How People Lit the Darkness Before Electricity | Boring History

1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,600
Tonight my tired little ones you
Journey Through the Ages when 

2
00:00:03,600 --> 00:00:06,500
darkness was something people 
lived with rather than banished 

3
00:00:06,500 --> 00:00:08,500
at the flick of a switch 
tonight. 

4
00:00:08,500 --> 00:00:11,700
You'll discover how your 
ancestors transformed fire into 

5
00:00:11,700 --> 00:00:15,500
light, creating warmth and 
wonder in the long hours after 

6
00:00:15,500 --> 00:00:18,300
sunset. 
Settle in as we explore the 

7
00:00:18,300 --> 00:00:22,400
flickering fragrant world of 
Illumination before electricity 

8
00:00:22,400 --> 00:00:26,400
changed everything forever. 
So if you are new to the channel

9
00:00:26,400 --> 00:00:29,600
or more importantly, returning 
liking the video and commenting 

10
00:00:29,600 --> 00:00:33,400
significantly helps us out Also,
please let me know where you are

11
00:00:33,400 --> 00:00:35,300
listening in from and what time 
it is for you. 

12
00:00:35,300 --> 00:00:38,600
Now get to that sleepy spot, 
turn on a fan for some white 

13
00:00:38,600 --> 00:00:44,800
noise and let's start You're 
sitting in a cave entrance on a 

14
00:00:44,800 --> 00:00:48,500
hillside in what will someday be
called County, Clare Ireland. 

15
00:00:48,500 --> 00:00:51,600
The ear doesn't matter because 
years haven't been invented yet,

16
00:00:51,600 --> 00:00:56,100
but The season, does its deep 
winter and the sun has just 

17
00:00:56,100 --> 00:00:58,200
slipped below the Western 
Horizon around four. 

18
00:00:58,200 --> 00:01:02,000
In the afternoon, your breath 
makes small clouds in the frigid

19
00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:05,700
air and your fingers are already
going numb despite the sheepskin

20
00:01:05,700 --> 00:01:09,800
wrapped around your shoulders. 
Behind you deeper in the cave. 

21
00:01:09,800 --> 00:01:11,700
Someone has been tending. 
The fire all day. 

22
00:01:11,700 --> 00:01:14,900
This isn't just any fire, it's 
the fire. 

23
00:01:14,900 --> 00:01:17,700
The one, your family group is 
kept alive for three 

24
00:01:17,700 --> 00:01:20,800
generations. 
You know this because your 

25
00:01:20,800 --> 00:01:24,100
grandmother told you and her, 
grandmother told her the fire 

26
00:01:24,100 --> 00:01:27,300
predates, everyone's memory a 
living thing, that demands 

27
00:01:27,300 --> 00:01:30,500
constant attention. 
Let it die, and you'll spend 

28
00:01:30,500 --> 00:01:33,800
hours trying to coax new Flames 
from a friction drill and a 

29
00:01:33,800 --> 00:01:34,700
piece of dried. 
Fungus. 

30
00:01:34,700 --> 00:01:39,400
Your arms aching your patience 
worn thin as birch bark 

31
00:01:40,900 --> 00:01:44,600
Firelight doesn't reach far 
perhaps 15 feet from the half, 

32
00:01:44,600 --> 00:01:48,500
maybe 20 if someone's just added
fresh pine logs that spit and 

33
00:01:48,500 --> 00:01:51,400
crackle enthusiastically beyond 
that radius. 

34
00:01:51,400 --> 00:01:53,500
The darkness isn't just an 
absence of light. 

35
00:01:54,300 --> 00:01:57,400
It's a present, something 
thicken alive, that presses 

36
00:01:57,400 --> 00:01:59,300
against your small circle of 
warmth. 

37
00:02:00,100 --> 00:02:02,300
You can hear things moving out 
there in the winter night. 

38
00:02:03,100 --> 00:02:05,800
Probably just a fox. 
Hopefully, just a fox. 

39
00:02:05,800 --> 00:02:09,400
Your cousin is rotating of 
venison over the flames and the 

40
00:02:09,400 --> 00:02:11,400
smell makes sure stomach 
clenched with hunger. 

41
00:02:12,300 --> 00:02:15,900
Fire like plays across her face,
making her features shift and 

42
00:02:15,900 --> 00:02:18,400
dance and the shadows in this 
light. 

43
00:02:18,400 --> 00:02:22,900
Every one looks different older 
stranger like versions of 

44
00:02:22,900 --> 00:02:24,300
themselves from some other 
world. 

45
00:02:25,400 --> 00:02:27,900
Flames create a theater of 
Shadows on the cave. 

46
00:02:27,900 --> 00:02:32,700
Walls, enormous and distorted 
turning simple human gestures 

47
00:02:32,700 --> 00:02:36,900
into Mythic pantomimes. 
Fire was Humanity's first great 

48
00:02:36,900 --> 00:02:40,400
technology, more important than 
the wheel and more revolutionary

49
00:02:40,400 --> 00:02:44,000
than agriculture before. 
Fire, your species huddled in 

50
00:02:44,008 --> 00:02:50,700
darkness 12 hours out of every 
24 Vulcan teeth and better night

51
00:02:50,700 --> 00:02:53,700
vision. 
After the fire, you would push 

52
00:02:53,700 --> 00:02:56,400
back the darkness. 
Just enough to create a space 

53
00:02:56,400 --> 00:03:00,000
that was yours. 
Not Conquered never that but 

54
00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:04,100
negotiated with An agreement 
between humanity and the night. 

55
00:03:04,100 --> 00:03:07,200
The half is never just about 
light though. 

56
00:03:07,200 --> 00:03:09,100
Light is certainly part of its 
magic. 

57
00:03:09,100 --> 00:03:10,900
It's about heat. 
Yes. 

58
00:03:10,900 --> 00:03:13,900
And cooking and keeping 
Predators nervous enough to 

59
00:03:13,908 --> 00:03:17,400
maintain their distance. 
But watch how everyone arranges 

60
00:03:17,400 --> 00:03:21,400
themselves around it always 
facing inward backs to the 

61
00:03:21,400 --> 00:03:24,800
protected cave wall, eyes drawn 
to the Flames. 

62
00:03:24,800 --> 00:03:28,400
Fire is Hypnotic. 
You could watch it for hours and

63
00:03:28,400 --> 00:03:30,900
sometimes you do because there's
not much else to do once 

64
00:03:30,900 --> 00:03:33,100
Darkness Falls and the days work
is finished. 

65
00:03:33,900 --> 00:03:37,600
Firelight is intimate. 
It only reaches so far creating 

66
00:03:37,600 --> 00:03:39,800
a boundary between your group 
and everything else. 

67
00:03:40,600 --> 00:03:44,500
Inside this circle of 
Illumination, you're safe, warm 

68
00:03:44,500 --> 00:03:47,400
and fed. 
Outside it. 

69
00:03:47,400 --> 00:03:50,700
The world is full of things that
would happily eat you. 

70
00:03:50,700 --> 00:03:53,800
This is the first human 
experience of inside versus 

71
00:03:53,800 --> 00:03:55,800
outside in the metaphorical 
sense. 

72
00:03:56,600 --> 00:03:58,900
The division between 
civilization and Wilderness 

73
00:03:58,900 --> 00:04:01,500
safety and danger and us and 
them. 

74
00:04:01,500 --> 00:04:05,600
All of its starts here with a 
fire at the center and darkness 

75
00:04:05,600 --> 00:04:08,400
at the edges. 
Quality of firelight is 

76
00:04:08,400 --> 00:04:11,000
something you'll never 
experience in your modern life, 

77
00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:15,000
no matter how many candles you 
like during a power outage, it's

78
00:04:15,000 --> 00:04:17,700
not deadly. 
It doesn't stay the same color, 

79
00:04:17,700 --> 00:04:20,399
or intensity for more than a few
seconds at a time. 

80
00:04:20,399 --> 00:04:24,700
The Flames, Surge and subside. 
Like breathing, casting 

81
00:04:24,700 --> 00:04:26,700
everything in shades of orange 
and gold. 

