What Life as a Victorian Lighthouse Keeper Was Truly Like | Boring History

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Let's slow this down and make it
feel real for a second. 

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My little potatoes. 
Imagine being the one personal 

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weight. 
While everyone else is asleep, 

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keeping a light going for 
people. 

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You'll never meet I'm glad 
you're here to sit with that 

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kind of quiet tonight. 
This is as I love to point out a

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curated sleep experience 
carefully, researched written 

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and shaped to reflect real 
historical accounts while still 

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helping you snooze like a log. 
With that, steady isolated 

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rhythm in mind were easing into 
what life is a Victorian 

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Lighthouse. 
Keeper was truly like Not as a 

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dramatic Tale But as a routine 
built on repetition 

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responsibility and long 
stretches of Solitude. 

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This calm slightly. 
Boring reflection helps you 

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unwind? 
Feel free to follow. 

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Drop a like and tell me where 
you're listening from and what 

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time it is for you. 
I always enjoy seeing our 

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community full circle. 
Now settled a little deeper into

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your pillow. 
Let your breathing slow 

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naturally and turn that white 
noise machine to the own 

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position. 
In the middle years of the 

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1800s, when steam engines were 
beginning to reshape the world 

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and Gaslight was still a wander 
in most homes there existed, a 

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profession, that demanded 
extraordinary dedication, and 

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unusual courage. 
The Lighthouse Keeper stood, 

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between the merchant ships of 
Empire and the hungry rocks that

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looked beneath the waves. 
tonight, you step into that 

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world of light and solitude, The
morning arrives differently. 

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When you live inside a tower of 
stone and iron that rises from 

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the sea itself. 
You awaken your narrow bunk to 

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the sound of waves against 
granite. 

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The air tastes of salt, even 
here in your sleeping quarters, 

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every breath carries the ocean 
inside your lungs, your room 

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measures, perhaps eight feet 
across the curved wall follows. 

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The lighthouse is circular 
design. 

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A small port hole window shows 
you the grey Dawn breaking over 

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the channel? 
He swing your legs over the side

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of the bunk. 
The floor beneath your feet is 

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cold iron, your boots waiting 
exactly where you left them the 

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night before, the keepers 
quarters occupied the middle 

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section of the tower below. 
You, the storage rooms hold lamp

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oil and Provisions above you. 
The light chamber waits for its 

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evening duties. 
You dress, in Wall, trousers, 

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and a thicker shirt. 
The clothing, never quite dries 

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in this environment. 
Everything you own carries a 

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permanent dampness that becomes 
normal after the first month. 

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Your routine Begins. 
The same way every morning. 

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You climb the spiral stairs to 
check the lamp first. 

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This takes precedence over 
breakfast or washing or any 

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other human need. 
The stairs wind up would in a 

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tight coil. 
Your hand runs along the iron 

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railing worn, Smooth by Decades 
of Keepers before you the steps 

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number 147 from your quarters to
the lamp room, you count them 

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without thinking the rhythm is 
entered your bones. 

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The lamp-room greets you with 
its familiar smell of oil and 

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metal and glass cleaner. 
The great lens dominates, the 

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space, it stands taller than a 
man and weighs more than a 

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carriage. 
This particular lens was crafted

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by the French inventor, Augusta 
Jean frenell. 

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The design uses a series of 
concentric prisms that bend and 

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focused like with remarkable 
efficiency. 

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A single oil flame becomes a 
beam visible for 20 miles across

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the water, he approached the 
lamp with the reference, it 

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deserves. 
The mechanism must be inspected 

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before the morning fully 
arrives. 

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The Clockwork Waits system, 
hangs down through the center of

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the Tower. 
During the night this week, to 

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send a slowly turning the lens 
in its endless rotation. 

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The rotation creates the 
characteristic flash pattern 

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that identifies your Lighthouse 
to passing ships. 

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You record the knights 
performance in your logbook the 

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lamp burned without incident. 
Clockwork maintained its Rhythm 

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the lens completed its 
rotations. 

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According to schedule, The 
logbook sits on a small desk 

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bolted to the wall. 
Every keeper, maintains these 

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records with meticulous care, 
Trinity house, inspectors 

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review, them during their 
quarterly, visits you write in 

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clear script. 
Is the 14th of November 1863. 

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The weather was fair through the
night with moderate Seas from 

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the south west. 
Your handwriting fills page 

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after page of these books years 
from now, Maritime historians 

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will study them to understand 
shipping patterns and weather 

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conditions. 
You do not think about this 

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Legacy. 
You simply record what happened?

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The morning inspection 
continues. 

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You check the Mercury float. 
That allows the lens to rotate 

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with minimal friction. 
The liquid metal gleams in its 

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brass trough, you verify that 
the level remains constant, the 

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Mercury fascinated you when you 
first began this work, it moves 

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like water weighs like LED, it 
pulls and separates and reforms 

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with an alien quality that never
quite feels natural. 

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The brass trough that contains 
it was machined to exacting 

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tolerances. 
The entire lens apparatus 

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floats. 
On this Mercury bed, the weight 

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of the Glass and Metal assembly 
is a stormis. 

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Yet it rotates with the lightest
touch because friction has been 

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nearly eliminated. 
This engineering represents 

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Decades of refinement. 
Early light houses used 

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mechanical bearings that are 
required constant maintenance, 

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the friction generated Heat, The
mechanisms were quickly 

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Augustine for nails invention of
the Kata dioptric, lens, 

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revolutionized, Lighthouse 
technology. 

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But it was, the addition of the 
Mercury, float system that made 

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the design. 
Truly practical you learned 

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these technical details during 
your initial training. 

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Trinity house maintains a school
for new Keepers. 

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The instruction covers both the 
practical skills and the 

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theoretical knowledge 
Understanding how the Equipment 

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Works makes you a better keeper?
You can diagnose problems more 

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quickly. 
You can perform repairs with 

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greater confidence. 
The lamp itself, must be 

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cleaned. 
All the glass is still warm from

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burning through the night. 
You climb the small ladder that 

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provides access to the burner 
assembly. 

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The flame burned whale oil until
recently Now, you use culture 

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oil pressed from rape seed, the 
newer fuel Burns cleaner and 

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produces less smoke to dirty the
lens. 

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You extinguish the flame with a 
careful turn of the valve. 

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The sudden absence of light 
feels wrong even in the growing 

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Dawn. 
Your Lighthouse exists to combat

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Darkness. 
The glass chimney requires 

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immediate cleaning, you use a 
soft cloth, and a solution of 

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vinegar and water. 
Soot comes away in dark streaks.

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That stained the cloth. 
This task demands patience. 

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A single smudge on the glass, 
reduces the light intensity. 

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Ships depend on the intensity to
judge their distance from the 

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rocks. 
The lens itself receives its own

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cleaning regimen, and move 
around. 

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Its circumference polishing, 
each prison panel. 

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The morning sun, begins to 
strike through the glass rainbow

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patterns dance, across the 
walls. 

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These rainbows never lose their 
ability to please you. 

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The science of light, refraction
becomes a daily Archer with the 

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lamp tended. 
You descend to prepare 

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breakfast. 
The small kitchen, occupies one 

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corner of your living level, it 
contains a Cold Stone, a water 

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pump connected to the rainwater 
system, and a cabinet for dry 

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goods. 
The kitchen represents careful 

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adaptation to limited space. 
Every item has been selected for

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efficiency and durability. 
Nothing decorative or 

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unnecessary occupies the 
pressures room. 

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The cold stove is a compact 
model designed specifically for 

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lighthouses. 
The burns fuel efficiently and 

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produces adequate heat for 
cooking. 

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The chimney runs up through the 
Tower, interior providing some 

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warmth to the upper levels. 
Managing the stove requires 

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skill, two little air, and the 
fire smolders in efficiently too

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much, air, and coal consumption 
increases Beyond sustainable 

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levels. 
You have learned to maintain the

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perfect balance. 
The Fire Burns hot enough for 

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cooking but not so hot that it 
wastes fuel the water pump 

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connects to the rainwater 
collection system. 

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The towers conical roof funnels 
precipitation into a sister and 

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built into the structure. 
This water provides your entire 

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supply for drinking cooking and 
washing. 

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Water Management requires 
constant vigilance during dry 

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spells, the system level drops 
alarmingly, you must ration 

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usage to prevent running 
completely dry. 

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It rain is generally adequate in
this climate but some drought 

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can occur. 
You have a emergency procedures 

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for such situations. 
The supply boat can deliver 

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fresh water. 
If absolutely necessary. 

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The taste of rainwater changes 
with the seasons spring rain, 

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tastes clean, and soft. 
Summer Rain, sometimes carries 

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dust Autumn rain. 
Has a mineral quality winter. 

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Rain tastes sharp and cold. 
These subtle variations become 

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familiar over time you develop 
preferences and opinions about 

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water, that would seem absurd to
people with access to Wells or 

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town supplies. 
You like the stove with practice

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deficiency, coal must be used 
sparingly. 

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Your monthly allocation arrives 
by supply boat along with your 

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food and mail. 
The kettle goes on. 

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First T is not negotiable in the
morning routine. 

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While the water heats. 
You assemble, the rest of 

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breakfast. 
Porridge made from oats a slice 

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of yesterday's bread with butter
from The Croc two eggs from the 

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chickens that live in a small 
Coupe attached to the tower's 

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base. 
Yes, you keep chickens on a 

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lighthouse. 
They provide eggs and a touch of

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life beyond your own company. 
Their cluckin Echoes up through 

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the tower on quiet mornings. 
The decision to keep poultry 

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seemed eccentric. 
When you first proposed it, 

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Trinity house had no official 
policy regarding livestock at 

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offshore light House's. 
But they approved. 

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Your request after 
consideration. 

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The chickens arrived as chicks 
via the supply boat. 

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You raise them in a makeshift, 
brooder heated by a small oil 

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lamp. 
They grew into Hardie Birds 

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adapted to the lighthouse 
environment. 

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The breed is a type of Sussex 
chicken known for reliability 

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and calm temperament. 
Excitable Birds would not 

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survive. 
The constant sound of the waves 

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and wind your flock consists of 
six hens they live. 

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In a specially constructed Coupe
attached to the tower base. 

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The structure is built to 
withstand severe weather while 

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providing adequate ventilation. 
The birds of adapted to their 

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unusual home with remarkable 
success. 

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They lay eggs consistently. 
They tolerate the isolation. 

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They even seemed to enjoy 
watching the sea from their 

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protected and enclosure. 
Caring for the ads. 

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Pleasant variety to your 
routine. 

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The morning feed and egg 
collection provide a connection 

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to agricultural life. 
The simple Act of tending 

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livestock grounds you a normalcy
The chickens also provide 

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company, they recognize your 
footsteps they gather. 

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When you approach their 
personality is emerged over time

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One hand is bold and curious. 
Another is shy and cautious. 

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A third has a tendency to packet
shiny objects. 

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These individual 
characteristics, make them more 

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than just egg. 
Producers, you have named them 

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privately though. 
You would feel foolish admitting

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this to anyone? 
The names are simple, Ginger, 

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Speckles Whitey brownie, stripe 
and Dot. 

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Each corresponds to a physical 
characteristic. 

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The eggs. 
They produce a pressure. 

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Fresh protein in an environment 
where most food arrives 

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preserved in tins or barrels, 
the rich oranges, speak of 

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health and proper nutrition. 
You collect the eggs by 

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descending to the service level.
The chickens have a protected 

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enclosure that Shields them from
the worst weather. 

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They seemed unbothered by the 
waves that crash just feet away.

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The birds recognize your step on
the ladder, The Gather 

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expectantly just as he scatter 
their feed and collect two brown

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eggs, still warm from the nest. 
Back in your kitchen, you crack 

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the eggs into a pan. 
The butter sizzles, the smell of

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cooking fills the small space 
with something approaching 

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domestic comfort. 
You eat standing at the small 

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counter The porthole window 
shows you the C stretching away 

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toward France. 
On clear days you can sometimes 

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see the French Coast is a gray 
line on the horizon. 

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Today, the visibility is good. 
The Autumn air has a Clarity 

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that some relax. 
You can make out individual wave

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patterns miles from the tower. 
Ship moves across your field of 

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vision. 
It is, a three-masted bark 

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heading up the channel toward 
London. 

236
00:12:59,600 --> 00:13:02,000
The Vessel maintains a safe 
distance from the rocks, that 

237
00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:05,600
surround your Lighthouse. 
Those rocks 17 ships in the 

238
00:13:05,608 --> 00:13:07,200
decade before your light was 
built. 

239
00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:11,700
Now they claim none, your work 
saves lives by preventing 

240
00:13:11,700 --> 00:13:15,400
disasters that never happened. 
After breakfast, comes the 

241
00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:18,500
morning maintenance cycle. 
A light house is a machine that 

242
00:13:18,500 --> 00:13:22,000
requires constant attention. 
You begin with the Mercury. 

243
00:13:22,800 --> 00:13:26,000
The float must be perfectly 
level or the lens rotation will 

244
00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:29,700
develop a regularity. 
Use a specialized tool to check 

245
00:13:29,700 --> 00:13:33,200
the alignment. 
The Mercury itself is poisonous,

246
00:13:33,200 --> 00:13:35,700
you know, this from the training
manual. 

247
00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:39,000
Keepers must avoid prolonged 
contact with a substance. 

248
00:13:39,900 --> 00:13:42,900
Your egg gloves, when working 
near the trough the brass 

249
00:13:42,900 --> 00:13:46,600
fittings throughout the tower 
require weekly polishing Saltair

250
00:13:46,600 --> 00:13:48,300
Kors. 
Metal with Relentless 

251
00:13:48,300 --> 00:13:51,200
efficiency. 
You fight this corrosion with 

252
00:13:51,200 --> 00:13:55,300
oil and elbow grease and 
stubborn determination The 

253
00:13:55,300 --> 00:13:58,400
windows need attention. 
Every few days, salt spray 

254
00:13:58,400 --> 00:14:02,600
builds up on the external glass.
The access the outside Gallery 

255
00:14:02,600 --> 00:14:04,500
through a small door in the lamp
room. 

256
00:14:04,500 --> 00:14:08,100
The galleries are narrow walkway
that encircles the tower just 

257
00:14:08,100 --> 00:14:11,800
below the lamp and iron railing 
prevents Keepers from tumbling 

258
00:14:11,800 --> 00:14:14,200
to the Rocks. 
Below the wind at this height 

259
00:14:14,200 --> 00:14:17,900
can reach surprising strength, 
You step outside with your 

260
00:14:17,900 --> 00:14:21,600
bucket and cloths, the morning 
air hits your face with its salt

261
00:14:21,600 --> 00:14:25,300
fresh intensity. 
The wind pulls at your clothes, 

262
00:14:25,300 --> 00:14:28,700
the heights still affects you 
even after two years of service.

263
00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:32,800
The tower stands 130 feet of the
high tide. 

264
00:14:32,800 --> 00:14:36,800
Mark the Rocks below. 
Look very small and very hard. 

265
00:14:37,700 --> 00:14:41,100
You begin washing the windows, 
the glass extends in panels, 

266
00:14:41,100 --> 00:14:44,500
around the lamp room, each panel
must be cleaned on both sides 

267
00:14:44,500 --> 00:14:48,800
for maximum transparency. 
The work is methodical, you move

268
00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:50,600
around the gallery, cleaning 
each section. 

269
00:14:51,700 --> 00:14:54,900
The physical rhythm is soothing 
your mind can wander while your 

270
00:14:54,900 --> 00:14:58,400
hands perform their practice 
tasks. you think about your 

271
00:14:58,400 --> 00:15:01,900
family on the mainland, your 
wife and three children live in 

272
00:15:01,908 --> 00:15:05,000
the Keeper's Cottage near the 
harbor, you see them during your

273
00:15:05,000 --> 00:15:08,500
monthly surely leave, The 
separation is the hardest part 

274
00:15:08,500 --> 00:15:11,500
of this profession. 
You missed the daily details of 

275
00:15:11,500 --> 00:15:13,800
their lives. 
Your youngest daughter is 

276
00:15:13,800 --> 00:15:16,300
learning to read. 
She writes you letters in 

277
00:15:16,300 --> 00:15:18,900
careful script. 
These letters arrived with the 

278
00:15:18,900 --> 00:15:21,700
supply boat. 
You read the multiple times 

279
00:15:21,700 --> 00:15:23,400
searching for all the small 
news. 

280
00:15:23,400 --> 00:15:26,700
They contain your eldest son 
wants to become a keeper. 

281
00:15:26,700 --> 00:15:29,500
Like his father, this fills you 
with mixed feelings. 

282
00:15:29,500 --> 00:15:32,200
The work is Honorable but 
lonely. 

283
00:15:33,400 --> 00:15:36,400
You wonder if you should 
encourage a different path, the 

284
00:15:36,400 --> 00:15:39,700
morning continues with its 
established patterns after the 

285
00:15:39,700 --> 00:15:43,500
window cleaning, you descend to 
inspect the provisions, the 

286
00:15:43,500 --> 00:15:45,400
Storage level contains barrels 
of lamp. 

287
00:15:45,400 --> 00:15:49,500
Oils, sacks of coal preserved 
Foods in tins and jars and the 

288
00:15:49,500 --> 00:15:52,700
essential supplies that keep you
alive and working, you may 

289
00:15:52,700 --> 00:15:56,000
maintain an inventory Ledger. 
Every item consumed must be 

290
00:15:56,000 --> 00:15:59,400
recorded Trinity house needs to 
know that supplies are being 

291
00:15:59,408 --> 00:16:01,100
used appropriately and not 
wasted. 

292
00:16:01,800 --> 00:16:05,200
You check the oil barrels. 
First, the Colts are oil arrives

293
00:16:05,200 --> 00:16:08,100
in sealed containers. 
You verify that none of 

294
00:16:08,100 --> 00:16:11,000
developed leaks. 
A spill would be both wasteful 

295
00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:14,400
and dangerous. 
The food stores require careful 

296
00:16:14,400 --> 00:16:17,300
monitoring. 
Weevils can infiltrate even 

297
00:16:17,300 --> 00:16:21,100
sealed containers. 
You inspect the flour and rice 

298
00:16:21,100 --> 00:16:24,600
for signs of infestation, 
everything appears satisfactory.

299
00:16:24,600 --> 00:16:28,500
You make notes in your Ledger, 
the next Supply delivery is 

300
00:16:28,500 --> 00:16:31,900
scheduled for the 21st. 
You have adequate Provisions 

301
00:16:31,900 --> 00:16:34,500
until then, The morning 
inspection around. 

302
00:16:34,500 --> 00:16:37,700
Continue you check the rainwater
system that provides your 

303
00:16:37,700 --> 00:16:40,300
drinking water. 
The level is good after recent 

304
00:16:40,300 --> 00:16:42,500
rains. 
The water tastes slightly of the

305
00:16:42,508 --> 00:16:45,600
metal tank, but remains 
drinkable, you boil it for tea 

306
00:16:45,600 --> 00:16:48,900
and cooking. 
Raw rainwater, sometimes carries

307
00:16:48,900 --> 00:16:52,500
an unpleasant flatness. 
You inspect the towers structure

308
00:16:52,500 --> 00:16:55,200
itself. 
Cracks in, the masonry can admit

309
00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:58,800
water water leads to corrosion 
and eventual. 

310
00:16:58,800 --> 00:17:01,300
Structural failure. 
The walls show. 

311
00:17:01,300 --> 00:17:04,700
No new damage. 
The granite blocks remain sounds

312
00:17:04,700 --> 00:17:07,700
the Light House was built to 
Outlast the keeper and his 

313
00:17:07,700 --> 00:17:10,800
children and his children 
children's children by midday 

314
00:17:10,800 --> 00:17:12,300
your morning. 
Duties are complete. 

315
00:17:12,300 --> 00:17:16,000
You prepare a simple lunch of 
bread and cheese and pickled 

316
00:17:16,000 --> 00:17:19,200
vegetables the afternoons 
stretches ahead with its own 

317
00:17:19,200 --> 00:17:21,599
requirements. 
There are always tasks waiting. 

318
00:17:21,599 --> 00:17:24,200
A Keepers working is never fully
finished. 

319
00:17:25,200 --> 00:17:27,300
Today you plan to service the 
fog horn mechanism. 

320
00:17:27,300 --> 00:17:31,200
The device sits in his own 
chamber below the lamp room, it 

321
00:17:31,200 --> 00:17:34,100
consists of compressed air 
system that produces the Deep 

322
00:17:34,100 --> 00:17:38,200
blast that warn ships during low
visibility The fog horn requires

323
00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:42,100
monthly maintenance, the air 
compressor must be oil, the horn

324
00:17:42,100 --> 00:17:45,200
trumpet must be cleaned. 
The timing mechanism must be 

325
00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:48,500
verified you gather your tools 
and climb to the fog horn 

326
00:17:48,500 --> 00:17:51,300
chamber. 
The Machinery fills, most of the

327
00:17:51,300 --> 00:17:53,900
small room. 
The compressor is a beautiful 

328
00:17:53,900 --> 00:17:57,300
piece of Victorian, engineering,
all brass and iron Precision. 

329
00:17:57,300 --> 00:18:01,400
You begin the service. 
Procedure oil goes into specific

330
00:18:01,400 --> 00:18:03,600
points. 
On the compressor, the moving 

331
00:18:03,600 --> 00:18:06,500
Parts must remain lubricated to 
prevent seizure. 

332
00:18:06,500 --> 00:18:10,500
The work is absorbing, you lose 
track of time, while focusing on

333
00:18:10,500 --> 00:18:13,800
the mechanical details. 
The afternoon light shifts 

334
00:18:13,800 --> 00:18:17,400
across the chamber floor. 
When you finish you test the 

335
00:18:17,400 --> 00:18:21,000
system, the fog horn produces, 
its characteristic Bellow. 

336
00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:24,200
The sound is loud enough to make
your ears ring even though you 

337
00:18:24,200 --> 00:18:28,100
stand the trumpet that sound 
carries for miles across the 

338
00:18:28,100 --> 00:18:31,200
water in fog. 
So thick, you cannot see the 

339
00:18:31,200 --> 00:18:33,800
gallery. 
Railing ships here your warning 

340
00:18:33,800 --> 00:18:38,800
and steer away from danger. 
The afternoon continues, you 

341
00:18:38,800 --> 00:18:41,600
return to your quarters for a 
cup of tea and a brief rest. 

342
00:18:41,600 --> 00:18:44,700
Your living space has become 
familiar to the point of 

343
00:18:44,700 --> 00:18:49,800
invisibility, the curved wall 
the small bookshelf, the writing

344
00:18:49,800 --> 00:18:52,300
desk the bunk with its wool 
blankets. 

345
00:18:52,300 --> 00:18:56,800
You keep the space tidy through 
habit disorder and a light house

346
00:18:56,800 --> 00:19:00,600
leads to accidents. 
Everything has its place your 

347
00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:03,600
books, provide evening 
entertainment, you own perhaps, 

348
00:19:03,600 --> 00:19:06,700
20 volumes, they include 
technical manuals. 

349
00:19:06,700 --> 00:19:11,000
A Bible several novels, another 
book of poetry that your wife 

350
00:19:11,008 --> 00:19:16,300
gave you, you read slowly making
each book last The supply boat 

351
00:19:16,300 --> 00:19:19,400
brings occasional new reading 
material but you cannot count on

352
00:19:19,400 --> 00:19:21,700
it. 
The lighthouse service provides 

353
00:19:21,700 --> 00:19:25,200
some educational materials, you 
receive monthly journals about 

354
00:19:25,200 --> 00:19:27,400
Maritime, safety and Lighthouse 
technology. 

355
00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:30,900
These keep you informed about 
developments in your profession.

356
00:19:30,900 --> 00:19:34,200
You learned, for example, that 
electric lights are being tested

357
00:19:34,200 --> 00:19:37,200
in some lighthouses. 
The technology is still 

358
00:19:37,200 --> 00:19:41,200
experimental, most Towers 
continue to rely on oil, lamps, 

359
00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:44,700
and fresnel lenses the 
afternoon, Fades into evening. 

360
00:19:44,700 --> 00:19:48,100
The sun begins, its descent 
toward the Western Horizon. 

361
00:19:48,100 --> 00:19:51,200
You prepare for the most 
important part of your daily 

362
00:19:51,200 --> 00:19:54,000
routine. 
The transition from day to night

363
00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:56,300
carries special significance of 
Light House. 

364
00:19:57,200 --> 00:19:59,900
Your Role shifts from 
maintenance worker to guardian 

365
00:19:59,900 --> 00:20:03,000
of the light the responsibility 
intensifies. 

366
00:20:03,000 --> 00:20:06,400
As Darkness approaches you check
the time on your pocket. 

367
00:20:06,400 --> 00:20:10,200
Watch the device is reliable 
chronometer provided by Trinity 

368
00:20:10,200 --> 00:20:14,100
house accurate, timekeeping is 
essential for proper light 

369
00:20:14,100 --> 00:20:18,100
management. 
Sunset occurs at specific times,

370
00:20:18,100 --> 00:20:20,100
that shift, gradually through 
the seasons. 

371
00:20:20,900 --> 00:20:24,700
He maintained a chart that lists
the exact Sunset moment for each

372
00:20:24,700 --> 00:20:28,300
day of the year. 
The lamp must be lit, 30 minutes

373
00:20:28,300 --> 00:20:31,000
before this time. 
This buffer ensures that your 

374
00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:32,700
light is burning at full 
strength. 

375
00:20:32,700 --> 00:20:36,100
When true Darkness arrives. 
Ships, beginning their night 

376
00:20:36,100 --> 00:20:38,400
passages will see your beacon 
from the moment. 

377
00:20:38,400 --> 00:20:41,300
They need it. 
The weather effects visibility 

378
00:20:41,300 --> 00:20:44,900
and thus influences when the 
light becomes necessary. 

379
00:20:45,800 --> 00:20:47,900
On clear days. 
You might safely delay. 

380
00:20:47,900 --> 00:20:51,300
Lighting slightly But 
regulations require the 

381
00:20:51,300 --> 00:20:53,700
30-minute buffer. 
Regardless of conditions 

382
00:20:53,700 --> 00:20:57,500
consistency is more important 
than minor efficiency gains 

383
00:20:57,500 --> 00:21:01,100
ship's captives plan their 
navigation, based on reliable 

384
00:21:01,100 --> 00:21:04,700
patterns, your light must be 
predictable lighting the lamp 

385
00:21:04,700 --> 00:21:08,100
the evening ritual begins 
exactly 30 minutes before Sunset

386
00:21:08,100 --> 00:21:11,600
you climb to the lamp room with 
a specific kind of focus. 

387
00:21:11,600 --> 00:21:14,800
This task allows no distraction 
or error. 

388
00:21:14,800 --> 00:21:18,000
Ships are already beginning 
their night passages they will 

389
00:21:18,008 --> 00:21:21,100
need your light. 
The lamp itself is cold. 

390
00:21:21,100 --> 00:21:24,300
Now, it has rested through the 
day while the sun provided 

391
00:21:24,300 --> 00:21:27,500
natural illumination. 
Now, it must wake and do its 

392
00:21:27,500 --> 00:21:29,800
work. 
You Begin by checking the oil 

393
00:21:29,800 --> 00:21:33,000
reservoir. 
The level must be sufficient to 

394
00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:34,700
burn through the night without 
attention. 

395
00:21:35,500 --> 00:21:38,500
You calculate that approximately
two quarts will be consumed 

396
00:21:38,500 --> 00:21:41,700
before Dawn. 
The reservoir requires filling 

397
00:21:41,700 --> 00:21:44,400
you carefully pour culture oil 
from a storage. 

398
00:21:44,400 --> 00:21:46,600
Can the golden liquid flows 
smoothly? 

399
00:21:46,600 --> 00:21:50,900
You stop when the level reaches 
the proper Mark the wick needs 

400
00:21:50,900 --> 00:21:53,900
trimming throughout the night, 
the flame creates carbon 

401
00:21:53,900 --> 00:21:57,200
deposits on the Wicks Edge. 
These deposits reduce light 

402
00:21:57,200 --> 00:22:00,300
output and create smoke. 
Use special scissors. 

403
00:22:00,300 --> 00:22:03,300
Designed for this purpose, the 
blades, cut the black, and 

404
00:22:03,300 --> 00:22:07,100
Portion away cleanly. 
Fresh on underneath shows pale 

405
00:22:07,100 --> 00:22:09,400
and ready. 
The chimney glass must be 

406
00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:12,700
perfectly clean. 
You polish it again even though 

407
00:22:12,700 --> 00:22:16,300
you cleaned it this morning, 
Evening, light reveals 

408
00:22:16,300 --> 00:22:20,700
imperfections that Morning Light
conceals next comes the lens 

409
00:22:20,700 --> 00:22:23,300
inspection. 
You walk around the great, 

410
00:22:23,300 --> 00:22:26,800
fresnel operator, checking each 
prism for dust or salt residue. 

411
00:22:27,600 --> 00:22:30,300
Your cloth moves gently across 
the glass surfaces. 

412
00:22:31,500 --> 00:22:34,900
Clockwork mechanism requires 
winding the weight that drives 

413
00:22:34,900 --> 00:22:37,000
the rotation and hangs on a 
steel cable. 

414
00:22:37,900 --> 00:22:41,200
During the night, gravity will 
pull this weight downward and 

415
00:22:41,200 --> 00:22:44,000
its descent will turn the gears.
That rotate the lens. 

416
00:22:44,000 --> 00:22:48,200
You attach the winding crank to 
its socket, the mechanism 

417
00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:51,800
requires considerable effort to 
wind fully you count the 

418
00:22:51,800 --> 00:22:55,800
revolutions 32 turns bring the 
weight to its highest position 

419
00:22:55,800 --> 00:22:58,800
your arms, feel the work. 
This is heavy. 

420
00:22:58,800 --> 00:23:01,400
Lifting disguised as mechanical 
operation. 

421
00:23:02,100 --> 00:23:04,400
You breathe steadily, and 
maintain the Rhythm. 

422
00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:09,700
With the mechanism wound, you 
verify the rotation speed the 

423
00:23:09,700 --> 00:23:11,400
lens. 
Must complete one revolution. 

424
00:23:11,400 --> 00:23:15,400
Every two minutes, this creates 
the flash pattern that 

425
00:23:15,400 --> 00:23:17,500
identifies your particular 
lighthouse. 

426
00:23:18,300 --> 00:23:20,700
Every light house has its own 
signature pattern. 

427
00:23:21,500 --> 00:23:24,800
Ship's captains study charts 
that list these patterns. 

428
00:23:25,700 --> 00:23:28,400
They identify their position by 
noting, which light they see. 

429
00:23:29,200 --> 00:23:32,300
Your light house produces three 
flashes followed by a dark 

430
00:23:32,300 --> 00:23:33,900
period. 
Flash. 

431
00:23:33,900 --> 00:23:39,100
Flash, flash, then Darkness. 
This pattern repeats throughout 

432
00:23:39,100 --> 00:23:41,600
the night. 
The timing must be precise. 

433
00:23:41,600 --> 00:23:44,700
Use a pocket watch to verify the
rotation speed. 

434
00:23:45,800 --> 00:23:49,000
The lens turn smoothly 
completing its circuit in 

435
00:23:49,008 --> 00:23:51,900
exactly two minutes. 
Everything is ready. 

436
00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:56,500
The sun approaches The Horizon. 
The sky begins to show Colors. 

437
00:23:56,500 --> 00:24:00,700
You strike a match, the small 
flame dances in your hand. 

438
00:24:00,700 --> 00:24:04,500
You apply it to the wick. 
The lamp catches immediately, 

439
00:24:04,500 --> 00:24:09,200
the flame grows as it consumes 
the oil, it settles into a 

440
00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:13,200
steady burn, light begins to 
emerge from the lens, the 

441
00:24:13,200 --> 00:24:16,500
prisms, gather the flame and 
transform it into focused 

442
00:24:16,500 --> 00:24:19,500
brilliance. 
The beam shoots out across the 

443
00:24:19,500 --> 00:24:22,200
darkening water. 
You watch this transformation 

444
00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:26,200
every evil evening. 
In never becomes routine, the 

445
00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:28,800
moment when you're small flame 
becomes a beacon that can guide 

446
00:24:28,800 --> 00:24:31,500
ship's, 20 miles away, carries a
quiet power. 

447
00:24:32,500 --> 00:24:37,300
The lamp burns with a soft Raw. 
Sound is almost like breathing 

448
00:24:37,300 --> 00:24:39,800
the light house has come alive 
for the night. 

449
00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:45,000
You make your log entry lamp lit
at 1700 hours wind from the 

450
00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:49,400
south west at moderate strength,
visibility, excellent, your 

451
00:24:49,400 --> 00:24:52,900
evening duties of begun. 
The night watch requires 

452
00:24:52,900 --> 00:24:56,600
different skills than the day. 
You prepare a supper of tint 

453
00:24:56,600 --> 00:24:59,600
beef, boiled potatoes and 
carrots from The Root Cellar. 

454
00:24:59,600 --> 00:25:04,200
The food is plain, but adequate 
Keep his learn to appreciate 

455
00:25:04,200 --> 00:25:07,200
simple meals. 
You eat while reading one of 

456
00:25:07,208 --> 00:25:11,500
your books tonight, you choose, 
the Poetry volume the verses 

457
00:25:11,500 --> 00:25:14,100
provide good company during the 
isolated hours. 

458
00:25:14,100 --> 00:25:18,900
After supper, you wash, your 
dishes in the small sink, water 

459
00:25:18,900 --> 00:25:22,100
is too precious to waste. 
You use minimal amounts for 

460
00:25:22,100 --> 00:25:25,600
cleaning the evening, settles 
around the tower, the darkness 

461
00:25:25,600 --> 00:25:29,600
grows complete Your lamp beam 
sweeps across the water in its 

462
00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:32,700
endless pattern. 
You return to the lamp room for 

463
00:25:32,700 --> 00:25:36,400
your first night inspection. 
Flame Burns, deadly. 

464
00:25:37,300 --> 00:25:41,000
The Clockwork maintains, its 
Rhythm the rotation continues 

465
00:25:41,000 --> 00:25:44,600
without filtering. 
Through the Windows, you can see

466
00:25:44,600 --> 00:25:46,500
your light painting across the 
ways. 

467
00:25:47,200 --> 00:25:49,200
The beam creates a path of 
brightness. 

468
00:25:49,200 --> 00:25:52,600
That moves like a smoke on a 
great wheel. 

469
00:25:53,500 --> 00:25:55,900
Ships. 
Begin to appear as moving lights

470
00:25:55,900 --> 00:25:58,900
on the horizon. 
You watch the pass safely be on 

471
00:25:58,900 --> 00:26:01,900
the rocks. 
Each vessel represents lives and

472
00:26:01,900 --> 00:26:04,100
cargo protected by your 
vigilantes. 

473
00:26:04,700 --> 00:26:06,800
The night watch involves our 
inspections. 

474
00:26:06,800 --> 00:26:09,700
You must verify that the lamp 
continues burning and the 

475
00:26:09,700 --> 00:26:14,800
mechanism continues functioning 
equipment can fail Weather can 

476
00:26:14,800 --> 00:26:16,700
change a keeper, must remain 
alert. 

477
00:26:16,700 --> 00:26:18,800
You settle into the watch 
routine. 

478
00:26:18,800 --> 00:26:21,500
You spend 30 minutes in the lamp
room observing. 

479
00:26:21,500 --> 00:26:24,300
Then you descend your quarters 
for rest. 

480
00:26:24,300 --> 00:26:27,900
The new return for another 
inspection, this pattern will 

481
00:26:27,900 --> 00:26:32,000
continue until dawn the tower at
night has its own character. 

482
00:26:32,000 --> 00:26:37,200
The darkness transforms familiar
spaces, Shadows gather in 

483
00:26:37,200 --> 00:26:41,200
unexpected places. 
The sound of waves becomes more 

484
00:26:41,200 --> 00:26:42,700
pronounced. 
When you cannot see them. 

485
00:26:43,500 --> 00:26:47,700
You carry a small oil lantern 
for moving between levels, the 

486
00:26:47,700 --> 00:26:50,300
spiral stairs. 
Require careful attention in the

487
00:26:50,308 --> 00:26:52,200
dark. 
A misstep. 

488
00:26:52,200 --> 00:26:56,600
Could mean Serious injury? 
The isolation of nightwatch is 

489
00:26:56,600 --> 00:26:59,300
profound. 
You are alone in a tower, 

490
00:26:59,300 --> 00:27:01,200
surrounded by water and 
darkness. 

491
00:27:01,200 --> 00:27:04,900
The nearest human being is Miles
Away across the channel. 

492
00:27:04,900 --> 00:27:07,700
Some Keepers, find this Solitude
unbearable. 

493
00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:11,500
They request transfers to shore 
stations after brief 

494
00:27:11,500 --> 00:27:14,000
assignments. 
Others embrace the quiet. 

495
00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:16,600
You have made peace with the 
loneliness. 

496
00:27:16,600 --> 00:27:20,500
The work provides purpose. 
The lighthouse depends on your 

497
00:27:20,500 --> 00:27:22,900
care ships to depend on your 
light. 

498
00:27:23,800 --> 00:27:26,700
Around midnight, you brew, 
another pot of tea, the hot, 

499
00:27:26,700 --> 00:27:30,200
liquid helps maintain alertness.
You add sugar for energy. 

500
00:27:31,100 --> 00:27:34,200
The midnight inspection shows. 
Everything functioning normally 

501
00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:37,300
The oil level is decreased as 
expected. 

502
00:27:38,000 --> 00:27:40,200
Flame burns with steady 
intensity. 

503
00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:42,500
You stand on the gallery for a 
few minutes. 

504
00:27:42,500 --> 00:27:47,900
The night air is cold and sharp 
Stars fill the sky above the 

505
00:27:47,900 --> 00:27:52,200
Milky Way spreads like spilled 
milk across the darkness, the 

506
00:27:52,200 --> 00:27:56,500
ancient Sailors navigated by the
Stars, they had no light houses 

507
00:27:56,500 --> 00:27:59,700
or charts, they trusted the 
heavens and their own 

508
00:27:59,700 --> 00:28:02,800
experience, your work, connects 
to that tradition. 

509
00:28:03,900 --> 00:28:06,600
You provide a fixed point of 
reference in the moving chaos of

510
00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:09,300
the sea. 
The Evolution from Celestial 

511
00:28:09,300 --> 00:28:11,700
navigation to Lighthouse systems
represents. 

512
00:28:11,700 --> 00:28:14,000
A fundamental shift in Maritime 
safety. 

513
00:28:15,200 --> 00:28:18,900
For thousands of years Sailors, 
relied entirely on their 

514
00:28:18,900 --> 00:28:20,700
knowledge of stars and 
coastlines. 

515
00:28:22,000 --> 00:28:23,700
Cloudy night, could mean 
disaster. 

516
00:28:24,800 --> 00:28:26,200
The first light house is were 
simple. 

517
00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:30,700
Beacon fires tendered by monks 
or villagers wood burned in Iron

518
00:28:30,700 --> 00:28:33,000
braziers. 
The light was weak and 

519
00:28:33,000 --> 00:28:38,200
unreliable but even that small 
flame saved lives, the Roman's 

520
00:28:38,200 --> 00:28:40,700
sophisticated light houses at 
Major ports. 

521
00:28:41,500 --> 00:28:44,400
The Pharaohs of Alexandria. 
Stood among the wonders of the 

522
00:28:44,400 --> 00:28:48,800
ancient world that Tower Rose, 
over 400 feet and used mirrors 

523
00:28:48,800 --> 00:28:52,400
to amplify its fire. 
Most of those early lighthouses 

524
00:28:52,400 --> 00:28:56,300
are gone now, lost to 
earthquakes or war or simple 

525
00:28:56,300 --> 00:29:00,100
neglect, but their legacy 
continues in Towers like yours, 

526
00:29:00,100 --> 00:29:02,800
see the modern Lighthouse 
system. 

527
00:29:02,800 --> 00:29:07,300
Emerged in the 1700s Trinity, 
house in England, and similar 

528
00:29:07,300 --> 00:29:10,800
organizations, and other nations
began standardizing designs and 

529
00:29:10,800 --> 00:29:13,900
operations. 
The addition of the frenel lens 

530
00:29:13,900 --> 00:29:16,300
in the 1820s transformed the 
technology. 

531
00:29:16,300 --> 00:29:19,800
Suddenly a light house could 
project useful light for many 

532
00:29:19,800 --> 00:29:23,900
miles rather than just a few 
Your particular Light House 

533
00:29:23,900 --> 00:29:25,800
represents The Cutting Edge of 
that technology. 

534
00:29:25,800 --> 00:29:30,100
The lens installed here is one 
of the finest examples of its 

535
00:29:30,100 --> 00:29:34,100
type ships, captains study the 
characteristics of each light 

536
00:29:34,100 --> 00:29:36,100
house. 
They memorized the flash 

537
00:29:36,100 --> 00:29:39,500
patterns this knowledge allows 
them to determine their exact 

538
00:29:39,500 --> 00:29:43,500
position even on the darkest 
Knight Your three flash pattern 

539
00:29:43,500 --> 00:29:46,100
identifies this specific 
location. 

540
00:29:46,100 --> 00:29:50,000
No other light house in the 
channel uses exactly the same 

541
00:29:50,000 --> 00:29:53,500
sequence. 
This system of unique signatures

542
00:29:53,500 --> 00:29:55,800
creates a network of navigation 
points. 

543
00:29:56,600 --> 00:30:00,000
Captain can track his progress 
along the coast by noting which 

544
00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:03,800
lights appear and when The 
reliability of this system. 

545
00:30:03,800 --> 00:30:05,900
Depends entirely on Keepers like
you. 

546
00:30:06,500 --> 00:30:10,500
If your light fails the entire 
navigation, chain breaks down, 

547
00:30:10,500 --> 00:30:15,400
this responsibility weighs on 
new constantly lives depend on 

548
00:30:15,400 --> 00:30:19,200
your attention to duty. 
A storm front is building to the

549
00:30:19,200 --> 00:30:21,500
West. 
You can see the distant 

550
00:30:21,500 --> 00:30:23,200
lightning, flickering along the 
horizon. 

551
00:30:24,100 --> 00:30:27,300
The wind is beginning to shift 
where the changes rapidly at 

552
00:30:27,300 --> 00:30:29,800
Sea. 
What begins as a clear night can

553
00:30:29,800 --> 00:30:33,800
become a tempest within hours? 
Your return inside and note the 

554
00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:37,600
approaching weather in your log.
Storm conditions developing from

555
00:30:37,600 --> 00:30:40,300
the West. 
Visibility remains good 

556
00:30:40,300 --> 00:30:43,400
currently the hours between 
midnight and Dawn of the 

557
00:30:43,400 --> 00:30:45,900
longest. 
Time moves differently. 

558
00:30:45,900 --> 00:30:49,900
During the Deep night, each hour
stretches into what feels like 

559
00:30:49,900 --> 00:30:52,500
two. 
You come back drowsiness through

560
00:30:52,500 --> 00:30:56,300
movement, you perform additional
inspections even when they are 

561
00:30:56,300 --> 00:31:00,100
not strictly necessary, you 
climb and descend the stairs to 

562
00:31:00,100 --> 00:31:03,900
maintain blood flow. 
The lamp continues, its patient 

563
00:31:03,900 --> 00:31:08,000
work, the light sweeps across 
the water, the Clockwork 

564
00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:11,800
mechanism ticks deadly. 
A three in the morning, the 

565
00:31:11,800 --> 00:31:15,200
storm arrives, the wind 
increases dramatically. 

566
00:31:15,200 --> 00:31:20,000
Rain begins to lash against the 
windows, the tower Trimble 

567
00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:22,900
slightly in the gusts. 
You watch from the lamp room as 

568
00:31:22,900 --> 00:31:26,600
the weather intensifies. 
The waves grow larger, white 

569
00:31:26,600 --> 00:31:30,400
foam, appears on their crests. 
The sea becomes a chaos of 

570
00:31:30,400 --> 00:31:33,200
moving water. 
Your light cuts through the 

571
00:31:33,200 --> 00:31:37,500
rain, the beam remains visible. 
Despite the conditions, the 

572
00:31:37,500 --> 00:31:40,200
fresnel lens was designed for 
exactly this situation. 

573
00:31:41,600 --> 00:31:44,900
The storm test, the lighthouse 
is construction, wind pressure 

574
00:31:44,900 --> 00:31:48,100
against the tower creates a deep
humming sound, the structure 

575
00:31:48,100 --> 00:31:51,600
flexes slightly, but remains 
solid, you monitor, the lamp 

576
00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:54,900
closely during storms. 
High winds can affect the flame.

577
00:31:54,900 --> 00:31:57,900
Drafts can cause flickering or 
even extinguishment? 

578
00:31:58,900 --> 00:32:02,200
Flame Burns. 
Steadily the oil feed remains 

579
00:32:02,200 --> 00:32:05,800
constant, the lens rotation 
continues without interruption. 

580
00:32:05,800 --> 00:32:11,000
This is why light houses exist. 
Their weather requires no 

581
00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:14,600
warning lights, storms, demand 
them appsolute. 

582
00:32:15,700 --> 00:32:18,000
You watch a ship struggling 
through the Heavy Seas. 

583
00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:20,900
The Vessel pictures and roles in
the ways. 

584
00:32:20,900 --> 00:32:23,500
It maintains a safe distance 
from the Rocks. 

585
00:32:23,500 --> 00:32:28,200
Guided by your light, the ship 
is a steam freighter carrying 

586
00:32:28,200 --> 00:32:30,200
cargo up the channel toward 
London. 

587
00:32:31,100 --> 00:32:34,600
You can see it's navigation like
bobbing in the darkness green. 

588
00:32:34,600 --> 00:32:38,700
On the starboard side red on the
port side white at the masked 

589
00:32:38,700 --> 00:32:41,900
head these lights communicate 
information to other vessels. 

590
00:32:41,900 --> 00:32:45,700
They indicate the ships heading 
and Status Maritime traffic 

591
00:32:45,700 --> 00:32:48,000
follows specific rules to 
prevent collisions. 

592
00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:50,700
Your Lighthouse provides a 
different kind of information 

593
00:32:50,700 --> 00:32:55,400
you, mark, a fixed position. 
You warn of danger, you offer a 

594
00:32:55,400 --> 00:32:58,700
reference point for navigation. 
Calculations the freighter 

595
00:32:58,700 --> 00:33:02,200
maintains its course. 
The captain has plotted a safe 

596
00:33:02,200 --> 00:33:03,400
route that accounts for your 
position. 

597
00:33:03,400 --> 00:33:06,600
He knows the rocks are here, he 
steers accordingly. 

598
00:33:07,400 --> 00:33:10,100
You will never meet that 
Captain, you will never know his

599
00:33:10,100 --> 00:33:13,700
name or his voice, but your work
has helped him survive this 

600
00:33:13,700 --> 00:33:17,400
night. 
This Anonymous service defines 

601
00:33:17,400 --> 00:33:21,200
light housekeeping, you protect 
people, you will never encounter

602
00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:24,800
you prevent disaster. 
That will never make headlines 

603
00:33:24,800 --> 00:33:28,700
because they never occur. 
The mathematics of prevention 

604
00:33:28,700 --> 00:33:30,800
are invisible. 
Success leaves? 

605
00:33:30,800 --> 00:33:34,200
No evidence ships pass safely. 
And continue to their 

606
00:33:34,200 --> 00:33:37,500
destinations the normal course 
of Commerce proceeds 

607
00:33:37,500 --> 00:33:40,900
uninterrupted. 
Only failure creates visible 

608
00:33:40,900 --> 00:33:45,100
proof of need when a lighthouse 
fails and a shipwrecks, everyone

609
00:33:45,100 --> 00:33:48,100
understands the importance of 
the keepers work but such 

610
00:33:48,100 --> 00:33:50,900
failures are rare precisely 
because Keepers perform their 

611
00:33:50,900 --> 00:33:54,300
duties reliably. 
The captain of that ship can see

612
00:33:54,300 --> 00:33:56,800
your beam. 
He knows where the danger lies. 

613
00:33:56,800 --> 00:33:59,200
He can. 
Steer his course, accordingly, 

614
00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:03,600
Your small flame in the darkness
saves that ship and its crew. 

615
00:34:03,600 --> 00:34:06,000
This is the mathematics of 
Lighthouse. 

616
00:34:06,000 --> 00:34:12,000
Keeping one keeper, one lamp 
dozens of lives preserved, the 

617
00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:16,000
storm continues through the 
pre-dawn hours, the rain falls 

618
00:34:16,000 --> 00:34:19,199
in sheets, the wind howls around
the tower, like something 

619
00:34:19,199 --> 00:34:21,400
hungry. 
You remain at your post. 

620
00:34:22,500 --> 00:34:25,400
Sleep is impossible. 
During severe weather equipment.

621
00:34:25,400 --> 00:34:28,600
Failures are most likely when 
conditions are worse, the oil 

622
00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:31,699
level continues to drop. 
You add more fuel at 4 in the 

623
00:34:31,708 --> 00:34:33,600
morning. 
The lamp must not fail Before 

624
00:34:33,600 --> 00:34:37,199
Sunrise. 
Dawn arrives, slowly through the

625
00:34:37,199 --> 00:34:41,699
storm clouds, the darkness, 
softens into gray, the rain 

626
00:34:41,699 --> 00:34:45,699
continues, but the wind begins 
to moderate You can extinguish 

627
00:34:45,699 --> 00:34:50,800
the lamp at first light. 
The beam is no longer needed the

628
00:34:50,800 --> 00:34:53,400
approaching Dawn provides 
natural illumination. 

629
00:34:53,400 --> 00:34:56,500
You turn the valve that stops 
the oil flow. 

630
00:34:57,500 --> 00:35:01,400
Flame diminishes and dies. 
The sudden darkness in the 

631
00:35:01,400 --> 00:35:05,200
lamp-room feel strange. 
After the long night, The storm 

632
00:35:05,200 --> 00:35:08,900
has left debris on the gallery. 
Seaweed and small pieces of 

633
00:35:08,908 --> 00:35:12,500
Driftwood litter, the walkway, a
dead fish lies against the 

634
00:35:12,500 --> 00:35:14,400
railing. 
You will clean this mess later. 

635
00:35:14,400 --> 00:35:17,000
They are first. 
Comes breakfast in the morning. 

636
00:35:17,008 --> 00:35:19,300
Inspection routine, another 
night. 

637
00:35:19,300 --> 00:35:23,300
Watch completed and other day, 
beginning the cycle continues 

638
00:35:23,300 --> 00:35:26,800
without pause the morning. 
After a storm carries its own 

639
00:35:26,808 --> 00:35:30,100
particular quality, the air 
tastes scrubbed clean. 

640
00:35:30,100 --> 00:35:32,600
The wind has dropped to a gentle
breeze. 

641
00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:36,600
The sea still runs high but the 
dangerous chaos as passed. 

642
00:35:37,300 --> 00:35:39,500
You prepare your usual breakfast
with hands. 

643
00:35:39,500 --> 00:35:41,500
That feel the fatigue of the 
long night. 

644
00:35:42,500 --> 00:35:46,600
A porridge seems to take longer 
to cook the tea requires more 

645
00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:49,200
time to steep properly. 
Sleep. 

646
00:35:49,200 --> 00:35:51,100
Deprivation is part of the 
profession. 

647
00:35:51,900 --> 00:35:55,200
During severe weather a keeper 
May remain awake for 24 hours or

648
00:35:55,200 --> 00:35:59,800
more your body has learned to 
function despite exhaustion, you

649
00:35:59,800 --> 00:36:03,000
eat slowly, allowing your system
to absorb the foods energy. 

650
00:36:03,000 --> 00:36:05,600
The hot tea helps restore 
alertness. 

651
00:36:06,400 --> 00:36:08,400
You will need to remain 
functional through the day. 

652
00:36:09,200 --> 00:36:12,100
The morning inspection reveals 
minor damage from the store. 

653
00:36:12,100 --> 00:36:14,800
One of the exterior shutters as 
come loose. 

654
00:36:14,800 --> 00:36:18,500
The chicken coop shows signs of 
flooding these repairs take 

655
00:36:18,500 --> 00:36:22,700
priority, you gather your tools 
and begin the work, the shutter 

656
00:36:22,700 --> 00:36:26,600
requires new, Fasteners the old 
ones of corroded and failed 

657
00:36:26,600 --> 00:36:30,000
under the storm's pressure. 
You drill new holes and install 

658
00:36:30,000 --> 00:36:33,100
fresh bolts. 
Working on the exterior of the 

659
00:36:33,108 --> 00:36:35,900
tower during post-storm 
conditions, demands care. 

660
00:36:36,700 --> 00:36:38,600
The surfaces are wet and 
slippery. 

661
00:36:38,600 --> 00:36:41,700
One wrong step could send you 
falling to the Rocks. 

662
00:36:41,700 --> 00:36:45,800
Below, you move deliberately 
safety Trump, speed in 

663
00:36:45,800 --> 00:36:49,400
Lighthouse work, a dead keeper 
is useless to the ships that 

664
00:36:49,400 --> 00:36:52,800
depend on your light. 
The chicken coop, needs bailing,

665
00:36:52,800 --> 00:36:55,900
several inches of water, have 
accumulated inside the 

666
00:36:55,900 --> 00:36:58,400
enclosure. 
The birds huddle on their 

667
00:36:58,400 --> 00:37:01,200
elevated roosts looking for 
draggled and unhappy. 

668
00:37:01,900 --> 00:37:03,600
You use a bucket to remove the 
water. 

669
00:37:03,600 --> 00:37:05,900
The chickens watch you with 
their usual. 

670
00:37:05,900 --> 00:37:09,100
Skeptical Expressions, they seem
to blame you for the weather. 

671
00:37:10,100 --> 00:37:13,000
Fresh straw goes down. 
Once the floor is dry enough. 

672
00:37:13,800 --> 00:37:17,200
The birds descend from their 
roosts and begin investigating. 

673
00:37:17,200 --> 00:37:19,400
The new bedding with cautious 
interest. 

674
00:37:20,400 --> 00:37:23,400
You scatter extra feed as 
compensation for their rough 

675
00:37:23,400 --> 00:37:25,900
night. 
The chickens appreciate this 

676
00:37:25,900 --> 00:37:28,100
gesture, with enthusiastic 
packing. 

677
00:37:28,800 --> 00:37:30,700
By midday the repairs are 
complete. 

678
00:37:30,700 --> 00:37:34,200
The tower has wet and other 
storm without serious damage. 

679
00:37:34,200 --> 00:37:37,100
The Granite Construction has 
proven its worth. 

680
00:37:37,100 --> 00:37:42,200
Once again, you allow yourself a
brief rest, your bunk feels like

681
00:37:42,200 --> 00:37:46,000
luxury of the sleepless night. 
He close your eyes and 10 to 

682
00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:49,300
rest for an hour, you wake for 
hours later to the sound of a 

683
00:37:49,300 --> 00:37:52,000
boat horn. 
The supply vessel is arrived 

684
00:37:52,000 --> 00:37:55,000
early than scheduled you 
scrambled from your bunk and 

685
00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:58,200
descend to The Landing platform.
The supply boat is already tying

686
00:37:58,200 --> 00:38:00,400
up at the dock. 
The boat's Captain is a man 

687
00:38:00,408 --> 00:38:03,100
named William Harris. 
He has been making Lighthouse 

688
00:38:03,100 --> 00:38:05,700
deliveries for 15 years, you 
know him? 

689
00:38:05,700 --> 00:38:08,300
Well. 
Mr. Harris shouts. 

690
00:38:08,300 --> 00:38:09,700
Agreeing over the sound of the 
engine. 

691
00:38:09,700 --> 00:38:12,700
You wave acknowledgment and help
secure the lines. 

692
00:38:12,700 --> 00:38:15,300
The supply delivery is a 
significant event. 

693
00:38:15,300 --> 00:38:21,200
It brings food male lamp oil, 
coal and occasional luxuries. 

694
00:38:22,500 --> 00:38:26,200
The process takes about two 
hours from start to finish, Mr. 

695
00:38:26,200 --> 00:38:29,000
Harris, and his assistant begin,
unloading crates and barrels, 

696
00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:32,500
you helped carry them up the 
Steep path of the towers Storage

697
00:38:32,500 --> 00:38:34,500
level. 
The work is hard labor. 

698
00:38:34,500 --> 00:38:37,900
Each barrel of oil weighs 
approximately 200 pounds. 

699
00:38:39,100 --> 00:38:41,800
The path is narrow and slippery 
from the recent rain. 

700
00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:44,900
You make multiple trips. 
Hauling supplies from the boat 

701
00:38:44,900 --> 00:38:48,100
to the tower, your muscles 
protest, but you maintain the 

702
00:38:48,100 --> 00:38:50,700
Rhythm. 
Conversation with Mr. Harris 

703
00:38:50,700 --> 00:38:54,600
provides a welcome change from 
Solitude he shares news from the

704
00:38:54,600 --> 00:38:57,600
mainland, the new Railway line 
is being constructed. 

705
00:38:57,600 --> 00:39:00,200
The queen has visited nearby 
Town. 

706
00:39:00,200 --> 00:39:03,400
These details can connect you to
the world beyond your Tower. 

707
00:39:03,400 --> 00:39:06,600
They remind you that life 
continues in places where people

708
00:39:06,600 --> 00:39:11,600
gather and interact Mr. Harris 
also brings your mail three, 

709
00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:15,900
letters this time, two from your
wife, one from your eldest son. 

710
00:39:15,900 --> 00:39:18,300
You tuck them carefully into 
your pocket. 

711
00:39:18,300 --> 00:39:22,000
You will read them later when 
you have privacy and time to 

712
00:39:22,000 --> 00:39:26,100
absorb their contents properly. 
The supply delivery concludes 

713
00:39:26,100 --> 00:39:29,700
with an inspection. 
Mr. Harris walks through the 

714
00:39:29,700 --> 00:39:32,200
tower. 
Yeah, checking equipment and 

715
00:39:32,200 --> 00:39:34,000
noting any needs of the next 
delivery? 

716
00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:37,700
He examines the lamp mechanism 
with professional interests. 

717
00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:41,900
Mr. Harris was once a keeper 
himself, he understands the 

718
00:39:41,900 --> 00:39:44,300
work. 
Intimately everything meets with

719
00:39:44,300 --> 00:39:47,100
his approval. 
You maintain your station. 

720
00:39:47,100 --> 00:39:50,700
Well, The Trinity house 
inspectors will find no fault 

721
00:39:50,700 --> 00:39:54,600
during their next visit. 
Mr. Harris departs with a final 

722
00:39:54,600 --> 00:39:57,100
wave. 
The boat pulls away from the 

723
00:39:57,100 --> 00:40:00,500
dock and turns toward the 
mainland the engine sound Fades 

724
00:40:00,500 --> 00:40:02,600
into the distance. 
You're alone again. 

725
00:40:03,500 --> 00:40:05,900
The silence returns, like a 
familiar coat. 

726
00:40:06,600 --> 00:40:09,500
You carry the letters up to your
quarters and settle at your 

727
00:40:09,508 --> 00:40:12,100
small desk. 
The afternoon light through the 

728
00:40:12,100 --> 00:40:13,900
portal provides adequate 
illumination. 

729
00:40:13,900 --> 00:40:18,200
Your wife's first letter 
contains domestic news, your 

730
00:40:18,200 --> 00:40:21,700
youngest daughter, lost a tooth,
your middle son, won a prize at 

731
00:40:21,700 --> 00:40:25,500
school for his arithmetic. 
The small details fill you with 

732
00:40:25,508 --> 00:40:29,400
longing, you miss the daily 
texture of family life, the 

733
00:40:29,400 --> 00:40:32,300
Bedtime Stories, the morning 
porridge shared around the 

734
00:40:32,300 --> 00:40:35,200
kitchen table. 
Your wife writes that she misses

735
00:40:35,200 --> 00:40:38,700
you terribly but understands the
importance of your work. 

736
00:40:39,300 --> 00:40:41,500
She is proud to be married to a 
keeper. 

737
00:40:41,500 --> 00:40:46,500
This Pride helps sustain you. 
During the lonely stretches your

738
00:40:46,500 --> 00:40:49,700
work matters, your family, 
support your dedication. 

739
00:40:50,500 --> 00:40:54,000
The second letter from your wife
includes a small sketch drawn by

740
00:40:54,000 --> 00:40:57,700
your daughter, it shows the 
light house with exaggerated 

741
00:40:57,700 --> 00:40:59,500
height and huge light at the 
top. 

742
00:41:00,500 --> 00:41:03,300
Stick figures represent the 
family waving from the shore. 

743
00:41:03,300 --> 00:41:07,400
You smile at the innocent 
Artistry, the drawing will go on

744
00:41:07,400 --> 00:41:11,000
your wall next to the other. 
She said Your son's letter asks 

745
00:41:11,000 --> 00:41:12,900
technical questions about the 
lighthouse. 

746
00:41:12,900 --> 00:41:15,000
He wants to know how the lens 
works. 

747
00:41:15,900 --> 00:41:19,000
He asks about The Clockwork 
mechanism, you will write 

748
00:41:19,000 --> 00:41:22,500
details responses this evening. 
Teaching your son about the 

749
00:41:22,500 --> 00:41:24,900
profession. 
Pleases you, perhaps he will 

750
00:41:24,900 --> 00:41:28,900
indeed follow in your footsteps.
The letters read and re-read. 

751
00:41:28,900 --> 00:41:31,700
You fold them carefully and 
place them in the small box 

752
00:41:31,700 --> 00:41:34,700
where you keep all 
correspondents the afternoon as 

753
00:41:34,700 --> 00:41:38,700
advanced while you read evening 
approaches soon you must prepare

754
00:41:38,700 --> 00:41:42,400
to like the lamp the routine, 
never stops the light must burn 

755
00:41:42,400 --> 00:41:45,000
every night regardless of 
whether for tea or personal 

756
00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:48,100
circumstances. 
You prepare for the evening 

757
00:41:48,100 --> 00:41:51,600
ritual, The Familiar steps 
provide Comfort through their 

758
00:41:51,600 --> 00:41:56,000
very predictability. 
Winter arrives, gradually at a 

759
00:41:56,000 --> 00:41:59,900
lighthouse, the days grow 
shorter, the temperature drops. 

760
00:42:00,700 --> 00:42:04,200
Sees become more violent. 
The work becomes harder. 

761
00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:07,300
You have been at this station 
for three years now. 

762
00:42:08,600 --> 00:42:10,900
Seasons have cycled through 
their patterns. 

763
00:42:11,800 --> 00:42:15,400
You recognize the signs of 
approaching winter, the bird 

764
00:42:15,400 --> 00:42:18,000
migrations provide the most 
obvious marker. 

765
00:42:18,900 --> 00:42:21,400
Flocks of seabirds passed the 
light house on their Journey. 

766
00:42:21,400 --> 00:42:24,700
South They rest briefly on the 
gallery railing before 

767
00:42:24,700 --> 00:42:27,300
continuing. 
You watch them with interest. 

768
00:42:28,200 --> 00:42:31,400
These creatures navigate by 
Instinct across vast distances. 

769
00:42:31,400 --> 00:42:34,100
They need no charts or 
lighthouses. 

770
00:42:34,100 --> 00:42:37,400
The first serious winter storm 
arrives in early. 

771
00:42:37,400 --> 00:42:41,500
December, the weather builds for
two days before breaking with 

772
00:42:41,500 --> 00:42:44,700
full force. 
You secure everything that can 

773
00:42:44,708 --> 00:42:48,500
be secured, the chickens are 
moved to an interior storage 

774
00:42:48,500 --> 00:42:51,200
room. 
External equipment is tied down 

775
00:42:51,200 --> 00:42:55,900
or brought inside the storm last
three days, Wind and Rain 

776
00:42:55,900 --> 00:42:59,000
assault. 
The tower without pause waves. 

777
00:42:59,000 --> 00:43:01,700
Crash against the base with 
enough Force to shake the 

778
00:43:01,700 --> 00:43:04,200
structure. 
You maintain your watch through 

779
00:43:04,200 --> 00:43:06,500
it all the lamp Burns 
continuously. 

780
00:43:06,500 --> 00:43:10,000
The Clockwork keeps its rhythm, 
you're like guides ships through

781
00:43:10,000 --> 00:43:13,000
the chaos. 
Sleep comes in brief snatches 

782
00:43:13,000 --> 00:43:16,100
between inspections, you learn 
to rest while remaining 

783
00:43:16,100 --> 00:43:19,600
partially alert. 
A keeper develops this skill or 

784
00:43:19,600 --> 00:43:23,000
fails in the profession. 
On the third day, the storm, 

785
00:43:23,000 --> 00:43:27,500
finally breaks the wind shifts, 
the rain stops, the clouds begin

786
00:43:27,500 --> 00:43:30,500
to separate. 
You step onto the gallery to 

787
00:43:30,500 --> 00:43:33,600
assess the damage. 
The winter are cuts through your

788
00:43:33,600 --> 00:43:36,800
coat, your breath makes clouds 
and the cold. 

789
00:43:36,800 --> 00:43:41,100
The gallery shows evidence of 
the storms of violence, salt 

790
00:43:41,100 --> 00:43:45,600
deposits coat, every surface, 
Small Pebbles have been thrown 

791
00:43:45,600 --> 00:43:48,900
up from the Rocks below. 
A section of railing has been 

792
00:43:48,900 --> 00:43:50,600
bent under some tremendous 
impact. 

793
00:43:50,600 --> 00:43:54,100
The mainland is barely visible 
through the lingering Haze. 

794
00:43:54,100 --> 00:43:58,800
Your family seems very far away.
You can complete your inspection

795
00:43:58,800 --> 00:44:01,300
and begin repairs. 
The bent railing can be 

796
00:44:01,300 --> 00:44:02,800
straightened with tools and 
effort. 

797
00:44:02,800 --> 00:44:06,100
The salt must be washed away 
before it causes Croatian. 

798
00:44:06,100 --> 00:44:08,700
The winter work is harder than 
summer. 

799
00:44:08,700 --> 00:44:12,900
Maintenance cold, makes metal 
brittle, your hands lose feeling

800
00:44:12,900 --> 00:44:17,000
while working outside. 
Simple tasks, take twice as long

801
00:44:17,000 --> 00:44:20,700
but the work must be done. 
A lighthouse cannot take winter 

802
00:44:20,700 --> 00:44:24,500
vacation, the weeks pass in 
their established Rhythm short 

803
00:44:24,500 --> 00:44:29,600
days and long nights frequent 
storms bitter, cold, your 

804
00:44:29,600 --> 00:44:32,500
monthly surely becomes crucial 
to maintaining morale. 

805
00:44:33,100 --> 00:44:36,100
The brief time with your family,
recharges your spirit for 

806
00:44:36,100 --> 00:44:39,500
another month of isolation. 
The journey to the mainland 

807
00:44:39,500 --> 00:44:41,700
takes about two hours when 
weather permits. 

808
00:44:42,300 --> 00:44:44,700
You pack a small bag with 
clothes and gifts for the 

809
00:44:44,708 --> 00:44:47,400
children. 
Small items carved from 

810
00:44:47,400 --> 00:44:50,300
driftwood. 
Shells collected from around the

811
00:44:50,300 --> 00:44:52,700
tower base. 
The boat ride provides 

812
00:44:52,700 --> 00:44:54,700
transition time between your Two
Worlds. 

813
00:44:55,400 --> 00:44:58,400
The Lighthouse Keeper transforms
gradually back into husband and 

814
00:44:58,400 --> 00:45:02,900
father the mental shift requires
this buffer period, you watch 

815
00:45:02,900 --> 00:45:04,700
your Tower recede into the 
distance. 

816
00:45:04,700 --> 00:45:08,500
The structure looks different 
from this perspective smaller 

817
00:45:08,500 --> 00:45:10,500
and more vulnerable than it 
feels from inside. 

818
00:45:11,400 --> 00:45:13,100
Other keepers have described 
similar. 

819
00:45:13,100 --> 00:45:16,000
Feelings the light house looms 
large in your daily 

820
00:45:16,000 --> 00:45:18,800
consciousness. 
But viewed from the mainland. 

821
00:45:18,800 --> 00:45:21,800
It becomes just another 
navigational marker on the 

822
00:45:21,800 --> 00:45:24,400
horizon. 
You arrived at the cottage and 

823
00:45:24,400 --> 00:45:25,800
your children, rushed to greet. 
You. 

824
00:45:25,800 --> 00:45:29,900
They have grown noticeably since
your last visit Time moves 

825
00:45:29,908 --> 00:45:31,600
faster. 
When you're not present to 

826
00:45:31,600 --> 00:45:35,800
observe it, your wife prepares 
your favorite meal, roasted 

827
00:45:35,800 --> 00:45:39,100
chicken with potatoes and gravy 
fresh bread. 

828
00:45:39,100 --> 00:45:43,300
That apple pie with cream, The 
Taste of Home, fill your mouth 

829
00:45:43,300 --> 00:45:46,200
with remembered Pleasures, 
Lighthouse, food is adequate but

830
00:45:46,200 --> 00:45:47,800
lacks the flavors of a proper 
kitchen. 

831
00:45:48,700 --> 00:45:51,400
You spend your surely, you've 
making small repairs around the 

832
00:45:51,400 --> 00:45:53,900
cottage. 
The door latch needs fixing. 

833
00:45:53,900 --> 00:45:57,900
The roof is developed a leak. 
You approach these tasks with 

834
00:45:57,900 --> 00:46:00,000
the same methodical care, you 
bring to light house. 

835
00:46:00,000 --> 00:46:03,800
Maintenance your eldest son 
follows you everywhere asking 

836
00:46:03,800 --> 00:46:07,100
endless questions. 
You explain how things work and 

837
00:46:07,100 --> 00:46:10,000
why they matter. 
Teaching him bring satisfaction 

838
00:46:10,000 --> 00:46:14,000
that transcends words, the 
nights at home, feel strange, 

839
00:46:14,000 --> 00:46:17,600
the bed is too soft, the silence
is too quiet. 

840
00:46:17,600 --> 00:46:21,200
You have become accustomed to 
the constant sound of waves. 

841
00:46:21,200 --> 00:46:23,600
Your wife understands this 
adjustment. 

842
00:46:23,600 --> 00:46:28,100
She gives you space to re-adapt 
to domestic life too soon. 

843
00:46:28,100 --> 00:46:30,900
The weekends, you must return to
the light house. 

844
00:46:31,800 --> 00:46:34,100
The replacement Keepers 
completed his rotation. 

845
00:46:34,900 --> 00:46:37,400
The farewells are difficult, 
every time, your youngest 

846
00:46:37,400 --> 00:46:40,500
daughter crys, the wife, 
maintains composure, until 

847
00:46:40,500 --> 00:46:43,700
you're out of sight, your return
to the tower carrying fresh 

848
00:46:43,700 --> 00:46:45,100
supplies and renewed 
determination. 

849
00:46:45,100 --> 00:46:49,000
The isolation is bearable, when 
you remember, why you endure it?

850
00:46:49,700 --> 00:46:55,200
Winter deepens January, brings 
ice the spray from waves freezes

851
00:46:55,200 --> 00:46:59,300
on contact with the tower. 
The structure becomes encased in

852
00:46:59,300 --> 00:47:02,200
a shell of ice. 
You must chip away the ice build

853
00:47:02,200 --> 00:47:04,300
up to maintain access to the 
exterior. 

854
00:47:05,000 --> 00:47:08,600
The gallery becomes treacherous 
with frozen coating, the 

855
00:47:08,600 --> 00:47:12,400
lamp-room requires constant 
monitoring cold effects, the 

856
00:47:12,400 --> 00:47:15,800
oils viscosity the flame can 
burn a regularly. 

857
00:47:15,800 --> 00:47:19,300
If the fuel becomes too thick, 
you keep the lamp room as warm 

858
00:47:19,300 --> 00:47:21,500
as possible. 
A small stove provides 

859
00:47:21,500 --> 00:47:25,600
supplemental heat. 
The balance is delicate ear, too

860
00:47:25,600 --> 00:47:27,400
much heat. 
Can damage the lens mechanism, 

861
00:47:27,400 --> 00:47:29,500
too. 
Little allows the oil to 

862
00:47:29,500 --> 00:47:32,000
thicker. 
February brings the worst 

863
00:47:32,000 --> 00:47:35,000
weather. 
Storms arrive one after another,

864
00:47:35,000 --> 00:47:38,600
with barely a day's rest by 
between them you live in a state

865
00:47:38,600 --> 00:47:41,700
of constant. 
Vigilance, every night demands, 

866
00:47:41,700 --> 00:47:46,400
full attention every day, brings
new repairs, the isolation 

867
00:47:46,400 --> 00:47:49,300
becomes oppressive. 
During the stretches, you have 

868
00:47:49,308 --> 00:47:51,900
not seen another human being in 
five weeks. 

869
00:47:51,900 --> 00:47:55,500
The supply boat cannot reach the
light house and severe weather. 

870
00:47:56,400 --> 00:48:00,800
Human beings evolved for social 
connection isolation conflicts 

871
00:48:00,800 --> 00:48:02,900
with fundamental psychological 
needs. 

872
00:48:03,900 --> 00:48:08,300
Extended Solitude can produce 
strange effects on the mind. you

873
00:48:08,300 --> 00:48:11,000
have developed strategies to 
combat the worst symptoms, 

874
00:48:11,000 --> 00:48:15,400
maintaining routines, provide 
structure, physical work, 

875
00:48:15,400 --> 00:48:19,300
prevents rumination reading, 
occupies, the thinking mind, 

876
00:48:20,100 --> 00:48:22,400
Talking aloud helps maintain 
verbal fluency. 

877
00:48:22,400 --> 00:48:25,500
You describe your actions as you
perform them. 

878
00:48:25,500 --> 00:48:28,300
You read passages from books and
full voice. 

879
00:48:28,300 --> 00:48:32,600
You recite poems from memory. 
The sound of your own voice, 

880
00:48:32,600 --> 00:48:36,900
prevents the strange, feeling of
disconnecting, total silence. 

881
00:48:38,100 --> 00:48:41,300
Some Keepers report, losing the 
ability to speak normally after 

882
00:48:41,300 --> 00:48:44,700
extended quiet. 
You write letters even knowing 

883
00:48:44,700 --> 00:48:47,200
they cannot be sent until the 
supply boat arrives. 

884
00:48:48,000 --> 00:48:50,300
The act of composing thoughts 
for another person. 

885
00:48:50,300 --> 00:48:53,300
Maintain social connections. 
Psychologically, if not 

886
00:48:53,300 --> 00:48:56,800
physically, Your dreams become 
Vivid during periods of 

887
00:48:56,808 --> 00:49:00,200
isolation. 
The mind seems to compensate for

888
00:49:00,200 --> 00:49:04,300
lack of external stimulation by 
creating elaborate internal 

889
00:49:04,300 --> 00:49:08,500
experience, is you dream of 
family, gatherings of 

890
00:49:08,500 --> 00:49:13,000
conversations with friends of 
walking through crowded markets,

891
00:49:13,800 --> 00:49:16,600
These dreams feel intensely real
while they last. 

892
00:49:17,600 --> 00:49:19,700
Waking from such dreams. 
Brings a moment of 

893
00:49:19,700 --> 00:49:24,100
disorientation the tower seems 
especially empty after the Vivid

894
00:49:24,100 --> 00:49:27,800
social world of sleep. 
Some Keepers struggle seriously 

895
00:49:27,800 --> 00:49:31,500
with this isolation Trinity 
house has procedures for 

896
00:49:31,500 --> 00:49:35,000
identifying psychological 
distress inspectors, watch for 

897
00:49:35,000 --> 00:49:36,600
warning signs during their 
visits. 

898
00:49:37,400 --> 00:49:40,500
Keepers, who cannot cope with 
Solitude, a reassigned to shore,

899
00:49:40,500 --> 00:49:44,500
stations or other duties. 
There is no shame in this, the 

900
00:49:44,500 --> 00:49:48,500
work demands unusual, 
psychological resilience, you 

901
00:49:48,500 --> 00:49:51,500
have managed the isolation 
successfully so far but you 

902
00:49:51,500 --> 00:49:53,300
understand how it can break a 
person. 

903
00:49:53,300 --> 00:49:56,600
The Mind needs human contact. 
The way the body needs food, 

904
00:49:56,600 --> 00:50:01,400
your food stocks, run low, you 
rationale carefully the chickens

905
00:50:01,400 --> 00:50:05,600
of stopped laying in the cold. 
You have no fresh eggs, Kim to 

906
00:50:05,600 --> 00:50:08,100
the loneliness presses against 
your mind like physical weight. 

907
00:50:08,100 --> 00:50:11,200
You talk to your self just to 
hear a human voice. 

908
00:50:11,200 --> 00:50:15,800
But the lamp continues to burn 
ships, continued to pass safely.

