01:15:46,000 --> 01:15:49,100
With time dwindling Napoleon 
took a final risk, he committed 

1416
01:15:49,100 --> 01:15:53,000
his Imperial Guard, his most 
loyal and Elite Italians in a 

1417
01:15:53,000 --> 01:15:55,500
final bid to break Wellington 
center before the prussians 

1418
01:15:55,500 --> 01:15:56,800
could fully Unite with the 
allies. 

1419
01:15:57,500 --> 01:16:00,600
These battle, hardened, veterans
short, but tall in reputation, 

1420
01:16:00,600 --> 01:16:03,400
marched up the ridge in solid 
columns drums. 

1421
01:16:03,400 --> 01:16:07,500
Beating the pasta charge these 
lompa, they cried as Napoleon, 

1422
01:16:07,500 --> 01:16:11,000
watched them go, these men who 
had never tasted defeat, the 

1423
01:16:11,000 --> 01:16:14,000
Allied line buckled under the 
initial impact that Wellington 

1424
01:16:14,000 --> 01:16:16,700
had kept some units in reserve 
lying down behind the ridge. 

1425
01:16:17,700 --> 01:16:20,000
At his command, the British 
guards and other units. 

1426
01:16:20,000 --> 01:16:22,600
Stood up close range, and 
poured, volleys into the flanks 

1427
01:16:22,600 --> 01:16:26,700
of the advance in guard columns.
A brutal firefight ensued near 

1428
01:16:26,700 --> 01:16:29,900
the summit of the ridge. 
And a hail storms of musket 

1429
01:16:29,900 --> 01:16:32,800
balls and great shot for the 
first time in memory, the 

1430
01:16:32,800 --> 01:16:36,200
Imperial Guard recoiled. 
The cry went up among the Allied

1431
01:16:36,200 --> 01:16:40,400
troops, lagard the cool which 
means the guard is falling back.

1432
01:16:41,400 --> 01:16:44,100
Shock Ripple through the French 
lines, disbelief turned to 

1433
01:16:44,100 --> 01:16:45,900
panic, as the guards Retreat 
became General. 

1434
01:16:47,000 --> 01:16:50,600
Wellington seized the moment, 
waving his hat and ordering a 

1435
01:16:50,600 --> 01:16:51,900
general Advance all along the 
line. 

1436
01:16:51,900 --> 01:16:55,400
Here's prussians now arriving in
force sashed into the French, 

1437
01:16:55,400 --> 01:16:57,600
right? 
Napoleon's Army exhausted. 

1438
01:16:57,600 --> 01:17:01,100
And with its morale shatters 
began to disintegrate on a 

1439
01:17:01,100 --> 01:17:03,700
gentle slope, a square of the 
Old Guard, formed to act as a 

1440
01:17:03,700 --> 01:17:07,000
rear guard for the fleeing Army.
Surrounded by Allied Forces. 

1441
01:17:07,000 --> 01:17:08,800
They were given a chance to 
surrender. 

1442
01:17:10,000 --> 01:17:13,800
One apocryphal version tells 
that when called to yield a 

1443
01:17:13,800 --> 01:17:16,400
Guard general perhaps, come on, 
retorted. 

1444
01:17:17,100 --> 01:17:21,300
Legal De Mer. 
The guard dies but does not 

1445
01:17:21,300 --> 01:17:24,200
surrender. 
Followed by a defiant mad. 

1446
01:17:25,500 --> 01:17:28,500
When eventually overwhelmed, 
many of these steadfast 

1447
01:17:28,500 --> 01:17:31,600
grenadiers indeed died where 
they stood rather than 

1448
01:17:31,600 --> 01:17:36,000
capitulate. 
Among the chaos Napoleon who had

1449
01:17:36,000 --> 01:17:39,000
remained on the field and the 
guards repulsed, almost fell 

1450
01:17:39,000 --> 01:17:43,400
into enemy hands, as all seemed 
lost his Marshals, persuaded him

1451
01:17:43,400 --> 01:17:46,200
to part. 
He fled the field in a carriage.

1452
01:17:46,200 --> 01:17:50,100
As Darkness fell racing back 
toward Paris, his dream of 

1453
01:17:50,100 --> 01:17:53,500
renewed Glory shattered, the 
Battle of Waterloo was over 

1454
01:17:53,500 --> 01:17:59,500
Napoleon's final gambled. 
Napoleon, reportedly said he or 

1455
01:18:00,400 --> 01:18:04,800
finish their as he left. 
Back in Paris, Napoleon 

1456
01:18:04,800 --> 01:18:07,200
attempted to Rally support for 
continuing resistance. 

1457
01:18:08,300 --> 01:18:11,800
But the political will was gone 
the legend of turned against him

1458
01:18:11,800 --> 01:18:13,900
and even the ever-loyal martial 
name. 

1459
01:18:13,900 --> 01:18:17,200
Now, urged abdication, saying 
another round of Civil War would

1460
01:18:17,200 --> 01:18:21,500
ruin France. 
On June 22nd 1815 Napoleon 

1461
01:18:21,500 --> 01:18:24,400
abdicated for the second time 
and in favor of his young son, 

1462
01:18:24,400 --> 01:18:27,200
Napoleon the second though the 
Allies ignored this and restored

1463
01:18:27,200 --> 01:18:30,300
Louis the 18th again. 
He then made his way to the 

1464
01:18:30,300 --> 01:18:33,800
Atlantic coast, initially hoping
to escape the United States. 

1465
01:18:34,800 --> 01:18:37,200
For weeks, he lingered at 
rochefort with two British 

1466
01:18:37,200 --> 01:18:39,200
warships, blocking any attempt 
to sail. 

1467
01:18:39,900 --> 01:18:43,000
Finally, realizing he could not 
elude the global reach of 

1468
01:18:43,000 --> 01:18:45,800
British Sea power, Napoleon 
surrendered himself to the 

1469
01:18:45,800 --> 01:18:50,600
British captain Maitland of HMS 
bellerophon on July 15th 1815. 

1470
01:18:50,600 --> 01:18:54,600
He would be treated as a former 
head of state and allowed 

1471
01:18:54,600 --> 01:18:56,100
retirement in Britain or 
elsewhere. 

1472
01:18:56,100 --> 01:19:00,000
Instead the British driven by 
their government's resolve that 

1473
01:19:00,000 --> 01:19:02,800
he never troubled the world 
again, decided to send him to 

1474
01:19:02,800 --> 01:19:06,200
the remote, South Atlantic 
island of Saint Helena far from 

1475
01:19:06,200 --> 01:19:10,500
any European Shore. 
In October 1815, Napoleon 

1476
01:19:10,500 --> 01:19:14,600
arrived, at the start volcanic 
island, roughly 1200 miles from 

1477
01:19:14,600 --> 01:19:18,400
the coast of Africa, the thus 
began his second final Exile on 

1478
01:19:18,400 --> 01:19:20,700
a speck of land. 
That was essentially an open-air

1479
01:19:20,700 --> 01:19:24,300
prison. 
He was 46 years old, the climate

1480
01:19:24,300 --> 01:19:27,800
was dammed the terrain rugged, 
but confined there would be no 

1481
01:19:27,800 --> 01:19:30,800
dramatic Escape or return from 
this place, the British 

1482
01:19:30,800 --> 01:19:34,300
government so Hudson Lowe was 
due to and watchful restricting,

1483
01:19:34,300 --> 01:19:37,000
Napoleon's movements, to prevent
any chance of rescue. 

1484
01:19:37,000 --> 01:19:41,000
Napoleon was given a residence 
Longwood house which was damp 

1485
01:19:41,000 --> 01:19:43,400
Windswept, and hardly 
comfortable by Imperial 

1486
01:19:43,400 --> 01:19:46,000
standards. 
He passed the next almost six 

1487
01:19:46,000 --> 01:19:50,000
years in a strange half-life 
Small cohort of loyal followers 

1488
01:19:50,000 --> 01:19:53,000
voluntarily accompanied him 
General's, Bertrand and 

1489
01:19:53,000 --> 01:19:56,600
month-long count to La cases, 
and his valet Marshawn among 

1490
01:19:56,600 --> 01:19:58,700
others. 
And if they formed a tiny Court 

1491
01:19:58,700 --> 01:20:02,900
in Exile, Napoleon established a
daily routine, dictating, his 

1492
01:20:02,900 --> 01:20:04,700
Memoirs, and thoughts to his 
companions. 

1493
01:20:04,700 --> 01:20:08,100
Specially last cases who 
recorded his conversations in, 

1494
01:20:08,108 --> 01:20:11,400
what would become the memorial 
of Saint Helena. tending, a 

1495
01:20:11,400 --> 01:20:14,300
small garden, reading, 
voraciously history, and 

1496
01:20:14,300 --> 01:20:17,200
literature, and the newspapers 
when he could get them and 

1497
01:20:17,200 --> 01:20:19,500
taking the occasional ride or 
walk, when his health allowed, 

1498
01:20:20,300 --> 01:20:22,900
Over time his robust 
Constitution began to fail. 

1499
01:20:22,900 --> 01:20:25,900
He grew Stout from lack of 
exercise and rich food. 

1500
01:20:25,900 --> 01:20:28,700
He still died for formerly each 
night on Silver Plate, 

1501
01:20:28,700 --> 01:20:31,300
maintaining pretenses of an 
imperial household. 

1502
01:20:32,500 --> 01:20:34,300
For what appeared to be a 
stomach ailment. 

1503
01:20:34,300 --> 01:20:38,100
Perhaps an ulcer or ultimately 
stomach cancer as father had 

1504
01:20:38,100 --> 01:20:41,500
died of stomach, cancer 2. 
Some speculated he was being 

1505
01:20:41,500 --> 01:20:43,800
slowly poisoned indeed. 
Arsenic was later. 

1506
01:20:43,800 --> 01:20:46,800
Found in hair samples though. 
Modern historians, leaned 

1507
01:20:46,800 --> 01:20:49,500
towards natural illness, 
exacerbated by the conditions 

1508
01:20:49,500 --> 01:20:52,700
and possibly the Arsenic present
in things like the wallpaper 

1509
01:20:52,700 --> 01:20:55,500
die. 
Emotionally intellectually 

1510
01:20:55,500 --> 01:20:59,400
Napoleon oscillated between 
boredom bitterness and 

1511
01:20:59,400 --> 01:21:02,200
reflective car. 
He would spend hours mapping 

1512
01:21:02,200 --> 01:21:04,100
out. 
Alternative history is what he 

1513
01:21:04,108 --> 01:21:06,200
should have done at Walter Lou 
or regretting. 

1514
01:21:06,200 --> 01:21:09,000
Not crushing the crushing more, 
decisively earlier, all 

1515
01:21:09,000 --> 01:21:10,900
lamenting the Folly of the 
Russian campaign. 

1516
01:21:11,700 --> 01:21:14,400
But other times he would delve 
into philosophical discussions 

1517
01:21:14,400 --> 01:21:16,200
about fate in the future 
Generations. 

1518
01:21:16,200 --> 01:21:20,800
He once stated they wanted me to
be another Washington referring 

1519
01:21:20,800 --> 01:21:23,200
to how Britain might have 
expected him to quietly retire 

1520
01:21:23,200 --> 01:21:26,200
and farm that they will not find
another Washington in me. 

1521
01:21:27,500 --> 01:21:31,200
As months turned to years, 
Napoleon became preoccupied with

1522
01:21:31,200 --> 01:21:34,100
shaping his legacy in dictation 
sessions. 

1523
01:21:34,100 --> 01:21:36,600
He portrayed himself as the 
champion of the people's rights 

1524
01:21:36,600 --> 01:21:39,800
against reactionary monarchs and
as a soldier philosopher, who 

1525
01:21:39,800 --> 01:21:43,500
spread revolutionary ideals He 
insisted that his True Glory was

1526
01:21:43,500 --> 01:21:46,000
not the 40 battles. 
He won the defeat at Waterloo, 

1527
01:21:46,000 --> 01:21:49,000
overshadowed them. 
But what will live forever is my

1528
01:21:49,000 --> 01:21:52,400
civil code, the administrative 
reforms, the memory of a Nation.

1529
01:21:52,400 --> 01:21:56,500
I transformed, he described the 
Grandeur may as abandon brothers

1530
01:21:56,500 --> 01:21:59,400
who achieved The Impossible out 
of love for France. 

1531
01:21:59,400 --> 01:22:02,900
Even expressed some remorse or 
at least sadness over the human 

1532
01:22:02,900 --> 01:22:06,300
cost of his Ambitions at times 
sitting on the porch. 

1533
01:22:06,300 --> 01:22:09,400
At Longwood gazing at the 
Atlantic rollers under a gray 

1534
01:22:09,400 --> 01:22:11,800
sky. 
One imagines Napoleon pondering 

1535
01:22:11,800 --> 01:22:13,800
the ultimate futility of worldly
power. 

1536
01:22:13,800 --> 01:22:17,500
Nevertheless he never lost a 
certain pride and combativeness.

1537
01:22:17,500 --> 01:22:20,700
When sir Hudson low would visit 
with Petty regulations or 

1538
01:22:20,700 --> 01:22:23,800
refusing, the title of Emperor 
and correspondence that British 

1539
01:22:23,800 --> 01:22:26,400
addressed him as general 
Bonaparte, Napoleon would 

1540
01:22:26,400 --> 01:22:29,200
bristle with anger. 
Sometimes refusing to see the 

1541
01:22:29,200 --> 01:22:31,700
governor at all, cloaking 
himself in dignified, silence 

1542
01:22:31,700 --> 01:22:35,000
his Entourage remained fiercely 
loyal, sharing in these 

1543
01:22:35,000 --> 01:22:39,300
indignities in 1818. 
Las cases was deported by Lucy, 

1544
01:22:39,300 --> 01:22:42,400
Liu for allegedly trying to 
smuggle let Us to Europe. 

1545
01:22:43,000 --> 01:22:46,500
Napoleon was outraged but he 
continued his dictations with 

1546
01:22:46,500 --> 01:22:50,100
others over time reports of his 
declining Health reached Europe 

1547
01:22:50,100 --> 01:22:53,200
and softened some hearts. 
Even royalists in France, became

1548
01:22:53,200 --> 01:22:56,400
less harsh and a simmering 
bonapartist, sentiment emerged 

1549
01:22:56,400 --> 01:23:00,900
in 1821 as Napoleon's condition,
worsened constant abdominal 

1550
01:23:00,900 --> 01:23:02,800
pain, nausea and physical 
weakening. 

1551
01:23:02,800 --> 01:23:06,800
He took to bed in April, he sent
the end was near and made a will

1552
01:23:06,800 --> 01:23:10,600
famously asking to be buried on 
the banks of the sin, among the 

1553
01:23:10,600 --> 01:23:12,500
French people who may have loved
so much. 

1554
01:23:13,500 --> 01:23:16,400
On May the 5th 1821 during a 
ferocious storm. 

1555
01:23:16,400 --> 01:23:20,000
Napoleon died. 
His last words in Delirium were 

1556
01:23:20,000 --> 01:23:24,300
recorded by those at his bedside
as France, jewelry Army. 

1557
01:23:25,800 --> 01:23:30,000
Tetani Josephine. 
France. 

1558
01:23:31,100 --> 01:23:33,400
The army. 
Head of the army. 

1559
01:23:34,300 --> 01:23:38,000
Josephine. 
Even at the final moment, his 

1560
01:23:38,000 --> 01:23:41,800
mind clung to his cherished, his
country, his soldiers, his 

1561
01:23:41,800 --> 01:23:44,900
glory, and perhaps a fleeting 
thought of the first wife, he 

1562
01:23:44,900 --> 01:23:48,900
had loved Napoleon was buried on
Saint Helena in a shaded Valley,

1563
01:23:48,900 --> 01:23:51,400
in a modest. 
Grave marked only by a simple, 

1564
01:23:51,408 --> 01:23:54,900
Tombstone, the British wary of 
any symbol left it nameless. 

1565
01:23:55,700 --> 01:23:59,400
The death only magnified the 
legend within years, Memoirs, 

1566
01:23:59,400 --> 01:24:01,700
like the memorial of Saint Helen
spread across Europe. 

1567
01:24:01,700 --> 01:24:05,400
Painting Napoleon has a romantic
hero and Martyr of sorts. 

1568
01:24:05,400 --> 01:24:08,900
The great man by fate and the 
malice of lesser men. 

1569
01:24:09,500 --> 01:24:12,000
The term Napoleon complex would 
come to describe, not 

1570
01:24:12,000 --> 01:24:15,300
psychological height issues but 
the complexity of his historical

1571
01:24:15,300 --> 01:24:18,900
image Tyrant or enlightened 
ruler military genius or 

1572
01:24:18,900 --> 01:24:22,900
Reckless conqueror. 
In 1840, as political Tides 

1573
01:24:22,900 --> 01:24:25,800
changed in France, King Louis 
Philippe obtained permission to 

1574
01:24:25,800 --> 01:24:29,500
bring Napoleon's remains home. 
The grand State ceremony 

1575
01:24:29,500 --> 01:24:33,100
Napoleon's body was exhumed 
found remarkably well-preserved 

1576
01:24:33,100 --> 01:24:37,400
and transported to Paris lined 
by hundreds of thousands of 

1577
01:24:37,400 --> 01:24:40,700
Silent onlookers, his coffin 
passed under the Arctic Tree on 

1578
01:24:40,700 --> 01:24:43,200
that Monument. 
He commissioned at the height of

1579
01:24:43,208 --> 01:24:46,400
his power and he was finally 
laid to rest with full honors. 

1580
01:24:46,400 --> 01:24:49,800
In a red, poor furry sarcophagus
at the lead France. 

1581
01:24:49,800 --> 01:24:51,500
Thus symbolically reconciled 
with her. 

1582
01:24:51,500 --> 01:24:55,000
Prodigal son. 
He described the grand amay as a

1583
01:24:55,000 --> 01:24:58,200
Band of Brothers who achieve the
impossible out of love for 

1584
01:24:58,200 --> 01:25:01,500
France, even expressed some 
remorse or at least sadness over

1585
01:25:01,500 --> 01:25:05,500
the human cost of his Ambitions 
at times sitting on the portrait

1586
01:25:05,500 --> 01:25:08,500
Longwood gazing at the Atlantic 
rollers under a gray sky. 

1587
01:25:08,500 --> 01:25:12,500
One imagines Napoleon pondering 
the ultimate futility of worldly

1588
01:25:12,500 --> 01:25:15,300
power. 
Nevertheless he never lost a 

1589
01:25:15,300 --> 01:25:18,400
certain pride and combativeness 
when sir Hudson low would visit 

1590
01:25:18,400 --> 01:25:21,500
with Petty or regulations or 
refusing Title of Emperor and 

1591
01:25:21,500 --> 01:25:23,800
correspondence that British 
addressed him as general 

1592
01:25:23,800 --> 01:25:26,600
Bonaparte, Napoleon would 
bristle with anger. 

1593
01:25:26,600 --> 01:25:29,400
Sometimes refusing to see the 
governor at all, cloaking 

1594
01:25:29,400 --> 01:25:32,900
himself in dignified, silence 
his Entourage remained, fiercely

1595
01:25:32,900 --> 01:25:34,600
loyal, sharing in these 
indignities. 

1596
01:25:34,600 --> 01:25:39,700
In 1818, less cases was deported
by Lisa, milieu for allegedly, 

1597
01:25:39,700 --> 01:25:41,400
trying to smuggle letters to 
Europe. 

1598
01:25:41,400 --> 01:25:45,500
Napoleon was outraged, but he 
continued his dictations with 

1599
01:25:45,500 --> 01:25:49,100
others over time reports of his 
declining Health reached Europe 

1600
01:25:49,100 --> 01:25:52,100
and softened some hearts. 
Even royalists in France, became

1601
01:25:52,100 --> 01:25:55,400
less harsh and a simmering 
bonapartist, sentiment emerged 

1602
01:25:55,400 --> 01:26:00,200
in 1821 as Napoleon's condition,
worsened constant of pain, 

1603
01:26:00,200 --> 01:26:04,000
nausea, and physical weakening. 
He took to bed in April. 

1604
01:26:04,000 --> 01:26:07,300
He said the end was near and 
made a will famously asking to 

1605
01:26:07,300 --> 01:26:10,400
be buried on the banks of the 
sin, among the French people who

1606
01:26:10,400 --> 01:26:14,600
may have loved so much? 
On May the 5th 1821 during a 

1607
01:26:14,600 --> 01:26:16,400
ferocious storm. 
Napoleon died. 

1608
01:26:16,400 --> 01:26:19,800
His last words murmured in 
Delirium were recorded by those 

1609
01:26:19,800 --> 01:26:23,300
at his bedside, as France, 
schooly Army. 

1610
01:26:24,700 --> 01:26:29,100
Tech dummy, Josephine. 
France. 

1611
01:26:30,100 --> 01:26:32,400
The army. 
Head of the army. 

1612
01:26:33,300 --> 01:26:37,000
Josephine. 
Even at the final moment, his 

1613
01:26:37,000 --> 01:26:40,800
mind clung to what he cherished,
his country, his soldiers, his 

1614
01:26:40,800 --> 01:26:44,000
glory and perhaps a fleeting 
thought of the first wife, he 

1615
01:26:44,000 --> 01:26:47,900
had loved Napoleon was buried on
Saint Helena in a shaded Valley,

1616
01:26:47,900 --> 01:26:50,500
in a modest. 
Grave marked only by a simple, 

1617
01:26:50,500 --> 01:26:53,900
Tombstone, the British wary of 
any symbol left at nameless. 

1618
01:26:54,700 --> 01:26:58,300
But death, only magnified the 
legend within years, Memoirs, 

1619
01:26:58,300 --> 01:27:01,600
like the memorial of Saint 
Helens cross Europe, painting, 

1620
01:27:01,600 --> 01:27:05,400
Napoleon as a romantic hero, and
Martyr of sorts the great man 

1621
01:27:05,400 --> 01:27:07,800
and done by Fate in the malice 
of lesser men. 

1622
01:27:08,700 --> 01:27:11,900
Term Napoleon complex would come
to describe not cycle High 

1623
01:27:11,900 --> 01:27:15,800
tissues but the complexity of 
his historical image Tyrant or 

1624
01:27:15,800 --> 01:27:19,700
enlightened ruler military 
genius or Reckless conqueror in 

1625
01:27:19,700 --> 01:27:22,300
1840. 
The political Tides changed in 

1626
01:27:22,300 --> 01:27:25,100
France King Louis Philippe 
obtained permission to bring 

1627
01:27:25,100 --> 01:27:28,500
Napoleon's remains home. 
The grand State ceremony 

1628
01:27:28,500 --> 01:27:32,100
Napoleon's body was exhumed 
found remarkably well-preserved 

1629
01:27:32,100 --> 01:27:36,400
and transported to Paris lined 
by hundreds of thousands of 

1630
01:27:36,400 --> 01:27:39,600
Silent onlookers, his coffin 
passed under the Arctic Tree on 

1631
01:27:39,600 --> 01:27:42,300
that Monument. 
He commissioned at the height of

1632
01:27:42,300 --> 01:27:45,500
his power and he was finally 
laid to rest with full honors in

1633
01:27:45,500 --> 01:27:48,800
a red, poor Fury sarcophagus and
his envelope France. 

1634
01:27:48,800 --> 01:27:51,200
Thus symbolically reconciled 
with her, Prodigal Son. 

1635
01:27:52,400 --> 01:27:54,400
Just like that. 
We've come to the closing of 

1636
01:27:54,400 --> 01:27:56,600
what I think has been the 
longest story yet to tell. 

1637
01:27:57,400 --> 01:28:00,700
Napoleon bonapartes entire 
history serves as a reminder, 

1638
01:28:00,700 --> 01:28:04,300
that Brilliance often coexists 
with Obsession and that 

1639
01:28:04,300 --> 01:28:07,300
unchecked ambition has the power
to both reshape the world and 

1640
01:28:07,300 --> 01:28:11,300
unravel it with equal speed. 
Tonight's story, journeyed 

1641
01:28:11,300 --> 01:28:14,900
through every stage of his life 
from his obscure Corsican, 

1642
01:28:14,900 --> 01:28:16,600
Beginnings, to the thunderous 
rise. 

1643
01:28:16,600 --> 01:28:20,100
And the final Exile in quite 
defeat, We uncovered the 

1644
01:28:20,100 --> 01:28:22,100
disorienting scale of his 
campaigns. 

1645
01:28:22,100 --> 01:28:25,800
The shifting allegiances and the
fragile humans underneath the 

1646
01:28:25,800 --> 01:28:28,500
Imperial Crown. 
Don't worry, if you're still 

1647
01:28:28,500 --> 01:28:31,700
having trouble falling asleep, 
we have more stories lined up. 

1648
01:28:31,700 --> 01:28:35,300
Each carefully, selected to 
soothe your thoughts and quiet 

1649
01:28:35,300 --> 01:28:37,900
the chaos. 
A truly love sharing these 

1650
01:28:37,900 --> 01:28:39,900
stories with you and helping you
rest. 

1651
01:28:40,700 --> 01:28:42,600
Your all deserved deep peaceful 
sleep. 

1652
01:28:43,400 --> 01:28:45,400
Now I'll go sit by the fire and 
sip tea. 

1653
01:28:45,400 --> 01:28:49,500
Letting the Echoes of History 
Fade Into silence, sweet dreams,

1654
01:28:49,500 --> 01:28:52,900
my friend's. 
And as always, sleep tight and 

1655
01:28:52,900 --> 01:28:59,500
good night. 
Late, 17th and early. 18th 

1656
01:28:59,500 --> 01:29:04,100
centuries, France was a land of 
contrasts Like candle light in a

1657
01:29:04,100 --> 01:29:07,300
grande Shadows Garden. 
A curious, noblewoman, listens 

1658
01:29:07,300 --> 01:29:10,500
as a witty philosopher. 
Describes the stars above, he 

1659
01:29:10,500 --> 01:29:12,400
explains that. 
Those stars are Sons, like our 

1660
01:29:12,400 --> 01:29:16,200
own each, perhaps circled, by 
the worlds of their own a 

1661
01:29:16,200 --> 01:29:18,900
radical idea in an age, when 
questioning the heavens could be

1662
01:29:18,900 --> 01:29:23,000
dangerous. 
Bernard de fontanel's 

1663
01:29:23,000 --> 01:29:27,500
conversations on the plurality 
of Worlds, 1686 a clever book 

1664
01:29:27,500 --> 01:29:30,200
where a lady and a scientist. 
Stroll Knightly under the sky 

1665
01:29:30,200 --> 01:29:32,800
discussing copernicus's son, 
centered universe. 

1666
01:29:33,500 --> 01:29:36,100
Fontanel's Charming Pros made 
the latest scientific 

1667
01:29:36,100 --> 01:29:39,500
discoveries accessible to the 
layperson planting seeds of 

1668
01:29:39,500 --> 01:29:42,500
curiosity. 
Even as Louis the 14th strict 

1669
01:29:42,500 --> 01:29:46,900
rule, cast, Long Shadows, Along 
with those of fellow think of 

1670
01:29:46,900 --> 01:29:49,700
Pierre, Bayle, formed a 
foundation for what would soon 

1671
01:29:49,700 --> 01:29:53,000
be called The Enlightenment at 
the turn of the 18th century. 

1672
01:29:53,000 --> 01:29:55,300
Official. 
France was still firmly 

1673
01:29:55,300 --> 01:29:59,200
absolutist and devoutly Catholic
Louis, the 14th, the Sun King 

1674
01:29:59,200 --> 01:30:01,900
had revoked, the Edict of Nantes
and 1685. 

1675
01:30:01,900 --> 01:30:04,700
Driving Protestant like Bailey 
into exile. 

1676
01:30:05,600 --> 01:30:08,800
Yet even as the king insisted on
religious unity, dissenting 

1677
01:30:08,800 --> 01:30:11,300
ideas. 
Quietly took root in his Safe. 

1678
01:30:11,300 --> 01:30:14,200
Haven abroad bail, wrote a 
skeptical historical and 

1679
01:30:14,200 --> 01:30:18,400
critical dictionary, 1697 the 
poked holes in dogma and 

1680
01:30:18,400 --> 01:30:22,100
advocated tolerance. 
These volumes printed in 

1681
01:30:22,100 --> 01:30:24,600
Amsterdam and London were 
smuggled over the borders in 

1682
01:30:24,608 --> 01:30:26,400
barrels of cloth and hidden 
compartments. 

1683
01:30:26,400 --> 01:30:29,400
Finding eager readers in Paris 
and Leo. 

1684
01:30:30,400 --> 01:30:33,300
A tradition was beginning. 
Forbidden ideas could not be 

1685
01:30:33,300 --> 01:30:36,600
easily extinguished. 
Bailey has call for a society of

1686
01:30:36,600 --> 01:30:39,800
pluralistic views, the daring 
notion that people of different 

1687
01:30:39,800 --> 01:30:43,100
beliefs might live together in 
peace, resonated with a small, 

1688
01:30:43,100 --> 01:30:45,100
but growing circle of French 
Minds. 

1689
01:30:46,000 --> 01:30:48,600
Quietly them, sober Monopoly of 
church. 

1690
01:30:48,600 --> 01:30:51,500
And crown on Truth was being 
challenged by pamphlets and 

1691
01:30:51,500 --> 01:30:56,000
letters passed and to hand. 
After Louis, the 14th death in 

1692
01:30:56,000 --> 01:30:58,300
1715, the atmosphere in France 
relaxed. 

1693
01:30:58,300 --> 01:31:03,000
Some what allowing these early 
Sparks to flare up In Paris, 

1694
01:31:03,000 --> 01:31:06,400
coffee houses, and literary 
clubs with torque one. 

1695
01:31:06,400 --> 01:31:09,500
Towering figure of this. 
Early Enlightenment was Baron de

1696
01:31:09,500 --> 01:31:13,200
Montesquieu a provincial 
nobleman with a dry wit and Keen

1697
01:31:13,200 --> 01:31:18,100
Insight in 1721 Montesquieu, 
published the Persian letters a 

1698
01:31:18,100 --> 01:31:20,500
playful novel of letters. 
In which two fictional Persian, 

1699
01:31:20,500 --> 01:31:22,200
Travelers Lampoon French 
Customs. 

1700
01:31:22,200 --> 01:31:25,800
Nothing was sacred in its Pages 
Parisian High Society. 

1701
01:31:25,800 --> 01:31:29,200
The pretensions of the king's 
court, he absurdities of the 

1702
01:31:29,200 --> 01:31:31,500
Catholic. 
Clergy all were held up to 

1703
01:31:31,500 --> 01:31:34,100
Gentle ridicule. 
Through these eyes of outside 

1704
01:31:34,100 --> 01:31:38,500
readers, were amused and 
intrigued beneath the satire, a 

1705
01:31:38,500 --> 01:31:41,200
serious critique of absolutism 
and religious hypocrisy. 

1706
01:31:41,200 --> 01:31:44,700
The book though published 
anonymously created a stir. 

1707
01:31:44,700 --> 01:31:47,500
It was passed from Salon. 
To Salon read aloud. 

1708
01:31:47,500 --> 01:31:51,200
In a used Whispers, Francis only
institutions were being examined

1709
01:31:51,200 --> 01:31:56,100
as if under a foreign lands and 
many found them wanting want to 

1710
01:31:56,100 --> 01:31:57,700
skew, success involved and 
others. 

1711
01:31:58,400 --> 01:31:59,700
Soon. 
He would take his analysis 

1712
01:31:59,700 --> 01:32:03,600
further retiring to his estate. 
He quietly toiled on a magnum 

1713
01:32:03,600 --> 01:32:05,800
opus about laws and governments 
around the world. 

1714
01:32:05,800 --> 01:32:10,600
By the 1730s, the term 
philosophy was coming in to use.

1715
01:32:11,400 --> 01:32:12,900
Not quite the same as 
philosopher. 

1716
01:32:12,900 --> 01:32:16,900
It meant a man or occasionally, 
a woman of ideas who applied 

1717
01:32:16,900 --> 01:32:20,700
reason to all areas of life. 
These Enlightenment thinkers saw

1718
01:32:20,700 --> 01:32:23,200
themselves as bringing light 
into the dark corners of 

1719
01:32:23,200 --> 01:32:25,900
ignorance and oppression. 
They drew inspiration from 

1720
01:32:25,900 --> 01:32:29,000
English writers, like John Locke
and scientists, like, Isaac 

1721
01:32:29,000 --> 01:32:31,800
Newton, whose Works were now 
circulating in French 

1722
01:32:31,800 --> 01:32:34,700
translation. 
In fact, a fashionable, young 

1723
01:32:34,700 --> 01:32:37,000
writer named Voltaire had 
traveled to England and 

1724
01:32:37,000 --> 01:32:41,000
returned, in 1729 bubbling with 
enthusiasm for Newton's physics 

1725
01:32:41,000 --> 01:32:43,100
and the English Spirit of free 
debate. 

1726
01:32:44,600 --> 01:32:48,600
He set about spreading both with
his vivacious lover, Emily dese,

1727
01:32:48,600 --> 01:32:51,400
a self, a brilliant, 
mathematician Voltaire 

1728
01:32:51,400 --> 01:32:53,800
explained, Newton's finding in 
French and praised England. 

1729
01:32:53,800 --> 01:32:56,700
As relatively liberal Society in
his letters on the English. 

1730
01:32:57,400 --> 01:32:59,900
Though, the French authorities 
condemned his book and briefly 

1731
01:32:59,900 --> 01:33:03,100
imprisoned, its author for it, 
the ideas could not be unread. 

1732
01:33:03,900 --> 01:33:05,600
The taste of intellectual, 
Freedom abroad. 

1733
01:33:05,600 --> 01:33:09,100
Only sharp and French appetites 
for more thus in the decades 

1734
01:33:09,100 --> 01:33:11,300
before the Revolution. 
The early stirrings of 

1735
01:33:11,300 --> 01:33:14,700
Enlightenment thought took hold 
a handful of bold voices, 

1736
01:33:14,700 --> 01:33:17,800
fontanelle with his Popular 
Science, Burrell with his 

1737
01:33:17,800 --> 01:33:21,100
skeptical area Edition, want to 
skew with his satire and 

1738
01:33:21,100 --> 01:33:25,300
Voltaire with his sharp pain 
prepared, the ground their 

1739
01:33:25,300 --> 01:33:28,000
writing circulated in manuscript
and in Contraband, print 

1740
01:33:28,000 --> 01:33:32,800
fertilizing Minds from Paris to 
the provinces over supper tables

1741
01:33:32,800 --> 01:33:36,500
and University Halls, people 
began asking new questions Could

1742
01:33:36,500 --> 01:33:40,000
Reason Not tradition guide. 
Human Affairs must religious 

1743
01:33:40,000 --> 01:33:42,900
uniformity Trump individual. 
Conscience could a king's 

1744
01:33:42,900 --> 01:33:44,700
Authority have limited set by 
natural law. 

1745
01:33:44,700 --> 01:33:48,700
These questions sown in the 
early 1700s would Sprout 

1746
01:33:48,700 --> 01:33:52,100
dramatically as the century 
progressed, For now they were 

1747
01:33:52,100 --> 01:33:54,900
still whispered but the 
enlightenment in France had 

1748
01:33:54,900 --> 01:33:58,700
begun Adorn of new thinking that
promised to chase away medieval 

1749
01:33:58,700 --> 01:34:03,000
shadows in the mid-18th century.
Some of the most radical ideas 

1750
01:34:03,000 --> 01:34:06,000
in France were not plotted in 
dark alleys but disgust over 

1751
01:34:06,000 --> 01:34:07,800
champagne and elegant drawing 
rooms. 

1752
01:34:08,700 --> 01:34:12,700
The Parisian Salon was a unique 
institution, part, Social Club 

1753
01:34:12,700 --> 01:34:16,800
part intellectual seminar 
typically hosted by a wealthy, 

1754
01:34:16,800 --> 01:34:20,400
or aristocratic woman the salon 
near these gatherings brought 

1755
01:34:20,400 --> 01:34:23,900
together, writers, philosophers,
artists, and Statesmen under one

1756
01:34:23,900 --> 01:34:27,300
Chandelier on a given evening. 
You might find the sharp tongued

1757
01:34:27,300 --> 01:34:31,600
Voltaire trading barbs with a 
bishop or Jean-Jacques Rousseau 

1758
01:34:31,600 --> 01:34:34,600
Shirley unveiling, his latest 
essay to a circle of curious. 

1759
01:34:34,600 --> 01:34:39,000
Marquises salons were private 
and By Invitation Only yet, they

1760
01:34:39,000 --> 01:34:40,800
became engines of public 
discourse. 

1761
01:34:40,800 --> 01:34:45,100
There was a democratic 
Cosmopolitan and tolerant 

1762
01:34:45,100 --> 01:34:49,900
atmosphere rare for the time 
time, Noble's bourgeoisie and 

1763
01:34:49,900 --> 01:34:53,400
even an occasional Artisan or 
foreign Savant, mingled politely

1764
01:34:53,400 --> 01:34:56,000
United by a love of wit and 
ideas. 

1765
01:34:57,000 --> 01:35:00,300
Here in lightning month, thought
took on a human face as diverse 

1766
01:35:00,300 --> 01:35:04,000
guests, debated Arts, science 
and politics late Into the 

1767
01:35:04,000 --> 01:35:06,600
Night. 
The women who ran these salons 

1768
01:35:06,600 --> 01:35:09,500
wield, his subtle power in a 
society that otherwise can find 

1769
01:35:09,500 --> 01:35:14,100
female influencer take Madame 
jefao, for example, born Mary, 

1770
01:35:14,100 --> 01:35:18,400
Theresa Rhodesian by the 1740s, 
she had established herself as 

1771
01:35:18,400 --> 01:35:22,100
the premier Hostess of Paris. 
Every Monday, a well-appointed 

1772
01:35:22,100 --> 01:35:25,300
home on the gross and Honore. 
Welcome the leading writers and 

1773
01:35:25,300 --> 01:35:28,000
philosopher. 
Wednesdays were reserved for 

1774
01:35:28,008 --> 01:35:31,600
artists with motherly charm 
Madame, jofran presided over the

1775
01:35:31,600 --> 01:35:35,300
conversation tactfully steering 
away from overly explosive 

1776
01:35:35,300 --> 01:35:36,900
topics. 
So as to keep the Gathering 

1777
01:35:36,900 --> 01:35:40,400
convivial, she even provided 
financial support to struggling 

1778
01:35:40,400 --> 01:35:43,600
men of letters quite quietly, 
paying debts or buying paintings

1779
01:35:43,600 --> 01:35:46,600
from her artist guests. 
The respect she commanded was 

1780
01:35:46,600 --> 01:35:51,100
such that even the Crusty Volta 
for her in her Salon one had to 

1781
01:35:51,100 --> 01:35:55,000
follow certain rules, which was 
appreciated but vulgarity was 

1782
01:35:55,000 --> 01:35:58,600
not lively debate was welcome 
but shouting and personal 

1783
01:35:58,600 --> 01:36:02,400
attacks were frowned upon under 
her Guidance, the tone remained,

1784
01:36:02,400 --> 01:36:06,000
civil clever and in like 
lightning a model of the 

1785
01:36:06,000 --> 01:36:09,500
refinement of manners and speech
that salons originally aimed for

1786
01:36:10,500 --> 01:36:14,500
Other Salon years adopted 
different styles Madame, did you

1787
01:36:14,500 --> 01:36:17,600
defined an older contemporary of
geoffrin hosted, Gatherings from

1788
01:36:17,600 --> 01:36:20,900
1745 onward. 
But famously disdained, the more

1789
01:36:20,900 --> 01:36:25,100
radical philosophy except for 
Voltaire whom she adored her 

1790
01:36:25,100 --> 01:36:27,500
Salon favored. 
High Society gossip and 

1791
01:36:27,508 --> 01:36:32,000
classical letters over bold. 
New philosophy in contrast the 

1792
01:36:32,000 --> 01:36:34,600
witty Mademoiselle, Julie de 
lesbianas ran a more free 

1793
01:36:34,600 --> 01:36:38,200
wheeling Salon in the 1770s. 
Julie had been tutored in the 

1794
01:36:38,200 --> 01:36:40,700
art by Madame de Farm until a 
falling out. 

1795
01:36:40,700 --> 01:36:44,700
And the small stipend from 
Madame jafra struck out on her 

1796
01:36:44,700 --> 01:36:46,900
own. 
She innovated by opening her 

1797
01:36:46,900 --> 01:36:50,500
home almost every evening to a 
select but Mixed Company, young 

1798
01:36:50,500 --> 01:36:53,200
intellectuals, older Statesman 
and foreign visitors. 

1799
01:36:53,200 --> 01:36:57,400
Nibbles and wine were served 
nothing lavish but the talk 

1800
01:36:57,400 --> 01:37:00,800
flowed. 
One frequent guest, the writer 

1801
01:37:00,800 --> 01:37:04,900
Jean, Fran Montell, Marvel at 
Julia's ability to inspire Frank

1802
01:37:04,900 --> 01:37:09,100
discussion, he described her as 
an astonishing compound of 

1803
01:37:09,100 --> 01:37:12,600
reason and wisdom with the 
liveliest mind and most Ardent 

1804
01:37:12,600 --> 01:37:16,100
soul. 
Under her edifice philosophers 

1805
01:37:16,100 --> 01:37:18,300
from diverse. 
Generation's convened and 

1806
01:37:18,300 --> 01:37:21,000
exchanged ideas. 
While even the poorest Scholars 

1807
01:37:21,000 --> 01:37:22,600
will welcome to express their 
thoughts. 

1808
01:37:23,400 --> 01:37:27,200
Such inclusion was unusual. 
Many salons once ranked in a 

1809
01:37:27,200 --> 01:37:29,600
tire still mattered. 
The Julia de lesbianas. 

1810
01:37:29,600 --> 01:37:31,100
Proved that intellectual 
passion. 

1811
01:37:31,100 --> 01:37:35,400
Could Trump pedigree Typical 
Salon evening, might unfold like

1812
01:37:35,400 --> 01:37:38,600
this as dusk fell. 
A liveried footman. 

1813
01:37:38,600 --> 01:37:41,600
Admitted, guest to a candlelit 
parlor decorated with art. 

1814
01:37:41,600 --> 01:37:46,100
Gentle music, played in the Next
Room, elegant women in silks, 

1815
01:37:46,100 --> 01:37:49,700
and men in embroidered coats 
form, small clusters, exchanging

1816
01:37:49,700 --> 01:37:53,400
news and balls. 
The hostess circulated deathly. 

1817
01:37:53,400 --> 01:37:56,300
Introducing a young poet to a 
renowned scientist or drawing a 

1818
01:37:56,308 --> 01:37:59,000
shy scholar into a lively debate
about the latest play. 

1819
01:37:59,900 --> 01:38:04,500
conversation, was the main event
a good Salon guests had 

1820
01:38:04,500 --> 01:38:07,200
something to bring to this 
conversation at the very least 

1821
01:38:07,200 --> 01:38:10,400
and elegant French Arising 
dramatist. 

1822
01:38:10,400 --> 01:38:13,700
Might recite a scene from his 
new comedy met with Applause and

1823
01:38:13,700 --> 01:38:17,100
gentle critique a visiting 
American like Benjamin Franklin,

1824
01:38:17,100 --> 01:38:19,300
like Regale. 
The company with Tales of 

1825
01:38:19,300 --> 01:38:22,900
scientific experiments with 
lightning, Serious discussions 

1826
01:38:22,900 --> 01:38:26,100
could break out the merits of 
voltaire's newest tracked or 

1827
01:38:26,100 --> 01:38:28,200
Russo's eccentric theories on 
education. 

1828
01:38:29,000 --> 01:38:32,300
But if tempers flared or someone
drowned on too long, the hostess

1829
01:38:32,300 --> 01:38:35,100
would smoothly change the 
subject or proposed a diversion 

1830
01:38:36,000 --> 01:38:38,700
A brief chamber, music 
performance or around of cards. 

1831
01:38:39,600 --> 01:38:42,400
The result was a peculiar mix of
ludic and learned. 

1832
01:38:43,000 --> 01:38:45,700
By evening's end ideas. 
That might have been seditious. 

1833
01:38:45,700 --> 01:38:48,900
In print could be bandied about 
safely in the salon cushioned by

1834
01:38:48,900 --> 01:38:51,400
politeness and mutual. 
Respect the salon. 

1835
01:38:51,400 --> 01:38:55,200
Thus served as an incubator for 
Enlightenment ideas, he 

1836
01:38:55,200 --> 01:38:57,200
connected thinkers to patrons 
many. 

1837
01:38:57,200 --> 01:39:00,100
An author found a publisher or a
financier, through Salon 

1838
01:39:00,100 --> 01:39:03,300
contacts, it allowed women. 
A rare opportunity to engage in 

1839
01:39:03,300 --> 01:39:06,700
intellectual life albeit as 
conveners rather than professors

1840
01:39:06,700 --> 01:39:10,600
with notable exceptions like 
Emily duchesse who though not a 

1841
01:39:10,600 --> 01:39:12,700
salon near proved women could 
match men in science. 

1842
01:39:13,800 --> 01:39:18,000
Salon also helped erode class 
barriers if only slightly some 

1843
01:39:18,000 --> 01:39:21,900
hostesses Pride themselves on 
Gathering a popari of talents 

1844
01:39:21,900 --> 01:39:25,000
regardless of noble birth. 
There were limits, of course, 

1845
01:39:25,000 --> 01:39:28,800
peasants, and laborers, did not 
stroll into these parlors the 

1846
01:39:28,800 --> 01:39:32,100
salons primarily catered to the 
elite who were open to new 

1847
01:39:32,100 --> 01:39:34,700
talent and ideas. 
Not just those inherited from 

1848
01:39:34,700 --> 01:39:38,000
their lineage. 
In these candle that rooms, the 

1849
01:39:38,000 --> 01:39:39,600
public sphere had a private 
cradle. 

1850
01:39:40,600 --> 01:39:43,500
Before newspapers could freely 
criticize, the king, or church. 

1851
01:39:43,500 --> 01:39:47,300
And before any elected assembly 
existed in France, the salons 

1852
01:39:47,300 --> 01:39:50,400
were training grounds for 
reasoned debate. they fostered, 

1853
01:39:50,400 --> 01:39:53,900
what one historian later called 
the Republic of letters, the 

1854
01:39:53,900 --> 01:39:56,400
community of Minds that 
transcended, social ranks, and 

1855
01:39:56,400 --> 01:39:59,800
National borders, foreigners, 
like the Scottish historian 

1856
01:39:59,800 --> 01:40:03,800
David Hume, or the Italian 
economist cesare beccaria were 

1857
01:40:03,800 --> 01:40:07,200
featured at Paris salons when 
they visited in turn French 

1858
01:40:07,200 --> 01:40:09,800
philosophers, built, networks of
correspondence with thinkers 

1859
01:40:09,800 --> 01:40:14,300
abroad, The Cosmopolitan chatter
in Madame Joplin sallow, had 

1860
01:40:14,300 --> 01:40:18,100
echoes in London Geneva or 
Berlin as ideas spread by the 

1861
01:40:18,108 --> 01:40:21,600
1770s and 1780s. 
Even as economic troubles and 

1862
01:40:21,600 --> 01:40:23,200
political conflict loomed in 
France. 

1863
01:40:23,200 --> 01:40:26,800
One could still find On Any 
Given evening a salon in full 

1864
01:40:26,800 --> 01:40:29,600
swing. 
A microcosm of an ideal in like 

1865
01:40:29,600 --> 01:40:34,000
Society, a conversation flowed 
freely differences were bridge 

1866
01:40:34,000 --> 01:40:37,900
by Civility and a new rational. 
France was imagined in talk long

1867
01:40:37,900 --> 01:40:40,400
before it existed. 
In fact, by the middle of the 

1868
01:40:40,408 --> 01:40:43,400
18th century, the written word 
in France was undergoing an 

1869
01:40:43,400 --> 01:40:47,200
explosive proliferation and 
bustling Parisian print, shops 

1870
01:40:47,200 --> 01:40:49,600
and secret presses hidden in 
attics or across. 

1871
01:40:49,600 --> 01:40:53,200
The border, printers turned out 
mountains of paper books, 

1872
01:40:53,200 --> 01:40:57,600
pamphlets journals broadside an 
insatiable reading public had 

1873
01:40:57,600 --> 01:41:01,400
Arisen Hungary for everything 
from scandalous verse to Serious

1874
01:41:01,400 --> 01:41:04,900
treatises on philosophy, 
Statistics tell part of the 

1875
01:41:04,900 --> 01:41:08,100
story by the 1780s. 
Literacy had risen markedly 

1876
01:41:08,100 --> 01:41:11,900
roughly half of French men and a
quarter of women could read 

1877
01:41:11,900 --> 01:41:14,300
almost double the rates from a 
century earlier. 

1878
01:41:15,000 --> 01:41:17,400
More people reading meant more 
demand for reading material, 

1879
01:41:17,400 --> 01:41:20,500
where the state or the church 
tried to censor or limit that 

1880
01:41:20,500 --> 01:41:23,500
material enterprising Publishers
found ways to supply it. 

1881
01:41:23,500 --> 01:41:27,300
Regardless a veritable 
underground press emerged and 

1882
01:41:27,300 --> 01:41:30,100
with it, a new kind of 
intellectual Warrior, the hack 

1883
01:41:30,100 --> 01:41:32,200
writer and the clandestine 
Bookseller. 

1884
01:41:32,900 --> 01:41:35,600
Together, they would spread 
enlightenment ideas to every 

1885
01:41:35,600 --> 01:41:38,300
corner of France even as 
authorities scrambled to stem 

1886
01:41:38,300 --> 01:41:41,100
the tide. 
Officially the French Crown 

1887
01:41:41,100 --> 01:41:44,200
maintained strict censorship. 
All books were supposed to be a 

1888
01:41:44,208 --> 01:41:47,300
royal senses and carry the 
sensors name. 

1889
01:41:47,300 --> 01:41:51,400
Hundreds of titles were outright
banned, the Catholic Church 

1890
01:41:51,400 --> 01:41:54,600
through the sorbonne faculty and
the infamous index of Libra and 

1891
01:41:54,600 --> 01:41:56,900
prohibitorum index of prohibited
books. 

1892
01:41:56,900 --> 01:42:00,000
Also condemned Works deemed 
heretical or immoral 

1893
01:42:00,800 --> 01:42:03,700
Punishments, for legal printing,
could be severe fines 

1894
01:42:03,700 --> 01:42:06,300
imprisonment, even The Gallows 
for Peter fenders. 

1895
01:42:06,300 --> 01:42:10,800
But by the 1770s in forcement 
was increasingly like plugging 

1896
01:42:10,800 --> 01:42:14,200
holes in a sieve, the appetite 
for new ideas was too strong and

1897
01:42:14,200 --> 01:42:17,000
the profits to be made from 
satisfying it to tempting. 

1898
01:42:17,800 --> 01:42:20,700
Smugglers, carried, forbidden 
books into France By The Crate. 

1899
01:42:20,700 --> 01:42:24,400
Stashing them in false bottom 
wagons or floating them down 

1900
01:42:24,400 --> 01:42:27,200
Rivers at night. 
It was said that in some 

1901
01:42:27,200 --> 01:42:31,100
Frontier towns, nearly every 
Customs officer could be bribed.

1902
01:42:31,100 --> 01:42:36,200
Meanwhile, within France, pirate
printers secretly duplicated. 

1903
01:42:36,200 --> 01:42:39,300
Popular Works without permission
one way or another. 

1904
01:42:39,300 --> 01:42:43,200
What was officially banned often
ended up widely read A few 

1905
01:42:43,208 --> 01:42:46,900
examples illustrate, the cat and
mouse game of publishing in 

1906
01:42:46,900 --> 01:42:49,200
1759. 
The Monumental project of the 

1907
01:42:49,200 --> 01:42:51,600
encyclopedie. 
The great Encyclopedia of 

1908
01:42:51,608 --> 01:42:56,100
science is arts and trades, 
edited by Denny diro was baned 

1909
01:42:56,100 --> 01:42:58,300
by King Louis. 
The 15th, after the first seven 

1910
01:42:58,300 --> 01:43:01,400
volumes under pressure from 
church authorities who found its

1911
01:43:01,400 --> 01:43:04,800
articles to Empires, but Dido 
did not abandon it. 

1912
01:43:04,800 --> 01:43:08,200
Thanks to sympathetic, insiders,
not least, the enlightened sense

1913
01:43:08,200 --> 01:43:10,800
of Melcher. 
Dido continued the work in 

1914
01:43:10,800 --> 01:43:14,500
secret finishing. 10 more volume
of Articles and plates under a 

1915
01:43:14,500 --> 01:43:18,400
false imprint in Switzerland. 
Fiscally the encyclopedia was 

1916
01:43:18,400 --> 01:43:20,500
suppressed in reality 
subscribers. 

1917
01:43:20,500 --> 01:43:24,800
Received the remaining volumes 
clandestinely by 1765 as one 

1918
01:43:24,800 --> 01:43:27,300
contemporary quit. 
The authorities had winked at 

1919
01:43:27,300 --> 01:43:30,400
the Enterprise, a pretended to 
shut it down to appease the 

1920
01:43:30,408 --> 01:43:33,200
church, but turned a blind eye 
to its continued existence 

1921
01:43:33,200 --> 01:43:35,700
because it employed hundreds of 
workers and had powerful 

1922
01:43:35,700 --> 01:43:39,300
supporters. 
This delicate dance, ban in name

1923
01:43:39,300 --> 01:43:42,700
tolerating practice. 
Typified the later old regimes 

1924
01:43:42,700 --> 01:43:48,800
LAX censorship. 
By 1780 stood complete at 35 

1925
01:43:48,800 --> 01:43:52,500
volumes and astonishing Trove of
Enlightenment knowledge made 

1926
01:43:52,500 --> 01:43:56,400
available to the public despite 
all edicts to the contrary, in 

1927
01:43:56,400 --> 01:44:00,600
addition to the encyclopedie 
Geneva, Amsterdam London and the

1928
01:44:00,608 --> 01:44:04,200
Rhineland produced illicit 
literature. scholars believe 

1929
01:44:04,200 --> 01:44:07,300
that around 600 prohibited 
books, circulated in France 

1930
01:44:07,300 --> 01:44:10,600
before the Revolution these 
included philosophical books, 

1931
01:44:10,600 --> 01:44:14,700
scarletts, political pamphlets 
and censored novels According to

1932
01:44:14,700 --> 01:44:18,600
historian Robertson several were
forbidden best sellers books to 

1933
01:44:18,600 --> 01:44:20,400
Filthy or seditious for the 
sensors. 

1934
01:44:20,400 --> 01:44:24,300
But eagerly, read by everyone 
who could Russo's Emil on 

1935
01:44:24,300 --> 01:44:27,400
education and the social 
contract were prohibited in 

1936
01:44:27,400 --> 01:44:31,100
1762, the pirated volume 
sprayed, and made him famous. 

1937
01:44:32,100 --> 01:44:35,600
Seen leaflets criticizing the 
Royal Family's morals and crazy 

1938
01:44:35,600 --> 01:44:37,100
stories. 
About the king's ministers. 

1939
01:44:37,100 --> 01:44:40,300
Were other underground, 
bestsellers grub Street, 

1940
01:44:40,300 --> 01:44:43,000
writers, hack authors living 
hand to mouth in Paris. 

1941
01:44:43,008 --> 01:44:45,800
Who wrote, Whatever sold 
specialized in LaBelle's 

1942
01:44:45,800 --> 01:44:49,500
libelous pamphlets to get money.
Such writers, might mock the 

1943
01:44:49,500 --> 01:44:52,800
king's mistress, one week, 
compose, a natural rights track 

1944
01:44:52,800 --> 01:44:54,700
to the next, and spy for the 
police. 

1945
01:44:54,700 --> 01:44:57,700
The next Voltaire and diderot. 
Mocked this literary. 

1946
01:44:57,700 --> 01:45:01,000
Underworld Voltaire called hack 
writers things, ironically 

1947
01:45:01,000 --> 01:45:04,300
radical ideas, sometimes spread 
through these less recognized 

1948
01:45:04,300 --> 01:45:07,700
venues the hackers hungry and 
alienated from the previous 

1949
01:45:07,700 --> 01:45:10,400
regime, hated Authority and fuel
the revolution. 

1950
01:45:11,600 --> 01:45:15,200
Prince circulation is immense. 
A recent police, inventory of a 

1951
01:45:15,200 --> 01:45:18,400
seized bookstore or the 
Bastille's confiscated shipment,

1952
01:45:18,400 --> 01:45:20,500
documents shows, thousands of 
illegal books. 

1953
01:45:21,200 --> 01:45:25,600
Popularly legal titles have been
published many times in the 70s,

1954
01:45:25,600 --> 01:45:29,800
the Swiss underground publisher,
Societe graphic, no shuttle 

1955
01:45:29,800 --> 01:45:32,200
transported. 
Tens of thousands of volumes 

1956
01:45:32,200 --> 01:45:35,400
into France from voltaire's 
philosophical fables to 

1957
01:45:35,400 --> 01:45:42,100
prohibited novels, By 1796 200 
volumes of the Forbidden 

1958
01:45:42,100 --> 01:45:46,200
anti-colonial work, history of 
the two Indies 1770 surface. 

1959
01:45:47,100 --> 01:45:49,800
I'll be right now is history of 
the two Indies which boldly 

1960
01:45:49,800 --> 01:45:52,500
denounced slavery and tyranny 
was banned by the French 

1961
01:45:52,500 --> 01:45:55,800
government and exiled, while the
clergy despised him as one of 

1962
01:45:55,808 --> 01:45:58,900
the most seditious writers, 
which only peaked reader's 

1963
01:45:58,900 --> 01:46:01,800
interest. 
Despite the Embargo, the book 

1964
01:46:01,800 --> 01:46:05,000
was a bestseller and influenced 
American colonists with its 

1965
01:46:05,000 --> 01:46:08,900
human rights advocacy. 
Paradox of French Enlightenment.

1966
01:46:08,900 --> 01:46:11,900
Publishing was that repression, 
often increased a Works, Fame 

1967
01:46:11,900 --> 01:46:14,800
and audience, reading 
revolutions spread outside. 

1968
01:46:14,800 --> 01:46:18,200
The capitol provincial cities 
developed lending, libraries and

1969
01:46:18,200 --> 01:46:21,400
reading societies where members 
pulled funds to buy books and 

1970
01:46:21,400 --> 01:46:24,200
newspapers under the watchful of
a suspicious bishop or 

1971
01:46:24,200 --> 01:46:27,400
magistrate literature was 
available to many residents and 

1972
01:46:27,400 --> 01:46:31,500
artists by the 7080. 
Budget friendly biblio Tech Blue

1973
01:46:31,500 --> 01:46:35,300
Book simplified in lightning and
ideals fairy tales and practical

1974
01:46:35,300 --> 01:46:38,400
information Peddlers, sold, 
chapbooks, and local market 

1975
01:46:38,400 --> 01:46:42,900
places spreading new ideas. 
In a peasant may hear a hot 

1976
01:46:42,900 --> 01:46:45,800
story about the king's mistress 
or a Voltaire joke. 

1977
01:46:45,800 --> 01:46:48,200
Of course not. 
Everyone liked this print to 

1978
01:46:48,200 --> 01:46:51,500
luge conservative voices, argued
that excessive reading a 

1979
01:46:51,500 --> 01:46:53,500
specialty. 
Forbidden materials was 

1980
01:46:53,500 --> 01:46:56,800
corrupting, Ordinary People one 
booklet at a time. 

1981
01:46:56,800 --> 01:46:58,800
Some worries that Authority was 
losing respect. 

1982
01:46:58,800 --> 01:47:03,600
They were partly, right? 
Before 1789 printed words, 

1983
01:47:03,600 --> 01:47:05,100
affected for French public 
opinion. 

1984
01:47:05,100 --> 01:47:08,300
Pamphlet, Avalanche swayed 
public opinion after 

1985
01:47:08,300 --> 01:47:11,900
high-profile scandals or trials 
like the diamond necklace 

1986
01:47:11,900 --> 01:47:16,500
Affair. 1785 involving Queen 
Marie Antoinette, Enlightenment,

1987
01:47:16,500 --> 01:47:18,300
authors and form an influence, 
public opinion. 

1988
01:47:18,300 --> 01:47:21,300
They thought education and 
critical thinking could improve 

1989
01:47:21,300 --> 01:47:24,300
Society. 
It worked, but it also fueled 

1990
01:47:24,300 --> 01:47:26,700
high expectations and simmering 
discontent. 

1991
01:47:27,500 --> 01:47:30,508
A Parisian kiosk sold, a cheap 
Russo, leaflet on the eve of the

1992
01:47:30,516 --> 01:47:33,600
Revolution, stating man is Born 
Free and everywhere. 

1993
01:47:33,600 --> 01:47:37,700
He is in Chains, the body song, 
mocking the fat Archbishop or a 

1994
01:47:37,700 --> 01:47:40,200
broadsheet, celebrating 
America's successful Uprising 

1995
01:47:40,200 --> 01:47:43,700
against its ruler of available 
rights, Liberty and equality 

1996
01:47:43,700 --> 01:47:46,900
formerly discussed in salons, 
have permeated common 

1997
01:47:46,900 --> 01:47:49,900
consciousness. 
The future was printed on legal 

1998
01:47:49,900 --> 01:47:53,000
and unlawful presses. 
Despite their efforts, the old 

1999
01:47:53,000 --> 01:47:54,700
orders Guardians could not 
unprinted. 

2000
01:47:56,000 --> 01:47:58,300
The clatter of the printer's 
type and the rustle of secretly 

2001
01:47:58,300 --> 01:48:01,600
turned Pages, shook her changing
France in a modest Paris 

2002
01:48:01,600 --> 01:48:05,500
apartment in the 1750s, two 
brilliant, men, sit exchanging 

2003
01:48:05,500 --> 01:48:09,200
letters, not amicably, but as 
Rivals locked in intellectual 

2004
01:48:09,200 --> 01:48:12,700
combat. 
On one side is Voltaire, the 

2005
01:48:12,700 --> 01:48:16,900
most famous wit of the age. 
Now in his 60s polished, a bane,

2006
01:48:16,900 --> 01:48:21,800
a skeptic who relishes skewering
Folly on the other Jean-Jacques,

2007
01:48:21,800 --> 01:48:26,800
Rousseau two decades younger. 
Intensely Earnest a loner, who 

2008
01:48:26,800 --> 01:48:29,100
distrust, the very Society 
Voltaire. 

2009
01:48:29,100 --> 01:48:32,500
So enjoys, they rarely meet in 
person, but across miles, they 

2010
01:48:32,500 --> 01:48:35,700
trade barbs in print. 
Upon reading Rousseau's latest 

2011
01:48:35,700 --> 01:48:39,000
work Voltaire cannot resist 
sending a withering reply. 

2012
01:48:39,800 --> 01:48:42,900
I have received sir your new 
book against the human species 

2013
01:48:42,900 --> 01:48:47,000
and I thank you for it for tear 
rights with biting sarcasm. 

2014
01:48:47,000 --> 01:48:50,700
No one has ever employed. 
So much intelligence to make us 

2015
01:48:50,700 --> 01:48:53,700
all stupid. 
Reading your book, inspires, a 

2016
01:48:53,700 --> 01:48:57,100
strong desire to take action, 
his words, drip, with mock, 

2017
01:48:57,100 --> 01:49:00,500
praise Russo's idealization of 
primitive, man. 

2018
01:49:00,500 --> 01:49:03,700
Voltaire implies is absurd, 
civilization. 

2019
01:49:03,700 --> 01:49:06,500
May be flawed, but its far 
better than the Savage Life 

2020
01:49:06,500 --> 01:49:09,100
Rousseau. 
Extols his famous quip that 

2021
01:49:09,100 --> 01:49:13,300
Russo's philosophy is to make a 
man want to become a beast, a 

2022
01:49:13,300 --> 01:49:16,800
pitis, the clash between two 
towering Enlightenment thinkers,

2023
01:49:16,800 --> 01:49:20,400
whose visions of human nature 
and Society will Worlds Apart. 

2024
01:49:20,400 --> 01:49:24,200
He Enlightenment was not a 
singular entity, rather it 

2025
01:49:24,200 --> 01:49:27,800
represented a multitude of 
diverse perspectives frequently 

2026
01:49:27,800 --> 01:49:32,400
engaged in intense debate. 
Voltaire and Russo's rivalry as 

2027
01:49:32,400 --> 01:49:36,300
legendary Voltaire championed. 
Reason science and a certain 

2028
01:49:36,300 --> 01:49:39,500
Cosmopolitan elitism. 
He believed in lightened 

2029
01:49:39,500 --> 01:49:42,400
monarchs ideally, advised by 
philosophers, like himself, 

2030
01:49:42,400 --> 01:49:46,900
could gradually improve Society.
Religion to Voltaire was useful 

2031
01:49:46,900 --> 01:49:51,100
as a social glue that needed 
purging of superstition ecrase. 

2032
01:49:51,100 --> 01:49:55,000
Len, fam, crushed. 
The infamous thing a fanaticism,

2033
01:49:55,000 --> 01:49:59,000
he would famously declare of the
churches abuses Russo. 

2034
01:49:59,000 --> 01:50:01,900
By contrast distrusted, the 
pretensions of polite Society. 

2035
01:50:01,900 --> 01:50:05,400
He thought civilization had 
corrupted man's originally, good

2036
01:50:05,400 --> 01:50:08,100
nature in works like discourse 
on inequality. 

2037
01:50:08,100 --> 01:50:12,500
He argued that Arts and Sciences
had led not to progress, but to 

2038
01:50:12,500 --> 01:50:16,000
vanity, and oppression, his 
ideal was a simpler life in 

2039
01:50:16,000 --> 01:50:19,000
harmony with nature and a 
political Community Based on 

2040
01:50:19,000 --> 01:50:21,400
genuine. 
Equality, and the general will 

2041
01:50:21,400 --> 01:50:23,200
of the people. 
As he later, outlined in the 

2042
01:50:23,200 --> 01:50:27,000
social contract to Voltaire, the
idea sounded naive at best 

2043
01:50:27,000 --> 01:50:31,600
dangerous at worst, their 
corresponded courteously, but 

2044
01:50:31,600 --> 01:50:35,300
soured over time. 
After the devastating Lisbon 

2045
01:50:35,300 --> 01:50:38,900
earthquake of 1755 Voltaire 
wrote a poem questioning 

2046
01:50:38,900 --> 01:50:41,500
Providence. 
How could a just God Slaughter 

2047
01:50:41,500 --> 01:50:45,000
Innocents? 
Rousseau oddly rebuked Voltaire.

2048
01:50:45,000 --> 01:50:48,100
Saying, people should not 
question God's plan and that if 

2049
01:50:48,100 --> 01:50:51,200
men didn't live packed in 
cities, the Quake would do less 

2050
01:50:51,200 --> 01:50:54,000
harm. 
Voltaire privately scoffed that 

2051
01:50:54,008 --> 01:50:56,100
Rousseau wanted to send mankind 
backwards. 

2052
01:50:56,100 --> 01:51:00,100
One Longs in reading your book 
to walk on all fours, he jeered,

2053
01:51:00,100 --> 01:51:03,800
stung, by Russo's critique. 
Rousseau for his part, grew 

2054
01:51:03,800 --> 01:51:06,600
increasingly convinced that 
Voltaire and his Clique were 

2055
01:51:06,600 --> 01:51:09,400
conspiring against him. 
Mocking him behind his back. 

2056
01:51:10,500 --> 01:51:14,100
By the 70s, their relationship 
had fractured complete Rousseau,

2057
01:51:14,100 --> 01:51:17,400
even refused voltaire's offer of
Refuge when Russo's arrest. 

2058
01:51:17,400 --> 01:51:21,700
The Volta Rousseau split was not
just personalized, a deeper 

2059
01:51:21,700 --> 01:51:23,500
Divergence in Enlightenment 
thought. 

2060
01:51:24,200 --> 01:51:27,600
Volta stood for the party of 
Reason progressed through 

2061
01:51:27,600 --> 01:51:32,000
enlightened Authority and sharp.
Criticism of traditional Russo 

2062
01:51:32,000 --> 01:51:35,100
became the voice of the party of
feeling valuing, emotional 

2063
01:51:35,100 --> 01:51:38,200
authenticity, and the wisdom of 
the Common Man over the Polished

2064
01:51:38,200 --> 01:51:43,000
salon, sophistic of their Coral,
highlighted contradictions, the 

2065
01:51:43,000 --> 01:51:46,400
enlightenment celebrated reason 
yet Rousseau accused reasons 

2066
01:51:46,400 --> 01:51:48,000
Apostles of being cold and 
elitist. 

2067
01:51:48,000 --> 01:51:51,500
It preached a quality, it 
Voltaire privately disdained the

2068
01:51:51,508 --> 01:51:54,700
uneducated masses and preferred 
benevolent despacito to 

2069
01:51:54,700 --> 01:51:57,600
democracy. 
In their ways, each was 

2070
01:51:57,600 --> 01:52:00,900
prophetic Voltaire of the 
liberal secular values that 

2071
01:52:00,900 --> 01:52:04,600
would shape modern Europe Russo 
of the Romantic Democratic and 

2072
01:52:04,600 --> 01:52:06,800
even revolutionary currents that
would soon erupt. 

2073
01:52:07,700 --> 01:52:10,400
It's fitting that both men died 
in 1778. 

2074
01:52:10,400 --> 01:52:14,400
A decade before the Revolution 
almost as if fate meant to clear

2075
01:52:14,400 --> 01:52:16,800
the stage for the drama to come 
Beyond this. 

2076
01:52:16,800 --> 01:52:20,200
Famous Duo, Enlightenment was 
Rife with intellectual rivalries

2077
01:52:20,200 --> 01:52:23,300
and collaborations diderot and 
Dalembert co-editors of the 

2078
01:52:23,300 --> 01:52:27,100
encyclopedie had their share of 
squabbles dalomba quit the 

2079
01:52:27,100 --> 01:52:31,200
project in frustration in 1759 
leaving Dido to slog through the

2080
01:52:31,200 --> 01:52:35,200
remaining volumes largely alone.
Did hero also fell out bitterly 

2081
01:52:35,200 --> 01:52:37,500
with Rousseau who had once been 
his close friend. 

2082
01:52:38,800 --> 01:52:41,600
Diro and beroende holbach 
welcomed Russo as a kindred 

2083
01:52:41,600 --> 01:52:45,300
spirit in the 1740s. 
But as Russo's ideas, diverged 

2084
01:52:45,300 --> 01:52:48,100
in his paranoia grew, and he 
came to believe did hero had 

2085
01:52:48,100 --> 01:52:50,200
portrayed him negatively in a 
satirical play. 

2086
01:52:51,000 --> 01:52:53,700
Their friendship collapsed, 
illustrating her personal 

2087
01:52:53,700 --> 01:52:56,100
slights could fracture, even 
those working for the same. 

2088
01:52:56,100 --> 01:52:59,600
Broad Kors. 
Meanwhile, Baron holbach, host 

2089
01:52:59,600 --> 01:53:03,200
of a famously irreverence Salon 
of atheists published the system

2090
01:53:03,200 --> 01:53:07,400
of nature 1770 a book denying, 
the existence of God outright 

2091
01:53:08,300 --> 01:53:12,000
This extreme materialism alarmed
even Voltaire who attacked 

2092
01:53:12,000 --> 01:53:14,400
holbox atheism. 
As fanatical in its own way, 

2093
01:53:14,400 --> 01:53:17,300
Voltaire believed Society needed
belief in God. 

2094
01:53:17,300 --> 01:53:20,700
As a moral Bedrock, if God did 
not exist, it would be necessary

2095
01:53:20,700 --> 01:53:24,100
to invent him and equipped 
holbach and diderot. 

2096
01:53:24,100 --> 01:53:27,400
However, privately ridiculed 
voltaire's, deism as a lack of 

2097
01:53:27,408 --> 01:53:31,000
nerve to them reason pointed to 
a universe without need of a 

2098
01:53:31,000 --> 01:53:35,000
Divine being Thus, even among 
Phyllis Hoffs United against the

2099
01:53:35,000 --> 01:53:37,500
church's tyranny. 
There were deep fractures about 

2100
01:53:37,500 --> 01:53:41,200
religions role. 
Another poignant Clash involved,

2101
01:53:41,200 --> 01:53:44,500
Montesquieu and Rousseau 
political Theory montesquieu's, 

2102
01:53:44,500 --> 01:53:48,400
the spirit of the laws. 1748 
argued for a balanced 

2103
01:53:48,400 --> 01:53:52,600
Constitution, like Britain's 
with powers separated among King

2104
01:53:52,600 --> 01:53:56,200
Parliament, and courts and 
moderate Vision to prevent 

2105
01:53:56,200 --> 01:54:00,400
despotism. 
Russo's social contract 1762 

2106
01:54:00,400 --> 01:54:04,800
dismissed montesquieu's model as
two aristocratic instead 

2107
01:54:04,800 --> 01:54:08,300
Rousseau envisioned a republic. 
So egalitarian that in theory 

2108
01:54:08,300 --> 01:54:13,000
everyone would obey laws they 
themselves willed Voltaire found

2109
01:54:13,000 --> 01:54:15,900
Rousseau's political ideas, as 
impractical as his primitivism 

2110
01:54:15,900 --> 01:54:19,100
equipped. 
That Russo's ideal Republic was 

2111
01:54:19,100 --> 01:54:22,900
a city of ghosts and indeed 
Rousseau's notion that citizens 

2112
01:54:22,900 --> 01:54:26,200
be forced to be free. 
If they violate the general will

2113
01:54:26,200 --> 01:54:28,800
would trouble critics for his 
potential for tyranny. 

2114
01:54:29,600 --> 01:54:32,000
Yet these quarrels were not 
destructive in the long run 

2115
01:54:32,000 --> 01:54:35,000
rather, they enriched the 
enlightenment's Legacy by 

2116
01:54:35,000 --> 01:54:38,000
presenting contrasting ideas. 
That later generations could 

2117
01:54:38,000 --> 01:54:40,700
draw upon in the salons and 
imprint. 

2118
01:54:40,700 --> 01:54:43,900
I have a philosophy might 
Lampoon each other but they also

2119
01:54:43,900 --> 01:54:47,300
all contributed to the head to a
broader movement questioning the

2120
01:54:47,300 --> 01:54:51,500
status quo Occasionally, the 
debates, got personal and nasty 

2121
01:54:51,500 --> 01:54:53,600
pamphlets full of character, 
assassination. 

2122
01:54:53,600 --> 01:54:56,700
Flew about. 
Voltaire was a master of The 

2123
01:54:56,700 --> 01:54:58,900
Artful insult, When A pompous 
critic. 

2124
01:54:58,900 --> 01:55:02,300
The Abbey de Fontaine attacked 
him Voltaire retaliated by 

2125
01:55:02,300 --> 01:55:04,800
portraying defontes as a 
criminal and a full in a biting 

2126
01:55:04,800 --> 01:55:09,400
satire, effectively, destroying 
the man's reputation Rousseau 

2127
01:55:09,400 --> 01:55:11,200
two lashed out in his late 
years. 

2128
01:55:12,400 --> 01:55:14,600
He wrote withering letters, 
accusing former friends of 

2129
01:55:14,608 --> 01:55:17,200
treachery. 
Still, these human dramas had 

2130
01:55:17,200 --> 01:55:20,900
larger consequences, the sharp 
exchanges clarified differences.

2131
01:55:20,900 --> 01:55:23,200
And thought, what was the best 
form of government? 

2132
01:55:23,200 --> 01:55:26,900
The true foundation of morality 
what is the role of religion? 

2133
01:55:28,000 --> 01:55:31,100
Through argument the philosophy,
refined their positions by the 

2134
01:55:31,100 --> 01:55:33,400
70s. 
The new generation was emerging 

2135
01:55:33,400 --> 01:55:36,500
too figures. 
Like Condor SE a mathematician 

2136
01:55:36,500 --> 01:55:39,600
and protege of Delon bare 
admired, both Voltaire, and 

2137
01:55:39,608 --> 01:55:42,300
Rousseau trying to synthesize 
Enlightenment ideals with 

2138
01:55:42,300 --> 01:55:45,800
practical reforms, Condor set 
would advocate for the abolition

2139
01:55:45,800 --> 01:55:48,800
of slavery and women's rights. 
Pushing the enlightenment 

2140
01:55:48,800 --> 01:55:51,700
egalitarian logic further than 
his predecessors dead. 

2141
01:55:51,700 --> 01:55:55,400
Meanwhile, the Rifts among the 
older Philippines, Prestige 

2142
01:55:55,400 --> 01:55:58,800
splits in the coming Revolution.
Aristocratic liberals versus 

2143
01:55:58,800 --> 01:56:02,400
radical Democrats. 
Deists vs atheists and 

2144
01:56:02,400 --> 01:56:06,100
pragmatists vs idealists. 
He Enlightenment was not one 

2145
01:56:06,100 --> 01:56:09,300
son, but a constellation with 
Voltaire and Rousseau as two 

2146
01:56:09,300 --> 01:56:11,300
Bright Stars often in Eclipse of
each other. 

2147
01:56:11,300 --> 01:56:15,000
Their clashes bitter though they
were gave the era much of its 

2148
01:56:15,000 --> 01:56:18,000
dynamism. 
The salon gossip about Voltaire 

2149
01:56:18,000 --> 01:56:20,300
versus Rousseau was the talk of 
intellectual Europe. 

2150
01:56:20,300 --> 01:56:23,500
Interestingly, when both 
Rousseau and Voltaire passed 

2151
01:56:23,500 --> 01:56:27,800
away in 1778, they received 
brief eulogies as if they had 

2152
01:56:27,800 --> 01:56:31,300
been complimentary Heroes. 
Within a few years, the French 

2153
01:56:31,300 --> 01:56:33,900
Revolution would enshrine them 
by in Turing. 

2154
01:56:33,900 --> 01:56:37,400
Both their ashes in the pantie, 
on in Paris Voltaire. 

2155
01:56:37,400 --> 01:56:41,300
And 1791, Rousseau and 94. 
Symbolically reconciling the two

2156
01:56:41,300 --> 01:56:44,300
in the Republic of posterity, 
France. 

2157
01:56:44,300 --> 01:56:46,500
It turned out would need both 
voltaire's razor wit and 

2158
01:56:46,500 --> 01:56:49,400
Rousseau's passionate Cry For 
Freedom as it hurtled toward a 

2159
01:56:49,400 --> 01:56:51,300
new age. 
The Palace of Versailles 

2160
01:56:51,300 --> 01:56:55,100
Courtyard was packed on a sunny 
September afternoon and 1783 

2161
01:56:55,100 --> 01:56:59,000
with eyes fixed on the sky. 
To provincial Brothers, the 

2162
01:56:59,000 --> 01:57:01,900
montgolfier brothers were to 
attempt the first hot air 

2163
01:57:01,900 --> 01:57:04,100
balloon flight by the living 
creatures in front of King 

2164
01:57:04,100 --> 01:57:06,700
Louis, the 16th and queen Marie 
Antoinette. 

2165
01:57:07,800 --> 01:57:10,500
Sheep duck and rooster were 
placed into a wicker basket 

2166
01:57:10,500 --> 01:57:12,600
under a tougher to balloon at 
the sound of a Canon. 

2167
01:57:12,600 --> 01:57:15,200
A second cannon, fire announced 
release. 

2168
01:57:16,500 --> 01:57:20,100
As the balloon gracefully climb,
600 meters. 10 of thousands of 

2169
01:57:20,100 --> 01:57:22,800
people gasped. 
It carried its Barnyard, 

2170
01:57:22,800 --> 01:57:24,800
aeronauts through the heavens 
for 8 minutes. 

2171
01:57:24,800 --> 01:57:28,600
Royal, biologists quickly, 
examined the animals which were 

2172
01:57:28,600 --> 01:57:32,300
alive and eating hay after it 
softly landed, a few kilometers 

2173
01:57:32,300 --> 01:57:34,000
away. 
The audience applauded. 

2174
01:57:34,000 --> 01:57:38,100
The King was thrilled will be at
the inventors deathly of voided 

2175
01:57:38,100 --> 01:57:41,800
his suggestion to use convicted 
felons as test passengers more 

2176
01:57:41,800 --> 01:57:44,400
than the newsman. 
This balloon flight symbolized, 

2177
01:57:44,400 --> 01:57:47,800
the enlightenment's faith in 
science and reason to expand the

2178
01:57:47,800 --> 01:57:52,100
conceivable that moment even the
ancient dream of flight seem 

2179
01:57:52,100 --> 01:57:55,300
possible Ingenuity and 
experimentation had turned 

2180
01:57:55,300 --> 01:57:59,100
imagination into reality before 
the French public French 

2181
01:57:59,100 --> 01:58:02,200
Enlightenment science, provided 
daily life and great politics 

2182
01:58:02,200 --> 01:58:05,200
savants. 
Learned men and a few women who 

2183
01:58:05,200 --> 01:58:08,500
passionately studied, nature 
Rose in the 18th century. 

2184
01:58:08,500 --> 01:58:12,600
They studied chemistry anatomy, 
botany astronomy, and electrical

2185
01:58:12,600 --> 01:58:16,100
importantly, they sought 
practical social reforms. 

2186
01:58:16,100 --> 01:58:19,400
The former Royal Academy of 
Sciences in Paris was full of 

2187
01:58:19,408 --> 01:58:22,800
experiments and one of waza-air,
a rich Parisian tax. 

2188
01:58:22,800 --> 01:58:26,000
Officer who loved chemistry 
discovered Oxygen's role in 

2189
01:58:26,008 --> 01:58:29,400
combustion and established the 
idea of mass conservation. 

2190
01:58:30,400 --> 01:58:33,700
Lavoisier and his wife Marie who
illustrated and took notes 

2191
01:58:33,700 --> 01:58:37,000
measured gases and metals with 
astonishing Precision in their 

2192
01:58:37,000 --> 01:58:40,600
home laboratory, he proved that 
rusting metal games wait by 

2193
01:58:40,600 --> 01:58:44,800
mixing with Airborne oxygen 
disproving the flagship idea. 

2194
01:58:45,700 --> 01:58:49,400
Such work paved the way for 
Modern Chemistry was a 

2195
01:58:49,408 --> 01:58:52,100
systematic. 
Empirical enlightening of who 

2196
01:58:52,100 --> 01:58:55,500
felt knowledge should Advance 
Humanity outside the lab. 

2197
01:58:55,500 --> 01:58:58,400
He improved France's gunpowder 
industry, helping the military, 

2198
01:58:58,400 --> 01:59:01,000
an agricultural research to 
boost yields. 

2199
01:59:01,800 --> 01:59:04,800
Science historically clashed 
with religious theology, but by 

2200
01:59:04,800 --> 01:59:07,100
mid-century many clergy were 
fascinated by it. 

2201
01:59:07,900 --> 01:59:10,700
After the Galileo, episode of 
century earlier, the church was 

2202
01:59:10,700 --> 01:59:13,300
cautious. 
Jesuit instructors, in France, 

2203
01:59:13,300 --> 01:59:18,600
adjusted Cartesian a Newtonian 
principles, Still tensions, grew

2204
01:59:18,600 --> 01:59:22,100
in the 1770s. 
The Continuous form, the king's 

2205
01:59:22,100 --> 01:59:24,900
naturalist proposed that the 
world may be far older than the 

2206
01:59:24,900 --> 01:59:29,200
Bible, 6,000 years, paris's, 
faculty of theology forced him, 

2207
01:59:29,200 --> 01:59:32,700
to include a Pious disclaimer in
his book, Enlightenment science 

2208
01:59:32,700 --> 01:59:36,500
favored, natural explanations 
above magical ones, contrary to 

2209
01:59:36,500 --> 01:59:39,500
traditional beliefs. 
Many devout Christians or 

2210
01:59:39,500 --> 01:59:43,300
scientific findings, as proof of
God's laws medicine and public 

2211
01:59:43,300 --> 01:59:45,600
health were where science and 
belief into sected. 

2212
01:59:45,600 --> 01:59:49,600
Most The introduction of 
smallpox inoculation a 

2213
01:59:49,600 --> 01:59:53,100
predecessor to vaccination was 
noteworthy, Millions, including 

2214
01:59:53,100 --> 01:59:56,000
royalty, Bindu, AES, or scarred 
by smallpox. 

2215
01:59:57,100 --> 02:00:00,600
After Louis, the 15th died, 
brutally of smallpox in 1774. 

2216
02:00:00,600 --> 02:00:05,000
The new King Louis, the 16th 
decided to undergo inoculation a

2217
02:00:05,000 --> 02:00:08,700
risky purposeful infection to 
bestow immunity Marie, 

2218
02:00:08,700 --> 02:00:11,200
Antoinette supported it Parisian
Miller's. 

2219
02:00:11,200 --> 02:00:15,100
Produced, the poof Elinor, a 
hairdo with symbols of medicine 

2220
02:00:15,100 --> 02:00:19,100
and victory, a serpent in twined
Rod, Rising Sun for the king, 

2221
02:00:19,100 --> 02:00:22,100
and an olive branch for piece to
commemorate, the Royal 

2222
02:00:22,100 --> 02:00:25,700
inoculation success. 
Fashion and science were linked.

2223
02:00:25,700 --> 02:00:29,500
The poof made inoculation look 
cool and calm public worries. 

2224
02:00:30,400 --> 02:00:32,800
After the monarchy is 
high-profile sponsorship, what 

2225
02:00:32,800 --> 02:00:36,200
many considered a dubious 
possibly impose activity, 

2226
02:00:36,200 --> 02:00:39,600
deliberately infecting, someone 
gained legitimacy? 

2227
02:00:40,700 --> 02:00:44,400
It was the moment when empirical
knowledge inoculation success in

2228
02:00:44,400 --> 02:00:48,700
England and the Ottoman Empire 
Triumph Superstition people's 

2229
02:00:48,700 --> 02:00:52,300
veins were filled with their in 
Enlightenment Notions in latent 

2230
02:00:52,300 --> 02:00:55,000
science influenced common 
devices and advances. 

2231
02:00:55,000 --> 02:00:59,600
The elite enjoyed mechanical and
scientific exhibitions salons 

2232
02:00:59,600 --> 02:01:02,800
had a electrical machines with 
spinning glass globes that 

2233
02:01:02,800 --> 02:01:06,900
generated static electricity 
sparking and raising arm hair. 

2234
02:01:07,800 --> 02:01:10,500
These machines were novelty, but
important research tools. 

2235
02:01:11,400 --> 02:01:13,600
When American scientist, 
Benjamin Franklin showed 

2236
02:01:13,600 --> 02:01:17,100
lightning was electrical by 
harnessing it with a kite Europe

2237
02:01:17,100 --> 02:01:20,000
was enthralled. 
France, copied the experiment. 

2238
02:01:20,000 --> 02:01:23,400
Franklin was a star in Paris as 
a revolutionary diplomatic 

2239
02:01:23,400 --> 02:01:26,700
scientist in his lightning rod 
creation was praised as a reason

2240
02:01:26,700 --> 02:01:30,700
to fence against nature. 
By the 1780s even churches were 

2241
02:01:30,700 --> 02:01:33,700
putting lightning rods. 
Possibly recognizing that saving

2242
02:01:33,700 --> 02:01:35,300
a steeple from blowing up, was 
worth it. 

2243
02:01:36,300 --> 02:01:38,700
Some churchmen first, opposed 
them believe that it was 

2244
02:01:38,700 --> 02:01:41,000
Blasphemous to meddle with the 
artillery of heaven. 

2245
02:01:41,000 --> 02:01:44,600
So science quietly challenged. 
The idea that disasters were 

2246
02:01:44,600 --> 02:01:46,700
divine will by treating them as 
mechanical issues. 

2247
02:01:46,700 --> 02:01:50,000
No subject was too obscure for 
the philosophers to probe 

2248
02:01:50,000 --> 02:01:52,800
Enlightenment thinkers. 
Compared doctors discussions 

2249
02:01:52,800 --> 02:01:55,700
about the hearts to a state's 
circulation of Commerce 

2250
02:01:55,700 --> 02:01:58,300
philosophy. 
Considered classifying human 

2251
02:01:58,300 --> 02:02:00,700
civilizations like naturalistic 
species. 

2252
02:02:00,700 --> 02:02:04,300
The encyclopedia includes many 
scientific articles and images 

2253
02:02:04,300 --> 02:02:07,500
from anatomical, diagrams to 
Windmill Improvement designs 

2254
02:02:07,500 --> 02:02:10,100
aiming to gather and disseminate
a central knowledge. 

2255
02:02:11,200 --> 02:02:14,200
To catalog and communicate. 
Practical information was an 

2256
02:02:14,200 --> 02:02:17,600
Enlightenment ideal knowledge, 
should not be hidden or Guild 

2257
02:02:17,600 --> 02:02:19,600
bound, but shared for the common
good. 

2258
02:02:20,500 --> 02:02:24,300
Deodoro, published on Metallurgy
music theory and other subjects 

2259
02:02:24,300 --> 02:02:27,000
because he believed nature and 
art might liberate minds and 

2260
02:02:27,000 --> 02:02:30,100
enhance life. 
During this era, the state often

2261
02:02:30,100 --> 02:02:33,600
linked scientific development to
its goals, fostering a culture 

2262
02:02:33,600 --> 02:02:37,500
of enlightened absolutism Louis 
the 16th and his ministers 

2263
02:02:37,500 --> 02:02:40,800
wanted to use science to improve
armaments, maps, and 

2264
02:02:40,800 --> 02:02:44,500
agriculture. 
In the 1760s, the French 

2265
02:02:44,500 --> 02:02:47,200
government supported the 
enormous Meridian voyages to 

2266
02:02:47,200 --> 02:02:50,000
estimate, the Earth's form, 
Reflecting Enlightenment 

2267
02:02:50,000 --> 02:02:54,000
curiosity and State pride. 
The Academy of Sciences 

2268
02:02:54,000 --> 02:02:57,200
researched ways to enhance, 
navigation, and chronometers, 

2269
02:02:57,200 --> 02:03:00,700
and gave prizes for practical 
answers, nutritionists like 

2270
02:03:00,700 --> 02:03:04,200
polmanteer staged meals, 
featuring potato dishes to 

2271
02:03:04,200 --> 02:03:08,200
convince aristocracy, it could 
prevent starvation to promote 

2272
02:03:08,200 --> 02:03:11,000
potatoes. 
Polmanteer had a field guarded 

2273
02:03:11,000 --> 02:03:13,200
by troops, but let peasants 
steal from it at night. 

2274
02:03:14,000 --> 02:03:16,500
In urban living, He 
Enlightenment provided New 

2275
02:03:16,500 --> 02:03:18,900
conveniences. 
Paris is likely Street 

2276
02:03:18,900 --> 02:03:22,500
illumination improved, bringing 
Enlightenment, public places 

2277
02:03:22,500 --> 02:03:25,700
like the Jardin Dua. 
Now, Jada plant, offered 

2278
02:03:25,700 --> 02:03:28,800
Botanical Gardens and a small 
Zoo representing. 

2279
02:03:28,800 --> 02:03:31,900
The era's Natural Science, 
curriculum traveling lecturers 

2280
02:03:31,900 --> 02:03:35,500
demonstrated physics 
experiments, such as how an air 

2281
02:03:35,500 --> 02:03:38,100
pump, could smother a bird in a 
vacuum jar, ugly. 

2282
02:03:38,100 --> 02:03:42,600
But a dramatic lesson in air. 
Crowds watched these shows 

2283
02:03:42,600 --> 02:03:45,100
blurred the lines between 
education and spectacle. 

2284
02:03:45,100 --> 02:03:49,900
Science was trendy by the 1780s 
in clubs men debated, the ideas 

2285
02:03:49,900 --> 02:03:53,800
of Newton and Descartes, while 
aristocratic women will small 

2286
02:03:53,800 --> 02:03:57,000
lightning rods as jewelry. 
The Revolutionary idea of 

2287
02:03:57,000 --> 02:04:00,600
rationality, evaluating and 
Engineering Society, also Drew 

2288
02:04:00,600 --> 02:04:03,900
inspiration from science. 
The scientists sought natural 

2289
02:04:03,900 --> 02:04:06,500
rules, philosophers sought 
social laws. 

2290
02:04:07,200 --> 02:04:09,900
Scientists skill in describing 
the world, encourage them to 

2291
02:04:09,908 --> 02:04:12,700
question whether social 
structures like the monarchy 

2292
02:04:12,700 --> 02:04:15,900
church and feudal. 
Privileges were logical or 

2293
02:04:15,900 --> 02:04:18,500
historical accidents. 
Why not redesign a kingdom. 

2294
02:04:18,500 --> 02:04:21,800
If a balloon could fly science, 
wasn't politically neutral. 

2295
02:04:22,500 --> 02:04:25,400
Some Enlightenment servants face
persecution and challenges, 

2296
02:04:25,400 --> 02:04:28,900
revolutionaries denounced 
Lavoisier for being a tax 

2297
02:04:28,900 --> 02:04:32,300
collector in 1794 despite his 
gunpowder and chemistry 

2298
02:04:32,300 --> 02:04:34,500
advances. 
Despite his scientific 

2299
02:04:34,500 --> 02:04:37,600
credentials Lavoisier face 
execution, when the public 

2300
02:04:37,600 --> 02:04:41,200
turned against experts with 
links to the onion regime, the 

2301
02:04:41,200 --> 02:04:42,900
Republic has no need of 
scientists. 

2302
02:04:42,900 --> 02:04:47,600
The judge allegedly declared 
rejecting, Mercy requests, the 

2303
02:04:47,600 --> 02:04:50,500
new Administration returned live
was things to his widow with a 

2304
02:04:50,500 --> 02:04:53,200
note to the Widow of Love 
waza-air who was falsely 

2305
02:04:53,200 --> 02:04:56,700
convicted a year after his 
execution acknowledging, his 

2306
02:04:56,700 --> 02:04:59,000
innocence and genius 
mathematically. 

2307
02:04:59,000 --> 02:05:02,200
Grange mourned, it took them 
only an instant to cut off that 

2308
02:05:02,200 --> 02:05:05,400
head and 100 years may not 
suffice to produce another like 

2309
02:05:05,400 --> 02:05:08,100
it. 
The convergence of Enlightenment

2310
02:05:08,100 --> 02:05:10,500
science and revolutionary 
politics was fragile. 