82
00:04:26,700 --> 00:04:31,600
And deep red faces appear, a 
disappear objects at the edge of

83
00:04:31,608 --> 00:04:34,000
the firelight seem to flicker in
and out of existence. 

84
00:04:35,200 --> 00:04:37,500
Your ancestors were just 
shooting around fires. 

85
00:04:37,500 --> 00:04:40,800
They were performing one of the 
most important maintenance tasks

86
00:04:40,800 --> 00:04:43,200
in human history. 
Someone always had to watch the 

87
00:04:43,200 --> 00:04:46,000
Flames had fuel before they died
too. 

88
00:04:46,000 --> 00:04:47,900
Low and protect the coals 
through the night. 

89
00:04:48,700 --> 00:04:52,000
In some cultures, letting the 
communal fire go out was 

90
00:04:52,000 --> 00:04:53,800
considered such a serious 
failure. 

91
00:04:53,800 --> 00:04:56,300
That it carried severe, social 
penalties. 

92
00:04:56,300 --> 00:04:59,500
You'd let down not just your 
family but your entire 

93
00:04:59,500 --> 00:05:03,400
Community, condemning everyone 
to cold Darkness until fire 

94
00:05:03,400 --> 00:05:07,300
could be rekindled, an arduous 
process that might take hours. 

95
00:05:08,000 --> 00:05:11,200
There's an art to fire tending, 
that you learn young too much. 

96
00:05:11,208 --> 00:05:15,800
Would Smothers the Flames too 
little and they die to Embers 

97
00:05:15,800 --> 00:05:20,100
that provide warmth but no light
Wet wood creates more smoke than

98
00:05:20,100 --> 00:05:23,100
illumination. 
Sending everyone into coughing. 

99
00:05:23,100 --> 00:05:25,800
Fits resinous, Pine lights 
quickly. 

100
00:05:25,800 --> 00:05:31,300
But Burns fast Oak Burns, slowly
and steadily but takes forever 

101
00:05:31,300 --> 00:05:34,200
to catch. 
Birch bark makes excellent 

102
00:05:34,200 --> 00:05:38,200
kindling, dry dung. 
Well it's not pleasant to think 

103
00:05:38,200 --> 00:05:40,200
about but it burns. 
Surprisingly. 

104
00:05:40,200 --> 00:05:44,400
Well, when wood is scarce the 
smoke from your Fire Rises and 

105
00:05:44,400 --> 00:05:47,600
pools against the cave ceiling 
before finding its way out 

106
00:05:47,600 --> 00:05:49,400
through cracks and the cave 
entrance. 

107
00:05:50,300 --> 00:05:55,200
Your eyes water constantly, your
clothes, your hair, your skin, 

108
00:05:55,200 --> 00:05:57,900
everything reeks of smoke. 
All the time. 

109
00:05:57,900 --> 00:06:00,200
You stopped not to sing months 
ago. 

110
00:06:00,200 --> 00:06:04,200
This is just what people smell. 
Like, centuries from now 

111
00:06:04,200 --> 00:06:07,600
archaeologists, will be able to 
identify where ancient people's 

112
00:06:07,600 --> 00:06:12,000
lived by testing soil song for 
microscopic charcoal. 

113
00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:16,100
Particles, your presence here in
this cave around. 

114
00:06:16,100 --> 00:06:19,500
This fire will remain detectable
for thousands of years. 

115
00:06:20,400 --> 00:06:24,600
Beyond your fire Circle. 
The winter night is absolute no 

116
00:06:24,600 --> 00:06:27,800
street lights. 
No house lights, no distant 

117
00:06:27,800 --> 00:06:30,000
glow. 
From a neighboring Village, just

118
00:06:30,000 --> 00:06:32,000
darkness. 
So complete that you can't see 

119
00:06:32,000 --> 00:06:34,000
your hand 6 inches from your 
face. 

120
00:06:34,000 --> 00:06:38,000
The stars are brilliant when 
clouds permit brighter than 

121
00:06:38,008 --> 00:06:39,700
anything. 
You've seen in your light, 

122
00:06:39,700 --> 00:06:42,300
polluted Modern Life, but 
Starlight doesn't help. 

123
00:06:42,300 --> 00:06:45,300
You see where you're walking, or
what might be watching you from 

124
00:06:45,300 --> 00:06:49,000
the Shadows. 
So you stay near the fire, you 

125
00:06:49,000 --> 00:06:52,200
arrange your entire life around 
its maintenance and it's limited

126
00:06:52,200 --> 00:06:55,600
radius of Illumination. 
You wake when there's a tough 

127
00:06:55,600 --> 00:06:59,200
dawn like to see by work through
the day then Retreat to the 

128
00:06:59,200 --> 00:07:03,200
Fireside, as Darkness Falls your
world shrinks to what the 

129
00:07:03,200 --> 00:07:07,400
Flame's reveal. 
Stories are told here skills are

130
00:07:07,400 --> 00:07:11,200
taught tools are prepared and 
children fall asleep to the 

131
00:07:11,200 --> 00:07:14,600
sound of crackling wood and 
quiet conversations. 

132
00:07:14,600 --> 00:07:18,200
This is Humanity's first 
experience of artificial light 

133
00:07:18,200 --> 00:07:21,400
though, artificial seems like 
the wrong word for something. 

134
00:07:21,400 --> 00:07:24,900
So Elemental. 
Fire is half-tamed nature. 

135
00:07:24,900 --> 00:07:29,700
Neither fully wild North fully 
domesticated, it consumes, 

136
00:07:29,700 --> 00:07:32,200
whatever you feed it in 
different to your needs 

137
00:07:32,200 --> 00:07:36,600
dangerous. 
Even when contained, Spark jumps

138
00:07:36,600 --> 00:07:38,300
from The Hearth and lands on 
your wool. 

139
00:07:38,300 --> 00:07:40,600
Cloak, you brush it away quickly
before. 

140
00:07:40,600 --> 00:07:44,200
It can smolder into a hole fire 
serves you, but only if you 

141
00:07:44,208 --> 00:07:48,100
remain Vigilant respectful and 
properly afraid, the elders in 

142
00:07:48,100 --> 00:07:50,000
your group. 
Remember, stories passed down 

143
00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:53,500
from their Elders about times 
when fire went out during a 

144
00:07:53,500 --> 00:07:56,300
harsh winter. 
When illness or accident meant? 

145
00:07:56,300 --> 00:07:59,500
No one could end it properly. 
The darkness that followed was 

146
00:07:59,500 --> 00:08:02,200
terrifying. 
Not just physically cold, but 

147
00:08:02,200 --> 00:08:05,600
spiritually desolate. 
Restarting a fire required. 

148
00:08:05,600 --> 00:08:08,700
Finding dry wood. 
In wet, weather preparing Tinder

149
00:08:08,700 --> 00:08:12,000
carefully and spending hours 
creating friction hot enough to 

150
00:08:12,000 --> 00:08:16,200
ignite the kindling. 
Success was never guaranteed. 

151
00:08:17,400 --> 00:08:20,700
some groups, the story say, 
didn't survive, such failures, 

152
00:08:20,700 --> 00:08:24,600
you watched the Flames dance and
realized that this fire connects

153
00:08:24,600 --> 00:08:27,500
you to an unbroken chain of 
light, stretching, back further 

154
00:08:27,500 --> 00:08:31,900
than memory, Every night for 
thousands of generations of 

155
00:08:31,900 --> 00:08:34,100
gathered around fires just like 
this one. 

156
00:08:34,799 --> 00:08:37,900
Particular would might change 
the shape of the half might 

157
00:08:37,900 --> 00:08:41,600
differ, but the essential 
experience remains constant. 

158
00:08:41,600 --> 00:08:47,600
Warm light safety and Community.
All contained, within a small 

159
00:08:47,600 --> 00:08:49,500
radius of flickering 
illumination. 

160
00:08:49,500 --> 00:08:52,200
Your younger sibling is learning
fire tending. 

161
00:08:52,200 --> 00:08:55,700
Now, watching the Flames 
intently learning to read their 

162
00:08:55,700 --> 00:08:58,600
language. 
When the fire burns, yellow and 

163
00:08:58,600 --> 00:09:02,200
high, you're using fresh wood 
when it's settles to blue 

164
00:09:02,200 --> 00:09:04,600
flames. 
Close to the coals, the wood has

165
00:09:04,600 --> 00:09:07,100
mostly burned away. 
Red Embers mean. 