909
00:50:15,800 --> 00:50:21,100
Your work continues to matter. 
March arrives with marginally 

910
00:50:21,100 --> 00:50:24,800
better conditions, the days 
length and slightly, the 

911
00:50:24,800 --> 00:50:28,300
temperature rises a few degrees.
The supply boat makes it through

912
00:50:28,300 --> 00:50:32,200
on a relatively calm day. 
Mr. Harris brings provisions and

913
00:50:32,200 --> 00:50:34,600
news. 
He also brings a letter from 

914
00:50:34,600 --> 00:50:37,900
Trinity house. 
You open it with curiosity and 

915
00:50:37,900 --> 00:50:41,500
Mild concern. 
Official correspondence usually 

916
00:50:41,500 --> 00:50:45,700
means changes or inspections. 
the letter informs you that you 

917
00:50:45,700 --> 00:50:49,000
have been selected for 
Commendation your exemplary 

918
00:50:49,000 --> 00:50:52,700
service during the difficult 
winter has been noted Trinity 

919
00:50:52,700 --> 00:50:55,100
house recognizes your 
dedication. 

920
00:50:56,000 --> 00:50:58,700
This recognition means little in
Practical terms. 

921
00:50:58,700 --> 00:51:02,600
No increase in pay on know, 
changing conditions. 

922
00:51:03,500 --> 00:51:07,500
But it acknowledges that someone
noticed your work, you feel a 

923
00:51:07,500 --> 00:51:10,500
quiet Pride. 
The acknowledgment matters more 

924
00:51:10,500 --> 00:51:14,500
than you expected. 
Spring arrives, slowly, the 

925
00:51:14,500 --> 00:51:18,000
weather, gradually moderates, 
the Seas become less violent, 

926
00:51:18,000 --> 00:51:21,800
the temperature, rises enough 
that ice no longer forms. 

927
00:51:21,800 --> 00:51:26,000
You emerge from winter, like a 
sailor, reaching Port, after a 

928
00:51:26,000 --> 00:51:29,600
long voyage. 
The worst is passed summer. 

929
00:51:29,600 --> 00:51:34,200
Approaches the annual inspection
occurs in April. 3 offers from 

930
00:51:34,200 --> 00:51:36,400
Trinity house arrived on a 
special boat. 

931
00:51:36,400 --> 00:51:39,700
They spent two days, examining 
every aspect of your station. 

932
00:51:39,700 --> 00:51:43,800
They inspect the lamp mechanism.
They review your logbooks, they 

933
00:51:43,800 --> 00:51:47,700
test the fog horn, the examine, 
the structure of a damage, your 

934
00:51:47,700 --> 00:51:49,800
company them through the 
inspection with nervous. 

935
00:51:49,800 --> 00:51:52,400
Attention your work is being 
evaluated. 

936
00:51:52,400 --> 00:51:54,600
Your competence is being 
measured. 

937
00:51:55,800 --> 00:51:59,600
Chief Inspector is a Stern man 
named Mr. Thompson, he's been 

938
00:51:59,600 --> 00:52:01,800
evaluating lighthouses for 20 
years. 

939
00:52:01,800 --> 00:52:05,900
Nothing escapes his notice. 
He finds a minor issue with your

940
00:52:05,900 --> 00:52:09,300
record, keeping you forgot to 
note the exact time of a lamprey

941
00:52:09,300 --> 00:52:11,200
lighting. 
After maintenance, this is 

942
00:52:11,200 --> 00:52:15,100
recorded as a small deficiency, 
otherwise your station passes 

943
00:52:15,100 --> 00:52:19,000
inspection with high Marks, Mr. 
Thompson offers brief, praise 

944
00:52:19,000 --> 00:52:21,700
for your maintenance standards, 
the officials depart. 

945
00:52:21,700 --> 00:52:25,300
You return to your routine, the 
brief human contact leaves. 

946
00:52:25,300 --> 00:52:29,400
You feeling more isolated than 
before Summer to light house, 

947
00:52:29,400 --> 00:52:32,600
brings its own unique challenges
and Pleasures the weather 

948
00:52:32,600 --> 00:52:36,400
moderate, and to Long stretches 
of calm the Seas flat into 

949
00:52:36,400 --> 00:52:39,700
gentle swells, the air warms 
enough that you can work out 

950
00:52:39,700 --> 00:52:41,800
side. 
Without heavy clothing, The 

951
00:52:41,800 --> 00:52:45,600
increased daylight means short 
nights for the lamp. you like it

952
00:52:45,600 --> 00:52:49,600
later an extinguisher early, the
routine shifts with the Seas and

953
00:52:50,400 --> 00:52:54,800
Some brings increasing traffic 
the channel fills with vessels, 

954
00:52:54,800 --> 00:52:56,500
taking advantage of favorable 
weather. 

955
00:52:56,500 --> 00:53:00,300
You see, dozens of ships, each 
day passing within view of your 

956
00:53:00,300 --> 00:53:03,200
light. 
The variety of vessels provide 

957
00:53:03,200 --> 00:53:06,900
endless interest. 
Sleek clipper ships racing to 

958
00:53:06,900 --> 00:53:10,500
deliver tea from China. 
Sturdy, Merchant Steamers 

959
00:53:10,500 --> 00:53:13,000
carrying manufactured goods to 
distant ports. 

960
00:53:13,900 --> 00:53:16,600
Naval vessels maintaining the 
Royal Navy's presence. 

961
00:53:16,600 --> 00:53:19,700
Each ship type has its own 
characteristics. 

962
00:53:19,700 --> 00:53:24,400
The Clippers move with Grace 
Under full sail, their hulls cut

963
00:53:24,400 --> 00:53:27,600
through the water with minimal 
disturbance, they represent the 

964
00:53:27,600 --> 00:53:31,300
Pinnacle of sailing ship design.
The steamships announced their 

965
00:53:31,308 --> 00:53:34,400
presence with smoke Trails. 
The new technology is 

966
00:53:34,408 --> 00:53:38,900
transforming Maritime commas. 
Steam provides reliable power. 

967
00:53:38,900 --> 00:53:41,600
Regardless of win conditions. 
You have watched this 

968
00:53:41,600 --> 00:53:43,600
transformation over your years 
of service. 

969
00:53:43,600 --> 00:53:46,900
Each season brings more 
steamships and fewer sailing 

970
00:53:46,900 --> 00:53:49,700
vessels. 
The age of sail is ending before

971
00:53:49,700 --> 00:53:52,000
your eyes. 
Some of the older Keepers, more 

972
00:53:52,000 --> 00:53:54,800
than this change. 
They appreciate the beauty of 

973
00:53:54,800 --> 00:53:58,100
ships under canvas. 
The site of a full-rigged ship 

974
00:53:58,108 --> 00:54:02,100
in fair weather, stirs something
in the maritime soul, but you 

975
00:54:02,100 --> 00:54:05,700
recognize the Practical 
advantages of steam power, more 

976
00:54:05,700 --> 00:54:10,400
reliable, schedule's, Lester 
pendants on favorable wins, safe

977
00:54:10,400 --> 00:54:12,900
operations. 
In difficult conditions, the 

978
00:54:12,900 --> 00:54:15,900
steamship captains still use 
your light house for navigation 

979
00:54:16,800 --> 00:54:20,400
The technology of propulsion 
changes but the need for Coastal

980
00:54:20,400 --> 00:54:24,500
navigation remains constant. 
Some of them Sale close enough 

981
00:54:24,500 --> 00:54:27,700
that you can make out details, 
the names painted on their 

982
00:54:27,700 --> 00:54:30,600
Hulls. 
The flags indicating their home 

983
00:54:30,600 --> 00:54:34,800
ports, the sailors working on 
Deck, you wave occasionally to 

984
00:54:34,800 --> 00:54:37,700
passing ships. 
Sometimes the sailors waved 

985
00:54:37,700 --> 00:54:39,800
back. 
These brief acknowledgments, 

986
00:54:39,800 --> 00:54:42,000
create a momentary connection of
the water. 

987
00:54:42,900 --> 00:54:45,300
The maintenance workload eases 
during summer. 

988
00:54:46,200 --> 00:54:50,000
Storms are less frequent and 
less severe equipment, runs more

989
00:54:50,000 --> 00:54:51,700
reliably and moderate 
temperatures. 

990
00:54:51,700 --> 00:54:54,400
You use the extra time to 
perform deep maintenance 

991
00:54:54,400 --> 00:54:57,600
projects that are impossible 
during winter, can be tackled. 

992
00:54:57,600 --> 00:55:01,200
Now, you repaint, the gallery 
railing, the old painters 

993
00:55:01,200 --> 00:55:05,000
weathered away in many places. 
Fresh paint protects the metal 

994
00:55:05,000 --> 00:55:07,700
from rust. 
The work is Pleasant in the 

995
00:55:07,708 --> 00:55:10,400
summer. 
Are You Can See For Miles across

996
00:55:10,400 --> 00:55:13,600
the Blue Water? 
The Horizon stretches endlessly.

997
00:55:13,600 --> 00:55:17,300
You also tend to the small 
garden plot near the base of the

998
00:55:17,300 --> 00:55:20,000
Tower. 
The rocky soil is poor but you 

999
00:55:20,008 --> 00:55:22,800
have built up with imported 
Earth and composted waste. 

1000
00:55:23,500 --> 00:55:26,700
Creating arable soil from 
nothing or requires patience and

1001
00:55:26,700 --> 00:55:29,700
continuous effort. 
You save every bit of organic 

1002
00:55:29,700 --> 00:55:34,200
material vegetable peelings 
eggshells, the droppings from 

1003
00:55:34,200 --> 00:55:36,800
the chicken coop. 
These materials go into a 

1004
00:55:36,800 --> 00:55:40,500
composting bin sheltered from 
the worst weather over months, 

1005
00:55:40,500 --> 00:55:43,000
they decompose into rich dark 
soil. 

1006
00:55:44,200 --> 00:55:47,500
This precious substance gets 
mixed with sand and imported 

1007
00:55:47,500 --> 00:55:51,400
Earth to create planting medium.
The growing space is limited to 

1008
00:55:51,400 --> 00:55:56,100
perhaps 12 square feet but this 
small area can produce a amounts

1009
00:55:56,100 --> 00:55:59,800
of food with proper management. 
The location presents unique 

1010
00:55:59,800 --> 00:56:02,600
challenges salt. 
Spray affects some plants 

1011
00:56:02,600 --> 00:56:05,700
negatively. 
Wind can shred delicate leaves. 

1012
00:56:05,700 --> 00:56:10,100
The growing season is shortened 
by the Marine climate But 

1013
00:56:10,100 --> 00:56:13,000
certain crops thrive in these 
conditions root vegetables, 

1014
00:56:13,000 --> 00:56:15,300
tolerate salt better than leafy 
greens. 

1015
00:56:15,300 --> 00:56:19,500
Hardy herbs, withstand the wind 
cool weather, crops appreciate 

1016
00:56:19,500 --> 00:56:22,200
the moderated temperatures. 
You have learned through trial 

1017
00:56:22,200 --> 00:56:26,000
and error, which varieties 
perform best Some seeds, simply 

1018
00:56:26,000 --> 00:56:29,700
refuse to germinate others grow,
but produce poorly. 

1019
00:56:30,500 --> 00:56:33,300
Few adapt and flourish potatoes 
grow. 

1020
00:56:33,300 --> 00:56:38,000
Well, in this environment, he 
also plant carrots, onions and a

1021
00:56:38,000 --> 00:56:41,500
few herbs, the fresh vegetables,
supplement your preserved, 

1022
00:56:41,500 --> 00:56:44,000
Provisions the chickens, enjoy 
the warm weather. 

1023
00:56:44,000 --> 00:56:47,000
They produce eggs reliably 
throughout summer. 

1024
00:56:47,000 --> 00:56:49,700
You have more eggs than you can 
eat some. 

1025
00:56:49,700 --> 00:56:52,100
Go to Mr. Harris, as thanks for 
his deliveries. 

1026
00:56:53,500 --> 00:56:57,000
The summer, solstice arrives on 
the longest day of the year, the

1027
00:56:57,000 --> 00:56:59,400
sun sets, very late and Rises 
very early. 

1028
00:56:59,400 --> 00:57:01,800
Your lamp Burns for only a few 
hours. 

1029
00:57:01,800 --> 00:57:05,000
Are you stand on the gallery 
watching the sunset? 

1030
00:57:06,000 --> 00:57:10,500
Sky fills with colors, orange 
and pink, and purple blend 

1031
00:57:10,500 --> 00:57:14,500
Across the Western Horizon. 
The sea reflects the skies 

1032
00:57:14,500 --> 00:57:17,700
colors, the water becomes a 
mirror of the heavens. 

1033
00:57:17,700 --> 00:57:20,700
The beauty is almost painful in 
its intensity. 

1034
00:57:20,700 --> 00:57:23,700
These moments. 
Remind you why you chose this 

1035
00:57:23,700 --> 00:57:27,300
profession? 
The isolation and hardship fade.

1036
00:57:28,100 --> 00:57:31,500
Pure experience of light and 
water and Sky fills your 

1037
00:57:31,508 --> 00:57:34,800
awareness. 
Summer nights are brief, but 

1038
00:57:34,800 --> 00:57:37,900
magical. 
Stars appear in their full 

1039
00:57:37,900 --> 00:57:40,900
Glory. 
The Milky Way Arch is overhead 

1040
00:57:40,900 --> 00:57:43,600
like a river of light. 
You sometimes bring your 

1041
00:57:43,600 --> 00:57:47,100
telescope to the gallery. 
The device reveals craters on 

1042
00:57:47,108 --> 00:57:50,700
the moon and the moon's of 
Jupiter Universe. 

1043
00:57:50,700 --> 00:57:54,900
Expands under magnification. 
These observations can connect 

1044
00:57:54,900 --> 00:57:58,100
you to the long tradition of 
Navigators who use stars to find

1045
00:57:58,100 --> 00:58:00,500
their way. 
The light housekeeper in the 

1046
00:58:00,508 --> 00:58:02,500
ancient Sailors, share the same 
sky. 

1047
00:58:03,300 --> 00:58:06,200
The constellation's wheel 
overhead in their Eternal 

1048
00:58:06,200 --> 00:58:09,000
patterns. 
Orion the hunter rises in 

1049
00:58:09,000 --> 00:58:12,900
Winter, The Great Bear Circle, 
the North Star, the summer, 

1050
00:58:12,900 --> 00:58:16,500
triangle dominates, warm nights.
You have learned to read these 

1051
00:58:16,500 --> 00:58:20,000
patterns like a book. 
The position of stars tells you 

1052
00:58:20,000 --> 00:58:21,900
the time without consulting your
watch. 

1053
00:58:22,600 --> 00:58:26,000
The season reveals itself in 
which constellations dominate. 

1054
00:58:26,800 --> 00:58:30,000
Ancient peoples, built their 
calendars and myths around these

1055
00:58:30,000 --> 00:58:33,400
Same Stars. 
The heavens connected human 

1056
00:58:33,400 --> 00:58:37,700
beings across vast spans of time
and culture your modern 

1057
00:58:37,700 --> 00:58:41,800
Lighthouse technology serves the
same fundamental purpose as 

1058
00:58:41,800 --> 00:58:45,700
those ancient star watches. 
You provide guidance through 

1059
00:58:45,700 --> 00:58:51,000
Darkness, you help people find 
their way home, the Stars endure

1060
00:58:51,000 --> 00:58:55,200
while Empires rise and fall. 
The sea continues, its patient 

1061
00:58:55,200 --> 00:58:57,100
work regardless of human 
activity. 

1062
00:58:58,000 --> 00:59:01,300
Your Lighthouse Marks, One Small
point, where human effort 

1063
00:59:01,300 --> 00:59:06,200
intersects with eternal Forces. 
This perspective helps during 

1064
00:59:06,200 --> 00:59:09,400
difficult moments, the 
isolation, and hardship matter 

1065
00:59:09,400 --> 00:59:11,400
less. 
When viewed against the vast 

1066
00:59:11,400 --> 00:59:15,300
sweep of Maritime history. you 
are one keeper among thousands, 

1067
00:59:15,300 --> 00:59:19,600
your work spans, a few decades 
at most, but the tradition 

1068
00:59:19,600 --> 00:59:23,900
continues beyond your individual
contribution Future Keepers will

1069
00:59:23,900 --> 00:59:27,100
climb these same stairs. 
They will turn this same lamp. 

1070
00:59:27,100 --> 00:59:29,900
They will watch these Same Stars
Wheeling overhead. 

1071
00:59:30,700 --> 00:59:33,900
The work transcends, the 
individual, the light matters 

1072
00:59:33,900 --> 00:59:37,000
more than the keeper. 
August brings different whether 

1073
00:59:37,000 --> 00:59:41,200
the air becomes heavy and still 
thunderstorms develop with 

1074
00:59:41,200 --> 00:59:44,700
sudden violence you watch. 
These storms approach from miles

1075
00:59:44,700 --> 00:59:49,100
away the clouds, build into 
towering structures and 

1076
00:59:49,100 --> 00:59:50,700
enlightening. 
Flickers inside them like 

1077
00:59:50,700 --> 00:59:54,000
thoughts in a brain. 
When the storms arrive, they 

1078
00:59:54,000 --> 00:59:57,700
deliver spectacular displays 
lightning strikes, the water 

1079
00:59:57,700 --> 01:00:02,400
Thunder Echoes off the tower 
rain falls in torrents, your 

1080
01:00:02,400 --> 01:00:05,400
light continues burning through 
the electrical storms. 

1081
01:00:06,200 --> 01:00:09,200
The lamp provides guidance. 
When visibility drops to nearly 

1082
01:00:09,200 --> 01:00:11,700
nothing. 
You take precautions during 

1083
01:00:11,700 --> 01:00:14,700
lightning. 
The tower has a lightning rod 

1084
01:00:14,700 --> 01:00:16,900
that diverts. 
Strike safely to ground. 

1085
01:00:17,700 --> 01:00:20,200
But electricity is unpredictable
and dangerous. 

1086
01:00:21,400 --> 01:00:24,400
One August evening, lightning 
strikes, very close to the 

1087
01:00:24,400 --> 01:00:28,000
tower, the bolt hits, the water,
perhaps 50 yards away. 

1088
01:00:29,100 --> 01:00:34,500
Flashes, blinding the Thunder is
instantaneous and deafening your

1089
01:00:34,500 --> 01:00:38,700
ears ring for hours afterward. 
The smell of ozone. 

1090
01:00:38,700 --> 01:00:42,300
Fills the lamp room, but the 
equipment continues functioning 

1091
01:00:42,300 --> 01:00:45,200
without damage. 
Summer begins to fade in 

1092
01:00:45,208 --> 01:00:48,600
September. 
The days shorten noticeably the 

1093
01:00:48,600 --> 01:00:51,400
temperature starts to drop the 
shipping traffic. 

1094
01:00:51,400 --> 01:00:54,300
Begins to decrease you. 
Prepare for the approaching 

1095
01:00:54,300 --> 01:00:58,300
autumn and winter supplies. 
A stockpiled equipment is 

1096
01:00:58,300 --> 01:01:00,500
serviced. 
The chickens are checked for 

1097
01:01:00,500 --> 01:01:03,300
health, your quarterly, surely 
arrives. 

1098
01:01:03,300 --> 01:01:06,200
In late September. 
You return to the cottage and 

1099
01:01:06,200 --> 01:01:08,900
your family, your children have 
changed again. 

1100
01:01:08,900 --> 01:01:11,100
Your youngest daughter reads 
fluently. 

1101
01:01:11,100 --> 01:01:13,700
Now your middle son has grown 
taller. 

1102
01:01:13,700 --> 01:01:16,900
Your eldest is beginning to show
signs of approaching manhood. 

1103
01:01:17,700 --> 01:01:21,700
Your wife has aged slightly. 
Stress of managing the household

1104
01:01:21,700 --> 01:01:26,600
alone shows in small ways. 
Gray appears in her hair lines 

1105
01:01:26,600 --> 01:01:30,300
deeper around her eyes. 
You feel guilt for the burden, 

1106
01:01:30,300 --> 01:01:34,300
your professional places on her.
But she insists, she's proud of 

1107
01:01:34,300 --> 01:01:36,600
your work. 
A lighthouse, Keepers wife 

1108
01:01:36,600 --> 01:01:40,000
accepts, the sacrifice the week,
passes to quickly. 

1109
01:01:41,000 --> 01:01:43,500
You help with Harvest tasks and 
the small Cottage Garden. 

1110
01:01:43,500 --> 01:01:45,700
You repair items around the 
property. 

1111
01:01:45,700 --> 01:01:47,800
He spent time with each child 
individually. 

1112
01:01:48,800 --> 01:01:51,500
Your eldest son asks again about
becoming a keeper. 

1113
01:01:51,500 --> 01:01:54,300
He's now 15 and serious about 
the question. 

1114
01:01:54,300 --> 01:01:58,400
You explain the realities 
honestly, the isolation, the 

1115
01:01:58,400 --> 01:02:02,900
danger, the demanding routine. 
He remains interested you 

1116
01:02:02,900 --> 01:02:05,800
promised to make inquiries about
apprenticeship opportunities. 

1117
01:02:05,800 --> 01:02:08,900
The return to the lighthouse 
comes with mixed feelings. 

1118
01:02:08,900 --> 01:02:12,700
You miss your family immediately
upon leaving but you also feel 

1119
01:02:12,700 --> 01:02:16,400
the pull of your duties The 
tower has become a second home, 

1120
01:02:16,400 --> 01:02:19,000
the routine provides structure 
and purpose. 

1121
01:02:19,000 --> 01:02:22,200
The work matters in concrete and
measurable ways. 

1122
01:02:23,000 --> 01:02:26,600
Autumn settles over the channel.
The leaves would be changing 

1123
01:02:26,600 --> 01:02:30,400
color on the mainland. 
But at the light house arrest, 

1124
01:02:30,400 --> 01:02:34,300
the seasons are marked by sea 
and sky rather than trees. 

1125
01:02:34,300 --> 01:02:37,100
The storms return with 
increasing frequency. 

1126
01:02:38,300 --> 01:02:41,300
Character of autumn weather 
differs from winter but brings 

1127
01:02:41,300 --> 01:02:44,300
its own challenges. 
You settle in to the seasonal, 

1128
01:02:44,300 --> 01:02:47,800
Rhythm the work continues, the 
light burns. 

1129
01:02:47,800 --> 01:02:52,000
Every night ships pass safely, 
the visitors arrive on an 

1130
01:02:52,000 --> 01:02:55,900
unusually calm October day. 
October in the channel, brings 

1131
01:02:55,900 --> 01:03:00,600
variable conditions, some days, 
a miracle others, deliver the 

1132
01:03:00,600 --> 01:03:04,600
first serious Autumn storms, 
this particular morning offers, 

1133
01:03:04,600 --> 01:03:08,600
gentle, swells and clear 
visibility You spot the boat 

1134
01:03:08,600 --> 01:03:10,700
from the gallery during your 
morning rounds. 

1135
01:03:10,700 --> 01:03:14,900
It is not the supply vessel. 
This boat is smaller and moves 

1136
01:03:14,900 --> 01:03:18,100
with different purpose. 
The hull design suggests 

1137
01:03:18,100 --> 01:03:21,300
official business government 
boats, have a characteristic 

1138
01:03:21,300 --> 01:03:26,300
shape, you recognize, the type, 
even at a distance, a curiosity 

1139
01:03:26,300 --> 01:03:30,500
mixes with mild concern, 
unexpected visitors usually 

1140
01:03:30,500 --> 01:03:34,300
mean, inspections or problems. 
The boat reaches the landing 

1141
01:03:34,300 --> 01:03:38,100
platform, two men disembark you 
descend to meet them. 

1142
01:03:38,100 --> 01:03:41,900
The older man introduces himself
as Mr. Edward Cunningham from 

1143
01:03:41,900 --> 01:03:44,700
the Board of Trade, the youngest
is assisted. 

1144
01:03:44,700 --> 01:03:48,700
Their conducting a study of 
Light House operations Mr. 

1145
01:03:48,700 --> 01:03:51,300
Cunningham explains that the 
government is considering 

1146
01:03:51,300 --> 01:03:53,000
improvements to the light house 
system. 

1147
01:03:53,000 --> 01:03:56,600
They have visiting various 
stations to observe actual 

1148
01:03:56,600 --> 01:03:59,800
working conditions. 
You're welcome, the cautiously 

1149
01:04:00,700 --> 01:04:03,100
Official visitors can mean 
additional paperwork and 

1150
01:04:03,100 --> 01:04:05,800
scrutiny. 
They spend the morning touring 

1151
01:04:05,800 --> 01:04:09,600
the tower Mr. Cunningham asks 
details questions about every 

1152
01:04:09,600 --> 01:04:13,200
aspect of the operation. 
How much oil do you can consume 

1153
01:04:13,200 --> 01:04:15,800
monthly how often does equipment
fail? 

1154
01:04:16,700 --> 01:04:18,800
What are the most dangerous 
aspects of the work? 

1155
01:04:18,800 --> 01:04:23,000
You are honestly the reality of 
light housekeeping needs. 

1156
01:04:23,000 --> 01:04:24,000
No. 
Embellishment. 

1157
01:04:25,000 --> 01:04:28,800
Mr. Cunningham takes extensive 
notes, his assistant sketches, 

1158
01:04:28,800 --> 01:04:32,700
the lamp mechanism in the living
quarters at midday, you prepare 

1159
01:04:32,700 --> 01:04:35,900
lunch for all three of you, your
Provisions, stretch to 

1160
01:04:35,900 --> 01:04:41,500
accommodate guests simple fare 
but adequate Over the meal, Mr. 

1161
01:04:41,500 --> 01:04:44,500
Cunningham shares his 
observations, he is impressed by

1162
01:04:44,500 --> 01:04:47,100
your organization and 
discipline, he notes that 

1163
01:04:47,100 --> 01:04:49,200
conditions are more than he 
anticipated. 

1164
01:04:49,200 --> 01:04:52,600
You explain that most Keepers 
adapt to the circumstances. 

1165
01:04:52,600 --> 01:04:55,300
The isolation is the hardest 
part. 

1166
01:04:55,300 --> 01:04:59,300
The physical challenges can be 
managed Mr. Cunningham asks 

1167
01:04:59,300 --> 01:05:02,600
about your family, you describe 
the monthly, surely leave 

1168
01:05:02,600 --> 01:05:04,400
system. 
You mentioned the strain, it 

1169
01:05:04,400 --> 01:05:08,800
places on domestic life. 
He nods with understanding The 

1170
01:05:08,800 --> 01:05:10,800
government is aware that light 
housekeeping, demands, 

1171
01:05:10,800 --> 01:05:15,400
significant personal sacrifice. 
His study aims to identify ways 

1172
01:05:15,400 --> 01:05:18,100
to improve keeper. 
Welfare while maintaining the 

1173
01:05:18,100 --> 01:05:21,700
high standards of light 
reliability, you discuss 

1174
01:05:21,700 --> 01:05:25,100
potential improvements better 
heating systems would help 

1175
01:05:25,100 --> 01:05:27,600
during winter more frequent 
Supply. 

1176
01:05:27,600 --> 01:05:30,700
Deliveries would ease the 
cycleogical burden of isolation.

1177
01:05:31,800 --> 01:05:35,200
Mr. Cunningham records, all 
suggestions, he makes no 

1178
01:05:35,200 --> 01:05:38,700
promises but seems genuinely 
interested in the keepers 

1179
01:05:38,700 --> 01:05:41,600
perspective. 
The afternoon continues with 

1180
01:05:41,600 --> 01:05:45,200
more observations Mr. Cunningham
wants to see you, light, the 

1181
01:05:45,200 --> 01:05:48,100
lamp, at the proper time. 
The evening ritual proceeds, 

1182
01:05:48,100 --> 01:05:51,300
normally, despite the audience, 
you follow your established 

1183
01:05:51,300 --> 01:05:55,700
routine, check the oil level 
trim the wick win the Clockwork,

1184
01:05:55,700 --> 01:05:59,100
like the flame. 
Mr. Cunningham watches with 

1185
01:05:59,100 --> 01:06:02,900
professional attention, he sees 
how the simple flame transforms 

1186
01:06:02,900 --> 01:06:05,500
into the powerful beam. 
The visitors. 

1187
01:06:05,500 --> 01:06:09,000
Depart as Darkness Falls, their 
boat, navigates away from the 

1188
01:06:09,000 --> 01:06:10,700
Rocks, using your light as 
reference. 

1189
01:06:10,700 --> 01:06:14,800
You stand on the gallery. 
Watching them go the visit was 

1190
01:06:14,800 --> 01:06:18,800
interesting, but also exhausting
Explaining your routine to 

1191
01:06:18,800 --> 01:06:21,700
outside as makes you more aware 
of its peculiarities. 

1192
01:06:21,700 --> 01:06:25,000
The tower, feels more isolated 
after they leave. 

1193
01:06:25,000 --> 01:06:28,900
The silence seems deeper your 
own company. 

1194
01:06:28,900 --> 01:06:33,100
Seems less adequate November 
arrives with deteriorating 

1195
01:06:33,100 --> 01:06:36,000
weather. 
Transition toward winter begins,

1196
01:06:36,000 --> 01:06:38,600
its familiar pattern. 
You can complete maintenance 

1197
01:06:38,600 --> 01:06:42,200
tasks in preparation. 
The gallery shutters are 

1198
01:06:42,200 --> 01:06:44,600
reinforced. 
Fog horn is service. 

1199
01:06:44,600 --> 01:06:49,700
Extra lamp oil is stockpiled. 
Severe storm strikes in 

1200
01:06:49,700 --> 01:06:52,800
mid-november. 
The weather builds rapidly from 

1201
01:06:52,800 --> 01:06:57,200
calm to Violent within hours. 
You secure the tower and prepare

1202
01:06:57,200 --> 01:07:00,000
for a difficult night? 
The wind reaches frightening 

1203
01:07:00,000 --> 01:07:04,700
intensity the waves grow to 
tremendous size, your lamp Burns

1204
01:07:04,700 --> 01:07:09,000
defiantly against the chaos. 
The beam cuts through rain and 

1205
01:07:09,000 --> 01:07:12,000
spray ships somewhere beyond 
your vision. 

1206
01:07:12,000 --> 01:07:15,900
Rely on that light. 
The tower shudders under wave 

1207
01:07:15,900 --> 01:07:18,100
impacts. 
Structure groans. 

1208
01:07:18,100 --> 01:07:20,900
But holds, the Victorian 
Engineers Built. 

1209
01:07:20,900 --> 01:07:24,900
Well, you remain at your post 
through the long night, sleep is

1210
01:07:24,900 --> 01:07:27,400
impossible. 
The storm is too violent to 

1211
01:07:27,400 --> 01:07:31,400
allow any intention. 
Dawn, arrives gray and angry, 

1212
01:07:31,400 --> 01:07:36,600
the storm continues unabated. 
This will be a multi-day event. 

1213
01:07:36,600 --> 01:07:40,500
You maintain your vigil food is 
eaten standing. 

1214
01:07:41,500 --> 01:07:45,300
Rest comes in brief moments 
between inspections on the 

1215
01:07:45,308 --> 01:07:48,300
second night for tea becomes 
dangerous. 

1216
01:07:48,300 --> 01:07:52,400
You must fight to maintain 
alertness, your body, demands to

1217
01:07:52,400 --> 01:07:54,400
sleep, but Duty requires 
consciousness. 

1218
01:07:55,400 --> 01:07:57,700
What circuits around the lamp 
room to stay awake. 

1219
01:07:57,700 --> 01:08:01,700
You recite poetry allowed to 
perform mental calculations. 

1220
01:08:01,700 --> 01:08:05,000
Anything to keep your mind 
engaged, the storm. 

1221
01:08:05,000 --> 01:08:08,200
Finally breaks on the third 
morning, the wind shifts and 

1222
01:08:08,208 --> 01:08:11,900
decreases the rain stops. 
The sea begins to moderate 

1223
01:08:11,900 --> 01:08:15,800
nearly collapsed with relief. 
Trial is over. 

1224
01:08:15,800 --> 01:08:19,899
You survived another test. 
The damage assessment reveals 

1225
01:08:19,899 --> 01:08:23,000
several problems. 
A window is cracked from wave 

1226
01:08:23,000 --> 01:08:25,600
impact. 
Part of the gallery, flooring is

1227
01:08:25,600 --> 01:08:27,399
buckled. 
The chicken coop has been 

1228
01:08:27,408 --> 01:08:31,000
completely destroyed. 
The chickens are gone either 

1229
01:08:31,000 --> 01:08:34,000
Swept Away by waves or killed by
the violence. 

1230
01:08:34,899 --> 01:08:37,300
You feel unexpected grief at 
their loss. 

1231
01:08:38,100 --> 01:08:40,399
Those birds provided 
companionship beyond their 

1232
01:08:40,408 --> 01:08:43,600
practical value. 
Their daily routine parallel, 

1233
01:08:43,600 --> 01:08:45,700
your own the repairs will take 
days. 

1234
01:08:45,700 --> 01:08:50,200
You begin the work with depleted
energy Reserves The cracked 

1235
01:08:50,200 --> 01:08:53,700
window requires, immediate 
attention, cold air and water. 

1236
01:08:53,700 --> 01:08:56,500
Intrusion, will worsen the 
damage you carefully. 

1237
01:08:56,500 --> 01:08:59,300
Remove the broken Pane and 
install a replacement from your 

1238
01:08:59,300 --> 01:09:03,500
emergency supplies the gallery. 
Flooring demands more extensive 

1239
01:09:03,500 --> 01:09:05,899
work. 
The Buckle section must be 

1240
01:09:05,899 --> 01:09:09,500
removed and replaced. 
This job requires tools and 

1241
01:09:09,500 --> 01:09:11,300
materials and considerable 
effort. 

1242
01:09:11,300 --> 01:09:15,600
You work steadily through the 
following days progress is slow,

1243
01:09:15,600 --> 01:09:19,399
but consistent, the tower 
gradually returns to proper 

1244
01:09:19,399 --> 01:09:21,800
condition. 
The supply boat arrives on 

1245
01:09:21,808 --> 01:09:24,800
schedule. 
Mr. Harris brings materials for 

1246
01:09:24,800 --> 01:09:27,000
the repairs along with standard 
Provisions. 

1247
01:09:27,000 --> 01:09:30,200
He also brings news a light 
house. 

1248
01:09:30,200 --> 01:09:33,000
Along the coast suffered 
complete destruction, during the

1249
01:09:33,000 --> 01:09:35,500
same storm. 
The keeper and his assistant 

1250
01:09:35,500 --> 01:09:37,800
were both killed this 
information. 

1251
01:09:37,800 --> 01:09:40,300
Affects you deeply, those men 
were colleagues. 

1252
01:09:40,300 --> 01:09:43,100
You never met. 
They died during the same work. 

1253
01:09:43,100 --> 01:09:45,899
You do the deaths? 
Remind you that Lighthouse? 

1254
01:09:45,899 --> 01:09:50,899
Keeping carries real danger. 
The secant kill equipment can 

1255
01:09:50,899 --> 01:09:53,300
fail. 
Storms, can overwhelm even the 

1256
01:09:53,300 --> 01:09:56,200
best preparations. 
You think about their families 

1257
01:09:56,200 --> 01:09:59,900
wives suddenly widowed children 
left fatherless. 

1258
01:09:59,900 --> 01:10:03,600
The lighthouse servers provides 
modest pensions but nothing 

1259
01:10:03,600 --> 01:10:07,900
replaces the Lost men. 
That night you stand extra, 

1260
01:10:07,900 --> 01:10:12,500
watch in their honor, the work, 
they did matters their sacrifice

1261
01:10:12,500 --> 01:10:16,300
serves the greater good. 
December arrives with Winter's, 

1262
01:10:16,300 --> 01:10:21,300
full weight cold, settles over 
the channel, ice returns to coat

1263
01:10:21,300 --> 01:10:24,600
the tower. 
The routine continues, the lamp 

1264
01:10:24,600 --> 01:10:28,200
Burns every night. 
Your vigilance never wavers 

1265
01:10:28,200 --> 01:10:31,600
Christmas approaches but holds 
little meaning at the light 

1266
01:10:31,600 --> 01:10:34,000
house. 
Your scheduled for surely leave 

1267
01:10:34,000 --> 01:10:36,100
after the holiday on Christmas 
Day. 

1268
01:10:37,200 --> 01:10:40,800
He prepare the best meal 
supplies allowed, Tinder ham 

1269
01:10:40,800 --> 01:10:43,900
preserved vegetables. 
A small pudding you saved for 

1270
01:10:43,900 --> 01:10:47,700
the occasion, you eat alone in 
your quarters, the meal tastes 

1271
01:10:47,700 --> 01:10:52,200
fine, but lacks Joy, Solitary 
celebration is contradiction. 

1272
01:10:52,200 --> 01:10:54,700
Your family is together at the 
cottage. 

1273
01:10:54,700 --> 01:10:57,200
Your children are opening 
presents. 

1274
01:10:57,200 --> 01:11:00,100
Your wife is preparing, a proper
Christmas dinner. 

1275
01:11:00,100 --> 01:11:03,600
You imagine their activities 
with precise detail. 

1276
01:11:03,600 --> 01:11:07,900
The mental pictures, provide, 
both comfort and pain after the 

1277
01:11:07,900 --> 01:11:10,600
meal. 
You write letters, you describe 

1278
01:11:10,600 --> 01:11:14,200
your Christmas to your wife, you
send individual messages to each

1279
01:11:14,200 --> 01:11:16,600
child. 
The letters will go out on the 

1280
01:11:16,600 --> 01:11:20,200
next supply boat. 
Your family will read them days 

1281
01:11:20,200 --> 01:11:23,700
after Christmas is passed. 
You spend the evening reading by

1282
01:11:23,700 --> 01:11:27,500
Lamplight. 
The hours pass slowly outside. 

1283
01:11:27,500 --> 01:11:29,800
The winter night is cold and 
clear. 

1284
01:11:30,700 --> 01:11:35,300
The stars shine with exceptional
brightness, the Frost creates 

1285
01:11:35,300 --> 01:11:38,900
patterns on the windows, the sea
sounds calm in the distance. 

1286
01:11:38,900 --> 01:11:43,000
You perform, your midnight 
inspection, the lamp burned, 

1287
01:11:43,000 --> 01:11:47,200
deadly, the mechanism functions 
perfectly, everything is as it 

1288
01:11:47,200 --> 01:11:49,900
should be another Christmas at 
the light house. 

1289
01:11:49,900 --> 01:11:54,800
Another year approaching its end
the work continues regardless of

1290
01:11:54,800 --> 01:11:58,600
holidays or Seasons. 
Your surely leave begins on the 

1291
01:11:58,600 --> 01:12:01,900
30th of December. 
You arrive at the cottage in 

1292
01:12:01,900 --> 01:12:03,800
time, to celebrate the new year 
with your family. 

1293
01:12:04,800 --> 01:12:07,200
Your children are delighted by 
your presence. 

1294
01:12:07,200 --> 01:12:10,600
They show you their Christmas 
presents, they describe the 

1295
01:12:10,608 --> 01:12:13,400
holiday festivities and 
enthusiastic detail. 

1296
01:12:13,400 --> 01:12:17,200
Your wife has prepared the house
for your arrival, fresh bread, 

1297
01:12:17,200 --> 01:12:22,200
clean Linens, a warm fire in the
half these domestic Comforts 

1298
01:12:22,200 --> 01:12:26,200
feel like luxury, the lighthouse
is simplified, your needs but 

1299
01:12:26,200 --> 01:12:28,500
not eliminated your appreciation
for home. 

1300
01:12:29,200 --> 01:12:32,100
New Year's Eve arrives. 
You attend the community 

1301
01:12:32,100 --> 01:12:34,800
celebration in the village. 
Neighbors, greet you with 

1302
01:12:34,800 --> 01:12:38,000
respect, everyone knows. 
You are the Lighthouse Keeper. 

1303
01:12:39,400 --> 01:12:45,300
At midnight, the bells ring, the
new year, begins 1864, arrives 

1304
01:12:45,300 --> 01:12:48,100
with promise. 
And uncertainly, you kissed, 

1305
01:12:48,100 --> 01:12:51,900
your wife, you embrace your 
children, the moment holds 

1306
01:12:51,900 --> 01:12:56,100
perfect happiness, that, you 
know, it cannot last in a few 

1307
01:12:56,108 --> 01:12:58,500
days, you must return to the 
Tower. 

1308
01:12:59,500 --> 01:13:03,400
Cycle continues. 
The farewell comes to soon. 

1309
01:13:04,700 --> 01:13:08,200
Your family stands at the 
cottage door, waving you walked 

1310
01:13:08,200 --> 01:13:09,800
toward the harbor and the 
waiting boat. 

1311
01:13:10,600 --> 01:13:12,900
The light house appears on the 
horizon as you approach. 

1312
01:13:13,700 --> 01:13:17,000
The tower stand solid and 
familiar your second home 

1313
01:13:17,000 --> 01:13:20,300
awaits, you climb the spiral 
stairs to your quarters. 

1314
01:13:21,300 --> 01:13:23,800
The space welcomes. 
You with its curved walls and 

1315
01:13:23,808 --> 01:13:26,600
narrow bunk. 
Everything is exactly as you 

1316
01:13:26,600 --> 01:13:29,600
left it. 
The books on the Shelf, the log 

1317
01:13:29,600 --> 01:13:32,800
book on the desk, the lamp 
waiting in its chamber above, 

1318
01:13:32,800 --> 01:13:35,500
you, resume your duties without 
transition. 

1319
01:13:36,300 --> 01:13:38,600
The light must be prepared for 
the coming night. 

1320
01:13:39,500 --> 01:13:44,100
The routine and folds you once 
again the isolation Returns the 

1321
01:13:44,100 --> 01:13:47,700
work continues. 
You carry your family's love 

1322
01:13:47,700 --> 01:13:49,300
like a lamp. 
Inside your chest. 

1323
01:13:50,300 --> 01:13:54,500
That light burns, regardless of 
external Darkness, the newest 

1324
01:13:54,500 --> 01:13:58,900
stretches ahead. 
More nights more storms, more 

1325
01:13:58,900 --> 01:14:01,100
ships, guided safely, passed the
Rocks. 

1326
01:14:01,100 --> 01:14:05,100
You're a light housekeeper. 
This work defines you. 

1327
01:14:05,100 --> 01:14:10,000
The sacrifice means something, 
the beam sweeps across the 

1328
01:14:10,000 --> 01:14:12,600
water. 
The Clockwork ticks its patient 

1329
01:14:12,600 --> 01:14:15,200
Rhythm. 
The waves, sound their endless 

1330
01:14:15,200 --> 01:14:17,800
percussion against Stone. 
You stand what? 

1331
01:14:17,800 --> 01:14:22,700
You maintain the light You serve
those who sail the dark Waters. 

1332
01:14:22,700 --> 01:14:25,600
This is your life. 
This is your purpose. 

1333
01:14:25,600 --> 01:14:28,100
This is your contribution to the
world. 

1334
01:14:28,100 --> 01:14:31,200
A lighthouse stands. 
The light burns. 

1335
01:14:31,200 --> 01:14:34,900
The ship's pass safely. 
And Somewhere Beyond the 

1336
01:14:34,900 --> 01:14:38,600
Horizon, your family sleeps 
peacefully, knowing you're doing

1337
01:14:38,608 --> 01:14:43,400
work that matters. 
The night watch continues, the 

1338
01:14:43,400 --> 01:14:46,800
tower stands firm the keeper 
remains vigilant. 

1339
01:14:48,000 --> 01:14:49,600
Story of the Victorian 
Lighthouse. 

1340
01:14:49,600 --> 01:14:53,200
Keeper is written in logbook 
entries and maintained equipment

1341
01:14:53,200 --> 01:14:56,100
and live saved that will never 
know, they were in danger. 

1342
01:14:56,900 --> 01:15:01,500
It is a quiet story. 
An isolated story. but it is a 

1343
01:15:01,508 --> 01:15:10,900
story of profound importance, 
the light burns on tonight, 

1344
01:15:10,900 --> 01:15:12,900
you're going to drift into 
sleep. 

1345
01:15:12,900 --> 01:15:17,000
Alongside one of history's, most
enduring Mysteries, The story of

1346
01:15:17,000 --> 01:15:19,900
King Arthur isn't just a tale of
knights and Magic. 

1347
01:15:19,900 --> 01:15:23,300
Its alleged That Grew slowly 
over centuries. 

1348
01:15:23,300 --> 01:15:27,100
Layer by layer like sediment 
forming Rock. 

1349
01:15:28,000 --> 01:15:31,700
By the time you wait you'll 
understand how a possible War 

1350
01:15:31,700 --> 01:15:35,300
leader from the chaos of 
post-roman Britain became the 

1351
01:15:35,300 --> 01:15:40,700
king of Camelot. picture Britain
in the year 4000, the Roman 

1352
01:15:40,700 --> 01:15:44,300
Legions are leaving You stand on
a hill Fort Worth watching the 

1353
01:15:44,300 --> 01:15:47,700
last organized military force. 
This island has known for four 

1354
01:15:47,700 --> 01:15:49,700
centuries, marched toward the 
coast. 

1355
01:15:50,700 --> 01:15:54,500
The soldiers armor catches, the 
weak Northern Sun, their 

1356
01:15:54,500 --> 01:15:58,000
footsteps, echo on stones, that 
Roman Engineers laid down when 

1357
01:15:58,000 --> 01:15:59,800
your 
great-great-great-grandparents 

1358
01:15:59,800 --> 01:16:02,700
were young. 
The departure is quieter than 

1359
01:16:02,700 --> 01:16:05,600
you might expect. 
There are no dramatic speeches 

1360
01:16:05,600 --> 01:16:08,800
or tearful farewells the Empire 
is collapsing. 

1361
01:16:08,800 --> 01:16:11,900
Rome itself will be sacked this 
very year. 

1362
01:16:11,900 --> 01:16:15,200
The legions are needed elsewhere
Britain. 

1363
01:16:15,200 --> 01:16:18,400
This rain soaked Frontier at the
edge of the known world must 

1364
01:16:18,400 --> 01:16:21,400
Ventress itself. 
The morning is cold and still 

1365
01:16:21,400 --> 01:16:23,800
your breath makes small clouds 
in the air. 

1366
01:16:23,800 --> 01:16:27,100
Frost clings to grass in the 
shadows where the early light 

1367
01:16:27,100 --> 01:16:30,500
hasn't reached yet. 
The soldiers move with practice 

1368
01:16:30,500 --> 01:16:33,900
deficiency, the way men, do, who
have performed the same tasks 

1369
01:16:33,900 --> 01:16:37,100
hundreds of times. 
They've done this before in 

1370
01:16:37,100 --> 01:16:41,100
other province's, abandoning 
Forts and Frontiers is becoming 

1371
01:16:41,100 --> 01:16:43,600
routine for Rome shrinking 
military machine. 

1372
01:16:43,600 --> 01:16:46,700
You notice small details 
because, you know, you'll want 

1373
01:16:46,700 --> 01:16:50,300
to remember this day. 
The way, the Centurion horse 

1374
01:16:50,300 --> 01:16:53,000
hair Crest Bobs, as he walks of 
the columns head. 

1375
01:16:54,000 --> 01:16:57,100
The rhythmic Creak of leather 
straps and the bright jingle of 

1376
01:16:57,100 --> 01:17:00,600
metal buckles from hundreds of 
men moving in Step together. 

1377
01:17:01,700 --> 01:17:05,400
The standard Bearer carries the 
legions eagle with stifle 

1378
01:17:05,400 --> 01:17:09,100
malady, as if the ceremony of 
departure matters, more than the

1379
01:17:09,100 --> 01:17:12,700
fact of it, that eagle 
represents more than just a 

1380
01:17:12,700 --> 01:17:16,200
military unit. 
It represents ROM itself, law 

1381
01:17:16,200 --> 01:17:21,800
order civilization piece, all 
marching away towards ships, 

1382
01:17:21,800 --> 01:17:25,300
waiting on the eastern coast. 
Some of the soldiers are British

1383
01:17:25,300 --> 01:17:28,400
themselves men from local 
families who joined. 

1384
01:17:28,400 --> 01:17:32,000
The legions are generation ago 
for steady pay for Roman 

1385
01:17:32,000 --> 01:17:35,400
citizenship for adventure beyond
their fathers Farms. 

1386
01:17:36,300 --> 01:17:39,900
They're leaving too their 
extended families wave from the 

1387
01:17:39,900 --> 01:17:44,600
stone walls of the Hill forth. 
Some women cry quietly, children

1388
01:17:44,600 --> 01:17:48,300
stand solid and Confused. 
They don't fully understand 

1389
01:17:48,300 --> 01:17:51,800
what's happening, but they sent 
their parents worried and grow 

1390
01:17:51,800 --> 01:17:55,800
unusually quiet. 
A small boy waves at his father 

1391
01:17:55,800 --> 01:17:58,600
and gets a brief way back before
the March continues. 

1392
01:17:59,300 --> 01:18:02,600
The Villa owners stand in 
nervous, clusters their fine 

1393
01:18:02,600 --> 01:18:05,200
wool cloaks Paul tight against 
the morning, chill. 

1394
01:18:06,000 --> 01:18:08,900
You can hear fragments of their 
conversations, carried on the 

1395
01:18:08,900 --> 01:18:13,200
breeze, plans for hiring private
guards from among the retired. 

1396
01:18:13,200 --> 01:18:16,700
Veterans discussion about 
strengthening, man a walls with 

1397
01:18:16,700 --> 01:18:19,900
additional stonework worried 
speculation of about what 

1398
01:18:19,900 --> 01:18:23,300
happens when word reaches the 
sex and Pirates across the North

1399
01:18:23,300 --> 01:18:26,700
Sea. 
One older man with scars on his 

1400
01:18:26,700 --> 01:18:28,900
weathered, face, mentions the 
picts with the voice of 

1401
01:18:28,908 --> 01:18:31,800
experience. 
He fought them decades ago 

1402
01:18:31,800 --> 01:18:34,900
along, Hadrian's Wall. 
He doesn't relish the thought of

1403
01:18:34,908 --> 01:18:38,200
facing them again, without the 
legions of his back for nearly 

1404
01:18:38,200 --> 01:18:41,000
400 years. 
Rome has shaped this island. 

1405
01:18:41,000 --> 01:18:45,800
Latin is the language of 
government and trade Roman roads

1406
01:18:45,800 --> 01:18:47,800
connect towns. 
That didn't exist before the 

1407
01:18:47,800 --> 01:18:50,800
conquest. 
Bathhouses, Steam and winter, 

1408
01:18:50,800 --> 01:18:54,400
Villas sprawl across fertile. 
Valleys with Mosaic floors, 

1409
01:18:54,400 --> 01:18:56,600
depicting Mediterranean gods and
heroes. 

1410
01:18:57,600 --> 01:19:02,400
Along the coast watchtowers scan
for Saxon Raiders, the roads 

1411
01:19:02,400 --> 01:19:05,300
carry wine, olive oil and 
pottery. 

1412
01:19:06,300 --> 01:19:11,200
Brittany exports grain LED tin 
and slaves. 

1413
01:19:11,200 --> 01:19:15,500
It's a functioning Province. 
Integrated into Rome's economic 

1414
01:19:15,500 --> 01:19:20,600
system, Now, all of that is 
ending not with a bang, but with

1415
01:19:20,600 --> 01:19:25,000
the Quiet crunch of military 
boots on gravel roads, you can 

1416
01:19:25,000 --> 01:19:27,800
feel the change in the air. 
The way you can feel a storm 

1417
01:19:27,808 --> 01:19:29,900
approaching before the first 
Drops Fall. 

1418
01:19:30,600 --> 01:19:33,800
The Villa owners are nervous, 
for good reason, their wealth 

1419
01:19:33,800 --> 01:19:38,600
depends on stability on roads, 
being safe, for trade, on quartz

1420
01:19:38,600 --> 01:19:42,900
functioning to enforce contracts
on someone being in charge when 

1421
01:19:42,900 --> 01:19:46,400
disputes arise. 
Who provides all that when roam 

1422
01:19:46,400 --> 01:19:48,900
leaves. 
The town councils are holding 

1423
01:19:48,900 --> 01:19:52,100
emergency meetings in the Forum 
buildings that still stand in 

1424
01:19:52,100 --> 01:19:55,500
every major settlement. 
The question, everyone asks is 

1425
01:19:55,500 --> 01:19:58,700
simple and terrifying. 
Who will protect us now. 

1426
01:19:59,400 --> 01:20:03,400
The discussions go in circles, 
some suggest hiring Saxon 

1427
01:20:03,400 --> 01:20:07,000
mercenaries, others, find that 
idea, insane given that Saxons 

1428
01:20:07,000 --> 01:20:10,400
are one of the primary threats. 
Some talk about raising local 

1429
01:20:10,400 --> 01:20:13,000
militias. 
Others point out that farmers 

1430
01:20:13,000 --> 01:20:16,700
with Spears aren't soldiers. 
Some hope that Roman Authority 

1431
01:20:16,700 --> 01:20:19,500
will return once the current 
crisis on the continent resolves

1432
01:20:19,500 --> 01:20:22,600
itself. 
Few realistic acknowledge that 

1433
01:20:22,600 --> 01:20:25,000
roam isn't coming back. 
The threats are real and 

1434
01:20:25,000 --> 01:20:29,200
multiplying across the North 
Sea, Saxon anglian and utesch, 

1435
01:20:29,200 --> 01:20:31,900
people's are moving Westward 
they've raided before. 

1436
01:20:31,900 --> 01:20:34,400
But with the legion's gone 
raiding might become settlement 

1437
01:20:34,400 --> 01:20:37,000
and Conquest From the north 
Beyond. 

1438
01:20:37,000 --> 01:20:39,100
Hadrian's Wall. 
The picked watch Rome's 

1439
01:20:39,100 --> 01:20:42,500
withdrawal with interest. 
From Ireland, Raiders can cross 

1440
01:20:42,500 --> 01:20:45,700
to Britain in a day. 
Britain is wealthy and suddenly 

1441
01:20:45,700 --> 01:20:48,300
vulnerable. 
What Britain lacks now is 

1442
01:20:48,300 --> 01:20:51,700
Unified defense. 
The Roman military ran on 

1443
01:20:51,700 --> 01:20:55,700
organization and Logistics. 
Legions at strategic points, 

1444
01:20:55,700 --> 01:20:57,700
could respond quickly by the 
road Network. 

1445
01:20:58,600 --> 01:21:00,600
A military bureaucracy 
coordinated. 

1446
01:21:00,600 --> 01:21:04,100
Provincial defense, Supply 
chains and shared resources 

1447
01:21:04,100 --> 01:21:07,000
arrived when needed. 
Now, there's no chain of 

1448
01:21:07,008 --> 01:21:11,300
command, no one in charge just 
communities, and Estates that 

1449
01:21:11,300 --> 01:21:13,900
shared Roman Administration 
until it Departed. 

1450
01:21:14,600 --> 01:21:16,900
Villa owners will hire private 
guards. 

1451
01:21:16,900 --> 01:21:21,900
Town councils will form local 
militias old tribal, identities 

1452
01:21:21,900 --> 01:21:26,300
suppressed by Rome will 
resurface the brigantes esini 

1453
01:21:26,300 --> 01:21:28,900
KATU villani. 
All remembering. 

1454
01:21:28,900 --> 01:21:32,200
They existed before Rome, 
Britain is fragmenting along 

1455
01:21:32,200 --> 01:21:35,900
pre-roman fault lines that Roman
power kept suppressed, but never

1456
01:21:35,900 --> 01:21:38,400
eliminated. 
You watched the last of the 

1457
01:21:38,408 --> 01:21:40,500
legionaries disappear, over the 
Eastern Horizon. 

1458
01:21:40,500 --> 01:21:44,600
Their standards catching the 
light one final time before 

1459
01:21:44,600 --> 01:21:48,800
dropping below the sight line. 
The sound of their March Fades, 

1460
01:21:48,800 --> 01:21:51,300
slowly. 
First, you can hear individual 

1461
01:21:51,300 --> 01:21:56,000
footsteps and voices, then just 
a general murmur then silence 

1462
01:21:56,000 --> 01:21:58,400
broken. 
Only by wind in the grass and 

1463
01:21:58,400 --> 01:22:00,200
someone's dog barking in the 
distance. 

1464
01:22:01,200 --> 01:22:04,900
The silence feels significant 
heavy with implication. 

1465
01:22:05,700 --> 01:22:09,300
You wonder what happens next? 
The answer though you don't know

1466
01:22:09,300 --> 01:22:12,200
it, yet will involve centuries 
of conflict and cultural 

1467
01:22:12,200 --> 01:22:15,700
transformation and the gradual 
emergence of stories about 

1468
01:22:15,700 --> 01:22:18,900
heroes who held back the 
darkness when no one else could.

1469
01:22:19,900 --> 01:22:24,200
One of those heroes or at least 
the idea of one will eventually 

1470
01:22:24,200 --> 01:22:27,700
be called Arthur. 
But we're getting ahead of 

1471
01:22:27,700 --> 01:22:32,700
ourselves right now in 410 
Arthur doesn't exist. 

1472
01:22:33,600 --> 01:22:36,600
Not even as the story. 
The conditions that will create 

1473
01:22:36,600 --> 01:22:38,600
the need for an author are only 
just beginning. 

1474
01:22:39,400 --> 01:22:42,400
The legend will grow from the 
chaos and violence and desperate

1475
01:22:42,400 --> 01:22:46,700
resistance of The Next Century 
but that growth is slow much 

1476
01:22:46,700 --> 01:22:50,500
slower than you might imagine. 
The decades after the legion's, 

1477
01:22:50,500 --> 01:22:53,300
leave a genuinely confusing. 
When viewed from the perspective

1478
01:22:53,300 --> 01:22:56,900
of later historians trying to 
piece together what happened? 

1479
01:22:57,700 --> 01:23:01,300
History becomes fuzzy around the
edges and then outright murky in

1480
01:23:01,300 --> 01:23:03,600
the middle. 
The written records that Roman 

1481
01:23:03,600 --> 01:23:07,100
Administration produced so 
reliably and archived so 

1482
01:23:07,100 --> 01:23:11,300
carefully simply stop Brickman 
enters what Scholars. 

1483
01:23:11,300 --> 01:23:15,100
Sometimes call the subro and 
period later generations, will 

1484
01:23:15,100 --> 01:23:17,900
call it the Dark Ages. 
Though that name, says more 

1485
01:23:17,900 --> 01:23:20,300
about the absence of written 
sources than about the actual 

1486
01:23:20,300 --> 01:23:22,100
quality of life people 
experience. 

1487
01:23:23,000 --> 01:23:27,800
Life goes on obviously Farmers 
still plant and harvest Potters.

1488
01:23:27,800 --> 01:23:32,100
Still make vessels blacksmith, 
still work and children are 

1489
01:23:32,100 --> 01:23:36,200
still born and old people still 
die and teenagers still fall in 

1490
01:23:36,200 --> 01:23:39,000
love and make the same mistakes 
teenagers have always made. 

1491
01:23:40,100 --> 01:23:43,800
The rhythms of daily existence 
continue regardless of what 

1492
01:23:43,800 --> 01:23:47,400
political structure exists or 
doesn't exist, overhead. 

1493
01:23:48,500 --> 01:23:50,900
But the big picture becomes 
invisible to us. 

1494
01:23:52,000 --> 01:23:56,100
Sweep of political events, the 
rise and fall of leaders, the 

1495
01:23:56,100 --> 01:24:00,900
shifting territorial boundaries 
all of this happens in darkness 

1496
01:24:00,900 --> 01:24:02,800
from our perspective centuries 
later. 

1497
01:24:04,200 --> 01:24:07,500
We catch glimpses through 
archaeological evidence and the 

1498
01:24:07,500 --> 01:24:09,700
occasional written Source from 
the continent. 

1499
01:24:10,400 --> 01:24:13,300
But the details narrative 
history we can construct for the

1500
01:24:13,300 --> 01:24:16,900
Roman period simply vanishes for
the 5th and 6th centuries. 

1501
01:24:17,800 --> 01:24:20,800
What we do know or can 
reasonably infer? 

1502
01:24:20,800 --> 01:24:24,500
Is that some version of Romano 
British Society persist for 

1503
01:24:24,500 --> 01:24:29,400
quite a while after 4000? 
keep meeting in the form of 

1504
01:24:29,408 --> 01:24:32,600
buildings even if there's no 
higher authority to report, to 

1505
01:24:32,600 --> 01:24:36,300
some Villas stay occupied and 
productive, even if the trade 

1506
01:24:36,300 --> 01:24:38,600
networks that made them 
profitable are disintegrating, 

1507
01:24:39,500 --> 01:24:42,700
Latin remains important as a 
language of administration and 

1508
01:24:42,700 --> 01:24:45,700
church business. 
Even if fewer people speak it, 

1509
01:24:45,700 --> 01:24:49,700
fluently, Christianity which 
took root during the fourth 

1510
01:24:49,700 --> 01:24:54,200
Century continues to spread and 
probably accelerates its growth.

1511
01:24:54,200 --> 01:24:56,900
As the church becomes. 
One of the few institutions 

1512
01:24:56,900 --> 01:25:00,700
still functioning reliably But 
the defensive situation 

1513
01:25:00,700 --> 01:25:03,500
deteriorates, steadily, and then
rapidly. 

1514
01:25:04,400 --> 01:25:06,800
Germanic, Raiders become 
Germanic settlers. 

1515
01:25:07,600 --> 01:25:11,000
The eastern coast of Britain. 
The areas most accessible from 

1516
01:25:11,000 --> 01:25:14,900
Continental Europe. 
Begin to see permanent Saxon 

1517
01:25:14,900 --> 01:25:19,100
Villages established At first, 
this probably seemed manageable 

1518
01:25:19,100 --> 01:25:22,800
to the British authorities. 
Some British leaders evidently 

1519
01:25:22,800 --> 01:25:26,000
made a calculated decision to 
invite sex and mercenaries to 

1520
01:25:26,000 --> 01:25:30,000
serve as higher troops offering 
land grants in exchange for 

1521
01:25:30,008 --> 01:25:33,600
military service. 
This was a standard late Roman 

1522
01:25:33,600 --> 01:25:35,700
practice that had worked 
reasonably well. 

1523
01:25:35,700 --> 01:25:39,700
In other Frontier province's, 
pay foreign Warriors to defend 

1524
01:25:39,700 --> 01:25:41,500
the frontier against other 
foreign Warriors. 

1525
01:25:41,500 --> 01:25:44,700
It must have seemed like a 
reasonable solution to the 

1526
01:25:44,700 --> 01:25:46,900
problem of Defending Britain 
without Legions. 

1527
01:25:47,700 --> 01:25:50,800
It didn't stay reasonable for 
long, the saxon's brought 

1528
01:25:50,800 --> 01:25:52,900
families. 
They brought their own language,

1529
01:25:52,900 --> 01:25:56,600
their own Gods, their own way of
organizing Society. 

1530
01:25:57,600 --> 01:26:00,200
They built the kind of halls and
Farms, they'd build back in 

1531
01:26:00,200 --> 01:26:02,700
their homelands. 
They pushed Inland from the 

1532
01:26:02,700 --> 01:26:05,100
coasts looking for better, 
agricultural land. 

1533
01:26:06,200 --> 01:26:09,200
What started as controlled 
military settlements with clear 

1534
01:26:09,200 --> 01:26:11,800
boundaries and agreements became
something else entirely. 

1535
01:26:12,800 --> 01:26:17,100
An invasion but one that 
happened gradually incrementally

1536
01:26:17,100 --> 01:26:21,300
farmed by Farm Village by 
Village Generation by 

1537
01:26:21,308 --> 01:26:24,600
generation. 
The British resistance to this 

1538
01:26:24,600 --> 01:26:28,400
Saxon expansion is where our 
story really begins to take 

1539
01:26:28,400 --> 01:26:31,700
shape because, somewhere in that
resistance buried under 

1540
01:26:31,700 --> 01:26:34,200
centuries of later, 
embellishment and myth-making, 

1541
01:26:34,200 --> 01:26:37,800
and imaginative elaboration, 
there might have been a real 

1542
01:26:37,800 --> 01:26:40,800
person who fought effectively 
enough to be remembered across 

1543
01:26:40,800 --> 01:26:44,000
the dark centuries. 
When writing was scarce, someone

1544
01:26:44,000 --> 01:26:47,100
the later Welsh would call 
Arthur, but that's still ahead 

1545
01:26:47,100 --> 01:26:52,000
in our story for now is gone. 
The Saxons are coming and 

1546
01:26:52,000 --> 01:26:54,500
Britain must figure out how to 
survive on its own. 

1547
01:26:54,500 --> 01:26:59,100
Imagine your living in Britain 
around the year. 500 nearly a 

1548
01:26:59,100 --> 01:27:02,400
century as passed since the 
legions left, the world, your 

1549
01:27:02,400 --> 01:27:03,800
great grandparents knew his 
gone. 

1550
01:27:03,800 --> 01:27:08,700
The towns are smaller now. 
Much smaller many Roman 

1551
01:27:08,700 --> 01:27:13,400
buildings stand empty their 
roofs collapse decades ago. the 

1552
01:27:13,400 --> 01:27:17,000
walls slowly crumbling Brick by 
Brick as weather and time take 

1553
01:27:17,000 --> 01:27:20,900
their toll The bath house houses
a cold and Silent. 

1554
01:27:20,900 --> 01:27:24,200
The forums were Town. 
Councils used to meet her 

1555
01:27:24,200 --> 01:27:27,300
overgrown with weeds pushing up 
through Mosaic floors. 

1556
01:27:27,300 --> 01:27:30,800
The amphitheaters were people, 
once watched entertainment, a 

1557
01:27:30,800 --> 01:27:34,200
home to nesting birds and wild. 
Rabbits, the road system is 

1558
01:27:34,200 --> 01:27:36,600
still there. 
Still the best transportation 

1559
01:27:36,600 --> 01:27:39,000
Network in Britain, and likely 
to remain. 

1560
01:27:39,000 --> 01:27:42,900
So for centuries, But no one 
maintains, these roads anymore, 

1561
01:27:42,900 --> 01:27:46,800
Grass Grows between the paving 
stones sections. 

1562
01:27:46,800 --> 01:27:50,800
Wash out in heavy rains and 
don't get repaired trees, fall 

1563
01:27:50,800 --> 01:27:53,700
across the road bed and stay 
there until someone bothers to 

1564
01:27:53,700 --> 01:27:57,200
drag them aside. 
The road still function, but 

1565
01:27:57,200 --> 01:27:59,400
they're slowly returning to the 
landscape. 

1566
01:27:59,400 --> 01:28:02,800
They were imposed upon, but this
isn't a post-apocalyptic 

1567
01:28:02,800 --> 01:28:05,700
Wasteland despite what some 
dramatic historians might 

1568
01:28:05,700 --> 01:28:08,800
suggest. 
It's a different kind of society

1569
01:28:08,800 --> 01:28:12,600
emerging from the ruins of the 
old one, British kingdoms are 

1570
01:28:12,600 --> 01:28:15,600
forming and reforming and 
feuding and allying with each 

1571
01:28:15,600 --> 01:28:18,000
other. 
In constantly shifting patterns.

1572
01:28:18,000 --> 01:28:21,800
These kingdoms are led by men 
who claimed descent from Roman 

1573
01:28:21,800 --> 01:28:25,600
officials or ancient tribal 
Chiefs or frequently both 

1574
01:28:25,600 --> 01:28:29,200
genealogies get creative. 
When a legitimacy is at stake, 

1575
01:28:29,200 --> 01:28:32,100
these kingdoms are small by any 
standard. 

1576
01:28:32,100 --> 01:28:35,200
A successful King might control 
a few river. 

1577
01:28:35,200 --> 01:28:39,100
Valleys the stretch of 
Coastline, a cluster of old Hill

1578
01:28:39,100 --> 01:28:43,000
forts that have been reoccupied 
and strengthened the idea of 

1579
01:28:43,000 --> 01:28:46,300
Britain as a single political 
unit has vanished, like morning 

1580
01:28:46,300 --> 01:28:50,100
missed, instead you have grinned
in the north west corner where 

1581
01:28:50,100 --> 01:28:53,900
the mountains made good defense 
of terrain, Dominion in the 

1582
01:28:53,900 --> 01:28:56,000
southwest where cornwall's 
Peninsula. 

1583
01:28:56,000 --> 01:28:58,500
Offered some isolation from 
Saxon expansion. 

1584
01:28:59,500 --> 01:29:02,700
Elmer in the North. 
Carving out territory and what's

1585
01:29:02,700 --> 01:29:05,700
now Yorkshire? 
Powers in the Central West 

1586
01:29:05,700 --> 01:29:09,800
controlling the Borderlands. 
Each kingdom has its own ruler, 

1587
01:29:09,800 --> 01:29:12,600
its own Warriors, its own 
concerns. 

1588
01:29:12,600 --> 01:29:16,200
Its own enemies. 
And each kingdom faces the same 

1589
01:29:16,200 --> 01:29:18,900
fundamental problem. 
The Saxons. 

1590
01:29:20,500 --> 01:29:23,800
By the year, 500 Saxons and 
settlement dominates the 

1591
01:29:23,800 --> 01:29:26,800
Eastern, third of Britain. 
They've created their own 

1592
01:29:26,800 --> 01:29:29,700
kingdoms with Old English names 
that reflect their Origins. 

1593
01:29:30,500 --> 01:29:34,600
Six for the Saxons Sussex, for 
the South sacks and Wessex for 

1594
01:29:34,600 --> 01:29:37,200
the West sacs. 
And the Baton repeats with 

1595
01:29:37,200 --> 01:29:41,200
anglian groups, creating 
northumbria Mercier East Anglia.

1596
01:29:42,500 --> 01:29:45,500
Future England is taking shape 
like a photograph developing 

1597
01:29:45,500 --> 01:29:48,900
slowly and solution though. 
No one alive can see the final 

1598
01:29:48,900 --> 01:29:51,800
image yet. 
The frontier between British and

1599
01:29:51,800 --> 01:29:54,200
Saxon territory as poorest and 
violent. 

1600
01:29:55,200 --> 01:29:58,800
A successful British war leader 
might push the Saxons back from 

1601
01:29:58,800 --> 01:30:02,600
a strategic River Valley. 
One year only to lose it again 

1602
01:30:02,600 --> 01:30:06,200
after his death when his son's 
fight over succession in stead 

1603
01:30:06,200 --> 01:30:09,800
of fighting the enemy. 
Saxon King might Advance 

1604
01:30:09,800 --> 01:30:12,800
Westwood into good farming land.
Then face a British 

1605
01:30:12,800 --> 01:30:16,300
counter-attack that costs him 
everything he gained and 

1606
01:30:16,300 --> 01:30:20,000
sometimes his life as well. 
Territory changes hands 

1607
01:30:20,000 --> 01:30:25,200
Villages, get burned people flee
or die, or bend a new Masters 

1608
01:30:25,200 --> 01:30:28,100
and hope to survive. 
This is the world that 

1609
01:30:28,100 --> 01:30:32,400
desperately needs Heroes and 
heroes emerge though. 

1610
01:30:32,400 --> 01:30:34,900
Details about them. 
A maddeningly sparse. 

1611
01:30:34,900 --> 01:30:38,500
Give him what we'd like to know.
Well, traditional, remembers War

1612
01:30:38,500 --> 01:30:41,800
leaders, from this brutal 
period, their name survive even 

1613
01:30:41,800 --> 01:30:43,500
when their deeds have become 
confused. 

1614
01:30:44,400 --> 01:30:46,900
Cuneta. 
Supposedly migrated south from 

1615
01:30:46,900 --> 01:30:50,400
what's now Scotland to North 
West Wales driving out, Irish 

1616
01:30:50,400 --> 01:30:53,200
settlers, who had been raiding 
and occupying Coastal lands 

1617
01:30:53,200 --> 01:30:57,600
where the Cuneta was one man or 
represents a whole movement of 

1618
01:30:57,600 --> 01:31:01,200
people is debated voting is 
remembered though. 

1619
01:31:01,200 --> 01:31:04,000
His reputation is 
catastrophically bad in most 

1620
01:31:04,000 --> 01:31:06,600
sources. 
He's blamed for inviting the 

1621
01:31:06,600 --> 01:31:08,400
Saxons to Britain in the first 
place. 

1622
01:31:08,400 --> 01:31:12,700
The name might mean High King 
which could indicate its a title

1623
01:31:12,700 --> 01:31:17,200
rather than a personal name. 
Ambrosius aureliana appears in 

1624
01:31:17,200 --> 01:31:20,600
slightly better light. 
He organized British resistance 

1625
01:31:20,600 --> 01:31:23,100
and won. 
Victories that mattered And 

1626
01:31:23,100 --> 01:31:26,400
Brosius is particularly 
interesting because he shows up 

1627
01:31:26,400 --> 01:31:30,600
in our earliest surviving Source
a British monk named Gilda's, 

1628
01:31:30,600 --> 01:31:34,700
wrote around the year 540 his 
book isn't actually a history. 

1629
01:31:34,700 --> 01:31:39,700
It's a sermon. a long angry 
thundering denunciation of 

1630
01:31:39,700 --> 01:31:43,500
British Kings for their sins and
failures, guilders believes that

1631
01:31:43,508 --> 01:31:46,600
God allowed the Saxon Conquest 
as punishment for British 

1632
01:31:46,600 --> 01:31:50,200
wickedness, He's not interested 
in giving us a detailed 

1633
01:31:50,200 --> 01:31:53,600
Narrative of events, he wants to
call Sinners to repentance. 

1634
01:31:54,500 --> 01:31:58,300
But within his sermon Gilda does
mention and Brosius aureliana, 

1635
01:31:58,300 --> 01:32:02,100
he describes him as one of the 
last Romans descended. 

1636
01:32:02,100 --> 01:32:05,400
From people who wore the purple 
that probably means his family. 

1637
01:32:05,400 --> 01:32:09,300
Had held Imperial office Gilda. 
Says that Ambrosius rallied. 

1638
01:32:09,300 --> 01:32:13,500
The British after a period of 
devastating Saxon victories that

1639
01:32:13,500 --> 01:32:16,200
under his leadership, the 
British began winning battles 

1640
01:32:16,200 --> 01:32:19,500
that this back and forth. 
Struggle culminated in a Great 

1641
01:32:19,500 --> 01:32:22,200
British victory at a place 
called mons, bad on August. 

1642
01:32:23,000 --> 01:32:26,100
Mount Baden. 
Battle of bad on apparently 

1643
01:32:26,100 --> 01:32:28,500
halted sacks and expansion for a
generation. 

1644
01:32:28,500 --> 01:32:31,600
It was significant enough that 
people still talked about it 

1645
01:32:31,600 --> 01:32:33,100
decades. 
Later when killed us was 

1646
01:32:33,108 --> 01:32:37,500
writing, it gave the British 
breathing space time to recover,

1647
01:32:37,500 --> 01:32:39,600
hope that they might yet 
survive. 

1648
01:32:40,700 --> 01:32:44,000
But here's the frustrating thing
Gilda, doesn't tell us who 

1649
01:32:44,000 --> 01:32:47,600
commanded the British forces at 
Badin, he doesn't mention Arthur

1650
01:32:47,600 --> 01:32:50,300
at all. 
This silence is one of the great

1651
01:32:50,300 --> 01:32:52,200
puzzles of our Theory and 
studies. 

1652
01:32:52,800 --> 01:32:55,500
Our earlier Source from the 
period knows about a crucial 

1653
01:32:55,500 --> 01:32:58,600
British Victory, but doesn't 
connect it to the most famous 

1654
01:32:58,600 --> 01:33:02,500
British Hero Of Legend. 
Several explanations are 

1655
01:33:02,500 --> 01:33:04,400
possible. 
Maybe Arthur wasn't important 

1656
01:33:04,400 --> 01:33:07,400
enough to mention, maybe Arthur 
didn't exist at all. 

1657
01:33:07,400 --> 01:33:10,600
Maybe guilders deliberately left
him out for reasons. 

1658
01:33:10,600 --> 01:33:13,600
We can't recover. 
Maybe Arthur was there but not 

1659
01:33:13,600 --> 01:33:15,800
in command. 
We simply don't know. 

1660
01:33:16,800 --> 01:33:19,800
The silence feels louder and 
more significant, the more you 

1661
01:33:19,800 --> 01:33:24,000
think about it in the world, 
Gilda's describes War leaders, 

1662
01:33:24,000 --> 01:33:28,000
need many skills, you must be a 
capable warrior in brutal, 

1663
01:33:28,000 --> 01:33:31,900
personal combat mail armor. 
If you can afford it, spear and 

1664
01:33:31,900 --> 01:33:36,000
sword shield and speed but 
fighting ability isn't enough. 