2311
02:05:11,300 --> 02:05:14,400
Science, permitted Salons, State
policies and Street culture in 

2312
02:05:14,400 --> 02:05:17,700
Enlightenment France, it offered
control over nature and 

2313
02:05:17,700 --> 02:05:21,400
reflected Society. 
People cooked healed traveled, 

2314
02:05:21,400 --> 02:05:23,100
and illuminated their home's 
differently. 

2315
02:05:23,100 --> 02:05:26,200
It also influenced their 
Thinking by encouraging them to 

2316
02:05:26,200 --> 02:05:28,500
believe that empirical 
observation and reason could 

2317
02:05:28,500 --> 02:05:30,700
explain and improve the natural 
and human world. 

2318
02:05:31,600 --> 02:05:34,100
They would put this optimism to 
the test, but it held 

2319
02:05:34,100 --> 02:05:37,400
significant power. 
The montgolfier balloon soaring 

2320
02:05:37,400 --> 02:05:41,500
to cheers at the sighed. 
How knowledge May lift Humanity.

2321
02:05:43,000 --> 02:05:46,500
Once a place of gods and mystery
the sky today hosted, human 

2322
02:05:46,500 --> 02:05:50,600
achievement everything appeared 
possible currently and a social.

2323
02:05:50,608 --> 02:05:54,100
And political revolution was 
about to happen spurred in part 

2324
02:05:54,100 --> 02:05:56,500
by Enlightenment Sciences 
confidence, and inquisitive 

2325
02:05:56,500 --> 02:05:59,400
attitude to lose experience to 
horrible scene. 

2326
02:05:59,400 --> 02:06:01,600
That exemplified the 
enlightenment's fight against 

2327
02:06:01,600 --> 02:06:06,300
Injustice in 1762, the cruel 
wheel punishment, sentenced 

2328
02:06:06,300 --> 02:06:09,000
Protestant, Merchant, Jean 
collected, death, for the murder

2329
02:06:09,000 --> 02:06:11,700
of his son, who was reportedly 
converting to Catholicism. 

2330
02:06:13,400 --> 02:06:16,500
Kalis claimed in a sense, but 
anti-protestant, sentiment 

2331
02:06:16,500 --> 02:06:19,900
decided his fate, he suffered, 
and maintained his innocence 

2332
02:06:19,900 --> 02:06:22,700
until death. 
Voltaire learned about this 

2333
02:06:22,700 --> 02:06:26,200
Injustice and his Fernie house. 
The famous philosopher was 

2334
02:06:26,200 --> 02:06:28,800
outraged. 
I believe it's in, everyone's 

2335
02:06:28,800 --> 02:06:31,500
interest to study this topic, 
which some may consider the 

2336
02:06:31,500 --> 02:06:35,600
apogee of fanaticism Voltaire 
wrote to ignore such a thing as 

2337
02:06:35,600 --> 02:06:39,100
to abandon Humanity. 
Voltaire pursued, classes 

2338
02:06:39,100 --> 02:06:41,800
Vindication and the diligent 
judges prosecution. 

2339
02:06:41,800 --> 02:06:44,500
He wrote to powerful people, 
authored A Treatise on 

2340
02:06:44,500 --> 02:06:48,600
tolerance, 1763 and stirred 
popular support for Religious 

2341
02:06:48,600 --> 02:06:51,200
Freedom. 
After years of struggle 

2342
02:06:51,200 --> 02:06:54,200
Voltaire, succeeded. 
In 1765. 

2343
02:06:54,200 --> 02:06:58,000
The king's Council in Paris, 
overturned, calluses sentence 

2344
02:06:58,000 --> 02:07:01,000
and exonerated. 
Him posthumously this victory of

2345
02:07:01,000 --> 02:07:04,000
Reason over bias was applauded 
by Europe and the age of 

2346
02:07:04,008 --> 02:07:06,300
Voltaire. 
The kalash Scandal proved that 

2347
02:07:06,300 --> 02:07:09,900
the monarchs could be swayed to 
right or wrong and dancing in 

2348
02:07:09,900 --> 02:07:12,700
lightning religious tolerance 
and legislative change 

2349
02:07:12,700 --> 02:07:15,600
voltaire's. 
EClass a line fam crushed. 

2350
02:07:15,600 --> 02:07:20,400
The infamous thing inspired the 
philosophy Superstition, and 

2351
02:07:20,400 --> 02:07:22,700
Priests misuse of authority with
his concerns. 

2352
02:07:22,700 --> 02:07:26,500
Not religion itself. 
Numerous examples in Rage. 

2353
02:07:26,500 --> 02:07:30,800
The philosophy 1766, saw the 
execution of 19 year old 

2354
02:07:30,808 --> 02:07:33,900
Aristocrats of elated for Empire
party. 

2355
02:07:33,900 --> 02:07:36,900
For not removing his hat during 
a religious procession and 

2356
02:07:36,900 --> 02:07:39,400
defacing a crucifix, the 
authorities. 

2357
02:07:39,400 --> 02:07:42,100
Fastened voltaire's 
philosophical dictionary to 

2358
02:07:42,100 --> 02:07:44,900
labar's, Burning Body blaming 
Enlightenment principles for 

2359
02:07:44,900 --> 02:07:48,800
teenager, reverence. 
Voltaire outraged. 

2360
02:07:48,800 --> 02:07:51,800
At labar's execution, wrote 
harshly about the cruelty and 

2361
02:07:51,800 --> 02:07:54,700
stupidity of it. 
These events led philosophies to

2362
02:07:54,700 --> 02:07:57,900
strengthen their attacks on the 
Catholic church and the absolute

2363
02:07:57,900 --> 02:08:01,900
monarchy with its nobility as a 
presses in lighting ideas, held 

2364
02:08:01,900 --> 02:08:05,100
the monarchy and religion 
accountable to reason justice 

2365
02:08:05,100 --> 02:08:09,600
and human rights. 
In the 70s old regime criticism 

2366
02:08:09,600 --> 02:08:12,500
previously, nuanced and 
typically articulated through 

2367
02:08:12,500 --> 02:08:15,100
satire or foreign Tales became 
bolder. 

2368
02:08:16,000 --> 02:08:19,300
Montesquieu questioned, absolute
monarchy by praising England's 

2369
02:08:19,300 --> 02:08:22,500
equilibrium. 
Some went further Russo's social

2370
02:08:22,508 --> 02:08:26,200
contracts 1762 opens with the 
Bold claim. 

2371
02:08:26,200 --> 02:08:31,400
Man is Born Free and everywhere 
he is in Chains attacking Royal 

2372
02:08:31,400 --> 02:08:35,000
and Noble, privileges Rousseau 
believed that sovereignty was 

2373
02:08:35,000 --> 02:08:39,200
with the people that laws should
represent the public will and 

2374
02:08:39,200 --> 02:08:41,300
that aristocratic titles were 
illogical. 

2375
02:08:42,000 --> 02:08:45,000
Secret copies of the band and 
destroyed book disseminated its 

2376
02:08:45,000 --> 02:08:48,300
ideas quickly. 
In later works Dedra focused on 

2377
02:08:48,308 --> 02:08:51,400
colonialism and slavery and 
suggested that a press people 

2378
02:08:51,400 --> 02:08:54,700
should rise up. 
Reynolds did popular history of 

2379
02:08:54,700 --> 02:08:57,800
the two Indies predicts a slave 
Insurrection and the fall of 

2380
02:08:57,808 --> 02:09:02,300
European Authority overseas that
conversation exploded, the 

2381
02:09:02,300 --> 02:09:05,900
French Crown spam does sentences
try to crush it but they merely 

2382
02:09:05,900 --> 02:09:08,400
pushed it underground where it 
became more appealing. 

2383
02:09:08,400 --> 02:09:12,300
Not all in lightening Figures 
were radicals, many favored in 

2384
02:09:12,300 --> 02:09:15,500
lighting despotism, which held 
at a wise and sensible King 

2385
02:09:15,500 --> 02:09:19,100
could reform from Power. 
Voltaire courted, Frederick, the

2386
02:09:19,108 --> 02:09:21,800
great of Prussia and praised 
Emperor, Joseph, the second of 

2387
02:09:21,800 --> 02:09:26,300
Austria for religious toleration
of serfdom Reform, Enlightenment

2388
02:09:26,300 --> 02:09:29,200
influenced, French ministers and
nobility included turgut. 

2389
02:09:29,200 --> 02:09:32,700
Who tried to deregulate grain 
trade and abolish forced labor 

2390
02:09:32,700 --> 02:09:35,300
and the Marketo. 
Condor say who promoted 

2391
02:09:35,300 --> 02:09:38,400
educational and judicial reforms
in aristocratic circles 

2392
02:09:38,400 --> 02:09:43,700
britannica.com britannica.com. 
These men attempted internal 

2393
02:09:43,700 --> 02:09:48,000
system reform in 1780 
mild-mannered, Louis the 16th 

2394
02:09:48,000 --> 02:09:49,800
prohibited torture in 
interrogations. 

2395
02:09:49,800 --> 02:09:53,200
Inspired by kesari. 
Becca's in lightning and essay 

2396
02:09:53,200 --> 02:09:56,800
on crime and punishments by 
providing Protestants civil 

2397
02:09:56,800 --> 02:10:00,300
rights in 1787. 
He advocated immunization and 

2398
02:10:00,300 --> 02:10:03,500
religious tolerance, the 
monarchy often fail to face 

2399
02:10:03,500 --> 02:10:07,300
opposition from existing 
interests, Nobles resisted Turks

2400
02:10:07,300 --> 02:10:10,500
reforms, dismissing him, the 
church leadership, actively 

2401
02:10:10,500 --> 02:10:14,100
opposed privilege reduction. 
French Catholic Church was a key

2402
02:10:14,100 --> 02:10:16,900
and light to Target. 
The church had long ruled 

2403
02:10:16,900 --> 02:10:19,500
education literature and 
dissenters were to immense, 

2404
02:10:19,500 --> 02:10:24,000
great riches philosopher, mostly
Deus or agnostics, denounce 

2405
02:10:24,000 --> 02:10:27,400
Church persecution. 
Voltaire proposed intolerance 

2406
02:10:27,400 --> 02:10:30,000
like the calus Scandal to Humble
the church. 

2407
02:10:31,000 --> 02:10:34,700
Candide, his satirical tale 
attacked religious hypocrisy and

2408
02:10:34,700 --> 02:10:37,200
other flaws. 
In cannibals. 

2409
02:10:37,200 --> 02:10:41,100
D'idro subtly mocked European 
religious communion by comparing

2410
02:10:41,100 --> 02:10:43,900
Pacific Islander Customs to 
European religious communion. 

2411
02:10:44,700 --> 02:10:47,100
Baron holbach system of nature 
atheism. 

2412
02:10:47,100 --> 02:10:50,100
Depicts priests, as deceptive 
characters, who use hell to 

2413
02:10:50,100 --> 02:10:52,500
subjugate people. 
The words were provocative 

2414
02:10:52,500 --> 02:10:55,200
Toulouse. 
Experience to horrible scene. 

2415
02:10:55,200 --> 02:10:57,300
That exemplified the 
enlightenment's fight against 

2416
02:10:57,300 --> 02:11:01,900
Injustice in 1762, the cruel 
wheel punishment, sentenced 

2417
02:11:01,900 --> 02:11:04,800
Protestant Merchant Jean Chester
death, for the murder of his 

2418
02:11:04,800 --> 02:11:07,300
son, who was reportedly 
converting to Catholicism. 

2419
02:11:09,100 --> 02:11:12,100
Calus claimed in a sentence, but
anti-protestant, sentiment 

2420
02:11:12,100 --> 02:11:15,400
decided his fate, he suffered, 
and maintained his innocence 

2421
02:11:15,400 --> 02:11:18,300
until death. 
Voltaire learned about this 

2422
02:11:18,300 --> 02:11:21,800
Injustice in his Fernie house. 
The famous philosopher was 

2423
02:11:21,800 --> 02:11:24,400
outraged. 
I believe it's in, everyone's 

2424
02:11:24,400 --> 02:11:27,100
interest to study this topic, 
which some may consider the 

2425
02:11:27,100 --> 02:11:31,300
apogee of fanaticism Voltaire 
wrote to ignore such a thing as 

2426
02:11:31,300 --> 02:11:34,700
to abandon Humanity. 
Voltaire pursued, classes 

2427
02:11:34,700 --> 02:11:37,400
Vindication and the diligent 
judges prosecution. 

2428
02:11:37,400 --> 02:11:40,100
He wrote to powerful people, 
authored A Treatise on 

2429
02:11:40,108 --> 02:11:44,200
tolerance, 1763 and stirred 
popular support for Religious 

2430
02:11:44,200 --> 02:11:46,800
Freedom. 
After years of struggle 

2431
02:11:46,800 --> 02:11:49,800
Voltaire, succeeded. 
In 1765. 

2432
02:11:49,800 --> 02:11:53,500
The king's Council in Paris, 
overturned, calluses sentence 

2433
02:11:53,500 --> 02:11:56,600
and exonerated. 
Him posthumously this victory of

2434
02:11:56,600 --> 02:11:58,400
Reason. 
Over bias was applauded by 

2435
02:11:58,408 --> 02:12:01,900
Europe and the age of Voltaire, 
the kalash Scandal proved that 

2436
02:12:01,900 --> 02:12:05,400
the monarchs could be swayed to 
right or wrong and advancing 

2437
02:12:05,400 --> 02:12:07,700
Enlightenment, religious 
tolerance, and legislative 

2438
02:12:07,700 --> 02:12:11,100
change voltaire's Echoes a line,
fam, crushed. 

2439
02:12:11,100 --> 02:12:14,700
The infamous thing inspired the 
philosophers, Lydia, Victory 

2440
02:12:14,700 --> 02:12:17,200
Superstition. 
And Priests misuse of authority 

2441
02:12:17,200 --> 02:12:21,700
where his concerns not religion 
itself, numerous examples in 

2442
02:12:21,700 --> 02:12:26,400
Rage, the philosophy 1766, saw 
the execution of 19 year old 

2443
02:12:26,408 --> 02:12:30,400
Aristocrat. 
Chevrolet for not removing his 

2444
02:12:30,400 --> 02:12:33,100
hat during a religious 
procession and defacing a 

2445
02:12:33,100 --> 02:12:35,500
crucifix. 
The Authority's fastened 

2446
02:12:35,500 --> 02:12:38,500
voltaire's philosophical 
dictionary to labar's, Burning, 

2447
02:12:38,500 --> 02:12:41,100
Body blaming Enlightenment 
principles for teenager, 

2448
02:12:41,100 --> 02:12:45,000
reverends. 
Voltaire outraged at lavars 

2449
02:12:45,000 --> 02:12:48,200
execution, wrote harshly about 
the cruelty and stupidity of it.

2450
02:12:48,208 --> 02:12:51,800
These events led philosophies to
strengthen their attacks on the 

2451
02:12:51,800 --> 02:12:55,100
Catholic church and the absolute
monarchy with its nobility as a 

2452
02:12:55,108 --> 02:12:58,600
presses in lightning and ideas. 
Held the monarchy and religion 

2453
02:12:58,600 --> 02:13:01,700
accountable to reason justice 
and human rights. 

2454
02:13:02,900 --> 02:13:07,100
In the 70s old regime criticism 
previously, nuanced and 

2455
02:13:07,100 --> 02:13:10,300
typically articulated through 
satire or foreign Tales became 

2456
02:13:10,300 --> 02:13:13,400
bolder. 
Montesquieu questioned, absolute

2457
02:13:13,400 --> 02:13:15,500
monarchy by praising England's 
equilibrium. 

2458
02:13:16,100 --> 02:13:20,900
Some went further Russo's social
contracts 1762 opens with the 

2459
02:13:20,900 --> 02:13:24,500
Bold claim. 
Man is Born Free and everywhere 

2460
02:13:24,500 --> 02:13:29,300
he is in Chains attacking Royal 
and Noble, privileges Rousseau 

2461
02:13:29,300 --> 02:13:32,800
believed that sovereignty was 
with the people that laws should

2462
02:13:32,800 --> 02:13:36,200
represent the public will and 
that aristocratic titles were 

2463
02:13:36,200 --> 02:13:39,700
illogical secret copies of the 
band and destroyed book 

2464
02:13:39,700 --> 02:13:43,900
disseminated its ideas quickly. 
In later works Dedra focused on 

2465
02:13:43,900 --> 02:13:47,000
colonialism and slavery and 
suggested that a press people 

2466
02:13:47,000 --> 02:13:49,900
should rise up. 
Rain and did Rose popular 

2467
02:13:49,900 --> 02:13:52,500
history of the two Indies 
predicts a slave Insurrection 

2468
02:13:52,500 --> 02:13:55,800
and the fall of European 
Authority overseas that 

2469
02:13:55,800 --> 02:13:58,400
conversation exploded, the 
French Crown. 

2470
02:13:58,400 --> 02:14:01,900
Spam does sense as tried to 
crush it, but they merely pushed

2471
02:14:01,900 --> 02:14:04,000
it underground where it became 
more appealing. 

2472
02:14:04,000 --> 02:14:07,300
Not all in lighting month 
Figures were radicals, many 

2473
02:14:07,300 --> 02:14:10,400
favored, enlightened despotism 
which held at a wise and 

2474
02:14:10,400 --> 02:14:14,300
sensible King could reform from 
Power Voltaire courted, 

2475
02:14:14,300 --> 02:14:16,500
Frederick, the great of Prussia 
and praised Emperor. 

2476
02:14:16,500 --> 02:14:19,500
Joseph, the second of Austria, 
for religious toleration of 

2477
02:14:19,500 --> 02:14:22,400
serfdom reform, in 
Enlightenment, influenced, 

2478
02:14:22,400 --> 02:14:24,800
French, ministers, and nobility 
included turgut. 

2479
02:14:24,800 --> 02:14:28,300
Who tried to deregulate grain 
trade and abolish forced labor 

2480
02:14:28,300 --> 02:14:30,800
and the Marketo. 
Condor say who promoted 

2481
02:14:30,800 --> 02:14:34,000
educational and judicial reforms
in aristocratic circles 

2482
02:14:34,000 --> 02:14:39,300
britannica.com britannica.com. 
These men attempted internal 

2483
02:14:39,300 --> 02:14:43,500
system reform in 1780 
mild-mannered, Louis the 16th 

2484
02:14:43,500 --> 02:14:46,600
prohibited torture in 
interrogations inspired by 

2485
02:14:46,600 --> 02:14:50,000
kesari Bakery in lightning, and 
essay on crimes, and punishments

2486
02:14:50,000 --> 02:14:53,700
by providing Protestants civil 
rights in 1787. 

2487
02:14:53,700 --> 02:14:57,600
He advocated immunization and 
religious tolerance, the 

2488
02:14:57,600 --> 02:15:00,300
monarchy often failed and faced 
opposition from existing 

2489
02:15:00,300 --> 02:15:04,800
interests, Nobles resisted Turks
reforms, dismissing him, the 

2490
02:15:04,800 --> 02:15:07,300
church leadership, actively 
opposed privileged reduction. 

2491
02:15:08,100 --> 02:15:10,700
The French Catholic Church was a
key and Target. 

2492
02:15:10,700 --> 02:15:14,000
The church had long ruled 
education literature and 

2493
02:15:14,000 --> 02:15:18,100
dissenters were immense, great, 
riches philosopher, mostly Deus 

2494
02:15:18,100 --> 02:15:20,600
or agnostics, denounce Church 
persecution. 

2495
02:15:21,600 --> 02:15:25,300
Voltaire proposed intolerance 
like the calus to Humble the 

2496
02:15:25,300 --> 02:15:28,400
church. 
Candide, his satirical tale 

2497
02:15:28,400 --> 02:15:31,100
attacked religious hypocrisy and
other flaws. 

2498
02:15:31,900 --> 02:15:35,200
In cannibals, d'idro subtly 
mocked European religious, 

2499
02:15:35,200 --> 02:15:38,600
communion by comparing Pacific 
island, accustomed to European 

2500
02:15:38,600 --> 02:15:42,000
religious communion. 
Baron holbach system of nature 

2501
02:15:42,000 --> 02:15:44,100
atheism. 
Depicts priests, as deceptive 

2502
02:15:44,100 --> 02:15:46,400
characters, who use hell to 
subjugate people. 

2503
02:15:46,400 --> 02:15:51,300
The words were provocative, the 
mathematician philosopher and 

2504
02:15:51,300 --> 02:15:54,700
liberal nobleman Marquee de 
Condor, say died in a Disney 

2505
02:15:54,700 --> 02:15:57,600
Bulgarian, jail cell in August 
of 1794. 

2506
02:15:58,400 --> 02:16:00,800
He fled from the extremists 
jacket regime that called him a 

2507
02:16:00,800 --> 02:16:04,100
traitor condori, who championed 
human rights slavery. 

2508
02:16:04,100 --> 02:16:08,300
Abolition, and women's suffrage 
almost alone among his peers, 

2509
02:16:08,300 --> 02:16:11,800
was now a victim of the 
Revolution he supported His 

2510
02:16:11,800 --> 02:16:14,000
lifeless body was uncovered by 
guards. 

2511
02:16:14,000 --> 02:16:17,700
He may have died from disease 
and exhaustion from Poison heed.

2512
02:16:17,700 --> 02:16:20,900
When the guillotine approached 
the terrorists, Gloom killed one

2513
02:16:20,900 --> 02:16:22,500
of the enlightenment's, 
brightest light. 

2514
02:16:22,500 --> 02:16:26,500
His demise of the tragic irony 
that befell many in liking 

2515
02:16:26,500 --> 02:16:28,800
luminary's during the 
Revolutionary storm. 

2516
02:16:28,800 --> 02:16:31,000
Their promised progress had 
turned on them. 

2517
02:16:31,700 --> 02:16:35,700
As previously mentioned the Waze
to execution, despite his claims

2518
02:16:35,700 --> 02:16:37,900
that his scientific efforts 
benefited the nation. 

2519
02:16:38,700 --> 02:16:41,299
Madame, geoffrin daughter saw 
her Salon acquaintances 

2520
02:16:41,299 --> 02:16:45,299
scattered some executed as 
Gentile reform conversations 

2521
02:16:45,299 --> 02:16:48,900
gave way to mobs. 
Even after their deaths in 1793 

2522
02:16:48,900 --> 02:16:52,500
Voltaire and Rousseau were 
disputed by revolutionaries with

2523
02:16:52,500 --> 02:16:54,100
radicals. 
Favoring Rousseau's 

2524
02:16:54,100 --> 02:16:57,200
egalitarianism and moderates 
voltaire's tolerance, the 

2525
02:16:57,200 --> 02:17:00,100
enlightenment inspired the 
revolution, but the revolution 

2526
02:17:00,100 --> 02:17:04,200
tested it The French Revolution,
both upheld and undermined in 

2527
02:17:04,200 --> 02:17:08,000
lightning values on one hand. 
It formalized, many philosophers

2528
02:17:08,000 --> 02:17:11,700
essential ideas based on 
Montesquieu Voltaire Rousseau 

2529
02:17:11,700 --> 02:17:13,900
and Locke. 
The Declaration of the rights of

2530
02:17:13,907 --> 02:17:18,000
man and citizens 1789. 
Advocated freedom of speech and 

2531
02:17:18,000 --> 02:17:21,900
religion a quality before the 
law and the right to resist in 

2532
02:17:21,900 --> 02:17:25,100
Justice. 
The philosophers dream of a 

2533
02:17:25,100 --> 02:17:28,700
meritocratic society was 
realized on August 1789 when 

2534
02:17:28,700 --> 02:17:31,400
feudal Privileges and tithes 
were abolished in one night. 

2535
02:17:32,299 --> 02:17:35,400
The constitution of 1791 
established a constitutional 

2536
02:17:35,400 --> 02:17:38,299
monarchy with a Montesquieu like
division of powers. 

2537
02:17:39,200 --> 02:17:41,799
The revolution fulfilled 
voltaire's calls for Toleration 

2538
02:17:41,799 --> 02:17:45,200
by seizing Church property in 
1790 and awarding full 

2539
02:17:45,200 --> 02:17:48,000
citizenship to Protestants and 
Jews in 1791. 

2540
02:17:49,100 --> 02:17:53,200
When Louis, the 16th was 
guillotined in 1793 Russo's 

2541
02:17:53,200 --> 02:17:56,600
vision of popular sovereignty, 
the people's will above Divine, 

2542
02:17:56,600 --> 02:17:58,000
Right? 
Kingship was most clearly 

2543
02:17:58,000 --> 02:18:01,600
confirmed however, the 
revolution's violent illiberal 

2544
02:18:01,600 --> 02:18:04,600
term, troubled, many The 
enlightenment sought to replace 

2545
02:18:04,600 --> 02:18:08,200
tyranny with reasoned 
conversation not crowd or one 

2546
02:18:08,200 --> 02:18:10,600
party power. 
The Committee of Public Safety 

2547
02:18:10,600 --> 02:18:13,400
murdered thousands of enemies of
the Revolution during the reign 

2548
02:18:13,400 --> 02:18:16,700
of terror 1793 to 4. 
Terrible. 

2549
02:18:16,700 --> 02:18:20,200
Inversion of Enlightenment ideas
reason gave way to another 

2550
02:18:20,200 --> 02:18:23,600
frenzy under Robespierre, the 
revolutionaries formed, a 

2551
02:18:23,600 --> 02:18:26,299
municipal religion of the 
Supreme Being and held deistic 

2552
02:18:26,299 --> 02:18:29,799
festivals, a guillotine enforced
version of Rousseau's civil 

2553
02:18:29,799 --> 02:18:34,400
religion, People executed under 
the guise of reason for being 

2554
02:18:34,400 --> 02:18:37,000
Aristocrats or moderate. 
Republicans would have horrified

2555
02:18:37,000 --> 02:18:39,799
Voltaire. 
The terror exposed in an 

2556
02:18:39,799 --> 02:18:43,100
Enlightenment contradiction, the
confidence in a single truth 

2557
02:18:43,100 --> 02:18:45,799
rational or ideological can lead
to tyranny. 

2558
02:18:46,900 --> 02:18:50,500
Philosophers like the whole back
and helvetius were as intolerant

2559
02:18:50,500 --> 02:18:53,299
of religious people. 
As atheists the revolution 

2560
02:18:53,299 --> 02:18:57,100
showed how abstract and like 
become dogmatism, no one shall 

2561
02:18:57,100 --> 02:18:59,500
spread Darkness on pain of 
death. 

2562
02:19:00,299 --> 02:19:04,200
Many Enlightenment thinkers did 
not want to democracy Voltaire. 

2563
02:19:04,200 --> 02:19:06,100
Favored. 
An enlightened Monarch over an 

2564
02:19:06,100 --> 02:19:08,700
uninformed mob. 
Some intellectuals said, early 

2565
02:19:08,700 --> 02:19:11,400
revolutionary assemblies 
disarray showed Voltaire was 

2566
02:19:11,400 --> 02:19:17,100
right about the Canela rabble. 
Before his 1784 death deed drove

2567
02:19:17,100 --> 02:19:20,700
had become pessimistic. 
Arguing, that despotism might 

2568
02:19:20,700 --> 02:19:23,700
only cease when the last Monarch
was strangled, with the last 

2569
02:19:23,700 --> 02:19:26,200
present, Trails, the Dismal 
hyperbole. 

2570
02:19:26,200 --> 02:19:29,500
The revolutionaries 
half-jokingly repeated Dido 

2571
02:19:29,500 --> 02:19:32,600
probably wouldn't have 
celebrated the 1793 masculinity.

2572
02:19:33,500 --> 02:19:36,500
Philosophers had not solved how 
to justly implement principles, 

2573
02:19:36,500 --> 02:19:39,400
this Gap existed, between theory
and practice. 

2574
02:19:40,299 --> 02:19:43,799
In lightning supporters, face 
social contradictions few 

2575
02:19:43,799 --> 02:19:46,000
addressed women's condition 
directly though. 

2576
02:19:46,000 --> 02:19:49,400
They promised a quality. 
Though, a proponent of democracy

2577
02:19:49,400 --> 02:19:52,300
Rousseau believed, women should 
be educated exclusively to 

2578
02:19:52,300 --> 02:19:56,700
please men and stay at home 
country to Orlando SE who 

2579
02:19:56,700 --> 02:20:00,100
authored an essay in 1790 
advocating for women's political

2580
02:20:00,100 --> 02:20:02,800
rights. 
After writing a declaration of 

2581
02:20:02,800 --> 02:20:05,200
the rights of woman, the 
Revolutionary Authority, 

2582
02:20:05,200 --> 02:20:08,400
Guillotine Degas, the 
enlightenment for Fraternity had

2583
02:20:08,400 --> 02:20:10,700
excluded, their sisters from 
Universal rights. 

2584
02:20:10,700 --> 02:20:13,300
There was division among 
Enlightenment views on race and 

2585
02:20:13,300 --> 02:20:16,100
slavery. 
Some like d'idro and condos. 

2586
02:20:16,100 --> 02:20:19,100
A strongly criticized slavery as
against natural law. 

2587
02:20:19,600 --> 02:20:22,900
The 1788 Society of Friends of 
the blacks founded by 

2588
02:20:22,900 --> 02:20:26,600
Enlightenment influence, men 
sort of volition others like 

2589
02:20:26,600 --> 02:20:29,500
Voltaire criticize. 
The slave trade in the abstract 

2590
02:20:29,500 --> 02:20:32,300
but made racist statements and 
invested in clinical 

2591
02:20:32,300 --> 02:20:36,400
corporations in alignment. 
Universal human nature, battled 

2592
02:20:36,400 --> 02:20:40,100
with pseudo, scientific racism. 
Ironically a consequence of 

2593
02:20:40,108 --> 02:20:43,600
species classification, the 
revolution of abolished slavery 

2594
02:20:43,600 --> 02:20:47,200
in 1794 after a massive slave. 
Insurrection in Saint domingue 

2595
02:20:47,200 --> 02:20:52,300
Haiti but Napoleon reinstalled 
it ideal and reality differed 

2596
02:20:52,300 --> 02:20:55,300
relationship between intellect 
and emotion, was another 

2597
02:20:55,300 --> 02:20:58,000
tension. 
Rousseau noted that humans are 

2598
02:20:58,000 --> 02:21:00,600
not rational, but the 
enlightenment, praise reason. 

2599
02:21:00,600 --> 02:21:03,900
The revolution showed that 
passion's anger. 

2600
02:21:03,900 --> 02:21:05,700
It in justices desire for 
vengeance. 

2601
02:21:05,700 --> 02:21:09,300
Hope for Glory Drive events, 
more than academic treatises. 

2602
02:21:10,100 --> 02:21:13,600
Romanticism a 19th century. 
Counter-attack accused the 

2603
02:21:13,600 --> 02:21:16,500
enlightenment of disregarding, 
the heart, tradition and faith. 

2604
02:21:17,300 --> 02:21:20,400
Edmund Burke in England and 
Joseph de Maestro in France, 

2605
02:21:20,400 --> 02:21:24,000
held the Philosopher's unfairly 
responsible for the 

2606
02:21:24,000 --> 02:21:26,400
revolution's, Bloodshed by 
unmooring Society from 

2607
02:21:26,400 --> 02:21:30,000
traditional institutions, They 
said that the enlightenment's 

2608
02:21:30,000 --> 02:21:32,200
abstract, reasoning had 
dissolved Authority and led to 

2609
02:21:32,200 --> 02:21:37,400
chaos and Napoleon's rule. while
this view is debatable by the 

2610
02:21:37,400 --> 02:21:40,700
early 1800s, the enlightenment 
was hail for the Declaration of 

2611
02:21:40,700 --> 02:21:43,800
Rights and scientific 
advancement but also accused of 

2612
02:21:43,800 --> 02:21:47,300
revolution, Long-term the French
Enlightenment left. 

2613
02:21:47,300 --> 02:21:48,900
A deep and mostly good 
influence. 

2614
02:21:48,900 --> 02:21:52,700
It inspired the french-american 
and later Independence movements

2615
02:21:52,700 --> 02:21:55,500
worldwide. 
Many Enlightenment goals were 

2616
02:21:55,500 --> 02:21:58,400
achieved in the 19th century. 
Including the abolition of 

2617
02:21:58,408 --> 02:22:03,000
slavery in European Empires, 
France, in 1848, Britain, 1833 

2618
02:22:03,000 --> 02:22:07,300
of public education, the rise of
secular States and the reduction

2619
02:22:07,300 --> 02:22:09,600
of church. 
Temporal power, the gradual and 

2620
02:22:09,600 --> 02:22:13,200
uneven expansion of suffrage and
the advancement of Science and 

2621
02:22:13,200 --> 02:22:17,500
Technology without Dogma. 
The 1948, un Universal 

2622
02:22:17,500 --> 02:22:20,600
Declaration of Human Rights is 
based on Enlightenment ideas. 

2623
02:22:21,400 --> 02:22:24,300
Today we Echo voltaire's calls 
for press and conscience, 

2624
02:22:24,300 --> 02:22:27,100
freedom. 
Government site Montesquieu and 

2625
02:22:27,100 --> 02:22:30,700
creating checks and balances 
when protesters invoke, the will

2626
02:22:30,700 --> 02:22:32,500
of the people Rousseau as 
followed. 

2627
02:22:32,500 --> 02:22:36,600
However, the enlightenment left 
more on certain legacies, the 

2628
02:22:36,600 --> 02:22:39,600
Scientific Revolution and 
industrial society were fueled 

2629
02:22:39,600 --> 02:22:42,300
by reason. 
But romantic and later, 

2630
02:22:42,300 --> 02:22:45,800
existentialists criticized it 
for promoting technocracy and 

2631
02:22:45,800 --> 02:22:49,400
soulless rationality. 
Westerners defended imperialism 

2632
02:22:49,400 --> 02:22:53,200
as bringing civilization. 
An attitude oddly at conflict 

2633
02:22:53,200 --> 02:22:56,800
with the enlightenment's empathy
but facilitated by its aim 

2634
02:22:56,800 --> 02:23:00,900
Enlightenment, secularism 
allowed diversity to develop but

2635
02:23:00,900 --> 02:23:04,200
also left a spiritual hole that 
19th and 20th Century, 

2636
02:23:04,200 --> 02:23:07,900
ideologies, and nationalism, 
strove to fill, not always for 

2637
02:23:07,900 --> 02:23:10,600
the better. 
After Napoleon's collapse in 

2638
02:23:10,600 --> 02:23:14,400
1815 France is monarchy 
re-established Church dominance 

2639
02:23:14,400 --> 02:23:18,200
and conservative Tendencies. 
Intellectual life had changed. 

2640
02:23:18,200 --> 02:23:20,400
Thus the genie could not be put 
back. 

2641
02:23:21,300 --> 02:23:24,300
French politics, alternated 
between liberal and conservative

2642
02:23:24,300 --> 02:23:28,200
in the midnight meeting Century.
But in lighting ideas set, the 

2643
02:23:28,200 --> 02:23:31,900
standard even conservatives had 
to justify themselves in terms 

2644
02:23:31,900 --> 02:23:35,100
of logical, government and 
National interest, not Divine 

2645
02:23:35,100 --> 02:23:38,300
Authority. 
France will officially divorce 

2646
02:23:38,300 --> 02:23:41,800
church and state in 1905, 
fulfilling the philosophies as 

2647
02:23:41,800 --> 02:23:46,800
aim of a secular Republic based 
on Liberty Fraternity in 

2648
02:23:46,800 --> 02:23:49,400
principles. 
Filtered through revolutionary 

2649
02:23:49,400 --> 02:23:52,400
experience. 
The French Enlightenment did not

2650
02:23:52,400 --> 02:23:56,800
finish neatly in 1789. 
The Revolution was chaotic and 

2651
02:23:56,800 --> 02:24:00,500
its aftermath complicated. 
Perhaps that emphasizes a last 

2652
02:24:00,500 --> 02:24:03,700
Enlightenment lessen, the 
movement always understood that 

2653
02:24:03,700 --> 02:24:07,800
human Affairs are imperfect and 
progressed zigzags Deidre. 

2654
02:24:07,800 --> 02:24:11,200
Observed passions are the only 
orators that always persuade 

2655
02:24:11,200 --> 02:24:14,300
conceding that reason, doesn't 
control the world. 

2656
02:24:15,500 --> 02:24:18,600
Later in life Voltaire, tempered
his mockery with appeals for 

2657
02:24:18,600 --> 02:24:23,300
steady Improvement, not Utopia, 
even radical Russo caution, that

2658
02:24:23,300 --> 02:24:25,800
abrupt upheaval could lead to 
harsher despotism. 

2659
02:24:26,700 --> 02:24:29,300
Many Enlightenment thinkers 
realized, that Enlightenment 

2660
02:24:29,300 --> 02:24:30,900
would be a long-term tense 
project. 

2661
02:24:31,800 --> 02:24:34,300
Thus the enlightenment's 
Twilight transformed, rather 

2662
02:24:34,300 --> 02:24:36,500
than ended. 
People called themselves 

2663
02:24:36,500 --> 02:24:40,900
ideologues or intellectuals 
instead of philosophy in the 

2664
02:24:40,900 --> 02:24:44,400
19th century, but they inherited
the enlightenment's, realm 

2665
02:24:44,400 --> 02:24:48,100
questioning Authority, demanding
reasoned answers, and claiming 

2666
02:24:48,100 --> 02:24:50,400
individual dignity became 
entrenched in western 

2667
02:24:50,400 --> 02:24:53,500
civilization. 
When we read voltaire's, witty 

2668
02:24:53,500 --> 02:24:56,100
courageous, writing's Rousseau's
profound challenges. 

2669
02:24:56,100 --> 02:25:00,800
Did Rose and cyclopedic labors 
or condor sets present humanism.

2670
02:25:00,800 --> 02:25:03,300
We are reminded of the 
enlightenment's, very human 

2671
02:25:03,300 --> 02:25:06,100
story. 
Salon Gathering and clandestine 

2672
02:25:06,100 --> 02:25:10,500
pamphlets, friendships and feuds
and people risking prison for a 

2673
02:25:10,500 --> 02:25:13,300
pamphlet or exile for a 
principal ideas. 

2674
02:25:13,300 --> 02:25:14,800
Could overthrow thrown in that 
age. 

2675
02:25:15,700 --> 02:25:18,700
Its Legacy lives on every time, 
an informed public holds a 

2676
02:25:18,700 --> 02:25:21,100
tyrant accountable. 
A youngster is taught science 

2677
02:25:21,100 --> 02:25:24,300
without Superstition, various 
individuals, sit down to talk 

2678
02:25:24,300 --> 02:25:27,600
and debate rather than fight and
we choose light over Darkness. 

2679
02:25:28,500 --> 02:25:30,800
The French Enlightenment was 
truly a turning point in human 

2680
02:25:30,800 --> 02:25:33,100
history. 
George Washington's, formative 

2681
02:25:33,100 --> 02:25:36,100
years, unfolded Against The 
Rustic backdrop of mid-18th 

2682
02:25:36,100 --> 02:25:38,500
century Virginia. 
While popular culture, might 

2683
02:25:38,500 --> 02:25:42,700
depict him as an almost Mythic 
hero from the start, he was in 

2684
02:25:42,700 --> 02:25:46,600
reality shaped by the day-to-day
concerns of a frontier society 

2685
02:25:46,600 --> 02:25:49,000
and a family struggling for 
greater prosperity. 

2686
02:25:50,000 --> 02:25:55,300
Born on February 22nd, 1732 in 
Westmoreland County, he was part

2687
02:25:55,300 --> 02:25:59,400
of a sprawling network of half 
siblings, uncle's arms and 

2688
02:25:59,400 --> 02:26:01,700
cousins, who formed a 
complicated social web in the 

2689
02:26:01,700 --> 02:26:05,000
colony. 
His father Augustine sought to 

2690
02:26:05,000 --> 02:26:08,000
expand the family's holding 
through tobacco farming, land 

2691
02:26:08,000 --> 02:26:11,200
speculation, and the occasional 
foray into iron mining. 

2692
02:26:12,000 --> 02:26:14,400
These early Pursuits carved out 
the environment where young 

2693
02:26:14,400 --> 02:26:17,900
George would learn about risk 
reward and the challengers of 

2694
02:26:17,900 --> 02:26:19,600
shaping one's Destiny in a new 
world. 

2695
02:26:20,400 --> 02:26:24,200
Country to apocryphal stories 
Washington's childhood was not 

2696
02:26:24,200 --> 02:26:26,900
defined by topping cherry trees 
or sporting wooden teeth. 

2697
02:26:27,600 --> 02:26:30,900
It was however marked by loss 
his father died. 

2698
02:26:30,900 --> 02:26:34,000
When George was only 11 throwing
the family's finances into 

2699
02:26:34,000 --> 02:26:37,400
uncertainty, his half-brother 
Lawrence considerably older 

2700
02:26:37,400 --> 02:26:41,700
stepped in as a paternal figure.
It was Lawrence who introduced 

2701
02:26:41,700 --> 02:26:45,400
George to polite Society in 
Virginia and instilled in him an

2702
02:26:45,400 --> 02:26:46,800
admiration for military 
achievement. 

2703
02:26:47,500 --> 02:26:50,100
Lawrence had served under the 
British flag in the Caribbean, 

2704
02:26:50,100 --> 02:26:53,800
the detail that quietly stoked 
George's aspirations towards 

2705
02:26:53,800 --> 02:26:55,900
soldiering. 
Through Lawrence. 

2706
02:26:55,900 --> 02:26:59,400
He was exposed to the idea that 
honor discipline and loyalty 

2707
02:26:59,400 --> 02:27:01,900
could earn a young man. 
Respect in the British colonies.

2708
02:27:01,900 --> 02:27:05,000
Despite these influences and 
assess City often. 

2709
02:27:05,000 --> 02:27:08,700
Guided Washington's, early path 
formal schooling, was peace meal

2710
02:27:08,700 --> 02:27:12,800
at best tutors came and went 
young George's mother, Mary Ball

2711
02:27:12,800 --> 02:27:15,000
Washington, strove to keep the 
family float. 

2712
02:27:15,800 --> 02:27:18,300
But educational opportunity is 
romaine sporadic. 

2713
02:27:19,000 --> 02:27:22,700
This patchy instruction did not 
deter him, it forced him to 

2714
02:27:22,700 --> 02:27:25,400
become largely self-taught and 
approach. 

2715
02:27:25,400 --> 02:27:26,800
That would define his later 
life. 

2716
02:27:27,500 --> 02:27:32,100
He was from his teenage years 
onward, a various Note Taker and

2717
02:27:32,100 --> 02:27:34,100
letter writer constantly 
refining. 

2718
02:27:34,100 --> 02:27:36,600
His penmanship grammar and 
mathematical skills. 

2719
02:27:37,600 --> 02:27:40,000
Writing itself became a window 
into the adult world. 

2720
02:27:40,000 --> 02:27:42,800
He hoped to master. 
One of his initial breakthroughs

2721
02:27:42,800 --> 02:27:46,800
came in the realm of surveying, 
a skill, both profitable and 

2722
02:27:46,800 --> 02:27:48,400
adventurous and colonial 
Virginia. 

2723
02:27:49,100 --> 02:27:52,000
Land in those days. 
Was currently an individuals who

2724
02:27:52,000 --> 02:27:54,500
could map Uncharted territories 
were in high demand. 

2725
02:27:55,300 --> 02:27:58,700
Washington's early forays into 
the wild Frontiers often. 

2726
02:27:58,700 --> 02:28:01,500
In the company of rugged 
backwoodsman introduced him to 

2727
02:28:01,508 --> 02:28:04,100
the complexities of dealing with
Native, American tribes, 

2728
02:28:04,100 --> 02:28:08,200
unscrupulous land, speculators 
and the raw challenges of 

2729
02:28:08,200 --> 02:28:11,100
nature. 
These Expeditions were no mere 

2730
02:28:11,100 --> 02:28:14,700
camping trips night. 
Spent in crude shelters rainy 

2731
02:28:14,700 --> 02:28:16,600
days. 
Measuring difficult to Reign and

2732
02:28:16,600 --> 02:28:19,100
the ever-present threat of 
disease, built up his resilience

2733
02:28:20,100 --> 02:28:23,800
By the time, he turned 17, he 
had already secured a points to 

2734
02:28:23,800 --> 02:28:27,200
serve a large tracts of land, in
the Shenandoah Valley, a 

2735
02:28:27,200 --> 02:28:29,500
testament to his growing 
reputation for diligence. 

2736
02:28:30,500 --> 02:28:33,500
During this phase, Washington, 
observed first-hand, the 

2737
02:28:33,500 --> 02:28:37,400
tension's Brewing between French
British and Native interests. 

2738
02:28:38,100 --> 02:28:41,000
The Ohio Valley to the West Was 
a patchwork of claims and 

2739
02:28:41,000 --> 02:28:45,100
counterclaims with British 
colonists, French Trappers and 

2740
02:28:45,100 --> 02:28:47,300
Indigenous peoples. 
All jostling for control. 

2741
02:28:48,400 --> 02:28:51,700
The Washington was only a 
teenager these experiences 

2742
02:28:51,700 --> 02:28:54,500
litter spark. 
If he could prove himself an 

2743
02:28:54,500 --> 02:28:57,700
effective leader, especially in 
regions where boundaries were 

2744
02:28:57,700 --> 02:29:00,400
contested. 
He might Ascend socially and 

2745
02:29:00,400 --> 02:29:03,100
financially. 
Colonial Virginia had its share 

2746
02:29:03,100 --> 02:29:06,400
of privileged families but 
upward Mobility was possible for

2747
02:29:06,400 --> 02:29:09,900
those who possessed skill 
connections and an unrelenting 

2748
02:29:09,900 --> 02:29:13,700
work ethic. 
Beyond surveying Washington's, 

2749
02:29:13,700 --> 02:29:16,000
adolescent years were also a 
period of subtle, social 

2750
02:29:16,000 --> 02:29:17,900
schooling. 
He learned the art of 

2751
02:29:17,908 --> 02:29:21,300
conversation and manners. 
So important in an era, governed

2752
02:29:21,300 --> 02:29:24,100
by strict code of Honor by 
memorizing, The Rules of 

2753
02:29:24,100 --> 02:29:28,400
Civility and Decent Behavior. 
This pamphlet copied diligently 

2754
02:29:28,400 --> 02:29:31,200
in his youthful. 
Handwriting offered guidelines 

2755
02:29:31,200 --> 02:29:34,100
for everything from posture in 
polite company to showing 

2756
02:29:34,100 --> 02:29:37,100
respect for superiors though, it
might seem quaint. 

2757
02:29:37,100 --> 02:29:40,700
Now these rules exemplify the 
polished veneer that colonial 

2758
02:29:40,700 --> 02:29:44,800
society, demanded of any young 
man aiming to rise in Rank by 

2759
02:29:44,800 --> 02:29:47,900
the time Washington approached. 
Adulthood he was neither a 

2760
02:29:47,900 --> 02:29:50,000
wide-eyed Farm Boy nor a 
Pampered Aristocrat. 

2761
02:29:50,000 --> 02:29:53,700
He was a tall physically strong 
young man comfortable on 

2762
02:29:53,700 --> 02:29:57,300
Horseback capable with a musket 
Adept at mathematics. 

2763
02:29:57,300 --> 02:30:01,400
And cognizant of how crucial 
Alliance is, could be He held 

2764
02:30:01,400 --> 02:30:04,700
quiet Ambitions, that revolved 
around land, local military 

2765
02:30:04,700 --> 02:30:07,300
distinction and acceptance among
the elite. 

2766
02:30:07,900 --> 02:30:11,200
But events on the horizon 
Imperial rivalries that would 

2767
02:30:11,200 --> 02:30:14,600
ignite the frontier would soon 
catapult him onto a larger 

2768
02:30:14,600 --> 02:30:16,800
stage. 
In that transitional zone 

2769
02:30:16,800 --> 02:30:19,400
between surveying in the 
wilderness and attending Gentile

2770
02:30:19,400 --> 02:30:23,000
dances along the Potomac, George
Washington was preparing without

2771
02:30:23,000 --> 02:30:26,100
fully knowing it for trials that
would define his future and 

2772
02:30:26,100 --> 02:30:30,300
reshape a continents destiny. 
Washington's transformation from

2773
02:30:30,300 --> 02:30:34,300
a surveyor to a soldier, was not
the result of random events or a

2774
02:30:34,300 --> 02:30:38,500
meticulously planned strategy. 
It was in Stead triggered by the

2775
02:30:38,500 --> 02:30:42,400
turbulent geopolitics of the 
mid-18th century, At the time, 

2776
02:30:42,400 --> 02:30:45,400
the British and French Empires 
vied for dominance over North 

2777
02:30:45,400 --> 02:30:49,100
America's lucrative territories.
The frontier regions of the Ohio

2778
02:30:49,100 --> 02:30:52,300
Valley, thick with forests and 
fur-bearing Wildlife. 

2779
02:30:52,300 --> 02:30:56,100
Came a Flashpoint for competing 
claims in indigenous Nations 

2780
02:30:56,100 --> 02:30:59,600
far, from passive, onlookers, 
leverage, these rivalries and 

2781
02:30:59,600 --> 02:31:03,100
pursuit of their interests. 
Forging and breaking Alliance is

2782
02:31:03,100 --> 02:31:07,600
a circumstances demanded. 
In 1753 Virginia's lieutenant 

2783
02:31:07,600 --> 02:31:10,100
governor Robert Dinwiddie 
sought. 

2784
02:31:10,100 --> 02:31:12,900
Someone Intrepid resourceful to 
deliver a warning to French 

2785
02:31:12,900 --> 02:31:14,700
forces. 
Building forts near the forks of

2786
02:31:14,700 --> 02:31:17,900
the Ohio, the young George 
Washington, then just 21 

2787
02:31:17,900 --> 02:31:21,300
volunteered. 
This Mission would catapult him 

2788
02:31:21,300 --> 02:31:24,100
into International Intrigue and 
for which he had limited formal 

2789
02:31:24,100 --> 02:31:27,100
training. 
Undeterred he set off with a 

2790
02:31:27,108 --> 02:31:29,800
small party in wintry 
conditions, navigating 

2791
02:31:29,800 --> 02:31:32,200
difficult, terrain and uncertain
receptions. 

2792
02:31:32,200 --> 02:31:35,500
He reached the French Outpost 
and handed over dinwiddie's 

2793
02:31:35,500 --> 02:31:37,100
demand, that they abandoned 
their incursion. 

2794
02:31:37,900 --> 02:31:40,700
The French officers responded 
politely but refused to budge. 

2795
02:31:41,700 --> 02:31:43,600
Wash Washington's. 
Return Journey was harrowing. 

2796
02:31:43,600 --> 02:31:46,000
He nearly drowned Crossing an 
icy River. 

2797
02:31:46,000 --> 02:31:49,600
Only surviving by grabbing onto 
a piece of Driftwood and Hauling

2798
02:31:49,600 --> 02:31:53,000
himself onto a small island, yet
that near fatal ordeal did 

2799
02:31:53,000 --> 02:31:56,700
little to shake his resolve Upon
returning to Williamsburg, he 

2800
02:31:56,700 --> 02:31:59,700
penned a report detailing his 
observations, the account 

2801
02:31:59,700 --> 02:32:03,600
published and widely distributed
burnished Washington's name. 

2802
02:32:04,300 --> 02:32:07,100
His straightforward prose 
describing the hazards of the 

2803
02:32:07,100 --> 02:32:10,700
journey and the French refusal 
to retreat resonated with 

2804
02:32:10,700 --> 02:32:13,900
colonists hungry for news and 
British officials eager for 

2805
02:32:13,900 --> 02:32:17,100
evidence of French Defiance 
Washington emerged from 

2806
02:32:17,100 --> 02:32:20,500
anonymity, suddenly recognized 
as a figure capable of 

2807
02:32:20,508 --> 02:32:22,700
undertaking difficult 
assignments at the Empire's 

2808
02:32:22,700 --> 02:32:26,900
margins, not long afterward, 
didn't really promoted him and 

2809
02:32:26,900 --> 02:32:28,400
dispatched him. 
Back to the frontier. 

2810
02:32:28,400 --> 02:32:33,800
With a modest Force to secure 
strategic points. 1754 tensions 

2811
02:32:33,800 --> 02:32:37,300
erupted into outright Conflict 
at Washington, hastily fortified

2812
02:32:37,300 --> 02:32:41,000
and named Fort Necessity and 
attacked by French and 

2813
02:32:41,000 --> 02:32:43,700
Indigenous allies forced him to 
surrender under humiliating 

2814
02:32:43,700 --> 02:32:48,400
conditions, the engagement while
a setback militarily talked, 

2815
02:32:48,400 --> 02:32:51,900
Washington, sobering lessons 
about leadership, discipline and

2816
02:32:51,900 --> 02:32:55,400
the unpredictability of War, The
British press Twisted, the 

2817
02:32:55,400 --> 02:32:58,600
episode in contradictory ways, 
some painted him as a Plucky, 

2818
02:32:58,600 --> 02:33:02,200
Colonial undone by minimal 
support others, as a full Hardy 

2819
02:33:02,200 --> 02:33:05,800
officer, stumbling into a larger
conflict amid this swirl of 

2820
02:33:05,800 --> 02:33:09,200
opinions, Washington's, internal
drive to prove himself only 

2821
02:33:09,200 --> 02:33:12,700
intensified soon. 
The conflict expanded into what 

2822
02:33:12,700 --> 02:33:15,600
Europeans would call, the Seven 
Years War and Americans would 

2823
02:33:15,600 --> 02:33:18,600
dubbed, the French and Indian 
War Washington, served as 

2824
02:33:18,600 --> 02:33:21,500
provincial officer. 
And a general Edward Braddock a 

2825
02:33:21,500 --> 02:33:23,100
British commander charged with 
seasoning french. 

2826
02:33:23,100 --> 02:33:26,800
Forts French troops and their 
indigenous allies ambushed 

2827
02:33:26,800 --> 02:33:29,200
British forces during the 
disastrous Braddock Expedition 

2828
02:33:29,200 --> 02:33:33,900
near the Monongahela River in 
1755 decimating them. 

2829
02:33:33,900 --> 02:33:37,000
In the chaos Washington, 
distinguished himself by 

2830
02:33:37,000 --> 02:33:39,800
rallying survivors and 
organizing a fighting withdrawal

2831
02:33:39,800 --> 02:33:41,900
though. 
He was beset by illness and 

2832
02:33:41,900 --> 02:33:43,900
almost had multiple horses shot 
from under him. 

2833
02:33:43,900 --> 02:33:46,800
He emerged from the Carnage with
a reputation for courage Under 

2834
02:33:46,800 --> 02:33:49,400
Fire. 
Yet for all his Valor 

2835
02:33:49,400 --> 02:33:52,400
Washington, grew frustrated with
British arrogance toward 

2836
02:33:52,400 --> 02:33:55,800
Colonial officers he witnessed 
British regulars, disregarding 

2837
02:33:55,800 --> 02:33:58,600
local intelligence and ignoring,
suggestions from men, like 

2838
02:33:58,600 --> 02:34:02,600
himself, who knew the frontier 
this snobbery combined with 

2839
02:34:02,600 --> 02:34:06,800
logistical incompetence fuel 
deep, resentments, he realized 

2840
02:34:06,800 --> 02:34:09,600
that Colonial troops often 
received second-class treatment,

2841
02:34:09,600 --> 02:34:13,900
lesser pay and fewer Provisions.
This personal exposure to 

2842
02:34:13,900 --> 02:34:16,300
British condescension, would 
later shape, his willingness to 

2843
02:34:16,300 --> 02:34:18,500
challenge Imperial Authority 
though. 

2844
02:34:18,500 --> 02:34:22,900
That moment, layer years ahead 
by the war's end Washington, had

2845
02:34:22,900 --> 02:34:25,300
resigned his commission and 
returned to Mount Vernon. 

2846
02:34:25,300 --> 02:34:27,900
The estate, he inherited 
following Lawrence's death. 

2847
02:34:29,400 --> 02:34:32,200
The war had left him with real 
Combat experience and the seeds 

2848
02:34:32,200 --> 02:34:36,200
of an emerging identity part 
loyal, British subject Park 

2849
02:34:36,200 --> 02:34:39,700
Colonial leader, increasingly 
skeptical of Imperial attitudes 

2850
02:34:39,700 --> 02:34:43,500
over the ensuing decade, or he 
would focus on his Plantation 

2851
02:34:43,500 --> 02:34:48,100
dabble in local politics and 
Mary Martha, Dandridge custis. 

2852
02:34:48,100 --> 02:34:50,800
A wealthy Widow whose Fortune 
helped Shore up his final 

2853
02:34:50,800 --> 02:34:53,200
answers. 
Washington transformed. 

2854
02:34:53,200 --> 02:34:55,000
Mount Vernon into a profitable 
Enterprise. 

2855
02:34:56,000 --> 02:34:59,300
Experimenting with new crops 
analyzing agricultural 

2856
02:34:59,300 --> 02:35:02,300
techniques and exerting 
influence in Virginia's, House 

2857
02:35:02,300 --> 02:35:05,800
of Burgesses yet, the memory of 
the frontier battles never fully

2858
02:35:05,800 --> 02:35:08,500
dimmed. 
He had seen how tenuous British 

2859
02:35:08,500 --> 02:35:12,400
Authority could be on American 
soil, how alliances shifted and 

2860
02:35:12,400 --> 02:35:15,200
how local knowledge often out 
stripped distant orders. 

2861
02:35:15,200 --> 02:35:19,000
He also observed the subtle 
changes stirring among colonists

2862
02:35:19,000 --> 02:35:23,000
growing populations expanding 
Commerce and A sense of 

2863
02:35:23,000 --> 02:35:25,300
collective identity. 
Not solely, anchored to Britain.

2864
02:35:26,300 --> 02:35:28,900
While Washington did not yet 
foresee a complete break with 

2865
02:35:28,900 --> 02:35:30,900
the crown. 
The stage was quite quietly, 

2866
02:35:30,900 --> 02:35:32,900
being set for a more profound 
Clash. 

2867
02:35:34,100 --> 02:35:36,700
Looking back his French and 
Indian War experience is 

2868
02:35:36,700 --> 02:35:40,100
something of a dress rehearsal 
granting him the on-the-ground 

2869
02:35:40,100 --> 02:35:42,600
insights that would prove into 
dispensable in the larger 

2870
02:35:42,600 --> 02:35:46,000
crisis, looming on the horizon. 
Following the French and Indian 

2871
02:35:46,000 --> 02:35:49,500
War Washington. 
Spent the 1760 and early 1770s 

2872
02:35:49,500 --> 02:35:52,500
deeply immersed, in The rhythms 
of Plantation life at Mount 

2873
02:35:52,500 --> 02:35:56,300
Vernon managing labor, 
maintaining his reputation as a 

2874
02:35:56,300 --> 02:35:59,200
local Squire and serving 
intermittently in the Virginia 

2875
02:35:59,200 --> 02:36:03,300
House of Burgesses occupied. 
Much of his time meticulously 

2876
02:36:03,300 --> 02:36:05,100
oversaw. 
The cultivation of crops 

2877
02:36:05,100 --> 02:36:08,800
initially, tobacco later 
diversifying into wheat and 

2878
02:36:08,800 --> 02:36:11,500
other Staples, adapting to 
market trends and soil 

2879
02:36:11,500 --> 02:36:13,700
conditions, but Economic 
Security. 

2880
02:36:13,700 --> 02:36:17,700
Remained tenuous British trade 
regulations, shipping monopolies

2881
02:36:17,700 --> 02:36:20,500
and Mercantile restrictions 
often pinched, Colonial 

2882
02:36:20,500 --> 02:36:23,900
Planters, Washington found 
himself confronting deaths 

2883
02:36:23,900 --> 02:36:27,100
currently shortages and a 
constraining imperial 

2884
02:36:27,100 --> 02:36:29,900
bureaucracy that dictated how 
Goods could be exported or 

2885
02:36:29,900 --> 02:36:33,900
imported Amid these challenges 
Washington's perspective on 

2886
02:36:33,900 --> 02:36:37,200
British Authority, gradually 
evolved early on, he had 

2887
02:36:37,200 --> 02:36:39,600
desired, nothing more than to 
climb in status within the 

2888
02:36:39,600 --> 02:36:42,700
British Imperial framework. 
He admired British military 

2889
02:36:42,700 --> 02:36:45,800
traditions and social Customs, 
but he began to see the 

2890
02:36:45,800 --> 02:36:48,900
Practical constraints that came 
with living under a distant 

2891
02:36:48,900 --> 02:36:51,700
Parliament, that issued edicts 
without consulting Colonial 

2892
02:36:51,700 --> 02:36:55,900
assemblies. 
The Stamp Act of 1765 imposing 

2893
02:36:55,900 --> 02:36:59,300
taxes on printed materials, 
galvanized discontent among 

2894
02:36:59,300 --> 02:37:02,100
colonists. 
Washington who used legal 

2895
02:37:02,100 --> 02:37:04,000
documents frequently for land 
transactions. 

2896
02:37:04,000 --> 02:37:07,300
Saw the act as a direct to front
to local autonomy. 

2897
02:37:08,300 --> 02:37:11,300
While not the most fiery 
rhetorician in Virginia figures 

2898
02:37:11,300 --> 02:37:14,300
like Patrick Henry captured that
on a Washington expressed 

2899
02:37:14,300 --> 02:37:17,800
measured indignation. 
He argued that taxation without 

2900
02:37:17,800 --> 02:37:21,400
representation, violated the 
rights of Englishmen, a stance 

2901
02:37:21,400 --> 02:37:25,000
that resonated among fellow 
Planters merchants and small 

2902
02:37:25,000 --> 02:37:29,000
farmers alike. 
In 1769, the Virginia House of 

2903
02:37:29,000 --> 02:37:32,000
Burgesses responded, to new 
British taxes, on glass paper, 

2904
02:37:32,000 --> 02:37:35,100
paint, and tea by passing 
resolves, condemning these 

2905
02:37:35,100 --> 02:37:37,300
impositions. 
When the Royal Governor 

2906
02:37:37,300 --> 02:37:40,300
dissolved, the assembly, the 
delegates Washington included 

2907
02:37:40,300 --> 02:37:43,900
met informally at the rally. 
Tavern in Williamsburg, drafting

2908
02:37:43,900 --> 02:37:47,000
non-importation agreements. 
These packs found not to 

2909
02:37:47,000 --> 02:37:49,300
purchase British goods until 
colonial grievances were 

2910
02:37:49,300 --> 02:37:52,500
addressed Though not as 
flamboyant as protests in 

2911
02:37:52,508 --> 02:37:55,700
Boston, he's Virginian measures 
under scored How Deeply 

2912
02:37:55,700 --> 02:37:58,700
resentment had taken root among 
even the more conservative land 

2913
02:37:58,700 --> 02:38:01,300
holding classes. 
Washington's letters from this 

2914
02:38:01,300 --> 02:38:03,700
period, reveal a measured, but 
firm tone. 

2915
02:38:03,700 --> 02:38:07,200
He spoke of the encroachments of
Parliament and the need for 

2916
02:38:07,200 --> 02:38:10,400
Unity among the colonies. 
Not one to relish public 

2917
02:38:10,400 --> 02:38:12,200
speaking. 
He employed his reputation as a 

2918
02:38:12,208 --> 02:38:15,700
balanced pragmatic figure. 
People listened when Washington 

2919
02:38:15,700 --> 02:38:18,400
spoke because they trusted his 
sense of responsibility and 

2920
02:38:18,400 --> 02:38:20,700
fairness. 
Privately he worried about 

2921
02:38:20,700 --> 02:38:23,600
violence escalating yet. 
He also felt that the colonies 

2922
02:38:23,600 --> 02:38:26,800
should not yield to intimidation
this blend of caution and 

2923
02:38:26,800 --> 02:38:28,300
resolve was a Hallmark of his 
character. 

2924
02:38:28,300 --> 02:38:32,000
Tensions, escalated to a 
critical level, by 1774. 

2925
02:38:32,000 --> 02:38:35,200
The Boston Tea Party and 
subsequent punitive British 

2926
02:38:35,200 --> 02:38:37,900
measures prompted the formation 
of the First Continental 

2927
02:38:37,900 --> 02:38:40,800
Congress. 
Washington was chosen as one of 

2928
02:38:40,808 --> 02:38:43,600
Virginia's, delegates, 
solidifying, his role as a 

2929
02:38:43,600 --> 02:38:46,600
national figure rather than just
a regional voice, he traveled to

2930
02:38:46,608 --> 02:38:48,900
Philadelphia where 
representatives from a cross, 

2931
02:38:48,900 --> 02:38:51,600
the colonies, debated, how far 
to push back against British 

2932
02:38:53,100 --> 02:38:55,900
While radicals like Samuel 
Adams, advocated more Extreme 

2933
02:38:55,900 --> 02:38:58,400
Measures other sort of 
compromise or hoped. 

2934
02:38:58,400 --> 02:39:01,500
For a restoration of harmonious,
relationships, Washington's 

2935
02:39:01,500 --> 02:39:04,200
presence, signaled, that 
Virginia, the largest and most 

2936
02:39:04,200 --> 02:39:06,300
populous colony was prepared to 
stand. 

2937
02:39:06,300 --> 02:39:09,300
Alongside New England, in 
protesting Imperial overreach. 

2938
02:39:10,100 --> 02:39:12,800
Washington's military background
was not overlooked during those 

2939
02:39:12,800 --> 02:39:15,100
Congress. 
Session's, he was one of the few

2940
02:39:15,100 --> 02:39:17,800
delegates with first-hand 
experience in large-scale combat

2941
02:39:17,800 --> 02:39:20,700
operations though. 
Overshadowed, by the fiery, 

2942
02:39:20,700 --> 02:39:24,200
oratory of John Adams or Patrick
Henry, he projected a quiet 

2943
02:39:24,200 --> 02:39:26,500
confidence that could unify 
disparate factions. 

2944
02:39:26,500 --> 02:39:30,300
He sold them took the floor for 
dramatic speeches, but in 

2945
02:39:30,300 --> 02:39:33,600
committee meetings, delegates 
consulted him about potential 

2946
02:39:33,600 --> 02:39:36,000
military scenarios of the 
standoff with Brittany 

2947
02:39:36,000 --> 02:39:38,400
escalated. 
How might a ragtag colonial 

2948
02:39:38,400 --> 02:39:40,100
militia? 
Confront the most formidable 

2949
02:39:40,100 --> 02:39:42,900
army in the world? 
The event soon compelled, 

2950
02:39:42,900 --> 02:39:47,700
everyone to take action in April
1775, the battles at Lexington 

2951
02:39:47,700 --> 02:39:51,500
and Concord Unleashed. 
Open conflict, British soldiers 

2952
02:39:51,500 --> 02:39:54,500
and Colonial, militiamen had 
exchanged shots and the war was 

2953
02:39:54,508 --> 02:39:58,000
effectively underway by the time
the second continental congress.

2954
02:39:58,000 --> 02:40:00,800
Convened, the question was no 
longer whether to resist 

2955
02:40:00,800 --> 02:40:05,400
military but how John Adams 
recognizing this. 

2956
02:40:05,400 --> 02:40:07,300
Need to draw the southern 
colonies. 

2957
02:40:07,300 --> 02:40:10,500
More tightly into the cause 
nominated Washington, to lead 

2958
02:40:10,500 --> 02:40:12,000
the newly formed. 
Continental Army. 

2959
02:40:12,800 --> 02:40:16,100
With reluctance Washington, 
accepted declaring he would 

2960
02:40:16,108 --> 02:40:19,500
serve without pay. he stressed 
that he was neither the most 

2961
02:40:19,500 --> 02:40:23,000
qualified nor seeking personal 
Glory, yet he would do his duty 

2962
02:40:23,000 --> 02:40:27,200
of called upon in that moment, 
the diligent Virginia planter 

2963
02:40:27,200 --> 02:40:30,700
and local politician found 
himself thrust onto a stage with

2964
02:40:30,700 --> 02:40:33,500
no script. 
Leading a revolution against the

2965
02:40:33,500 --> 02:40:37,100
crowd seemed or dacious even 
Reckless, but Washington 

2966
02:40:37,100 --> 02:40:39,600
believed the colonies had 
reached in a reversible point. 

2967
02:40:40,600 --> 02:40:42,500
He saddled his horse and 
departed for Massachusetts. 

2968
02:40:42,500 --> 02:40:47,000
Determined, if unsure about the 
trials, that lay ahead his 

2969
02:40:47,000 --> 02:40:48,800
leadership, would soon be tested
in ways. 

2970
02:40:48,800 --> 02:40:52,400
Few could have imagined both by 
the might of British forces and 

2971
02:40:52,400 --> 02:40:54,900
by the fractious nature of a 
fledgling Nation, still 

2972
02:40:54,900 --> 02:40:58,100
discovering its Collective 
identity, Washington's 

2973
02:40:58,100 --> 02:40:59,500
appointment as the 
commander-in-chief of the 

2974
02:40:59,500 --> 02:41:02,300
Continental Army, paved the way 
for a challenging battle against

2975
02:41:02,300 --> 02:41:05,700
the most formidable military 
force of the era arriving in 

2976
02:41:05,700 --> 02:41:09,900
Cambridge. 
Massachusetts in July 1775, he 

2977
02:41:09,900 --> 02:41:12,700
took command of a collection of 
militias besieging British held 

2978
02:41:12,700 --> 02:41:16,300
Boston. what he found was a 
disorganized Force lacking 

2979
02:41:16,300 --> 02:41:20,800
supplies uniforms, and 
consistent discipline militias 

2980
02:41:20,800 --> 02:41:23,800
from different colonies, held 
different loyalties, very 

2981
02:41:23,800 --> 02:41:26,700
drastically and training and 
often viewed each other with 

2982
02:41:26,700 --> 02:41:30,900
suspicion, Washing realized that
to stand any chance against the 

2983
02:41:30,900 --> 02:41:34,900
British yet, to forge these 
disparate units into a cohesive 

2984
02:41:34,900 --> 02:41:38,400
army with a shared purpose. 
Early on Washington face to 

2985
02:41:38,400 --> 02:41:42,300
series of strategic dilemmas 
despite the often romanticized 

2986
02:41:42,300 --> 02:41:44,700
notion of the Continental armies
Underdog Valor. 

2987
02:41:44,700 --> 02:41:50,100
The reality was messy disease 
desertions and short term in 

2988
02:41:50,100 --> 02:41:52,700
lists undercut. 
The stable Force who desperately

2989
02:41:52,700 --> 02:41:56,000
needed British troops in. 
Boston were well, supplied by 

2990
02:41:56,000 --> 02:41:58,100
sea. 
So direct assault seemed 

2991
02:41:58,100 --> 02:42:00,900
suicidal. 
Instead Washington imposed 

2992
02:42:00,900 --> 02:42:04,800
discipline, orchestrated Siege 
lines and introduced stricter 

2993
02:42:04,800 --> 02:42:08,400
regulations over time. 
He acquired cannon from fought 

2994
02:42:08,400 --> 02:42:11,200
to conderoga famously, 
transporting them across 

2995
02:42:11,200 --> 02:42:14,700
difficult winter, terrain, under
Henry Knox, oversight by March 

2996
02:42:14,700 --> 02:42:18,000
76 artillery on Dorchester 
Heights, forced the British to 

2997
02:42:18,000 --> 02:42:20,800
evacuate Boston. 
Although it was a bloodless 

2998
02:42:20,800 --> 02:42:23,800
victory for the Americans 
Washington, understood that the 

2999
02:42:23,808 --> 02:42:27,000
war had barely begun. 
The British Navy and army could 

3000
02:42:27,000 --> 02:42:29,100
and would strike at more 
critical ports. 

3001
02:42:30,200 --> 02:42:32,600
Wash Washington's, next trials. 
Unfolded in New York, 

3002
02:42:32,600 --> 02:42:35,100
anticipating a major British 
offensive. 

3003
02:42:35,100 --> 02:42:38,600
He shifted his army to defend 
Manhattan and its surrounding 

3004
02:42:38,600 --> 02:42:42,500
the British arrived in force 
under General, William Howe and 

3005
02:42:42,500 --> 02:42:46,700
by late summer in 1776, 
Washington's men injured a 

3006
02:42:46,700 --> 02:42:50,000
crushing defeat at the Battle of
Long Island A series of Retreats

3007
02:42:50,000 --> 02:42:52,200
followed culminating in the 
British season. 

3008
02:42:52,200 --> 02:42:56,800
New York City, morale plummeted,
many soldiers deserted others, 

3009
02:42:56,800 --> 02:42:59,500
questioned. 
Washington's competence yet in a

3010
02:42:59,500 --> 02:43:03,000
bold move washing ordered a 
stealth evacuation across the 

3011
02:43:03,000 --> 02:43:05,100
East River. 
During the night fairing, 

3012
02:43:05,100 --> 02:43:07,400
thousands of troops and avoiding
total annihilation. 

3013
02:43:08,300 --> 02:43:11,700
That partial salvation became an
early example of his knack for 

3014
02:43:11,700 --> 02:43:14,700
improvisational Retreats, a 
skill that may lack, the glamour

3015
02:43:14,700 --> 02:43:17,300
of offensive victories. 
That was crucial for the 

3016
02:43:17,300 --> 02:43:22,300
survival of the cause In late 
1776 with enlistments expiring 

3017
02:43:22,300 --> 02:43:24,400
and temperatures. 
Dropping Washington. 

3018
02:43:24,400 --> 02:43:26,000
Orchestrated one of the 
revolutions. 

3019
02:43:26,000 --> 02:43:29,600
Most dramatic Strokes crossing 
the icy Delaware River on 

3020
02:43:29,600 --> 02:43:32,500
Christmas night to surprise 
Hessian mercenaries at Trenton 

3021
02:43:32,500 --> 02:43:36,500
the successor, Trenton followed 
by another victory at Princeton 

3022
02:43:36,500 --> 02:43:41,100
rejuvenated the Patriot cause 
Washington's leadership style in

3023
02:43:41,100 --> 02:43:43,200
these moments combined 
particular planning with 

3024
02:43:43,200 --> 02:43:45,700
personal bravery. 
He wrote at the front, 

3025
02:43:45,700 --> 02:43:49,200
encouraging his men proving that
cunning and audacity could 

3026
02:43:49,200 --> 02:43:51,600
offset numerical or logistical 
disadvantages. 

3027
02:43:51,600 --> 02:43:56,400
The morale boost was enormous 
coaxing recruits to stay in new 

3028
02:43:56,400 --> 02:43:59,200
volunteers to join. 
Yet the Continental armies, 

3029
02:43:59,200 --> 02:44:02,600
tribulation remained, abundant 
the British sought to isolate 

3030
02:44:02,600 --> 02:44:05,400
New England by seizing. 
The Hudson River Corridor while 

3031
02:44:05,400 --> 02:44:07,300
smaller armies. 
Skirmish in the interior, 

3032
02:44:08,200 --> 02:44:10,600
Washington clashed repeatedly 
with delegates in the 

3033
02:44:10,608 --> 02:44:13,600
Continental Congress Who 
provided inconsistent funding 

3034
02:44:13,600 --> 02:44:16,900
and supplies reflecting the 
fragile, nature of the young 

3035
02:44:16,900 --> 02:44:19,300
Confederation. 
He wrote endless letters 

3036
02:44:19,300 --> 02:44:22,300
pleading for shoes, blankets and
rationals. 

3037
02:44:22,300 --> 02:44:25,600
Meanwhile British raids and 
Loyalists sympathizers. 

3038
02:44:25,600 --> 02:44:27,600
So to confusion behind American 
lines. 

3039
02:44:28,500 --> 02:44:32,600
In 1777, Washington lost a key 
engagement at Brandywine, 

3040
02:44:32,600 --> 02:44:35,600
allowing the British to capture 
Philadelphia, the Patriot 

3041
02:44:35,600 --> 02:44:39,500
Capital, another setback at 
Germantown, followed critics and

3042
02:44:39,508 --> 02:44:42,700
Congress grew louder questioning
whether a different General 

3043
02:44:42,700 --> 02:44:45,800
might fare better yet. 
Washington retained the Loyalty 

3044
02:44:45,800 --> 02:44:48,500
of many officers. 
Forging a sense of unity that 

3045
02:44:48,500 --> 02:44:52,300
transcended, local affiliations 
at Valley Forge during the cruel

3046
02:44:52,300 --> 02:44:56,500
winter of 1777 to 1778. 
The Army, endured starvation, 

3047
02:44:56,500 --> 02:45:00,600
disease and freezing conditions.
Thanks to the drilling expertise

3048
02:45:00,600 --> 02:45:04,400
of Baron, von Steuben and 
ex-person officer Washington's 

3049
02:45:04,400 --> 02:45:06,800
troops emerged. 
More disciplined able to engage 

3050
02:45:06,800 --> 02:45:10,700
British regulars, on nearly 
equal terms at Valley Forge, the

3051
02:45:10,700 --> 02:45:13,100
Continental Army underwent, a 
significant transformation 

3052
02:45:13,100 --> 02:45:15,700
transitioning. 
From an unruly collection of 

3053
02:45:15,700 --> 02:45:19,600
militias to a functional 
fighting force, washing the 

3054
02:45:19,600 --> 02:45:23,600
delicate art of balancing 
alliance's, the French persuaded

3055
02:45:23,600 --> 02:45:26,600
by the American victory. 
At Saratoga were Horatio Gates. 

3056
02:45:26,600 --> 02:45:30,000
Led the effort not Washington 
Direct Join the conflict. 

3057
02:45:30,000 --> 02:45:32,800
Providing Naval strength and 
additional Ground Forces 

3058
02:45:32,800 --> 02:45:34,800
coordinating with French 
officers. 

3059
02:45:34,800 --> 02:45:38,100
Like the Marquee de Lafayette, 
demanded diplomatic finesse 

3060
02:45:38,100 --> 02:45:42,900
washing adapted, forging trust 
with these foreign allies even 

3061
02:45:42,900 --> 02:45:51,400
as intercolonial to the Army's 
identity. 

3062
02:45:52,300 --> 02:45:56,600
His men might groan about scarce
supplies or rag uniforms but 

3063
02:45:56,600 --> 02:45:58,500
they trusted their General to 
hold them together. 

3064
02:45:59,400 --> 02:46:03,200
By the wars midpoint Washington 
had solidified his role as the 

3065
02:46:03,200 --> 02:46:06,800
linchpin of American resistance.
His direct Battlefield success 

3066
02:46:06,800 --> 02:46:09,300
is varied. 
Some were brilliant others. 

3067
02:46:09,300 --> 02:46:11,900
Disappointing but his 
unshakeable commitment to the 

3068
02:46:11,908 --> 02:46:15,400
cause combined with an ability 
to Pivot tactics and maintain 

3069
02:46:15,400 --> 02:46:17,700
Unity. 
Kept the Rebellion alive. 

3070
02:46:18,400 --> 02:46:20,800
Emerging from these years of 
hardship was a sense that 

3071
02:46:20,800 --> 02:46:25,200
whether revealed or criticized, 
Washington was indispensable, he

3072
02:46:25,200 --> 02:46:28,500
was no mere figurehead. 
The political apparatus and the 

3073
02:46:28,500 --> 02:46:30,900
Army itself needed. 
His Steady Hand at the Helm of 

3074
02:46:30,900 --> 02:46:33,600
the Revolution was to stand a 
chance of seeing final victory. 

3075
02:46:34,500 --> 02:46:36,900
As the Revolutionary War 
entered, its latest stages, 

3076
02:46:36,900 --> 02:46:40,200
washing face to new set of 
challenges that tested his 

3077
02:46:40,200 --> 02:46:43,800
leadership on multiple fronts. 
The conflict had become more 

3078
02:46:43,800 --> 02:46:47,600
sprawling with battles in the 
South intensifying British 

3079
02:46:47,600 --> 02:46:49,500
forces. 
Hoping to exploit loyalists 

3080
02:46:49,500 --> 02:46:52,000
sentiment launched campaigns in 
Georgia. 

3081
02:46:52,000 --> 02:46:55,100
And the Carolinas. 
Meanwhile, the Continental Army 

3082
02:46:55,100 --> 02:46:57,800
in the north still had to guard 
against renewed offensive from 

3083
02:46:57,800 --> 02:47:00,200
New York. 
Washington, found himself 

3084
02:47:00,200 --> 02:47:03,400
juggling resource allocations 
and strategic oversight across a

3085
02:47:03,400 --> 02:47:05,900
vast territory. 
All with limited Manpower and 

3086
02:47:05,900 --> 02:47:09,800
mega Finance is One of his core 
strengths lay an understanding 

3087
02:47:09,800 --> 02:47:13,100
that Victory did not necessarily
require defeating every British 

3088
02:47:13,100 --> 02:47:16,800
unit on the battlefield. 
Over years of warfare Washington

3089
02:47:16,800 --> 02:47:19,800
recognized that prolonging the 
conflict, making it too costly 

3090
02:47:19,800 --> 02:47:23,900
for Britain to sustain could be 
enough to force negotiations as 

3091
02:47:23,900 --> 02:47:26,700
British public support for the 
war waned and the conflict 

3092
02:47:26,700 --> 02:47:28,700
strained. 
The Empire's coffers this 

3093
02:47:28,700 --> 02:47:32,700
strategy of endurance gained 
traction He coordinated partisan

3094
02:47:32,700 --> 02:47:35,600
Warfare in the southern states 
where generals like Nathanael 

3095
02:47:35,600 --> 02:47:38,300
Greene used hidden run tactics 
and forced the British to 

3096
02:47:38,300 --> 02:47:41,500
overextend their supply lines. 
Washington might not have 

3097
02:47:41,500 --> 02:47:44,300
designed every maneuver 
personally, but his overarching 

3098
02:47:44,300 --> 02:47:47,200
directive emphasized wearing 
down the opponent, rather than 

3099
02:47:47,200 --> 02:47:50,600
seeking a single Grand Triumph 
for all costs. 

3100
02:47:51,400 --> 02:47:54,800
Yet, frustration still mounted 
the Continental Congress, 

3101
02:47:54,800 --> 02:47:58,800
perennially short, on funds, 
struggled to pay or Supply the 

3102
02:47:58,800 --> 02:48:01,800
troops inflation. 
Ran rampant and the paper 

3103
02:48:01,800 --> 02:48:03,500
currency. 
They issued known as 

3104
02:48:03,500 --> 02:48:05,500
Continentals lost much of its 
value. 

3105
02:48:06,200 --> 02:48:09,200
Sometimes entire regiments, 
threatened Mutiny over unpaid 

3106
02:48:09,200 --> 02:48:12,400
wages, and lack of food. 
Washington wrote urgent letters 

3107
02:48:12,400 --> 02:48:16,200
balancing please and warnings 
desertion could unravel the 

3108
02:48:16,200 --> 02:48:20,900
entire Revolution, but the men's
hardships were genuine He 

3109
02:48:20,900 --> 02:48:23,200
balanced his empathy for his 
soldiers, suffering with the 

3110
02:48:23,200 --> 02:48:26,300
need to uphold discipline 
against this turbulent. 

3111
02:48:26,300 --> 02:48:29,200
Backdrop, French assistance, 
played a decisive role. 

3112
02:48:29,900 --> 02:48:32,300
Following France's official 
entry into the war. 

3113
02:48:33,000 --> 02:48:35,500
Spain and the Dutch Republic 
also offered varying degrees of 

3114
02:48:35,508 --> 02:48:38,400
support to America. 
Broadening the conflict into a 

3115
02:48:38,408 --> 02:48:40,200
larger Global struggle against 
Britain. 

3116
02:48:40,800 --> 02:48:43,700
Washington worked with French 
Admirals and Generals, who like 

3117
02:48:43,700 --> 02:48:46,100
Admiral Degrassi and general 
Rochambeau. 

3118
02:48:46,100 --> 02:48:48,900
Brought Naval superiority and 
well-trained troops. 

3119
02:48:48,900 --> 02:48:52,900
Diplomatic Synergy was crucial, 
Washington, never flew into 

3120
02:48:52,900 --> 02:48:56,300
French relied on interpreters 
and the Goodwill of allies like 

3121
02:48:56,300 --> 02:48:58,300
Lafayette to maintain strong 
communication. 

3122
02:48:59,000 --> 02:49:01,600
Joint operations, required, 
patience and compromise. 

3123
02:49:01,600 --> 02:49:04,700
The French navy, sheds and 
European political priorities, 

3124
02:49:04,700 --> 02:49:08,000
often constrained quick action. 
The culmination of these 

3125
02:49:08,000 --> 02:49:11,200
alliances and strategies took 
shape in 1781 at Yorktown. 

3126
02:49:11,200 --> 02:49:14,300
Virginia British General 
Cornwallis had entrenched. 

3127
02:49:14,300 --> 02:49:18,200
His forces there, hoping for 
resupply by sea, Washington 

3128
02:49:18,200 --> 02:49:21,800
seized the moment. 
He fainted moves toward New York

3129
02:49:21,800 --> 02:49:25,800
but then swiftly marched a major
portion of his army, South The 

3130
02:49:25,800 --> 02:49:28,100
French Fleet under the grass 
blocked, the chest Peak 

3131
02:49:28,100 --> 02:49:31,900
preventing a British Naval 
evacuation trapped, and under 

3132
02:49:31,900 --> 02:49:36,900
constant bombardment Cornwallis 
surrendered in October. 7081 the

3133
02:49:36,900 --> 02:49:40,100
Victory at Yorktown did not 
instantly end the war but it was

3134
02:49:40,100 --> 02:49:42,500
the decisive blow that 
shattered, Britain's willingness

3135
02:49:42,500 --> 02:49:45,200
to continue negotiations in 
Europe soon. 

3136
02:49:45,200 --> 02:49:50,800
Began leading to the 70 of May 
3390. 

3137
02:49:51,500 --> 02:49:53,200
Washington's role in the final 
phase. 

3138
02:49:53,200 --> 02:49:56,600
Showcased, two defining traits 
of his leadership adaptability 

3139
02:49:56,600 --> 02:50:00,100
and a knack for collaboration. 
He was not a tactical genius in 

3140
02:50:00,100 --> 02:50:03,100
the mold of Napoleon, but he 
excelled in forging. 

3141
02:50:03,100 --> 02:50:06,300
Unity among diverse groups with 
clashing ego's and conflicting 

3142
02:50:06,300 --> 02:50:09,000
interests. 
He also grasped the cycle 

3143
02:50:09,000 --> 02:50:12,300
dimension of War Victory. 
Could be achieved as much 

3144
02:50:12,300 --> 02:50:14,900
through morale and diplomatic 
pressure as through Battlefield 

3145
02:50:14,900 --> 02:50:17,700
conquests. 
Under his guidance, the 

3146
02:50:17,700 --> 02:50:21,600
Continental Army endured for 
eight grueling years Coleman in 

3147
02:50:21,600 --> 02:50:23,800
a capitulation that many had 
deemed impossible. 

3148
02:50:24,900 --> 02:50:28,200
When peace was finally secured 
Washington stunned. 

3149
02:50:28,200 --> 02:50:30,900
The World by resigning his 
commission and returning to 

3150
02:50:30,900 --> 02:50:32,800
private life, rather than seeing
power. 

3151
02:50:33,700 --> 02:50:36,100
In a time, when Victoria's 
Generals in Europe, often 

3152
02:50:36,100 --> 02:50:39,000
leveraged military success to 
become dictators or monarchs. 

3153
02:50:39,000 --> 02:50:41,000
His gesture was nearly 
unprecedented. 

3154
02:50:42,000 --> 02:50:45,000
He sent a farewell address to 
the Army bidding, an emotional 

3155
02:50:45,000 --> 02:50:47,600
goodbye to the officers who had 
become like, family through 

3156
02:50:47,600 --> 02:50:51,900
shared hardships. 
Then he returned to Mount Vernon

3157
02:50:51,900 --> 02:50:54,800
longing for quiet days, over 
seeing his estate. 

3158
02:50:55,700 --> 02:50:58,900
In the public imagination. 
He became the embodiment of 

3159
02:50:58,900 --> 02:51:02,900
Roman Republican virtue. 
Akin to since in natus, leaving 

3160
02:51:02,900 --> 02:51:06,200
his plow to defend the nation 
and then returning to his farm. 

3161
02:51:06,200 --> 02:51:08,700
Yet the young Republic soon, 
discovered that Independence 

3162
02:51:08,700 --> 02:51:12,300
would not solve every problem 
war deaths disputes among the 

3163
02:51:12,300 --> 02:51:15,400
states, and a weak central 
government under the Articles of

3164
02:51:15,400 --> 02:51:17,900
Confederation threatened, the 
stability of the new nation 

3165
02:51:17,900 --> 02:51:20,800
calls for a stronger National 
framework grew louder. 

3166
02:51:20,800 --> 02:51:24,900
And once again, the Gaze of the 
fledgling country turned to 

3167
02:51:24,900 --> 02:51:27,700
Washington, would he remain a 
private citizen? 

3168
02:51:27,700 --> 02:51:30,300
Or would he use his stature to 
help shape? 

3169
02:51:30,300 --> 02:51:33,500
The governance of the country? 
He had been so instrumental in 

3170
02:51:33,500 --> 02:51:37,400
forging, The next chapter of his
life and In Deed of the nation's

3171
02:51:37,400 --> 02:51:41,300
would hinge on how he answered 
that question after returning to

3172
02:51:41,300 --> 02:51:45,500
Mount Vernon in 1783 Washington,
tried to refocus on his 

3173
02:51:45,500 --> 02:51:49,400
plantations, hoping for a 
respite from public affairs yet,

3174
02:51:49,400 --> 02:51:52,200
the fragile state of the 
post-war union soon, pulled him 

3175
02:51:52,200 --> 02:51:55,200
back into the spotlight. 
Under the article's affair 

3176
02:51:55,200 --> 02:51:58,700
Confederation, the federal 
government lacked authority to 

3177
02:51:58,700 --> 02:52:02,500
tax regulate commerce, 
affectively settle disputes 

3178
02:52:02,500 --> 02:52:06,100
among states. 
Economic turmoil loomed large 

3179
02:52:06,100 --> 02:52:10,500
gets from the war weighed on 
every state and the absence of a

3180
02:52:10,500 --> 02:52:12,400
cohesive National policy bred 
friction. 

3181
02:52:12,400 --> 02:52:15,900
Insurrections such as Shay's 
Rebellion in Massachusetts. 

3182
02:52:15,900 --> 02:52:18,900
Highlighted how easily? 
Unrest might spiral if the 

3183
02:52:18,900 --> 02:52:22,300
central government could not act
decisively Leaders across the 

3184
02:52:22,300 --> 02:52:26,200
state's recognize, the dire need
for reforms and Washington was a

3185
02:52:26,200 --> 02:52:27,600
natural figure to help spearhead
them. 

3186
02:52:28,200 --> 02:52:29,900
Though. 
Initially hesitant, he feared 

3187
02:52:29,900 --> 02:52:33,000
Public Service would once again,
swallow his private life, he 

3188
02:52:33,000 --> 02:52:34,800
came around to the idea that a 
stronger. 

3189
02:52:34,800 --> 02:52:37,000
Government framework was 
essential to preserve the Union.

3190
02:52:37,800 --> 02:52:41,200
In 1787, he agreed to preside 
over the Constitutional 

3191
02:52:41,200 --> 02:52:45,100
Convention in Philadelphia this 
Gathering intended, first to 

3192
02:52:45,100 --> 02:52:48,500
revise the Articles soon morphed
into a wholesale creation of a 

3193
02:52:48,500 --> 02:52:51,500
new constitution. 
Washington did not speak off and

3194
02:52:51,500 --> 02:52:54,600
during the debate, but his mere 
presence link gravity to the 

3195
02:52:54,608 --> 02:52:57,600
proceedings. 
Delegates disagreed vigorously 

3196
02:52:57,600 --> 02:53:00,800
over representation slavery and 
executive power. 

3197
02:53:00,800 --> 02:53:04,000
Yet most recognized that 
Washington's approval would be 

3198
02:53:04,000 --> 02:53:07,100
critical for winning public 
acceptance of any proposed 

3199
02:53:07,100 --> 02:53:09,800
Constitution. 
His role was largely that of 

3200
02:53:09,800 --> 02:53:13,700
mediator and symbol of unity, he
allowed men like James Madison, 

3201
02:53:13,700 --> 02:53:18,100
Alexander Hamilton, and Benjamin
Franklin to articulate competing

3202
02:53:18,100 --> 02:53:20,800
ideas. 
But whenever debate grew 

3203
02:53:20,800 --> 02:53:24,000
contentious, the image of 
Washington seated at the front, 

3204
02:53:24,000 --> 02:53:27,500
reminded them, that the 
revolution's integrity and the 

3205
02:53:27,500 --> 02:53:29,900
future of Republican governance 
were at stake. 

3206
02:53:30,800 --> 02:53:35,300
By September 1787, the delegates
crafted a new Constitution that 

3207
02:53:35,300 --> 02:53:38,900
incorporated a more robust 
federal government tempered by a

3208
02:53:38,900 --> 02:53:41,300
system of checks and balances 
will not perfect. 

3209
02:53:41,300 --> 02:53:43,700
It was a revolutionary 
experiment in structured 

3210
02:53:43,700 --> 02:53:46,000
Liberty. 
Washington's endorsement 

3211
02:53:46,000 --> 02:53:47,700
carried. 
Enormous weight during the 

3212
02:53:47,700 --> 02:53:51,400
ratification process, the 
Virginia, reluctant 

3213
02:53:51,400 --> 02:53:54,100
Anti-Federalists. 
Founded difficult to argue that 

3214
02:53:54,100 --> 02:53:57,100
the Constitution must tyranny, 
when Washington vouched for it. 

3215
02:53:57,800 --> 02:54:01,500
Once the Constitution became law
called for Washington to serve, 

3216
02:54:01,500 --> 02:54:04,200
as the first president were 
unanimous in their intensity. 

3217
02:54:04,900 --> 02:54:07,600
He was the linchpin who could 
lend immediately legitimacy to 

3218
02:54:07,600 --> 02:54:10,400
the new system. 
Despite personals reservation. 

3219
02:54:10,400 --> 02:54:14,200
He was aging and the toll of 
public life was no small burden.