166
00:09:07,100 --> 00:09:10,100
The fire is dying but can be 
revived with careful attention. 

167
00:09:11,100 --> 00:09:14,500
Black smoke means, wet wood, or 
insufficient oxygen. 

168
00:09:14,500 --> 00:09:17,700
These lessons are as important 
as any other knowledge. 

169
00:09:17,700 --> 00:09:21,500
The child will acquire the fire 
shapes your understanding of 

170
00:09:21,500 --> 00:09:24,700
time as well as space you 
measure the evening by the 

171
00:09:24,700 --> 00:09:28,100
amount of wood remaining by how 
low the Flames of burned. 

172
00:09:28,100 --> 00:09:31,700
And by, when coals need to be 
banked for the night, There are 

173
00:09:31,700 --> 00:09:34,600
no clocks here, no precise 
measurements of hours and 

174
00:09:34,600 --> 00:09:39,400
minutes time is the fire burning
down daylight fading and stars 

175
00:09:39,400 --> 00:09:42,900
Wheeling overhead. 
The rhythms are natural tied to 

176
00:09:42,900 --> 00:09:45,600
observable phenomena rather than
abstract numbers. 

177
00:09:46,700 --> 00:09:49,700
As the evening deepens people, 
begin preparing for sleep. 

178
00:09:50,400 --> 00:09:54,200
The fire is built up one final 
time and carefully arranged. 

179
00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:55,900
So it will burn slowly through 
the night. 

180
00:09:56,800 --> 00:10:00,700
Someone tonight is your turn 
will wake periodically to add 

181
00:10:00,700 --> 00:10:02,700
wood to ensure the Fire doesn't 
die. 

182
00:10:02,700 --> 00:10:05,300
Completely. 
This Night Watch is necessary 

183
00:10:05,300 --> 00:10:08,400
but not particularly arduous. 
You've done it since childhood. 

184
00:10:08,400 --> 00:10:12,700
You know the feel of waking in 
darkness, the brief moment of 

185
00:10:12,700 --> 00:10:15,900
disorientation and then the 
automatic movement toward the 

186
00:10:15,900 --> 00:10:19,200
half to add fuel. 
The problem with fire is that it

187
00:10:19,208 --> 00:10:23,100
wants to stay in one place and 
you frequently need to be in 

188
00:10:23,100 --> 00:10:26,500
another place. 
This created certain logistical 

189
00:10:26,500 --> 00:10:30,300
challenges that occupied your 
ancestors considerable Ingenuity

190
00:10:30,300 --> 00:10:35,100
for thousands of years you're 
walking through a forest at dusk

191
00:10:35,100 --> 00:10:38,100
following a path, you know, by 
feel as much as sight. 

192
00:10:38,700 --> 00:10:41,600
In your hand. 
You're carrying a torch nothing 

193
00:10:41,600 --> 00:10:45,900
fancy just a branch of pine 
wrapped with strips of Birchbox 

194
00:10:45,900 --> 00:10:50,000
soaked in animal fat. 
It burns with a smoky sputtering

195
00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:53,100
flame that smells like a 
combination of campfire and old 

196
00:10:53,100 --> 00:10:56,100
cooking grease. 
Every 30 feet or so you have to 

197
00:10:56,108 --> 00:10:58,700
stop and scrape away the 
accumulated carbon at the 

198
00:10:58,708 --> 00:11:02,000
burning end. 
Otherwise, it will cross over an

199
00:11:02,000 --> 00:11:05,400
extinguishes self. 
This torch will last perhaps 45 

200
00:11:05,400 --> 00:11:08,500
minutes if you're lucky and the 
wind doesn't pick up after that,

201
00:11:08,500 --> 00:11:10,800
you'll need to lighten. 
Another one from the dying 

202
00:11:10,800 --> 00:11:13,600
flames of the first, your 
carrying three spares. 

203
00:11:13,600 --> 00:11:16,600
In your other hand already 
prepared the mathematics of 

204
00:11:16,600 --> 00:11:20,000
torch life vs distance to travel
is something you calculate 

205
00:11:20,000 --> 00:11:23,500
automatically now the same way 
you might calculate whether you 

206
00:11:23,500 --> 00:11:26,800
have enough gas to reach. 
The next station, Torchlight is 

207
00:11:26,800 --> 00:11:30,600
democratic in a way that 
firelight, isn't it moves with 

208
00:11:30,600 --> 00:11:34,000
you and extends your radius of 
safety beyond the half? 

209
00:11:34,700 --> 00:11:39,100
But it's also limited creating a
small bubble of Illumination in 

210
00:11:39,100 --> 00:11:43,300
an ocean of Darkness, the Light 
reaches, perhaps 10 feet ahead 

211
00:11:43,300 --> 00:11:47,500
of you enough to see roots that 
might trip you and to make large

212
00:11:47,500 --> 00:11:51,100
Predators, think twice before 
approaching it doesn't. 

213
00:11:51,100 --> 00:11:53,900
However, let you see much of 
what's Happening beyond that. 

214
00:11:53,900 --> 00:11:57,900
Circle, The Darkness outside 
your torch light isn't just dark

215
00:11:57,900 --> 00:12:00,700
it somehow darker than it was 
before you lit. 

216
00:12:00,700 --> 00:12:04,400
The torch as if the flame 
creates Shadow as much as light 

217
00:12:04,400 --> 00:12:08,600
ancient peoples used torches the
way you use flash lights with 

218
00:12:08,600 --> 00:12:12,200
the same frustrations and 
benefits They Carried torches to

219
00:12:12,200 --> 00:12:15,900
and from the fields after dark, 
They Carried torches down mine 

220
00:12:15,900 --> 00:12:18,300
shafts. 
And into caves, they carry 

221
00:12:18,300 --> 00:12:21,500
torches through city streets 
before Street, lighting existed,

222
00:12:21,500 --> 00:12:25,300
torches were so fundamental to 
ancient life that they show up 

223
00:12:25,308 --> 00:12:28,100
in mythology art and literature 
constantly. 

224
00:12:28,800 --> 00:12:33,100
The Olympic torch, the torch 
carrying Statue of Liberty and 

225
00:12:33,100 --> 00:12:34,800
the Torches that angry 
villagers. 

226
00:12:34,800 --> 00:12:37,900
Always seem to have handy in 
classic horror films. 

227
00:12:37,900 --> 00:12:42,100
Making a good torch required. 
Genuine skill, simply setting, a

228
00:12:42,100 --> 00:12:44,200
stick on fire. 
Produced terrible results. 

229
00:12:44,200 --> 00:12:48,800
It burned too far to created too
much smoke and extinguished at 

230
00:12:48,800 --> 00:12:51,800
the slightest Breeze. 
The best torches combined 

231
00:12:51,800 --> 00:12:55,700
materials carefully. 
A dense core of hardwood, with 

232
00:12:55,700 --> 00:12:59,700
bark or fabric, strips soaked in
fat or resin or pitch. 

233
00:13:00,500 --> 00:13:04,000
Some cultures added sulfur for a
brighter flame others 

234
00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:06,900
experimented with different, 
wrapping techniques to control 

235
00:13:06,900 --> 00:13:10,000
the burn rate. 
They were professional torch 

236
00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:13,200
makers in ancient cities 
Specialists, who understood the 

237
00:13:13,200 --> 00:13:16,200
chemistry and physics of 
combustion centuries. 

238
00:13:16,200 --> 00:13:20,000
Before those Sciences had names,
he passed another traveler 

239
00:13:20,000 --> 00:13:23,600
going, the opposite direction. 
Also carrying a torch You not to

240
00:13:23,600 --> 00:13:26,100
each other. 
As you pass two, small moving 

241
00:13:26,100 --> 00:13:29,500
points of light in the immense 
city of Darkness for a moment. 

242
00:13:29,500 --> 00:13:32,600
As you walk away from each 
other, you can see their torch 

243
00:13:32,600 --> 00:13:37,100
light receding into the distance
behind you a small Comfort proof

244
00:13:37,100 --> 00:13:38,900
that you're not completely alone
out here. 