1665
01:33:36,000 --> 01:33:40,900
You also need political skill 
British kingdoms constantly Feud

1666
01:33:40,900 --> 01:33:43,900
over territory and honor a 
successful leader, builds 

1667
01:33:43,900 --> 01:33:47,800
alliance's convinces, Rivals, 
that fighting Saxons together 

1668
01:33:47,800 --> 01:33:49,500
matters, more than fighting each
other. 

1669
01:33:50,500 --> 01:33:55,200
You need administrative ability 
to Wars require supplies, food 

1670
01:33:55,200 --> 01:34:00,200
weapons, intelligence, someone 
must organize it all and you 

1671
01:34:00,200 --> 01:34:04,600
must create personal loyalty. 
Warriors fight for their lord 

1672
01:34:04,600 --> 01:34:07,300
personally following because you
Feast them. 

1673
01:34:07,300 --> 01:34:10,800
Give them gifts, make them proud
to serve you. 

1674
01:34:11,500 --> 01:34:14,800
The successful War leaders must 
have been extraordinary. 

1675
01:34:15,500 --> 01:34:20,300
Charismatic ruthless. 
Clever Brave. 

1676
01:34:21,400 --> 01:34:24,500
They navigated a world without 
Rome supporting structures. 

1677
01:34:24,500 --> 01:34:27,100
No bureaucracy. 
No taxation. 

1678
01:34:27,100 --> 01:34:30,500
No standardized tactics, just 
their abilities and their 

1679
01:34:30,500 --> 01:34:34,100
Warriors loyalty. 
This is the environment where 

1680
01:34:34,100 --> 01:34:38,100
Arthur might have emerged not as
king of unified Britain which 

1681
01:34:38,100 --> 01:34:41,100
didn't exist not as ruler of 
peaceful. 

1682
01:34:41,100 --> 01:34:46,100
Camelot a later invention but as
a hard man in a hard age, 

1683
01:34:46,900 --> 01:34:51,200
Scarred from Battle. 
Pragmatic leading a warband of 

1684
01:34:51,200 --> 01:34:54,900
perhaps a few hundred men moving
from hillfort to Hilltop 

1685
01:34:54,900 --> 01:34:58,900
fighting where needed most, 
that's the reality behind the 

1686
01:34:58,900 --> 01:35:01,500
legend. 
If there was any reality at all 

1687
01:35:03,000 --> 01:35:06,100
The first time we definitely see
the name Arthur connected to 

1688
01:35:06,100 --> 01:35:09,400
British resistance against the 
Saxons comes around the year 

1689
01:35:09,400 --> 01:35:12,700
830. 
That's more than three 

1690
01:35:12,700 --> 01:35:15,000
centuries. 
After the events supposedly took

1691
01:35:15,000 --> 01:35:19,600
place. 300 years in which 
stories could be told and retold

1692
01:35:19,600 --> 01:35:23,900
in, which Deeds, could be 
exaggerated and combined, in 

1693
01:35:23,900 --> 01:35:26,500
which a real person could be 
transformed into something 

1694
01:35:26,500 --> 01:35:30,400
Larger than Life, or in, which a
legend could be invented hole 

1695
01:35:30,400 --> 01:35:32,400
from the desires and needs of a 
conquered people. 

1696
01:35:33,300 --> 01:35:36,300
You're sitting in a monastery. 
Scriptorium the only kind of 

1697
01:35:36,300 --> 01:35:38,200
place where books get copied in 
this period. 

1698
01:35:39,400 --> 01:35:42,600
The smell of ink and parchment 
fills the small room. 

1699
01:35:43,500 --> 01:35:45,700
Outside. 
You can hear Monks chanting The 

1700
01:35:45,700 --> 01:35:49,600
Daily Office inside. 
Careful hands are creating a 

1701
01:35:49,600 --> 01:35:54,400
manuscript called the historian.
The history of the British, the 

1702
01:35:54,400 --> 01:35:57,900
text is attributed to a Welsh 
monk named nennius, though. 

1703
01:35:57,900 --> 01:36:00,700
Modern Scholars debate, whether 
the nennius actually wrote it, 

1704
01:36:00,700 --> 01:36:04,000
or simply compiled it from early
materials that no longer 

1705
01:36:04,000 --> 01:36:06,700
survive. 
The distinction matters less 

1706
01:36:06,700 --> 01:36:10,000
than you might think. 
What matters is that this is our

1707
01:36:10,000 --> 01:36:12,900
first written connection between
Arthur and the Defence of 

1708
01:36:12,908 --> 01:36:16,200
Britain. 
The Historia Britain is a 

1709
01:36:16,200 --> 01:36:20,900
strange and problematic document
by modern standards it mixes 

1710
01:36:20,900 --> 01:36:23,800
what seems like genuine 
historical information with 

1711
01:36:23,800 --> 01:36:27,700
obvious mythology. 
It includes biblical genealogies

1712
01:36:27,700 --> 01:36:30,900
alongside a counts of battles. 
It treats some of events in 

1713
01:36:30,908 --> 01:36:33,000
detail, while skipping over 
others entirely. 

1714
01:36:34,000 --> 01:36:37,400
Medieval historians didn't share
our obsession with verifiable 

1715
01:36:37,400 --> 01:36:38,900
sources and careful, 
documentation. 

1716
01:36:40,200 --> 01:36:43,300
They included material because 
it was interesting because it 

1717
01:36:43,300 --> 01:36:46,700
supported the points they wanted
to make because it came from 

1718
01:36:46,700 --> 01:36:48,100
tradition. 
They respected. 

1719
01:36:48,900 --> 01:36:52,100
Truth was a more flexible 
concept, but buried in this 

1720
01:36:52,100 --> 01:36:55,400
frustrating, text is a passage 
that changed how later 

1721
01:36:55,400 --> 01:36:56,800
generations. 
Understood early. 

1722
01:36:56,800 --> 01:36:59,700
British history. 
It mentions Arthur. 

1723
01:36:59,700 --> 01:37:03,400
Not as a king. 
Interestingly, as a war leader, 

1724
01:37:03,400 --> 01:37:06,000
as a Dux below him, which is 
Latin. 

1725
01:37:06,000 --> 01:37:08,900
The phrase might mean Duke of 
battles. 

1726
01:37:08,900 --> 01:37:11,800
It might simply mean Battle 
Commander. 

1727
01:37:11,800 --> 01:37:15,500
It suggests military leadership 
rather than royal king ship. 

1728
01:37:16,200 --> 01:37:19,900
The passage list 12 battles that
Arthur supposedly fought against

1729
01:37:19,900 --> 01:37:23,300
the sacks and the list of 
fascinated Scholars for 

1730
01:37:23,300 --> 01:37:25,600
centuries. 
Because it's specific enough to 

1731
01:37:25,600 --> 01:37:29,100
seem like, it might preserve 
genuine information, but they 

1732
01:37:29,100 --> 01:37:31,700
cannot that we can't verify any 
of it with confidence. 

1733
01:37:32,600 --> 01:37:34,500
The battles are at place is 
called glean. 

1734
01:37:34,500 --> 01:37:43,100
Dub glasses, catch Celadon. 
Castillo aged. 

1735
01:37:43,700 --> 01:37:47,200
And finally, the great victory 
at Barton where Arthur 

1736
01:37:47,200 --> 01:37:50,700
supposedly killed 96 enemies in 
a single charge. 

1737
01:37:51,500 --> 01:37:53,000
That number should make alarm 
bells. 

1738
01:37:53,000 --> 01:37:57,600
Ringing in your head. 960 dead 
by one man's hand. 

1739
01:37:57,600 --> 01:38:01,500
In one attack is not history. 
It's propaganda, or legend, or 

1740
01:38:01,500 --> 01:38:04,700
poetic exaggeration. 
The medieval mind. 

1741
01:38:04,700 --> 01:38:06,800
Loved numerically, tidy 
impossibilities. 

1742
01:38:07,700 --> 01:38:10,800
But the propaganda or Legend 
might be wrapped around a kernel

1743
01:38:10,800 --> 01:38:12,200
of something that actually 
happened. 

1744
01:38:13,000 --> 01:38:16,000
That's the hope that keeps his 
story in searching the battle 

1745
01:38:16,000 --> 01:38:19,000
list itself is endlessly 
debated, because most of these 

1746
01:38:19,000 --> 01:38:21,800
place names, can't be identified
with any certainly. 

1747
01:38:22,600 --> 01:38:25,800
Generations of Scholars of spent
careers trying to locate these 

1748
01:38:25,800 --> 01:38:28,800
battlefields on maps. 
Some identifications are 

1749
01:38:28,800 --> 01:38:31,800
reasonably plausible. 
The battle at urban legends 

1750
01:38:31,800 --> 01:38:35,400
might be Chester an old Roman 
city whose name literally means 

1751
01:38:35,400 --> 01:38:39,600
city of the Legion cat koit. 
Celadon, could be the Caledonian

1752
01:38:39,600 --> 01:38:42,800
Forest which covered much of 
what's now Southern Scotland. 

1753
01:38:44,000 --> 01:38:46,600
but many of the proposed 
identifications of purely 

1754
01:38:46,600 --> 01:38:51,000
speculative guesswork based on 
similarity of names or wishful 

1755
01:38:51,000 --> 01:38:54,800
thinking about where Arthur 
might have campaigned what the 

1756
01:38:54,800 --> 01:38:58,900
list suggests if it has any 
historical basis at all is a 

1757
01:38:58,900 --> 01:39:02,900
wide ranging military campaign 
Arthur or whoever this text is 

1758
01:39:02,900 --> 01:39:05,500
actually describing for cross a 
huge territory. 

1759
01:39:06,500 --> 01:39:10,500
Scottish borders to somewhere in
the south or west that implies 

1760
01:39:10,500 --> 01:39:14,400
significant coordination of 
forces, it implies resources to 

1761
01:39:14,400 --> 01:39:16,500
move, Warriors around over large
distances. 

1762
01:39:16,500 --> 01:39:21,400
It implies sustained military 
effort over years, not just a 

1763
01:39:21,400 --> 01:39:24,800
single campaign season. 
The Historia brittonum also 

1764
01:39:24,800 --> 01:39:28,200
mentions Arthur in one other 
intriguing context a brief 

1765
01:39:28,200 --> 01:39:30,700
reference to Arthur's dog whose 
name was cabal. 

1766
01:39:31,900 --> 01:39:36,100
The text describes a supposed 
Wonder in filth where the dog's 

1767
01:39:36,100 --> 01:39:38,800
footprint remained permanently 
pressed into a stone. 

1768
01:39:39,700 --> 01:39:43,100
People could carry the stone 
away but it would always return 

1769
01:39:43,100 --> 01:39:45,100
to its original location by the 
next day. 

1770
01:39:46,000 --> 01:39:49,700
This is obviously folklore pure 
Legend with no historical 

1771
01:39:49,700 --> 01:39:52,400
content but it reveals something
important. 

1772
01:39:53,500 --> 01:39:58,200
By 8:30, when this story of 
return was compiled, Arthur was 

1773
01:39:58,208 --> 01:40:01,300
already attracting miraculous 
stories and one details. 

1774
01:40:01,300 --> 01:40:03,400
He wasn't just a name in a 
battle list. 

1775
01:40:03,400 --> 01:40:07,100
He was becoming mythologized 
Even in our earliest, surviving 

1776
01:40:07,100 --> 01:40:10,700
sources that mention him. 
The next significant reference 

1777
01:40:10,700 --> 01:40:15,900
comes from the analysis, 
Cambria, the Welsh annals These 

1778
01:40:15,900 --> 01:40:19,400
were compiled around 970 more 
than a century after the 

1779
01:40:19,400 --> 01:40:23,200
historian. 
But they claim to record events 

1780
01:40:23,200 --> 01:40:26,800
from much earlier arranged by 
year, like a chronology of 

1781
01:40:26,800 --> 01:40:30,300
important dates. 
The annals mention Arthur twice.

1782
01:40:31,200 --> 01:40:33,600
First for the year recorded as 
516. 

1783
01:40:34,400 --> 01:40:37,300
The Battle of Baden, where 
Arthur carried the cross of our 

1784
01:40:37,300 --> 01:40:40,600
Lord Jesus Christ for three days
and three nights on his 

1785
01:40:40,600 --> 01:40:43,100
shoulders and the British were 
victorious. 

1786
01:40:43,800 --> 01:40:46,700
The second mention comes for the
year 537. 

1787
01:40:47,700 --> 01:40:51,800
The Battle of kamlan, in which 
Arthur and Med drought fell. 

1788
01:40:53,200 --> 01:40:56,100
Three days and three nights 
carrying across is obviously 

1789
01:40:56,100 --> 01:40:59,400
miraculous embellishment. 
No one fights a battle while 

1790
01:40:59,400 --> 01:41:01,900
carrying a large wooden cross 
for 72 hours straight. 

1791
01:41:01,900 --> 01:41:06,000
This is religious, symbolism 
being projected onto historical 

1792
01:41:06,000 --> 01:41:09,800
memory, Arthur as a Christian 
Champion defending Britain 

1793
01:41:09,800 --> 01:41:13,200
against Pagan Invaders, the 
images powerful, even if it's 

1794
01:41:13,200 --> 01:41:17,100
not factual, but the reference 
to kamlan is fascinating for 

1795
01:41:17,100 --> 01:41:20,000
different reasons. 
It suggests Arthur died in 

1796
01:41:20,000 --> 01:41:23,500
battle, not against the Saxons, 
but possibly against another 

1797
01:41:23,500 --> 01:41:26,200
Britain. 
Madrid is mentioned in the same 

1798
01:41:26,200 --> 01:41:31,500
breath as Arthur they both fell.
Later traditional transform 

1799
01:41:31,500 --> 01:41:34,800
Bedrock into more Madrid, 
Arthur's, treacherous nephew, or

1800
01:41:34,800 --> 01:41:38,400
incestuous son. 
But here in the animals we get 

1801
01:41:38,400 --> 01:41:42,500
just the bare fact. 
Both men died at Camlin who was 

1802
01:41:42,500 --> 01:41:45,800
fighting whom. 
We don't know Civil War is 

1803
01:41:45,800 --> 01:41:49,800
implied but not stated. 
So by the 10th century, when the

1804
01:41:49,800 --> 01:41:53,700
analysis Cambria were compiled 
Welsh tradition used several 

1805
01:41:53,700 --> 01:41:58,700
things about Arthur, He fought 
at beydoun around 5:16, he died 

1806
01:41:58,700 --> 01:42:02,900
at Cameron around 5:37. 
He was associated with Christian

1807
01:42:02,900 --> 01:42:05,000
faith and resistance to the 
Saxons. 

1808
01:42:05,000 --> 01:42:08,500
And he already had miraculous 
elements attached to his story. 

1809
01:42:09,700 --> 01:42:12,600
But even these sources don't 
give us anything like a coherent

1810
01:42:12,600 --> 01:42:14,600
biography. 
We don't know where Arthur came 

1811
01:42:14,608 --> 01:42:17,700
from, who is parents were where 
he was based. 

1812
01:42:17,700 --> 01:42:21,500
If he was based anywhere, 
consistently how he organized 

1813
01:42:21,500 --> 01:42:25,500
his forces, what weapons? 
He preferred what he looked like

1814
01:42:25,500 --> 01:42:28,800
what language he spoke 
primarily, though? 

1815
01:42:28,800 --> 01:42:31,600
It was probably a British 
language ancestral to Modern 

1816
01:42:31,600 --> 01:42:34,300
wealth. 
What he believed about religion 

1817
01:42:34,300 --> 01:42:37,100
beyond the Christian symbolism, 
that got attached to his memory.

1818
01:42:38,400 --> 01:42:42,500
We don't know if he was married.
If he had children, if he was 

1819
01:42:42,500 --> 01:42:46,700
generous or cruel. 
If men loved him or feared him 

1820
01:42:46,700 --> 01:42:50,700
or both. 
All the human details that would

1821
01:42:50,700 --> 01:42:53,000
make him real to us is simply 
absent. 

1822
01:42:53,600 --> 01:42:56,800
Lost in the dark centuries 
between when he supposedly 

1823
01:42:56,800 --> 01:42:59,400
lived. 
And when people started writing 

1824
01:42:59,400 --> 01:43:04,200
about him, the historical 
author, if there was one is 

1825
01:43:04,200 --> 01:43:07,700
hidden behind centuries of 
silence and then glimpsed only 

1826
01:43:07,700 --> 01:43:11,400
through much later texts that 
makes history with Legends. 

1827
01:43:11,400 --> 01:43:14,900
So thoroughly that separating 
them becomes almost impossible 

1828
01:43:14,900 --> 01:43:18,400
for modern Scholars. 
This frustrates his story and 

1829
01:43:18,408 --> 01:43:22,000
enormously we have better 
documentation for some random 

1830
01:43:22,000 --> 01:43:25,200
Roman bureaucrats who lived 
sixth centuries before arthas 

1831
01:43:25,200 --> 01:43:28,500
time, then we do for this 
supposedly crucial British war 

1832
01:43:28,500 --> 01:43:30,800
leader. 
We know more about the daily 

1833
01:43:30,800 --> 01:43:34,100
life of regular people in Roman 
Britain and we know about the 

1834
01:43:34,100 --> 01:43:37,000
military campaigns that 
supposedly saved British 

1835
01:43:37,000 --> 01:43:41,100
culture, That Gap in evidence 
makes many scholars, skeptical 

1836
01:43:41,100 --> 01:43:42,900
about whether Arthur existed at 
all. 

1837
01:43:44,100 --> 01:43:46,800
But the absence of contemporary 
written evidence doesn't 

1838
01:43:46,800 --> 01:43:49,000
necessarily prove Arthur didn't 
exist. 

1839
01:43:50,100 --> 01:43:53,100
The early sixth century was a 
dark period for documentation in

1840
01:43:53,100 --> 01:43:55,200
Britain. 
And we have very few written 

1841
01:43:55,200 --> 01:43:59,700
sources of any kind from that 
era, not just about Arthur about

1842
01:43:59,700 --> 01:44:02,600
anything. 
The literacy that Roman 

1843
01:44:02,600 --> 01:44:04,800
Administration. 
Fostered largely collapsed. 

1844
01:44:05,600 --> 01:44:08,000
The Christian church was still 
organizing itself. 

1845
01:44:08,000 --> 01:44:11,600
There simply wasn't much writing
happening compared to the Roman 

1846
01:44:11,600 --> 01:44:15,000
period, or even compared to the 
later, medieval period. 

1847
01:44:15,000 --> 01:44:18,000
So the fact that Arthur isn't 
mentioned in contemporary 

1848
01:44:18,000 --> 01:44:20,700
sources, doesn't mean as much as
it might seem at first. 

1849
01:44:20,700 --> 01:44:23,500
Those contemporary sources, 
barely existed. 

1850
01:44:23,500 --> 01:44:26,900
All the fact that Arthur isn't 
mentioned in sources that don't 

1851
01:44:26,900 --> 01:44:30,500
mention much of anything, isn't 
conclusive proof of his 

1852
01:44:30,500 --> 01:44:33,900
non-existence. 
It's just an absence, a silence 

1853
01:44:33,900 --> 01:44:36,200
and silences are hard to 
interpret. 

1854
01:44:37,100 --> 01:44:39,900
What we can say with confidence 
is the Buy around the year, 

1855
01:44:39,900 --> 01:44:43,900
1000, Welsh traditional firmly 
believed in Arthur as a 

1856
01:44:43,900 --> 01:44:46,300
historical figure who had 
actually lived and fought and 

1857
01:44:46,300 --> 01:44:48,900
died. 
He wasn't just a mythical hero 

1858
01:44:48,900 --> 01:44:52,500
from immemorial times. 
He was someone who had existed 

1859
01:44:52,500 --> 01:44:55,800
in a specific period. 
The post-roman era when British 

1860
01:44:55,800 --> 01:44:59,400
kingdoms fought for survival 
against sacks and expansion. 

1861
01:45:00,300 --> 01:45:04,700
Arthur appeared in genealogies 
of Welsh, Royal Family's Kings 

1862
01:45:04,700 --> 01:45:08,600
wanted to play for him or 
connection to him because his 

1863
01:45:08,600 --> 01:45:12,500
name carried weight and Prestige
Saints lives from Wales 

1864
01:45:12,500 --> 01:45:14,900
mentioned. 
Encounters with Arthur, usually 

1865
01:45:14,900 --> 01:45:17,200
portraying him as a rough 
Warrior who needed correction 

1866
01:45:17,200 --> 01:45:20,200
from holy men. 
This is actually interesting 

1867
01:45:20,200 --> 01:45:23,600
because it suggests the Welsh 
church had complicated feelings 

1868
01:45:23,600 --> 01:45:27,200
about Arthur's memory. 
Respect mixed with disapproval 

1869
01:45:27,200 --> 01:45:31,400
of his Warrior culture. 
Welsh poetry referenced Arthur 

1870
01:45:31,400 --> 01:45:33,700
constantly. 
He became the standard of 

1871
01:45:33,700 --> 01:45:37,200
comparison for Heroic virtue a 
later. 

1872
01:45:37,200 --> 01:45:40,700
Poet might say his subject was 
as Brave as Arthur as generous 

1873
01:45:40,700 --> 01:45:46,100
as Arthur as mighty as Arthur, 
The name shorthand for 

1874
01:45:46,100 --> 01:45:47,800
everything, a warrior should 
aspire to be. 

1875
01:45:48,600 --> 01:45:50,400
The Welsh called him, Arthur 
app. 

1876
01:45:50,400 --> 01:45:55,900
Ether son of a Associated him 
with various locations across 

1877
01:45:55,900 --> 01:45:59,600
Wales and the north of Britain. 
They told stories about his 

1878
01:45:59,600 --> 01:46:03,600
Warriors, giving them names like
Kai and bedwear who will later 

1879
01:46:03,600 --> 01:46:06,200
become K and bed of in medieval 
romance. 

1880
01:46:06,200 --> 01:46:10,900
They knew about his wife called 
Gwen in Welsh later whenever 

1881
01:46:10,900 --> 01:46:14,400
their these Welsh Traditions are
crucially important because they

1882
01:46:14,400 --> 01:46:17,000
might preserve genuine. 
Early material about Arthur. 

1883
01:46:17,000 --> 01:46:19,900
They're closer in time to the 
events than later. 

1884
01:46:19,900 --> 01:46:24,100
Medieval romances there in the 
right, cultural context Welsh 

1885
01:46:24,100 --> 01:46:25,600
speakers, remembering Welsh 
Heroes. 

1886
01:46:26,400 --> 01:46:28,900
But there are so deeply 
problematic because they mixed 

1887
01:46:28,900 --> 01:46:32,100
the possibly historical with the
obviously fictional in ways. 

1888
01:46:32,100 --> 01:46:35,500
We can't untangle. 
Welsh poetry has Arthur fighting

1889
01:46:35,508 --> 01:46:38,000
giants in Mountain caves. 
Raiding. 

1890
01:46:38,000 --> 01:46:41,000
The Underworld for Magical 
cauldrons that never run empty. 

1891
01:46:41,800 --> 01:46:46,000
Possessing a ship that can sail 
wherever he wishes the boundary 

1892
01:46:46,000 --> 01:46:49,400
between legendary hero and 
Celtic demigod becomes very thin

1893
01:46:49,400 --> 01:46:51,900
in these sources. 
We can't simply trust 

1894
01:46:51,900 --> 01:46:53,600
everything. 
Well, tradition says about 

1895
01:46:53,600 --> 01:46:56,100
Arthur, just because it's older 
than Geoffrey of Monmouth. 

1896
01:46:57,100 --> 01:47:00,600
By the 11th century. 
Arthur has evolved far beyond 

1897
01:47:00,600 --> 01:47:03,300
whatever, historical figure 
might have stood at the origin. 

1898
01:47:04,000 --> 01:47:07,500
He's become a symbol, a 
representation of British 

1899
01:47:07,500 --> 01:47:11,100
resistance to foreign conquest 
and emblem of a golden age 

1900
01:47:11,100 --> 01:47:13,400
before the sacks and took over 
most of the island. 

1901
01:47:14,200 --> 01:47:17,500
A king, whose return was 
prophesied by Poets, and Sears 

1902
01:47:17,500 --> 01:47:21,500
the Normans who conquered 
England in 1066 heard stories 

1903
01:47:21,500 --> 01:47:24,300
about Arthur from the conquered 
Welsh and quickly became 

1904
01:47:24,300 --> 01:47:28,300
fascinated Arthur represented a 
glorious British past that 

1905
01:47:28,300 --> 01:47:30,600
predated both Saxon and Norman 
rule. 

1906
01:47:31,300 --> 01:47:33,200
He could be claimed as a 
unifying figure. 

1907
01:47:33,900 --> 01:47:37,500
A king who ruled before England 
and Wales split into separate 

1908
01:47:37,500 --> 01:47:41,000
identities. 
The legend was poised to explode

1909
01:47:41,000 --> 01:47:44,800
across medieval Europe, it just 
needed someone to like the fuse.

1910
01:47:46,000 --> 01:47:48,900
The year is 1136. 
You're in Oxford. 

1911
01:47:50,300 --> 01:47:54,200
A Welsh cleric named, Jeffree 
has, just finished writing a 

1912
01:47:54,200 --> 01:47:56,000
book that will transform Arthur 
forever. 

1913
01:47:57,300 --> 01:47:59,200
Geoffrey of Monmouth calls. 
His work. 

1914
01:47:59,200 --> 01:48:03,100
The Historia Reagan. 
Britannia The history of the 

1915
01:48:03,100 --> 01:48:07,100
kings of Britain, he claims he's
translating from an ancient 

1916
01:48:07,100 --> 01:48:10,800
source, a very old book in the 
British tongue that was given to

1917
01:48:10,800 --> 01:48:14,200
him by an arch Deacon named 
Walter whether this mysterious 

1918
01:48:14,200 --> 01:48:17,500
book actually, existed is one of
History's, great arts and 

1919
01:48:17,500 --> 01:48:21,400
questions, most modern Scholars.
Think Jeffrey invented it as a 

1920
01:48:21,400 --> 01:48:24,100
way to give his own creative 
work and are of ancient 

1921
01:48:24,100 --> 01:48:27,100
Authority. 
What Jeffrey definitely did was 

1922
01:48:27,100 --> 01:48:30,500
take the fragment tree 
contradictory scattered, Welsh 

1923
01:48:30,500 --> 01:48:33,400
Traditions about Arthur and 
weave them into a coherent 

1924
01:48:33,400 --> 01:48:38,000
detailed dramatic and almost 
completely unreliable sudo 

1925
01:48:38,000 --> 01:48:41,100
history. 
He presented our as one of the 

1926
01:48:41,100 --> 01:48:44,900
greatest Kings who ever lived. 
Not just a British war leader. 

1927
01:48:44,900 --> 01:48:48,800
Not just someone who won some 
battles, but a World Conqueror 

1928
01:48:48,800 --> 01:48:54,000
on par with Alexander or Caesar.
Jeffries Arthur there's almost 

1929
01:48:54,000 --> 01:48:57,700
no resemblance to any possible 
historical figure from the 6th 

1930
01:48:57,700 --> 01:49:00,100
Century. 
This author isn't a war leader 

1931
01:49:00,100 --> 01:49:03,200
scraping together forces for 
desperate defensive campaigns. 

1932
01:49:03,200 --> 01:49:07,700
He is a conquering Emperor, who 
defeats the Saxons, utterly who 

1933
01:49:07,700 --> 01:49:12,100
invades Ireland and Iceland and 
subjugates both who conquers 

1934
01:49:12,100 --> 01:49:16,000
Norway and sweeps, through Gaul 
defeating the Romans themselves,

1935
01:49:16,000 --> 01:49:20,100
who marches toward Rome with 
every intention of becoming 

1936
01:49:20,100 --> 01:49:23,900
emperor of all Europe, Jeffrey 
gives Arthur a capital city 

1937
01:49:23,900 --> 01:49:26,800
Carlyle on the rivieras in South
Wales. 

1938
01:49:26,800 --> 01:49:31,200
A quart of magnificent blender 
where the greatest warriors and 

1939
01:49:31,200 --> 01:49:35,500
wisest counselors gather were 
games and feasts and ceremonies 

1940
01:49:35,500 --> 01:49:39,200
happen on a grand scale, where 
are Arthur wears a crown and 

1941
01:49:39,200 --> 01:49:43,000
dispenses Justice, and receives 
the old age of subject King's. 

1942
01:49:43,800 --> 01:49:45,800
Jeffrey, gives Arthur a magical 
sword. 

1943
01:49:46,500 --> 01:49:50,600
Caliber Bernice forged in the 
legendary Isle of Avalon, a 

1944
01:49:50,600 --> 01:49:54,100
weapon of Supernatural quality 
that marks his bearers chosen 

1945
01:49:54,100 --> 01:49:57,300
for greatness. 
And Jeffrey gives Arthur a 

1946
01:49:57,300 --> 01:50:00,800
complete biography filled with 
dramatic instance and clear 

1947
01:50:00,800 --> 01:50:04,000
narrative momentum. 
He's conceived when Uther 

1948
01:50:04,000 --> 01:50:08,200
Pendragon with the wizard, 
Merlin's magical help disguise 

1949
01:50:08,200 --> 01:50:10,800
his himself for Duke of 
Cornwall. 

1950
01:50:11,900 --> 01:50:14,500
Uther sleeps with gawler's 
beautiful wife. 

1951
01:50:14,500 --> 01:50:19,500
Again while himself is a way 
being killed in battle, Arthur 

1952
01:50:19,500 --> 01:50:22,800
is born from this morally 
questionable, deception raised 

1953
01:50:22,800 --> 01:50:24,200
without knowing his true 
heritage. 

1954
01:50:25,300 --> 01:50:29,300
Becomes king at the improbably 
young age of 15 when utha dies. 

1955
01:50:30,000 --> 01:50:33,000
Proves his worth by defeating 
the Saxons in a series of 

1956
01:50:33,008 --> 01:50:35,200
Victories. 
Then embarks on his 

1957
01:50:35,200 --> 01:50:40,000
extraordinary foreign conquests.
The story ends in tragedy were 

1958
01:50:40,000 --> 01:50:43,400
the of classical literature. 
While Arthur as campaigning on 

1959
01:50:43,400 --> 01:50:47,300
the European continent, his 
nephew Madrid seizes the throne 

1960
01:50:47,300 --> 01:50:50,500
back in Britain. 
Madrid also takes off as wife 

1961
01:50:50,500 --> 01:50:53,700
Gwyneth here, where the by fours
or with her cooperation. 

1962
01:50:53,700 --> 01:50:55,600
Jeffrey leaves carefully 
ambiguous. 

1963
01:50:56,700 --> 01:50:59,100
Arthur sales back across the 
Channel with his army. 

1964
01:50:59,100 --> 01:51:03,400
He defeats Madrid in a climactic
battle at kamlan and Cornwall 

1965
01:51:03,400 --> 01:51:06,700
Arthur kills, moderate 
personally, but receives a 

1966
01:51:06,700 --> 01:51:10,100
mortal wound in the process 
Arthur as carried away to the 

1967
01:51:10,100 --> 01:51:12,000
Isle of Avalon to have his 
wounds tended. 

1968
01:51:12,700 --> 01:51:15,600
Whether reaction died there. 
Jeffrey says, with deliberate 

1969
01:51:15,600 --> 01:51:19,100
vagina is uncertain. 
The ambiguity is important. 

1970
01:51:19,100 --> 01:51:23,900
It leaves room for Hope room for
prophecy room, for the idea that

1971
01:51:23,900 --> 01:51:27,500
Arthur might someday return, 
this is the Arthur that Medieval

1972
01:51:27,500 --> 01:51:29,500
Europe. 
Falls completely in love with. 

1973
01:51:30,200 --> 01:51:32,900
Jeffrey's history becomes a 
best-seller by medieval 

1974
01:51:32,900 --> 01:51:36,800
manuscript standards copies 
multiply across Europe. 

1975
01:51:36,800 --> 01:51:41,700
It gets translated from Latin 
into French into English into 

1976
01:51:41,700 --> 01:51:46,000
Welsh into other vernacular. 
Languages it gets treated as 

1977
01:51:46,000 --> 01:51:48,200
serious. 
Historical fact by people who 

1978
01:51:48,200 --> 01:51:51,700
really should know better, but 
desperately want to believe in 

1979
01:51:51,700 --> 01:51:54,400
it. 
Not everyone is fooled. 

1980
01:51:55,700 --> 01:51:59,100
A contemporary historian named 
William of Newburgh denounces. 

1981
01:51:59,100 --> 01:52:02,800
Jeffrey in the strongest 
possible terms, he calls Jeffrey

1982
01:52:02,800 --> 01:52:06,300
a Shameless liar who invented, 
ridiculous, fables, about 

1983
01:52:06,300 --> 01:52:09,000
Arthur, and passed them off as 
legitimate history. 

1984
01:52:10,000 --> 01:52:13,300
William is outraged that anyone 
takes Jeffrey seriously. 

1985
01:52:14,200 --> 01:52:18,500
But William skepticism, however,
Justified doesn't slow, the 

1986
01:52:18,500 --> 01:52:20,400
spread of Jeffrey's version of 
events. 

1987
01:52:21,300 --> 01:52:23,500
The story is simply too good to 
resist. 

1988
01:52:24,500 --> 01:52:27,100
Why was Jeffrey's Arthur so 
wildly successful? 

1989
01:52:28,100 --> 01:52:31,300
Several overlapping reasons 
suggest themselves first. 

1990
01:52:31,300 --> 01:52:35,000
The timing was perfect, from a 
cultural perspective, the 12th 

1991
01:52:35,000 --> 01:52:38,400
century was a period of growing 
literacy across Western Europe. 

1992
01:52:38,400 --> 01:52:43,100
More people could read more 
people wanted to read the 

1993
01:52:43,100 --> 01:52:46,400
audience for books was expanding
Beyond just clergy and monks to 

1994
01:52:46,400 --> 01:52:49,000
include educated Nobles and 
wealthy merchants. 

1995
01:52:50,200 --> 01:52:52,300
People were hungry for stories 
about the past. 

1996
01:52:53,100 --> 01:52:56,000
Jeffrey gave them a past, that 
was exciting and dramatic and 

1997
01:52:56,000 --> 01:52:58,900
flattering to their pride. 
In being British or having 

1998
01:52:58,900 --> 01:53:02,600
British connections. 
Second Jeffries, Arthur fit 

1999
01:53:02,600 --> 01:53:05,700
perfectly into emerging medieval
ideals of kingship. 

2000
01:53:05,700 --> 01:53:09,400
He was a warrior king who led 
arm his personally and one 

2001
01:53:09,400 --> 01:53:11,600
Battles Through courage and 
tactical brilliance. 

2002
01:53:12,500 --> 01:53:14,600
He expanded his realm through 
Conquest. 

2003
01:53:15,300 --> 01:53:18,300
Which was exactly what 
successful medieval kings tried 

2004
01:53:18,300 --> 01:53:21,100
to do. 
He held court with proper 

2005
01:53:21,100 --> 01:53:24,300
ceremony and Grandeur. 
He dispensed Justice and 

2006
01:53:24,300 --> 01:53:28,100
rewarded loyal service. 
He faced betrayal by those 

2007
01:53:28,100 --> 01:53:31,900
closest to him which gave his 
story a tragic Dimension that 

2008
01:53:31,900 --> 01:53:35,100
made it emotionally resonant. 
This was King ship as the 

2009
01:53:35,100 --> 01:53:39,300
Medieval World wanted to imagine
it Noble and glorious despite 

2010
01:53:39,300 --> 01:53:43,000
ending in tragedy. 
Third Jeffries book appeared 

2011
01:53:43,000 --> 01:53:45,700
just as French culture, was 
developing a new kind of 

2012
01:53:45,700 --> 01:53:47,800
literature. 
They called it romance. 

2013
01:53:47,800 --> 01:53:51,900
These were narrative about 
Knights and ladies adventures 

2014
01:53:51,900 --> 01:53:55,800
and Love written in vernacular, 
French rather than scholarly 

2015
01:53:55,800 --> 01:53:59,100
Latin the romance. 
Genre and needed good material. 

2016
01:53:59,100 --> 01:54:03,500
Arthur turned out to be perfect.
A legendary King with the 

2017
01:54:03,500 --> 01:54:07,900
dramatic story, a court full of 
potential characters, a world 

2018
01:54:07,900 --> 01:54:13,200
where Adventures could happen 
French poetry under tour writing

2019
01:54:13,200 --> 01:54:15,800
in the late 12th century took 
Jeffries. 

2020
01:54:15,800 --> 01:54:17,400
Arthur and transformed him yet 
again. 

2021
01:54:18,200 --> 01:54:20,900
Chretien was one of the first 
great Romance Writers. 

2022
01:54:21,700 --> 01:54:24,200
He understood that his audience 
wanted sophisticated 

2023
01:54:24,200 --> 01:54:27,700
entertainment. 
Stories about love as much as 

2024
01:54:27,700 --> 01:54:32,100
Warfare moral complexity, rather
than simple heroism. 

2025
01:54:32,900 --> 01:54:36,100
Krisha added the round table as 
a central symbol of Arthur's 

2026
01:54:36,100 --> 01:54:38,700
Court. 
The table is round so no night, 

2027
01:54:38,700 --> 01:54:42,600
kin precedence over the others. 
All who sit there, a theoretical

2028
01:54:42,600 --> 01:54:46,100
equals despite inevitable 
reality of social hierarchy. 

2029
01:54:47,000 --> 01:54:50,400
This became a powerful political
metaphor dressed up as Furniture

2030
01:54:50,400 --> 01:54:53,700
to design. 
Chretien introduced Lancelot to 

2031
01:54:53,700 --> 01:54:56,400
the legend. 
Lancelot doesn't appear in 

2032
01:54:56,400 --> 01:54:59,400
Jeffrey's history at all. 
He is correctly and creation 

2033
01:54:59,400 --> 01:55:01,800
though. 
The poet to be following earlier

2034
01:55:01,800 --> 01:55:05,700
tradition, Lance Lot becomes the
greatest Knight of the Round 

2035
01:55:05,700 --> 01:55:08,300
Table. 
The most skilled in combat. 

2036
01:55:09,000 --> 01:55:13,500
The most courtly in behavior and
tragically the lover of Arthur's

2037
01:55:13,500 --> 01:55:16,300
wife gwynevere. 
Their their adulterous Affair, 

2038
01:55:16,300 --> 01:55:18,500
become the poison that 
eventually destroys the 

2039
01:55:18,500 --> 01:55:20,600
fellowship and brings down the 
kingdom. 

2040
01:55:21,700 --> 01:55:24,900
Kratoms author is less active. 
As a protagonist and Jeffrey's, 

2041
01:55:24,900 --> 01:55:28,800
conquering Warrior King in 
Stead, Arthur presides over a 

2042
01:55:28,800 --> 01:55:32,500
court, where his Knights have 
Adventures, The Narrative Focus 

2043
01:55:32,500 --> 01:55:35,400
shifts from Arthur himself to 
the knights who serve him, 

2044
01:55:35,400 --> 01:55:40,900
Lancelot Gawain Percival yvaine,
each night gets his own story, 

2045
01:55:40,900 --> 01:55:43,000
as his own Quest, his own moral 
testing. 

2046
01:55:43,700 --> 01:55:46,500
Arthur becomes almost as 
supporting character in his own 

2047
01:55:46,500 --> 01:55:48,800
Legend. 
The fixed Point around, which 

2048
01:55:48,800 --> 01:55:52,700
everyone else revolves. 
The idea of Camelot is Arthur's 

2049
01:55:52,700 --> 01:55:56,100
Capital appears around this 
period though pinning down, its 

2050
01:55:56,100 --> 01:56:00,400
exact origin is difficult. 
Jeffrey had placed Arthur's 

2051
01:56:00,400 --> 01:56:03,900
primary court, at carlyon other 
Traditions mentioned different 

2052
01:56:03,900 --> 01:56:07,100
locations. 
Camelot might have been invented

2053
01:56:07,100 --> 01:56:10,600
by French writers who needed a 
name for Arthur's, legendary 

2054
01:56:10,600 --> 01:56:14,400
castle, that sounded 
appropriately exotic and British

2055
01:56:14,400 --> 01:56:18,700
to Continental ears. 
The name stuck despite having no

2056
01:56:18,700 --> 01:56:21,900
historical basis whatsoever with
creatine. 

2057
01:56:21,900 --> 01:56:24,800
And the French romance as who 
followed him, the Arthurian 

2058
01:56:24,800 --> 01:56:29,000
Legend becomes thoroughly 
medieval eyes. nights where full

2059
01:56:29,000 --> 01:56:34,000
male armor or increasingly plate
armor as technology advanced The

2060
01:56:34,000 --> 01:56:36,800
joust in elaborate tournaments 
with formal rules. 

2061
01:56:36,800 --> 01:56:40,700
They follow debt codes of 
chivalry about proper nightly 

2062
01:56:40,700 --> 01:56:43,200
Behavior. 
They go on Quests for holy 

2063
01:56:43,200 --> 01:56:47,200
relics and Enchanted objects. 
They serve ladies from noble 

2064
01:56:47,200 --> 01:56:51,500
families performing Brave, Deeds
to win favor and tokens of 

2065
01:56:51,500 --> 01:56:54,900
affection. 
None of this has the slightest 

2066
01:56:54,900 --> 01:56:58,900
connection to 6 Century Britain.
These are 12 and 13th century, 

2067
01:56:58,900 --> 01:57:02,800
European cultural fantasies 
being projected backward onto a 

2068
01:57:02,800 --> 01:57:07,000
legendary past, But their 
enormously appealing fantasies 

2069
01:57:07,000 --> 01:57:09,300
that speak to Medieval values 
and concerns. 

2070
01:57:09,300 --> 01:57:13,400
The romance is spread across 
Europe like wildfire through dry

2071
01:57:13,400 --> 01:57:17,300
grass. 
French German, Dutch Italian 

2072
01:57:17,300 --> 01:57:21,500
Spanish Portuguese. 
Every literate culture wants 

2073
01:57:21,500 --> 01:57:24,800
Arthur stories. 
Each culture adapts the legends 

2074
01:57:24,800 --> 01:57:28,300
to fit their own tastes and 
concerns. the basic framework 

2075
01:57:28,300 --> 01:57:31,800
remained similar that the detail
shift to accommodate local 

2076
01:57:31,800 --> 01:57:36,000
sensibilities, the Germans 
through writers, like, Wolfram 

2077
01:57:36,000 --> 01:57:39,800
Von Bock developed the Grail 
quest in to an elaborate 

2078
01:57:39,800 --> 01:57:42,200
mystical allegory about 
spiritual Perfection. 

2079
01:57:42,200 --> 01:57:45,900
The Grail itself barely 
mentioned in early sources, 

2080
01:57:45,900 --> 01:57:49,500
become the central object of 
nightly aspiration and spiritual

2081
01:57:49,500 --> 01:57:53,900
yearning, It might be the cup 
from The Last Supper Sanctified 

2082
01:57:53,900 --> 01:57:57,300
by Christ's blood. 
It might be a magical stone with

2083
01:57:57,300 --> 01:58:00,800
mysterious properties. 
It might be a symbol of divine 

2084
01:58:00,800 --> 01:58:02,500
grace made manifest in the 
world. 

2085
01:58:03,500 --> 01:58:06,700
Medieval writers and modern 
Scholars, will argue endlessly 

2086
01:58:06,700 --> 01:58:10,900
about what the Grail represents.
English writers eventually 

2087
01:58:10,900 --> 01:58:13,600
reclaim Arthur from French 
domination of the story. 

2088
01:58:13,600 --> 01:58:17,900
The illiterate of mortar written
in the 14th century in the Old 

2089
01:58:17,900 --> 01:58:21,400
English verse tradition returns 
to Jeffrey's vision of Arthur as

2090
01:58:21,408 --> 01:58:25,900
conquering King, But it adds 
even more battle scenes, more 

2091
01:58:25,900 --> 01:58:29,000
dramatic confrontations more 
spectacular incidents. 

2092
01:58:29,000 --> 01:58:32,700
This author fights Giant's 
personally in single combat. 

2093
01:58:32,700 --> 01:58:37,000
His Round Table hosts dozens of 
name, Knights, his court 

2094
01:58:37,000 --> 01:58:40,600
displays well beyond, any real 
medieval kings capacity to match

2095
01:58:40,600 --> 01:58:44,700
either 15th century, Arthur has 
been completely integrated into 

2096
01:58:44,700 --> 01:58:47,000
the Chevelle at culture of late,
medieval Europe. 

2097
01:58:47,700 --> 01:58:51,200
Nights at tournament to 
represent famous Arthurian 

2098
01:58:51,200 --> 01:58:55,300
Heroes Kings commission, 
expensive tapestries depicting 

2099
01:58:55,300 --> 01:58:58,900
scenes from the romances to hang
in their great Halls, the 

2100
01:58:58,900 --> 01:59:00,600
stories function as 
entertainment. 

2101
01:59:00,600 --> 01:59:05,000
But there are so a, in which 
medieval nobility sees idealized

2102
01:59:05,000 --> 01:59:08,000
versions of themselves and the 
world, they wish they inhabited.

2103
01:59:08,700 --> 01:59:11,800
And then comes to Thomas Mallory
and everything changes. 

2104
01:59:11,800 --> 01:59:16,200
One last time Mallory's lamotte 
dartha written in. 

2105
01:59:16,200 --> 01:59:19,300
English prison cells during 
England's Wars of the roses and 

2106
01:59:19,300 --> 01:59:23,400
published by William caxton's. 
New printing, press in 1485 

2107
01:59:23,400 --> 01:59:26,700
becomes the definitive version 
of the legend for the 

2108
01:59:26,700 --> 01:59:30,600
English-speaking world. 
Mallory takes the sprawling 

2109
01:59:30,600 --> 01:59:33,800
contradictory mass of French and
English Arthurian material. 

2110
01:59:34,500 --> 01:59:37,800
Accumulated over three centuries
and shapes it into something 

2111
01:59:37,800 --> 01:59:41,500
comparatively coherent. 
His Arthur is born, through 

2112
01:59:41,500 --> 01:59:45,300
Merlin's magical deception, he 
proves his right to King Ship by

2113
01:59:45,300 --> 01:59:48,000
drawing a sword from a stone 
where Merlin had magically 

2114
01:59:48,000 --> 01:59:51,000
placed it. 
A test, that only the rightful 

2115
01:59:51,000 --> 01:59:54,100
King can pass. 
He marries the beautiful queen 

2116
01:59:54,100 --> 01:59:55,800
of air. 
Despite Merlin's warning that 

2117
01:59:55,800 --> 01:59:59,300
she will bring disaster. 
He establishes the round table 

2118
01:59:59,300 --> 02:00:01,200
as a fellowship of the greatest 
Knights. 

2119
02:00:02,100 --> 02:00:04,900
He sends them on quest to test 
their virtue and prowess. 

2120
02:00:05,800 --> 02:00:09,100
He faces the slow burning 
tragedy of Lancelot and 

2121
02:00:09,100 --> 02:00:12,200
Guinevere love affair. 
Which everyone knows about, but 

2122
02:00:12,200 --> 02:00:15,600
no one can openly acknowledge 
without destroying the kingdom. 

2123
02:00:16,600 --> 02:00:20,700
He endures The Grail Quest, that
scatters his Knights and breaks 

2124
02:00:20,700 --> 02:00:24,200
the fellowship. 
He discovers that Mordred, the 

2125
02:00:24,200 --> 02:00:27,700
son born from his unknowing 
incest, with his half-sister 

2126
02:00:27,700 --> 02:00:32,500
Morgan will be his Doom. 
He fights the final battle at 

2127
02:00:32,500 --> 02:00:36,600
Cameron, he receives his death 
wound, his carried by mysterious

2128
02:00:36,600 --> 02:00:41,200
women to Avalon in a boat. 
Mallory's Arthur is Noble but 

2129
02:00:41,200 --> 02:00:45,200
deeply flawed, his kingdom 
achieves extraordinary Heights 

2130
02:00:45,200 --> 02:00:48,400
of Glory but contains within 
itself, the seeds of its own 

2131
02:00:48,400 --> 02:00:52,800
inevitable destruction. 
The adult tree of Lancelot and 

2132
02:00:52,800 --> 02:00:56,300
Guinevere the quest for the Holy
Grail, that takes the best 

2133
02:00:56,300 --> 02:00:59,600
nights away and kills. 
Many of them, the revelation of 

2134
02:00:59,600 --> 02:01:03,400
mordred's true parentage 
Everything leads inexorably 

2135
02:01:03,400 --> 02:01:06,000
toward camera and the end of the
golden age. 

2136
02:01:06,700 --> 02:01:09,400
This is the Arthur most people 
still know even today. 

2137
02:01:10,200 --> 02:01:14,700
The Sword in the Stone, the 
round table, the pure night, 

2138
02:01:14,700 --> 02:01:18,000
Galahad Lancelot, and Guinevere,
tragic. 

2139
02:01:18,000 --> 02:01:22,700
Love the quest for the Holy 
Grail, mordred's treachery the 

2140
02:01:22,700 --> 02:01:25,600
final battle. 
The mysterious boat carrying 

2141
02:01:25,600 --> 02:01:29,000
Arthur to Avalon the inscription
on his tomb that reads. 

2142
02:01:29,000 --> 02:01:35,100
Hick Justice are, theorists Rex,
quondam rescue futurists here, 

2143
02:01:35,100 --> 02:01:37,500
lies, Arthur The Once and Future
King. 

2144
02:01:37,500 --> 02:01:41,600
It's a magnificent story, 
complex, and moving and full of 

2145
02:01:41,600 --> 02:01:44,600
human truth. 
About loyalty and betrayal love 

2146
02:01:44,600 --> 02:01:48,100
and honor. 
Achievement and loss it shaped 

2147
02:01:48,100 --> 02:01:50,200
Western literatures, 
understanding of heroic 

2148
02:01:50,200 --> 02:01:52,900
narrative for five centuries. 
Since Mallory wrote it down. 

2149
02:01:52,900 --> 02:01:56,300
It's also almost entirely 
fictional from any historical 

2150
02:01:56,300 --> 02:02:00,100
perspective. 
But fiction can contain truths 

2151
02:02:00,100 --> 02:02:03,500
that history cannot capture. 
Now you're watching The Legend, 

2152
02:02:03,500 --> 02:02:06,300
acquire its most Fantastical 
elements. 

2153
02:02:07,000 --> 02:02:10,700
The ones that lift it completely
out of historical possibility. 

2154
02:02:10,700 --> 02:02:15,900
And into the realm of pure 
mythology, the magic sword, the 

2155
02:02:15,900 --> 02:02:20,900
wizard Mentor, the Enchanted 
Island, the mystical artifacts 

2156
02:02:20,900 --> 02:02:24,600
everything that makes Arthur 
story not just history or even 

2157
02:02:24,600 --> 02:02:29,500
historical fiction, but genuine 
mythology that operates by its 

2158
02:02:29,500 --> 02:02:35,200
own internal logic Let's start 
with Excalibur because everyone 

2159
02:02:35,200 --> 02:02:37,900
knows the name of Arthur sword 
even if they know nothing else 

2160
02:02:37,900 --> 02:02:40,800
about the legend. 
Geoffrey of Monmouth called it. 

2161
02:02:40,800 --> 02:02:43,400
Cali burners. 
He mentioned it briefly as a 

2162
02:02:43,400 --> 02:02:45,600
notable weapon forged in the 
Isle of Avalon. 

2163
02:02:46,800 --> 02:02:48,300
The Jeffrey didn't elaborate 
much. 

2164
02:02:48,300 --> 02:02:50,800
It was just the kind of special 
sword. 

2165
02:02:50,800 --> 02:02:54,000
A great king should possess no 
more remarkable than that. 

2166
02:02:55,500 --> 02:02:57,900
The French romance is did much 
more with the sword. 

2167
02:02:57,900 --> 02:03:00,900
They have eventually developed 
two different origin stories 

2168
02:03:00,900 --> 02:03:03,900
that sometimes get confused with
each other in popular retellings

2169
02:03:03,900 --> 02:03:08,400
in one version Arthur proves his
right to rule by pulling a sword

2170
02:03:08,400 --> 02:03:11,100
from a stone where Merlin had 
magically launched it. 

2171
02:03:11,900 --> 02:03:16,000
The sword is a test. 
Only the true king, the rightful

2172
02:03:16,000 --> 02:03:18,300
heir to britons throne can 
remove it. 

2173
02:03:18,300 --> 02:03:22,800
Every nobleman in the land, 
tries and fails, young, Arthur 

2174
02:03:22,800 --> 02:03:26,900
still just a squire serving. 
His foster brother, Kay pulls it

2175
02:03:26,900 --> 02:03:30,900
out effortlessly, almost by 
accident, the miracle Reveals 

2176
02:03:30,900 --> 02:03:35,700
His identity and Destiny. 
In the other version, Arthur 

2177
02:03:35,700 --> 02:03:38,400
receives his sword from the 
mysterious Lady of the Lake. 

2178
02:03:39,200 --> 02:03:43,300
She lives in an enchanted realm 
beneath the water surface, A 

2179
02:03:43,300 --> 02:03:46,200
Magical Kingdom that exists. 
Parallel to the mortal world. 

2180
02:03:47,200 --> 02:03:50,000
She rises from the lake holding 
a magnificent sword. 

2181
02:03:50,800 --> 02:03:53,400
She gives it to Arthur as a gift
or possibly alone. 

2182
02:03:53,400 --> 02:03:57,600
The sword is called Excalibur. 
The name might derive from Latin

2183
02:03:57,600 --> 02:03:59,200
phrase, meaning cuts through 
Steel. 

2184
02:04:00,000 --> 02:04:03,400
Or it might come from the Welsh 
name colored failed, which was 

2185
02:04:03,400 --> 02:04:05,000
what earlier Welsh tradition 
called? 

2186
02:04:05,000 --> 02:04:08,400
Arthur sawed. 
Sword has various magical 

2187
02:04:08,400 --> 02:04:10,700
properties depending on which 
version you read. 

2188
02:04:11,500 --> 02:04:14,100
Some say it makes its wheeled 
her Invincible in battle, 

2189
02:04:14,100 --> 02:04:15,500
others? 
Claim? 

2190
02:04:15,500 --> 02:04:19,400
The sword Scabbard is the truly 
magical item protecting whoever 

2191
02:04:19,400 --> 02:04:22,200
wears it from bleeding, no 
matter how severe their wounds. 

2192
02:04:23,000 --> 02:04:26,200
Arthur loses the Scabbard later 
stolen by his half-sister 

2193
02:04:26,200 --> 02:04:28,000
Morgan. 
Le Faye in an act of treachery. 

2194
02:04:28,000 --> 02:04:32,800
This loss makes him vulnerable 
human again capable of being 

2195
02:04:32,800 --> 02:04:36,200
killed at comelon. 
After the final battle as 

2196
02:04:36,200 --> 02:04:38,700
arthrell dying. 
He orders one of his few 

2197
02:04:38,700 --> 02:04:41,300
surviving Knights to throw 
Excalibur back into the lake. 

2198
02:04:42,100 --> 02:04:44,200
The Knight tries to avoid this 
task twice. 

2199
02:04:44,200 --> 02:04:47,600
He can't bear to throw away such
a magnificent weapon. 

2200
02:04:47,600 --> 02:04:51,400
He hides it and returns claiming
he's done his ordered, but 

2201
02:04:51,400 --> 02:04:53,500
Arthur knows, he's lying and 
sends him back. 

2202
02:04:53,500 --> 02:04:57,200
Finally, the night throws 
Excalibur in to the water and 

2203
02:04:57,200 --> 02:05:00,700
arm rises from the lake surface.
A woman's arm though whose 

2204
02:05:00,700 --> 02:05:04,700
exactly varies by version. 
The hand catches the sword 

2205
02:05:04,700 --> 02:05:08,400
waves, it three times pulls it 
down beneath the surface. 

2206
02:05:08,400 --> 02:05:11,000
The Lady of the Lake is 
reclaimed her gift. 

2207
02:05:11,000 --> 02:05:14,500
Now, that Arthur's time is 
ended, this is pure mythology. 

2208
02:05:14,500 --> 02:05:19,200
Not history by any measure. 
But it's powerful mythology that

2209
02:05:19,200 --> 02:05:23,300
resonates with deep human 
concerns. the sword from the 

2210
02:05:23,300 --> 02:05:26,800
stone represents, the idea that 
legitimate Authority reveals 

2211
02:05:26,800 --> 02:05:30,700
itself through tests that cannot
be faked to True leadership 

2212
02:05:30,700 --> 02:05:34,700
isn't about force or cunning it 
manifests as ability. 

2213
02:05:34,700 --> 02:05:36,400
That others simply don't 
possess. 

2214
02:05:37,100 --> 02:05:41,600
The sword from the lake suggests
that power is a gift that comes 

2215
02:05:41,600 --> 02:05:45,000
with responsibilities. 
It must be wielded. 

2216
02:05:45,000 --> 02:05:49,700
Justly, it must be returned. 
When the time comes, you don't 

2217
02:05:49,700 --> 02:05:52,400
get to keep it forever just 
because you once deserved it, 

2218
02:05:52,400 --> 02:05:56,400
then there's Merlin the Wizard, 
who looms over arthas early 

2219
02:05:56,400 --> 02:05:58,200
life. 
And then vanishes, just when his

2220
02:05:58,200 --> 02:06:02,500
guidance might matter most 
Merlin's Origins are Welsh. 

2221
02:06:03,200 --> 02:06:06,600
He appears in early poetry as 
murdered in a prophet who went 

2222
02:06:06,600 --> 02:06:09,500
mad after battle and lived in 
the forest making prophecies. 

2223
02:06:10,500 --> 02:06:13,400
Geoffrey of Monmouth transformed
him into Arthur's advisor. 

2224
02:06:13,400 --> 02:06:18,400
Jeffrey wrote two Works about 
Merlin in one Merlin appears as 

2225
02:06:18,400 --> 02:06:21,200
a boy who reveals why? 
King vorton Fortress keeps 

2226
02:06:21,200 --> 02:06:24,100
collapsing. 
Two dragons fight beneath the 

2227
02:06:24,100 --> 02:06:26,600
foundation. 
One red for the British. 

2228
02:06:26,600 --> 02:06:31,400
One white for the sacks and 
Merlin prophesied the future in 

2229
02:06:31,400 --> 02:06:35,300
cryptic verses. 
French romance is expanded his 

2230
02:06:35,300 --> 02:06:37,600
role and gave him detailed 
backstory. 

2231
02:06:37,600 --> 02:06:42,700
He's the son of a demon and a 
virtuous woman, he has magical 

2232
02:06:42,700 --> 02:06:47,500
powers but a human soul, he 
builds Stonehenge, he creates 

2233
02:06:47,500 --> 02:06:51,100
the round table, he enchants The
Sword in the Stone. 

2234
02:06:51,100 --> 02:06:56,300
He guides Arthur's victories. 
Then Merlin falls in love with a

2235
02:06:56,300 --> 02:06:59,700
woman. 
Whose name varies nimueh Vivian,

2236
02:06:59,700 --> 02:07:03,500
sometimes Morgan, usually. 
One of the ladies of the lake, 

2237
02:07:03,500 --> 02:07:08,200
he teaches her his magic, She 
uses it to trap him in a cave or

2238
02:07:08,200 --> 02:07:11,400
tree or Tower of air. 
Cannot Escape. 

2239
02:07:11,400 --> 02:07:13,800
But can sometimes still be heard
making professors. 

2240
02:07:14,600 --> 02:07:17,800
Merlin's fate is peculiar and 
symbolically rich. 

2241
02:07:18,500 --> 02:07:20,500
He's not killed in battle Like a
Warrior. 

2242
02:07:20,500 --> 02:07:24,300
He's not murdered by an enemy. 
He's undone by his own choice to

2243
02:07:24,300 --> 02:07:28,500
love and to share his knowledge.
As if the story understands the 

2244
02:07:28,500 --> 02:07:32,000
pure magic has no place in the 
increasingly complex human 

2245
02:07:32,000 --> 02:07:34,200
world. 
That's developing the age of 

2246
02:07:34,208 --> 02:07:37,300
simple Supernatural intervention
must end for the more 

2247
02:07:37,300 --> 02:07:39,900
complicated age of human moral 
choices to begin. 

2248
02:07:40,700 --> 02:07:44,000
The Magical elements multiplied 
and elaborate, as the romances 

2249
02:07:44,000 --> 02:07:47,200
develop. 
Morgan, lafaye Arthur's 

2250
02:07:47,200 --> 02:07:49,900
half-sister transforms from a 
benevolent. 

2251
02:07:49,900 --> 02:07:53,200
Healer in early sources to 
ambiguous figure who might help 

2252
02:07:53,200 --> 02:07:56,100
or harm depending on her mood 
and purposes. 

2253
02:07:57,000 --> 02:08:00,700
She learns Magic from Merlin, 
she creates trouble at Arthur's 

2254
02:08:00,700 --> 02:08:02,900
Court. 
She steals excalibur's 

2255
02:08:02,900 --> 02:08:06,000
protective Scabbard, and gives 
it to her lover, hoping to get 

2256
02:08:06,000 --> 02:08:09,800
Arthur killed in battle. 
She reveals Lance Lot and guin's

2257
02:08:09,800 --> 02:08:12,200
adultery to Arthur. 
Forcing him to acknowledge. 

2258
02:08:12,200 --> 02:08:16,100
What he'd been willfully 
ignoring Yet, she's also one of 

2259
02:08:16,108 --> 02:08:19,600
the women who takes Arthur to 
Avalon after kamalan promising 

2260
02:08:19,600 --> 02:08:23,300
to heal his wounds. 
Avalon itself, grows more 

2261
02:08:23,300 --> 02:08:25,500
detailed and mysterious in the 
romances. 

2262
02:08:26,300 --> 02:08:29,000
Geoffrey of Monmouth called it 
insular. 

2263
02:08:29,000 --> 02:08:33,700
Avalon, the Isle of apples. 
A place where magical swords are

2264
02:08:33,708 --> 02:08:36,200
forged and wounded, Kings might 
be healed. 

2265
02:08:36,200 --> 02:08:39,200
Welsh tradition. 
Had long spoken of mystical 

2266
02:08:39,200 --> 02:08:42,900
islands in the Western Ocean 
where the dead went where time 

2267
02:08:42,900 --> 02:08:44,800
moved differently than in the 
mortal world. 

2268
02:08:46,100 --> 02:08:49,600
Some later medieval writers, 
identified Avalon with glass and

2269
02:08:49,600 --> 02:08:52,900
Summer Set. 
A real location where an 

2270
02:08:52,900 --> 02:08:57,700
important Monastery, stood. 
In 1191, the monks of glass, and

2271
02:08:57,700 --> 02:09:02,000
Brie made a spectacular claim. 
They discovered Arthur's tomb, 

2272
02:09:02,000 --> 02:09:05,800
buried, deep in their graveyard.
They'd found a lead cross with 

2273
02:09:05,800 --> 02:09:08,900
the Latin inscription 
identifying the grave as arthas 

2274
02:09:08,900 --> 02:09:11,600
calling glass and the ancient 
Isle of Avalon. 

2275
02:09:12,700 --> 02:09:16,000
The discovery was almost 
certainly a fraud the monastery 

2276
02:09:16,000 --> 02:09:19,700
needed money for rebuilding. 
After a fire claiming to possess

2277
02:09:19,700 --> 02:09:22,800
Arthur's grave would attract 
pilgrims and donations. 

2278
02:09:23,800 --> 02:09:26,700
But the fraudulent discovery 
shows how the legendary and the 

2279
02:09:26,708 --> 02:09:29,800
supposedly real became 
deliberately untangled for 

2280
02:09:29,800 --> 02:09:33,900
practical purposes. 
The Holy Grail enters the 

2281
02:09:33,900 --> 02:09:37,300
Arthurian stories through creti 
undertale in the late 12th 

2282
02:09:37,300 --> 02:09:37,900
century. 
Though. 

2283
02:09:37,900 --> 02:09:40,700
He didn't call it. 
Holy His perceval. 

2284
02:09:40,700 --> 02:09:43,800
The story of The Grail 
introduced a mysterious object. 

2285
02:09:44,800 --> 02:09:48,000
A dish or bowl or cup seen at a 
strange Castle. 

2286
02:09:48,800 --> 02:09:51,000
Criti and died before finishing 
the poem. 

2287
02:09:51,700 --> 02:09:54,500
Later, writers picked up the 
Grail and developed it into the 

2288
02:09:54,500 --> 02:09:57,700
ultimate, mystical object of 
quest and devotion. 

2289
02:09:58,600 --> 02:10:00,600
Robert de Barron, made it 
explicitly. 

2290
02:10:00,600 --> 02:10:05,100
Christian, The Grail was the cut
from The Last Supper Joseph of 

2291
02:10:05,100 --> 02:10:07,000
Arimathea. 
Had used it to catch Christ 

2292
02:10:07,000 --> 02:10:09,900
blood at the crucifixion. 
The Grail possessed. 

2293
02:10:09,900 --> 02:10:13,300
Miraculous Powers. 
It could feed people spiritual 

2294
02:10:13,300 --> 02:10:17,000
nourishment, it could heal 
wounds seeing it required. 

2295
02:10:17,000 --> 02:10:20,900
Spiritual Purity and worthiness.
The Grail Quest becomes the 

2296
02:10:20,900 --> 02:10:23,700
defining adventure of ours, as 
Court in the beginning of its 

2297
02:10:23,700 --> 02:10:26,400
end. 
Arthur's knights scatter Across 

2298
02:10:26,400 --> 02:10:31,400
The Landing, The Grail most fail
and never returned some die in 

2299
02:10:31,400 --> 02:10:33,800
the attempt. 
A very few achieve temporary 

2300
02:10:33,800 --> 02:10:37,400
glimpses. 
Only Galahad Lance Lot, son, and

2301
02:10:37,408 --> 02:10:40,100
the purest night to ever lived. 
Achieves. 

2302
02:10:40,100 --> 02:10:43,200
The complete vision and 
understands the grail's 

2303
02:10:43,200 --> 02:10:46,500
Mysteries. 
He dies in spiritual ecstasy 

2304
02:10:46,500 --> 02:10:51,300
afterward his mortal life cannot
contain what he's experienced. 

2305
02:10:52,000 --> 02:10:55,200
The Grail Quest marks a turning 
point in the Legends, internal 

2306
02:10:55,200 --> 02:10:58,800
chronology. 
Before the quest Arthur's Court 

2307
02:10:58,800 --> 02:11:03,000
represents worldly Perfection. 
Great warriors, beautiful, 

2308
02:11:03,000 --> 02:11:06,500
ladies spectacular feasts, 
glorious tournaments. 

2309
02:11:07,300 --> 02:11:11,300
Secular achievement at its peak.
The Grail Quest, introduces a 

2310
02:11:11,300 --> 02:11:15,300
spiritual standard that the 
secular World cannot meet Most 

2311
02:11:15,300 --> 02:11:18,300
of the nights fail, not because 
they lack courage or skill in 

2312
02:11:18,300 --> 02:11:20,500
our arms. 
They fail because they've 

2313
02:11:20,500 --> 02:11:24,600
committed sins because they've 
loved on wisely because they 

2314
02:11:24,600 --> 02:11:27,500
value Earthly Glory more than 
Heavenly truth. 

2315
02:11:27,500 --> 02:11:30,600
Even though those who survived 
the quest returned to find 

2316
02:11:30,600 --> 02:11:32,300
something, precious has been 
lost. 

2317
02:11:33,100 --> 02:11:37,000
The fellowship is broken too 
many chairs at the round table 

2318
02:11:37,000 --> 02:11:39,700
are empty. 
The innocent confidence of early

2319
02:11:39,700 --> 02:11:42,500
days is gone. 
Everyone knows the Kingdom's 

2320
02:11:42,500 --> 02:11:45,900
days and numbered the trajectory
bends toward tragedy. 

2321
02:11:46,700 --> 02:11:49,600
These Magical elements transform
Arthur from a possible 

2322
02:11:49,600 --> 02:11:51,600
historical figure in to Pure 
mythology. 

2323
02:11:52,900 --> 02:11:55,600
The magic makes the story work 
on multiple levels, 

2324
02:11:55,600 --> 02:11:58,600
simultaneously. 
It still about King ship and 

2325
02:11:58,600 --> 02:12:01,800
loyalty and betrayal. 
About the tension between 

2326
02:12:01,800 --> 02:12:05,600
personal desire and public duty 
about how even the best 

2327
02:12:05,600 --> 02:12:09,700
intentions can lead to disaster.
But it's also about the tension 

2328
02:12:09,700 --> 02:12:11,200
between the mundane and the 
mystical. 

2329
02:12:11,900 --> 02:12:15,300
Between human limitation and 
divine possibility. 

2330
02:12:16,100 --> 02:12:19,400
Between the world as it is and 
the world as imagination and 

2331
02:12:19,400 --> 02:12:23,100
Faith, say it could be. 
The sixth Century War leader. 

2332
02:12:23,100 --> 02:12:26,100
If he existed fought with iron 
Spears and wooden Shields and 

2333
02:12:26,100 --> 02:12:30,700
tactical cunning he won or Lost 
based on training and morale and

2334
02:12:30,700 --> 02:12:34,300
Logistics and luck. 
He lived and died as men do 

2335
02:12:34,300 --> 02:12:38,300
subject to time and age and 
violence media of Alaska fights 

2336
02:12:38,300 --> 02:12:41,300
with an enchanted sword, to give
him by other worldly Powers. 

2337
02:12:41,300 --> 02:12:46,000
He's Guided by a wizard born of 
demon and Saint He seeks holy 

2338
02:12:46,000 --> 02:12:50,000
relics, that embody divine 
grace, he faces enemies, both 

2339
02:12:50,000 --> 02:12:52,600
human and Supernatural his 
story. 

2340
02:12:52,600 --> 02:12:56,300
Operates by mythological logic, 
where symbols matter, as much as

2341
02:12:56,300 --> 02:13:00,300
events, The historical distance 
between these two figures is 

2342
02:13:00,300 --> 02:13:03,200
immeasurably. 
Vast one might have existed. 

2343
02:13:03,200 --> 02:13:07,700
One certainly did not, at least 
not in the form the stories 

2344
02:13:07,700 --> 02:13:11,800
describe but the magical Arthur 
is the one people remember and 

2345
02:13:11,800 --> 02:13:13,700
love and return to across 
centuries. 

2346
02:13:13,700 --> 02:13:19,700
The wizard, The sawed the Grail 
Avalon, the promise of return 

2347
02:13:20,600 --> 02:13:23,000
These are the elements that make
the story Immortal. 

2348
02:13:23,000 --> 02:13:26,700
These are what Transformer 
possible War leader into a 

2349
02:13:26,700 --> 02:13:30,200
legend that transcends, the 
merely historical and enters the

2350
02:13:30,200 --> 02:13:32,500
permanent realm of human 
imagination. 

2351
02:13:33,200 --> 02:13:35,000
Now comes the difficult 
question. 

2352
02:13:35,000 --> 02:13:38,300
The one that historians have 
argued about for generations and

2353
02:13:38,300 --> 02:13:41,100
likely will continue arguing 
about for Generations more. 

2354
02:13:42,000 --> 02:13:44,800
Was any of it real? 
You'll standing in a modern 

2355
02:13:44,800 --> 02:13:47,600
University Library surrounded by
shelves. 

2356
02:13:47,600 --> 02:13:51,500
Holding hundreds of books about 
Arthur some argue with Fierce 

2357
02:13:51,500 --> 02:13:55,300
passion for his historical 
existence, others dismiss him as

2358
02:13:55,308 --> 02:13:58,100
complete Legend with equally 
strong conviction. 

2359
02:13:59,100 --> 02:14:02,100
Most scholarly Works, take 
carefully hedge positions 

2360
02:14:02,100 --> 02:14:05,900
somewhere in between the debate 
has been ongoing for well over a

2361
02:14:05,900 --> 02:14:09,200
century in its modern form. 
It shows no signs of reaching 

2362
02:14:09,200 --> 02:14:12,100
any consensus that would satisfy
everyone involved. 

2363
02:14:12,100 --> 02:14:15,600
Let's be ruthlessly honest about
what we actually know setting 

2364
02:14:15,600 --> 02:14:19,300
aside everything from Geoffrey 
of Monmouth onward, as obvious 

2365
02:14:19,300 --> 02:14:22,400
invention. 
We know that Roman Britain ended

2366
02:14:22,400 --> 02:14:26,400
around 410 when the legions 
withdrew in central Imperial 

2367
02:14:26,400 --> 02:14:29,800
Authority collapse. 
We know that Saxon settlement 

2368
02:14:29,800 --> 02:14:32,300
and expansion happened. 
Over the following centuries 

2369
02:14:32,300 --> 02:14:36,700
through a complex process of 
migration military conquest and 

2370
02:14:36,700 --> 02:14:40,200
cultural transformations. 
We know that British kingdoms 

2371
02:14:40,200 --> 02:14:44,500
resisted this Saxon expansion 
with varying degrees of success,

2372
02:14:44,500 --> 02:14:47,900
for varying lengths of time. 
Depending on geography and local

2373
02:14:47,900 --> 02:14:51,700
circumstances. 
We know that by the 10th century

2374
02:14:51,700 --> 02:14:54,900
when our earliest surviving 
Welsh historical sources were 

2375
02:14:54,900 --> 02:14:58,400
being compiled. 
Welsh tradition, confidently, 

2376
02:14:58,400 --> 02:15:01,200
remembered a war. 
Leader named Arthur who fought 

2377
02:15:01,200 --> 02:15:04,700
at a place called Baden and died
at a place called comelon. 

2378
02:15:05,400 --> 02:15:07,300
That's not much to build a 
biography on. 

2379
02:15:08,000 --> 02:15:11,100
That's barely enough to argue 
for Arthur's existence at all by

2380
02:15:11,100 --> 02:15:14,700
the standards of evidence 
historians normally require the 

2381
02:15:14,700 --> 02:15:16,300
skeptical position is 
straightforward. 

2382
02:15:16,300 --> 02:15:19,100
We have no contemporary evidence
for Arthur. 

2383
02:15:19,100 --> 02:15:22,300
No Roman or early Saxon, Source 
mentioned him. 

2384
02:15:23,200 --> 02:15:27,000
First Welsh sources naming him 
date from 8:30 and 970 

2385
02:15:27,000 --> 02:15:29,500
centuries. 
After he supposedly lived, 

2386
02:15:30,300 --> 02:15:33,700
Battle of Baden might be 
historical but we don't know who

2387
02:15:33,700 --> 02:15:38,200
commanded their Arthur could be 
a later invention, a legendary 

2388
02:15:38,200 --> 02:15:40,900
hero, created to embody British 
resistance. 

2389
02:15:41,900 --> 02:15:46,100
This skepticism is reasonable. 
By normal historical standards 

2390
02:15:46,100 --> 02:15:51,000
Arthur doesn't make the cut. 
The evidence is thin late and 

2391
02:15:51,000 --> 02:15:54,900
mixed with obvious fiction. 
But dismissing Arthur entirely 

2392
02:15:54,900 --> 02:15:58,300
has problems, too. 
First the absence of 

2393
02:15:58,300 --> 02:16:00,300
contemporary evidence isn't 
surprising. 

2394
02:16:01,100 --> 02:16:04,400
We have almost no written 
sources from 6th Century Britain

2395
02:16:04,400 --> 02:16:08,900
about anything. 
The whole period from 400 to 600

2396
02:16:08,900 --> 02:16:12,500
is poorly documented. 
Literacy collapsed with Roman 

2397
02:16:12,500 --> 02:16:15,300
Administration. 
You can't use absence of 

2398
02:16:15,300 --> 02:16:18,200
evidence as proof when the 
evidentiary base is nearly 

2399
02:16:18,200 --> 02:16:21,500
empty. 
Second Welsh Traditions show 

2400
02:16:21,500 --> 02:16:24,800
characteristics, suggesting 
genuine oral tradition rather 

2401
02:16:24,800 --> 02:16:29,800
than invention. the geographical
connections are specific Arthur 

2402
02:16:29,800 --> 02:16:34,100
is associated with real places 
in Wales and the North Galligan 

2403
02:16:34,100 --> 02:16:38,900
kellian, the Edinburgh region. 
Not the fictional Camelot that 

2404
02:16:38,900 --> 02:16:43,000
Romance Writers created. 
Third, the name Arthur itself. 

2405
02:16:43,000 --> 02:16:45,200
Derives, from the Roman name 
Artorias. 

2406
02:16:46,100 --> 02:16:49,900
This wasn't common in Welsh. 
Its appearance in sixth Century 

2407
02:16:49,900 --> 02:16:53,900
context, suggests a real Romano 
British person who achieved 

2408
02:16:53,900 --> 02:16:58,400
something notable. 4th. 
British resistance to sex and 

2409
02:16:58,400 --> 02:17:03,299
was real and sometimes 
successful Baden happened and 

2410
02:17:03,299 --> 02:17:07,100
resulted in British victory, 
that halted Saxon expansion for 

2411
02:17:07,100 --> 02:17:10,100
a generation. 
Someone commanded that victory. 