3220
02:54:14,200 --> 02:54:17,600
He reluctantly accepted the 
role, the Electoral College 

3221
02:54:17,600 --> 02:54:20,100
elected him, unanimously in 
1789. 

3222
02:54:20,100 --> 02:54:23,000
In April, of that year, he 
journeyed to New York City. 

3223
02:54:23,000 --> 02:54:26,000
The temporary capital to take 
the oath of office is 

3224
02:54:26,000 --> 02:54:29,000
inauguration was a subdued 
ceremony reflecting a new 

3225
02:54:29,008 --> 02:54:31,200
nation's blend of optimism and 
anxiety. 

3226
02:54:31,200 --> 02:54:33,100
He stood on a balcony, 
overlooking. 

3227
02:54:33,100 --> 02:54:37,000
Throngs of cheering citizens, 
placing his hand on a Bible and 

3228
02:54:37,000 --> 02:54:41,000
swearing to preserve protect and
defend the constitution in 

3229
02:54:41,000 --> 02:54:44,500
shaping the executive branch 
wash Washington face, a blank 

3230
02:54:44,500 --> 02:54:48,600
slate There was no blueprint for
how a president should behave 

3231
02:54:48,600 --> 02:54:51,400
you believed in setting, careful
precedence, that would guide 

3232
02:54:51,400 --> 02:54:54,500
successes and this cautious 
approach colored his every 

3233
02:54:54,500 --> 02:54:57,400
decision. 
He formed a cabinet of advisors,

3234
02:54:57,400 --> 02:55:01,900
including Thomas Jefferson as 
Secretary of State and Alexander

3235
02:55:01,900 --> 02:55:05,500
Hamilton a Secretary of the 
Treasury, the ideological 

3236
02:55:05,500 --> 02:55:09,000
clashes between Jefferson who 
championed agrarian democracy 

3237
02:55:09,000 --> 02:55:12,700
and Hamilton, who pushed for a 
robust, federal government, and 

3238
02:55:12,700 --> 02:55:15,600
Industrial growth forced 
Washington to navigate to 

3239
02:55:15,600 --> 02:55:19,100
delicate balance balancing. 
These factions, he aimed to 

3240
02:55:19,100 --> 02:55:21,800
prevent the country from 
splitting into partisan camps 

3241
02:55:22,600 --> 02:55:26,600
Still, the seeds of political 
rivalry were planted eventually,

3242
02:55:26,600 --> 02:55:29,300
sprouting into the Federalists 
and Democratic Republican 

3243
02:55:29,300 --> 02:55:31,800
parties. 
Washington's presidency. 

3244
02:55:31,800 --> 02:55:35,000
Also, navigated foreign policy 
dilemmas the young. 

3245
02:55:35,000 --> 02:55:38,900
United States was military, 
weak, financially, indebted, and

3246
02:55:38,900 --> 02:55:43,000
overshadowed by European powers.
When the French Revolution 

3247
02:55:43,000 --> 02:55:45,900
erupted many Americans felt they
owed France. 

3248
02:55:45,900 --> 02:55:48,200
A debt of gratitude for its 
wartime support. 

3249
02:55:49,000 --> 02:55:52,000
Yet Washington believed 
neutrality was crucial in 

3250
02:55:52,000 --> 02:55:55,100
tangling, the fragile Republic. 
In Europe's Wars, could spell 

3251
02:55:55,100 --> 02:55:57,700
disaster. 
His proclamation of neutrality 

3252
02:55:57,700 --> 02:56:01,200
and 1793 Drew Ayer from those 
who wanted to Aid Farms. 

3253
02:56:01,900 --> 02:56:04,600
But it shielded the new nation 
from a catastrophic conflict. 

3254
02:56:04,600 --> 02:56:08,400
It was ill-prepared to handle. 
Domestic issues also tested, the

3255
02:56:08,400 --> 02:56:12,000
new Administration, Hamilton's 
financial plan, which included, 

3256
02:56:12,000 --> 02:56:13,600
Federal Assumption of State 
debts. 

3257
02:56:13,600 --> 02:56:16,800
And the creation of a National 
Bank sparked, Fierce debates, 

3258
02:56:16,800 --> 02:56:20,200
Washington, backed Hamilton, 
believing that fiscal stability,

3259
02:56:20,200 --> 02:56:22,100
was essential for national 
respectability. 

3260
02:56:22,900 --> 02:56:26,300
But Jefferson's faction decried.
These measures as threats to 

3261
02:56:26,300 --> 02:56:29,700
states rights. 
Then in 1794 the Whiskey 

3262
02:56:29,700 --> 02:56:31,500
Rebellion flared in Western 
Pennsylvania. 

3263
02:56:32,600 --> 02:56:35,700
Where Farmers violently opposed 
a federal tax on distilled 

3264
02:56:35,700 --> 02:56:38,700
spirits. 
Washing alarmed by the prospect 

3265
02:56:38,700 --> 02:56:41,900
of an armed Insurrection, 
personally, LED troops to quell.

3266
02:56:41,900 --> 02:56:45,000
The rebellion and act, that 
showcases Federal Authority, but

3267
02:56:45,000 --> 02:56:48,100
also raise fears about 
militarized responses to dissent

3268
02:56:48,100 --> 02:56:51,700
throughout these trials, washing
labor, to maintain a posture of 

3269
02:56:51,708 --> 02:56:55,000
parties and squabbles though 
that position grew increasingly 

3270
02:56:55,000 --> 02:56:58,800
difficult, newspapers reflecting
the rise of party driven 

3271
02:56:58,800 --> 02:57:02,200
journalism attacked or praised 
him depending on their tutorial.

3272
02:57:02,200 --> 02:57:06,100
Leanings criticisms, stung the 
once revered hero but he 

3273
02:57:06,100 --> 02:57:08,800
remained steadfast convinced 
that the survival of 

3274
02:57:08,808 --> 02:57:11,200
constitutional governance 
required robust debate. 

3275
02:57:11,900 --> 02:57:14,100
Even if it's sometimes, 
descended into vitriol. 

3276
02:57:15,100 --> 02:57:17,800
By the end of his second term, 
he yearned for retirement more 

3277
02:57:17,800 --> 02:57:20,300
earnestly than ever. 
The question was whether the 

3278
02:57:20,300 --> 02:57:23,500
country could sustain itself 
without him or if his moral 

3279
02:57:23,500 --> 02:57:25,400
Authority and balanced 
leadership remained 

3280
02:57:25,400 --> 02:57:29,900
indispensable By 1796 Washington
had served two terms as 

3281
02:57:29,900 --> 02:57:32,500
president and felt strongly. 
That rotating leadership was 

3282
02:57:32,500 --> 02:57:35,600
essential to the Republic's 
Health unanimously, re-elected 

3283
02:57:35,600 --> 02:57:39,200
in 1792, he could likely have 
secured a third term, but he 

3284
02:57:39,200 --> 02:57:42,100
declined. 
In doing so he established a 

3285
02:57:42,100 --> 02:57:44,500
precedent of voluntary 
executive, turnover later, 

3286
02:57:44,500 --> 02:57:48,300
codified by the 22nd amendment. 
That would profoundly influence 

3287
02:57:48,300 --> 02:57:51,600
American political culture. 
recognizing the young nation's 

3288
02:57:51,600 --> 02:57:54,700
precariousness, he offered 
parting guidance in his farewell

3289
02:57:54,700 --> 02:57:58,700
address Published rather than 
delivered orally, it warned 

3290
02:57:58,700 --> 02:58:02,000
against the dangers of permanent
foreign alliances, and excessive

3291
02:58:02,000 --> 02:58:05,100
parties and ship. 
He urged Americans to cherish, 

3292
02:58:05,100 --> 02:58:09,200
Unity keep religion and morality
as public pillars and remain 

3293
02:58:09,200 --> 02:58:11,700
where of ideological factions 
that could fracture National 

3294
02:58:11,700 --> 02:58:14,900
cohesion. 
After leaving office, in March 

3295
02:58:14,900 --> 02:58:18,100
1797, Washington returned to 
Mount Vernon. 

3296
02:58:18,800 --> 02:58:22,500
A sense of relief washed over 
him tempered by ongoing concerns

3297
02:58:22,500 --> 02:58:25,400
about the fledgling nation's 
trajectory over sort. 

3298
02:58:25,400 --> 02:58:28,500
Expansions at his estate 
experimented with different 

3299
02:58:28,500 --> 02:58:32,100
crop, rotations and dabbled in 
various manufacturing Ventures 

3300
02:58:32,100 --> 02:58:34,900
on site, such as a Grist Mill, 
and a Distillery. 

3301
02:58:35,800 --> 02:58:38,700
However, retirement did not 
provide an escape from moral 

3302
02:58:38,700 --> 02:58:41,400
dilemmas, Washington's wealth, 
and Plantation. 

3303
02:58:41,400 --> 02:58:44,800
Lifestyle had always hinged on 
enslaved labor, while he had 

3304
02:58:44,800 --> 02:58:47,700
privately expressed ambivalence 
about slavery, calling it 

3305
02:58:47,700 --> 02:58:49,900
repugnant in certain 
correspondences. 

3306
02:58:49,900 --> 02:58:52,100
He never publicly championed 
abolition. 

3307
02:58:52,800 --> 02:58:55,400
Only in his welded he arranged 
for the emancipation of his 

3308
02:58:55,400 --> 02:58:57,300
enslaved. 
People after Martha's death. 

3309
02:58:58,000 --> 02:59:00,800
A move that became one of the 
most significant private amounts

3310
02:59:00,800 --> 02:59:03,800
of patients of that era. 
But the structural system of 

3311
02:59:03,800 --> 02:59:07,400
slavery continued unabated 
across the South highlighting. 

3312
02:59:07,400 --> 02:59:11,000
The contradictions embedded in 
the new Republic increasingly 

3313
02:59:11,000 --> 02:59:14,000
foreign tensions threatened to 
pull wash and back into public 

3314
02:59:14,000 --> 02:59:16,400
life. 
Relationships with revolutionary

3315
02:59:16,400 --> 02:59:18,700
France. 
Deteriorated under John Adams's.

3316
02:59:18,700 --> 02:59:21,700
Presidente culminating in the 
Quasi War at sea. 

3317
02:59:22,500 --> 02:59:26,500
In 1798 Adams asked, Washington 
to serve as commander of a 

3318
02:59:26,500 --> 02:59:28,500
provisional Army, should 
full-scale War break out. 

3319
02:59:28,500 --> 02:59:32,000
Washington, agreed, though. 
He delegated most duties to 

3320
02:59:32,000 --> 02:59:34,500
Hamilton. 
He remained on standby, hoping 

3321
02:59:34,500 --> 02:59:39,100
conflict could be averted. 
By 1799 the immediate threat 

3322
02:59:39,100 --> 02:59:42,400
passed and Washington settled 
again in to the routine at Mount

3323
02:59:42,400 --> 02:59:45,300
Vernon that same year. 
On December, the 12th, 

3324
02:59:45,300 --> 02:59:47,400
Washington braved, a cold wet 
ride around. 

3325
02:59:47,400 --> 02:59:51,500
His estate, checking fence lines
and farmland later that evening,

3326
02:59:51,500 --> 02:59:54,900
he developed a sore throat 
within days his condition 

3327
02:59:54,900 --> 02:59:57,100
worsened into what many now 
believe was acute. 

3328
02:59:57,100 --> 03:00:00,200
Epic Titus. 
Medical Treatments of the time 

3329
03:00:00,200 --> 03:00:03,800
bleeding, blistering and 
gargling only weakened him 

3330
03:00:03,800 --> 03:00:06,500
further. 
On the night of December 14th. 

3331
03:00:06,500 --> 03:00:09,500
1799 George Washington passed 
away. 

3332
03:00:09,500 --> 03:00:12,000
Surrounded by close friends and 
family. 

3333
03:00:12,600 --> 03:00:15,900
The new sent shockwaves 
throughout the country bells 

3334
03:00:15,900 --> 03:00:19,200
tolled in distant cities, 
eulogies poured in from across 

3335
03:00:19,200 --> 03:00:22,800
political, divides reflecting, 
the universal respect, Americans

3336
03:00:22,800 --> 03:00:26,000
felt for his leadership. 
Even in Europe, figures like 

3337
03:00:26,000 --> 03:00:29,600
Napoleon ordered tributes, 
Washington's death brought a 

3338
03:00:29,600 --> 03:00:31,800
collective Reckoning. 
The man who had guided the 

3339
03:00:31,800 --> 03:00:35,400
nation through Revolution 
constitutional formation and 

3340
03:00:35,400 --> 03:00:38,600
early governance was gone. 
But his legacy was already 

3341
03:00:38,600 --> 03:00:43,100
enshrined over subsequent 
decades and centuries Americans 

3342
03:00:43,100 --> 03:00:47,300
would build monuments, mint 
coins and compose, Hagia graphic

3343
03:00:47,300 --> 03:00:50,600
stories, that sometimes obscured
the complexity of his life. 

3344
03:00:51,300 --> 03:00:54,400
Myths, multiplied. 
The cherry tree legend by 

3345
03:00:54,400 --> 03:00:56,800
Parsons became a fixture in 
school primers. 

3346
03:00:56,800 --> 03:00:59,600
Overshadowing, the more 
instructive lessons of 

3347
03:00:59,600 --> 03:01:02,800
Washington's, real struggles, 
and ethical dilemmas, the wooden

3348
03:01:02,800 --> 03:01:06,300
teeth trop over shadowed the 
details of his expensive painful

3349
03:01:06,300 --> 03:01:09,200
dental operators made from 
various materials, including 

3350
03:01:09,200 --> 03:01:11,000
human, or animal teeth and 
Metal. 

3351
03:01:12,000 --> 03:01:14,000
Yet Behind The Shining marble 
statues. 

3352
03:01:14,000 --> 03:01:15,600
Stands. 
A more nuanced figure. 

3353
03:01:16,300 --> 03:01:20,000
Washington was a man of his 
times shaped by its limitations,

3354
03:01:20,000 --> 03:01:23,300
particularly regarding slavery 
and class structures but also 

3355
03:01:23,300 --> 03:01:25,600
capable of transcending narrow 
self-interest. 

3356
03:01:26,400 --> 03:01:29,500
He recognized the fragility of 
the American experiment and 

3357
03:01:29,500 --> 03:01:31,400
acted repeatedly to keep it 
intact. 

3358
03:01:31,400 --> 03:01:35,900
Resigning his military 
Commission in 1783 residing over

3359
03:01:35,900 --> 03:01:39,600
the Constitution's, drafting in 
1787 and stepping down as 

3360
03:01:39,600 --> 03:01:43,300
president after two terms, each 
decision sent an unmistakable 

3361
03:01:43,300 --> 03:01:46,600
message that the Republic's 
longevity depended on checks 

3362
03:01:46,600 --> 03:01:49,500
against personal ambition. 
Washing Washington's example, 

3363
03:01:49,500 --> 03:01:51,400
stood out for a nation. 
Still refining. 

3364
03:01:51,400 --> 03:01:54,600
Its democratic values. 
He was neither a flamboyant 

3365
03:01:54,600 --> 03:01:58,400
speaker or a philosophical 
theorists Thor wrist, but he 

3366
03:01:58,400 --> 03:02:02,500
possessed a calm gravitas that 
could unify corals from State's.

3367
03:02:02,500 --> 03:02:05,700
He understood how to maintain 
moral legitimacy in the eyes of 

3368
03:02:05,700 --> 03:02:07,200
both Elites and ordinary 
citizens. 

3369
03:02:07,200 --> 03:02:11,300
And though he was not without 
flaws the ownership of enslaved,

3370
03:02:11,300 --> 03:02:14,200
individuals being Chief among 
them, he helped lay the 

3371
03:02:14,208 --> 03:02:16,800
groundwork for a political 
system capable of evolving 

3372
03:02:16,800 --> 03:02:21,200
Beyond its Founders limitations.
Today more than two centuries, 

3373
03:02:21,200 --> 03:02:24,600
after his passing, George 
Washington remains an essential 

3374
03:02:24,600 --> 03:02:27,300
symbol for an America that 
struggles with its historical 

3375
03:02:27,300 --> 03:02:30,000
contradictions. 
If we look beyond the simplified

3376
03:02:30,000 --> 03:02:33,500
school book portrayals, we find 
a person who navigated immense 

3377
03:02:33,500 --> 03:02:37,300
pressures with perseverance and 
humility, whose quiet strength 

3378
03:02:37,300 --> 03:02:39,100
and deliberate choice to 
relinquish power. 

3379
03:02:39,100 --> 03:02:41,000
Set a tone for Republican 
governance. 

3380
03:02:41,000 --> 03:02:44,300
The complexity of his legacy, 
invites us to reflect on both 

3381
03:02:44,300 --> 03:02:46,900
the grand achievements, and the 
unresolved tensions that were 

3382
03:02:46,900 --> 03:02:50,500
woven into the nation's birth. 
A poignant reminder that even 

3383
03:02:50,500 --> 03:02:51,600
foundational. 
Heroes. 

3384
03:02:51,600 --> 03:02:54,800
Stand on shifting terrain, 
forging a path for future 

3385
03:02:54,800 --> 03:02:57,900
generations to walk upon. 
I remember the day I first came 

3386
03:02:57,900 --> 03:03:01,700
to court a half star of gesture 
with bells on my hat jangling 

3387
03:03:01,700 --> 03:03:04,200
and dreaded. 
In my belly, the royal castle 

3388
03:03:04,200 --> 03:03:07,800
loomed ahead all grey, stone 
walls and towering battlements 

3389
03:03:07,800 --> 03:03:11,100
against cloudy skull. 
My heart thudded. 

3390
03:03:11,100 --> 03:03:13,000
As I passed beneath the iron 
pork colorless. 

3391
03:03:13,800 --> 03:03:16,000
A pair of guards snickered at 
the sight of me and my thread 

3392
03:03:16,000 --> 03:03:18,400
bear. 
Motley I clutched my Loot and 

3393
03:03:18,400 --> 03:03:21,200
Falls tightly praying. 
I wouldn't end the day in the 

3394
03:03:21,200 --> 03:03:24,300
stocks. 
Inside Torchlight flickered on 

3395
03:03:24,300 --> 03:03:28,000
tapestries and armored Knights. 
Servants rushed by with steaming

3396
03:03:28,000 --> 03:03:31,500
platters of meat and trenches of
bread, the air smelled of wood 

3397
03:03:31,500 --> 03:03:32,800
smoke spice. 
Why? 

3398
03:03:32,800 --> 03:03:35,500
And a hint of something foul 
from The Stables? 

3399
03:03:36,500 --> 03:03:38,500
I followed a steward into the 
enormous Hall. 

3400
03:03:38,500 --> 03:03:41,800
My shoes scuffing over rushes 
strewn on the floor at the far 

3401
03:03:41,800 --> 03:03:45,500
end on a raised dais sat King 
Edward of England, my new master

3402
03:03:46,200 --> 03:03:48,400
He wore a fur-lined mantle and 
no Crown yet. 

3403
03:03:48,400 --> 03:03:51,800
He radiated Authority. 
He fixed his Keen gray eyes on 

3404
03:03:51,800 --> 03:03:53,900
me as the gathered. 
Courtiers announced me as the 

3405
03:03:53,900 --> 03:03:57,000
evening's entertainment. 
Every gaze in the hall turned, 

3406
03:03:57,000 --> 03:04:00,700
my way, I felt naked despite my 
Motley tunic and jingling Bells 

3407
03:04:01,400 --> 03:04:05,300
I swept a deep bow arms, blade, 
comically, nearly losing my 

3408
03:04:05,300 --> 03:04:08,200
balance for effect. 
A few Chuckles broke, the 

3409
03:04:08,200 --> 03:04:12,300
silence, welcome full called the
king his voice, echoing off, the

3410
03:04:12,300 --> 03:04:16,400
rafters, what do they call you? 
Tom, your majesty Tom full. 

3411
03:04:16,400 --> 03:04:19,800
I answered brightly hiding my 
nerves under a grin in truth. 

3412
03:04:19,800 --> 03:04:23,700
My Christian name was William 
but a new life warrant in a new 

3413
03:04:23,708 --> 03:04:25,800
name. 
My answer earned an approving 

3414
03:04:25,800 --> 03:04:28,800
smirk. 
Very well Tom to see if your 

3415
03:04:28,800 --> 03:04:31,500
humor is a sharp as your tongue 
is quick said King. 

3416
03:04:31,500 --> 03:04:33,500
Edward he gestured for me to 
begin. 

3417
03:04:34,400 --> 03:04:38,500
I started with Auntie tune on my
Loop a body, Tavern, song about 

3418
03:04:38,500 --> 03:04:42,400
a Tipsy fryer, losing his robe 
to the wind, my fingers trembled

3419
03:04:42,400 --> 03:04:45,100
on the String's, but the melody 
came out Mary and bright 

3420
03:04:45,100 --> 03:04:47,600
laughter rows from the tables at
the choruses. 

3421
03:04:47,600 --> 03:04:51,500
Naughty twist, emboldened, I 
launched into a comic tale. 

3422
03:04:51,500 --> 03:04:55,400
Peppering it with Jabs at Castle
life, a joke about the cook over

3423
03:04:55,400 --> 03:04:59,200
salt and the stew equip about a 
knight's, rusted armor, creaking

3424
03:04:59,200 --> 03:05:03,400
like an old ox, The courtiers 
Gafford and even the queen hit a

3425
03:05:03,400 --> 03:05:06,400
smile behind her hand. 
Warm relief spread through my 

3426
03:05:06,400 --> 03:05:11,000
chest, they were laughing. 
Finally, I decided to make a 

3427
03:05:11,008 --> 03:05:13,300
bold joke aimed at the most 
significant Target. 

3428
03:05:14,200 --> 03:05:16,700
Balancing on one leg in an 
exaggerated pose. 

3429
03:05:16,700 --> 03:05:20,100
I lowered my voice 
conspiratorially Lords and 

3430
03:05:20,100 --> 03:05:23,200
Ladies I announced I've heard a 
wondrous secret about our 

3431
03:05:23,200 --> 03:05:25,100
sovereign. 
A hush fell. 

3432
03:05:25,700 --> 03:05:27,500
I flashed an impish grin at King
Edward. 

3433
03:05:27,500 --> 03:05:31,000
It said his majesty has a unique
blessing from Saint Peter 

3434
03:05:31,000 --> 03:05:33,700
himself. 
Only the king sit on his throne 

3435
03:05:33,700 --> 03:05:36,800
and make the Angels Sing 
especially after he is in a 

3436
03:05:36,800 --> 03:05:40,000
Hearty dinner. 
I patted my backside and wide my

3437
03:05:40,000 --> 03:05:43,000
eyes in a certainly for a 
heartbeat silents. 

3438
03:05:43,800 --> 03:05:45,700
Some laws. 
Look scandalized that I joked 

3439
03:05:45,700 --> 03:05:49,000
about the king's Royal behind 
the king's eyebrow arched. 

3440
03:05:49,000 --> 03:05:52,900
My pulse pounded had I gone too 
far then King. 

3441
03:05:52,900 --> 03:05:56,000
Edward threw back his head and 
laughed a deep roaring laugh. 

3442
03:05:56,000 --> 03:05:59,200
That shattered the tension, the 
court followed suit laughter 

3443
03:05:59,200 --> 03:06:02,300
Rippling through the whole, the 
King mimicked, sternness by 

3444
03:06:02,300 --> 03:06:05,900
waving a finger at me. mind your
cheek knave, or I'll have you 

3445
03:06:05,900 --> 03:06:09,500
whipped for impudence, he said, 
still chuckling I dropped my 

3446
03:06:09,500 --> 03:06:13,300
knees in a mock pleading bow. 
Mercy or Majesty. 

3447
03:06:13,300 --> 03:06:15,400
I only speak gospel truth in 
your praise. 

3448
03:06:15,400 --> 03:06:17,600
I replied with an overly Pious 
tone. 

3449
03:06:18,200 --> 03:06:21,700
The king laughed again and gave 
a dismissive wave signaling, my 

3450
03:06:21,700 --> 03:06:25,300
performance was over. 
As I backed away, trembling with

3451
03:06:25,300 --> 03:06:29,100
relief, a servant press to 
Silver Coin, into my palm, a 

3452
03:06:29,100 --> 03:06:32,700
reward from the king, I bowed 
One Last Time, cheeks flushed 

3453
03:06:32,700 --> 03:06:34,700
and retreated to the edge of the
hall. 

3454
03:06:34,700 --> 03:06:39,100
My debut had been a success that
night, the Stuart showed me to a

3455
03:06:39,100 --> 03:06:42,200
small chamber in the Castle's 
upper kitchens simple but mine 

3456
03:06:42,200 --> 03:06:44,600
alone. 
I collapsed onto the straw 

3457
03:06:44,600 --> 03:06:48,100
filled bed exhausted but 
exhilarated had arrived with 

3458
03:06:48,100 --> 03:06:51,300
nothing but my wits and earned, 
not only coin, but also a place 

3459
03:06:51,300 --> 03:06:54,200
in the king's household. 
I was no longer a Wandering 

3460
03:06:54,200 --> 03:06:59,000
Vagabond, I was the king's fool.
As I stared up at the ceiling, I

3461
03:06:59,000 --> 03:07:02,800
allowed myself a grin tomorrow. 
In each day that followed I 

3462
03:07:02,800 --> 03:07:05,900
would balance between humor and 
power and a quart of Lords. 

3463
03:07:05,900 --> 03:07:10,200
And Ladies, I a mere full had 
found a foot Hole by Autumn of 

3464
03:07:10,200 --> 03:07:12,800
that year, I had become a 
familiar part of Court life 

3465
03:07:12,800 --> 03:07:14,900
ever. 
Ready with a quick to lift a 

3466
03:07:14,900 --> 03:07:17,800
mood. 
On one crisp evening at a 

3467
03:07:17,808 --> 03:07:20,800
harvest feast. 
The Great Hall hosted a Grand 

3468
03:07:20,800 --> 03:07:24,500
Banquet after a long day of 
festivities, The Trestle tables 

3469
03:07:24,500 --> 03:07:26,900
grown with roasted bore and 
spice Dale. 

3470
03:07:27,500 --> 03:07:30,400
I flitted around refilling 
drinks and tossing one-liners. 

3471
03:07:30,400 --> 03:07:35,200
Most Loft kindly, but sir, Roger
a Burly, Baron with a Perpetual 

3472
03:07:35,200 --> 03:07:40,000
scowl decided to spoke with me. 
Oh, their full he bellowed 

3473
03:07:40,000 --> 03:07:42,000
feigning joviality. 
We hear you. 

3474
03:07:42,000 --> 03:07:45,200
Juggle anything, try these. 
He suddenly hurled two oranges 

3475
03:07:45,200 --> 03:07:48,600
at me, the first, I snatched out
of the air, but the second 

3476
03:07:48,600 --> 03:07:51,100
struck my cheek sharply before 
splattering on the floor. 

3477
03:07:52,000 --> 03:07:55,800
Laughter erupted pain fled in my
cheek and my face burned as 

3478
03:07:55,808 --> 03:07:59,700
Noble's held at my expense. 
For an instant, I nearly flung 

3479
03:07:59,700 --> 03:08:02,700
the remaining orange at him. 
I imagined it smacking that red 

3480
03:08:02,700 --> 03:08:06,300
face oath but a full survives on
wit not Roth. 

3481
03:08:07,100 --> 03:08:09,800
I grinned foolishly and juggled 
the loan orange as if nothing 

3482
03:08:09,800 --> 03:08:12,800
were amiss many. 
Thanks my lord for the extra 

3483
03:08:12,800 --> 03:08:15,200
supper. 
I quit pretending to bite into 

3484
03:08:15,200 --> 03:08:18,500
the fruit before nearly dropping
it in an exaggerated fumble. 

3485
03:08:19,200 --> 03:08:22,500
The onlookers laughed and you 
this time with me rather than at

3486
03:08:22,500 --> 03:08:26,200
me, even sir, Roger satisfied 
that I had accepted the mockery 

3487
03:08:26,200 --> 03:08:29,900
gave her a reluctant chuckle. 
I made a grand Bao, swallowing 

3488
03:08:29,900 --> 03:08:32,600
my wounded Pride. 
When I rested a glance up at 

3489
03:08:32,608 --> 03:08:35,200
King Edward, he was watching me 
with a faint smirk. 

3490
03:08:36,400 --> 03:08:40,200
Later that night, a royal page 
summoned me to the king heart. 

3491
03:08:40,200 --> 03:08:43,300
Pounding with worry, I made my 
way to his private chamber. 

3492
03:08:44,100 --> 03:08:46,100
Had I overstepped in some way at
the feast. 

3493
03:08:46,900 --> 03:08:50,400
I entered to find King Edward 
Alone by The Hearth gazing at 

3494
03:08:50,400 --> 03:08:51,600
the letters. 
Spread on a table. 

3495
03:08:51,600 --> 03:08:55,700
His crown sat off to the side as
if even gold and jewels grew 

3496
03:08:55,700 --> 03:08:58,700
heavy for him tonight. 
Tom, come here a moment. 

3497
03:08:58,700 --> 03:09:01,500
He said this was no summons for 
entertainment. 

3498
03:09:01,500 --> 03:09:05,200
His tone was pensive. 
The king rubbed her hand over 

3499
03:09:05,200 --> 03:09:09,600
his brow news from the shires, 
he muttered, poor harvests and 

3500
03:09:09,600 --> 03:09:11,900
empty. 
Storehouses, yet my Lord's 

3501
03:09:11,900 --> 03:09:16,200
demand their taxes in full He 
sighed and glanced at me. 

3502
03:09:17,000 --> 03:09:20,500
You have a zest for that. 
His question was Earnest, not a 

3503
03:09:20,500 --> 03:09:21,900
command for a silly face or 
song. 

3504
03:09:21,900 --> 03:09:24,500
I took a breath. 
Sire. 

3505
03:09:24,500 --> 03:09:28,800
If I may spin a small Fable 
sometimes aren't answers slink 

3506
03:09:28,800 --> 03:09:33,400
out better in story form. 
At his nod, I spoke softly I 

3507
03:09:33,400 --> 03:09:36,200
told of a farmer who had a 
skinny mule that pulled his plow

3508
03:09:36,200 --> 03:09:40,400
when drought with the crops. 
The farmer threatened to whip 

3509
03:09:40,400 --> 03:09:43,800
the mule to make it work harder,
but the Beast begged for a bit 

3510
03:09:43,800 --> 03:09:45,800
more feed. 
So he'd have strength to pull 

3511
03:09:45,800 --> 03:09:49,700
the farmer relented and fed. 
The mule extra grain comes 

3512
03:09:49,700 --> 03:09:52,800
spring, they tilled enough land 
to survive and even Thrive when 

3513
03:09:52,800 --> 03:09:56,000
rains returned, As I finished, I
stole a side. 

3514
03:09:56,000 --> 03:09:59,000
Long, look at King, Edward, he 
stared out the window stroking. 

3515
03:09:59,000 --> 03:10:01,900
His beard for a moment. 
I feared I'd been too bold. 

3516
03:10:01,900 --> 03:10:06,200
My Tails meaning was clear, then
he gave a low chuckle clever, 

3517
03:10:06,200 --> 03:10:09,500
mule, he mused clever enough to 
get his belly full. 

3518
03:10:10,800 --> 03:10:14,600
I bowed my head relieved. 
Mules often do your majesty, 

3519
03:10:14,600 --> 03:10:18,000
especially when they pray in. 
Rhyme, I said, with the jungle 

3520
03:10:18,000 --> 03:10:21,000
of my cat bell, he turned to 
face me and I saw a trace of 

3521
03:10:21,000 --> 03:10:24,000
admiration in his worn eyes. 
You have a sharper width and 

3522
03:10:24,008 --> 03:10:26,900
many in silk Tom you wrap wisdom
in nonsense. 

3523
03:10:28,000 --> 03:10:31,100
I felt a warmth in my chest. 
However I responded lightly 

3524
03:10:31,100 --> 03:10:35,800
saying it's but a Fool's simple 
Fable sire King Edward managed 

3525
03:10:35,800 --> 03:10:39,200
to slight smile. 
On the contrary, I will consider

3526
03:10:39,200 --> 03:10:42,600
what you have implied. 
He clapped her hand on my 

3527
03:10:42,608 --> 03:10:46,600
shoulder, the gesture of trust 
and thanks that will be all get 

3528
03:10:46,600 --> 03:10:49,000
some rest. 
I bowed deeply, good night. 

3529
03:10:49,000 --> 03:10:51,900
Your majesty before to partying.
I turned back with the cheeky 

3530
03:10:51,900 --> 03:10:54,300
bow and don't forget to feed 
your mule sire. 

3531
03:10:54,300 --> 03:10:57,600
I said, King Edward bark to 
brief laugh and wave me away. 

3532
03:10:57,600 --> 03:11:01,000
I slipped out with a grin. 
Walking back to my quarters 

3533
03:11:01,000 --> 03:11:03,500
through the dim corridors. 
I felt nearly white list 

3534
03:11:03,500 --> 03:11:06,000
tonight. 
I had stepped Beyond mirror 

3535
03:11:06,000 --> 03:11:09,300
Entertainer. 
I had in my small way shape, the

3536
03:11:09,300 --> 03:11:12,000
king's thoughts, it was 
exhilarating and a little 

3537
03:11:12,008 --> 03:11:15,400
terrifying. 
A Fool's jingling cap, I 

3538
03:11:15,400 --> 03:11:17,500
realized could carry surprising 
influence. 

3539
03:11:17,500 --> 03:11:20,800
If I use my wit wisely. 
Although favor can change 

3540
03:11:20,800 --> 03:11:23,800
quickly for the time, being the 
king, relied on the Hidden 

3541
03:11:23,800 --> 03:11:27,000
Truths within my pranks. 
Winter brought hardship and 

3542
03:11:27,000 --> 03:11:30,500
unrest a poor harvest left. 
Many starving and Whispers of 

3543
03:11:30,500 --> 03:11:33,600
Rebel can drifted into court. 
King Edward's temper wants 

3544
03:11:33,600 --> 03:11:37,400
jovial in my company grew 
brittle, as dried kindling more 

3545
03:11:37,400 --> 03:11:40,400
often, I saw him frown at 
reports from his Barons, grain 

3546
03:11:40,400 --> 03:11:42,700
riots poaching in the Royal 
forests. 

3547
03:11:42,700 --> 03:11:47,000
A distant Village refusing to 
pay tithes Fear and anger, 

3548
03:11:47,000 --> 03:11:48,800
coiled around the court like 
smoke. 

3549
03:11:49,700 --> 03:11:52,600
One Bleak afternoon, the king 
held open court to dispense 

3550
03:11:52,600 --> 03:11:55,600
Justice. 
I stood at the edge of the Halls

3551
03:11:55,600 --> 03:11:59,100
quiet, since the tension one by 
one, prisoners were brought 

3552
03:11:59,100 --> 03:12:02,000
Before the Throne. 
The gaunt farmer who had slain a

3553
03:12:02,000 --> 03:12:04,900
deer on Crown Land begged Mercy 
claiming it was to feed his 

3554
03:12:04,900 --> 03:12:08,000
Starving Children. 
Next Aragon group of villagers 

3555
03:12:08,000 --> 03:12:10,500
accused of sparking. 
A food riot in the north were 

3556
03:12:10,500 --> 03:12:13,100
dragged and chains. 
My stomach tightened at their 

3557
03:12:13,100 --> 03:12:14,600
Hollow cheeks and terrified 
eyes. 

3558
03:12:14,600 --> 03:12:18,000
The Barons and courtiers looked 
on with hard disapproval. 

3559
03:12:18,000 --> 03:12:21,500
So Warwick the king Stern face 
to advisor urged severity. 

3560
03:12:21,500 --> 03:12:23,800
An example must be made your 
majesty. 

3561
03:12:23,800 --> 03:12:27,300
He declared loud enough for all 
to hear Clemente for lawbreakers

3562
03:12:27,300 --> 03:12:29,300
and famine. 
Would only breed chaos. 

3563
03:12:29,300 --> 03:12:34,000
Show them the cost of defiance. 
I watched King Edward's face as 

3564
03:12:34,000 --> 03:12:36,500
where spoke a muscle in his jaw 
twitched. 

3565
03:12:37,100 --> 03:12:40,200
The king's eyes usually. 
So keen and Alive were clouded 

3566
03:12:40,200 --> 03:12:42,500
with worried, he would rather 
not seem weak. 

3567
03:12:42,500 --> 03:12:46,400
The farmer was up first for 
judgment King Edward announced 

3568
03:12:46,400 --> 03:12:48,900
that the farmer would receive a 
public whipping as punishment. 

3569
03:12:49,700 --> 03:12:52,800
The poor man broke down in tears
grateful that he had avoided The

3570
03:12:52,800 --> 03:12:55,000
Noose. 
I let out a breath. 

3571
03:12:55,000 --> 03:12:59,200
I hadn't realized I was holding.
Then came the villagers a guard 

3572
03:12:59,200 --> 03:13:02,100
read out their crime leading. 
A mob to raid a granary owned by

3573
03:13:02,100 --> 03:13:04,800
the crown, an old woman among 
them cried out. 

3574
03:13:04,800 --> 03:13:07,900
We only took the grain because 
our children would dying. 

3575
03:13:09,000 --> 03:13:11,900
The Voice echoed in the hall. 
So Warwick shook his head, in 

3576
03:13:11,900 --> 03:13:15,600
disgust, the courtyard angrily 
about treason and thievery. 

3577
03:13:15,600 --> 03:13:18,900
I bit my tongue, a thousand 
thoughts, clashing, in my mind. 

3578
03:13:18,900 --> 03:13:21,200
These folk had broken the law. 
Yes. 

3579
03:13:21,200 --> 03:13:26,000
But out of desperation, a 
glanced toward the King Edwards 

3580
03:13:26,000 --> 03:13:27,700
face hardened. 
As he prepared to deliver his 

3581
03:13:27,700 --> 03:13:32,300
Verdict by my Royal Authority. 
You shall he began likely 

3582
03:13:32,300 --> 03:13:34,400
meaning to condemn them to the 
dungeons or worse? 

3583
03:13:35,200 --> 03:13:39,100
But before I was doing I stepped
forward, my heart thundered in 

3584
03:13:39,100 --> 03:13:41,100
my chest but I couldn't stay 
silent. 

3585
03:13:41,100 --> 03:13:44,900
Perhaps, I'd spent too long 
weaving truth into jests the 

3586
03:13:44,900 --> 03:13:48,500
truth now came out bear and 
unadorned Your majesty. 

3587
03:13:48,500 --> 03:13:51,600
I interjected and a loud and 
clear voice to ask if I might 

3588
03:13:51,600 --> 03:13:55,400
offer a fools perspective. 
Shocked hush fell. 

3589
03:13:55,400 --> 03:13:57,900
One did not interrupt the king 
at trials. 

3590
03:13:57,900 --> 03:14:00,800
Certainly not a full. 
I generally heard so, Warwick's 

3591
03:14:00,800 --> 03:14:03,500
of annoyance. 
King Edward turned, his cold 

3592
03:14:03,500 --> 03:14:06,400
Gaze on me, more startled than 
furious at least. 

3593
03:14:06,400 --> 03:14:09,300
Yet I swallowed hard, there was 
no turning back. 

3594
03:14:10,200 --> 03:14:12,400
I adopted a deliberately like 
tone, though. 

3595
03:14:12,400 --> 03:14:16,200
My pulse pounded, in my ears. 
These poor souls stand accused 

3596
03:14:16,200 --> 03:14:18,500
of stealing bread. 
I said gesturing to the 

3597
03:14:18,500 --> 03:14:21,600
trembling Villages and truly 
that is no jesting matter. 

3598
03:14:22,600 --> 03:14:25,700
But I wonder sire. 
If a father is to be whipped for

3599
03:14:25,700 --> 03:14:28,800
feeding his children, Venison 
and mothers are to be cast in 

3600
03:14:28,800 --> 03:14:30,700
dungeon's for snatching a few 
loaves. 

3601
03:14:31,600 --> 03:14:34,900
I forced a thin smile. 
Perhaps your humble full should 

3602
03:14:34,900 --> 03:14:38,100
be punished as well for, I've 
been stealing your valuable are 

3603
03:14:38,100 --> 03:14:40,000
all these years without paying 
coin for it. 

3604
03:14:41,100 --> 03:14:43,500
Few nervous, titters came from 
the back of the hall. 

3605
03:14:43,500 --> 03:14:48,000
Then died immediately the king's
eyes, narrowed, I pressed on my 

3606
03:14:48,000 --> 03:14:49,500
voice gaining A desperate 
strength. 

3607
03:14:49,500 --> 03:14:51,700
Only a fool would make light of 
hunger. 

3608
03:14:51,700 --> 03:14:54,900
My Lord, I speak not to mock 
your justice, but to beseech, 

3609
03:14:54,900 --> 03:14:59,900
your mercy starvation makes 
fools of us all I bowed low my 

3610
03:14:59,900 --> 03:15:01,700
head bent so I couldn't see his 
reaction. 

3611
03:15:01,700 --> 03:15:05,300
My hands were shaking. 
No one else dared. 

3612
03:15:05,300 --> 03:15:07,200
Breathe. 
For a heartbeat. 

3613
03:15:07,200 --> 03:15:09,900
There was silent so deep. 
I heard the distant drip of wax 

3614
03:15:09,900 --> 03:15:13,200
from a candle. 
Then enough, King Edward said 

3615
03:15:13,200 --> 03:15:15,700
quietly, the word fell like an 
axe. 

3616
03:15:15,700 --> 03:15:19,200
I looked up his face was flushed
not with mirth but with anger 

3617
03:15:19,200 --> 03:15:23,200
I'll hear no more. 
He stood from the throne and in 

3618
03:15:23,200 --> 03:15:25,500
that moment, he loomed larger 
than I'd ever seen him. 

3619
03:15:27,000 --> 03:15:29,000
Who is King? 
Here you fall? 

3620
03:15:30,200 --> 03:15:33,400
His voice was deceptively, soft 
quivering with restrained, rage.

3621
03:15:34,000 --> 03:15:38,000
Do you presume to let your me on
duty and mercy dressed in Motley

3622
03:15:38,000 --> 03:15:41,500
and bells. 
Every utterance from his lips 

3623
03:15:41,500 --> 03:15:43,400
felt like a boulder hurled 
towards my head. 

3624
03:15:43,400 --> 03:15:47,500
I opened my mouth to stammer in 
apology but he silenced me with 

3625
03:15:47,500 --> 03:15:50,300
a glare. 
Take him the king snapped to his

3626
03:15:50,300 --> 03:15:53,500
guards. 
In an instant rough hand sees my

3627
03:15:53,500 --> 03:15:57,000
arms, my belt, it cap tumbled to
the floor as a guard yanked, me 

3628
03:15:57,000 --> 03:15:59,300
backward. 
I heard a few gasps among the 

3629
03:15:59,300 --> 03:16:02,000
courtiers lady Margaery covered 
her mouth and dismay. 

3630
03:16:02,000 --> 03:16:04,400
So Warwick simply watched with a
thin smile. 

3631
03:16:05,400 --> 03:16:08,000
My cat's little bells. 
Jangled on the stones. 

3632
03:16:08,000 --> 03:16:10,600
A faint jingling that seemed to 
underline my Folly. 

3633
03:16:10,600 --> 03:16:15,000
King Edward's voice echoed in 
the rafters, cold and formal for

3634
03:16:15,000 --> 03:16:17,500
his disruption and insolence. 
Let the Kings full receive the 

3635
03:16:17,500 --> 03:16:20,600
same punishment. 
He pitted he should receive 20 

3636
03:16:20,600 --> 03:16:24,900
lashes before the court at dawn 
Terror, washed over me, 20 

3637
03:16:24,900 --> 03:16:26,900
lashes, my knees, nearly 
buckled. 

3638
03:16:26,900 --> 03:16:30,600
I wanted to beg for forgiveness 
to plead that I'd only spoke out

3639
03:16:30,600 --> 03:16:33,200
of concern but I tongue felt 
paralyzed. 

3640
03:16:33,200 --> 03:16:36,300
Two guards dragged me from the 
hall as the king's attention 

3641
03:16:36,300 --> 03:16:39,300
returned to the stunned 
prisoners before him As they 

3642
03:16:39,300 --> 03:16:43,000
hold me away, none dead to 
object, or even meet my eyes. 

3643
03:16:43,800 --> 03:16:46,900
They threw me into a drafty 
chamber, where I collapsed to 

3644
03:16:46,908 --> 03:16:49,600
the floor, my back pressed 
against Cold Stone. 

3645
03:16:49,600 --> 03:16:53,100
As I tried to catch my breath, I
tasted blood, and I must have 

3646
03:16:53,100 --> 03:16:56,800
bit my tongue without noticing. 
When I shut my eyes, hot tears, 

3647
03:16:56,800 --> 03:16:59,300
forced their way out and rolled 
down my cheeks. 

3648
03:16:59,300 --> 03:17:02,300
Full full, full like, cursed 
myself silently. 

3649
03:17:02,300 --> 03:17:05,400
What did I done? 
I had wanted to save a few 

3650
03:17:05,400 --> 03:17:09,800
peasants from the king's Roth. 
Instead, I had only intensified 

3651
03:17:09,800 --> 03:17:12,200
the king's wrath and burned 
myself in the process. 

3652
03:17:12,200 --> 03:17:15,700
In my mind, I saw the king's 
face again, in raged and 

3653
03:17:15,700 --> 03:17:19,400
unyielding, that image stabbed 
at my heart more sharply than 

3654
03:17:19,400 --> 03:17:21,600
any whip. 
Could not long ago. 

3655
03:17:21,600 --> 03:17:24,500
I had sat by that same man's 
half trading, fables and easing 

3656
03:17:24,500 --> 03:17:26,500
his Birds. 
Now, he looked at me as just 

3657
03:17:26,500 --> 03:17:29,600
another disobedient subject. 
Toward midnight. 

3658
03:17:29,600 --> 03:17:32,400
The guards came to escort me to 
the pillar in the courtyard. 

3659
03:17:32,400 --> 03:17:34,500
The sentence was to be carried 
out. 

3660
03:17:34,500 --> 03:17:37,500
At first light, they locked my 
wrists and neck in the wooden 

3661
03:17:37,508 --> 03:17:40,100
stocks. 
Stood hunched in that cruel 

3662
03:17:40,100 --> 03:17:43,300
device for Endless hours 
shivering in the winter cold 

3663
03:17:43,300 --> 03:17:46,400
alone under the stars, snow 
began to fall thin. 

3664
03:17:46,400 --> 03:17:50,600
Icy flakes catching in my hair. 
The pain had not yet begun but a

3665
03:17:50,600 --> 03:17:52,800
dread deeper than any wound 
nored at me. 

3666
03:17:53,500 --> 03:17:56,900
As Darkness deepened alone, 
figure approached through the 

3667
03:17:56,900 --> 03:18:00,100
Torchlight yard. 
I squinted through Frozen lashes

3668
03:18:00,100 --> 03:18:03,500
to see Master Robert, the king's
old Chamberlain carrying a cloak

3669
03:18:04,200 --> 03:18:06,400
Without a word. 
He draped it over my shoulders. 

3670
03:18:06,400 --> 03:18:08,700
His eyes were sad as he met my 
gaze. 

3671
03:18:08,700 --> 03:18:12,300
You were Brave Tom? 
He whispered just loud enough 

3672
03:18:12,300 --> 03:18:15,000
for me to hear. 
He was indeed Brave. 

3673
03:18:15,000 --> 03:18:18,000
If not a little foodish. 
A bitter laugh. 

3674
03:18:18,000 --> 03:18:19,700
Escaped me. 
What other thing could I be? 

3675
03:18:20,700 --> 03:18:23,100
He shook his head and pressed a 
small flask of Ale to my lips 

3676
03:18:23,100 --> 03:18:26,300
greatly, I drank a burning 
mouthful that chase some of the 

3677
03:18:26,300 --> 03:18:29,300
Chill from my bones. 
Is his majesty. 

3678
03:18:29,300 --> 03:18:32,900
I croaked, I quote, raw from the
cold night air as I struggled to

3679
03:18:32,908 --> 03:18:36,200
hold back. 
Sobs Master Robert sighed, he 

3680
03:18:36,200 --> 03:18:39,200
was alone in his Chambers. 
He's unlikely to change his mind

3681
03:18:39,200 --> 03:18:40,700
by morning. 
I am sorry. 

3682
03:18:40,700 --> 03:18:45,100
He hesitated some of us perceive
the truth, in your words, but 

3683
03:18:45,100 --> 03:18:47,800
the king he's under enormous 
strain. 

3684
03:18:49,000 --> 03:18:51,300
I nodded as best I could with my
neck trapped. 

3685
03:18:52,000 --> 03:18:54,400
Tear slipped down my face, hot 
against my numb skin. 

3686
03:18:54,400 --> 03:18:58,100
Thank you, I managed to whisper 
the Chamberlain. 

3687
03:18:58,100 --> 03:19:00,000
Squeezed my shoulder gently and 
departed. 

3688
03:19:00,000 --> 03:19:02,200
Leaving the cloak as my only 
comfort. 

3689
03:19:02,200 --> 03:19:06,300
I spent the remaining hours in 
silent prayer prayer that the 

3690
03:19:06,300 --> 03:19:10,300
king's heart would soften that 
Dawn would never come and that I

3691
03:19:10,308 --> 03:19:11,800
might endure. 
What was to come? 

3692
03:19:12,900 --> 03:19:16,000
I was not a warrior or a martyr.
Just a Fool who had flown too 

3693
03:19:16,000 --> 03:19:18,300
close to the Sun. 
The strange freedom. 

3694
03:19:18,300 --> 03:19:20,300
I had to speak. 
Truth had shown its price. 

3695
03:19:21,300 --> 03:19:25,000
At Sunrise, they flogged me. 
I bit down on a leather strap to

3696
03:19:25,000 --> 03:19:27,400
keep from screaming as each lash
tour across my back. 

3697
03:19:28,200 --> 03:19:30,300
Fiery pain exploded with every 
stroke. 

3698
03:19:31,500 --> 03:19:35,300
By the 10th, blow my vision. 
Blurred by the 20th, I hung limp

3699
03:19:35,300 --> 03:19:37,700
in the restraints. 
Unable to stand, I didn't really

3700
03:19:37,708 --> 03:19:40,500
heard an official read out my 
crime of insulin to the gathered

3701
03:19:40,500 --> 03:19:43,400
courtiers, as the punishment was
delivered, as if it was some 

3702
03:19:43,400 --> 03:19:45,900
theater. 
And I was the main spectacle. 

3703
03:19:46,600 --> 03:19:49,300
when it was mercifully over, 
they released the pillars lock 

3704
03:19:49,300 --> 03:19:53,100
and I crumpled to the snow, the 
world spun for a moment, as I 

3705
03:19:53,100 --> 03:19:57,400
lay there with my cheek against 
the white trampled ground, I 

3706
03:19:57,400 --> 03:20:00,500
could hear distant Applause from
one or two Nobles and ugly 

3707
03:20:00,500 --> 03:20:04,000
mockery warm blood trickled 
under my shirt. 

3708
03:20:04,800 --> 03:20:07,100
Two guards, lifted me to my feet
and carried me away. 

3709
03:20:07,100 --> 03:20:10,000
As if I were worthless trash, I 
drifted In and Out Of 

3710
03:20:10,000 --> 03:20:13,900
Consciousness, once through a 
blur of tears, I thought I saw 

3711
03:20:13,900 --> 03:20:15,700
the king watching from a high 
window. 

3712
03:20:15,700 --> 03:20:17,900
I couldn't discern his 
expression. 

3713
03:20:17,900 --> 03:20:21,000
They dumped me in my little 
chamber and left without a word.

3714
03:20:21,800 --> 03:20:24,300
I don't know how long I remained
motionless on the floor, curled 

3715
03:20:24,300 --> 03:20:26,600
up, and gasping, eventually a 
kind. 

3716
03:20:26,600 --> 03:20:28,300
Maid servant slipped in and 
tended. 

3717
03:20:28,300 --> 03:20:31,400
My wounds with vinegar and clean
bandages, cluckin softly, and 

3718
03:20:31,400 --> 03:20:33,500
pity. 
I thanked her in a hoarse 

3719
03:20:33,500 --> 03:20:36,500
whisper by Nightfall. 
I could at least sit upright on 

3720
03:20:36,500 --> 03:20:39,100
my straw cot. 
Every movement sent bolts of 

3721
03:20:39,100 --> 03:20:42,600
Agony through my wilted back. 
I stared at the dark sealing 

3722
03:20:42,600 --> 03:20:45,600
Hollow and heartsick. 
A full I had been indeed 

3723
03:20:45,600 --> 03:20:48,200
thinking I could speak for the 
week and not be struck down. 

3724
03:20:49,500 --> 03:20:52,400
As the castle around me bustled 
with the evening supper and 

3725
03:20:52,400 --> 03:20:56,200
song, I lay in silence tasting, 
bitterness like bile. 

3726
03:20:57,100 --> 03:21:01,000
I did not know what hurt more. 
Fiery stripes across my back. 

3727
03:21:01,000 --> 03:21:04,700
All the coldest that now yawned 
between me and the king. 

3728
03:21:04,700 --> 03:21:08,800
I had thought perhaps foolishly 
was my friend after a week Under

3729
03:21:08,800 --> 03:21:12,200
Siege with little progress, the 
king decided to send a message 

3730
03:21:12,200 --> 03:21:15,300
of surrender terms to Jeffrey to
my surprise. 

3731
03:21:15,300 --> 03:21:18,400
He chose me as the envoy. 
Perhaps, he chose me as the 

3732
03:21:18,408 --> 03:21:20,500
envoy as a form of punishment or
perhaps. 

3733
03:21:20,500 --> 03:21:23,000
He believed that having a full 
present would emphasize his 

3734
03:21:23,000 --> 03:21:26,000
contempt. 
Either way, I found myself 

3735
03:21:26,000 --> 03:21:28,900
standing before the king in his 
Pavilion, as he thrusts to 

3736
03:21:28,908 --> 03:21:32,500
sealed parchment into my hand, 
carry our surrender offer to 

3737
03:21:32,508 --> 03:21:35,800
Duke Jeffries gate. 
You the silver tongue, perhaps? 

3738
03:21:35,800 --> 03:21:38,800
You can persuade him where she 
gentians cannot, he said coolie.

3739
03:21:39,500 --> 03:21:42,300
His Knight smirked. 
We all knew this errand carried 

3740
03:21:42,300 --> 03:21:46,200
risk a rebel might easily kill 
the king's fool as a mockery of 

3741
03:21:46,208 --> 03:21:48,700
the message. 
I realized King Edward was 

3742
03:21:48,700 --> 03:21:51,200
effectively sending me as a 
disposable Herald. 

3743
03:21:52,800 --> 03:21:56,300
Still, I mustered, my courage. 
This was the first Duty he had 

3744
03:21:56,300 --> 03:22:00,400
given me since my disgrace. 
Perhaps, if I succeeded, it 

3745
03:22:00,400 --> 03:22:04,300
could begin to mend the rift. 
As you command sire. 

3746
03:22:04,900 --> 03:22:09,000
I said, quietly. 
Soon after I wrote out under a 

3747
03:22:09,000 --> 03:22:11,900
truce flag, replacing my Motley 
with a simple tunic adorned with

3748
03:22:11,908 --> 03:22:14,700
the Royal Arms. 
A pair of trumpeters, accompany 

3749
03:22:14,700 --> 03:22:16,800
partway and sounded a call 
before falling back. 

3750
03:22:17,700 --> 03:22:20,400
Alone, I approached the Castle's
gate across a field littered 

3751
03:22:20,400 --> 03:22:24,300
with broken arrows, my spine, 
prickled expecting at any moment

3752
03:22:24,300 --> 03:22:27,300
to hear the Sinister, twang of a
bowstring and feeling an arrow 

3753
03:22:27,300 --> 03:22:31,300
between my shoulders. 
But none came instead, a knot of

3754
03:22:31,308 --> 03:22:34,600
the Duke soldiers emerged, a 
top, the battlements crossbows 

3755
03:22:34,600 --> 03:22:38,000
trained on me, I come bearing a 
message from King Edward. 

3756
03:22:38,000 --> 03:22:40,800
I shouted up in a steady a voice
as I could manage. 

3757
03:22:41,700 --> 03:22:45,700
Eventually the iron pot colored 
upward just enough for a handful

3758
03:22:45,700 --> 03:22:47,300
of armored men to drag me 
inside. 

3759
03:22:47,300 --> 03:22:50,600
I was roughly searched and 
relieved of my small dagger, 

3760
03:22:50,600 --> 03:22:53,500
more a tool than a weapon. 
Then they shoved me into a 

3761
03:22:53,508 --> 03:22:55,500
torch-lit. 
Great hall where Duke Jeffrey 

3762
03:22:55,500 --> 03:22:58,100
himself awaited. 
He was a formidable figure in 

3763
03:22:58,100 --> 03:23:01,200
steel plate and a crimson cloak 
and middle-aged man with a 

3764
03:23:01,200 --> 03:23:05,000
scarred brow and weary eyes. 
So he said his voice. 

3765
03:23:05,000 --> 03:23:07,300
Echoing off. 
The stone walls, Edward sends 

3766
03:23:07,300 --> 03:23:11,200
his full to Bali is he so short 
of loyal Knights sneakers, 

3767
03:23:11,200 --> 03:23:12,900
echoed from the Duke's men 
around me. 

3768
03:23:13,800 --> 03:23:16,600
Straight into my full height. 
Trying not to let my knees 

3769
03:23:16,600 --> 03:23:19,000
quake. 
Loyal Knights are too, valuable 

3770
03:23:19,000 --> 03:23:22,100
to risk on Duke Jeffrey. 
I replied before thinking better

3771
03:23:22,100 --> 03:23:24,800
of it. 
My old reflex for wit had 

3772
03:23:24,800 --> 03:23:27,000
slipped out. 
Some of the Rebel soldiers 

3773
03:23:27,000 --> 03:23:29,400
bristled but the Duke barked a 
short laugh. 

3774
03:23:30,200 --> 03:23:33,400
Hand me the message full, he 
said I presented the parchment 

3775
03:23:33,400 --> 03:23:35,800
with a slight bow. 
As he read the king's offer 

3776
03:23:35,800 --> 03:23:38,100
amnesty and exchange for 
immediate surrender. 

3777
03:23:38,100 --> 03:23:42,200
His face showed no flicker of 
concession when he finished, he 

3778
03:23:42,200 --> 03:23:45,500
scoffed. 
Empty promises did Edward think 

3779
03:23:45,500 --> 03:23:47,600
of a few pardoning words would 
make me kneel. 

3780
03:23:47,600 --> 03:23:50,000
He must consider me more foolish
than you. 

3781
03:23:51,300 --> 03:23:54,500
The tenth silence fell. 
I realized all eyes were on me 

3782
03:23:54,500 --> 03:23:57,900
awaiting a response. 
If I returned empty-handed and 

3783
03:23:57,900 --> 03:24:02,700
tongue-tied, I don't only scorn.
So drawing a shaky breath, I 

3784
03:24:02,700 --> 03:24:05,500
addressed the Duke. 
His majesty desires, no more. 

3785
03:24:05,508 --> 03:24:08,300
Bloodshed, he offers you a 
chance to retain your lands and 

3786
03:24:08,300 --> 03:24:11,400
honor your grace. 
I implore you to think of the 

3787
03:24:11,400 --> 03:24:13,600
kingdom and your men who have 
families waiting for them. 

3788
03:24:14,400 --> 03:24:17,400
My voice echoed in the hall. 
It was a bold speech for my 

3789
03:24:17,408 --> 03:24:19,700
station, but I spoke with 
genuine pleading. 

3790
03:24:19,700 --> 03:24:23,900
I had seen enough suffering. 
Duke Jeffrey regarded, me with a

3791
03:24:23,900 --> 03:24:27,300
faintly surprised expression. 
He spoke earnestly as if he were

3792
03:24:27,300 --> 03:24:29,200
a fool. 
He sighed deeply. 

3793
03:24:29,200 --> 03:24:31,800
And for a moment. 
I thought I saw sorrow in his 

3794
03:24:31,800 --> 03:24:33,600
eyes. 
You are young. 

3795
03:24:33,600 --> 03:24:36,900
You do not know Edward as I do 
he keeps his promises only while

3796
03:24:36,900 --> 03:24:39,200
it suits him. 
Tell your king that Jeffrey of 

3797
03:24:39,200 --> 03:24:42,100
March will not yield to pretty 
words and Hollow Clemente we 

3798
03:24:42,100 --> 03:24:44,400
will meet on the field and 
settled our differents as with 

3799
03:24:44,400 --> 03:24:46,900
steel. 
My heart sank. 

3800
03:24:46,900 --> 03:24:51,500
Is that your final answer? 
My Lord, I asked softly it is. 

3801
03:24:51,500 --> 03:24:55,600
He said, then he leaned forward 
and added in a low growl, tell 

3802
03:24:55,600 --> 03:24:58,200
Edward that by week's end. 
I shall sit on his throne or 

3803
03:24:58,200 --> 03:25:00,100
die. 
In the attempt, I bowed 

3804
03:25:00,100 --> 03:25:01,900
understanding the parli was 
over. 

3805
03:25:02,700 --> 03:25:05,300
But as I turn to leave one of 
the Dukes Captain stepped 

3806
03:25:05,300 --> 03:25:08,100
forward with a hand on his 
sword, eyeing me with a wolfish 

3807
03:25:08,100 --> 03:25:11,100
grin. 
Duke Jeffrey waived Aunt listed 

3808
03:25:11,100 --> 03:25:14,700
hand, dismissively know. 
He's but a messenger and an 

3809
03:25:14,700 --> 03:25:17,400
honest one at that, let him 
return unharmed. 

3810
03:25:17,400 --> 03:25:20,100
We are not the Savages that 
Edward would claim. 

3811
03:25:21,000 --> 03:25:24,500
He looked at me, go full, thank 
whatever. 

3812
03:25:24,500 --> 03:25:27,500
God you pray to that, I am not 
in the mood to play games with a

3813
03:25:27,500 --> 03:25:30,100
gesture today, they escorted me 
back to the gate. 

3814
03:25:30,800 --> 03:25:33,200
I felt the glare of archers on 
my back, as I walked out, 

3815
03:25:33,200 --> 03:25:37,700
refusing to break into a run. 
They shoved me out and slammed 

3816
03:25:37,700 --> 03:25:40,800
the pork colors behind me. 
Weak need with relief. 

3817
03:25:40,800 --> 03:25:44,200
I walked back to our Line's 
Facing the rebel Lord had been 

3818
03:25:44,200 --> 03:25:46,800
terrifying, but at least I 
survived unscathed. 

3819
03:25:47,500 --> 03:25:50,300
Backing King Edwards Camp, I 
delivered Duke Jeffries reply 

3820
03:25:50,300 --> 03:25:53,700
face to King Edward and his 
Council the king's face 

3821
03:25:53,700 --> 03:25:55,300
tightened at the Duke's 
Defiance. 

3822
03:25:55,300 --> 03:25:58,300
He said, nothing to me, except a
curtain odd of dismissal. 

3823
03:25:58,300 --> 03:26:00,900
It was as if I were, truly 
nothing more than a talking 

3824
03:26:00,900 --> 03:26:05,500
letter. that night, I sat by the
campfires watching, armored men,

3825
03:26:05,500 --> 03:26:08,600
hurry about sharpening swords 
and Whispering prayers and 

3826
03:26:08,600 --> 03:26:12,000
murmuring about illuminance 
Blood would begin to Flow by 

3827
03:26:12,000 --> 03:26:14,300
Dawn. 
I felt utterly small beneath the

3828
03:26:14,300 --> 03:26:18,400
vast dark sky, once a Falls 
quick-witted in the king's hall.

3829
03:26:18,400 --> 03:26:20,900
Now it meant nothing on the eve 
of Slaughter. 

3830
03:26:20,900 --> 03:26:23,600
I realized I was witnessing the 
gears of History. 

3831
03:26:23,600 --> 03:26:26,100
Turning indifferent to one 
humble gesture. 

3832
03:26:27,500 --> 03:26:30,100
In the flicker of the firelight,
I caught sight of king, Edward 

3833
03:26:30,100 --> 03:26:32,400
standing with his generals 
Resolute and Grim. 

3834
03:26:32,400 --> 03:26:35,200
I remembered when he used to 
smile at my Antics. 

3835
03:26:35,200 --> 03:26:39,800
But that was before famine 
rebellion and my own over bold 

3836
03:26:39,800 --> 03:26:44,400
tongue had come between us now, 
I was just another soul in his 

3837
03:26:44,400 --> 03:26:46,800
train useful only for the odd 
errand. 

3838
03:26:47,400 --> 03:26:49,900
As trumpet sounded dough and 
mournful in the darkness. 

3839
03:26:49,900 --> 03:26:52,600
I wrapped my cloak tight and 
tried to steal a few hours of 

3840
03:26:52,600 --> 03:26:55,900
sleep on the cold ground. 
Tomorrow's battle would decide 

3841
03:26:55,900 --> 03:26:58,700
the fate of the Kingdom. 
I could do nothing but witness 

3842
03:26:58,700 --> 03:27:02,200
it, a full on the sidelines of 
Kings, hoping to survive the 

3843
03:27:02,200 --> 03:27:06,500
coming door at Dawn, King 
Edwards, army clashed with Duke 

3844
03:27:06,500 --> 03:27:09,600
Jeffries rebels in a coffin of 
Steel and screams. 

3845
03:27:10,400 --> 03:27:12,300
Suddenly I saw King Edward 
unhorsed. 

3846
03:27:12,300 --> 03:27:16,100
His white charger had been 
felled her hair and the King was

3847
03:27:16,100 --> 03:27:18,400
on foot fighting off. 
Rebel soldiers who pressed in 

3848
03:27:18,400 --> 03:27:21,200
around him. 
My heart pounded in my chest, 

3849
03:27:21,200 --> 03:27:24,800
the knights who should have been
by his side dispersed leaving, 

3850
03:27:24,800 --> 03:27:28,000
only me close enough to assist 
him in that moment without 

3851
03:27:28,000 --> 03:27:31,200
thinking, I grabbed a discarded 
spear from the churned mud and 

3852
03:27:31,200 --> 03:27:34,300
ran towards the king. 
The sight of a Motley clad 

3853
03:27:34,300 --> 03:27:37,600
Fool's sprinting into the thick 
of battle stunned, both friends 

3854
03:27:37,600 --> 03:27:41,600
and foes alike, one Rebel night,
charged, the king from behind. 

3855
03:27:41,600 --> 03:27:45,000
I heard myself at him with all 
my might by sheer luck. 

3856
03:27:45,008 --> 03:27:48,300
He went down in a clatter of 
armor, more surprised than hurt.

3857
03:27:49,000 --> 03:27:51,500
King Edward world at the sound 
and caught sight of me. 

3858
03:27:51,500 --> 03:27:55,000
Mud-splattered and wild-eyed 
standing over the night. 

3859
03:27:55,000 --> 03:27:59,000
I'd felt for an instant, our 
eyes met, then another Rebel 

3860
03:27:59,000 --> 03:28:01,700
lunged at the King, Edward 
parried and together. 

3861
03:28:01,700 --> 03:28:06,100
We stood back to back Sovereign 
and fallen and unlikely circle 

3862
03:28:06,100 --> 03:28:09,300
of Defense. 
I brandished the spear wildly 

3863
03:28:09,300 --> 03:28:11,500
screaming, more in Terror than 
Fury. 

3864
03:28:12,200 --> 03:28:15,300
In that moment, a surge of Royal
Knights plowed into the melee 

3865
03:28:15,300 --> 03:28:18,600
driving the rebels back. 
As the enemy fell into confusion

3866
03:28:18,600 --> 03:28:21,300
and began to retreat. 
We pulled the king onto a fresh 

3867
03:28:21,300 --> 03:28:24,500
horse. 
The battle soon turned in our 

3868
03:28:24,500 --> 03:28:27,800
favor Duke Jeffries line broke 
under the onslaught of the 

3869
03:28:27,800 --> 03:28:32,500
king's forces by noon, it was 
over the rebels threw down arms 

3870
03:28:32,500 --> 03:28:34,700
or fled Victory belonged to King
Edward. 

3871
03:28:34,700 --> 03:28:38,500
But it came at a terrible cost 
body's carpeted the field and 

3872
03:28:38,500 --> 03:28:41,500
the surprise of the Wounded 
echoed in the Smoky air in the 

3873
03:28:41,508 --> 03:28:44,300
aftermath, I slumped exhausted 
on a fallen log. 

3874
03:28:44,300 --> 03:28:48,300
My hand still trembling from 
adrenal Blood spattered. 

3875
03:28:48,300 --> 03:28:51,900
My once colorful attire, some of
it from a shallow cut on my arm.

3876
03:28:52,800 --> 03:28:55,700
As the king moved among the 
living and dead tending to the 

3877
03:28:55,700 --> 03:28:59,100
wounded and gazing sorrowfully 
over the Carnage, I watched in a

3878
03:28:59,100 --> 03:29:01,400
day's. 
When at last the king approached

3879
03:29:01,400 --> 03:29:03,900
me, I struggled to my feet and 
bowed on steadily. 

3880
03:29:03,900 --> 03:29:07,300
I expected perhaps a reprimand 
for plunging into the fight. 

3881
03:29:07,300 --> 03:29:10,900
Unbidden instead King Edward 
dismounted and stepped forward. 

3882
03:29:11,700 --> 03:29:14,800
For a long moment. 
He simply regarded me taking in 

3883
03:29:14,800 --> 03:29:17,700
the spear still clenched in my 
hand, and the drying blood on my

3884
03:29:17,708 --> 03:29:20,900
cheek, then to my shock, he 
knelt slightly and placed a hand

3885
03:29:20,900 --> 03:29:23,100
on my shoulder. 
You saved my life. 

3886
03:29:23,100 --> 03:29:26,000
Today he said quietly. 
There was an openness in his 

3887
03:29:26,008 --> 03:29:27,700
face. 
I'd not seen since my earliest 

3888
03:29:27,700 --> 03:29:30,300
days at court. 
Full or not Tom you have the 

3889
03:29:30,300 --> 03:29:33,800
heart of a true friend sire. 
I only did what anyone would I 

3890
03:29:33,800 --> 03:29:38,300
stammered suddenly choking up? 
He shook his head and turned to 

3891
03:29:38,300 --> 03:29:40,800
the Lord's gathering around in a
clear voice. 

3892
03:29:40,800 --> 03:29:43,500
He proclaimed that my bravery 
had saved him and would not be 

3893
03:29:43,500 --> 03:29:46,600
forgotten. 
My cheeks burned with humble 

3894
03:29:46,600 --> 03:29:48,400
Pride, as Nobles, who wants 
neared? 

3895
03:29:48,400 --> 03:29:51,600
Now, inclined their heads to me,
I understood that my return to 

3896
03:29:51,600 --> 03:29:54,600
the king's favor, was not due to
humor, but rather to my 

3897
03:29:54,600 --> 03:29:58,400
unwavering loyalty during 
crucial moments, That evening we

3898
03:29:58,400 --> 03:30:02,100
shared a quiet Victory meal in 
Camp late that night as I sat by

3899
03:30:02,100 --> 03:30:02,800
the dying. 
Fire. 

3900
03:30:02,800 --> 03:30:06,000
King, Edward draped, his own 
fur, cloak around my shoulders. 

3901
03:30:06,000 --> 03:30:08,300
You'll catch your death in this 
chill. 

3902
03:30:08,300 --> 03:30:11,000
Tom. 
He said softly side by side 

3903
03:30:11,000 --> 03:30:14,000
under the Starry Sky, we sat in 
a comfortable silence. 

3904
03:30:15,200 --> 03:30:18,100
After a long pause, he murdered 
so much lost. 

3905
03:30:18,100 --> 03:30:20,100
Will God forgive me for this 
day. 

3906
03:30:21,700 --> 03:30:25,400
In that moment, he was not a 
mighty king but a weary man I 

3907
03:30:25,400 --> 03:30:28,100
Found the courage to answer 
gently that he had done his duty

3908
03:30:28,100 --> 03:30:31,500
and even shown Mercy. 
If a king can be merciful I said

3909
03:30:31,500 --> 03:30:35,800
surely God can too He managed to
warn smile and grip my arm. 

3910
03:30:35,800 --> 03:30:39,100
Thank you. 
Tommy whispered, by the time I 

3911
03:30:39,100 --> 03:30:42,000
crawled into my small tent, I 
felt lighter than I had in a 

3912
03:30:42,000 --> 03:30:45,500
long while the gulf between the 
king and his full had closed in 

3913
03:30:45,500 --> 03:30:48,300
The Crucible of war. 
And with it came A Renewed 

3914
03:30:48,300 --> 03:30:50,400
trust. 
I dare to hope that better days.

3915
03:30:50,400 --> 03:30:53,800
Lay ahead when I might serve him
with both wit and devotion, as I

3916
03:30:53,808 --> 03:30:57,900
once did for a brief golden time
after the battle life at court 

3917
03:30:57,900 --> 03:31:01,300
was kinder to me, King Edward, 
kept me close and though, I 

3918
03:31:01,300 --> 03:31:03,500
still donned caps and bells to 
amuse him. 

3919
03:31:03,500 --> 03:31:05,900
I also became something of a 
confidant again. 

3920
03:31:05,900 --> 03:31:09,100
I even offered the king and 
occasional candid observation to

3921
03:31:09,100 --> 03:31:12,100
Aid, his rule. 
The memory of my pasta strange 

3922
03:31:12,100 --> 03:31:13,700
moment faded like a terrible 
dream. 

3923
03:31:14,500 --> 03:31:18,600
But fortunes we will never stops
turning some years later, a 

3924
03:31:18,600 --> 03:31:21,200
harsh winter illness, swept 
through the land, the illness 

3925
03:31:21,200 --> 03:31:24,200
affected, both the upper and 
lower classes equally King 

3926
03:31:24,200 --> 03:31:27,100
Edward vigorous. 
In battle succumbed in his bed 

3927
03:31:27,100 --> 03:31:30,500
chamber after a week of fever. 
I started his bedside near the 

3928
03:31:30,500 --> 03:31:32,400
end, holding his hand as the 
fever. 

3929
03:31:32,400 --> 03:31:35,600
Took him on a frigid February 
night when he breathed his last 

3930
03:31:35,600 --> 03:31:38,200
a lost. 
Not only my king, but all so my 

3931
03:31:38,200 --> 03:31:40,800
truest friend, the court 
mourned. 

3932
03:31:40,800 --> 03:31:44,000
And then the power shifted. 
King Edwards are was a boy of 

3933
03:31:44,008 --> 03:31:48,400
12, so a council of Regents took
control Almost overnight, the 

3934
03:31:48,400 --> 03:31:51,600
atmosphere at court changed. 
The new rulers had little use 

3935
03:31:51,600 --> 03:31:54,900
for the Old Kings full to them. 
I was a remnant of Edward Zero 

3936
03:31:54,900 --> 03:31:58,400
at best irrelevant that worst a 
nuisance with too many of the 

3937
03:31:58,400 --> 03:32:00,700
late King's confidences in the 
weeks. 

3938
03:32:00,700 --> 03:32:04,000
After the funeral I became 
increasingly unwelcome the boy 

3939
03:32:04,000 --> 03:32:07,600
King Guided by Stern advisors. 
Showed no interest in my Antics 

3940
03:32:07,600 --> 03:32:11,200
I used to sit near the throne 
but now I found myself standing 

3941
03:32:11,200 --> 03:32:14,400
at the back of the hall. 
One gray morning, I was summoned

3942
03:32:14,400 --> 03:32:18,300
before Lord Warwick the very 
adviser who had urge my flogging

3943
03:32:18,300 --> 03:32:20,200
years ago. 
And now one of the princes 

3944
03:32:20,200 --> 03:32:24,400
Regents, he regarded me with 
cold disdain The crown has 

3945
03:32:24,400 --> 03:32:26,400
decided your services are no 
longer required. 

3946
03:32:26,400 --> 03:32:30,400
He said Flatley He pushed across
the table a small purse of 

3947
03:32:30,400 --> 03:32:32,900
coin's. 
As a gesture of compensation, 

3948
03:32:32,900 --> 03:32:35,500
you are to leave the palace by 
sundown. 

3949
03:32:36,600 --> 03:32:40,400
I felt a Pang of disbelief. 
I dare to ask if I had a fence 

3950
03:32:40,400 --> 03:32:44,000
or could make amends but Warwick
silence me with a glare. 

3951
03:32:44,700 --> 03:32:47,300
The young king was too busy to 
indulge a Fool's. 

3952
03:32:47,300 --> 03:32:50,800
Prattville, he said they didn't 
require a gesture to interrupt 

3953
03:32:50,800 --> 03:32:53,700
them. 
For an instant anger flare at, I

3954
03:32:53,700 --> 03:32:56,800
had bled for this Kingdom and 
The Late King valued me, but one

3955
03:32:56,800 --> 03:32:59,400
look at Warwick's face, told me.
Protest was futile. 

3956
03:33:00,000 --> 03:33:02,800
These men saw only a clown, not 
a counselor. 

3957
03:33:03,400 --> 03:33:06,600
I took the leather purse with 
trembling fingers, it felt 

3958
03:33:06,600 --> 03:33:10,800
pitifully, light about my head. 
As you command my Lord. 

3959
03:33:10,800 --> 03:33:14,100
I murdered there was nothing 
else to do to resist. 

3960
03:33:14,100 --> 03:33:16,000
Would mean imprisonment or 
worse? 

3961
03:33:17,200 --> 03:33:20,200
That afternoon, I packed my 
Scamp belongings, a few Warren, 

3962
03:33:20,200 --> 03:33:24,100
Motley tunics, my Loot, and the 
Gilded wooden full SEPTA King, 

3963
03:33:24,100 --> 03:33:26,500
Edward had once give them a jest
staff of office. 

3964
03:33:27,400 --> 03:33:29,100
Not one familiar face came to 
wish me. 

3965
03:33:29,100 --> 03:33:32,900
Well, any who might have were 
gone or afraid to show kindness 

3966
03:33:32,900 --> 03:33:36,300
to a dismissed full. 
I walked out of the palace gates

3967
03:33:36,300 --> 03:33:38,900
at Twilight. 
A solitary figure for the first 

3968
03:33:38,900 --> 03:33:41,900
time in years. 
The guards hardly glanced at me 

3969
03:33:41,900 --> 03:33:44,700
as I passed under the pork 
Palace where I had first entered

3970
03:33:44,700 --> 03:33:47,100
so many years ago. 
Frightened youth. 

3971
03:33:47,100 --> 03:33:51,200
Eager to entertain a king. 
How different that departure was

3972
03:33:51,200 --> 03:33:53,700
now older. 
Wiser and bearing the weight of 

3973
03:33:53,708 --> 03:33:57,200
Sorrows and joys alike. 
As I left the Royal Court behind

3974
03:33:57,200 --> 03:34:00,700
I paused on a hill. 
Overlooking the capital, the sun

3975
03:34:00,700 --> 03:34:03,900
was sinking in a cold purple sky
in the distance. 

3976
03:34:03,900 --> 03:34:06,000
The towers of the castle, caught
the last Light. 

3977
03:34:06,800 --> 03:34:09,500
Standing in that same spot on 
happier days, alongside King. 

3978
03:34:09,500 --> 03:34:13,400
Edward, a recalled listening to 
him, confide his worries, I 

3979
03:34:13,400 --> 03:34:16,400
remembered our laughter, our 
battles of wit, and even our 

3980
03:34:16,400 --> 03:34:19,600
moments of anger, Sad smile 
tugged at my lips. 

3981
03:34:20,300 --> 03:34:23,400
Full, I came and a full. 
I depart I whispered to the 

3982
03:34:23,408 --> 03:34:26,400
chiller my breath swirled. 
Like ghostly incense. 

3983
03:34:27,400 --> 03:34:31,000
There was no audience to laugh 
or applaud Only the Lonely wind.

3984
03:34:31,800 --> 03:34:34,700
I drew my tattered, cloak 
Tighter and turned away from the

3985
03:34:34,700 --> 03:34:36,400
only home. 
I'd known in my adult life. 

3986
03:34:36,400 --> 03:34:39,800
It was time to explore the Fate 
that a king's fool without a 

3987
03:34:39,800 --> 03:34:42,900
king might face for months, I 
roamed through Villages and 

3988
03:34:42,900 --> 03:34:44,900
Market towns for Ian without a 
master. 

3989
03:34:44,900 --> 03:34:49,400
Initially, the freedom felt 
jarring, I could go anywhere say

3990
03:34:49,400 --> 03:34:51,300
anything. 
Yeah, who cared now, for the 

3991
03:34:51,300 --> 03:34:55,100
words of a king's fool, I end my
supper by telling stories or 

3992
03:34:55,100 --> 03:34:58,300
juggling in Tavern yards, 
performing not for Nobles, but 

3993
03:34:58,300 --> 03:35:00,800
for farmers and fishermen. 
Some nights. 

3994
03:35:00,800 --> 03:35:03,800
I stepped in a hay loft or under
the Open Sky, my joints ached 

3995
03:35:03,800 --> 03:35:06,300
more than they used to. 
And the laughter, of course, 

3996
03:35:06,300 --> 03:35:09,200
villagers was a poor, substitute
for the attentive hush of a 

3997
03:35:09,200 --> 03:35:12,000
Royal Court. 
One Autumn evening, I found 

3998
03:35:12,000 --> 03:35:15,400
myself in a small country in 
entertaining a handful of locals

3999
03:35:15,400 --> 03:35:18,000
by the half. 
I narrated humorous stories 

4000
03:35:18,000 --> 03:35:20,900
about court life, taking care, 
not to mention specific names 

4001
03:35:20,900 --> 03:35:23,500
and managed to elicit a few 
Chuckles from the audience. 

4002
03:35:24,600 --> 03:35:27,600
afterwards, as the Patron's 
drifted off, The Innkeeper 

4003
03:35:27,600 --> 03:35:33,100
pressed into my hand, pity or 
payments, both and asked, will 

4004
03:35:33,100 --> 03:35:38,400
you truly the king's full once I
nodded with a faint smile. 

4005
03:35:38,400 --> 03:35:42,800
I was I replied, he shook his 
head in Wonder and went to lock 

4006
03:35:42,800 --> 03:35:44,900
up leaving me alone with the 
dying fire. 

4007
03:35:46,200 --> 03:35:50,100
I sat there long after the last 
Embers crumbled, nursing the, AL

4008
03:35:50,100 --> 03:35:53,100
in my memories. 
Yes, I had been the king's fool,

4009
03:35:53,100 --> 03:35:57,800
I had lived in a castle one 
silks, however, patched dined on

4010
03:35:57,808 --> 03:36:01,000
Venison and custard and traded 
wits with powerful men. 

4011
03:36:02,000 --> 03:36:06,000
I had experienced both highs and
lows now, I was no one of 

4012
03:36:06,008 --> 03:36:09,600
importance. 
Despite feeling unimportant, I 

4013
03:36:09,600 --> 03:36:12,200
still sensed the same heart 
beating in my chest and 

4014
03:36:12,200 --> 03:36:15,200
maintained the same Keen Eye for
absurdity in the world. 

4015
03:36:16,000 --> 03:36:18,900
In the Silence of that table, 
and I realized that in my own 

4016
03:36:18,900 --> 03:36:20,700
way. 
I still carried the truth. 

4017
03:36:20,700 --> 03:36:23,900
Speakers torch. 
I could now speak freely about 

4018
03:36:23,900 --> 03:36:26,400
the Lords of vanity. 
The pause plight and other 

4019
03:36:26,400 --> 03:36:29,100
Palace Secrets the strange 
privilege. 

4020
03:36:29,100 --> 03:36:32,800
I once held to speak truth to 
power had come at enormous risk,

4021
03:36:33,600 --> 03:36:36,600
Now, I held a different sort of 
freedom, I could speak truth 

4022
03:36:36,600 --> 03:36:39,100
openly but Power no longer 
heeded. 

4023
03:36:39,100 --> 03:36:41,800
It was a lonely, Freedom strip 
of the glamour. 

4024
03:36:41,800 --> 03:36:45,200
That once gave my words weight, 
I drained my ale and stepped 

4025
03:36:45,200 --> 03:36:48,400
outside into the crisp night, a 
thin sliver of moon hung 

4026
03:36:48,400 --> 03:36:50,600
overhead. 
The Village was dark and 

4027
03:36:50,600 --> 03:36:53,800
sleeping only the distant bark 
of a dog and the rustle of 

4028
03:36:53,800 --> 03:36:55,700
trees. 
Kept me company, pulling my 

4029
03:36:55,700 --> 03:36:58,200
thread back, cloak around my 
shoulders, I walked down the 

4030
03:36:58,200 --> 03:37:01,400
empty Lane toward the unstable 
loft, where a pile of straw, 

4031
03:37:01,400 --> 03:37:05,800
waited as my bed, overhead, 
countless Stars glittered the 

4032
03:37:05,800 --> 03:37:08,700
same stars are used to gaze at 
the castle parapets and King 

4033
03:37:08,700 --> 03:37:11,200
Edwards day. 
How many times did I stood by 

4034
03:37:11,200 --> 03:37:14,300
his side after a feast pointing 
out a constellation or making a 

4035
03:37:14,300 --> 03:37:16,600
wish? 
I closed my eyes and could 

4036
03:37:16,600 --> 03:37:18,800
almost hear the Kings. 
Rich laugh beside me. 

4037
03:37:18,800 --> 03:37:22,700
An ache swelled in my throat 
parts, sorrow Parts. 

4038
03:37:22,700 --> 03:37:26,200
Sweet reminiscent Edward. 
Hi to the sky. 

4039
03:37:26,200 --> 03:37:29,800
They took your full away, but 
they'll never quite rid me of 

4040
03:37:29,800 --> 03:37:31,900
you. 
Perhaps it was a foolish thing 

4041
03:37:31,908 --> 03:37:35,300
to say, but then foolishness had
always been my trade. 

4042
03:37:36,800 --> 03:37:40,300
I climbed into the Loft and laid
down on the straw through a gap 

4043
03:37:40,300 --> 03:37:42,100
in the roof. 
I could to see a splash of 

4044
03:37:42,108 --> 03:37:44,000
stars. 
I thought of the people, I had 

4045
03:37:44,000 --> 03:37:47,900
been eager young, gesture, the 
broken wretch in the stocks, the

4046
03:37:47,900 --> 03:37:49,100
unlikely Hero on the 
battlefield. 

4047
03:37:49,100 --> 03:37:52,000
The Trusted friend. 
And now the Vagabond 

4048
03:37:52,000 --> 03:37:54,200
Storyteller, which was the real 
me. 

4049
03:37:55,100 --> 03:37:57,200
Perhaps all of them, perhaps 
none. 

4050
03:37:58,700 --> 03:38:00,500
As I drifted to sleep, I found 
myself. 

4051
03:38:00,500 --> 03:38:03,700
Smiling in the dark, I had 
played my part in the grand, 

4052
03:38:03,700 --> 03:38:06,800
pageant of kings and clowns, and
though, my costume was torn. 

4053
03:38:06,800 --> 03:38:10,000
And my stage now, humble in, I 
still had my wits, my memories, 

4054
03:38:10,000 --> 03:38:12,600
and my voice in the morning. 
I would move on to the next 

4055
03:38:12,600 --> 03:38:15,600
Village and the next crowd. 
Maybe I'd make them laugh, maybe

4056
03:38:15,600 --> 03:38:19,100
I'd make them think either way, 
the spirit of the Kings full 

4057
03:38:19,100 --> 03:38:21,900
lived on as long as I drew 
breath, whatever tomorrow 

4058
03:38:21,900 --> 03:38:25,100
brings, I will meet it, as I 
always have with a jest on my 

4059
03:38:25,108 --> 03:38:28,600
tongue, a tear in my eye and 
hope in my Foolish Heart long. 

4060
03:38:28,600 --> 03:38:31,500
Before Neil Armstrong became the
celestial figure of American 

4061
03:38:31,500 --> 03:38:34,100
mythology. 
He was a boy obsessed with the 

4062
03:38:34,100 --> 03:38:37,000
mechanics of flight. 
Armstrong's Fascination and 

4063
03:38:37,000 --> 03:38:39,900
deeper than the conventional 
Narrative of an innocent child 

4064
03:38:39,900 --> 03:38:43,400
staring at the sky, dreaming of 
one day touching the Stars. 

4065
03:38:44,200 --> 03:38:47,000
His was a mind inward with the 
intricacies of how things. 

4066
03:38:47,000 --> 03:38:50,100
Worked Armstrong was born in 
1931. 

4067
03:38:50,100 --> 03:38:53,200
During the peak of Aviation 
advancement when the design of 

4068
03:38:53,200 --> 03:38:56,800
aircraft was rapidly changing 
after the first world war at age

4069
03:38:56,800 --> 03:38:58,700
six, he experienced his first 
airplane. 

4070
03:38:58,700 --> 03:39:01,400
Ride in a Ford tri-motor 
nicknamed the tin. 

4071
03:39:01,400 --> 03:39:05,400
Goose, Unlike the romanticized 
accounts that pervades most 

4072
03:39:05,408 --> 03:39:09,000
retellings, Armstrong's reaction
wasn't one of wide-eyed Wonder 

4073
03:39:09,000 --> 03:39:12,100
instead. 
His first flight triggered, an 

4074
03:39:12,100 --> 03:39:15,000
analytical curiosity. 
According to his biographer 

4075
03:39:15,000 --> 03:39:18,400
James Hansen Young, Neil spent 
the flight studying the pilots 

4076
03:39:18,400 --> 03:39:22,600
movements watching the control, 
surfaces respond and trying to 

4077
03:39:22,600 --> 03:39:25,800
decipher, the relationship 
between action and reaction. 

4078
03:39:26,900 --> 03:39:30,000
His bedroom in Wapakoneta, Ohio 
wasn't decorated with the 

4079
03:39:30,008 --> 03:39:32,300
typical space, posters that 
would become common in the 

4080
03:39:32,300 --> 03:39:35,200
1950s. 
Instead Armstrong built 

4081
03:39:35,200 --> 03:39:38,700
intricate model airplanes with 
functional control, surfaces not

4082
03:39:38,700 --> 03:39:42,100
for display but for testing he 
constructed a makeshift wind 

4083
03:39:42,100 --> 03:39:44,700
tunnel in his basement using his
mother's vacuum cleaner running 

4084
03:39:44,700 --> 03:39:47,200
in reverse. 
While other children played 

4085
03:39:47,200 --> 03:39:50,300
baseball, Armstrong conducted 
aerodynamic experiments 

4086
03:39:50,300 --> 03:39:53,800
meticulously recording results 
in notebooks filled with 

4087
03:39:53,800 --> 03:39:58,700
calculations Beyond his years by
16 armed his Pilots license 

4088
03:39:58,700 --> 03:40:00,500
before he could legally drive a 
car. 

4089
03:40:01,300 --> 03:40:03,500
He didn't pursue flying for the 
Thriller romance. 

4090
03:40:03,500 --> 03:40:08,100
So commonly attributed to early 
aviators for him, piloting was 

4091
03:40:08,100 --> 03:40:11,600
the practical application of 
engineering principles awaited 

4092
03:40:11,600 --> 03:40:15,900
test theories against reality. 
This pragmatic approach followed

4093
03:40:15,900 --> 03:40:18,900
him to Purdue University where 
he studied Aeronautical, 

4094
03:40:18,900 --> 03:40:21,900
Engineering. 
His professors noted that while 

4095
03:40:21,900 --> 03:40:24,600
other students were satisfied 
with, theoretical understanding 

4096
03:40:24,600 --> 03:40:28,500
Armstrong, constantly questioned
how principles might manifest in

4097
03:40:28,500 --> 03:40:31,800
unusual flight conditions, the 
result wasn't the mindset of a 

4098
03:40:31,800 --> 03:40:35,000
future Daredevil, but of a 
methodical Problem Solver with 

4099
03:40:35,000 --> 03:40:36,600
an engineer's attention to 
detail. 

4100
03:40:37,800 --> 03:40:41,700
When the Korean War interrupted 
his studies Armstrong flew 78, 

4101
03:40:41,700 --> 03:40:44,200
combat missions, military 
records. 

4102
03:40:44,200 --> 03:40:47,400
Reveal something telling about 
his approach while other Pilots 

4103
03:40:47,400 --> 03:40:50,400
discussed their experiences in 
terms of Adventure or patriotic 

4104
03:40:50,400 --> 03:40:53,900
Duty Armstrong's flight reports 
focused on aircraft performance 

4105
03:40:53,900 --> 03:40:57,800
under stress Armstrong viewed 
combat flying as an extension of

4106
03:40:57,800 --> 03:41:00,500
his engineering studies, 
observing the behavior of 

4107
03:41:00,508 --> 03:41:04,300
aircraft under extreme pressure.
After returning to complete his 

4108
03:41:04,300 --> 03:41:06,900
degree Armstrong, join the 
National advisory committee for 

4109
03:41:06,900 --> 03:41:11,400
Aeronautics NACA NASA's 
predecessor as a research test 

4110
03:41:11,400 --> 03:41:14,500
pilot. 
At Edwards Air Force Base, he 

4111
03:41:14,500 --> 03:41:18,100
established himself not as the 
stereotypical Hotshot test pilot

4112
03:41:18,100 --> 03:41:20,800
portrayed in films. 
But as a meticulous data 

4113
03:41:20,800 --> 03:41:23,900
gatherer, he flew the 
experimental X-15 rocket plane 

4114
03:41:23,900 --> 03:41:27,300
to the edge of space, reaching 
speeds over, 4,000 miles per 

4115
03:41:27,300 --> 03:41:29,200
hour. 
But colleagues, remember him 

4116
03:41:29,200 --> 03:41:32,400
primarily for his detailed 
technical debriefings rather 

4117
03:41:32,400 --> 03:41:34,900
than braggadocio about setting 
records. 

4118
03:41:34,900 --> 03:41:38,600
His approach to test flying 
reveals much about the man where

4119
03:41:38,600 --> 03:41:42,300
others saw Glory Armstrong saw 
variables to control where other

4120
03:41:42,300 --> 03:41:45,300
sort speed records Armstrong 
sought understanding. 