245
00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:42,600
The forest at night is a 
different place than the forest 

246
00:13:42,600 --> 00:13:46,900
by day sounds carry differently 
distances become impossible to 

247
00:13:46,900 --> 00:13:50,400
judge that tree walked past this
morning looks vaguely, 

248
00:13:50,400 --> 00:13:53,600
threatening and torture, Shadow 
your torch illuminates, the eyes

249
00:13:53,600 --> 00:13:56,300
of something watching from the 
underbrush two points of 

250
00:13:56,308 --> 00:13:59,100
reflected light greenish 
Goulding. 

251
00:14:00,200 --> 00:14:04,000
You pause what ever? 
It is Paul's is you take a step.

252
00:14:04,000 --> 00:14:08,500
It fades Back Into Darkness. 
Your heart is pounding harder 

253
00:14:08,500 --> 00:14:10,500
than it should be for a simple 
walk home. 

254
00:14:11,300 --> 00:14:14,500
Torches had significant 
disadvantages beyond their short

255
00:14:14,500 --> 00:14:19,400
burn time, they required both 
hands in a sense one to hold the

256
00:14:19,400 --> 00:14:22,000
torch and want to steady it 
against wind or to carry other 

257
00:14:22,000 --> 00:14:25,000
items. 
They created Sparks that could 

258
00:14:25,000 --> 00:14:28,500
ignite your clothing or dry 
grass, they broadcast your 

259
00:14:28,500 --> 00:14:32,300
position to anyone or anything 
watching in wet weather, they 

260
00:14:32,300 --> 00:14:35,900
were nearly useless sputtering 
and smoking but providing 

261
00:14:35,900 --> 00:14:38,800
minimal light. 
Smart people carried, extra 

262
00:14:38,800 --> 00:14:42,200
kindling and fat soaked cloth to
restart torches, that refused to

263
00:14:42,208 --> 00:14:44,500
stay lit. 
Yet despite these limitations, 

264
00:14:44,500 --> 00:14:49,700
torches represented a revolution
in human Mobility. for torches 

265
00:14:49,700 --> 00:14:54,800
Darkness meant staying put After
torches Darkness, meant 

266
00:14:54,800 --> 00:14:58,700
preceding carefully, but still 
proceeding, you could travel at 

267
00:14:58,700 --> 00:15:02,800
night, if necessary, you could 
work after Sunset, you could 

268
00:15:02,800 --> 00:15:06,100
investigate strange noises 
outside your settlement rather 

269
00:15:06,100 --> 00:15:09,800
than huddling inside wondering 
what was making them the torch 

270
00:15:09,800 --> 00:15:13,400
extended human agency Beyond 
daylight hours pushing back 

271
00:15:13,400 --> 00:15:15,400
against the tyranny of the 
sunset schedule. 

272
00:15:15,400 --> 00:15:19,200
In ancient cities, torch bearers
were common sights on streets 

273
00:15:19,200 --> 00:15:22,000
after dark. 
Sometimes servants, lighting, 

274
00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:25,900
the way for wealthy employers, 
sometimes hired Guide to the 

275
00:15:25,900 --> 00:15:29,500
safest route through dangerous 
neighborhoods, a torch meant, 

276
00:15:29,500 --> 00:15:32,900
you had somewhere to be 
resources to spare and the 

277
00:15:32,900 --> 00:15:36,800
confidence to travel after Dark.
It was a small statement of 

278
00:15:36,800 --> 00:15:40,100
power over natural rhythms that 
had governed human life since 

279
00:15:40,108 --> 00:15:43,300
the species began your own 
torches burning lower. 

280
00:15:43,300 --> 00:15:46,000
Now the flame creeping down 
toward your hand. 

281
00:15:46,700 --> 00:15:49,300
You stop and light. 
Your second Torch from the first

282
00:15:49,300 --> 00:15:52,700
holding them together until the 
new one catches properly. 

283
00:15:53,500 --> 00:15:56,400
First torch you drop and grind 
out with your heel. 

284
00:15:56,400 --> 00:15:59,700
Can't risk, leaving it burning 
where it might start a forest 

285
00:15:59,700 --> 00:16:02,700
fire. 
The small careful actions 

286
00:16:02,700 --> 00:16:06,200
repeated by millions of people 
over thousands of years. 

287
00:16:06,200 --> 00:16:10,300
Prevented disasters, you'll 
never know about A path begins 

288
00:16:10,300 --> 00:16:13,900
to slope upward. 
And you can see lights ahead the

289
00:16:13,900 --> 00:16:16,900
fires of your village glowing 
orange through the trees. 

290
00:16:16,900 --> 00:16:21,300
Each house has its own half, 
creating a constellation of warm

291
00:16:21,300 --> 00:16:24,500
light against the hillside 
during winter, before everyone 

292
00:16:24,500 --> 00:16:27,200
goes to sleep, The Village 
glows, softly in the darkness 

293
00:16:27,200 --> 00:16:31,600
visible for Miles. 
That means safety shelter food 

294
00:16:31,600 --> 00:16:35,200
and family. 
You Quicken your pace eager to 

295
00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:38,500
be home to put down your torch 
and warm Yourself by a fire. 

296
00:16:38,500 --> 00:16:41,300
That doesn't need to be carried 
through the night, the invention

297
00:16:41,300 --> 00:16:44,500
of the lantern essentially, a 
torch protected by translucent 

298
00:16:44,500 --> 00:16:47,400
panels solved. 
Some of the Torches problems. 

299
00:16:47,400 --> 00:16:50,500
Horns, scraped thin enough to be
semi-transparent. 

300
00:16:50,500 --> 00:16:53,600
Could protect a flame from wind 
while still allowing light to 

301
00:16:53,600 --> 00:16:57,100
pass through late papers, served
a similar function. 

302
00:16:58,100 --> 00:17:00,900
These early lanterns would 
crewed by later standards but 

303
00:17:00,900 --> 00:17:04,200
represented significant 
improvements Overexposed Flames 

304
00:17:04,200 --> 00:17:08,000
a lantern was less likely to be 
extinguished by a sudden gust. 

305
00:17:08,700 --> 00:17:12,800
Less likely to drop Sparks on 
flammable materials and could be

306
00:17:12,808 --> 00:17:14,800
carried. 
More safely through crowded 

307
00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:17,300
spaces. 
You've seen lanterns in the 

308
00:17:17,300 --> 00:17:20,700
market Town, carried by 
merchants and officials who 

309
00:17:20,700 --> 00:17:25,000
could afford such luxuries The 
light they cast is softer than 

310
00:17:25,000 --> 00:17:28,900
Torchlight more diffused, but 
also more reliable. 

311
00:17:28,900 --> 00:17:32,600
A good lantern with adequate oil
could burn for hours without 

312
00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:36,200
attention, making it ideal for 
night-watches and extended 

313
00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:39,300
travel. 
The towns nightwatchman carries 

314
00:17:39,300 --> 00:17:42,300
one as he makes his rounds, 
calling out the hours and 

315
00:17:42,300 --> 00:17:45,100
checking doors. 
His Lanta has become so 

316
00:17:45,100 --> 00:17:48,500
associated with his role that 
children play at being Watchmen,

317
00:17:48,500 --> 00:17:53,000
carrying makeshift lanterns and 
mimicking, his calls, torches. 

318
00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:55,500
Also played important, 
ceremonial roles in your 

319
00:17:55,500 --> 00:17:58,100
culture. 
Wedding's, often included torch 

320
00:17:58,100 --> 00:18:01,500
lip processions, with the bride,
being a escorted to her new home

321
00:18:01,500 --> 00:18:05,900
by torchbearers Funerals 
similarly used torches the 

322
00:18:05,900 --> 00:18:09,100
Flames representing the spirits 
Journey from this world to the 

323
00:18:09,100 --> 00:18:12,100
next summer. 
Solstice celebrations involved, 

324
00:18:12,100 --> 00:18:16,300
building enormous bonfire Towers
then using torches to light the 

325
00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:20,600
simultaneously at Sunset 
creating spectacular displays 

326
00:18:20,600 --> 00:18:23,900
visible across the countryside. 
The military applications of 

327
00:18:23,900 --> 00:18:28,500
torches were equally significant
Armies on the March needed light

328
00:18:28,500 --> 00:18:31,600
to set up Camp, Post centuries 
and coordinate movements after 

329
00:18:31,600 --> 00:18:35,000
dark signal fires on. 
Hilltops could transmit messages

330
00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:38,500
across vast distances faster 
than any Messenger on foot or 

331
00:18:38,508 --> 00:18:42,100
horse a chain of Beacon fires. 
Stretching along a coastline, 

332
00:18:42,100 --> 00:18:43,700
could warn of invasion within 
hours. 