2412
02:17:11,100 --> 02:17:14,000
Someone achieved something 
significant enough to be 

2413
02:17:14,000 --> 02:17:17,500
remembered. 
The moderate position held by 

2414
02:17:17,500 --> 02:17:20,600
many historians as the Arthur 
might have been a real war 

2415
02:17:20,600 --> 02:17:23,600
leader, whose genuine 
accomplishments were later 

2416
02:17:23,600 --> 02:17:27,200
exaggerated and mythologized 
beyond recognition, this 

2417
02:17:27,200 --> 02:17:30,299
historical author. 
If he existed was probably 

2418
02:17:30,299 --> 02:17:31,900
nothing like the medieval 
author. 

2419
02:17:32,600 --> 02:17:36,600
No, Camelot no Round Table. 
No mystical quests or Divine 

2420
02:17:36,600 --> 02:17:39,100
weapons. 
Just a capable military 

2421
02:17:39,100 --> 02:17:41,600
commander operating in a violent
period. 

2422
02:17:42,400 --> 02:17:45,700
This hypothetical historical 
author might have been a Romano 

2423
02:17:45,700 --> 02:17:48,900
British noble who maintained 
some elements of Roman military 

2424
02:17:48,900 --> 02:17:52,200
organization and tactical 
thinking He might have used 

2425
02:17:52,200 --> 02:17:55,799
Cavalry effectively against 
Saxon infantry, which would give

2426
02:17:55,799 --> 02:17:57,799
him a significant tactical 
advantage. 

2427
02:17:58,799 --> 02:18:02,700
The 12 battles listed in the 
historian, might preserve a 

2428
02:18:02,700 --> 02:18:04,799
distorted memory of a wide 
ranging campaign. 

2429
02:18:04,799 --> 02:18:08,500
The victory at baydon might have
been his greatest achievement, 

2430
02:18:08,500 --> 02:18:13,900
the high point of his career. 
After his death, possibly a 

2431
02:18:13,900 --> 02:18:16,000
camel in what might have been a 
civil war between British 

2432
02:18:16,000 --> 02:18:19,600
factions rather than a battle 
against Saxons his reputation 

2433
02:18:19,600 --> 02:18:23,299
grew his victories, got 
remembered, and retold and 

2434
02:18:23,299 --> 02:18:27,100
gradually exaggerated. 
He became the hero who had held 

2435
02:18:27,100 --> 02:18:31,500
back the Saxon tied, if only 
temporarily as the centuries 

2436
02:18:31,500 --> 02:18:33,400
passed. 
And the Saxons did ultimately 

2437
02:18:33,400 --> 02:18:36,500
conquer, most of Britain and 
established, what became England

2438
02:18:36,500 --> 02:18:39,700
Arthur became a symbol of what 
the British had lost. 

2439
02:18:40,600 --> 02:18:45,100
The last Great British king The 
Once and Future King, who would 

2440
02:18:45,100 --> 02:18:46,799
return when his people needed 
him. 

2441
02:18:46,799 --> 02:18:51,500
Most desperately This moderate 
position fits the fragmentary 

2442
02:18:51,500 --> 02:18:54,100
evidence. 
We have reasonably well, it 

2443
02:18:54,100 --> 02:18:57,500
explains why Arthur appears in 
early Welsh traditional without 

2444
02:18:57,500 --> 02:19:00,400
requiring us to believe all the 
supernatural elements? 

2445
02:19:01,299 --> 02:19:04,400
It explains why the earliest 
references treat him as 

2446
02:19:04,400 --> 02:19:08,400
historical figure from a 
specific period rather than a 

2447
02:19:08,400 --> 02:19:12,900
Timeless mythological hero. 
It explains why later writers 

2448
02:19:12,900 --> 02:19:15,000
could build such a labret 
Legends around him. 

2449
02:19:15,000 --> 02:19:18,799
There was a small Foundation of 
possible historical truth for 

2450
02:19:18,799 --> 02:19:22,100
the stories to grow from. 
Even if that Foundation Bears, 

2451
02:19:22,100 --> 02:19:26,000
almost no resemblance to the 
final elaborate structure built 

2452
02:19:26,000 --> 02:19:28,900
upon it. 
But we need to be absolutely 

2453
02:19:28,900 --> 02:19:32,100
honest about what we don't know,
and almost certainly can never 

2454
02:19:32,100 --> 02:19:34,799
know with confidence. 
We don't know where Arthur was 

2455
02:19:34,808 --> 02:19:37,600
born or where he was based. 
We don't know what he looked 

2456
02:19:37,600 --> 02:19:39,799
like. 
We don't know what language he 

2457
02:19:39,799 --> 02:19:42,600
spoke primarily, though. 
It was probably a brittonic 

2458
02:19:42,600 --> 02:19:44,700
language ancestral to Modern 
Welsh. 

2459
02:19:45,299 --> 02:19:48,200
We don't know how he organized 
his forces or what weapons and 

2460
02:19:48,200 --> 02:19:52,000
tactics, he preferred we don't 
know if he was Christian and if 

2461
02:19:52,000 --> 02:19:55,500
so how devout We don't know 
about his family and any 

2462
02:19:55,500 --> 02:19:58,500
reliable detail. 
We don't know his personality, 

2463
02:19:58,500 --> 02:20:02,300
his motivations, his private 
thoughts, his fears. 

2464
02:20:02,300 --> 02:20:06,600
His hopes every author biography
is part responsible speculation 

2465
02:20:06,600 --> 02:20:10,500
based on what we know about the 
period and part Pure Imagination

2466
02:20:10,500 --> 02:20:13,500
filling in gaps. 
Human details. 

2467
02:20:13,500 --> 02:20:16,100
That would make him real and 
interesting to us as a person. 

2468
02:20:16,100 --> 02:20:19,900
A precisely the details. 
We cannot verify and likely 

2469
02:20:19,900 --> 02:20:24,000
never will be able to verify. 
modern archaeological work 

2470
02:20:24,000 --> 02:20:27,200
hasn't settled the question, 
despite to optimistic claims 

2471
02:20:28,000 --> 02:20:30,300
Various sights have been 
proposed as possible. 

2472
02:20:30,300 --> 02:20:34,200
Locations connected to Arthur 
Cadbury Castle in Summer, Set 

2473
02:20:34,200 --> 02:20:38,200
for excavations in the 1960s 
revealed that the old Iron Age 

2474
02:20:38,200 --> 02:20:42,400
hillfort had been substantially 
reformed and reoccupied in the 

2475
02:20:42,400 --> 02:20:46,800
late 5th or early sixth century.
That's exactly the right period 

2476
02:20:46,800 --> 02:20:49,600
for Arthur. 
The site is impressive, but 

2477
02:20:49,600 --> 02:20:52,300
archeology can demonstrate that 
a site was occupied. 

2478
02:20:52,300 --> 02:20:55,500
And even that significant 
resources were invested in 

2479
02:20:55,500 --> 02:21:00,500
fortifying, it archeology cannot
tell us who occupied it or 

2480
02:21:00,500 --> 02:21:02,900
whether any occupant more than 
name Arthur. 

2481
02:21:04,200 --> 02:21:07,700
Tintagel in Cornwall is another 
site associated with Arthur in 

2482
02:21:07,700 --> 02:21:10,500
later. 
Legend archaeological work there

2483
02:21:10,500 --> 02:21:14,300
as found evidence of high status
occupation in the Arthurian 

2484
02:21:14,300 --> 02:21:19,100
period imported pottery from the
Mediterranean suggesting wealth 

2485
02:21:19,100 --> 02:21:22,600
and trade connections building. 
That indicate someone important 

2486
02:21:22,600 --> 02:21:25,800
was based there. 
But again, impressive as the 

2487
02:21:25,800 --> 02:21:28,400
findings are they don't prove 
Arthur was there. 

2488
02:21:28,400 --> 02:21:31,700
They just show that Tinder gel 
was an important place in the 

2489
02:21:31,700 --> 02:21:34,400
right period. 
Genetic evidence from Modern 

2490
02:21:34,400 --> 02:21:38,200
populations doesn't help either 
DNA studies of British 

2491
02:21:38,200 --> 02:21:42,600
population show exactly the 
pattern you'd expect from sex 

2492
02:21:42,600 --> 02:21:45,900
and migration mixing with 
earlier British populations. 

2493
02:21:46,800 --> 02:21:50,800
But genetics can't tell us about
specific historical individuals 

2494
02:21:50,800 --> 02:21:54,100
or particular battles. 
It operates at the population 

2495
02:21:54,100 --> 02:21:58,100
level over long time scales. 
It can't point to Arthur. 

2496
02:21:58,100 --> 02:22:01,700
So, where does this extensive 
and rather inconclusive 

2497
02:22:01,700 --> 02:22:05,500
discussion levers? 
If you demand proof that meets 

2498
02:22:05,500 --> 02:22:07,700
rigorous modern historical 
standards. 

2499
02:22:07,700 --> 02:22:11,200
Arthur doesn't exist. 
The evidence is insufficient 

2500
02:22:11,200 --> 02:22:14,700
period. 
You should dismiss him as Legend

2501
02:22:14,700 --> 02:22:17,000
and focus your historical 
attention on things. 

2502
02:22:17,000 --> 02:22:20,800
We can actually verify if you're
willing to accept that a real 

2503
02:22:20,808 --> 02:22:23,000
person might lie somewhere 
behind later. 

2504
02:22:23,000 --> 02:22:26,000
Legendary accretions. 
Then Arthur might have existed. 

2505
02:22:26,000 --> 02:22:30,800
A Romano British war leader 
effective, and lucky enough to 

2506
02:22:30,800 --> 02:22:33,600
be remembered whose real 
achievements were later. 

2507
02:22:33,600 --> 02:22:35,600
Embroidered far beyond 
recognition. 

2508
02:22:37,000 --> 02:22:40,200
The honest answer that fits the 
evidence best is simply this. 

2509
02:22:40,200 --> 02:22:44,200
We don't know you probably never
will know with certainly. 

2510
02:22:44,800 --> 02:22:48,200
Arthur exists in an ambiguous 
space between history and myth. 

2511
02:22:48,900 --> 02:22:51,200
Between what we can prove and 
what we want to believe. 

2512
02:22:52,100 --> 02:22:54,800
That liminal space is 
uncomfortable for historians. 

2513
02:22:54,800 --> 02:22:58,600
Who prefer clear conclusions? 
But it's where Arthur lives most

2514
02:22:58,600 --> 02:23:01,300
naturally. 
Because Arthur represents 

2515
02:23:01,300 --> 02:23:05,000
something larger than historical
facts about battles and dates. 

2516
02:23:05,800 --> 02:23:10,200
he represents an idea, the idea 
that hero is a matters, even in 

2517
02:23:10,200 --> 02:23:13,700
Desperate circumstances that 
leadership can make a real 

2518
02:23:13,708 --> 02:23:17,300
difference. that resistance 
against overwhelming, odds has 

2519
02:23:17,300 --> 02:23:21,400
value even when It ultimately 
fails That the good, we 

2520
02:23:21,400 --> 02:23:24,000
accomplished might be remembered
even when everything else is 

2521
02:23:24,000 --> 02:23:27,000
forgotten. 
The medieval storytellers 

2522
02:23:27,000 --> 02:23:29,100
understood this better than 
modern historian. 

2523
02:23:29,100 --> 02:23:32,400
Sometimes do, they weren't 
trying to write accurate 

2524
02:23:32,400 --> 02:23:35,100
history, and our sense. 
They were trying to express 

2525
02:23:35,100 --> 02:23:39,600
truths about loyalty and honor, 
love and betrayal achievement 

2526
02:23:39,600 --> 02:23:43,200
and loss, the tragic nature of 
human ambition and the 

2527
02:23:43,200 --> 02:23:46,400
Persistence of hope they used 
Arthur as a vehicle for 

2528
02:23:46,400 --> 02:23:48,700
exploring these Universal human 
themes. 

2529
02:23:49,700 --> 02:23:52,700
Whether there was a real Arthur 
commanding, real troops at a 

2530
02:23:52,700 --> 02:23:54,900
real battle called Baden 
matters. 

2531
02:23:54,900 --> 02:23:56,900
Less than you might think for 
most purposes. 

2532
02:23:57,900 --> 02:24:01,400
The Arthur who truly matters the
Arthur, Who shaped European 

2533
02:24:01,400 --> 02:24:04,300
literature and culture rates, 
centuries and continues 

2534
02:24:04,300 --> 02:24:07,200
influencing us. 
Today is the legendary Arthur. 

2535
02:24:08,100 --> 02:24:11,000
King, who pulled the sword from 
the stone proving his right to 

2536
02:24:11,000 --> 02:24:13,800
rule. 
The king, whose nights sat at 

2537
02:24:13,800 --> 02:24:15,600
around table, seeking the Holy 
Grail. 

2538
02:24:15,600 --> 02:24:17,600
The king who established a 
brief? 

2539
02:24:17,600 --> 02:24:21,300
Golden age of peace and justice.
A king who was betrayed by 

2540
02:24:21,300 --> 02:24:23,800
those. 
He loved most, The king who died

2541
02:24:23,800 --> 02:24:26,400
at kamlan but was carried to 
Avalon where he might yet be 

2542
02:24:26,400 --> 02:24:28,900
healing. 
King who might return When 

2543
02:24:28,900 --> 02:24:32,500
Britain's need his greatest? 
That Arthur is real in the way 

2544
02:24:32,500 --> 02:24:35,500
that stories are real. 
He shapes how we think about 

2545
02:24:35,500 --> 02:24:37,500
leadership and heroism and 
tragedy. 

2546
02:24:37,500 --> 02:24:42,100
He influences our imagination 
and our ideals, he gives us a 

2547
02:24:42,100 --> 02:24:45,600
framework for understanding 
human nobility in human failure,

2548
02:24:45,600 --> 02:24:49,700
in the same person. 
The historical Arthur the 

2549
02:24:49,700 --> 02:24:51,600
possible War leader from the 
poorly documented. 

2550
02:24:51,600 --> 02:24:57,100
Darkness of the sixth century is
lost to us too much time too 

2551
02:24:57,100 --> 02:25:01,000
little evidence, too many layers
of Legend, obscuring, whatever. 

2552
02:25:01,000 --> 02:25:06,000
Truth might lie at the core. the
legendary Arthur is Immortal and

2553
02:25:06,000 --> 02:25:10,200
maybe that's what matters most 
you've traveled through 15th, 

2554
02:25:10,200 --> 02:25:13,700
centuries to night from the 
departure of Roman Legions to 

2555
02:25:13,700 --> 02:25:17,000
medieval romance. 
From the possible reality of 

2556
02:25:17,000 --> 02:25:20,600
desperate military campaigns to 
the definite unreality of 

2557
02:25:20,600 --> 02:25:23,200
mystical quests and magical 
swords. 

2558
02:25:23,900 --> 02:25:27,600
From sparse references in Welsh 
Chronicles to the elaborate 

2559
02:25:27,600 --> 02:25:30,900
imaginative, constructions of 
Camelot and the Grail. 

2560
02:25:31,700 --> 02:25:34,900
Arthur's story teaches us, 
something profound about how 

2561
02:25:34,900 --> 02:25:37,000
Legends grow and why they 
persist. 

2562
02:25:37,800 --> 02:25:41,300
They don't spring fully formed 
from nothing like mushrooms. 

2563
02:25:41,300 --> 02:25:45,000
After rain their Crete slowly 
layer upon layer. 

2564
02:25:45,000 --> 02:25:48,000
Each generation adding new 
elements while preserving 

2565
02:25:48,000 --> 02:25:52,000
fragments of older traditions. 
They adapt to new cultures and 

2566
02:25:52,000 --> 02:25:54,200
new concerns, they become 
whatever. 

2567
02:25:54,200 --> 02:25:58,100
Each age needs them, to be the 
Romano British of the sixth 

2568
02:25:58,100 --> 02:25:59,900
Century. 
If they had an author at all 

2569
02:25:59,908 --> 02:26:03,400
needed, a war leader, who could 
organize scattered resistance to

2570
02:26:03,400 --> 02:26:08,000
Saxon invasion, The wealth of 
later, centuries needed, a 

2571
02:26:08,000 --> 02:26:10,900
symbol of their lost 
Independence and a prophecy of 

2572
02:26:10,900 --> 02:26:14,600
eventual return. 
The medieval French needed an 

2573
02:26:14,600 --> 02:26:17,900
idealized King who embodied 
emerging Chevelle? 

2574
02:26:17,900 --> 02:26:20,800
Rick values. 
The English needed to reclaim 

2575
02:26:20,800 --> 02:26:22,600
their greatest Legend from the 
French. 

2576
02:26:23,500 --> 02:26:27,000
Every generation reshaped Arthur
to reflect his own dreams and 

2577
02:26:27,008 --> 02:26:30,100
fears and values, and Arthur 
endures. 

2578
02:26:30,100 --> 02:26:33,300
Because the fundamental themes 
in bedded in his story are 

2579
02:26:33,300 --> 02:26:36,800
genuinely timeless. 
The wise advisor who disappears 

2580
02:26:36,800 --> 02:26:38,700
when most needed. 
Pure love. 

2581
02:26:38,700 --> 02:26:41,200
That becomes tragic. 
Adult tree the perfect 

2582
02:26:41,200 --> 02:26:45,700
Fellowship that splinters and 
fails the good Kingdom by 

2583
02:26:45,700 --> 02:26:49,200
secrets from his past. 
Son, who becomes his father's 

2584
02:26:49,200 --> 02:26:52,300
mortal enemy. 
Final battle, that ends 

2585
02:26:52,300 --> 02:26:55,200
everything. 
The hope that death is not quite

2586
02:26:55,200 --> 02:26:59,800
final that returns possible. 
These are patterns of human 

2587
02:26:59,800 --> 02:27:03,500
tragedy that every culture 
recognizes even if the specific 

2588
02:27:03,500 --> 02:27:06,800
details vary. 
Their dressed in medieval 

2589
02:27:06,800 --> 02:27:10,900
costume in the Arthurian stories
with castles and knights and 

2590
02:27:10,900 --> 02:27:14,800
courtly Customs, but they speak 
to something deeper and more 

2591
02:27:14,800 --> 02:27:19,000
Universal than any specific 
historical period or cultural 

2592
02:27:19,000 --> 02:27:22,000
context. 
Modern authors can continue 

2593
02:27:22,000 --> 02:27:26,500
retelling, Arthur and countless 
variations they set in space or 

2594
02:27:26,500 --> 02:27:30,200
the far future or alternate 
history is where magic works by 

2595
02:27:30,200 --> 02:27:33,500
different rules. 
They make Arthur a woman or a 

2596
02:27:33,500 --> 02:27:37,200
time traveler or a corporate CEO
leading a business Empire. 

2597
02:27:37,200 --> 02:27:41,000
They deconstruct the legend. 
Re-imagine it, subvert. 

2598
02:27:41,000 --> 02:27:45,300
It celebrated mock it, honor it.
The story proves endlessly 

2599
02:27:45,300 --> 02:27:48,700
adaptable, precisely because its
core concerned are so 

2600
02:27:48,700 --> 02:27:53,000
fundamental to Human Experience.
Historians will continue 

2601
02:27:53,000 --> 02:27:56,000
debating, whether Arthur was 
real new archaeological 

2602
02:27:56,000 --> 02:27:58,100
discoveries. 
Might strengthen the case for 

2603
02:27:58,100 --> 02:28:02,900
historical basis or might 
undermine it further Old texts 

2604
02:28:02,900 --> 02:28:06,400
might be reinterpreted using new
methods, new analytical 

2605
02:28:06,400 --> 02:28:09,300
techniques might reveal patterns
in the sources that previous 

2606
02:28:09,300 --> 02:28:12,600
Scholars missed. 
The academic debate Will Go On. 

2607
02:28:13,500 --> 02:28:16,400
But regardless of what 
historians eventually conclude, 

2608
02:28:16,400 --> 02:28:20,700
if they ever reach consensus at 
all, Arthur Will Survive. 

2609
02:28:21,600 --> 02:28:26,000
Not as history, but a story not 
as verifiable fact. 

2610
02:28:26,000 --> 02:28:30,800
But as truth of a different kind
The truth of human aspiration 

2611
02:28:30,800 --> 02:28:34,800
meeting, human limitation. 
The truth that heroism is 

2612
02:28:34,800 --> 02:28:37,000
possible even in the darkest 
times. 

2613
02:28:37,800 --> 02:28:41,400
The truth that what we build can
be beautiful even when we know 

2614
02:28:41,400 --> 02:28:45,000
it cannot last. 
As you drift towards sleep, now 

2615
02:28:45,000 --> 02:28:48,200
you can let the many layers of 
Arthur's story, settle in your 

2616
02:28:48,200 --> 02:28:52,500
mind like sediment slowly 
forming into solid Stone. 

2617
02:28:53,300 --> 02:28:55,900
The possible War leader, 
fighting impossible odds, with 

2618
02:28:55,900 --> 02:29:00,300
limited resources and scarce 
hope the legendary King holding 

2619
02:29:00,300 --> 02:29:03,200
Court in a castle. 
That never existed in a golden 

2620
02:29:03,200 --> 02:29:06,900
age that never was Symbol of 
Human Excellence and human 

2621
02:29:06,900 --> 02:29:10,800
failure intertwined, the promise
of return, that might never be 

2622
02:29:10,800 --> 02:29:13,800
fulfilled. 
All of it is real in the only 

2623
02:29:13,800 --> 02:29:17,900
way that ultimately matters, 
real in the imagination real in 

2624
02:29:17,900 --> 02:29:20,800
the stories, we tell ourselves 
and our children about who we 

2625
02:29:20,800 --> 02:29:22,700
could be and what we might 
achieve. 

2626
02:29:22,700 --> 02:29:27,000
If we have the courage to try 
The Once and Future King sleeps 

2627
02:29:27,000 --> 02:29:30,800
in Avalon, waiting for the call 
to return that might never come.

2628
02:29:30,800 --> 02:29:35,200
And while he sleeps, we tell his
story, adding our own 

2629
02:29:35,200 --> 02:29:39,200
interpretations and concerns to 
the legend ensuring that 

2630
02:29:39,200 --> 02:29:42,500
whatever historical truth might 
lie somewhere at the distant, 

2631
02:29:42,500 --> 02:29:46,400
core remains alive in the one 
place, it can truly survive 

2632
02:29:46,400 --> 02:29:50,300
across the centuries. 
In the telling itself, in the 

2633
02:29:50,300 --> 02:29:54,500
endless creative reimagining 
that each generation performs in

2634
02:29:54,500 --> 02:29:56,700
the Universal. 
Human need for stories about 

2635
02:29:56,700 --> 02:29:58,700
heroes. 
Who try despite knowing they 

2636
02:29:58,700 --> 02:30:02,300
might fail who build, despite 
knowing time will tear down what

2637
02:30:02,300 --> 02:30:06,000
they create, Who Loved despite 
knowing love brings pain as well

2638
02:30:06,000 --> 02:30:09,200
as Joy. 
Sleep well with knights and 

2639
02:30:09,200 --> 02:30:13,400
quests and magical swords dance 
dancing through your dreams with

2640
02:30:13,400 --> 02:30:16,000
the knowledge that some stories 
are too powerful to die. 

2641
02:30:16,000 --> 02:30:18,100
Two. 
Meaningful to be reduced to 

2642
02:30:18,108 --> 02:30:20,700
simple questions of historical 
fact or fiction. 

2643
02:30:21,700 --> 02:30:24,600
Arthur lives in that space 
between and backs. 

2644
02:30:24,600 --> 02:30:34,300
That's exactly where he belongs.
in the late, 17th and early 18th

2645
02:30:34,300 --> 02:30:38,900
centuries, France was a land of 
contrasts By candlelight in a 

2646
02:30:38,900 --> 02:30:42,100
grande Shadows Garden. 
A curious Noble woman listens as

2647
02:30:42,100 --> 02:30:44,900
a witty philosopher. 
Describes the stars above, he 

2648
02:30:44,900 --> 02:30:47,100
explains that. 
Those stars are Sons, like our 

2649
02:30:47,100 --> 02:30:50,900
own each, perhaps circled, by 
the worlds of their own a 

2650
02:30:50,900 --> 02:30:53,600
radical idea in an age, when 
questioning the heavens could be

2651
02:30:53,600 --> 02:30:56,300
dangerous. 
The scene could be lifted from 

2652
02:30:56,300 --> 02:30:59,100
Bernard de fontanel's 
conversations on the plurality 

2653
02:30:59,100 --> 02:31:03,600
of Worlds, 1686 a clever book 
where a lady and a scientist 

2654
02:31:03,600 --> 02:31:06,500
stroll nightly under the sky 
discussing copernicus's son, 

2655
02:31:06,500 --> 02:31:09,900
centered universe. 
Fontanelles Charming, prose made

2656
02:31:09,900 --> 02:31:12,200
the latest scientific 
discoveries accessible to the 

2657
02:31:12,208 --> 02:31:16,700
layperson planting seeds of 
curiosity even as Louis the 14th

2658
02:31:16,700 --> 02:31:21,000
ruoff. 
His ideas along with those of 

2659
02:31:21,000 --> 02:31:24,100
fellow think of Pierre, Baal 
formed a foundation for what 

2660
02:31:24,100 --> 02:31:25,500
would soon be called the 
enlightenment. 

2661
02:31:26,400 --> 02:31:29,500
At the turn of the 18th century 
official, France was still 

2662
02:31:29,500 --> 02:31:31,500
firmly absolutist and devoutly 
Catholic. 

2663
02:31:32,400 --> 02:31:35,700
Louis the 14th, the Sun King had
revoked, the Edict of Nantes in 

2664
02:31:35,700 --> 02:31:38,900
1685. 
Driving Protestants like Bailey 

2665
02:31:38,900 --> 02:31:41,800
into exile? 
Yet even as the king insisted on

2666
02:31:41,800 --> 02:31:46,000
religious, unity dissing ideas 
quietly took root in his Safe. 

2667
02:31:46,000 --> 02:31:48,700
Haven abroad Baal wrote, a 
skeptical, historical and 

2668
02:31:48,700 --> 02:31:53,100
critical dictionary. 1697 the 
poked holes in dogma and 

2669
02:31:53,100 --> 02:31:56,700
advocated tolerance. 
These volumes printed in 

2670
02:31:56,700 --> 02:31:59,400
Amsterdam and London were 
smuggled over the borders in 

2671
02:31:59,400 --> 02:32:01,200
barrels of cloth and hidden 
compartments. 

2672
02:32:01,200 --> 02:32:04,100
Finding eager readers in Paris 
and Leo. 

2673
02:32:05,200 --> 02:32:08,000
A tradition was beginning. 
Forbidden ideas could not be 

2674
02:32:08,000 --> 02:32:11,300
easily extinguished. 
Bailey is call for a society of 

2675
02:32:11,300 --> 02:32:14,500
pluralistic views, a daring 
notion that people of different 

2676
02:32:14,500 --> 02:32:17,700
beliefs might live together in 
peace, resonated with a small, 

2677
02:32:17,700 --> 02:32:19,800
but growing circle of French 
Minds. 

2678
02:32:20,600 --> 02:32:23,300
Quietly. 
The suburb Monopoly of church 

2679
02:32:23,300 --> 02:32:26,200
and crown on Truth was being 
challenged by pamphlets and 

2680
02:32:26,200 --> 02:32:30,700
letters passed Hunter ham and 
After Louis, the 14th death in 

2681
02:32:30,700 --> 02:32:34,600
1715, the atmosphere in France 
were relaxed some what allowing 

2682
02:32:34,600 --> 02:32:38,500
these early Sparks to flare up? 
In Paris coffeehouses and 

2683
02:32:38,500 --> 02:32:40,300
literary clubs buzzed with 
torque. 

2684
02:32:40,300 --> 02:32:42,500
One. 
Towering figure of this, early 

2685
02:32:42,500 --> 02:32:45,800
Enlightenment was Baron de 
Montesquieu a provincial 

2686
02:32:45,800 --> 02:32:48,200
nobleman with a dry wit and Keen
insight. 

2687
02:32:48,900 --> 02:32:52,900
In 1721 Montesquieu published 
the Persian letters a playful 

2688
02:32:52,900 --> 02:32:55,500
novel of letters in which two, 
fictional personal Travelers 

2689
02:32:55,500 --> 02:32:58,900
Lampoon French Customs. 
Nothing was sacred in its Pages 

2690
02:32:58,900 --> 02:33:02,200
Parisian High Society. 
The potentials of the king's 

2691
02:33:02,200 --> 02:33:04,200
court, the absurdities of the 
Catholic. 

2692
02:33:04,200 --> 02:33:07,800
Clergy all were held up to 
Gentle ridicule through these 

2693
02:33:07,800 --> 02:33:11,700
eyes of outside US. 
Rita's were amused and intrigued

2694
02:33:11,700 --> 02:33:15,000
beneath the satire, a serious 
critiques of absolutism and 

2695
02:33:15,000 --> 02:33:17,700
religious hypocrisy. 
The book though published 

2696
02:33:17,700 --> 02:33:21,100
anonymously created a stir. 
It was passed from Salon. 

2697
02:33:21,100 --> 02:33:24,700
To Salon read aloud in amused. 
Whispers France's own 

2698
02:33:24,700 --> 02:33:28,300
institutions were being examined
as if under a foreign lens and 

2699
02:33:28,300 --> 02:33:32,200
many found them wanting 
Montesquieu success in boldend 

2700
02:33:32,200 --> 02:33:33,400
others. 
Soon. 

2701
02:33:33,400 --> 02:33:36,600
He would take his analysis 
further retiring to his estate. 

2702
02:33:36,600 --> 02:33:40,000
He quietly toiled on a magnum 
opus about laws and governments 

2703
02:33:40,000 --> 02:33:43,100
around the world. 
By the 1730s, the term 

2704
02:33:43,100 --> 02:33:47,000
philosophy was coming into use. 
Not quite the same as 

2705
02:33:47,000 --> 02:33:49,700
philosopher. 
It meant a man or occasionally, 

2706
02:33:49,700 --> 02:33:52,900
a woman of ideas who applied 
reason to all areas of life. 

2707
02:33:53,800 --> 02:33:56,700
These Enlightenment thinkers saw
themselves as bringing light 

2708
02:33:56,700 --> 02:33:58,900
into the dark corners of 
ignorance and oppression. 

2709
02:33:58,900 --> 02:34:02,100
They drew inspiration from 
English writers, like John Locke

2710
02:34:02,100 --> 02:34:05,400
and scientists, like, Isaac 
Newton, whose Works were now 

2711
02:34:05,400 --> 02:34:06,800
circulating in French 
translation. 

2712
02:34:08,100 --> 02:34:10,700
In fact, a fashionable, young 
writer named Voltaire had 

2713
02:34:10,700 --> 02:34:14,000
traveled to England and 
returned, in 1729 bubbling with 

2714
02:34:14,000 --> 02:34:17,500
enthusiasm for Newton's physics 
and the English Spirit of free 

2715
02:34:17,500 --> 02:34:21,200
debate. 
He set about spreading both with

2716
02:34:21,200 --> 02:34:24,600
his vivacious lover, Emily dese.
A brilliant mathematician 

2717
02:34:24,600 --> 02:34:28,400
Voltaire explain, Newton's, 
finding in French and praise in 

2718
02:34:28,400 --> 02:34:31,000
England, as relatively liberal 
Society in his letters on the 

2719
02:34:31,000 --> 02:34:33,000
English. 
Though, the French authorities 

2720
02:34:33,000 --> 02:34:35,900
condemned his book and briefly 
imprisoned, its author for it, 

2721
02:34:35,900 --> 02:34:39,700
the ideas could not be unread. 
The taste of intellectual 

2722
02:34:39,700 --> 02:34:41,800
Freedom abroad. 
Only sharpened French appetites 

2723
02:34:41,800 --> 02:34:45,500
for more. thus in the decades 
before the Revolution, the early

2724
02:34:45,500 --> 02:34:48,800
stirrings of Enlightenment 
thought took hold a handful of 

2725
02:34:48,800 --> 02:34:52,500
bold voices, fontanelle with his
Popular Science, bailed with his

2726
02:34:52,508 --> 02:34:55,800
skeptical area Edition, 
Montesquieu with his satire and 

2727
02:34:55,800 --> 02:35:00,100
Voltaire with his sharp pain 
prepared, the ground Their 

2728
02:35:00,100 --> 02:35:02,700
writing circulated in manuscript
and in Contraband, print 

2729
02:35:02,700 --> 02:35:07,500
fertilizing Minds from Paris to 
the provinces over supper tables

2730
02:35:07,500 --> 02:35:10,300
and University Halls, people 
began asking new questions. 

2731
02:35:10,300 --> 02:35:12,700
Could Reason Not tradition 
guide. 

2732
02:35:12,700 --> 02:35:15,700
Human Affairs must religious 
uniformity Trump. 

2733
02:35:15,700 --> 02:35:18,100
Initial conscience. 
Could a king's Authority have 

2734
02:35:18,100 --> 02:35:20,500
limit set by natural law these 
questions. 

2735
02:35:20,500 --> 02:35:24,300
So in the early 1700s would 
Sprout dramatically as the 

2736
02:35:24,300 --> 02:35:28,200
century progressed, For now they
were still whispered but the 

2737
02:35:28,200 --> 02:35:31,800
enlightenment in France had 
begun Adorn of new thinking that

2738
02:35:31,800 --> 02:35:35,700
promised to chase away medieval 
shadows in the mid-18th century.

2739
02:35:35,700 --> 02:35:39,200
Some of the most radical ideas 
and France were not plotted in 

2740
02:35:39,200 --> 02:35:42,200
dark alleys but disgust over 
champagne and elegant drawing 

2741
02:35:42,200 --> 02:35:45,000
rooms. 
The Parisian Salon was a unique 

2742
02:35:45,000 --> 02:35:48,900
institution Parts. 
Social Club part intellectual 

2743
02:35:48,900 --> 02:35:52,700
seminar, typically hosted by a 
wealthy, or aristocratic woman 

2744
02:35:52,700 --> 02:35:56,000
the salon near these gatherings 
brought together, writers, 

2745
02:35:56,000 --> 02:35:59,000
philosophers, artists, and 
Statesmen under one Chandelier 

2746
02:35:59,000 --> 02:36:02,000
on a given evening. 
You might find the sharp tongued

2747
02:36:02,000 --> 02:36:06,300
Voltaire trading barbs with a 
bishop or Jean-Jacques Rousseau 

2748
02:36:06,300 --> 02:36:09,400
Shirley unveiling, his latest 
essay to a circle of curious 

2749
02:36:09,400 --> 02:36:13,700
marquis's, salons were private 
and By Invitation Only yet, they

2750
02:36:13,700 --> 02:36:15,600
became engines of public 
discourse. 

2751
02:36:15,600 --> 02:36:19,800
There was a democratic 
Cosmopolitan and tolerant 

2752
02:36:19,800 --> 02:36:24,600
atmosphere rare for the time 
time, Noble's bourgeoisie and 

2753
02:36:24,600 --> 02:36:27,900
even an occasional Artisan or 
foreign Savant mingled polite 

2754
02:36:27,900 --> 02:36:30,900
likely United by a love of wit 
an ideas. 

2755
02:36:31,700 --> 02:36:35,000
Here in lightning month, thought
took on a human face as diverse 

2756
02:36:35,000 --> 02:36:38,700
guests, debated Arts, science 
and politics late Into the 

2757
02:36:38,700 --> 02:36:41,300
Night. 
The women who ran these salons. 

2758
02:36:41,300 --> 02:36:44,200
Wielded subtle power in a 
society that otherwise can find 

2759
02:36:44,200 --> 02:36:47,500
female influencer take Madame 
Jehovah, for example. 

2760
02:36:48,300 --> 02:36:51,500
Born Mary Theresa Rhodesian by 
1740s. 

2761
02:36:51,500 --> 02:36:54,600
She had established herself as 
the premier Hostess of Paris. 

2762
02:36:55,400 --> 02:36:57,900
Every Monday, a well-appointed 
home on the crew. 

2763
02:36:57,900 --> 02:36:59,000
Saint Honore. 
Welcome. 

2764
02:36:59,000 --> 02:37:01,000
The leading writers and 
philosopher to dinner. 

2765
02:37:01,000 --> 02:37:04,900
Wednesdays, were reserved for 
artists with motherly charm 

2766
02:37:04,900 --> 02:37:06,300
Madame. 
Jofran presided over the 

2767
02:37:06,300 --> 02:37:10,000
conversation tactfully steering 
away from overly explosive 

2768
02:37:10,000 --> 02:37:11,600
topics. 
So, as to keep the Gathering 

2769
02:37:11,600 --> 02:37:15,200
convivial, She even provided 
financial support to struggling 

2770
02:37:15,200 --> 02:37:18,500
men of letters quietly paying 
debts, or buying paintings from 

2771
02:37:18,500 --> 02:37:21,300
her artist guests. 
The respect, she commanded was 

2772
02:37:21,300 --> 02:37:24,900
such that even the Crusty 
Voltaire deferred to her. in her

2773
02:37:24,900 --> 02:37:29,000
Salon, one had to follow certain
rules wit was appreciated, but 

2774
02:37:29,000 --> 02:37:32,900
vulgarity was not lively debate 
was welcome but shouting and 

2775
02:37:32,900 --> 02:37:36,500
personal attacks were frowned 
upon Under her Guidance, the 

2776
02:37:36,500 --> 02:37:40,700
tone remained, civil clever and 
enlightening, a model of the 

2777
02:37:40,700 --> 02:37:44,000
refinement of manners and speech
that salons originally aimed 

2778
02:37:44,000 --> 02:37:46,600
for. 
Other Salon years adopted 

2779
02:37:46,600 --> 02:37:50,400
different styles Madame did you 
find and older contemporary of 

2780
02:37:50,408 --> 02:37:53,300
Jeffrey? 
Hosted, Gatherings from 1745 

2781
02:37:53,300 --> 02:37:56,400
onward, but famously disdained. 
The more radical philosopher 

2782
02:37:56,400 --> 02:38:01,600
Voltaire who she adored Her 
Salon favored, High Society 

2783
02:38:01,600 --> 02:38:04,000
gossip and classical. 
Letters over bold, new 

2784
02:38:04,000 --> 02:38:07,200
philosophy. 
In contrast the witty 

2785
02:38:07,200 --> 02:38:10,000
Mademoiselle, Julie de lesbianas
ran a more free wheeling Salon 

2786
02:38:10,000 --> 02:38:12,900
in the 1770s. 
Julie had been tutored in the 

2787
02:38:12,908 --> 02:38:15,500
art by Madame du de fond until a
falling out. 

2788
02:38:15,500 --> 02:38:19,500
And with a small stipend from 
Madame jafra struck out on her 

2789
02:38:19,500 --> 02:38:21,700
own. 
She innovated by opening her 

2790
02:38:21,700 --> 02:38:25,300
home almost every evening to a 
select but Mixed Company, young 

2791
02:38:25,300 --> 02:38:27,900
intellectuals, older Statesman 
and foreign visitors. 

2792
02:38:27,900 --> 02:38:32,100
Nibbles and wine were served 
nothing lavish but the talk 

2793
02:38:32,100 --> 02:38:35,600
flowed. 
One frequent guest, the writer 

2794
02:38:35,600 --> 02:38:38,900
Jean, Francois Marmont Hotel 
Marvel at Julia's ability to 

2795
02:38:38,900 --> 02:38:42,400
inspire Frank discussion. 
He described her as an 

2796
02:38:42,400 --> 02:38:46,000
astonishing compound of reason 
and wisdom with the liveliest 

2797
02:38:46,000 --> 02:38:51,000
mind and most Ardent soul. 
Under her edifice philosopher's 

2798
02:38:51,000 --> 02:38:53,900
from diverse, generation's 
convened and exchange ideas. 

2799
02:38:53,900 --> 02:38:56,900
While even the poorest Scholars 
will welcome to express their 

2800
02:38:56,900 --> 02:38:59,500
thoughts. 
Such inclusion was unusual. 

2801
02:38:59,500 --> 02:39:04,400
Many cells ones rank in a tire. 
Still mattered the Juliet Pinas,

2802
02:39:04,400 --> 02:39:05,800
proved that intellectual 
passion. 

2803
02:39:05,800 --> 02:39:10,000
Could Trump pedigree A typical 
sale on evening, might unfold 

2804
02:39:10,000 --> 02:39:13,300
like this as dusk fell. 
A liveried footman. 

2805
02:39:13,300 --> 02:39:16,300
Admitted guest to a candle lit. 
Parlor decorated with art. 

2806
02:39:16,300 --> 02:39:20,700
Gentle music, played in the Next
Room, elegant women in silks, 

2807
02:39:20,700 --> 02:39:24,400
and men in embroidered, coats 
form, small clusters, exchanging

2808
02:39:24,400 --> 02:39:28,100
news and balls mods. 
The hostess circulated deathly 

2809
02:39:28,100 --> 02:39:31,000
introducing a young poet to a 
renowned scientist or drawing a 

2810
02:39:31,008 --> 02:39:33,700
shy scholar into a lively debate
about the latest play. 

2811
02:39:34,700 --> 02:39:39,200
conversation, was the main event
a Good Salon guests had 

2812
02:39:39,200 --> 02:39:42,000
something to bring to this 
conversation at the very least 

2813
02:39:42,000 --> 02:39:45,200
Whitten, elegant, French. 
Arising dramatist. 

2814
02:39:45,200 --> 02:39:48,500
Might recite a scene from his 
new comedy met with Applause and

2815
02:39:48,500 --> 02:39:51,800
gentle critique a visiting 
American like Benjamin Franklin,

2816
02:39:51,800 --> 02:39:55,300
might Regale the company with 
Tales of scientific experiments 

2817
02:39:55,300 --> 02:39:59,000
with lightning, Serious 
discussions could break out the 

2818
02:39:59,000 --> 02:40:01,800
merits of voltaire's newest 
tracked or Russo's eccentric 

2819
02:40:01,800 --> 02:40:05,200
theories on education. 
But if tempers flared or someone

2820
02:40:05,200 --> 02:40:08,100
drowned on too long, the hostess
would smoothly change the 

2821
02:40:08,100 --> 02:40:11,900
subject or proposed a diversion,
the brief chamber, music 

2822
02:40:11,900 --> 02:40:15,900
performance or around of cards. 
The result was a peculiar mix of

2823
02:40:15,900 --> 02:40:19,200
ludic and learned. 
By evening's end ideas. 

2824
02:40:19,200 --> 02:40:21,900
That might have been seditious. 
In print could be bandied about 

2825
02:40:21,900 --> 02:40:25,100
safely in the South cushioned, 
by flightless and mutual respect

2826
02:40:25,100 --> 02:40:27,700
the salon. 
Thus served as an incubator for 

2827
02:40:27,700 --> 02:40:30,700
Enlightenment ideas. 
It connected thinkers to 

2828
02:40:30,700 --> 02:40:33,800
Patron's many. 
An author found a publisher or a

2829
02:40:33,800 --> 02:40:35,500
financier, through Salon 
contacts. 

2830
02:40:35,500 --> 02:40:38,100
It allowed women. 
A rare opportunity to engage in 

2831
02:40:38,100 --> 02:40:41,500
intellectual life will be as 
conveners rather than professors

2832
02:40:41,500 --> 02:40:44,700
with notable exceptions. 
Like Emily duchesse who though 

2833
02:40:44,700 --> 02:40:47,100
not to sell on. 
Are proved women could match men

2834
02:40:47,100 --> 02:40:50,200
in science. 
Salons also helped erode, class 

2835
02:40:50,200 --> 02:40:54,300
barriers if only slightly some 
hostesses pride of themselves on

2836
02:40:54,308 --> 02:40:59,200
Gathering a potpourri of talents
regardless of noble birth. there

2837
02:40:59,200 --> 02:41:01,600
were limits, of course, 
peasants, and laborers did not 

2838
02:41:01,608 --> 02:41:05,100
stroll into these parlors The 
salons primarily catered to the 

2839
02:41:05,100 --> 02:41:07,700
elite who were open to new 
talent and ideas. 

2840
02:41:07,700 --> 02:41:10,100
Not just those inherited from 
their lineage. 

2841
02:41:11,000 --> 02:41:13,900
In these candle that rooms, the 
public sphere had a private 

2842
02:41:13,900 --> 02:41:16,800
cradle. 
Before newspapers could freely 

2843
02:41:16,800 --> 02:41:20,200
criticize, the king, or church. 
And before any elected assembly 

2844
02:41:20,200 --> 02:41:23,300
existed in France, the salons 
were training grounds for reason

2845
02:41:23,300 --> 02:41:26,500
debate. they fostered, what one 
historian later called the 

2846
02:41:26,500 --> 02:41:30,100
Republic of letters, a community
of Minds that transcended, 

2847
02:41:30,100 --> 02:41:33,200
social ranks, and National 
borders, Foreigners. 

2848
02:41:33,200 --> 02:41:36,100
Like the Scottish historian, 
David Hume while the Italian 

2849
02:41:36,100 --> 02:41:39,700
economist cesare beccaria were 
treated at Paris salons. 

2850
02:41:39,700 --> 02:41:43,300
When they visited in turn French
philosophers, built, networks of

2851
02:41:43,300 --> 02:41:47,100
correspondence with thinkers 
abroad, The Cosmopolitan chatter

2852
02:41:47,100 --> 02:41:50,900
in Madame, geoffrin Salo had 
echoes in London Geneva or 

2853
02:41:50,900 --> 02:41:55,200
Berlin as ideas spread by the 
1770s and 1780s, even as 

2854
02:41:55,200 --> 02:41:58,000
economic troubles and political 
conflict in France. 

2855
02:41:58,000 --> 02:42:01,700
One could still find On Any 
Given evening a salon in full 

2856
02:42:01,700 --> 02:42:04,100
swing. 
A microcosm of an ideal in 

2857
02:42:04,100 --> 02:42:07,200
Enlightenment Society, where 
conversation flowed freely 

2858
02:42:07,200 --> 02:42:10,800
differences were bridge by 
Civility and a new rational. 

2859
02:42:10,800 --> 02:42:13,500
France was imagined in talk long
before it existed. 

2860
02:42:13,500 --> 02:42:17,000
In fact, by the middle of the 
18th century, the written word 

2861
02:42:17,000 --> 02:42:20,300
in France was undergoing an 
explosive proliferation and 

2862
02:42:20,300 --> 02:42:23,400
bustling Parisian, print shops 
in secret presses hidden in 

2863
02:42:23,400 --> 02:42:26,700
attics or across the border, 
printers turned out mountains of

2864
02:42:26,700 --> 02:42:31,800
paper books, pamphlets journals 
broadside and insatiable reading

2865
02:42:31,800 --> 02:42:35,400
public had Arisen Hungary for 
everything from scandalous verse

2866
02:42:35,400 --> 02:42:39,200
to Serious treatises on 
philosophy, The statistics, tell

2867
02:42:39,200 --> 02:42:42,700
part of the story by the 1780s 
literacy at risen markedly 

2868
02:42:42,700 --> 02:42:46,700
roughly half of French men and a
quarter of women could read 

2869
02:42:46,700 --> 02:42:49,000
almost double the rates from a 
century earlier. 

2870
02:42:49,700 --> 02:42:52,200
More people reading meant more 
demand for reading material, 

2871
02:42:52,200 --> 02:42:55,200
where the state or the church 
tried to censor or limit that 

2872
02:42:55,200 --> 02:42:58,100
material Enterprise in 
Publishers found ways to supply 

2873
02:42:58,100 --> 02:43:02,000
at regardless, a veritable 
underground press emerge and 

2874
02:43:02,000 --> 02:43:03,800
with it, a new kind of 
intellectual Warrior. 

2875
02:43:03,800 --> 02:43:07,900
The hack writer, the clan 
desktop book, cellar, Together, 

2876
02:43:07,900 --> 02:43:11,200
they would spread enlightenment 
ideas to every corner of France 

2877
02:43:11,200 --> 02:43:13,600
even as authorities scrambled to
stem the tide. 

2878
02:43:14,400 --> 02:43:17,200
Officially the French Crown 
maintained strict censorship. 

2879
02:43:17,200 --> 02:43:21,400
All books were supposed to be a 
royal sensors and carry the 

2880
02:43:21,400 --> 02:43:24,200
sensors name. 
Hundreds of titles were outright

2881
02:43:24,200 --> 02:43:27,600
banned, the Catholic Church 
through the sorbonne faculty and

2882
02:43:27,600 --> 02:43:31,300
the infamous index librarian, 
prohibitorum index of prohibited

2883
02:43:31,300 --> 02:43:33,700
books. 
Also condemned Works, deemed 

2884
02:43:33,700 --> 02:43:36,500
heretical or immoral. 
Punishments for illegal 

2885
02:43:36,500 --> 02:43:40,100
printing, could be severe fines 
imprisonment, even The Gallows 

2886
02:43:40,100 --> 02:43:44,200
for repeater fenders but by the 
1770s enforcement was 

2887
02:43:44,200 --> 02:43:46,400
increasingly like plugging holes
in a sieve. 

2888
02:43:46,400 --> 02:43:49,600
The appetite for new ideas was 
too strong and the prophets to 

2889
02:43:49,600 --> 02:43:51,700
be made from satisfying it to 
tempting. 

2890
02:43:52,500 --> 02:43:55,300
Smugglers carried, forbidden 
books in France By The Crate. 

2891
02:43:55,300 --> 02:43:59,100
Stashing them in false bottom 
wagons or floating them down 

2892
02:43:59,100 --> 02:44:01,800
Rivers at night. 
It was said that in some 

2893
02:44:01,800 --> 02:44:05,700
Frontier towns, nearly every 
Customs officer could be bribed.

2894
02:44:05,700 --> 02:44:10,900
Meanwhile, within France, pirate
printers secretly duplicated, 

2895
02:44:10,900 --> 02:44:12,400
popular Works without 
permission. 

2896
02:44:13,100 --> 02:44:15,800
One way or another. 
What was officially banned off 

2897
02:44:15,800 --> 02:44:19,000
in ended up widely read. 
A few examples illustrate, the 

2898
02:44:19,008 --> 02:44:22,500
cat and mouse game of publishing
in 1759. 

2899
02:44:22,500 --> 02:44:25,700
The Monumental project of the 
encyclopedie, the great 

2900
02:44:25,700 --> 02:44:29,500
Encyclopedia of Sciences arts 
and trades edited by Denny 

2901
02:44:29,500 --> 02:44:31,400
diderot was banned by King 
Louis. 

2902
02:44:31,400 --> 02:44:34,700
The 15th, after the first seven 
volumes under pressure from 

2903
02:44:34,700 --> 02:44:38,000
church authorities, who found 
its articles to Empires but 

2904
02:44:38,000 --> 02:44:41,700
diderot did not abandon it. 
Thanks to sympathetic, insiders,

2905
02:44:41,700 --> 02:44:43,600
not least, the enlightened sense
of Melcher. 

2906
02:44:43,600 --> 02:44:47,700
Dido continued the work in 
secret finishing 10 more volumes

2907
02:44:47,700 --> 02:44:50,400
of Articles and plates under a 
false imprint in Switzerland. 

2908
02:44:51,400 --> 02:44:54,400
Officially the encyclopedia was 
suppressed in reality 

2909
02:44:54,400 --> 02:44:57,300
subscribers received the 
remaining volumes clandestinely 

2910
02:44:57,300 --> 02:45:00,300
by 1765 as one contemporary 
quit. 

2911
02:45:00,300 --> 02:45:03,400
The authorities had winked. 
At the Enterprise, they 

2912
02:45:03,400 --> 02:45:06,600
pretended to shut it down to 
appease the church, but turned a

2913
02:45:06,600 --> 02:45:08,900
blind eye to its continued 
existence because it employed 

2914
02:45:08,900 --> 02:45:11,000
hundreds of workers and had 
powerful supporters. 

2915
02:45:11,800 --> 02:45:16,300
This delicate dance in name 
tolerated in practice typified. 

2916
02:45:16,300 --> 02:45:18,400
The later old regimes lacks 
censorship. 

2917
02:45:19,400 --> 02:45:26,000
By 1780 stood complete 35 
volumes and astonishing Trove of

2918
02:45:26,008 --> 02:45:29,000
Enlightenment knowledge made 
available to the public despite 

2919
02:45:29,000 --> 02:45:32,600
all edicts to the contrary, in 
addition to the encyclopedia 

2920
02:45:32,600 --> 02:45:36,900
Geneva Amsterdam, London and the
Rhineland produced illicit 

2921
02:45:36,900 --> 02:45:40,200
literature. 
Scholars believe that around 600

2922
02:45:40,200 --> 02:45:42,700
prohibited books, circulated in 
France, before the Revolution. 

2923
02:45:43,600 --> 02:45:46,500
These included philosophical 
books scurrilous political 

2924
02:45:46,500 --> 02:45:50,200
pamphlets and censored novels. 
According to historian, Robert 

2925
02:45:50,200 --> 02:45:54,200
Danton several were forbidden 
bestsellers books to Filthy or 

2926
02:45:54,200 --> 02:45:56,800
seditious for the sensors. 
But eagerly read by everyone who

2927
02:45:56,800 --> 02:46:01,400
could Russo's Emil on education 
and the social contract were 

2928
02:46:01,400 --> 02:46:05,200
prohibited in 1762. 
The pirated volumes spread and 

2929
02:46:05,200 --> 02:46:08,300
made him famous. 
Obscene, leaflets criticizing 

2930
02:46:08,300 --> 02:46:10,800
the Royal Family's morals and 
crazy stories. 

2931
02:46:10,800 --> 02:46:13,700
About the king's ministers were 
other underground, best sellers 

2932
02:46:13,700 --> 02:46:16,900
grub Street. 
Writers hack authors living hand

2933
02:46:16,900 --> 02:46:20,100
to mouth in Paris, who wrote, 
Whatever sold specialized in La 

2934
02:46:20,100 --> 02:46:23,900
Belle's, liberalist pamphlets to
get money, such writers, might 

2935
02:46:23,900 --> 02:46:27,100
mock the king's mistress, one 
week composing natural rights 

2936
02:46:27,100 --> 02:46:29,400
tracked, the next, and spy for 
the police. 

2937
02:46:29,400 --> 02:46:32,800
The next Voltaire and diderot 
mock this literary, underworld 

2938
02:46:32,800 --> 02:46:36,900
Voltaire called hackers things. 
Ironically, radical ideas. 

2939
02:46:36,900 --> 02:46:40,200
Sometimes spread through these 
less recognized venues the 

2940
02:46:40,200 --> 02:46:43,700
hackers hungry and alienated 
from the previous regime, hated 

2941
02:46:43,700 --> 02:46:45,300
Authority and fueled the 
revolution. 

2942
02:46:46,300 --> 02:46:49,900
Prince circulation is immense. 
A recent police, inventory of a 

2943
02:46:49,908 --> 02:46:53,200
seized bookstore or the 
Bastille's confiscated shipment,

2944
02:46:53,200 --> 02:46:55,200
documents shows, thousands of 
illegal books. 

2945
02:46:55,900 --> 02:46:59,700
Popularly legal titles have been
Republican many times in the 

2946
02:46:59,700 --> 02:47:04,300
70s, the Swiss underground 
publisher Societe typographic de

2947
02:47:04,300 --> 02:47:07,000
no shuttle transported. 
Tens of thousands of volumes 

2948
02:47:07,000 --> 02:47:10,200
into France from voltaire's 
philosophical fables to 

2949
02:47:10,200 --> 02:47:15,400
prohibited novels By 1796 20 and
50. 

2950
02:47:15,400 --> 02:47:18,800
Pirated volumes of the Forbidden
anti-colonial work, history of 

2951
02:47:18,800 --> 02:47:23,200
the two Indies 1770 surface. 
Abbey raynell's history of the 

2952
02:47:23,200 --> 02:47:25,900
two Indies, which boldly 
denounced slavery, in tyranny, 

2953
02:47:25,900 --> 02:47:28,900
was banned by the French 
government and exiled, while the

2954
02:47:28,900 --> 02:47:31,800
clergy despised him as one of 
the most seditious writers, 

2955
02:47:31,800 --> 02:47:33,700
which only peaked readers 
interest. 

2956
02:47:35,200 --> 02:47:38,300
Despite the Embargo, the book 
was a best-seller and influenced

2957
02:47:38,300 --> 02:47:40,900
American colonists with its 
human rights advocacy. 

2958
02:47:42,200 --> 02:47:44,500
The Paradox of French and 
lightning publishing was that 

2959
02:47:44,500 --> 02:47:46,600
repression. 
Often increased a Works, Fame 

2960
02:47:46,600 --> 02:47:49,200
and audience. 
Reading revolution spread 

2961
02:47:49,200 --> 02:47:52,100
outside the capitol. 
Provincial cities developed 

2962
02:47:52,100 --> 02:47:55,100
lending, libraries and reading 
societies where members pooled 

2963
02:47:55,100 --> 02:47:57,600
funds to buy books and 
newspapers under the watchful of

2964
02:47:57,600 --> 02:48:00,700
a suspicious bishop or 
magistrate literature was 

2965
02:48:00,700 --> 02:48:03,500
available to many residents and 
artists by the 1780s. 

2966
02:48:04,600 --> 02:48:07,700
Budget-friendly bibliotech Blue 
Book simplified Enlightenment 

2967
02:48:07,700 --> 02:48:10,400
ideals, fairy tales, and 
practical information. 

2968
02:48:11,400 --> 02:48:13,500
Peddlers sold chat. 
Books in local marketplaces 

2969
02:48:13,500 --> 02:48:18,000
spreading new ideas in a Tavern.
A peasant may hear a hot story 

2970
02:48:18,000 --> 02:48:20,600
about the king's mistress or a 
Voltaire joke. 

2971
02:48:20,600 --> 02:48:23,200
Of course not. 
Everyone liked this print Deluge

2972
02:48:23,200 --> 02:48:27,300
conservative voices, argued, 
that excessively forbidden 

2973
02:48:27,300 --> 02:48:31,500
materials was corrupting 
Ordinary People one booklet at a

2974
02:48:31,500 --> 02:48:32,900
time. 
Some worried that Authority was 

2975
02:48:32,900 --> 02:48:35,200
losing respect, they were 
partly, right? 

2976
02:48:36,100 --> 02:48:39,500
Before 1789 printed words, 
affected for French public 

2977
02:48:39,500 --> 02:48:41,800
opinion. 
Pamphlet, Avalanche swayed 

2978
02:48:41,800 --> 02:48:45,400
public opinion after high 
profile scandals or trials like 

2979
02:48:45,400 --> 02:48:49,400
the diamond necklace Affair. 
1785 involving Queen Marie 

2980
02:48:49,400 --> 02:48:52,600
Antoinette in Enlightenment 
authors and form an influence, 

2981
02:48:52,600 --> 02:48:55,400
public opinion, they thought 
education and critical thinking 

2982
02:48:55,400 --> 02:48:58,900
could improve Society. 
It worked, but it also fueled 

2983
02:48:58,900 --> 02:49:01,300
high expectations and simmering 
discontent. 

2984
02:49:02,200 --> 02:49:05,300
A prison kiosk sold a cheap 
Rousseau leaflet on the eve of 

2985
02:49:05,300 --> 02:49:08,600
the Revolution, stating man is 
Born Free and everywhere he is 

2986
02:49:08,600 --> 02:49:12,400
in Chains, a boarding song, 
mocking, the fat Archbishop or a

2987
02:49:12,400 --> 02:49:14,800
broadsheet, celebrating 
America's successful Uprising 

2988
02:49:14,800 --> 02:49:18,400
against its ruler of available 
rights, Liberty and equality 

2989
02:49:18,400 --> 02:49:21,600
formally discussed in salons, 
have permeated common 

2990
02:49:21,600 --> 02:49:24,700
consciousness. 
The future was printed on legal 

2991
02:49:24,700 --> 02:49:27,700
and unlawful presses. 
Despite their efforts, the old 

2992
02:49:27,700 --> 02:49:29,700
orders Guardians could not 
unprinted. 

2993
02:49:30,600 --> 02:49:33,000
The clatter of the printers type
and the rustle of secretly, 

2994
02:49:33,000 --> 02:49:36,600
turned Pages shook a changing 
France in a modest Paris 

2995
02:49:36,600 --> 02:49:39,900
apartment in the 1750s. 
Two brilliant, men, sit 

2996
02:49:39,900 --> 02:49:43,300
exchanging letters, not 
amicably, but as Rivals locked 

2997
02:49:43,300 --> 02:49:47,400
in intellectual combat. 
On one side is Voltaire, the 

2998
02:49:47,400 --> 02:49:51,600
most famous of the age. 
Now in his 60s polished, a bane,

2999
02:49:51,600 --> 02:49:56,000
a skeptic who relishes skewering
Folly on the other Jean. 

3000
02:49:56,000 --> 02:50:00,200
Jacques Rousseau two decades, 
young girl Tensley Earnest 

3001
02:50:00,200 --> 02:50:03,700
Ilona, who distrust, the very 
Society Voltaire. 

3002
02:50:03,700 --> 02:50:07,200
So, enjoy his rarely meet in 
person, but across miles, they 

3003
02:50:07,200 --> 02:50:10,800
trade barbs in print upon 
reading Russo's latest work 

3004
02:50:10,800 --> 02:50:12,900
Voltaire. 
Cannot resist sending a 

3005
02:50:12,900 --> 02:50:16,400
withering reply, he Have 
received sir your new book 

3006
02:50:16,400 --> 02:50:20,500
against the human species and I 
thank you for it Voltaire rights

3007
02:50:20,500 --> 02:50:24,100
with biting sarcasm. 
No one has ever employed, so 

3008
02:50:24,100 --> 02:50:26,000
much intelligence to make us all
stupid. 

3009
02:50:26,800 --> 02:50:29,600
Reading your book, inspires, a 
strong desire to take action, 

3010
02:50:29,600 --> 02:50:34,400
his words, drip, with mock, 
praise Russo's idealization of 

3011
02:50:34,400 --> 02:50:37,200
primitive, man. 
Voltaire implies is absurd, 

3012
02:50:37,200 --> 02:50:40,000
civilization. 
May be flawed, but its far 

3013
02:50:40,000 --> 02:50:41,800
better than the Savage Life 
Rousseau. 

3014
02:50:41,800 --> 02:50:45,900
Extols this famous quip that 
Russo's philosophy is Stuff to 

3015
02:50:45,908 --> 02:50:47,100
make a man want to become a 
beast. 

3016
02:50:47,100 --> 02:50:51,700
Epitomizes the clash between two
towering Enlightenment thinkers,

3017
02:50:51,700 --> 02:50:55,400
whose visions of human nature 
and Society were Worlds Apart, 

3018
02:50:55,400 --> 02:50:59,000
the enlightenment was not a 
singular entity, rather it 

3019
02:50:59,000 --> 02:51:02,500
represented a multitude of 
diverse perspectives frequently 

3020
02:51:02,500 --> 02:51:06,700
engaged in intense debate. 
Voltaire and Rousseau's rivalry 

3021
02:51:06,700 --> 02:51:10,900
as legendary Voltaire championed
reason science and a certain 

3022
02:51:10,900 --> 02:51:14,200
Cosmopolitan elitism. 
He believed in lightened 

3023
02:51:14,200 --> 02:51:17,000
monarchs ideally advised by 
philosophers, like in himself, 

3024
02:51:17,000 --> 02:51:21,700
could gradually improve Society.
Religion to Voltaire was useful 

3025
02:51:21,700 --> 02:51:25,700
as a social glue that needed 
purging of superstition ecrase. 

3026
02:51:25,700 --> 02:51:28,900
Len, fam, crushed. 
The infamous thing of 

3027
02:51:28,900 --> 02:51:32,300
fanaticism, he would famously 
declare of the church's abuses 

3028
02:51:32,300 --> 02:51:36,200
Rousseau by contrast distrusted 
the pretensions of polite 

3029
02:51:36,200 --> 02:51:38,600
Society. 
He thought civilization had 

3030
02:51:38,600 --> 02:51:42,400
corrupted man's originally, good
nature in works like discourse 

3031
02:51:42,400 --> 02:51:45,500
on inequality. 
He argued that Arts and Sciences

3032
02:51:45,500 --> 02:51:48,400
had led not to progress, but to 
vanity and oppression. 

3033
02:51:49,200 --> 02:51:52,500
His ideal was a simpler life in 
harmony with nature and a 

3034
02:51:52,500 --> 02:51:54,400
political Community Based on 
genuine. 

3035
02:51:54,400 --> 02:51:56,700
Equality and the general will of
the people. 

3036
02:51:56,700 --> 02:52:00,000
As he later, outlined in the 
social contract to Voltaire, the

3037
02:52:00,000 --> 02:52:04,500
idea sounded naive at best 
dangerous at worst, their 

3038
02:52:04,500 --> 02:52:07,300
corresponded courteously, but 
soured over time. 

3039
02:52:08,500 --> 02:52:12,700
After the devastating Lisbon 
earthquake of 1755 Voltaire 

3040
02:52:12,700 --> 02:52:14,200
wrote a poem questioning 
Providence. 

3041
02:52:14,200 --> 02:52:18,400
How could a just God Slaughter 
innocence Russo. 

3042
02:52:18,400 --> 02:52:21,700
Oddly rebuked Voltaire saying, 
people should not question God's

3043
02:52:21,700 --> 02:52:25,600
plan, and that if men didn't 
live packed in cities, The Quake

3044
02:52:25,600 --> 02:52:28,700
would do less harm. 
Voltaire privately, scoffed that

3045
02:52:28,708 --> 02:52:30,800
Rousseau wanted to send mankind 
backwards. 

3046
02:52:31,500 --> 02:52:34,800
One Longs in reading your book 
to walk on all fours, he jeered,

3047
02:52:34,800 --> 02:52:38,500
stung, by Russo's critique. 
Rousseau for his part, grew 

3048
02:52:38,500 --> 02:52:41,300
increasingly convinced that 
Voltaire and his Clique were 

3049
02:52:41,300 --> 02:52:44,100
conspiring against him. 
Mocking him behind his back. 

3050
02:52:45,100 --> 02:52:47,300
By the 70s. 
Their relationship had fractured

3051
02:52:47,300 --> 02:52:51,000
complete Russo, even refused 
voltaire's offer of Refuge when 

3052
02:52:51,000 --> 02:52:54,400
Rousseau was fleeing arrest, the
Voltaire Rousseau split was not 

3053
02:52:54,400 --> 02:52:58,200
just personal agency in 
Enlightenment thought. 

3054
02:52:59,000 --> 02:53:02,400
Voltaire stood for the party of 
Reason progressed through 

3055
02:53:02,400 --> 02:53:06,700
enlightened Authority and sharp.
Criticism of traditional Russo 

3056
02:53:06,700 --> 02:53:09,700
became the voice of the party of
feeling valuing, emotional 

3057
02:53:09,700 --> 02:53:12,900
authenticity, and the wisdom of 
the Common Man over the Polished

3058
02:53:12,900 --> 02:53:16,300
salon sophisticated to create 
your quarrel highlighted 

3059
02:53:16,300 --> 02:53:18,800
contradictions. 
The enlightenment celebrated 

3060
02:53:18,800 --> 02:53:22,100
reason yet Rousseau accused 
reasons Apostles of being cold 

3061
02:53:22,100 --> 02:53:24,800
and elitist. 
It preached a quality, it 

3062
02:53:24,800 --> 02:53:28,200
Voltaire privately disdained the
uneducated masses and preferred 

3063
02:53:28,200 --> 02:53:30,200
benevolent desks on to 
democracy. 

3064
02:53:31,100 --> 02:53:34,100
In their ways, each was 
prophetic Voltaire of the 

3065
02:53:34,100 --> 02:53:36,600
liberal secular values that 
would shape modern Europe 

3066
02:53:36,600 --> 02:53:39,400
Rousseau of the Romantic 
Democratic and even 

3067
02:53:39,408 --> 02:53:41,500
revolutionary currents that 
would soon erupt. 

3068
02:53:42,400 --> 02:53:45,100
Its fitting that both men died 
in 1778. 

3069
02:53:45,100 --> 02:53:49,100
A decade before the Revolution 
almost as if fate meant to clear

3070
02:53:49,100 --> 02:53:51,500
the stage for the drama to come 
Beyond this. 

3071
02:53:51,500 --> 02:53:55,000
Famous Duo, Enlightenment was 
Rife with intellectual rivalries

3072
02:53:55,000 --> 02:53:58,100
and collaborations diderot and 
Dalembert co-editors of the 

3073
02:53:58,100 --> 02:54:01,800
encyclopedie had their share of 
squabbles dalomba quit the 

3074
02:54:01,800 --> 02:54:05,500
project in frustration. 
In 1759 leaving deida wrote a 

3075
02:54:05,500 --> 02:54:06,800
slog. 
Through the remaining volumes 

3076
02:54:06,800 --> 02:54:11,000
largely alone, Dido fell out 
bitterly with Rousseau who had 

3077
02:54:11,008 --> 02:54:15,300
once been his close friend. 
Dido and hold back welcomed 

3078
02:54:15,300 --> 02:54:17,700
Rousseau as a kindred spirit in 
the 1740s. 

3079
02:54:17,700 --> 02:54:21,800
But as Russo's ideas, diverged 
in his paranoia grew, he came to

3080
02:54:21,800 --> 02:54:24,600
believe, did hero had portrayed 
him negatively in a satirical 

3081
02:54:24,600 --> 02:54:26,900
play. 
Their friendship collapsed 

3082
02:54:26,900 --> 02:54:29,500
illustrating, how personal 
slights could fracture? 

3083
02:54:29,500 --> 02:54:35,000
Even those working for the same 
broadcast of a famously 

3084
02:54:35,000 --> 02:54:38,300
irreverent, salon on of atheists
published the system of nature 

3085
02:54:38,300 --> 02:54:43,300
1770 a book denying the 
existence of God outright This 

3086
02:54:43,300 --> 02:54:47,200
extreme materialism alarmed even
Voltaire who attacked holdbacks 

3087
02:54:47,200 --> 02:54:49,100
atheism as fanatical in its own 
way. 

3088
02:54:49,100 --> 02:54:52,000
Voltaire believed Society needed
belief in God. 

3089
02:54:52,000 --> 02:54:55,400
As a moral Bedrock, if God did 
not exist, it would be necessary

3090
02:54:55,400 --> 02:54:59,100
to invent him and equipped. 
holbach and diderot, however, 

3091
02:54:59,100 --> 02:55:03,100
privately ridiculed voltaire's 
deers and as a lack of nerve to 

3092
02:55:03,100 --> 02:55:05,700
them reason pointed to a 
universe without need of a 

3093
02:55:05,700 --> 02:55:09,700
Divine being Thus, even among 
Phyllis Hoffs United against the

3094
02:55:09,700 --> 02:55:12,200
church's tyranny. 
There were deep fractures about 

3095
02:55:12,200 --> 02:55:15,900
religions role. 
Another poignant Clash involved,

3096
02:55:15,900 --> 02:55:19,200
Montesquieu and Russo's 
political Theory montesquieu's, 

3097
02:55:19,200 --> 02:55:23,300
the spirit of the laws. 1748 
argued for a balanced 

3098
02:55:23,300 --> 02:55:27,400
Constitution, like Britain's 
with powers separated among King

3099
02:55:27,400 --> 02:55:30,900
Parliament, and courts and 
moderate Vision to prevent 

3100
02:55:30,900 --> 02:55:35,100
despotism. 
Russo's social contract 1762 

3101
02:55:35,100 --> 02:55:39,500
dismissed montesquieu's model as
two aristocratic instead 

3102
02:55:39,500 --> 02:55:43,000
Rousseau envisioned a republic. 
So egalitarian that in theory 

3103
02:55:43,000 --> 02:55:47,700
everyone would obey laws they 
themselves willed Voltaire found

3104
02:55:47,700 --> 02:55:50,600
Rousseau's political ideas, as 
impractical as his primitivism. 

3105
02:55:50,600 --> 02:55:54,800
He quit that Russo's ideal 
Republic was a city of ghosts 

3106
02:55:54,800 --> 02:55:58,900
and indeed Rousseau's notion 
that citizens be forced to be 

3107
02:55:58,900 --> 02:56:01,000
free. 
If they violate the general will

3108
02:56:01,000 --> 02:56:03,500
would trouble critics for his 
potential for tyranny. 

3109
02:56:04,300 --> 02:56:06,700
Yeah, these quarrels were not 
destructive in the long run 

3110
02:56:06,700 --> 02:56:09,700
rather, they enrich the 
enlightenment's Legacy by 

3111
02:56:09,700 --> 02:56:12,700
presenting contrasting ideas. 
That later generations could 

3112
02:56:12,700 --> 02:56:15,400
draw upon In the salons and 
imprint. 

3113
02:56:15,400 --> 02:56:18,400
I have a philosophy might 
Lampoon each other, but they 

3114
02:56:18,400 --> 02:56:21,900
also all contributed to the to a
broader movement questioning, 

3115
02:56:21,900 --> 02:56:26,200
the status quo Occasionally, the
debates, got personal and nasty 

3116
02:56:26,200 --> 02:56:28,300
pamphlets full of character, 
assassination. 

3117
02:56:28,300 --> 02:56:31,400
Flew about. 
Voltaire was a master of The 

3118
02:56:31,400 --> 02:56:33,600
Artful insult, When A pompous 
critic. 

3119
02:56:33,600 --> 02:56:37,000
The Abbey de Fontaine attacked 
him Voltaire retaliated by 

3120
02:56:37,000 --> 02:56:39,500
portraying defontes as a 
criminal and a full in a biting 

3121
02:56:39,508 --> 02:56:44,100
satire, effectively, destroying 
the man's reputation Rousseau 

3122
02:56:44,100 --> 02:56:46,000
two lashed out in his late 
years. 

3123
02:56:47,100 --> 02:56:49,900
He wrote with letters, accusing 
former friends of treachery. 

3124
02:56:50,700 --> 02:56:54,100
Still, these human dramas had 
larger consequences, the sharp 

3125
02:56:54,100 --> 02:56:57,200
exchanges clarified differences.
And thought, what was the best 

3126
02:56:57,200 --> 02:56:59,900
form of government? 
The true foundation of morality 

3127
02:56:59,900 --> 02:57:04,200
what is the role of religion? 
Through argument the philosophy 

3128
02:57:04,200 --> 02:57:06,400
refined their positions by the 
70s. 

3129
02:57:06,400 --> 02:57:09,300
A new generation was emerging 
too figures. 

3130
02:57:09,300 --> 02:57:12,700
Like Condor say a mathematician 
and protege of Delon bare 

3131
02:57:12,700 --> 02:57:15,700
admired, both Voltaire, and 
Rousseau trying to synthesize 

3132
02:57:15,700 --> 02:57:19,500
Enlightenment ideals with 
practical reforms, condos set 

3133
02:57:19,500 --> 02:57:22,000
would advocate for the abolition
of slavery and women's rights. 

3134
02:57:22,000 --> 02:57:25,200
Pushing the enlightenment 
egalitarian logic further than 

3135
02:57:25,200 --> 02:57:28,500
his predecessors dead. 
Meanwhile the Rifts among the 

3136
02:57:28,500 --> 02:57:31,200
older philosophers Prestige 
splits in the coming Revolution.

3137
02:57:31,200 --> 02:57:35,800
Aristocratic liberals vs, 
radical Democrats deists vs 

3138
02:57:35,800 --> 02:57:39,000
atheists and pragmatists vs 
idealists. 

3139
02:57:39,600 --> 02:57:42,700
The enlightenment was not one 
son, but a constellation with 

3140
02:57:42,700 --> 02:57:45,700
Voltaire and Rousseau as two 
Bright Stars often in Eclipse of

3141
02:57:45,708 --> 02:57:48,300
each other. 
Their clashes bitter though they

3142
02:57:48,300 --> 02:57:50,300
were gave the arrow much of its 
dynamism. 

3143
02:57:50,300 --> 02:57:54,100
The salon gossip about Voltaire 
versus Rousseau was the talk of 

3144
02:57:54,108 --> 02:57:56,800
intellectual Europe. 
Interestingly, when both 

3145
02:57:56,800 --> 02:58:00,700
Rousseau and Voltaire passed 
away in 1778, they received 

3146
02:58:00,700 --> 02:58:03,800
brief eulogies as if they had 
been complimentary Heroes. 

3147
02:58:04,600 --> 02:58:07,400
Within a few years, the French 
Revolution would enshrine them 

3148
02:58:07,400 --> 02:58:12,100
by entering both their ashes in 
the panteon, in Paris Voltaire 

3149
02:58:12,100 --> 02:58:15,800
and 1791, Rousseau and 94. 
So symbolically reconciling the 

3150
02:58:15,800 --> 02:58:17,300
two, in the Republic of 
posterity. 