4121
03:41:46,500 --> 03:41:48,300
Chuck. 
Yeager the first man to break 

4122
03:41:48,300 --> 03:41:50,400
the sound barrier. 
Once remarked that Armstrong 

4123
03:41:50,400 --> 03:41:54,500
flew an airplane, like he was 
wearing it Armstrong's rare 

4124
03:41:54,500 --> 03:41:57,000
combination of engineering 
intellect and physical flying 

4125
03:41:57,000 --> 03:41:59,200
skill. 
Placed him in a unique position 

4126
03:41:59,200 --> 03:42:02,500
when NASA began selecting 
astronauts for the Gemini 

4127
03:42:02,500 --> 03:42:05,300
program. 
The space agency was moving 

4128
03:42:05,300 --> 03:42:08,200
beyond the Mercury program's 
emphasis on selecting combat 

4129
03:42:08,200 --> 03:42:10,700
pilots and military. 
Test pilots they needed 

4130
03:42:10,700 --> 03:42:13,800
astronauts who understood 
spacecraft as complex systems, 

4131
03:42:13,800 --> 03:42:17,000
and who could diagnose problems 
and Implement Solutions far from

4132
03:42:17,000 --> 03:42:19,700
Earth. 
When Armstrong joined NASA in 

4133
03:42:19,700 --> 03:42:23,500
1962, he brought this engine as 
mindset into a program. 

4134
03:42:23,508 --> 03:42:27,000
Still defining, what an 
astronaut should be. while the 

4135
03:42:27,000 --> 03:42:29,700
Mercury 7 had been promoted as 
the embodiment of American 

4136
03:42:29,700 --> 03:42:32,300
masculinity and daring Armstrong
represented, something 

4137
03:42:32,300 --> 03:42:36,500
different, the cool rationality 
of the scientist Explorer, the 

4138
03:42:36,500 --> 03:42:39,400
problem solver, who would 
navigate not by Instinct but by 

4139
03:42:39,400 --> 03:42:43,800
calculation, This Foundation, an
engineer who happened to fly 

4140
03:42:43,800 --> 03:42:46,700
rather than a pilot who learned 
engineering would prove crucial?

4141
03:42:46,700 --> 03:42:49,500
When Armstrong later faced the 
ultimate test of the lunar 

4142
03:42:49,500 --> 03:42:52,300
surface? 
The man who had become history's

4143
03:42:52,300 --> 03:42:55,000
most famous astronaut approached
space flight not as an 

4144
03:42:55,000 --> 03:42:57,500
adventure, but as the most 
complex, engineering challenge 

4145
03:42:57,500 --> 03:43:01,000
humans had ever attempted. 
This perspective, offered an 

4146
03:43:01,000 --> 03:43:04,100
overlooked in the heroic 
narrative, that followed to find

4147
03:43:04,108 --> 03:43:05,900
Armstrong's approached to his 
historic. 

4148
03:43:05,900 --> 03:43:08,600
Mission and shaped, how he would
handle its unexpected, 

4149
03:43:08,600 --> 03:43:11,800
challenges long before, he 
became synonymous with space 

4150
03:43:11,800 --> 03:43:14,500
exploration. 
Neil Armstrong faced mortality 

4151
03:43:14,500 --> 03:43:18,200
in the skies of North Korea, His
experience is a Naval aviator 

4152
03:43:18,200 --> 03:43:20,800
during the Korean War. 
A chapter often, compressed to a

4153
03:43:20,800 --> 03:43:22,400
single line, in most 
biographical accounts, 

4154
03:43:22,400 --> 03:43:26,400
profoundly shaped the astronaut.
He would become Armstrong 

4155
03:43:26,400 --> 03:43:31,100
arrived in Korea aboard, the USS
Essex in August 1951, the 51 

4156
03:43:31,100 --> 03:43:33,000
year olds in with minimal combat
training. 

4157
03:43:34,200 --> 03:43:37,300
His assignment Fighter, Squadron
51 came during a particularly 

4158
03:43:37,300 --> 03:43:41,000
intense period of the conflict. 
Unlike the sanitized heroic 

4159
03:43:41,000 --> 03:43:43,400
narratives often constructed 
around military service. 

4160
03:43:43,400 --> 03:43:47,200
Armstrong's War experience was 
marked by confusion, technical 

4161
03:43:47,200 --> 03:43:49,900
failures, and brushes with 
death, that would inform his 

4162
03:43:49,900 --> 03:43:51,700
approach to risk for decades to 
come. 

4163
03:43:53,000 --> 03:43:56,600
Anti-aircraft fire struck 
Armstrong's f9f, Panther on his 

4164
03:43:56,600 --> 03:44:00,100
very first combat mission. 
While he was conducting, a low 

4165
03:44:00,100 --> 03:44:01,700
altitude bombing run near one 
sand. 

4166
03:44:02,600 --> 03:44:05,400
According to Squadron records, 
rarely cited in Armstrong 

4167
03:44:05,400 --> 03:44:08,400
biographies. 
He managed to nurse his damaged 

4168
03:44:08,400 --> 03:44:12,000
aircraft back to Friendly 
territory before ejecting his 

4169
03:44:12,000 --> 03:44:14,600
first experience with the 
emergency procedures under 

4170
03:44:14,600 --> 03:44:18,200
genuine, life or death pressure.
The incident of established a 

4171
03:44:18,208 --> 03:44:21,800
pattern throughout his combat. 
Tours Armstrong developed a 

4172
03:44:21,808 --> 03:44:23,600
reputation. 
Not for aerial aggression. 

4173
03:44:23,600 --> 03:44:27,500
That for mechanical sympathy and
almost intuitive understanding 

4174
03:44:27,500 --> 03:44:29,100
of aircraft limitations and 
capabilities. 

4175
03:44:30,400 --> 03:44:33,500
In combat, most Pilots treated 
aircraft as disposable tools 

4176
03:44:33,500 --> 03:44:36,600
were called Squadron make 
Charles Ray Lee in an oral 

4177
03:44:36,600 --> 03:44:38,200
history. 
Seldom reference by Armstrong, 

4178
03:44:38,200 --> 03:44:41,700
biographers Armstrong treated 
his Panther like a partner. 

4179
03:44:41,700 --> 03:44:44,500
He seemed to sense when 
something wasn't right with the 

4180
03:44:44,500 --> 03:44:48,200
machine before the gauges show 
trouble. this mechanical empathy

4181
03:44:48,200 --> 03:44:51,400
came with a price Armstrong's 
flight logs reveal, he often 

4182
03:44:51,400 --> 03:44:54,800
volunteered to fly aircraft 
Other Pilots had reported as 

4183
03:44:54,800 --> 03:44:57,800
problematic using his 
engineering intuition to 

4184
03:44:57,800 --> 03:45:01,500
diagnose issues during flight. 
This practice exposed him to 

4185
03:45:01,508 --> 03:45:05,200
greater risk, but accelerated 
his development as a test pilot 

4186
03:45:05,200 --> 03:45:08,000
in all but name. 
Armstrong experience the 

4187
03:45:08,008 --> 03:45:10,800
incident that would haunt him 
longest on, September, the 3rd 

4188
03:45:10,800 --> 03:45:16,200
1951 during a close air, support
Mission near the 38th parallel. 

4189
03:45:16,900 --> 03:45:20,500
While making a low strafing, run
his Panthers right wing struck a

4190
03:45:20,500 --> 03:45:23,200
cable strung across a valley by 
North Korean forces, and 

4191
03:45:23,200 --> 03:45:25,700
anti-aircraft trap, rarely 
mentioned in history of the 

4192
03:45:25,708 --> 03:45:30,000
conflict. the impacted several 
feet of his wing, rendering the 

4193
03:45:30,000 --> 03:45:34,000
aircraft nearly uncontrollable, 
What happened next revealed? 

4194
03:45:34,000 --> 03:45:36,000
Armstrong's distinctive, 
approach to crisis. 

4195
03:45:36,800 --> 03:45:39,100
Voice recordings from the 
Squadron radio, frequency 

4196
03:45:39,100 --> 03:45:41,700
capture arms, strong Carly, 
requesting geometric 

4197
03:45:41,700 --> 03:45:44,900
calculations from the radar in 
to set officer rather than 

4198
03:45:44,900 --> 03:45:48,000
declaring an emergency, he 
systematically tested. 

4199
03:45:48,000 --> 03:45:50,400
The aircraft's response at 
different airspeeds and 

4200
03:45:50,408 --> 03:45:53,200
configuration before attempting 
to return to Friendly territory.

4201
03:45:54,200 --> 03:45:56,200
I've got a symmetric lift, but 
stable control. 

4202
03:45:56,200 --> 03:46:00,000
If I maintain 170 knots or he 
reported displaying the 

4203
03:46:00,000 --> 03:46:02,800
analytical approach that would 
later characterize his response 

4204
03:46:02,800 --> 03:46:06,700
to the Gemini 8 emergency. 
Armstrong nurse the critically 

4205
03:46:06,700 --> 03:46:10,600
damaged aircraft back to a US 
controlled Airfield executing a 

4206
03:46:10,600 --> 03:46:12,900
one attempt Landing that 
Squadron mates described as 

4207
03:46:12,900 --> 03:46:16,900
mechanical poetry. the incident 
earned Armstrong, the respect of

4208
03:46:16,900 --> 03:46:20,300
Veteran Pilots, but also 
revealed a psychological quality

4209
03:46:20,300 --> 03:46:23,800
seldom discussed in heroic 
narratives, his unusual 

4210
03:46:23,800 --> 03:46:28,000
relationship with fear Post 
Mission, debriefings, reveal 

4211
03:46:28,000 --> 03:46:30,900
Armstrong, never denied, 
experiencing fear, but processed

4212
03:46:30,900 --> 03:46:32,600
it, differently than many combat
Pilots. 

4213
03:46:32,600 --> 03:46:35,700
While others, converted fear to 
aggression or suppress it. 

4214
03:46:35,700 --> 03:46:39,200
Entirely Armstrong appeared to 
transform fear into heightened, 

4215
03:46:39,200 --> 03:46:41,900
analytical capacity, a trait 
that would serve him. 

4216
03:46:41,908 --> 03:46:45,100
Well, in future spacecraft 
emergencies, by the time 

4217
03:46:45,100 --> 03:46:49,500
Armstrong completed, his combat 
tour in 1952 he had flown 78, 

4218
03:46:49,500 --> 03:46:52,700
combat missions, and earned 
three are medals more 

4219
03:46:52,700 --> 03:46:55,200
significantly. 
He had to distinctive philosophy

4220
03:46:55,200 --> 03:46:58,500
about human machine interaction 
in high stress, environments. 

4221
03:46:59,400 --> 03:47:02,000
As he later explained to test 
pilots students in a rare 

4222
03:47:02,000 --> 03:47:04,000
Patuxent River Naval Air 
Station. 

4223
03:47:05,000 --> 03:47:07,900
The aircraft doesn't care about 
your feelings, it responds to 

4224
03:47:07,900 --> 03:47:10,300
your actions understanding. 
This separation is the 

4225
03:47:10,300 --> 03:47:12,500
difference between panic and 
problem solving. 

4226
03:47:13,700 --> 03:47:16,800
Armstrong's combat experience 
informed his later career in 

4227
03:47:16,800 --> 03:47:20,400
ways, rarely connected in 
historical accounts, his habit 

4228
03:47:20,400 --> 03:47:22,900
of exhaustively studying 
aircraft systems before flying 

4229
03:47:22,900 --> 03:47:26,100
them, a practice that made him 
exceptionally prepared for 

4230
03:47:26,100 --> 03:47:29,700
Apollo 11's complex systems 
originated in Korean War. 

4231
03:47:29,700 --> 03:47:33,000
Survival lessons, his preference
for methodical checklist 

4232
03:47:33,000 --> 03:47:35,600
procedures. 
Over improvisation, stemmed from

4233
03:47:35,608 --> 03:47:38,000
witnessing. 
The Fatal consequences of corner

4234
03:47:38,000 --> 03:47:39,100
cutting during combat 
operations. 

4235
03:47:40,300 --> 03:47:42,900
Most significantly, career 
taught Armstrong about the 

4236
03:47:42,900 --> 03:47:46,600
Machinery of public mythmaking. 
He witnessed first-hand how 

4237
03:47:46,600 --> 03:47:49,100
combat deaths were transformed 
into sanitized heroic 

4238
03:47:49,100 --> 03:47:50,600
narratives, for public 
consumption? 

4239
03:47:50,600 --> 03:47:53,900
How messy realities were 
reshaped into clean a stories? 

4240
03:47:53,900 --> 03:47:56,900
This experience fostered. 
His lifelong skepticism towards 

4241
03:47:56,900 --> 03:47:59,600
simplified narrative including 
those, that would later be 

4242
03:47:59,600 --> 03:48:01,100
constructed around his 
achievements. 

4243
03:48:02,200 --> 03:48:03,900
Creator taught me that Complex 
events. 

4244
03:48:03,900 --> 03:48:07,100
Resists simple explanations. 
He told a naval aviators Union 

4245
03:48:07,100 --> 03:48:10,700
in 1997 in comments, rarely 
quoted in standard by 

4246
03:48:10,700 --> 03:48:14,100
biographies when people wanted 
to make Heroes out of Pilots, 

4247
03:48:14,100 --> 03:48:16,800
the overlooked that success 
often came from luck. 

4248
03:48:16,800 --> 03:48:19,200
And failure wasn't always tied 
to skill. 

4249
03:48:19,900 --> 03:48:22,600
I tried to keep this in mind 
when people attempted to turn my

4250
03:48:22,600 --> 03:48:25,400
Luna Landing into something more
Mythic than it actually was. 

4251
03:48:26,300 --> 03:48:29,300
Armstrong emerge from the Korean
war with technical skills that 

4252
03:48:29,300 --> 03:48:31,200
would prove invaluable in his 
later career. 

4253
03:48:31,200 --> 03:48:34,800
More importantly, he developed a
philosophical Approach To 

4254
03:48:34,800 --> 03:48:38,900
Danger, a clear-eyed acceptance 
that risk was inevitable in 

4255
03:48:38,900 --> 03:48:42,000
pushing boundaries, but could be
managed through preparation 

4256
03:48:42,000 --> 03:48:44,800
system understanding and 
emotional discipline. 

4257
03:48:45,500 --> 03:48:48,300
This perspective forged in 
combat Skies long before 

4258
03:48:48,300 --> 03:48:51,100
spacecraft were practical. 
Would ultimately make him the 

4259
03:48:51,100 --> 03:48:54,500
ideal Commander for Humanity's, 
most dangerous exploratory 

4260
03:48:54,500 --> 03:48:57,700
Mission between Armstrong's 
Naval service and his selection 

4261
03:48:57,700 --> 03:49:00,300
as an astronaut lies. 
A critical seven years that 

4262
03:49:00,300 --> 03:49:02,900
fundamentally shaped his 
capabilities and approached to 

4263
03:49:02,900 --> 03:49:06,400
flight His time as a civilian 
test pilot at the national 

4264
03:49:06,400 --> 03:49:09,800
advisory committee for 
Aeronautics in ACA NASA's 

4265
03:49:09,800 --> 03:49:14,500
predecessor from 1955 to 1962 
represents. 

4266
03:49:14,500 --> 03:49:17,100
Perhaps the most technically 
formative chapter of his 

4267
03:49:17,100 --> 03:49:19,600
professional life. 
Yet one that receives 

4268
03:49:19,600 --> 03:49:21,100
disproportionately little 
attention. 

4269
03:49:22,100 --> 03:49:25,200
During the Heyday of 
experimental, Aviation Edwards 

4270
03:49:25,200 --> 03:49:27,700
Air Force Base, in the 
California, desert served as 

4271
03:49:27,700 --> 03:49:29,400
America's Premier flight testing
center. 

4272
03:49:30,200 --> 03:49:32,400
Armstrong arrived at Edwards Air
Force Base, during the 

4273
03:49:32,400 --> 03:49:36,100
transition, from the jet age, to
the Space Age, a time. 

4274
03:49:36,100 --> 03:49:39,000
When aircraft were consistently 
pushing the limits of speed 

4275
03:49:39,000 --> 03:49:42,900
altitude and control ability, 
what distinguished Armstrong 

4276
03:49:42,900 --> 03:49:47,200
from his contemporaries wasn't 
raw piloting talent but a 

4277
03:49:47,200 --> 03:49:49,800
distinctive cognitive approach 
to experimental flying. 

4278
03:49:50,800 --> 03:49:53,800
Most test pilots approached 
flights as demonstrations of 

4279
03:49:53,800 --> 03:49:56,600
skill. 
Noted chief engineer Walt 

4280
03:49:56,600 --> 03:49:59,000
Williams in previously, 
unpublished interviews. 

4281
03:49:59,900 --> 03:50:02,900
Armstrong approached them as 
experiments with precisely 

4282
03:50:02,900 --> 03:50:06,200
defined variables. 
He was conducting research that 

4283
03:50:06,200 --> 03:50:09,600
happened to involve flying 
rather than flying that happened

4284
03:50:09,600 --> 03:50:13,200
to involve research. 
This perspective made Armstrong 

4285
03:50:13,200 --> 03:50:15,300
uniquely valuable in the X-15 
program. 

4286
03:50:15,300 --> 03:50:18,700
The rocket powered aircraft that
represented Humanity's first 

4287
03:50:18,700 --> 03:50:20,300
real venture to the edge of 
space. 

4288
03:50:21,300 --> 03:50:24,300
Unlike other test pilots who 
viewed the X-15 as a vehicle for

4289
03:50:24,300 --> 03:50:27,700
setting records Armstrong 
approached each flight as a data

4290
03:50:27,700 --> 03:50:31,200
Gathering opportunity. 
His flight debriefings preserved

4291
03:50:31,200 --> 03:50:33,300
in necky a archives but rarely 
cited. 

4292
03:50:33,300 --> 03:50:37,200
Reveal an Engineers obsession 
with cause effect relationships 

4293
03:50:37,200 --> 03:50:40,200
and system behaviors, rather 
than performance metrics 

4294
03:50:40,200 --> 03:50:44,900
Armstrong's, most significant 
X-15 flight, on April 20th. 1962

4295
03:50:44,900 --> 03:50:50,500
is typically noted for reaching 
an altitude of 207,500 feet, the

4296
03:50:50,500 --> 03:50:53,500
edge of space. 
Let's discussed is how the 

4297
03:50:53,500 --> 03:50:56,500
flight nearly ended in disaster.
When the aircraft skipped off 

4298
03:50:56,500 --> 03:51:00,100
the atmosphere during re-entry 
bouncing on Armstrong's far off 

4299
03:51:00,100 --> 03:51:02,500
course. 
The incident required him to 

4300
03:51:02,500 --> 03:51:04,900
make Split Second decisions 
about energy management and 

4301
03:51:04,900 --> 03:51:07,100
reentry angle with minimal 
guidance. 

4302
03:51:07,100 --> 03:51:11,100
As the planned flight profile. 
Had been invalidated The X-15 

4303
03:51:11,100 --> 03:51:14,100
incident directly informed how I
approached the lunar Landing 

4304
03:51:14,100 --> 03:51:16,800
Bella. 
Armstrong later explained to 

4305
03:51:16,808 --> 03:51:18,900
flight controllers during Apollo
simulations. 

4306
03:51:18,900 --> 03:51:22,200
Both involved Energy, Management
problems with type margins and 

4307
03:51:22,200 --> 03:51:25,300
degraded information. 
This connection between his 

4308
03:51:25,300 --> 03:51:28,000
experimental aircraft to 
experience in lunar. 

4309
03:51:28,000 --> 03:51:31,100
Landing challenges reveals how 
Armstrongs Edwards years 

4310
03:51:31,100 --> 03:51:33,700
directly prepared him for 
Apollo's unique, challenges 

4311
03:51:33,700 --> 03:51:38,000
beyond the X-15, Armstrong flew 
nearly 900 flights in over 50 

4312
03:51:38,000 --> 03:51:41,100
different aircraft types during 
his Edwards tenure, What these 

4313
03:51:41,100 --> 03:51:43,100
flights collectively developed 
was an unusual. 

4314
03:51:43,100 --> 03:51:46,400
Perceptual ability Armstrong 
could detect subtle, aircraft 

4315
03:51:46,400 --> 03:51:49,300
behavioral changes that often 
indicated imminent problems. 

4316
03:51:50,000 --> 03:51:52,500
Test engineer Bruce, Peterson 
described this Talent. 

4317
03:51:53,300 --> 03:51:56,100
Armstrong could feel an 
aircraft's intentions before the

4318
03:51:56,100 --> 03:51:59,100
instruments showed trouble. 
He sentenced patterns in machine

4319
03:51:59,100 --> 03:52:01,600
behavior that others missed 
until the emergency was upon 

4320
03:52:01,600 --> 03:52:04,300
them. 
This perceptual skill became 

4321
03:52:04,300 --> 03:52:06,900
legendary in a nearly fatal 
incident involving. 

4322
03:52:06,900 --> 03:52:11,100
The lunar, Landing research 
vehicle llv, an ungainly 

4323
03:52:11,100 --> 03:52:14,500
Contraption nicknamed, The 
Flying bedstead used to simulate

4324
03:52:14,500 --> 03:52:16,100
lunar. 
Landing conditions on Earth. 

4325
03:52:17,200 --> 03:52:21,800
On May the 6th 1968 while 
hovering 200 feet above the 

4326
03:52:21,800 --> 03:52:24,300
ground. 
The vehicle experienced a total 

4327
03:52:24,300 --> 03:52:27,800
propellant system, failure, 
Armstrong detected, the failure 

4328
03:52:27,800 --> 03:52:29,700
and ejected. 
Barely a half second before the 

4329
03:52:29,700 --> 03:52:32,400
vehicle crashed and the 
explosion was so narrow. 

4330
03:52:32,400 --> 03:52:35,100
That analysis suggested, any 
other pilot would have delayed 

4331
03:52:35,100 --> 03:52:36,700
recognition long enough to 
perish. 

4332
03:52:36,700 --> 03:52:40,200
What's rarely connected is how 
this incident directly informed 

4333
03:52:40,200 --> 03:52:42,400
Armstrong's later, 
decision-making, during Apollo 

4334
03:52:42,400 --> 03:52:46,600
11's, Landing, The program alarm
crisis during lunar descent 

4335
03:52:46,600 --> 03:52:49,000
presented a similar pattern of 
degraded information. 

4336
03:52:49,000 --> 03:52:52,800
Requiring rapid assessment 
Armstrong's Edwards experience, 

4337
03:52:52,800 --> 03:52:56,300
a trained him to distinguish 
between a manageable anomaly and

4338
03:52:56,300 --> 03:52:59,900
a genuine emergency, which was 
precisely the decision he needed

4339
03:52:59,900 --> 03:53:02,700
to make when the 1201 and 1202 
alarms arose. 

4340
03:53:03,500 --> 03:53:06,800
Armstrong's Edwards Years, also 
shaped his communication style 

4341
03:53:06,800 --> 03:53:10,500
recording from X-15 flights 
reveal his development of what 

4342
03:53:10,500 --> 03:53:13,900
flight controllers later called 
minimalist Precision, the 

4343
03:53:13,900 --> 03:53:16,600
ability to convey complex. 
Technical information in 

4344
03:53:16,600 --> 03:53:20,500
extremely concise language. 
This communication economy would

4345
03:53:20,500 --> 03:53:23,600
prove crucial during Apollo 11s 
descent when radio communication

4346
03:53:23,600 --> 03:53:26,600
was intermittent and every 
second of transmission time was 

4347
03:53:26,600 --> 03:53:28,200
needed to convey maximum 
information. 

4348
03:53:29,300 --> 03:53:32,800
Additionally, during the Edwards
period Armstrong gained 

4349
03:53:32,800 --> 03:53:35,700
extensive experience with 
fly-by-wire Control Systems, 

4350
03:53:35,700 --> 03:53:38,600
aircraft controlled 
electronically rather than 

4351
03:53:38,600 --> 03:53:40,500
through direct mechanical 
linkages. 

4352
03:53:41,500 --> 03:53:44,700
The lunar module represented, 
the ultimate fly-by-wire vehicle

4353
03:53:44,700 --> 03:53:47,400
with control, responses, 
entirely mediated through 

4354
03:53:47,400 --> 03:53:50,600
computer systems. 
Armstrongs unusual comfort with 

4355
03:53:50,600 --> 03:53:53,700
these systems originated in his 
experimental aircraft work, 

4356
03:53:53,700 --> 03:53:57,400
where he developed, what 
colleagues called digital hands,

4357
03:53:57,400 --> 03:54:01,100
the ability to adapt control 
inputs to computer interpreted 

4358
03:54:01,100 --> 03:54:03,300
commands, rather than direct 
physical feedback. 

4359
03:54:04,300 --> 03:54:07,100
Perhaps most significantly 
Armstrong's Edwards, tenure 

4360
03:54:07,100 --> 03:54:08,800
shaped, his relationship with 
risk. 

4361
03:54:09,600 --> 03:54:11,700
Unlike The Stereotype of the 
Dead devil. 

4362
03:54:11,700 --> 03:54:14,700
Test pilot Armstrong developed 
what colleagues called 

4363
03:54:14,700 --> 03:54:19,000
calibrated Courage, the ability 
to objectively assess danger 

4364
03:54:19,000 --> 03:54:20,800
with their minimizing, or 
exaggerating. 

4365
03:54:20,800 --> 03:54:24,100
It, this perspective was 
captured in his response, when 

4366
03:54:24,100 --> 03:54:28,400
asked about fear during X-15 
flights, Fear is an emotional 

4367
03:54:28,400 --> 03:54:32,400
risk, is a calculation. 
I try to ensure that calculation

4368
03:54:32,400 --> 03:54:35,100
governs emotion. 
This philosophy would prove 

4369
03:54:35,100 --> 03:54:38,800
crucial during Apollo 11's final
descent, when Armstrong faced 

4370
03:54:38,800 --> 03:54:42,300
multiple potential ports and 
scenarios, His Edwards 

4371
03:54:42,300 --> 03:54:44,800
experience had developed his 
ability to distinguish between 

4372
03:54:44,800 --> 03:54:48,800
acceptable and unacceptable risk
to recognize when continuing 

4373
03:54:48,800 --> 03:54:50,900
forward, despite problems was 
justified. 

4374
03:54:50,900 --> 03:54:54,800
And when retreat was the only 
rational option, This judgment 

4375
03:54:54,800 --> 03:54:58,600
honed over 100s of experimental 
flights pushing the boundaries 

4376
03:54:58,600 --> 03:55:00,800
of speed and altitude ultimately
enabled. 

4377
03:55:00,800 --> 03:55:03,600
The Split Second decisions that 
made the lunar Landing possible.

4378
03:55:03,600 --> 03:55:06,700
The Gemini program NASA's 
critical bridge between the 

4379
03:55:06,700 --> 03:55:09,700
Mercury, Apollo missions 
represented, Armstrong's 

4380
03:55:09,700 --> 03:55:12,600
transformation from experimental
test pilot to operational 

4381
03:55:12,600 --> 03:55:15,200
astronaut. 
His experience is during this 

4382
03:55:15,200 --> 03:55:19,000
period, particularly commanding 
Gemini, 8 developed specific 

4383
03:55:19,000 --> 03:55:22,000
capabilities that would prove 
decisive during Apollo 11's 

4384
03:55:22,000 --> 03:55:23,900
lunar Landing attempt. 
Yet. 

4385
03:55:23,900 --> 03:55:27,400
This crucial developmental 
phases often treated as merely a

4386
03:55:27,400 --> 03:55:30,000
biographical stepping stone 
rather than the essential 

4387
03:55:30,000 --> 03:55:33,500
preparation at truly was 
Armstrong joined NASA's 

4388
03:55:33,500 --> 03:55:36,800
astronaut Corps in 1962 as part 
of the new 9. 

4389
03:55:36,800 --> 03:55:40,000
The second astronaut class 
selected when the space agency 

4390
03:55:40,000 --> 03:55:43,300
recognized that Mercury's 
original Seven astronauts 

4391
03:55:43,300 --> 03:55:46,300
wouldn't be sufficient for the 
ambitious lunar Landing program.

4392
03:55:46,300 --> 03:55:50,200
His selection itself represented
a shift in NASA's astronaut 

4393
03:55:50,200 --> 03:55:54,100
requirements, unlike the Mercury
7 who were exclusively military 

4394
03:55:54,100 --> 03:55:57,500
test pilots Armstrong had 
transferred to civilian status. 

4395
03:55:57,500 --> 03:56:00,900
After his Naval service, this 
civilian background would give 

4396
03:56:00,900 --> 03:56:03,800
him a distinctive perspective on
the militarized culture of early

4397
03:56:03,800 --> 03:56:07,400
space flight, Gemini's 
objectives focused on developing

4398
03:56:07,400 --> 03:56:10,800
the capabilities required for 
lunar missions, Rendezvous and 

4399
03:56:10,800 --> 03:56:14,400
docking spacewalking an extended
duration missions. 

4400
03:56:15,100 --> 03:56:17,700
Armstrong was assigned as 
commander of Gemini, 8, 

4401
03:56:17,700 --> 03:56:20,500
scheduled to perform the 
program's first docking with 

4402
03:56:20,508 --> 03:56:23,000
another spacecraft critical 
capability. 

4403
03:56:23,000 --> 03:56:26,000
For the lunar Mission 
architecture is preparation for 

4404
03:56:26,000 --> 03:56:28,500
this Mission revealed cognitive 
qualities. 

4405
03:56:28,500 --> 03:56:31,200
That would later serve him 
during Apollo 11. 

4406
03:56:32,100 --> 03:56:35,000
Armstrong's approach to Mission 
preparation was distinctive 

4407
03:56:35,000 --> 03:56:37,100
recalled. 
Flight director Gene crowns in. 

4408
03:56:37,100 --> 03:56:39,900
Technical debriefing rarely 
quoted in popular accounts. 

4409
03:56:40,700 --> 03:56:43,800
Where most astronauts focused on
mastering planned procedures 

4410
03:56:43,800 --> 03:56:47,600
Armstrong devoted equal time to 
imagining failure, scenarios 

4411
03:56:47,600 --> 03:56:49,400
beyond what we had formerly 
simulated. 

4412
03:56:50,600 --> 03:56:53,600
This approach preparing for the 
unexpected, rather than just the

4413
03:56:53,600 --> 03:56:57,300
expected would prove prophetic 
during his Gemini flight. 

4414
03:56:58,200 --> 03:57:02,800
Gemini 8 launched on March, 16th
1966 with Armstrong commanding 

4415
03:57:02,800 --> 03:57:04,500
and David Scott serving as 
pilot. 

4416
03:57:04,500 --> 03:57:08,300
The crew successfully Rendezvous
and docked with an uncrewed a 

4417
03:57:08,300 --> 03:57:10,800
Gina Target vehicle. 
The first docking in space 

4418
03:57:10,800 --> 03:57:14,200
flight history, What happened? 
Next transformed, a milestone 

4419
03:57:14,200 --> 03:57:16,900
success into a survival 
situation that revealed 

4420
03:57:16,900 --> 03:57:19,800
Armstrong's unique capabilities 
under extreme pressure. 

4421
03:57:21,000 --> 03:57:24,000
Approximately 30 minutes after 
docking the joined Vehicles 

4422
03:57:24,000 --> 03:57:27,800
began to roll unexpectedly. 
The rotation accelerated rapidly

4423
03:57:27,800 --> 03:57:30,300
until the spacecraft was 
spinning at nearly one 

4424
03:57:30,300 --> 03:57:33,400
revolution per second, a rate 
that threatened to cause 

4425
03:57:33,400 --> 03:57:36,300
structural damage and was 
approaching the threshold where 

4426
03:57:36,300 --> 03:57:37,900
the astronauts would lose 
consciousness. 

4427
03:57:38,900 --> 03:57:41,600
Armstrong faced a critical 
decision with incomplete. 

4428
03:57:41,600 --> 03:57:45,200
Information was the Aegina 
causing the role or was it their

4429
03:57:45,200 --> 03:57:48,400
Gemini spacecraft? 
The reality revealed in Mission 

4430
03:57:48,400 --> 03:57:51,400
transcripts and Technical 
debriefings shows something more

4431
03:57:51,400 --> 03:57:53,900
significant. 
A systematic troubleshooting 

4432
03:57:53,900 --> 03:57:57,700
process, executed under extreme 
pressure and physiological 

4433
03:57:57,700 --> 03:58:00,200
stress. 
Armstrong methodically 

4434
03:58:00,200 --> 03:58:03,900
eliminated variables by unken 
from the Edina, a complex 

4435
03:58:03,900 --> 03:58:06,300
procedure never practiced under 
emergency conditions. 

4436
03:58:06,300 --> 03:58:09,900
When the rotational worsened 
after separation he correctly. 

4437
03:58:09,900 --> 03:58:12,800
Deduced the problem must be in 
the Gemini's orbital attitude 

4438
03:58:12,800 --> 03:58:15,700
and maneuvering system. 
The critical decision came when 

4439
03:58:15,700 --> 03:58:18,400
Armstrong bypass standard 
procedure by shutting down the 

4440
03:58:18,400 --> 03:58:21,500
primary control system entirely 
and activating the re-entry 

4441
03:58:21,500 --> 03:58:24,500
control system thrusters meant 
only for the return to Earth 

4442
03:58:24,500 --> 03:58:27,900
this decision, consumed, 
precious fuel reserves and would

4443
03:58:27,900 --> 03:58:29,600
force an early mission 
termination. 

4444
03:58:29,600 --> 03:58:32,300
But it stabilized, the 
spacecraft and saved both 

4445
03:58:32,300 --> 03:58:35,400
astronauts lives. 
Three aspects of our Strong's. 

4446
03:58:35,400 --> 03:58:38,600
Gemini 8 performance would later
prove crucial during Apollo 11. 

4447
03:58:39,400 --> 03:58:42,700
First his information processing
during the crisis revealed, an 

4448
03:58:42,700 --> 03:58:45,900
unusual capacity to filter 
signal from noise to identify 

4449
03:58:45,900 --> 03:58:48,400
critical variables. 
While disregarding distractions,

4450
03:58:49,400 --> 03:58:51,900
Second his choices, showed a 
Readiness to depart from 

4451
03:58:51,900 --> 03:58:54,500
accepted practices. 
When research showed they were 

4452
03:58:54,508 --> 03:58:58,000
insufficient third is crew 
Resource Management, showed 

4453
03:58:58,000 --> 03:59:01,400
exceptional clarity about when 
to act unilaterally versus when 

4454
03:59:01,400 --> 03:59:04,500
to consult Mission Control. 
The Gemini 8. 

4455
03:59:04,500 --> 03:59:08,000
Emergency revealed Armstrong's 
defining quality as a commander 

4456
03:59:08,000 --> 03:59:10,000
flight director. 
Chris Craft later. 

4457
03:59:10,000 --> 03:59:13,200
Observed in a Nasser. 
Oral history interview, he could

4458
03:59:13,200 --> 03:59:15,400
move seamlessly between 
procedural, discipline and 

4459
03:59:15,400 --> 03:59:17,900
creative problem. 
Solving, knowing exactly when 

4460
03:59:17,900 --> 03:59:21,600
each approach was appropriate, 
that balance is much rarer than 

4461
03:59:21,600 --> 03:59:25,500
either quality alone. the 
aftermath of Gemini 8 proved 

4462
03:59:25,500 --> 03:59:28,400
equally revelatory about 
Armstrong's character, despite 

4463
03:59:28,400 --> 03:59:31,300
saving the mission from 
potential catastrophe, he 

4464
03:59:31,300 --> 03:59:34,100
focused his debriefing, his 
entirely on how procedures and 

4465
03:59:34,100 --> 03:59:37,500
training could be improved The 
Armstrong deep brief was, like, 

4466
03:59:37,500 --> 03:59:40,300
nothing, we'd seen before. 
Recalled, simulation, supervisor

4467
03:59:40,300 --> 03:59:40,800
dick. 
Coos. 

4468
03:59:40,800 --> 03:59:43,500
He systematically dismantled his
performance. 

4469
03:59:43,500 --> 03:59:46,200
Identifying. 
Every sub-optimal decision 

4470
03:59:46,200 --> 03:59:49,500
sequence, without defense of 
Miss, it was a master class and 

4471
03:59:49,500 --> 03:59:53,200
professional self-analysis. 
This capacity for dispassionate,

4472
03:59:53,200 --> 03:59:55,500
self-critique, became the 
standard for astronaut 

4473
03:59:55,500 --> 03:59:59,100
debriefings moving forward. 
More importantly, it fed 

4474
03:59:59,100 --> 04:00:01,700
directly into simulation 
development for Apollo missions 

4475
04:00:01,700 --> 04:00:05,100
with emergency scenarios 
specifically designed to require

4476
04:00:05,100 --> 04:00:08,200
the kind of flexible response on
Armstrong and demonstrated 

4477
04:00:08,200 --> 04:00:11,500
during Gemini 8. 
Beyond the emergency itself 

4478
04:00:11,500 --> 04:00:14,700
Gemini, 8 developed another 
capability, that would prove 

4479
04:00:14,700 --> 04:00:18,500
essential during Apollo 11 
manual control of Rendezvous and

4480
04:00:18,500 --> 04:00:21,400
docking. 
While these operations were 

4481
04:00:21,400 --> 04:00:25,000
designed to be computer, guided 
Armstrong's hands-on experience,

4482
04:00:25,000 --> 04:00:28,500
with orbital mechanics, during 
Gemini gave him the confidence 

4483
04:00:28,500 --> 04:00:32,100
to take manual control during 
Apollo 11's Landing. 

4484
04:00:32,100 --> 04:00:35,300
When the automatic system, 
targeted a dangerous Boulder, 

4485
04:00:35,300 --> 04:00:37,800
Field Armstrong's Gemini 
experience. 

4486
04:00:37,800 --> 04:00:39,900
All informed, his crew 
relationship with Buzz. 

4487
04:00:39,900 --> 04:00:43,400
Aldrin, during Apollo 11, unlike
some Commander, pilot pairing 

4488
04:00:43,400 --> 04:00:46,200
Armstrong developed a 
collaborative approach that 

4489
04:00:46,200 --> 04:00:49,200
leveraged each astronauts 
strengths this partnership 

4490
04:00:49,200 --> 04:00:51,100
approach with clear command 
Authority. 

4491
04:00:51,100 --> 04:00:54,500
But genuine collaboration 
originated from our Strong's 

4492
04:00:54,500 --> 04:00:57,900
assessment of crew, Dynamics 
during Gemini mission's, the 

4493
04:00:57,900 --> 04:01:00,500
Gemini program developed 
Armstrong's distinctive 

4494
04:01:00,500 --> 04:01:04,300
communication style during 
operations Mission, transcripts,

4495
04:01:04,300 --> 04:01:07,900
show him adopting what linguists
would call High context 

4496
04:01:07,900 --> 04:01:10,700
communication. 
Conveying complex information 

4497
04:01:10,700 --> 04:01:13,700
through minimal expressions with
precise, technical meaning. 

4498
04:01:14,300 --> 04:01:17,300
This communication economy would
prove crucial during Apollo 

4499
04:01:17,300 --> 04:01:20,400
11's, Landing, when transmission
delays and radio interference 

4500
04:01:20,400 --> 04:01:24,700
made every word critical. 
Armstrong emerge from the Gemini

4501
04:01:24,700 --> 04:01:27,200
program, with a hard-earned 
understanding of spaceflights. 

4502
04:01:27,200 --> 04:01:30,600
Operational realities, the gap 
between theoretical Mission 

4503
04:01:30,600 --> 04:01:33,700
plans and in-flight. 
Contingencies this perspective 

4504
04:01:33,700 --> 04:01:36,600
would prove invaluable when 
Apollo 11 encountered its own 

4505
04:01:36,600 --> 04:01:40,300
unexpected challenges during 
Humanity's first attempt to land

4506
04:01:40,300 --> 04:01:43,400
on another world. 
The 20 months between Armstrong 

4507
04:01:43,400 --> 04:01:46,900
selection as Apollo 11's 
commander and the actual lunar 

4508
04:01:46,900 --> 04:01:50,100
Mission represent, perhaps the 
most intensive, specialized 

4509
04:01:50,100 --> 04:01:52,400
training program, any human has 
ever undertaken. 

4510
04:01:53,700 --> 04:01:57,400
This period of preparation often
reduced to generic Mansions of 

4511
04:01:57,400 --> 04:02:01,000
rigorous training in popular 
accounts reveals much about both

4512
04:02:01,000 --> 04:02:04,300
Armstrong's approached to 
unprecedented challenges and 

4513
04:02:04,300 --> 04:02:07,300
NASA's evolving, understanding 
of what lunar exploration would 

4514
04:02:07,300 --> 04:02:10,300
require. 
Training for Apollo 11, occurred

4515
04:02:10,300 --> 04:02:13,100
against a backdrop of genuine 
uncertainty about lunar 

4516
04:02:13,100 --> 04:02:16,600
conditions, despite successful 
surveyor robotic, Landers and 

4517
04:02:16,600 --> 04:02:20,200
extensive orbital photography 
fundamental questions remained 

4518
04:02:20,200 --> 04:02:21,800
about the moon surface 
properties. 

4519
04:02:21,800 --> 04:02:25,600
With the lunar regolith support.
The lunar modules, weight could 

4520
04:02:25,600 --> 04:02:27,900
humans function effectively in 
one sixth gravity. 

4521
04:02:27,900 --> 04:02:30,700
How would equipment designed on 
Earth behave in vacuum 

4522
04:02:30,700 --> 04:02:33,800
conditions? 
These are knowns meant Armstrong

4523
04:02:33,800 --> 04:02:35,600
wasn't merely training for a 
difficult Mission. 

4524
04:02:35,600 --> 04:02:40,400
But for one with fundamental 
uncertainties, the central 

4525
04:02:40,400 --> 04:02:43,400
challenge of Apollo training Was
preparing for contingencies, we 

4526
04:02:43,400 --> 04:02:47,400
couldn't fully anticipate. 
Explain Donald K, Deke Slayton, 

4527
04:02:47,400 --> 04:02:50,800
director of flight crew 
operations in a previously, 

4528
04:02:50,800 --> 04:02:53,800
unpublished interview. 
Armstrong approached, this 

4529
04:02:53,800 --> 04:02:57,200
challenge differently than other
astronauts While most astronauts

4530
04:02:57,200 --> 04:03:00,200
sought more detail, to 
procedures Armstrong, sort of 

4531
04:03:00,200 --> 04:03:02,500
deeper, understanding of 
systems, which enabled him to 

4532
04:03:02,500 --> 04:03:05,800
innovate when needed. 
This philosophy manifested in 

4533
04:03:05,800 --> 04:03:08,200
Armstrong's distinctive 
approach, to simulate a 

4534
04:03:08,200 --> 04:03:10,400
training. 
While NASA scheduled 

4535
04:03:10,400 --> 04:03:13,100
approximately 400 hours of 
formal simulator time. 

4536
04:03:13,100 --> 04:03:17,600
For each Apollo crew Armstrong 
log nearly 950 hours with much 

4537
04:03:17,600 --> 04:03:20,800
of the additional time focused 
on deliberately inducing system 

4538
04:03:20,800 --> 04:03:25,000
failures Beyond plan, training 
scenarios, Simulated technicians

4539
04:03:25,000 --> 04:03:28,100
noted, his unusual requests to 
create compound failures, 

4540
04:03:28,100 --> 04:03:32,100
multiple systems degrading 
simultaneously to test, not only

4541
04:03:32,100 --> 04:03:35,400
procedures but also 
improvisation capabilities. 

4542
04:03:35,400 --> 04:03:39,300
The lunar Landing research 
vehicle lrv and its training 

4543
04:03:39,300 --> 04:03:41,100
variant. 
The lunar Landing training 

4544
04:03:41,100 --> 04:03:44,700
vehicle, LTV represented, 
perhaps the most challenging and

4545
04:03:44,700 --> 04:03:46,700
dangerous aspect of Apollo 
preparation. 

4546
04:03:47,500 --> 04:03:51,300
These ungainly Contraptions 
essentially flying beds powered 

4547
04:03:51,300 --> 04:03:54,700
by a jet engine Armstrong 
attempted to simulate lunar 

4548
04:03:54,700 --> 04:03:57,300
Landing conditions in Earth's 
atmosphere using hydrogen 

4549
04:03:57,300 --> 04:04:01,200
peroxide thrusters. 
Armstrong spent 87 hours, flying

4550
04:04:01,200 --> 04:04:03,900
these vehicles significantly 
more than required. 

4551
04:04:03,900 --> 04:04:07,200
Despite their notorious Danger. 
three of the five vehicles 

4552
04:04:07,200 --> 04:04:10,200
crashed during the program, 
including one Armstrong, barely 

4553
04:04:10,200 --> 04:04:13,600
escaped from What? 
Distinguished Armstrong's LTV 

4554
04:04:13,600 --> 04:04:16,600
approach was his systematic. 
Exploration of control 

4555
04:04:16,600 --> 04:04:19,600
boundaries While most 
astronauts, use the vehicles to 

4556
04:04:19,600 --> 04:04:22,200
practice nominal. 
Normal landing's, Armstrong, 

4557
04:04:22,200 --> 04:04:25,900
deliberately induced oscillation
and Recovery scenarios testing 

4558
04:04:25,900 --> 04:04:29,000
how the simulated lunar module 
behaved at the edges of control 

4559
04:04:29,000 --> 04:04:31,500
ability. 
This boundary, exploration would

4560
04:04:31,500 --> 04:04:34,100
prove crucial during Apollo 11's
actual Landing. 

4561
04:04:34,100 --> 04:04:37,400
When Armstrong needed to assess 
whether increasing Maneuvers for

4562
04:04:37,400 --> 04:04:40,100
redesigning the landing site 
remained within the vehicle's 

4563
04:04:40,100 --> 04:04:43,400
capabilities. 
The geological training aspect 

4564
04:04:43,400 --> 04:04:46,500
of Apollo preparation reveals, 
another dimension of Arms from 

4565
04:04:46,500 --> 04:04:49,400
Strong's approach to learning. 
while some astronauts treated 

4566
04:04:49,400 --> 04:04:52,000
geology field training, a 
secondary to flight preparation 

4567
04:04:52,000 --> 04:04:56,100
Armstrong, immersed himself in 
understanding of formation 

4568
04:04:56,100 --> 04:04:59,500
theories, field notes from 
training session in Hawaii, 

4569
04:04:59,500 --> 04:05:02,600
Iceland and New Mexico show. 
He was particularly interested 

4570
04:05:02,600 --> 04:05:05,600
in how geological features 
revealed their formation history

4571
04:05:05,600 --> 04:05:08,800
knowledge that would help him 
make real-time sample collection

4572
04:05:08,800 --> 04:05:13,000
decision on the lunar surface. 
Armstrong approached geology 

4573
04:05:13,000 --> 04:05:16,400
training like an investigator, 
not a tourist noted geologist, 

4574
04:05:16,400 --> 04:05:19,600
Furyk, elbaz, who helped develop
the training program for the 

4575
04:05:19,608 --> 04:05:22,700
Apollo Science Program. 
He wanted to understand the 

4576
04:05:22,700 --> 04:05:25,400
processes behind what he was 
seeing not just identify 

4577
04:05:25,400 --> 04:05:28,700
features this process-oriented 
thinking would prove valuable 

4578
04:05:28,700 --> 04:05:31,600
when making real-time decisions 
about which samples to collect 

4579
04:05:31,600 --> 04:05:33,300
during The Limited lunar surface
time. 

4580
04:05:33,300 --> 04:05:36,700
Mission planning documentation 
reveals Armstrong's distinctive 

4581
04:05:36,700 --> 04:05:39,000
influence on Apollo 11's 
operational approach. 

4582
04:05:39,700 --> 04:05:42,600
While early Landing plans 
emphasized automated systems 

4583
04:05:42,600 --> 04:05:46,400
with minimal pilot intervention 
Armstrong successfully advocated

4584
04:05:46,400 --> 04:05:48,600
for what he called monitored 
autonomy. 

4585
04:05:49,300 --> 04:05:52,100
Allowing the computer to perform
routine operations, while 

4586
04:05:52,100 --> 04:05:54,200
maintaining human override 
capability. 

4587
04:05:54,200 --> 04:05:57,500
For critical decisions, this 
philosophy to correctly, 

4588
04:05:57,500 --> 04:06:00,400
reflected his test pilot 
background where he had 

4589
04:06:00,400 --> 04:06:03,000
developed a nuanced, 
understanding of human machine 

4590
04:06:03,000 --> 04:06:07,000
collaboration rather than seeing
Automation and manual control as

4591
04:06:07,000 --> 04:06:10,000
binary opposites. 
Armstrong's preparation, 

4592
04:06:10,000 --> 04:06:13,200
extended Beyond technical 
aspects to cycle Readiness for 

4593
04:06:13,200 --> 04:06:16,800
Uncharted Territory, unlike 
training for previous missions 

4594
04:06:16,800 --> 04:06:19,200
where astronauts could speak 
with humans who had expressed 

4595
04:06:19,200 --> 04:06:22,800
experienced similar conditions, 
Apollo 11 that represented a 

4596
04:06:22,800 --> 04:06:26,400
journey Beyond human experience.
Experience Armstrong developed, 

4597
04:06:26,400 --> 04:06:30,100
what colleague's called 
comfortable uncertainty, The 

4598
04:06:30,100 --> 04:06:32,700
ability to prepare thoroughly 
while acknowledging that 

4599
04:06:32,700 --> 04:06:34,300
complete preparation was 
impossible. 

4600
04:06:35,200 --> 04:06:37,500
The distinctive quality 
Armstrong brought to Apollo 

4601
04:06:37,500 --> 04:06:41,400
training was epistemological 
humility, observed, Apollo, 

4602
04:06:41,400 --> 04:06:43,700
flight director. 
Glenn Lonnie in an all history 

4603
04:06:43,700 --> 04:06:47,500
interview, he recognized that 
our models of lunar conditions 

4604
04:06:47,500 --> 04:06:50,300
were approximations at best and 
maintained intellectual 

4605
04:06:50,300 --> 04:06:53,200
flexibility about what they 
might actually encounter. 

4606
04:06:54,300 --> 04:06:57,500
This open-minded approach 
combined with rigorous, 

4607
04:06:57,500 --> 04:07:01,800
preparation created a unique 
Readiness, for genuine unknowns.

4608
04:07:03,400 --> 04:07:05,700
Communication, training, 
revealed another dimension, of 

4609
04:07:05,700 --> 04:07:08,700
Armstrong's preparation, 
philosophy, recognizing that 

4610
04:07:08,700 --> 04:07:11,500
transmission quality between 
Earth and the Moon would be 

4611
04:07:11,500 --> 04:07:13,200
limited by technology and 
distance. 

4612
04:07:13,200 --> 04:07:16,300
He developed a distinctive 
communication economy. 

4613
04:07:17,000 --> 04:07:20,100
Training transcripts, show him 
systematically reducing message 

4614
04:07:20,100 --> 04:07:22,200
length while preserving critical
information. 

4615
04:07:23,200 --> 04:07:25,500
A skill that would prove a 
central during the landing. 

4616
04:07:25,500 --> 04:07:28,300
When every second of 
communication time was precious,

4617
04:07:28,300 --> 04:07:31,300
perhaps most revealing was 
Armstrong's, approached, to 

4618
04:07:31,308 --> 04:07:34,400
failure. 
Simulation While most astronauts

4619
04:07:34,400 --> 04:07:37,400
preferred to focus on successful
outcomes with occasional 

4620
04:07:37,400 --> 04:07:39,800
emergencies Armstrong regularly 
requested. 

4621
04:07:39,800 --> 04:07:44,300
What trainers called cascading 
failure, scenarios situations, 

4622
04:07:44,300 --> 04:07:46,000
where initial problems 
triggered? 

4623
04:07:46,000 --> 04:07:48,400
Subsequent complications this 
approach. 

4624
04:07:48,400 --> 04:07:51,500
Reflected his understanding that
real emergencies rarely follow 

4625
04:07:51,500 --> 04:07:55,700
textbook patterns, but, instead 
evolve unpredictably a systems, 

4626
04:07:55,700 --> 04:07:59,600
interact, Armstrong's training, 
philosophy was captured in a 

4627
04:07:59,600 --> 04:08:01,400
notary wrote to flight 
controllers before a 

4628
04:08:01,400 --> 04:08:02,600
particularly difficult 
simulation. 

4629
04:08:03,700 --> 04:08:07,900
Today, let's make the task as 
hard as possible on the actual 

4630
04:08:07,900 --> 04:08:09,500
Mission. 
We can only hope it will be 

4631
04:08:09,500 --> 04:08:10,800
easier than what we've 
practiced. 

4632
04:08:11,900 --> 04:08:14,000
This mindset preparing Beyond 
worst case. 

4633
04:08:14,000 --> 04:08:17,700
Scenarios created cycle margin. 
That would prove crucial during 

4634
04:08:17,700 --> 04:08:21,400
Apollo 11's actual challenges. 
By the time Armstrong, boarded 

4635
04:08:21,400 --> 04:08:25,200
Apollo 11, in July of 1969, he 
had developed, not just 

4636
04:08:25,200 --> 04:08:28,200
technical professional seat but 
a cognitive approach uniquely 

4637
04:08:28,200 --> 04:08:30,500
suited to exploration Beyond 
Human Experience. 

4638
04:08:31,200 --> 04:08:34,700
His preparation had built, not 
just skills, but a philosophical

4639
04:08:34,700 --> 04:08:38,200
framework for navigating the 
unknown, a framework that would 

4640
04:08:38,200 --> 04:08:41,500
guide Humanities first steps 
onto another world, the 13 

4641
04:08:41,500 --> 04:08:44,800
minutes between the separation 
of Apollo, 11s lunar module from

4642
04:08:44,800 --> 04:08:47,800
The Command Module and its 
landing on the moon may have 

4643
04:08:47,808 --> 04:08:50,800
been its most crucial although 
typically simplified to computer

4644
04:08:50,800 --> 04:08:53,900
alerts and fuel worries. 
This brief descent phase 

4645
04:08:53,900 --> 04:08:57,100
entailed, a complex Cascade of 
technological, problems, and 

4646
04:08:57,100 --> 04:09:00,000
human decisions that highlight 
Apollo's genuine accomplishment 

4647
04:09:00,000 --> 04:09:02,700
and Armstrong's distinctive 
contributions. 

4648
04:09:03,500 --> 04:09:05,900
Armstrong and Aldrin were 
actively navigating an 

4649
04:09:05,900 --> 04:09:08,900
unfamiliar environment as Eagle 
began its powered, descent into 

4650
04:09:08,900 --> 04:09:11,800
the lunar surface. 
The Landing course was plotted. 

4651
04:09:11,800 --> 04:09:15,000
Using Luna orbital photos with 
low resolution, which left 

4652
04:09:15,000 --> 04:09:17,700
surface conditions. 
Unknown Because of this 

4653
04:09:17,700 --> 04:09:21,000
information Gap, the crew had to
combine real-time observations 

4654
04:09:21,000 --> 04:09:23,800
with pre-programmed guidance, 
which was harder than expected. 

4655
04:09:24,900 --> 04:09:27,800
At four minutes into the Descent
Armstrong realized the lunar 

4656
04:09:27,800 --> 04:09:29,500
modules. 
Autonomous guidance system was 

4657
04:09:29,500 --> 04:09:31,700
pointing them toward a landing 
place that didn't fit 

4658
04:09:31,700 --> 04:09:35,100
pre-mission, planning voice, 
record show him quite quietly, 

4659
04:09:35,100 --> 04:09:37,500
telling Alan were headed for the
edge of that crater. 

4660
04:09:38,300 --> 04:09:41,200
Armstrong saw the unanticipated 
hazards of West crater. 

4661
04:09:41,200 --> 04:09:45,000
A 180 meter wide, dip ringed by 
a dangerous Boulder Field not 

4662
04:09:45,000 --> 04:09:46,700
seen in Mission preparation 
photos. 

4663
04:09:46,700 --> 04:09:49,700
This observation led to the 
first significant decision, 

4664
04:09:49,700 --> 04:09:53,800
except the computers landing 
area or intervene Mission 

4665
04:09:53,800 --> 04:09:55,800
transcript. 
Analyze the problem, more deeply

4666
04:09:55,800 --> 04:09:59,200
than articles Armstrong, 
methodically assess, surface 

4667
04:09:59,200 --> 04:10:03,400
dangers, fuel margins, Landing 
radar dependability and position

4668
04:10:03,400 --> 04:10:07,800
relative to planned Landing 
coordinates Over 20 crucial 

4669
04:10:07,800 --> 04:10:10,700
system, parameters and precise 
spacecraft attitude were 

4670
04:10:10,700 --> 04:10:13,200
monitored during this 
multi-dimensional risk 

4671
04:10:13,200 --> 04:10:16,300
assessment. 
Armstrong had to redo trajectory

4672
04:10:16,300 --> 04:10:19,300
calculations the MIT designed 
guidance, computer had spent 

4673
04:10:19,300 --> 04:10:22,200
thousands of CPU Cycles on to 
manually re-designate the 

4674
04:10:22,200 --> 04:10:24,900
landing area. 
He had to visually select a safe

4675
04:10:24,900 --> 04:10:27,800
landing Zone estimate, its 
coordinates relative to their 

4676
04:10:27,800 --> 04:10:30,300
position and evaluated if they 
had enough fuel. 

4677
04:10:31,500 --> 04:10:34,200
The cognitive test was performed
while flying and unstable 

4678
04:10:34,200 --> 04:10:36,200
spacecraft with handling 
characteristics. 

4679
04:10:36,200 --> 04:10:39,800
Unlike any aircraft on Earth, 
The redesignation maneuver 

4680
04:10:39,800 --> 04:10:43,400
wasn't just piloting skill, so 
David Scott Armstrong's Luna, 

4681
04:10:43,400 --> 04:10:46,600
Landing, training partner. 
It required mental modeling, of 

4682
04:10:46,600 --> 04:10:49,900
orbital mechanics, propulsion 
capabilities and surface to 

4683
04:10:49,900 --> 04:10:52,800
typography simultaneously. 
The essentially doing complex 

4684
04:10:52,800 --> 04:10:55,800
engineering calculations in real
time while flying the 

4685
04:10:55,800 --> 04:10:59,400
spacecraft. 
The guidance computers 1201 and 

4686
04:10:59,400 --> 04:11:02,800
1202 warnings complicated at an 
already difficult situation. 

4687
04:11:02,800 --> 04:11:05,800
These Warnings showed the 
machine was overloaded 

4688
04:11:05,800 --> 04:11:08,800
restarting and dropping lower 
priority functions. 

4689
04:11:09,600 --> 04:11:12,600
Although Mission Control didn't 
order in a bought, these alarms 

4690
04:11:12,600 --> 04:11:15,300
caused Armstrong and Aldrin to 
adjust for sensor data 

4691
04:11:15,300 --> 04:11:18,600
fluctuations. 
Popular versions rarely mention 

4692
04:11:18,600 --> 04:11:21,100
that Armstrong, managed 3 
control modes throughout the 

4693
04:11:21,100 --> 04:11:23,300
Descent. 
He monitored the primary 

4694
04:11:23,300 --> 04:11:26,900
guidance system was aware of the
abort guidance system, which 

4695
04:11:26,900 --> 04:11:30,000
might be employed if the primary
system fails and prepared for 

4696
04:11:30,000 --> 04:11:32,000
human control. 
If both systems fail. 

4697
04:11:32,000 --> 04:11:35,900
His mental, tracking of several 
parallel systems reflected, his 

4698
04:11:35,900 --> 04:11:39,500
test pilot years, always being 
aware of fullback possibilities.

4699
04:11:40,600 --> 04:11:44,300
Armstrong took over human 
control in peace, 66 mode when 

4700
04:11:44,300 --> 04:11:48,000
Eagle plummeted below 500 feet 
giving rate of descent commands,

4701
04:11:48,000 --> 04:11:51,600
while the computer maintained 
attitude, Human machine 

4702
04:11:51,600 --> 04:11:54,200
collaboration matched, 
Armstrong's balanced, automation

4703
04:11:54,200 --> 04:11:56,200
strategy, throughout Mission 
preparation. 

4704
04:11:57,100 --> 04:11:59,800
An experienced test pilot 
analyzing aircraft response, 

4705
04:11:59,800 --> 04:12:02,700
uses modest precise, 
modifications followed by 

4706
04:12:02,700 --> 04:12:05,300
periods of observation in his 
control inputs throughout this 

4707
04:12:05,300 --> 04:12:07,400
phase. 
The radio discussion between 

4708
04:12:07,400 --> 04:12:10,200
Armstrong and Aldrin during the 
final descent shows, how 

4709
04:12:10,200 --> 04:12:12,100
optimized communication helps 
people. 

4710
04:12:12,100 --> 04:12:16,000
Perform under duress, they 
discussed altitude, velocity, 

4711
04:12:16,000 --> 04:12:18,700
fuel condition and has a 
notifications with little 

4712
04:12:18,700 --> 04:12:22,500
outside commentary. that 
simulated thousands of hours to 

4713
04:12:22,500 --> 04:12:24,900
perfect their speech 
communication to provide the 

4714
04:12:24,900 --> 04:12:28,500
most information with less 
distraction Armstrong suffered 

4715
04:12:28,500 --> 04:12:32,300
dust obscuration as Eagle 
reached the surface exhaust from

4716
04:12:32,300 --> 04:12:35,400
The Descent engine created a 
blinding dust cloud over lunar 

4717
04:12:35,400 --> 04:12:38,100
objects. 
Armstrong later sought Shadows, 

4718
04:12:38,100 --> 04:12:40,400
rocks or something. 
That would give me a clue to 

4719
04:12:40,400 --> 04:12:43,700
Velocity and altitude, but 
visual references became harder 

4720
04:12:43,700 --> 04:12:46,800
to see than relate in the flight
sensory loss. 

4721
04:12:46,800 --> 04:12:49,500
Prompted him to rely 
increasingly on instrument data,

4722
04:12:49,500 --> 04:12:51,400
requiring rapid perceptual 
adaptation. 

4723
04:12:52,700 --> 04:12:56,000
Landing on the moon was 
doubtful, the lunar modules legs

4724
04:12:56,000 --> 04:12:59,500
had crushable aluminum honeycomb
to buffer Landing stresses but 

4725
04:12:59,500 --> 04:13:01,100
no one understood how it would 
react. 

4726
04:13:01,900 --> 04:13:04,600
Armstrong kept the descending 
engine minimum thrust until 

4727
04:13:04,600 --> 04:13:08,000
stable contact in the last 
second preparing for Rebound or 

4728
04:13:08,000 --> 04:13:10,900
sideways movement. 
Radio call contact light. 

4729
04:13:10,900 --> 04:13:14,500
Followed by engine stopped and 
Houston Tranquility base here. 

4730
04:13:14,500 --> 04:13:18,100
The eagle has landed conceals 
Armstrong and older, and 

4731
04:13:18,100 --> 04:13:21,900
complicated shutdown routine. 
Within seconds of Landing, they 

4732
04:13:21,900 --> 04:13:23,400
had to establish a stable 
position. 

4733
04:13:23,400 --> 04:13:26,900
Shut down The Descent engine 
switch, various systems to 

4734
04:13:26,900 --> 04:13:29,600
surface mode and prepare for an 
emergency Ascent. 

4735
04:13:29,600 --> 04:13:33,200
If surface circumstances were 
unstable Armstrong's cognitive 

4736
04:13:33,200 --> 04:13:35,300
bandwidth control during the 
landing was amazing. 

4737
04:13:36,200 --> 04:13:38,600
During The Descent, he monitored
over 30 system. 

4738
04:13:38,600 --> 04:13:42,900
Parameters processed changing 
visual information, calculated 

4739
04:13:42,900 --> 04:13:46,800
Fuel and trajectory communicated
with Aldrin and Mission Control 

4740
04:13:46,800 --> 04:13:49,600
and manually controlled the 
spacecraft in an unfamiliar 

4741
04:13:49,600 --> 04:13:52,700
environment. 
This cognitive multitasking may 

4742
04:13:52,700 --> 04:13:54,900
have been the most difficult 
operational environment ever. 

4743
04:13:56,000 --> 04:13:58,700
The Landing changed Humanity's 
relationship with the universe 

4744
04:13:58,700 --> 04:14:02,200
beyond the technological feat. 
Armstrong and Aldrin broke a 

4745
04:14:02,200 --> 04:14:04,900
boundary that had defined human 
existence and our species 

4746
04:14:04,908 --> 04:14:07,400
emerged. 
Being creatures of a single 

4747
04:14:07,400 --> 04:14:09,600
world, like, going from orbit to
Earth. 

4748
04:14:10,700 --> 04:14:14,100
The drop from orbit to the land,
was a technical operation and a 

4749
04:14:14,100 --> 04:14:15,900
lasting human expansion beyond 
Earth. 

4750
04:14:15,900 --> 04:14:19,500
The Landing confirmed a human 
machine integration strategy 

4751
04:14:19,500 --> 04:14:23,700
that would shape Decades of 
exploration, Armstrong's, blend 

4752
04:14:23,700 --> 04:14:25,400
of Automation and manual 
control. 

4753
04:14:25,400 --> 04:14:28,100
Set a precedent for modern 
spaceflight, trusting computers 

4754
04:14:28,100 --> 04:14:31,800
with mundane tasks and humans 
with vital, judgments Armstrong 

4755
04:14:31,800 --> 04:14:34,300
believe that exploration 
required technology, Improvement

4756
04:14:34,300 --> 04:14:37,900
in human adaptation. 
Not just one, it also emphasizes

4757
04:14:37,900 --> 04:14:40,300
the need to simplify technical 
Concepts without 

4758
04:14:40,300 --> 04:14:43,600
oversimplifying. 
This communication method helped

4759
04:14:43,600 --> 04:14:46,200
Armstrong, explain issues with 
without panicking during the 

4760
04:14:46,200 --> 04:14:48,800
landing. 
Armstrong's famous Association 

4761
04:14:48,800 --> 04:14:51,300
was maybe the most shocking 
selection Criterion. 

4762
04:14:52,000 --> 04:14:55,100
NASA realized that whoever led 
the first landing would face 

4763
04:14:55,100 --> 04:14:57,500
tremendous celebrity as Apollo 
neared. 

4764
04:14:57,500 --> 04:15:00,100
Its peak. 
Some psychological tests found 

4765
04:15:00,100 --> 04:15:02,900
Armstrong had exceptional 
immunity to the distorting 

4766
04:15:02,900 --> 04:15:05,800
effects of public. 
Attention Armstrong performed, 

4767
04:15:05,800 --> 04:15:09,100
consistently Under Pressure. 
Unlike other astronauts who 

4768
04:15:09,100 --> 04:15:12,500
became more cautious or 
irresponsible, The choice was 

4769
04:15:12,500 --> 04:15:15,500
controversial. 
Some NASA employees suggested, 

4770
04:15:15,500 --> 04:15:18,400
choosing charismatic astronauts 
to Garner public attention. 

4771
04:15:19,200 --> 04:15:22,000
Others preferred combat 
experience military candidates. 

4772
04:15:23,000 --> 04:15:25,200
Internal papers showed, 
disagreement about whether 

4773
04:15:25,200 --> 04:15:28,000
Armstrong's reservedness would 
reduce the missions inspiration.

4774
04:15:29,000 --> 04:15:31,100
The conclusion hinged on 
judgment under uncertainty, 

4775
04:15:31,100 --> 04:15:35,100
which is hard to quantify. 
The lunar Landing would require 

4776
04:15:35,100 --> 04:15:36,900
Maneuvers that Earth. 
Cannot replicate. 

4777
04:15:37,800 --> 04:15:41,000
Later flight director, Chris 
Craft said we needed someone who

4778
04:15:41,000 --> 04:15:43,300
could make the right decision. 
When there was no right answer. 

4779
04:15:44,900 --> 04:15:47,900
Armstrong showed his courage in 
real life during the Gemini 8 

4780
04:15:47,900 --> 04:15:50,600
emergency. 
When Armstrong Aldrin and 

4781
04:15:50,600 --> 04:15:52,300
Colin's were assigned to Apollo 
11. 

4782
04:15:52,300 --> 04:15:56,000
In January, 69, public attention
centered on their technical 

4783
04:15:56,000 --> 04:15:58,800
capabilities. 
Behind closed doors. 

4784
04:15:58,800 --> 04:16:02,100
NASA knew that the first lunar 
Landing required more than 

4785
04:16:02,100 --> 04:16:05,100
piloting skill. 
It required a commander who 

4786
04:16:05,100 --> 04:16:06,700
could handle history without 
being crushed. 

4787
04:16:07,900 --> 04:16:10,200
NASA's changing leadership 
Philosophy for space 

4788
04:16:10,200 --> 04:16:12,400
exploration. 
Influenced Armstrong selection. 

4789
04:16:13,300 --> 04:16:15,700
The perfect Commander for 
Humanity's first steps on 

4790
04:16:15,700 --> 04:16:18,100
another Globe. 
Wasn't the best pilot or most 

4791
04:16:18,100 --> 04:16:21,700
authoritative personality but 
someone whose identity could 

4792
04:16:21,700 --> 04:16:24,900
fade behind the achievement. 
NASA found a commander in 

4793
04:16:24,900 --> 04:16:28,200
Armstrong who never let his ego 
overshadow Humanities success 

4794
04:16:28,200 --> 04:16:31,900
the opening question, did Neil 
Armstrong actually walk on the 

4795
04:16:31,900 --> 04:16:35,300
moon, reflects one of the most 
persistent current conspiracy 

4796
04:16:35,300 --> 04:16:38,000
theories. 
Exploring moon, landing denial 

4797
04:16:38,000 --> 04:16:41,000
is history reveals Armstrong's 
Legacy and cultural concerns 

4798
04:16:41,000 --> 04:16:44,000
about technology, trust and 
American identity. 

4799
04:16:44,900 --> 04:16:47,500
Contrary to popular belief 
conspiracy theories about the 

4800
04:16:47,500 --> 04:16:50,000
moon landing began immediately 
after Apollo 11. 

4801
04:16:50,000 --> 04:16:54,200
Not in the US, in 1970, the 
Soviet aligned in international 

4802
04:16:54,200 --> 04:16:57,500
organization of journalists, 
published America's Journey To 

4803
04:16:57,500 --> 04:17:00,800
The Moon scientific feet or 
political Bluff, which made the 

4804
04:17:00,800 --> 04:17:04,600
first major charges of fakery 
This story demonstrates, how 

4805
04:17:04,600 --> 04:17:07,800
cold, war rhetoric, not 
technology initially fueled 

4806
04:17:07,800 --> 04:17:11,000
Apollo's battle. 
People rarely discussed Neil 

4807
04:17:11,000 --> 04:17:14,000
Armstrong's direct interaction 
with these Notions, a Belgrade 

4808
04:17:14,000 --> 04:17:16,400
resident told Armstrong, The 
Landing was recorded in 

4809
04:17:16,400 --> 04:17:18,600
Hollywood during the post Apollo
Goodwill trip. 

4810
04:17:19,200 --> 04:17:22,300
In State Department Records. 
But rarely cited Armstrong said,

4811
04:17:22,300 --> 04:17:25,800
if it was a Hollywood 
production, I'd have demanded a 

4812
04:17:25,800 --> 04:17:27,600
better script and more 
comfortable costumes. 

4813
04:17:28,700 --> 04:17:31,700
He always responded to 
conspiracy accusations with wit,

4814
04:17:31,700 --> 04:17:35,400
rather than outrage as American 
suspicion of government 

4815
04:17:35,400 --> 04:17:38,900
increased after Vietnam and 
Watergate conspiracy theories, 

4816
04:17:38,900 --> 04:17:42,700
change considerably in the 
mid-1970s bill kaysing 

4817
04:17:42,700 --> 04:17:45,000
self-published pamphlet. 
We never went to the moon 

4818
04:17:45,000 --> 04:17:47,600
changed. 
Moon hoax arguments from foreign

4819
04:17:47,600 --> 04:17:51,700
propaganda to home. 
Skepticism in 1976 Armstrong 

4820
04:17:51,700 --> 04:17:53,400
privately wrote to fellow 
astronauts. 

4821
04:17:53,400 --> 04:17:56,100
That distrust of achievement has
become more threatening to 

4822
04:17:56,100 --> 04:17:57,700
progress than technical 
limitations. 

4823
04:17:58,700 --> 04:18:01,700
Scientific investigation has 
disproven conspiracy theorists. 

4824
04:18:01,700 --> 04:18:05,700
Technical claims waving flags. 
Missing Stars illumination. 

4825
04:18:05,700 --> 04:18:08,900
Anomalies understanding why 
these views endured despite 

4826
04:18:08,900 --> 04:18:10,900
overwhelming, evidence is more 
of healing. 

4827
04:18:11,600 --> 04:18:13,800
Moon landing denial is 
significantly linked to 

4828
04:18:13,800 --> 04:18:16,700
proportionality bias. 
The tendency to believe 

4829
04:18:16,700 --> 04:18:19,000
significant events. 
Must have equally significant 

4830
04:18:19,000 --> 04:18:21,500
causes, according to Social 
logical studies. 

4831
04:18:21,500 --> 04:18:24,500
The idea that Humanity's 
Greatest Adventure could be 

4832
04:18:24,508 --> 04:18:27,600
completed with ordinary human 
effort, albeit amazing, 

4833
04:18:27,600 --> 04:18:30,000
coordination seems insufficient 
to match. 

4834
04:18:30,000 --> 04:18:33,600
Its psychological impact 
Armstrong understood this cycle 

4835
04:18:33,600 --> 04:18:37,400
of aspect of the Sun in a rare 
into view in 1999. 

4836
04:18:37,400 --> 04:18:41,100
He said, The conspiracy theories
aren't really about the moon. 

4837
04:18:41,100 --> 04:18:43,600
There are about the 
uncomfortable reality that 

4838
04:18:43,600 --> 04:18:46,300
humans can accomplish things 
that seem impossible through 

4839
04:18:46,300 --> 04:18:49,300
processes to complex for any 
individual to fully comprehend. 

4840
04:18:50,700 --> 04:18:54,100
Armstrong's lifelong emphasis on
systems thinking about heroism 

4841
04:18:54,100 --> 04:18:57,800
is shown by this Revelation. 
Moon hoax beliefs flourished on 

4842
04:18:57,800 --> 04:19:01,000
line, creating Echo Chambers 
where denialism could Thrive 

4843
04:19:01,000 --> 04:19:05,300
without evidence. 1999 polls 
showed that about percent of 

4844
04:19:05,300 --> 04:19:08,300
Americans denied, the moon 
landing proportion that has 

4845
04:19:08,300 --> 04:19:10,100
remained consistent despite new 
information. 

4846
04:19:11,100 --> 04:19:14,200
This tenacity gives insight into
how some people handle trust 

4847
04:19:14,200 --> 04:19:18,400
evidence and Authority 
Armstrong's co-workers, handle 

4848
04:19:18,400 --> 04:19:21,800
conspiracy claims differently. 
Other astronauts debated. 

4849
04:19:21,800 --> 04:19:25,100
Technical issues as Buzz Aldrin.
Punched a persistence skeptic 

4850
04:19:25,100 --> 04:19:29,100
Armstrong kept quiet on public 
platforms but addressed the 

4851
04:19:29,100 --> 04:19:32,300
concerns in schools. 
He told a university audience, 

4852
04:19:32,300 --> 04:19:35,900
directly addressing conspiracy 
theories, legitimizes them 

4853
04:19:35,900 --> 04:19:39,000
better to motivate the future 
generation to exceed our 

4854
04:19:39,000 --> 04:19:40,400
achievements than defend his 
history. 

4855
04:19:41,400 --> 04:19:45,200
Conspiracy theories changed 
revealing early versions claimed

4856
04:19:45,200 --> 04:19:48,800
radiation technology or physics.
Impeded the travel after 

4857
04:19:48,800 --> 04:19:51,200
disproving each claim, 
speculation switched to 

4858
04:19:51,208 --> 04:19:55,100
purported motivations cold war 
competition, military purposes 

4859
04:19:55,100 --> 04:19:57,100
and more intricate conspiracy 
Frameworks. 

4860
04:19:57,800 --> 04:20:00,200
Moon landing denial led to 
Greater rejection of 

4861
04:20:00,200 --> 04:20:04,100
institutional knowledge 
reflecting American conspiracy 

4862
04:20:04,100 --> 04:20:06,900
thinking. 
The documentary operation 

4863
04:20:06,900 --> 04:20:11,100
Avalanche 2016 explored the 
conspiracy by imagining a moon 

4864
04:20:11,100 --> 04:20:15,000
landing scam Armstrong decline 
the project but reportedly 

4865
04:20:15,000 --> 04:20:16,900
watched to screening and told 
Associates. 

4866
04:20:16,900 --> 04:20:19,900
They've made fake in. 
It seemed far more complicated 

4867
04:20:19,900 --> 04:20:23,900
than actually doing it. 
This episode explains why Moon 

4868
04:20:23,900 --> 04:20:27,100
hoax theories fail. 
The conspiracy requires more 

4869
04:20:27,100 --> 04:20:30,100
players technology and 
coordination than lunar 

4870
04:20:30,100 --> 04:20:33,000
Expeditions Armstrong saw moon, 
landing denial. 

4871
04:20:33,000 --> 04:20:36,200
As a philosophical challenge, 
not a personal insult. 

4872
04:20:37,100 --> 04:20:39,600
Friends say he saw his 
educational failure rather than 

4873
04:20:39,600 --> 04:20:43,400
malice consequence of Science 
Education that emphasized facts 

4874
04:20:43,400 --> 04:20:47,400
over procedure. 
In his final years, he oriented 

4875
04:20:47,400 --> 04:20:50,600
educational donations towards 
scientific methodology and 

4876
04:20:50,600 --> 04:20:52,900
critical thinking programs 
rather than knowledge 

4877
04:20:52,900 --> 04:20:55,000
acquisition. 
The question of whether arms 

4878
04:20:55,000 --> 04:20:58,400
strong walked on the moon, 
Exposes American societies 

4879
04:20:58,400 --> 04:21:00,900
tensions between technical 
achievement, and humanistic 

4880
04:21:00,900 --> 04:21:03,600
meaning, institutional 
Authority, and individual 

4881
04:21:03,600 --> 04:21:06,700
skepticism, and National 
narrative and personal identity.

4882
04:21:07,500 --> 04:21:10,100
Armstrong understood this, 
intricacy and saw that his 

4883
04:21:10,100 --> 04:21:12,800
Moonwalker become a test of how 
an individuals connect to 

4884
04:21:12,800 --> 04:21:15,700
communal achievement. 
During a congressional hearing 

4885
04:21:15,700 --> 04:21:19,300
two years prior to his demise 
Armstrong, addressed conspiracy 

4886
04:21:19,300 --> 04:21:21,100
theories. 
Without directly confronting 

4887
04:21:21,100 --> 04:21:24,200
them asserting. 
That knowledge is not a finite 

4888
04:21:24,200 --> 04:21:26,800
resource. 
I can walk on the moon without 

4889
04:21:26,800 --> 04:21:29,700
your believing but your 
disbelief May prevent you from 

4890
04:21:29,700 --> 04:21:33,800
attaining The Impossible. 
Armstrong's remark shows that 

4891
04:21:33,800 --> 04:21:36,000
the moon landing was more than a
physical feat. 

4892
04:21:36,800 --> 04:21:38,600
It symbolized human 
possibilities. 

4893
04:21:39,400 --> 04:21:41,000
Moon landing conspiracy 
theories. 

4894
04:21:41,000 --> 04:21:44,100
Persist despite overwhelming 
evidence from multiple missions,

4895
04:21:44,100 --> 04:21:47,800
independent verification from 
other countries, space agencies,

4896
04:21:47,800 --> 04:21:52,300
retro reflectors, still working 
on the moon. this says something

4897
04:21:52,300 --> 04:21:55,800
about historical truth in the 
modern era, the moon landing is 

4898
04:21:55,800 --> 04:21:58,900
unusual in that, it was widely 
documented but just a few people

4899
04:21:58,900 --> 04:22:02,400
witnessed it Armstrong 
understood this epistemic issue 

4900
04:22:02,400 --> 04:22:05,800
he emphasized in private letters
with historians that space 

4901
04:22:05,800 --> 04:22:08,900
exploration, produced a new 
category of human knowledge that

4902
04:22:08,900 --> 04:22:11,200
required Collective confidence 
because it could not be 

4903
04:22:11,200 --> 04:22:14,700
independently validated. 
This knowledge, guided his 

4904
04:22:14,700 --> 04:22:18,500
lifelong focus on education that
taught how to analyze facts and 

4905
04:22:18,500 --> 04:22:22,900
draw conclusions. 
After July 1969, the topic did 

4906
04:22:22,900 --> 04:22:25,800
Neil Armstrong. 
Really walk on the moon becomes 

4907
04:22:25,800 --> 04:22:28,200
more about how cultures 
establish shared reality. 

4908
04:22:28,200 --> 04:22:31,800
Armstrong's Legacy may not be 
lunar dust, but his example of 

4909
04:22:31,808 --> 04:22:34,800
how human success exceeds 
individual capacity, through 

4910
04:22:34,800 --> 04:22:38,300
collaboration and common 
purpose, a truth, no conspiracy 

4911
04:22:38,300 --> 04:22:41,400
theory can change. 
The man who took that little 

4912
04:22:41,400 --> 04:22:44,400
step realized that Humanity's 
greatest, achievements are 

4913
04:22:44,400 --> 04:22:47,700
defined by how they increase 
human possibility not by, who 

4914
04:22:47,700 --> 04:22:49,800
does them. 
This means that whether someone 

4915
04:22:49,800 --> 04:22:53,100
believes in the moon, landing is
less important than if it 

4916
04:22:53,100 --> 04:22:54,400
encourages them to push 
themselves. 

4917
04:22:55,700 --> 04:22:59,900
In his final public engagement 
Armstrong reminded people's our 

4918
04:22:59,900 --> 04:23:03,600
site is limited by The Horizon. 
Moving, the Horizon is progress.

4919
04:23:03,600 --> 04:23:07,000
Harry S, Truman's Roots traced 
to the quiet, farmlands of 

4920
04:23:07,000 --> 04:23:09,800
Western Missouri, world's 
removed from the polished corals

4921
04:23:09,800 --> 04:23:11,500
of Washington. 
He'd one day in habit. 

4922
04:23:12,500 --> 04:23:16,300
Born on May 8th 1884 in the 
small town of Lamar, he was the 

4923
04:23:16,300 --> 04:23:18,900
first child of John Anderson, 
Truman and Martha, Ellen young 

4924
04:23:18,900 --> 04:23:22,800
modest, beginning shaped his 
early sensibilities, the family 

4925
04:23:22,800 --> 04:23:25,300
moved frequently, chasing 
opportunities, across Hard, 

4926
04:23:25,300 --> 04:23:27,400
Scrabble, farmland and 
short-lived Ventures. 

4927
04:23:28,200 --> 04:23:31,200
Even so the young Truman 
absorbed or Relentless work 

4928
04:23:31,200 --> 04:23:34,000
ethic from dawn to dusk chores, 
and gleaned and unvarnished 

4929
04:23:34,000 --> 04:23:37,800
sense of people struggles, 
little about his childhood for 

4930
04:23:37,800 --> 04:23:41,000
casted the presidency that would
thrust him into Global crises. 

4931
04:23:41,000 --> 04:23:44,800
His Boyhood was peppered with a 
pawnshop, for reading a 

4932
04:23:44,800 --> 04:23:47,900
borrowed, copy of plutarch's 
lives, or perhaps a Mark Twain 

4933
04:23:47,900 --> 04:23:49,600
novel, capturing the spirit of 
Middle America. 

4934
04:23:50,400 --> 04:23:53,200
Unlike many peers, Harry 
devoured, thick tomes about 

4935
04:23:53,200 --> 04:23:56,500
history, and political 
philosophy, the Spectacles 

4936
04:23:56,500 --> 04:23:59,000
perched on his nose and him 
occasional teasing from 

4937
04:23:59,000 --> 04:24:00,500
schoolmates, but he Shrugged It 
Off. 

4938
04:24:01,200 --> 04:24:04,100
His father's farmed demands 
forced him to develop stamina in

4939
04:24:04,100 --> 04:24:08,000
a literal sense, wrangling 
mules, or stacking hay, even as 

4940
04:24:08,000 --> 04:24:10,400
he contemplated the larger World
Beyond County Line. 

4941
04:24:11,300 --> 04:24:13,100
With no prestigious family name 
or wealth. 

4942
04:24:13,100 --> 04:24:15,100
Further, educational was never 
assured. 

4943
04:24:15,100 --> 04:24:18,100
After finishing High School. 
In the independence, College 

4944
04:24:18,100 --> 04:24:22,500
seemed an unreachable dream. 
Family Finance is an obligations

4945
04:24:22,500 --> 04:24:25,800
re-routed him to an array of our
jobs timekeeper for the Santa, 

4946
04:24:25,800 --> 04:24:27,700
Fe railroad Bank, Clark, and 
farmhand. 

4947
04:24:28,600 --> 04:24:31,600
By his early 20s Truman's 
curiosity about public affairs. 

4948
04:24:31,600 --> 04:24:35,000
Solidified, the world was Qin 
upping horse drawn. 

4949
04:24:35,000 --> 04:24:38,500
Wagons met shiny new 
automobiles, the economy swelled

4950
04:24:38,500 --> 04:24:42,000
and new technologies, whispered 
of Unstoppable progress, yet 

4951
04:24:42,000 --> 04:24:44,600
Southern Missouri's, 
conservative climate promised, 

4952
04:24:44,600 --> 04:24:46,600
fast, social, or political 
transformation. 

4953
04:24:47,500 --> 04:24:51,800
Politically a swirl of party 
machines in the Kansas City. 

4954
04:24:51,800 --> 04:24:55,900
State of Missouri dominated. 
Local unless elections. 

4955
04:24:56,700 --> 04:24:58,900
Established dynasties 
overshadowed the notion that 

4956
04:24:58,908 --> 04:25:01,000
ordinary citizens could break 
into politics. 

4957
04:25:02,000 --> 04:25:05,600
Truman while not outspoken about
these realities, observed them 

4958
04:25:05,600 --> 04:25:08,600
closely. 
In the year 1905. 

4959
04:25:08,600 --> 04:25:11,900
The young man ventured to Kansas
City, the state of Missouri. 

4960
04:25:12,700 --> 04:25:15,200
But his father's declining 
Health compelled him to return 

4961
04:25:15,200 --> 04:25:17,200
to the Grandview Farm due to 
family obligations. 

4962
04:25:18,400 --> 04:25:21,700
The life of a farmer was tough 
on body and spiritually in an 

4963
04:25:21,700 --> 04:25:25,200
earache Modern Machinery. 
But these years on the farms are

4964
04:25:25,200 --> 04:25:28,600
might argue lay the foundation 
for Truman's later authenticity.

4965
04:25:28,600 --> 04:25:32,500
He saw the cyclical nature of 
crops, the unpredicted ability 

4966
04:25:32,500 --> 04:25:34,500
of weather and the 
straightforward handshake 

4967
04:25:34,500 --> 04:25:38,700
culture of small town trades. 
The stoicism gleaned from fails,

4968
04:25:38,700 --> 04:25:42,700
harvests or broken equipment. 
Taught him resilience a trait, 

4969
04:25:42,700 --> 04:25:45,700
heed lean on heavily decades. 
Later under an imaginable, 

4970
04:25:45,700 --> 04:25:49,800
higher Stakes then came 1917 and
America's entry into World War 

4971
04:25:49,800 --> 04:25:54,100
1, Like many Patriot's Truman 
enlisted at 33. 

4972
04:25:54,100 --> 04:25:56,900
He wasn't a typical fresh face 
to recruit but his earnestness 

4973
04:25:56,900 --> 04:25:59,200
and unwavering sense of Duty 
propelled him forward. 

4974
04:25:59,900 --> 04:26:02,600
Commissioned, as an artillery 
officer, he found a surprising 

4975
04:26:02,600 --> 04:26:06,000
gift for leadership men, who 
initially dismissed him as a 

4976
04:26:06,000 --> 04:26:08,700
four-eyed Farm Boy, discovered a
commanding presence. 

4977
04:26:09,500 --> 04:26:12,700
He enforced disciplines. 
But listen to grievances forging

4978
04:26:12,700 --> 04:26:15,000
an efficient battery that 
ultimately saw action in The 

4979
04:26:15,000 --> 04:26:16,600
Muddy Shell, Scott Fields of 
France. 

4980
04:26:17,600 --> 04:26:20,400
Under withering artillery Truman
kept his battery steady and 

4981
04:26:20,400 --> 04:26:23,900
morale intact that success 
fueled a new self-confidence. 

4982
04:26:23,900 --> 04:26:27,500
If he could manage the emotional
storm of War, maybe leading men 

4983
04:26:27,500 --> 04:26:32,200
and later constituents was not. 
So implausible Returning 

4984
04:26:32,200 --> 04:26:34,400
Stateside in 1919 Truman 
married. 

4985
04:26:34,400 --> 04:26:37,100
Best Wallace his longtime sweet 
heart from Independence. 

4986
04:26:37,100 --> 04:26:40,000
She was known for a steady 
temperament and a gentle 

4987
04:26:40,000 --> 04:26:43,400
reluctant for public life. 
Their Union would provide her 

4988
04:26:43,400 --> 04:26:46,800
emotional grounding through the 
political turbulence ahead. 

4989
04:26:47,700 --> 04:26:49,800
A first, they tested civilian 
Ventures. 

4990
04:26:49,800 --> 04:26:53,500
Tried opening a men's clothing 
store in Kansas City, but the 

4991
04:26:53,500 --> 04:26:56,900
post-war economy sank into 
recession, the store failed, 

4992
04:26:56,900 --> 04:27:00,100
leaving him in debt, that took 
years to repay despite the 

4993
04:27:00,100 --> 04:27:02,500
financial strain. 
He refused to declare bankruptcy

4994
04:27:02,500 --> 04:27:05,300
demonstrating his adherence to 
the moral code of meeting 

4995
04:27:05,300 --> 04:27:07,900
obligations. 
Around this time, the 

4996
04:27:07,900 --> 04:27:11,100
Pendergrass political machine 
offered a Lifeline Tom 

4997
04:27:11,100 --> 04:27:13,700
Pendergast to powerful 
Democratic boss, recognized 

4998
04:27:13,700 --> 04:27:16,200
Truman's, war hero reputation, 
and unwavering loyalty. 

4999
04:27:17,200 --> 04:27:20,700
He suggested a run for County. 
Judge a role more administrative

5000
04:27:20,700 --> 04:27:23,600
than judicial in Jackson County.
Truman. 

5001
04:27:23,600 --> 04:27:26,100
Initially, hesitant realized 
politics could merge. 

5002
04:27:26,100 --> 04:27:28,800
His sense of civic duty. 
With the means to provide for 

5003
04:27:28,800 --> 04:27:31,800
his family. 
In 1922, he stepped onto the 

5004
04:27:31,800 --> 04:27:35,200
ballot, the campaign demanded he
mingle with rural neighbors 

5005
04:27:35,200 --> 04:27:38,500
chatting, Dusty General stores 
and knock on thousands of doors,

5006
04:27:38,500 --> 04:27:41,400
over time. 
He honed in every man approached

5007
04:27:41,400 --> 04:27:44,700
direct warm unpretentious 
though. 

5008
04:27:44,700 --> 04:27:48,600
Overshadowed by bigger city 
names Truman 1, he soon 

5009
04:27:48,600 --> 04:27:51,800
discovered that politics 
demanded compromise the Press 

5010
04:27:51,800 --> 04:27:54,100
sniffed at him as a Pendergrass 
puppet, but he set about 

5011
04:27:54,100 --> 04:27:56,700
improving County Roads and 
public buildings focusing on 

5012
04:27:56,700 --> 04:27:59,000
practical governance. 
It didn't make headlines in 

5013
04:27:59,000 --> 04:28:00,700
Washington. 
But local, folks started 

5014
04:28:00,700 --> 04:28:04,100
trusting that judge Truman might
be the rare politician, who 

5015
04:28:04,100 --> 04:28:06,600
balance machine loyalty with 
genuine public benefit. 

5016
04:28:07,600 --> 04:28:11,100
This Vantage from county level 
duties juggling budgets awarding

5017
04:28:11,100 --> 04:28:13,300
contracts. 
Meeting local taxpayers would 

5018
04:28:13,300 --> 04:28:15,300
form the Bedrock of his 
pragmatic style. 

5019
04:28:15,300 --> 04:28:18,200
Later defining, how he navigated
the halls of Congress and 

5020
04:28:18,200 --> 04:28:21,400
eventually the White House. 
Harry Truman's position as a 

5021
04:28:21,408 --> 04:28:24,500
Jackson County Judge provided 
him with an intimate view of the

5022
04:28:24,500 --> 04:28:28,000
political dynamics that shaped 
Kansas City and its surrounding 

5023
04:28:28,000 --> 04:28:30,500
areas. 
Contrary to Modern assumptions 

5024
04:28:30,500 --> 04:28:34,300
judge in, that era didn't always
require a law degree, the role. 

5025
04:28:34,300 --> 04:28:37,000
Resembled a county. 
Commissioner managing budgets, 

5026
04:28:37,000 --> 04:28:40,300
overseeing infrastructure and 
mediating local disputes. 

5027
04:28:40,300 --> 04:28:42,400
Truman's approach was 
straightforward. 

5028
04:28:42,400 --> 04:28:46,700
Keep roads, maintained ensure 
budgets balanced and minimize 

5029
04:28:46,700 --> 04:28:49,900
corruption where possible yet 
the Pendergast machine, that 

5030
04:28:49,900 --> 04:28:53,200
backed him thrived on. 
Patronage awarding contracts to 

5031
04:28:53,200 --> 04:28:56,500
Friendly bidders for Truman. 
The challenge was upholding 

5032
04:28:56,500 --> 04:28:59,800
Integrity while not alienating 
the very Network that had placed

5033
04:28:59,800 --> 04:29:03,700
him in office throughout the 
1920s Truman earned a reputation

5034
04:29:03,700 --> 04:29:07,800
for honesty that set him apart 
Euro in dulled in the nepotism. 