333
00:18:43,700 --> 00:18:47,700
Alerting populations to Danger 
long before the threat arrived. 

334
00:18:47,700 --> 00:18:51,000
You remember hearing stories 
about the great Beacon chain 

335
00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:54,000
that once stretched across the 
land linking watchtowers, and 

336
00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:57,500
fortifications, when enemies 
approached, the first Tower 

337
00:18:57,500 --> 00:19:00,400
would like its Beacon. 
Which would be seen by the next 

338
00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:02,300
Tower which would like its own 
fire. 

339
00:19:02,300 --> 00:19:06,000
And so on down the line, the 
system was simple but effective 

340
00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:09,700
turning light itself into a 
communication Network, spanning 

341
00:19:09,700 --> 00:19:14,200
hundreds of miles Your city in a
Stone House on the med training 

342
00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:17,500
coast and it sometime around 800
BC. 

343
00:19:17,500 --> 00:19:21,300
E night is fallen and rather 
than retiring to bed. 

344
00:19:21,300 --> 00:19:24,000
You're working on a fishing net.
That needs repair before 

345
00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:26,800
tomorrow's expedition. 
You're able to do this because 

346
00:19:26,800 --> 00:19:30,100
of the object sitting on the 
table beside you, a simple clay,

347
00:19:30,100 --> 00:19:32,800
oil lamp. 
No larger than your palm filled 

348
00:19:32,800 --> 00:19:35,300
with olive oil and fitted with a
small in Wick. 

349
00:19:35,300 --> 00:19:39,200
The lamps light is modest. 
Barely enough to illuminate your

350
00:19:39,200 --> 00:19:41,600
hands and the section of net 
you're mending. 

351
00:19:41,600 --> 00:19:45,700
But it's steady in a way that 
Torchlight never was and it 

352
00:19:45,700 --> 00:19:47,300
doesn't require constant 
attention. 

353
00:19:47,300 --> 00:19:51,400
The wick drawers oil upward 
through capillary action, a 

354
00:19:51,400 --> 00:19:52,400
phenomenon. 
You don't understand. 

355
00:19:52,400 --> 00:19:56,300
But have learned to trust and 
burns with a small bright flame 

356
00:19:56,300 --> 00:19:59,600
that smells faintly of olives 
and smoke oil, lamps 

357
00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:01,500
represented. 
A massive Leap Forward in 

358
00:20:01,500 --> 00:20:04,400
lighting technology, though. 
They still had significant 

359
00:20:04,400 --> 00:20:07,900
limitations. 
The light they cast was weak by 

360
00:20:07,900 --> 00:20:11,000
modern standards enough for 
close work, but not for 

361
00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:13,600
Illuminating. 
An entire room, you needed 

362
00:20:13,600 --> 00:20:15,900
multiple lamps for that and 
olive oil. 

363
00:20:15,900 --> 00:20:18,100
Was expensive enough. 
That most families used its 

364
00:20:18,100 --> 00:20:22,000
sparingly The wealthy might burn
lamps freely throughout their 

365
00:20:22,000 --> 00:20:24,600
homes. 
Everyone else calculated 

366
00:20:24,600 --> 00:20:28,000
carefully, how many hours of 
Lamplight, they could afford the

367
00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:31,100
oil lamps invention, appears and
dependently in multiple ancient 

368
00:20:31,100 --> 00:20:34,300
cultures Mediterranean people's 
used olive oil. 

369
00:20:34,300 --> 00:20:37,500
Asian cultures used various 
vegetable oils. 

370
00:20:37,500 --> 00:20:42,400
And Northern Europeans used fish
oil or animal fat, the principal

371
00:20:42,400 --> 00:20:44,600
remained. 
The same a reservoir to hold 

372
00:20:44,600 --> 00:20:48,700
fuel, a wick to draw that fuel 
to a flame and a design that 

373
00:20:48,700 --> 00:20:52,000
prevented the entire apparatus 
from becoming a fire hazard. 

374
00:20:52,000 --> 00:20:55,700
Early lamps were simply shells 
or hollowed Stones filled with 

375
00:20:55,708 --> 00:21:00,200
fat and a plant fiber Wick. 
Later versions became more 

376
00:21:00,200 --> 00:21:04,500
sophisticated shaped clay, 
bronze, or iron vessels with 

377
00:21:04,500 --> 00:21:07,900
spouts to hold the Wickham 
handles for carrying your lamp 

378
00:21:07,900 --> 00:21:10,800
is beautiful. 
In its simplicity, The clay is 

379
00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:13,500
reddish-brown shaped like an 
elongated teardrop with a 

380
00:21:13,500 --> 00:21:15,600
pinched spout. 
At one end, where the wick 

381
00:21:15,600 --> 00:21:19,800
emerges, there's a small hole at
the wide entry refilling, the 

382
00:21:19,800 --> 00:21:22,700
Potter, who made it decorated 
the top with a simple pattern of

383
00:21:22,700 --> 00:21:25,300
radiating lines. 
You bought it from him. 

384
00:21:25,300 --> 00:21:29,600
Last year for three fish is one 
of your prized possessions, the 

385
00:21:29,600 --> 00:21:31,100
light. 
It produces has a different 

386
00:21:31,100 --> 00:21:33,800
quality than firelight from the 
half more. 

387
00:21:33,800 --> 00:21:37,900
Focused less flickering the 
slightly bluish tinge compared 

388
00:21:37,900 --> 00:21:39,500
to the orange glow of burning 
wood. 

389
00:21:39,500 --> 00:21:42,700
You can read by this light of 
your literate, which you're not 

390
00:21:43,600 --> 00:21:46,500
That your neighbor who runs the 
wine shop keeps his accounts by 

391
00:21:46,500 --> 00:21:49,900
Lamplight, well into the night, 
the lamp allows him to extend 

392
00:21:49,900 --> 00:21:53,900
his working hours to review his 
numbers and to plan his orders 

393
00:21:53,900 --> 00:21:55,500
in the evening when his shop is 
closed. 

394
00:21:56,400 --> 00:21:59,900
Oil lamps changed and nighttime 
behavior in ways that torches 

395
00:21:59,900 --> 00:22:03,000
never could. 
They enabled sedentary work you 

396
00:22:03,000 --> 00:22:06,800
could sit and weave, right? 
Mend calculate or repair tools 

397
00:22:06,800 --> 00:22:10,700
for extended periods, without 
constantly tending to a torch or

398
00:22:10,700 --> 00:22:13,700
moving closer to the half. 
They were portable that didn't 

399
00:22:13,700 --> 00:22:15,900
require constant replacement 
like torches. 

400
00:22:16,700 --> 00:22:19,600
A well-made lamp with a good 
supply of oil could burn all 

401
00:22:19,600 --> 00:22:21,700
night if needed. 
Though, that level of 

402
00:22:21,700 --> 00:22:25,000
extravagance was rare outside 
wealthy households, or temples 

403
00:22:25,000 --> 00:22:28,400
the wick requires occasional 
trimming, you do this. 

404
00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:31,400
Now, pinching off the chart end 
with your calloused fingers. 

405
00:22:32,400 --> 00:22:36,100
The flame sputters for a moment.
Then burns brighter and steadier

406
00:22:36,100 --> 00:22:38,200
a properly. 
Trimmed Wick is the difference 

407
00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:41,200
between a lamp that smokes and 
smells and one that burns 

408
00:22:41,200 --> 00:22:43,800
cleanly. 
You learned this through trial 

409
00:22:43,800 --> 00:22:46,700
and error wasting oil and 
filling your house with black 

410
00:22:46,700 --> 00:22:49,700
smoke before you figure out the 
correct technique different 

411
00:22:49,700 --> 00:22:51,500
oils, produced different 
results. 