3151
02:58:18,500 --> 02:58:20,000
France. 
It turned out would need both 

3152
02:58:20,000 --> 02:58:22,700
voltaire's razor wit and 
Rousseau's passionate Cry For 

3153
02:58:22,700 --> 02:58:24,500
Freedom as it hurtled toward a 
new age. 

3154
02:58:24,500 --> 02:58:27,500
The Palace of Versailles 
Courtyard was packed on a sunny 

3155
02:58:27,500 --> 02:58:30,800
September afternoon in 1783 with
eyes. 

3156
02:58:30,800 --> 02:58:33,500
Fixed on the sky. 
Two provincial Brothers. 

3157
02:58:33,500 --> 02:58:36,600
The montgolfier brothers were 
ready to attempt the first hot 

3158
02:58:36,600 --> 02:58:38,900
air balloon flight by the living
creatures in front of King 

3159
02:58:38,900 --> 02:58:41,400
Louis, the 16th and queen Marie 
Antoinette. 

3160
02:58:42,400 --> 02:58:45,300
A sheep duck and rooster were 
placed into a wicker basket 

3161
02:58:45,300 --> 02:58:47,400
under a tougher to balloon at 
the sound of a cannon. 

3162
02:58:48,000 --> 02:58:49,900
A second cannon. 
Fire announced release. 

3163
02:58:51,200 --> 02:58:54,900
As the balloon gracefully climb,
600 meters. 10s of thousands of 

3164
02:58:54,900 --> 02:58:57,500
people gasped. 
It carried its Barnyard, 

3165
02:58:57,500 --> 02:58:59,500
aeronauts through the heavens 
for eight minutes. 

3166
02:58:59,500 --> 02:59:04,000
Royal biologist quickly examined
the animals which were alive and

3167
02:59:04,000 --> 02:59:07,200
eating hay after it softly 
landed, a few kilometers away, 

3168
02:59:07,200 --> 02:59:11,200
the audience applauded, the King
was thrilled or be at the 

3169
02:59:11,200 --> 02:59:14,300
inventors deathly, avoided his 
suggestion to use convicted 

3170
02:59:14,300 --> 02:59:17,200
felons as test passengers more 
than Amusement. 

3171
02:59:17,200 --> 02:59:20,300
This balloon flight symbolized. 
The enlightenment's faith in 

3172
02:59:20,308 --> 02:59:25,400
science and reason to expand the
conceivable that moment even the

3173
02:59:25,400 --> 02:59:28,700
ancient dream of flight seem 
possible Ingenuity and 

3174
02:59:28,700 --> 02:59:31,600
experimentation had turned 
imagination into reality before 

3175
02:59:31,600 --> 02:59:35,200
the French public French 
Enlightenment science, provided 

3176
02:59:35,200 --> 02:59:38,000
daily life and great politics 
savants. 

3177
02:59:38,000 --> 02:59:41,300
Learned men and a few women who 
passionately studied, nature 

3178
02:59:41,300 --> 02:59:45,500
Rose in the 18th century. 
They studied chemistry anatomy, 

3179
02:59:45,500 --> 02:59:49,100
botany astronomy, and electrical
importantly, they sought 

3180
02:59:49,100 --> 02:59:52,500
practical social reforms. 
The former Royal Academy of 

3181
02:59:52,500 --> 02:59:56,400
Sciences in Paris was full of 
experiments and one of waza-air,

3182
02:59:56,400 --> 02:59:58,800
a rich Parisian tax. 
Officer who loved chemistry 

3183
02:59:58,800 --> 03:00:02,800
discovered Oxygen's role in 
combustion and established the 

3184
03:00:02,800 --> 03:00:07,000
idea of mass conservation. 
Lavoisier and his wife Marie who

3185
03:00:07,000 --> 03:00:10,400
illustrated and took notes 
measured gases and metals with 

3186
03:00:10,400 --> 03:00:13,800
astonishing Precision in their 
home laboratory, he proved that 

3187
03:00:13,800 --> 03:00:17,300
rusting metal games wait by 
mixing with Airborne oxygen 

3188
03:00:17,300 --> 03:00:21,800
disproving the flagstone idea. 
Such work paved the way for 

3189
03:00:21,800 --> 03:00:25,500
Modern Chemistry Lavoisier was a
systematic empirical, 

3190
03:00:25,500 --> 03:00:28,600
Enlightenment of knowledge 
should Advance Humanity. 

3191
03:00:29,400 --> 03:00:32,200
Outside the lab, he improved 
France's gunpowder industry, 

3192
03:00:32,200 --> 03:00:35,300
helping the military and 
agricultural research to boost 

3193
03:00:35,300 --> 03:00:37,900
yields. 
Science historically clashed 

3194
03:00:37,900 --> 03:00:41,100
with religious theology, but by 
mid-century many clergy were 

3195
03:00:41,100 --> 03:00:44,400
fascinated by it. 
After the Galileo episode, a 

3196
03:00:44,400 --> 03:00:45,900
century earlier, the church was 
cautious. 

3197
03:00:45,900 --> 03:00:50,100
Jesuit instructors, in France, 
adjusted Cartesian a Newtonian 

3198
03:00:50,100 --> 03:00:55,800
principles, Still tensions. 
Grew in the 1770s, the Compton 

3199
03:00:55,800 --> 03:00:58,700
Buffon, the king's naturalist 
proposed that the world may be 

3200
03:00:58,708 --> 03:01:02,800
far older than the Bible, 6,000 
years, paris's, faculty of 

3201
03:01:02,800 --> 03:01:05,800
theology forced him, to include 
a Pious disclaimer in his book, 

3202
03:01:05,800 --> 03:01:09,300
Enlightenment science favored, 
natural explanations above 

3203
03:01:09,300 --> 03:01:12,200
magical ones, contrary to 
traditional beliefs. 

3204
03:01:12,800 --> 03:01:15,900
Many devout Christians or 
scientific findings, as proof of

3205
03:01:15,900 --> 03:01:19,100
God's laws medicine and public 
health were where science and 

3206
03:01:19,100 --> 03:01:22,600
belief intersected. 
Most The introduction of 

3207
03:01:22,600 --> 03:01:25,500
smallpox inoculation a 
predecessor to vaccination was 

3208
03:01:25,500 --> 03:01:28,200
noteworthy. 
Millions, including royalty 

3209
03:01:28,200 --> 03:01:30,700
endure, a store, scarred by 
smallpox. 

3210
03:01:31,800 --> 03:01:35,300
After Louis, the 15th died, 
brutally of smallpox in 1774. 

3211
03:01:35,300 --> 03:01:39,700
The new King Louis, the 16th 
decided to undergo inoculation a

3212
03:01:39,700 --> 03:01:43,400
risky purposeful infection to 
bestow immunity Marie, 

3213
03:01:43,400 --> 03:01:45,900
Antoinette supported it Parisian
Miller's. 

3214
03:01:45,900 --> 03:01:49,800
Produced, the poof Elinor, a 
hairdo with symbols of medicine 

3215
03:01:49,800 --> 03:01:53,000
and Victory. 
A serpent in twined Rod, arising

3216
03:01:53,000 --> 03:01:56,300
Sun for the king and an olive 
branch for piece to commemorate,

3217
03:01:56,300 --> 03:02:00,500
the Royal innoculation success. 
Fashion and science were linked.

3218
03:02:00,500 --> 03:02:04,200
The poof made inoculation look 
cool and calm public worries. 

3219
03:02:05,100 --> 03:02:07,500
After the monarchy is 
high-profile sponsorship, what 

3220
03:02:07,500 --> 03:02:10,900
many considered a dubious 
possibly impose activity, 

3221
03:02:10,900 --> 03:02:14,400
deliberately infecting, someone 
gained legitimacy? 

3222
03:02:15,400 --> 03:02:19,100
It was the moment when empirical
knowledge inoculation success in

3223
03:02:19,100 --> 03:02:23,400
England and the Ottoman Empire 
Triumph Superstition people's 

3224
03:02:23,400 --> 03:02:26,000
veins were filled with the N 
Enlightenment Notions 

3225
03:02:26,000 --> 03:02:30,400
Enlightenment science influenced
common devices and advances the 

3226
03:02:30,400 --> 03:02:34,200
elite enjoyed mechanical and 
scientific exhibitions salons 

3227
03:02:34,200 --> 03:02:37,500
had the electrical machines with
spinning glass globes that 

3228
03:02:37,500 --> 03:02:41,400
generated static electricity 
sparking and raising arm hair. 

3229
03:02:42,500 --> 03:02:45,200
These machines were novelty, but
important research tools. 

3230
03:02:46,100 --> 03:02:48,400
When American scientist, 
Benjamin Franklin showed 

3231
03:02:48,400 --> 03:02:51,800
lightning was electrical by 
harnessing it with a kite Europe

3232
03:02:51,800 --> 03:02:54,700
was enthralled. 
France, copied the experiment, 

3233
03:02:54,700 --> 03:02:58,300
Franklin was a star in Paris as 
a revolutionary Diplomat and 

3234
03:02:58,300 --> 03:03:01,400
scientists in his lightning rod 
creation was praised as a reason

3235
03:03:01,400 --> 03:03:05,500
to defense against nature. 
By the 1780s even churches were 

3236
03:03:05,500 --> 03:03:08,400
putting lightning rods. 
Possibly recognizing that saving

3237
03:03:08,400 --> 03:03:10,000
a steeple from blowing up, was 
worth it. 

3238
03:03:11,000 --> 03:03:12,800
Some church. 
When first oppose them believe 

3239
03:03:12,800 --> 03:03:15,400
that it was Blasphemous to 
meddle with the artillery of 

3240
03:03:15,400 --> 03:03:17,800
heaven. 
So science quietly challenged, 

3241
03:03:17,800 --> 03:03:20,600
the idea that disasters were 
divine will by treating them as 

3242
03:03:20,600 --> 03:03:23,600
mechanical issues. 
No subject was too obscure for 

3243
03:03:23,600 --> 03:03:26,100
the philosophers to probe in 
lightning thinkers. 

3244
03:03:26,100 --> 03:03:28,800
Compared doctors discussion 
about the hearts to a States, 

3245
03:03:28,800 --> 03:03:32,200
circulation of Commerce. 
Philosophy considered 

3246
03:03:32,200 --> 03:03:35,400
classifying human civilizations 
like naturalist did species. 

3247
03:03:35,400 --> 03:03:39,000
The encyclopedia includes many 
scientific articles and images 

3248
03:03:39,000 --> 03:03:42,300
from anatomical, diagrams to 
Windmill Improvement designs 

3249
03:03:42,300 --> 03:03:44,900
aiming to gather and disseminate
Essential Knowledge. 

3250
03:03:45,800 --> 03:03:49,100
To catalog and communicate. 
Practical information was an 

3251
03:03:49,100 --> 03:03:52,500
Enlightenment ideal knowledge, 
should not be hidden or Guild 

3252
03:03:52,500 --> 03:03:54,400
bound, but shared for the common
good. 

3253
03:03:55,200 --> 03:03:59,000
Dido published on Metallurgy 
music theory and other subjects 

3254
03:03:59,000 --> 03:04:01,700
because he believed nature and 
art might liberate minds and 

3255
03:04:01,700 --> 03:04:05,100
enhance life. during this era, 
the state often linked 

3256
03:04:05,100 --> 03:04:08,400
scientific development to its 
goals fostering a culture of 

3257
03:04:08,400 --> 03:04:12,700
enlightened absolutism Louis the
16th and his ministers wanted to

3258
03:04:12,700 --> 03:04:16,100
use science to improve 
armaments, maps and agriculture 

3259
03:04:16,100 --> 03:04:20,200
in the 1760s. 
The French government supported 

3260
03:04:20,200 --> 03:04:23,200
the enormous Meridian voyages to
estimate the Earth's form, 

3261
03:04:23,200 --> 03:04:26,700
reflecting Enlightenment 
curiosity and State pride. 

3262
03:04:27,600 --> 03:04:30,100
The Academy of Science is 
researched ways to enhance 

3263
03:04:30,100 --> 03:04:33,300
navigation, and chronometers, 
and gave prizes for practical 

3264
03:04:33,300 --> 03:04:37,100
answers, nutritionists like 
polmanteer staged meals 

3265
03:04:37,100 --> 03:04:40,400
featuring potato dishes to 
convince aristocracy, it could 

3266
03:04:40,400 --> 03:04:43,600
prevent starvation. 
To promote potatoes. 

3267
03:04:43,600 --> 03:04:47,200
Plantier had a field guarded by 
troops, but let peasants steal 

3268
03:04:47,200 --> 03:04:50,000
from it at night. 
In urban living, the 

3269
03:04:50,000 --> 03:04:53,300
enlightenment provided new 
conveniences, paris's nightly 

3270
03:04:53,300 --> 03:04:56,900
Street illumination improved 
bringing Enlightenment public 

3271
03:04:56,900 --> 03:05:00,500
places like the jardan Dua. 
Now, Jardin De plant offered 

3272
03:05:00,500 --> 03:05:03,600
Botanical, Gardens and a small 
Zoo representing. 

3273
03:05:03,600 --> 03:05:06,700
The era's Natural Science, 
curriculum traveling lecturers 

3274
03:05:06,700 --> 03:05:10,300
demonstrated physics 
experiments, such as how an air 

3275
03:05:10,300 --> 03:05:12,900
pump, could smother a bird in a 
vacuum jar, ugly. 

3276
03:05:12,900 --> 03:05:17,300
But a dramatic lesson in air. 
Crowds watched these shows 

3277
03:05:17,300 --> 03:05:19,800
blurred the lines between 
education and spectacle. 

3278
03:05:19,800 --> 03:05:24,300
Science was trendy by the 1780s 
in clubs mende debated, the 

3279
03:05:24,308 --> 03:05:28,400
ideas of Newton and Descartes, 
while aristocratic women will 

3280
03:05:28,400 --> 03:05:31,800
small lightning rods as jewelry.
The Revolutionary idea of 

3281
03:05:31,800 --> 03:05:35,300
rationally, evaluating and 
Engineering Society, also Drew 

3282
03:05:35,300 --> 03:05:38,600
inspiration from science. 
The scientists sought natural 

3283
03:05:38,600 --> 03:05:41,100
rules, philosophers sought 
social laws. 

3284
03:05:41,900 --> 03:05:43,800
Scientists skill and describing 
the world. 

3285
03:05:43,800 --> 03:05:46,600
Encourage them to question 
whether social structures like 

3286
03:05:46,600 --> 03:05:50,400
the monarchy church and feudal. 
Privileges were logical or 

3287
03:05:50,400 --> 03:05:53,200
historical accidents. 
Why not redesign a kingdom. 

3288
03:05:53,200 --> 03:05:56,500
If a balloon could fly science, 
wasn't politically neutral. 

3289
03:05:57,200 --> 03:06:00,200
Some Enlightenment servants face
persecution and challenges, 

3290
03:06:00,200 --> 03:06:03,400
revolutionaries denounced 
Lavoisier for being a tax 

3291
03:06:03,400 --> 03:06:07,000
collector in 1794, despite his 
gunpowder and chemistry 

3292
03:06:07,000 --> 03:06:11,400
advances, despite his scientific
credentials Lavoisier faced 

3293
03:06:11,400 --> 03:06:13,800
execution, when the public 
turned against experts, with 

3294
03:06:13,800 --> 03:06:17,100
links to the asean regime, the 
Republic has no need of 

3295
03:06:17,108 --> 03:06:19,300
scientists. 
The judge allegedly declared 

3296
03:06:19,300 --> 03:06:23,700
rejecting, Mercy requests, The 
new Administration returned was 

3297
03:06:23,700 --> 03:06:27,200
things to his widow with a note 
to the Widow of Love waza-air 

3298
03:06:27,200 --> 03:06:30,200
who was falsely convicted a year
after his execution 

3299
03:06:30,200 --> 03:06:34,100
acknowledging, his innocence and
genius mathematical LaGrange 

3300
03:06:34,100 --> 03:06:36,600
mourned. 
It took them only an instant to 

3301
03:06:36,600 --> 03:06:39,500
cut off that head and 100 years 
may not suffice to produce 

3302
03:06:39,500 --> 03:06:42,900
another like it. 
The convergence of Enlightenment

3303
03:06:42,900 --> 03:06:45,300
science and revolutionary 
politics was fragile. 

3304
03:06:46,000 --> 03:06:49,100
Science permitted, Salon State 
policies and Street culture in 

3305
03:06:49,100 --> 03:06:52,400
Enlightenment France, it offered
control over nature and 

3306
03:06:52,400 --> 03:06:56,100
reflected Society. 
People cooked healed traveled, 

3307
03:06:56,100 --> 03:06:59,500
and illuminated their home's 
differently in influenced their 

3308
03:06:59,500 --> 03:07:01,900
Thinking, by encouraging them to
believe that empirical 

3309
03:07:01,900 --> 03:07:04,600
observation and reason could 
explain an improve the natural 

3310
03:07:04,600 --> 03:07:07,600
and human world. 
They would put this optimism to 

3311
03:07:07,600 --> 03:07:09,700
the test, but it held 
significant power. 

3312
03:07:10,500 --> 03:07:13,500
The montgolfier balloon soaring 
to cheers at Versailles. 

3313
03:07:13,500 --> 03:07:16,300
Showed how knowledge May lift 
Humanity. 

3314
03:07:17,700 --> 03:07:21,300
Once a place of gods and mystery
the sky today hosted, human 

3315
03:07:21,300 --> 03:07:25,300
achievement everything appeared 
possible currently and a social.

3316
03:07:25,300 --> 03:07:28,800
And political revolution was 
about to happen spurred in part 

3317
03:07:28,800 --> 03:07:31,200
by Enlightenment Sciences 
confidence, and inquisitive 

3318
03:07:31,200 --> 03:07:34,200
attitude to lose experience to 
horrible scene. 

3319
03:07:34,200 --> 03:07:36,400
That exemplified the 
enlightenment's fight against 

3320
03:07:36,400 --> 03:07:41,100
Injustice in 1762, the cruel 
wheel punishment, sentenced 

3321
03:07:41,100 --> 03:07:43,800
Protestant Merchant, Jean 
Calista death, for the murder of

3322
03:07:43,800 --> 03:07:46,500
his son, who was reportedly 
converting to Catholicism. 

3323
03:07:48,200 --> 03:07:51,300
Calus claimed in a sense, but 
anti-protestant, sentiment 

3324
03:07:51,300 --> 03:07:54,600
decided his fate, he suffered, 
and maintained his innocence 

3325
03:07:54,600 --> 03:07:57,400
until death. 
Volta learned about this 

3326
03:07:57,400 --> 03:08:00,900
Injustice, it is Fernie house. 
The famous philosopher was 

3327
03:08:00,900 --> 03:08:03,500
outraged. 
I believe it's in, everyone's 

3328
03:08:03,500 --> 03:08:06,300
interest to study this topic, 
which some may consider the 

3329
03:08:06,300 --> 03:08:10,300
apogee of fanaticism Voltaire 
wrote to ignore such a thing as 

3330
03:08:10,300 --> 03:08:13,900
to abandon Humanity. 
Voltaire pursued, classes 

3331
03:08:13,900 --> 03:08:16,500
Vindication and the diligent 
judges prosecution. 

3332
03:08:16,500 --> 03:08:19,300
He wrote to powerful people, 
authored A Treatise on 

3333
03:08:19,300 --> 03:08:23,300
tolerance, 1763 and stirred 
popular support for Religious 

3334
03:08:23,300 --> 03:08:25,900
Freedom. 
After years of struggle 

3335
03:08:25,900 --> 03:08:28,900
Voltaire, succeeded. 
In 1765. 

3336
03:08:28,900 --> 03:08:32,700
The king's Council in Paris, 
overturned, calluses sentence 

3337
03:08:32,700 --> 03:08:35,800
and exonerated. 
Him posthumously this victory of

3338
03:08:35,800 --> 03:08:38,600
Reason over bias was applauded 
by Europe and the age of 

3339
03:08:38,608 --> 03:08:41,000
Voltaire. 
The kalash Scandal proved that 

3340
03:08:41,008 --> 03:08:44,600
the monarchs could be swayed to 
right or wrong and advancing 

3341
03:08:44,600 --> 03:08:47,400
Enlightenment, religious 
tolerance and legislative change

3342
03:08:47,400 --> 03:08:50,300
voltaire's ecules lane, fam, 
crushed. 

3343
03:08:50,300 --> 03:08:53,900
The infamous thing inspired the 
philosophy of Victory 

3344
03:08:53,900 --> 03:08:58,100
Superstition and Priests misuse 
of Authority or his concerns not

3345
03:08:58,100 --> 03:09:01,300
religion itself. 
Numerous examples in Rage. 

3346
03:09:01,300 --> 03:09:05,500
The philosophy 1766 saw the 
execution of 19 year old 

3347
03:09:05,508 --> 03:09:09,500
Aristocrat. 
Chevrolet for not removing his 

3348
03:09:09,500 --> 03:09:12,400
hat during a religious 
procession and defacing a 

3349
03:09:12,400 --> 03:09:14,600
crucifix. 
The Authority's fastened 

3350
03:09:14,600 --> 03:09:17,600
voltaire's philosophical 
dictionary to labar's, Burning, 

3351
03:09:17,600 --> 03:09:20,200
Body blaming Enlightenment 
principles for teenager, 

3352
03:09:20,200 --> 03:09:24,100
reverends. 
Voltaire outraged at Le bars 

3353
03:09:24,100 --> 03:09:27,300
execution, wrote harshly about 
the cruelty and stupidity of it.

3354
03:09:27,308 --> 03:09:30,900
These events led philosophies to
strengthen their attacks on the 

3355
03:09:30,900 --> 03:09:34,200
Catholic church and the absolute
monarchy with its nobility as a 

3356
03:09:34,208 --> 03:09:37,200
presses in lighting. 
Mint ideas, held the monarchy 

3357
03:09:37,200 --> 03:09:40,800
and religion accountable to 
reason justice and human rights.

3358
03:09:42,000 --> 03:09:46,200
In the 70s old regime criticism 
previously, nuanced and 

3359
03:09:46,200 --> 03:09:49,400
typically articulated through 
satire or foreign Tales became 

3360
03:09:49,400 --> 03:09:52,600
bolder. 
Montesquieu questioned, absolute

3361
03:09:52,600 --> 03:09:54,700
monarchy by praising England's 
equilibrium. 

3362
03:09:55,300 --> 03:10:00,000
Some went further Russo's social
contracts 1762 opens with the 

3363
03:10:00,000 --> 03:10:03,700
Bold claim. 
Man is Born Free and everywhere 

3364
03:10:03,700 --> 03:10:08,400
he is in Chains attacking Royal 
and Noble, privileges Rousseau 

3365
03:10:08,400 --> 03:10:11,900
believed that sovereignty was 
with the people that laws should

3366
03:10:11,900 --> 03:10:15,400
represent the public will and 
that aristocratic titles were 

3367
03:10:15,400 --> 03:10:18,200
illogical. 
Secret copies of the band and 

3368
03:10:18,200 --> 03:10:20,600
destroyed book disseminated its 
ideas quickly. 

3369
03:10:21,300 --> 03:10:24,800
In later works, Dro focused on 
colonialism and slavery and 

3370
03:10:24,800 --> 03:10:26,900
suggested that a press people 
should rise up. 

3371
03:10:27,600 --> 03:10:31,000
Reynolds did popular history of 
the two Indies predicts a slave 

3372
03:10:31,000 --> 03:10:34,900
Insurrection and the fall of 
European Authority overseas that

3373
03:10:34,900 --> 03:10:38,700
conversation exploded. 
The French Crown span does sense

3374
03:10:38,700 --> 03:10:41,700
as tried to crush it, but they 
merely pushed it underground 

3375
03:10:41,700 --> 03:10:44,800
where it became more appealing. 
Not all in lighting month 

3376
03:10:44,800 --> 03:10:48,100
Figures were radicals, many 
favored in lighting despotism, 

3377
03:10:48,100 --> 03:10:51,100
which held at a wise and 
sensible King could reform from 

3378
03:10:51,100 --> 03:10:53,800
Power. 
Voltaire courted, Frederick, the

3379
03:10:53,808 --> 03:10:55,600
great of Prussia and praised 
Emperor. 

3380
03:10:55,600 --> 03:10:58,600
Joseph, the second of Austria, 
for religious toleration of 

3381
03:10:58,608 --> 03:11:02,300
serfdom reform, in alignment, 
influenced French, ministers, 

3382
03:11:02,300 --> 03:11:05,700
and nobility included turgut, 
who tried to deregulate grain 

3383
03:11:05,700 --> 03:11:08,500
trade and abolish forced labor 
and the Marketo. 

3384
03:11:08,500 --> 03:11:11,800
Condor say who promoted 
educational and judicial reforms

3385
03:11:11,800 --> 03:11:15,600
in aristocratic circles 
britannica.com britannica.com. 

3386
03:11:17,000 --> 03:11:20,900
These men attempted internal 
system reform in 1780 

3387
03:11:20,900 --> 03:11:23,700
mild-mannered, Louis the 16th 
prohibited torture in 

3388
03:11:23,700 --> 03:11:26,800
interrogations. 
Inspired by kesari Becker. 

3389
03:11:26,800 --> 03:11:30,200
As in lightning and essay on 
crimes and punishments by 

3390
03:11:30,200 --> 03:11:34,000
providing Protestant civil 
rights in 1787, he advocated 

3391
03:11:34,000 --> 03:11:35,800
immunization and religious 
tolerance. 

3392
03:11:35,800 --> 03:11:39,500
The monarchy often fail to face 
opposition from existing 

3393
03:11:39,500 --> 03:11:44,000
interests, Nobles resisted Turks
reforms, dismissing him, the 

3394
03:11:44,000 --> 03:11:46,400
church leadership, actively 
opposed privileged reduction. 

3395
03:11:47,200 --> 03:11:49,800
French Catholic Church was a key
and Target. 

3396
03:11:49,800 --> 03:11:53,100
The church had long ruled. 
Education literature and 

3397
03:11:53,100 --> 03:11:56,200
dissenters were to immense, 
great riches philosopher. 

3398
03:11:56,200 --> 03:11:59,700
The mostly Deus or agnostics 
denounce Church persecution. 

3399
03:12:00,700 --> 03:12:04,000
Voltaire proposed intolerance 
like their calus Scandal to 

3400
03:12:04,000 --> 03:12:07,600
Humble the church. 
Candide, his satirical tale 

3401
03:12:07,600 --> 03:12:10,200
attacked religious hypocrisy and
other flaws. 

3402
03:12:11,000 --> 03:12:14,300
In cannibals, d'idro subtly 
mocked European religious, 

3403
03:12:14,300 --> 03:12:17,700
communion by comparing Pacific 
island, accustomed to European 

3404
03:12:17,700 --> 03:12:21,200
religious communion. 
Baron holbach system of nature 

3405
03:12:21,200 --> 03:12:23,300
atheism. 
Depicts priests, as deceptive 

3406
03:12:23,300 --> 03:12:25,500
characters, who use hell to 
subjugate people. 

3407
03:12:25,500 --> 03:12:29,400
The words were provocative to 
lose experience to horrible 

3408
03:12:29,400 --> 03:12:30,800
scene. 
That exemplified the 

3409
03:12:30,800 --> 03:12:35,100
enlightenment's fight against 
Injustice in 1762, the cruel 

3410
03:12:35,100 --> 03:12:38,000
wheel punishment sentenced 
Protestant Merchant, Jean 

3411
03:12:38,000 --> 03:12:41,100
Calista death, for the murder of
his son, who was reportedly 

3412
03:12:41,100 --> 03:12:45,500
converting to Catholicism. 
Kalis claimed in a sentence, but

3413
03:12:45,500 --> 03:12:48,900
anti-protestant, sentiment 
decided his fate, he suffered, 

3414
03:12:48,900 --> 03:12:51,000
and maintained his innocence 
until death. 

3415
03:12:51,900 --> 03:12:53,500
Volta learned about this 
Injustice. 

3416
03:12:53,500 --> 03:12:56,500
It is Fernley house. 
The famous philosopher was 

3417
03:12:56,500 --> 03:12:59,100
outraged. 
I believe it's in, everyone's 

3418
03:12:59,100 --> 03:13:01,800
interest to study this topic, 
which some may consider the 

3419
03:13:01,800 --> 03:13:05,900
apogee of fanaticism Voltaire 
wrote to ignore such a thing as 

3420
03:13:05,900 --> 03:13:09,400
to abandon Humanity. 
Voltaire pursued, classes 

3421
03:13:09,400 --> 03:13:12,100
Vindication and the diligent 
judges prosecution. 

3422
03:13:12,100 --> 03:13:14,800
He wrote to powerful people, 
authored A Treatise on 

3423
03:13:14,800 --> 03:13:18,900
tolerance, 1763 and stirred 
popular support for Religious 

3424
03:13:18,900 --> 03:13:21,500
Freedom. 
After years of struggle 

3425
03:13:21,500 --> 03:13:24,500
Voltaire, succeeded. 
In 1765. 

3426
03:13:24,500 --> 03:13:28,300
The king's Council in Paris, 
overturned, calluses sentence 

3427
03:13:28,300 --> 03:13:31,300
and exonerated. 
Him posthumously this victory of

3428
03:13:31,300 --> 03:13:34,200
Reason over bias was applauded 
by Europe and the age of 

3429
03:13:34,200 --> 03:13:36,200
Voltaire. 
The Klass Scandal. 

3430
03:13:36,200 --> 03:13:39,500
Proved that the monarchs could 
be swayed to right or wrong and 

3431
03:13:39,500 --> 03:13:41,700
advancing Enlightenment 
religious tolerance and 

3432
03:13:41,700 --> 03:13:45,300
legislative change voltaire's 
ecclissi, Lounge, fam. 

3433
03:13:45,300 --> 03:13:48,900
Crushed the infamous thing 
inspired the philosophy of 

3434
03:13:48,900 --> 03:13:53,000
Victory Superstition and Priests
of authority with his concerns. 

3435
03:13:53,000 --> 03:13:56,800
Not religion itself. 
Numerous examples in Rage. 

3436
03:13:56,800 --> 03:14:01,200
The philosophy 1766, saw the 
execution of 19 year old 

3437
03:14:01,200 --> 03:14:04,200
Aristocrats of Valley for Empire
party. 

3438
03:14:04,200 --> 03:14:07,200
For not removing his hat during 
a religious procession and 

3439
03:14:07,200 --> 03:14:09,700
defacing a crucifix, the 
authorities. 

3440
03:14:09,700 --> 03:14:12,300
Fastened voltaire's 
philosophical dictionary to 

3441
03:14:12,300 --> 03:14:14,500
labar's, Burning. 
Body blaming Enlightenment 

3442
03:14:14,500 --> 03:14:16,400
principles for teenager, 
reverends. 

3443
03:14:17,300 --> 03:14:21,300
Voltaire outraged at Labor's 
execution, wrote harshly about 

3444
03:14:21,300 --> 03:14:25,100
the cruelty and stupidity of it.
These events led philosophies to

3445
03:14:25,100 --> 03:14:28,200
strengthen their attacks on the 
Catholic church and the absolute

3446
03:14:28,200 --> 03:14:32,000
monarchy with its nobility as a 
presses in lighting and ideas 

3447
03:14:32,000 --> 03:14:35,400
held the monarchy and religion 
accountable to reason justice 

3448
03:14:35,400 --> 03:14:39,900
and human rights. 
In the 70s old regime criticism 

3449
03:14:39,900 --> 03:14:43,700
previously nuanced and typically
articulated through satire or 

3450
03:14:43,700 --> 03:14:48,200
foreign Tales became bolder. 
Montesquieu questioned absolute 

3451
03:14:48,200 --> 03:14:50,300
monarchy by praising England's 
equilibrium. 

3452
03:14:50,300 --> 03:14:55,600
Some went further Russo's social
contracts 1762 opens with the 

3453
03:14:55,600 --> 03:14:59,300
Bold claim man is Born Free and 
everywhere. 

3454
03:14:59,300 --> 03:15:04,100
He is in Chains attacking Royal 
and Noble privileges Rousseau 

3455
03:15:04,100 --> 03:15:07,500
believed that sovereignty was 
with the people that laws should

3456
03:15:07,500 --> 03:15:11,000
represent the public will and 
that aristocratic titles were 

3457
03:15:11,000 --> 03:15:13,700
illogical. 
Secret copies of the band and 

3458
03:15:13,700 --> 03:15:16,100
destroyed book disseminated its 
ideas quickly. 

3459
03:15:17,000 --> 03:15:20,500
In later works Dedra focused on 
colonialism and slavery and 

3460
03:15:20,500 --> 03:15:22,500
suggested that oppress people 
should rise up. 

3461
03:15:23,200 --> 03:15:25,700
Reynolds and Dido's popular 
history of the two Indies 

3462
03:15:25,700 --> 03:15:28,500
predicts a slave Insurrection 
and the fall of European 

3463
03:15:28,500 --> 03:15:32,900
Authority overseas that 
conversation exploded the French

3464
03:15:32,900 --> 03:15:36,200
Crown span does sense as tried 
to crush it, but they merely 

3465
03:15:36,200 --> 03:15:39,800
pushed it underground where it 
became more appealing not all in

3466
03:15:39,800 --> 03:15:42,600
lighting month Figures were 
radicals many favored in 

3467
03:15:42,600 --> 03:15:46,500
despotism, which held at a wise 
and sensible King could reform 

3468
03:15:46,500 --> 03:15:49,400
from Power. 
Voltaire courted, Frederick, the

3469
03:15:49,408 --> 03:15:51,200
great of Prussia and praised 
Emperor. 

3470
03:15:51,200 --> 03:15:54,500
Joseph, the second of Austria 
for religious toleration and 

3471
03:15:54,500 --> 03:15:58,000
serfdom reform, Enlightenment 
influenced, French ministers and

3472
03:15:58,000 --> 03:16:01,300
nobility included turgut. 
Who tried to deregulate grain 

3473
03:16:01,300 --> 03:16:04,100
trade and abolish forced labor 
and the Marketo. 

3474
03:16:04,100 --> 03:16:07,300
Condor say who promoted 
educational and judicial reforms

3475
03:16:07,300 --> 03:16:11,200
in aristocratic circles 
britannica.com britannica.com. 

3476
03:16:12,600 --> 03:16:16,500
These men attempted internal 
system reform in 1780 

3477
03:16:16,500 --> 03:16:19,300
mild-mannered, Louis the 16th 
prohibited torture in 

3478
03:16:19,300 --> 03:16:23,000
interrogations, inspired by 
kesari bekery as in lightning, 

3479
03:16:23,000 --> 03:16:26,200
and essay on crimes and 
punishments by providing 

3480
03:16:26,200 --> 03:16:30,600
Protestant civil rights in 1787.
He advocated immunization and 

3481
03:16:30,600 --> 03:16:33,800
religious tolerance. 
The monarchy often fail to face 

3482
03:16:33,800 --> 03:16:37,700
opposition from existing 
interests, Nobles resisted Turks

3483
03:16:37,700 --> 03:16:40,800
reforms, dismissing him, the 
church leadership, actively 

3484
03:16:40,800 --> 03:16:44,100
opposed privileged reduction. 
The French Catholic Church was a

3485
03:16:44,108 --> 03:16:47,300
key and light to Target. 
The church had long ruled 

3486
03:16:47,300 --> 03:16:50,100
education literature and 
dissenters were immense, great, 

3487
03:16:50,100 --> 03:16:54,300
riches philosopher, mostly 
deists or agnostics, denounce 

3488
03:16:54,300 --> 03:16:57,700
Church persecution. 
Voltaire proposed intolerance 

3489
03:16:57,700 --> 03:17:00,400
like their calus to Humble the 
church. 

3490
03:17:01,300 --> 03:17:05,100
Candide, his satirical tale 
attacked religious hypocrisy and

3491
03:17:05,100 --> 03:17:07,500
other flaws. 
In cannibals. 

3492
03:17:07,500 --> 03:17:11,400
D'idro subtly mocked European 
religious communion by comparing

3493
03:17:11,400 --> 03:17:14,300
Pacific Islander Customs to 
European religious communion. 

3494
03:17:15,000 --> 03:17:17,300
Ferrand holbach, system of 
nature atheism. 

3495
03:17:17,300 --> 03:17:20,300
Depicts priests, as deceptive 
characters, who use hell to 

3496
03:17:20,300 --> 03:17:23,500
subjugate people. 
The words were provocative, the 

3497
03:17:23,500 --> 03:17:28,000
mathematician philosopher and 
liberal nobleman Marquis De 

3498
03:17:28,000 --> 03:17:30,800
Condor, say died in a dismal, 
Beulah range, jail cell in 

3499
03:17:30,800 --> 03:17:34,200
August of 1794. 
He fled from the extremists 

3500
03:17:34,200 --> 03:17:35,700
jacket regime that called him a 
traitor. 

3501
03:17:35,700 --> 03:17:38,900
Condor who championed human 
rights slavery. 

3502
03:17:38,900 --> 03:17:43,000
Abolition, and women's suffrage 
almost alone among his peers, 

3503
03:17:43,000 --> 03:17:45,500
was now a victim of the 
Revolution he supported. 

3504
03:17:46,400 --> 03:17:48,800
His lifeless body was uncovered 
by guards. 

3505
03:17:48,800 --> 03:17:52,000
He may have died from disease, 
and exhaustion from Poison. 

3506
03:17:52,000 --> 03:17:54,800
He had when the guillotine 
approached the terrorists. 

3507
03:17:54,800 --> 03:17:56,900
Gloom killed one of the 
enlightenment's brightest 

3508
03:17:56,900 --> 03:17:59,500
lights. 
His demise typify, the tragic 

3509
03:17:59,500 --> 03:18:02,600
irony, that Bethel many in like 
moment luminary's during the 

3510
03:18:02,600 --> 03:18:05,600
Revolutionary storm, their 
promised progress had turned on 

3511
03:18:05,600 --> 03:18:09,300
them, as previously mentioned 
the Waze a face execution, 

3512
03:18:09,300 --> 03:18:12,300
despite his claims that his 
scientific efforts benefited the

3513
03:18:12,300 --> 03:18:14,600
nation, Madame Geoffrey and 
daughter. 

3514
03:18:14,600 --> 03:18:18,200
Saw her Salon acquaintances 
scattered some executed as 

3515
03:18:18,200 --> 03:18:20,900
Gentile reform conversations 
gave way to mobs. 

3516
03:18:21,600 --> 03:18:25,400
Even after their deaths in 1793 
Voltaire and Rousseau were 

3517
03:18:25,400 --> 03:18:27,700
disputed by revolutionaries with
radicals. 

3518
03:18:27,700 --> 03:18:30,200
Favoring Rousseau's 
egalitarianism and moderates 

3519
03:18:30,200 --> 03:18:33,200
voltaire's tolerance, the 
enlightenment inspired the 

3520
03:18:33,208 --> 03:18:37,200
revolution, but the revolution 
tested it The French Revolution,

3521
03:18:37,200 --> 03:18:41,300
both upheld and undermined in 
lightning values on one hand. 

3522
03:18:41,300 --> 03:18:44,600
It formalized, many philosophers
essential ideas based on 

3523
03:18:44,608 --> 03:18:47,000
Montesquieu Voltaire Rousseau 
and Locke. 

3524
03:18:47,000 --> 03:18:50,500
The Declaration of the rights of
man and citizens 1789. 

3525
03:18:50,500 --> 03:18:54,900
Advocated freedom of speech and 
religion equality before the law

3526
03:18:54,900 --> 03:18:57,000
and the right to resist 
Injustice. 

3527
03:18:58,300 --> 03:19:00,900
The philosophers dream of a 
meritocratic society was 

3528
03:19:00,900 --> 03:19:05,000
realized on August 1789 when 
feudal privileges and tithes 

3529
03:19:05,000 --> 03:19:08,800
were abolished in one night. 
The constitution of 1791 

3530
03:19:08,800 --> 03:19:12,100
established a constitutional 
monarchy with a Montesquieu like

3531
03:19:12,100 --> 03:19:15,100
division of powers. 
The revolution fulfilled 

3532
03:19:15,100 --> 03:19:17,900
voltaire's calls for Toleration 
by seizing Church property in 

3533
03:19:17,900 --> 03:19:21,400
1790 and awarding full 
citizenship to Protestants and 

3534
03:19:21,400 --> 03:19:25,100
Jews and 1791. 
When Louis, the 16th was 

3535
03:19:25,100 --> 03:19:29,200
guillotined in 1793 Russo's 
vision of popular sovereignty, 

3536
03:19:29,200 --> 03:19:31,400
the people's will above Divine, 
Right? 

3537
03:19:31,400 --> 03:19:34,800
Kingship was most clearly 
confirmed however, the 

3538
03:19:34,800 --> 03:19:38,200
revolution's violent illiberal 
term, troubled, many The 

3539
03:19:38,200 --> 03:19:40,700
enlightenment sought to replace 
tyranny with reasoned 

3540
03:19:40,700 --> 03:19:43,400
conversation not crowd or one 
party power. 

3541
03:19:43,400 --> 03:19:46,800
The Committee of Public Safety 
murdered thousands of enemies of

3542
03:19:46,800 --> 03:19:50,300
the Revolution during the reign 
of terror 1793 to 4. 

3543
03:19:51,000 --> 03:19:54,300
A terrible inversion of 
Enlightenment ideas reason gave 

3544
03:19:54,300 --> 03:19:57,600
way to another frenzy under 
Robespierre, the revolutionaries

3545
03:19:57,600 --> 03:20:00,500
formed, a municipal religion of 
the Supreme Being and held 

3546
03:20:00,500 --> 03:20:04,200
deistic festivals, a guillotine 
enforced version of Russo's, 

3547
03:20:04,200 --> 03:20:07,700
civil religion. 
People executed under the guise 

3548
03:20:07,700 --> 03:20:10,400
of reason for being Aristocrats 
or moderate. 

3549
03:20:10,400 --> 03:20:12,500
Republicans would have horrified
Voltaire. 

3550
03:20:13,300 --> 03:20:16,500
The Tara exposed in an 
Enlightenment contradiction, the

3551
03:20:16,500 --> 03:20:20,000
confidence in a single truth 
rational or ideological can lead

3552
03:20:20,000 --> 03:20:23,100
to tyranny. 
Philosophers like to hold back 

3553
03:20:23,100 --> 03:20:26,000
and helvetius were as intolerant
of religious people. 

3554
03:20:26,000 --> 03:20:29,400
As atheists the revolution 
showed how abstract and like 

3555
03:20:29,400 --> 03:20:33,900
become dogmatism, no one shall 
spread Darkness on pain of 

3556
03:20:33,900 --> 03:20:36,500
death. 
Many Enlightenment thinkers did 

3557
03:20:36,500 --> 03:20:39,800
not want democracy. 
Voltaire favored, an enlightened

3558
03:20:39,800 --> 03:20:43,400
Monarch over an uninformed mob. 
Some intellectuals said, early 

3559
03:20:43,400 --> 03:20:46,100
revolutionary assemblies 
disarray showed Voltaire was 

3560
03:20:46,100 --> 03:20:51,800
right about the Canela rabble. 
Before his 1784 death deed Dro 

3561
03:20:51,800 --> 03:20:55,400
had become pessimistic. 
Arguing, that despotism might 

3562
03:20:55,400 --> 03:20:58,500
only cease when the last Monarch
was strangled, with the last 

3563
03:20:58,500 --> 03:21:01,700
present, Trails, a dismal. 
Hyperbole the revolutionaries 

3564
03:21:01,700 --> 03:21:04,800
half jokingly repeated diderot 
probably wouldn't have 

3565
03:21:04,800 --> 03:21:07,200
celebrated. 
The 1793 masculinity 

3566
03:21:08,200 --> 03:21:11,200
Philosophers had not solved how 
to justly implement principles, 

3567
03:21:11,200 --> 03:21:14,200
this Gap existed, between theory
and practice. 

3568
03:21:15,100 --> 03:21:18,600
In lightening supporters face 
social contradictions few 

3569
03:21:18,600 --> 03:21:21,200
addressed women's condition 
directly although they promised 

3570
03:21:21,200 --> 03:21:24,100
a quality. 
Though, a proponent of democracy

3571
03:21:24,100 --> 03:21:27,100
Rousseau believed, women should 
be educated exclusively to 

3572
03:21:27,100 --> 03:21:30,300
please men and stay at home, 
contrary to our lamp to gouge 

3573
03:21:30,300 --> 03:21:34,100
and Condor say, who authored an 
essay in 1790 advocating, for 

3574
03:21:34,100 --> 03:21:37,500
women's political rights. 
After writing a declaration of 

3575
03:21:37,500 --> 03:21:40,000
the rights of woman, the 
Revolutionary Authority 

3576
03:21:40,000 --> 03:21:43,100
Guillotine de guzz, the 
enlightenment fraternity had 

3577
03:21:43,100 --> 03:21:45,300
excluded, their sisters from 
Universal rights. 

3578
03:21:45,300 --> 03:21:48,000
There was division among 
Enlightenment views on race and 

3579
03:21:48,000 --> 03:21:50,800
slavery. 
Some like diderot and condos. 

3580
03:21:50,800 --> 03:21:53,800
A strongly criticized slavery is
against natural law. 

3581
03:21:54,400 --> 03:21:57,600
The 1788 Society of Friends of 
the blacks founded by 

3582
03:21:57,600 --> 03:22:01,300
Enlightenment influence, men 
sort of volition others like 

3583
03:22:01,300 --> 03:22:04,300
Voltaire criticize. 
The slave trade in the abstract 

3584
03:22:04,300 --> 03:22:07,000
but made racist statements and 
invested in colonial 

3585
03:22:07,000 --> 03:22:11,200
corporations Enlightenment. 
Universal human nature battled 

3586
03:22:11,200 --> 03:22:14,800
with pseudo, scientific racism. 
Ironically a consequence of 

3587
03:22:14,808 --> 03:22:18,400
species classification, the 
revolution of bullish slavery, 

3588
03:22:18,400 --> 03:22:22,000
in 1794 after a massive slave, 
Insurrection in sound of Aang, 

3589
03:22:22,000 --> 03:22:26,900
Haiti, but Napoleon reinstalled,
it Deal and reality differed 

3590
03:22:26,900 --> 03:22:30,000
relationship between intellect 
and emotional, was another 

3591
03:22:30,000 --> 03:22:32,900
tension? 
Rousseau noted that humans are 

3592
03:22:32,900 --> 03:22:35,300
not rational, but the 
enlightenment praise reason. 

3593
03:22:35,300 --> 03:22:39,300
The revolution showed that 
passions anger in Justice's 

3594
03:22:39,300 --> 03:22:42,800
desire for vengeance. 
Hope for Glory driver vents more

3595
03:22:42,800 --> 03:22:46,900
than academic treatises. 
Romanticism a 19th century. 

3596
03:22:46,900 --> 03:22:49,600
Counter-attack accused the 
enlightenment of disregarding 

3597
03:22:49,600 --> 03:22:51,300
the heart, traditional and 
faith. 

3598
03:22:52,000 --> 03:22:55,100
Edmund Burke in England and 
Joseph de Maestro in France, 

3599
03:22:55,100 --> 03:22:58,700
held the Philosopher's unfairly 
responsible for the 

3600
03:22:58,700 --> 03:23:01,100
revolution's, Bloodshed by 
unmooring Society from 

3601
03:23:01,100 --> 03:23:04,800
traditional institutions, They 
said that the enlightenment's 

3602
03:23:04,800 --> 03:23:07,000
abstract, reasoning had 
dissolved Authority and led to 

3603
03:23:07,000 --> 03:23:12,000
chaos and Napoleon's rule. 
While this view is debatable by 

3604
03:23:12,000 --> 03:23:14,700
the early 1800s, the 
enlightenment was hailed for the

3605
03:23:14,708 --> 03:23:17,700
Declaration of Rights and 
scientific advancement but also 

3606
03:23:17,700 --> 03:23:21,300
accused of revolution. 
Long-term The Fringe 

3607
03:23:21,300 --> 03:23:23,700
Enlightenment left, a deep and 
mostly good influence. 

3608
03:23:23,700 --> 03:23:27,000
It inspired the French American 
and later Independence, 

3609
03:23:27,000 --> 03:23:30,200
movements worldwide. 
Many unlicensed goals were 

3610
03:23:30,200 --> 03:23:33,200
achieved in the 19th century. 
Including the abolition of 

3611
03:23:33,200 --> 03:23:37,800
slavery in European Empires, 
France, in 1848, Britain 1833, 

3612
03:23:37,800 --> 03:23:41,500
the spread of public education. 
The rise of secular States and 

3613
03:23:41,500 --> 03:23:44,300
the reduction of church. 
Temporal power, the gradual and 

3614
03:23:44,300 --> 03:23:47,900
uneven expansion of suffrage and
the advancement of Science and 

3615
03:23:47,900 --> 03:23:52,200
Technology without Dogma. 
The 1948, un Universal 

3616
03:23:52,200 --> 03:23:55,300
Declaration of Human Rights is 
based on Enlightenment ideas. 

3617
03:23:56,200 --> 03:23:59,000
Today we Echo voltaire's calls 
for press and conscience, 

3618
03:23:59,000 --> 03:24:01,900
freedom. 
Government site, Montesquieu and

3619
03:24:01,900 --> 03:24:04,800
creating checks and balances 
when protesters invoke. 

3620
03:24:04,800 --> 03:24:08,200
The will of the people Rousseau 
is followed, however, the 

3621
03:24:08,200 --> 03:24:11,300
enlightenment left more 
uncertain, legacies, the 

3622
03:24:11,300 --> 03:24:14,400
Scientific Revolution and 
industrial society were fueled 

3623
03:24:14,400 --> 03:24:17,000
by reason. 
But Romantics and later, 

3624
03:24:17,000 --> 03:24:20,800
existentialists criticized it 
for promoting technocracy and 

3625
03:24:20,800 --> 03:24:24,100
soulless rationality. 
Westerners defended imperialism 

3626
03:24:24,100 --> 03:24:27,900
as bringing civilization. 
An attitude, oddly at conflict 

3627
03:24:27,900 --> 03:24:31,500
with the enlightenment empathy 
but facilitated by its aim 

3628
03:24:31,500 --> 03:24:35,600
Enlightenment, secularism 
allowed diversity to develop but

3629
03:24:35,600 --> 03:24:38,900
also left a spiritual hole that 
19th and 20th Century, 

3630
03:24:38,900 --> 03:24:42,600
ideologies, and nationalism, 
strove to fill, not always for 

3631
03:24:42,600 --> 03:24:44,800
the better. 
After Napoleon's. 

3632
03:24:44,800 --> 03:24:48,400
Collapse in 1815, France's 
monarchy re-established Church 

3633
03:24:48,400 --> 03:24:50,500
dominance and conservative 
Tendencies. 

3634
03:24:50,500 --> 03:24:54,900
Intellectual life had changed. 
Thus, the genie could not be put

3635
03:24:54,900 --> 03:24:57,900
back. 
French politics, alternated twin

3636
03:24:57,900 --> 03:25:00,700
liberal and conservative in the 
midnight meeting Century. 

3637
03:25:00,700 --> 03:25:05,000
But in Enlightenment ideas set, 
the standard even conservatives 

3638
03:25:05,000 --> 03:25:07,800
had to justify themselves in 
terms of logical government and 

3639
03:25:07,800 --> 03:25:10,300
National interest, not Divine 
Authority. 

3640
03:25:11,700 --> 03:25:14,500
France will officially divorce 
church and state in 1905, 

3641
03:25:14,500 --> 03:25:18,200
fulfilling the philosophies as 
aim of a secular Republic based 

3642
03:25:18,200 --> 03:25:23,500
on Liberty, equality Fraternity,
in principles, filtered through 

3643
03:25:23,500 --> 03:25:27,200
revolutionary experience The 
French and lightning did not 

3644
03:25:27,200 --> 03:25:31,500
finish neatly in 1789. 
The Revolution was chaotic and 

3645
03:25:31,500 --> 03:25:34,700
its aftermath complicated, 
perhaps that emphasizes. 

3646
03:25:34,700 --> 03:25:38,100
The last Enlightenment lesson, 
the movement always understood 

3647
03:25:38,100 --> 03:25:41,300
that human Affairs are imperfect
and progressed zigzags. 

3648
03:25:41,900 --> 03:25:44,500
D'idro. 
Observed passions are the only 

3649
03:25:44,500 --> 03:25:48,200
orators that always persuade 
conceding that reason, doesn't 

3650
03:25:48,200 --> 03:25:52,100
control the world. 
Later in life Voltaire, tempered

3651
03:25:52,100 --> 03:25:55,700
his mockery with appeals for 
steady Improvement, not Utopia, 

3652
03:25:55,700 --> 03:25:59,400
even radical Russo caution, that
abrupt upheaval could lead to 

3653
03:25:59,408 --> 03:26:02,500
harsher despotism. 
Many Enlightenment thinkers 

3654
03:26:02,500 --> 03:26:05,300
realized, that Enlightenment 
would be a long-term tense 

3655
03:26:05,300 --> 03:26:07,700
project. 
Thus the enlightenment's 

3656
03:26:07,700 --> 03:26:09,600
Twilight transformed, rather 
than ended. 

3657
03:26:10,400 --> 03:26:13,500
People called the cells 
ideologues or intellectuals 

3658
03:26:13,500 --> 03:26:18,100
instead of philosophy in the 
19th century, but they inherited

3659
03:26:18,100 --> 03:26:21,300
the enlightenment's, realm 
questioning Authority, demanding

3660
03:26:21,300 --> 03:26:24,200
reasoned answers, and claiming 
individual dignity became 

3661
03:26:24,200 --> 03:26:25,400
entrenched in western 
civilization. 

3662
03:26:26,800 --> 03:26:30,000
When we read voltaire's, witty 
courageous, writings Rousseau's 

3663
03:26:30,000 --> 03:26:34,200
profound challenges, deedar Rose
and cyclopedic labors or condos 

3664
03:26:34,200 --> 03:26:36,900
at prescient humanism. 
We are reminded of the 

3665
03:26:36,900 --> 03:26:38,400
enlightenment's, very human 
story. 

3666
03:26:38,400 --> 03:26:41,500
Salon gathering's and 
clandestine pamphlets, 

3667
03:26:41,500 --> 03:26:45,200
friendships and feuds, and 
people risking prison for a 

3668
03:26:45,200 --> 03:26:48,000
pamphlet or exile for a 
principal ideas. 

3669
03:26:48,000 --> 03:26:49,600
Could overthrow thrown in that 
age. 

3670
03:26:50,400 --> 03:26:53,400
Its Legacy lives on every time, 
an informed public holds a 

3671
03:26:53,400 --> 03:26:55,800
tyrant accountable. 
A youngster is taught science 

3672
03:26:55,800 --> 03:26:59,100
without Superstition, various 
individuals, sit down to talk 

3673
03:26:59,100 --> 03:27:02,300
and debate rather than fight and
we choose light over Darkness. 

3674
03:27:03,200 --> 03:27:05,500
The French Enlightenment was 
truly a turning point in human 

3675
03:27:05,500 --> 03:27:14,100
history. 
Now, imagine this in that comfy 

3676
03:27:14,100 --> 03:27:17,500
bed of yours, you're standing on
the deck of research, vessel in 

3677
03:27:17,500 --> 03:27:21,400
the middle of the Pacific Ocean.
300 miles from the nearest land,

3678
03:27:21,400 --> 03:27:25,000
it's just passed Dawn. 
And the water around you, is 

3679
03:27:25,000 --> 03:27:27,400
that particular shade of blue 
that doesn't exist? 

3680
03:27:27,400 --> 03:27:30,900
Anywhere else on Earth. 
Not the blue of swimming pools 

3681
03:27:30,900 --> 03:27:34,600
or tropical Lagoon's that 
something deeper or honest. 

3682
03:27:35,300 --> 03:27:37,800
A Kind of Blue that makes you 
realize the ocean isn't trying 

3683
03:27:37,800 --> 03:27:40,400
to be pretty for anyone. 
Below your feet. 

3684
03:27:40,400 --> 03:27:42,800
The ocean floor, lies nearly 
four miles down. 

3685
03:27:42,800 --> 03:27:46,200
If you could somehow drain all 
this water away, you'd be 

3686
03:27:46,200 --> 03:27:49,000
standing at the edge of a cliff 
that makes the Grand Canyon look

3687
03:27:49,000 --> 03:27:52,200
like a drainage ditch. 
But you can't see any of that 

3688
03:27:52,200 --> 03:27:54,900
from here. 
All you can see is the gentle 

3689
03:27:54,900 --> 03:27:57,500
role of swells, that began 
somewhere near New Zealand and 

3690
03:27:57,500 --> 03:28:00,600
will end eventually on a beach 
in California. 

3691
03:28:01,900 --> 03:28:06,200
The research submersible hangs 
from a crane its white Hull 

3692
03:28:06,200 --> 03:28:09,500
gleaming in the early light. 
It looks exactly like what it is

3693
03:28:09,500 --> 03:28:13,700
a very expensive very 
sophisticated metal ball with 

3694
03:28:13,700 --> 03:28:16,700
Windows. 
The head researcher a woman 

3695
03:28:16,708 --> 03:28:20,600
who's made this dissent 17 times
checks her watch and nods to the

3696
03:28:20,600 --> 03:28:24,100
crew you climb inside through a 
hatch that's barely wide enough 

3697
03:28:24,108 --> 03:28:27,600
for your shoulders settle into a
seat designed by someone who 

3698
03:28:27,600 --> 03:28:29,700
apparently never met a human 
spine. 

3699
03:28:30,500 --> 03:28:34,300
And watch as they see you in The
Descent begins with all the 

3700
03:28:34,300 --> 03:28:36,100
drama of a grocery store 
elevator. 

3701
03:28:36,900 --> 03:28:39,100
For the first few minutes, 
you'll still in the zone where 

3702
03:28:39,100 --> 03:28:42,200
normal ocean things happen. 
The water is that luminous 

3703
03:28:42,200 --> 03:28:44,800
Caribbean Blue that makes you 
understand why people pay 

3704
03:28:44,800 --> 03:28:46,500
thousands of dollars to go 
snorkeling. 

3705
03:28:47,400 --> 03:28:51,100
Sunlight streams down in shaft 
that look almost solid as if you

3706
03:28:51,100 --> 03:28:55,600
could grab onto them small fish 
dark past the viewport species, 

3707
03:28:55,600 --> 03:28:58,000
you might recognize from 
aquariums or fishing 

3708
03:28:58,000 --> 03:29:01,500
documentaries. 
The water is about 75 degrees, 

3709
03:29:01,500 --> 03:29:05,500
which is to say perfectly 
Pleasant the temperature of a 

3710
03:29:05,500 --> 03:29:08,900
bath you'd actually want to get 
into at 50 feet down. 

3711
03:29:08,900 --> 03:29:12,700
You notice the first change the 
red wavelengths of light of 

3712
03:29:12,700 --> 03:29:15,100
vanished. 
If you'd brought a tomato with 

3713
03:29:15,100 --> 03:29:17,900
you which would be weird but 
bear with me, it would look. 

3714
03:29:17,900 --> 03:29:21,800
Black blood looks black down 
here too which is something that

3715
03:29:21,800 --> 03:29:25,100
surprises new divers when they 
cut themselves and see what 

3716
03:29:25,100 --> 03:29:27,100
appears to be ink leaking from 
their skin. 

3717
03:29:27,100 --> 03:29:29,600
The ocean is eating the color 
spectrum. 

3718
03:29:29,600 --> 03:29:33,100
One wavelength at a time, 
starting with the warm tones, 

3719
03:29:33,100 --> 03:29:36,200
the colors of fire and Sunset 
and everything humans 

3720
03:29:36,200 --> 03:29:38,500
traditionally associate with 
safety. 

3721
03:29:39,500 --> 03:29:43,900
At 100 feet, the orange goes 
then yellow at 300 feet, which 

3722
03:29:43,900 --> 03:29:46,300
is about as deep as recreational
scuba divers. 

3723
03:29:46,300 --> 03:29:48,700
Ever go. 
And honestly good for them, for 

3724
03:29:48,700 --> 03:29:51,800
knowing their limits, the water 
is still relatively warm and 

3725
03:29:51,800 --> 03:29:54,800
still bright enough to read by. 
But already, you have to send it

3726
03:29:54,800 --> 03:29:57,400
farther than 99% of humans ever 
will. 

3727
03:29:57,400 --> 03:30:01,600
Now in a realm visited only by 
professional divers military 

3728
03:30:01,600 --> 03:30:04,800
submarines and people who made 
some really interesting Life 

3729
03:30:04,800 --> 03:30:08,400
Choices. 600 feet the green 
wavelengths. 

3730
03:30:08,400 --> 03:30:12,300
Filter out the water around, you
is now entirely blue and purple.

3731
03:30:12,300 --> 03:30:15,500
The colors of bruises. 
And Twilight, the temperature 

3732
03:30:15,500 --> 03:30:19,000
has dropped to 50 degrees, which
doesn't sound that cold until 

3733
03:30:19,000 --> 03:30:22,900
you remember that water conducts
heat away from your body 25 

3734
03:30:22,900 --> 03:30:26,800
times faster than are outside. 
This pressurized capsule 

3735
03:30:26,800 --> 03:30:30,700
hyperthermia would be competing 
with nitrogen Narcosis for which

3736
03:30:30,700 --> 03:30:33,500
could kill you first. 
It would be a close race. 

3737
03:30:33,500 --> 03:30:36,600
This is the Twilight Zone 
officially called the 

3738
03:30:36,600 --> 03:30:39,700
mesopelagic. 
The Twilight Zone, sounds much 

3739
03:30:39,700 --> 03:30:43,500
better and scientists appreciate
a good name as much as anyone 

3740
03:30:43,500 --> 03:30:47,100
some light still penetrates here
but it's the kind of light that 

3741
03:30:47,100 --> 03:30:49,600
makes you squint that never 
quite feels like enough. 

3742
03:30:49,600 --> 03:30:53,100
If This Were a place on land it 
would be that moment just after 

3743
03:30:53,100 --> 03:30:55,900
Sunset when you're trying to 
decide if you should turn on the

3744
03:30:55,900 --> 03:30:58,400
headlights or if you can make it
home first. 

3745
03:30:59,200 --> 03:31:02,600
You definitely turn on the 
Headlights by 1000 feet. 

3746
03:31:02,600 --> 03:31:05,400
Even the blue is starting to 
give up the water. 

3747
03:31:05,400 --> 03:31:08,000
Looks less like water and more 
like smoke. 

3748
03:31:08,000 --> 03:31:10,700
Like your descending through 
some dense medium. 

3749
03:31:10,700 --> 03:31:13,300
That can't quite decide. 
What state of matter, it wants 

3750
03:31:13,300 --> 03:31:16,200
to be the temperature is 45 
degrees. 

3751
03:31:16,200 --> 03:31:20,400
Now, outside the submersible, 
the pressure is roughly 45 times

3752
03:31:20,400 --> 03:31:23,700
what it is at the surface, which
means every square inch of your 

3753
03:31:23,708 --> 03:31:27,200
body would be experiencing 45 
pounds of force, the 

3754
03:31:27,200 --> 03:31:30,200
submersible's. 
Hull is 6 inches of titanium 

3755
03:31:30,200 --> 03:31:32,500
designed by people who stayed 
awake during their physics 

3756
03:31:32,500 --> 03:31:35,800
classes and just suddenly very 
grateful for their attention, to

3757
03:31:35,800 --> 03:31:39,300
detail a 2000 feet. 
You enter the midnight zone, the

3758
03:31:39,300 --> 03:31:41,600
Beth at pelagic and the last of 
the light goes out. 

3759
03:31:42,500 --> 03:31:45,300
Not gradually not with any 
ceremony, just gone. 

3760
03:31:45,300 --> 03:31:49,100
You've been descending for about
40 minutes and now you're in. 

3761
03:31:49,100 --> 03:31:51,700
The kind of Darkness that City 
dwellers don't even have a 

3762
03:31:51,700 --> 03:31:54,300
reference. 
For, is not the darkness of a 

3763
03:31:54,300 --> 03:31:57,300
room with the lights off, where 
your eyes adjust, and you can 

3764
03:31:57,300 --> 03:31:59,000
still make out the shape of the 
furniture. 

3765
03:32:00,000 --> 03:32:03,500
Is not the darkness of a rural 
road at night where you still 

3766
03:32:03,500 --> 03:32:06,300
have Starlight. 
This is the darkness of being 

3767
03:32:06,300 --> 03:32:08,800
inside a mountain, inside a 
cave. 

3768
03:32:08,800 --> 03:32:13,300
Inside the Earth itself, the 
only light now comes from your 

3769
03:32:13,300 --> 03:32:17,400
submersible's external floods, 
which cut through the water and 

3770
03:32:17,400 --> 03:32:20,400
stark white beams that make the 
darkness Beyond them seem even 

3771
03:32:20,400 --> 03:32:23,800
more absolute. 
And in those beams, you see them

3772
03:32:23,800 --> 03:32:27,300
particles. 
Millions upon millions of 

3773
03:32:27,300 --> 03:32:30,300
particles drifting down through 
the water, like the world's 

3774
03:32:30,300 --> 03:32:34,700
slowest snow storm. 
This is Marine snow the detritus

3775
03:32:34,700 --> 03:32:37,600
of the ocean surface. 
Everything that lived and died 

3776
03:32:37,600 --> 03:32:41,400
up where the Sunshine's now, 
making its long, slow Journey to

3777
03:32:41,400 --> 03:32:44,800
the bottom. 
Dead Plankton fragments of fish 

3778
03:32:44,800 --> 03:32:48,000
scales fecal. 
Pellets from whales sharks and 

3779
03:32:48,000 --> 03:32:53,300
sardines, bits of jellyfish, 
scraps of seaweed, The water is 

3780
03:32:53,300 --> 03:32:56,800
thick with Organic. 
Confetti each spec representing 

3781
03:32:56,800 --> 03:32:59,200
something that was once alive in
the world above. 

3782
03:32:59,200 --> 03:33:02,800
It takes weeks for this material
to drift down from the surface 

3783
03:33:02,800 --> 03:33:07,300
tumbling, end over end Through 
The Dark Water, getting smaller 

3784
03:33:07,300 --> 03:33:10,800
as bacteria, break it down and 
being eaten and recent by 

3785
03:33:10,800 --> 03:33:12,600
creatures that live at different
depths. 

3786
03:33:12,600 --> 03:33:16,800
This is what sustains the deep 
ocean leftovers from someone 

3787
03:33:16,800 --> 03:33:20,000
else's party. 
The temperature is 38 degrees. 

3788
03:33:20,000 --> 03:33:23,800
Now, if you could somehow step 
outside which you absolutely 

3789
03:33:23,800 --> 03:33:27,700
cannot and should not even think
about the pressure would be 

3790
03:33:27,708 --> 03:33:32,400
approximately, 120 times what it
is at the surface, your lungs 

3791
03:33:32,400 --> 03:33:35,800
would collapse before you could 
even inhale your ear, drums 

3792
03:33:35,800 --> 03:33:38,900
would rupture. 
Gas spaces in your body would 

3793
03:33:38,900 --> 03:33:43,300
compress to nothing, it would be
to put it mildly a bad 

3794
03:33:43,300 --> 03:33:47,300
experience. 
At 3,000 feet your deeper than 

3795
03:33:47,300 --> 03:33:49,200
the vast majority of submarines 
ever. 

3796
03:33:49,200 --> 03:33:52,800
Go military vessels. 
Generally tap out around 2000 

3797
03:33:52,800 --> 03:33:56,100
feet because at some point, even
governments decide that 

3798
03:33:56,108 --> 03:33:59,300
discretion is the better part of
not being crushed like a soda. 

3799
03:33:59,300 --> 03:34:02,700
Can you are now in a depth Zone 
visited only by research 

3800
03:34:02,700 --> 03:34:06,100
vessels, certain species of 
whales that are frankly showing 

3801
03:34:06,100 --> 03:34:09,900
off and fish species that have 
never seen sunlight, and never 

3802
03:34:09,900 --> 03:34:12,800
will. 
The Marine snow continues, its 

3803
03:34:12,800 --> 03:34:16,600
endless drift, your submersible 
passes through clouds of it. 

3804
03:34:16,600 --> 03:34:19,200
And for a moment, you could 
almost convinced yourself. 

3805
03:34:19,200 --> 03:34:23,400
You're in a gentle, snowstorm 
maybe in Vermont, maybe anywhere

3806
03:34:23,400 --> 03:34:25,600
except three miles on the water 
in the Pacific. 

3807
03:34:25,600 --> 03:34:28,700
But then you see something 
moving in the darkness, beyond 

3808
03:34:28,700 --> 03:34:31,900
your lights, something larger 
than the particles, something 

3809
03:34:31,900 --> 03:34:34,700
deliberate. 
And you remember exactly where 

3810
03:34:34,700 --> 03:34:39,300
you are, at 3500 feet, you've 
descended deeper than the 

3811
03:34:39,300 --> 03:34:42,700
Titanic rests. 
That ship took two and a half 

3812
03:34:42,708 --> 03:34:46,900
miles to reach the bottom and it
took 93 years before someone 

3813
03:34:46,900 --> 03:34:48,900
sent a submersible down to 
photograph. 

3814
03:34:48,900 --> 03:34:53,400
It, the water temperature is now
36 degrees just above freezing 

3815
03:34:53,400 --> 03:34:57,000
cold enough that you can see 
your breath inside the capsule, 

3816
03:34:57,000 --> 03:35:00,700
despite the heating system. 
The pressure is nearly 2000 

3817
03:35:00,700 --> 03:35:04,700
pounds per square inch at the 
surface, your body displaces 

3818
03:35:04,700 --> 03:35:08,600
about two gallons of air down 
here that same amount of air 

3819
03:35:08,600 --> 03:35:12,000
would fit in a tennis ball and 
still you keep descending. 

3820
03:35:12,800 --> 03:35:17,600
Still somehow this father to go 
the ocean, you realize is almost

3821
03:35:17,600 --> 03:35:22,400
incomprehensibly deep. 
If Mount Everest all 29,000 feet

3822
03:35:22,400 --> 03:35:25,500
of it, replaced in the deepest 
part of the ocean, there would 

3823
03:35:25,500 --> 03:35:27,600
still be a mile of water of the 
summit. 

3824
03:35:27,600 --> 03:35:30,800
The average depth of the ocean 
is over 12,000 feet. 

3825
03:35:31,800 --> 03:35:34,700
Humans live on what amounts to 
Tiny dry Islands. 

3826
03:35:34,700 --> 03:35:39,100
Poking up through a global Water
envelope that covers 71% of the 

3827
03:35:39,100 --> 03:35:43,800
planet surface. 
At 4,000 feet, your descent 

3828
03:35:43,800 --> 03:35:47,600
slows the seafloor is 
approaching, not the dramatic 

3829
03:35:47,600 --> 03:35:53,000
trenches but the abyssal plain 
the endless flat muddy expanse. 

3830
03:35:53,000 --> 03:35:56,000
That covers more of Earth's 
surface than all the continents 

3831
03:35:56,000 --> 03:35:59,400
combined your lights illuminate 
sediment, that hasn't been 

3832
03:35:59,400 --> 03:36:03,500
Disturbed in thousands of years,
fine, particles that settle over

3833
03:36:03,500 --> 03:36:05,900
everything like dust on an 
abandoned house. 

3834
03:36:05,900 --> 03:36:09,300
The last Photon of sunlight that
could theoretically Reach This 

3835
03:36:09,300 --> 03:36:13,100
depth gave up about two miles 
ago You are now in a place of 

3836
03:36:13,100 --> 03:36:17,100
absolute Eternal Night. 
Its place where the sun is a 

3837
03:36:17,100 --> 03:36:20,900
rumor where Darkness isn't the 
absence of light, but rather the

3838
03:36:20,900 --> 03:36:24,400
default state of existence 
interrupted only by the 

3839
03:36:24,400 --> 03:36:27,600
bioluminescent flashes of 
creatures, making their own 

3840
03:36:27,600 --> 03:36:30,900
rules about illumination and 
yet, as your submersible, 

3841
03:36:30,900 --> 03:36:33,900
finally touches bottom, with a 
gentle bump and a puff of 

3842
03:36:33,908 --> 03:36:38,400
sediment, you see something 
moving, multiple, something's 

3843
03:36:38,400 --> 03:36:41,900
the ocean floor. 
Supposedly so hostile to life is

3844
03:36:41,900 --> 03:36:44,800
crawling with it. 
The fading of light, it turns 

3845
03:36:44,800 --> 03:36:48,200
out was just the beginning. 
The first thing you notice about

3846
03:36:48,200 --> 03:36:50,400
the abyssal plain is how 
flattered is. 

3847
03:36:50,400 --> 03:36:54,300
I mean, really genuinely flat in
a way that makes canvas look 

3848
03:36:54,308 --> 03:36:58,500
positively mountainous from your
viewport, the seafloor stretches

3849
03:36:58,500 --> 03:37:01,100
away in all directions. 
Like a parking lot designed by 

3850
03:37:01,100 --> 03:37:03,900
someone with no imagination and 
unlimited space. 

3851
03:37:03,900 --> 03:37:09,000
The sediment is uniform, grey 
brown finest talcum powder and 

3852
03:37:09,000 --> 03:37:11,700
it appears to go on forever in 
every direction. 

3853
03:37:12,600 --> 03:37:16,200
The pressure outside is now 
around 6,000 pounds per square 

3854
03:37:16,200 --> 03:37:20,000
inch to put that in perspective.
If you could somehow stand on 

3855
03:37:20,000 --> 03:37:24,200
the sea floor, unprotected you'd
experience about 400 times. 

3856
03:37:24,200 --> 03:37:26,000
The pressure that's crushing 
your car tires. 

3857
03:37:26,000 --> 03:37:29,200
Right now, every square inch of 
your body would be supporting 

3858
03:37:29,200 --> 03:37:32,800
the weight of a small car. 
This is the kind of pressure 

3859
03:37:32,800 --> 03:37:36,800
that makes steel spheres Creak 
and groan, the kind of pressure 

3860
03:37:36,800 --> 03:37:39,400
that turned the titans of 
merciful into compressed 

3861
03:37:39,400 --> 03:37:41,800
fragments in about four 
milliseconds. 

3862
03:37:41,800 --> 03:37:44,500
During its ill-fated descent to 
the Titanic. 

3863
03:37:44,500 --> 03:37:48,600
Your submersible, thankfully was
designed by people who 

3864
03:37:48,600 --> 03:37:51,500
understood exactly what water 
pressure at depth means. 

3865
03:37:51,500 --> 03:37:55,600
The titanium Hall is thicker 
than your thigh with no straight

3866
03:37:55,600 --> 03:37:58,800
seams where stress could 
concentrate and no clever 

3867
03:37:58,800 --> 03:38:01,800
Corners were physicists, could 
gain a foothold, it's 

3868
03:38:01,800 --> 03:38:05,100
essentially a very sophisticated
ball because balls as it turns 

3869
03:38:05,100 --> 03:38:08,100
out a very good at handling 
omni-directional pressure. 

3870
03:38:08,900 --> 03:38:12,000
Submarines a cylindrical because
they need to move through water,

3871
03:38:12,000 --> 03:38:16,100
efficiently, submersibles that 
just need to not implode a 

3872
03:38:16,100 --> 03:38:19,400
spherical because spheres 
distribute stress evenly across 

3873
03:38:19,400 --> 03:38:22,900
their entire surface. 
The water temperature is 

3874
03:38:22,900 --> 03:38:26,900
stabilized at around 36 degrees 
Fahrenheit just barely above 

3875
03:38:26,900 --> 03:38:30,800
freezing at this depth water 
actually becomes slightly more 

3876
03:38:30,800 --> 03:38:34,300
dense than it is at the surface 
compressed by its own weight 

3877
03:38:34,300 --> 03:38:38,400
into something that's not quite 
the H2O used to if you can 

3878
03:38:38,400 --> 03:38:41,300
examine it at the molecular 
level, you'd see the water 

3879
03:38:41,300 --> 03:38:44,500
molecules packed together more 
tightly than they ever get in 

3880
03:38:44,500 --> 03:38:47,300
your glass at dinner outside a 
creature swims. 

3881
03:38:47,300 --> 03:38:50,100
Past your viewport. 
Something that looks vaguely 

3882
03:38:50,100 --> 03:38:52,000
fish. 
Like if fish were designed by 

3883
03:38:52,000 --> 03:38:54,400
someone who'd only heard them 
described over a bad phone 

3884
03:38:54,400 --> 03:38:56,800
connection. 
It's about 8 inches long 

3885
03:38:56,800 --> 03:39:00,900
translucent with eyes that are 
disproportionately huge and 

3886
03:39:00,900 --> 03:39:03,700
teeth at a disproportionately 
pointier than seems necessary. 