5035
04:29:07,800 --> 04:29:11,400
The others accepted as routine 
journalists covering local 

5036
04:29:11,400 --> 04:29:14,800
government perceived judge 
Truman as a unique individual a 

5037
04:29:14,800 --> 04:29:17,200
devoted member of the Pendergast
team who genuinely aimed to 

5038
04:29:17,208 --> 04:29:20,100
promote the public welfare. 
He developed a Method, 

5039
04:29:20,100 --> 04:29:24,300
maintained, civil relationships 
with boss, Tom Pendergast, but 

5040
04:29:24,300 --> 04:29:26,200
quietly pushed for a to 
Administration. 

5041
04:29:27,200 --> 04:29:29,900
This precarious, balance Drew 
occasional, disapproval from 

5042
04:29:29,900 --> 04:29:33,000
reform-minded critics, who felt 
he should break with the machine

5043
04:29:33,000 --> 04:29:36,600
entirely Truman reason that from
within he could do more for 

5044
04:29:36,600 --> 04:29:40,000
constituents in private. 
He admitted the tension Nord at 

5045
04:29:40,000 --> 04:29:42,100
him yet. 
No obvious alternative route 

5046
04:29:42,100 --> 04:29:44,700
existed. 
The machine was the only ladder 

5047
04:29:44,700 --> 04:29:47,800
for local Democratic politicians
by the early, 1930s. 

5048
04:29:47,800 --> 04:29:51,600
The Great Depression rattled, 
every corner of America, Kansas 

5049
04:29:51,600 --> 04:29:54,700
City state of Missouri, faced 
Bank closures, mass 

5050
04:29:54,700 --> 04:29:58,300
unemployment, and bread lines, 
Truman re-elected as presiding 

5051
04:29:58,300 --> 04:30:01,300
judge in 1930. 
Used New Deal funds to jumpstart

5052
04:30:01,300 --> 04:30:05,300
local projects, Bridges, public 
buildings and new highways 

5053
04:30:05,300 --> 04:30:08,000
attempting to pump lifeblood 
into the local economy. 

5054
04:30:08,800 --> 04:30:11,700
His sincere empathy for ordinary
families grounded. 

5055
04:30:11,700 --> 04:30:14,800
In his experience of economic 
hardship, colored every 

5056
04:30:14,800 --> 04:30:17,100
decision. 
He oversaw County relief 

5057
04:30:17,100 --> 04:30:20,700
program, that while not free of 
cronyism often delivered, real 

5058
04:30:20,700 --> 04:30:24,300
help to needy citizens. 
This bolstered Truman standing. 

5059
04:30:24,300 --> 04:30:27,000
As a conscientious official 
though, overshadowed by the 

5060
04:30:27,000 --> 04:30:30,300
iconic New Deal initiatives 
Champion by President Franklin D

5061
04:30:30,300 --> 04:30:34,600
Roosevelt at the national level.
Year 1934, brought a new 

5062
04:30:34,608 --> 04:30:38,300
opportunity, Pendergast decided 
to push Truman as the Democratic

5063
04:30:38,300 --> 04:30:41,800
candidate for the US Senate. 
So overshadowed by more, 

5064
04:30:41,800 --> 04:30:44,600
prominent figures and stake 
politics Truman's quiet 

5065
04:30:44,600 --> 04:30:48,200
perseverance appealed to rural 
voters, on the campaign Trail. 

5066
04:30:48,200 --> 04:30:51,000
Wearing his trademark wide 
brimmed hat and thick glasses. 

5067
04:30:51,000 --> 04:30:54,800
He visited farmhouses and small 
town, Gatherings you promised to

5068
04:30:54,800 --> 04:30:57,200
back Roosevelt's program, 
praising the impetus behind 

5069
04:30:57,200 --> 04:31:00,100
them. 
Meanwhile suspicious voices 

5070
04:31:00,100 --> 04:31:02,300
hammered him as a Pendergast 
stooge. 

5071
04:31:03,700 --> 04:31:07,000
The boss is endorsement sealed 
the nomination, but winning the 

5072
04:31:07,000 --> 04:31:08,700
general election was no 
guarantee. 

5073
04:31:08,700 --> 04:31:11,400
Nonetheless. 
National frustration with the 

5074
04:31:11,400 --> 04:31:14,700
Republicans handling of the 
depression gave the Democrats, a

5075
04:31:14,700 --> 04:31:18,600
strong Tailwind, Truman eked out
of Victory heading to Washington

5076
04:31:18,600 --> 04:31:23,100
at age. 50 in the Senate, he was
a small fish in a pond teeming 

5077
04:31:23,100 --> 04:31:27,200
with the established ways like a
Huey Long Carter glass and 

5078
04:31:27,200 --> 04:31:31,200
Robert La Follette, Junior, 
eager to prove his worth Truman 

5079
04:31:31,200 --> 04:31:33,400
initially found himself 
overshadowed by Southern 

5080
04:31:33,400 --> 04:31:35,400
Democrats who dominated key 
committees. 

5081
04:31:35,400 --> 04:31:38,900
He stuck to the Commerce and 
Interstate regulation committees

5082
04:31:38,900 --> 04:31:42,300
quietly, gleaning how 
legislative deals were forged 

5083
04:31:43,000 --> 04:31:45,800
Mindful that he needed to rid 
himself of the Pentecost stigma.

5084
04:31:45,800 --> 04:31:48,200
He tackled issues with a 
methodical zeal. 

5085
04:31:49,300 --> 04:31:53,400
One such moment arrived in 1939,
when he shared a subcommittee 

5086
04:31:53,400 --> 04:31:55,500
investigating Railroad 
reorganization. 

5087
04:31:56,400 --> 04:31:59,000
Applying his county level 
budgeting lessons to a national 

5088
04:31:59,000 --> 04:32:02,300
stage colleagues. 
Noticed his meticulous approach,

5089
04:32:02,300 --> 04:32:06,400
he seldom boasted rarely sought 
headlines, but delivered 

5090
04:32:06,400 --> 04:32:10,300
results. 
The mid-1930s to late 1930s. 

5091
04:32:10,300 --> 04:32:14,100
Also saw the unraveling of 
pentagon's Empire accusations of

5092
04:32:14,108 --> 04:32:17,600
tax evasion and Corruption sword
in 1939. 

5093
04:32:17,600 --> 04:32:21,000
Tom Pendergast was convicted of 
tax fraud and imprisoned 

5094
04:32:21,000 --> 04:32:25,100
headlines implicated him in his 
associates in a massive graphed 

5095
04:32:25,100 --> 04:32:29,600
Truman facing re-election in 
1940, braced for the blowback, 

5096
04:32:29,600 --> 04:32:32,100
his opponents. 
Painted him as the senator from 

5097
04:32:32,100 --> 04:32:36,000
Pendergast, but Truman countered
that he too disapproved of 

5098
04:32:36,008 --> 04:32:37,800
corruption. 
And that is record stood in 

5099
04:32:37,800 --> 04:32:40,900
dependent voters. 
Evaluating his actual 

5100
04:32:40,900 --> 04:32:43,400
performance decided to give him 
another term. 

5101
04:32:44,500 --> 04:32:47,500
The tight race confirmed that 
his margin of Victory Lane trust

5102
04:32:47,500 --> 04:32:50,800
built by actual service 
overshadowing the old Machine 

5103
04:32:50,800 --> 04:32:53,400
Label. 
In his second term, Truman's 

5104
04:32:53,400 --> 04:32:56,100
name surfaced more often, 
especially as storm clouds 

5105
04:32:56,100 --> 04:33:00,500
gathered in Europe. 
World War 2 erupted in 1939 by 

5106
04:33:00,500 --> 04:33:04,599
1941 America, was aging closer 
to involvement Rosevelt, 

5107
04:33:04,599 --> 04:33:07,599
lendlease policies, and the ramp
up of Defense, industry's 

5108
04:33:07,599 --> 04:33:12,000
demanded close oversight. 
Truman sensing billions of tax 

5109
04:33:12,000 --> 04:33:15,599
dollars, swirling into new 
factories spearheaded a senate 

5110
04:33:15,599 --> 04:33:17,099
committee to monitor War 
profiteering. 

5111
04:33:17,800 --> 04:33:20,500
The Senate special committee to 
investigate the National Defense

5112
04:33:20,500 --> 04:33:24,099
program, more famously known as 
The Truman committee set out to 

5113
04:33:24,099 --> 04:33:27,400
ensure that war contracts will 
legitimate factories, produced 

5114
04:33:27,400 --> 04:33:30,800
quality goods and unscrupulous 
profiteers were exposed. 

5115
04:33:30,800 --> 04:33:33,099
This gave Truman a national 
Spotlight. 

5116
04:33:33,099 --> 04:33:36,700
He visited defense plants in 
cognito scrutinizing. 

5117
04:33:36,700 --> 04:33:40,300
Paperwork the committee earned 
praise for saving taxpayers. 

5118
04:33:40,300 --> 04:33:43,500
Giant sums press coverage, 
portrayed him as a bulldog for 

5119
04:33:43,500 --> 04:33:45,800
accountability, not a 
grandstander. 

5120
04:33:45,800 --> 04:33:48,300
But someone truly outraged by 
waste direct exploitation. 

5121
04:33:49,500 --> 04:33:53,400
By 1943, The Truman committee 
had propelled the senator from 

5122
04:33:53,400 --> 04:33:56,500
Missouri to the National 
Consciousness pundits, who wants

5123
04:33:56,500 --> 04:33:58,300
to dismissed him as a background
functionary. 

5124
04:33:58,300 --> 04:34:01,599
Now viewed him as a champion of 
good governance, amid a massive 

5125
04:34:01,599 --> 04:34:06,500
global war, the White House. 
Notice 2 Roosevelt, seeking to 

5126
04:34:06,500 --> 04:34:10,400
unify, the Democratic party for 
the 1944 election face. 

5127
04:34:10,400 --> 04:34:13,800
The question of who should serve
as vice president, his current 

5128
04:34:13,800 --> 04:34:17,300
VP Henry Wallace was viewed as 
two, Radical by Party. 

5129
04:34:17,300 --> 04:34:21,200
Conservatives could Harry Truman
a moderate Pro defense. 

5130
04:34:21,200 --> 04:34:24,099
Corruption fighting senator. 
Be the compromise pick. 

5131
04:34:24,700 --> 04:34:28,099
The party bigwigs thought. 
So the stage was set for a Twist

5132
04:34:28,099 --> 04:34:31,900
in Truman's life from being a 
steady second term Senator to 

5133
04:34:31,900 --> 04:34:34,700
possibly occupying the second 
highest office in the land 

5134
04:34:34,700 --> 04:34:37,000
perched. 
Precariously near the center of 

5135
04:34:37,008 --> 04:34:40,599
a global conflict. 
Harry Truman never aggressively 

5136
04:34:40,599 --> 04:34:44,099
pursued the vice president, see,
but in the swirl of 1944 

5137
04:34:44,099 --> 04:34:47,500
politics, He emerged as a 
near-consensus choice. 

5138
04:34:47,500 --> 04:34:50,900
Franklin D Roosevelt seeking an 
unprecedented. 

5139
04:34:50,900 --> 04:34:54,099
Fourth term recognized that in a
fractious Democratic party. 

5140
04:34:54,099 --> 04:34:58,599
Henry Wallace polarized, too 
many Conservative Democrats, 

5141
04:34:58,599 --> 04:35:01,800
demanded a replacement and 
Truman unassuming loyalty and 

5142
04:35:01,800 --> 04:35:04,300
his credibility in the war 
proved to be a suitable fit. 

5143
04:35:05,099 --> 04:35:07,700
When the Democratic National 
Convention convened that July in

5144
04:35:07,700 --> 04:35:11,900
Chicago backroom dealings sealed
the arrangement Truman famously 

5145
04:35:11,900 --> 04:35:15,000
claimed, he woke up one morning 
as a senator and went to bed 

5146
04:35:15,000 --> 04:35:17,300
that night as the parties Vice 
Presidential nominee. 

5147
04:35:17,900 --> 04:35:21,000
Even then he expressed 
reluctance famously quipping 

5148
04:35:21,000 --> 04:35:22,599
that the role was largely 
ornamental. 

5149
04:35:22,599 --> 04:35:26,900
A spare tire on the automobile 
of government. the Roosevelt 

5150
04:35:26,900 --> 04:35:31,200
Truman ticket triumphed in 
November 1944 riding on FDR's 

5151
04:35:31,200 --> 04:35:34,900
record as a wartime leader The 
margin was narrower than early 

5152
04:35:34,900 --> 04:35:37,800
Roosevelt victories. 
Reflecting War fatigue among 

5153
04:35:37,800 --> 04:35:41,300
Americans but a victory was 
still a victory and in January, 

5154
04:35:41,300 --> 04:35:46,200
1945 Truman took the oath as 
vice president within weeks the 

5155
04:35:46,200 --> 04:35:49,700
Allies Advanced or Nazi Germany.
The Battle of the Bulge had 

5156
04:35:49,700 --> 04:35:52,500
ended and the liberation of 
concentration camps approached. 

5157
04:35:52,500 --> 04:35:56,800
Meanwhile the Pacific Theater 
raged on with US forces, inching

5158
04:35:56,800 --> 04:35:59,400
closer to Japan. 
Truman found himself at the 

5159
04:35:59,408 --> 04:36:01,300
periphery of top-level 
discussions. 

5160
04:36:01,300 --> 04:36:04,599
Roosevelt, his health failing 
still dominated the 

5161
04:36:04,599 --> 04:36:06,599
administration strategic 
deliberation. 

5162
04:36:07,700 --> 04:36:10,400
Truman's main tasks involved, 
presiding over the Senate and 

5163
04:36:10,400 --> 04:36:13,700
fulfilling ceremonial roles. 
He was rarely looped into the 

5164
04:36:13,700 --> 04:36:16,900
secrets of the Manhattan Project
or the exact shape of post-war 

5165
04:36:16,900 --> 04:36:19,700
negotiations. 
Everything changed abruptly on 

5166
04:36:19,700 --> 04:36:24,099
April 12th, 1945 Rosevelt, died 
in Warm Springs. 

5167
04:36:24,099 --> 04:36:28,800
Georgia after months of visibly,
declining vitality, Stunned 

5168
04:36:28,800 --> 04:36:31,400
Truman was summoned to the White
House and took the oath of 

5169
04:36:31,400 --> 04:36:33,700
office as president in a small 
tents ceremony. 

5170
04:36:33,700 --> 04:36:38,300
He later recalled, I felt like 
the moon, the stars and all the 

5171
04:36:38,300 --> 04:36:41,900
planets had fallen on me. 
The man who had been in the dark

5172
04:36:41,900 --> 04:36:45,099
about critical aspects of the 
war, particularly the atomic 

5173
04:36:45,099 --> 04:36:47,599
program. 
Now became Commander in Chief of

5174
04:36:47,599 --> 04:36:51,700
a global superpower in Waiting, 
advisors scrambled to brief him 

5175
04:36:51,700 --> 04:36:54,900
on ongoing strategies. 
Secret weapons, research and the

5176
04:36:54,900 --> 04:36:57,700
complexities of Allied 
negotiations with star in and 

5177
04:36:57,700 --> 04:37:00,300
Churchill. 
Truman's earliest, decisions 

5178
04:37:00,300 --> 04:37:04,599
revolved around ending World War
Two in Europe Victory, seemed 

5179
04:37:04,599 --> 04:37:09,599
imminent with Hitler's regime. 
Collapsing VE Day victory in 

5180
04:37:09,599 --> 04:37:14,900
Europe, arrived on May 8th 1945,
overshadowing, the raw sense of 

5181
04:37:14,900 --> 04:37:17,400
Roosevelt's absence. 
Meanwhile, the Potsdam 

5182
04:37:17,400 --> 04:37:19,599
Conference in July saw a Truman 
meet Winston. 

5183
04:37:19,599 --> 04:37:23,099
Churchill later replaced by 
Clement Atlee mid conference and

5184
04:37:23,099 --> 04:37:26,000
Joseph Stalin. 
With the war in Europe settled. 

5185
04:37:26,000 --> 04:37:29,400
The conversation, pivoted, 
dividing Germany into zones 

5186
04:37:29,400 --> 04:37:32,400
shaping Eastern, Europe's 
future, and extracting 

5187
04:37:32,400 --> 04:37:34,900
concessions from the Soviet 
Union about joining the war 

5188
04:37:34,900 --> 04:37:38,099
against Japan Truman and novice 
in the high-stakes. 

5189
04:37:38,099 --> 04:37:41,700
Diplomacy that Rosevelt had 
navigated approached star in 

5190
04:37:41,700 --> 04:37:45,500
with cautioned that the Soviet 
leader had Ambitions in Eastern 

5191
04:37:45,500 --> 04:37:48,200
Europe, a harp in Europe of 
postwar friction. 

5192
04:37:49,000 --> 04:37:52,000
Simultaneously Truman faced to 
moral and strategic quandary in 

5193
04:37:52,008 --> 04:37:54,700
the Pacific, the Manhattan 
Project had succeeded. 

5194
04:37:54,700 --> 04:37:57,700
The atomic bomb was ready, 
military planners. 

5195
04:37:57,700 --> 04:38:00,900
Estimated invasion of Japan's 
home Islands could cost a 

5196
04:38:00,900 --> 04:38:03,599
catastrophic number of Allied 
and Japanese lives. 

5197
04:38:03,599 --> 04:38:06,400
The question was, where the 
dropping the ball might force a 

5198
04:38:06,400 --> 04:38:09,300
swift surrender. 
Truman wrestled with the ethics 

5199
04:38:09,300 --> 04:38:11,300
But ultimately authorized using 
Atomic weapons. 

5200
04:38:11,300 --> 04:38:15,000
Believing it would end the 
conflict more quickly on August 

5201
04:38:15,000 --> 04:38:18,900
6th. 1945, a B-29 dropped. 
The first bomb on Hiroshima. 

5202
04:38:18,900 --> 04:38:22,400
Three days later. 
Nagasaki was hit, Japan 

5203
04:38:22,400 --> 04:38:24,400
announced surrender on August 
15th. 

5204
04:38:24,400 --> 04:38:27,599
The effect was as unprecedented 
as it was terrifying. 

5205
04:38:27,599 --> 04:38:32,400
The world recognized a new era 
of nuclear capability Truman 

5206
04:38:32,400 --> 04:38:34,099
Justified, his choice to the 
American public. 

5207
04:38:34,099 --> 04:38:37,500
As a necessary. 
Evil one that in his view saved 

5208
04:38:37,500 --> 04:38:41,099
more lives than it cost. 
Others debated, the morality for

5209
04:38:41,099 --> 04:38:44,099
generations to come but the 
immediate aftermath was a wave 

5210
04:38:44,108 --> 04:38:47,000
of relief that the war was over 
emerging from the wars. 

5211
04:38:47,000 --> 04:38:50,900
Conclusion Truman found an 
altered Planet, the Soviet Union

5212
04:38:50,900 --> 04:38:54,800
and the US stood as rival 
superpowers, Europe in Ruins 

5213
04:38:54,800 --> 04:38:58,099
Asia, wrestled with new 
Independence movements and the 

5214
04:38:58,099 --> 04:39:01,900
nuclear age, overshadowed all 
many Americans wanted a return 

5215
04:39:01,900 --> 04:39:05,200
to domestic normalcy hoping to 
spend energy on economic 

5216
04:39:05,200 --> 04:39:08,000
Revival. 
But the unraveling alliance with

5217
04:39:08,000 --> 04:39:12,800
Stalin's USSR, hinted at a new 
conflict in the making the Cold 

5218
04:39:12,800 --> 04:39:15,900
War of ideologies spies and 
proxy battles. 

5219
04:39:16,700 --> 04:39:20,099
Truman The Accidental, president
would have to craft policies 

5220
04:39:20,099 --> 04:39:24,400
that shape the precarious World 
in 1946 as the rest of the 

5221
04:39:24,400 --> 04:39:28,200
Allied powers demobilized. 
Soviets entrenched in Eastern 

5222
04:39:28,200 --> 04:39:30,599
Europe, Winston Churchill no 
longer. 

5223
04:39:30,599 --> 04:39:33,900
Britain's prime minister 
visited, the US and declared an 

5224
04:39:33,900 --> 04:39:36,800
iron curtain had descended 
across the continent. 

5225
04:39:37,900 --> 04:39:40,700
Truman recognized the need for a
Doctrine to counter Soviet 

5226
04:39:40,700 --> 04:39:43,500
expansion, albeit, short of 
direct Warfare. 

5227
04:39:44,300 --> 04:39:47,900
The seeds of the containment 
strategy took shape culminating 

5228
04:39:47,900 --> 04:39:51,000
in what would be known as the 
Truman Doctrine pledging support

5229
04:39:51,000 --> 04:39:53,300
to countries threatened by the 
Communists of version. 

5230
04:39:54,400 --> 04:39:57,200
With minimal foreign policy 
background, he relied on 

5231
04:39:57,200 --> 04:40:01,000
seasoned figures, like George 
Marshall, denature person, and 

5232
04:40:01,000 --> 04:40:03,800
others to devise new Frameworks 
for the global stability. 

5233
04:40:03,800 --> 04:40:06,300
Meanwhile, on the domestic 
front. 

5234
04:40:06,300 --> 04:40:09,400
The challenge of Recon, the 
economy from wartime production 

5235
04:40:09,400 --> 04:40:14,200
to peace, time, soared labor 
strikes in demands for civil 

5236
04:40:14,200 --> 04:40:18,500
rights tested Truman's 
leadership, As 1947 approached, 

5237
04:40:18,500 --> 04:40:22,200
Truman's tenure had only begun 
the decisions about nuclear 

5238
04:40:22,200 --> 04:40:25,400
arms, the Aidan programs for 
war, ravaged allies and the 

5239
04:40:25,400 --> 04:40:27,200
looming. 
Confrontational with Soviet 

5240
04:40:27,200 --> 04:40:30,200
policies in Europe and Asia. 
These would Define not just his 

5241
04:40:30,200 --> 04:40:34,000
president, see, but the entire 
Global Order, once a quiet, 

5242
04:40:34,000 --> 04:40:37,500
Senator overshadowed by 
roseville's, magnetism Truman 

5243
04:40:37,500 --> 04:40:41,000
had stepped into the spotlight. 
He was about to introduce a new 

5244
04:40:41,008 --> 04:40:44,400
vocabulary to American 
statecraft, the Marshall Plan, 

5245
04:40:44,400 --> 04:40:47,600
the Berlin airlift, and the 
seeds of NATO forging, an era 

5246
04:40:47,600 --> 04:40:49,700
where the United States 
embraced, superpower 

5247
04:40:49,700 --> 04:40:52,300
responsibilities, Unthinkable a 
mere decade earlier. 

5248
04:40:53,100 --> 04:40:56,300
In the tumultuous post-war 
climate Harry Truman found his 

5249
04:40:56,300 --> 04:40:58,900
presidency. 
Pivoting on two broad fronts 

5250
04:40:58,900 --> 04:41:01,800
foreign policy crises and 
domestic upheaval. 

5251
04:41:02,500 --> 04:41:06,400
Fresh from the Euphoria victory 
over fascism American soon. 

5252
04:41:06,400 --> 04:41:08,700
Recognized that a new tension 
with the Soviet Union. 

5253
04:41:08,700 --> 04:41:11,800
Dominated world, affairs, 
Eastern Europe, lay under 

5254
04:41:11,800 --> 04:41:15,000
communist influence and 
starling's grip tightened across

5255
04:41:15,000 --> 04:41:18,900
Poland, Hungary and others. 
These developments spurred 

5256
04:41:18,900 --> 04:41:20,800
Truman's Administration to 
articulate more. 

5257
04:41:20,800 --> 04:41:25,200
Defined stance. 
In March 1947, he presented to 

5258
04:41:25,200 --> 04:41:27,100
Congress what became known as 
the Truman Doctrine. 

5259
04:41:27,100 --> 04:41:30,700
The United States would Aid 
Nations resisting subjugation by

5260
04:41:30,700 --> 04:41:34,000
armed minorities or outside 
pressures though, triggered by 

5261
04:41:34,000 --> 04:41:36,900
crises and Greece and Turkey the
doctrine signaled. 

5262
04:41:36,900 --> 04:41:38,700
A broader commitment to 
containing communism. 

5263
04:41:39,700 --> 04:41:42,200
Skeptics worried about 
entangling America, in Endless, 

5264
04:41:42,200 --> 04:41:44,900
foreign struggles, but Truman 
insisted that. 

5265
04:41:44,900 --> 04:41:46,800
Inaction would yield greater 
perils. 

5266
04:41:47,600 --> 04:41:50,500
Soon after Secretary of State, 
George Marshall proposed the 

5267
04:41:50,508 --> 04:41:52,600
European recovery program 
colloquially. 

5268
04:41:52,600 --> 04:41:56,000
The martial plan War, ravaged, 
Europe, faced famine and 

5269
04:41:56,008 --> 04:41:59,100
economic collapse conditions. 
Ripe for communist infiltration.

5270
04:41:59,100 --> 04:42:02,600
Marshall's Plan offered massive 
financial aid to rebuild 

5271
04:42:02,600 --> 04:42:06,200
infrastructure revitalized 
Industries and stabilize 

5272
04:42:06,200 --> 04:42:09,500
currencies, Truman championed. 
This approach has simultaneously

5273
04:42:09,500 --> 04:42:13,200
humanitarian and strategic. 
Western Europe, Swift 

5274
04:42:13,200 --> 04:42:16,200
reconstruction, under the plan, 
created an economic boom. 

5275
04:42:17,000 --> 04:42:20,000
Forging stable, democracies less
vulnerable to Soviet influence 

5276
04:42:20,000 --> 04:42:24,700
this bold initiative, reshaped 
America's Global role no longer 

5277
04:42:24,700 --> 04:42:27,300
isolationist. 
It was now the engine of a 

5278
04:42:27,300 --> 04:42:30,500
nascent Western Alliance 
domestically Truman encountered 

5279
04:42:30,500 --> 04:42:33,500
an equally, formidable 
challenge, millions of veterans 

5280
04:42:33,500 --> 04:42:36,100
returned, seeking jobs and 
affordable housing. 

5281
04:42:36,100 --> 04:42:39,600
Labor unions, having postponed 
strike during the war. 

5282
04:42:39,600 --> 04:42:42,600
Now pressed for raises in an 
inflationary climate. 

5283
04:42:43,300 --> 04:42:45,600
The Republican Resurgence in the
1946. 

5284
04:42:45,600 --> 04:42:50,100
Midterms gave the GOP control of
Congress complicating Truman's 

5285
04:42:50,100 --> 04:42:52,300
legislative Ambitions. 
He Advanced what? 

5286
04:42:52,300 --> 04:42:53,500
He dubbed. 
The Fair Deal. 

5287
04:42:53,500 --> 04:42:57,000
Sweeter, proposals aiming to 
expand upon rows of Health's New

5288
04:42:57,000 --> 04:43:00,900
Deal, National Health Care, 
civil rights, measures 8 to 

5289
04:43:00,908 --> 04:43:04,800
education and a higher minimum 
wage Yeah, these ran headlong 

5290
04:43:04,800 --> 04:43:08,100
into Congressional opposition 
with the Republicans and 

5291
04:43:08,100 --> 04:43:10,300
conservative Southern Democrats 
blocking large. 

5292
04:43:10,300 --> 04:43:14,200
Segments, the result incremental
progress overshadowed by 

5293
04:43:14,200 --> 04:43:18,100
persistent gridlock. 
Matters of race also percolated.

5294
04:43:19,100 --> 04:43:21,500
Despite Roosevelt's color blind 
rhetoric during the war 

5295
04:43:21,500 --> 04:43:24,100
African-Americans faced 
persistent discrimination. 

5296
04:43:25,200 --> 04:43:29,200
In 1948, Truman issued an 
executive order to desegregate 

5297
04:43:29,200 --> 04:43:32,900
the Armed Forces, a bold move 
that outraged, many Southern 

5298
04:43:32,900 --> 04:43:36,500
politicians, but signaled, a new
federal stance on civil rights. 

5299
04:43:36,500 --> 04:43:40,400
He also called for an end to 
poll taxes and for legislation 

5300
04:43:40,400 --> 04:43:43,500
Banning lynching though, those 
proposals stalled in Congress, 

5301
04:43:44,500 --> 04:43:46,700
Civil rights leaders. 
Applauded him as the first 

5302
04:43:46,700 --> 04:43:49,500
modern president to make such a 
Stan and though it carried 

5303
04:43:49,500 --> 04:43:51,300
political risks in the upcoming 
election. 

5304
04:43:52,700 --> 04:43:56,400
The 1948 presidential race 
shaped up as a daunting one for 

5305
04:43:56,400 --> 04:44:00,200
Truman many believed he was 
doomed to defeat even within his

5306
04:44:00,200 --> 04:44:04,000
party southern Dixiecrats. 
Broke off championing Strom 

5307
04:44:04,000 --> 04:44:07,500
Thurmond in the protest of civil
rights while Henry Wallace and a

5308
04:44:07,500 --> 04:44:10,200
former vice president led. 
The Progressive Party from the 

5309
04:44:10,200 --> 04:44:14,800
left, the Republican nominee 
Thomas Dewey exuded confidence 

5310
04:44:14,800 --> 04:44:18,100
pollsters and newspapers 
predicted a Shore, Republican 

5311
04:44:18,100 --> 04:44:21,100
Victory, but Truman embarked on 
a legendary Whistle. 

5312
04:44:21,100 --> 04:44:24,300
Stop campaign across the country
by train hitting small towns and

5313
04:44:24,300 --> 04:44:27,400
big cities with fiery speeches. 
He hammered the do-nothing 

5314
04:44:27,400 --> 04:44:30,600
Congress for blocking his Fair 
Deal measures championed, the 

5315
04:44:30,608 --> 04:44:35,400
average Dean citizens needs and 
exuded and Underdog energy that 

5316
04:44:35,400 --> 04:44:38,600
resonated with voters on 
Election night, the Chicago 

5317
04:44:38,600 --> 04:44:42,600
Tribune famously printed its 
Dewey defeats Truman, headline 

5318
04:44:42,600 --> 04:44:46,600
prematurely. 
The actual result a surprise 

5319
04:44:46,600 --> 04:44:50,100
Truman Victory securing his 
place in the white house for a 

5320
04:44:50,100 --> 04:44:52,800
full term. 
Historians still Marvel at this 

5321
04:44:52,800 --> 04:44:56,000
upset, tributing it to Truman's 
Relentless, Grassroots, appeal, 

5322
04:44:56,000 --> 04:44:59,300
and Americans preference for 
continuity and uncertain times. 

5323
04:44:59,300 --> 04:45:03,000
Even after this Triumph, the 
cold Wars drum beat intensified 

5324
04:45:03,000 --> 04:45:06,600
in 1949. 
The Soviets tested their first 

5325
04:45:06,600 --> 04:45:09,500
atomic bomb sooner than Western 
intelligence had anticipated 

5326
04:45:09,500 --> 04:45:12,200
China's. 
Civil War ended with MAO 

5327
04:45:12,200 --> 04:45:15,200
zedong's, communist Victory, 
another Blow To Us hopes of 

5328
04:45:15,208 --> 04:45:17,500
containing communism within the 
US. 

5329
04:45:17,500 --> 04:45:20,200
Paranoia about Soviet 
infiltration sword. 

5330
04:45:20,200 --> 04:45:23,200
Prompting investigations of 
alleged spies and government. 

5331
04:45:24,200 --> 04:45:26,300
Accusations. 
By Senator Joseph McCarthy, of 

5332
04:45:26,308 --> 04:45:29,200
communist sympathizers in the 
state department, gain traction,

5333
04:45:29,200 --> 04:45:32,000
fueling an era of blacklists and
loyalty. 

5334
04:45:32,000 --> 04:45:36,000
Oaths Truman initially 
dismissive of McCarthy's claims 

5335
04:45:36,000 --> 04:45:39,200
found the climate overshadowing 
more moderate approaches to 

5336
04:45:39,200 --> 04:45:42,400
subversion. 
The so-called Red Scare impacted

5337
04:45:42,400 --> 04:45:45,700
the national mood making 
American suspicious of any 

5338
04:45:45,700 --> 04:45:49,400
perceived left-leaning activity.
Simultaneously, the Berlin 

5339
04:45:49,400 --> 04:45:54,700
crisis escalated, in 1948, to 
1949 Stalin blockaded West, 

5340
04:45:54,700 --> 04:45:57,000
Berlin, hoping to force the 
Allies out. 

5341
04:45:57,900 --> 04:46:01,200
Truman answered with the Berlin 
Air Lift logistical Marvel 

5342
04:46:01,200 --> 04:46:03,800
ferrying supplies by are to 2 
million berliners. 

5343
04:46:03,800 --> 04:46:07,400
Round the Clock cargo plane 
soared over Soviet occupied 

5344
04:46:07,400 --> 04:46:11,700
Zone's, bringing food and coal 
the operation success showcase 

5345
04:46:11,700 --> 04:46:14,100
Truman's willingness to stand 
firm without triggering. 

5346
04:46:14,100 --> 04:46:18,500
Direct War by midnight. 1949, 
the blockade ended, proving 

5347
04:46:18,500 --> 04:46:22,400
Weston Unity triumphant. 
Yet Germany's formal partition 

5348
04:46:22,400 --> 04:46:25,700
into Eastern West underscored 
that the global divide was no 

5349
04:46:25,700 --> 04:46:29,800
fleeting spat. 
Crystallized an iron curtain 

5350
04:46:29,800 --> 04:46:32,500
across Europe. 
Truman's presidency. 

5351
04:46:32,500 --> 04:46:36,400
Thus served as The Crucible. 
Forging NATO established in 1949

5352
04:46:36,400 --> 04:46:41,400
to unify Western defense. 
By 1950, the stage was set for 

5353
04:46:41,400 --> 04:46:43,700
the next major conflict in 
Korea. 

5354
04:46:43,700 --> 04:46:47,500
Communist North invaded, the 
South prompting un-led 

5355
04:46:47,500 --> 04:46:50,700
intervention. 
Truman fervent to stop 

5356
04:46:50,700 --> 04:46:54,700
aggression, but wary of Another 
World War authorized forces 

5357
04:46:54,700 --> 04:46:57,800
under General MacArthur, the 
Korean War would Define his 

5358
04:46:57,800 --> 04:47:01,100
final years in office, 
intensifying domestic debates 

5359
04:47:01,100 --> 04:47:03,700
over how to contain Communism 
without triggering nuclear 

5360
04:47:03,700 --> 04:47:07,000
catastrophe. 
So from the Vantage of the early

5361
04:47:07,000 --> 04:47:12,000
1950s Harry Truman once a 
relatively obscure, Senator and 

5362
04:47:12,000 --> 04:47:14,700
become the architect of 
containment, The Man Behind the 

5363
04:47:14,700 --> 04:47:18,100
Fair Deal and the figure 
bridging FDR's Global Legacy 

5364
04:47:18,100 --> 04:47:21,400
with a precarious New Order. 
His next steps would further 

5365
04:47:21,400 --> 04:47:24,000
tests both his president Sea and
the tolerance of a public 

5366
04:47:24,000 --> 04:47:25,900
increasingly fatigued by 
unending. 

5367
04:47:25,900 --> 04:47:30,000
Conflicts abroad June 1950, 
jolted The Truman Administration

5368
04:47:30,000 --> 04:47:34,200
where North Korean forces under 
Kim, the second song, surge to 

5369
04:47:34,200 --> 04:47:37,200
cross the 38th parallel 
overwhelming, the ill-prepared 

5370
04:47:37,200 --> 04:47:42,100
South Korean army within days, 
Soulful, un Security Council. 

5371
04:47:42,100 --> 04:47:43,600
Swiftly, condemned the 
aggression. 

5372
04:47:44,300 --> 04:47:47,100
The rare instance where the 
Soviet Union's absence from the 

5373
04:47:47,100 --> 04:47:49,600
council. 
Due to boycotting over China's 

5374
04:47:49,600 --> 04:47:52,200
seat allowed. 
A unanimous resolution to pass. 

5375
04:47:53,100 --> 04:47:56,400
Truman responded promptly, he 
committed US Air and Naval 

5376
04:47:56,400 --> 04:47:58,500
support soon dispatching. 
Ground troops. 

5377
04:47:58,500 --> 04:48:02,000
Technically, the conflict was a 
police action rather than a 

5378
04:48:02,000 --> 04:48:04,800
declared war. 
But thousands of American 

5379
04:48:04,800 --> 04:48:07,200
servicemen found themselves. 
In brutal combat across the 

5380
04:48:07,208 --> 04:48:10,400
Korean Peninsula. 
General, Douglas MacArthur a 

5381
04:48:10,400 --> 04:48:13,800
decorated World War, Two figure 
assumed command of UN forces. 

5382
04:48:14,500 --> 04:48:18,900
At first the situation was Dire 
Allied lines shrank to a small 

5383
04:48:18,908 --> 04:48:22,400
defensive pocket around pusan. 
Then came the Bold in John 

5384
04:48:22,400 --> 04:48:26,700
Landing in September 1950. 
A brilliant amphibious operation

5385
04:48:26,700 --> 04:48:30,300
that outflanked North, Korean 
supply lines, MacArthur's troops

5386
04:48:30,300 --> 04:48:35,200
recaptured Soul reversing, North
Korea's gains void by success 

5387
04:48:35,200 --> 04:48:39,400
MacArthur pushed north crossing 
the 38th parallel with Truman's 

5388
04:48:39,400 --> 04:48:42,300
tentative endorsement. 
The objective evolved from 

5389
04:48:42,300 --> 04:48:44,900
merely repelling The Invasion to
toppling the Kim regime 

5390
04:48:44,900 --> 04:48:48,300
entirely. 
So the general believed, Yet, a 

5391
04:48:48,300 --> 04:48:51,300
new threat loomed communist, 
China warned, it would not 

5392
04:48:51,300 --> 04:48:53,400
tolerate foreign armies on its 
border. 

5393
04:48:54,300 --> 04:48:57,200
Truman's advisors debated 
whether unifying Korea by force 

5394
04:48:57,200 --> 04:49:00,600
was feasible or wise Crossing 
into the far, north could lead 

5395
04:49:00,600 --> 04:49:03,000
to Chinese intervention many 
warned. 

5396
04:49:03,800 --> 04:49:09,500
MacArthur Brash and confident 
discounted such warnings by late

5397
04:49:09,500 --> 04:49:12,500
1950. 
Chinese, volunteers poured 

5398
04:49:12,500 --> 04:49:14,600
across the gallery River. 
Launching a massive 

5399
04:49:14,600 --> 04:49:18,000
counter-offensive. 
American and Allied Forces, 

5400
04:49:18,000 --> 04:49:20,300
reeled Southwest in a grim 
winter retreat. 

5401
04:49:20,300 --> 04:49:23,000
Public shocked. 
At this sudden reversal battered

5402
04:49:23,000 --> 04:49:25,500
Truman's. 
Popularity as casualties 

5403
04:49:25,500 --> 04:49:29,600
mounted, a rift yawned between 
Macarthur who demanded expanded 

5404
04:49:29,600 --> 04:49:32,300
War, potentially bombing Chinese
bases. 

5405
04:49:32,300 --> 04:49:35,700
And Truman, who insisted on 
avoiding a broader conflict 

5406
04:49:35,700 --> 04:49:39,700
MacArthur disregarding 
presidential directives publicly

5407
04:49:39,700 --> 04:49:42,200
criticized, Washington's 
caution, effectively, 

5408
04:49:42,200 --> 04:49:46,900
undermining, Truman's Authority.
In April, 1951 Truman made a 

5409
04:49:46,900 --> 04:49:49,900
fateful decision, he released 
MacArthur of command. 

5410
04:49:51,600 --> 04:49:55,800
The Uproar was immediate. 
MacArthur was a national hero 

5411
04:49:55,800 --> 04:49:59,200
welcomed home by throngs, 
chanting his name. 

5412
04:50:00,800 --> 04:50:04,400
Meanwhile critics accused Truman
of weakening the war effort but 

5413
04:50:04,400 --> 04:50:07,300
Truman committed to civilian 
control of the military stood 

5414
04:50:07,300 --> 04:50:09,300
firm. 
He believed that letting a 

5415
04:50:09,300 --> 04:50:11,800
general Define foreign policy 
threatened, the very core of 

5416
04:50:11,800 --> 04:50:14,600
democracy. 
Despite the controversy, the 

5417
04:50:14,600 --> 04:50:19,100
Korean War ground on Armistice 
talks started in mid 1951 but 

5418
04:50:19,100 --> 04:50:23,100
dragged on for months, even as 
battles flared along entrenched 

5419
04:50:23,100 --> 04:50:27,500
lines near the 38th parallel. 
While U.S public support for the

5420
04:50:27,500 --> 04:50:30,500
war waned. 
Truman's White House wrestled 

5421
04:50:30,500 --> 04:50:34,300
with spiraling defense costs, 
anxious to avoid over extension.

5422
04:50:34,300 --> 04:50:37,300
Some saw parallels to the 
frustration in World War 1, 

5423
04:50:37,300 --> 04:50:41,200
trenches minimal, territorial 
gains High casualties and 

5424
04:50:41,200 --> 04:50:46,500
endless negotiations. 
By 1952 many Americans had grown

5425
04:50:46,500 --> 04:50:49,800
disillusioned, the war 
overshadowed domestic progress 

5426
04:50:49,800 --> 04:50:52,800
on the Fair Deal. 
Political opponents hammered 

5427
04:50:52,800 --> 04:50:54,700
Truman for what they saw as a 
stalemate in Asia. 

5428
04:50:55,400 --> 04:50:57,500
Tying it to claims of 
infiltration by communist 

5429
04:50:57,500 --> 04:51:01,900
sympathizers at home. 
Fed by these tensions, the 1952 

5430
04:51:01,900 --> 04:51:05,600
presidential election shaped up 
Truman battered by criticism. 

5431
04:51:05,600 --> 04:51:07,400
Decided not to run for another 
term. 

5432
04:51:07,400 --> 04:51:10,900
He had served nearly 8 years 
after roseville's, death plus 

5433
04:51:10,900 --> 04:51:14,000
the partial term. 
Instead, the Democratic party 

5434
04:51:14,000 --> 04:51:17,400
nominated at lace Stevenson, the
second who faced Dwight D 

5435
04:51:17,400 --> 04:51:19,700
Eisenhower the popular General 
from World War 2. 

5436
04:51:20,800 --> 04:51:23,700
Eisenhower's promised to go to 
Korea and the war resonated 

5437
04:51:23,700 --> 04:51:27,600
deeply with a weary public 
Truman overshadowed, simply 

5438
04:51:27,600 --> 04:51:32,300
hoped, the conflict might find 
resolution In January 1953, he 

5439
04:51:32,300 --> 04:51:34,900
left office with a proof 
ratings, near historic lows, 

5440
04:51:34,900 --> 04:51:38,800
overshadowed by the drawn-out, 
Korean struggle and the McCarthy

5441
04:51:38,800 --> 04:51:41,600
era's Relentless accusations of 
communist infiltration in the 

5442
04:51:41,600 --> 04:51:45,600
government yet even as he 
vacated the White House Truman 

5443
04:51:45,600 --> 04:51:47,800
insisted that the containment 
strategy was correct. 

5444
04:51:47,800 --> 04:51:51,800
He recognized that waiting 
passively would yield expansions

5445
04:51:51,800 --> 04:51:55,100
of Soviet or Chinese communism, 
which he believed threatened 

5446
04:51:55,100 --> 04:51:58,900
global stability, the Berlin. 
Airlift, the Marshall Plan, the 

5447
04:51:58,900 --> 04:52:02,700
formation of NATO and a degree 
in Turkey stood as cornerstones 

5448
04:52:02,700 --> 04:52:04,600
of what he considered necessary 
steps. 

5449
04:52:04,600 --> 04:52:08,400
The Korean War while painful in 
his View at halted a potential 

5450
04:52:08,400 --> 04:52:11,800
chain reaction of communist 
conquests in Asia the public and

5451
04:52:11,800 --> 04:52:15,200
policy circles fiercely debated,
whether the high cost Justified 

5452
04:52:15,200 --> 04:52:18,500
the war returning to 
Independence, Missouri, Truman 

5453
04:52:18,500 --> 04:52:20,700
embraced private life. 
Without many of the trappings, 

5454
04:52:20,700 --> 04:52:24,500
modern presidents would later in
Joy, he had minimal pension, no 

5455
04:52:24,500 --> 04:52:27,100
secret service detail. 
Initially and took up every day,

5456
04:52:27,100 --> 04:52:30,700
routines morning, walks visits 
to his library and Lively 

5457
04:52:30,700 --> 04:52:34,600
discussions with passes by over 
time Americans, softened toward 

5458
04:52:34,600 --> 04:52:38,000
him the same man once reviled 
from MacArthur's firing. 

5459
04:52:38,000 --> 04:52:41,500
And for the loss of China found,
belated appreciation as a symbol

5460
04:52:41,500 --> 04:52:45,400
of plain-spoken decency. 
Journalists occasionally visited

5461
04:52:45,400 --> 04:52:47,900
his mum, modest home to chat 
about world events. 

5462
04:52:47,900 --> 04:52:50,400
He deflected speculation about 
regrets. 

5463
04:52:50,400 --> 04:52:54,200
Typically remarking that under 
the same conditions, he do much 

5464
04:52:54,200 --> 04:52:56,600
the same. 
The Aging man in his signature 

5465
04:52:56,600 --> 04:53:00,200
Fedora projected an air of calm 
that belied the turmoil. 

5466
04:53:00,200 --> 04:53:04,800
He once navigated in the broader
sense the years following 1953 

5467
04:53:04,800 --> 04:53:08,000
revealed that the cold war 
strategies Truman helped Pioneer

5468
04:53:08,000 --> 04:53:11,600
would Endure Cross president's 
shaping US foreign policy for 

5469
04:53:11,600 --> 04:53:14,000
decades. 
The notion that America must 

5470
04:53:14,000 --> 04:53:15,900
lead. 
Alliance is prop up, threatened,

5471
04:53:15,900 --> 04:53:18,700
governments, and maintain a 
robust military footprint. 

5472
04:53:18,700 --> 04:53:21,600
Ode much to the architecture in 
his advisors sketched 

5473
04:53:21,600 --> 04:53:25,400
controversies over, nuclear 
arms, covid interventions and 

5474
04:53:25,400 --> 04:53:29,000
moral, trade-offs would continue
to swirl Meanwhile, the so 

5475
04:53:29,000 --> 04:53:30,900
called Truman Doctrine in 
simpler times. 

5476
04:53:30,900 --> 04:53:34,600
Evolved in to Myriad forms from 
Vietnam to the Middle East, 

5477
04:53:34,600 --> 04:53:37,800
where the favorable or 
unfavorable The boundaries 

5478
04:53:37,800 --> 04:53:40,700
Truman established during the 
initial years of the Cold War 

5479
04:53:40,700 --> 04:53:43,500
established a superpower's 
worldwide Stars. 

5480
04:53:44,300 --> 04:53:47,700
After leaving the presidency, 
Harry Truman quietly returned to

5481
04:53:47,708 --> 04:53:50,400
the same unpretentious 
Independence neighborhood, he'd 

5482
04:53:50,400 --> 04:53:54,000
Left Behind reporters, Marvel 
that unlike many political 

5483
04:53:54,000 --> 04:53:56,800
figures who were treated in to 
comfortable consultant, gigs or 

5484
04:53:56,800 --> 04:53:59,500
lavish perks. 
Truman strolled us about as 

5485
04:53:59,500 --> 04:54:02,300
though unchanged. 
Personally answered the phone at

5486
04:54:02,300 --> 04:54:05,700
his home, penders at a small 
writing desk, and took daily 

5487
04:54:05,700 --> 04:54:07,500
constitutional through the 
neighborhood. 

5488
04:54:07,500 --> 04:54:10,900
When neighbors encountered him, 
he was as likely to talk about 

5489
04:54:10,900 --> 04:54:14,100
local weather AS Global Affairs.
However, his historical 

5490
04:54:14,100 --> 04:54:15,600
decisions, carried significant 
weight. 

5491
04:54:15,600 --> 04:54:20,400
Despite the sense of normalcy in
1953 the Korean Wars. 

5492
04:54:20,400 --> 04:54:23,800
Armistice took effect largely 
shaped by his successor, 

5493
04:54:23,800 --> 04:54:26,600
Eisenhower carried, forward 
negotiations. 

5494
04:54:26,600 --> 04:54:29,500
That Truman's administration had
begun though the conflict 

5495
04:54:29,500 --> 04:54:31,900
remained. 
Technically unresolved, the 

5496
04:54:31,900 --> 04:54:35,200
ceasefire established, the 
demilitarized zone freezing, the

5497
04:54:35,200 --> 04:54:39,000
peninsula's division, Critics 
contended that, a final piece 

5498
04:54:39,000 --> 04:54:40,600
was never achieved under 
Truman's. 

5499
04:54:40,600 --> 04:54:44,200
Watch yet Defenders, argued that
halting North Korean advances 

5500
04:54:44,200 --> 04:54:48,400
preserved, South Korea's future,
As years passed, young going 

5501
04:54:48,400 --> 04:54:51,300
partitioned to the legacy of 
tension in East Asia. 

5502
04:54:51,300 --> 04:54:54,100
Intimately linked to Truman 
stand against communist 

5503
04:54:54,100 --> 04:54:57,000
aggression. 
In the realm of civil liberties,

5504
04:54:57,000 --> 04:55:00,000
the McCarthy era is further 
gradually subsided. 

5505
04:55:00,600 --> 04:55:03,700
Senator McCarthy overreached and
was eventually censured by his 

5506
04:55:03,700 --> 04:55:07,200
colleagues retrospective 
analysis revealed, the climate 

5507
04:55:07,200 --> 04:55:11,000
of fear had led to blacklists 
and ruined careers with cold 

5508
04:55:11,000 --> 04:55:12,800
scant evidence of actual 
subversion. 

5509
04:55:13,800 --> 04:55:17,200
From his Vantage Point Truman, 
felt Vindicated about firing 

5510
04:55:17,200 --> 04:55:19,200
MacArthur and resisting 
extremes. 

5511
04:55:19,800 --> 04:55:22,400
He had insisted that 
constitutional processes matter 

5512
04:55:22,400 --> 04:55:25,200
more than a general's, personal 
conviction or a demagogue 

5513
04:55:25,200 --> 04:55:28,100
execution. 
Yet the climate had left scars 

5514
04:55:28,100 --> 04:55:31,700
on the Democratic party, 
Truman's own brand of moderate, 

5515
04:55:31,700 --> 04:55:35,600
liberalism, heavy on foreign 
policy hawkishness and domestic 

5516
04:55:35,600 --> 04:55:38,800
incremental, reforms had 
receded, under the weight of 

5517
04:55:38,800 --> 04:55:42,400
political realignments. 
Truman's financial situation, 

5518
04:55:42,400 --> 04:55:45,200
post president, see was 
precarious that time 

5519
04:55:45,200 --> 04:55:49,100
ex-presidents received no, 
pension, except for a small army

5520
04:55:49,100 --> 04:55:51,000
pension from his service in 
World War one. 

5521
04:55:51,000 --> 04:55:55,100
He faced Burton, some living 
costs a modest book deal for his

5522
04:55:55,100 --> 04:55:57,600
Memoirs helped, but it was not 
extravagant. 

5523
04:55:57,600 --> 04:56:00,800
He refused to cash in on 
corporate lobbying or serve on 

5524
04:56:00,800 --> 04:56:02,500
boards. 
He considered morally dubious 

5525
04:56:02,500 --> 04:56:06,200
eventually Congress passed. 
The former presidents act in 

5526
04:56:06,200 --> 04:56:10,100
1958 partly spurred by Truman 
circumstance, providing a 

5527
04:56:10,100 --> 04:56:11,900
pension and resources for office
staff. 

5528
04:56:12,700 --> 04:56:16,100
He disliked to take in charity 
but recognize the policy. 

5529
04:56:16,100 --> 04:56:18,500
Served future ex-presidents more
than himself. 

5530
04:56:18,500 --> 04:56:21,900
Meanwhile, he poured energy into
his Presidential Library. 

5531
04:56:21,900 --> 04:56:25,600
Determined that the story of his
administration warts and all be 

5532
04:56:25,600 --> 04:56:29,000
accessible to Scholars? 
His Memoirs published in two 

5533
04:56:29,000 --> 04:56:34,300
volumes 1955 and 1956 revealed a
candid, plain-spoken Narrative 

5534
04:56:34,300 --> 04:56:36,800
of events. 
He offered no apologies for the 

5535
04:56:36,808 --> 04:56:40,100
atomic bomb decisions. 
Emphasizing that the abrupt end 

5536
04:56:40,100 --> 04:56:42,900
of the Pacific War saved. 
Countless Allied in Japanese 

5537
04:56:42,900 --> 04:56:46,100
lives. 
On the controversies surrounding

5538
04:56:46,100 --> 04:56:49,600
recognition of Israel Truman 
Swift acknowledgment of the new 

5539
04:56:49,600 --> 04:56:51,600
state in 19 was a watershed 
moment. 

5540
04:56:51,600 --> 04:56:54,400
In Middle East politics. 
He insisted it was the moral 

5541
04:56:54,400 --> 04:56:56,200
path despite opposition from 
Key. 

5542
04:56:56,200 --> 04:56:59,800
Advisors indeed. 
This quiet steadfast approach 

5543
04:56:59,800 --> 04:57:03,300
characterized his Recollections,
he may have been overshadowed by

5544
04:57:03,300 --> 04:57:06,100
FDR or disliked by flamboyant 
generals. 

5545
04:57:06,100 --> 04:57:09,600
But in times of Crisis, he did 
what he believed was necessary. 

5546
04:57:10,700 --> 04:57:13,000
Over time. 
Public perception of Truman. 

5547
04:57:13,000 --> 04:57:16,000
Shifted from unremarkable. 
Care taker to gutsy decision 

5548
04:57:16,000 --> 04:57:18,700
maker. 
Revisionist historians started 

5549
04:57:18,700 --> 04:57:21,900
praising, The Truman doctrines 
Clarity, the martial plan, 

5550
04:57:21,900 --> 04:57:25,300
success, in rebuilding Europe, 
and the pragmatic approach to 

5551
04:57:25,300 --> 04:57:29,300
containing Soviet influence. 
He noted how he integrated civil

5552
04:57:29,300 --> 04:57:32,900
rights stances into mainstream 
Democratic ideology setting the 

5553
04:57:32,900 --> 04:57:35,800
stage for the more comprehensive
reforms of the 1960s. 

5554
04:57:36,700 --> 04:57:40,300
Younger politicians from John F,
Kennedy onward acknowledged. 

5555
04:57:40,300 --> 04:57:43,900
A debt to Truman's Legacy that 
the presidency was about forging

5556
04:57:43,900 --> 04:57:47,500
alliances championing domestic 
fairness and preserving a stable

5557
04:57:47,500 --> 04:57:50,800
Global Order. 
Not all revered him, some 

5558
04:57:50,800 --> 04:57:53,600
leftist critics hammered the 
extremes of anti-communist 

5559
04:57:53,600 --> 04:57:55,500
actions While others on the 
right. 

5560
04:57:55,500 --> 04:57:59,200
Call the stalemate and career 
evidence of halfhearted War. 

5561
04:57:59,200 --> 04:58:01,600
Yet. 
Nostalgic sentiment gradually 

5562
04:58:01,600 --> 04:58:05,600
emerged painting Truman as a 
leader of a simpler more honest 

5563
04:58:05,600 --> 04:58:08,100
era. 
Truman's personal life in his 

5564
04:58:08,100 --> 04:58:11,000
late years, revolved around 
Devotion to best remained 

5565
04:58:11,000 --> 04:58:13,100
reclusive, referring not to 
appear in public. 

5566
04:58:14,200 --> 04:58:16,800
A couple's, daily routine 
included, quite breakfasts 

5567
04:58:16,800 --> 04:58:20,800
visits to the library and an 
occasional Drive, grandchildren 

5568
04:58:20,800 --> 04:58:24,400
brought New Joy. 
Sometimes foreign dignitaries or

5569
04:58:24,400 --> 04:58:27,000
Scholars would drop by seeking 
the old amounts perspective. 

5570
04:58:27,000 --> 04:58:30,400
He offered on, varnished 
answers, peppered with plain 

5571
04:58:30,400 --> 04:58:31,900
spoken. 
Missouri and humor. 

5572
04:58:31,900 --> 04:58:34,500
There were no Illusions or 
Frills in his answers, 

5573
04:58:34,500 --> 04:58:37,700
journalist noticed that he 
rarely exploited the spotlight, 

5574
04:58:37,700 --> 04:58:40,500
preferring to let official 
archives and Librarians handle 

5575
04:58:40,500 --> 04:58:45,200
big historical query. 
By the 1960s, the Cold War had 

5576
04:58:45,200 --> 04:58:48,800
escalated to new crises the 
Berlin Wall, the Cuban Missile 

5577
04:58:48,800 --> 04:58:51,000
Crisis, and Vietnam's deepening 
conflict. 

5578
04:58:52,300 --> 04:58:55,600
Truman watched with concern, he 
occasionally wrote letters to 

5579
04:58:55,600 --> 04:58:57,800
current officials carefully. 
Disclaiming that he was not 

5580
04:58:57,800 --> 04:59:01,000
meddling, merely offering the 
wisdom gleaned from the post 

5581
04:59:01,000 --> 04:59:04,000
World War 2 Crucible. 
Presidents of both parties, 

5582
04:59:04,000 --> 04:59:07,200
recognized the significance of a
living repository of post-war 

5583
04:59:07,200 --> 04:59:10,000
policy decisions. 
Sometimes hosting him at White 

5584
04:59:10,000 --> 04:59:12,200
House. 
Gatherings Though, not an 

5585
04:59:12,200 --> 04:59:16,000
official advisor Truman's moral 
Authority, soared people 

5586
04:59:16,000 --> 04:59:18,700
perceived him as the final 
figure, from a crucial period of

5587
04:59:18,700 --> 04:59:21,100
transition. 
The establishment of the atomic 

5588
04:59:21,100 --> 04:59:25,100
age, the emergence of 
containment And the delicate 

5589
04:59:25,100 --> 04:59:28,500
balance between social justice 
and political realism in 

5590
04:59:28,500 --> 04:59:33,100
December 1972 at the Aja, Harry 
Truman passed away. 

5591
04:59:34,000 --> 04:59:36,100
The state funeral in 
Independence was modest 

5592
04:59:36,100 --> 04:59:40,000
reflecting, his personal style 
presidents, foreign dignitaries 

5593
04:59:40,000 --> 04:59:42,700
and ordinary Americans. 
Pause to salute, man. 

5594
04:59:42,700 --> 04:59:45,900
Whose improbable Journey, took 
him from Missouri farm to the 

5595
04:59:45,900 --> 04:59:48,900
White House's epicenter 
eulogies, recalled him as the 

5596
04:59:48,900 --> 04:59:52,100
champion of the martial plan, 
the father of containment the 

5597
04:59:52,100 --> 04:59:56,700
unlikely, Victor of 1948. 
And the president who integrated

5598
04:59:56,700 --> 05:00:00,400
the military over time, his name
became shorthand for fortitude 

5599
05:00:00,400 --> 05:00:03,300
Under Pressure. 
The buck stops here in his own 

5600
05:00:03,300 --> 05:00:06,000
famous phrase, it stands as an 
emblem of personal 

5601
05:00:06,000 --> 05:00:09,000
accountability that for a better
or worse, shaped the modern 

5602
05:00:09,000 --> 05:00:11,100
presidency, and the Free World 
post-war order. 

5603
05:00:11,900 --> 05:00:15,000
Fast forward to the present and 
Harry Truman's memory stands. 

5604
05:00:15,000 --> 05:00:16,800
As a fascinating study in 
leadership. 

5605
05:00:17,600 --> 05:00:20,900
He was a product of small town, 
America shaped by the 

5606
05:00:20,900 --> 05:00:23,900
unvarnished realities of farm 
labor and local politics. 

5607
05:00:23,900 --> 05:00:27,100
He lacked formal college degrees
or aristocratic lineage 

5608
05:00:27,100 --> 05:00:30,600
initially seeming and improbable
figure to guide the world's most

5609
05:00:30,600 --> 05:00:34,000
powerful Nation. 
Yet Guided by personal ethics 

5610
05:00:34,000 --> 05:00:37,400
and a knack for directness 
navigated Global crises 

5611
05:00:37,400 --> 05:00:41,100
unmatched in scale. 
Historians often Place him among

5612
05:00:41,100 --> 05:00:44,700
the near Great presidents and 
honor marking house. 

5613
05:00:44,700 --> 05:00:47,800
Significantly steered the US in 
the aftermath of World War 2. 

5614
05:00:48,600 --> 05:00:51,900
One of the most potent lessons 
gleaned from his presidency lies

5615
05:00:51,900 --> 05:00:53,500
in how he approached big 
decisions. 

5616
05:00:54,200 --> 05:00:57,400
Truman rarely walled in 
indecision faced with the atomic

5617
05:00:57,400 --> 05:01:00,300
bombs. 
Moral Quagmire, he concluded 

5618
05:01:00,300 --> 05:01:04,500
swiftly, to use it, faced with 
Soviet expansion, he launched 

5619
05:01:04,500 --> 05:01:08,700
the Truman Doctrine, even the 
firing of General MacArthur a 

5620
05:01:08,700 --> 05:01:11,000
national hero Illustrated a 
principle. 

5621
05:01:11,000 --> 05:01:15,500
No individual stands above 
civilian Authority, many leaders

5622
05:01:15,500 --> 05:01:18,700
might waffle or Fear public 
backlash, but Truman style was 

5623
05:01:18,700 --> 05:01:22,200
to weigh advice pick a course. 
And then bear the consequences 

5624
05:01:22,200 --> 05:01:25,500
that unwavering approach still 
informs discussion about how 

5625
05:01:25,500 --> 05:01:28,800
leaders handle emergency Powers 
his era. 

5626
05:01:28,800 --> 05:01:31,600
Also, cements the notion that 
personal authenticity can matter

5627
05:01:31,600 --> 05:01:34,800
more than rhetorical polish, 
Unlike FDR's Patrician 

5628
05:01:34,800 --> 05:01:38,000
confidence or JFK's glamour. 
Truman's Persona was 

5629
05:01:38,000 --> 05:01:40,400
straightforward. 
Sprinkled with folksy phrases, 

5630
05:01:40,400 --> 05:01:44,100
critics at times, derided his 
style as hickey or unrefined, 

5631
05:01:44,100 --> 05:01:46,800
but millions of Americans 
identified with it. 

5632
05:01:46,800 --> 05:01:50,100
Seeing in him, a mirror of their
anxiety and aspirations. 

5633
05:01:51,000 --> 05:01:54,700
Political culture in the 21st 
century saturated with scripted 

5634
05:01:54,700 --> 05:01:58,900
sound bites, often yearns for 
that raw sincerity even if the 

5635
05:01:58,900 --> 05:02:01,300
complexities are far more 
complicated than a single 

5636
05:02:01,300 --> 05:02:05,200
personality trait can address. 
Another dimension of Truman's 

5637
05:02:05,200 --> 05:02:07,900
story, pertains to the permanent
changes in US governance. 

5638
05:02:08,500 --> 05:02:12,400
He presided over the creation of
the National Security State, CIA

5639
05:02:12,400 --> 05:02:15,400
NSA, and the mushrooming defense
department. 

5640
05:02:16,500 --> 05:02:19,000
He also oversaw the near 
permanent mobilization of the 

5641
05:02:19,000 --> 05:02:21,000
economy to feed the cold Wars 
demands. 

5642
05:02:21,700 --> 05:02:24,400
This shift from a more isolated 
Republic to a globally. 

5643
05:02:24,400 --> 05:02:28,100
Engaged superpower was not 
wholly his alone, but he carried

5644
05:02:28,100 --> 05:02:31,800
for the impetus The ongoing 
debate about how much government

5645
05:02:31,800 --> 05:02:35,400
surveillance or Global police 
has Justified owes a debt to the

5646
05:02:35,400 --> 05:02:39,000
structures built under Truman. 
His own personal discomfort with

5647
05:02:39,000 --> 05:02:40,900
certain expansions such as 
loyalty. 

5648
05:02:40,900 --> 05:02:44,300
Oaths, testifies to the moral, 
dilemmas in twined with these 

5649
05:02:44,300 --> 05:02:48,400
transformations, civil rights 
also saw impetus under his watch

5650
05:02:48,400 --> 05:02:52,300
though, this took decades, for 
the full effect to unfold, his 

5651
05:02:52,300 --> 05:02:54,100
desegregation of the Armed 
Forces. 

5652
05:02:54,100 --> 05:02:57,400
In 1948, was one of the earliest
executive acts to dismantling 

5653
05:02:57,400 --> 05:03:00,800
institutional racism Though, 
overshadowed by the more 

5654
05:03:00,800 --> 05:03:02,900
dramatic battles of the 1950s 
and 60s. 

5655
05:03:02,900 --> 05:03:04,600
It later. 
Crucial precedent. 

5656
05:03:05,400 --> 05:03:08,800
Black veterans who served in 
integrated units, carried new 

5657
05:03:08,800 --> 05:03:10,300
expectations for equal 
treatment. 

5658
05:03:11,200 --> 05:03:12,700
Fueling the Civil Rights 
Movement. 

5659
05:03:12,700 --> 05:03:17,500
This example, underscores that 
incremental changes championed 

5660
05:03:17,500 --> 05:03:19,600
even buy a leaders not known 
primarily as civil rights 

5661
05:03:19,600 --> 05:03:22,900
Crusaders can pivot historical 
momentum in ways. 

5662
05:03:22,900 --> 05:03:26,900
Invisible at the time, modern 
presidents from both parties. 

5663
05:03:26,900 --> 05:03:30,000
Occasionally invoked Truman's 
name when justifying bold 

5664
05:03:30,000 --> 05:03:33,400
stances, they highlight his 
willingness to Buck popularity 

5665
05:03:33,400 --> 05:03:37,200
for principal or highlight. 
How under crisis he harnessed 

5666
05:03:37,200 --> 05:03:38,900
executive power to contain 
threats. 

5667
05:03:38,900 --> 05:03:42,000
Some hail him as the father of 
American internationalism. 

5668
05:03:42,000 --> 05:03:44,300
Forging alliances and Frameworks
like NATO. 

5669
05:03:45,100 --> 05:03:47,700
Others cringe at the memory of 
the bombings and the Loyalty 

5670
05:03:47,700 --> 05:03:51,800
purges that Duality heroic to 
some morally. 

5671
05:03:51,800 --> 05:03:55,000
Fraught to others mirrors, the 
complexity of the 20th century 

5672
05:03:55,000 --> 05:03:59,100
itself, For the typical American
family though, the memory of 

5673
05:03:59,100 --> 05:04:02,900
Truman might conjure images of 
that iconic. 1948 photo with the

5674
05:04:02,900 --> 05:04:07,000
newspaper headline Dewey defeats
Truman or the black and white 

5675
05:04:07,000 --> 05:04:08,900
footage of him announcing Japan 
surrender. 

5676
05:04:09,800 --> 05:04:11,900
Library is across the country, 
preserve Diaries from 

5677
05:04:11,900 --> 05:04:15,200
grandparents, who felt uncertain
about sending their sons to 

5678
05:04:15,200 --> 05:04:18,800
Korea reading Day by Day news of
the Truman War. 

5679
05:04:19,900 --> 05:04:22,800
The Narrative resonates, a low 
profile man. 

5680
05:04:22,800 --> 05:04:26,600
Confronted with outsized 
responsibilities forging a path 

5681
05:04:26,600 --> 05:04:28,100
that was neither perfect nor 
doomed. 

5682
05:04:28,100 --> 05:04:31,700
But shaped by moral convictions,
in a refusal to shirk tough 

5683
05:04:31,700 --> 05:04:35,700
calls, in the end Harry Truman's
life serves as a testament, to 

5684
05:04:35,700 --> 05:04:39,400
the unexpected emergence of 
leadership and the resilience 

5685
05:04:39,400 --> 05:04:42,000
and determination of common men 
in the face of extraordinary 

5686
05:04:42,000 --> 05:04:44,700
events. 
For a generation battered by 

5687
05:04:44,700 --> 05:04:48,200
depression and War. 
He was a reassuring presence for

5688
05:04:48,200 --> 05:04:50,200
modern society. 
Grappling with new Global 

5689
05:04:50,200 --> 05:04:53,900
threats from climate crises to 
cyber conflicts, his blueprint 

5690
05:04:53,900 --> 05:04:58,000
of strategic alliances 
unwavering moral lines and 

5691
05:04:58,000 --> 05:05:00,800
willingness to face unpopularity
might hold valuable lessons. 

5692
05:05:00,800 --> 05:05:05,000
Indeed, his story stands as a 
testament to how the unassuming 

5693
05:05:05,000 --> 05:05:09,100
can transform into pivotal 
figures, once fate thrusts them 

5694
05:05:09,100 --> 05:05:12,400
into the spotlight. 
As the decades roll on the 

5695
05:05:12,400 --> 05:05:15,100
modest Museum who saw himself 
simply as a public servant 

5696
05:05:15,100 --> 05:05:19,000
remains emblematic of how 
steadfast character can guide a 

5697
05:05:19,000 --> 05:05:22,400
nation through perilous times 
and reshape the very meaning of 

5698
05:05:22,400 --> 05:05:25,900
American leadership, picture and
early morning in the ancient 

5699
05:05:25,900 --> 05:05:29,400
Kingdom of Macedon. 
A hazy Dawn, light creeping over

5700
05:05:29,400 --> 05:05:31,400
the Rolling Hills and 
Illuminating. 

5701
05:05:31,400 --> 05:05:35,200
The stone walls of Peller the 
capital in the courtyard of the 

5702
05:05:35,208 --> 05:05:38,100
Royal Palace. 
Young Prince takes measured 

5703
05:05:38,100 --> 05:05:39,900
steps across smooth, Flags 
stones. 

5704
05:05:39,900 --> 05:05:41,400
Still cool from the chill of 
night. 

5705
05:05:41,400 --> 05:05:44,900
He is Alexander. 
Son of King, Philip the second 

5706
05:05:44,900 --> 05:05:50,000
already restless with ambition. 
He stands No taller than any 

5707
05:05:50,000 --> 05:05:53,000
normal youth yet. 
There's a quiet intensity in his

5708
05:05:53,008 --> 05:05:55,500
gaze. 
Local gossips suggests. 

5709
05:05:55,500 --> 05:05:59,100
He asks questions, no child, his
age, should one's about life 

5710
05:05:59,100 --> 05:06:02,200
death and the boundaries of 
human capability. 

5711
05:06:02,200 --> 05:06:05,900
It's whispered that from the day
he first, saw the world, he's 

5712
05:06:05,900 --> 05:06:07,900
been driven by the desire to 
surpass. 

5713
05:06:07,900 --> 05:06:11,000
It Philip himself is not a 
particularly sentimental father,

5714
05:06:11,000 --> 05:06:14,800
he loves Alexander in his own 
way, yet the kingdom demands 

5715
05:06:14,800 --> 05:06:18,700
more attention than his son 
under King, Philip Macedon has 

5716
05:06:18,700 --> 05:06:21,700
become stronger, more organized,
and more dangerous to 

5717
05:06:21,700 --> 05:06:24,700
neighboring lands. 
Philip sees in Alexander the 

5718
05:06:24,700 --> 05:06:26,900
potential to carry on and expand
his work. 

5719
05:06:27,800 --> 05:06:30,700
He pushes the boy to study with 
the best tutors in all of Greece

5720
05:06:30,700 --> 05:06:33,600
and showing a potent, blend of 
Marshall and intellectual 

5721
05:06:33,600 --> 05:06:36,800
preparation. 
Aristotle is one among many 

5722
05:06:36,800 --> 05:06:40,600
teachers, but uniquely revered. 
He nurtures Alexander's 

5723
05:06:40,600 --> 05:06:43,900
fascination with science 
philosophy and the fringes of 

5724
05:06:43,908 --> 05:06:46,200
knowledge. 
Lessons aren't wrote 

5725
05:06:46,200 --> 05:06:49,600
memorization, but dialogues, 
full of debates that test logic 

5726
05:06:49,600 --> 05:06:53,300
and Stoke curiosity. 
This mental discipline shapes 

5727
05:06:53,300 --> 05:06:56,700
Alexander's sense of strategy, 
and cunning the climate in the 

5728
05:06:56,700 --> 05:06:59,500
palace is complex. 
Every corner can hold a 

5729
05:06:59,500 --> 05:07:03,000
potential spy and each Dusty 
Corridor might Echo with rumors 

5730
05:07:03,000 --> 05:07:06,900
of betrayals and alliances. 
People talking low tones about 

5731
05:07:06,900 --> 05:07:10,300
the tension between Philip and 
his wives Alexander's mother 

5732
05:07:10,300 --> 05:07:14,200
olympias is as formidable in her
own writers, any Soldier. 

5733
05:07:14,900 --> 05:07:18,100
Devout worshiper of the god 
Dionysus, she's rumored to 

5734
05:07:18,100 --> 05:07:22,400
participate in Midnight, rituals
involving serpents drums and an 

5735
05:07:22,400 --> 05:07:24,100
ecstatic communion with the 
Divine. 

5736
05:07:24,100 --> 05:07:28,400
Some say she is cunning even a 
dangerous influence on Alexander

5737
05:07:28,400 --> 05:07:31,100
yet to him. 
She is not the mysterious 

5738
05:07:31,100 --> 05:07:34,700
Priestess but the unwavering 
pillar of maternal warmth. 

5739
05:07:35,700 --> 05:07:38,700
Between Phillips Stern 
discipline and Olympia's intense

5740
05:07:38,700 --> 05:07:42,300
devotion. 
Alexander is shaped by a certain

5741
05:07:42,300 --> 05:07:47,100
utility logic, wedded to the 
mystical ambition Guided by 

5742
05:07:47,108 --> 05:07:51,100
tradition but emboldened by 
dreams of grandeur From an early

5743
05:07:51,100 --> 05:07:54,400
age, Alexander's thirst for the 
glory Finds. 

5744
05:07:54,400 --> 05:07:57,700
Its first real test in the 
Stables of his father, Legend 

5745
05:07:57,700 --> 05:08:00,700
has it that when he encounters a
spirited Black Stallion named 

5746
05:08:00,700 --> 05:08:04,200
bucephalus the horse refuses to 
Be Tamed by any of Philip's. 

5747
05:08:04,200 --> 05:08:08,400
Most capable men they try, they 
fail and the Beast is ready to 

5748
05:08:08,400 --> 05:08:11,400
be dismissed. 
But young, Alexander notices, 

5749
05:08:11,400 --> 05:08:14,300
the animals fear of its own 
shadow patiently. 

5750
05:08:14,300 --> 05:08:17,900
He coaxes Beast of Alice to face
the Sun away from the silhouette

5751
05:08:17,900 --> 05:08:21,600
that spooked him in minutes, the
horses, calm, and Alexander 

5752
05:08:21,600 --> 05:08:26,100
writing without protest. 
Observers watch stunned, as the 

5753
05:08:26,100 --> 05:08:29,600
boy demonstrates, a combination 
of empathy and Ingenuity that 

5754
05:08:29,600 --> 05:08:34,200
even seasoned, Horseman lack. 
From that moment, you cephalus 

5755
05:08:34,200 --> 05:08:38,000
becomes a living extension of 
Alexander a half wild mirror to 

5756
05:08:38,008 --> 05:08:41,300
his own Fierce spirit. 
In the Macedonian Court. 

5757
05:08:41,300 --> 05:08:45,500
No virtue stands above the 
ability to wage war and art, 

5758
05:08:45,500 --> 05:08:47,600
requiring both Brilliance, and 
brute strength. 

5759
05:08:48,400 --> 05:08:51,600
Alexander's basic training 
begins filled with the typical 

5760
05:08:51,600 --> 05:08:55,200
riggers sprinting uphill 
wrestling industry Arenas and 

5761
05:08:55,200 --> 05:08:57,600
drilling with weapons under the 
unrelenting heat of the Summer 

5762
05:08:57,600 --> 05:08:59,400
sun. 
Yet his father insists. 

5763
05:08:59,400 --> 05:09:03,100
He also mastered oratory the 
skill to sway hearts with words 

5764
05:09:03,100 --> 05:09:04,700
is as valuable in forging 
alliances. 

5765
05:09:04,700 --> 05:09:07,200
As a sharpened spear is in 
battle. 

5766
05:09:07,900 --> 05:09:09,600
Philip knows that conquer new 
lands. 

5767
05:09:09,600 --> 05:09:11,600
You need to win people's Faith 
or Kindle. 

5768
05:09:11,600 --> 05:09:16,000
Their Fear Alexander even as a 
teenager shows promise in both 

5769
05:09:16,000 --> 05:09:19,200
Realms, before he ever lifts a 
sword in Earnest combat. 

5770
05:09:19,200 --> 05:09:21,700
He has already convinced many of
his peers. 

5771
05:09:21,700 --> 05:09:25,800
He is destined for greatness. 
At night after the strenuous 

5772
05:09:25,800 --> 05:09:29,400
training and political chatter, 
Alexander retreats to the Palace

5773
05:09:29,400 --> 05:09:32,300
Library. 
He pulls over Scrolls describing

5774
05:09:32,300 --> 05:09:33,900
the achievements of Legendary 
Heroes. 

5775
05:09:33,900 --> 05:09:38,000
Achilles, most of all, When 
Alexander reads these stories, 

5776
05:09:38,000 --> 05:09:41,700
he doesn't see them as Dusty 
relics but a signposts of what 

5777
05:09:41,700 --> 05:09:44,400
is possible, every Triumph of 
Achilles. 

5778
05:09:44,400 --> 05:09:48,000
Every cunning maneuver of 
Odysseus becomes a clue to his 

5779
05:09:48,000 --> 05:09:51,300
own destiny, yet, he's not 
content to just mirror these 

5780
05:09:51,300 --> 05:09:54,100
Heroes. 
He wants to Eclipse them to 

5781
05:09:54,100 --> 05:09:58,100
inscribe his own Feats into the 
tapestry of myths in his private

5782
05:09:58,100 --> 05:10:00,300
moments. 
He contemplates the ephemeral 

5783
05:10:00,300 --> 05:10:01,800
nature of life. 
He wonders. 

5784
05:10:01,800 --> 05:10:04,100
How many will remember him after
centuries of past. 

5785
05:10:04,800 --> 05:10:07,700
His conclusion is always the 
same only through extraordinary 

5786
05:10:07,700 --> 05:10:09,800
Deeds. 
Can one transcend mortality? 

5787
05:10:09,800 --> 05:10:13,900
So from the vantage point of 
pillars Palace, we see the 

5788
05:10:13,900 --> 05:10:17,800
formative years of a conqueror. 
In the making the forces shaping

5789
05:10:17,800 --> 05:10:20,600
Alexander's character are as 
varied as the lands. 

5790
05:10:20,600 --> 05:10:23,900
He will one day Traverse the 
unwavering discipline from King 

5791
05:10:23,900 --> 05:10:27,400
Philip the fierce spiritual 
intensity from Olympia, the 

5792
05:10:27,400 --> 05:10:30,400
philosophical grounding from 
Aristotle and the burning 

5793
05:10:30,400 --> 05:10:34,000
ambition stoked by Legends of 
Warriors passed already. 

5794
05:10:34,000 --> 05:10:37,100
He's begun forging a path that 
few in the Greek World. 

5795
05:10:37,100 --> 05:10:41,700
Indeed the entire Known World 
can envision He's not simply an 

5796
05:10:41,700 --> 05:10:44,200
heir to a throne. 
He sees himself as the living 

5797
05:10:44,200 --> 05:10:47,100
manifestation of a myth destined
to break the boundaries of what 

5798
05:10:47,100 --> 05:10:50,000
Macedon or any Kingdom believes 
is possible. 

5799
05:10:50,000 --> 05:10:53,300
Life in Macedon. 
Even for a prince is precarious.

5800
05:10:53,300 --> 05:10:56,300
The hallways of the palace Buzz 
with potential treachery 

5801
05:10:56,300 --> 05:11:00,500
assassins lurking in the shadows
and cutting allies who are only 

5802
05:11:00,500 --> 05:11:04,800
as loyal as their opportunities 
demand every so, often tensions 

5803
05:11:04,800 --> 05:11:06,800
flare between, Philip and the 
aristocracy. 

5804
05:11:07,500 --> 05:11:10,100
Some resent, the Kings. 
Bold military, reforms 

5805
05:11:10,100 --> 05:11:12,400
believing. 
He is gradually dismantling old 

5806
05:11:12,400 --> 05:11:15,100
tribal structures. 
That wants to find Macedonian 

5807
05:11:15,100 --> 05:11:17,600
life. 
Others fear that while building 

5808
05:11:17,600 --> 05:11:19,200
Alliance is with Greek city 
states. 

5809
05:11:19,900 --> 05:11:23,700
Philip risks losing the distinct
identity of massive on itself. 

5810
05:11:23,700 --> 05:11:28,500
Young Alexander absorbing these 
concerns learns early that power

5811
05:11:28,500 --> 05:11:31,600
can be fickle. 
Even the mighty, monarchy can 

5812
05:11:31,600 --> 05:11:34,400
topple under the weight of 
ambition both from within and 

5813
05:11:34,400 --> 05:11:37,200
Beyond The Palace walls Beyond 
politics. 

5814
05:11:37,200 --> 05:11:39,700
Alexander wrestles with internal
doubt. 

5815
05:11:39,700 --> 05:11:43,300
Yes, he is fearless on a 
charging horse but the 

5816
05:11:43,300 --> 05:11:46,100
responsibilities overshadowing 
him far greater. 

5817
05:11:46,100 --> 05:11:50,500
There's a hidden conflict often 
unspoken between Father and Son 

5818
05:11:50,500 --> 05:11:55,400
Philip expects gratitude for all
he provides training stable 

5819
05:11:55,400 --> 05:11:59,800
Empire connections. 
But Alexander yearns to chart 

5820
05:11:59,800 --> 05:12:03,100
his own course, and satisfied by
mere inheritance. 

5821
05:12:03,900 --> 05:12:07,100
He wants to carve out something 
unprecedented and Empire, 

5822
05:12:07,100 --> 05:12:08,600
bridging cultures, and 
continents. 

5823
05:12:09,500 --> 05:12:11,900
Sometimes it feels like the 
older generation just wants to 

5824
05:12:11,900 --> 05:12:14,600
secure mastodons. 
Local Dominion while 

5825
05:12:14,600 --> 05:12:17,700
Alexander's, private Vision 
stretches across the Horizon. 

5826
05:12:17,700 --> 05:12:21,800
He doesn't articulate it yet. 
But deep within the seeds of 

5827
05:12:21,800 --> 05:12:23,300
Conquest already. 
Take root. 

5828
05:12:24,100 --> 05:12:27,200
To outside his. 
Macedon can feel rugged compared

5829
05:12:27,200 --> 05:12:29,300
to the refined city-states of 
Southern Greece. 

5830
05:12:30,000 --> 05:12:33,500
Athenians and Spartans might 
sneer at Macedonian Barber Isom.

5831
05:12:34,200 --> 05:12:37,000
But Philip has proven that 
macedon's might lie in an 

5832
05:12:37,000 --> 05:12:39,300
organized Army led by Fierce 
leadership. 

5833
05:12:40,200 --> 05:12:41,600
Alexander sees the 
transformation. 

5834
05:12:41,600 --> 05:12:46,100
The Phalanx formation. 
Perfected discipline in forced a

5835
05:12:46,100 --> 05:12:49,900
new Siege Technologies tested. 
he trained alongside hardened 

5836
05:12:49,900 --> 05:12:52,300
veteran, who share stories of 
battles fought against 

5837
05:12:52,300 --> 05:12:56,000
formidable, foes Growing up amid
soldiers, banter. 

5838
05:12:56,000 --> 05:12:59,700
Alexander learns, not only the 
physical demands of combat, but 

5839
05:12:59,700 --> 05:13:03,600
also how morale, fear and 
loyalty can determine outcomes 

5840
05:13:03,600 --> 05:13:05,600
before the first Arrow even 
flys? 

5841
05:13:06,300 --> 05:13:09,700
Around this time Alexander is 
invited to visit Athens with his

5842
05:13:09,700 --> 05:13:12,400
father. 
Despite any mocking glance is 

5843
05:13:12,400 --> 05:13:15,400
from local intellectuals. 
He admires the marble columns, 

5844
05:13:15,400 --> 05:13:19,200
the bustling a gura and the 
philosophical debates that spill

5845
05:13:19,200 --> 05:13:22,900
out onto street corners. 
The famed city as a living 

5846
05:13:22,900 --> 05:13:26,500
Monument to human achievement in
art and reason yet, it also 

5847
05:13:26,500 --> 05:13:30,200
teams with political tensions, a
sense of friction between 

5848
05:13:30,200 --> 05:13:33,600
progress and tradition. 
Walking, those storied streets. 

5849
05:13:33,600 --> 05:13:36,800
Alexander Muses that controlling
a city is far more than just 

5850
05:13:36,800 --> 05:13:39,800
occupying its walls. 
You must win over its spirit. 

5851
05:13:40,500 --> 05:13:44,100
Its sense of cultural Pride. 
He keeps that Insight close, 

5852
05:13:44,100 --> 05:13:46,100
suspecting, he'll one day need 
it. 

5853
05:13:46,900 --> 05:13:51,100
Yet tragedy and strife soon 
converge as they so often do in 

5854
05:13:51,100 --> 05:13:54,700
the ancient world. 
Words, spreads of plots against 

5855
05:13:54,700 --> 05:13:57,100
Philip. 
Some revolve around former 

5856
05:13:57,100 --> 05:14:00,400
allies, who feel slighted by the
king's conquests or suspect he's

5857
05:14:00,400 --> 05:14:03,300
grown to bold. 
Alexander stands on the 

5858
05:14:03,300 --> 05:14:06,900
periphery uncertain. 
Whether he should intervene a 

5859
05:14:06,900 --> 05:14:09,700
frayed that any misstep might 
implicate him as a conspirator. 

5860
05:14:10,400 --> 05:14:14,200
The tension boils over during a 
grand ceremony one that should 

5861
05:14:14,200 --> 05:14:16,000
have been a pinnacle of Philips 
prestige. 

5862
05:14:16,900 --> 05:14:20,900
In a sudden and shocking moment 
and assassin, plunges, a blade 

5863
05:14:20,900 --> 05:14:25,900
into the king, the crowd, gasps 
the king of Macedon Unstoppable,

5864
05:14:25,900 --> 05:14:29,300
in battle Falls victim to a 
single thrust in the confusion 

5865
05:14:29,300 --> 05:14:33,300
of the celebration chaos, erupts
with bystanders, scattering and 

5866
05:14:33,300 --> 05:14:35,300
guards rushing forward within 
minutes. 

5867
05:14:35,300 --> 05:14:39,200
The Assassin lies dead. 
But the damage is done Philip's,

5868
05:14:39,200 --> 05:14:42,400
lifeblood seeps into the dirt 
and massive on stands at a 

5869
05:14:42,400 --> 05:14:45,300
precipice. 
Alexander is thrust into an 

5870
05:14:45,300 --> 05:14:49,300
unexpected yet. 
Almost inevitable position at 

5871
05:14:49,300 --> 05:14:52,000
age 20 with the kingdom newly 
crowned upon his head. 

5872
05:14:52,000 --> 05:14:56,000
He must stabilize his realm, 
some friends Rejoice convinced, 

5873
05:14:56,000 --> 05:15:00,400
this is his Destiny others wait,
intense anticipation, unsure if 

5874
05:15:00,400 --> 05:15:03,700
the fledgling Monarch can hold 
the reins Fractious Lords. 

5875
05:15:03,700 --> 05:15:06,600
Sent an opening for 
Independence, rival city states.

5876
05:15:06,600 --> 05:15:09,000
Begin murmuring about retaking 
lost territory. 

5877
05:15:09,700 --> 05:15:12,700
Even within Macedon. 
Old grudges resurfaced. 

5878
05:15:13,500 --> 05:15:17,500
All eyes fix on the new king who
must assert control with the 

5879
05:15:17,508 --> 05:15:21,800
same decisive as his father. 
Or face disintegration of all 

5880
05:15:21,800 --> 05:15:24,900
that has been built. 
One of his first orders is 

5881
05:15:24,900 --> 05:15:28,800
brutal and direct subdue. 
Any potential revolts in a swift

5882
05:15:28,800 --> 05:15:32,200
campaign, Alexander and his 
loyal companions quell 

5883
05:15:32,200 --> 05:15:35,200
insurrections, sometimes 
responding with shocking 

5884
05:15:35,200 --> 05:15:37,800
severity. 
Towns that challenge him. 

5885
05:15:37,800 --> 05:15:40,400
Learn the cost of defiance as 
you raise his structures and 

5886
05:15:40,400 --> 05:15:44,400
exact harsh penalties. 
These measures while seemingly 

5887
05:15:44,400 --> 05:15:47,900
cruel do confirm a crucial fact.
The throne is not vacant. 

5888
05:15:47,900 --> 05:15:52,000
Alexander wields power with an 
iron determination that matches 

5889
05:15:52,000 --> 05:15:54,600
and at times, surpasses 
Philip's. 

5890
05:15:54,600 --> 05:15:56,500
Yep. 
Behind the stern facade. 

5891
05:15:56,500 --> 05:15:58,200
There's a flicker of deeper 
purpose. 

5892
05:15:58,200 --> 05:16:01,900
Alexander doesn't want to be the
typical Monarch who rules merely

5893
05:16:01,900 --> 05:16:06,400
out of fears, to unite, to be 
recognized, not just as a 

5894
05:16:06,400 --> 05:16:09,600
conqueror, but as a Visionary 
leader, who can guide disparate 

5895
05:16:09,600 --> 05:16:12,800
people's towards something 
grander In the midst of 

5896
05:16:12,800 --> 05:16:16,100
stamping, out rebellions, 
Alexander turns his eyes back to

5897
05:16:16,100 --> 05:16:19,200
the Greek city-states. 
Many think him too young to 

5898
05:16:19,200 --> 05:16:21,800
command their respect and until 
he arrives at Thebes. 

5899
05:16:21,800 --> 05:16:25,500
The city had rebelled perhaps, 
assuming the new King was 

5900
05:16:25,500 --> 05:16:28,300
inexperienced in an audacious 
move. 

5901
05:16:28,300 --> 05:16:31,800
Alexander's troops stormed 
Thebes quickly, unleashing 

5902
05:16:31,800 --> 05:16:36,700
severe punishment while horrific
to watch it Samantha realization

5903
05:16:36,700 --> 05:16:39,900
across Greece. 
This is no malleable successor. 

5904
05:16:40,600 --> 05:16:43,300
If Alexander is tested, he will 
respond forcefully. 

5905
05:16:44,300 --> 05:16:46,500
The punishment. 
Also sends a cautionary note to 

5906
05:16:46,500 --> 05:16:50,200
Athens and others tempted to 
break a alliance's diplomacy. 

5907
05:16:50,200 --> 05:16:54,200
Alexander understands can be on 
intimidation as well as flattery

5908
05:16:54,200 --> 05:16:58,300
by the time, the dust settles. 
The name Alexander already rings

5909
05:16:58,300 --> 05:17:01,600
with fear across rebellious 
enclaves, and resonates with 

5910
05:17:01,600 --> 05:17:05,300
respect among loyal allies. 
In fewer than two years. 

5911
05:17:05,300 --> 05:17:09,700
He consolidates macedonia's hold
over Greece, earning recognition

5912
05:17:09,700 --> 05:17:11,800
as the de facto hegemon of the 
region. 

5913
05:17:12,600 --> 05:17:16,200
Yet rather than rest on these 
Laurels Alexander looks East. 

5914
05:17:16,500 --> 05:17:20,400
Where the vast Persian Empire 
sprawls, the memory of previous 

5915
05:17:20,400 --> 05:17:22,300
Greek. 
Persian conflicts looms, large, 

5916
05:17:22,300 --> 05:17:25,700
but Alexander imagines, more 
than a retaliatory, strike 

5917
05:17:25,700 --> 05:17:28,900
rumors swirl that he sees an 
Empire Beyond the Horizon. 

5918
05:17:28,900 --> 05:17:33,100
A chance to bring Greek culture 
into a new world, if he can 

5919
05:17:33,100 --> 05:17:37,200
muster the daring to seize it. 
And so in the hush of late 

5920
05:17:37,200 --> 05:17:39,000
evening, he prepares to set in 
motion, one of the most 

5921
05:17:39,000 --> 05:17:42,000
extraordinary military campaigns
recorded in the annals of 

5922
05:17:42,000 --> 05:17:44,408
History. 
The war drums, beat in the 

5923
05:17:44,416 --> 05:17:46,600
hearts of those who follow 
Alexander Eastwood. 

5924
05:17:46,600 --> 05:17:49,900
It's more than just ambition or 
revenge for past Persian 

5925
05:17:49,900 --> 05:17:52,500
aggression. 
For many, it feels like a holy 

5926
05:17:52,500 --> 05:17:55,400
cause to punish the Empire that 
once threatened, Greek freedom, 

5927
05:17:55,400 --> 05:17:59,600
but Alexander's goals surpass 
mere retribution, standing at 

5928
05:17:59,600 --> 05:18:03,200
the helis edge where Europe 
meets Asia, you perform symbolic

5929
05:18:03,200 --> 05:18:07,200
rituals before Crossing Tossing,
a spear onto the Asian shore. 

5930
05:18:08,000 --> 05:18:11,400
He allegedly proclaims the land 
to be won by the spear. 