412
00:22:51,500 --> 00:22:55,900
All of oil, burned cleanly. 
But was expensive fish oil was 

413
00:22:55,900 --> 00:23:00,000
cheaper but smelled distinctly 
Oceanic Ashley, when the flame 

414
00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:03,600
wasn't burning, hot enough 
castor oil burned brightly but 

415
00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:06,200
required specific materials to 
work properly. 

416
00:23:06,900 --> 00:23:10,300
Animal fat could be used but 
tended to produce more smoke and

417
00:23:10,300 --> 00:23:12,300
needed higher temperatures to 
remain liquid. 

418
00:23:12,300 --> 00:23:15,100
Every culture developed 
preferences based on what 

419
00:23:15,100 --> 00:23:16,400
resources were locally 
available. 

420
00:23:17,300 --> 00:23:19,900
Religious ceremony is relied 
heavily on oil lamps. 

421
00:23:20,500 --> 00:23:23,500
Temples and shrines kept 
Perpetual, Flames burning in 

422
00:23:23,500 --> 00:23:27,200
dedicated lamps tended by 
priests or Temple servants. 

423
00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:31,700
These Flames represented divine 
presence, continuity and 

424
00:23:31,700 --> 00:23:34,300
connection between the human and
divine realms. 

425
00:23:35,200 --> 00:23:38,000
Letting a temple lamp. 
Go out was considered a terrible

426
00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:40,000
Omen. 
Some lamps were designed 

427
00:23:40,000 --> 00:23:43,800
specifically for religious use. 
Elaborate bronze vessels with 

428
00:23:43,800 --> 00:23:47,400
multiple Wicks ornate 
decorations and chains for 

429
00:23:47,400 --> 00:23:49,700
hanging. 
You're almost finished with your

430
00:23:49,700 --> 00:23:51,800
net repair. 
When you notice the flame 

431
00:23:51,800 --> 00:23:55,800
dimming slightly, you check the 
oil level low, but enough to 

432
00:23:55,800 --> 00:23:59,100
finish this work, tomorrow, 
you'll need to refill the lamp 

433
00:23:59,100 --> 00:24:01,900
from the large clay, vessel in 
the corner, where you store your

434
00:24:01,900 --> 00:24:05,700
olive oil supply, you budget 
carefully, balancing the need 

435
00:24:05,700 --> 00:24:08,400
for evening light against the 
oils are the uses and cooking 

436
00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:12,000
and preserving food. 
Life is a series of small 

437
00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:16,000
calculations like this. 
Trade-offs between competing 

438
00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:18,700
needs with limited resources. 
Outside. 

439
00:24:18,700 --> 00:24:21,300
You can hear the night Watchman 
passing through the street 

440
00:24:21,300 --> 00:24:23,200
calling out. 
That all is well. 

441
00:24:24,100 --> 00:24:27,700
He carries a land to essentially
an oil lamp in closed, in a 

442
00:24:27,700 --> 00:24:32,000
frame with translucent panels of
horn, or animal skin to protect 

443
00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:35,800
the flame from wind, his light 
bulbs and sways as he walks 

444
00:24:35,800 --> 00:24:39,200
casting moving Shadows against 
the walls of House's. 

445
00:24:39,200 --> 00:24:43,000
His voice is reassuring. 
A reminder that someone is 

446
00:24:43,000 --> 00:24:46,200
watching that the darkness isn't
entirely unguarded. 

447
00:24:47,500 --> 00:24:49,900
Lamp design. 
Evolved continuously over 

448
00:24:49,900 --> 00:24:52,200
centuries. 
Simple open Bolls. 

449
00:24:52,200 --> 00:24:55,600
Gave way to covered vessels with
small filling holes and pinched 

450
00:24:55,600 --> 00:24:58,800
spouts. 
Spouts became longer to project 

451
00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:02,100
the flame forward. 
Multiple Wick lamps provided 

452
00:25:02,100 --> 00:25:05,600
more light from a single 
Reservoir, reflective surfaces 

453
00:25:05,600 --> 00:25:08,100
behind lamps. 
Amplified their illumination. 

454
00:25:08,100 --> 00:25:11,700
Each Improvement was 
incremental, but collectively. 

455
00:25:11,700 --> 00:25:15,000
They transformed a crude light 
source into a sophisticated 

456
00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:18,100
technology. 
The Romans became particularly 

457
00:25:18,100 --> 00:25:21,000
skilled at lamp. 
Making producing thousands of 

458
00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:23,600
ceramic, lamps and standardized 
workshops. 

459
00:25:23,600 --> 00:25:27,100
These lamps were decorated with 
images of gods, animals 

460
00:25:27,100 --> 00:25:31,500
Gladiators, and geometric 
patterns, art objects as much as

461
00:25:31,500 --> 00:25:35,500
functional tools. 
Wealthy Romans owned, dozens of 

462
00:25:35,500 --> 00:25:38,400
lamps, using them to illuminate,
dinner parties. 

463
00:25:38,400 --> 00:25:41,600
And evening, social Gatherings, 
the lamps were arranged, 

464
00:25:41,600 --> 00:25:45,100
strategically around rooms, 
creating lighting effects, that 

465
00:25:45,100 --> 00:25:47,300
showcase the hosts wealth and 
taste. 

466
00:25:48,300 --> 00:25:51,600
Lamp fuel was sometimes centered
with herbs or flowers to mask 

467
00:25:51,600 --> 00:25:55,000
the smell of burning oil and 
create Pleasant atmosphere's. 

468
00:25:55,000 --> 00:25:57,600
Lavender oil Rose. 
Marie or rose. 

469
00:25:57,600 --> 00:26:00,900
Petals, might be added to the 
fuel creating fragrances that 

470
00:26:00,900 --> 00:26:02,900
mixed with a warm smell of 
burning oil. 

471
00:26:02,900 --> 00:26:06,800
This practice was expensive and 
reserved for special occasions, 

472
00:26:06,800 --> 00:26:10,800
but it demonstrated help people 
sought to make their artificial 

473
00:26:10,800 --> 00:26:12,800
light. 
Not just functional but 

474
00:26:12,800 --> 00:26:16,400
beautiful and pleasant. 
The trade and lamp, oil was 

475
00:26:16,400 --> 00:26:20,800
substantial and economically. 
Important Olive Growers, oil 

476
00:26:20,800 --> 00:26:23,500
presses merchants and lamp 
makers. 

477
00:26:23,500 --> 00:26:25,800
All depended on the demand for 
illumination. 

478
00:26:26,800 --> 00:26:30,000
In Mediterranean regions olive 
oil production was geared. 

479
00:26:30,000 --> 00:26:32,000
As much toward lighting as 
toward cooking. 

480
00:26:32,000 --> 00:26:35,100
Poor Olive Harvest, meant not 
just food shortages but 

481
00:26:35,100 --> 00:26:38,800
Darkness, as families, rationed 
their remaining oil carefully 

482
00:26:38,800 --> 00:26:42,100
through the winter months, you 
finish your net repair and trim 

483
00:26:42,100 --> 00:26:44,300
the wick one final time before 
extinguishing. 

484
00:26:44,300 --> 00:26:47,900
The lamp the process is 
deliberate, you don't just blow 

485
00:26:47,900 --> 00:26:50,800
out the flame, which would fill 
the room with accurate smoke. 

486
00:26:51,600 --> 00:26:55,200
Instead you use a small bronze 
tool designed for the purpose, 

487
00:26:55,200 --> 00:26:58,300
pressing the wick down into the 
oil and till the flame is 

488
00:26:58,300 --> 00:27:00,900
smothered. 
The room plunges into darkness 

489
00:27:00,900 --> 00:27:04,200
leaving, only the dim glow from 
the Hearthfire across the room. 

490
00:27:05,000 --> 00:27:06,900
Your eyes need a moment to 
adjust before. 

491
00:27:06,900 --> 00:27:10,800
You can safely, navigate your 
sleeping area, your standing in 

492
00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:12,800
a monastery. 
In medieval England, sometime 

493
00:27:12,800 --> 00:27:17,500
around 1200 CE its late-evening 
and you're in the scriptorium 

494
00:27:17,500 --> 00:27:19,400
where monks been their days 
copying manuscripts. 