3887
03:39:03,700 --> 03:39:07,200
This is a bristle mouth. 
One of the most numerous 

3888
03:39:07,200 --> 03:39:09,700
vertebrates on Earth. 
You've probably never heard of 

3889
03:39:09,700 --> 03:39:13,100
it because it lives where humans
don't, there are more bristle 

3890
03:39:13,100 --> 03:39:16,300
mouths in the Ocean than there 
are humans on land but they live

3891
03:39:16,300 --> 03:39:18,700
in a place. 
So removed from our experience 

3892
03:39:18,700 --> 03:39:23,000
that we barely acknowledge their
existence The submersible's 

3893
03:39:23,000 --> 03:39:26,500
manipulator arm extends 
collecting a sediment sample. 

3894
03:39:26,500 --> 03:39:30,100
The movement is excruciatingly 
slow because everything moves 

3895
03:39:30,100 --> 03:39:34,600
slowly down here water at this 
depth has a viscosity about 60% 

3896
03:39:34,600 --> 03:39:38,300
higher than at the surface which
means pushing through it feels 

3897
03:39:38,300 --> 03:39:41,800
less like swimming and more like
moving through cold, honey. 

3898
03:39:42,800 --> 03:39:46,000
For the creatures that live here
speed is mostly irrelevant. 

3899
03:39:46,000 --> 03:39:48,900
Anyway, where exactly would they
hurry to? 

3900
03:39:49,700 --> 03:39:53,500
A CQ cumber trundles past and 
trundles is really the only 

3901
03:39:53,500 --> 03:39:56,600
appropriate verb. 
It's moving at approximately the

3902
03:39:56,600 --> 03:40:00,200
speed of erosion one of those 
animals that make sloths look 

3903
03:40:00,200 --> 03:40:03,700
hyperactive seek you come 
there's essentially animated 

3904
03:40:03,700 --> 03:40:07,500
vacuum cleaners crawling across 
the set of ingesting anything 

3905
03:40:07,500 --> 03:40:10,200
organic. 
They encounter they process the 

3906
03:40:10,200 --> 03:40:14,100
mud extract whatever calories 
they can from the sparse organic

3907
03:40:14,100 --> 03:40:18,200
matter and excrete pellets of 
slightly reorganized mud. 

3908
03:40:18,200 --> 03:40:23,500
It's not glamorous, but it's a 
living technically pressure 

3909
03:40:23,500 --> 03:40:27,400
affect everything down here in 
ways that seem almost designed 

3910
03:40:27,400 --> 03:40:31,800
to make life in convenient. 
Gas bladders which many fish 

3911
03:40:31,800 --> 03:40:35,300
used to control their buoyancy 
and shallow water a completely 

3912
03:40:35,300 --> 03:40:38,400
useless at this depth the 
pressure would compress them to 

3913
03:40:38,408 --> 03:40:41,100
nothing. 
So the fish that live here, have

3914
03:40:41,100 --> 03:40:44,000
either given up on gas bladders 
entirely or replace them with 

3915
03:40:44,000 --> 03:40:46,800
deposits of lighter than water 
oils that don't compress. 

3916
03:40:46,800 --> 03:40:49,600
It's the difference between 
trying to use a balloon for 

3917
03:40:49,600 --> 03:40:52,200
buoyancy versus using a chunk of
Styrofoam. 

3918
03:40:53,100 --> 03:40:56,400
One option adapts to pressure, 
the other just gets crushed, 

3919
03:40:56,400 --> 03:41:00,200
you'll submersible, drifts 
forward slowly, it's Motors 

3920
03:41:00,200 --> 03:41:03,700
barely audible as it hums 
through the hole in the distance

3921
03:41:03,700 --> 03:41:06,700
and distances weird down here 
because there are no reference 

3922
03:41:06,700 --> 03:41:09,100
points. 
You see a cluster of what looks 

3923
03:41:09,100 --> 03:41:12,100
like tube worms. 
Each one rising from the 

3924
03:41:12,100 --> 03:41:14,200
sediment like an abandoned 
Periscope. 

3925
03:41:14,200 --> 03:41:18,000
These are polyte worms, and 
they've constructed tubes from 

3926
03:41:18,000 --> 03:41:22,100
mucus and sediment particles. 
The extend their feathery 

3927
03:41:22,100 --> 03:41:25,700
feeding appendages in to the 
water, hoping to snag some of 

3928
03:41:25,708 --> 03:41:28,000
that Marine snow as it drifts 
passed. 

3929
03:41:28,000 --> 03:41:31,600
They've been growing for 
decades, possibly centuries 

3930
03:41:31,600 --> 03:41:34,200
adding millimeters to their 
tubes each year. 

3931
03:41:35,000 --> 03:41:38,600
A rat tail fish appears at the 
edge of your light's named for 

3932
03:41:38,600 --> 03:41:42,500
its long, tapering tail. 
That looks exactly like you'd 

3933
03:41:42,500 --> 03:41:45,100
expect from the name. 
It hovers near the sea floor. 

3934
03:41:45,100 --> 03:41:47,800
Essentially waiting for 
something edible to wander by. 

3935
03:41:48,600 --> 03:41:51,700
Hunting down here isn't so much 
hunting as it is strategic 

3936
03:41:51,700 --> 03:41:55,200
loitering. 
With food so scarce Predators 

3937
03:41:55,200 --> 03:41:57,500
can't afford to waste energy 
chasing prey. 

3938
03:41:57,500 --> 03:42:01,400
They Park themselves somewhere 
promising and weight. sometimes 

3939
03:42:01,400 --> 03:42:06,000
for days the metabolic rate of 
deep sea fish is astonishingly 

3940
03:42:06,000 --> 03:42:09,500
low often just two to three 
percent of what surface fish 

3941
03:42:09,500 --> 03:42:12,200
require. 
They've evolved to run on fumes 

3942
03:42:12,200 --> 03:42:16,000
the pressure means that simple 
biological processes work 

3943
03:42:16,000 --> 03:42:19,600
differently down here cell 
membranes, which are fluid at 

3944
03:42:19,600 --> 03:42:23,900
the surface would become rigid 
and useless at this depth except

3945
03:42:23,900 --> 03:42:27,300
the deep sea organisms have 
adapted their membrane lipids to

3946
03:42:27,300 --> 03:42:31,000
stay flexible Under Pressure 
proteins that would denature and

3947
03:42:31,000 --> 03:42:34,100
fall apart in shallow water fish
have been modified with subtle 

3948
03:42:34,100 --> 03:42:37,800
molecular changes that make them
stable Under Pressure the slight

3949
03:42:37,800 --> 03:42:40,600
comparing a house built for 
California versus a house built 

3950
03:42:40,600 --> 03:42:43,900
for Alaska same basic structure 
different engineering 

3951
03:42:43,900 --> 03:42:47,100
requirements. 
You notice something odd about 

3952
03:42:47,100 --> 03:42:50,200
the fish that passed through 
your lights many of them appear 

3953
03:42:50,200 --> 03:42:54,300
to be melting not literally but 
their flesh has a weird 

3954
03:42:54,300 --> 03:42:58,400
gelatinous quality a translucent
that makes them look like 

3955
03:42:58,400 --> 03:43:00,300
they're made of partially set. 
Jello. 

3956
03:43:01,100 --> 03:43:05,700
This isn't diseased or damaged 
its adaptation at these deaths 

3957
03:43:05,700 --> 03:43:10,100
were food is scared and every 
calorie counts when taming a 

3958
03:43:10,100 --> 03:43:12,600
dense muscular body is a waste 
of resources. 

3959
03:43:13,400 --> 03:43:16,400
These fish have essentially 
given up on structural Integrity

3960
03:43:16,400 --> 03:43:20,800
in favor of energy conservation.
Their water balloons. 

3961
03:43:20,800 --> 03:43:23,700
Because down here, there's no 
evolutionary pressure to be 

3962
03:43:23,700 --> 03:43:27,300
streamlined or sturdy. 
There are no fast currents to 

3963
03:43:27,300 --> 03:43:30,500
fight against, no Predators fast
enough to make fleeing 

3964
03:43:30,500 --> 03:43:34,400
worthwhile, an isopod crawls 
across the settlement, a 

3965
03:43:34,400 --> 03:43:36,600
creature that looks 
distressingly like a pill bug 

3966
03:43:36,600 --> 03:43:39,500
that got into the steroids. 
It's about 10 inches long, 

3967
03:43:39,500 --> 03:43:42,800
armored and moving with the 
deliberation of something that 

3968
03:43:42,800 --> 03:43:45,200
has nowhere to be in an eternity
to get there. 

3969
03:43:46,000 --> 03:43:49,800
Giant isopods are scavengers the
vultures of the deep ocean. 

3970
03:43:49,800 --> 03:43:54,000
They can go years without eating
their metabolism, slowed to a 

3971
03:43:54,000 --> 03:43:55,600
level at barely qualifies as 
life. 

3972
03:43:55,600 --> 03:43:59,200
When a whale carcass or large 
fish drops to the sea floor, 

3973
03:43:59,200 --> 03:44:02,200
they congregate in numbers that 
would make a horror movie 

3974
03:44:02,200 --> 03:44:05,700
directors, weep with joy, 
stripping the remains down to 

3975
03:44:05,700 --> 03:44:07,900
Bare Bones over the course of 
months. 

3976
03:44:08,700 --> 03:44:12,000
The submersible sonar pings 
mapping the sea floor around 

3977
03:44:12,000 --> 03:44:15,000
you. 
The sound travels strangely down

3978
03:44:15,000 --> 03:44:18,800
here water pressure affects the 
speed of sound making it travel 

3979
03:44:18,800 --> 03:44:22,500
about 3% faster than at the 
surface, but more interesting is

3980
03:44:22,500 --> 03:44:26,000
what the sonar reveals the 
abyssal plain isn't quite as 

3981
03:44:26,000 --> 03:44:28,900
flat as it appeared. 
There are subtle variations 

3982
03:44:28,900 --> 03:44:32,900
gentle Hills and Valleys 
measured in meters and features 

3983
03:44:32,900 --> 03:44:36,400
that took millions of years to 
form a sediment accumulated 

3984
03:44:36,400 --> 03:44:38,900
grain by grain Century by 
Century. 

3985
03:44:38,900 --> 03:44:42,700
You're sitting in a place where 
sediment accumulates at roughly 

3986
03:44:42,700 --> 03:44:45,200
one centimeter every Thousand 
Years. 

3987
03:44:46,200 --> 03:44:49,500
The mud directly beneath your 
submersible is there for older 

3988
03:44:49,500 --> 03:44:54,100
than human civilization older 
than agriculture older than the 

3989
03:44:54,100 --> 03:44:58,000
last ice age your resting on 
layers of time compressed into 

3990
03:44:58,000 --> 03:45:01,600
geology each stratum 
representing Millennia of marine

3991
03:45:01,600 --> 03:45:06,000
snow slowly drifting down and 
settling a Grenadier fish swims 

3992
03:45:06,000 --> 03:45:09,700
past and other deep sea resident
with the large head and tapering

3993
03:45:09,700 --> 03:45:12,400
body the seems to be standard 
issued down here. 

3994
03:45:13,400 --> 03:45:17,500
Its eyes are huge and dark 
adapted to detect the faintest 

3995
03:45:17,500 --> 03:45:21,100
bioluminescent flashes. 
Those eyes can't form clear 

3996
03:45:21,100 --> 03:45:23,000
images. 
There's not enough light for 

3997
03:45:23,000 --> 03:45:26,500
that but they're extraordinarily
sensitive to movement and dim 

3998
03:45:26,500 --> 03:45:28,700
glows. 
The grenadiers essentially 

3999
03:45:28,700 --> 03:45:32,600
navigating by glimpses and 
suggestions piecing together a 

4000
03:45:32,600 --> 03:45:35,000
picture of its World from 
fragments of light that wouldn't

4001
03:45:35,000 --> 03:45:38,900
register to humanize at all. 
The pressure outside continues 

4002
03:45:38,900 --> 03:45:41,800
to press against the 
submersible's hull the force of 

4003
03:45:41,800 --> 03:45:46,100
several million pounds, the 
titanium flexes microscopically 

4004
03:45:46,100 --> 03:45:49,600
Distributing the stress inside 
your comfortable at one 

4005
03:45:49,600 --> 03:45:52,900
atmosphere of pressure the same 
as a nice spring day at sea 

4006
03:45:52,900 --> 03:45:55,500
level. 
But between you, and the ocean 

4007
03:45:55,500 --> 03:45:59,800
floor is just 6 inches of metal 
and Engineering Beyond which the

4008
03:45:59,800 --> 03:46:01,900
pressure is sufficient to 
compress bone. 

4009
03:46:01,900 --> 03:46:06,000
A jellyfish drifts past though, 
calling it a jellyfish is 

4010
03:46:06,000 --> 03:46:08,400
generous. 
It's more like a translucent 

4011
03:46:08,400 --> 03:46:11,700
blob with tentacles. 
So delicate it looks like it 

4012
03:46:11,700 --> 03:46:13,700
might come apart. 
If you looked at it too hard, 

4013
03:46:13,700 --> 03:46:18,300
these deep sea jellies are about
95% water with just enough, 

4014
03:46:18,300 --> 03:46:22,200
biology to qualify as alive. 
They drift through the darkness 

4015
03:46:22,200 --> 03:46:25,600
trailing tentacles that can 
extend for 20 or 30 feet, 

4016
03:46:25,608 --> 03:46:29,600
waiting for something small and 
unlucky to blunder into them 

4017
03:46:29,600 --> 03:46:33,400
when they capture prey, which 
happens rarely buy how thin 

4018
03:46:33,400 --> 03:46:36,200
these jellies are? 
They digested over the course of

4019
03:46:36,200 --> 03:46:38,800
weeks. 
Everything happens in slow 

4020
03:46:38,800 --> 03:46:42,200
motion down here, the weight of 
water shapes everything at this 

4021
03:46:42,200 --> 03:46:46,000
depth, it determines body 
structure hunting strategies 

4022
03:46:46,000 --> 03:46:49,500
reproduction and even the 
chemistry of life itself, 

4023
03:46:50,600 --> 03:46:53,800
Creatures here have evolved 
Under Pressure literal, physical

4024
03:46:53,800 --> 03:46:57,900
pressure that would kill surface
organisms instantly, they've 

4025
03:46:57,900 --> 03:47:00,800
sold engineering problems. 
That human Engineers struggle 

4026
03:47:00,800 --> 03:47:03,900
with and they've done it, not 
through intelligence or design. 

4027
03:47:03,900 --> 03:47:08,100
But through the simple brutal 
process of trying, everything. 

4028
03:47:08,100 --> 03:47:12,800
Keeping what works discarding? 
What doesn't and repeating for 

4029
03:47:12,800 --> 03:47:16,200
50 million years. 
Your light sweep across the 

4030
03:47:16,200 --> 03:47:18,500
settlement and something catches
your eye. 

4031
03:47:19,200 --> 03:47:22,500
Tracks long. 
Parallel grooves in the mud 

4032
03:47:22,500 --> 03:47:26,700
leading off into the darkness. 
Something walked here recently, 

4033
03:47:26,700 --> 03:47:30,500
recently being a relative term 
when sediment takes Millennia to

4034
03:47:30,508 --> 03:47:33,900
settle, the tracks could be 
hours old or decades old. 

4035
03:47:34,700 --> 03:47:36,900
Time moves differently when the 
environment changes. 

4036
03:47:36,900 --> 03:47:39,300
So slowly that centuries are 
barely noticeable. 

4037
03:47:39,300 --> 03:47:43,100
The submersible begins to rise 
ascending slowly from the 

4038
03:47:43,100 --> 03:47:45,600
abyssal plain toward the next 
leg of your journey. 

4039
03:47:46,700 --> 03:47:49,300
As you lift away from the sea 
floor, you take one last. 

4040
03:47:49,300 --> 03:47:52,100
Look at that uniform muddy 
expanse. 

4041
03:47:52,800 --> 03:47:56,400
It looks lifeless. 
Barren a place where nothing 

4042
03:47:56,400 --> 03:47:59,500
should exist. 
And yet impossibly life, 

4043
03:47:59,500 --> 03:48:02,100
persists. 
Adapted to pressure that would 

4044
03:48:02,100 --> 03:48:04,700
crush submarines cold, that 
would kill in minutes. 

4045
03:48:05,400 --> 03:48:09,100
And darkness, That Never Ends 
like persists, because life is 

4046
03:48:09,100 --> 03:48:13,200
stubborn that way, because 
chemistry finds even under 6,000

4047
03:48:13,200 --> 03:48:17,100
pounds per square inch of water.
The weight of water, doesn't end

4048
03:48:17,100 --> 03:48:21,100
a life, it just changes. 
The terms, the thermometer on 

4049
03:48:21,100 --> 03:48:24,600
your instrument panel reads, 
35.7 degrees Fahrenheit. 

4050
03:48:25,600 --> 03:48:28,000
This isn't the kind of cold that
makes you put on a sweater. 

4051
03:48:28,000 --> 03:48:32,900
This is the kind of cold that 
permeates everything that seeps 

4052
03:48:32,900 --> 03:48:36,200
into molecular structures and 
slows chemical reactions to 

4053
03:48:36,200 --> 03:48:38,400
accrual. 
This is cold. 

4054
03:48:38,400 --> 03:48:41,900
That has lasted unchanged for 
millions of years. 

4055
03:48:41,900 --> 03:48:44,900
Here's something that will 
reorganize your perspective. 

4056
03:48:45,700 --> 03:48:49,500
The deep ocean doesn't really do
seasons while the surface might 

4057
03:48:49,500 --> 03:48:53,500
warm in summer, and cool in 
Winter down here at 12,000 feet.

4058
03:48:53,500 --> 03:48:56,900
The temperature has been 
essentially constant since long 

4059
03:48:56,900 --> 03:49:00,100
before, humans started 
recording, whether the Ice Age 

4060
03:49:00,100 --> 03:49:03,400
came and went, massive glaciers 
covered half of Europe, and 

4061
03:49:03,400 --> 03:49:07,800
North America melted reformed 
and melted again and down here. 

4062
03:49:07,800 --> 03:49:10,200
The temperature may be changed 
by half a degree. 

4063
03:49:10,200 --> 03:49:13,600
May be. 
This stability is both a 

4064
03:49:13,600 --> 03:49:16,200
blessing and a curse for deep 
sea life. 

4065
03:49:17,100 --> 03:49:20,800
The blessing is predictability 
organisms, don't need to adapt 

4066
03:49:20,800 --> 03:49:23,900
to temperature swings, don't 
need to prepare for winter or 

4067
03:49:23,900 --> 03:49:27,400
endure summer, heat waves, the 
curse is that they've become. 

4068
03:49:27,400 --> 03:49:30,800
So specialized for coal that 
even minor temperatures would be

4069
03:49:30,808 --> 03:49:33,400
catastrophic. 
These creatures are, like people

4070
03:49:33,400 --> 03:49:36,700
who've only ever lived in one 
climate their entire lives who 

4071
03:49:36,700 --> 03:49:39,300
have built every aspect of their
biology around. 

4072
03:49:39,300 --> 03:49:43,100
Specific environmental 
conditions, a squid Glides past 

4073
03:49:43,100 --> 03:49:46,100
your viewport, its body about 
two feet long arms trailing 

4074
03:49:46,100 --> 03:49:48,800
behind in warmer water. 
A squid. 

4075
03:49:48,800 --> 03:49:51,400
This size would be darting 
around changing colors 

4076
03:49:51,400 --> 03:49:54,500
demonstrating, the kind of 
hyperactive energy that makes 

4077
03:49:54,500 --> 03:49:58,700
squid both fascinating and 
exhausting to watch this one 

4078
03:49:58,700 --> 03:50:00,100
moves. 
Like its swimming through 

4079
03:50:00,100 --> 03:50:04,500
molasses, which in a sense it is
given the viscosity of cold 

4080
03:50:04,500 --> 03:50:08,800
pressurized water its metabolism
runs at a fraction of the speed 

4081
03:50:08,800 --> 03:50:12,100
of its surface dwelling cousins,
where a coastal squid, might 

4082
03:50:12,100 --> 03:50:14,300
live two years. 
This one could live 20 

4083
03:50:15,300 --> 03:50:18,000
Everything happens slower. 
When you're running your biology

4084
03:50:18,000 --> 03:50:22,100
on economy mode, the cold 
effects proteins in fascinating 

4085
03:50:22,100 --> 03:50:26,100
ways at surface temperatures, 
proteins are flexible Dynamic 

4086
03:50:26,100 --> 03:50:30,400
molecules that fold and unfold 
bind to things and release them 

4087
03:50:30,400 --> 03:50:33,800
and generally act like the busy 
little molecular machines they 

4088
03:50:33,800 --> 03:50:37,100
are But cold makes molecules 
sluggish. 

4089
03:50:37,100 --> 03:50:40,400
It reduces the kinetic energy 
available for chemical 

4090
03:50:40,400 --> 03:50:43,400
reactions. 
So, deep sea organisms produce 

4091
03:50:43,400 --> 03:50:46,700
proteins that are specifically 
adapted to work at low 

4092
03:50:46,700 --> 03:50:48,400
temperatures. 
Proteins. 

4093
03:50:48,400 --> 03:50:50,200
That would actually stop 
functioning properly. 

4094
03:50:50,200 --> 03:50:53,200
If you warm them up, these 
creatures would be poisoned by 

4095
03:50:53,200 --> 03:50:57,200
warm water, not because heat 
itself is toxic, but because 

4096
03:50:57,200 --> 03:51:00,700
their entire biochemistry would 
stop working correctly. 

4097
03:51:02,100 --> 03:51:05,400
Fish swims past that appears to 
have antifreeze in its blood, 

4098
03:51:05,400 --> 03:51:10,400
which as it turns out, it does 
many deep sea fish produce, 

4099
03:51:10,400 --> 03:51:14,300
anti-freeze proteins, molecules 
that prevent ice crystals from 

4100
03:51:14,300 --> 03:51:18,100
forming in their tissues. 
Now, you might reasonably point 

4101
03:51:18,100 --> 03:51:20,300
out that 36 degrees is above 
freezing. 

4102
03:51:20,300 --> 03:51:22,500
So why would they need 
antifreeze? 

4103
03:51:22,500 --> 03:51:25,800
Excellent question. 
The answer is that these 

4104
03:51:25,800 --> 03:51:29,900
pressures the freezing point of 
water drops slightly Also fish 

4105
03:51:29,900 --> 03:51:32,400
body fluids have a lower 
freezing point than pure water 

4106
03:51:32,400 --> 03:51:35,100
anyway because they contain 
salts and proteins. 

4107
03:51:35,100 --> 03:51:38,600
But some deep sea fish, have 
added an extra margin of safety 

4108
03:51:38,600 --> 03:51:41,900
producing. 
Glycoproteins that bind any ice 

4109
03:51:41,900 --> 03:51:44,400
crystals that start to form and 
prevent them from growing. 

4110
03:51:44,400 --> 03:51:48,400
Its biological insurance against
a catastrophe that might occur 

4111
03:51:48,400 --> 03:51:51,800
once in a million years. 
The cold also means that 

4112
03:51:51,800 --> 03:51:54,500
decomposition happens at a 
geological pace. 

4113
03:51:55,500 --> 03:51:59,500
Fish dies in warm surface water 
bacteria, break it down within 

4114
03:51:59,500 --> 03:52:02,300
days. 
Down here that same fish might 

4115
03:52:02,300 --> 03:52:04,900
remain relatively intact for 
months or even years. 

4116
03:52:05,800 --> 03:52:09,100
The cold slows bacterial 
metabolism, just like it slows, 

4117
03:52:09,100 --> 03:52:11,500
everything else. 
This has interesting 

4118
03:52:11,500 --> 03:52:14,800
implications the deep ocean is 
in effect. 

4119
03:52:14,800 --> 03:52:18,700
A preservation chamber, whale 
carcasses can remain on the sea 

4120
03:52:18,700 --> 03:52:22,200
floor for decades slowly being 
consumed by a succession of 

4121
03:52:22,200 --> 03:52:25,800
Specialists organic matter, that
would vanish quickly and warm 

4122
03:52:25,800 --> 03:52:28,300
water. 
Persists providing a long-term 

4123
03:52:28,300 --> 03:52:31,700
food source for the scavengers 
patient enough to find it, your 

4124
03:52:31,700 --> 03:52:35,400
light, Illuminator cluster of 
amphipods, small Crustaceans 

4125
03:52:35,400 --> 03:52:38,700
that look like swimming commas 
clustered around what appears to

4126
03:52:38,700 --> 03:52:41,700
be a fragment of something 
organic. 

4127
03:52:41,700 --> 03:52:44,200
It could be fish flesh. 
Could be whale. 

4128
03:52:44,200 --> 03:52:47,400
Blubber could be the remains of 
a jellyfish that died at the 

4129
03:52:47,400 --> 03:52:50,900
surface 6 months ago and finally
drifted down here. 

4130
03:52:50,900 --> 03:52:54,400
The amphipods are eating it with
the enthusiasm of people who 

4131
03:52:54,400 --> 03:52:57,300
aren't sure when they're leading
again, because they genuinely 

4132
03:52:57,300 --> 03:52:58,800
aren't sure when their lead 
again. 

4133
03:52:59,700 --> 03:53:03,000
Food is so scarce down here, 
that finding a meal is an event 

4134
03:53:03,000 --> 03:53:05,700
worth documenting. 
The submersible's external 

4135
03:53:05,700 --> 03:53:09,400
sensors record, the water 
salinity, dissolved, oxygen 

4136
03:53:09,400 --> 03:53:13,500
levels and Trace chemical 
composition, the oxygen content 

4137
03:53:13,500 --> 03:53:17,000
is surprisingly, High cold water
holds more dissolved oxygen than

4138
03:53:17,000 --> 03:53:20,500
warm water, which is one of the 
few advantages of operating in 

4139
03:53:20,500 --> 03:53:23,900
what amounts, to a natural 
refrigerator many deep sea 

4140
03:53:23,900 --> 03:53:26,900
organisms have evolved large 
Gill surfaces to extract that 

4141
03:53:26,900 --> 03:53:30,200
oxygen efficiently because while
there's plenty of oxygen 

4142
03:53:30,200 --> 03:53:33,200
available, the cold temperature 
means, they're metabolic 

4143
03:53:33,200 --> 03:53:34,300
Machinery. 
Works slowly. 

4144
03:53:34,300 --> 03:53:39,200
So they need to maximize intake,
a comb jelly drifts passed, its 

4145
03:53:39,200 --> 03:53:42,400
rows of cilia, creating those 
characteristic rainbow ripples. 

4146
03:53:42,400 --> 03:53:45,800
As they catch your light's. 
Comb jellies are among the most 

4147
03:53:45,800 --> 03:53:47,600
alien looking creatures in the 
ocean. 

4148
03:53:47,600 --> 03:53:51,000
All translucent geometry and 
flowing movement. 

4149
03:53:51,000 --> 03:53:54,600
This one is about the size of 
your fist, pulsing slowly 

4150
03:53:54,600 --> 03:53:58,300
through the water. 
And warm surface waters comb 

4151
03:53:58,300 --> 03:54:01,900
jellies can swim with surprising
speed, their cilia beating 

4152
03:54:01,900 --> 03:54:06,600
rapidly, this one moves like its
underwater, which okay? 

4153
03:54:06,600 --> 03:54:08,600
It is underwater but you know 
what I mean. 

4154
03:54:08,600 --> 03:54:13,200
It moves like it's underwater 
even for something underwater. 

4155
03:54:14,200 --> 03:54:18,400
Slow dream-like as if swimming 
Through Time rather than water. 

4156
03:54:18,400 --> 03:54:21,500
The cold has another effect that
scientists didn't fully 

4157
03:54:21,500 --> 03:54:25,900
appreciate until recently. 
It affects intelligence. 

4158
03:54:26,800 --> 03:54:30,200
Many deep sea fish have smaller 
brains relative to their body 

4159
03:54:30,200 --> 03:54:33,500
size than surface fish. 
This isn't because they're 

4160
03:54:33,500 --> 03:54:36,500
stupid will they might be but 
that's not the point. 

4161
03:54:36,500 --> 03:54:39,300
Brain tissue is metabolically 
expensive. 

4162
03:54:39,300 --> 03:54:44,300
Requiring significant energy to 
maintain in an environment where

4163
03:54:44,300 --> 03:54:48,100
food is scarce and metabolism is
slow maintaining a large. 

4164
03:54:48,100 --> 03:54:50,700
Brain is a luxury, few species 
can afford. 

4165
03:54:51,800 --> 03:54:55,100
So deep, sea fish have evolved 
to operate on minimal neural 

4166
03:54:55,100 --> 03:54:58,500
Hardwear, like running a modern 
computer on a processor from 

4167
03:54:58,500 --> 03:55:04,000
1995 it works but don't expect 
miracles, he seek, you come 

4168
03:55:04,000 --> 03:55:07,400
across as the sediment with the 
urgency of a glacier sea, 

4169
03:55:07,400 --> 03:55:09,900
cucumbers are basically the 
Roomba vacuum cleaners of the 

4170
03:55:09,900 --> 03:55:13,600
depot potion, except slower and 
less intelligent, which is 

4171
03:55:13,600 --> 03:55:16,400
saying something give that 
roomba's regularly gets stuck 

4172
03:55:16,400 --> 03:55:18,500
on. 
Shoelaces, this particular 

4173
03:55:18,500 --> 03:55:22,300
specimen is about a footlong 
dark brown and covered in small 

4174
03:55:22,300 --> 03:55:25,800
PA that might serve some 
function or might just be along 

4175
03:55:25,800 --> 03:55:28,300
for the ride. 
It's processing said about 

4176
03:55:28,300 --> 03:55:31,100
extracting whatever, Trace 
organic matter. 

4177
03:55:31,100 --> 03:55:34,700
It can find and leaving behind 
neat, little piles of waste 

4178
03:55:34,700 --> 03:55:37,800
pellets. 
In cold water, this process 

4179
03:55:37,800 --> 03:55:40,000
takes even longer than it would 
in warm water. 

4180
03:55:40,000 --> 03:55:44,600
This sea cucumber might move 10 
feet in a day and consider it a 

4181
03:55:44,600 --> 03:55:47,400
productive outing. 
The cold also affects 

4182
03:55:47,400 --> 03:55:50,800
reproduction in ways that seem 
almost designed to frustrate the

4183
03:55:50,800 --> 03:55:53,400
animals. 
Involved many deep sea species, 

4184
03:55:53,400 --> 03:55:57,200
reach sexual maturity slowly. 
We're talking years or even 

4185
03:55:57,200 --> 03:55:59,900
decades. 
The anglerfish you saw earlier 

4186
03:55:59,900 --> 03:56:04,100
with its bioluminescent lure. 
It might not be ready to mate 

4187
03:56:04,100 --> 03:56:08,000
until it's 15 years old compared
that to surface fish species 

4188
03:56:08,000 --> 03:56:11,800
that reach maturity in months. 
The cold temperature slows 

4189
03:56:11,800 --> 03:56:15,300
growth rates, delays 
development, and generally makes

4190
03:56:15,300 --> 03:56:18,300
the entire process of 
reproduction and investment. 

4191
03:56:18,300 --> 03:56:21,700
That requires serious long-term 
planning, a Dumbo octopus. 

4192
03:56:21,700 --> 03:56:24,500
Appears at the edge of your 
lights named for the air like 

4193
03:56:24,508 --> 03:56:26,600
fins on its head. 
That make it look like Disney's 

4194
03:56:26,600 --> 03:56:30,200
elephant had a really strange 
evolutionary pathway Dumbo 

4195
03:56:30,200 --> 03:56:35,200
octopuses live at depths ranging
from 10,020,000 feet making them

4196
03:56:35,200 --> 03:56:37,300
some of the deepest living 
octopuses known. 

4197
03:56:37,300 --> 03:56:39,400
They hovered just above the sea 
floor. 

4198
03:56:39,400 --> 03:56:41,300
Flapping those ear fins and slow
motion. 

4199
03:56:41,300 --> 03:56:44,000
Looking for small worms and 
Crustaceans. 

4200
03:56:44,000 --> 03:56:48,200
Everything about this octopus 
says low energy lifestyle. 

4201
03:56:49,100 --> 03:56:52,300
It doesn't jet around like it's 
shallow water cousins, it 

4202
03:56:52,300 --> 03:56:55,500
doesn't change color rapidly, 
it's grammatical, likely works. 

4203
03:56:55,500 --> 03:56:58,900
Sluggishly at this temperature, 
it simply drifts along, 

4204
03:56:58,900 --> 03:57:01,900
occasionally, extending an arm 
to grab something edible. 

4205
03:57:01,900 --> 03:57:05,200
Then continuing, its endless 
slow-motion, patrol of the 

4206
03:57:05,200 --> 03:57:09,500
Abyss, the submersible's heating
system kicks on with a quiet hum

4207
03:57:09,500 --> 03:57:12,800
inside your comfortable at about
68 degrees. 

4208
03:57:12,800 --> 03:57:16,400
But the cold outside is 
constantly trying to infiltrate 

4209
03:57:16,400 --> 03:57:20,400
conducting through the titanium 
Hull, despite the insulation. 

4210
03:57:20,400 --> 03:57:23,600
It's a reminder that you're 
essentially sitting in a warm 

4211
03:57:23,600 --> 03:57:27,000
bubble, surrounded by a cold 
that has persisted longer than 

4212
03:57:27,000 --> 03:57:30,400
our species as existed. 
Scientists have discovered that 

4213
03:57:30,400 --> 03:57:33,600
many deep sea organisms produce 
what are called, cold shock 

4214
03:57:33,600 --> 03:57:37,900
proteins molecules that help 
stabilize other proteins at low 

4215
03:57:37,900 --> 03:57:40,800
temperatures preventing them 
from folding incorrectly or 

4216
03:57:40,800 --> 03:57:44,200
aggregating into useless clumps.
It's like having molecular 

4217
03:57:44,200 --> 03:57:46,900
chaperones that make sure all 
the other proteins, maintain 

4218
03:57:46,900 --> 03:57:49,000
their shapes and keep doing 
their jobs. 

4219
03:57:49,300 --> 03:57:53,100
Spike working and what amounts? 
To a giant underwater freezer, a

4220
03:57:53,100 --> 03:57:54,900
jellyfish of truly impressive 
size. 

4221
03:57:54,900 --> 03:57:57,700
Appears ahead of you. 
It's Bell is at least three feet

4222
03:57:57,700 --> 03:58:02,400
across translucent with dozens 
of tentacles trailing behind it.

4223
03:58:02,400 --> 03:58:06,100
Like streamers. 
This is a deep sea Medusa and 

4224
03:58:06,100 --> 03:58:08,800
it's probably been drifting 
through these cold waters for 

4225
03:58:08,800 --> 03:58:13,300
years growing slowly, capturing,
whatever small creatures are. 

4226
03:58:13,300 --> 03:58:17,200
Unlucky enough to brush against 
its stinging tentacles in warm 

4227
03:58:17,200 --> 03:58:18,600
water. 
A jellyfish. 

4228
03:58:18,600 --> 03:58:21,900
This size might live for a few 
months in the cold deep ocean. 

4229
03:58:21,900 --> 03:58:25,500
It could persist for decades its
tissues breaking down. 

4230
03:58:25,500 --> 03:58:29,100
So slowly, that time becomes 
almost irrelevant, the cold 

4231
03:58:29,100 --> 03:58:32,700
doesn't just slow life down, it 
changes the entire strategy. 

4232
03:58:33,600 --> 03:58:38,100
Surface dwelling organisms, live
fast reproduce quickly and die 

4233
03:58:38,100 --> 03:58:41,000
young. 
Deep sea organisms, live slowly 

4234
03:58:41,000 --> 03:58:45,200
reproduce rarely, and persist 
for decades or centuries. 

4235
03:58:45,200 --> 03:58:48,000
It's the difference between a 
sprinter and an Ultra 

4236
03:58:48,000 --> 03:58:50,900
marathoner. 
Between burning bright and 

4237
03:58:50,900 --> 03:58:54,800
burning long, your submersible 
continues, its journey across 

4238
03:58:54,800 --> 03:58:57,500
the abyssal. 
Plain through water, that has 

4239
03:58:57,500 --> 03:59:00,300
been cold since before. 
There were humans to feel cold 

4240
03:59:00,300 --> 03:59:03,800
through an environment. 
So stable that Evolution here 

4241
03:59:03,800 --> 03:59:05,800
happens, even more slowly than 
usual. 

4242
03:59:05,800 --> 03:59:08,900
The organisms around. 
You aren't surviving the cold. 

4243
03:59:08,900 --> 03:59:13,000
They've transcended it becoming 
so perfectly adapted to it. 

4244
03:59:13,000 --> 03:59:15,300
That the cold is simply their 
default State. 

4245
03:59:15,300 --> 03:59:18,900
The only temperature they've 
ever known or could tolerate the

4246
03:59:18,900 --> 03:59:22,000
thermometer still reads 35.7 
degrees. 

4247
03:59:22,900 --> 03:59:27,600
It will read 35.7 degrees 1000 
years from now, 100,000 years 

4248
03:59:27,600 --> 03:59:31,300
from now, the cold, the Outlast 
ice ages, doesn't fluctuate, 

4249
03:59:31,300 --> 03:59:34,600
doesn't change, and doesn't care
about what's happening on the 

4250
03:59:34,600 --> 03:59:37,800
surface. 
It simply persists patient and 

4251
03:59:37,800 --> 03:59:41,400
eternal shaping life into forms 
that move slowly. 

4252
03:59:41,400 --> 03:59:46,900
Think, slowly grows slowly and 
endure, your hovering about 50 

4253
03:59:46,900 --> 03:59:49,700
feet of the abyssal plain and 
you haven't seen anything. 

4254
03:59:49,700 --> 03:59:52,000
Eat anything else for the past 
45 minutes. 

4255
03:59:53,000 --> 03:59:55,200
This turns out is completely 
normal. 

4256
03:59:56,000 --> 03:59:57,500
Down here. 
Food isn't scared. 

4257
03:59:57,500 --> 04:00:00,300
It's essentially theoretical. 
It's something. 

4258
04:00:00,300 --> 04:00:02,600
You've heard exists. 
Something your grandparents 

4259
04:00:02,600 --> 04:00:04,600
mentioned. 
Once something you might 

4260
04:00:04,600 --> 04:00:07,000
encounter at some point before 
you die of old age. 

4261
04:00:07,800 --> 04:00:11,000
The Marine snow continues, its 
endless drift downward. 

4262
04:00:11,000 --> 04:00:14,600
And now, you understand why they
call it that, it really does 

4263
04:00:14,600 --> 04:00:17,500
look like snow. 
Except the snow falls at roughly

4264
04:00:17,500 --> 04:00:21,700
three to four miles per hour. 
This stuff this Falls at about 

4265
04:00:21,708 --> 04:00:25,200
four feet per day. 
Particle leaving the surface. 

4266
04:00:25,200 --> 04:00:28,300
Today won't reach this depth for
about a month and a half. 

4267
04:00:28,308 --> 04:00:31,700
And by the time it gets here, 
it's been picked over by every 

4268
04:00:31,700 --> 04:00:35,100
hungry creature at every depth 
along the way what reaches the 

4269
04:00:35,100 --> 04:00:38,400
abyssal plain is basically the 
crumbs from someone else's 

4270
04:00:38,400 --> 04:00:40,400
Crumbs from someone else's 
crumbs. 

4271
04:00:40,400 --> 04:00:44,100
Scientists estimate that only 
about 1% of the organic matter 

4272
04:00:44,100 --> 04:00:47,000
produced at the surface ever 
makes it to the deep sea floor, 

4273
04:00:47,000 --> 04:00:52,200
one percent, imagine living in a
place where 99% of all food is 

4274
04:00:52,200 --> 04:00:55,800
destroyed before it reaches you 
and the 1% that remained has 

4275
04:00:55,800 --> 04:00:57,900
been thoroughly pre-tied by 
everyone else. 

4276
04:00:58,900 --> 04:01:02,300
Now, imagine that's the good 
time's, the feast periods. 

4277
04:01:02,300 --> 04:01:05,900
That's the deep ocean. 
Transparent squid. 

4278
04:01:05,900 --> 04:01:07,800
Hangs Motionless In The Water 
ahead of you. 

4279
04:01:07,800 --> 04:01:11,200
And when I say transparent, I 
mean, you can literally see its 

4280
04:01:11,200 --> 04:01:12,900
internal organs through its 
skin. 

4281
04:01:13,800 --> 04:01:18,300
This isn't some artistic Choice.
It's camouflage in A Place With 

4282
04:01:18,300 --> 04:01:21,900
No Light being invisible, 
doesn't help much But this squid

4283
04:01:21,900 --> 04:01:25,100
likely migrates Upward at night 
to feed in slightly shallower 

4284
04:01:25,100 --> 04:01:29,300
Waters where transparency is 
actually useful right now though

4285
04:01:29,300 --> 04:01:34,100
it's just hanging there. 
Doing absolutely nothing because

4286
04:01:34,100 --> 04:01:37,600
doing nothing is the only energy
efficient strategy when food is 

4287
04:01:37,600 --> 04:01:41,000
this rare. 
The squid stomach is visible 

4288
04:01:41,000 --> 04:01:44,900
through its translucent tissue, 
and it's empty, not just empty. 

4289
04:01:44,900 --> 04:01:48,700
Like, I should probably soon but
empty, like a last eight three 

4290
04:01:48,700 --> 04:01:50,000
weeks ago and I'm fine with 
that. 

4291
04:01:50,800 --> 04:01:54,100
Deep sea creatures, have evolved
metabolic rates so low that they

4292
04:01:54,100 --> 04:01:57,200
make hibernating bears. 
Look, hyperactive, this squid 

4293
04:01:57,200 --> 04:02:01,200
Mighty twice a month and 
consider itself well, fed Here's

4294
04:02:01,200 --> 04:02:04,200
a fun fact that will rearrange 
your understanding of energy. 

4295
04:02:05,100 --> 04:02:08,500
Some deep sea fish have 
metabolic rates so low that they

4296
04:02:08,500 --> 04:02:12,500
burn fewer calories per day than
a battery releases. 

4297
04:02:12,500 --> 04:02:16,100
We're talking about animals that
operate on less than 10 calories

4298
04:02:16,100 --> 04:02:19,100
per day. 
The single potato chip contains 

4299
04:02:19,100 --> 04:02:21,100
more energy than some deep sea 
fish. 

4300
04:02:21,100 --> 04:02:24,200
Consume in a week, they have 
essentially learned to run their

4301
04:02:24,200 --> 04:02:28,300
entire biology on standby mode. 
Keeping just enough functions 

4302
04:02:28,300 --> 04:02:31,900
active to qualify as alive 
waiting, for the rare moment 

4303
04:02:31,900 --> 04:02:36,300
when food actually appears a rat
tail fish swims past, and you 

4304
04:02:36,300 --> 04:02:38,200
notice something odd about his 
body composition. 

4305
04:02:39,300 --> 04:02:41,600
It's mostly water and very 
little muscle. 

4306
04:02:42,400 --> 04:02:45,300
Maybe 20% of its body weight is 
actual tissue. 

4307
04:02:45,300 --> 04:02:48,100
The rest is water and gelatinous
protein. 

4308
04:02:48,100 --> 04:02:52,100
This is the deep sea equivalent 
of a budget, laptop maximum 

4309
04:02:52,100 --> 04:02:56,000
size, minimum components. 
The fish needs to be large 

4310
04:02:56,000 --> 04:02:58,800
enough to avoid predation, and 
to hold sufficient eggs for 

4311
04:02:58,800 --> 04:03:01,900
reproduction, but it can't 
afford the energy cost of 

4312
04:03:01,900 --> 04:03:04,200
maintaining muscle tissue. 
It rarely uses. 

4313
04:03:04,200 --> 04:03:08,000
So it's essentially a water 
balloon with just enough biology

4314
04:03:08,000 --> 04:03:11,200
attached to keep things running.
Your lights catch something 

4315
04:03:11,200 --> 04:03:15,500
falling, a larger chunk of 
organic matter, maybe the size 

4316
04:03:15,500 --> 04:03:19,200
of a softball to sending faster 
than the usual Marine snow. 

4317
04:03:19,200 --> 04:03:23,900
This is what scientists call 
fastening particles chunks of 

4318
04:03:23,900 --> 04:03:26,000
fecal. 
Matter from surface whales, dead

4319
04:03:26,000 --> 04:03:28,200
jellyfish and fragments of large
fish. 

4320
04:03:28,200 --> 04:03:31,200
This is Prime real estate in the
deep ocean. 

4321
04:03:31,200 --> 04:03:34,600
The equivalent of finding a 20 
dollar bill on the sidewalk. 

4322
04:03:35,400 --> 04:03:38,400
Within moments small Crustaceans
appear from the darkness. 

4323
04:03:38,400 --> 04:03:42,000
Converging on this falling 
treasure, they'll strip it 

4324
04:03:42,000 --> 04:03:43,300
clean. 
Before it reaches, the sea 

4325
04:03:43,300 --> 04:03:46,300
floor, fighting over scraps, 
that surface creatures would 

4326
04:03:46,300 --> 04:03:50,400
consider garbage the food, 
scarcity, affects every aspect 

4327
04:03:50,400 --> 04:03:52,800
of life. 
Down here, take reproduction. 

4328
04:03:53,700 --> 04:03:56,500
Many deep sea fish are, what's 
called broadcast spawners? 

4329
04:03:56,500 --> 04:03:59,900
They release eggs, and sperm 
into the water and hoped some of

4330
04:03:59,908 --> 04:04:04,000
the meat in food, Rich, surface 
waters, fish can afford to 

4331
04:04:04,008 --> 04:04:07,600
produce hundreds of thousands of
tiny eggs because most will die.

4332
04:04:07,600 --> 04:04:10,900
But enough, will survive in the 
deep ocean. 

4333
04:04:10,900 --> 04:04:13,200
Females produce, far, fewer 
eggs. 

4334
04:04:13,200 --> 04:04:17,200
But each one is large and packed
with nutrients, giving the 

4335
04:04:17,200 --> 04:04:20,200
larvae a better chance of 
surviving the brutal early weeks

4336
04:04:20,200 --> 04:04:22,000
when they're too small to 
compete for food. 

4337
04:04:22,000 --> 04:04:26,000
Effectively a gulper eel appears
in your lights and it's exactly 

4338
04:04:26,000 --> 04:04:30,800
as unsettling as the name. 
Suggests Its mouth is normalis 

4339
04:04:30,800 --> 04:04:35,600
literally four times the size of
its body opening to a size that 

4340
04:04:35,600 --> 04:04:38,700
looks physically impossible. 
This is because when you never 

4341
04:04:38,700 --> 04:04:41,600
know, when you're late again, 
you can't afford to be picky 

4342
04:04:41,600 --> 04:04:44,700
about price size. 
If something edible swims past, 

4343
04:04:44,700 --> 04:04:46,100
you need to be able to swallow 
it. 

4344
04:04:46,100 --> 04:04:49,700
Whether it's smaller than you 
roughly your size or in some 

4345
04:04:49,708 --> 04:04:52,300
remarkable cases actually larger
than you. 

4346
04:04:52,300 --> 04:04:56,000
The gulper real has essentially 
evolved into a self-propelled 

4347
04:04:56,000 --> 04:04:59,500
stomach that occasionally 
encounters food, But here's the 

4348
04:04:59,500 --> 04:05:02,500
thing, even that enormous mouth 
goes unused. 

4349
04:05:02,500 --> 04:05:05,800
Most of the time, scientists 
have examined, gulper eel, 

4350
04:05:05,800 --> 04:05:08,000
stomachs and found the empty 
more often than not. 

4351
04:05:09,000 --> 04:05:11,000
This fish can go months without 
eating. 

4352
04:05:11,700 --> 04:05:14,900
Its metabolism is so slow that a
single meal. 

4353
04:05:14,900 --> 04:05:18,300
Even a small one can sustain it 
for weeks. 

4354
04:05:18,300 --> 04:05:21,500
It drifts through the darkness 
mouth a gape. 

4355
04:05:22,000 --> 04:05:24,700
Essentially trolling for food on
the off-chance that something 

4356
04:05:24,700 --> 04:05:27,900
edible might swim into it. 
It's the most passive hunting 

4357
04:05:27,900 --> 04:05:31,300
strategy imaginable and it works
about as well as you would 

4358
04:05:31,300 --> 04:05:34,300
expect which is to say barely a 
whole of marine. 

4359
04:05:34,300 --> 04:05:37,400
Snow accumulates on the sea 
floor, beneath you forming small

4360
04:05:37,400 --> 04:05:39,500
Mounds that rise. 
Perhaps an inch above, the 

4361
04:05:39,500 --> 04:05:43,000
surrounding sediment, these 
Mounds represent months or years

4362
04:05:43,000 --> 04:05:46,500
of accumulation and their 
hotspots of biological activity,

4363
04:05:46,500 --> 04:05:50,500
which in this context means that
two or three CQ cumbers, might 

4364
04:05:50,500 --> 04:05:54,100
visit them in a given decade, 
the CQB numbers will process 

4365
04:05:54,100 --> 04:05:56,400
this settlement. 
Extracting, what ever? 

4366
04:05:56,400 --> 04:06:00,200
Trace organic matter remains and
leave behind slightly different 

4367
04:06:00,200 --> 04:06:03,200
settlement. 
It's the Deep oceans version of 

4368
04:06:03,200 --> 04:06:06,200
farming except slower and 
sadder. 

4369
04:06:06,200 --> 04:06:09,500
The food scarcity is led to some
truly bizarre feeding 

4370
04:06:09,500 --> 04:06:12,700
strategies. 
Some deep sea fish have Jaws 

4371
04:06:12,700 --> 04:06:15,500
that can dislocate to allow them
to swallow prey larger than 

4372
04:06:15,500 --> 04:06:19,000
themselves, others have 
expandable, stomachs that can 

4373
04:06:19,000 --> 04:06:20,900
stretch to accommodate rare 
large meals. 

4374
04:06:20,900 --> 04:06:24,400
It's like showing up to a buffet
once a year and trying to eat 

4375
04:06:24,400 --> 04:06:27,000
enough to last. 
Until next one, the strategy 

4376
04:06:27,000 --> 04:06:29,000
Works technically but it's not 
something. 

4377
04:06:29,000 --> 04:06:33,200
You'd recommend a vampire squid 
drifts past and despite the name

4378
04:06:33,200 --> 04:06:36,200
it doesn't suck blood it. 
Got its name from the dark 

4379
04:06:36,200 --> 04:06:39,900
webbing between its arms, which 
looks like a vampires cloak when

4380
04:06:39,900 --> 04:06:42,700
it in the arms over itself in a 
defensive posture. 

4381
04:06:42,700 --> 04:06:45,400
But here's what makes the 
vampire squid special. 

4382
04:06:45,400 --> 04:06:48,800
It's one of the few deep sea 
creatures that figured out a 

4383
04:06:48,800 --> 04:06:51,300
clever food hack. 
Instead of waiting for live 

4384
04:06:51,300 --> 04:06:55,000
prey, it collects Marine snow, 
those drifting particles of 

4385
04:06:55,000 --> 04:06:58,800
organic matter using filaments 
covered in sticky mucus. 

4386
04:06:59,700 --> 04:07:02,900
It then runs these filaments 
through its arms, scraping off 

4387
04:07:02,900 --> 04:07:04,700
the collected particles and 
eating them. 

4388
04:07:04,700 --> 04:07:07,000
Is this dignified? 
No. 

4389
04:07:07,000 --> 04:07:09,900
Does it sound like something a 
creature would do if it had 

4390
04:07:09,900 --> 04:07:12,500
literally any other option also 
know. 

4391
04:07:12,500 --> 04:07:16,800
But it works the vampire squid 
is essentially become a filter 

4392
04:07:16,800 --> 04:07:19,500
feeder in a place where to 
feeding shouldn't be viable 

4393
04:07:19,500 --> 04:07:23,800
because they're so little to 
filter It surviving on scraps of

4394
04:07:23,808 --> 04:07:29,700
scraps and somehow impossibly. 
It's making it work your 

4395
04:07:29,700 --> 04:07:33,100
submersible sensors detect. 
A localized area of slightly 

4396
04:07:33,100 --> 04:07:35,100
higher, biological activity 
ahead. 

4397
04:07:35,900 --> 04:07:39,800
As you approach, you see why a 
whale full. 

4398
04:07:40,400 --> 04:07:43,500
A gray whale dead for perhaps a 
decade. 

4399
04:07:43,500 --> 04:07:46,800
Lies on the sea floor, like a 
gift from the gods. 

4400
04:07:47,500 --> 04:07:50,800
Its flesh has been Stripped Away
by scavengers, but it's bones 

4401
04:07:50,800 --> 04:07:53,800
remain and they're covered with 
strange white filaments. 

4402
04:07:54,500 --> 04:07:58,300
These are zombie worms. 
Yes, that's their actual name 

4403
04:07:58,300 --> 04:08:01,200
and their dissolving. 
The whale bones to extract the 

4404
04:08:01,200 --> 04:08:04,900
lipids trapped inside. 
This whale carcass, which would 

4405
04:08:04,900 --> 04:08:09,000
decomposing months in warm 
shallow water, will sustain a 

4406
04:08:09,000 --> 04:08:11,900
community of specialist down 
here for 50 or 60 years. 

4407
04:08:12,900 --> 04:08:15,800
This is what counts as a bananza
in the deep ocean. 

4408
04:08:15,800 --> 04:08:18,900
A dead whale that last two 
generations. 

4409
04:08:18,900 --> 04:08:23,400
The scarcity of food has shaped 
every aspect of evolution down 

4410
04:08:23,400 --> 04:08:25,900
here. 
Deep sea fish have reduced 

4411
04:08:25,900 --> 04:08:29,600
skeletal dancer City, less bone 
means less tissue to maintain. 

4412
04:08:29,600 --> 04:08:32,800
They have minimal scales or no 
scales at all. 

4413
04:08:32,800 --> 04:08:36,100
Their brains are smaller. 
Their organs are compact. 

4414
04:08:36,100 --> 04:08:39,400
Everything nonessential has been
Stripped Away In The Name of 

4415
04:08:39,400 --> 04:08:42,400
energy officials say they're 
like organisms that have been 

4416
04:08:42,400 --> 04:08:44,300
through a ruthless corporate 
restructuring. 

4417
04:08:44,300 --> 04:08:48,000
Cut down to only the Departments
that absolutely must keep 

4418
04:08:48,000 --> 04:08:50,600
running. 
Tripod fish sits on the sea 

4419
04:08:50,600 --> 04:08:54,000
floor ahead and it's doing 
exactly what its name suggests. 

4420
04:08:54,700 --> 04:08:57,100
Standing on three elongated fin 
Rays. 

4421
04:08:57,100 --> 04:09:01,300
Like a camera tripod it's facing
into the current such as it is 

4422
04:09:01,300 --> 04:09:05,400
waiting for food to drift past 
this fish can stand here for 

4423
04:09:05,400 --> 04:09:08,300
days. 
Barely moving barely breathing 

4424
04:09:08,300 --> 04:09:11,700
and conserving every possible 
Cal when something edible 

4425
04:09:11,700 --> 04:09:16,100
touches its sensory Rays, it'll 
strike a quick snap of Jaws that

4426
04:09:16,100 --> 04:09:18,700
represents more energy 
expenditure than the fish is 

4427
04:09:18,700 --> 04:09:22,100
made in the past week. 
Then it'll return to its tripod 

4428
04:09:22,100 --> 04:09:25,300
stance and wait, some more. 
This is hunting in the deep 

4429
04:09:25,300 --> 04:09:30,600
ocean standing, very still for a
very long time and hoping Food, 

4430
04:09:30,600 --> 04:09:33,500
scarcity. 
Oddly enough has led to less 

4431
04:09:33,500 --> 04:09:37,200
competition when resources are 
this sparse defending a 

4432
04:09:37,200 --> 04:09:38,400
territory? 
Makes no sense. 

4433
04:09:38,400 --> 04:09:40,500
Because there's nothing worth 
defending. 

4434
04:09:41,600 --> 04:09:45,100
Fighting over food costs more 
energy than just waiting for the

4435
04:09:45,100 --> 04:09:48,900
next bit of marine. 
Snow to drift past so deep sea 

4436
04:09:48,900 --> 04:09:51,400
creatures, have largely 
abandoned territorial Behavior, 

4437
04:09:51,400 --> 04:09:55,900
they simply spread out maximize 
their spacing and hope their 

4438
04:09:55,900 --> 04:09:58,900
particular patch of seafloor. 
Receives slightly more than 

4439
04:09:58,900 --> 04:10:01,000
average, rainfall of organic 
matter. 

4440
04:10:01,000 --> 04:10:04,600
Your submersible begins to 
ascend leaving the abyssal plain

4441
04:10:04,600 --> 04:10:07,300
behind. 
As you rise, you look down at 

4442
04:10:07,300 --> 04:10:11,100
the sea floor, one more time, 
but the vast muddy expanse. 

4443
04:10:11,100 --> 04:10:14,800
Where food is rare enough to be 
precious where creatures have 

4444
04:10:14,800 --> 04:10:17,800
evolved to survive on almost 
nothing and where the entire 

4445
04:10:17,800 --> 04:10:20,500
ecosystem operates on energy, 
margins. 

4446
04:10:20,500 --> 04:10:24,300
So thin the surface organisms 
could not even comprehend them 

4447
04:10:24,300 --> 04:10:28,800
when food becomes fiction like 
becomes patients and down here. 

4448
04:10:28,800 --> 04:10:30,900
Patience is the only virtue that
matters. 

4449
04:10:30,900 --> 04:10:34,600
Your submersible is moving 
laterally now, crossing the 

4450
04:10:34,600 --> 04:10:38,200
abyssal plain towards something.
The sonar detected an hour ago. 

4451
04:10:38,200 --> 04:10:41,700
Origin rising from the sea 
floor, like a mountain Range 

4452
04:10:41,700 --> 04:10:45,000
that never quite breaks. 
The surface, your approaching, 

4453
04:10:45,000 --> 04:10:48,700
what's called a mid-ocean ridge?
One of the places where tectonic

4454
04:10:48,700 --> 04:10:51,900
plates are spreading apart and 
Earth is literally creating new 

4455
04:10:51,900 --> 04:10:54,900
sea floor. 
Pumping out fresh rock from the 

4456
04:10:54,900 --> 04:10:58,700
mantle below The water 
temperature ahead is rising. 

4457
04:10:58,700 --> 04:11:01,800
Not much. 
You've gone from 36 degrees to 

4458
04:11:01,800 --> 04:11:05,500
38 degrees but in a place where 
temperature has been constant 

4459
04:11:05,500 --> 04:11:08,300
for millions of years. 
Two degrees feels like a 

4460
04:11:08,300 --> 04:11:11,200
revolution. 
Your sensors are also detecting 

4461
04:11:11,200 --> 04:11:14,000
chemical anomalies hydrogen, 
sulfide. 

4462
04:11:14,000 --> 04:11:18,200
Methane and metals in solution. 
Something ahead is profoundly 

4463
04:11:18,200 --> 04:11:21,600
changing, the chemistry of the 
water and then you see it. 

4464
04:11:22,400 --> 04:11:26,200
A black smoker, it rises from 
the sea floor, like a chimney 

4465
04:11:26,200 --> 04:11:30,100
from Hell roughly 20 feet tall 
made of minerals that have 

4466
04:11:30,100 --> 04:11:33,800
precipitated out of superheated 
water and from its opening, 

4467
04:11:33,800 --> 04:11:37,700
billowing up into the cold, 
ocean comes a dark blue that 

4468
04:11:37,700 --> 04:11:42,600
looks like smoke but is actually
water heated to over 600 degrees

4469
04:11:42,600 --> 04:11:45,800
Fahrenheit. 
So hot, it would boil instantly 

4470
04:11:45,800 --> 04:11:49,400
at the surface but stays liquid 
down here because the pressure 

4471
04:11:49,400 --> 04:11:54,100
is too intense to let vaporize. 
This is a hydrothermal vent and 

4472
04:11:54,100 --> 04:11:56,900
it represents a complete version
of everything you've learned 

4473
04:11:56,900 --> 04:12:00,000
about the depot potion. 
This is a place of heat in the 

4474
04:12:00,008 --> 04:12:03,100
cold Abyss. 
Of chemical energy in a food, 

4475
04:12:03,100 --> 04:12:08,000
starved Wasteland of a bunds and
scarcity and its absolutely 

4476
04:12:08,000 --> 04:12:11,400
crawling with life. 
The area around the vent is 

4477
04:12:11,400 --> 04:12:14,000
covered. 
And I mean, covered with tube 

4478
04:12:14,000 --> 04:12:16,400
worms. 
They're called riftia and 

4479
04:12:16,400 --> 04:12:17,900
they're about as weird as 
organisms. 

4480
04:12:17,900 --> 04:12:22,400
Get each one is six feet long 
white with brilliant, red 

4481
04:12:22,400 --> 04:12:25,200
plumes. 
Extending from their tubes, they

4482
04:12:25,200 --> 04:12:28,800
have no mouth, no digestive 
system, and no anus. 

4483
04:12:28,800 --> 04:12:32,300
They survive entirely through a 
symbiotic relationship with 

4484
04:12:32,300 --> 04:12:34,100
bacteria that live inside their 
bodies. 

4485
04:12:34,100 --> 04:12:37,700
The bacteria, use the hydrogen 
sulfide from the vent water, 

4486
04:12:37,700 --> 04:12:41,400
which is toxic to most organisms
to produce energy through 

4487
04:12:41,400 --> 04:12:44,200
chemosynthesis. 
And they share that energy with 

4488
04:12:44,200 --> 04:12:46,900
the worm. 
The worm in return provides, the

4489
04:12:46,900 --> 04:12:49,200
bacteria with hydrogen, sulfide 
and oxygen. 

4490
04:12:50,200 --> 04:12:53,700
Its photosynthesis with without 
the photo part life powered by 

4491
04:12:53,708 --> 04:12:55,900
Earth's internal heat rather 
than the Sun. 

4492
04:12:55,900 --> 04:12:59,700
A white crab scuttles are the 
tube worm storks picking at the 

4493
04:12:59,708 --> 04:13:02,800
plumes with its claws. 
This is a vent crab and it's 

4494
04:13:02,800 --> 04:13:06,700
blind its eyes of regressed to 
useless nubbins because there's 

4495
04:13:06,700 --> 04:13:10,300
no light down here anyway and 
maintaining functional eyes 

4496
04:13:10,300 --> 04:13:12,000
costs energy that could be 
better. 

4497
04:13:12,000 --> 04:13:14,900
Spent elsewhere. 
But it doesn't need eyes. 

4498
04:13:14,900 --> 04:13:18,400
It can sense the chemical 
gradients in the water finding 

4499
04:13:18,400 --> 04:13:20,900
its way toward food sources by 
chemistry alone. 

4500
04:13:20,900 --> 04:13:25,200
The black smoker continues to 
Billow its dark plume, which is 

4501
04:13:25,200 --> 04:13:29,000
actually mineral-rich water 
precipitating out, iron copper 

4502
04:13:29,000 --> 04:13:33,500
zinc and other metals as it hits
the cold ocean over time. 

4503
04:13:33,500 --> 04:13:36,800
This precipitation builds the 
chimney taller, adding layer 

4504
04:13:36,800 --> 04:13:40,600
upon layer of minerals, some of 
these chimneys grow for decades 

4505
04:13:40,600 --> 04:13:44,400
reaching Heights of 60 or 70 
feet before they collapse under 

4506
04:13:44,400 --> 04:13:46,300
their own weight, will seal 
themselves. 

4507
04:13:46,300 --> 04:13:50,000
Shut with mineral deposits, a 
shrimp swarms, around the vent 

4508
04:13:50,000 --> 04:13:53,300
opening, thousands of them. 
So densely packed. 

4509
04:13:53,300 --> 04:13:54,800
They looked like a living 
carpet. 

4510
04:13:55,600 --> 04:13:57,900
He's a vent shrimp and their 
farming bacteria. 

4511
04:13:57,900 --> 04:14:01,100
They've evolved specialized 
structures on their backs where 

4512
04:14:01,100 --> 04:14:04,200
bacteria grow and the shrimp 
position themselves at. 

4513
04:14:04,200 --> 04:14:05,900
Just the right distance from the
vent. 

4514
04:14:06,700 --> 04:14:10,200
Close enough to benefit from the
chemical Rich water far enough. 

4515
04:14:10,200 --> 04:14:12,900
Not to cook. 
They literally stamped at the 

4516
04:14:12,908 --> 04:14:15,600
edge of boiling. 
Harvesting Mike Coral, organisms

4517
04:14:15,600 --> 04:14:19,400
that are themselves harvesting 
energy from toxic minerals. 

4518
04:14:20,400 --> 04:14:24,800
The temperature gradients, here 
are extreme the water exiting, 

4519
04:14:24,800 --> 04:14:29,900
the vent is over, 600 Degrees 6 
inches away is 300 degrees, a 

4520
04:14:29,900 --> 04:14:33,000
foot away, its 100 degrees. 
Two feet away. 

4521
04:14:33,000 --> 04:14:36,900
Its back to ambient temperature,
that same 36 degrees, that 

4522
04:14:36,900 --> 04:14:40,500
characterizes the rest of the 
Abyss organisms here have to 

4523
04:14:40,508 --> 04:14:43,700
navigate thermal boundaries, 
that would be instantly lethal 

4524
04:14:43,700 --> 04:14:47,100
if crossed positioning 
themselves with Precision in a 

4525
04:14:47,100 --> 04:14:48,700
Zone. 
That's simultaneously warm 

4526
04:14:48,700 --> 04:14:50,900
enough to support chemosynthetic
bacteria. 

4527
04:14:50,900 --> 04:14:56,700
But cool enough not to denature 
proteins, a giant clam sits near

4528
04:14:56,700 --> 04:15:00,000
the base of the vent chimney. 
Its shell easily three feet 

4529
04:15:00,008 --> 04:15:04,600
across Like the tube worms, it 
has no need for a conventional 

4530
04:15:04,600 --> 04:15:08,000
digestive system. 
It's full of chemosynthetic 

4531
04:15:08,000 --> 04:15:11,100
bacteria that do the heavy 
lifting of energy production. 

4532
04:15:11,100 --> 04:15:15,500
The clam just sits there, 
filtering vent, water, providing

4533
04:15:15,500 --> 04:15:19,200
its bacterial partners with 
hydrogen sulfide and collecting 

4534
04:15:19,200 --> 04:15:20,400
the nutrients. 
They produce. 

4535
04:15:21,200 --> 04:15:24,500
It's been sitting in this exact 
spot for potentially 100 years. 

4536
04:15:24,500 --> 04:15:27,700
Growing slowly surrounded by 
toxic chemicals. 

4537
04:15:27,700 --> 04:15:29,700
That would kill most organisms 
within minutes. 

4538
04:15:29,700 --> 04:15:32,900
What's remarkable about these 
venti kosa systems, as that 

4539
04:15:32,900 --> 04:15:35,700
they're completely independent 
of the Sun, every other 

4540
04:15:35,700 --> 04:15:41,100
ecosystem on Earth forests 
grasslands, coral reefs, even 

4541
04:15:41,100 --> 04:15:44,800
the Deep Ocean's, a Bissell 
Plains, ultimately depend on 

4542
04:15:44,800 --> 04:15:48,600
photosynthesis energy enters 
through plants or phytoplankton 

4543
04:15:48,600 --> 04:15:50,600
and then moves up through food 
chains. 

4544
04:15:51,600 --> 04:15:55,800
Here at hydrothermal vents 
energy enters Through Chemistry 

4545
04:15:55,800 --> 04:16:00,100
bacteria take hydrogen sulfide 
and produce organic compounds 

4546
04:16:00,100 --> 04:16:03,400
those bacteria become the 
foundation of an entire food 

4547
04:16:03,400 --> 04:16:05,700
web. 
This means that if the sun went 

4548
04:16:05,700 --> 04:16:07,600
out to Morrow, which let's be 
clear. 

4549
04:16:07,608 --> 04:16:10,900
It won't but hypothetically 
these vent communities would be 

4550
04:16:10,900 --> 04:16:14,100
fine. 
They wouldn't even notice their 

4551
04:16:14,100 --> 04:16:17,600
powered by Earth's internal heat
by the radioactive decay of 

4552
04:16:17,600 --> 04:16:21,300
elements in the mantle and by 
geological processes that will 

4553
04:16:21,300 --> 04:16:25,300
continue for billions of years 
after the sun expands into a red

4554
04:16:25,300 --> 04:16:28,900
giant and consumes the inner 
planets an octopus appears at 

4555
04:16:28,908 --> 04:16:32,900
the edge of your light's pale 
and ghostly its hunting it 

4556
04:16:32,900 --> 04:16:36,800
extending its arms into crevices
between rocks searching for 

4557
04:16:36,800 --> 04:16:40,100
crabs or shrimp. 
This is one of the few places in

4558
04:16:40,100 --> 04:16:43,000
the deep ocean where Predators 
can actually find enough food to

4559
04:16:43,000 --> 04:16:47,100
justify hunting actively the 
concentration of life here is so

4560
04:16:47,100 --> 04:16:51,000
unusual so contrary to the 
sparse distribution of organisms

4561
04:16:51,000 --> 04:16:54,100
on the Abyssal plain that it 
almost feels like you've 

4562
04:16:54,100 --> 04:16:57,800
traveled to a different planet 
the black smoker pulses slightly

4563
04:16:57,800 --> 04:17:01,300
not dramatically just a subtle 
variation in the plume 

4564
04:17:01,300 --> 04:17:03,800
intensity. 
This is because the flow isn't 

4565
04:17:03,800 --> 04:17:07,700
constant it varies with pressure
changes deep in the Earth's 

4566
04:17:07,700 --> 04:17:10,900
crust with the opening and 
closing of microscopic fissures 

4567
04:17:10,900 --> 04:17:16,200
in the rock below when events 
flow stops ecosystem dies, the 

4568
04:17:16,200 --> 04:17:20,400
tube worms are unable to move 
simply perish the bacteria die 

4569
04:17:20,400 --> 04:17:24,100
the crabs leave. 
Within months a thriving 

4570
04:17:24,100 --> 04:17:25,800
Community can become a 
graveyard. 

4571
04:17:26,900 --> 04:17:30,900
But new vents are always forming
along the mid-ocean ridges tube 

4572
04:17:30,900 --> 04:17:34,300
worm larvae drift in the 
currents waiting to detect the 

4573
04:17:34,300 --> 04:17:38,200
chemical signature of hydrogen 
sulfide when they find a new 

4574
04:17:38,208 --> 04:17:41,900
vent, they settle and begin 
building their tubes within a 

4575
04:17:41,900 --> 04:17:44,400
few years a new community 
establishes itself. 

4576
04:17:44,400 --> 04:17:47,700
The vents are a femoral on 
geological time scales. 

4577
04:17:47,700 --> 04:17:51,600
Each one might last 20 or 30 
years before it seals shut. 

4578
04:17:52,300 --> 04:17:55,200
But the system as a whole 
persists because there are 

4579
04:17:55,200 --> 04:17:58,900
always new vents forming 
somewhere along the 40,000 mile 

4580
04:17:58,900 --> 04:18:02,600
long mid-ocean ridge system. 
A fish swims past that looks 

4581
04:18:02,608 --> 04:18:05,800
relatively normal or at least as
normal as deep sea fish, look, 

4582
04:18:05,800 --> 04:18:10,500
but with one striking feature, 
its gills are bright red, almost

4583
04:18:10,500 --> 04:18:13,700
fluorescent. 
This is event fish and those red

4584
04:18:13,700 --> 04:18:16,600
gills are packed with hemoglobin
that's specially adapted to 

4585
04:18:16,600 --> 04:18:20,300
handle both the low oxygen of 
deep water and the presence of 

4586
04:18:20,300 --> 04:18:24,200
hydrogen sulfide, which normally
interferes with oxygen transport

4587
04:18:24,200 --> 04:18:27,500
in blood, it solved a chemical 
problem that would stomp most 

4588
04:18:27,500 --> 04:18:31,000
organisms allowing it to live in
water that simultaneously, 

4589
04:18:31,000 --> 04:18:35,200
oxygen, poor and toxin Rich. 
The submersible sensors are 

4590
04:18:35,200 --> 04:18:37,300
recording constantly 
temperature. 

4591
04:18:37,300 --> 04:18:41,200
Chemical composition, pH levels,
and flow rates. 

4592
04:18:41,200 --> 04:18:46,500
The water, here is a Civic pH 
around 5 or 6 and loaded with 

4593
04:18:46,500 --> 04:18:49,400
heavy metals by surface 
standards. 

4594
04:18:49,400 --> 04:18:52,100
This is a toxic waste dump by 
the stand. 

4595
04:18:52,300 --> 04:18:56,600
Organisms, it's Paradise. 
A white smoker appears in the 

4596
04:18:56,600 --> 04:18:59,200
distance a related but different
phenomenon. 

4597
04:18:59,200 --> 04:19:02,500
Where black smokers emit Dark, 
mineral-rich Water? 

4598
04:19:02,500 --> 04:19:04,900
White smokers emit 
lighter-colored. 

4599
04:19:04,900 --> 04:19:08,500
Fluids that are cooler. 
Only about 200 to 300 degrees. 

4600
04:19:09,300 --> 04:19:11,300
And contain different dissolved 
minerals. 

4601
04:19:11,300 --> 04:19:14,100
They support similar, but 
distinct communities. 

4602
04:19:14,100 --> 04:19:16,200
Different species of tube, 
worms. 

4603
04:19:16,200 --> 04:19:18,300
Different bacteria and different
crabs. 

4604
04:19:18,300 --> 04:19:21,500
Evolution has produced 
Specialists for every 

4605
04:19:21,500 --> 04:19:24,500
conceivable niche. 
In this environment, what 

4606
04:19:24,500 --> 04:19:28,100
scientists find most exciting 
about hydrothermal vents isn't 

4607
04:19:28,100 --> 04:19:32,300
just that life exists here. 
What it implies if life can 

4608
04:19:32,300 --> 04:19:36,000
thrive in toxic superheated 
water powered by chemistry 

4609
04:19:36,000 --> 04:19:39,500
rather than sunlight complete 
darkness under crushing 

4610
04:19:39,500 --> 04:19:42,600
pressure. 
Well, it suggests life might be 

4611
04:19:42,608 --> 04:19:45,000
possible in places. 
We'd previously written off as 

4612
04:19:45,000 --> 04:19:48,700
uninhabitable. 
Subsurface, ocean of Jupiter's 

4613
04:19:48,700 --> 04:19:52,800
moon, Europa Maybe. 
The underground water of Mars, 

4614
04:19:52,800 --> 04:19:56,900
possibly. 
The concept of a habitable zone 

4615
04:19:56,900 --> 04:20:00,100
has expanded dramatically since 
hydrothermal vents were 

4616
04:20:00,100 --> 04:20:03,800
discovered in 1977. 
A bacterial mat spreads across 

4617
04:20:03,808 --> 04:20:07,300
the Rocks near the vent base 
white and fuzzy looking these 

4618
04:20:07,300 --> 04:20:10,900
bacteria are probably growing at
the fastest rate any organism 

4619
04:20:10,900 --> 04:20:14,200
grows in the deep ocean, which 
is still slow by surface 

4620
04:20:14,200 --> 04:20:17,400
standards, but blazing fast 
compared to the millimeter per 

4621
04:20:17,400 --> 04:20:19,000
year growth of most deep sea 
life. 

4622
04:20:19,000 --> 04:20:23,300
They're converting hydrogen 
sulfide to energy reproducing 

4623
04:20:23,300 --> 04:20:27,100
and forming layers of biomass 
that other organisms will graze 

4624
04:20:27,100 --> 04:20:31,000
on the concentration of life 
here is staggering compared to 

4625
04:20:31,000 --> 04:20:33,400
the baron Bissell plane on the 
plane. 

4626
04:20:33,400 --> 04:20:36,300
You might see a fish every few 
hours here. 

4627
04:20:36,300 --> 04:20:38,900
You can count hundreds of all 
organisms in a single frame of 

4628
04:20:38,900 --> 04:20:41,400
the viewport. 
It's the difference between a 

4629
04:20:41,400 --> 04:20:46,100
desert and 086 between 
starvation and abundance the 

4630
04:20:46,100 --> 04:20:49,200
submersible begins to pull away 
from the vent and has it does 

4631
04:20:49,200 --> 04:20:52,000
you watch the community received
Into Darkness? 

4632
04:20:52,700 --> 04:20:56,400
the bright plume of black smoke 
a water continues to Billow 

4633
04:20:56,400 --> 04:21:01,400
upward tube worms wave their red
plumes in the current the crabs 

4634
04:21:01,400 --> 04:21:04,700
can continue their endless 
Scavenging and somewhere in the 

4635
04:21:04,708 --> 04:21:08,400
rock below magma is heating 
water dissolving minerals and 

4636
04:21:08,400 --> 04:21:11,900
creating the chemical foundation
for this entire impossible 

4637
04:21:11,900 --> 04:21:15,500
ecosystem where black smokers 
Roar with life. 