5931
05:18:12,500 --> 05:18:16,100
It's a blend of theater and 
conviction carefully calculated 

5932
05:18:16,100 --> 05:18:19,400
to United's troops with the 
sense that Destiny itself back 

5933
05:18:19,400 --> 05:18:22,900
in the forward, the Persian 
Empire stretching from the 

5934
05:18:22,900 --> 05:18:26,000
Aegean Sea to. 
The Indus Valley has Wealth 

5935
05:18:26,000 --> 05:18:29,500
Beyond imagination. 
Its roads like life Line's 

5936
05:18:29,500 --> 05:18:33,500
connect distant province's. 
Governed by satraps Alexander's 

5937
05:18:33,500 --> 05:18:37,100
Army though, battle hardened 
pales in sheer numbers compared 

5938
05:18:37,100 --> 05:18:39,700
to the Persian forces but he 
counts on something. 

5939
05:18:39,700 --> 05:18:42,300
Intangible. 
The belief that each Macedonian 

5940
05:18:42,300 --> 05:18:44,600
Soldier is part of a historical 
Quest. 

5941
05:18:45,300 --> 05:18:49,000
Logistics become the Silent 
Partner of this ambition, the 

5942
05:18:49,000 --> 05:18:51,000
organizers supply lines, 
Secours. 

5943
05:18:51,000 --> 05:18:54,100
Local alliances where possible 
and ensures his men remain 

5944
05:18:54,100 --> 05:18:57,300
disciplined rewarded and mindful
of the stakes. 

5945
05:18:57,300 --> 05:18:59,600
A Loosely knit Coalition of 
Greek. 

5946
05:18:59,600 --> 05:19:02,600
Allies joined him. 
Some out of genuine, admiration,

5947
05:19:02,600 --> 05:19:04,800
others, out of fear of 
Retribution. 

5948
05:19:04,800 --> 05:19:09,100
Should they refuse? 
The first major engagement a 

5949
05:19:09,100 --> 05:19:12,400
confrontation at the granicus 
river tests Alexander's metal 

5950
05:19:12,400 --> 05:19:15,300
against. 
Persian satraps, Cavalry Charges

5951
05:19:15,300 --> 05:19:19,000
Spears glinting in the sun churn
the Muddy Banks on the 

5952
05:19:19,000 --> 05:19:22,200
battlefield. 
Alexander fights at the 

5953
05:19:22,200 --> 05:19:24,800
Forefront. 
Disregarding the protective 

5954
05:19:24,800 --> 05:19:26,500
distance that many generals 
maintain. 

5955
05:19:27,300 --> 05:19:30,200
He trusts in his skill and the 
Loyalty of the men around him 

5956
05:19:30,200 --> 05:19:32,900
though. 
Pinned down at 1 point, he 

5957
05:19:32,900 --> 05:19:36,300
narrowly escaped a fatal blow. 
Thanks to a timely intervention 

5958
05:19:36,300 --> 05:19:40,200
by a commander, the macedonians 
push forward turning the tide, 

5959
05:19:40,200 --> 05:19:43,800
the Persians momentarily, 
disorganized retreat. 

5960
05:19:44,900 --> 05:19:47,600
Their Swift defeat rattles the 
Empire's Western flank, the 

5961
05:19:47,600 --> 05:19:49,600
rumored that Alexander's 
boldness. 

5962
05:19:49,600 --> 05:19:52,700
On the battlefield. 
Is his father's had been in the 

5963
05:19:52,700 --> 05:19:55,700
realm of politics victories. 
Follow in Rapid succession. 

5964
05:19:55,700 --> 05:19:59,100
Alexander strategy is not merely
about smashing through 

5965
05:19:59,100 --> 05:20:01,900
defense's, but also about 
presenting himself, as a 

5966
05:20:01,900 --> 05:20:04,100
liberated to Greek cities under 
Persian rule. 

5967
05:20:04,800 --> 05:20:07,400
He spares those willing to 
cooperate, displaying a 

5968
05:20:07,408 --> 05:20:09,900
surprising level of Mercy, 
towards some towns. 

5969
05:20:10,600 --> 05:20:13,500
This balanced approach 
undercuts, personal Authority, 

5970
05:20:13,500 --> 05:20:16,800
and encourages local populations
to accept his leadership with 

5971
05:20:16,800 --> 05:20:19,900
fewer rebellions. 
It also cultivates, a sense of 

5972
05:20:19,908 --> 05:20:22,000
moral justification among his 
troops. 

5973
05:20:22,000 --> 05:20:24,400
They aren't mere Invaders and 
others. 

5974
05:20:24,400 --> 05:20:26,200
They are freeing these 
territories. 

5975
05:20:26,200 --> 05:20:29,500
At least that's the story told 
in Macedonian, campfires and 

5976
05:20:29,508 --> 05:20:32,200
official proclamations. 
Still, there are instances of 

5977
05:20:32,200 --> 05:20:35,400
calculated cruelty. 
When a city defies him, he 

5978
05:20:35,400 --> 05:20:37,600
doesn't hesitate to unleash. 
The terror of Siege Warfare 

5979
05:20:37,600 --> 05:20:41,600
employing Advanced Siege engines
learned from Phillips campaigns 

5980
05:20:41,600 --> 05:20:45,600
walls crumble families, flee. 
If the Defenders still refused 

5981
05:20:45,600 --> 05:20:47,600
to surrender, the aftermath is 
Dyer. 

5982
05:20:48,300 --> 05:20:51,700
The memory of Thebes resonates 
Disobedience to Alexander 

5983
05:20:51,700 --> 05:20:54,800
carries a dire cost. 
Yet what emerges is a pattern of

5984
05:20:54,808 --> 05:20:57,700
caution among local rulers? 
An increasingly. 

5985
05:20:57,700 --> 05:20:59,800
They waste submission as the 
safer path. 

5986
05:20:59,800 --> 05:21:03,500
While forging ahead. 
Alexander exemplifies, a curious

5987
05:21:03,500 --> 05:21:05,800
mind. 
Local environments. 

5988
05:21:05,800 --> 05:21:10,800
Flora and fauna Fascinate him. 
He consults with his retinue of 

5989
05:21:10,808 --> 05:21:14,400
Scholars, describing new animal 
species in letters to Aristotle.

5990
05:21:15,100 --> 05:21:18,000
His bond with bucephalus 
remained strong, the horse 

5991
05:21:18,000 --> 05:21:19,900
Galloping across unfamiliar 
planes. 

5992
05:21:19,900 --> 05:21:22,900
As though, both man and Beast 
are discovering their Destinies 

5993
05:21:22,900 --> 05:21:26,200
together and as the Army 
advances, forging New Roads, 

5994
05:21:26,200 --> 05:21:30,400
bridging Ravines, setting up 
Supply Depots, Alexander ensures

5995
05:21:30,400 --> 05:21:32,500
each step is methodically 
prepared for the next 

5996
05:21:32,500 --> 05:21:36,400
confrontation with Persian might
The Turning Point Looms in an 

5997
05:21:36,400 --> 05:21:39,400
expansive plain near the city of
Isis here. 

5998
05:21:39,400 --> 05:21:43,400
Darius the third, the Persian 
king of kings personally leads a

5999
05:21:43,400 --> 05:21:46,000
massive Force. 
The disparity in numbers is 

6000
05:21:46,000 --> 05:21:49,400
staggering, Alexander must rely 
on the discipline, Macedonian 

6001
05:21:49,400 --> 05:21:53,200
Phalanx, and cunning Cavalry 
Maneuvers before the battle 

6002
05:21:53,200 --> 05:21:56,600
tension grips, his soldiers, 
they face an emperor whose 

6003
05:21:56,600 --> 05:22:00,400
domain and army dwarfed their 
own, Alexander never missing an 

6004
05:22:00,400 --> 05:22:04,000
opportunity for theater walks 
through his Camp, greeting 

6005
05:22:04,000 --> 05:22:06,800
individual soldiers, sharing a 
brief word of confidence. 

6006
05:22:07,500 --> 05:22:10,600
He underscores that they fight, 
not just for Macedon, but for 

6007
05:22:10,600 --> 05:22:15,200
Greece and for a place in the 
annals of Glory morale saws, it 

6008
05:22:15,200 --> 05:22:17,600
said that a single Warrior 
burning with faith in Victory 

6009
05:22:17,600 --> 05:22:20,900
can fight like three and 
Alexander aims to ensure that 

6010
05:22:20,900 --> 05:22:22,800
each Soldier feels that horror 
flame. 

6011
05:22:22,800 --> 05:22:26,100
Once the horn signal, the 
charged dust clouds enveloped 

6012
05:22:26,100 --> 05:22:29,400
the plane javelin's fly swords 
clash, and war. 

6013
05:22:29,400 --> 05:22:30,900
Cries mixed with the clamor of 
shields. 

6014
05:22:30,900 --> 05:22:34,800
Alexander targets, the heart of 
the Persian line seeking to 

6015
05:22:34,800 --> 05:22:37,800
unnerve. 
Darius himself rumor has it that

6016
05:22:37,800 --> 05:22:41,700
during the most critical moments
Alexander and Darius lock eyes 

6017
05:22:41,700 --> 05:22:45,000
across the chaos. 
Darius seeing the Relentless 

6018
05:22:45,000 --> 05:22:48,600
approach loses his nerve and 
flees the battlefield suddenly 

6019
05:22:48,600 --> 05:22:52,100
the king's personal guard 
disperses and the Persian ranks 

6020
05:22:52,100 --> 05:22:56,400
crumble, Victory belongs to 
Alexander, who captures not only

6021
05:22:56,400 --> 05:23:01,200
the field, but also the family 
of Darius, his mother wife and 

6022
05:23:01,200 --> 05:23:04,600
children. 
Remarkably he treats them with 

6023
05:23:04,600 --> 05:23:09,200
respect, a calculated move to 
demonstrate both magnanimity and

6024
05:23:09,200 --> 05:23:12,300
his sense of King ship if he is 
to succeed in ruling Persian 

6025
05:23:12,300 --> 05:23:15,400
lands, he must show that he can 
protect as well as conquer. 

6026
05:23:16,100 --> 05:23:19,400
After Isis, Alexander star Rises
among his own troops. 

6027
05:23:19,400 --> 05:23:22,300
While the Persian Empire 
grapples with uncertainty 

6028
05:23:22,300 --> 05:23:25,900
cities, open, their Gates more 
quickly satraps, waste, 

6029
05:23:25,900 --> 05:23:28,800
switching sides or forging 
secret deals and that the myth 

6030
05:23:28,800 --> 05:23:30,700
of Persian invincibility 
Splinter's. 

6031
05:23:31,300 --> 05:23:35,600
Still Darius remains at large 
and the Empire endures like a 

6032
05:23:35,600 --> 05:23:38,500
Hydra cutting off one, head 
doesn't necessarily kill the 

6033
05:23:38,500 --> 05:23:41,400
beast but for Alexander isis's 
proof that. 

6034
05:23:41,400 --> 05:23:45,600
No odds are too great when armed
with discipline daring and a bit

6035
05:23:45,608 --> 05:23:48,400
of Destiny. 
The next chapter of his campaign

6036
05:23:48,400 --> 05:23:51,800
will test him in deserts on the 
high seas and within the 

6037
05:23:51,800 --> 05:23:54,700
labyrinth, in politics of an 
Empire older than Mastodon 

6038
05:23:54,700 --> 05:23:57,800
itself yet. 
One fact emerges unmistakably. 

6039
05:23:57,800 --> 05:24:01,300
The young king from the rugged 
North is rewriting the map of 

6040
05:24:01,300 --> 05:24:05,800
the known world and he has just 
begun In the aftermath of the 

6041
05:24:05,800 --> 05:24:09,800
battle of issus, the Macedonian 
army, marches, Southwood drawn 

6042
05:24:09,800 --> 05:24:12,800
toward the wealthy and strategic
coastal cities of Phoenicia. 

6043
05:24:12,800 --> 05:24:16,200
The broad objective is clear 
secure, the Eastern 

6044
05:24:16,200 --> 05:24:19,400
Mediterranean ports and deny the
Persian Fleet any safe harbors. 

6045
05:24:20,100 --> 05:24:23,300
City by City, Alexander 
negotiates or procedures or 

6046
05:24:23,300 --> 05:24:26,400
fostering alliances with those 
who bow voluntarily and 

6047
05:24:26,400 --> 05:24:30,100
subduing, those who resist, at 
the city of Tyre perched on an 

6048
05:24:30,100 --> 05:24:33,400
island with towering walls, 
Alexander meets one of his most 

6049
05:24:33,400 --> 05:24:37,300
formidable sieges yet tires, 
Defenders mock the macedonians 

6050
05:24:37,300 --> 05:24:41,000
convinced that their Fortress Is
impregnable protected by the 

6051
05:24:41,000 --> 05:24:42,500
shimmering blue Waters around 
it. 

6052
05:24:43,400 --> 05:24:45,500
Unfazed. 
Alexander orders the 

6053
05:24:45,508 --> 05:24:48,200
construction of a massive 
Causeway stretching from the 

6054
05:24:48,208 --> 05:24:50,700
mainland to the island day by 
day. 

6055
05:24:50,700 --> 05:24:54,100
The land bridge inches forward. 
Built from Timber and Rubble 

6056
05:24:54,100 --> 05:24:57,600
tires Defenders hurl blazing, 
projectiles and staged daring 

6057
05:24:57,600 --> 05:25:01,900
Naval raids, inflicting 
casualties still Alexander's 

6058
05:25:01,900 --> 05:25:04,300
men. 
Persist the siege of Tyre drags 

6059
05:25:04,300 --> 05:25:08,100
on for months and agonizing test
of perseverance in engineering. 

6060
05:25:08,900 --> 05:25:10,800
To motivate his frustrated 
troops. 

6061
05:25:10,800 --> 05:25:14,600
Alexander personally joins them 
at the construction shoulders 

6062
05:25:14,600 --> 05:25:17,700
loaded with materials as though 
he were an ordinary laborer. 

6063
05:25:18,300 --> 05:25:20,100
Sweat mingling with dust on his 
brow. 

6064
05:25:20,100 --> 05:25:23,000
This spectacle of shared 
hardships, stiffens their 

6065
05:25:23,000 --> 05:25:27,900
resolve forging a deeper Bond, 
eventually, Macedonian sea 

6066
05:25:27,900 --> 05:25:30,600
engine's. 
Battered tires walls, the city 

6067
05:25:30,600 --> 05:25:33,900
Falls unleashing, a bloody 
aftermath that once again, 

6068
05:25:33,900 --> 05:25:36,800
underscores Alexander's. 
Ruthless approach when denied a 

6069
05:25:36,800 --> 05:25:39,800
swift Victory, the causeway left
behind in the sea. 

6070
05:25:39,800 --> 05:25:43,000
Stan's, a testament to his 
unbending will to succeed. 

6071
05:25:43,900 --> 05:25:48,600
From Tire Alexander's, gaze 
shifts to Egypt, Egyptians long,

6072
05:25:48,600 --> 05:25:51,900
subjugated by Persia sea and 
opening in the young conquerors 

6073
05:25:51,900 --> 05:25:55,600
approach. 
Upon arrival, Alexander greeted,

6074
05:25:55,600 --> 05:25:59,100
less, as an Invader and more as 
a liberator, welcome with 

6075
05:25:59,100 --> 05:26:02,800
processions and offerings. 
The famed City of Memphis, 

6076
05:26:02,800 --> 05:26:05,700
opens, its Gates, and Alexander 
visits. 

6077
05:26:05,700 --> 05:26:09,000
Its temples. 
He's fascinated by the age-old, 

6078
05:26:09,000 --> 05:26:12,700
rituals the Colossal statues of 
the Gods and the Labyrinth theme

6079
05:26:12,700 --> 05:26:15,800
law for some his admiration 
might seem an act. 

6080
05:26:15,800 --> 05:26:20,300
Another shrewd political ploy to
win Hearts but Alexander truly 

6081
05:26:20,300 --> 05:26:21,800
finds one day in the cultural 
richness. 

6082
05:26:21,800 --> 05:26:25,300
He encounters since the 
importance of Egyptian beliefs, 

6083
05:26:25,300 --> 05:26:28,300
he visits the Oracle of a moon 
at siwa traversing, desert 

6084
05:26:28,300 --> 05:26:32,400
expanses Legends suggest that in
the hush of the sanctuary, the 

6085
05:26:32,400 --> 05:26:34,400
Oracle addresses him as the son 
of a god. 

6086
05:26:35,200 --> 05:26:37,800
The exact words remain hidden in
the desert silence. 

6087
05:26:37,800 --> 05:26:41,600
But from that day on Alexander's
conviction, in his Divine 

6088
05:26:41,600 --> 05:26:44,100
Destiny, intensifies. 
Seizing. 

6089
05:26:44,100 --> 05:26:47,900
This momentum, he founds the 
city of Alexandria on Egypt's 

6090
05:26:47,900 --> 05:26:51,000
Mediterranean Coast, his future 
capital in the region. 

6091
05:26:51,000 --> 05:26:54,700
Alexander envisioned. 
It as a bustling hub for trade 

6092
05:26:54,700 --> 05:26:59,100
culture and philosophy. 
He consults Architects on layout

6093
05:26:59,100 --> 05:27:02,500
and design ensuring Broad Avenue
to catch the Sea Breeze. 

6094
05:27:02,500 --> 05:27:05,200
And Grand public spaces that 
might rivel Athens. 

6095
05:27:05,200 --> 05:27:09,000
Even in the midst of Conquest, 
his mind is drawn to City 

6096
05:27:09,000 --> 05:27:11,800
Planning forging, new centers of
learning and commerce. 

6097
05:27:12,800 --> 05:27:15,500
For him building, an empire 
isn't merely about claiming 

6098
05:27:15,500 --> 05:27:17,600
land. 
It's about shaping the fabric of

6099
05:27:17,608 --> 05:27:21,600
civilization. he leaves behind 
administrators and soldiers to 

6100
05:27:21,600 --> 05:27:25,200
cement Macedonian Authority 
ensuring that the nascent City 

6101
05:27:25,200 --> 05:27:28,600
will flourish once he has moved 
on Returning to the broader 

6102
05:27:28,600 --> 05:27:32,000
campaign, Alexander heads back 
north and east to chase Darius 

6103
05:27:32,000 --> 05:27:35,100
Into the Heart of Persia. 
The next great confrontation 

6104
05:27:35,100 --> 05:27:37,700
comes at gaugamela a Dusty 
plane. 

6105
05:27:37,700 --> 05:27:41,200
Where the Persian king assembles
a massive Army bolstered by the 

6106
05:27:41,200 --> 05:27:42,800
side's Chariots and war 
elephants. 

6107
05:27:43,500 --> 05:27:47,500
The site intimidates, an ocean 
of Persian soldiers, swirling 

6108
05:27:47,500 --> 05:27:51,100
with countless banners. 
Yet Alexander employees cunning 

6109
05:27:51,100 --> 05:27:56,100
tactics encouraging his Cavalry 
to feign Retreats luring enemy 

6110
05:27:56,100 --> 05:27:59,400
chariots into positions where 
they are easily, targeted and 

6111
05:27:59,400 --> 05:28:02,300
orchestrating the Phalanx to 
hold firm against waves of 

6112
05:28:02,300 --> 05:28:07,200
attackers again. 
Darius flees The Persian kings 

6113
05:28:07,200 --> 05:28:10,000
departure send shockwaves 
through his ranks inciting 

6114
05:28:10,000 --> 05:28:14,200
Panic, Alexander's victory at 
Gallo, effectively shatters the 

6115
05:28:14,200 --> 05:28:16,900
core of Persian military might 
it's a Triumph. 

6116
05:28:16,900 --> 05:28:20,200
So decisive that historians 
later Market as the downfall of 

6117
05:28:20,200 --> 05:28:24,200
the akaya Menards Empire, With 
no organized Persian resistance 

6118
05:28:24,200 --> 05:28:27,900
left, Alexander moves Eastwood 
into Babylon, a city of 

6119
05:28:27,900 --> 05:28:32,000
legendary Splendor, gold laiden 
temples, Lush Hanging Gardens 

6120
05:28:32,000 --> 05:28:33,800
and the Labyrinth of ancient 
streets. 

6121
05:28:33,800 --> 05:28:37,600
Leave Alexander in Orr Babylons.
Populace yields to him without 

6122
05:28:37,600 --> 05:28:40,200
significant conflict and he 
enters the city like a 

6123
05:28:40,200 --> 05:28:43,100
triumphant hero. 
Symbolic gestures follow 

6124
05:28:43,100 --> 05:28:47,400
Alexander orders that the local 
temples be restored presenting 

6125
05:28:47,400 --> 05:28:49,900
himself as a patron of 
Babylonian religion and 

6126
05:28:49,900 --> 05:28:52,900
traditions each region. 
He conquers, he strives to 

6127
05:28:52,900 --> 05:28:56,000
affirm its culture and worship 
forging, an image of himself as 

6128
05:28:56,000 --> 05:28:59,000
a unifier, rather than a mere 
plunderer beneath. 

6129
05:28:59,000 --> 05:29:03,100
The spectacle though is a shrewd
realization to rule lands. 

6130
05:29:03,100 --> 05:29:06,800
As vast as Persia. 
Intimidation alone won't suffice

6131
05:29:06,800 --> 05:29:10,300
understanding and respecting, 
local Customs will secure 

6132
05:29:10,300 --> 05:29:14,200
loyalty far more effectively 
than perpetuating fear. as he 

6133
05:29:14,200 --> 05:29:17,600
Journeys further into Persia's 
Heartland, Alexander takes 

6134
05:29:17,600 --> 05:29:20,500
possession of the Persian 
Capital Cities Sousa and 

6135
05:29:20,500 --> 05:29:24,300
persepolis among them at 
persepolis, the seat of aquarium

6136
05:29:24,300 --> 05:29:29,000
power and iconic event unfolds 
during a drunken Revel, some 

6137
05:29:29,000 --> 05:29:33,000
Macedonian soldiers possibly 
incited by Alexander or by a 

6138
05:29:33,000 --> 05:29:37,700
woman's vengeful suggestion Set 
Fire to the Royal Palace Flames 

6139
05:29:37,700 --> 05:29:40,700
danced across Priceless reliefs 
and echo through the columns 

6140
05:29:40,700 --> 05:29:44,200
that once bought Testament to 
Persian might The devastation 

6141
05:29:44,200 --> 05:29:46,400
stands out as a moment of fiery 
events. 

6142
05:29:46,400 --> 05:29:52,200
Avenging, centuries of Persian 
against Greece yet as the Embers

6143
05:29:52,200 --> 05:29:55,100
fade, Alexander reportedly 
regrets, the destruction of such

6144
05:29:55,100 --> 05:29:58,800
a magnificent sight. 
Legend holds that the next day 

6145
05:29:58,800 --> 05:30:02,900
he wanders the charred remains 
in somber reflection, perhaps 

6146
05:30:02,900 --> 05:30:06,700
realizing that in a single night
of triumphal Fury, an 

6147
05:30:06,700 --> 05:30:09,900
irretrievable piece of human 
Heritage was incinerated. 

6148
05:30:10,700 --> 05:30:15,200
By now, Alexander has all, but 
to throne Darius, who flees East

6149
05:30:15,200 --> 05:30:18,200
with a few loyalists, yet the 
Empire's total subjugation 

6150
05:30:18,200 --> 05:30:21,700
remains incomplete. 
Vast territories in Central 

6151
05:30:21,700 --> 05:30:25,000
Asia, remain unconquered, 
rebellious satraps, and local 

6152
05:30:25,000 --> 05:30:26,500
Warlords. 
Refused to acknowledge 

6153
05:30:26,500 --> 05:30:29,200
Macedonian rule. 
The campaign that began with 

6154
05:30:29,200 --> 05:30:31,000
dreams of bridging Europe, and 
Asia. 

6155
05:30:31,000 --> 05:30:35,100
Now stretches into a sprawling, 
Pursuit, across deserts, mounted

6156
05:30:35,100 --> 05:30:39,800
and unfamiliar Realms. 
Alexander undeterred pushes 

6157
05:30:39,800 --> 05:30:43,200
onward, the once modest 
Macedonian Force has evolved in 

6158
05:30:43,200 --> 05:30:46,900
to a complex, Multicultural 
Army, incorporating Persians, 

6159
05:30:46,900 --> 05:30:52,500
Egyptians, and other people's 
Still the spirit of Macedonia in

6160
05:30:52,500 --> 05:30:55,600
years in the discipline of its 
core fallax and the leadership 

6161
05:30:55,600 --> 05:30:59,500
of Alexander himself? 
No, rumor of a hostile warlord 

6162
05:30:59,500 --> 05:31:01,800
or a belly, a city can quell his
determination. 

6163
05:31:02,700 --> 05:31:04,500
The promised land lies yet 
further east. 

6164
05:31:05,400 --> 05:31:07,800
Beckoning him to push the 
boundaries of the known world. 

6165
05:31:08,700 --> 05:31:12,400
as Alexander forge's deeper into
Central Asia the terrain itself 

6166
05:31:12,400 --> 05:31:16,900
becomes an adversary The rocky 
Highlands unpredictable Winters 

6167
05:31:16,900 --> 05:31:20,200
and scarce Water Supplies, 
challenges Army in ways. 

6168
05:31:20,200 --> 05:31:24,000
The open planes never did Gone, 
are the easy show stopping 

6169
05:31:24,000 --> 05:31:27,800
battles of earlier campaigns 
instead Alexander and his men 

6170
05:31:27,800 --> 05:31:31,000
face guerrilla warfare, local 
Warlords, Retreat into 

6171
05:31:31,000 --> 05:31:33,600
fortresses high in the mountains
from which they launched 

6172
05:31:33,600 --> 05:31:37,200
ambushes on the Macedonian 
columns supplies strain under 

6173
05:31:37,200 --> 05:31:40,200
the demands of a longer than 
anticipated Pursuit and the 

6174
05:31:40,200 --> 05:31:43,400
troops grow weary. 
In these hostile environments 

6175
05:31:43,400 --> 05:31:46,900
Alexander's formidable will 
serve as a kind of compass for 

6176
05:31:46,900 --> 05:31:49,100
his men, he refuses to turn 
back. 

6177
05:31:50,000 --> 05:31:53,900
He can't sway local Leaders with
diplomacy methodically besiegers

6178
05:31:53,900 --> 05:31:56,900
their strongholds, using a 
combination of Siege Towers. 

6179
05:31:56,900 --> 05:32:00,500
Specialized a climbers and 
Cavalry blockades the 

6180
05:32:00,500 --> 05:32:02,400
macedonians gradually wear down 
resistance. 

6181
05:32:03,500 --> 05:32:05,800
Slow. 
And grueling a war of attrition 

6182
05:32:05,800 --> 05:32:10,400
in which Alexander's famed speed
and decisive tested to the Limit

6183
05:32:10,400 --> 05:32:14,600
occasionally entire community's 
vowel, loyalty some out of all 

6184
05:32:14,600 --> 05:32:17,000
others out of exhaustion at 
resisting. 

6185
05:32:17,900 --> 05:32:20,700
Alexander sees his such 
opportunities to integrate them 

6186
05:32:20,700 --> 05:32:23,600
into his growing Empire. 
Placing local leaders in 

6187
05:32:23,600 --> 05:32:25,700
positions of governance if they 
pledge allegiance. 

6188
05:32:26,700 --> 05:32:29,800
He's discovered that a balanced 
approach of magnanimity and 

6189
05:32:29,800 --> 05:32:33,100
unrelenting force can be potent.
Central Asia. 

6190
05:32:33,100 --> 05:32:35,500
Also, introduces him to new 
customs and cultures. 

6191
05:32:35,500 --> 05:32:39,700
The regions vibrant tapestries, 
horse breeding traditions, and 

6192
05:32:39,700 --> 05:32:44,100
then local myths, intrigued him,
even the architecture, mudbrick 

6193
05:32:44,100 --> 05:32:47,300
fortresses perched on 
precipitous Cliffs provides 

6194
05:32:47,300 --> 05:32:49,100
lessons in resourceful building 
methods. 

6195
05:32:49,100 --> 05:32:51,500
Though the campaign is 
physically draining. 

6196
05:32:51,500 --> 05:32:56,000
Alexander, seems mentally alive 
soaking up every experience as 

6197
05:32:56,000 --> 05:32:58,500
if it might offer a clue to how 
worlds might merge under his 

6198
05:32:58,500 --> 05:33:00,800
rule. 
As the Army trudges forward, 

6199
05:33:00,800 --> 05:33:03,700
Alexander's increasingly 
elaborate Tire. 

6200
05:33:03,700 --> 05:33:06,700
Sometimes blending Persian 
finery with Macedonian 

6201
05:33:06,700 --> 05:33:10,200
practicality Sparks, disquiet 
among his veteran officers. 

6202
05:33:10,200 --> 05:33:13,900
They mutter that he's adopting 
foreign ways to eagerly 

6203
05:33:13,900 --> 05:33:17,200
Alexander is aware of The 
Whispers, but believes that to 

6204
05:33:17,200 --> 05:33:20,200
govern effectively he must 
visibly embrace the cultures 

6205
05:33:20,200 --> 05:33:23,100
under his Dominion. 
For the older macedonians 

6206
05:33:23,100 --> 05:33:26,300
though, he's gestures threaten. 
The very identity, they fought 

6207
05:33:26,300 --> 05:33:30,800
to protect Tension. 
Simmers one controversy that 

6208
05:33:30,800 --> 05:33:33,300
ignites this tension is 
Alexander's. 

6209
05:33:33,300 --> 05:33:36,200
Adoption of the Persian Court, 
practice known as proskynesis 

6210
05:33:36,200 --> 05:33:40,500
bowing or prostrating oneself 
before the king among Persians. 

6211
05:33:40,500 --> 05:33:43,700
It symbolizes respect for a 
ruler believed to be quasi 

6212
05:33:43,700 --> 05:33:46,300
Divine. 
However, for macedonians and 

6213
05:33:46,300 --> 05:33:50,300
Greeks, bowing to another mortal
man, seems like servile flattery

6214
05:33:50,300 --> 05:33:55,300
even blasphemy When Alexander 
begins expecting his courtiers 

6215
05:33:55,300 --> 05:33:58,100
to perform the gesture, you 
faces a quiet. 

6216
05:33:58,100 --> 05:34:01,200
But potent backlash is not 
outright mutiny. 

6217
05:34:01,900 --> 05:34:04,400
But murmurs drift through the 
camp that they once beloved 

6218
05:34:04,400 --> 05:34:07,900
leader is suing to arrogance for
getting that the bond between 

6219
05:34:07,900 --> 05:34:10,200
commander and soldier. 
In the Macedonian, traditional 

6220
05:34:10,200 --> 05:34:13,200
was forged through a shared 
sense of mortal equality. 

6221
05:34:14,200 --> 05:34:18,600
Alexander for his part. 
Sees prosky nieces as a means to

6222
05:34:18,608 --> 05:34:21,800
unify the traditions of east and
west under a single Court 

6223
05:34:21,800 --> 05:34:24,400
protocol. 
But the friction underscores, 

6224
05:34:24,400 --> 05:34:27,800
the growing distance between him
and the rank and file, who wants

6225
05:34:27,800 --> 05:34:29,100
found him. 
So relatable. 

6226
05:34:30,000 --> 05:34:33,300
Heading to this Strife is the 
case of philotes, a high ranking

6227
05:34:33,300 --> 05:34:35,600
officer and Son of Alexander's. 
Cherished. 

6228
05:34:35,600 --> 05:34:40,100
General parmesan accusations 
arise that filters is embroiled 

6229
05:34:40,100 --> 05:34:44,200
in a conspiracy to assassinate 
Alexander. whether real or 

6230
05:34:44,200 --> 05:34:48,300
fabricated, Alexander reacts 
swiftly, Filters is tortured 

6231
05:34:48,300 --> 05:34:51,800
into confession and executed 
fearing parmesan might seek 

6232
05:34:51,800 --> 05:34:54,000
Vengeance. 
Alexander orders, the older 

6233
05:34:54,000 --> 05:34:57,200
General's murder preemptively. 
The effect ripples through the 

6234
05:34:57,200 --> 05:35:01,500
Army, striking fear and sowing 
doubt, even close companions. 

6235
05:35:01,500 --> 05:35:03,700
Realize Alexander's paranoia has
grown. 

6236
05:35:03,700 --> 05:35:07,200
No one is Untouchable in the 
face of suspected betrayal. 

6237
05:35:07,800 --> 05:35:11,700
rumors swirl that his mother 
Olympia and once warned him 

6238
05:35:11,700 --> 05:35:14,800
about trusting, anyone too 
deeply, the triple blow of 

6239
05:35:14,800 --> 05:35:18,400
adoptive Persian Customs, harsh 
punishment of perceive traitors 

6240
05:35:18,400 --> 05:35:21,400
and the creeping sense that 
Alexander is evolving into a 

6241
05:35:21,400 --> 05:35:24,300
distant figure combined to erode
some of the camaraderie that 

6242
05:35:24,300 --> 05:35:27,000
once fueled his men's devotion, 
Yet. 

6243
05:35:27,000 --> 05:35:30,400
If the internal climate is 
fractures the external campaign 

6244
05:35:30,400 --> 05:35:34,100
continues to expand Alexander's 
legend in the region known as 

6245
05:35:34,100 --> 05:35:36,700
bacteria and Society. 
Anna roughly modern Afghanistan 

6246
05:35:36,700 --> 05:35:40,600
and parts of Central Asia. 
Alexander marries Roxana. 

6247
05:35:40,600 --> 05:35:44,200
The daughter of a local Noble. 
Historians debate. 

6248
05:35:44,200 --> 05:35:47,900
His reasons is it genuine 
affection stories, describe her 

6249
05:35:47,900 --> 05:35:51,300
as strikingly intelligent and 
beautiful or a strategic move to

6250
05:35:51,300 --> 05:35:53,200
legitimize. 
His claim over the newly 

6251
05:35:53,200 --> 05:35:55,500
subjugated territories possibly 
both. 

6252
05:35:55,500 --> 05:35:59,500
In any case the wedding is 
symbolic it merges Macedonian 

6253
05:35:59,500 --> 05:36:03,300
power with Central Asian lineage
hinting at Alexander's D Prime 

6254
05:36:03,300 --> 05:36:06,100
mission to create a blended 
aristocracy that transcends all 

6255
05:36:06,108 --> 05:36:10,000
boundaries eventually the 
pursuit of Darius ends, not with

6256
05:36:10,000 --> 05:36:13,100
a climactic battle, but with the
Persian kings murder at the 

6257
05:36:13,100 --> 05:36:17,300
hands of one of his own satraps 
bestest Alexander finds Darius 

6258
05:36:17,300 --> 05:36:21,100
abandoned and fatally wounded 
along, a Dusty roadside granting

6259
05:36:21,100 --> 05:36:23,700
him. 
A final respectful cloak, the 

6260
05:36:23,700 --> 05:36:26,700
demise of his long-standing 
rival brings Alexander, no real 

6261
05:36:26,700 --> 05:36:28,800
Triumph. 
Instead leaves him with a new 

6262
05:36:28,800 --> 05:36:32,500
antagonist bestest who declares 
himself, the rightful Persian 

6263
05:36:32,500 --> 05:36:35,000
king. 
To avenge Darius and maintain 

6264
05:36:35,000 --> 05:36:38,200
the semblance of continuity. 
A clever tactic to Rally 

6265
05:36:38,200 --> 05:36:39,800
Persian, loyalists under his 
Banner. 

6266
05:36:40,400 --> 05:36:43,400
Alexander pursues bestest until 
the usurper is captured and 

6267
05:36:43,408 --> 05:36:46,000
executed. 
It's a twist of fate that 

6268
05:36:46,000 --> 05:36:48,900
Alexander originally the Nemesis
of Persia. 

6269
05:36:48,900 --> 05:36:51,800
Now, punishes those who harm. 
The Persian royal family 

6270
05:36:51,800 --> 05:36:55,000
positioning himself as the 
legitimate heir to the Empire 

6271
05:36:55,000 --> 05:36:58,500
with that Alexander. 
Effectively becomes king of 

6272
05:36:58,500 --> 05:37:00,700
Asia, though. 
The label falls short of 

6273
05:37:00,708 --> 05:37:02,800
capturing the enormity of what 
he's achieved. 

6274
05:37:02,800 --> 05:37:05,600
He's already governed 
territories from Greece, to the 

6275
05:37:05,608 --> 05:37:09,600
Eastern edges of the Iranian 
Plateau, but the Horizon beckons

6276
05:37:09,600 --> 05:37:11,400
him yet. 
Again, this time toward the 

6277
05:37:11,400 --> 05:37:14,800
far-flung lands of the Indus 
Valley having extended his 

6278
05:37:14,800 --> 05:37:18,000
Empire across deserts and 
mountains, he thirst for new 

6279
05:37:18,000 --> 05:37:21,300
challenges, no ancient map. 
Fully satisfied him. 

6280
05:37:22,200 --> 05:37:25,500
If Ocean's defined the world's 
boundary, he wants to see that 

6281
05:37:25,500 --> 05:37:29,200
boundary for himself and 
possibly cross it marching into 

6282
05:37:29,200 --> 05:37:31,600
the Indian subcontinent. 
The vast industry. 

6283
05:37:31,600 --> 05:37:33,300
Region. 
Alexander confronts. 

6284
05:37:33,300 --> 05:37:37,000
Not a monolithic Empire that a 
tapestry of Kingdoms each with 

6285
05:37:37,000 --> 05:37:39,700
its own Traditions Warrior's and
alliance's. 

6286
05:37:39,700 --> 05:37:43,300
The land is Lush with tropical 
forests and rivers that swell 

6287
05:37:43,300 --> 05:37:46,900
during monsoon rains. 
As he advances, he sends invoice

6288
05:37:46,900 --> 05:37:50,500
to local rulers, hoping to forge
alliances or demand submission. 

6289
05:37:50,500 --> 05:37:55,100
Some comply offering gifts and 
tribute others test his mettle 

6290
05:37:55,100 --> 05:37:58,400
on the battlefield. 
Famed among these rulers is King

6291
05:37:58,400 --> 05:38:01,500
porus who Reigns over a 
territory in the Punjab region. 

6292
05:38:02,200 --> 05:38:04,900
Taller than most men. 
Poorest is said to command 

6293
05:38:04,900 --> 05:38:07,800
fearsome war elephants that 
Tower over the Macedonian 

6294
05:38:07,800 --> 05:38:10,500
cavalry. 
When Alexander Scouts bring back

6295
05:38:10,500 --> 05:38:14,000
tales of the Beast trumpeting 
rules and the sight of their 

6296
05:38:14,000 --> 05:38:15,900
sweeping trunks used like living
battering rams. 

6297
05:38:15,900 --> 05:38:19,400
It Sparks both Fascination and 
anxiety among the troops 

6298
05:38:19,400 --> 05:38:22,400
Alexander senses. 
This confrontation will be 

6299
05:38:22,400 --> 05:38:26,600
unlike any before elephants can 
shatter a Phalanx throwing even 

6300
05:38:26,600 --> 05:38:30,500
seasoned veterans into disarray.
Nevertheless, he refuses to be 

6301
05:38:30,500 --> 05:38:33,000
deterred. 
In fact, the challenge 

6302
05:38:33,000 --> 05:38:36,500
invigorates him His route to 
poorest leads him and his men 

6303
05:38:36,500 --> 05:38:40,500
across the haidas river where 
fast currents and Monsoon rains,

6304
05:38:40,500 --> 05:38:43,700
make the crossing treacherous. 
Under the cover of darkness and 

6305
05:38:43,700 --> 05:38:46,900
using diversionary tactics. 
Alexander manages to transport, 

6306
05:38:46,900 --> 05:38:49,400
a significant portion of his 
forces to the opposite Bank 

6307
05:38:49,400 --> 05:38:53,200
positioning himself to attack 
when Dawn breaks the armies 

6308
05:38:53,200 --> 05:38:55,900
faced each other. 
On a sudden plane poorest, 

6309
05:38:55,900 --> 05:39:00,100
Astrid and elephant, appears 
Regal and unflinching, Alexander

6310
05:39:00,100 --> 05:39:04,100
on his trusty bufferless readies
his Cavalry, to Harry the flanks

6311
05:39:04,100 --> 05:39:07,000
as the battle commences, the 
Thundering of the elephant 

6312
05:39:07,000 --> 05:39:10,200
shakes, the ground sending 
Tremors through the Macedonian 

6313
05:39:10,200 --> 05:39:14,600
lines yet, Alexander employs 
cunning, he directs archers to 

6314
05:39:14,600 --> 05:39:18,600
focus on the elephant's drivers,
creating confusion among the 

6315
05:39:18,600 --> 05:39:21,800
beasts, and positions Horseman 
to strike from multiple angles. 

6316
05:39:22,900 --> 05:39:26,700
The Macedonian infantry displays
its trademark discipline forming

6317
05:39:26,700 --> 05:39:29,900
tight, formations that can pivot
to lure elephants into lethal. 

6318
05:39:29,900 --> 05:39:34,500
Cul-de-sacs The chaos is intense
mud and blood mingle underfoot 

6319
05:39:34,500 --> 05:39:36,600
and the Roar of maddened 
elephants. 

6320
05:39:36,600 --> 05:39:41,400
Resonates across the battlefield
eventually horses, forces Buckle

6321
05:39:41,400 --> 05:39:44,700
under the unrelenting pressure. 
Even the mighty war elephants 

6322
05:39:44,700 --> 05:39:47,700
wounded, and panicked, turn 
against their own side. 

6323
05:39:47,700 --> 05:39:52,200
In some cases, in the end, the 
macedonians triumph Rather than 

6324
05:39:52,200 --> 05:39:54,800
subjecting poorest to 
humiliation or execution, 

6325
05:39:54,800 --> 05:39:58,800
Alexander does something 
unexpected impressed by Porsches

6326
05:39:58,800 --> 05:40:01,300
bravery. 
He restores him to his throne as

6327
05:40:01,300 --> 05:40:04,400
a subordinate ruler, extending a
policy of pragmatic 

6328
05:40:04,400 --> 05:40:07,300
statesmanship. 
This act leaves an enduring 

6329
05:40:07,300 --> 05:40:09,800
Legacy in the region. 
Capturing the idea that 

6330
05:40:09,800 --> 05:40:13,000
Alexander valued Noble opponents
and recognized the utility of 

6331
05:40:13,000 --> 05:40:17,600
local rulers, who would maintain
order in his name A sense of 

6332
05:40:17,608 --> 05:40:21,300
admiration grows on both sides, 
some of Alexander's men. 

6333
05:40:21,300 --> 05:40:24,200
Remark, they've never seen him 
so openly respectful to a 

6334
05:40:24,200 --> 05:40:28,100
defeated foe. and in return, 
poorest becomes a loyal Ally at 

6335
05:40:28,100 --> 05:40:31,800
least for a Time, despite the 
victory macedonians of battered 

6336
05:40:31,800 --> 05:40:35,900
by the tropical climate Monsoon 
rains unfamiliar diseases, and 

6337
05:40:35,900 --> 05:40:39,700
the strain of campaigning so far
from home, Some murmurs become 

6338
05:40:39,700 --> 05:40:43,800
open, pleased to turn back many,
have marched for years, seldom 

6339
05:40:43,800 --> 05:40:46,600
seeing their families. 
Tales spread of monstrous 

6340
05:40:46,600 --> 05:40:50,700
Rivers, further east of endless 
armies, waiting or of new 

6341
05:40:50,700 --> 05:40:54,800
elephant core that dwarfed 
poorest is the men once 

6342
05:40:54,800 --> 05:40:59,300
Intoxicated by continuous string
of conquests begin to waver the 

6343
05:40:59,300 --> 05:41:01,800
bond between Alexander and his 
army is tested. 

6344
05:41:01,800 --> 05:41:05,500
He rallies them with talk of 
forging, an Empire that circles 

6345
05:41:05,500 --> 05:41:09,600
the entire known world Yet, even
as he speaks the weariness, in 

6346
05:41:09,600 --> 05:41:12,400
their eyes is palpable at the 
faceless River. 

6347
05:41:12,400 --> 05:41:15,500
They finally bulk refusing to go
any further. 

6348
05:41:16,500 --> 05:41:19,800
Alexander is outraged. 
This is the first time his men 

6349
05:41:19,800 --> 05:41:22,900
openly defy him on mass. 
He tries, all his powers of 

6350
05:41:22,908 --> 05:41:26,300
persuasion calling upon their 
shared Glory, reminding them of 

6351
05:41:26,300 --> 05:41:29,100
the unswerving, Loyalty they 
want showed under the scorching 

6352
05:41:29,100 --> 05:41:33,500
Sun of Persian deserts But the 
tired homesick soldiers refused 

6353
05:41:33,500 --> 05:41:35,900
to yield the standoff, is 
deeply. 

6354
05:41:35,900 --> 05:41:39,100
Emotional. 
Last Alexander, relents 

6355
05:41:39,100 --> 05:41:42,400
realizing that an Empire without
an army to maintain. 

6356
05:41:42,400 --> 05:41:45,700
It would collapse anyway. 
He constructs large altars at 

6357
05:41:45,700 --> 05:41:48,800
the boundary symbolically 
marking the farthest point of 

6358
05:41:48,800 --> 05:41:50,900
his March and dedicating them to
the Gods. 

6359
05:41:51,500 --> 05:41:52,800
It's a gesture. 
That provides him. 

6360
05:41:52,800 --> 05:41:55,700
A sense of closure. 
Even as frustration Royals in 

6361
05:41:55,700 --> 05:41:59,300
his heart, The Retreat begins 
though, it's hardly a 

6362
05:41:59,300 --> 05:42:02,300
straightforward journey home. 
Alexander splits his forces 

6363
05:42:02,300 --> 05:42:05,300
sending part by river while he 
leads the remainder through the 

6364
05:42:05,300 --> 05:42:09,500
harsh gedrosian desert, modern 
day, Southern Pakistan and Iran.

6365
05:42:09,500 --> 05:42:13,700
This route is fraught with 
scorching, heat, water, series 

6366
05:42:13,700 --> 05:42:16,300
City, and sandstorms that 
obscure the Sun. 

6367
05:42:17,000 --> 05:42:21,200
Many men, succumb to thirst, 
exhaustion, and disease leaving 

6368
05:42:21,200 --> 05:42:25,100
their bleached Bones on the 
baron Dunes, the retreat in a 

6369
05:42:25,100 --> 05:42:28,100
way becomes more of a trial than
any of the battles waged 

6370
05:42:28,900 --> 05:42:30,600
Alexander shares in the 
hardships. 

6371
05:42:31,400 --> 05:42:33,500
He famously. 
Pours out a helmet of offered 

6372
05:42:33,500 --> 05:42:36,100
water onto the sand rather than 
drinking it himself. 

6373
05:42:36,100 --> 05:42:37,100
When his men have. 
None. 

6374
05:42:37,100 --> 05:42:40,500
Such acts rekindle a measure of 
respect though. 

6375
05:42:40,500 --> 05:42:43,900
No one can forget the scale of 
the suffering, they endure at 

6376
05:42:43,900 --> 05:42:46,200
length. 
The Battered Army, reunites near

6377
05:42:46,200 --> 05:42:49,700
the Persian Heartland in place 
of triumphal parades, there is 

6378
05:42:49,700 --> 05:42:51,900
subdued relief. 
They have conquered more 

6379
05:42:51,900 --> 05:42:54,700
territory than any Greek or 
Macedonian ever dreamed possible

6380
05:42:54,700 --> 05:42:57,300
yet. 
The human toll is devastating. 

6381
05:42:57,300 --> 05:43:01,900
Alexander now stands at the Apex
of his power in theory, the 

6382
05:43:01,900 --> 05:43:04,600
ruler of everything from the 
ionian sea to the fringes of 

6383
05:43:04,600 --> 05:43:07,100
India. 
He has tested the boundaries of 

6384
05:43:07,100 --> 05:43:10,500
the world as known to him but he
can't escape an inevitable 

6385
05:43:10,500 --> 05:43:12,700
question. 
What does one do after 

6386
05:43:12,700 --> 05:43:13,600
conquering? 
So much. 

6387
05:43:14,500 --> 05:43:18,100
There's an unease in the air, a 
sense that the Unstoppable force

6388
05:43:18,100 --> 05:43:20,600
of Alexander's ambition. 
Might have reached its outer 

6389
05:43:20,600 --> 05:43:25,000
limit In the final years 
Alexander's Empire is vast yet 

6390
05:43:25,000 --> 05:43:27,600
fragile. 
He understands that simply 

6391
05:43:27,600 --> 05:43:30,700
conquering land doesn't 
guarantee permanence cracks 

6392
05:43:30,700 --> 05:43:32,300
appear. 
Among his generals, each 

6393
05:43:32,300 --> 05:43:35,700
harboring, personal Ambitions, 
ethnic tensions flared between 

6394
05:43:35,700 --> 05:43:38,800
macedonians who considered 
themselves, the rightful rulers 

6395
05:43:38,800 --> 05:43:43,000
and Persians who resent, foreign
occupation but also resent each 

6396
05:43:43,000 --> 05:43:45,500
other. 
Alexander attempts a radical 

6397
05:43:45,500 --> 05:43:49,700
solution he pushes for a few of 
the races, encouraging Mass 

6398
05:43:49,700 --> 05:43:52,500
marriages between Macedonia and 
officers and personal women, 

6399
05:43:52,500 --> 05:43:55,800
even presiding over a grand 
ceremony in Sousa. 

6400
05:43:56,400 --> 05:43:58,800
Thousands of couples wear under 
lavish canopies. 

6401
05:43:59,600 --> 05:44:01,500
The event choreographed to 
Signal Unity. 

6402
05:44:02,500 --> 05:44:05,200
Well, it's a breathtaking 
spectacle, it doesn't fully 

6403
05:44:05,200 --> 05:44:07,500
ease. 
The undercurrents of distrust, 

6404
05:44:07,500 --> 05:44:11,000
many marriages end as soon as 
the official Feast conclude. 

6405
05:44:11,900 --> 05:44:15,800
The shift in Alexander's 
personal causes anees drinks, 

6406
05:44:15,800 --> 05:44:19,100
more heavily at times losing the
composure that wants set him 

6407
05:44:19,100 --> 05:44:21,500
apart. 
Gone is the Simplicity that 

6408
05:44:21,500 --> 05:44:24,700
marked his early campaigns. 
Now he's surrounded by an 

6409
05:44:24,700 --> 05:44:27,700
Entourage of courtiers many 
eager to flatter or manipulate 

6410
05:44:27,700 --> 05:44:31,300
some suspect that guilt over the
killing of Old Friends haunts 

6411
05:44:31,300 --> 05:44:35,300
him. that the war weary ghosts 
of campaigns passed away on his 

6412
05:44:35,308 --> 05:44:40,200
conscience, anger flares, 
unpredictably In one Infamous 

6413
05:44:40,200 --> 05:44:43,800
episode, during a heated 
argument, he fatally stabs 

6414
05:44:43,800 --> 05:44:46,800
colitis, the black the same 
officer who once saved 

6415
05:44:46,800 --> 05:44:50,100
Alexander's life at the Battle 
of the Grenache immediately 

6416
05:44:50,100 --> 05:44:54,500
remorseful Alexander is 
inconsolable for days, shutting 

6417
05:44:54,500 --> 05:44:58,400
himself away in anguish. 
But the damage is done the old 

6418
05:44:58,408 --> 05:45:00,500
Macedonian veterans. 
Now, see their King as a 

6419
05:45:00,508 --> 05:45:03,700
dangerous blender of paranoia 
and absolute power. 

6420
05:45:04,600 --> 05:45:07,500
Despite these tensions, 
Alexander doesn't abandon 

6421
05:45:07,500 --> 05:45:10,400
governance. 
He plans administrative reforms 

6422
05:45:10,400 --> 05:45:12,900
carving the empire into 
provinces, run by both 

6423
05:45:12,900 --> 05:45:17,300
Macedonian and local officials. 
He invest in Rhodes trade routes

6424
05:45:17,300 --> 05:45:21,700
and the expansion of cities. 
Alexandria and Egypt blossoms 

6425
05:45:21,700 --> 05:45:25,000
into a vibrant metropolis. 
A beacon of Hellenistic culture,

6426
05:45:25,000 --> 05:45:27,800
similar foundations, or 
refoundation cross. 

6427
05:45:27,800 --> 05:45:31,600
Asia Creator network of 
Alexandria's each intended as a 

6428
05:45:31,600 --> 05:45:34,700
focal point of Greek influence 
in twined with local customs. 

6429
05:45:35,400 --> 05:45:38,400
Scholars travel, these routes 
exchanging Knowledge from Athens

6430
05:45:38,400 --> 05:45:41,300
Babylon and Beyond Alexander 
envisions. 

6431
05:45:41,300 --> 05:45:44,700
A Cosmopolitan tapestry. 
Though whether such a vision can

6432
05:45:44,700 --> 05:45:48,000
survive him remains uncertain. 
He even contemplates new 

6433
05:45:48,000 --> 05:45:50,900
campaigns. 
Rumors swirl that he wants to 

6434
05:45:50,900 --> 05:45:53,800
press into the Arabian 
Peninsula, that he might return 

6435
05:45:53,800 --> 05:45:57,700
to India with a fresh army or 
sail around Africa, to file to 

6436
05:45:57,700 --> 05:46:01,600
find a Western sea route. 
The man who once stood Restless 

6437
05:46:01,600 --> 05:46:04,000
in the courtyard of Peller still
cannot resist. 

6438
05:46:04,000 --> 05:46:06,900
The siren Call of Uncharted 
Horizons yet. 

6439
05:46:06,900 --> 05:46:09,600
Fate intervenes while residing 
in Babylon. 

6440
05:46:09,600 --> 05:46:12,900
His chosen administrative 
Center, Alexander Falls ill. 

6441
05:46:12,900 --> 05:46:15,900
After a prolonged bankwit High 
fever grips him. 

6442
05:46:15,900 --> 05:46:19,700
Some Whispers the result of 
poisoning others claimed its 

6443
05:46:19,700 --> 05:46:22,700
malaria. 
Typhoid will complications from 

6444
05:46:22,700 --> 05:46:26,500
old battle wounds. 
The Unstoppable conqueror, only 

6445
05:46:26,500 --> 05:46:30,900
in his early 30s, Vines himself.
Bedridden as his conditioned 

6446
05:46:30,900 --> 05:46:34,400
deteriorate Alexander's High, 
commanders, gather anxiously 

6447
05:46:34,400 --> 05:46:36,900
each wonders, who will inherit 
an Empire. 

6448
05:46:36,900 --> 05:46:41,100
So colossal that it defies, any 
single are rock sauna is 

6449
05:46:41,100 --> 05:46:45,200
pregnant but an unborn child. 
Can't rule a realm in Chaos on 

6450
05:46:45,200 --> 05:46:48,300
his deathbed voice. 
Rasping Alexander is said to 

6451
05:46:48,300 --> 05:46:51,400
murmur cryptic statements about 
leaving his Empire to the 

6452
05:46:51,408 --> 05:46:54,500
strongest. 
Or maybe he names no successor 

6453
05:46:54,500 --> 05:46:58,100
at all the records vary 
reflecting, the swirling 

6454
05:46:58,100 --> 05:47:01,700
confusion of that moment. 
He offers his Signet ring to a 

6455
05:47:01,700 --> 05:47:04,300
trusted General, but the 
gestures meaning as ambiguous. 

6456
05:47:04,300 --> 05:47:07,500
Was it a personal request or a 
declaration of succession? 

6457
05:47:08,500 --> 05:47:12,200
In the humid, Babylonian nights,
the mighty conqueror succumbs 

6458
05:47:12,200 --> 05:47:16,000
soldiers gather outside the 
palace Gates, refusing to 

6459
05:47:16,000 --> 05:47:19,500
believe the rumors, they beg to 
see him one last time. 

6460
05:47:19,500 --> 05:47:22,500
Legend says the dying. 
Alexander is carried to an 

6461
05:47:22,500 --> 05:47:25,800
anti-chamber where he silently 
acknowledges his troops, with 

6462
05:47:25,800 --> 05:47:30,900
his eyes, two weeks to speak, 
Sorrows them, the man who led 

6463
05:47:30,900 --> 05:47:34,200
them across, Ocean's deserts, 
and countless battlefields is 

6464
05:47:34,200 --> 05:47:36,900
now leaving them with no clear 
directive for tomorrow. 

6465
05:47:38,200 --> 05:47:41,900
With Alexander's death the 
Empire, he created trembles on 

6466
05:47:41,900 --> 05:47:45,600
the brink of fragmentation. 
Generals later called the dear 

6467
05:47:45,600 --> 05:47:47,400
doc. 
She will carve the territories 

6468
05:47:47,400 --> 05:47:49,400
into separate. 
Kingdoms forging their own 

6469
05:47:49,400 --> 05:47:52,400
dynasties in Egypt, Asia, Minor,
and Beyond. 

6470
05:47:53,200 --> 05:47:56,300
Many of the Cities Alexander 
founded remain cultural 

6471
05:47:56,300 --> 05:48:00,100
crossroads that spin out, new 
fusions of art philosophy and 

6472
05:48:00,100 --> 05:48:02,900
religion. 
Hellenistic influence spreads 

6473
05:48:02,900 --> 05:48:05,300
further than any purely Greek 
city-state ever could have 

6474
05:48:05,308 --> 05:48:08,900
imagined shaping centuries of 
development inlands, as far as 

6475
05:48:08,900 --> 05:48:14,200
the Indus Valley And what have 
Alexander's Legacy for some is a

6476
05:48:14,200 --> 05:48:17,500
brilliant strategist, who 
rewrote the art of warfare, a 

6477
05:48:17,500 --> 05:48:20,000
king, who integrated peoples and
stoke, the fires of 

6478
05:48:20,000 --> 05:48:23,800
cross-cultural exchange to 
others, he is a figure of tragic

6479
05:48:23,800 --> 05:48:28,000
hubris, dragging thousands into 
a long, bloody March fueled by 

6480
05:48:28,008 --> 05:48:30,900
personal ambition. 
Stories from the Indus to the 

6481
05:48:30,908 --> 05:48:33,700
Nile from the oxus river to the 
Aegean Sea. 

6482
05:48:33,700 --> 05:48:38,300
Carrie, fragments of his Legend 
over centuries, the raw details,

6483
05:48:38,300 --> 05:48:41,700
morph into myths poets, 
transformed him into a demigod 

6484
05:48:41,700 --> 05:48:45,700
historians debate, his virtues 
and vices and explorers invoke 

6485
05:48:45,700 --> 05:48:49,200
his name when embarking on 
perilous quests But above all, 

6486
05:48:49,200 --> 05:48:52,300
Alexander Remains the Restless 
soul of antiquity. 

6487
05:48:52,300 --> 05:48:56,400
A leader who from his first 
steps on Macedonian soil dreamed

6488
05:48:56,400 --> 05:48:59,900
not of limiting Horizon's but of
breaking them, his life stands 

6489
05:48:59,900 --> 05:49:03,400
as a testament to the sheer and 
sometimes terrifying force of 

6490
05:49:03,400 --> 05:49:06,700
will forever leaving questions 
about how one man's Drive can 

6491
05:49:06,700 --> 05:49:08,800
alter the course of nation's for
good or ill. 

6492
05:49:09,500 --> 05:49:11,400
Thus, concludes our tapestry of 
Alexander. 

6493
05:49:11,400 --> 05:49:16,000
The Great a story woven from 
Dusty Parks, rivers of conflict.

6494
05:49:16,000 --> 05:49:20,500
Lavish Banquets, and fleeting 
triumphs He was shaped by 

6495
05:49:20,500 --> 05:49:24,700
powerful parents, Guided, by 
philosophers tested on countless

6496
05:49:24,700 --> 05:49:27,800
battlefields, an enthralled by 
the promise of immortality 

6497
05:49:27,800 --> 05:49:31,100
through Conquest. 
Whether or not yet achieved that

6498
05:49:31,100 --> 05:49:32,900
immortality remains for us to 
judge. 

6499
05:49:33,700 --> 05:49:37,300
As long as human curiosity, 
thrives his name, Echoes 

6500
05:49:37,300 --> 05:49:41,700
Alexander the man who sought to 
see to rule and to understand 

6501
05:49:41,700 --> 05:49:44,900
the edge of the known world, 
only to find that the world is 

6502
05:49:44,900 --> 05:49:46,400
always larger than we dare. 
Imagine. 

6503
05:49:50,700 --> 05:49:54,000
The boy who had reshaped 
continents took his first breath

6504
05:49:54,000 --> 05:49:55,400
in the shadow of the altai 
mountains. 

6505
05:49:55,400 --> 05:50:00,400
Kublai Khan came into the world 
in 1215, not as the obvious heir

6506
05:50:00,400 --> 05:50:02,700
to power. 
But as the fourth son of talooli

6507
05:50:02,700 --> 05:50:07,200
and SOG haitani Becky, while his
grandfather Genghis, Khan carved

6508
05:50:07,200 --> 05:50:10,900
an Empire with blood and 
Thunder, Young couples education

6509
05:50:10,900 --> 05:50:14,200
took a different path, one, that
would eventually redefine what 

6510
05:50:14,200 --> 05:50:16,800
it meant to rule, the largest 
contiguous land Empire in 

6511
05:50:16,800 --> 05:50:19,700
history. 
Unlike his brothers who mastered

6512
05:50:19,700 --> 05:50:21,800
horseback archery before they 
could properly speak. 

6513
05:50:22,600 --> 05:50:24,100
Kublai. 
Found his early calling in the 

6514
05:50:24,100 --> 05:50:27,500
quieter, Pursuits of the Mind. 
SOG Tani. 

6515
05:50:27,500 --> 05:50:30,400
His nestorian? 
Christian mother made a 

6516
05:50:30,400 --> 05:50:32,400
calculated decision. 
That history would later 

6517
05:50:32,400 --> 05:50:35,900
vindicate While ensuring her son
possessed, the riding and 

6518
05:50:35,900 --> 05:50:38,100
shooting skills expected of 
Mongol nobility. 

6519
05:50:38,100 --> 05:50:41,300
She also engaged Chinese 
Scholars to chew to him in 

6520
05:50:41,300 --> 05:50:44,500
Confucian. 
Classics goodies philosophy and 

6521
05:50:44,500 --> 05:50:47,300
the sophisticated administrative
techniques of sedentary 

6522
05:50:47,300 --> 05:50:50,500
civilizations. 
This unconventional upbringing 

6523
05:50:50,500 --> 05:50:52,500
wasn't merely academic 
Indulgence. 

6524
05:50:52,500 --> 05:50:56,700
It was strategic foresight. 
Soaker kitani recognized that 

6525
05:50:56,700 --> 05:50:59,900
conquering China, the wealthiest
and most complex society on 

6526
05:50:59,900 --> 05:51:03,500
Earth would require more than 
military might, it would demand 

6527
05:51:03,500 --> 05:51:07,200
cultural understanding and 
administrative finesse that no 

6528
05:51:07,200 --> 05:51:10,800
Khan before had possessed. 
The bow conquers, the throne 

6529
05:51:10,800 --> 05:51:14,000
when an old Mongol saying but 
ink preserves it. 

6530
05:51:15,300 --> 05:51:17,700
Kublai internalized. 
This wisdom in ways his 

6531
05:51:17,700 --> 05:51:21,000
predecessors never had while his
grandfather and uncles ruled 

6532
05:51:21,000 --> 05:51:23,500
from horseback and felt most 
comfortable in the open steppe 

6533
05:51:23,500 --> 05:51:27,100
Kublai developed a fascination 
with urban life and permanent 

6534
05:51:27,100 --> 05:51:29,800
structures. 
As a young man, he constructed 

6535
05:51:29,800 --> 05:51:31,900
into an experimental. 
Chinese style Palace in the 

6536
05:51:31,900 --> 05:51:35,900
Mongolian Heartland, a move that
scandalized traditionalists who 

6537
05:51:35,900 --> 05:51:38,600
saw dwelling in anything but 
felt tense as a front to their 

6538
05:51:38,600 --> 05:51:41,400
nomadic identity. 
This cultural flexibility 

6539
05:51:41,400 --> 05:51:45,000
extended to religion as well 
though, raised by a Christian 

6540
05:51:45,000 --> 05:51:47,800
mother Kublai never fully 
embraced her face. 

6541
05:51:47,800 --> 05:51:50,600
Instead he developed an 
intellectuals appreciation for 

6542
05:51:50,600 --> 05:51:53,800
philosophical Buddhism while 
maintaining traditional shamanic

6543
05:51:53,800 --> 05:51:55,300
practices for political 
expediency. 

6544
05:51:55,300 --> 05:51:59,100
This religious pragmatism would 
later become a Cornerstone of 

6545
05:51:59,100 --> 05:52:02,100
his Imperial policy. 
What's often overlooked, is how 

6546
05:52:02,100 --> 05:52:04,800
cool is early governance in 
northern China served as a 

6547
05:52:04,800 --> 05:52:06,600
laboratory for his later 
Imperial vision. 

6548
05:52:07,300 --> 05:52:10,700
Appointed as Viceroy to Chinese 
territories in 1251 by his 

6549
05:52:10,700 --> 05:52:13,800
brother monka Khan? 
Kublai surrounded himself with 

6550
05:52:13,800 --> 05:52:15,400
advisors from diverse 
backgrounds. 

6551
05:52:16,400 --> 05:52:19,900
The Tibetan Lama, drogen choir 
became a spiritual mentor. 

6552
05:52:20,800 --> 05:52:23,300
While Chinese Confucian 
Scholars, like, lubing Zhong 

6553
05:52:23,300 --> 05:52:25,900
helped him navigate the 
Labyrinthian traditions of 

6554
05:52:25,900 --> 05:52:29,900
Chinese bureaucracy. 
In these formative years, koalas

6555
05:52:29,900 --> 05:52:33,100
governance style emerged, where 
other Mongol, princes, treated 

6556
05:52:33,100 --> 05:52:35,700
conquered, territories, merely a
sources of plunder and tax 

6557
05:52:35,700 --> 05:52:38,100
revenue. 
He attempted to integrate local 

6558
05:52:38,100 --> 05:52:41,500
Elites in his administration and
adapt governance to Regional 

6559
05:52:41,500 --> 05:52:44,000
conditions. 
This approach provoked criticism

6560
05:52:44,000 --> 05:52:47,300
from Mongol traditionalists who 
viewed such accommodation as 

6561
05:52:47,300 --> 05:52:50,600
weakness, yet it laid the 
groundwork for his later ability

6562
05:52:50,600 --> 05:52:53,500
to maintain control over vastly 
different cultural regions. 

6563
05:52:53,500 --> 05:52:57,100
Perhaps most telling about 
Kublai character was his 

6564
05:52:57,100 --> 05:52:59,600
relationship with chubby. 
His principal wife. 

6565
05:53:00,300 --> 05:53:02,600
Unlike the purely political 
marriage is common among 

6566
05:53:02,600 --> 05:53:05,900
ability, their partnership 
evolved into a genuine 

6567
05:53:05,900 --> 05:53:09,300
intellectual collaboration. 
Historical records suggest 

6568
05:53:09,300 --> 05:53:12,500
Chubby's influence moderated. 
Some of his harsher Tendencies 

6569
05:53:12,500 --> 05:53:14,600
and encouraged his interest in 
Chinese culture. 

6570
05:53:15,600 --> 05:53:18,100
She advocated for policies 
protecting Chinese civilians 

6571
05:53:18,100 --> 05:53:21,200
during military campaigns an 
influenced appointments of 

6572
05:53:21,200 --> 05:53:23,000
moderate officials in his early 
Administration. 

6573
05:53:24,400 --> 05:53:27,300
The Mongol Empire faced a 
pivotal moment when monka 

6574
05:53:27,300 --> 05:53:30,200
unexpectedly passed away in 
1259. 

6575
05:53:30,900 --> 05:53:33,900
Kubali younger brother. 
Eric Booker sees the opportunity

6576
05:53:33,900 --> 05:53:37,700
to the great khanate, rallying 
traditionalists who resented, 

6577
05:53:37,700 --> 05:53:41,500
Kube, lies, perceived, cultural 
apostasy, What followed was not 

6578
05:53:41,500 --> 05:53:44,400
merely a succession dispute but 
an ideological battle for the 

6579
05:53:44,400 --> 05:53:47,300
Empire's soul. 
With the Mongols remain, 

6580
05:53:47,300 --> 05:53:49,900
conquerors, who ruled from 
horseback or transformed into 

6581
05:53:49,900 --> 05:53:52,000
administrators of a multi-ethnic
Empire. 

6582
05:53:53,600 --> 05:53:56,300
The ensuing Civil War, 
demonstrated Kublai, strategic 

6583
05:53:56,300 --> 05:53:59,400
patience rather than immediately
marching on the Mongolian 

6584
05:53:59,400 --> 05:54:02,100
Heartland where Eric's 
traditionalist support was 

6585
05:54:02,100 --> 05:54:04,600
strongest. 
He Consolidated power in 

6586
05:54:04,600 --> 05:54:08,200
northern China, securing 
agricultural resources and tax 

6587
05:54:08,200 --> 05:54:10,500
revenues that would eventually 
Finance his campaign. 

6588
05:54:11,600 --> 05:54:14,500
This decision, prioritizing, 
economic infrastructure over 

6589
05:54:14,500 --> 05:54:17,700
symbolic, homelands revealed the
pragmatic ruler. 

6590
05:54:17,700 --> 05:54:21,300
He was becoming the boy, who 
would reshape continents took 

6591
05:54:21,300 --> 05:54:23,500
his first breath in the shadow 
of the altai mountains. 

6592
05:54:23,500 --> 05:54:28,400
Kublai Khan came into the world 
in 1215, not as the obvious are 

6593
05:54:28,400 --> 05:54:32,400
to power, but as the fourth son 
of Louis and SOG haitani Becky, 

6594
05:54:33,200 --> 05:54:36,400
while his grandfather Genghis, 
Khan carved an Empire with blood

6595
05:54:36,400 --> 05:54:39,100
and Thunder, Young Kube, lies 
education. 

6596
05:54:39,100 --> 05:54:42,400
Took a different path, one, that
would eventually redefine what 

6597
05:54:42,400 --> 05:54:44,900
it meant to rule, the largest 
contiguous land Empire in 

6598
05:54:44,900 --> 05:54:47,500
history. 
Unlike his brothers, who 

6599
05:54:47,500 --> 05:54:50,000
mastered horseback archery 
before they could properly speak

6600
05:54:50,000 --> 05:54:53,300
kubali, found his early calling,
in the quieter, Pursuits of the 

6601
05:54:53,300 --> 05:54:57,000
Mind. 
SOG Hagane his nestorian. 

6602
05:54:57,000 --> 05:54:59,500
Christian mother made a 
calculated decision. 

6603
05:54:59,500 --> 05:55:03,000
That history would later 
indicate While ensuring her son,

6604
05:55:03,000 --> 05:55:05,400
possessed, the riding and 
shooting skills expected of 

6605
05:55:05,400 --> 05:55:08,200
Mongol nobility. 
She also engaged Chinese 

6606
05:55:08,200 --> 05:55:11,600
Scholars to tutor him in 
Confucian, Classics Buddhist 

6607
05:55:11,600 --> 05:55:14,300
philosophy, and the 
sophisticated administrative 

6608
05:55:14,300 --> 05:55:15,800
techniques of sedentary 
civilizations. 

6609
05:55:17,200 --> 05:55:20,000
This unconventional upbringing 
wasn't merely academic 

6610
05:55:20,000 --> 05:55:22,500
Indulgence. 
It was strategic foresight. 

6611
05:55:23,400 --> 05:55:26,600
Sorani recognized that 
conquering China, the wealthiest

6612
05:55:26,600 --> 05:55:29,700
and most complex society on 
Earth would require more than 

6613
05:55:29,700 --> 05:55:33,000
military might, it would demand 
cultural understanding and 

6614
05:55:33,000 --> 05:55:36,400
administrative finesse that no 
Khan before had possessed. 

6615
05:55:37,500 --> 05:55:41,100
The bow conquers, the throne 
when an old Mongol saying but 

6616
05:55:41,100 --> 05:55:44,600
ink preserves it. 
Kublai internalized. 

6617
05:55:44,600 --> 05:55:47,800
This wisdom in ways his 
predecessors never had while his

6618
05:55:47,800 --> 05:55:50,400
grandfather and uncles ruled 
from horseback and felt most 

6619
05:55:50,408 --> 05:55:53,600
comfortable in the open steppe 
Kublai developed a fascination 

6620
05:55:53,600 --> 05:55:55,700
with urban life and permanent 
structures. 

6621
05:55:55,700 --> 05:55:59,400
As a young man, he constructed 
in an experimental Chinese style

6622
05:55:59,400 --> 05:56:02,400
Palace in the Mongolian 
Heartland, a move that 

6623
05:56:02,408 --> 05:56:05,200
scandalized traditionalists who 
saw dwelling in anything but 

6624
05:56:05,200 --> 05:56:07,800
felt tense as an affront to 
their nomadic identity. 

6625
05:56:08,600 --> 05:56:11,300
This cultural flexibility 
extended to religion as well 

6626
05:56:11,300 --> 05:56:15,000
though, raised by a Christian 
mother Kublai, never fully 

6627
05:56:15,000 --> 05:56:17,500
embraced her faith. 
Instead he developed an 

6628
05:56:17,500 --> 05:56:20,100
intellectuals appreciation for 
philosophical Buddhism while 

6629
05:56:20,100 --> 05:56:23,000
maintaining traditional shamanic
practices for political 

6630
05:56:23,000 --> 05:56:25,900
expediency. 
This religious pragmatism would 

6631
05:56:25,900 --> 05:56:28,300
later become a Cornerstone of 
his Imperial policy. 

6632
05:56:28,300 --> 05:56:31,600
What's often overlooked, is how 
cool is early governance in 

6633
05:56:31,600 --> 05:56:34,000
northern China served as a 
laboratory for his later 

6634
05:56:34,000 --> 05:56:37,100
Imperial vision. 
Appointed as Vice Roy to Chinese

6635
05:56:37,100 --> 05:56:39,900
territories in 1251 by his 
brother monka Khan? 

6636
05:56:40,600 --> 05:56:43,100
Kublai surrounded himself with 
advisors from diverse 

6637
05:56:43,100 --> 05:56:46,600
backgrounds. 
The Tibetan Lama, drogen Alfa 

6638
05:56:46,600 --> 05:56:50,000
became a spiritual mentor. 
While Chinese Confucian 

6639
05:56:50,000 --> 05:56:52,700
Scholars, like looping Jong 
helped him navigate The 

6640
05:56:52,700 --> 05:56:54,900
Labyrinth theme, traditions of 
Chinese bureaucracy. 

6641
05:56:55,900 --> 05:56:58,900
In these formative years, 
kubernetes governance style 

6642
05:56:58,900 --> 05:57:01,900
emerged, where other Mongol, 
princes, treated conquered, 

6643
05:57:01,900 --> 05:57:04,300
territories, merely a sources of
plunder and tax revenue. 

6644
05:57:04,300 --> 05:57:07,500
He attempted to integrate local 
Elites into his administration 

6645
05:57:07,500 --> 05:57:10,000
and adapt governance to Regional
conditions. 

6646
05:57:10,000 --> 05:57:13,900
This approach provoked criticism
from Mongol traditionalists who 

6647
05:57:13,900 --> 05:57:16,000
viewed such accommodation as 
weakness. 

6648
05:57:16,000 --> 05:57:19,100
Yet it laid the groundwork for 
his later ability to maintain 

6649
05:57:19,100 --> 05:57:23,100
control over vastly different 
cultural regions, perhaps most 

6650
05:57:23,100 --> 05:57:26,500
telling about Kublai character 
was his relationship with chabi.

6651
05:57:26,500 --> 05:57:30,100
His principal wife, unlike the 
purely political marriage is 

6652
05:57:30,100 --> 05:57:33,800
common among Mongol nobility 
their partnership evolved into a

6653
05:57:33,800 --> 05:57:35,000
genuine intellectual 
collaboration. 

6654
05:57:36,100 --> 05:57:39,000
Historical records suggest 
Chubby's influence moderated. 

6655
05:57:39,000 --> 05:57:42,000
Some of his harsher Tendencies 
and encouraged his interest in 

6656
05:57:42,000 --> 05:57:44,900
Chinese culture. 
She advocated for policies 

6657
05:57:44,900 --> 05:57:48,400
protecting Chinese civilians 
during military campaigns an 

6658
05:57:48,400 --> 05:57:50,700
influencer appointments of 
modern officials in his early 

6659
05:57:50,700 --> 05:57:54,100
Administration. 
The Mongol Empire faced a 

6660
05:57:54,100 --> 05:57:58,200
pivotal moment when moncur 
unexpectedly passed away in 1259

6661
05:57:58,200 --> 05:58:02,000
Kublai lies, Young Brother. 
Eric Booker sees the opportunity

6662
05:58:02,000 --> 05:58:05,400
to play the great Khan 8 
rallying traditionalists, who 

6663
05:58:05,400 --> 05:58:10,300
resented cultural apostasy What 
followed was not merely a 

6664
05:58:10,300 --> 05:58:12,500
succession dispute but an 
ideological battle for the 

6665
05:58:12,500 --> 05:58:15,400
Empire's soul. 
With the Mongols remain, 

6666
05:58:15,400 --> 05:58:18,000
conquerors, who ruled from 
horseback or transformed into 

6667
05:58:18,000 --> 05:58:20,100
administrators of a multi-ethnic
Empire. 

6668
05:58:21,700 --> 05:58:24,400
The ensuing Civil War, 
demonstrated Kublai, strategic 

6669
05:58:24,400 --> 05:58:27,500
patience rather than immediately
marching on the Mongolian 

6670
05:58:27,500 --> 05:58:30,200
Heartland where Eric's 
traditionalists support was 

6671
05:58:30,200 --> 05:58:32,800
strongest. 
He Consolidated power in 

6672
05:58:32,800 --> 05:58:36,400
northern China, securing 
agricultural resources and tax 

6673
05:58:36,400 --> 05:58:38,600
revenues that would eventually 
Finance his campaign. 

6674
05:58:39,700 --> 05:58:42,600
This decision, prioritizing, 
economic infrastructure over 

6675
05:58:42,600 --> 05:58:45,800
symbolic, homelands revealed the
pragmatic ruler. 

6676
05:58:45,800 --> 05:58:49,300
He was becoming the toilet Civil
War that erupted after Monk's 

6677
05:58:49,300 --> 05:58:50,900
death. 
Pitied not just brother against 

6678
05:58:50,900 --> 05:58:53,700
brother, but competing Visions 
for the Mongol future. 

6679
05:58:54,600 --> 05:58:57,000
While most historical accounts 
frame this conflict through 

6680
05:58:57,000 --> 05:59:00,100
military campaigns, the deeper 
struggle occurred in the halls 

6681
05:59:00,100 --> 05:59:03,700
of governance and finance. 
Kublai 4 Year, campaign against 

6682
05:59:03,700 --> 05:59:06,700
Eric Burke featured in an 
innovation that distinguished it

6683
05:59:06,700 --> 05:59:10,400
from previous Mongol succession 
disputes, the systematic use of 

6684
05:59:10,400 --> 05:59:13,700
economic Warfare, controlling 
the agricultural Heartland of 

6685
05:59:13,700 --> 05:59:16,300
northern China. 
Kublai restricted grain 

6686
05:59:16,300 --> 05:59:19,700
shipments to the Mongolian 
steppe where Eric supporters 

6687
05:59:19,700 --> 05:59:21,700
struggled to feed their families
and livestock. 

6688
05:59:22,500 --> 05:59:25,300
This approach minimized direct 
military confrontation, while 

6689
05:59:25,300 --> 05:59:27,700
steadily eroding his opponent's 
base of support. 

6690
05:59:28,600 --> 05:59:32,000
Throughout to this conflict 
Kublai, demonstrated unexpected,

6691
05:59:32,000 --> 05:59:33,700
restraint toward captured 
enemies. 

6692
05:59:34,500 --> 05:59:39,200
After his final victory in 1264,
he spared our ex-life, a mercy 

6693
05:59:39,200 --> 05:59:42,500
uncommonly extended. 
In Mongol politics, there are 

6694
05:59:42,508 --> 05:59:45,500
Rick would die mysteriously just
two years later while incube 

6695
05:59:45,500 --> 05:59:47,900
lies custody. 
This initial clemency was 

6696
05:59:47,900 --> 05:59:50,000
notable for a man whose 
grandfather had created 

6697
05:59:50,000 --> 05:59:52,100
Mountains of Skulls across 
Central Asia. 

6698
05:59:52,700 --> 05:59:56,100
The wars resolution left Kublai 
as great, Khan in name, but the 

6699
05:59:56,100 --> 05:59:59,900
Empire's fracturing had begun. 
The Westin k8's, the golden 

6700
05:59:59,900 --> 06:00:03,200
horde in Russia, the chagatai 
Khan in Central Asia and the 

6701
06:00:03,208 --> 06:00:06,100
alkane. 
In Persia acknowledged position 

6702
06:00:06,100 --> 06:00:09,600
with decreasing sincerity each 
pursued, increasingly 

6703
06:00:09,600 --> 06:00:12,300
independent policies. 
Rendering the title of great 

6704
06:00:12,300 --> 06:00:15,000
Khan more symbolic than 
practical Beyond East Asia. 

6705
06:00:15,800 --> 06:00:20,100
This reality shaped vision. 
Rather than exhausting resources

6706
06:00:20,100 --> 06:00:23,000
trying to reimpose Central 
Authority across the sprawling. 

6707
06:00:23,000 --> 06:00:26,700
Mongol domains, he focused 
Eastwood turning his 

6708
06:00:26,700 --> 06:00:30,300
grandfather's Conquest into 
something new, a Chinese style 

6709
06:00:30,300 --> 06:00:34,600
Dynasty with Mongol 
characteristics in 1271 at the 

6710
06:00:34,600 --> 06:00:38,000
age of 56 Kublai made this 
transformation official, by 

6711
06:00:38,000 --> 06:00:42,300
proclaiming the UN Dynasty. 
The name itself, meaning origin 

6712
06:00:42,300 --> 06:00:44,600
or beginning in Chinese 
signaled. 

6713
06:00:44,600 --> 06:00:47,500
His intent to establish, not 
just a continuation of Mongol 

6714
06:00:47,500 --> 06:00:50,600
rule but a legitimate Chinese 
Imperial regime. 

6715
06:00:51,500 --> 06:00:54,000
This declaration came with a 
comprehensive adoption of 

6716
06:00:54,000 --> 06:00:57,300
Chinese Imperial institutions 
from six administrative 

6717
06:00:57,300 --> 06:01:01,100
Ministries to elaborate Court 
rituals yet beneath the Chinese 

6718
06:01:01,100 --> 06:01:05,000
Imperial facade Kublai 
maintained distinctly Mongol 

6719
06:01:05,000 --> 06:01:08,000
power structures. 
He instituted what historians 

6720
06:01:08,000 --> 06:01:11,200
later called the four-class 
system arranging his subjects in

6721
06:01:11,200 --> 06:01:15,000
a strict hierarchy Mongols at 
the top, followed by Central 

6722
06:01:15,000 --> 06:01:18,000
Asian Muslims and other 
non-chinese peoples the Samu 

6723
06:01:18,000 --> 06:01:21,500
then Northern Chinese. 
And finally Southern Chinese at 

6724
06:01:21,500 --> 06:01:25,400
the bottom This system, ensured 
Mongol military and political 

6725
06:01:25,400 --> 06:01:27,200
dominance. 
While incorporating useful 

6726
06:01:27,200 --> 06:01:30,300
talents from all groups. 
Coupe lies administrative 

6727
06:01:30,300 --> 06:01:32,300
Innovations. 
Were practical responses to 

6728
06:01:32,300 --> 06:01:35,800
governance challenges. 
Unable to read Chinese himself, 

6729
06:01:35,800 --> 06:01:38,700
he commissioned the creation of 
the fake. 

6730
06:01:38,700 --> 06:01:42,700
His pair script, a writing 
system that could transcribe 

6731
06:01:42,700 --> 06:01:46,200
multiple languages including 
Mongolian and Chinese. 

6732
06:01:46,200 --> 06:01:50,700
This script appeared on official
seals and currently allowing 

6733
06:01:50,700 --> 06:01:53,100
communication across linguistic 
divides within his 

6734
06:01:53,100 --> 06:01:56,500
administration. 
His legal system represented a 

6735
06:01:56,500 --> 06:02:00,300
similar hybrid approach rather 
than imposing Mongol customary 

6736
06:02:00,300 --> 06:02:03,700
law, universally or adopting 
Chinese legal Traditions, 

6737
06:02:03,700 --> 06:02:07,400
wholesale Kublai created a 
tiered system where different 

6738
06:02:07,400 --> 06:02:10,100
ethnic groups were judged 
according to different legal 

6739
06:02:10,100 --> 06:02:13,000
standards. 
Mongols answered to traditional 

6740
06:02:13,000 --> 06:02:17,800
Mongol, law Muslims to Islamic 
law, and Chinese to modify Tang 

6741
06:02:17,800 --> 06:02:20,800
Dynasty codes. 
Perhaps, most revealing of Cuba 

6742
06:02:20,800 --> 06:02:23,500
lies intellectual character, was
his establishment of the Muslim 

6743
06:02:23,500 --> 06:02:27,900
astronomical observatory in 
Beijing. while previous rulers 

6744
06:02:27,900 --> 06:02:31,300
might have consulted astrologers
before campaigns Kublai 

6745
06:02:31,300 --> 06:02:34,100
assembled a multicultural 
scientific team including 

6746
06:02:34,100 --> 06:02:38,900
Chinese Muslim and even European
scholars to improve calendar 

6747
06:02:38,900 --> 06:02:42,700
systems, develop navigational, 
tools and study Celestial 

6748
06:02:42,700 --> 06:02:46,300
phenomena this institution 
reflected his genuine 

6749
06:02:46,300 --> 06:02:49,500
intellectual curiosity and 
recognition that Knowledge from 

6750
06:02:49,500 --> 06:02:52,000
diverse Traditions could serve 
practical governance. 

6751
06:02:53,200 --> 06:02:56,400
The Khan's personal habits, 
similarly Blended traditions. 

6752
06:02:57,200 --> 06:03:00,100
While maintaining the Mongol 
custom of Hunting Expeditions 

6753
06:03:00,100 --> 06:03:02,300
Kublai. 
Transformed these into elaborate

6754
06:03:02,300 --> 06:03:04,300
Affairs, combining Chinese 
Imperial. 

6755
06:03:04,300 --> 06:03:08,800
Pageantry with step Traditions, 
his hunting Parkers Xanadu made 

6756
06:03:08,800 --> 06:03:10,800
famous centuries later by 
coleridge's. 

6757
06:03:10,800 --> 06:03:14,300
Poem featured, not only game 
reserves but also agricultural 

6758
06:03:14,300 --> 06:03:17,600
demonstrations and Botanical 
collections reflecting his 

6759
06:03:17,600 --> 06:03:21,600
interest in Natural Sciences. 
By the time he Consolidated his 

6760
06:03:21,600 --> 06:03:24,000
position, as emperor of China 
Kublai. 

6761
06:03:24,000 --> 06:03:27,500
Khan had evolved from a Mongol 
Prince with Chinese tutors in to

6762
06:03:27,500 --> 06:03:29,000
something history, had not seen 
before. 

6763
06:03:29,000 --> 06:03:32,600
A ruler equally comfortable 
discussing, Confucian, ethics 

6764
06:03:32,600 --> 06:03:36,600
Buddhist cosmology, and the 
Practical Logistics of Cavalry 

6765
06:03:36,600 --> 06:03:39,100
Warfare. 
Perhaps most revolutionary was 

6766
06:03:39,100 --> 06:03:42,700
DA's religious landscape. 
Previous Chinese capitals had 

6767
06:03:42,700 --> 06:03:46,100
hierarchically arranged temples 
reflecting Imperial Orthodoxy. 

6768
06:03:46,900 --> 06:03:49,400
Kublai instead created what 
might be considered the world's 

6769
06:03:49,400 --> 06:03:51,800
first deliberately 
multi-religious imperial 

6770
06:03:51,800 --> 06:03:54,600
capital? 
Buddhist temples stood alongside

6771
06:03:54,600 --> 06:03:57,800
Taoist sanctuaries Confucian 
academies. 

6772
06:03:57,800 --> 06:04:01,300
Muslim mosques nestorian, 
Christian churches. 

6773
06:04:01,300 --> 06:04:05,000
And even a Jewish synagogue, 
this Arrangement wasn't merely 

6774
06:04:05,000 --> 06:04:07,700
tolerant. 
It was strategically pluralistic

6775
06:04:07,700 --> 06:04:11,000
allowing the emperor to draw 
legitimacy from multiple 

6776
06:04:11,000 --> 06:04:12,800
religious Traditions 
simultaneously. 

6777
06:04:13,700 --> 06:04:16,300
The city's demographic 
composition reflected equally 

6778
06:04:16,300 --> 06:04:19,100
revolutionary thinking. 
While traditional Chinese 

6779
06:04:19,100 --> 06:04:23,300
capitals, segregated foreigners 
in designated quarters Dadu 

6780
06:04:23,300 --> 06:04:25,600
integrated multiple ethnic 
neighborhoods throughout its 

6781
06:04:25,600 --> 06:04:28,900
Urban fabric specialized craft 
districts developed where 

6782
06:04:28,900 --> 06:04:30,400
Artisans from a cross the 
Empire. 

6783
06:04:30,400 --> 06:04:35,600
We Core paper makers, Persian 
astronomers, Tibetan painters 

6784
06:04:35,600 --> 06:04:38,500
and Chinese. 
Porcelain Master's lived and 

6785
06:04:38,500 --> 06:04:41,300
worked in proximity. 
Creating unprecedented cultural 

6786
06:04:41,300 --> 06:04:45,700
Exchange Security consideration 
shape the city, in distinctive 

6787
06:04:45,700 --> 06:04:49,500
ways, unlike previous Chinese 
capitals where the Imperial 

6788
06:04:49,500 --> 06:04:52,600
Precinct stood. 
At the center's Palace complex 

6789
06:04:52,600 --> 06:04:55,800
was positioned against the 
northern wall allowing for an 

6790
06:04:55,800 --> 06:04:58,000
emergency escape route to the 
Mongol heartlands. 

6791
06:04:58,000 --> 06:05:01,200
If Rebellion threatened The 
Imperial Hunting Preserve 

6792
06:05:01,200 --> 06:05:03,400
adjacent. 
To the city served dual purposes

6793
06:05:03,400 --> 06:05:06,300
Recreation for the court and a 
buffer zone that could be 

6794
06:05:06,308 --> 06:05:10,000
rapidly militarized in crisis. 
What's really appreciated about 

6795
06:05:10,000 --> 06:05:13,200
Dadu is how its construction 
stimulated technological 

6796
06:05:13,200 --> 06:05:16,400
innovation The massive demand 
for building materials 

6797
06:05:16,400 --> 06:05:18,400
accelerated. 
The development of mass 

6798
06:05:18,400 --> 06:05:20,900
production techniques for 
standardized bricks and roof 

6799
06:05:20,900 --> 06:05:23,100
tiles. 
The need to transport these 

6800
06:05:23,100 --> 06:05:25,800
materials efficiently, prompted 
improvements in Canal, boat 

6801
06:05:25,800 --> 06:05:28,700
design and lock systems. 
The Imperial workshops 

6802
06:05:28,700 --> 06:05:31,600
established to furnish, the 
palace complex became facilities

6803
06:05:31,600 --> 06:05:35,000
for technical exchange, where 
Persian glass blowing techniques

6804
06:05:35,000 --> 06:05:38,300
merged with Chinese porcelain 
Traditions by the time foreign 

6805
06:05:38,300 --> 06:05:41,800
visitors, like, Marco Polo 
arrived at Kublai Court daddy, 

6806
06:05:41,800 --> 06:05:44,400
who had already transformed from
construction project to a 

6807
06:05:44,400 --> 06:05:48,500
functioning imperial capital. 
Its population surpassed half a 

6808
06:05:48,500 --> 06:05:51,400
million making it among the 
world's largest cities. 

6809
06:05:51,400 --> 06:05:55,600
Its markets offered goods from 
as far away as Madagascar and 

6810
06:05:55,600 --> 06:05:58,700
Scandinavia. 
It's library's house texts and 

6811
06:05:58,700 --> 06:06:03,100
dozens of languages and at its 
Center ruler, whose very 

6812
06:06:03,100 --> 06:06:04,800
environment. 
Now reflected his unique 

6813
06:06:04,800 --> 06:06:08,600
position, neither fully Mongol, 
nor Chinese, but something 

6814
06:06:08,600 --> 06:06:10,100
history had never witnessed 
before. 

6815
06:06:10,100 --> 06:06:13,700
While Kublai Khan's, Continental
conquests and prominent 

6816
06:06:13,700 --> 06:06:16,400
attention. 
In most historical accounts, his

6817
06:06:16,400 --> 06:06:20,200
Maritime Ambitions and their 
spectacular failures reveal. 

6818
06:06:20,200 --> 06:06:22,700
Perhaps more about the 
limitations of his Imperial 

6819
06:06:22,700 --> 06:06:24,600
Vision than his successes on 
land ever. 

6820
06:06:24,600 --> 06:06:27,800
Could the Khan who conquered, 
the sung Dynasty did not simply 

6821
06:06:27,800 --> 06:06:31,100
inherit China's existing Naval 
capacity, he dramatically 

6822
06:06:31,100 --> 06:06:34,400
expanded it, creating the 
largest Maritime Force. 

6823
06:06:34,400 --> 06:06:38,900
Asia had seen up to that point. 
Like 1274 Kublai controlled over

6824
06:06:38,908 --> 06:06:42,800
5,000 ships, from River, Patrol 
vessels to massive ocean-going 

6825
06:06:42,800 --> 06:06:45,400
warships. 
His shipyards along the Yankee 

6826
06:06:45,400 --> 06:06:48,300
and in Korea constructed vessels
that dwarfed. 

6827
06:06:48,300 --> 06:06:51,300
Anything found in European 
Waters during the same period. 

6828
06:06:51,300 --> 06:06:54,200
What drove? 
This Continental ruler toward by

6829
06:06:54,200 --> 06:06:57,900
a maritime expansion. 
The answer lies partly in 

6830
06:06:57,900 --> 06:07:02,000
economic calculation by the 
1270s maritime trade route, 

6831
06:07:02,000 --> 06:07:05,700
connected East, Asia with South 
East Asia in India, and the 

6832
06:07:05,700 --> 06:07:08,500
Middle East in a network that 
transported more wealth than the

6833
06:07:08,500 --> 06:07:11,800
traditional Silk Road ever had 
controlling these C Lanes 

6834
06:07:11,800 --> 06:07:14,300
promised greater Revenue than 
taxing Caravan trade. 