495
00:27:19,400 --> 00:27:23,600
The room is filled with a soft 
steady glow from dozens of 

496
00:27:23,600 --> 00:27:26,800
candles. 
Beeswax candles that burn with a

497
00:27:26,808 --> 00:27:30,400
gentle, honey scent and a light 
that's bright enough to read by 

498
00:27:30,400 --> 00:27:35,100
but soft enough, not to strain. 
The eyes candles weren't new by 

499
00:27:35,100 --> 00:27:38,700
this period but their widespread
use represented a significant 

500
00:27:38,700 --> 00:27:42,400
advancement over oil lamps in 
many situations they were 

501
00:27:42,400 --> 00:27:46,100
portable created. 
No liquid fuel to spill produced

502
00:27:46,100 --> 00:27:49,500
minimal smoke if made properly 
and could be extinguished and 

503
00:27:49,500 --> 00:27:53,000
re-lit with relative ease. 
They also burned down gradually 

504
00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:55,400
which made them useful for 
measuring time. 

505
00:27:56,200 --> 00:27:59,200
Specially marked candles could 
track hours during religious 

506
00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:02,400
services or night-watches the 
candles Illuminating the 

507
00:28:02,400 --> 00:28:06,600
scriptorium are expensive made 
from beeswax collected from the 

508
00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:10,400
monasteries highs. 
Beeswax candles, burn cleanly, 

509
00:28:10,400 --> 00:28:12,500
and smell Pleasant. 
Making them. 

510
00:28:12,500 --> 00:28:15,500
The preferred choice for 
churches and Wealthy households.

511
00:28:15,500 --> 00:28:18,800
The common people used Tallow 
candles made from rendered 

512
00:28:18,800 --> 00:28:23,500
animal, fat much cheaper, but 
also smellier and smokier a 

513
00:28:23,500 --> 00:28:26,000
Tallow candle burning, as a 
distinctly different olfactory 

514
00:28:26,000 --> 00:28:29,900
experience than beeswax with 
undertones of old meat and 

515
00:28:29,900 --> 00:28:33,900
Greece that never entirely 
dissipate You watch among 

516
00:28:33,900 --> 00:28:37,600
working at his desk copying 
lines from an illuminated 

517
00:28:37,600 --> 00:28:39,900
manuscript, the candle beside 
him. 

518
00:28:39,900 --> 00:28:43,800
His thick perhaps six inches 
tall, burning steadily in a 

519
00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:47,200
simple and holder every hour or 
so he trims the wick with a 

520
00:28:47,208 --> 00:28:50,200
small pair of scissors designed 
specifically for this purpose. 

521
00:28:51,100 --> 00:28:53,300
Snuffers. 
They're called though that name 

522
00:28:53,300 --> 00:28:56,100
is slightly misleading since 
they're for trimming rather than

523
00:28:56,100 --> 00:29:00,300
extinguishing the trimmed Wick 
Falls away leaving behind a 

524
00:29:00,300 --> 00:29:03,500
cleaner, brighter Flame. 
Candle making was both a 

525
00:29:03,500 --> 00:29:06,200
household tasks and a 
professional trade families. 

526
00:29:06,200 --> 00:29:09,500
Made their own Tallow candles by
dipping Wix repeatedly into 

527
00:29:09,500 --> 00:29:12,400
melted fat. 
Building up layers until the 

528
00:29:12,400 --> 00:29:15,400
candle reached the desired, 
thickness, professional 

529
00:29:15,400 --> 00:29:18,600
Chandlers, produced higher 
quality candles using molds and 

530
00:29:18,600 --> 00:29:23,000
better materials selling them in
markets and to institutions, the

531
00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:25,900
Chandlers gilled in medieval 
cities was powerful and 

532
00:29:25,900 --> 00:29:29,000
well-respected. 
Light was valuable Those Who 

533
00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:31,000
provided it enjoyed special 
status. 

534
00:29:32,200 --> 00:29:35,200
The process of making a dipped 
candle is meditative and 

535
00:29:35,200 --> 00:29:37,900
tedious. 
He prepare your Wick, usually 

536
00:29:37,900 --> 00:29:39,800
braided cotton or linen. 
Strands. 

537
00:29:39,800 --> 00:29:42,800
Heed your wax or talo until it's
fully melted. 

538
00:29:42,800 --> 00:29:46,400
Then you begin dipping sink, the
wick in to the liquid. 

539
00:29:46,400 --> 00:29:50,200
Pull it out, let it cool 
slightly and dip again. 

540
00:29:51,000 --> 00:29:54,500
Each dip adds a thin layer. 
You need dozens of dips to 

541
00:29:54,500 --> 00:29:58,700
create candle of useful size. 
The work takes hours and fills 

542
00:29:58,700 --> 00:30:02,500
your house with the smell of hot
wax or cooking fat molded 

543
00:30:02,500 --> 00:30:05,500
candles were fasted to produce 
but required equipment. 

544
00:30:05,500 --> 00:30:09,300
A pewter, or tin mold shaped 
like a tube with a hole at the 

545
00:30:09,308 --> 00:30:10,600
bottom for the wicked to pass 
through. 

546
00:30:11,500 --> 00:30:13,500
Pour in the melted wax. 
Let it cool, completely. 

547
00:30:13,500 --> 00:30:17,400
Then push out the finished 
candle multiple molds allowed. 

548
00:30:17,400 --> 00:30:20,900
Chandlers to produce candles in 
batches making the process more 

549
00:30:20,900 --> 00:30:24,000
efficient. 
The best molds created candles 

550
00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:27,500
with smooth sides and even 
burning characteristics, the 

551
00:30:27,500 --> 00:30:30,500
amount of light candle produced 
became a unit of measurement. 

552
00:30:31,300 --> 00:30:35,100
Foot candle defined as the 
illumination cast by one candle,

553
00:30:35,100 --> 00:30:39,300
at a distance of one foot. 
This unit persisted into the 

554
00:30:39,300 --> 00:30:43,200
modern era eventually evolving 
into the Lumen medieval. 

555
00:30:43,200 --> 00:30:46,100
People were intimately familiar 
with how many candles were 

556
00:30:46,100 --> 00:30:49,200
needed to illuminate. 
A room adequately, and Wealthy 

557
00:30:49,200 --> 00:30:51,500
households. 
Employed servants, specifically 

558
00:30:51,500 --> 00:30:54,700
to manage candle supplies and 
ensure proper lighting 

559
00:30:54,700 --> 00:30:57,700
throughout the house. 
Candles had one significant 

560
00:30:57,700 --> 00:31:01,400
advantage over lamps and certain
contexts, they could be easily 

561
00:31:01,400 --> 00:31:04,700
moved and positioned. 
You could carry a candle in a 

562
00:31:04,700 --> 00:31:08,600
simple holder up stairs, 
downhaul, ways, and into storage

563
00:31:08,600 --> 00:31:11,400
rooms. 
Candlesticks came in elaborate 

564
00:31:11,400 --> 00:31:15,300
varieties, tall stands for 
hallways, short holders, for 

565
00:31:15,300 --> 00:31:20,000
tables wall, sconces for rooms 
and chandeliers with multiple 

566
00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:23,500
arms for great Halls. 
Each designed a specific 

567
00:31:23,500 --> 00:31:26,800
lighting problem while also 
displaying wealth and status. 

568
00:31:27,900 --> 00:31:31,200
the Catholic church was perhaps 
the largest consumer of candles 

569
00:31:31,200 --> 00:31:34,700
in medieval Europe, altar 
candles burned during every 

570
00:31:34,700 --> 00:31:39,100
service votive candles flickered
in alcoves, dedicated to Saints,

571
00:31:39,900 --> 00:31:42,400
Processional candles were 
carried during ceremonies. 