4638
04:21:15,500 --> 04:21:17,900
The Deep Ocean's rules are 
suspended. 

4639
04:21:18,800 --> 04:21:21,600
Food is abundant growth is 
quick. 

4640
04:21:22,500 --> 04:21:25,600
Temperature rises above freezing
and life. 

4641
04:21:25,600 --> 04:21:30,000
Improbably thrives, your 
submersible has left the 

4642
04:21:30,000 --> 04:21:32,500
hydrothermal vent behind and 
return to the vast. 

4643
04:21:32,500 --> 04:21:36,600
Dark expanse of the open water 
column The depth gauge reads 

4644
04:21:36,600 --> 04:21:41,000
11,000 feet, the temperature is 
back to 36 degrees. 

4645
04:21:41,000 --> 04:21:45,300
The pressure is a snore Miss. 
And now, for the first time, 

4646
04:21:45,300 --> 04:21:48,500
since you pass through the 
Twilight Zone hours ago, you're 

4647
04:21:48,500 --> 04:21:52,700
about to see light real light 
produced by living organisms, 

4648
04:21:52,700 --> 04:21:56,700
for purposes, that would make a 
Communications engineer envious.

4649
04:21:57,500 --> 04:21:59,500
First flash is so brief. 
You almost miss it. 

4650
04:21:59,500 --> 04:22:02,400
A blue green spark about 50 feet
away. 

4651
04:22:02,400 --> 04:22:06,700
Lasting may be a 10th of a 
second, then another, then three

4652
04:22:06,700 --> 04:22:09,300
more in quick. 
Succession, forming a pattern. 

4653
04:22:09,300 --> 04:22:13,000
Dot dot, dot dash dash dash. 
Dot dot. 

4654
04:22:13,000 --> 04:22:17,700
You'll not receive a morse code 
soos, but you are witnessing one

4655
04:22:17,700 --> 04:22:20,700
of the most sophisticated 
Communications systems in nature

4656
04:22:20,700 --> 04:22:25,800
bioluminescence. 
Down here where sunlight never 

4657
04:22:25,800 --> 04:22:29,400
reaches, roughly 90% of 
organisms produce their own 

4658
04:22:29,400 --> 04:22:32,100
light. 
Not weak, light not ambiguous 

4659
04:22:32,100 --> 04:22:35,500
glows, but actual photons 
generated through chemical 

4660
04:22:35,500 --> 04:22:38,300
reactions. 
Usually involving a molecule 

4661
04:22:38,300 --> 04:22:42,300
called luciferin reacting with 
an enzyme called luciferous the 

4662
04:22:42,300 --> 04:22:43,900
name. 
Sound like they came from a 

4663
04:22:43,900 --> 04:22:48,400
fantasy novel luciferin 
literally light bringing named 

4664
04:22:48,400 --> 04:22:52,700
after Lucifer, the light bearer.
Scientists in the 19th century. 

4665
04:22:52,700 --> 04:22:56,700
Had a flair for dramatic naming,
a jellyfish, drifts passed your 

4666
04:22:56,708 --> 04:22:59,100
viewport and as it does it 
pulses with light. 

4667
04:23:00,100 --> 04:23:04,400
Not bright light more, like the 
glow of a watch dial that enough

4668
04:23:04,400 --> 04:23:07,500
to illuminate its Bell and 
trailing tentacles in a ghostly 

4669
04:23:07,500 --> 04:23:09,800
blue green, the color isn't 
random. 

4670
04:23:10,600 --> 04:23:13,800
Blue green light with 
wavelengths around 470, 

4671
04:23:13,800 --> 04:23:16,600
nanometers travels farthest 
through sea water. 

4672
04:23:17,600 --> 04:23:20,100
Red light is absorbed within 
feet of the source. 

4673
04:23:20,800 --> 04:23:24,000
But Bluegreen can travel dozens 
of yards before being scattered 

4674
04:23:24,000 --> 04:23:26,500
or absorbed. 
So evolution is tuned. 

4675
04:23:26,500 --> 04:23:30,100
Most bioluminescence to this 
narrow band of the spectrum, the

4676
04:23:30,100 --> 04:23:32,200
color that actually works in 
this environment. 

4677
04:23:33,100 --> 04:23:36,800
And another flash, this one from
something small and fast-moving 

4678
04:23:36,800 --> 04:23:39,000
is Zips across your field of 
view. 

4679
04:23:39,000 --> 04:23:42,400
Leaving a trailer of light. 
Aluminous contrail in the 

4680
04:23:42,408 --> 04:23:45,400
Blackwater, This might be a coat
pod. 

4681
04:23:45,400 --> 04:23:49,000
One of the tiny Crustaceans that
form the base of the oceans 

4682
04:23:49,000 --> 04:23:53,700
food, web even down here when 
threatened many coats release. 

4683
04:23:53,700 --> 04:23:55,800
A burst of bioluminescent 
chemicals. 

4684
04:23:55,800 --> 04:23:59,900
Creating a flash that startles 
Predators or more cleverly 

4685
04:23:59,900 --> 04:24:03,200
illuminates, the Predator, 
making it visible to its own 

4686
04:24:03,200 --> 04:24:06,000
Predators, its biological 
misdirection. 

4687
04:24:06,900 --> 04:24:09,700
I might be eaten, but you're 
definitely being seen. 

4688
04:24:10,800 --> 04:24:12,700
A lantern fish appears in your 
lights. 

4689
04:24:12,700 --> 04:24:14,900
One of the most common fish in 
the ocean. 

4690
04:24:14,900 --> 04:24:17,600
The most people have never heard
of them because they live in the

4691
04:24:17,600 --> 04:24:21,100
mess of magic Zone and only 
mention of the surface at night.

4692
04:24:21,900 --> 04:24:24,900
It sighs are covered with photo 
Force, specialized light 

4693
04:24:24,900 --> 04:24:27,500
producing, organs arranged in 
precise patterns. 

4694
04:24:27,500 --> 04:24:31,700
Each species has a different 
pattern, like a barcode made of 

4695
04:24:31,700 --> 04:24:33,800
Lights. 
This is how lantern fish 

4696
04:24:33,800 --> 04:24:37,600
recognized their own species in 
the dark by reading each other's

4697
04:24:37,600 --> 04:24:41,500
light patterns the lantern fish 
swims beneath your submersible 

4698
04:24:41,500 --> 04:24:46,600
and as it does its ventral photo
Force glow, softly, this is 

4699
04:24:46,600 --> 04:24:50,600
called counter illumination. 
Fish matches the faint 

4700
04:24:50,600 --> 04:24:54,400
downwelling light from above 
making itself invisible to 

4701
04:24:54,400 --> 04:24:56,800
Predators. 
Looking up from below it. 

4702
04:24:56,800 --> 04:24:58,700
Active camouflage using 
bioluminescence. 

4703
04:25:00,000 --> 04:25:03,100
A biological version of what 
stealth aircraft do with radar. 

4704
04:25:03,800 --> 04:25:05,200
The fish isn't trying to be 
bright. 

4705
04:25:05,200 --> 04:25:08,800
It's trying to be precisely as 
bright as the background, which 

4706
04:25:08,800 --> 04:25:12,800
is much harder a dragon fish 
materializes from the darkness 

4707
04:25:12,800 --> 04:25:14,700
and it's carrying its own 
spotlight. 

4708
04:25:15,500 --> 04:25:17,300
Beneath its eye is a photo for 
that. 

4709
04:25:17,300 --> 04:25:20,900
Emits red light which is 
extremely unusual in the deep 

4710
04:25:20,900 --> 04:25:24,200
ocean most organisms can't see 
red light at this depth. 

4711
04:25:24,900 --> 04:25:28,500
They lack the necessary photo 
receptors, but dragon fish can 

4712
04:25:28,500 --> 04:25:32,400
they've evolved the ability to 
see red and they've evolved the 

4713
04:25:32,400 --> 04:25:35,300
ability to produce it. 
This gives them a private 

4714
04:25:35,308 --> 04:25:38,800
channel of communication and 
more importantly, a hunting 

4715
04:25:38,800 --> 04:25:42,300
tool, they can illuminate prey 
without the prey knowing their 

4716
04:25:42,300 --> 04:25:45,300
being illuminated. 
It's like having night vision 

4717
04:25:45,300 --> 04:25:47,400
goggles in a world where 
everyone else is blind. 

4718
04:25:48,400 --> 04:25:51,300
The dragon Fishers, light sweeps
across the water, like a search.

4719
04:25:51,300 --> 04:25:55,300
Like, and for a moment you see, 
several small Crustaceans froze,

4720
04:25:55,300 --> 04:25:58,200
Frozen in its beam illuminated 
in wavelengths. 

4721
04:25:58,200 --> 04:26:01,400
They can't detect They have no 
idea they've been spotted. 

4722
04:26:01,400 --> 04:26:05,100
Then the dragon fish strikes. 
Inhaling one of them and 

4723
04:26:05,100 --> 04:26:06,800
disappears back into the 
darkness. 

4724
04:26:08,300 --> 04:26:12,200
So far for drifts passed. 
Colonial organism that looks 

4725
04:26:12,200 --> 04:26:16,500
like a long stringy jellyfish. 
The entire length of, it may be 

4726
04:26:16,508 --> 04:26:21,400
30 feet is decorated with tiny 
bioluminescent Lights, making it

4727
04:26:21,400 --> 04:26:23,200
look like an underwater 
Christmas tree. 

4728
04:26:23,200 --> 04:26:25,500
These lights serve multiple 
purposes. 

4729
04:26:26,400 --> 04:26:29,700
Attracting prey startling 
predators and maybe 

4730
04:26:29,700 --> 04:26:31,700
communicating with other 
siphonophores. 

4731
04:26:32,600 --> 04:26:36,700
The Colony pulses its lights in 
waves creating patterns that 

4732
04:26:36,700 --> 04:26:39,600
Ripple along its length. 
You're watching a light show 

4733
04:26:39,600 --> 04:26:43,400
designed by Evolution for an 
audience of Hungry Fish, your 

4734
04:26:43,400 --> 04:26:45,400
submersible's external light 
switch off. 

4735
04:26:46,200 --> 04:26:48,700
The crew wants to observe 
bioluminescence without 

4736
04:26:48,700 --> 04:26:52,100
interference for a moment during
complete darkness. 

4737
04:26:53,000 --> 04:26:55,100
A kind of Darkness that makes 
you understand what? 

4738
04:26:55,100 --> 04:27:00,000
Absents of light really means. 
And then slowly you start to see

4739
04:27:00,000 --> 04:27:04,700
them flashes glows, pulses. 
The water around. 

4740
04:27:04,700 --> 04:27:08,100
You is alive with light. 
A squid, produces a burst of 

4741
04:27:08,100 --> 04:27:11,300
luminous Inc. 
Not blacking like its surface 

4742
04:27:11,300 --> 04:27:15,700
relatives use, but glowing ink. 
The Cloud of light hangs in the 

4743
04:27:15,708 --> 04:27:20,300
water roughly squid shaped while
the squid itself jets away into 

4744
04:27:20,300 --> 04:27:23,100
the darkness. 
The Predator that was pursuing 

4745
04:27:23,100 --> 04:27:26,500
it lunges at the glowing decoy, 
giving the squid precious 

4746
04:27:26,500 --> 04:27:29,800
seconds to escape, its 
biological sleight of hand. 

4747
04:27:29,800 --> 04:27:32,700
I'm over here. 
No. 

4748
04:27:32,700 --> 04:27:35,400
Wait, I'm over there. 
Actually, I'm nowhere near 

4749
04:27:35,400 --> 04:27:39,600
either of those locations. 
Fish swims past with photo fours

4750
04:27:39,600 --> 04:27:42,300
inside its mouth. 
When it opens its jaws, the 

4751
04:27:42,300 --> 04:27:46,300
inside glows creating a luminous
cave that small prey might 

4752
04:27:46,300 --> 04:27:49,000
mistake for shelter. 
They swim toward the light, 

4753
04:27:49,000 --> 04:27:51,200
seeking safety and fine teeth in
Stead. 

4754
04:27:52,000 --> 04:27:55,800
It's the angle of fish strategy 
refined instead of a lure 

4755
04:27:55,800 --> 04:27:59,100
dangling in front the entire 
mouth becomes the Trap the 

4756
04:27:59,100 --> 04:28:03,000
bioluminescence down here serves
so many purposes that scientists

4757
04:28:03,000 --> 04:28:07,200
are still cataloging them. 
Defense startle, Predators 

4758
04:28:07,200 --> 04:28:11,100
illuminate them for their 
predators or create decoys 

4759
04:28:11,100 --> 04:28:15,100
hunting lure, prey illuminate, 
prey invisibly. 

4760
04:28:15,100 --> 04:28:18,500
If you have red light or create 
hunting Partnerships by 

4761
04:28:18,500 --> 04:28:22,600
signaling to others, 
Communication, species 

4762
04:28:22,600 --> 04:28:26,800
recognition made attract action 
and territorial displays 

4763
04:28:26,800 --> 04:28:30,300
camouflage. 
Counter illumination to 

4764
04:28:30,300 --> 04:28:34,200
disappear against downwelling 
light, a jellyfish passes by 

4765
04:28:34,200 --> 04:28:37,200
that looks unremarkable, until 
something bumps into it. 

4766
04:28:38,200 --> 04:28:42,800
Then it explodes with light. 
Bright pulsing rings that 

4767
04:28:42,800 --> 04:28:44,900
radiates out from the point of 
contact. 

4768
04:28:44,900 --> 04:28:49,208
This is a burglar alarm display.
The jellyfish is trying to 

4769
04:28:49,216 --> 04:28:51,400
attract attention to whatever 
just touched it. 

4770
04:28:51,400 --> 04:28:55,400
Hoping that attention comes in 
the form of a predator that will

4771
04:28:55,400 --> 04:28:57,000
eat the thing that bumped into 
it. 

4772
04:28:57,000 --> 04:29:00,400
It's desperate loud. 
And surprisingly effective. 

4773
04:29:00,400 --> 04:29:03,900
Many fish will immediately 
Retreat from anything that 

4774
04:29:03,900 --> 04:29:05,500
suddenly lights up like a police
car. 

4775
04:29:06,300 --> 04:29:08,400
Some of the light patterns 
you're seeing aren't random 

4776
04:29:08,400 --> 04:29:12,600
flashes but coded signals 
certain species of squid produce

4777
04:29:12,600 --> 04:29:14,900
specific patterns when they're 
looking for mates. 

4778
04:29:15,700 --> 04:29:19,100
Particular sequences are flashes
that translate roughly to I'm 

4779
04:29:19,100 --> 04:29:21,800
available. 
I'm the right species and I'm in

4780
04:29:21,800 --> 04:29:24,600
breeding condition. 
Other squid produced different 

4781
04:29:24,600 --> 04:29:26,900
patterns. 
That means this territory is 

4782
04:29:26,900 --> 04:29:30,200
occupied, or I'm too large to be
worth attacking. 

4783
04:29:31,400 --> 04:29:35,200
Flash like fish appears. 
Yes that's its actual name with 

4784
04:29:35,200 --> 04:29:38,600
large photo Force beneath its 
eyes that it can cover with 

4785
04:29:38,600 --> 04:29:43,000
specialized flaps of skin 
creating a controllable on off 

4786
04:29:43,000 --> 04:29:45,900
signal. 
It flashes in patterns three 

4787
04:29:45,900 --> 04:29:50,300
quick, pause two quick pause, 
one long. 

4788
04:29:51,200 --> 04:29:53,800
Other flashlight fish respond 
with their own patterns. 

4789
04:29:53,800 --> 04:29:58,400
You're watching a conversation 
conducted entirely and blinks a 

4790
04:29:58,400 --> 04:30:00,100
discussion of whatever matters 
to Flashlight. 

4791
04:30:00,100 --> 04:30:05,900
Fish, Feeding spots, mating 
availability, local Predators. 

4792
04:30:05,900 --> 04:30:08,900
The content doesn't matter as 
much as the fact that it's 

4793
04:30:08,900 --> 04:30:12,100
happening. 
Social communication using light

4794
04:30:12,100 --> 04:30:15,700
in a place where light was 
supposed to be impossible, the 

4795
04:30:15,700 --> 04:30:18,500
submersible's lights come back 
on and the bioluminescence 

4796
04:30:18,500 --> 04:30:21,900
vanishes washed out by the 
bright artificial illumination. 

4797
04:30:21,900 --> 04:30:25,300
It's a reminder that what you're
seeing was actually quite dim. 

4798
04:30:26,100 --> 04:30:29,800
Photons produced One reaction at
a time efficient but not 

4799
04:30:29,800 --> 04:30:32,800
powerful. 
A typical bioluminescent 

4800
04:30:32,800 --> 04:30:36,200
organism produces about as much 
light as a single LED. 

4801
04:30:36,200 --> 04:30:40,200
It seems brighter in absolute 
Darkness but it's nowhere near 

4802
04:30:40,200 --> 04:30:42,600
the intensity of sunlight or 
even a flash light. 

4803
04:30:43,600 --> 04:30:47,500
An anglerfish swims slowly 
passed and its lure is glowing 

4804
04:30:47,500 --> 04:30:50,600
again. 
That famous dangling appendage 

4805
04:30:50,600 --> 04:30:54,300
with bioluminescent bacteria, 
living inside it, the bacteria, 

4806
04:30:54,300 --> 04:30:57,800
glow continuously, and the 
anglerfish controls, whether the

4807
04:30:57,800 --> 04:31:00,800
light is visible by covering or 
uncovering, the organ with 

4808
04:31:00,800 --> 04:31:04,600
specialized pigment cells. 
It's an on-off switch controlled

4809
04:31:04,600 --> 04:31:07,700
by chromatophores. 
The same cells that squid and 

4810
04:31:07,700 --> 04:31:12,200
octopuses used to change color. 
Biology as repurposed, the same 

4811
04:31:12,200 --> 04:31:14,500
tools for completely different 
applications. 

4812
04:31:15,300 --> 04:31:19,300
The depth gauge. 
Now, reads 12,000 feet your 

4813
04:31:19,300 --> 04:31:22,500
approaching, the deepest zones, 
most submersibles can reach the 

4814
04:31:22,500 --> 04:31:27,100
hadal Zone named after Hades. 
And even here in what should be 

4815
04:31:27,108 --> 04:31:31,400
a realm of absolute Darkness? 
Life carries, its own light, not

4816
04:31:31,400 --> 04:31:36,600
as Defiance, not as celebration,
but as a tool, a waiter survive,

4817
04:31:36,600 --> 04:31:40,300
communicate, hunt and reproduce 
in a place, where survival seems

4818
04:31:40,300 --> 04:31:43,000
impossible. 
The light that carries messages 

4819
04:31:43,000 --> 04:31:45,100
isn't trying to illuminate the 
darkness. 

4820
04:31:45,100 --> 04:31:48,300
It's just trying to say 
something one flash at a time. 

4821
04:31:48,308 --> 04:31:52,500
I'm here, I'm hungry, I'm 
available, I'm dangerous, I'm 

4822
04:31:52,500 --> 04:31:57,300
food, stay away, come closer, 
simple messages, really. 

4823
04:31:57,300 --> 04:32:01,400
But delivered with photons 
instead of sound with chemistry 

4824
04:32:01,400 --> 04:32:04,200
instead of electricity. 
And with Elegance, that makes 

4825
04:32:04,200 --> 04:32:08,200
human communication systems 
seemed almost crude the 

4826
04:32:08,200 --> 04:32:10,200
chronometer on your instrument 
panel indicates, you've been 

4827
04:32:10,208 --> 04:32:15,200
descending and exploring for six
hours, the down here at 13,000 

4828
04:32:15,200 --> 04:32:19,900
feet, you could be told it's 
been six minutes or six days and

4829
04:32:19,900 --> 04:32:23,200
you'd have no way to verify it 
time works differently when 

4830
04:32:23,200 --> 04:32:27,700
nothing around you indicate its 
passage no Sunrise, no Sunset, 

4831
04:32:27,700 --> 04:32:31,300
no temperature changes, no 
seasons and no Tides. 

4832
04:32:31,300 --> 04:32:33,800
Strong enough to notice. 
Just the Eternal. 

4833
04:32:33,800 --> 04:32:37,700
Now stretching in all 
directions, a bristle worm 

4834
04:32:37,700 --> 04:32:39,500
crawls across the sediment 
beneath you. 

4835
04:32:39,500 --> 04:32:43,200
And based on the growth rings in
Segments scientists estimate. 

4836
04:32:43,200 --> 04:32:46,300
This individual is somewhere 
between 40 and 60 years old, 

4837
04:32:46,300 --> 04:32:50,100
it's been alive since the 
Kennedy administration possibly 

4838
04:32:50,100 --> 04:32:54,000
moving at roughly the speed of 
tectonic, plates, eating 

4839
04:32:54,000 --> 04:32:56,300
settlement and processing 
nutrients. 

4840
04:32:56,300 --> 04:32:59,900
So slowly that its metabolism is
barely distinguishable from 

4841
04:32:59,900 --> 04:33:02,500
geology. 
Time in the deep ocean is not 

4842
04:33:02,500 --> 04:33:06,800
measured in days or weeks, but 
in decades and centuries that CQ

4843
04:33:06,800 --> 04:33:09,300
cumber. 
You saw earlier, Based on growth

4844
04:33:09,300 --> 04:33:11,000
rate studies, it might be 100 
years old. 

4845
04:33:11,000 --> 04:33:14,400
The tube worms at the 
hydrothermal vent can live for 

4846
04:33:14,400 --> 04:33:18,800
250 years adding microscopic 
amounts to their length each 

4847
04:33:18,800 --> 04:33:21,300
year. 
So patient, they make tortoises 

4848
04:33:21,300 --> 04:33:23,500
look. 
Impulsive Grenadier. 

4849
04:33:23,500 --> 04:33:26,099
Fish hovers near the seafloor. 
Essentially doing nothing. 

4850
04:33:27,000 --> 04:33:30,000
It's been doing nothing for the 
past three days, not because 

4851
04:33:30,000 --> 04:33:33,800
it's lazy but because with a 
metabolic rate, this low doing 

4852
04:33:33,800 --> 04:33:37,400
nothing is its default State. 
We will wait here until 

4853
04:33:37,400 --> 04:33:40,500
something are ball comes within 
range, then it will strike with 

4854
04:33:40,500 --> 04:33:43,500
movements so slow you could 
probably dodged it if you were 

4855
04:33:43,500 --> 04:33:46,800
paying attention, the strike 
will consume more calories than 

4856
04:33:46,800 --> 04:33:49,900
the fish's burned in the past 
week, which is why it won't 

4857
04:33:49,900 --> 04:33:52,099
attempt another one. 
Unless success seems very 

4858
04:33:52,099 --> 04:33:55,500
probable, you're submersible, 
settles onto the sea floor, with

4859
04:33:55,500 --> 04:33:59,000
a gentle bump stirring up a 
small cloud of sediment that 

4860
04:33:59,000 --> 04:34:02,700
takes several minutes to settle 
at the surface, Disturbed 

4861
04:34:02,700 --> 04:34:06,200
settlement would resettle in 
seconds, maybe a minute at the 

4862
04:34:06,200 --> 04:34:10,500
most down here in cold viscous 
water, the particles drifted 

4863
04:34:10,500 --> 04:34:15,000
downward with the enthusiasm of 
a teenager asked to chores there

4864
04:34:15,000 --> 04:34:19,300
in no, hurry, there's no current
to speak of no disturbance and 

4865
04:34:19,300 --> 04:34:22,599
no reason for haste the 
settlement Cloud, finally 

4866
04:34:22,599 --> 04:34:24,900
settles. 
And you can see the surface 

4867
04:34:24,900 --> 04:34:29,300
clearly again. 
Form undisturbed mud extending 

4868
04:34:29,300 --> 04:34:32,300
in every direction. 
The layer of sediment. 

4869
04:34:32,300 --> 04:34:35,599
You just Disturbed was probably 
deposited over the course of 

4870
04:34:35,608 --> 04:34:39,700
several thousand years. 
The layer beneath it another 

4871
04:34:39,700 --> 04:34:43,599
several thousand years, you can 
core down through the mud here 

4872
04:34:43,599 --> 04:34:46,200
and read Earth's history like a 
very boring book. 

4873
04:34:46,200 --> 04:34:49,000
Each centimeter representing a 
millennium. 

4874
04:34:49,000 --> 04:34:54,000
Each meter representing a 
geological age, a c-pen rises 

4875
04:34:54,000 --> 04:34:56,800
from the settlement. 
A colonial organism that looks 

4876
04:34:56,800 --> 04:35:00,099
like an old-fashioned quill pen,
which is exactly where it got 

4877
04:35:00,099 --> 04:35:02,500
its name. 
This individual is about two 

4878
04:35:02,500 --> 04:35:05,400
feet tall. 
Swaying almost imperceptibly in 

4879
04:35:05,400 --> 04:35:07,800
current too weak to register on 
your instruments. 

4880
04:35:07,800 --> 04:35:12,400
Its filter feeding it extending 
polyps to catch whatever organic

4881
04:35:12,400 --> 04:35:15,400
particles drift passed based on 
its size. 

4882
04:35:15,400 --> 04:35:19,300
This sea pen is probably at 
least 200 years old, it was here

4883
04:35:19,300 --> 04:35:22,599
before the American Revolution, 
it will be here long after your 

4884
04:35:22,599 --> 04:35:26,500
great-grandchildren are dust. 
Slow pace of life down here. 

4885
04:35:26,500 --> 04:35:29,400
Isn't a disadvantage. 
It's an adaptation. 

4886
04:35:30,300 --> 04:35:33,099
In an environment with minimal 
food, limited, temperature, 

4887
04:35:33,099 --> 04:35:36,900
variation, and few Predators. 
There's no evolutionary pressure

4888
04:35:36,900 --> 04:35:38,800
to move fast or reproduce 
quickly. 

4889
04:35:38,800 --> 04:35:42,099
The organisms that thrive. 
Here are the ones that learn to 

4890
04:35:42,099 --> 04:35:46,099
run their biology on minimal 
energy to live slowly and to 

4891
04:35:46,099 --> 04:35:48,700
wait. 
They're the biological 

4892
04:35:48,700 --> 04:35:52,500
equivalent of high efficiency, 
Vehicles optimized, not for 

4893
04:35:52,500 --> 04:35:54,599
Speed. 
But for distance per calorie. 

4894
04:35:55,400 --> 04:35:59,099
A tripod fish remains in, its 
characteristic stance elevated 

4895
04:35:59,099 --> 04:36:03,000
on elongated fin Rays facing 
into the imperceptible current. 

4896
04:36:03,000 --> 04:36:06,599
It's been in this exact position
for, at least the past week, 

4897
04:36:06,599 --> 04:36:10,000
based on the undisturbed 
sediment around its feet. 

4898
04:36:10,000 --> 04:36:13,500
It will probably remain here for
another week and the week after 

4899
04:36:13,500 --> 04:36:18,000
that moving cost energy standing
still and waiting for food to 

4900
04:36:18,000 --> 04:36:19,599
come to you costs almost 
nothing. 

4901
04:36:20,500 --> 04:36:23,200
Time in the deep ocean is 
measured by growth rings in 

4902
04:36:23,200 --> 04:36:26,200
fishier. 
Bones by radioactive decay in 

4903
04:36:26,200 --> 04:36:29,300
sediment layers. 
And by the slow accumulation of 

4904
04:36:29,300 --> 04:36:32,000
marine. 
Snow the glass sponge nearby 

4905
04:36:32,000 --> 04:36:35,300
might be 500 years old older 
than the founding of Saint 

4906
04:36:35,300 --> 04:36:37,599
Petersburg older than the Taj 
Mahal. 

4907
04:36:37,599 --> 04:36:41,300
It's been sitting on the spot 
filtering water since the Ming 

4908
04:36:41,300 --> 04:36:44,599
Dynasty. 
If it could speak it would tell 

4909
04:36:44,599 --> 04:36:47,700
you that changes, something that
happens to other people in other

4910
04:36:47,700 --> 04:36:50,400
places. 
Your submersible sampling arm 

4911
04:36:50,400 --> 04:36:52,400
extends and collects a core of 
sediment. 

4912
04:36:53,300 --> 04:36:57,099
Chups two feet long containing 
mud that represents roughly two 

4913
04:36:57,099 --> 04:37:00,500
million years of deposition. 
The bottom of this core is from 

4914
04:37:00,500 --> 04:37:03,599
the place to scene from a time. 
When mastered ones, walk the 

4915
04:37:03,599 --> 04:37:06,000
earth and humans were just 
figuring out fire. 

4916
04:37:06,700 --> 04:37:11,300
The top layer was deposited last
Tuesday, or maybe last month at 

4917
04:37:11,300 --> 04:37:13,900
this rate of accumulation, the 
distinction is meaningless. 

4918
04:37:15,000 --> 04:37:18,599
Crinoids its attached to a rock 
and Aquino Derm. 

4919
04:37:18,599 --> 04:37:20,400
That looks like a flower made of
arms. 

4920
04:37:20,400 --> 04:37:24,099
Crinoids are sometimes called 
living fossils, though, that 

4921
04:37:24,099 --> 04:37:26,900
term is somewhat misleading 
because all organisms are 

4922
04:37:26,900 --> 04:37:29,500
equally evolved. 
Having had the same amount of 

4923
04:37:29,500 --> 04:37:33,000
time to adapt their environments
but crinoids do look. 

4924
04:37:33,000 --> 04:37:36,800
Remarkably similar to their 
ancestors from 300 million years

4925
04:37:36,800 --> 04:37:39,800
ago which suggests that their 
body plan works. 

4926
04:37:39,800 --> 04:37:43,000
Well enough that there's been no
pressure to change it if it's 

4927
04:37:43,000 --> 04:37:47,099
not broken, don't fix it. 
Even if not fixing it means 

4928
04:37:47,099 --> 04:37:49,099
staying the same for geological 
errors. 

4929
04:37:49,800 --> 04:37:52,599
The slow time of the deep ocean 
means that recovery from 

4930
04:37:52,599 --> 04:37:54,900
disturbance takes decades or 
centuries. 

4931
04:37:54,900 --> 04:37:58,599
If a submarine scrapes across 
the sea floor, the tracks can 

4932
04:37:58,599 --> 04:38:03,099
remain visible for 50 years. 
Deep sea mining were to occur 

4933
04:38:03,099 --> 04:38:06,400
the Disturbed areas. 
Wouldn't recover in any human 

4934
04:38:06,400 --> 04:38:09,599
meaningful time frame. 
The organisms here have adapted 

4935
04:38:09,599 --> 04:38:12,400
to stability to an environment 
that changes. 

4936
04:38:12,400 --> 04:38:16,800
So slowly that they can afford 
to grow slowly reproduce, slowly

4937
04:38:16,800 --> 04:38:20,599
and recover slowly. 
Rapid change is something 

4938
04:38:20,599 --> 04:38:24,599
they're biology, simply isn't 
equipped to handle a sea spider 

4939
04:38:24,599 --> 04:38:28,099
walks across the sediment. 
Not actually a spider but a 

4940
04:38:28,099 --> 04:38:31,599
pecking, a gonad creatures so 
weird that scientists had to 

4941
04:38:31,599 --> 04:38:35,300
give it its own taxonomic class.
This particular specimen is 

4942
04:38:35,300 --> 04:38:38,700
about the size of your hand. 
Moving with the deliberation of 

4943
04:38:38,700 --> 04:38:41,800
something, that understands it 
has all day and all night, and 

4944
04:38:41,800 --> 04:38:43,500
all year to get wherever it's 
going. 

4945
04:38:44,300 --> 04:38:46,800
It's legs. 
Probed the mud searching for 

4946
04:38:46,800 --> 04:38:50,900
small worms or hydroids when it 
finds one it will feed for 

4947
04:38:50,900 --> 04:38:54,099
hours, possibly days. 
Extracting nutrients. 

4948
04:38:54,099 --> 04:38:57,099
With the enthusiasm of someone 
reading terms and conditions, 

4949
04:38:57,099 --> 04:39:01,300
the concept of circadian 
rhythms, the 24-hour biological 

4950
04:39:01,300 --> 04:39:03,400
cycle that govern most surface 
life. 

4951
04:39:03,400 --> 04:39:07,599
Barely exists down here. 
There's no daylight cycle to 

4952
04:39:07,599 --> 04:39:11,200
synchronize to no reason for an 
organism to be more active at 

4953
04:39:11,200 --> 04:39:14,800
one time than another. 
Some deep sea fish show activity

4954
04:39:14,800 --> 04:39:17,800
patterns that correspond to the 
vertical migration of prey from 

4955
04:39:17,800 --> 04:39:23,000
above Peaks of activity every 12
or 24 hours, but many shown no 

4956
04:39:23,000 --> 04:39:25,500
Cycles at all. 
They feed when they encounter 

4957
04:39:25,500 --> 04:39:29,200
food rest, when they don't and 
ignore the passage of time 

4958
04:39:29,200 --> 04:39:32,400
entirely. 
Your instruments detect a slight

4959
04:39:32,400 --> 04:39:34,000
current. 
Water. 

4960
04:39:34,000 --> 04:39:37,400
Moving at approximately, one 
centimeter per second or about 

4961
04:39:37,400 --> 04:39:40,500
two feet per minute. 
This is what passes for strong 

4962
04:39:40,500 --> 04:39:44,000
flow in the deep ocean. 
On land, you wouldn't even feel 

4963
04:39:44,000 --> 04:39:46,200
this. 
It wouldn't roughly your hair or

4964
04:39:46,200 --> 04:39:49,400
cool, your skin. 
But down here, it's sufficient 

4965
04:39:49,400 --> 04:39:52,600
to influence where organisms 
settle, which direction they 

4966
04:39:52,600 --> 04:39:56,000
faced and how they position 
themselves to maximize food 

4967
04:39:56,000 --> 04:39:58,900
capture. 
A bacterial Colony, grows on a 

4968
04:39:58,908 --> 04:40:02,200
piece of Driftwood that somehow 
made it down here, probably 

4969
04:40:02,200 --> 04:40:05,000
sank, after being waterlogged 
for months at the surface. 

4970
04:40:05,000 --> 04:40:09,100
The wood is being slowly 
consumed by bacteria and 

4971
04:40:09,200 --> 04:40:13,000
Specialized wood boring 
bivalves, this process will take

4972
04:40:13,000 --> 04:40:16,000
decades. 
Similar piece of wood on land 

4973
04:40:16,000 --> 04:40:19,500
would be decomposed within 
years, maybe months in a humid 

4974
04:40:19,500 --> 04:40:22,500
environment. 
But down here in cold water, 

4975
04:40:22,500 --> 04:40:24,900
with limited oxygen and sparse 
bacterial. 

4976
04:40:24,900 --> 04:40:28,900
Populations decomposition 
happens at geological speeds. 

4977
04:40:29,700 --> 04:40:33,100
The slow time has stranger 
effect on Evolution with 

4978
04:40:33,100 --> 04:40:36,300
generation times, measured in 
decades, rather than years. 

4979
04:40:36,300 --> 04:40:40,100
And population sizes, often 
small due to food scarcity, 

4980
04:40:40,100 --> 04:40:45,000
genetic changes take longer to 
spread through population's, but

4981
04:40:45,000 --> 04:40:48,500
there's also less competition, 
fewer environmental changes to 

4982
04:40:48,500 --> 04:40:51,400
adapt to and therefore less 
selective pressure. 

4983
04:40:52,400 --> 04:40:55,900
Evolution here happens in slow 
motion, which is fitting for 

4984
04:40:55,900 --> 04:40:58,300
organisms that do everything in 
slow motion. 

4985
04:40:59,000 --> 04:41:03,000
A cusk skills swims past one of 
the deepest dwelling fish ever 

4986
04:41:03,000 --> 04:41:06,500
recorded, found at depth 
succeeding 27,000 feet. 

4987
04:41:07,300 --> 04:41:09,500
It moves through the water with 
minimal effort. 

4988
04:41:09,500 --> 04:41:13,800
Its body undulating slowly time 
for this fish is measured 

4989
04:41:13,800 --> 04:41:15,400
differently than for surface 
fish. 

4990
04:41:16,200 --> 04:41:19,100
Where a tuna might burn through 
its energy reserves in hours of 

4991
04:41:19,100 --> 04:41:22,600
high-speed swimming. 
This husky can go weaks on a 

4992
04:41:22,600 --> 04:41:25,300
single small meal. 
It's playing a completely 

4993
04:41:25,300 --> 04:41:28,600
different game one where 
patients isn't a virtue but a 

4994
04:41:28,608 --> 04:41:31,900
survival requirement. 
The submersible's clock 

4995
04:41:31,900 --> 04:41:34,900
indicates, you've been on the 
bottom for 90 minutes, but it 

4996
04:41:34,908 --> 04:41:37,900
feels both longer and shorter 
than that longer. 

4997
04:41:37,900 --> 04:41:42,100
Because so little has happened. 
No dramatic events, no sudden 

4998
04:41:42,100 --> 04:41:46,100
movements, no changes in the 
environment shorter because the 

4999
04:41:46,100 --> 04:41:48,700
unchanging nature of your 
surroundings makes time feel 

5000
04:41:48,700 --> 04:41:52,500
compressed as if you just 
arrived, it's already time to 

5001
04:41:52,500 --> 04:41:54,900
leave. 
This is time at the bottom of 

5002
04:41:54,900 --> 04:41:57,600
the world. 
Not linear not urgent. 

5003
04:41:57,600 --> 04:42:00,800
Not bound by the rotations and 
revolution's that governs 

5004
04:42:00,800 --> 04:42:04,600
surface life just the slow 
accumulation of moments and to 

5005
04:42:04,600 --> 04:42:06,900
ours. 
In today's into decades into 

5006
04:42:06,900 --> 04:42:11,500
centuries, each one identical to
the last each one like to be 

5007
04:42:11,500 --> 04:42:14,500
identical to the next. 
Time down here. 

5008
04:42:14,500 --> 04:42:18,600
Doesn't pass it. 
Accumulates your submersible is 

5009
04:42:18,600 --> 04:42:22,000
ascending now. 
Rising slowly through water that

5010
04:42:22,000 --> 04:42:27,200
humans have visited perhaps 20 
times in all of history. 20 

5011
04:42:27,200 --> 04:42:29,600
visits to a realm that covers 
more than half. 

5012
04:42:29,600 --> 04:42:33,700
The planet's surface, we've sent
more missions to the Moon. 12 

5013
04:42:33,700 --> 04:42:37,500
Apollo Landings alone than to 
the deepest parts of the ocean. 

5014
04:42:38,500 --> 04:42:40,900
We have better maps of Mars than
of the seafloor. 

5015
04:42:40,900 --> 04:42:43,800
There are more people who've 
walked in space than have been 

5016
04:42:43,808 --> 04:42:46,800
to the hadal Zone. 
This fact should bother you more

5017
04:42:46,800 --> 04:42:49,900
than it does. 
We've designated ourselves, the 

5018
04:42:49,900 --> 04:42:53,200
dominant species on Earth, the 
only ones with self-awareness 

5019
04:42:53,200 --> 04:42:56,600
and technology and Grand 
Ambitions, and yet we've barely 

5020
04:42:56,600 --> 04:42:59,700
explored our own Planet. 
The deep ocean Remains, the 

5021
04:42:59,700 --> 04:43:02,900
largest unexplored from tear on 
Earth, not because it's 

5022
04:43:02,900 --> 04:43:07,000
impossible to reach, but because
it's expensive difficult and 

5023
04:43:07,000 --> 04:43:10,100
yields knowledge rather than 
profit in 1960. 

5024
04:43:10,100 --> 04:43:12,900
Jack piccard, and Don Walsh 
descended to the bottom of the 

5025
04:43:12,900 --> 04:43:15,500
challenge of deep. 
The deepest point in the ocean 

5026
04:43:15,500 --> 04:43:20,000
nearly 36,000 feet down. 
They spent 20 minutes on the 

5027
04:43:20,000 --> 04:43:23,700
bottom, saw a flat fish in a 
shrimp and return to the surface

5028
04:43:23,700 --> 04:43:29,200
then nothing It would be 52 
years before anyone returned to 

5029
04:43:29,200 --> 04:43:33,900
that depth. 52 years in that 
time, we sent humans to the 

5030
04:43:33,900 --> 04:43:37,900
Moon, six times launched, 
hundreds of satellites built, 

5031
04:43:37,900 --> 04:43:41,200
the International Space Station,
and sent probes to every planet 

5032
04:43:41,200 --> 04:43:44,500
in the solar system. 
But the deepest part of our own 

5033
04:43:44,500 --> 04:43:48,100
ocean one, visit every 50 years 
sounds about, right. 

5034
04:43:48,700 --> 04:43:51,000
The deep ocean doesn't make for 
good television. 

5035
04:43:52,000 --> 04:43:55,500
There are no stunning Vistas, no
dramatic Landscapes. 

5036
04:43:55,500 --> 04:43:59,600
A know, charismatic megafauna. 
Just darkness. 

5037
04:43:59,600 --> 04:44:03,700
Mud and weird fish. 
It's hard to get funding for 

5038
04:44:03,700 --> 04:44:06,200
exploring mud. 
It's hard to get public interest

5039
04:44:06,200 --> 04:44:09,000
in creatures that look like 
mistakes spaces. 

5040
04:44:09,000 --> 04:44:12,100
Sexy, the ocean floor is not 
your assent. 

5041
04:44:12,100 --> 04:44:16,700
Continues 8,000 feet now. 
Rising through the Abyssal Zone,

5042
04:44:16,700 --> 04:44:20,700
the organisms, your passing, the
jellyfish, the squid. 

5043
04:44:20,700 --> 04:44:22,800
The strange fish with impossible
proportions. 

5044
04:44:22,800 --> 04:44:26,800
Have probably never seen a 
submersible before might never 

5045
04:44:26,800 --> 04:44:28,900
see one. 
Again, your lights are likely 

5046
04:44:28,900 --> 04:44:32,900
the brightest illumination of 
experience since well ever. 

5047
04:44:33,900 --> 04:44:38,300
You're a UFO to them an 
inexplicable intrusion of light 

5048
04:44:38,300 --> 04:44:40,800
and noise and artificial 
geometry into their world of 

5049
04:44:40,800 --> 04:44:43,500
organic curves and 
bioluminescent Whispers 

5050
04:44:43,500 --> 04:44:47,800
scientists estimate that we've 
explored less than 5% of the 

5051
04:44:47,800 --> 04:44:53,000
ocean floor 5% We know more 
about the surface of Venus where

5052
04:44:53,000 --> 04:44:55,700
the temperature is 900 Degrees 
and the pressure would flatten 

5053
04:44:55,700 --> 04:44:59,100
you instantly than about 
significant portions of our own 

5054
04:44:59,100 --> 04:45:02,600
sea floor. 
We've mapped 100% of Venus. 

5055
04:45:02,600 --> 04:45:07,700
We've mapped 5% of the ocean 
floor at high resolution 6,000 

5056
04:45:07,700 --> 04:45:10,100
feet. 
Now your passing through zones 

5057
04:45:10,100 --> 04:45:13,100
where scientists of collected 
perhaps a dozen specimens of 

5058
04:45:13,100 --> 04:45:15,900
certain species. 
We know these creatures exist 

5059
04:45:15,900 --> 04:45:19,000
because we've accidentally 
caught them in Nets, but we 

5060
04:45:19,000 --> 04:45:23,100
don't know how they live where 
they breed what they eat or how 

5061
04:45:23,100 --> 04:45:26,500
long they survive. 
We have their bodies, but not 

5062
04:45:26,500 --> 04:45:30,400
their stories the deep ocean 
resists human intrusion, not 

5063
04:45:30,400 --> 04:45:32,300
through hostility, but through 
indifference. 

5064
04:45:33,200 --> 04:45:35,100
It doesn't care that we want to 
explore it. 

5065
04:45:35,900 --> 04:45:39,800
It continues its cold, dark 
high-pressure existence. 

5066
04:45:39,800 --> 04:45:42,800
Whether we visit or not, the 
organisms here have been 

5067
04:45:42,808 --> 04:45:45,700
evolving for hundreds of 
millions of years without human 

5068
04:45:45,700 --> 04:45:48,200
input and they'll continue 
evolving long. 

5069
04:45:48,200 --> 04:45:50,900
After we're gone. 
Our submarines and submersibles 

5070
04:45:50,900 --> 04:45:53,900
are footnotes in their world 
brief anomalies that appear 

5071
04:45:53,900 --> 04:45:57,200
collect a few samples. 
Take some photographs and vanish

5072
04:45:57,200 --> 04:46:01,100
4,000 feet. 
Your approaching the depth with 

5073
04:46:01,100 --> 04:46:04,900
submarines operate where human 
technology becomes more common. 

5074
04:46:05,800 --> 04:46:07,900
But even here the visits are 
rare. 

5075
04:46:08,600 --> 04:46:11,500
The military submarine might 
pass through these Waters once a

5076
04:46:11,500 --> 04:46:15,300
month or once a year research 
vessels, even less frequently, 

5077
04:46:15,300 --> 04:46:19,000
the creatures hear live their 
entire lives in near total 

5078
04:46:19,000 --> 04:46:20,900
isolation from Human 
observation. 

5079
04:46:21,700 --> 04:46:23,000
There's something humbling about
that. 

5080
04:46:23,000 --> 04:46:26,700
We like to think we've conquered
Earth, that we've cataloged its 

5081
04:46:26,700 --> 04:46:29,200
creatures, and mapped its 
terrain and understood its 

5082
04:46:29,200 --> 04:46:31,900
systems. 
But the deep ocean reminds us 

5083
04:46:31,900 --> 04:46:35,200
that most of this planet is 
beyond our reach operating. 

5084
04:46:35,200 --> 04:46:38,500
According to rules, we barely 
understand populated by 

5085
04:46:38,500 --> 04:46:41,900
creatures, we've never seen 2000
feet. 

5086
04:46:41,900 --> 04:46:45,600
Now you're in the Phil's Zone 
where a few more submersibles 

5087
04:46:45,600 --> 04:46:48,700
operate where some commercial 
fishing impacts the ecosystem. 

5088
04:46:49,800 --> 04:46:52,600
But even here, human presence is
sporadic. 

5089
04:46:53,200 --> 04:46:54,700
A trawler might drag the 
seafloor. 

5090
04:46:54,700 --> 04:46:57,600
Once destroying century-old 
Coraline minutes, then move on. 

5091
04:46:58,400 --> 04:47:01,600
The damage remains for decades 
but the humans who caused it 

5092
04:47:01,600 --> 04:47:04,800
never returned to see it. 
Scientists estimate that there 

5093
04:47:04,800 --> 04:47:07,900
are potentially 1 million 
species living in the deep ocean

5094
04:47:07,900 --> 04:47:12,000
that we haven't discovered yet 1
million in an age where we can 

5095
04:47:12,000 --> 04:47:14,900
sequence genomes and edit genes 
and create artificial 

5096
04:47:14,900 --> 04:47:17,100
intelligence. 
We still don't know what lives 

5097
04:47:17,100 --> 04:47:21,400
in 70% of our own Planet were 
cataloging exoplanets in other 

5098
04:47:21,400 --> 04:47:24,100
solar systems while remaining 
fundamentally ignorant of our 

5099
04:47:24,100 --> 04:47:27,200
Ocean's depths one thousand 
feet. 

5100
04:47:28,300 --> 04:47:32,900
Light is beginning to penetrate 
from above faint blue, but real 

5101
04:47:32,900 --> 04:47:35,000
sunlight. 
You're leaving the midnight 

5102
04:47:35,000 --> 04:47:38,700
zone, entering the Twilight Zone
and approaching the realm where 

5103
04:47:38,700 --> 04:47:42,500
human activity is common. 
Fishing vessels, submarines 

5104
04:47:42,500 --> 04:47:47,100
underwater, cables, offshore 
drilling platforms technology is

5105
04:47:47,100 --> 04:47:50,200
everywhere up here. 
A contrast is striking. 

5106
04:47:51,300 --> 04:47:54,000
The space of a few hours. 
You've moved from a place as 

5107
04:47:54,000 --> 04:47:57,000
essentially Untouched by 
Humanity to a place where human 

5108
04:47:57,000 --> 04:48:00,600
impact is everywhere. 
From sea floor that hasn't been 

5109
04:48:00,600 --> 04:48:04,600
Disturbed in Millennia to 
Water's fished commerciali from 

5110
04:48:04,600 --> 04:48:10,400
darkness and isolation to light 
and intrusion. 500 feet. you can

5111
04:48:10,400 --> 04:48:14,400
see the surface now, a boundary 
between worlds, a transition 

5112
04:48:14,400 --> 04:48:19,700
from the familiar to the alien 
above Sunlight warmth human, 

5113
04:48:19,700 --> 04:48:23,400
ships satellites, and billions 
of people living their lives. 

5114
04:48:23,400 --> 04:48:26,300
Mostly unaware of what exists 
below below. 

5115
04:48:27,000 --> 04:48:31,300
The cold, the dark, the 
pressure, and the strange slow. 

5116
04:48:31,300 --> 04:48:33,100
Life. 
That persists and conditions 

5117
04:48:33,100 --> 04:48:35,700
that would kill surface 
organisms instantly. 

5118
04:48:36,600 --> 04:48:39,600
The submersible breaks through 
the surface with a slash that 

5119
04:48:39,600 --> 04:48:42,800
seems absurdly loud. 
After hours of near silents 

5120
04:48:42,800 --> 04:48:47,200
water streams off the hull, the 
hatch opens and warm are floods 

5121
04:48:47,200 --> 04:48:49,600
in. 
Are that feels tropical compared

5122
04:48:49,600 --> 04:48:53,500
to the refrigerated interior? 
Climb out into sunlight that 

5123
04:48:53,500 --> 04:48:58,100
seems impossibly bright painful.
Almost the research vessels 

5124
04:48:58,100 --> 04:49:00,200
crane lifts the submersible from
the water. 

5125
04:49:00,200 --> 04:49:04,400
The ocean surface rolls? 
Gently looking exactly the same 

5126
04:49:04,400 --> 04:49:05,800
as it. 
Did six hours ago. 

5127
04:49:05,800 --> 04:49:10,100
Nothing about it suggests, What 
Lies Beneath the miles of cold 

5128
04:49:10,100 --> 04:49:13,500
Darkness, the strange creatures 
the slow, time the alien. 

5129
04:49:13,500 --> 04:49:18,200
Ecosystems, the surface keeps 
its Secrets, you'll write a 

5130
04:49:18,200 --> 04:49:22,200
report scientists will study 
your samples, a few photographs 

5131
04:49:22,200 --> 04:49:26,000
will be published, and then 
everyone will mostly forget. 

5132
04:49:26,800 --> 04:49:29,200
Because the deep ocean doesn't 
capture imagination. 

5133
04:49:29,200 --> 04:49:32,600
The way space does it doesn't 
promise mineral wealth or 

5134
04:49:32,600 --> 04:49:36,700
strategic Advantage? 
It's just their deep and dark 

5135
04:49:36,700 --> 04:49:40,100
and full of weird fish. 
But for the creatures down 

5136
04:49:40,100 --> 04:49:44,200
there, this is everything. 
This is their entire world. 

5137
04:49:44,200 --> 04:49:47,600
The only World they've ever 
known or will know. 

5138
04:49:47,600 --> 04:49:53,000
And we are to them vanishingly 
rare, the Legends, rumors, 

5139
04:49:53,000 --> 04:49:56,700
inexplicable lights that appear 
once in a lifetime, if at all. 

5140
04:49:57,700 --> 04:50:00,000
The rare moments. 
We arrived changing nothing for 

5141
04:50:00,000 --> 04:50:02,200
them. 
The deep ocean continues. 

5142
04:50:02,200 --> 04:50:06,200
Its cold dark existence. 
The Marine snow keeps falling. 

5143
04:50:07,000 --> 04:50:08,400
Tube worms. 
Keep filtering. 

5144
04:50:08,400 --> 04:50:11,200
Hydrogen sulfide. 
The tripod fish. 

5145
04:50:11,200 --> 04:50:15,200
Keep waiting for food. 
Time moves, slowly pressure 

5146
04:50:15,200 --> 04:50:19,600
remains constant and life 
persists in the dark with or 

5147
04:50:19,600 --> 04:50:22,700
without us your standing on the 
deck of the research vessel 

5148
04:50:22,700 --> 04:50:25,100
watching the sun, set over the 
Pacific. 

5149
04:50:26,000 --> 04:50:29,300
The water is turning from Blue 
to purple to almost black as the

5150
04:50:29,300 --> 04:50:33,300
light fades in an hour, it'll be
completely dark surface dark the

5151
04:50:33,300 --> 04:50:36,600
kind where you can still see 
stars and shiplights, not deep 

5152
04:50:36,600 --> 04:50:40,000
ocean dark, which is a different
thing entirely somewhere beneath

5153
04:50:40,000 --> 04:50:43,700
this ship four miles down, life 
is continuing exactly as it has 

5154
04:50:43,700 --> 04:50:47,200
for millions of years. 
Sea cucumbers are processing, 

5155
04:50:47,200 --> 04:50:51,700
sediment fish, are waiting for 
food, bacteria are converting 

5156
04:50:51,700 --> 04:50:55,400
chemicals into energy at 
hydrothermal vents, and none of 

5157
04:50:55,400 --> 04:50:58,500
them know or care that humans 
exist, that we've built 

5158
04:50:58,500 --> 04:51:01,800
civilizations and Technologies 
and dreams of exploring the 

5159
04:51:01,800 --> 04:51:04,000
universe. 
The deep ocean represents 

5160
04:51:04,000 --> 04:51:07,800
Earth's final frontier. 
Not because it's the last place 

5161
04:51:07,800 --> 04:51:11,100
to explore chronologically but 
because it might be the last 

5162
04:51:11,100 --> 04:51:13,800
place we actually do explore 
thoroughly. 

5163
04:51:14,700 --> 04:51:17,700
Space is the dream that captures
human imagination. 

5164
04:51:17,700 --> 04:51:22,100
Mars, the moons of Jupiter 
exoplanets, orbiting distant 

5165
04:51:22,100 --> 04:51:25,900
Stars, These are the Frontiers 
that Inspire funding and public 

5166
04:51:25,900 --> 04:51:29,400
interest. 
The deep ocean is just there. 

5167
04:51:30,200 --> 04:51:36,500
Wet dark expensive to visit and 
full of uncharismatic Foreigner.

5168
04:51:36,500 --> 04:51:40,200
But here's what we're missing. 
The deep ocean is, genuinely 

5169
04:51:40,200 --> 04:51:43,700
alien in ways that Mars isn't, 
Mars is a dead world. 

5170
04:51:43,700 --> 04:51:48,200
It's cold dry and sterile. 
If there's life there, it's 

5171
04:51:48,200 --> 04:51:52,000
probably microbial. 
Probably hiding underground and 

5172
04:51:52,000 --> 04:51:54,200
probably not doing anything 
particularly interesting. 

5173
04:51:54,200 --> 04:51:57,400
The deep ocean is teeming with 
complex life. 

5174
04:51:58,100 --> 04:52:00,500
Organisms with bizarre 
adaptations. 

5175
04:52:00,500 --> 04:52:04,000
Intricate ecosystems and 
evolutionary solutions to 

5176
04:52:04,000 --> 04:52:05,400
problems. 
We didn't know existed. 

5177
04:52:06,600 --> 04:52:09,800
It's alien life on our own 
planet and we're largely 

5178
04:52:09,800 --> 04:52:13,000
ignoring it. 
The pressure, the cold, the 

5179
04:52:13,000 --> 04:52:15,400
darkness. 
These aren't just obstacles to 

5180
04:52:15,400 --> 04:52:18,000
exploration. 
They're selective forces that 

5181
04:52:18,000 --> 04:52:20,500
have created organisms 
fundamentally different from 

5182
04:52:20,500 --> 04:52:22,300
anything in our terrestrial 
experience. 

5183
04:52:23,300 --> 04:52:26,900
A huddle snail fish. 
That looks like it's melting a 

5184
04:52:26,900 --> 04:52:28,600
gulper eel. 
That's mostly mouth. 

5185
04:52:29,200 --> 04:52:31,700
A barrel life fish with a 
transparent head and upward 

5186
04:52:31,700 --> 04:52:35,000
pointing tubular eyes. 
These aren't science fiction 

5187
04:52:35,000 --> 04:52:38,700
creatures their real organisms 
that evolved to solve real 

5188
04:52:38,700 --> 04:52:41,700
problems in real environments 
and we barely know them. 

5189
04:52:42,600 --> 04:52:46,000
Most deep sea species are known 
from a handful of specimens, if 

5190
04:52:46,000 --> 04:52:48,600
that? 
We have rough ideas about their 

5191
04:52:48,600 --> 04:52:51,400
diets, vague estimates of their 
population. 

5192
04:52:51,400 --> 04:52:57,100
And speculation about their 
reproduction, it's 2026 and we 

5193
04:52:57,100 --> 04:53:00,700
can sequence, the Genome of any 
organism we can catch, but we 

5194
04:53:00,708 --> 04:53:03,300
can't catch most of them because
we don't know where they live or

5195
04:53:03,300 --> 04:53:05,400
how to find them. 
The sun is gone. 

5196
04:53:05,400 --> 04:53:09,500
Now stars are appearing more 
than you can see from cities but

5197
04:53:09,500 --> 04:53:11,500
still washed out by the ship's 
lights. 

5198
04:53:12,400 --> 04:53:15,100
Real darkness. 
The kind that makes the Deep 

5199
04:53:15,100 --> 04:53:17,800
oceans. 
Darkness, meaningful is hard to 

5200
04:53:17,808 --> 04:53:21,600
find on Earth's surface anymore.
We've illuminated the land. 

5201
04:53:21,600 --> 04:53:24,800
Lit up our cities and banished 
the night through technology. 

5202
04:53:25,500 --> 04:53:29,200
But the deep ocean remains dark 
in different to our lights. 

5203
04:53:29,200 --> 04:53:33,000
Unchanged by our presence. 
Scientists talk about 

5204
04:53:33,000 --> 04:53:36,900
charismatic megafauna, the 
pandas Tigers elephants, and 

5205
04:53:36,900 --> 04:53:40,700
whales organisms that capture 
public imagination and drive 

5206
04:53:40,700 --> 04:53:44,200
conservation efforts. 
The deep ocean has almost no 

5207
04:53:44,200 --> 04:53:48,500
charismatic megafauna giant 
squids may be though, we filmed 

5208
04:53:48,500 --> 04:53:50,500
living specimens, only a handful
of times. 

5209
04:53:50,500 --> 04:53:55,600
Most deep sea creatures are 
small, weird translucent and 

5210
04:53:55,600 --> 04:53:58,500
utterly lacking an appeal to 
anyone who isn't a marine 

5211
04:53:58,500 --> 04:54:02,100
biologist or genuinely strange, 
this presents a problem. 

5212
04:54:02,900 --> 04:54:06,000
How do you conserve and protect 
ecosystems that people don't 

5213
04:54:06,000 --> 04:54:08,900
care about? 
How do you prevent deep sea 

5214
04:54:08,900 --> 04:54:11,600
mining when the alternative is 
mud? 

5215
04:54:12,600 --> 04:54:14,300
How do you regulate fishing in 
areas? 

5216
04:54:14,300 --> 04:54:18,700
No one visits for species. 
No one's heard of the answer so 

5217
04:54:18,700 --> 04:54:20,400
far. 
Has been, we mostly don't. 

5218
04:54:21,300 --> 04:54:24,700
The deep ocean remains, largely 
unregulated, unexplored, and 

5219
04:54:24,700 --> 04:54:27,900
unprotected. 
A few Marine reserves exist, but

5220
04:54:27,900 --> 04:54:29,000
their drops. 
In an ocean. 

5221
04:54:29,000 --> 04:54:31,400
Commerical interests are already
eyeing. 

5222
04:54:31,400 --> 04:54:35,000
The mineral deposits around 
hydrothermal vents rich and 

5223
04:54:35,000 --> 04:54:37,200
copper zinc and Rare Earth 
elements. 

5224
04:54:37,200 --> 04:54:41,300
The economics are compelling. 
The ecological costs are 

5225
04:54:41,300 --> 04:54:45,300
unknown, but likely severe Crew 
member walks past heading below 

5226
04:54:45,300 --> 04:54:48,100
deck. 
Ship rocks, gently in the 

5227
04:54:48,100 --> 04:54:50,100
swells. 
Somewhere in the darkness, 

5228
04:54:50,100 --> 04:54:53,900
Dolphins might be riding the 
bear wave or bioluminescent 

5229
04:54:53,900 --> 04:54:56,300
Plankton might be creating 
glowing trails. 

5230
04:54:56,300 --> 04:54:58,600
In the water. 
The surface ocean is still 

5231
04:54:58,600 --> 04:55:01,000
magical in place is still 
capable of wonder. 

5232
04:55:01,700 --> 04:55:06,600
But the real Mysteries, the real
alien environments are below the

5233
04:55:06,600 --> 04:55:08,100
deep. 
Ocean is Earth's, largest 

5234
04:55:08,100 --> 04:55:11,600
biohome Plains alone. 
Cover more area than all 

5235
04:55:11,600 --> 04:55:13,300
terrestrial. 
Habitats combined. 

5236
04:55:14,100 --> 04:55:17,000
And we've sampled it about as 
thoroughly as you'd sample a 

5237
04:55:17,000 --> 04:55:20,900
continent by collecting a few 
dozen shovels of dirt were 

5238
04:55:20,900 --> 04:55:25,100
extrapolating ecosystems from 
fragments inferring food, webs 

5239
04:55:25,100 --> 04:55:28,200
from partial evidence and 
guessing at population Dynamics 

5240
04:55:28,200 --> 04:55:31,900
based on mathematical models. 
This is fine for generating 

5241
04:55:31,900 --> 04:55:35,000
authorities but its a poor 
foundation for protecting 

5242
04:55:35,000 --> 04:55:36,600
ecosystems. 
We don't understand. 

5243
04:55:37,700 --> 04:55:40,500
How do you assess the impact of 
deep sea mining when you don't 

5244
04:55:40,500 --> 04:55:43,900
know what lives there how do you
prevent extinctions of species 

5245
04:55:43,900 --> 04:55:46,900
you haven't discovered? 
How do you balance resource 

5246
04:55:46,900 --> 04:55:50,600
extraction against ecological 
preservation and the ecology is 

5247
04:55:50,600 --> 04:55:53,200
mostly guesswork. 
Stars are bright. 

5248
04:55:53,200 --> 04:55:57,400
Now you can see the Milky Way a 
pale band across the sky. 

5249
04:55:58,200 --> 04:56:01,700
Billions of stars many with 
planets some of those planets 

5250
04:56:01,700 --> 04:56:05,200
potentially harboring life. 
We're spending billions on 

5251
04:56:05,200 --> 04:56:08,700
telescopes and space missions to
find that life while 

5252
04:56:08,700 --> 04:56:12,300
simultaneously ignoring complex 
ecosystems in our own Ocean's 

5253
04:56:12,300 --> 04:56:16,400
there's no contradiction, really
Space and ocean exploration 

5254
04:56:16,400 --> 04:56:19,800
aren't in competition. 
We could fund both adequately if

5255
04:56:19,800 --> 04:56:23,300
we chose to but the funding 
ratios reveal our priorities 

5256
04:56:23,300 --> 04:56:28,000
space gets the money the public 
interest and the grand Ambitions

5257
04:56:28,000 --> 04:56:32,200
the ocean gets what's left over 
which isn't much maybe that's 

5258
04:56:32,200 --> 04:56:34,600
human nature. 
We've always looked outward 

5259
04:56:34,600 --> 04:56:38,100
toward Horizon's towards what's 
beyond the next Hill or across 

5260
04:56:38,100 --> 04:56:42,000
the next ocean looking down into
depths that crushed and freeze 

5261
04:56:42,000 --> 04:56:45,200
and hide their secrets doesn't 
trigger the same exploratory in 

5262
04:56:45,200 --> 04:56:47,600
pulse. 
But the ocean depths are 

5263
04:56:47,600 --> 04:56:52,000
genuinely here genuinely alien 
and genuinely full of 

5264
04:56:52,000 --> 04:56:55,500
discoveries waiting to be made 
the deep ocean will Outlast 

5265
04:56:55,500 --> 04:57:00,900
Humanity when were gone whether 
in 100 years or 100 million, the

5266
04:57:00,900 --> 04:57:03,800
Abyssal Plains will still be 
accumulating said of mint. 

5267
04:57:04,500 --> 04:57:08,200
Hydrothermal vents will still be
creating Oasis of life and the 

5268
04:57:08,200 --> 04:57:10,000
hadal snailfish will still be 
doing. 

5269
04:57:10,000 --> 04:57:13,800
Whatever it is. 
Hodala snailfish do the ocean. 

5270
04:57:13,800 --> 04:57:16,600
Doesn't need us. 
It was here before we evolved 

5271
04:57:16,600 --> 04:57:18,400
and it'll be here after we're 
extinct. 

5272
04:57:18,400 --> 04:57:21,600
But we need it in ways we 
probably don't fully appreciate 

5273
04:57:21,600 --> 04:57:24,700
the ocean. 
Regulates climate produces 

5274
04:57:24,700 --> 04:57:28,900
oxygen absorbs carbon dioxide 
and drives weather patterns. 

5275
04:57:28,900 --> 04:57:33,200
The deep ocean is part of that 
system, not isolated from the 

5276
04:57:33,200 --> 04:57:37,300
surface, but connected through 
the slow mixing of water, the 

5277
04:57:37,300 --> 04:57:41,000
vertical migration of organisms 
and the reign of organic matter 

5278
04:57:41,000 --> 04:57:43,200
from above, and we're changing 
it. 

5279
04:57:43,200 --> 04:57:47,100
Ocean acidification. 
Caused by absorbed, CO2 is 

5280
04:57:47,100 --> 04:57:50,200
affecting deep sea organisms 
that have never dealt with ph 

5281
04:57:50,200 --> 04:57:53,300
changes warming. 
Surface waters are altering 

5282
04:57:53,300 --> 04:57:56,000
circulation patterns that 
determine when nutrients go, 

5283
04:57:56,000 --> 04:58:00,400
which affects what sinks to the 
Deep plastic microparticles have

5284
04:58:00,400 --> 04:58:02,500
been found at the bottom of the 
Marianna trench. 

5285
04:58:02,500 --> 04:58:05,400
We've managed to pollute the 
Deepest part of the ocean. 

5286
04:58:05,400 --> 04:58:08,400
A place. 
We barely visit the deep ocean 

5287
04:58:08,400 --> 04:58:11,800
is Earth's final frontier. 
Not because it's the last place 

5288
04:58:11,800 --> 04:58:14,800
left to explore, but because it 
might be the last place we 

5289
04:58:14,800 --> 04:58:17,500
actually recognize as worth 
exploring before. 

5290
04:58:17,500 --> 04:58:20,500
It's too late before we've 
changed it too much to 

5291
04:58:20,500 --> 04:58:23,700
understand what it was. 
Before we've lost species, we 

5292
04:58:23,700 --> 04:58:27,500
never knew existed. 
The ship's engines rumbled to 

5293
04:58:27,500 --> 04:58:29,400
life. 
You're heading back to Port, 

5294
04:58:29,400 --> 04:58:34,000
back to land, back to the world 
of air and sunlight and 

5295
04:58:34,000 --> 04:58:36,300
reasonable pressure. 
The deep ocean. 

5296
04:58:36,300 --> 04:58:38,500
Recedes behind you, not 
physically. 

5297
04:58:38,500 --> 04:58:42,500
It's still right there under the
ship but conceptually it becomes

5298
04:58:42,500 --> 04:58:44,900
something you visited rather 
than something you're 

5299
04:58:44,900 --> 04:58:48,400
experiencing a memory rather 
than an immediate reality. 

5300
04:58:48,400 --> 04:58:50,600
And that's how most people 
experience. 

5301
04:58:50,600 --> 04:58:54,000
The deep ocean. 
There's an abstraction a fact 

5302
04:58:54,000 --> 04:58:56,700
mentioned in documentary's. 
A place that exists 

5303
04:58:56,700 --> 04:58:59,500
theoretically but has no bearing
on daily life. 

5304
04:59:00,300 --> 04:59:04,000
It's easier that way easier than
contemplating, the vast cold, 

5305
04:59:04,000 --> 04:59:08,100
dark volume of water that cover 
most of the planet. easier than 

5306
04:59:08,100 --> 04:59:11,900
Imagining the strange slow life 
that persists there but it 

5307
04:59:11,900 --> 04:59:15,800
exists regardless the deep ocean
doesn't need our acknowledgment 

5308
04:59:15,800 --> 04:59:21,700
or our understanding it's simply
is Eternal patient, indifferent.

5309
04:59:22,500 --> 04:59:26,300
Earth's quiet deaths. 
Where life found ways to persist

5310
04:59:26,300 --> 04:59:30,000
that surface organisms would 
consider impossible but time 

5311
04:59:30,000 --> 04:59:32,600
moves differently. 
Where light is a message rather 

5312
04:59:32,600 --> 04:59:36,300
than an environment and where 
food is rare and patience is 

5313
04:59:36,308 --> 04:59:39,700
everything. 
Final frontier isn't out there 

5314
04:59:39,700 --> 04:59:41,800
Among the Stars. 
It's down there. 

5315
04:59:41,800 --> 04:59:45,700
Beneath our ships beneath our 
feet when we stand on the shore.

5316
04:59:46,400 --> 04:59:51,900
Alien vast, mostly unknown and 
largely ignored, while we dream 

5317
04:59:51,900 --> 04:59:54,900
of Mars, the Stars wheel 
overhead. 

5318
04:59:54,900 --> 04:59:59,000
The ocean roles beneath and 
somewhere in the darkness below,

5319
04:59:59,000 --> 05:00:03,000
a depth that crushed. 
Submarines life continues. 

5320
05:00:03,000 --> 05:00:09,000
Its slow patient existence with 
or without our attention with or

5321
05:00:09,000 --> 05:00:15,200
without our understanding just 
continuing as it has, as it will

5322
05:00:15,200 --> 05:00:17,300
in the end. 
That's what the deep ocean 

5323
05:00:17,300 --> 05:00:20,900
teaches us. 
Systems matters more than speed 

5324
05:00:20,900 --> 05:00:25,800
patients matters more than 
urgently and life finds ways to 

5325
05:00:25,800 --> 05:00:27,900
exist in conditions that seem 
impossible. 

5326
05:00:28,900 --> 05:00:31,200
The creatures of the deep aren't
trying to impress anyone, 

5327
05:00:31,200 --> 05:00:34,500
they're not putting on a show, 
they're simply living in the 

5328
05:00:34,500 --> 05:00:36,300
only way that works in their 
environment. 

5329
05:00:37,200 --> 05:00:39,900
And maybe that's the lesson 
worth keeping as you head back 

5330
05:00:39,900 --> 05:00:43,700
to shore back to human 
complexity and artificial light 

5331
05:00:43,700 --> 05:00:47,900
life is remarkably good at being
life, even in places where it 

5332
05:00:47,900 --> 05:00:50,900
shouldn't work, even under 
conditions that would kill most 

5333
05:00:50,900 --> 05:00:56,500
organisms instantly. 
The deep ocean exists, vast cold

5334
05:00:56,500 --> 05:01:01,700
dark and patient always there 
always waiting. 

5335
05:01:01,700 --> 05:01:05,300
Always doing what it's done for 
hundreds of millions of years 

5336
05:01:05,300 --> 05:01:10,300
and we occasionally briefly 
expensively visit, its edges and

5337
05:01:10,300 --> 05:01:14,700
Marvel at what we find then 
return to the surface to the 

5338
05:01:14,700 --> 05:01:18,800
light to the warm shallows. 
Where humans belong the Deep 

5339
05:01:18,800 --> 05:01:29,900
remains, quiet, Eternal unknown.
Picture yourself stepping off a 

5340
05:01:29,908 --> 05:01:33,000
Dusty Stagecoach, in 1882 
somewhere in the Arizona, 

5341
05:01:33,000 --> 05:01:36,400
territory your back aches. 
As if you've been sitting on a 

5342
05:01:36,400 --> 05:01:40,500
concrete park bench for 12 
hours, a situation that give 

5343
05:01:40,500 --> 05:01:43,900
them the suspension system of 
Frontier Transportation isn't 

5344
05:01:43,900 --> 05:01:47,600
too far from reality. 
The Sun is setting behind the 

5345
05:01:47,600 --> 05:01:49,300
mountains. 
Painting everything in that 

5346
05:01:49,300 --> 05:01:51,500
golden hour. 
Light that would make a modern 

5347
05:01:51,500 --> 05:01:55,700
Instagram influencer, weep With 
Envy, Your searching for a place

5348
05:01:55,700 --> 05:01:58,600
to eat drink and maybe wash off 
three days worth of trail dust. 

5349
05:01:58,600 --> 05:02:01,300
And there it is right across the
street. 

5350
05:02:01,300 --> 05:02:05,908
The Silver Dollar Saloon It's 
painted sign creeks in the 

5351
05:02:05,916 --> 05:02:08,700
evening Breeze and those iconic 
batwing doors. 

5352
05:02:08,700 --> 05:02:12,300
You know, the ones that swing 
both ways and come up to about 

5353
05:02:12,300 --> 05:02:14,800
chest height, a practically 
calling your name. 

5354
05:02:15,700 --> 05:02:18,300
Now before you push through 
those doors, let's pause for a 

5355
05:02:18,300 --> 05:02:21,000
moment you're about to enter 
what was essentially the social 

5356
05:02:21,000 --> 05:02:24,600
media platform of its day. 
Imagine a wild west Saloon as a 

5357
05:02:24,600 --> 05:02:26,800
version of Facebook, Twitter and
your local Starbucks. 

5358
05:02:26,800 --> 05:02:30,800
All housed within a single 
wooden structure that exudes a 

5359
05:02:30,800 --> 05:02:33,600
scent of tobacco whiskey and 
surreal dreams. 

5360
05:02:34,700 --> 05:02:37,700
The Batwing doors weren't just 
for show, by the way, they were 

5361
05:02:37,700 --> 05:02:40,600
brilliantly practical, like 
cargo shorts, but actually 

5362
05:02:40,600 --> 05:02:44,100
useful. they kept out dust and 
tumbleweeds while letting in 

5363
05:02:44,100 --> 05:02:48,400
fresh air and allowing people to
see who was coming and going, In

5364
05:02:48,400 --> 05:02:51,000
a place where your reputation 
literally, determined, whether 

5365
05:02:51,000 --> 05:02:54,000
you lived or died knowing who 
just walked in, was rather 

5366
05:02:54,000 --> 05:02:57,700
important information. as you 
approached the entrance, you 

5367
05:02:57,700 --> 05:03:00,800
notice the doors are worn Smooth
by thousands of hands pushing 

5368
05:03:00,800 --> 05:03:03,000
through the Wood has that 
patina? 

5369
05:03:03,000 --> 05:03:06,500
That only comes from Decades of 
use, like the handle of a well, 

5370
05:03:06,500 --> 05:03:08,800
loved baseball bat or your 
grandmother's rolling pin. 

5371
05:03:09,700 --> 05:03:13,900
Inside, you can hear the sound 
of laughter glasses clinking, a 

5372
05:03:13,900 --> 05:03:17,200
slightly off-tune piano and the 
occasional of boots on wooden 

5373
05:03:17,200 --> 05:03:20,000
floors. 
You take a deep breath catching 

5374
05:03:20,000 --> 05:03:23,800
sense of wood, smoke roasted 
meat and something that might be

5375
05:03:23,800 --> 05:03:25,700
coffee, but could just as easily
be painted. 

5376
05:03:26,700 --> 05:03:30,000
Your stomach rumbles, reminding 
you that hard tack and jerky, 

5377
05:03:30,000 --> 05:03:32,700
don't constitute fine, dining, 
no matter how you. 

5378
05:03:32,700 --> 05:03:36,000
Look at it, here's where your 
modern sensibility start to kick

5379
05:03:36,000 --> 05:03:38,000
in. 
You're accustomed to perusing 

5380
05:03:38,000 --> 05:03:40,400
online restaurant reviews and 
perhaps observing the Health 

5381
05:03:40,400 --> 05:03:42,900
Department's rating prominently 
displayed in the window. 

5382
05:03:43,700 --> 05:03:46,700
But this isn't that world, the 
only review system here is 

5383
05:03:46,700 --> 05:03:48,800
whether people are still alive 
after eating the food. 

5384
05:03:48,800 --> 05:03:51,800
And even that's not always a 
reliable indicator, giving the 

5385
05:03:51,800 --> 05:03:53,600
general life expectancy of the 
frontier. 