6835
06:07:14,300 --> 06:07:17,800
The additionally Kublai 
recognized that Naval power 

6836
06:07:17,800 --> 06:07:21,600
could outflank Regional Rivals 
who might block land routes The 

6837
06:07:21,600 --> 06:07:25,300
Expeditions against Japan in 
1274 and 1281 represent more 

6838
06:07:25,300 --> 06:07:28,100
than conquests. 
They marked critical turning 

6839
06:07:28,100 --> 06:07:29,600
points in East Asian military 
history. 

6840
06:07:30,600 --> 06:07:33,600
The first Invasion Fleet, 
comprised approximately 900 

6841
06:07:33,600 --> 06:07:37,900
ships carrying an estimated 
23,000 troops including Mongol, 

6842
06:07:37,900 --> 06:07:42,700
Chinese and Korean contingents. 
Contemporary Japanese accounts, 

6843
06:07:42,700 --> 06:07:44,700
described these vessels 
employing Technologies. 

6844
06:07:44,700 --> 06:07:48,300
Unfamiliar to Japanese 
Defenders, including early, 

6845
06:07:48,300 --> 06:07:51,500
explosive weapons, derived from 
Chinese gunpowder developments. 

6846
06:07:52,300 --> 06:07:55,200
What seldom acknowledged is, how
these invasions accelerated 

6847
06:07:55,200 --> 06:07:57,600
military technology transfer 
across East Asia. 

6848
06:07:58,700 --> 06:08:00,900
The Korean ship rights. 
Drafted into kubali service, 

6849
06:08:00,900 --> 06:08:03,500
brought their distinctive hole 
designs and sailing techniques 

6850
06:08:03,500 --> 06:08:07,200
into Chinese shipyards Mongol. 
Cavalry tactics were adapted for

6851
06:08:07,200 --> 06:08:09,700
marine. 
Landing's Chinese CJ Engineers, 

6852
06:08:09,700 --> 06:08:12,000
developed floating platforms for
their trebuchets. 

6853
06:08:12,000 --> 06:08:15,800
This cross-cultural military 
synthesis created entirely new 

6854
06:08:15,800 --> 06:08:20,000
approaches to Naval Warfare. 
The infamous Kamikaze or divine,

6855
06:08:20,000 --> 06:08:23,400
wind typhoons that scattered. 
Both Invasion fleets have become

6856
06:08:23,400 --> 06:08:26,300
Central to The Narrative of 
Kublai Japanese campaigns. 

6857
06:08:27,100 --> 06:08:30,600
However, evidence suggests the 
second expedition in 1281, face 

6858
06:08:30,600 --> 06:08:33,500
significant problems even before
the storm struck. 

6859
06:08:34,400 --> 06:08:36,500
Coordination between the Korean 
and Southern Chinese. 

6860
06:08:36,500 --> 06:08:39,200
Fleet components proved nearly 
impossible due to different 

6861
06:08:39,200 --> 06:08:42,500
Maritime traditions and command 
structures ships designed for 

6862
06:08:42,500 --> 06:08:45,700
different Waters, the relatively
protected Korean Coast vs. 

6863
06:08:45,700 --> 06:08:48,900
The open East China Sea found 
themselves, inappropriately 

6864
06:08:48,900 --> 06:08:52,900
deployed, Archaeological. 
Excavations of the invasion, 

6865
06:08:52,900 --> 06:08:55,300
Fleet wrecks near takashima 
Island. 

6866
06:08:55,300 --> 06:08:58,500
Have revealed fascinating 
details about Cuba's Naval 

6867
06:08:58,500 --> 06:09:01,200
technology. 
The recovered vessels show a 

6868
06:09:01,200 --> 06:09:03,500
surprising standardization of 
construction techniques. 

6869
06:09:03,500 --> 06:09:06,500
Suggesting mass production 
methods that anticipated 

6870
06:09:06,500 --> 06:09:09,000
European shipbuilding approaches
by centuries. 

6871
06:09:09,000 --> 06:09:12,800
Recovered weapons include 
sophisticated composite bows. 

6872
06:09:12,800 --> 06:09:16,100
Designed specifically, for 
Marine combat and early grenades

6873
06:09:16,100 --> 06:09:18,900
with ceramic casings 
technologies that would not 

6874
06:09:18,900 --> 06:09:21,300
appear in European Naval Warfare
until much later. 

6875
06:09:22,500 --> 06:09:25,100
Less known than the Japanese 
campaigns were cooped in Naval 

6876
06:09:25,100 --> 06:09:29,800
expeditions to Southeast Asia 
between 1278 and 1287 he 

6877
06:09:29,800 --> 06:09:32,300
dispatched multiple fleets to 
various parts of what are now 

6878
06:09:32,308 --> 06:09:35,700
Vietnam Cambodia Myanmar and 
Indonesia. 

6879
06:09:37,300 --> 06:09:39,800
These Expeditions face 
challenges different from those 

6880
06:09:39,800 --> 06:09:43,700
in Japan, tropical diseases, 
decimated northern troops and 

6881
06:09:43,700 --> 06:09:46,200
dense river systems. 
The Gated the mobility 

6882
06:09:46,200 --> 06:09:49,600
advantages of Mongol Cavalry, 
once they landed the campaign 

6883
06:09:49,600 --> 06:09:52,500
against Java in 1293 
represented, the farthest 

6884
06:09:52,500 --> 06:09:56,900
extension of Kublai Maritime. 
Reach nearly 3500 miles from his

6885
06:09:56,900 --> 06:09:59,600
capital and encountered unique 
difficulties. 

6886
06:10:00,800 --> 06:10:05,000
Local understanding of monsoon 
timing gave Javanese forces, a 

6887
06:10:05,000 --> 06:10:07,900
decisive advantage. 
When Kublai is Fleet arrived, 

6888
06:10:07,900 --> 06:10:10,600
they found Harbors, empty of 
trading vessels. 

6889
06:10:10,600 --> 06:10:14,700
They had hoped to capture and 
coastal areas already harvested 

6890
06:10:14,700 --> 06:10:18,200
a Food Supplies. 
The 1293 Expedition ultimately 

6891
06:10:18,200 --> 06:10:21,100
returned with tribute, but fail 
to establish lasting control 

6892
06:10:21,100 --> 06:10:24,700
demonstrating the logistical 
limitations of projecting power 

6893
06:10:24,700 --> 06:10:28,300
across such distances. 
What truly distinguished, Kube 

6894
06:10:28,300 --> 06:10:30,600
lies Maritime Ventures from 
previous Chinese Naval 

6895
06:10:30,600 --> 06:10:32,700
operations was their hybrid 
nature. 

6896
06:10:32,700 --> 06:10:35,900
His fleets Incorporated 
personnel and techniques from 

6897
06:10:35,900 --> 06:10:38,800
multiple Traditions, Chinese 
navigational, knowledge. 

6898
06:10:38,800 --> 06:10:42,200
Korean shipbuilding Mongol 
command structures and even 

6899
06:10:42,200 --> 06:10:45,600
Muslim Navigators familiar with 
Indian Ocean conditions. 

6900
06:10:46,200 --> 06:10:48,900
Ships carried multiple types of 
Provisions to accommodate 

6901
06:10:48,900 --> 06:10:53,200
diverse Crews, including kumas 
fermented mayor's milk for 

6902
06:10:53,200 --> 06:10:55,400
Mongol officers. 
Alongside rice for Chinese 

6903
06:10:55,400 --> 06:10:58,700
Sailors. 
Perhaps most tellingly, his 

6904
06:10:58,700 --> 06:11:02,400
Naval Expeditions altered Kublai
himself Caught records. 

6905
06:11:02,400 --> 06:11:04,500
Describe him, becoming 
increasingly fascinated with 

6906
06:11:04,500 --> 06:11:07,400
Maritime Technologies. 
He personally interviewed 

6907
06:11:07,400 --> 06:11:10,500
returning captains collected 
nautical maps and commissioned 

6908
06:11:10,500 --> 06:11:12,500
treatises on Southern Ocean 
navigation. 

6909
06:11:13,400 --> 06:11:16,000
The Khan who had begun his 
career as a step Horseman 

6910
06:11:16,000 --> 06:11:19,100
eventually developed such 
appreciation for maritime 

6911
06:11:19,100 --> 06:11:21,500
Affairs, that he established 
specialized schools for 

6912
06:11:21,500 --> 06:11:23,300
navigational. 
Astronomy, and map, making in 

6913
06:11:23,300 --> 06:11:27,200
his Capital, yet despite these 
Innovations kubilai Maritime 

6914
06:11:27,200 --> 06:11:30,200
Ambitions, ultimately 
represented, Imperial overreach 

6915
06:11:30,800 --> 06:11:34,300
The failed campaigns consumed. 
Enormous resources, the second 

6916
06:11:34,300 --> 06:11:37,200
Japanese Expedition alone is 
estimated to have cost nearly 

6917
06:11:37,200 --> 06:11:39,900
two years, tax revenue from all 
of Korea. 

6918
06:11:40,600 --> 06:11:43,500
These are compensators combined 
with the massive costs of 

6919
06:11:43,500 --> 06:11:46,700
building and maintaining Dadu 
Place strains on the Imperial 

6920
06:11:46,700 --> 06:11:49,000
treasury, that would have 
long-term consequences for un 

6921
06:11:49,000 --> 06:11:51,900
Dynasty stability. 
Among the overlooked dimensions 

6922
06:11:51,900 --> 06:11:53,700
of Kublai. 
Khan's rule was his pioneering 

6923
06:11:53,700 --> 06:11:57,500
use of food as an instrument of 
statecraft, the Imperial Kitchen

6924
06:11:57,500 --> 06:12:01,200
became a microcosm of his 
broader Imperial project a 

6925
06:12:01,200 --> 06:12:03,600
space, where cultural synthesis 
wasn't merely symbolic. 

6926
06:12:03,600 --> 06:12:06,700
But tangibly experience through 
daily ritual and sustenance. 

6927
06:12:07,700 --> 06:12:10,500
The courts dining practices, 
reflected Kube, lies complex, 

6928
06:12:10,500 --> 06:12:13,900
cultural positioning. 
Unlike previous Mongol rulers, 

6929
06:12:13,900 --> 06:12:16,400
who maintained strict nomadic 
eating habits even after 

6930
06:12:16,400 --> 06:12:19,400
conquests. 
Kublai orchestrated elaborate 

6931
06:12:19,400 --> 06:12:21,800
performance. 
Is that strategically deployed 

6932
06:12:21,800 --> 06:12:25,300
Traditions from a cross? 
His domains Court, Banquets 

6933
06:12:25,300 --> 06:12:27,400
featured carefully. 
Choreographed sequences of 

6934
06:12:27,400 --> 06:12:29,300
dishes, representing different 
territories. 

6935
06:12:30,000 --> 06:12:33,900
Step cumis, followed by Northern
Chinese wheat buns, Southern 

6936
06:12:33,900 --> 06:12:37,700
rice preparations, Central Asian
pilaf and Persian sweets. 

6937
06:12:38,700 --> 06:12:42,100
Archaeological excavations at 
the UN Palace complex have 

6938
06:12:42,100 --> 06:12:43,800
revealed. 
Specialized kitchen areas for 

6939
06:12:43,800 --> 06:12:47,300
different culinary Traditions 
each with distinct equipment and

6940
06:12:47,300 --> 06:12:51,200
dedicated staff. 
The Imperial Food Service 

6941
06:12:51,200 --> 06:12:55,300
employed over 12,000 people, 
including Hunters Farmers 

6942
06:12:55,300 --> 06:12:58,600
butchers Cooks servers and food 
tasters. 

6943
06:12:58,600 --> 06:13:01,100
Making it one of the largest 
Court departments. 

6944
06:13:01,900 --> 06:13:04,200
This elaborate system. 
Served both practical and 

6945
06:13:04,200 --> 06:13:07,800
symbolic functions in the Khan 
security through careful food. 

6946
06:13:07,800 --> 06:13:10,200
Preparation. 
While demonstrating his dominion

6947
06:13:10,200 --> 06:13:12,500
over diverse resources and 
traditions. 

6948
06:13:13,700 --> 06:13:16,600
Kublai maintained certain 
Mongol, dietary Customs, that 

6949
06:13:16,600 --> 06:13:18,800
visibly, distinguished him from 
Chinese emperors. 

6950
06:13:19,600 --> 06:13:22,700
He continued the step tradition 
of the white Feast featuring 

6951
06:13:22,700 --> 06:13:26,400
dairy products, alongside the 
red Feast featuring meat. 

6952
06:13:27,400 --> 06:13:30,900
His preference for mayor's, milk
are Rag and dried meat, strips 

6953
06:13:30,900 --> 06:13:34,100
proclaimed, his Mongol identity.
Even as he adopted Chinese 

6954
06:13:34,100 --> 06:13:37,800
administrative practices. 
Yeti strategically Incorporated,

6955
06:13:37,800 --> 06:13:40,500
Chinese Imperial, food Customs. 
When politically expedient 

6956
06:13:41,400 --> 06:13:43,900
Particularly during ceremonies 
attended by Chinese officials. 

6957
06:13:45,200 --> 06:13:47,800
What distinguished Cuba lies 
approach from simple, cultural 

6958
06:13:47,800 --> 06:13:49,700
accommodation was its systematic
nature. 

6959
06:13:49,700 --> 06:13:52,700
Court records detail. 
Elaborate protocols for 

6960
06:13:52,700 --> 06:13:55,300
determining, which culinary 
Traditions would be featured at 

6961
06:13:55,300 --> 06:13:58,500
which events with specific Foods
functioning as diplomatic 

6962
06:13:58,500 --> 06:14:02,400
signals when receiving Emirates 
from Tibet, the court served 

6963
06:14:02,400 --> 06:14:05,200
butter tea prepared in the 
Tibetan style, despite the 

6964
06:14:05,200 --> 06:14:09,000
Khan's personal dislike for it. 
Muslim, diplomats were presented

6965
06:14:09,000 --> 06:14:12,000
with meals prepared. 
According to Halal requirements 

6966
06:14:12,000 --> 06:14:15,300
overseen, by Muslim Cooks 
maintained specifically for such

6967
06:14:15,300 --> 06:14:18,100
occasions. 
The Khan's personal dining 

6968
06:14:18,100 --> 06:14:20,500
regimen, combined, medical 
theories from multiple 

6969
06:14:20,500 --> 06:14:22,900
traditions. 
His Physicians included 

6970
06:14:22,900 --> 06:14:26,400
practitioners of Chinese meds 
and Islamic uni Mets and 

6971
06:14:26,400 --> 06:14:30,700
traditional shamanic, healing 
each contributed dietary 

6972
06:14:30,700 --> 06:14:33,400
recommendations that were sent 
to the size in the cars eating 

6973
06:14:33,400 --> 06:14:36,400
plant. 
Contemporary accounts described 

6974
06:14:36,400 --> 06:14:39,800
medicinal, soups, combining, 
Chinese herbs, Central Asian 

6975
06:14:39,800 --> 06:14:42,300
spices and ingredients from as 
far as India. 

6976
06:14:43,000 --> 06:14:45,000
Prepared. 
According to schedule's, a 

6977
06:14:45,000 --> 06:14:47,200
lining with both Chinese 
cosmological calendars and 

6978
06:14:47,200 --> 06:14:50,600
Islamic medical timing. 
Kublai is famous Hunting 

6979
06:14:50,600 --> 06:14:53,600
Expeditions at his summer 
capital of Xanadu, shangdu 

6980
06:14:53,600 --> 06:14:55,700
featured. 
Elaborate outdoor. 

6981
06:14:55,700 --> 06:14:59,300
Feasting that merged Mongol 
Traditions with Imperial Chinese

6982
06:14:59,300 --> 06:15:01,900
ritual. 
These events which could involve

6983
06:15:01,900 --> 06:15:04,900
their albums deals to 
participants, followed precisely

6984
06:15:04,900 --> 06:15:08,000
choreographed sequences. 
The Khan would first honor, his 

6985
06:15:08,000 --> 06:15:10,700
ancestors with traditional 
Mongol offerings, then 

6986
06:15:10,700 --> 06:15:14,400
participate in the hunt itself. 
Culminating in a feast where 

6987
06:15:14,400 --> 06:15:17,700
animals killed during the hunt 
were prepared using techniques 

6988
06:15:17,700 --> 06:15:20,700
from multiple color and retro 
Traditions, the Multicultural 

6989
06:15:20,700 --> 06:15:24,200
composition of Kublai Court 
created unprecedented coloring 

6990
06:15:24,200 --> 06:15:26,600
Exchange. 
Chinese technique, for 

6991
06:15:26,600 --> 06:15:30,200
fermenting vegetables, spread 
northward into Mongolia Mongolia

6992
06:15:30,200 --> 06:15:32,100
methods for preserving meat 
influence. 

6993
06:15:32,100 --> 06:15:35,100
Chinese practices Persian fruit,
cultivation technique, 

6994
06:15:35,100 --> 06:15:37,000
transformed Garden, gardens 
around Dadu. 

6995
06:15:37,800 --> 06:15:40,600
This cross-cultural exchange 
accelerated of the development 

6996
06:15:40,600 --> 06:15:43,300
of, what would later be 
recognized as distinct Regional 

6997
06:15:43,300 --> 06:15:45,500
Chinese cuisine's? 
Some of Kube lies. 

6998
06:15:45,500 --> 06:15:48,000
Most effective diplomatic 
deployments of food occurred 

6999
06:15:48,000 --> 06:15:50,000
during his interactions with 
foreign emissaries. 

7000
06:15:50,800 --> 06:15:52,400
According to Marco Polo's 
account. 

7001
06:15:52,400 --> 06:15:55,300
Visitors were first served 
familiar foods from their 

7002
06:15:55,300 --> 06:15:58,700
homelands prepared by Cooks who 
specifically researched foreign 

7003
06:15:58,700 --> 06:16:01,500
techniques before being 
gradually introduced to Mongol 

7004
06:16:01,500 --> 06:16:04,600
and Chinese Delicacies. 
This culinary progression 

7005
06:16:04,600 --> 06:16:06,600
mirrored. 
The broader diplomatic process 

7006
06:16:06,600 --> 06:16:11,100
of establishing Comfort before 
negotiation One of Kublai most 

7007
06:16:11,100 --> 06:16:13,400
significant culinary. 
Innovations was the development 

7008
06:16:13,400 --> 06:16:16,200
of Imperial food supply chains 
that connected distant 

7009
06:16:16,200 --> 06:16:19,400
ecological zones. 
Specialized Imperial farms 

7010
06:16:19,400 --> 06:16:22,800
around Dadu, cultivated fruits 
and vegetables from across 

7011
06:16:22,800 --> 06:16:26,900
Eurasia Fast horse relay 
stations, primarily developed 

7012
06:16:26,900 --> 06:16:30,200
for military and administrative 
communication were adapted to 

7013
06:16:30,200 --> 06:16:34,100
transport perishable Delicacies 
court records notes, shipments 

7014
06:16:34,100 --> 06:16:35,800
of fresh seafood, from the 
Yellow Sea. 

7015
06:16:35,800 --> 06:16:39,600
Reaching the Imperial table, 
within days of harvest and 

7016
06:16:39,600 --> 06:16:42,400
fruits, from tropical Southern 
provinces arriving in edible 

7017
06:16:42,400 --> 06:16:46,000
condition at the northern 
capital, Archaeological evidence

7018
06:16:46,000 --> 06:16:50,000
from un Dynasty Elite tombs 
reveals the material culture, 

7019
06:16:50,000 --> 06:16:52,100
supporting the culinary 
cosmopolitanism. 

7020
06:16:52,900 --> 06:16:56,100
Burial goods include Persian 
influenced metal serving vessels

7021
06:16:56,100 --> 06:16:59,000
alongside Chinese porcelain and 
Mongol ceremonial cups. 

7022
06:16:59,700 --> 06:17:02,600
This material, hybridization 
reflected the lived experience 

7023
06:17:02,600 --> 06:17:05,600
of dining at Kublai Court. 
Where the vessels themselves, 

7024
06:17:05,600 --> 06:17:08,000
communicated. 
Political messages about 

7025
06:17:08,000 --> 06:17:10,400
cultural synthesis and Imperial 
reach. 

7026
06:17:11,900 --> 06:17:15,700
By the later years of his Reign 
complete Cuisine had evolved 

7027
06:17:15,700 --> 06:17:18,400
into something distinctly 
different from both traditional 

7028
06:17:18,400 --> 06:17:20,900
Mongol fair, and Chinese 
Imperial dining. 

7029
06:17:21,700 --> 06:17:25,300
It represented a third 
tradition, a un Court Cuisine, 

7030
06:17:25,300 --> 06:17:28,300
that embodied in edible form, 
the Khan's vision of universal 

7031
06:17:28,300 --> 06:17:31,900
rule, transcending, ethnic and 
cultural boundaries a sensory, 

7032
06:17:31,900 --> 06:17:35,000
embodiment of his new type of 
Empire Beyond his military 

7033
06:17:35,000 --> 06:17:37,800
campaigns and Architectural, 
Ambitions Kublai Khan's. 

7034
06:17:37,800 --> 06:17:40,700
Most enduring Innovation may 
have been his transformation of 

7035
06:17:40,700 --> 06:17:43,900
how information moved through 
and shaped his vast domains 

7036
06:17:43,900 --> 06:17:47,300
under his Direction. 
The Mongol Empire of all from a 

7037
06:17:47,308 --> 06:17:50,100
conquest State into an 
information Empire whose 

7038
06:17:50,100 --> 06:17:53,000
administrative sophistication 
would influence East Asian 

7039
06:17:53,000 --> 06:17:56,200
governance for centuries. 
Cornerstone of this 

7040
06:17:56,200 --> 06:17:59,400
transformation was Kublai 
development of the world's most 

7041
06:17:59,400 --> 06:18:03,700
extensive postal relay system. 
Building upon the Mongol yam 

7042
06:18:03,700 --> 06:18:07,500
Network established by Genghis. 
Khan Kublai systematically 

7043
06:18:07,500 --> 06:18:10,400
expanded and formalized this 
Communications infrastructure 

7044
06:18:10,400 --> 06:18:14,400
until it encompassed over 1400, 
postal stations across East 

7045
06:18:14,400 --> 06:18:18,400
Asia. unlike earlier iteration 
that primarily served military 

7046
06:18:18,400 --> 06:18:22,000
coordination, kubernetes Postal 
System became a comprehensive 

7047
06:18:22,000 --> 06:18:23,500
information. 
Networks supporting 

7048
06:18:23,500 --> 06:18:26,600
administrative governance. 
What made this system 

7049
06:18:26,600 --> 06:18:29,800
revolutionary was its 
unprecedented speed and 

7050
06:18:29,800 --> 06:18:32,800
reliability. 
Official Communications could 

7051
06:18:32,800 --> 06:18:37,300
travel up to 250 miles per day. 
A pace unmatched anywhere else 

7052
06:18:37,300 --> 06:18:40,400
in the Medieval World. 
This goal was achieved through a

7053
06:18:40,400 --> 06:18:44,500
precisely organized relay system
where stations were positioned 

7054
06:18:44,500 --> 06:18:48,200
approximately, 25 to 30 miles 
apart the distance. 

7055
06:18:48,200 --> 06:18:50,900
A horse could Gallop at speed 
before, requiring replacement. 

7056
06:18:51,900 --> 06:18:56,300
Special passport tablets Piza 
issued in silver gold or 

7057
06:18:56,300 --> 06:18:59,600
platinum indicated The bearer's 
Authority, level and determined.

7058
06:18:59,600 --> 06:19:02,300
How many horses they could 
requisition and how quickly 

7059
06:19:02,300 --> 06:19:03,900
local stations needed to 
respond. 

7060
06:19:05,000 --> 06:19:07,000
The scale of this. 
Operation was staggering. 

7061
06:19:07,600 --> 06:19:10,900
Historical records indicate that
at its peak the system 

7062
06:19:10,900 --> 06:19:13,400
maintained approximately 300,000
horses. 

7063
06:19:13,400 --> 06:19:17,300
Employed 10s of thousands of 
riders and station personnel and

7064
06:19:17,300 --> 06:19:19,100
delivered. 
Not just messages but also 

7065
06:19:19,100 --> 06:19:21,700
officials tax shipments and 
Commercial Goods. 

7066
06:19:21,700 --> 06:19:25,100
Deemed important to Imperial 
interests, the entire system 

7067
06:19:25,100 --> 06:19:28,300
operated under the jurisdiction 
of a specialized Ministry, whose

7068
06:19:28,300 --> 06:19:32,100
records documented every horse 
rider and passed in motion 

7069
06:19:32,100 --> 06:19:34,600
across the empire. 
This Communications 

7070
06:19:34,600 --> 06:19:36,700
infrastructure enabled. 
Another of Kublai in 

7071
06:19:36,708 --> 06:19:39,700
innovation's standardized. 
Administrative reporting. 

7072
06:19:40,600 --> 06:19:43,000
Local officials throughout the 
realm were required to submit 

7073
06:19:43,000 --> 06:19:47,200
regular reports on population. 
Agricultural production, weather

7074
06:19:47,200 --> 06:19:50,200
conditions and local events, 
according to standardized 

7075
06:19:50,200 --> 06:19:52,800
formats. 
These reports flowed upward 

7076
06:19:52,800 --> 06:19:55,900
through provincial, centres to 
the Capitol creating what? 

7077
06:19:55,900 --> 06:19:59,100
Historians now recognized as one
of History's first systematic 

7078
06:19:59,100 --> 06:20:03,000
government information gathering
operations The bureaucracy 

7079
06:20:03,000 --> 06:20:06,000
Kublai established a process. 
This information was equally 

7080
06:20:06,000 --> 06:20:08,600
innovative. 
Unable to staff the entire 

7081
06:20:08,600 --> 06:20:12,000
Administration with Mongols who 
lacked experience in managing 

7082
06:20:12,000 --> 06:20:15,500
sedentary populations, he 
created a multi-ethnic civil 

7083
06:20:15,500 --> 06:20:19,300
service that included Chinese, 
scholar officials, weaker, 

7084
06:20:19,300 --> 06:20:22,900
Financial, experts, Persian 
astronomers, and Tibetan 

7085
06:20:22,900 --> 06:20:26,600
religious administrators. 
Most notably, he established 

7086
06:20:26,600 --> 06:20:29,300
specialized training academy 
memes, where officials from 

7087
06:20:29,300 --> 06:20:32,400
different backgrounds, learned, 
standardized administrative 

7088
06:20:32,400 --> 06:20:36,200
methods, creating institutional 
knowledge that transcended 

7089
06:20:36,200 --> 06:20:40,000
individual cultural traditions. 
Particularly significant was 

7090
06:20:40,000 --> 06:20:42,500
Kublai as approached to language
within this bureaucracy. 

7091
06:20:43,400 --> 06:20:46,500
Rather than imposing a single 
Imperial language as most. 

7092
06:20:46,500 --> 06:20:49,400
Conquering regimes. 
Did he developed a sophisticated

7093
06:20:49,400 --> 06:20:52,900
translation system? 
Key documents were produced in 

7094
06:20:52,900 --> 06:20:57,100
multiple scripts including 
Chinese Mongolian Flags per 

7095
06:20:57,100 --> 06:20:59,800
script. 
We go Persian and Tibetan. 

7096
06:21:00,600 --> 06:21:03,600
The Imperial Secretariat 
included dedicated translation 

7097
06:21:03,600 --> 06:21:07,400
bureaus for each major language 
group within the empire in the 

7098
06:21:07,400 --> 06:21:10,600
directives from the center could
be accurately implemented across

7099
06:21:10,600 --> 06:21:13,600
diverse regions. 
The wealth of data flowing into 

7100
06:21:13,600 --> 06:21:16,300
Dadu, enabled, novel approaches 
to governance. 

7101
06:21:17,100 --> 06:21:20,200
Kublai pioneered large-scale 
statistical compilation to 

7102
06:21:20,200 --> 06:21:24,500
monitor agricultural production 
population, Trends and tax 

7103
06:21:24,500 --> 06:21:28,300
collection efficiency. 
When unusual patterns appeared 

7104
06:21:28,300 --> 06:21:31,400
such as unexpected, population, 
declines or harvest yields. 

7105
06:21:31,400 --> 06:21:34,800
Specialized investigators would 
be dispatched by the postal 

7106
06:21:34,800 --> 06:21:36,700
system to assess conditions 
directly. 

7107
06:21:36,700 --> 06:21:40,400
This feedback loop created a 
more responsive Imperial 

7108
06:21:40,400 --> 06:21:43,400
Administration than previous 
Chinese dynasties had achieved. 

7109
06:21:43,400 --> 06:21:46,800
Perhaps most remarkable was 
kubernetes development of paper 

7110
06:21:46,800 --> 06:21:49,200
currency as an instrument of 
economic integration. 

7111
06:21:49,200 --> 06:21:51,800
While paper money had existed in
China. 

7112
06:21:51,800 --> 06:21:55,500
Previously, Kublai expanded its 
use and standardized its 

7113
06:21:55,500 --> 06:21:57,400
implementation across his 
territories. 

7114
06:21:58,300 --> 06:22:01,000
The notes issued under his 
authority backed by silver 

7115
06:22:01,000 --> 06:22:03,700
reserves and carrying stern, 
warnings against counterfeiting.

7116
06:22:03,700 --> 06:22:06,700
Facilitated Commerce, across 
regions with different, 

7117
06:22:06,700 --> 06:22:08,900
traditional currencies and 
commodities standards. 

7118
06:22:08,900 --> 06:22:12,600
These notes represented more 
than economic policy, they were 

7119
06:22:12,600 --> 06:22:15,500
information technology that 
allowed the center to influence 

7120
06:22:15,500 --> 06:22:18,400
distant markets, like 
controlling the quantity of 

7121
06:22:18,408 --> 06:22:21,800
currency in circulation. 
The cars Financial ministers 

7122
06:22:21,800 --> 06:22:24,500
could respond to Regional 
economic conditions more quickly

7123
06:22:24,500 --> 06:22:28,100
than physical commodity. 
Money would allow When Marco 

7124
06:22:28,100 --> 06:22:30,900
Polo described these paper that 
passes for money to European 

7125
06:22:30,900 --> 06:22:32,400
audiences? 
He was documenting. 

7126
06:22:32,400 --> 06:22:35,400
Not just a curious foreign 
practice, but one of history's 

7127
06:22:35,400 --> 06:22:37,500
most advanced economic Control 
Systems. 

7128
06:22:37,500 --> 06:22:40,600
The information infrastructure 
extended Beyond government 

7129
06:22:40,600 --> 06:22:43,800
Administration into the realm of
scientific knowledge. 

7130
06:22:44,700 --> 06:22:47,500
Kublai established specialized 
bureaus for astronomical 

7131
06:22:47,500 --> 06:22:51,700
observation, cartography, 
historical, documentation and 

7132
06:22:51,700 --> 06:22:54,200
medical research. 
Each was tasked with 

7133
06:22:54,200 --> 06:22:57,000
systematically collecting and 
synthesizing Knowledge from 

7134
06:22:57,000 --> 06:23:00,600
across Eurasia. 
The astronomical Bureau, for 

7135
06:23:00,600 --> 06:23:04,000
instance, combined Chinese 
calendrical traditions with 

7136
06:23:04,000 --> 06:23:07,100
Islamic mathematical techniques 
and Tibetan astrological 

7137
06:23:07,100 --> 06:23:10,900
Concepts to create more accurate
predictive systems by the middle

7138
06:23:10,900 --> 06:23:13,700
of Kublai Reign. 
This multifaceted information 

7139
06:23:13,700 --> 06:23:16,400
system had transformed 
governance, across East Asia 

7140
06:23:17,100 --> 06:23:19,800
Officials who might never travel
to the capital, nevertheless, 

7141
06:23:19,800 --> 06:23:22,600
operated within standardized, 
protocols established, their 

7142
06:23:22,600 --> 06:23:25,200
Regional variations in 
administration. 

7143
06:23:25,200 --> 06:23:28,300
Certainly persisted. 
The system was too vast for 

7144
06:23:28,300 --> 06:23:31,500
perfect uniformity but the 
overall effect was a degree of 

7145
06:23:31,508 --> 06:23:34,500
integration previously 
unachievable across such diverse

7146
06:23:34,500 --> 06:23:36,800
territories. 
As Kublai Khan entered his 

7147
06:23:36,800 --> 06:23:39,600
seventh decade. 
The contradictions inherent in 

7148
06:23:39,600 --> 06:23:42,300
his Imperial project began to 
manifest more acutely. 

7149
06:23:43,300 --> 06:23:47,200
The years between 1280 and his 
death in 1294, reveal a ruler 

7150
06:23:47,200 --> 06:23:49,700
grappling with the limitations 
of his vision and the mounting 

7151
06:23:49,700 --> 06:23:51,800
costs of maintaining the world's
largest Empire. 

7152
06:23:52,900 --> 06:23:56,100
While historical accounts often 
at the challenges of Cuba's 

7153
06:23:56,100 --> 06:23:59,200
later years to personal decline,
his increasing corpulence 

7154
06:23:59,200 --> 06:24:03,100
episodes of gout and deepening. 
Reliance on alcohol closer 

7155
06:24:03,100 --> 06:24:05,000
examination. 
Reveals systemic pressures. 

7156
06:24:05,000 --> 06:24:08,600
That would have challenged even 
a younger more vigorous ruler. 

7157
06:24:09,800 --> 06:24:12,500
The very success of his Chinese 
style, administrative State 

7158
06:24:12,500 --> 06:24:16,000
created unsustainable Financial 
burdens that the Empire's 

7159
06:24:16,000 --> 06:24:19,400
economic base struggled to 
support the construction and 

7160
06:24:19,400 --> 06:24:22,200
maintenance of Dadu alone, 
consumed resources on an 

7161
06:24:22,200 --> 06:24:26,600
unprecedented scale The Imperial
household with its 40,000 

7162
06:24:26,600 --> 06:24:29,900
servers required vast some 
simply for daily operation. 

7163
06:24:30,800 --> 06:24:34,400
The postal relay system vital 
for administrative control 

7164
06:24:34,400 --> 06:24:37,000
maintained hundreds of thousands
of horses. 

7165
06:24:37,000 --> 06:24:40,300
Requiring constant fodder. 
The military garrisons 

7166
06:24:40,300 --> 06:24:42,700
positioned throughout the realm.
Demanded regular payment. 

7167
06:24:43,600 --> 06:24:46,600
Archaeological evidence from 
late, un Dynasty. 

7168
06:24:46,600 --> 06:24:49,200
Administrative centers shows 
increasing sophistication in 

7169
06:24:49,200 --> 06:24:52,400
financial record-keeping likely 
a response to mounting fiscal 

7170
06:24:52,400 --> 06:24:54,500
pressures. 
These economic strains 

7171
06:24:54,500 --> 06:24:57,300
manifested in policies that 
gradually undermined popular 

7172
06:24:57,300 --> 06:25:00,000
support for un rule. 
Tax collection became 

7173
06:25:00,000 --> 06:25:03,800
increasingly aggressive, the 
issuance of paper currency. 

7174
06:25:03,800 --> 06:25:07,000
Initially a brilliant Financial 
Innovation. 

7175
06:25:07,000 --> 06:25:10,100
Evolved into a problematic 
dependence as the government 

7176
06:25:10,100 --> 06:25:13,400
printed more notes than its 
silver, reserves could credibly 

7177
06:25:13,400 --> 06:25:17,200
back. 
By the late 1280 inflation, had 

7178
06:25:17,200 --> 06:25:20,300
become a serious problem in core
provinces eroding, the 

7179
06:25:20,300 --> 06:25:23,500
purchasing power of governments 
and Merchants revenues alike. 

7180
06:25:23,500 --> 06:25:27,400
Environmental factors 
compounded, these challenges the

7181
06:25:27,400 --> 06:25:30,400
1280 witnessed a series of 
natural disasters across East 

7182
06:25:30,400 --> 06:25:33,300
Asia floods, along. 
The Yellow River droughts in the

7183
06:25:33,300 --> 06:25:36,200
Southern province's and 
unusually harsh Winters in the 

7184
06:25:36,200 --> 06:25:39,200
northern regions. 
Contemporary Chinese records, 

7185
06:25:39,200 --> 06:25:42,300
described these as Heaven's. 
Disapproval of un governments 

7186
06:25:42,300 --> 06:25:45,600
reflecting growing ideological 
resistance to Mongol rule. 

7187
06:25:46,300 --> 06:25:49,400
Modern climate research suggests
these events coincided with a 

7188
06:25:49,400 --> 06:25:52,600
cooling period that affected 
agricultural productivity across

7189
06:25:52,600 --> 06:25:55,800
Eurasia. 
Creating systemic pressures, no 

7190
06:25:55,800 --> 06:25:57,200
ruler could have fully 
addressed. 

7191
06:25:58,000 --> 06:26:00,600
Kublai is personal response to 
these mounting difficulties 

7192
06:26:00,600 --> 06:26:03,100
reveals, much about his 
character in these final years. 

7193
06:26:03,800 --> 06:26:06,600
Rather than retreating from his 
Multicultural governance model, 

7194
06:26:06,600 --> 06:26:09,500
he doubled down on it, 
recruiting additional foreign 

7195
06:26:09,500 --> 06:26:13,200
experts, particularly Muslim 
Financial administrators with 

7196
06:26:13,200 --> 06:26:15,300
experience managing complex 
economies. 

7197
06:26:15,300 --> 06:26:18,900
This decision while 
pragmatically sound further, 

7198
06:26:18,900 --> 06:26:22,200
alienated Chinese Elites who 
resented being passed over for 

7199
06:26:22,200 --> 06:26:24,600
these positions. 
The khans later military 

7200
06:26:24,600 --> 06:26:27,400
campaigns reflect a similar 
doubling down on an established 

7201
06:26:27,400 --> 06:26:31,200
patterns despite diminishing 
returns the Burmese Expeditions 

7202
06:26:31,200 --> 06:26:34,700
of 1283 to 1285. 
While ultimately extracting 

7203
06:26:34,700 --> 06:26:37,700
tribute required 
disproportionate resources for 

7204
06:26:37,700 --> 06:26:42,200
limited strategic gain, the Java
campaign of 1293 stretched, 

7205
06:26:42,200 --> 06:26:44,500
empyreal Logistics Beyond 
sustainable limits. 

7206
06:26:44,500 --> 06:26:48,000
These operations suggest a ruler
attempting to maintain the 

7207
06:26:48,000 --> 06:26:51,400
momentum of expansion even as 
the core Empires Foundation 

7208
06:26:51,400 --> 06:26:55,600
showed signs of strain. 
What seldom appreciated about 

7209
06:26:55,600 --> 06:26:57,600
Kublai? 
Final years is his apparent 

7210
06:26:57,600 --> 06:26:59,600
awareness of the contradictions 
in his position. 

7211
06:27:00,700 --> 06:27:03,800
Court records documenting 
periods of withdrawal to his 

7212
06:27:03,800 --> 06:27:06,900
hunting Lodgers Xanadu, where he
would surround himself with 

7213
06:27:06,900 --> 06:27:09,600
Mongol Companions. 
And engage in traditional step 

7214
06:27:09,600 --> 06:27:12,700
practices, these Retreats seem 
less recreational than 

7215
06:27:12,700 --> 06:27:15,700
restorative attempts to 
reconnect with his cultural 

7216
06:27:15,700 --> 06:27:18,900
Roots amid, the increasingly 
complex, demands of rule, a 

7217
06:27:18,900 --> 06:27:22,300
predominantly Chinese Empire. 
The Khan's relationship with his

7218
06:27:22,300 --> 06:27:25,900
chosen successor temur, who 
would rule as Emperor? 

7219
06:27:25,900 --> 06:27:28,500
Cheng Zhong offers further, 
insight into his late life 

7220
06:27:28,500 --> 06:27:32,000
thinking. unlike earlier, Mongol
transitions where potential 

7221
06:27:32,000 --> 06:27:36,000
heirs, competed militarily for 
succession, Kublai arranged an 

7222
06:27:36,000 --> 06:27:38,400
orderly transfer of power, 
through bureaucratic channels, 

7223
06:27:39,400 --> 06:27:42,600
Engaged Chinese ritual 
Specialists to formalize to 

7224
06:27:42,600 --> 06:27:46,000
Muir's position, creating 
documentary legitimacy, that 

7225
06:27:46,000 --> 06:27:49,800
would withstand challenges this 
approach represented a final 

7226
06:27:49,800 --> 06:27:52,200
Embrace of Chinese 
administrative Traditions over 

7227
06:27:52,200 --> 06:27:56,800
Mongol customary practices. 
By 1292 with his health, clearly

7228
06:27:56,800 --> 06:28:00,100
failing Kublai faced rebellion 
in the southern Chinese 

7229
06:28:00,100 --> 06:28:03,200
province's and growing unrest in
his Mongolian Homeland. 

7230
06:28:03,200 --> 06:28:07,600
Where many traditional Nobles 
resented his innocence His 

7231
06:28:07,600 --> 06:28:09,400
response to these. 
Dual precious was 

7232
06:28:09,400 --> 06:28:12,300
characteristically. 
Balanced dispatching, Chinese 

7233
06:28:12,300 --> 06:28:15,900
style bureaucratic investigators
to the South while sending 

7234
06:28:15,900 --> 06:28:17,800
Mongol. 
Military commanders to reassert 

7235
06:28:17,800 --> 06:28:20,500
Authority in the north. 
When Kublai Khan died in 

7236
06:28:20,500 --> 06:28:23,500
February 1294. 
He left behind an Empire 

7237
06:28:23,500 --> 06:28:27,200
fundamentally transformed from 
what he had inherited. the 

7238
06:28:27,200 --> 06:28:29,900
Cosmopolitan administrative 
State, he constructed had 

7239
06:28:29,900 --> 06:28:32,300
permanently altered, he 
stationed governance traditions 

7240
06:28:33,100 --> 06:28:35,900
The commercial networks. 
He fostered had created new 

7241
06:28:35,900 --> 06:28:38,000
patterns of trade that would 
Outlast. 

7242
06:28:38,000 --> 06:28:41,400
Um, dynastic control, the 
cultural synthesis. 

7243
06:28:41,400 --> 06:28:43,600
He embodied had demonstrated 
possibilities for 

7244
06:28:43,600 --> 06:28:46,600
multiculturalism that challenged
traditional assumptions about 

7245
06:28:46,600 --> 06:28:50,300
ethnic and cultural boundaries. 
What ultimately undermined could

7246
06:28:50,300 --> 06:28:53,900
lies Imperial project was not 
any single policy failure, but 

7247
06:28:53,900 --> 06:28:57,100
the inherent tension between 
Mongol military power and 

7248
06:28:57,100 --> 06:28:59,000
Chinese administrative 
complexity. 

7249
06:28:59,800 --> 06:29:02,400
His personal Charisma and 
cultural flexibility had 

7250
06:29:02,400 --> 06:29:05,200
temporarily bridge. 
This divide, but sustaining this

7251
06:29:05,200 --> 06:29:07,400
balance proved impossible for 
his successes. 

7252
06:29:07,400 --> 06:29:10,500
Within three. 
Decades of his death, natural 

7253
06:29:10,500 --> 06:29:13,100
disasters. 
Economic mismanagement, and 

7254
06:29:13,100 --> 06:29:16,200
growing Chinese, nationalism 
would combine to end Mongol rule

7255
06:29:16,200 --> 06:29:19,100
in China. 
Yet Kube lies Legacy extended 

7256
06:29:19,100 --> 06:29:21,900
far beyond the UN dynasties 
relatively brief tenure. 

7257
06:29:22,500 --> 06:29:25,300
The administrative geography of 
modern China still reflects 

7258
06:29:25,300 --> 06:29:29,100
boundaries established under his
rule, the concept of China as a 

7259
06:29:29,100 --> 06:29:32,800
multi-ethnic state rather than 
exclusively Han Chinese traces 

7260
06:29:32,800 --> 06:29:36,000
its roots to un governance 
models the integration of 

7261
06:29:36,000 --> 06:29:38,700
Central and East Asian cultural 
Traditions that characterizes 

7262
06:29:38,700 --> 06:29:41,100
Northern Chinese cuisine 
architecture. 

7263
06:29:41,100 --> 06:29:44,400
And art finds many of its 
origins in the cultural policies

7264
06:29:44,400 --> 06:29:47,300
of his reign. 
Perhaps most significantly 

7265
06:29:47,300 --> 06:29:50,300
Kublai Khan's rule marked a 
pivotal Moment In global 

7266
06:29:50,300 --> 06:29:52,600
history. 
When the world's largest land 

7267
06:29:52,600 --> 06:29:55,900
Empire attempted to transform 
itself from a conquest State 

7268
06:29:55,900 --> 06:29:58,600
into a sustainable 
administrative system, the 

7269
06:29:58,600 --> 06:30:01,000
ultimate failure of this 
transformation in no way. 

7270
06:30:01,008 --> 06:30:03,900
Diminishes the ambition of the 
attempt or its lasting influence

7271
06:30:03,900 --> 06:30:06,200
on subsequent political 
formations across Eurasia. 

7272
06:30:07,100 --> 06:30:10,600
As the Winter Winds, swept 
across the steps in 1294, They 

7273
06:30:10,600 --> 06:30:13,300
Carried Away a ruler. 
Unlike any, before him, a man 

7274
06:30:13,308 --> 06:30:15,200
who had bridged worlds and 
reimagined? 

7275
06:30:15,200 --> 06:30:18,900
What Empire could mean? 
The great Khan was gone, but the

7276
06:30:18,900 --> 06:30:22,000
world he had remade would never 
be the same Frederic Chopin's 

7277
06:30:22,000 --> 06:30:25,000
Story begins in the modest 
Village of jealous over Walla. 

7278
06:30:25,600 --> 06:30:29,400
Poland, where he was born around
March 1st. 1810 though. 

7279
06:30:29,400 --> 06:30:31,500
Some documents Note. 
February 22nd. 

7280
06:30:31,500 --> 06:30:34,800
The region was steeped in 
cultural richness and political 

7281
06:30:34,800 --> 06:30:37,800
upheaval with Warsaw nearby and 
the territory, under the shadow 

7282
06:30:37,800 --> 06:30:40,300
of the Russian Empire. 
Chappelle's father. 

7283
06:30:40,300 --> 06:30:44,000
Nicholas was a Frenchman 
teaching language and manners to

7284
06:30:44,000 --> 06:30:47,600
polish nobility while his mother
Justina was a Polish, gentle 

7285
06:30:47,600 --> 06:30:50,000
woman whose calm sense of 
tradition and anchored, their 

7286
06:30:50,008 --> 06:30:53,800
household. in that setting 
polish folklore, mingled with 

7287
06:30:53,800 --> 06:30:57,900
European musical forms even in 
infancy Chopin, absorb these 

7288
06:30:57,900 --> 06:31:01,000
influences, as if the rhythmic 
footsteps of villagers and 

7289
06:31:01,000 --> 06:31:04,300
distant folk Melodies woven to 
his subconscious though 

7290
06:31:04,300 --> 06:31:07,700
unremarkable at first glance, 
The family's small home 

7291
06:31:07,700 --> 06:31:10,600
resonated. 
With reverence for art the piano

7292
06:31:10,600 --> 06:31:14,000
a battered upright became young 
Frederick's First. 

7293
06:31:14,000 --> 06:31:18,000
Blood companion opening onto 
imaginative worlds, he'd come 

7294
06:31:18,000 --> 06:31:22,400
during quiet mornings. around 6,
Chopin's prodigious Talent Drew 

7295
06:31:22,400 --> 06:31:25,900
attention from family, friends 
and local Aristocrats in a 

7296
06:31:25,900 --> 06:31:29,300
society that revered Salon 
culture, the gifted child at the

7297
06:31:29,300 --> 06:31:33,700
piano was Mythic He played Short
pieces at Gatherings Shiley but 

7298
06:31:33,700 --> 06:31:37,200
assuredly winning over curious. 
Onlookers who watched in mild 

7299
06:31:37,200 --> 06:31:39,800
disbelief. 
Even then his playing 

7300
06:31:39,800 --> 06:31:41,800
transcended, mere youthful 
charm. 

7301
06:31:42,600 --> 06:31:45,600
He displayed a depth that hinted
at Hidden Wells of sensitivity 

7302
06:31:45,600 --> 06:31:49,700
his teacher wojtek, Jivani 
noted, the boys special 

7303
06:31:49,700 --> 06:31:52,700
relationship with Melody, which 
seemed to flow through him 

7304
06:31:52,700 --> 06:31:56,300
without the stiffness typical of
child prodigies Beyond his 

7305
06:31:56,300 --> 06:31:59,300
domestic sphere. 
Poland itself was navigating a 

7306
06:31:59,308 --> 06:32:03,100
fragile identity, the Napoleonic
Wars had left scars across 

7307
06:32:03,100 --> 06:32:07,000
Europe although two young to 
grasp politics, Chopin sent the 

7308
06:32:07,008 --> 06:32:10,500
patriotism and longing carried 
by adults around him through his

7309
06:32:10,500 --> 06:32:12,200
mother's. 
Lullabies and whispered family 

7310
06:32:12,200 --> 06:32:16,100
Stories, the notion of a lost 
Homeland became a melodic thread

7311
06:32:16,100 --> 06:32:17,700
weaving through his emerging 
Consciousness. 

7312
06:32:17,700 --> 06:32:22,800
Chopin's sister nude Rica often,
joined him at the piano family 

7313
06:32:22,800 --> 06:32:26,100
Duets turned into moments of 
shared, creativity honing, 

7314
06:32:26,100 --> 06:32:29,300
Frederick's, ability to 
communicate through sound here. 

7315
06:32:29,300 --> 06:32:33,200
His earliest compositions took 
shape short, sometimes clumsy, 

7316
06:32:33,200 --> 06:32:35,800
Prelude to the refined 
expression, he would later 

7317
06:32:35,800 --> 06:32:37,100
crossed. 
Yet. 

7318
06:32:37,100 --> 06:32:39,500
These embryonic Works already. 
Displayed what would become his 

7319
06:32:39,500 --> 06:32:42,700
Hallmark graceful lines and a 
certain Bitter. 

7320
06:32:42,700 --> 06:32:45,400
Sweet tension between major and 
minor. 

7321
06:32:46,200 --> 06:32:48,500
He performed publicly for the 
first time around age seven, 

7322
06:32:48,500 --> 06:32:51,800
playing a concert in Warsaw, 
those such appearances could be 

7323
06:32:51,800 --> 06:32:55,000
dismissed as novelty Chopin. 
Avoided the fate of child 

7324
06:32:55,000 --> 06:32:57,300
prodigies who fade once the 
novelty Wayne's. 

7325
06:32:58,000 --> 06:33:01,000
He possessed a seriousness and 
poetic restraint rare in 

7326
06:33:01,000 --> 06:33:03,800
children. 
Observers began to regard him as

7327
06:33:03,800 --> 06:33:07,700
a symbol of Poland's hopes. 
A delicate steadfast light for a

7328
06:33:07,700 --> 06:33:11,200
land, overshadowed by external 
forces, despite the growing 

7329
06:33:11,200 --> 06:33:15,600
Acclaim the shop and household 
valued stability, Nicholas and 

7330
06:33:15,600 --> 06:33:18,200
Justina refused to exploit their
son's Talent. 

7331
06:33:18,200 --> 06:33:21,500
Allowing only select performance
is while ensuring a rigorous 

7332
06:33:21,500 --> 06:33:26,100
academic education. 
Literature history and language 

7333
06:33:26,100 --> 06:33:28,100
formed, the backdrop to Chopin's
musical. 

7334
06:33:28,100 --> 06:33:31,500
Studies broadening his 
imagination and refining his 

7335
06:33:31,500 --> 06:33:35,700
sensibilities piano practice 
remained constant punctuating 

7336
06:33:35,700 --> 06:33:39,500
daily life occasionally, he 
would present a short pollinate 

7337
06:33:39,500 --> 06:33:42,900
or Missouri at family. 
Gatherings each piece, tinged 

7338
06:33:42,900 --> 06:33:46,100
with local rhythms reframe 
through his evolving Style, 

7339
06:33:47,000 --> 06:33:50,600
Youthful curiosity led him 
Beyond his surroundings grief 

7340
06:33:50,600 --> 06:33:53,400
visits to Warsaw introduced a 
more Cosmopolitan, musical 

7341
06:33:53,400 --> 06:33:56,500
scene. 
Those still young encountered 

7342
06:33:56,500 --> 06:33:59,300
professional musicians 
Aristocrats, and intellectuals 

7343
06:33:59,300 --> 06:34:02,200
and salons. 
These glimpses of city life left

7344
06:34:02,200 --> 06:34:05,000
a strong impression. 
You realize that an artistic 

7345
06:34:05,000 --> 06:34:08,600
future might extend beyond 
Village confines yet. 

7346
06:34:08,600 --> 06:34:11,500
He retained a deep. 
Tie to Poland's cultural Soul 

7347
06:34:11,500 --> 06:34:14,500
this. 
Duality rooted in Poland's 

7348
06:34:14,500 --> 06:34:17,500
provincial heart while aging 
toward Europe's, wider 

7349
06:34:17,500 --> 06:34:19,900
possibilities would shape his 
entire career. 

7350
06:34:20,800 --> 06:34:23,700
For the moment though, he was 
just a boy at the piano 

7351
06:34:23,700 --> 06:34:25,400
enthralled, by the promise of 
Music. 

7352
06:34:25,400 --> 06:34:27,300
The echoed far beyond any single
room. 

7353
06:34:28,200 --> 06:34:31,800
Whispers about this gentle 
Prodigy, stood questions, could 

7354
06:34:31,800 --> 06:34:35,100
he be Poland's next, great 
musical figure, a voice of 

7355
06:34:35,108 --> 06:34:37,500
national identity in delicate 
Harmony. 

7356
06:34:38,500 --> 06:34:41,600
Only time and Chopin's unfolding
genius. 

7357
06:34:41,600 --> 06:34:45,000
Would reveal the answer in these
formative years? 

7358
06:34:45,000 --> 06:34:48,400
No one could anticipate the 
complex trajectory that lay 

7359
06:34:48,400 --> 06:34:50,700
ahead. 
But in The Whispers of the local

7360
06:34:50,700 --> 06:34:54,600
Gatherings, where merchants and 
traveling performers, converged 

7361
06:34:54,600 --> 06:34:58,700
and unspoken consensus emerged. 
Young Frederick was different 

7362
06:34:58,700 --> 06:35:01,000
from the typical Palace show 
off. 

7363
06:35:01,000 --> 06:35:04,400
He conveyed a delicate empathy 
through his keyboard that spoke 

7364
06:35:04,400 --> 06:35:08,100
to people's private Joys and 
Sorrows each naughty played seem

7365
06:35:08,100 --> 06:35:11,200
to carry a gentle sense of 
Yearning as though, Bridging the

7366
06:35:11,200 --> 06:35:14,600
Gap between a femoral childhood 
and the adult complexities 

7367
06:35:14,600 --> 06:35:18,200
lurking Beyond the Horizon. 
His parents, though, please by 

7368
06:35:18,200 --> 06:35:21,200
the modest celebrity, he 
garnered with deeply protective.

7369
06:35:21,200 --> 06:35:25,500
Those who watched felt stirred 
in his recitals, as if Poland 

7370
06:35:25,500 --> 06:35:29,300
spoke through his hands. 
Chopin's teenage years were 

7371
06:35:29,300 --> 06:35:32,600
marked by a widening world one, 
in which he began to see the 

7372
06:35:32,608 --> 06:35:34,900
possibilities and pressures that
came with his growing 

7373
06:35:34,900 --> 06:35:37,700
reputation. 
By the time he was in his early 

7374
06:35:37,700 --> 06:35:41,800
teens Warsaw itself had become a
kind of secondary classroom. 

7375
06:35:41,800 --> 06:35:45,400
He frequented the city more 
often absorbing the salon 

7376
06:35:45,400 --> 06:35:48,400
culture in ways that surpassed 
me a piano demonstrations. 

7377
06:35:48,400 --> 06:35:52,300
He observed how Aristocrats 
intellectuals and artists 

7378
06:35:52,300 --> 06:35:55,700
interacted, not just in the 
formal sense of performance, but

7379
06:35:55,700 --> 06:35:58,700
in their private candid 
conversations about politics 

7380
06:35:58,700 --> 06:36:02,600
literature and the future of the
nation perpetually under watch. 

7381
06:36:03,400 --> 06:36:06,700
In these Salon, Gatherings 
Chopin was at first curiosity 

7382
06:36:06,700 --> 06:36:11,200
and unassuming somewhat delicate
figure, who produced music that 

7383
06:36:11,200 --> 06:36:13,300
seemed too profound for his 
youthful appearance. 

7384
06:36:14,200 --> 06:36:17,300
But as he refined his style, he 
earned respect as a musician 

7385
06:36:17,300 --> 06:36:21,400
rather than just a novelty. 
His performance is offered 

7386
06:36:21,400 --> 06:36:24,100
intimate Affairs. 
Displayed a sensitivity that was

7387
06:36:24,100 --> 06:36:27,400
starting to take shape in his 
original compositions while 

7388
06:36:27,400 --> 06:36:29,200
still shaped by the classical 
Frameworks. 

7389
06:36:29,200 --> 06:36:33,300
He'd studied his work called so 
Blended polish musical elements 

7390
06:36:33,300 --> 06:36:36,700
with a new harmonic language. 
this Evolution thrilled those 

7391
06:36:36,700 --> 06:36:40,200
who heard him and the novelty of
his youth, gave way to genuine 

7392
06:36:40,200 --> 06:36:45,400
admiration of his craft by 1826 
Chopin enrolled at the Warsaw 

7393
06:36:45,400 --> 06:36:49,300
Conservatory, under Josef 
elsner, elsner, the composer of 

7394
06:36:49,300 --> 06:36:52,900
some Renown recognized, the 
unique of his students musical 

7395
06:36:52,900 --> 06:36:56,600
instincts, Rather than imposing 
rigid expectations. 

7396
06:36:56,600 --> 06:36:59,600
Elsner fostered. 
A gentle discipline guiding 

7397
06:36:59,600 --> 06:37:01,800
Chappelle toward an 
understanding of form and 

7398
06:37:01,800 --> 06:37:04,500
Counterpoint that would serve as
the backbone for his stylistic. 

7399
06:37:04,500 --> 06:37:08,100
Experimentation. 
In so doing elsner fulfilled, 

7400
06:37:08,100 --> 06:37:11,100
two crucial roles. 
He acted both as a guardrail 

7401
06:37:11,100 --> 06:37:14,300
preventing Chopin from drifting 
into mere fanciful. 

7402
06:37:14,300 --> 06:37:18,200
Improvisations, and as a doorway
encouraging, the Young musician 

7403
06:37:18,200 --> 06:37:22,100
to trust his own artistic, 
impulses, Yet Chopin's life in 

7404
06:37:22,100 --> 06:37:26,700
Warsaw was not all about study. 
He mingled with peers engaged in

7405
06:37:26,700 --> 06:37:31,300
Spirited debates, and according 
to some letters, even enjoyed 

7406
06:37:31,300 --> 06:37:34,500
the light-hearted distractions. 
Typical of Youth dance is 

7407
06:37:34,500 --> 06:37:38,900
outdoor, excursions, late night 
banter This balance between 

7408
06:37:38,900 --> 06:37:42,100
Earnest scholarship and playful 
socialize in grounded. 

7409
06:37:42,900 --> 06:37:45,600
Friends who remembered him from 
that time recalled, a gentle 

7410
06:37:45,600 --> 06:37:49,400
witty personality who could draw
out laughed at just as easily as

7411
06:37:49,400 --> 06:37:53,600
tears with his piano playing. 
Still a restlessness stirred 

7412
06:37:53,600 --> 06:37:56,200
within him. 
Poland's political situation. 

7413
06:37:56,200 --> 06:37:59,500
Seemed forever precarious. 
And he felt a tug to experience 

7414
06:37:59,500 --> 06:38:04,500
life beyond Wars boundaries. 
Trip to Berlin in 1828, offered 

7415
06:38:04,500 --> 06:38:07,300
a hint of water, weighted him 
outside his homeland, though, 

7416
06:38:07,300 --> 06:38:10,100
brief it introduced him to 
broader Circles of culture and 

7417
06:38:10,100 --> 06:38:12,400
music. 
Sparking a sense of Wanderlust 

7418
06:38:12,400 --> 06:38:15,700
Upon returning. 
He began formulating plans to 

7419
06:38:15,700 --> 06:38:18,300
travel more extensively. 
Both for artistic growth. 

7420
06:38:18,300 --> 06:38:22,000
And for practical reasons Warsaw
supportive though, it was could 

7421
06:38:22,000 --> 06:38:25,900
only offer so much in terms of 
career prospects in 1829. 

7422
06:38:25,900 --> 06:38:29,000
He journeyed to Vienna the 
Austrian Capital with its 

7423
06:38:29,000 --> 06:38:33,100
illustrious musical, lineage 
Mozart Beethoven Schubert was a 

7424
06:38:33,100 --> 06:38:34,900
magnet for ambitious young 
composers. 

7425
06:38:34,900 --> 06:38:38,300
Chopin found himself in a 
bustling Hub where concerts and 

7426
06:38:38,300 --> 06:38:42,600
operas were daily fare over 
WellMed yet inspired He tested 

7427
06:38:42,600 --> 06:38:46,200
his mettle by giving performance
is each carefully arranged to 

7428
06:38:46,200 --> 06:38:48,500
capitalize on the city's 
appetite for novelty. 

7429
06:38:49,200 --> 06:38:51,400
Well though, he was met with 
critical approval. 

7430
06:38:52,100 --> 06:38:54,800
He also confronted the reality 
that audience is here were 

7431
06:38:54,800 --> 06:38:58,300
accustomed to spectacle and 
virtue on a grand scale. 

7432
06:38:59,300 --> 06:39:02,800
Shopping style intimate. 
And subtly shaded was unusual. 

7433
06:39:02,800 --> 06:39:05,900
By comparison. 
Nonetheless, local critics 

7434
06:39:05,900 --> 06:39:07,500
praised. 
His nuanced touch, and 

7435
06:39:07,500 --> 06:39:10,800
originality. 
Encouraged in contemplated. 

7436
06:39:10,800 --> 06:39:14,100
Making Vienna his base for a 
longer stretch, but events in 

7437
06:39:14,108 --> 06:39:15,800
Poland. 
Soon, demanded his attention 

7438
06:39:15,800 --> 06:39:19,700
rumors of upheaval. 
Floated through Europe, hinting 

7439
06:39:19,700 --> 06:39:21,200
that the Polish struggle. 
For autonomy. 

7440
06:39:21,200 --> 06:39:25,100
Might erupt into open conflict. 
Torn between an ambition to 

7441
06:39:25,100 --> 06:39:28,000
explore foreign stages and 
loyalty to his homeland. 

7442
06:39:28,000 --> 06:39:31,300
Briefly returned to Warsaw in 
late 1830. 

7443
06:39:31,900 --> 06:39:34,900
Around that time. 
The November Uprising, an armed 

7444
06:39:34,900 --> 06:39:38,200
Rebellion, against Russian rule 
shattered, the foundations of 

7445
06:39:38,208 --> 06:39:40,800
Polish Society while Chopin 
debated. 

7446
06:39:40,800 --> 06:39:43,900
His next steps, friends and 
family urged him, to secure his 

7447
06:39:43,900 --> 06:39:47,100
future abroad believing that 
fulfilling his musical potential

7448
06:39:47,100 --> 06:39:50,100
would serve Poland's cultural 
Pride just as effectively as 

7449
06:39:50,100 --> 06:39:53,000
taking up arms. 
Thus began the departure that 

7450
06:39:53,000 --> 06:39:56,400
would define his life. 
In the Autumn of 1830. 

7451
06:39:58,200 --> 06:40:01,300
Chopin left Poland for Vienna. 
Once again, carrying with him a 

7452
06:40:01,300 --> 06:40:04,800
small box of Earth from his 
native soil, an emblem of his 

7453
06:40:04,800 --> 06:40:09,000
deep attachment to his homeland.
As he traveled, he felt a swirl 

7454
06:40:09,000 --> 06:40:11,800
of emotions excitement, 
trepidation sorrow. 

7455
06:40:11,800 --> 06:40:15,900
He watched the Landscapes shift 
as he crossed borders, his piano

7456
06:40:15,900 --> 06:40:18,800
improvisations, echoing, the 
uncertainty of a life in 

7457
06:40:18,800 --> 06:40:22,200
transit. 
Yet at this point, few realized 

7458
06:40:22,200 --> 06:40:24,800
how profoundly this step would 
echo in Chopin's life. 

7459
06:40:26,000 --> 06:40:29,600
By the early 1830s Paris had 
emerged as the glittering 

7460
06:40:29,600 --> 06:40:32,300
epicenter of European art 
intellect. 

7461
06:40:32,300 --> 06:40:36,100
Revolution for Frederick 
Chappelle who recently arrived 

7462
06:40:36,100 --> 06:40:40,300
from Poland in turmoil, the city
both overwhelming and inviting 

7463
06:40:40,300 --> 06:40:44,100
he entered a community of 
writers painters and fellow 

7464
06:40:44,100 --> 06:40:46,900
composers or converging in the 
capitals salons. 

7465
06:40:46,900 --> 06:40:50,000
Those vibrant often 
unpredictable highs of 

7466
06:40:50,008 --> 06:40:53,700
conversation and performance To 
a young Exile burden by 

7467
06:40:53,708 --> 06:40:56,900
homesickness Paris. 
Offered both a refuge and a 

7468
06:40:56,900 --> 06:40:58,900
blank canvas on which to shape 
his public identity. 

7469
06:40:58,900 --> 06:41:02,900
Almost immediately. 
Chopin sent the city's dual 

7470
06:41:02,900 --> 06:41:05,100
nature. 
It was as much a whirlwind of 

7471
06:41:05,100 --> 06:41:07,500
self-promotion and social 
maneuvering, as it was a 

7472
06:41:07,508 --> 06:41:10,800
crucible of high art. 
Hostesses of these, gatherings 

7473
06:41:10,800 --> 06:41:14,600
vied for intriguing guests, and 
initially Chopin's polish 

7474
06:41:14,600 --> 06:41:17,600
Origins, and refined keyboard 
approach made him a sought after

7475
06:41:17,608 --> 06:41:20,300
novelty. 
It is soon learned that success 

7476
06:41:20,300 --> 06:41:22,600
in Paris, demanded more than Raw
Talent. 

7477
06:41:22,600 --> 06:41:26,100
It required a flair for 
presentation and the ability to 

7478
06:41:26,100 --> 06:41:29,300
navigate cleeks determined to 
avoid being overshadowed by 

7479
06:41:29,300 --> 06:41:32,500
showing a performers he 
maintained his intimate style 

7480
06:41:32,500 --> 06:41:35,800
while allowing curious audiences
to Glimpse his romantic Mystique

7481
06:41:36,500 --> 06:41:38,700
Fortunately, his music spoke on 
his behalf. 

7482
06:41:39,500 --> 06:41:42,300
Listeners were entrance by the 
delicate interplay of Melody. 

7483
06:41:42,300 --> 06:41:46,700
And Harmony that defined his 
early, Works Paris still reeling

7484
06:41:46,700 --> 06:41:50,000
from the July Revolution and 
swept up in a romantic further 

7485
06:41:50,000 --> 06:41:52,700
was Prime to celebrate emotion 
in art. 

7486
06:41:53,500 --> 06:41:57,800
Shop and pieces, simultaneously 
subtle and impassioned fit this 

7487
06:41:57,800 --> 06:42:00,900
cultural moment. 
Amid the murmur of conversation.

7488
06:42:00,900 --> 06:42:04,500
In cramped drawing rooms, he 
introduced a distinctly polish 

7489
06:42:04,500 --> 06:42:08,600
flavor through his Missouri's 
and pollinators, these forms 

7490
06:42:08,600 --> 06:42:11,700
colored by folk rhythms and 
patriotic longing. 

7491
06:42:12,400 --> 06:42:14,600
Offered a window into a 
Homeland, many Provisions. 

7492
06:42:14,600 --> 06:42:18,300
Knew little about However, 
achieving Financial stability 

7493
06:42:18,300 --> 06:42:22,300
was not an effortless task 
Chopin turned to teaching piano 

7494
06:42:22,300 --> 06:42:25,100
and Enterprise. 
He approached with meticulous 

7495
06:42:25,100 --> 06:42:28,000
care. 
Unlike typical drills is 

7496
06:42:28,000 --> 06:42:29,400
lessons. 
Emphasized musical. 

7497
06:42:29,400 --> 06:42:32,700
Poetry guiding students to hear 
the emotional undercurrent in 

7498
06:42:32,700 --> 06:42:35,900
every phrase, News of his 
abilities as an instructor 

7499
06:42:35,900 --> 06:42:38,600
spread and soon wealthy families
sought him out. 

7500
06:42:39,400 --> 06:42:42,500
Teaching though, time-consuming 
ensured, a steady income that 

7501
06:42:42,500 --> 06:42:45,600
freed him from the strain of 
large-scale concert a format. 

7502
06:42:45,600 --> 06:42:49,700
He never fully embraced Indeed 
Champagnes preferred venue, was 

7503
06:42:49,700 --> 06:42:53,200
not the grand Concert Hall that 
the intimate Salon where he 

7504
06:42:53,200 --> 06:42:55,400
could sense the subtle reactions
of a small audience. 

7505
06:42:56,400 --> 06:43:00,200
His approach sometimes described
as whisper-like last listeners 

7506
06:43:00,200 --> 06:43:03,100
to lean in, rather than lean 
back critics. 

7507
06:43:03,100 --> 06:43:05,800
Who anticipated bravura 
criticized him for his lack of 

7508
06:43:05,808 --> 06:43:08,200
force yet. 
Among the growing group of 

7509
06:43:08,200 --> 06:43:12,200
admirers, there was consensus 
that force was never his aim in 

7510
06:43:12,200 --> 06:43:16,500
an era and thrall by top 
personal expression chapels in a

7511
06:43:16,500 --> 06:43:20,800
different kind of power one, 
that was internal reflective and

7512
06:43:20,800 --> 06:43:24,200
quietly revolutionary. 
During these formative years in 

7513
06:43:24,200 --> 06:43:27,200
Paris. 
He forged relationships that 

7514
06:43:27,200 --> 06:43:31,000
would shape his legacy. 
One, such bonded with Franz 

7515
06:43:31,000 --> 06:43:35,000
Liszt, a flamboyant Hungarian 
pianist, whose colossal, sound 

7516
06:43:35,000 --> 06:43:37,900
and stage theatrics contrasted 
sharply with the Chopin's 

7517
06:43:37,900 --> 06:43:40,500
Reserve. 
Nevertheless, the two men found 

7518
06:43:40,500 --> 06:43:43,300
Common Ground? 
Admiring each other's Artistry 

7519
06:43:43,300 --> 06:43:44,500
and occasionally playing 
together. 

7520
06:43:45,300 --> 06:43:47,800
Their contrasting Styles 
reflected the diversity of 

7521
06:43:47,800 --> 06:43:50,600
romantic. 
Music lists dramatic scale 

7522
06:43:50,600 --> 06:43:53,000
balanced by the Chopin's 
interior landscapes. 

7523
06:43:53,700 --> 06:43:57,400
Chopin also crossed paths with 
figures like Hector berlioz, who

7524
06:43:57,400 --> 06:44:00,300
sweeping Symphonies embodied, 
The era's Thirst for grandeur. 

7525
06:44:01,200 --> 06:44:04,900
While their creative vision's 
diverged, these encounters deep 

7526
06:44:04,900 --> 06:44:09,000
and Chopin's understanding of 
music's many possibilities in a 

7527
06:44:09,000 --> 06:44:11,800
city teeming with wrestlers 
Minds, he soaked up. 

7528
06:44:11,800 --> 06:44:15,900
Discussions of aesthetic 
politics and philosophy late 

7529
06:44:15,900 --> 06:44:19,000
night Gathering could spot 
friendships or feuds, but for 

7530
06:44:19,000 --> 06:44:22,200
sure they offered continual 
insight into the forces shaping 

7531
06:44:22,200 --> 06:44:25,100
contemporary thought. 
Yet under the polished routine 

7532
06:44:25,100 --> 06:44:27,700
of teaching and Performing 
Chopin carried. 

7533
06:44:27,700 --> 06:44:30,900
The weight of displacement 
letters reveal his lingering 

7534
06:44:30,900 --> 06:44:33,200
sorrow over Poland struggles and
eight. 

7535
06:44:33,200 --> 06:44:37,000
That wove itself into his most 
poignant compositions, even as 

7536
06:44:37,000 --> 06:44:39,800
he gained a claim in Paris, he 
wrestled with guilt at having 

7537
06:44:39,800 --> 06:44:43,400
left his homeland. 
This tension between a new life 

7538
06:44:43,400 --> 06:44:46,800
of opportunity and an old world 
in turmoil, fueled his artistic 

7539
06:44:46,800 --> 06:44:49,000
spirit. 
Ultimately, it was this 

7540
06:44:49,000 --> 06:44:51,900
Confluence of Exile and 
acceptance longing and 

7541
06:44:51,900 --> 06:44:55,700
fulfillment that birthed his 
most enduring works in the midst

7542
06:44:55,700 --> 06:44:58,800
of this growing success. 
However, Chopin had no inkling 

7543
06:44:58,800 --> 06:45:01,600
that a dramatic personal 
relationship would soon reshape 

7544
06:45:01,600 --> 06:45:03,700
his life in ways. 
Even his music could barely 

7545
06:45:03,700 --> 06:45:06,600
foretell. 
It was Within These Circles of 

7546
06:45:06,608 --> 06:45:10,200
artists and intellectuals that 
Chopin encountered, the writer, 

7547
06:45:10,200 --> 06:45:13,000
George sand. 
Presence, as paradoxical and 

7548
06:45:13,000 --> 06:45:17,200
complex, as the city itself born
or raw Japan, she had already 

7549
06:45:17,200 --> 06:45:19,100
garnered, both Fame and 
notoriety for her 

7550
06:45:19,100 --> 06:45:21,700
unconventional. 
Lifestyle adopting, a man's 

7551
06:45:21,700 --> 06:45:24,100
attire and openly criticizing 
social norms. 

7552
06:45:24,100 --> 06:45:28,000
Their first meeting arranged by 
mutual friends was anything, but

7553
06:45:28,000 --> 06:45:30,400
I deal. 
Sounds boldness. 

7554
06:45:30,400 --> 06:45:34,400
Startled Chopper likewise his 
delicate demeanor as a feet. 

7555
06:45:35,200 --> 06:45:38,300
Yet beneath this awkward, first 
impression a shared sensibility,

7556
06:45:38,300 --> 06:45:42,500
lingard hinting that fate to set
them on a path of entanglement 

7557
06:45:42,500 --> 06:45:45,100
though their initial 
interactions were marked by 

7558
06:45:45,100 --> 06:45:47,900
tension. 
Curiosity of eventually eroded 

7559
06:45:47,900 --> 06:45:52,100
Warehouse that salons sandals. 
Listen to Chophouse performance 

7560
06:45:52,100 --> 06:45:55,300
is with quiet, intensity, 
fascinated by the subtle 

7561
06:45:55,300 --> 06:45:57,900
passionate woven into his 
nocturne's and prelude's. 

7562
06:45:57,900 --> 06:46:00,600
For her part. 
Show Panda discovered in sounds 

7563
06:46:00,600 --> 06:46:03,600
writing a candle that both 
unsettled and intrigued him. 

7564
06:46:04,400 --> 06:46:07,700
She wrote with emotional Force 
challenging, societal 

7565
06:46:07,700 --> 06:46:11,800
expectations, in a way he a more
introverted figure could only 

7566
06:46:11,800 --> 06:46:15,800
express through music. 
In time, this Mutual Fascination

7567
06:46:15,800 --> 06:46:18,500
evolved into a relationship that
defied easy. 

7568
06:46:18,500 --> 06:46:21,400
Classification! 
Some saw it as scandalous. 

7569
06:46:21,400 --> 06:46:25,400
Others romanticized. 
It envisioning, two rebellious 

7570
06:46:25,400 --> 06:46:27,500
Souls uniting under the banner 
of Art. 

7571
06:46:28,300 --> 06:46:31,200
Sounds familiar obligations. 
She was a mother with complex 

7572
06:46:31,200 --> 06:46:35,000
ties to past lovers clashed with
Chopin's need for a stable 

7573
06:46:35,000 --> 06:46:38,000
tranquil environment yet for 
several years. 

7574
06:46:38,000 --> 06:46:40,100
They carved out a shared 
existence. 

7575
06:46:41,300 --> 06:46:43,500
Spending summers at Sam's estate
in Hall. 

7576
06:46:44,100 --> 06:46:47,000
Where Chopper found the kind of 
Peace impossible to attain in 

7577
06:46:47,000 --> 06:46:49,500
Paris. 
The manners sprawling Gardens 

7578
06:46:49,500 --> 06:46:52,200
and rustic atmosphere. 
Gave him the space to compose 

7579
06:46:52,200 --> 06:46:56,900
free from Urban precious. 
Meanwhile San Antonio to write 

7580
06:46:56,900 --> 06:46:59,600
feverishly fueling her own 
literary output in parallel. 

7581
06:47:00,800 --> 06:47:03,200
this period yielded, some of 
Chopin's most refined 

7582
06:47:03,200 --> 06:47:07,100
compositions, he built upon his 
previous Works, deepening, their

7583
06:47:07,100 --> 06:47:10,900
emotional range, while drawing 
further on polishing influences,

7584
06:47:10,900 --> 06:47:15,300
especially in his Mercer's, the 
Synergy with sand, took a 

7585
06:47:15,300 --> 06:47:19,600
curious for Stoked, his creative
fires by allowing him Solitude 

7586
06:47:19,600 --> 06:47:22,200
yet providing companionship when
he needed it. 

7587
06:47:23,200 --> 06:47:26,000
The letters from that era reveal
a mixture of affection and 

7588
06:47:26,000 --> 06:47:29,800
exasperation as they attempted 
to reconcile two strong-willed 

7589
06:47:29,800 --> 06:47:31,600
temperaments with distinct 
worldviews. 

7590
06:47:32,300 --> 06:47:36,400
Chopin's Health already delicate
showed further signs of strain. 

7591
06:47:37,100 --> 06:47:40,100
He suffered from persistent 
coughing fits and fevers likely 

7592
06:47:40,100 --> 06:47:43,400
tied to a chronic pulmonary 
ailment the exact nature of his 

7593
06:47:43,400 --> 06:47:45,200
condition remains debated 
though. 

7594
06:47:45,200 --> 06:47:50,300
Tuberculosis is the commonly 
suggested culprit at nohan took 

7595
06:47:50,300 --> 06:47:52,900
on the role of caregiver, even 
as she juggled her 

7596
06:47:52,900 --> 06:47:56,100
responsibilities to her 
children, the Tranquil setting 

7597
06:47:56,100 --> 06:47:58,600
was both therapeutic and 
creatively stimulating. 

7598
06:47:59,300 --> 06:48:02,300
However, the underlying tensions
in their partnership and never 

7599
06:48:02,300 --> 06:48:04,900
fully disappeared despite these 
strains. 

7600
06:48:04,900 --> 06:48:08,300
They managed to maintain 
assemblance of Harmony returning

7601
06:48:08,300 --> 06:48:10,800
to Paris for the social season 
and hosting a circle of 

7602
06:48:10,800 --> 06:48:13,700
admirers, including artists who 
found their Alliance 

7603
06:48:13,700 --> 06:48:16,700
captivating. 
Rumors and speculations made the

7604
06:48:16,700 --> 06:48:20,900
rails, some exaggerated others 
tinged With Envy Chappelle 

7605
06:48:20,900 --> 06:48:24,700
quieter by Nature often let Sam 
handle social negotiations. 

7606
06:48:24,700 --> 06:48:28,000
Her judgement free nature and 
ability to navigate Bohemian 

7607
06:48:28,000 --> 06:48:31,600
Society made her well, suited to
do so during their years 

7608
06:48:31,600 --> 06:48:34,200
together, Chopin continued to 
refine his technique. 

7609
06:48:35,000 --> 06:48:39,200
His works from this phase. 
Nocturnes waltzes impromptu 

7610
06:48:39,200 --> 06:48:42,600
resonate with a delicate balance
between introspection and 

7611
06:48:42,600 --> 06:48:45,400
Theatrical Flair. 
He pushed the boundaries of 

7612
06:48:45,400 --> 06:48:49,400
Harmony exploring key changes 
that felt a subtle as shifting 

7613
06:48:49,400 --> 06:48:53,800
moods audiences in Paris who by 
then revered him as a singular 

7614
06:48:53,800 --> 06:48:57,200
voice on the piano Embrace these
developments eagerly. 

7615
06:48:57,200 --> 06:49:01,400
However, when personal conflicts
flared, the same artistic 

7616
06:49:01,400 --> 06:49:04,500
Brilliance that flowed in times 
of Peace, could also come to a 

7617
06:49:04,500 --> 06:49:07,100
halt. 
Gradually the relationship 

7618
06:49:07,100 --> 06:49:11,100
showed signs of fracture. 
Sands practicality clashed with 

7619
06:49:11,100 --> 06:49:14,800
Chappelle's artistic fragility. 
Specially as financial and 

7620
06:49:14,800 --> 06:49:17,900
familial burden's multiplied. 
Their differing life, 

7621
06:49:17,900 --> 06:49:19,600
philosophies became harder to 
reconcile. 

7622
06:49:20,500 --> 06:49:24,200
Sand championed unconstrained 
Freedom, while shopping yearned 

7623
06:49:24,200 --> 06:49:27,400
for emotional security. 
Friends, noticed simmering 

7624
06:49:27,400 --> 06:49:30,100
tension, Chopin Circle, worried 
about his health. 

7625
06:49:30,100 --> 06:49:33,500
Sans acquaintances, questioned 
her choices, neither could 

7626
06:49:33,500 --> 06:49:37,900
ignore the Gathering clouds 
still for a while longer a 

7627
06:49:37,900 --> 06:49:40,900
sustained, a delicate 
equilibrium each day at tapestry

7628
06:49:40,900 --> 06:49:42,900
of quiet. 
Idols and small quarrels 

7629
06:49:42,900 --> 06:49:47,100
softened by the hush of the 
French Countryside. their bond 

7630
06:49:47,100 --> 06:49:49,600
gave birth to cultural ripples 
that extended beyond their 

7631
06:49:49,600 --> 06:49:53,400
personal story, The fusion of 
literary boldness and musical. 

7632
06:49:53,400 --> 06:49:56,500
Nuanced sparked curiosity, and 
those who orbited their world, 

7633
06:49:56,500 --> 06:50:00,000
the question was not if their 
Union would end but how the 

7634
06:50:00,000 --> 06:50:04,000
inevitable parting would unfold 
and what told it would take on 

7635
06:50:04,000 --> 06:50:06,900
the ship and spirit. 
Which had grown accustomed to 

7636
06:50:06,908 --> 06:50:09,400
sounds presence as both news and
caretaker. 

7637
06:50:10,400 --> 06:50:14,600
As the 1840s Advanced tensions 
between Chopin and George sand. 

7638
06:50:14,600 --> 06:50:18,300
Conflicting needs frayed their 
once productive. 

7639
06:50:18,300 --> 06:50:21,400
Coexistence culminating in 
disagreements, that seemed 

7640
06:50:21,400 --> 06:50:24,400
trivial to outside as but deeply
impacted their bond. 

7641
06:50:25,200 --> 06:50:28,100
Financial strains became more 
pronounced though. 

7642
06:50:28,100 --> 06:50:30,700
Chopin was still giving private 
lessons and occasionally 

7643
06:50:30,700 --> 06:50:34,900
performing his medical expenses 
increased and his capacity to 

7644
06:50:34,900 --> 06:50:37,800
maintain the rigorous schedule 
of A Sort after musician Wayne 

7645
06:50:37,800 --> 06:50:40,600
and Sans responsibilities piled 
higher. 

7646
06:50:40,600 --> 06:50:44,500
She was not just in a novelist 
but also a mother whose children

7647
06:50:44,500 --> 06:50:48,300
demanded her attention Their 
seasonal retreats to Nahant were

7648
06:50:48,300 --> 06:50:50,700
initially meant to be 
restorative yet. 

7649
06:50:50,700 --> 06:50:52,400
The countryside that wants sue 
them. 

7650
06:50:52,400 --> 06:50:55,200
Now became a backdrop for 
brooding silences and unspoken 

7651
06:50:55,200 --> 06:50:59,100
resentments Chopper increasingly
played by ill health found. 

7652
06:50:59,100 --> 06:51:02,400
It difficult to cope with the 
emotional upheavals, sand for 

7653
06:51:02,400 --> 06:51:04,200
her. 
Part struggled to reconcile her 

7654
06:51:04,200 --> 06:51:07,100
desire for independence with the
role of caregiver and mediator. 

7655
06:51:08,400 --> 06:51:10,700
The early Idol of two artists 
inspiring. 

7656
06:51:10,700 --> 06:51:14,300
Each other gave way to a fragile
piece held together by habit and

7657
06:51:14,300 --> 06:51:16,000
reluctance to confront the 
inevitable. 

7658
06:51:16,700 --> 06:51:20,100
By 1846 arguments over. 
The upbringing of sounds 

7659
06:51:20,100 --> 06:51:23,700
children particularly her 
daughter, Solange magnified. 

7660
06:51:23,700 --> 06:51:26,900
The couple's disparities. 
Sand believed Chopin was 

7661
06:51:26,908 --> 06:51:30,600
overstepping his boundaries. 
He in turn felt marginalized in 

7662
06:51:30,600 --> 06:51:33,600
a household, he had come to 
consider partly his own as from 

7663
06:51:33,600 --> 06:51:36,700
this period painter of two 
individuals, trying to salvage 

7664
06:51:36,700 --> 06:51:39,000
your relationship that had lost.
Its guiding clarity. 

7665
06:51:39,900 --> 06:51:42,800
The closeness that wants, 
nurtured Chopin's compositions 

7666
06:51:42,800 --> 06:51:46,600
and fueled sounds writing. 
Now felt stifling each partner 

7667
06:51:46,600 --> 06:51:49,000
perceiving the other as a 
barrier to personal freedom. 

7668
06:51:50,200 --> 06:51:53,700
when the final break came, it 
was less an explosive rupture 

7669
06:51:53,700 --> 06:51:58,100
than a slow unraveling They were
practically living apart by 1847

7670
06:51:58,100 --> 06:52:02,700
their friends, once Enchanted by
the Bohemian Aura of their Union

7671
06:52:02,700 --> 06:52:07,600
looked on with sympathy or weary
resignation depending on whose 

7672
06:52:07,600 --> 06:52:09,900
side, they took. 
Though, not bitterly, 

7673
06:52:09,900 --> 06:52:14,100
acrimonious the separation of 
emotionally, drained at a time 

7674
06:52:14,100 --> 06:52:18,500
when he most needed stability. 
And then broader European unrest

7675
06:52:18,500 --> 06:52:21,700
intervened. 
The year 1848, ushered in 

7676
06:52:21,708 --> 06:52:25,700
Revolution cross the continent 
France Austria and various 

7677
06:52:25,700 --> 06:52:31,700
Italian states erupted in. 
Paris was engulfed by turmoil 

7678
06:52:31,700 --> 06:52:34,900
with barricade springing up and 
many aristocratic families 

7679
06:52:34,900 --> 06:52:37,700
fleeing. 
Chopin's student-based shrank 

7680
06:52:37,700 --> 06:52:41,500
dramatically intensifying his 
financial worries weakened and 

7681
06:52:41,500 --> 06:52:43,400
anxious, he began to consider 
leaving the city. 

7682
06:52:43,400 --> 06:52:47,600
When a British admirer, Jane 
Sterling, invited him to London,

7683
06:52:47,600 --> 06:52:51,700
promising, new opportunities for
performance and patronage Chopin

7684
06:52:51,700 --> 06:52:54,300
decided to accept. 
Despite reservations about 

7685
06:52:54,300 --> 06:52:57,700
travel with his frail Health 
London, welcome to with a mix of

7686
06:52:57,708 --> 06:53:01,300
curiosity, and skepticism in a 
musical scene dominated by 

7687
06:53:01,300 --> 06:53:05,000
large-scale concerts subtle 
approach, found, appreciative 

7688
06:53:05,000 --> 06:53:08,000
audiences, but did not ignite a 
mainstream Friendzy. 

7689
06:53:08,700 --> 06:53:12,200
He gave a handful of performance
is enough to Dazzle connoisseurs

7690
06:53:12,200 --> 06:53:14,100
and uphold his reputation 
though. 

7691
06:53:14,100 --> 06:53:17,900
The city's bustling pace and 
cold damp climate took a Tolle. 

7692
06:53:18,500 --> 06:53:21,000
Searching for respite. 
He traveled North to Scotland, 

7693
06:53:21,000 --> 06:53:23,800
where patrons offered lodging in
their country homes. 

7694
06:53:23,800 --> 06:53:27,600
The Bleak Landscapes while novel
did little to alleviate his 

7695
06:53:27,600 --> 06:53:31,800
mounting exhaustion Letters from
this period reveal his despair 

7696
06:53:31,800 --> 06:53:34,500
over deteriorating health and 
the emotional wounds of 

7697
06:53:34,500 --> 06:53:37,400
separation from Sand. 
He was haunted by memories of 

7698
06:53:37,400 --> 06:53:41,200
earlier more optimistic days. 
In Paris, the sense of Exile. 

7699
06:53:41,200 --> 06:53:42,700
He wants fell upon leaving 
Poland. 

7700
06:53:42,700 --> 06:53:45,200
Now, returned, with even greater
poignancy. 

7701
06:53:45,200 --> 06:53:48,800
Ironically, he was closer 
geographically to his homeland 

7702
06:53:48,800 --> 06:53:52,400
than ever before yet felt more 
spiritually adrift. 

7703
06:53:53,200 --> 06:53:57,000
His performance is though, still
meticulous lack the spark of 

7704
06:53:57,000 --> 06:53:59,900
early years. 
Composing came in fits and 

7705
06:53:59,900 --> 06:54:03,400
starts yielding, a few 
remarkable late works, but each 

7706
06:54:03,400 --> 06:54:07,800
effort drained his waning 
strength by late 1848, champagne

7707
06:54:07,800 --> 06:54:10,200
concluded that London could not 
be a permanent Refuge. 

7708
06:54:10,200 --> 06:54:13,900
He returned to Paris early the 
following year and ailing figure

7709
06:54:13,900 --> 06:54:17,800
who could no longer rely on 
teaching or concerts to sustain 

7710
06:54:17,800 --> 06:54:22,200
himself Friends, rallied to his 
Aid offering financial support 

7711
06:54:22,200 --> 06:54:25,500
and companionship. 
Still each passing week. 

7712
06:54:25,500 --> 06:54:28,700
Saw him grow weaker confined 
mostly to his apartment. 

7713
06:54:29,600 --> 06:54:32,600
Occasional, visitors recalled. 
The quiet dignity with which he 

7714
06:54:32,600 --> 06:54:36,000
faced his final decline. 
Maintaining a gentle politeness 

7715
06:54:36,000 --> 06:54:39,300
and concern for others comfort. 
He clung to whatever creative, 

7716
06:54:39,300 --> 06:54:42,600
impulses remained, sometimes 
improvising a few notes at the 

7717
06:54:42,600 --> 06:54:44,700
piano. 
The coughing fits often cut 

7718
06:54:44,700 --> 06:54:48,100
these session short aware of the
seriousness of his condition. 

7719
06:54:48,100 --> 06:54:51,700
Champagne said to have asked for
Mozart's Requiem to be performed

7720
06:54:51,700 --> 06:54:54,700
at his funeral. 
The end came on October 17th 

7721
06:54:54,700 --> 06:55:00,100
1849, when he died at age 39, 
mourners gathered at the church 

7722
06:55:00,100 --> 06:55:04,000
of the Madeleine to pay tribute,
his sister ludwika who had 

7723
06:55:04,000 --> 06:55:07,200
journeyed from Poland to be with
him arranged for his heart to be

7724
06:55:07,200 --> 06:55:10,200
returned to Warsaw. 
Final Testament to the love. 

7725
06:55:10,200 --> 06:55:13,300
He bore for his home land. 
The rest of his remains were 

7726
06:55:13,300 --> 06:55:16,900
interred at paler, shares, 
Cemetery in Paris, in the hush, 

7727
06:55:16,900 --> 06:55:20,100
that followed those who knew him
contemplated the delicate 

7728
06:55:20,100 --> 06:55:22,700
threads. 
He wove between Poland, France 

7729
06:55:22,700 --> 06:55:24,900
and the universal language of 
music. 

7730
06:55:25,900 --> 06:55:29,300
Austria that now with his 
passing felt both achingly 

7731
06:55:29,300 --> 06:55:31,100
complete and painfully 
unfinished. 

7732
06:55:31,800 --> 06:55:36,100
In the days and weeks after ship
and death Parisian, Society with

7733
06:55:36,100 --> 06:55:40,500
reminisces myths, and debates 
over his true nature, was he the

7734
06:55:40,500 --> 06:55:43,400
epitome of the Romantic willing 
to sacrifice his health? 

7735
06:55:43,400 --> 06:55:46,200
For the sake of Art? 
Or was he a more measured figure

7736
06:55:46,200 --> 06:55:48,700
quietly shaping? 
The course of piano music 

7737
06:55:48,700 --> 06:55:52,500
without Fanfare, his friends, 
former lovers and students 

7738
06:55:52,500 --> 06:55:56,000
offered conflicting portraits a 
mosaic of Impressions that 

7739
06:55:56,000 --> 06:55:59,100
underscored the complexity of a 
life lived in the margins 

7740
06:55:59,100 --> 06:56:01,700
between public scrutiny and 
private longing. 

7741
06:56:01,700 --> 06:56:05,300
All ready fellow composers and 
critics were, assessing his 

7742
06:56:05,300 --> 06:56:09,000
legacy France list who had 
championed her pounds Works. 