5386
05:03:54,300 --> 05:03:56,800
You adjust your hat because 
everyone wore caps. 

5387
05:03:56,800 --> 05:04:00,300
Then it wasn't optional, like, 
wearing pants to Walmart, and 

5388
05:04:00,300 --> 05:04:03,200
push through those Swinging 
Doors, they spring back behind 

5389
05:04:03,200 --> 05:04:07,000
you with a satisfying whoosh. 
And suddenly, you're inside and 

5390
05:04:07,000 --> 05:04:10,200
oh, my, it's quite a scene. 
The first thing that hits you 

5391
05:04:10,200 --> 05:04:13,600
isn't the site. 
It's the sound, it's loud. 

5392
05:04:13,600 --> 05:04:17,400
It's not as loud as a rock 
concert, but rather as loud as a

5393
05:04:17,408 --> 05:04:21,300
busy restaurant on a Friday 
night, Conversations overlap 

5394
05:04:21,300 --> 05:04:24,900
like competing radio stations 
punctuated by the occasional 

5395
05:04:24,900 --> 05:04:27,700
burst of laughter. 
The scrape of chairs on wooden 

5396
05:04:27,700 --> 05:04:31,500
floors and the rhythmic Funk 
Funk of someone dealing cards at

5397
05:04:31,500 --> 05:04:34,500
a table near the back. 
The second thing that hits you 

5398
05:04:34,500 --> 05:04:37,300
is the smell. 
It's a complex bouquet that no 

5399
05:04:37,300 --> 05:04:40,700
modern knows is quite prepared 
for, there's the obvious whiskey

5400
05:04:40,700 --> 05:04:42,700
and tobacco. 
But underneath, that is the 

5401
05:04:42,700 --> 05:04:46,800
earthy scent of wool and leather
metallic Tang of Gun oil and 

5402
05:04:46,800 --> 05:04:50,200
something that might charitably 
be called Frontier cologne, but 

5403
05:04:50,200 --> 05:04:53,000
more accurately described as 
three weeks without a proper 

5404
05:04:53,000 --> 05:04:55,800
bath. 
The lighting is dim, not 

5405
05:04:55,800 --> 05:04:59,200
romantic restaurant dim, but we 
only have oil lamps and candles.

5406
05:04:59,200 --> 05:05:01,700
Dim your eyes. 
Take a moment to adjust. 

5407
05:05:01,700 --> 05:05:04,800
Like, when you walk into a movie
theater, except the movie 

5408
05:05:04,800 --> 05:05:07,600
theater, doesn't have armed 
patrons and questionable hygiene

5409
05:05:07,600 --> 05:05:10,000
standards. 
And there you stand, just inside

5410
05:05:10,000 --> 05:05:13,500
those famous Swinging Doors 
taking in your first real wild 

5411
05:05:13,500 --> 05:05:16,500
west Saloon. 
The adventure is about to begin.

5412
05:05:16,500 --> 05:05:19,200
And honestly, you're not 
entirely sure whether to be 

5413
05:05:19,208 --> 05:05:22,900
excited or concerned, maybe 
both, probably both. 

5414
05:05:22,900 --> 05:05:26,400
You can now see the faces around
you, as your eyes have adjusted 

5415
05:05:26,400 --> 05:05:31,000
to the oil lamps Amber glow and 
what face is they are It's as if

5416
05:05:31,008 --> 05:05:34,000
you've stepped into a dynamic to
garrette only with everyone in 

5417
05:05:34,000 --> 05:05:37,100
motion and summer. 
The first rule of saloon 

5418
05:05:37,100 --> 05:05:39,800
etiquette which nobody bothered 
to mention in your guide book is

5419
05:05:39,800 --> 05:05:43,400
this, don't just stand there. 
Gawking like a tourist at Times 

5420
05:05:43,400 --> 05:05:45,500
Square, you need to move with 
purpose. 

5421
05:05:45,500 --> 05:05:49,000
Even if that purpose is simply 
find a place to sit without 

5422
05:05:49,000 --> 05:05:52,200
getting shot. 
The bartender, catches your eye 

5423
05:05:52,200 --> 05:05:56,100
and nods, a universal gesture 
that transcends time and roughly

5424
05:05:56,100 --> 05:05:58,300
translates to buy something or 
get out. 

5425
05:05:59,300 --> 05:06:02,000
He's a large man with sleeves 
rolled up past his elbows 

5426
05:06:02,000 --> 05:06:05,200
sporting the kind of mustache 
that required serious daily 

5427
05:06:05,200 --> 05:06:08,400
maintenance think Tom Selleck, 
but with more experience 

5428
05:06:08,400 --> 05:06:11,200
breaking up fights and less 
experienced solving crimes in 

5429
05:06:11,200 --> 05:06:13,400
Hawaii. 
You scan the room for seating 

5430
05:06:13,400 --> 05:06:16,000
options. 
There's the bar itself naturally

5431
05:06:16,000 --> 05:06:18,400
with a few empty stools that 
look about as comfortable as 

5432
05:06:18,400 --> 05:06:20,800
sitting on a fence post. 
The bar is actually quite 

5433
05:06:20,800 --> 05:06:23,800
impressive a long stretch of 
polished wood that seen more 

5434
05:06:23,800 --> 05:06:27,100
drama than a soap opera. 
Behind the bar bottles line the 

5435
05:06:27,100 --> 05:06:29,900
shelves like glass soldiers. 
However, several of them have 

5436
05:06:29,900 --> 05:06:32,400
handwritten labels that raise 
questions about quality control 

5437
05:06:32,400 --> 05:06:34,700
standards. 
Then there are the tables 

5438
05:06:34,700 --> 05:06:37,700
scattered around the room. 
This is where the study of 

5439
05:06:37,700 --> 05:06:39,800
social anthropology becomes 
fascinating. 

5440
05:06:39,800 --> 05:06:44,500
Each table seems to have its 
ecosystem its own unspoken rules

5441
05:06:44,500 --> 05:06:46,800
and its potential for sudden 
violence. 

5442
05:06:48,200 --> 05:06:51,800
A table of real cowboys not the 
Hollywood version sits near the 

5443
05:06:51,800 --> 05:06:55,300
front window their Dusty Sun 
weather and looked like they 

5444
05:06:55,300 --> 05:06:58,600
haven't seen a barber in months.
Their hats are sweat stained and

5445
05:06:58,600 --> 05:07:02,500
practical their boots are 
scuffed from actual work and for

5446
05:07:02,500 --> 05:07:04,800
their clothes have that lived in
quality that comes from spending

5447
05:07:04,800 --> 05:07:07,800
weeks on the trail. 
Their nursing beers and 

5448
05:07:07,800 --> 05:07:10,000
discussing something that 
involves a lot of gesturing 

5449
05:07:10,000 --> 05:07:13,700
towards the door. you decide to 
file these observations under 

5450
05:07:13,700 --> 05:07:18,100
information to remember and keep
looking in the corner, there's a

5451
05:07:18,100 --> 05:07:19,600
poker game happening at around 
table. 

5452
05:07:19,600 --> 05:07:23,300
The players are a mixed bunch a 
man in a slightly too fancy 

5453
05:07:23,300 --> 05:07:24,200
vest. 
Who might be a traveling 

5454
05:07:24,200 --> 05:07:27,300
salesman a grizzled prospector, 
who's a beard? 

5455
05:07:27,300 --> 05:07:30,300
Could hide a small animal. 
And two other gentlemen, whose 

5456
05:07:30,300 --> 05:07:31,900
occupations are harder to 
determine. 

5457
05:07:31,900 --> 05:07:36,100
But who serious expression? 
Suggests the stakes are real The

5458
05:07:36,100 --> 05:07:39,300
fourth rule of saloon survival 
which follows the first three 

5459
05:07:39,300 --> 05:07:40,700
rules of. 
Don't stare. 

5460
05:07:40,700 --> 05:07:44,700
Don't touch anyone's hat and 
don't ask about anyone's past. 

5461
05:07:44,700 --> 05:07:48,800
Is this never sit at a poker 
table unless you're invited and 

5462
05:07:48,800 --> 05:07:50,900
prepared to lose your shirt, 
literally. 

5463
05:07:52,000 --> 05:07:55,100
There's a piano in one corner 
and upright, that seemed better 

5464
05:07:55,100 --> 05:07:58,100
decades where a woman in a blue 
dress is playing something that 

5465
05:07:58,100 --> 05:08:00,800
might be. 
Oh, Susanna if you squint your 

5466
05:08:00,800 --> 05:08:04,200
ears, just right, she's what 
they called a saloon girl and 

5467
05:08:04,200 --> 05:08:07,400
her job description, included 
entertainment, conversation and 

5468
05:08:07,400 --> 05:08:10,500
selling drinks, despite what 
Hollywood might have suggested, 

5469
05:08:10,500 --> 05:08:13,500
most saloon girls were 
essentially, the taverns 

5470
05:08:13,500 --> 05:08:15,900
customer service 
Representatives, not anything 

5471
05:08:15,900 --> 05:08:18,900
more scandalous. 
The characters continue to 

5472
05:08:18,900 --> 05:08:22,500
unfold before you like the pages
in a very dusty book. 

5473
05:08:23,400 --> 05:08:26,600
The gentleman at the bar dressed
immaculately in a black suit, a 

5474
05:08:26,600 --> 05:08:29,300
clean hat and Shining boots is a
sight to behold. 

5475
05:08:29,300 --> 05:08:32,800
He could be a banker a preacher,
or someone you really don't want

5476
05:08:32,800 --> 05:08:35,100
to accidentally bump into his 
coat. 

5477
05:08:35,100 --> 05:08:37,000
Hangs. 
Just so, and you can't tell if 

5478
05:08:37,000 --> 05:08:38,900
that's because he's very 
particular about his appearance 

5479
05:08:38,900 --> 05:08:41,400
or because he's carrying 
something under there, that 

5480
05:08:41,400 --> 05:08:45,000
requires easy access At a small 
table near the back. 

5481
05:08:45,000 --> 05:08:47,300
A couple of older men are 
engaged in what appears to be 

5482
05:08:47,300 --> 05:08:50,000
either a heated philosophical 
debate, or an argument about 

5483
05:08:50,000 --> 05:08:51,700
whose turn it is to buy the next
round. 

5484
05:08:52,500 --> 05:08:55,300
Their voice is rise and fall 
like a verbal tide and 

5485
05:08:55,300 --> 05:08:56,600
occasionally, one of them 
pounds. 

5486
05:08:56,600 --> 05:08:59,100
The table for emphasis making 
the glasses jump. 

5487
05:09:00,100 --> 05:09:01,700
You realize, you're still 
standing there like a 

5488
05:09:01,700 --> 05:09:04,100
decoration, so you make your 
move toward the bar. 

5489
05:09:05,000 --> 05:09:07,600
The bartender watches your 
approach with the expression of 

5490
05:09:07,600 --> 05:09:10,200
someone who seen everything at 
least twice in his easily 

5491
05:09:10,200 --> 05:09:12,600
impressed. 
As you climb onto one of those 

5492
05:09:12,600 --> 05:09:13,500
fence. 
Post stools. 

5493
05:09:13,500 --> 05:09:17,200
You notice the bars surface 
tells its stories ring stains 

5494
05:09:17,200 --> 05:09:20,300
from countless glasses, small 
Nicks from knives. 

5495
05:09:20,300 --> 05:09:23,300
And what might be initials 
carved by patreons with too much

5496
05:09:23,308 --> 05:09:26,600
time and whiskey. 
The stool Creeks, ominously 

5497
05:09:26,600 --> 05:09:29,800
under your weight, not because 
you're heavy, but because it's 

5498
05:09:29,800 --> 05:09:33,100
held together with hope nails 
and possibly some very 

5499
05:09:33,100 --> 05:09:36,000
determined termites. 
You settle in trying to look 

5500
05:09:36,000 --> 05:09:39,300
like you belong or fighting the 
urge to ask if they have a wine 

5501
05:09:39,300 --> 05:09:42,800
list. 
The bartender approaches wiping 

5502
05:09:42,800 --> 05:09:45,100
his hands, on a towel that has 
witnessed Better Days. 

5503
05:09:45,700 --> 05:09:48,500
What will it be? 
He asks and you realize you're 

5504
05:09:48,500 --> 05:09:51,500
about to make your first real 
decision in the Wild West. 

5505
05:09:52,500 --> 05:09:55,800
Choose Wisely your stomach and 
your reputation may depend on 

5506
05:09:55,808 --> 05:09:57,200
it. 
What will it be? 

5507
05:09:57,200 --> 05:10:00,700
The bartender asks again and you
realize that this isn't like 

5508
05:10:00,700 --> 05:10:03,600
browsing through a 20-page menu 
at the Cheesecake Factory. 

5509
05:10:04,400 --> 05:10:06,900
Your options are limited and 
some of them might be 

5510
05:10:06,900 --> 05:10:08,900
questionable for your long-term 
Health prospects. 

5511
05:10:09,800 --> 05:10:11,200
Let's start with the drinks, 
shall we? 

5512
05:10:12,200 --> 05:10:15,000
The house specialty is whiskey 
and buy specialty. 

5513
05:10:15,000 --> 05:10:17,700
I mean, it's basically the only 
option that won't require you to

5514
05:10:17,700 --> 05:10:20,700
lie down afterward. 
However, it's important to note 

5515
05:10:20,700 --> 05:10:23,800
that the master distiller did 
not age Frontier whiskey in 

5516
05:10:23,800 --> 05:10:25,500
Charming Oak, barrels for 12 
years. 

5517
05:10:25,500 --> 05:10:29,300
Oh no, this whiskey was aged for
about as long as it took to make

5518
05:10:29,308 --> 05:10:31,400
it, which was roughly the same 
amount of time. 

5519
05:10:31,400 --> 05:10:35,000
It takes to microwave a burrito,
the bartender holds up a bottle 

5520
05:10:35,000 --> 05:10:38,300
with a handwritten label that 
simply says whiskey in letters 

5521
05:10:38,300 --> 05:10:40,900
that suggest the writers hand 
wasn't entirely steady at the 

5522
05:10:40,900 --> 05:10:43,500
time. 
The liquid inside has an amber 

5523
05:10:43,500 --> 05:10:47,300
color that could generously be 
called rustic or more accurately

5524
05:10:47,300 --> 05:10:51,600
described as concerning. but you
know what, when you've been 

5525
05:10:51,600 --> 05:10:54,000
eating Trail Dust for three 
days, your standards become 

5526
05:10:54,000 --> 05:10:56,900
remarkably flexible, Whiskey 
sounds, perfect. 

5527
05:10:56,900 --> 05:11:01,100
You say, because when in Rome, 
or in this case, when in a place

5528
05:11:01,100 --> 05:11:03,900
where Rome seems like a distant 
fever dream, you do as the 

5529
05:11:03,900 --> 05:11:07,400
locals, do the bartender pours. 
You a shot in a glass, that's 

5530
05:11:07,400 --> 05:11:09,100
clean enough. 
Assuming you don't look too 

5531
05:11:09,100 --> 05:11:11,600
closely at The Rim. 
The whiskey boasts. 

5532
05:11:11,600 --> 05:11:14,800
A color reminiscent of weak tea 
and an aroma reminiscent of, 

5533
05:11:14,800 --> 05:11:18,900
what could once have been corn, 
you take a sip and wow, it's 

5534
05:11:18,900 --> 05:11:21,700
like liquid, campfire with hints
of regret and a finish that 

5535
05:11:21,700 --> 05:11:23,400
suggests. 
You should probably eat 

5536
05:11:23,400 --> 05:11:27,500
something soon. 
Speaking of food, let's talk 

5537
05:11:27,500 --> 05:11:32,000
about your dining options, the 
menu such as it exists as posted

5538
05:11:32,000 --> 05:11:35,000
on a chalkboard behind the bar 
written in the same shaky 

5539
05:11:35,000 --> 05:11:36,300
handwriting as the whiskey 
label. 

5540
05:11:36,300 --> 05:11:40,300
Your choice is a beef stew. 
Beans and bacon cornbread and 

5541
05:11:40,300 --> 05:11:42,300
something. 
Optimistically labeled fresh 

5542
05:11:42,300 --> 05:11:44,900
fish. 
Now you're in the middle of the 

5543
05:11:44,900 --> 05:11:47,600
desert. 
So the fresh fish raises, some 

5544
05:11:47,600 --> 05:11:51,400
immediate questions fresh from 
where exactly, how can the fish 

5545
05:11:51,400 --> 05:11:53,900
be considered fresh, when the 
nearest substantial body of 

5546
05:11:53,900 --> 05:11:57,400
water is a three-day ride away. 
The bartender notices, your 

5547
05:11:57,400 --> 05:12:00,300
expression and Chuckles. 
Don't worry about the fish. 

5548
05:12:00,300 --> 05:12:03,500
He says, been on the menu for 
two years, nobody's ever ordered

5549
05:12:03,500 --> 05:12:05,900
it. 
You decide beef stew? 

5550
05:12:05,900 --> 05:12:09,100
Sounds like the safest bet. 
It's a decision that shows 

5551
05:12:09,100 --> 05:12:11,900
wisdom beyond your years or at 
least beyond your experience 

5552
05:12:11,900 --> 05:12:15,300
with Frontier cuisine. 
The bartender calls your order 

5553
05:12:15,300 --> 05:12:18,100
back to the kitchen which is 
apparently just behind a curtain

5554
05:12:18,100 --> 05:12:20,400
doorway where you can hear the 
sounds of serious. 

5555
05:12:20,400 --> 05:12:23,300
Cooking happening lots of 
clanging, some creative 

5556
05:12:23,300 --> 05:12:26,200
vocabulary and what might be 
prayer while you, wait, you 

5557
05:12:26,200 --> 05:12:28,000
notice the other patrons dining 
choices? 

5558
05:12:28,000 --> 05:12:31,100
The Cowboys at the front table 
are sharing a plate of beans and

5559
05:12:31,100 --> 05:12:34,100
bacon, that could probably feed 
a small army or at least three 

5560
05:12:34,100 --> 05:12:36,600
famished Cowboys. 
They're eating with the 

5561
05:12:36,600 --> 05:12:40,000
efficiency of people who view 
food as fuel rather than an 

5562
05:12:40,000 --> 05:12:42,800
experience, which is probably 
the right attitude when you're 

5563
05:12:42,800 --> 05:12:45,700
dining options are limited to 
brown stuff and other brown 

5564
05:12:45,700 --> 05:12:48,100
stuff. 
The poker players have ordered 

5565
05:12:48,100 --> 05:12:50,700
rounds of everything, 
apparently, because their table 

5566
05:12:50,700 --> 05:12:53,900
looks like a frontier Buffet. 
There are plates of cornbread 

5567
05:12:53,900 --> 05:12:58,600
bowls of Sears to Stew strip of 
bacon and enough whiskey to fill

5568
05:12:58,600 --> 05:13:00,700
a small boat. 
Of course, they're playing for 

5569
05:13:00,700 --> 05:13:02,400
money. 
So they might be trying to 

5570
05:13:02,400 --> 05:13:05,500
fortify themselves for a long 
night of cards and potentially 

5571
05:13:05,500 --> 05:13:08,600
life-changing losses. 
The well-dressed gentleman at 

5572
05:13:08,608 --> 05:13:11,800
the bar is nursing a single 
glass of whiskey and a plate of 

5573
05:13:11,800 --> 05:13:14,600
cornbread eating. 
With the careful, Precision of 

5574
05:13:14,600 --> 05:13:18,000
someone, who's either very 
refined or very suspicious of 

5575
05:13:18,000 --> 05:13:21,200
the food quality. 
Cuts his cornbread into perfect 

5576
05:13:21,200 --> 05:13:24,600
squares and chews thoughtfully. 
Like he's conducting a 

5577
05:13:24,600 --> 05:13:26,100
scientific analysis of its 
ingredients. 

5578
05:13:27,300 --> 05:13:31,100
Your stew arrives carried by a 
woman who emerges from behind 

5579
05:13:31,100 --> 05:13:34,100
the kitchen curtain like she's 
stepping onto a stage. 

5580
05:13:35,000 --> 05:13:37,900
She's the cook clearly. 
And she sets the bowl down with 

5581
05:13:37,900 --> 05:13:39,800
the pride of someone who knows 
her craft. 

5582
05:13:40,600 --> 05:13:45,300
A thin Bowl, hot enough to Brand
cattle, holds the stew and its 

5583
05:13:45,300 --> 05:13:47,800
contents appear. 
Substantial, the stew contains 

5584
05:13:47,800 --> 05:13:50,200
chunks of beef that were once 
tough, but have now become 

5585
05:13:50,200 --> 05:13:52,800
tender vegetables. 
That could be charitably 

5586
05:13:52,800 --> 05:13:56,200
described as rustic and a gravy.
Thick enough to serve as a 

5587
05:13:56,200 --> 05:13:58,300
mortar. 
It smells fantastic actually, 

5588
05:13:58,300 --> 05:14:01,300
like, comfort food made by 
someone who understands that 

5589
05:14:01,300 --> 05:14:03,000
Comfort. 
Sometimes comes in the form of 

5590
05:14:03,008 --> 05:14:05,700
calories and warmth, rather than
presentation and Molecular 

5591
05:14:05,700 --> 05:14:08,700
Gastronomy. 
You take a spoonful and it's 

5592
05:14:08,700 --> 05:14:11,700
delicious, really good. 
The kind of good that makes you 

5593
05:14:11,700 --> 05:14:14,000
understand why people wrote 
songs about home cooking. 

5594
05:14:14,900 --> 05:14:17,600
The cornbread that comes with it
is dense and filling with a 

5595
05:14:17,600 --> 05:14:20,600
slightly sweet taste that 
balances the hearty stew 

5596
05:14:20,600 --> 05:14:23,200
perfectly. 
It's nothing like the fluffy 

5597
05:14:23,200 --> 05:14:25,400
cake like cornbread. 
You might know from Modern 

5598
05:14:25,400 --> 05:14:28,300
restaurants. 
This bread symbolizes business 

5599
05:14:28,300 --> 05:14:31,400
and can sustain you throughout a
long day of your plan from here 

5600
05:14:31,400 --> 05:14:34,600
activities. 
As you eat, you start to relax a

5601
05:14:34,600 --> 05:14:37,400
little, the whiskey has smooth, 
some of your rough edges. 

5602
05:14:37,400 --> 05:14:40,900
The food is warming, you from 
the inside out and the general 

5603
05:14:40,900 --> 05:14:44,200
atmosphere is starting to feel 
less like a movie set and more 

5604
05:14:44,200 --> 05:14:48,000
like Just a place where people 
come to eat and drink and escape

5605
05:14:48,000 --> 05:14:50,200
from their day. 
But then you notice something 

5606
05:14:50,200 --> 05:14:52,700
that makes your spoon pores, 
halfway to your mouth. 

5607
05:14:53,600 --> 05:14:56,600
The conversation at the Cowboys 
table has gotten quieter more 

5608
05:14:56,600 --> 05:14:58,700
intense. 
They keep glancing toward the 

5609
05:14:58,708 --> 05:15:00,900
door and one of them has shifted
his chair. 

5610
05:15:00,900 --> 05:15:02,100
So he has a better view of the 
entrance. 

5611
05:15:03,000 --> 05:15:05,700
The well-dressed gentleman has 
also noticed the changes and has

5612
05:15:05,700 --> 05:15:07,000
angled himself slightly on his 
stool. 

5613
05:15:07,000 --> 05:15:10,400
Uh-oh, you get the feeling that 
your peaceful dinner is about to

5614
05:15:10,400 --> 05:15:12,900
become significantly, more 
interesting, you're just 

5615
05:15:12,900 --> 05:15:16,100
starting to feel settled. 
The stew is warming, your belly.

5616
05:15:16,100 --> 05:15:19,500
The whiskey is taken the edge of
three days of Stagecoach, travel

5617
05:15:19,500 --> 05:15:22,300
in your beginning. 
To think there's whole Wild West

5618
05:15:22,300 --> 05:15:24,900
experience might be more 
civilized than the story 

5619
05:15:24,900 --> 05:15:28,300
suggested. 
At that moment, that Wing doors 

5620
05:15:28,300 --> 05:15:31,600
open forcefully, causing the 
rooms temperature to drop by 

5621
05:15:31,600 --> 05:15:35,400
approximately 10 degrees. 
Three men walking and they walk 

5622
05:15:35,400 --> 05:15:37,500
like they own the place they 
appear as though their 

5623
05:15:37,500 --> 05:15:40,100
contemplating acquiring it 
without the need for paperwork. 

5624
05:15:40,100 --> 05:15:44,000
They're different from the other
Patron's cleaner better dressed 

5625
05:15:44,000 --> 05:15:46,900
but with an edge that makes 
everyone else look like Sunday 

5626
05:15:46,900 --> 05:15:50,600
school teachers by comparison. 
The leader is tall and lean 

5627
05:15:50,600 --> 05:15:54,000
wearing a black coat that seen 
some use, but not much abuse. 

5628
05:15:54,800 --> 05:15:58,200
His hat is perfectly positioned 
and his boots exuded a shine 

5629
05:15:58,200 --> 05:16:00,800
that suggests the other 
meticulously maintained his 

5630
05:16:00,800 --> 05:16:03,500
belongings or hasn't been 
traversing the desert dust for 

5631
05:16:03,500 --> 05:16:06,400
days. 
His eyes scan the room with the 

5632
05:16:06,400 --> 05:16:09,900
methodical, Precision of someone
conducting an inventory, his 

5633
05:16:09,900 --> 05:16:13,500
companions flank him like 
bookends one short-term stockier

5634
05:16:13,500 --> 05:16:15,000
built. 
Like a man who settles 

5635
05:16:15,000 --> 05:16:18,100
disagreements with his fists and
another whose trying a little 

5636
05:16:18,108 --> 05:16:21,100
too difficult to look casual 
while obviously being anything 

5637
05:16:21,100 --> 05:16:24,600
but They moved to the bar but 
not before the tour. 

5638
05:16:24,600 --> 05:16:27,900
One makes eye contact with 
several patrons including you. 

5639
05:16:28,700 --> 05:16:32,100
now you've never been in a 
situation quite like this, but 

5640
05:16:32,100 --> 05:16:35,800
some instincts are Universal, 
it's akin to being an a 

5641
05:16:35,800 --> 05:16:38,300
restaurant, when a group enters 
that exudes an unsettling 

5642
05:16:38,300 --> 05:16:42,500
presence, it excessively loud 
overly aggressive and behaving, 

5643
05:16:42,500 --> 05:16:45,800
as though they are seeking 
confrontation, Except in this 

5644
05:16:45,800 --> 05:16:49,000
case, the people who might find 
trouble are armed and there's no

5645
05:16:49,000 --> 05:16:52,300
manager to complain to the 
bartender's demeanor changes. 

5646
05:16:52,300 --> 05:16:55,500
Subtly He is still approaches 
them and asks what they want but

5647
05:16:55,500 --> 05:16:58,300
now this tension in his 
shoulders the Cowboys at the 

5648
05:16:58,300 --> 05:17:01,400
front table of gone completely 
quiet which is probably the 

5649
05:17:01,400 --> 05:17:03,800
frontier equivalent of turning 
off your phone when you sent 

5650
05:17:03,800 --> 05:17:05,800
drama Brewing. 
Whiskey. 

5651
05:17:05,800 --> 05:17:07,800
So as the tall, stranger the 
good stuff. 

5652
05:17:07,800 --> 05:17:09,500
Not what you've been serving in,
everyone else? 

5653
05:17:10,700 --> 05:17:13,800
This story is interesting. 
Apparently, there's a two-tier 

5654
05:17:13,800 --> 05:17:16,200
beverage system in operation 
here and you've been drinking 

5655
05:17:16,200 --> 05:17:20,100
from the economy section The 
bartender reaches under the bar 

5656
05:17:20,100 --> 05:17:23,500
and produces a different bottle.
This one with an actual printed 

5657
05:17:23,500 --> 05:17:26,000
label and liquid, that doesn't 
look like it could strip paint. 

5658
05:17:26,900 --> 05:17:29,500
As the strangers get their 
drinks, you notice, the poker 

5659
05:17:29,500 --> 05:17:32,600
game is paused, the players are 
still holding their cards, but 

5660
05:17:32,600 --> 05:17:33,800
nobody's looking at them 
anymore. 

5661
05:17:34,700 --> 05:17:37,900
The saloon girl has stopped 
playing piano mid-song, which 

5662
05:17:37,900 --> 05:17:41,200
creates an awkward sense that 
everyone pretends not to notice 

5663
05:17:41,200 --> 05:17:44,900
you continue eating your stew. 
Trying to channel the energy of 

5664
05:17:44,908 --> 05:17:48,100
someone who's totally absorbed 
in their meal and definitely not

5665
05:17:48,100 --> 05:17:50,400
eavesdropping on potentially 
dangerous conversations. 

5666
05:17:50,400 --> 05:17:53,700
Your task is harder than it. 
Sounds when every instinct is 

5667
05:17:53,700 --> 05:17:57,000
telling you to pay attention to 
the new arrivals The tall 

5668
05:17:57,000 --> 05:17:59,800
stranger turns from the bar, 
whiskey and hand and addresses 

5669
05:17:59,800 --> 05:18:02,100
the room in general evening, 
folks. 

5670
05:18:02,100 --> 05:18:05,100
Beautiful night, isn't it? 
His voice is Pleasant enough, 

5671
05:18:05,100 --> 05:18:09,000
but there's something underneath
it like a velvet glove with 

5672
05:18:09,000 --> 05:18:12,900
brass knuckles inside. 
A few people Mumble responses. 

5673
05:18:12,900 --> 05:18:15,900
Someone asks a question that 
you're uncertain if the right 

5674
05:18:15,900 --> 05:18:19,600
answer could lead to your death.
We're looking for someone, The 

5675
05:18:19,600 --> 05:18:22,600
Stranger continues, taking a 
casual sip of his whiskey 

5676
05:18:22,600 --> 05:18:25,400
researching For A Friend by the 
name of Thompson. 

5677
05:18:26,200 --> 05:18:28,600
Bill Thompson heard, he might be
in these parts. 

5678
05:18:28,600 --> 05:18:31,100
Now, you don't know anyone named
Bill Thompson. 

5679
05:18:31,100 --> 05:18:34,700
You can feel the collective 
tension in the room ratchet up 

5680
05:18:34,700 --> 05:18:37,600
another notch. 
It's like when someone asks who 

5681
05:18:37,600 --> 05:18:40,300
broke this and even though 
you're in innocent, you still 

5682
05:18:40,300 --> 05:18:43,500
feel guilty. 
One of the Cowboys clears his 

5683
05:18:43,508 --> 05:18:45,900
throat. 
Daughter Thompsons in these 

5684
05:18:45,900 --> 05:18:47,300
parts. 
He says carefully. 

5685
05:18:48,100 --> 05:18:49,700
Might help if you could be more 
specific. 

5686
05:18:51,300 --> 05:18:53,800
The Stranger smiles and it's not
entirely a pleasant expression. 

5687
05:18:54,800 --> 05:18:59,200
Oh, you'd know this Thompson. 
If you saw him about 40 brown 

5688
05:18:59,200 --> 05:19:02,500
hair scar on his left cheek from
a disagreement about Catalonia 

5689
05:19:02,500 --> 05:19:07,000
ship tends to be memorable. 
The description hangs in the air

5690
05:19:07,000 --> 05:19:10,600
like smoke from a bad cigar. 
You notice the well-dressed 

5691
05:19:10,600 --> 05:19:13,300
gentleman at the bar has become 
very interested in the bottom of

5692
05:19:13,308 --> 05:19:16,600
his whiskey glass and the poker 
players have the Frozen Look of 

5693
05:19:16,600 --> 05:19:19,300
people trying to become 
invisible through sheer force of

5694
05:19:19,300 --> 05:19:21,700
will. 
Can't say the name rings, a 

5695
05:19:21,700 --> 05:19:23,200
bell. 
The cowboy says, which is 

5696
05:19:23,200 --> 05:19:25,300
probably true, but also probably
not the whole truth. 

5697
05:19:25,300 --> 05:19:28,200
The Stranger nods like he 
expected this answer. 

5698
05:19:29,100 --> 05:19:31,800
Well, that's disappointing. 
But understandable. 

5699
05:19:31,800 --> 05:19:36,600
Sometimes people's memories need
a little encouragement. and 

5700
05:19:36,600 --> 05:19:39,000
that's when you realize your 
peaceful evening has a fishy 

5701
05:19:39,000 --> 05:19:41,600
taken a turn toward the kind of 
excitement you read about in 

5702
05:19:41,600 --> 05:19:44,000
Diamond novels, but never 
actually wanted to experience 

5703
05:19:44,000 --> 05:19:48,500
first hand The stew suddenly 
tastes like cardboard and the 

5704
05:19:48,500 --> 05:19:50,500
whiskey isn't warming. 
Your stomach so much as 

5705
05:19:50,500 --> 05:19:53,500
churning. 
It You keep eating trying to 

5706
05:19:53,500 --> 05:19:55,900
look like someone who's 
completely oblivious to the 

5707
05:19:55,900 --> 05:19:59,200
growing tension while your mind 
races through your options. 

5708
05:20:00,200 --> 05:20:02,900
You could finish quickly and 
leave that that might draw 

5709
05:20:02,900 --> 05:20:05,300
attention. 
You could stay and hope things 

5710
05:20:05,300 --> 05:20:07,900
settle down, but that could mean
getting caught in whatever's 

5711
05:20:07,900 --> 05:20:09,700
about to happen. 
Or you could just keep eating 

5712
05:20:09,700 --> 05:20:12,100
stew and pretend you're anywhere
else, which is your current 

5713
05:20:12,100 --> 05:20:14,200
strategy, but probably not a 
long-term solution. 

5714
05:20:15,300 --> 05:20:18,700
The Stranger takes another sip 
of his whiskey and smiles that 

5715
05:20:18,700 --> 05:20:21,300
unsettling smile again. 
Well, no hurry. 

5716
05:20:21,300 --> 05:20:23,700
We've got all night. 
Oh good. 

5717
05:20:23,700 --> 05:20:27,000
They're staying this should be 
interesting in a situation like 

5718
05:20:27,000 --> 05:20:29,500
this. 
It can be quite challenging to 

5719
05:20:29,500 --> 05:20:32,800
focus on your own Affairs when 
everyone else is activities are 

5720
05:20:32,800 --> 05:20:35,900
taking place right next to you. 
It's like trying to ignore a 

5721
05:20:35,900 --> 05:20:39,700
fire alarm technically possible,
but probably not advisable for 

5722
05:20:39,700 --> 05:20:43,200
your continued well-being. 
You've developed a sudden 

5723
05:20:43,200 --> 05:20:46,400
intense fascination with your 
stew examining each piece of 

5724
05:20:46,400 --> 05:20:49,100
beef like your conducting a 
scientific study on Frontier 

5725
05:20:49,100 --> 05:20:52,000
cooking technique's. 
Meanwhile, the three strangers 

5726
05:20:52,000 --> 05:20:54,900
have settled in at a table near 
the center of the room close 

5727
05:20:54,900 --> 05:20:57,700
enough to watch everyone far 
enough from the door to make 

5728
05:20:57,700 --> 05:20:59,700
leaving quickly a challenge for 
anyone else. 

5729
05:21:00,400 --> 05:21:03,300
The tall one seemingly 
representing the group has 

5730
05:21:03,300 --> 05:21:06,700
initiated a conversation with a 
variety of patrons is the kind 

5731
05:21:06,700 --> 05:21:09,100
of conversation where one person
asked questions and everyone 

5732
05:21:09,100 --> 05:21:11,700
else provides answers that are 
technically truthful, but 

5733
05:21:11,700 --> 05:21:14,500
carefully and complete. 
Nice Town, you've got here. 

5734
05:21:14,500 --> 05:21:17,800
He says to the room in general 
quiet peaceful. 

5735
05:21:17,800 --> 05:21:20,700
The kind of place, where a man 
could disappear if you wanted 

5736
05:21:20,700 --> 05:21:24,200
to. 
The Cowboys nod politely similar

5737
05:21:24,200 --> 05:21:26,600
to how one might nor when 
someone makes a comment about 

5738
05:21:26,600 --> 05:21:28,600
the weather. 
That could be interpreted as a 

5739
05:21:28,600 --> 05:21:32,100
threat, the poker players have 
resumed their game, but you 

5740
05:21:32,100 --> 05:21:34,900
notice their betting much more 
conservatively than before. 

5741
05:21:35,700 --> 05:21:38,600
Nothing dampens, the spirit of 
gambling, more than the threat 

5742
05:21:38,600 --> 05:21:42,100
of unexpected violence. 
The bartender continues wiping 

5743
05:21:42,100 --> 05:21:45,500
glasses with that towel. 
Which by now must be either 

5744
05:21:45,500 --> 05:21:47,700
perfectly clean or completely 
contaminated. 

5745
05:21:48,700 --> 05:21:51,400
He's developed the expression of
someone who's seen this movie 

5746
05:21:51,400 --> 05:21:54,300
before and knows, it doesn't end
with everyone shaking hands and 

5747
05:21:54,300 --> 05:21:57,400
sharing recipes. 
You're making excellent progress

5748
05:21:57,400 --> 05:21:59,500
on your stew. 
When the shorter of the three 

5749
05:21:59,500 --> 05:22:02,700
strangers, the one bill like a 
human, Cannonball stands up and 

5750
05:22:02,700 --> 05:22:05,600
stretches. 
It's an innocent enough gesture.

5751
05:22:05,600 --> 05:22:08,600
Except for the way, his coat 
Falls open just enough to 

5752
05:22:08,600 --> 05:22:10,500
reveal. 
What's definitely not a pocket 

5753
05:22:10,500 --> 05:22:12,800
watch on his hip. 
Think I'll take a look around. 

5754
05:22:12,800 --> 05:22:16,100
He announces get familiar with 
the local geography. 

5755
05:22:16,100 --> 05:22:19,100
He starts wandering between the 
tables, not bothering anyone. 

5756
05:22:19,100 --> 05:22:21,100
Exactly. 
But making his presence felt 

5757
05:22:21,800 --> 05:22:24,100
it's like having a tiger 
casually stroll through your 

5758
05:22:24,100 --> 05:22:27,000
living room. 
It might not eat you, but you're

5759
05:22:27,000 --> 05:22:28,500
definitely going to keep track 
of where it is. 

5760
05:22:30,000 --> 05:22:32,600
When he gets to the poker table,
he pulls us to watch the game. 

5761
05:22:32,600 --> 05:22:36,100
Interesting, he says, looking at
the cards, that's almost a 

5762
05:22:36,100 --> 05:22:38,900
winning hand. 
You've got their friend Actor 

5763
05:22:38,900 --> 05:22:41,900
with the impressive beard looks 
up nervously just having a 

5764
05:22:41,900 --> 05:22:43,600
friendly game, mister nothing 
serious. 

5765
05:22:44,500 --> 05:22:47,200
Oh, I'm sure the stranger 
replies though. 

5766
05:22:47,200 --> 05:22:49,300
I noticed you've got quite a 
pile of coins there. 

5767
05:22:49,300 --> 05:22:52,600
Lucky night. 
Some nights are better than 

5768
05:22:52,600 --> 05:22:54,300
others. 
The prospector, says carefully. 

5769
05:22:54,300 --> 05:22:57,400
The Stranger nods thoughtfully. 
That's true. 

5770
05:22:57,400 --> 05:23:00,000
Some nights. 
A man's luck can change. 

5771
05:23:00,000 --> 05:23:03,500
Very suddenly, it's not exactly 
a threat but it's not exactly 

5772
05:23:03,500 --> 05:23:06,300
not a threat either. 
It's that special, kind of 

5773
05:23:06,300 --> 05:23:08,900
Frontier Communication. 
That says everything while 

5774
05:23:08,900 --> 05:23:11,800
saying nothing like a passive 
aggressive email written with 

5775
05:23:11,800 --> 05:23:15,300
six shooters, The wandering 
stranger continues his tour 

5776
05:23:15,300 --> 05:23:20,200
eventually making his way toward
the bar toward you. you become 

5777
05:23:20,200 --> 05:23:23,100
intensely interested in the last
few spoonfuls of your stew, 

5778
05:23:23,100 --> 05:23:26,000
hoping to project the aura of 
someone completely absorbed in 

5779
05:23:26,008 --> 05:23:29,800
their dinner and definitely not 
worth talking to Evening, he 

5780
05:23:29,800 --> 05:23:33,400
says settling onto the stool 
next to you evening, you reply. 

5781
05:23:33,400 --> 05:23:36,200
Because ignoring him would be 
rude and rudeness in this 

5782
05:23:36,200 --> 05:23:38,600
situation, could have 
consequences that extend beyond 

5783
05:23:38,600 --> 05:23:41,200
hurt feeling. 
Good stew. 

5784
05:23:41,200 --> 05:23:43,400
He asks, looking at your bowl. 
Yes. 

5785
05:23:43,400 --> 05:23:44,500
Quite good. 
You answer. 

5786
05:23:44,500 --> 05:23:46,400
Honestly. 
No point in lying about 

5787
05:23:46,400 --> 05:23:49,900
something so easily. 
Verified, You're not from around

5788
05:23:49,900 --> 05:23:51,200
here. 
He observes. 

5789
05:23:51,200 --> 05:23:54,500
It's not a question. 
Just passing through you say 

5790
05:23:54,500 --> 05:23:56,700
which is true and hopefully 
boring enough to end the 

5791
05:23:56,708 --> 05:24:00,000
conversation, he nods and orders
a whiskey from the bartender. 

5792
05:24:00,900 --> 05:24:03,700
Not the good stuff, you notice 
which suggests either budget 

5793
05:24:03,700 --> 05:24:06,500
constraints or that he's not as 
important as his toll friend. 

5794
05:24:07,300 --> 05:24:10,100
While he waits for his drink, he
studies you with the Casual 

5795
05:24:10,100 --> 05:24:12,900
interest of someone examining a 
potentially interesting bug. 

5796
05:24:14,000 --> 05:24:17,600
Passing through to where he asks
now, you're in slightly trickier

5797
05:24:17,600 --> 05:24:20,300
territory too much detail. 
Might make you memorable in 

5798
05:24:20,300 --> 05:24:22,400
ways. 
You don't want to be too little 

5799
05:24:22,400 --> 05:24:25,600
might make you seem suspicious. 
You go with vague but plausible.

5800
05:24:26,400 --> 05:24:28,900
West, you say, looking for 
opportunities. 

5801
05:24:28,900 --> 05:24:32,000
He Chuckles. 
Aren't we all friend heart? 

5802
05:24:32,000 --> 05:24:36,900
We all his whiskey arrives, and 
He takes a sip then he leans 

5803
05:24:36,900 --> 05:24:39,700
slightly closer and you catch a 
whiff of tobacco leather. 

5804
05:24:39,700 --> 05:24:42,300
And something that might be made
or might be bear Grease. 

5805
05:24:43,200 --> 05:24:46,700
But of advice, he says quietly 
sometimes the best opportunity 

5806
05:24:46,700 --> 05:24:50,400
is knowing when to keep moving, 
know what I mean you nod because

5807
05:24:50,400 --> 05:24:52,800
you do know what he means and 
because agreeing seems like the 

5808
05:24:52,800 --> 05:24:55,500
safest option. 
He's telling you in the polite 

5809
05:24:55,500 --> 05:24:58,300
as possible terms that this 
might be a good night to finish 

5810
05:24:58,300 --> 05:25:01,300
your dinner and find somewhere 
else to be. appreciate the 

5811
05:25:01,300 --> 05:25:04,800
advice you say, He nods and 
returns to his whiskey 

5812
05:25:04,800 --> 05:25:07,300
apparently, satisfied. 
That his message has been 

5813
05:25:07,308 --> 05:25:10,100
delivered and understood. 
He finished the last of your 

5814
05:25:10,100 --> 05:25:13,200
stew and Cornbread trying to eat
at a pace that suggests, you're 

5815
05:25:13,200 --> 05:25:14,900
not hurrying but not lingering 
either. 

5816
05:25:15,700 --> 05:25:18,900
That's when the Batwing doors 
swing, open again and this time 

5817
05:25:18,900 --> 05:25:22,100
you know, before you even look 
that whoever's coming in is 

5818
05:25:22,100 --> 05:25:24,400
going to make the evening 
significantly more complicated. 

5819
05:25:25,400 --> 05:25:27,500
Because that's how these things 
work in the wild west. 

5820
05:25:27,500 --> 05:25:31,100
Just when you think you've got a
handle on the situation, the 

5821
05:25:31,100 --> 05:25:34,500
situation decides to handle you 
instead the man who walks 

5822
05:25:34,500 --> 05:25:37,700
through those batwing doors is 
about 40 years old has brown 

5823
05:25:37,700 --> 05:25:40,400
hair and sports a scar on his 
left cheek. 

5824
05:25:40,400 --> 05:25:42,700
That looks like it came from a 
disagreement about cattle 

5825
05:25:42,700 --> 05:25:45,600
ownership. 
In other words, he matches the 

5826
05:25:45,600 --> 05:25:48,600
description of Bill Thompson 
perfectly, which means your 

5827
05:25:48,600 --> 05:25:51,100
peaceful evening. 
Has just transformed into front 

5828
05:25:51,100 --> 05:25:55,100
row seats for whatever's about 
to unfold. but here's the thing 

5829
05:25:55,100 --> 05:25:57,900
that makes this intriguing from 
a social dynamics perspective, 

5830
05:25:58,800 --> 05:26:01,000
Bill Thompson doesn't look 
surprised to see the three 

5831
05:26:01,000 --> 05:26:02,800
strangers. 
He doesn't pause. 

5832
05:26:02,800 --> 05:26:06,000
He doesn't scan the room, 
nervously and doesn't show any 

5833
05:26:06,000 --> 05:26:07,900
of the signs. 
You'd expect from someone who is

5834
05:26:07,900 --> 05:26:11,700
being hunted, instead he walks 
to the bar with the Casual 

5835
05:26:11,700 --> 05:26:14,500
confidence of a man whose 
precisely where he wants to be 

5836
05:26:14,500 --> 05:26:17,800
evening Jake. 
He says, to the bartender who 

5837
05:26:17,800 --> 05:26:20,500
suddenly looks like, he'd rather
be anywhere else, perhaps 

5838
05:26:20,500 --> 05:26:23,200
somewhere peaceful like the 
middle of a buffalo, stampede. 

5839
05:26:24,300 --> 05:26:26,900
The tall stranger at the center 
table doesn't say anything 

5840
05:26:26,900 --> 05:26:29,600
immediately. 
He just watches Thompson order, 

5841
05:26:29,600 --> 05:26:32,600
a whiskey and settle against the
bar like he owns it. 

5842
05:26:34,400 --> 05:26:38,300
Silent stretches out like taffy 
and you can practically hear 

5843
05:26:38,300 --> 05:26:40,100
everyone in the room, not 
breathing. 

5844
05:26:40,100 --> 05:26:43,600
Finally, the tool. 
Stranger speaks, Bill Thompson. 

5845
05:26:44,300 --> 05:26:46,300
That's right. 
Thompson replies without turning

5846
05:26:46,300 --> 05:26:49,900
around and you'd be Carson 
unless I miss my guess. 

5847
05:26:50,600 --> 05:26:53,600
Carson. 
Now, the tall stranger has a 

5848
05:26:53,600 --> 05:26:56,200
name, which somehow makes the 
whole situation feel more real 

5849
05:26:56,200 --> 05:26:57,500
and more dangerous at the same 
time. 

5850
05:26:58,500 --> 05:27:01,700
Carson stands up slowly the kind
of deliberate movement that 

5851
05:27:01,700 --> 05:27:04,100
suggests, he's very comfortable 
with everyone's attention, 

5852
05:27:04,100 --> 05:27:06,900
focused on him. 
Being looking for you, Bill. 

5853
05:27:07,900 --> 05:27:10,400
I figured that was the case 
Thompson says taking a sip of 

5854
05:27:10,400 --> 05:27:13,900
his whiskey heard, you boys were
asking around thought I'd say 

5855
05:27:13,900 --> 05:27:15,500
you the trouble of hunting all 
over creation. 

5856
05:27:16,400 --> 05:27:19,000
Now, this is intriguing. 
Instead of a Manhunt your 

5857
05:27:19,000 --> 05:27:20,500
witnessing. 
What appears to be a plan 

5858
05:27:20,500 --> 05:27:22,600
meeting? 
The question is whether it's 

5859
05:27:22,600 --> 05:27:25,200
going to be a civilized 
conversation or something that 

5860
05:27:25,200 --> 05:27:26,800
requires you to duck under 
tables. 

5861
05:27:28,200 --> 05:27:31,400
The cowboy at the front table, 
shifts slightly in his chair and

5862
05:27:31,400 --> 05:27:33,900
you notice his hand resting 
casually near his side. 

5863
05:27:34,900 --> 05:27:37,500
The poker players have given up 
all pretense of playing cards 

5864
05:27:37,500 --> 05:27:40,800
and openly watching the 
proceedings, even the saloon 

5865
05:27:40,800 --> 05:27:43,300
girl is positioned herself near.
What you hope is a back exit. 

5866
05:27:44,100 --> 05:27:46,700
Carson moves away from his table
but not quickly, not 

5867
05:27:46,700 --> 05:27:50,000
aggressively, it's more like a 
dance where both Partners know 

5868
05:27:50,000 --> 05:27:52,300
the steps. 
You've got something that 

5869
05:27:52,300 --> 05:27:55,700
belongs to my employer bill. 
That's so Thompson says what 

5870
05:27:55,700 --> 05:27:57,600
might that be? 
Don't play games. 

5871
05:27:57,600 --> 05:28:01,000
The money from the Tucson job 
Thompson Chuckles, but it's not 

5872
05:28:01,000 --> 05:28:04,500
particularly amused sound money.
What makes you think? 

5873
05:28:04,500 --> 05:28:06,000
I've got any money? 
Look at me. 

5874
05:28:06,000 --> 05:28:08,800
Carson, do I look like a man 
who's recently come into wealth 

5875
05:28:08,800 --> 05:28:12,500
and he's got a point, Thompson's
clothes are worn, but clean, his

5876
05:28:12,500 --> 05:28:15,100
boots are scuffed and his hat. 
To seem Betty years. 

5877
05:28:15,100 --> 05:28:18,300
If he sitting on a pile of 
stolen money, he's either 

5878
05:28:18,300 --> 05:28:20,500
excellent at hiding it or 
terrible at spending it. 

5879
05:28:21,500 --> 05:28:24,700
My employer seems to think 
otherwise Carson says your 

5880
05:28:24,700 --> 05:28:27,500
employer thinks many things 
doesn't make them true. 

5881
05:28:27,500 --> 05:28:30,000
The conversation is polite, 
almost casual. 

5882
05:28:30,000 --> 05:28:32,700
But you can feel the 
undercurrent of violence running

5883
05:28:32,700 --> 05:28:34,500
beneath it like a stream under 
ice. 

5884
05:28:35,300 --> 05:28:37,700
Both men are armed. 
You can tell by the way, they 

5885
05:28:37,700 --> 05:28:40,800
carry themselves, the way their 
coats, hang and the way they 

5886
05:28:40,800 --> 05:28:43,900
position their hands. 
The question is whether they are

5887
05:28:43,900 --> 05:28:46,700
going to keep talking or start 
shooting your beginning to 

5888
05:28:46,700 --> 05:28:49,300
understand why the bartender was
nervous about the fish on the 

5889
05:28:49,300 --> 05:28:51,300
menu. 
In a place where business 

5890
05:28:51,300 --> 05:28:54,500
disputes are settled with 
gunpowder freshness, standards 

5891
05:28:54,500 --> 05:28:56,800
are probably flexible. 
The shorter. 

5892
05:28:56,800 --> 05:28:59,100
Stranger the one who gave you 
the friendly advice about 

5893
05:28:59,100 --> 05:29:02,100
knowing when to keep moving. 
Has positioned himself near the 

5894
05:29:02,100 --> 05:29:03,700
door? 
Not blocking it. 

5895
05:29:03,700 --> 05:29:05,700
Exactly. 
But making it clear that anyone 

5896
05:29:05,700 --> 05:29:07,500
wanting to leave would need to 
get past him. 

5897
05:29:09,000 --> 05:29:11,400
The third member of their group 
has moved to cover the back of 

5898
05:29:11,408 --> 05:29:13,700
the room. 
Thompson seems to notice these 

5899
05:29:13,700 --> 05:29:15,500
movements without looking 
directly at them. 

5900
05:29:16,400 --> 05:29:19,400
What the whole crew did you? 
That's flattering though. 

5901
05:29:19,400 --> 05:29:21,700
I have to say for a friendly 
conversation about money. 

5902
05:29:21,700 --> 05:29:25,100
I don't have you boys seem a 
little prepared. 

5903
05:29:26,100 --> 05:29:29,000
Just being careful cars and says
nothing personal. 

5904
05:29:29,800 --> 05:29:33,200
Oh, I'm sure Thompson replies 
just like what happened in 

5905
05:29:33,208 --> 05:29:36,700
Prescott was nothing personal 
Carson's expression changes 

5906
05:29:36,700 --> 05:29:39,500
slightly At The Mention Of 
Prescott and you get the feeling

5907
05:29:39,500 --> 05:29:40,700
that there's a whole other 
story. 

5908
05:29:40,700 --> 05:29:44,800
There probably involving more 
cattle, more disagreements, and 

5909
05:29:44,800 --> 05:29:47,900
definitely more scars. 
That was business. 

5910
05:29:47,900 --> 05:29:51,000
Carson says so is this Thompson 
replies. 

5911
05:29:51,000 --> 05:29:54,200
And that's when you realize that
you're not just witnessing a 

5912
05:29:54,200 --> 05:29:56,500
confrontation between men with a
disagreement about money. 

5913
05:29:57,500 --> 05:29:59,900
You're watching the continuation
of something that started 

5914
05:29:59,900 --> 05:30:03,100
somewhere else, probably 
involving cattle because 

5915
05:30:03,100 --> 05:30:06,000
everything in the west, seems to
involve cattle and definitely 

5916
05:30:06,000 --> 05:30:08,500
involving the kind of business 
that leaves scars on people's 

5917
05:30:08,500 --> 05:30:10,800
faces. 
The room has gone completely 

5918
05:30:10,800 --> 05:30:14,000
quiet except for the sound of 
your own heartbeat which seems 

5919
05:30:14,000 --> 05:30:16,300
unreasonably loud given the 
circumstances. 

5920
05:30:17,200 --> 05:30:19,700
You're trying to decide whether 
finishing your whiskey would be 

5921
05:30:19,700 --> 05:30:23,600
a good idea, liquid courage, or 
a terrible idea impaired 

5922
05:30:23,600 --> 05:30:26,600
judgment, when Thompson turned 
slightly and catches your eye. 

5923
05:30:27,500 --> 05:30:29,500
You might want to step outside 
for some are friend. 

5924
05:30:29,500 --> 05:30:31,800
He says quietly. 
Sometimes these business 

5925
05:30:31,800 --> 05:30:34,800
discussions, get a little 
heated, which is probably the 

5926
05:30:34,800 --> 05:30:37,500
polite way anyone has ever 
suggested that you evacuate 

5927
05:30:37,500 --> 05:30:40,400
before the shooting starts. 
Here's the thing, about the wild

5928
05:30:40,400 --> 05:30:42,900
west, that all those Hollywood 
movies, got wrong, most 

5929
05:30:42,900 --> 05:30:45,900
confrontations didn't end in 
gunfights, they ended in the 

5930
05:30:45,900 --> 05:30:49,300
negotiations compromises and 
people finding ways to settle 

5931
05:30:49,300 --> 05:30:51,300
their different without 
ventilating each other. 

5932
05:30:51,300 --> 05:30:54,500
Because despite what the dime 
novels suggested most folks 

5933
05:30:54,500 --> 05:30:55,900
preferred being alive to being 
legendary. 

5934
05:30:56,900 --> 05:30:59,400
Your contemplating Thompson 
suggestion about stepping 

5935
05:30:59,400 --> 05:31:01,900
outside when something 
unexpected happened. 

5936
05:31:03,200 --> 05:31:07,100
Carson, laughs Carlson, laughs 
not with a menacing or bitter 

5937
05:31:07,100 --> 05:31:09,900
laugh, but with an actual 
genuine laugh that changes his 

5938
05:31:09,900 --> 05:31:11,800
entire face. 
You know what? 

5939
05:31:11,800 --> 05:31:15,700
Bill Your absolutely right. 
This idea is ridiculous. 

5940
05:31:16,700 --> 05:31:19,600
He sits back down at his table 
and the tension in the room. 

5941
05:31:19,600 --> 05:31:22,700
Does not exactly disappear but 
it shifts into something more 

5942
05:31:22,700 --> 05:31:26,400
manageable removing the timer. 
Instead of cutting wires is akin

5943
05:31:26,400 --> 05:31:29,200
to diffusing a bomb. 
We're both getting too old for 

5944
05:31:29,200 --> 05:31:32,300
this Carson continues. 
And honestly, my employer is an 

5945
05:31:32,300 --> 05:31:34,900
idiot. 
Thompson turns around still 

5946
05:31:34,900 --> 05:31:36,700
holding his whiskey eyebrows 
raised. 

5947
05:31:36,700 --> 05:31:39,000
That's quite an admission coming
from you. 

5948
05:31:39,000 --> 05:31:42,000
Well, it's true. 
Sending me in the boys all the 

5949
05:31:42,008 --> 05:31:45,000
way out here to collect money. 
That probably doesn't exist from

5950
05:31:45,000 --> 05:31:46,600
a job. 
That went sideways six months 

5951
05:31:46,600 --> 05:31:49,400
ago from a man who has been 
trying to go straight ever 

5952
05:31:49,400 --> 05:31:51,100
since. 
Carson, shakes his head. 

5953
05:31:51,900 --> 05:31:53,500
Some days. 
I wonder why I don't just buy a 

5954
05:31:53,508 --> 05:31:57,100
farm and raise chickens. 
The shorter stranger looks 

5955
05:31:57,100 --> 05:31:59,700
confused by this turn of events 
boss. 

5956
05:32:00,400 --> 05:32:03,000
We came all this way. 
I know what we came here for. 

5957
05:32:03,000 --> 05:32:06,000
Mike, Carson says, but 
occasionally, you get somewhere 

5958
05:32:06,000 --> 05:32:07,600
in realize the trip wasn't worth
taking. 

5959
05:32:08,400 --> 05:32:10,900
Thompson moves away from the bar
but towards Carson's table, not 

5960
05:32:10,900 --> 05:32:13,500
towards the door. 
He pulls out a chair and sits 

5961
05:32:13,500 --> 05:32:16,300
down still cautious, but no 
longer looking like he's 

5962
05:32:16,300 --> 05:32:18,900
expecting to dodge bullets. 
So what happens? 

5963
05:32:18,900 --> 05:32:22,600
Now. 
Thompson asks now, Now we finish

5964
05:32:22,600 --> 05:32:25,300
our drinks, you tell me what 
really happened in Tucson, and 

5965
05:32:25,300 --> 05:32:27,600
maybe we figure out how to 
explain to my employer, that his

5966
05:32:27,600 --> 05:32:30,200
money disappeared Into Thin Air 
without anyone getting shot over

5967
05:32:30,200 --> 05:32:32,500
it. 
And just like that, the standoff

5968
05:32:32,500 --> 05:32:36,000
becomes a conversation The 
Cowboys at the front table, 

5969
05:32:36,000 --> 05:32:38,300
start breathing again. 
The poker players. 

5970
05:32:38,300 --> 05:32:39,700
Remember they have cards to 
play? 

5971
05:32:40,500 --> 05:32:43,600
The saloon girl begins playing 
the piano again but this time 

5972
05:32:43,600 --> 05:32:45,900
she selects a more cheerful tune
than the one she played 

5973
05:32:45,900 --> 05:32:49,100
previously, you decide to stay 
put an order another whiskey 

5974
05:32:49,100 --> 05:32:51,900
because the scene is turning 
into, exactly the kind of 

5975
05:32:51,900 --> 05:32:55,800
Frontier drama, you came West to
experience except without the 

5976
05:32:55,800 --> 05:32:57,800
Mortal Peril, you hadn't really 
planned on. 

5977
05:32:59,400 --> 05:33:01,900
Thompson signals Jake for 
another drink and settles into 

5978
05:33:01,900 --> 05:33:04,600
his chair. 
Tucson was a disaster from the 

5979
05:33:04,600 --> 05:33:05,500
start. 
He begins. 

5980
05:33:05,500 --> 05:33:09,000
Your employer had a bank that 
turned out to be expecting us. 

5981
05:33:09,800 --> 05:33:14,200
Inside information had to be. 
We walked into that bank and 

5982
05:33:14,200 --> 05:33:16,400
found half the territorial 
militia waiting for us. 

5983
05:33:16,400 --> 05:33:20,800
Lost two, good men, barely got 
out alive and came away with 

5984
05:33:20,800 --> 05:33:23,200
exactly nothing except a new 
found appreciation. 

5985
05:33:23,200 --> 05:33:26,200
For honest work, Carson nods 
thoughtfully. 

5986
05:33:26,200 --> 05:33:29,900
That explains some things. 
By employer has been mighty 

5987
05:33:29,900 --> 05:33:33,400
closed, mouth about the details,
probably because he set us up 

5988
05:33:33,400 --> 05:33:37,900
tops and says my guest He made a
deal with the law decided We 

5989
05:33:37,900 --> 05:33:40,600
Were Expendable and figured he'd
collect the reward money in 

5990
05:33:40,600 --> 05:33:44,700
stead of paying us. 
A shortest Ranger, Mike looks 

5991
05:33:44,700 --> 05:33:47,600
between his boss and tops and 
like he's watching a tennis 

5992
05:33:47,600 --> 05:33:49,600
match played with words instead 
of bulls. 

5993
05:33:50,400 --> 05:33:52,000
So there never was any money to 
recover. 

5994
05:33:52,700 --> 05:33:55,800
Oh there was money. 
Thompson says just not where my 

5995
05:33:55,800 --> 05:33:59,000
employer thinks it ended up. 
He reaches into his coat. 

5996
05:33:59,000 --> 05:34:00,600
And for a moment, everyone tends
his again. 

5997
05:34:00,608 --> 05:34:03,800
But what he pulls out is a 
folded piece of paper, not a 

5998
05:34:03,800 --> 05:34:06,200
weapon. 
Bank draft, he explains showing 

5999
05:34:06,200 --> 05:34:08,600
it to Carson. 
It was intended for the Tucson 

6000
05:34:08,600 --> 05:34:10,900
orphanage. 
Figured if I was going to steal 

6001
05:34:10,900 --> 05:34:13,000
money, I might as well steal it 
for someone who needed it. 

6002
05:34:13,000 --> 05:34:16,300
More than your employer did cast
an examines the paper and his 

6003
05:34:16,300 --> 05:34:19,200
expression shifts to one that 
could be interpreted as respect.

6004
05:34:20,200 --> 05:34:23,700
You donated stolen money to an 
orphanage. seemed like the right

6005
05:34:23,700 --> 05:34:26,900
thing to do at the time tops and
says, with a shrug still does 

6006
05:34:26,900 --> 05:34:30,400
actually Like looks completely 
baffled by this turn of events 

6007
05:34:30,400 --> 05:34:32,300
boss. 
What do we tell him? 

6008
05:34:32,300 --> 05:34:35,000
Back in Phoenix? 
Carson folds, the bank draft, 

6009
05:34:35,000 --> 05:34:37,900
and hands, it back to Thompson. 
We tell him that Bill Thompson 

6010
05:34:37,900 --> 05:34:39,800
is dead. 
What? 

6011
05:34:39,800 --> 05:34:44,000
Mike's voice goes up, an octave 
died in a gunfight tragic, 

6012
05:34:44,000 --> 05:34:46,200
really? 
We buried him outside of town 

6013
05:34:46,200 --> 05:34:49,700
and said some words a very 
touching ceremony Carson's 

6014
05:34:49,700 --> 05:34:51,900
deadpan delivery would make a 
professional poker player. 

6015
05:34:51,900 --> 05:34:56,400
Proud Money was never recovered.
He probably spent all the money 

6016
05:34:56,400 --> 05:34:58,200
on Whiskey and loose women 
before he died. 

6017
05:34:59,000 --> 05:35:01,700
Thompson grins. 
I like it, though. 

6018
05:35:01,700 --> 05:35:03,900
I prefer to think I spent it on 
Whiskey and tight women. 

6019
05:35:04,900 --> 05:35:08,600
Details cars and waves. 
Dismissively point is, as far as

6020
05:35:08,608 --> 05:35:11,300
Phoenix is concerned. 
This case is closed and that's 

6021
05:35:11,300 --> 05:35:13,700
when you realize you've just 
witnessed something remarkable. 

6022
05:35:14,600 --> 05:35:17,100
Problem solved, not with 
violence but with creativity 

6023
05:35:17,100 --> 05:35:20,600
pragmatism and a healthy dose of
Frontier Justice. 

6024
05:35:21,400 --> 05:35:24,100
This solution ensures that 
everyone leaves with their lives

6025
05:35:24,100 --> 05:35:27,000
and dignity intact. 
The Sloan has returned to 

6026
05:35:27,000 --> 05:35:30,000
something approaching normal. 
The poker game has resumed with 

6027
05:35:30,000 --> 05:35:32,900
renewed, enthusiasm. 
Apparently nothing makes cards 

6028
05:35:32,900 --> 05:35:35,300
more captivating than the 
possibility that you might not 

6029
05:35:35,300 --> 05:35:38,500
live to play another hand. 
The Cowboys have ordered another

6030
05:35:38,500 --> 05:35:41,100
round and a back to discussing 
whatever, important Cowboy 

6031
05:35:41,100 --> 05:35:43,700
business they were discussing 
before the excitement started. 

6032
05:35:44,600 --> 05:35:47,000
Carson stands up and extends his
hand to Thompson. 

6033
05:35:47,800 --> 05:35:50,300
It's been a pleasure doing 
business with you Bill, or 

6034
05:35:50,300 --> 05:35:52,700
should I say, it's been a 
pleasure not doing business with

6035
05:35:52,700 --> 05:35:54,600
you Thompson shakes. 
His hand. 

6036
05:35:55,400 --> 05:35:58,100
Likewise give my regards to 
Phoenix. 

6037
05:35:58,100 --> 05:36:02,500
Tell them I died bravely. 
Oh, I will, I will probably 

6038
05:36:02,500 --> 05:36:05,200
include some details about how 
you took three of us with you 

6039
05:36:05,200 --> 05:36:06,700
just to make the story more 
interesting. 

6040
05:36:08,200 --> 05:36:11,500
Mike still looks confused, but 
the third member of Carson's 

6041
05:36:11,500 --> 05:36:15,100
group whose been silent through 
most of this, finally speaks up.

6042
05:36:16,200 --> 05:36:18,000
Does your statement mean we can 
go home now? 

6043
05:36:18,800 --> 05:36:20,000
I'm tired of sleeping on the 
ground. 

6044
05:36:20,800 --> 05:36:24,000
Yes, Eddie, we can go home 
Carter says patiently and we can

6045
05:36:24,000 --> 05:36:26,000
stop at that hotel in Flagstaff 
on the way back. 

6046
05:36:27,000 --> 05:36:30,100
The one with the actual beds the
one with the actual beds. 

6047
05:36:30,800 --> 05:36:34,200
Eddie Brighton's considerably at
this news apparently even in the

6048
05:36:34,208 --> 05:36:36,800
wild west a good night's sleep 
was worth more than a 

6049
05:36:36,800 --> 05:36:40,500
questionable gunfight. 
As Carson's group prepares to 

6050
05:36:40,500 --> 05:36:42,700
leave. 
The toolman pauses at your 

6051
05:36:42,700 --> 05:36:44,700
table. 
Thanks for the entertainment. 

6052
05:36:44,700 --> 05:36:47,500
He says not often do we get to 
watch a business meeting that 

6053
05:36:47,500 --> 05:36:49,100
ends with everyone still 
breathing? 

6054
05:36:50,000 --> 05:36:52,800
My pleasure, you reply raising 
your glass and a small salute. 

6055
05:36:52,800 --> 05:36:55,000
Here's to creative problem 
solving. 

6056
05:36:56,000 --> 05:37:00,000
I'll drink to that says and 
surprisingly he does finishing 

6057
05:37:00,000 --> 05:37:03,100
his whiskey in one smooth motion
before tipping his hat and 

6058
05:37:03,100 --> 05:37:06,900
heading for the door. 
The saloon settles in to a 

6059
05:37:06,900 --> 05:37:09,300
comfortable evening Rhythm as 
the three strangers disappear 

6060
05:37:09,300 --> 05:37:13,100
through the Batwing doors 
Thompson moves to the bar orders

6061
05:37:13,100 --> 05:37:16,000
another whiskey and Strikes up a
conversation with Jacob about 

6062
05:37:16,000 --> 05:37:18,800
the weather and the price of 
cattle you sit back in your 

6063
05:37:18,800 --> 05:37:21,800
chair nursing your second, 
whiskey and marveling at what 

6064
05:37:21,800 --> 05:37:24,900
you've just experienced in the 
span of two hours. 

6065
05:37:24,900 --> 05:37:28,600
You've witnessed a Manhunt a 
standoff and negotiation and a 

6066
05:37:28,600 --> 05:37:30,400
resolution that would have made 
Solomon proud. 

6067
05:37:30,400 --> 05:37:33,900
You've seen grown men solve 
their problems with words and of

6068
05:37:33,900 --> 05:37:36,100
weapons and creativity instead 
of violence. 

6069
05:37:36,900 --> 05:37:40,100
The saloon girl starts playing 
Red River Valley and this time 

6070
05:37:40,100 --> 05:37:43,300
she gets all the notes, right? 
The poker players are laughing 

6071
05:37:43,300 --> 05:37:45,900
at something. 
The prospector said, the Cowboys

6072
05:37:45,900 --> 05:37:49,000
are planning their next cattle 
drive and you're sitting in a 

6073
05:37:49,000 --> 05:37:51,900
wild West Tavern, drinking 
whiskey that tastes like liquid.

6074
05:37:51,900 --> 05:37:55,900
Campfire, eating stew that could
keep you going for a week and 

6075
05:37:55,900 --> 05:37:59,700
thinking that maybe just maybe 
the real wild west was more 

6076
05:37:59,700 --> 05:38:02,200
intriguing than any Hollywood 
movie ever suggested. 

6077
05:38:03,000 --> 05:38:06,200
Because the truth is most 
people, then just like, most 

6078
05:38:06,200 --> 05:38:08,900
people now were just trying to 
get through their day without 

6079
05:38:08,900 --> 05:38:11,100
too much trouble. 
They wanted to eat a decent 

6080
05:38:11,100 --> 05:38:14,700
meal, have a drink with friends,
maybe play some cards and go 

6081
05:38:14,700 --> 05:38:17,400
home to their families. 
The fact that they sometimes 

6082
05:38:17,400 --> 05:38:20,700
carried guns and settled 
disputes with jewels doesn't 

6083
05:38:20,700 --> 05:38:23,800
mean they preferred violence. 
It just means they lived in a 

6084
05:38:23,800 --> 05:38:26,100
time and place where being 
prepared for trouble was a 

6085
05:38:26,108 --> 05:38:29,700
practical necessity. 
As the evening winds down and 

6086
05:38:29,700 --> 05:38:32,600
you can consider heading to 
whatever passes for lodging in 

6087
05:38:32,600 --> 05:38:35,700
this Frontier Town, you reflect 
on the lesson you've learned 

6088
05:38:35,700 --> 05:38:38,200
tonight. 
Some times the most dangerous 

6089
05:38:38,200 --> 05:38:41,700
situations are resolved, not by 
the fastest gun or the strongest

6090
05:38:41,700 --> 05:38:44,400
fighter. 
But by the person clever enough 

6091
05:38:44,400 --> 05:38:46,800
to find a solution that lets 
everyone walk away with their 

6092
05:38:46,800 --> 05:38:50,600
pride intact. 
Thompson glances at you from the

6093
05:38:50,600 --> 05:38:54,300
bar, raising his glass in a 
small salute to orphanages, he 

6094
05:38:54,300 --> 05:38:57,000
says, quietly to often, it is 
your reply. 

6095
05:38:57,000 --> 05:38:59,200
And you both drink to the kind 
of justice that doesn't make 

6096
05:38:59,200 --> 05:39:01,100
headlines, but makes the world a
little bit better. 

6097
05:39:01,100 --> 05:39:04,700
One small Act of decency. 
At a time, outside the desert 

6098
05:39:04,700 --> 05:39:08,100
night is clear and cold full of 
stars that seem close enough to 

6099
05:39:08,100 --> 05:39:12,500
touch inside the Silver Dollar. 
Saloon the oil lamps burn warm 

6100
05:39:12,500 --> 05:39:16,300
and steady the piano plays soft 
Melodies and people who've never

6101
05:39:16,300 --> 05:39:19,600
met before tomorrow will be 
strangers again, sharing stories

6102
05:39:19,600 --> 05:39:22,100
and whiskey and the kind of 
companionship that Travelers 

6103
05:39:22,100 --> 05:39:23,600
have always found in places like
this. 

6104
05:39:24,400 --> 05:39:27,800
And that more than any gunfight,
or cattle, rustling, or Gold 

6105
05:39:27,800 --> 05:39:31,700
Rush drama, is what the wild 
west was really about people 

6106
05:39:31,700 --> 05:39:35,400
finding ways to connect to solve
problems and to help each other 

6107
05:39:35,400 --> 05:39:38,200
through the challenges of living
in a hard place during a hard 

6108
05:39:38,200 --> 05:39:40,800
time. 
Your stew is long, finished. 

6109
05:39:40,800 --> 05:39:44,300
Your whiskey glasses is empty 
and your adventure in Frontier. 

6110
05:39:44,300 --> 05:39:47,500
Dining is complete. 
Tomorrow, you'll climb back on 

6111
05:39:47,500 --> 05:39:51,100
that Stagecoach and continue 
West carrying with you, the 

6112
05:39:51,100 --> 05:39:53,900
memory of an evening, when the 
wild west revealed itself to be 

6113
05:39:53,900 --> 05:39:57,600
not quite as wild as advertised,
but infinitely more fascinating 

6114
05:39:57,600 --> 05:40:00,700
than you'd expected. 
Sometimes the best stories 

6115
05:40:00,700 --> 05:40:03,300
aren't about the fastest guns or
the biggest fights. 

6116
05:40:03,300 --> 05:40:06,300
Sometimes they're about the 
moments when Ordinary People 

6117
05:40:06,300 --> 05:40:09,800
find extraordinary ways to be 
decent to each other even when 

6118
05:40:09,800 --> 05:40:14,000
especially when it would be 
easier not to be and with that 

6119
05:40:14,000 --> 05:40:17,000
thought you finish your whiskey 
tip your hat to Jake the 

6120
05:40:17,000 --> 05:40:20,100
bartender nod farewell to 
Thompson and the other patrons 

6121
05:40:20,100 --> 05:40:23,300
and push through those famous 
batwing doors into the 

6122
05:40:23,300 --> 05:40:26,500
star-filled desert night 
carrying with you a story worth 

6123
05:40:26,500 --> 05:40:29,000
telling and the kind of 
satisfied tiredness that comes 

6124
05:40:29,000 --> 05:40:33,200
from a day well lived and an 
evening well spent The Silver 

6125
05:40:33,200 --> 05:40:36,000
Dollar Saloon settles into its 
nighttime Rhythm behind you 

6126
05:40:36,000 --> 05:40:40,000
ready to welcome the next travel
traveler the next Story the next

6127
05:40:40,000 --> 05:40:43,800
small drama of frontier life. 
Because that's what places like 

6128
05:40:43,800 --> 05:40:46,200
this do. 
They provide a stage where 

6129
05:40:46,200 --> 05:40:49,300
ordinary people can have 
extraordinary moments where 

6130
05:40:49,300 --> 05:40:51,900
strangers can become friends 
over shared meal and a glass of 

6131
05:40:51,900 --> 05:40:54,400
something that might charitably 
be called whiskey. 

6132
05:40:55,300 --> 05:40:58,100
And in the morning the 
stagecoach will come and you'll 

6133
05:40:58,100 --> 05:41:00,900
climb aboard for the next leg of
your journey, but you'll always 

6134
05:41:00,900 --> 05:41:03,300
remember the night you learned 
that the real wild west wasn't 

6135
05:41:03,300 --> 05:41:06,100
one with guns. 
It was one with conversation 

6136
05:41:06,100 --> 05:41:10,300
creativity and the kind of human
decency that transcends time and

6137
05:41:10,300 --> 05:41:14,500
place Suite dreams Travelers the
frontier awaits and now, you 

6138
05:41:14,500 --> 05:41:16,900
know, it's not quite as 
dangerous as the story suggests 

6139
05:41:16,900 --> 05:41:19,800
just infinitely more interesting
than you ever imagined.