7743
06:56:09,000 --> 06:56:12,100
Pender biography that Blended 
admiration with the certain 

7744
06:56:12,100 --> 06:56:15,600
poetic license. 
Hector berlioz, credited him 

7745
06:56:15,600 --> 06:56:18,900
with renewing, the expressive 
power of the piano, Robert 

7746
06:56:18,900 --> 06:56:23,100
Schumann based in Germany, had 
long praised Chopin's gift for 

7747
06:56:23,100 --> 06:56:25,800
capturing entire worlds of 
feeling and miniature forms. 

7748
06:56:26,500 --> 06:56:29,100
While the scope of Chappelle's 
output was modest compared to 

7749
06:56:29,100 --> 06:56:33,000
symphonists or Opera composers, 
its influence proved outside. 

7750
06:56:34,000 --> 06:56:36,400
A testament to the intimacy. 
He brought to every bar of 

7751
06:56:36,400 --> 06:56:39,300
Music. 
Pianists Marvel at the technical

7752
06:56:39,300 --> 06:56:43,000
innovations embedded in his 
etudes preludes and nocturnes. 

7753
06:56:43,700 --> 06:56:46,800
Chopin transformed the piano 
into an instrument of whispered 

7754
06:56:46,800 --> 06:56:48,800
confidence rather than a 
bombastic display. 

7755
06:56:50,000 --> 06:56:53,700
His approach to fingering pedal 
usage and phrasing, Force 

7756
06:56:53,700 --> 06:56:56,100
performers to abandon purely 
mechanical methods. 

7757
06:56:56,100 --> 06:56:58,500
Instead, they were compelled to 
inhabit. 

7758
06:56:58,500 --> 06:57:00,400
The emotional core of each 
piece. 

7759
06:57:00,400 --> 06:57:04,700
A requirement that made playing 
Chopin, both the challenge and a

7760
06:57:04,700 --> 06:57:07,600
revelation. 
Yet, not everyone grasped his 

7761
06:57:07,600 --> 06:57:11,100
significant immediately. 
Some critics, particularly those

7762
06:57:11,100 --> 06:57:14,800
captivated by Grand orchestral, 
Works perceived, his Hoover was 

7763
06:57:14,800 --> 06:57:17,500
devoid of grandia. 
They questioned whether these 

7764
06:57:17,500 --> 06:57:20,200
delicate sketches deserve the 
same reverence according to 

7765
06:57:20,200 --> 06:57:23,800
Symphony Over time. 
However, that perspective 

7766
06:57:23,800 --> 06:57:27,300
evolved younger generations of 
composers recognized that 

7767
06:57:27,300 --> 06:57:31,100
Chopin's genius lay precisely in
his ability to convey epic 

7768
06:57:31,100 --> 06:57:35,900
feeling through slender forms. 
Preludes each a miniature 

7769
06:57:35,900 --> 06:57:40,200
Universe gained particular, 
Acclaim for their structural and

7770
06:57:40,200 --> 06:57:43,200
harmonic daring. 
Even lists transcriptions of 

7771
06:57:43,208 --> 06:57:45,900
Chopin's works, could not 
replicate the subtlety that 

7772
06:57:45,900 --> 06:57:49,900
Define Chopin's own playing. 
In Poland, still grappling with 

7773
06:57:49,900 --> 06:57:53,300
political subjugation, Chopin's 
music became a beacon of 

7774
06:57:53,300 --> 06:57:56,800
cultural identity. 
His pollinators with their Regal

7775
06:57:56,800 --> 06:58:01,700
march-like rhythms and mazurkas.
Echoing The Rustic, dance forms 

7776
06:58:01,700 --> 06:58:05,200
of rural Poland, resonated with 
those yearning for National 

7777
06:58:05,200 --> 06:58:08,900
dignity over time. 
Entire generations, of poles 

7778
06:58:08,900 --> 06:58:11,900
would point to show path as the 
embodiment of a spirit and 

7779
06:58:11,900 --> 06:58:15,000
broken by Foreign rule. 
In this sense. 

7780
06:58:15,900 --> 06:58:18,100
His legacy took on a patriotic 
dimension. 

7781
06:58:18,900 --> 06:58:21,600
Turning him into a symbolic 
guardian of the Polish Soul 

7782
06:58:21,600 --> 06:58:25,100
while he spent much of his 
adulthood in Paris, his heart, 

7783
06:58:25,100 --> 06:58:29,500
both literally and figuratively 
remained in Warsaw ensuring that

7784
06:58:29,500 --> 06:58:32,100
his reputation at home was 
burnished by an almost holy 

7785
06:58:32,100 --> 06:58:34,700
reverence. 
Beyond Poland's borders, 

7786
06:58:34,700 --> 06:58:37,500
Chopin's influence, quite 
quietly, seeped into the DNA of 

7787
06:58:37,508 --> 06:58:42,000
western music, Claude Debussy, 
and Gabriel, faure major French 

7788
06:58:42,000 --> 06:58:44,900
composers of the late 19th and 
early 20th centuries. 

7789
06:58:45,600 --> 06:58:47,600
Drew upon his nuanced approach 
to Harmony. 

7790
06:58:48,300 --> 06:58:51,200
Even Russian composers like 
Alexander SRI, Arbonne found 

7791
06:58:51,200 --> 06:58:54,800
inspiration in Chopin's colorist
chords in the realm of piano 

7792
06:58:54,800 --> 06:58:58,100
performance, his legacy 
manifested, in the demand that 

7793
06:58:58,100 --> 06:59:00,800
interpretation be a delicate R 
of shading and personal 

7794
06:59:00,800 --> 06:59:04,100
expression. 
Pianists from across Europe and 

7795
06:59:04,100 --> 06:59:07,900
eventually the world traveled to
Paris or Warsaw to study Chopin 

7796
06:59:07,900 --> 06:59:11,100
style, firsthand. 
One of the more intriguing 

7797
06:59:11,100 --> 06:59:14,400
aspects of his posthumous Fame 
was the almost hallowed Aura 

7798
06:59:14,400 --> 06:59:18,000
surrounding his personal relics 
beyond the fame transport of his

7799
06:59:18,000 --> 06:59:20,300
heart. 
To Warsaw people, preserved his 

7800
06:59:20,300 --> 06:59:23,600
letters locks of his hair and 
even the piano's, he played 

7801
06:59:23,600 --> 06:59:28,000
memorials and statues appeared. 
Specially after political 

7802
06:59:28,000 --> 06:59:30,800
shifts, allowed Poland to honor 
its favorite son, openly 

7803
06:59:30,800 --> 06:59:34,700
Festival sprang up, celebrating 
his birth day and revisiting his

7804
06:59:34,700 --> 06:59:37,800
repertoire. 
A certain romantic Mystique in 

7805
06:59:37,800 --> 06:59:41,400
developed His image? 
The frail poetic Exile, whose 

7806
06:59:41,400 --> 06:59:44,300
life and death parallel, the 
vulnerable beauty of his music. 

7807
06:59:45,100 --> 06:59:48,900
Yet, for all the mythologizing 
Chopin's Legacy rests squarely 

7808
06:59:48,900 --> 06:59:51,700
on the strength of his 
compositions, they remained 

7809
06:59:51,700 --> 06:59:55,500
Staples and concert halls and 
teaching Studios prize not only 

7810
06:59:55,500 --> 06:59:58,300
for their Motive Power but also 
for their technical demands. 

7811
06:59:59,300 --> 07:00:03,300
Students labor over the waltzes 
nocturnes and attitudes learning

7812
07:00:03,300 --> 07:00:06,600
to tell stories through Roboto 
and carefully weighted chords 

7813
07:00:06,600 --> 07:00:10,400
seasoned performers returned to 
them repeatedly, finding fresh 

7814
07:00:10,400 --> 07:00:13,700
Nuance with each pass. 
In every corner of the world 

7815
07:00:13,700 --> 07:00:17,100
from Grand Theaters in Majora 
capitals to modest Community 

7816
07:00:17,100 --> 07:00:21,300
recital spaces Chopin's notes. 
Continue to ring out bridging 

7817
07:00:21,300 --> 07:00:26,100
gaps and sign language culture 
and time through it. 

7818
07:00:26,100 --> 07:00:28,900
All the composer retains an aura
of intimate mysticism. 

7819
07:00:28,900 --> 07:00:32,400
His music, often described as 
capturing the souls, gentle 

7820
07:00:32,400 --> 07:00:35,700
confession, remains deeply, 
personal to each interpreter, 

7821
07:00:35,700 --> 07:00:39,100
and that may be his greatest 
gift to posterity, the 

7822
07:00:39,100 --> 07:00:42,000
invitation to find our own 
unspoken yearnings mirrored in 

7823
07:00:42,008 --> 07:00:45,100
his quietly revolutionary idiom.
He left no Grand. 

7824
07:00:45,100 --> 07:00:50,300
Manifesto know, flamboyant stage
persona, but rather a carefully 

7825
07:00:50,300 --> 07:00:52,500
wrought tapestry of sound that 
persists. 

7826
07:00:52,500 --> 07:00:55,500
In reminding us how powerful the
softest voice can be when it 

7827
07:00:55,500 --> 07:00:58,600
speaks of Truth. 
In the Modern Age, Chopin 

7828
07:00:58,600 --> 07:01:01,400
significant endures 
transcending, the boundaries of 

7829
07:01:01,400 --> 07:01:03,600
Poland and France to Captivate 
listeners worldwide. 

7830
07:01:04,800 --> 07:01:07,700
Yet the way we understand him 
today, has expanded well beyond 

7831
07:01:07,700 --> 07:01:11,200
the initial romantic framework. 
Scholars, delve into his 

7832
07:01:11,200 --> 07:01:13,900
manuscripts, tracing the 
evolution of harmonic 

7833
07:01:13,900 --> 07:01:17,000
progressions and fingering 
patterns historians, consider 

7834
07:01:17,000 --> 07:01:20,300
the political and social milieus
that shaped him noting how 

7835
07:01:20,300 --> 07:01:23,800
Exiles sharpened his sense of 
cultural identity at 

7836
07:01:23,800 --> 07:01:26,200
International piano. 
Competitions from warsaw's, 

7837
07:01:26,200 --> 07:01:28,800
prestigious Chopin, competition 
to events in Asia, in the 

7838
07:01:28,808 --> 07:01:31,900
Americas, contestants Vai, to 
interpret his works. 

7839
07:01:31,900 --> 07:01:34,500
With the Perfect Blend of 
fidelity and personal insight. 

7840
07:01:35,100 --> 07:01:37,700
In Poland, Chopin remains a 
National Treasure. 

7841
07:01:38,400 --> 07:01:41,100
Streets airports and music 
schools bear his name. 

7842
07:01:42,700 --> 07:01:45,500
The annual festivals dedicated 
to his music attract visitors 

7843
07:01:45,500 --> 07:01:48,400
from every continent. 
Turning the performance of 

7844
07:01:48,400 --> 07:01:51,000
nocturnes and ballads into a 
communal pilgrimage. 

7845
07:01:51,900 --> 07:01:55,500
His heart encased in a pillar at
the Church of the Holy Cross in 

7846
07:01:55,500 --> 07:01:59,700
Warsaw is a poignant reminder of
his last wishes locals and 

7847
07:01:59,700 --> 07:02:03,000
tourists alike. 
Pause there reflecting on a life

7848
07:02:03,000 --> 07:02:07,700
that despite its brevity 
resonates across centuries, the 

7849
07:02:07,700 --> 07:02:12,000
polls, see in Choppa a symbol of
resilience estimate that beauty 

7850
07:02:12,000 --> 07:02:15,800
can Thrive even under pressure 
in France, his long-time 

7851
07:02:15,800 --> 07:02:18,700
adoptive home, Chopin's Legacy 
flourishes as well. 

7852
07:02:19,600 --> 07:02:23,000
Visitors to Paris can pay homage
at Payless shares Cemetery where

7853
07:02:23,000 --> 07:02:26,100
he rests among luminaries such 
as Jim Morrison and Oscar Wilde.

7854
07:02:26,700 --> 07:02:30,300
In the city's Music Academy is 
in concert Halls, his name is 

7855
07:02:30,300 --> 07:02:34,100
spoken with a reverence reserved
for those who shaped an era, His

7856
07:02:34,100 --> 07:02:35,800
Image. 
The elegantly dressed yet. 

7857
07:02:35,800 --> 07:02:39,600
Fragile composer Forever, 
perched at a piano persists in 

7858
07:02:39,600 --> 07:02:43,300
cultural memory each year, 
recitals commemorate, his 

7859
07:02:43,300 --> 07:02:46,200
arrival in Paris, recalling the 
sense of astonishment. 

7860
07:02:46,200 --> 07:02:48,800
He wants sparked in those 
crowded salons. 

7861
07:02:49,700 --> 07:02:52,800
Meanwhile interpretations of his
music have branched and 

7862
07:02:52,800 --> 07:02:55,400
countless directions. 
The early Decades of the 20th 

7863
07:02:55,400 --> 07:03:00,700
century saw pianists like ignasi
yam podari Champion, his work 

7864
07:03:00,700 --> 07:03:04,500
with a grand romantic flourish. 
Later Archer Rubenstein 

7865
07:03:04,500 --> 07:03:06,500
emphasized in elegance and 
simplicity. 

7866
07:03:06,500 --> 07:03:11,100
Stripping away sentimental 
excess contemporary virtuoso's. 

7867
07:03:11,100 --> 07:03:14,200
Bolstered by historically, 
informed performance techniques 

7868
07:03:14,200 --> 07:03:16,900
debate, over pedal usage and 
Tempo. 

7869
07:03:16,900 --> 07:03:20,800
Roboto chasing an elusive 
authenticity that might 

7870
07:03:20,800 --> 07:03:24,200
approximate Chopin's own sound. 
Yet the essence of his 

7871
07:03:24,200 --> 07:03:26,100
composition, resists rigid 
definition. 

7872
07:03:26,100 --> 07:03:30,200
Each generation finds something 
new in them, an unexpected 

7873
07:03:30,200 --> 07:03:32,500
harmonic pivot for a melodic 
gesture. 

7874
07:03:32,500 --> 07:03:36,000
That resonates with modern ears,
while classical music, circles, 

7875
07:03:36,000 --> 07:03:38,700
Revere, show path. 
Other genres, occasionally claim

7876
07:03:38,700 --> 07:03:42,900
him too Jazz pianists adapt. 
His harmonies weaving, his 

7877
07:03:42,900 --> 07:03:46,100
cordial language into 
improvisations film composers. 

7878
07:03:46,100 --> 07:03:50,000
Borrow Snippets of his melodic 
style to evoke Nostalgia or a 

7879
07:03:50,000 --> 07:03:53,300
fined emotion, even pop and rock
musicians of patriot in their 

7880
07:03:53,300 --> 07:03:55,800
ways. 
Sampling themes, or referencing 

7881
07:03:55,800 --> 07:03:57,600
him as a beacon of Artistic 
integrity. 

7882
07:03:57,600 --> 07:04:01,200
That a 19th Century. 
Polish expatriate continues to 

7883
07:04:01,200 --> 07:04:05,200
surface in such varied contexts.
Underscores, the universal pull 

7884
07:04:05,200 --> 07:04:07,600
of his sound. 
At the same time. 

7885
07:04:07,600 --> 07:04:10,300
Fresh by graphical insights 
continued to surface. 

7886
07:04:11,200 --> 07:04:13,800
Historians have Unearthed 
letters and diaries that shed 

7887
07:04:13,800 --> 07:04:15,700
light on his experience. 
In Exile. 

7888
07:04:15,700 --> 07:04:19,600
His struggles with illness and 
his sometimes overlooked humor. 

7889
07:04:20,600 --> 07:04:23,300
Discussions of his personal 
relationships, particularly his 

7890
07:04:23,300 --> 07:04:26,500
partnership with George sand. 
Have shifted from scandalized 

7891
07:04:26,500 --> 07:04:30,200
Whispers, to nuanced examination
of how to creative forces, both 

7892
07:04:30,200 --> 07:04:33,500
nurture and wound each other, 
modern scholarship probes. 

7893
07:04:33,500 --> 07:04:36,200
The idea that Chopin's poor 
health was not merely a tragic 

7894
07:04:36,200 --> 07:04:40,100
backdrop but a driving factor in
his Artistry compelling him to 

7895
07:04:40,100 --> 07:04:42,700
still profound emotion in to 
concise forms. 

7896
07:04:43,600 --> 07:04:45,700
One cannot Overlook the 
importance of nostalgia and 

7897
07:04:45,708 --> 07:04:47,400
memory and Chopin's ongoing 
Allure. 

7898
07:04:47,400 --> 07:04:51,200
His nocturnes waltzes and 
mazurkas possess a wistful 

7899
07:04:51,200 --> 07:04:54,000
quality that resonates with 
anyone who has experienced love 

7900
07:04:54,000 --> 07:04:56,300
and loss. 
Yearns for home will 

7901
07:04:56,300 --> 07:04:58,500
contemplates. 
The transient nature of life. 

7902
07:04:59,200 --> 07:05:02,800
That sense of longing. 
So Central to the Romantic Era 

7903
07:05:02,800 --> 07:05:05,100
feels surprisingly. 
Fresh in a world where 

7904
07:05:05,100 --> 07:05:07,400
technology often accelerates our
daily existence. 

7905
07:05:08,800 --> 07:05:11,800
Through Chopin's music, many 
listeners, find a space to 

7906
07:05:11,800 --> 07:05:15,100
breathe to contemplate, subtler 
shades of emotion, less easily 

7907
07:05:15,100 --> 07:05:18,400
expressed in words. 
In a sense, the Chopin story is 

7908
07:05:18,400 --> 07:05:21,400
a bridge between epochs. 
He lived in the age of candle 

7909
07:05:21,400 --> 07:05:25,400
that salons and quilted letters.
Yet his art continues to find 

7910
07:05:25,400 --> 07:05:28,300
renewed relevance Grand 
competitions. 

7911
07:05:28,300 --> 07:05:32,300
See young pianists from Soul 
when a Sarah's Cape Town and 

7912
07:05:32,300 --> 07:05:35,300
Beyond interpret his schools 
with riveting originality 

7913
07:05:35,300 --> 07:05:39,800
proving that music transcends 
geography and time the constant 

7914
07:05:39,800 --> 07:05:42,900
re-imagination of his work 
through performance scholarship 

7915
07:05:42,900 --> 07:05:45,800
and even casual listening. 
Testifies to the enduring power 

7916
07:05:45,800 --> 07:05:49,600
of a gentle soul, who spoke most
eloquently when seated before a 

7917
07:05:49,600 --> 07:05:53,200
piano from jealous over Walla to
Paris and Back Again. 

7918
07:05:53,200 --> 07:05:56,100
Shopkins Journey. 
Resonates as a narrative of 

7919
07:05:56,100 --> 07:05:58,900
Exile, creativity, love and 
loss. 

7920
07:05:59,700 --> 07:06:02,800
He remains a figure both deeply 
cherished and endlessly, debated

7921
07:06:02,800 --> 07:06:05,700
his Spirit, woven into the 
collective memory of Western 

7922
07:06:05,700 --> 07:06:08,500
culture. 
Each generation rediscovers him 

7923
07:06:08,500 --> 07:06:12,100
on its terms drawn in by music 
that Whispers truths about the 

7924
07:06:12,100 --> 07:06:16,300
human condition and thus 
Frederic Chopin lives on a quiet

7925
07:06:16,308 --> 07:06:20,200
but potent Force reminding us 
that even the softest voice can 

7926
07:06:20,200 --> 07:06:24,000
reverberate through history. 
Paris in the 1920s was alive, 

7927
07:06:24,000 --> 07:06:28,500
champagne corks, popping jazz 
clubs buzzing and fashionable 

7928
07:06:28,500 --> 07:06:32,800
Art Deco lights twinkling. 
To astute visitors Paris, 

7929
07:06:32,800 --> 07:06:36,400
offered Endless Possibilities. 
Travelers flocked to the Senate 

7930
07:06:36,400 --> 07:06:38,700
night. 
British tourists, with this 

7931
07:06:38,700 --> 07:06:42,300
pastel colored suits, American 
expatriates European 

7932
07:06:42,300 --> 07:06:46,500
industrialists with fat wallets.
It was perfect for a resourceful

7933
07:06:46,500 --> 07:06:51,000
con man, with a convincing story
to sell for Victor Laurel, the 

7934
07:06:51,000 --> 07:06:54,500
city vibrated with cigarette 
smoke and colorful posters he 

7935
07:06:54,500 --> 07:06:57,700
was not always learned or in 
Paris, born in a small village 

7936
07:06:57,700 --> 07:07:01,000
on the Austrian boarder, he was 
captivated by the world beyond 

7937
07:07:01,000 --> 07:07:03,300
the mountains. 
While other boys heard his 

7938
07:07:03,300 --> 07:07:06,400
sheep, Victor watch Travelers in
this streamlined car. 

7939
07:07:07,400 --> 07:07:10,000
He saw that the most persuasive 
could sell peasants anything 

7940
07:07:10,000 --> 07:07:14,000
from worthless medicine to 
bewildering life insurance young

7941
07:07:14,000 --> 07:07:16,900
Victor discovered that a good 
tale was worth more than gold, 

7942
07:07:16,900 --> 07:07:20,200
that's when locals dubbed him 
her the fox. 

7943
07:07:20,200 --> 07:07:23,500
After he exchanged worthless 
trinkets for a prize hunting 

7944
07:07:23,500 --> 07:07:27,400
rifle, In a village of rumors 
that tail spread quickly. 

7945
07:07:27,400 --> 07:07:30,700
As a boy, he learned to shape 
people's perceptions to see what

7946
07:07:30,700 --> 07:07:33,600
he wanted. 
By adulthood his skill was 

7947
07:07:33,600 --> 07:07:37,400
sharp, he mastered languages 
studied psychology and honed his

7948
07:07:37,408 --> 07:07:41,000
sophisticated demeanor. 
He turned a tidy Fortune from 

7949
07:07:41,000 --> 07:07:44,700
his swindles across Europe 
letter forgery impersonating 

7950
07:07:44,700 --> 07:07:49,400
nobility at social events and 
selling near New antiques each 

7951
07:07:49,400 --> 07:07:52,700
time he was being investigated 
by the authorities he'd vanish 

7952
07:07:52,700 --> 07:07:56,900
reappearing in Vienna Milan or 
Berlin, a step ahead. 

7953
07:07:58,500 --> 07:08:00,900
Victor arrived in Paris, 
following the great wall with a 

7954
07:08:00,908 --> 07:08:04,400
suitcase and a shy smile. 
He had settled in within a month

7955
07:08:04,408 --> 07:08:07,100
after reading, an article about 
the cost of keeping the Eiffel 

7956
07:08:07,100 --> 07:08:09,800
Tower standing, it was built for
the World's Fair. 

7957
07:08:09,800 --> 07:08:13,700
In 1889, it was costly to 
maintain and some people did not

7958
07:08:13,700 --> 07:08:16,400
appreciate its appearance. 
There were strong protests, 

7959
07:08:16,400 --> 07:08:19,000
against its demolition. 
Despite the fact that it was 

7960
07:08:19,000 --> 07:08:22,000
popular among visitors, Victor 
learned of this news. 

7961
07:08:22,000 --> 07:08:25,700
He spent days in Sean's Elise 
cafes hearing conversations on 

7962
07:08:25,700 --> 07:08:28,700
City projects. 
He learned that bureaucratic 

7963
07:08:28,700 --> 07:08:31,700
decisions were bogged down by 
red tape and that the city 

7964
07:08:31,700 --> 07:08:34,800
lacked money. 
You considered if he persuaded 

7965
07:08:34,800 --> 07:08:37,300
someone that the government of 
Paris was planning to dismantle 

7966
07:08:37,300 --> 07:08:40,200
the Eiffel Tower to sell it to 
scrap, he could become rich. 

7967
07:08:40,200 --> 07:08:43,500
It was a wild scheme failure. 
Would turn him into a laughing 

7968
07:08:43,500 --> 07:08:45,900
stock. 
But a success was possible, 

7969
07:08:45,900 --> 07:08:48,100
Victor considered it for a 
night. 

7970
07:08:48,800 --> 07:08:50,500
You figured the more ridiculous 
the scam. 

7971
07:08:50,500 --> 07:08:52,300
The more people might be made to
believe it. 

7972
07:08:53,000 --> 07:08:56,000
Who would fake the sale of 
France's most iconic landmark? 

7973
07:08:56,700 --> 07:09:00,100
He thought it needed High 
bureaucratic Flair like forged 

7974
07:09:00,100 --> 07:09:03,200
papers and stamps. 
Rumor and secrecy would be at 

7975
07:09:03,200 --> 07:09:06,700
his side. 
If he succeeded he'd vanish rich

7976
07:09:06,700 --> 07:09:10,300
and legendary He spent the next 
few days pouring over the 

7977
07:09:10,300 --> 07:09:14,000
engineering Wonder absorbing 
facts such as its metal Mass 

7978
07:09:14,000 --> 07:09:18,000
elevator upkeep and the way the 
tower accommodated activities 

7979
07:09:18,000 --> 07:09:20,200
ranging from tourism to radio 
reception. 

7980
07:09:21,100 --> 07:09:24,500
With these details, he was able 
to address prospective buyers 

7981
07:09:24,500 --> 07:09:27,300
with authority. 
He took a lavish suite at the 

7982
07:09:27,300 --> 07:09:31,000
hotel to Creole pretending to be
a high ranking, official to add 

7983
07:09:31,000 --> 07:09:34,700
authenticity, to his deception. 
He engaged in engraver for 

7984
07:09:34,700 --> 07:09:37,400
stationary of his imaginary 
Ministry of post and Telegraph 

7985
07:09:38,100 --> 07:09:40,300
since the Eiffel Tower was also 
a radio Center. 

7986
07:09:41,300 --> 07:09:45,300
The last touch, put him in 
official mode Paris for all its 

7987
07:09:45,300 --> 07:09:47,300
beauty. 
Also had its share of 

7988
07:09:47,300 --> 07:09:50,200
opportunistic entrepreneurs. 
There were Whispers that a 

7989
07:09:50,200 --> 07:09:52,800
government Minister was looking 
totally for a private investor 

7990
07:09:52,800 --> 07:09:56,200
in a secret project. 
The city did not want to face 

7991
07:09:56,200 --> 07:09:58,000
the public outcry of counseling 
the tower. 

7992
07:09:58,000 --> 07:10:00,100
So this transaction had to be 
kept quiet. 

7993
07:10:00,100 --> 07:10:02,700
Everything was ready by the 
time, Victor was prepared. 

7994
07:10:02,700 --> 07:10:06,400
It was such a warm spring 
afternoon that Victor was at a 

7995
07:10:06,400 --> 07:10:09,300
Sidewalk Cafe, facing the 
Matalan scanning, a list of 

7996
07:10:09,308 --> 07:10:13,100
buyers, Greedy IDE men in the 
metal industry. 

7997
07:10:13,100 --> 07:10:16,100
His informant had told him, they
would stop at nothing to gain 

7998
07:10:16,100 --> 07:10:19,800
inside information on a city 
contract, no matter how sleazy. 

7999
07:10:20,600 --> 07:10:23,900
Breathing deeply of the center 
of warm cross arts and enjoying 

8000
07:10:23,900 --> 07:10:28,100
the hush as upscale parisians. 
Walked past Victor was filled 

8001
07:10:28,100 --> 07:10:30,800
with confidence, he could 
practically feel his win. 

8002
07:10:30,800 --> 07:10:33,200
He was more than a criminal in 
his own eyes. 

8003
07:10:33,200 --> 07:10:36,000
He was a performer with a big 
act than ordinary morals. 

8004
07:10:36,000 --> 07:10:38,200
He finished his coffee 
concealed. 

8005
07:10:38,200 --> 07:10:42,300
His notes and Rose to his feet. 
The greatest scam of his life 

8006
07:10:42,300 --> 07:10:45,400
was ready to start. 
Victor began by sending 

8007
07:10:45,400 --> 07:10:48,700
elegantly handwritten 
invitations on forged Ministry 

8008
07:10:48,700 --> 07:10:51,900
stationery to half a dozen 
influential scrap metal 

8009
07:10:51,900 --> 07:10:54,600
Merchants. 
He requested their presence at 

8010
07:10:54,600 --> 07:10:58,100
the prestigious Hotel decree for
a most confidential discussion 

8011
07:10:58,100 --> 07:11:01,500
of national importance. 
The letter was a masterpiece of 

8012
07:11:01,500 --> 07:11:05,200
official sounding rhetoric 
sprinkled with phrases, such as 

8013
07:11:05,200 --> 07:11:09,100
in strictest confidence and 
under direct ministerial 

8014
07:11:09,100 --> 07:11:11,500
oversight. 
Anyone who read it would have 

8015
07:11:11,508 --> 07:11:13,700
believed it came straight from 
the desk of a high ranking 

8016
07:11:13,700 --> 07:11:16,300
bureaucrat. 
He scheduled a single day of 

8017
07:11:16,300 --> 07:11:19,000
interviews, meeting each 
Merchant individually. 

8018
07:11:19,000 --> 07:11:21,900
He wanted them to feel 
hand-picked and privileged 

8019
07:11:21,900 --> 07:11:25,100
reinforcing the notion that the 
city wanted to keep this matter.

8020
07:11:25,100 --> 07:11:28,400
Tightly under wraps from the 
start curiosity, in greed 

8021
07:11:28,400 --> 07:11:31,100
twinkled, in their eyes. 
But at last the conversation, 

8022
07:11:31,100 --> 07:11:33,700
steered to the possibility of 
dismantling the Eiffel Tower. 

8023
07:11:33,700 --> 07:11:37,100
He watched their Expressions 
Dance between disbelief 

8024
07:11:37,100 --> 07:11:41,500
astonishment and excitement. 
Victor's. 

8025
07:11:41,500 --> 07:11:44,200
Calmly stated reasoning was that
the maintenance fees are become 

8026
07:11:44,200 --> 07:11:47,800
prohibitive and certain parties 
and government felt the tower no

8027
07:11:47,800 --> 07:11:49,100
longer served its original 
purpose. 

8028
07:11:50,100 --> 07:11:52,200
To all of them. 
He leaked the same inside track,

8029
07:11:52,200 --> 07:11:54,600
the city would soon finalize. 
A discreet agreement for the 

8030
07:11:54,608 --> 07:11:57,800
towers metal but public backlash
was a real concern. 

8031
07:11:58,500 --> 07:12:01,500
The city plan to avoid any 
uproar by finalizing the deal 

8032
07:12:01,500 --> 07:12:03,600
quickly. 
So, confidentiality was 

8033
07:12:03,600 --> 07:12:06,300
Paramount. 
By the time, the meeting ended, 

8034
07:12:06,300 --> 07:12:08,300
each Merchant was fully 
enthralled. 

8035
07:12:08,300 --> 07:12:11,900
Victor had left them with the 
impression that they were among 

8036
07:12:11,900 --> 07:12:14,000
the few chosen to be on the 
opportunity. 

8037
07:12:14,000 --> 07:12:18,100
Their own imaginations did much 
of the work from their Conjuring

8038
07:12:18,100 --> 07:12:19,900
up, fantasies of Staggering 
profit. 

8039
07:12:19,900 --> 07:12:24,100
However, Victor soon. 
Identified a prime Marc, Andre 

8040
07:12:24,100 --> 07:12:27,600
Dubois a mid-level scrap metal 
businessman, whose ambition 

8041
07:12:27,600 --> 07:12:29,300
often overshadowed, his common 
sense. 

8042
07:12:30,400 --> 07:12:33,100
Dubai was known to be insecure 
about his place among the big 

8043
07:12:33,100 --> 07:12:36,000
players in the industry. 
If he could land a deal that 

8044
07:12:36,000 --> 07:12:39,200
secured him exclusive rights to 
the Eiffel Tower's metal, he 

8045
07:12:39,200 --> 07:12:41,500
believed he'd rise overnight 
into an elite echelon. 

8046
07:12:42,400 --> 07:12:44,200
Victor noticed. 
How do I always asked 

8047
07:12:44,200 --> 07:12:46,200
breathlessly about the 
possibility of special 

8048
07:12:46,200 --> 07:12:49,400
consideration a subtle hint that
he might pay extra for 

8049
07:12:49,400 --> 07:12:52,300
preferential treatment. 
That was precisely the attitude 

8050
07:12:52,300 --> 07:12:55,800
Victor needed. 
After a few days of tantalizing 

8051
07:12:55,800 --> 07:12:59,700
phone calls and cryptic notes, 
Victor invited Dubois to tour 

8052
07:12:59,700 --> 07:13:03,200
the Eiffel Tower with him in 
person for added realism, Victor

8053
07:13:03,200 --> 07:13:05,300
booked a chauffeur-driven car to
pick up Dubois. 

8054
07:13:06,000 --> 07:13:09,200
Both men sat in the backseat 
forging, an atmosphere of 

8055
07:13:09,208 --> 07:13:12,900
clandestine camaraderie. 
As they approached the landmark,

8056
07:13:12,900 --> 07:13:16,400
Victor gestured toward it as if 
it were an aging Beast about to 

8057
07:13:16,400 --> 07:13:18,900
be put down. 
It's quite costly to keep it 

8058
07:13:18,900 --> 07:13:22,600
painted and structurally sound. 
He remarked with a faint sadness

8059
07:13:22,600 --> 07:13:25,800
in his voice as though he truly 
lamented the towers impending 

8060
07:13:25,800 --> 07:13:29,000
fate. 
Dubois nodded solemnly, but his 

8061
07:13:29,000 --> 07:13:33,200
eyes gleamed with hunger. 
Sending the towers first deck. 

8062
07:13:33,200 --> 07:13:36,200
They observe the city sprawling 
in every direction. 

8063
07:13:36,200 --> 07:13:40,600
Evidence as Victor noted, the 
progress required sacrifice. 

8064
07:13:41,600 --> 07:13:44,100
He recited maintenance figures, 
he gleaned, from newspaper, 

8065
07:13:44,100 --> 07:13:46,900
archives, and from subtle bribes
giving to minus City Clarks. 

8066
07:13:47,600 --> 07:13:51,300
This data laiden performance, 
impressed Dubois Victor, then 

8067
07:13:51,300 --> 07:13:55,000
produced a chief of official 
looking papers, a forge contract

8068
07:13:55,000 --> 07:13:57,600
awarding the successful bidder 
exclusive Salvage rights. 

8069
07:13:57,600 --> 07:14:02,500
Dubois skim them mouth Agate as 
if he held a golden ticket to 

8070
07:14:02,500 --> 07:14:06,000
instant wealth. 
Finally, on the cusp of sealing,

8071
07:14:06,000 --> 07:14:09,000
the deal. 
Victor Paul's dramatically then 

8072
07:14:09,000 --> 07:14:12,000
leaned closer. 
I must admit, he said, quietly 

8073
07:14:12,000 --> 07:14:15,200
were under tremendous pressure 
to finalize this swiftly. 

8074
07:14:15,200 --> 07:14:18,500
But some officials are shall we 
say open to persuasion. 

8075
07:14:19,500 --> 07:14:23,000
With one eyebrow raised in 
subtle suggestion, Victor let 

8076
07:14:23,000 --> 07:14:25,900
that phrase linger in the air. 
Dubois took the bait. 

8077
07:14:25,900 --> 07:14:28,800
He understood that a bribe, 
would secure him the contract 

8078
07:14:28,800 --> 07:14:32,400
and illegal, but weeks later, 
Victor found himself in Vienna 

8079
07:14:32,400 --> 07:14:34,400
living luxuriously at a grand 
hotel. 

8080
07:14:34,400 --> 07:14:38,400
He enjoyed Idol afternoon's at 
the Imperial cafes reading about

8081
07:14:38,400 --> 07:14:40,300
the Flory of rumors swirling in 
Paris. 

8082
07:14:41,100 --> 07:14:44,000
A few tablets speculated that a 
con man had fleeced a 

8083
07:14:44,000 --> 07:14:47,400
businessman out of a fortune. 
official statements from City 

8084
07:14:47,400 --> 07:14:51,100
Hall denied, any plans to 
dismantle the Eiffel Tower Yep, 

8085
07:14:51,100 --> 07:14:54,700
the Press never got hold of 
Dubois his name and no one had 

8086
07:14:54,700 --> 07:14:58,200
identified Victor. 
The story swirling with half 

8087
07:14:58,200 --> 07:15:01,800
truths soon, faded from public 
discourse for Victor. 

8088
07:15:01,800 --> 07:15:05,400
That was a green light. 
His scheme had left, no 

8089
07:15:05,400 --> 07:15:09,300
significant ripples, no public 
Scandal, no humiliating trial. 

8090
07:15:09,300 --> 07:15:12,400
It was as though the entire 
episode had slipped into an 

8091
07:15:12,400 --> 07:15:15,800
urban legend while sipping, a 
particularly fine. 

8092
07:15:15,800 --> 07:15:17,200
Espresso. 
One morning, he found himself 

8093
07:15:17,200 --> 07:15:20,100
flipping through a Parisian 
newspaper in the business 

8094
07:15:20,100 --> 07:15:22,000
section. 
There was a fresh wave of 

8095
07:15:22,000 --> 07:15:25,700
articles on the towers upkeep 
expenses costs were climbing. 

8096
07:15:25,700 --> 07:15:29,200
Yet again, the debates that 
raged a few years, prior were 

8097
07:15:29,200 --> 07:15:32,100
resurfacing with critics 
continuing to ask of the 

8098
07:15:32,100 --> 07:15:33,700
monument had outlived its 
usefulness. 

8099
07:15:34,700 --> 07:15:38,600
Reading that Victor felt a surge
of deja vu accompanied by a 

8100
07:15:38,600 --> 07:15:41,700
mischievous grin. 
If the city itself remained 

8101
07:15:41,700 --> 07:15:44,600
unconvinced of the towers 
permanent place in its Skyline, 

8102
07:15:44,600 --> 07:15:48,400
then the seed of plausibility 
was still there, the more he 

8103
07:15:48,400 --> 07:15:50,900
molded over the more 
irresistible, the idea became 

8104
07:15:51,800 --> 07:15:55,200
Selling the Eiffel Tower. 
Once was bold selling it twice. 

8105
07:15:55,200 --> 07:15:58,900
That would be legendary. 
Of course every Repeat 

8106
07:15:58,900 --> 07:16:00,600
Performance carries an elevated 
risk. 

8107
07:16:00,600 --> 07:16:02,900
Con Artistry thrives on the 
unexpected. 

8108
07:16:03,700 --> 07:16:06,000
Victor was no stranger to the 
concept that lightning. 

8109
07:16:06,000 --> 07:16:09,200
Rarely strikes. 
The same place twice. and yet as

8110
07:16:09,200 --> 07:16:11,900
he weighed his options, he 
recognized one key Advantage, 

8111
07:16:11,900 --> 07:16:16,400
the first victim Dubois never 
went public The scheme was still

8112
07:16:16,400 --> 07:16:19,000
cloaked in rumor. 
Furthermore, the ephemeral 

8113
07:16:19,000 --> 07:16:22,000
nature of public memory in a 
bustling City, like Paris worked

8114
07:16:22,000 --> 07:16:24,300
in his favor. 
People have moved on to the next

8115
07:16:24,300 --> 07:16:26,800
scandal. 
Victor decided that with a few 

8116
07:16:26,808 --> 07:16:30,300
adjustments, the plan could work
again, he returned to Paris in 

8117
07:16:30,300 --> 07:16:33,100
cognito adopting. 
The Persona of a minor Diplomat 

8118
07:16:33,100 --> 07:16:34,800
from a small Eastern European 
country. 

8119
07:16:35,700 --> 07:16:38,900
He took a suite at a different 
upscale hotel near the Oppa. 

8120
07:16:38,900 --> 07:16:41,200
Garnier careful, not to retrace 
his steps. 

8121
07:16:41,200 --> 07:16:44,000
Exactly. 
He updated his Forge documents 

8122
07:16:44,000 --> 07:16:47,500
upgrading his fictitious role to
an intergovernmental liaison 

8123
07:16:47,500 --> 07:16:50,400
dealing with Municipal real 
estate transitions. 

8124
07:16:51,300 --> 07:16:54,800
This time is approach would be 
more polished, more exclusive, 

8125
07:16:54,800 --> 07:16:58,100
he planned to Target, even 
wealthier players, men with 

8126
07:16:58,100 --> 07:17:00,700
deeper pockets and even greater 
appetites for risk. 

8127
07:17:01,400 --> 07:17:05,000
The second attempt began with 
the same formula elegantly 

8128
07:17:05,000 --> 07:17:07,000
worded letters, on official 
looking stationary. 

8129
07:17:07,000 --> 07:17:10,400
Discreta, appointments scheduled
in lavish hotel lounge's and 

8130
07:17:10,400 --> 07:17:13,100
hushed torque of a sensitive 
government project. 

8131
07:17:14,200 --> 07:17:17,100
Yet, the potential buyers. 
This time were fewer and Victor 

8132
07:17:17,100 --> 07:17:20,500
was more selective. 
One meeting in a private parlor,

8133
07:17:20,500 --> 07:17:23,400
he addressed three men together.
An unusual choice for him. 

8134
07:17:24,500 --> 07:17:27,408
The trio included a well-known, 
industrialist rumored to have 

8135
07:17:27,416 --> 07:17:29,500
close ties to the city's 
political figures. 

8136
07:17:30,200 --> 07:17:33,700
Second man, who managed a large 
shipping Enterprise and a third,

8137
07:17:33,700 --> 07:17:36,800
a foreign investor looking to 
break into European markets. 

8138
07:17:36,800 --> 07:17:40,600
Victor carefully, balanced the 
discussion, letting just enough 

8139
07:17:40,600 --> 07:17:43,300
details slip to convince them 
that the city's patients with 

8140
07:17:43,300 --> 07:17:45,100
the Eiffel Tower was running 
thin. 

8141
07:17:45,900 --> 07:17:49,100
But if the first sale had gone 
astonishingly smooth, the second

8142
07:17:49,100 --> 07:17:52,700
was fraught with unexpected. 
Snags, one of the potential 

8143
07:17:52,700 --> 07:17:55,400
buyers was far more astute than 
Victor anticipated. 

8144
07:17:55,400 --> 07:17:58,800
This man. 
Clawed Fournier had a reputation

8145
07:17:58,800 --> 07:18:00,900
for sniffing out underhanded 
deals. 

8146
07:18:01,800 --> 07:18:05,100
At the meeting, 48, didn't 
Flinch when Victor presented the

8147
07:18:05,100 --> 07:18:08,600
rationale for dismantling the 
tower instead he politely asked 

8148
07:18:08,600 --> 07:18:10,600
for references and official 
documentation. 

8149
07:18:10,600 --> 07:18:13,700
There was a certain sharpness in
his eyes that made Victor 

8150
07:18:13,700 --> 07:18:16,200
uneasy. 
Still Victor handed over his 

8151
07:18:16,200 --> 07:18:19,700
Forge credentials without 
hesitation offering carefully. 

8152
07:18:19,700 --> 07:18:23,100
Rehearsed explanations Fournier,
accepted them with a practice 

8153
07:18:23,100 --> 07:18:24,200
smiled at revealed. 
Nothing. 

8154
07:18:25,100 --> 07:18:27,600
A day later. 
However, Victor discovered that 

8155
07:18:27,600 --> 07:18:31,100
Fournier had asked around about 
him, discreetly inquiring among 

8156
07:18:31,100 --> 07:18:34,100
local bureaucrats to confirm, 
the authenticity of the liaison 

8157
07:18:34,100 --> 07:18:38,300
role, none of them have, of 
course, recognized the name, a 

8158
07:18:38,300 --> 07:18:41,500
city Clarke already suspicious 
about a foreign asking pointed 

8159
07:18:41,500 --> 07:18:43,300
question's. 
Apparently alerted. 

8160
07:18:43,300 --> 07:18:46,300
A friend in the police. 
Victor learned of this, through 

8161
07:18:46,300 --> 07:18:50,300
his network of informants, Petty
forges StreetWise, doorman and 

8162
07:18:50,300 --> 07:18:53,500
an occasional mistress or two, 
the rumor suggested that the 

8163
07:18:53,500 --> 07:18:56,200
police had begun quietly 
investigating a man posing as a 

8164
07:18:56,208 --> 07:18:58,700
city official pedaling, the 
contract tied to the Eiffel 

8165
07:18:58,700 --> 07:19:00,900
Tower. 
For the first time in his 

8166
07:19:00,900 --> 07:19:05,100
career, Victor felt the heat 
close in the Khan was in motion 

8167
07:19:05,100 --> 07:19:08,600
but the authorities were no 
longer ignorant with a mixture 

8168
07:19:08,600 --> 07:19:12,500
of dread and exhilaration. 
He realized he had no choice but

8169
07:19:12,500 --> 07:19:15,900
to accelerate the plan He zeroed
in on the second potential. 

8170
07:19:15,900 --> 07:19:19,300
Mark, an overly ambitious, 
shipping, magnate named markers 

8171
07:19:19,300 --> 07:19:21,300
Wiseman. 
Who had a pawn shop for shady 

8172
07:19:21,300 --> 07:19:23,800
dealings over dinner at a 
private club. 

8173
07:19:23,800 --> 07:19:26,600
Victor, dangled the towers 
contract before him as if it 

8174
07:19:26,600 --> 07:19:30,500
were a rare gem Wiseman to 
entice by the prospect of 

8175
07:19:30,500 --> 07:19:32,700
beating out his competitors took
the bait. 

8176
07:19:33,500 --> 07:19:37,000
Still the tension was palpable 
even as Whiteman scribbled out, 

8177
07:19:37,000 --> 07:19:39,200
a check in enough to make 
Victor's heart flutter. 

8178
07:19:39,200 --> 07:19:42,700
There was a persistent nagging 
awareness that time was short. 

8179
07:19:43,500 --> 07:19:46,100
He needed to vanish before four 
years inquiries led, the police 

8180
07:19:46,100 --> 07:19:49,100
to his door. 
So he chose to skip the bribe 

8181
07:19:49,100 --> 07:19:50,400
angle. 
That had worked so well with 

8182
07:19:50,400 --> 07:19:54,000
Dubois instead, he accepted a 
lump sum payment that covered 

8183
07:19:54,000 --> 07:19:56,900
everything. 
The purchase of the towers scrap

8184
07:19:56,900 --> 07:19:58,800
plus a discrete administrative 
fee. 

8185
07:19:59,700 --> 07:20:02,900
Wiseman assumed that the simpler
the transaction, the less likely

8186
07:20:02,900 --> 07:20:06,900
it would be detected. 
Late that night under the cover 

8187
07:20:06,900 --> 07:20:09,700
of Darkness, Victor slipped out 
of his hotel. 

8188
07:20:09,700 --> 07:20:12,600
He carried a small, valleys 
stuffed with his ill-gotten 

8189
07:20:12,600 --> 07:20:15,900
gains heading straight to the 
Galil, by Dawn. 

8190
07:20:16,500 --> 07:20:19,700
Victor fled to Monte Carlo, a 
glittering Haven of high rollers

8191
07:20:19,700 --> 07:20:22,200
and Exile. 
Aristocrats initially he 

8192
07:20:22,200 --> 07:20:25,000
relished the sweet satisfaction 
of having bested, not just one, 

8193
07:20:25,000 --> 07:20:28,200
but two gullible buyers. 
He told himself he had achieved,

8194
07:20:28,200 --> 07:20:30,200
what? 
No other con man in history are 

8195
07:20:30,200 --> 07:20:34,200
dead alone in a lavish Suite. 
Overlooking the Mediterranean he

8196
07:20:34,200 --> 07:20:37,600
replied the final moments in 
Paris, the anxious, hurry to 

8197
07:20:37,600 --> 07:20:40,100
collect weissman's. 
Check the first of glances at 

8198
07:20:40,100 --> 07:20:42,800
the station and the first 
Sunrise that found him safely 

8199
07:20:42,800 --> 07:20:46,400
Out Of Reach now with the Sea 
Breeze, caressing his face. 

8200
07:20:46,400 --> 07:20:49,200
He figured it was only a matter 
of time before Rumours of the 

8201
07:20:49,200 --> 07:20:52,800
second sale called up to him. 
For a few months, he maintained 

8202
07:20:52,800 --> 07:20:55,100
a low profile. 
He frequented the Monte Carlo, 

8203
07:20:55,100 --> 07:20:58,900
Casino under a false identity. 
Staying clear of any large 

8204
07:20:58,900 --> 07:21:00,300
wages. 
That might draw attention. 

8205
07:21:00,300 --> 07:21:04,300
He used coded telegrams to stay 
in touch with his forges and 

8206
07:21:04,300 --> 07:21:08,100
informants back in Paris. 
From them, he learned that 

8207
07:21:08,100 --> 07:21:10,600
Fournier had indeed pressed the 
police for an investigation 

8208
07:21:10,600 --> 07:21:14,400
Wiseman facing public, 
humiliation and potential legal 

8209
07:21:14,400 --> 07:21:17,300
woes. 
Try to keep the matter as quiet 

8210
07:21:17,300 --> 07:21:19,700
as possible. 
Hoping to recover his money 

8211
07:21:19,700 --> 07:21:21,900
through any means short of a 
public scandal. 

8212
07:21:22,700 --> 07:21:25,900
Still the police smelled, 
something big, they had never 

8213
07:21:25,900 --> 07:21:28,600
heard of such an audacious 
Swindell, and that alone, pique 

8214
07:21:28,600 --> 07:21:30,300
their interest enough to keep 
them digging. 

8215
07:21:31,000 --> 07:21:33,500
Eventually investigators 
uncovered the faint tracks, 

8216
07:21:33,500 --> 07:21:36,700
Victor Left Behind receipts at 
the hotel Witnesses who were 

8217
07:21:36,700 --> 07:21:38,800
called a confident well-dressed,
man. 

8218
07:21:38,800 --> 07:21:41,700
With a foreign accent, they 
pieced together, the timeline of

8219
07:21:41,700 --> 07:21:45,000
his meetings, even found traces 
of his Forge stationery. 

8220
07:21:45,700 --> 07:21:49,100
Before long, they had a name 
that remained unclear of Victor 

8221
07:21:49,100 --> 07:21:52,900
Lomar was real or in Alias with 
pressure mounting the 

8222
07:21:52,900 --> 07:21:55,500
authorities, circulated 
descriptions to Major European 

8223
07:21:55,500 --> 07:21:59,100
cities, urging border agents and
local police to keep an eye out 

8224
07:21:59,100 --> 07:22:03,508
one, photograph taking secretly 
by curious bystander at the 

8225
07:22:03,516 --> 07:22:05,700
Eiffel Tower showed aside 
profile. 

8226
07:22:05,700 --> 07:22:09,400
That might have been him rumors.
Spread that a flamboyant con 

8227
07:22:09,400 --> 07:22:12,500
artist rumored to have sold the 
Eiffel Tower, not once but twice

8228
07:22:12,500 --> 07:22:16,300
was at large, despite the Noose 
tightening, Victor couldn't 

8229
07:22:16,300 --> 07:22:19,600
resist the lure of one last 
Escapade you reasoned that 

8230
07:22:19,600 --> 07:22:21,800
living on the run forever would 
be unbearable. 

8231
07:22:21,800 --> 07:22:25,000
Why not gamble big while he 
still had some measure of 

8232
07:22:25,000 --> 07:22:29,200
controls or one evening at the 
casino dressed in a crisp 

8233
07:22:29,200 --> 07:22:32,400
dinner, jacket swirling, a glass
of fine cognac he started 

8234
07:22:32,400 --> 07:22:35,000
roulette table in a dramatic 
flourish. 

8235
07:22:35,000 --> 07:22:37,500
He placed a small fortune on a 
single bet. 

8236
07:22:37,500 --> 07:22:41,400
It was uncharacteristic of him 
to risk real money on charms. 

8237
07:22:41,400 --> 07:22:44,600
Usually preferred to rig the 
odds through manipulation. 

8238
07:22:45,500 --> 07:22:48,800
But something inside him crave. 
The adrenaline rush the wheel 

8239
07:22:48,800 --> 07:22:51,300
spun. 
Heart pounding, you watch the 

8240
07:22:51,300 --> 07:22:54,000
tiny ball. 
Bounce from slot to slot when it

8241
07:22:54,000 --> 07:22:58,000
finally settled it landed on 
red, a loss for Victor's black 

8242
07:22:58,000 --> 07:23:00,300
bet. 
Though, it was only a fraction 

8243
07:23:00,300 --> 07:23:03,700
of his earnings, the defeat 
seemed like an omen for a 

8244
07:23:03,700 --> 07:23:05,600
moment. 
He stared at the chipped, green 

8245
07:23:05,600 --> 07:23:08,500
felt of the table, the croupier 
is polite nod. 

8246
07:23:08,500 --> 07:23:10,800
Indicating the end of the bet in
that. 

8247
07:23:10,800 --> 07:23:13,800
Instant a seed of Doubt, 
sprouted in Victor's. 

8248
07:23:13,800 --> 07:23:18,500
Mind was his Luck running out. 
He excused himself, stepping 

8249
07:23:18,500 --> 07:23:21,800
away from the table, ignoring 
the Curious glances of other 

8250
07:23:21,800 --> 07:23:24,700
patrons who recognized him. 
I one of his many aliases. 

8251
07:23:24,700 --> 07:23:28,900
Presumably That night as he 
strolled the moonlit Promenade 

8252
07:23:28,900 --> 07:23:31,100
along the coast. 
He tried to shake off the 

8253
07:23:31,100 --> 07:23:33,400
feeling that everything was 
about to catch up with him. 

8254
07:23:33,400 --> 07:23:37,100
He told himself, he was a Master
of Illusions, he could reinvent 

8255
07:23:37,100 --> 07:23:41,000
himself anywhere America, South 
America, or quiet, corner of 

8256
07:23:41,000 --> 07:23:43,100
Asia. 
Yet the persistent thought 

8257
07:23:43,100 --> 07:23:45,800
nagged at him. 
How long can any Fox outrun? 

8258
07:23:45,800 --> 07:23:48,900
The hounds he had always 
believed in the art of his craft

8259
07:23:48,900 --> 07:23:52,300
but sooner or later every 
performance comes to a close. 

8260
07:23:52,300 --> 07:23:55,100
Sure enough, his downfall 
arrived abruptly. 

8261
07:23:55,900 --> 07:23:58,900
While stepping out of a Monte 
Carlo cafe, one morning, he was 

8262
07:23:58,908 --> 07:24:01,600
discreetly approached by a man 
who introduced himself as a 

8263
07:24:01,600 --> 07:24:05,300
private detective from Paris 
hired by none other than Claude 

8264
07:24:05,300 --> 07:24:07,600
Fournier. 
The detective's tone was polite.

8265
07:24:07,600 --> 07:24:10,300
But his eyes brimmed with that 
unwavering sense of purpose. 

8266
07:24:11,100 --> 07:24:14,300
He claimed to have evidence 
linking to the tower con along 

8267
07:24:14,300 --> 07:24:16,400
with sworn statements from hotel
staff. 

8268
07:24:17,100 --> 07:24:21,000
The detective offered Viktor. 
A choice returned to Paris meet 

8269
07:24:21,000 --> 07:24:23,500
with fournier's. 
Lawyers and negotiator quiet 

8270
07:24:23,500 --> 07:24:26,000
settlement or face arrest, and 
extradition. 

8271
07:24:26,800 --> 07:24:28,600
Outwardly, Victor kept his 
composure. 

8272
07:24:28,600 --> 07:24:32,600
He flashed a rice smile. 
Fainting in different But his 

8273
07:24:32,600 --> 07:24:36,700
heart pounded, even if he 
alluded this detective, he 

8274
07:24:36,700 --> 07:24:38,600
sensed. 
The net was cast too wide for 

8275
07:24:38,600 --> 07:24:39,900
him to remain free for much 
longer. 

8276
07:24:40,700 --> 07:24:44,600
Sometimes surrendering on your 
own terms was the last con you 

8277
07:24:44,600 --> 07:24:47,300
could pull. 
In a move that stunned, the 

8278
07:24:47,300 --> 07:24:50,900
detective Victor proposed his 
own Arrangement he would meet 

8279
07:24:50,900 --> 07:24:54,600
Fournier in neutral territory in
Switzerland to hash out a deal. 

8280
07:24:55,300 --> 07:24:58,500
The detective intrigued and 
possibly influenced by some 

8281
07:24:58,500 --> 07:25:01,200
under the table. 
Persuasion agreed to Broken the 

8282
07:25:01,200 --> 07:25:03,400
meeting. 
Victor reason that by 

8283
07:25:03,400 --> 07:25:05,800
controlling the location, he 
might still orchestrate in 

8284
07:25:05,800 --> 07:25:08,000
Escape. 
But his fate would have it. 

8285
07:25:08,000 --> 07:25:10,300
The Swiss authorities were also 
alerted. 

8286
07:25:11,200 --> 07:25:14,100
When Victor arrived plain 
clothes officers appeared from 

8287
07:25:14,100 --> 07:25:16,700
the Shadows swiftly taking him 
into custody. 

8288
07:25:16,700 --> 07:25:20,500
His arrest was a quiet Affair. 
Overshadowed by bigger Global 

8289
07:25:20,500 --> 07:25:22,700
events, still words spread among
the underworld. 

8290
07:25:22,700 --> 07:25:25,300
The Man Who Sold the Eiffel 
Tower twice. 

8291
07:25:25,300 --> 07:25:28,800
Had finally met his match. 
There was no dramatic public 

8292
07:25:28,800 --> 07:25:31,400
trial in France. 
Instead in backroom 

8293
07:25:31,400 --> 07:25:33,800
negotiations, to avoid an 
international Scandal. 

8294
07:25:33,800 --> 07:25:37,200
A deal was reached some said 
Fournier and Weissman recouped, 

8295
07:25:37,200 --> 07:25:40,300
a fraction of their losses and 
the French government stung by 

8296
07:25:40,300 --> 07:25:42,800
embarrassment, preferred to hush
up the matter. 

8297
07:25:43,600 --> 07:25:47,200
Victor was quietly sentenced for
fraud under an assumed name, but

8298
07:25:47,200 --> 07:25:49,900
the legend endured in hushed 
Whispers for decades. 

8299
07:25:50,800 --> 07:25:52,500
Rarely did anyone speak of his 
fate? 

8300
07:25:53,400 --> 07:25:56,100
Some claimed he escaped from 
prison using forged documents 

8301
07:25:56,100 --> 07:25:59,400
Vanishing into the night and 
others insisted. 

8302
07:25:59,400 --> 07:26:03,600
He served his time only to 
emerge a changed man either way 

8303
07:26:03,600 --> 07:26:06,500
in the Smoky corners of certain 
provision. 

8304
07:26:06,500 --> 07:26:10,000
Cafes Old-Timers still tell the 
tale with a gleam in their eyes.

8305
07:26:10,000 --> 07:26:14,700
The man who dared to sell the 
Eiffel Tower not once but twice.

8306
07:26:15,700 --> 07:26:19,100
It remains a testament to the 
power of audacity, the Allure of

8307
07:26:19,100 --> 07:26:22,100
ambition and the strange truth 
that the bigger the LIE. 

8308
07:26:22,100 --> 07:26:23,700
The more people want to believe 
it. 

8309
07:26:23,700 --> 07:26:27,800
And so the story endures a 
monument to the enduring thrill 

8310
07:26:27,800 --> 07:26:31,300
of a great impossible scam. 
The Battle of Gettysburg began 

8311
07:26:31,300 --> 07:26:36,800
on the morning of July 1st 1863,
it was a warm summer day the 

8312
07:26:36,800 --> 07:26:39,500
kind where the golden light of 
dawn touched the fields and 

8313
07:26:39,500 --> 07:26:42,900
forests with the Serene glow. 
But the Tranquility of the 

8314
07:26:42,900 --> 07:26:45,700
Pennsylvania Countryside, would 
soon be shattered by the Thunder

8315
07:26:45,700 --> 07:26:48,100
of battle. 
This Clash was not merely 

8316
07:26:48,100 --> 07:26:50,800
another Skirmish in the long and
bloody conflict of the Civil 

8317
07:26:50,800 --> 07:26:52,600
War. 
It was a turning point. 

8318
07:26:52,600 --> 07:26:55,900
A moment where the fate of the 
union and the Confederacy hung 

8319
07:26:55,900 --> 07:26:59,600
precariously, in the balance 
general property, Lee commanding

8320
07:26:59,600 --> 07:27:02,200
the Confederate Army of 
Northern, Virginia had set his 

8321
07:27:02,200 --> 07:27:04,000
sights on a bold invasion of the
North. 

8322
07:27:04,700 --> 07:27:07,800
His army emboldened by a string 
of Victory is marched into 

8323
07:27:07,800 --> 07:27:09,500
pencil. 
Vania with the hope of striking 

8324
07:27:09,500 --> 07:27:12,700
a decisive blow that would force
the union to sue for peace. 

8325
07:27:13,600 --> 07:27:16,000
Lee's strategy was not just 
about military conquest. 

8326
07:27:16,000 --> 07:27:19,300
It was about shaking the 
northern resolve bringing the 

8327
07:27:19,300 --> 07:27:22,600
war to Union soil and perhaps, 
swaying, foreign powers to 

8328
07:27:22,600 --> 07:27:26,300
recognize the Confederacy. 
On the union side General, 

8329
07:27:26,300 --> 07:27:28,600
George G Meade. 
Had recently taken command of 

8330
07:27:28,600 --> 07:27:32,600
the army of the Potomac. 
His task was daunting to stop, 

8331
07:27:32,600 --> 07:27:36,100
Lisa advance and protect the 
Union's Heartland, the soldiers 

8332
07:27:36,100 --> 07:27:38,400
under his command, were weary 
from years of conflict. 

8333
07:27:38,400 --> 07:27:41,800
But there was to defend their 
home land and preserve the union

8334
07:27:41,800 --> 07:27:46,200
burned brightly. the two armies 
converged near the small town of

8335
07:27:46,200 --> 07:27:50,500
Gettysburg, a place of Rolling 
Hills fertile, farmland and 

8336
07:27:50,500 --> 07:27:53,800
winding roads, It was an 
unlikely setting for one of the 

8337
07:27:53,808 --> 07:27:55,900
most significant battles in 
American history. 

8338
07:27:57,000 --> 07:28:00,900
On the first day, the fighting 
began west of the town as 

8339
07:28:00,900 --> 07:28:03,700
Confederate forces. 
And counted Union Cavalry, The 

8340
07:28:03,700 --> 07:28:06,400
Clash was fierce and chaotic 
with both sides. 

8341
07:28:06,400 --> 07:28:07,900
Scrambling to gain the upper 
hand. 

8342
07:28:08,700 --> 07:28:11,800
By Days end, the Confederates 
had pushed Union forces, back 

8343
07:28:11,800 --> 07:28:14,600
through the town and onto The 
High Ground to the South 

8344
07:28:14,600 --> 07:28:18,700
securing an early advantage. 
The second day of the battle, 

8345
07:28:18,700 --> 07:28:20,400
donned with tension, thick in 
the air. 

8346
07:28:20,400 --> 07:28:24,300
Union Army had established a 
strong defensive position along 

8347
07:28:24,300 --> 07:28:27,600
a series of hills and ridges 
known as Cemetery hill, culp's 

8348
07:28:27,600 --> 07:28:31,300
hill and little Roundtop. 
Lee confident in his armies 

8349
07:28:31,300 --> 07:28:33,900
strength launched a series of 
attacks to break the union 

8350
07:28:33,900 --> 07:28:36,700
lines. 
The fighting on July 2nd was 

8351
07:28:36,700 --> 07:28:40,900
intense and bloody At Little 
Round Top Union Colonel, Joshua 

8352
07:28:40,900 --> 07:28:43,200
Lawrence Chamberlain. 
And the 20th, Maine regiment 

8353
07:28:43,200 --> 07:28:46,400
made heroic stand to defend the 
hills Southern flank. 

8354
07:28:47,300 --> 07:28:50,500
Outnumbered and nearly out of 
ammunition, Chamberlain ordered 

8355
07:28:50,500 --> 07:28:53,500
a desperate bayonet, charge that
drove the Confederates back and 

8356
07:28:53,500 --> 07:28:57,000
secured the Union's position. 
It was a moment of extraordinary

8357
07:28:57,000 --> 07:29:00,400
courage, one, that would later 
be remembered as a turning point

8358
07:29:00,400 --> 07:29:03,400
in the battle. 
Elsewhere, the fields of Wheat 

8359
07:29:03,400 --> 07:29:06,400
and Peach Orchards became 
Killing Grounds, their beauty 

8360
07:29:06,400 --> 07:29:10,200
scarred by the Carnage of War. 
The air was thick with smoke and

8361
07:29:10,200 --> 07:29:13,400
the cries of the wounded 
soldiers on both sides fought 

8362
07:29:13,400 --> 07:29:16,300
with ferocious determination 
knowing that the stakes were 

8363
07:29:16,300 --> 07:29:18,500
higher than ever by the end of 
the day. 

8364
07:29:18,500 --> 07:29:22,400
The union lines had held but at 
a terrible cost, The third and 

8365
07:29:22,400 --> 07:29:24,600
final day of the battle July 
3rd. 

8366
07:29:24,600 --> 07:29:27,600
Brought the infamous assault 
known as Pickett's Charge. 

8367
07:29:27,600 --> 07:29:31,900
Lee leaving the concentrated on 
the Union Center could break 

8368
07:29:31,900 --> 07:29:36,600
their lines ordered 12,500 
Confederate soldiers to march 

8369
07:29:36,600 --> 07:29:40,800
across Open Fields under heavy 
Union, artillery fire, The sight

8370
07:29:40,800 --> 07:29:44,100
of that charge was both 
inspiring and harrowing the 

8371
07:29:44,100 --> 07:29:47,300
Confederate soldiers advanced in
tight ranks, their banners 

8372
07:29:47,300 --> 07:29:49,600
waving their determination 
unyielding. 

8373
07:29:50,800 --> 07:29:53,800
But the union Defenders, 
entrenched on Cemetery Ridge 

8374
07:29:53,800 --> 07:29:57,300
Unleashed a devastating barrage 
of Canon and musket fire. 

8375
07:29:57,300 --> 07:30:00,600
The fields became a scene of 
chaos as men fell by the 

8376
07:30:00,600 --> 07:30:04,000
hundreds, despite their bravery 
the Confederate soldiers. 

8377
07:30:04,000 --> 07:30:07,100
Could not overcome, the Union's 
defense's the charge was 

8378
07:30:07,100 --> 07:30:09,700
repelled and the fields were 
littered with the Fallen. 

8379
07:30:11,100 --> 07:30:15,200
As the sun set on July 3rd, the 
Battle of Gettysburg came to an 

8380
07:30:15,200 --> 07:30:17,700
end. 
Lee realizing that his army 

8381
07:30:17,700 --> 07:30:20,300
could not sustain. 
Another assault began the long 

8382
07:30:20,300 --> 07:30:24,000
retreat back to Virginia. 
The Union Army, though, battered

8383
07:30:24,000 --> 07:30:27,300
and exhausted had won a decisive
Victory, it was a moment of 

8384
07:30:27,300 --> 07:30:28,700
relief and Triumph for the 
north. 

8385
07:30:28,700 --> 07:30:31,500
The turning point, that shifted 
the momentum of the war. 

8386
07:30:32,100 --> 07:30:35,600
The cost of the battle was 
staggering over. 50,000 soldiers

8387
07:30:35,600 --> 07:30:39,500
were killed wounded or missing. 
Fields of Gettysburg once 

8388
07:30:39,500 --> 07:30:42,600
peaceful and Lush were now 
marked by the scars of War. 

8389
07:30:43,400 --> 07:30:46,000
Families in both the North and 
the South mourned, the loss of 

8390
07:30:46,000 --> 07:30:48,500
loved ones. 
Their lives forever changed by 

8391
07:30:48,500 --> 07:30:50,800
the conflict. 
In the months that followed 

8392
07:30:50,800 --> 07:30:54,200
Gettysburg became a symbol of 
sacrifice and resilience. 

8393
07:30:55,000 --> 07:30:58,600
On November 19th, 1863 President
Abraham. 

8394
07:30:58,600 --> 07:31:00,800
Lincoln delivered, the 
Gettysburg Address of the 

8395
07:31:00,800 --> 07:31:02,900
dedication of the soldiers 
National Cemetery. 

8396
07:31:02,900 --> 07:31:06,100
His words though. 
Brief captured. 

8397
07:31:06,100 --> 07:31:08,000
The essence of what the battle 
had come to represent. 

8398
07:31:09,000 --> 07:31:12,500
He spoke of a nation conceived 
in liberty and dedicated to the 

8399
07:31:12,500 --> 07:31:14,800
proposition that all men are 
created equal. 

8400
07:31:14,800 --> 07:31:18,100
He reminded the audience that 
the soldiers who had fought and 

8401
07:31:18,100 --> 07:31:20,800
died at Gettysburg had done. 
So to ensure that freedom and 

8402
07:31:20,800 --> 07:31:24,600
democracy would endure The 
Battle of Gettysburg remains one

8403
07:31:24,600 --> 07:31:26,800
of the most studied and 
remembered of events in American

8404
07:31:26,800 --> 07:31:29,200
history. 
It was a moment of profound 

8405
07:31:29,200 --> 07:31:32,800
struggle and sacrifice, a 
reminder of the costs of War and

8406
07:31:32,800 --> 07:31:34,300
the resilience of the human 
spirit. 

8407
07:31:35,200 --> 07:31:38,600
The Bravery of the soldiers on 
both sides, their dedication to 

8408
07:31:38,600 --> 07:31:42,000
their causes, and the impact of 
their actions continue to echo 

8409
07:31:42,000 --> 07:31:45,300
through time. 
As you drift into sleep, let the

8410
07:31:45,300 --> 07:31:47,900
story of Gettysburg, fill your 
mind with a sense of reverence 

8411
07:31:47,900 --> 07:31:50,600
and reflection. 
Imagine the Stillness of the 

8412
07:31:50,600 --> 07:31:53,600
fields after the battle. 
The quiet, wind carrying the 

8413
07:31:53,608 --> 07:31:55,400
memory of those who fought and 
fell. 

8414
07:31:56,100 --> 07:31:59,100
Feel the weight of their 
sacrifice but also the hope that

8415
07:31:59,100 --> 07:32:01,000
their struggle helped to shape a
better future. 

8416
07:32:02,100 --> 07:32:05,000
The aftermath of the Battle of 
Gettysburg left, an indelible 

8417
07:32:05,000 --> 07:32:08,700
Mark, not only on the landscape 
of Pennsylvania but also on the 

8418
07:32:08,700 --> 07:32:10,500
hearts and minds of the American
people. 

8419
07:32:11,400 --> 07:32:14,100
The quiet town that had seen a 
horrific convergence of armies. 

8420
07:32:14,100 --> 07:32:16,300
Now, bore the weight of, 
countless Grave's. 

8421
07:32:16,300 --> 07:32:18,600
Hastily dug for the Fallen 
Soldiers. 

8422
07:32:18,600 --> 07:32:23,000
The once Lush feels Orchards and
Rolling Hills were now etched 

8423
07:32:23,000 --> 07:32:26,400
with scars of War, trenches 
shattered, fences, and abandoned

8424
07:32:26,400 --> 07:32:28,400
artillery. 
In the days. 

8425
07:32:28,400 --> 07:32:30,500
Immediately following the 
Battle, the townspeople of 

8426
07:32:30,500 --> 07:32:33,500
Gettysburg Rose to meet the Grim
reality of what had unfolded. 

8427
07:32:34,200 --> 07:32:36,500
Civilians who had sought shelter
during the three days of 

8428
07:32:36,508 --> 07:32:38,100
fighting. 
Now, ventured out to help the 

8429
07:32:38,100 --> 07:32:41,400
wounded and dying. 
Home's Barnes and churches were 

8430
07:32:41,400 --> 07:32:42,900
transformed into makeshift 
hospitals. 

8431
07:32:42,900 --> 07:32:46,900
Women men and even children 
worked tirelessly to bring 

8432
07:32:46,900 --> 07:32:49,500
Comfort to soldiers regardless 
of the uniforms. 

8433
07:32:49,500 --> 07:32:52,900
They wore the lines of battle 
blurred in the face of shared 

8434
07:32:52,900 --> 07:32:56,900
Humanity, doctors and nurses 
were overwhelmed by the sheer 

8435
07:32:56,900 --> 07:33:00,200
number of wounded. 
Medical supplies were scarce and

8436
07:33:00,200 --> 07:33:02,700
the knowledge of Sanitation was 
rudimentary at best. 

8437
07:33:03,500 --> 07:33:06,500
Despite the Primitive 
conditions, countless acts of 

8438
07:33:06,500 --> 07:33:09,400
compassion unfolded, as 
townspeople did, what they could

8439
07:33:09,400 --> 07:33:14,300
to save lives or bring Solace to
those whose time was short. as 

8440
07:33:14,300 --> 07:33:17,700
the Confederate Army retreated 
Southward General, Lee bore the 

8441
07:33:17,708 --> 07:33:21,300
burden of his armies defeat He 
invasion of the North had failed

8442
07:33:21,300 --> 07:33:24,300
and the high hopes of a quick 
Victory and a potential, peace 

8443
07:33:24,300 --> 07:33:28,000
agreement would dashed. for Lee 
Gettysburg marked, a turning 

8444
07:33:28,000 --> 07:33:31,100
point, a moment, when the tide 
of the War Began to turn 

8445
07:33:31,100 --> 07:33:34,400
decisively against the 
Confederacy, the loss of so many

8446
07:33:34,408 --> 07:33:38,400
men and the inability to break 
Union resolve were blows from 

8447
07:33:38,400 --> 07:33:40,300
which his forces would never 
fully recover. 

8448
07:33:41,100 --> 07:33:44,200
For the union, the victory at 
Gettysburg was a critical morale

8449
07:33:44,200 --> 07:33:47,300
boost General Meade, despite 
some criticism. 

8450
07:33:47,300 --> 07:33:49,300
For not pursuing Lee's 
retreating Army, more 

8451
07:33:49,300 --> 07:33:53,000
aggressively, had achieved, what
many thought, impossible, the 

8452
07:33:53,000 --> 07:33:55,600
army of the Potomac could stood 
firm against Lee's forces 

8453
07:33:55,600 --> 07:33:58,400
proving that the union could 
hold its ground and turn the 

8454
07:33:58,408 --> 07:34:01,100
tide of the war. 
The significance of Gettysburg 

8455
07:34:01,100 --> 07:34:02,700
reached far beyond the 
battlefield. 

8456
07:34:02,700 --> 07:34:05,300
It became a symbol of the 
broader struggle. 

8457
07:34:05,300 --> 07:34:08,500
The fight to preserve the union 
and the principles upon, which 

8458
07:34:08,500 --> 07:34:11,100
it was founded. 
In the months, following the 

8459
07:34:11,100 --> 07:34:14,700
Battle efforts began to ensure 
that the sacrifices made there 

8460
07:34:14,700 --> 07:34:18,000
would not be forgotten. 
One of the most poignant moments

8461
07:34:18,000 --> 07:34:22,500
came on November 1963, with the 
dedication of the soldiers, 

8462
07:34:22,500 --> 07:34:26,500
National Cemetery at Gettysburg.
President Abraham Lincoln was 

8463
07:34:26,500 --> 07:34:30,200
invited to deliver a few remarks
following a lengthy, oration by 

8464
07:34:30,200 --> 07:34:34,200
Edward Everett a renowned 
speaker of the time, Lincoln's 

8465
07:34:34,200 --> 07:34:35,900
address though. 
Brief would become one of the 

8466
07:34:35,900 --> 07:34:37,800
most enduring speeches in 
American history. 

8467
07:34:38,900 --> 07:34:40,900
Standing on the blood soaked 
fields of Gettysburg. 

8468
07:34:42,000 --> 07:34:44,700
Lincoln spoke not only to honor 
the dead but to remind the 

8469
07:34:44,700 --> 07:34:46,700
living of the greater cause, for
which they had fought. 

8470
07:34:47,400 --> 07:34:51,300
His words, beginning with the 
now iconic phrase, four score 

8471
07:34:51,300 --> 07:34:54,600
and seven years ago frame, the 
battle within the context of the

8472
07:34:54,600 --> 07:34:57,900
nation's founding ideals. 
He reminded the audience that 

8473
07:34:57,900 --> 07:35:00,500
the soldiers would give them 
their lives so that government 

8474
07:35:00,500 --> 07:35:04,700
of the People by the people for 
the people shall not perish from

8475
07:35:04,700 --> 07:35:07,400
the Earth. 
Lincoln's Gettysburg Address was

8476
07:35:07,400 --> 07:35:10,500
met with a mixed reception at 
the time with some viewing, it 

8477
07:35:10,500 --> 07:35:14,100
as two brief and simplistic. 
However history would Elevate 

8478
07:35:14,100 --> 07:35:16,200
his words to the status of a 
National Treasure. 

8479
07:35:16,900 --> 07:35:19,800
The addressing capsulated, the 
purpose of the war and the 

8480
07:35:19,800 --> 07:35:23,800
vision of a Nation United not by
force, but by shared values and 

8481
07:35:23,800 --> 07:35:28,500
ideals The legacy of the Battle 
of Gettysburg continued to shape

8482
07:35:28,500 --> 07:35:32,100
the course of the Civil War. 
While the conflict raged on for 

8483
07:35:32,100 --> 07:35:35,100
nearly two more years, 
Gettysburg marked, a critical 

8484
07:35:35,100 --> 07:35:38,200
turning point, it showed that 
the union could resist, the 

8485
07:35:38,200 --> 07:35:41,000
might of the Confederacy and 
that the resolve of its people 

8486
07:35:41,000 --> 07:35:44,700
would not be broken. 
The walls conclusion in 1865, 

8487
07:35:44,700 --> 07:35:47,400
brought an end to the fighting, 
but left the nation, grappling 

8488
07:35:47,400 --> 07:35:49,300
with the wounds, it had 
inflicted upon itself. 

8489
07:35:50,200 --> 07:35:52,700
The fields of Gettysburg became 
a place of reflection and 

8490
07:35:52,700 --> 07:35:56,100
Remembrance a site where the 
cost of division was laid bare. 

8491
07:35:57,000 --> 07:35:59,700
Over the years, Gettysburg 
transformed from a battlefield 

8492
07:35:59,700 --> 07:36:02,900
to a place of education and 
pilgrimage monuments and 

8493
07:36:02,900 --> 07:36:04,700
markers. 
Were erected to honor the 

8494
07:36:04,700 --> 07:36:07,900
soldiers who had fought and died
there preserving their memory 

8495
07:36:07,900 --> 07:36:11,400
for future Generations, visitors
from across the country and 

8496
07:36:11,400 --> 07:36:14,600
around the world came to walk, 
the Hallowed Ground to reflect 

8497
07:36:14,600 --> 07:36:17,700
on the sacrifices made and to 
ponder the lessons of history 

8498
07:36:17,700 --> 07:36:21,800
today, Gettysburg stands as a 
testament to the resilience of 

8499
07:36:21,800 --> 07:36:23,900
the human Spirit. 
And the enduring struggle for 

8500
07:36:23,900 --> 07:36:27,000
freedom and equality. 
It reminds us of the fragility 

8501
07:36:27,000 --> 07:36:29,900
of unity and the strength 
required to preserve it. 

8502
07:36:30,900 --> 07:36:33,900
The lessons of Gettysburg echo 
through time challenge. 

8503
07:36:33,900 --> 07:36:37,000
Is to remember that the cost of 
division is far greater than the

8504
07:36:37,000 --> 07:36:38,300
effort required to come 
together. 

8505
07:36:39,400 --> 07:36:42,400
As you rest tonight, let the 
story of Gettysburg. 

8506
07:36:42,400 --> 07:36:45,000
Remind you of the courage and 
sacrifice of those who came 

8507
07:36:45,000 --> 07:36:49,700
before us, Imagine The Quiet 
fields at dawn the softer rustle

8508
07:36:49,700 --> 07:36:52,600
of the wind and the Stillness 
that now blankets a place once 

8509
07:36:52,600 --> 07:36:55,500
filled with chaos. 
Let the strength of their 

8510
07:36:55,500 --> 07:36:58,600
resolve bring you a sense of 
peace and may their legacy 

8511
07:36:58,600 --> 07:37:02,100
Inspire hope and understanding 
in your heart the legacy of 

8512
07:37:02,100 --> 07:37:04,700
Gettysburg extends far beyond 
the battlefield itself. 

8513
07:37:04,700 --> 07:37:08,700
It remains a Cornerstone of 
American History not only as the

8514
07:37:08,700 --> 07:37:10,800
site of a pivotal Clash during 
the Civil War. 

8515
07:37:10,800 --> 07:37:13,900
But also as a symbol of the 
nation's enduring struggle to 

8516
07:37:13,900 --> 07:37:17,600
reconcile, its ideals with its 
realities, the battlefields and 

8517
07:37:17,600 --> 07:37:20,200
memorials at Gettysburg. 
Now stand as a reminder, of the 

8518
07:37:20,208 --> 07:37:23,900
courage, sacrifice and Humanity,
displayed by those who fought 

8519
07:37:23,900 --> 07:37:27,200
there, as well as the immense 
costs of division and conflict. 

8520
07:37:28,000 --> 07:37:31,200
In the Years, following the 
Civil War Gettysburg became a 

8521
07:37:31,200 --> 07:37:34,400
focus for National healing. 
Veterans from both the union and

8522
07:37:34,400 --> 07:37:37,800
the Confederacy returned to the 
site to honor their comrades and

8523
07:37:37,800 --> 07:37:40,000
reflect on the events that had 
shape their lives. 

8524
07:37:40,800 --> 07:37:43,300
These reunions particularly 
those held on significant 

8525
07:37:43,300 --> 07:37:46,100
anniversary of the battle. 
Fostered, a sense of 

8526
07:37:46,100 --> 07:37:50,100
reconciliation and shared 
purpose. despite the lingering 

8527
07:37:50,100 --> 07:37:53,300
wounds of War, these gatherings 
under scored a shared Humanity, 

8528
07:37:53,300 --> 07:37:57,700
the transcended, the division of
the past, One of the most moving

8529
07:37:57,700 --> 07:38:00,700
examples of this came during the
50th anniversary of the battle 

8530
07:38:00,700 --> 07:38:03,800
in 1913. 
Veterans from both sides. 

8531
07:38:03,800 --> 07:38:07,200
Now, old men came together to 
remember their shared history. 

8532
07:38:07,200 --> 07:38:10,600
The event culminated in a 
symbolic, handshake across the 

8533
07:38:10,600 --> 07:38:14,100
Stonewall at the site of 
Pickett's, Charge a powerful 

8534
07:38:14,100 --> 07:38:15,900
gesture. 
That reflected, the desire for 

8535
07:38:15,900 --> 07:38:18,800
Unity and peace. 
These reunions were not without 

8536
07:38:18,800 --> 07:38:21,900
their complexities, but they 
marked an important step in the 

8537
07:38:21,900 --> 07:38:24,000
nation's journey toward healing 
and understanding. 

8538
07:38:25,200 --> 07:38:28,600
Over time, Gettysburg evolved 
into a place of education and 

8539
07:38:28,600 --> 07:38:31,600
reflection. 
The Gettysburg National military

8540
07:38:31,600 --> 07:38:33,900
Park established in the late 
19th century. 

8541
07:38:33,900 --> 07:38:37,200
And further developed in the 
20th, preserves the battlefield 

8542
07:38:37,200 --> 07:38:40,400
in his many monuments ensuring 
that future Generations. 

8543
07:38:40,400 --> 07:38:43,000
Can walk the same paths and 
learn the same lessons. 

8544
07:38:43,900 --> 07:38:46,700
The parks Museum and Visitor 
Center, provide context and 

8545
07:38:46,700 --> 07:38:49,600
insight into the events of the 
battle, offering a deeper 

8546
07:38:49,600 --> 07:38:51,800
understanding of its 
significance and the people who 

8547
07:38:51,800 --> 07:38:54,400
shaped it. 
The Gettysburg address too 

8548
07:38:54,400 --> 07:38:57,200
continues to resonate as a 
defining moment in American 

8549
07:38:57,200 --> 07:39:00,300
history. 
Lincoln's words spoken with such

8550
07:39:00,300 --> 07:39:03,100
Clarity and purpose. 
Servers are reminded of the 

8551
07:39:03,100 --> 07:39:05,300
ideals upon, which the United 
States was founded. 

8552
07:39:05,300 --> 07:39:09,000
They challenge us to honor the 
sacrifices of those who fought 

8553
07:39:09,000 --> 07:39:11,600
by striving to create a more 
just and Equitable society. 

8554
07:39:11,600 --> 07:39:15,300
Today Gettysburg stands as a 
Living testament, to the 

8555
07:39:15,300 --> 07:39:18,700
enduring importance of History. 
It draws visitors from across 

8556
07:39:18,700 --> 07:39:22,100
the globe who come to honor the 
past reflect on the present and 

8557
07:39:22,100 --> 07:39:25,700
consider the future. the 
battlefield with its Rolling 

8558
07:39:25,700 --> 07:39:29,400
Hills, stone walls and quiet, 
Woods invites contemplation 

8559
07:39:30,300 --> 07:39:33,500
Walking its paths, one cannot 
help but feel a connection to 

8560
07:39:33,500 --> 07:39:36,500
the stories of those who stood 
there to the bravery and 

8561
07:39:36,500 --> 07:39:39,500
determination that defined them.
And to the lessons, they left 

8562
07:39:39,500 --> 07:39:43,600
behind The Battle of Gettysburg 
teaches us that even in the 

8563
07:39:43,600 --> 07:39:47,500
darkest times there is hope for 
Redemption for reconciliation 

8564
07:39:47,500 --> 07:39:51,200
and for a brighter tomorrow. 
It reminds us of the cost of 

8565
07:39:51,200 --> 07:39:54,000
division and the strength 
required to build Unity. 

8566
07:39:54,800 --> 07:39:57,400
It challenges us to live up to 
the ideals of Liberty and 

8567
07:39:57,400 --> 07:40:01,000
equality to honor the sacrifices
of those who came before us by 

8568
07:40:01,000 --> 07:40:02,600
working to create a better 
world. 

8569
07:40:03,700 --> 07:40:07,100
As you settle into rest tonight,
let the story of Gettysburg, 

8570
07:40:07,100 --> 07:40:10,500
fill your heart with a sense of 
reflection and gratitude. 

8571
07:40:11,600 --> 07:40:14,600
Picture the fields bathed in the
soft light of the Setting Sun, 

8572
07:40:14,600 --> 07:40:18,300
the gentle rustle of leaves in 
the breeze, and the quiet piece 

8573
07:40:18,300 --> 07:40:21,800
that now blankets the land. 
Let The Echoes of courage and 

8574
07:40:21,800 --> 07:40:24,300
sacrifice guide. 
Your thoughts and may their 

8575
07:40:24,300 --> 07:40:27,600
legacy Inspire hope and 
understanding in your dreams. 

8576
07:40:28,600 --> 07:40:31,700
The story of Gettysburg is not 
only about the Battle itself but

8577
07:40:31,700 --> 07:40:35,100
also about the enduring lessons.
It offers it is a story of 

8578
07:40:35,100 --> 07:40:38,400
Courage, Under Fire of ordinary 
people facing extraordinary 

8579
07:40:38,400 --> 07:40:41,600
challenges and of a Nation 
striving to find its way through

8580
07:40:41,600 --> 07:40:44,900
the darkness of conflict. 
Gettysburg reminds us that 

8581
07:40:44,900 --> 07:40:48,600
history is not just a series of 
dates and events but a tapestry 

8582
07:40:48,600 --> 07:40:53,000
of Human Experience woven with 
threads of sacrifice resilience 

8583
07:40:53,000 --> 07:40:56,700
and Hope. 
As we reflect on Gettysburg, we 

8584
07:40:56,700 --> 07:40:59,500
are reminded of the power of 
unity and the dangers of 

8585
07:40:59,500 --> 07:41:02,200
division. 
The Civil War of which 

8586
07:41:02,200 --> 07:41:05,600
Gettysburg was a turning point 
was born out of deep-seated, 

8587
07:41:05,600 --> 07:41:07,900
disagreements, and unresolved 
tensions. 

8588
07:41:08,800 --> 07:41:11,300
The soldiers who fought at 
Gettysburg came from different 

8589
07:41:11,300 --> 07:41:15,200
walks of life, different regions
and different perspectives, but 

8590
07:41:15,200 --> 07:41:18,700
they shared a common Humanity, 
their bravery and sacrifice 

8591
07:41:18,700 --> 07:41:20,500
speak to the strength of the 
human Spirit. 

8592
07:41:20,500 --> 07:41:24,700
Even in the face of unimaginable
hardship, In the Years, 

8593
07:41:24,700 --> 07:41:27,600
following the Battle, the memory
of Gettysburg became a source of

8594
07:41:27,600 --> 07:41:31,100
inspiration for those working to
rebuild and reconcile a 

8595
07:41:31,100 --> 07:41:34,600
fractured Nation. 
The scars of War ran deep, but 

8596
07:41:34,600 --> 07:41:38,800
so too did the determination to 
heal. at his bergame, a cymbal 

8597
07:41:38,800 --> 07:41:41,300
of what could be achieved when 
people came together to confront

8598
07:41:41,300 --> 07:41:44,200
their shared challenges and 
embrace their common Humanity, 

8599
07:41:45,600 --> 07:41:48,300
the stories of the individuals 
who fought at Gettysburg at 

8600
07:41:48,300 --> 07:41:50,400
depth and texture to the history
of the battle. 

8601
07:41:51,200 --> 07:41:53,500
From generals like Robert E Lee 
and George Meade. 

8602
07:41:53,500 --> 07:41:56,900
Who's decisions shape the course
of the conflict to the rank and 

8603
07:41:56,900 --> 07:41:59,600
file soldiers, who carried out 
those orders with bravery and 

8604
07:41:59,600 --> 07:42:02,000
resolve. 
Each story adds a layer of 

8605
07:42:02,000 --> 07:42:03,800
understanding to the larger 
narrative. 

8606
07:42:03,800 --> 07:42:07,600
These men from both the Union 
and Confederate, armies faced 

8607
07:42:07,600 --> 07:42:10,400
unimaginable adversity with 
courage and dignity. 

8608
07:42:11,700 --> 07:42:14,600
One of the most enduring 
legacies of Gettysburg as its 

8609
07:42:14,600 --> 07:42:16,800
role in shaping, the collective 
memory of the Civil War. 

8610
07:42:17,500 --> 07:42:21,000
The battlefield now. 
A Serene and solemn place serves

8611
07:42:21,000 --> 07:42:24,200
as a reminder of the costs of 
War and the value of peace. 

8612
07:42:24,800 --> 07:42:26,600
Monuments and markers dot the 
landscape. 

8613
07:42:26,600 --> 07:42:30,200
Each telling a story of the men 
who fought and the sacrifices 

8614
07:42:30,200 --> 07:42:34,000
they made. visitors to get his 
Burger often struck by the quiet

8615
07:42:34,000 --> 07:42:37,300
beauty of the place, a stark 
contrast to the violence that 

8616
07:42:37,300 --> 07:42:41,400
once engulfed it The Gettysburg 
Address delivered by President 

8617
07:42:41,400 --> 07:42:44,800
Lincoln, just months after the 
battle continues to resonate, as

8618
07:42:44,800 --> 07:42:47,400
a call to action and a statement
of purpose. 

8619
07:42:48,300 --> 07:42:51,600
Lincoln's words, remind us of 
the importance of dedication of 

8620
07:42:51,600 --> 07:42:54,100
recommitting ourselves to the 
principles of freedom and 

8621
07:42:54,100 --> 07:42:56,700
equality. 
His speech though, brief 

8622
07:42:56,700 --> 07:43:00,500
captures the essence of what 
Gettysburg represents, not just 

8623
07:43:00,500 --> 07:43:02,500
a battle. 
But a turning point in the 

8624
07:43:02,500 --> 07:43:04,800
ongoing struggle to create a 
more perfect union. 

8625
07:43:06,100 --> 07:43:09,500
Today Gettysburg remains a place
of pilgrimage for those seeking 

8626
07:43:09,500 --> 07:43:12,500
to understand the complexities 
of the past and draw inspiration

8627
07:43:12,500 --> 07:43:15,400
for the future. 
The stories of those who fought 

8628
07:43:15,400 --> 07:43:17,300
there. 
The lessons of unity and 

8629
07:43:17,300 --> 07:43:20,600
perseverance and the enduring 
called to honor their sacrifices

8630
07:43:20,600 --> 07:43:24,000
continue to guide us. 
Gettysburg is not just a place 

8631
07:43:24,008 --> 07:43:27,200
on a map. 
It is a symbol of resilience, a 

8632
07:43:27,200 --> 07:43:29,500
reminder of what we can achieve,
when we come together to face 

8633
07:43:29,500 --> 07:43:34,000
our challenges, As you drift off
to sleep tonight, let the story 

8634
07:43:34,000 --> 07:43:37,000
of Gettysburg wrap around you 
like a warm blanket of 

8635
07:43:37,000 --> 07:43:40,000
reflection and peace. 
Imagine the Stillness of the 

8636
07:43:40,000 --> 07:43:43,700
battlefield at dawn The quiet 
hum of nature reclaiming a place

8637
07:43:43,700 --> 07:43:47,500
once filled with chaos. 
Let the courage and sacrifice of

8638
07:43:47,500 --> 07:43:50,500
those who stood there. 
Inspire you reminding you that 

8639
07:43:50,500 --> 07:43:53,000
even in the darkest times, there
is light to be found. 

8640
07:43:53,900 --> 07:43:56,500
Thank you for spending this time
with us on history and sleep. 

8641
07:43:56,500 --> 07:43:59,900
May the story of Gettysburg 
bring you a sense of calm 

8642
07:43:59,900 --> 07:44:02,000
perspective and Hope. 
Sleep. 

8643
07:44:02,000 --> 07:44:05,100
Well, and may your dreams. 
Be filled with peace and 

8644
07:44:05,100 --> 07:44:08,200
understanding and the enduring 
strength of the human spirit. 

8645
07:44:09,000 --> 07:44:09,700
Sweet dreams.