572
00:31:43,200 --> 00:31:45,800
The Paschal candle blessed 
during the Easter Vigil 

573
00:31:45,800 --> 00:31:49,700
represented, Christ Light 
entering the world, religious 

574
00:31:49,700 --> 00:31:52,900
candle used was so extensive 
that monasteries with their own 

575
00:31:52,900 --> 00:31:56,600
Apiaries, had significant 
economic advantages, they could 

576
00:31:56,600 --> 00:32:00,100
produce their own beeswax. 
Rather than purchasing it, you 

577
00:32:00,100 --> 00:32:02,700
notice how the candlelight in 
this scriptorium creates a 

578
00:32:02,700 --> 00:32:06,100
particular atmosphere. 
Quieter to somehow the daylight 

579
00:32:06,100 --> 00:32:10,800
more contemplative, the monks 
work in near silents their pens 

580
00:32:10,800 --> 00:32:13,900
scratching against parchment. 
The only sounds being the 

581
00:32:13,900 --> 00:32:16,800
occasional turned page or 
whispered prayer, the light 

582
00:32:16,800 --> 00:32:19,600
seems appropriate for this work 
of preservation and devotion. 

583
00:32:19,600 --> 00:32:23,500
As if the candles themselves 
participated in the sacred task 

584
00:32:23,500 --> 00:32:27,400
of copying religious texts, 
Draft from somewhere causes 

585
00:32:27,400 --> 00:32:31,000
several candles to flick a 
simultaneously and among Rises. 

586
00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:35,200
To investigate candles, were 
sensitive to air movement, a 

587
00:32:35,200 --> 00:32:38,000
strong draft, could extinguish 
them entirely will cause them to

588
00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:41,300
burn unevenly creating long 
drips down one side. 

589
00:32:42,400 --> 00:32:45,700
Windows were kept closed at 
night, not just for warmth, but 

590
00:32:45,700 --> 00:32:49,200
to protect the lights, heavy 
curtains, served double duty 

591
00:32:49,200 --> 00:32:53,200
insulating against cold and 
blocking wins that might disturb

592
00:32:53,200 --> 00:32:56,500
the flames. 
The monk trimming Wix carries a 

593
00:32:56,500 --> 00:32:59,200
small, ceramic Bowl to collect 
the trimmed portions. 

594
00:32:59,200 --> 00:33:03,800
Nothing is wasted, even these 
tiny scraps of Wick and adhering

595
00:33:03,800 --> 00:33:06,900
wax will be saved. 
And eventually incorporated into

596
00:33:06,900 --> 00:33:12,000
new candles wax was too valuable
to discard even in an 

597
00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:14,300
institution as wealthy as this 
monastery. 

598
00:33:14,900 --> 00:33:18,000
Principle of careful Resource 
Management, permeated every 

599
00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:21,300
aspect of life in ages when 
materials were expensive and 

600
00:33:21,300 --> 00:33:23,600
labor was cheap. 
Candle snuffers. 

601
00:33:23,600 --> 00:33:27,000
Bell-shaped tools on long. 
Handles, were used to extinguish

602
00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:30,800
candles without spreading smoke,
or spattering, hot wax, you 

603
00:33:30,800 --> 00:33:34,200
watch, as a monk, makes his 
rounds with a Snuffer carefully.

604
00:33:34,200 --> 00:33:37,600
Extinguishing candles that no 
longer needed as monks, complete

605
00:33:37,600 --> 00:33:39,300
their work and retire for the 
night. 

606
00:33:39,300 --> 00:33:43,600
The process is ritualistic 
Formed with the same care and 

607
00:33:43,600 --> 00:33:45,600
attention as any other monastic 
Duty. 

608
00:33:46,500 --> 00:33:49,300
Different colored candles, serve
different purposes and church 

609
00:33:49,300 --> 00:33:52,400
settings. 
White candles were standard for 

610
00:33:52,400 --> 00:33:56,200
most Services red candles appear
during certain feast days. 

611
00:33:56,200 --> 00:34:00,700
Black handles were used during 
Good Friday The colors carried 

612
00:34:00,700 --> 00:34:03,900
symbolic weight, part of the 
elaborate visual language of 

613
00:34:03,900 --> 00:34:07,100
medieval Christianity. 
Even the number of candles had 

614
00:34:07,100 --> 00:34:10,300
meaning two, candles 
represented, the Dual nature of 

615
00:34:10,300 --> 00:34:14,100
Christ and seven candles 
corresponded to the Seven Gifts 

616
00:34:14,100 --> 00:34:17,699
of the Holy Spirit, the wealthy 
experimented with candles made 

617
00:34:17,699 --> 00:34:21,600
from spermaceti, a waxy 
substance, derived from sperm 

618
00:34:21,600 --> 00:34:25,400
whales these candles burn, even 
more cleanly than beeswax and 

619
00:34:25,400 --> 00:34:28,300
produced bright white light, 
however they were 

620
00:34:28,300 --> 00:34:31,199
extraordinarily expensive, 
reserved for royalty and the 

621
00:34:31,199 --> 00:34:34,900
highest nobility. 
Candle represented, not just 

622
00:34:34,900 --> 00:34:39,000
light but an ostentatious 
display of wealth, a statement 

623
00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:42,199
that the owner could afford to 
burn the finest materials simply

624
00:34:42,199 --> 00:34:45,300
for illumination. 
Poor households used Rush lights

625
00:34:45,300 --> 00:34:47,600
as an economical alternative to 
candles. 

626
00:34:48,500 --> 00:34:51,400
These were made by soaking the 
pithy core of Rush plants in 

627
00:34:51,400 --> 00:34:54,199
animal fat. 
They burned quickly and produced

628
00:34:54,199 --> 00:34:57,400
minimal light, but they were 
cheaper enough, even the poorest

629
00:34:57,400 --> 00:35:01,500
family to afford a rush, like 
might burn for just 20 minutes, 

630
00:35:01,500 --> 00:35:05,500
requiring constant replacement 
throughout the evening families.

631
00:35:05,500 --> 00:35:07,200
Using Rush lights lived with 
much. 

632
00:35:07,200 --> 00:35:09,600
Dimmer illumination than their 
healthy and Neighbors. 

633
00:35:10,400 --> 00:35:13,500
He walked through the monastery 
Cloisters as evening deepens 

634
00:35:13,500 --> 00:35:16,500
into night, and the 
transformation is striking 

635
00:35:16,500 --> 00:35:20,300
during the day, the stone arches
and corridors seem austere 

636
00:35:20,300 --> 00:35:24,000
almost cold. 
By candlelight they become warm 

637
00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:28,600
and mysterious Shadows pooling 
in Corners, the voltage ceiling,

638
00:35:28,600 --> 00:35:31,300
barely visible above. 
This is a different building 

639
00:35:31,300 --> 00:35:35,000
after dark experienced in a 
fundamentally different way. 

640
00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:39,400
Architecture designed for 
daylight takes on new character.

641
00:35:39,400 --> 00:35:43,600
When revealed by flickering 
Flames a monastery belt Tower 

642
00:35:43,608 --> 00:35:47,900
houses, a special candle used 
for timekeeping Thick handle 

643
00:35:47,900 --> 00:35:51,500
marked with hours burning at a 
consistent rate, that allows the

644
00:35:51,500 --> 00:35:53,300
bell ringer to track time 
through the night. 

645
00:35:53,300 --> 00:35:57,200
When the flame reaches each 
Mark, he rings the bell to call 

646
00:35:57,200 --> 00:36:00,000
monks to prayer. 
This system isn't perfectly 

647
00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:02,900
accurate but it's reliable 
enough for the monasteries needs

648
00:36:02,900 --> 00:36:06,300
time measured by a burning 
candle has a different texture 

649
00:36:06,300 --> 00:36:10,300
than time measured by mechanical
clocks, more fluid, more 

650
00:36:10,300 --> 00:36:13,000
connected to physical processes 
of consumption and 

651
00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:15,600
transformation. 
Your attending a Diwali 

652
00:36:15,600 --> 00:36:18,800
celebration in India, sometime 
around 1500 CE. 

653
00:36:18,800 --> 00:36:22,700
The entire city is transformed 
into a constellation of small 

654
00:36:22,700 --> 00:36:27,500
lights, thousands upon thousands
of clay oil lamps called Diaz 

655
00:36:27,500 --> 00:36:31,700
arranged on windowsills 
doorsteps roof tops and streets.

656
00:36:31,700 --> 00:36:36,200
Each deer is a simple thing, a 
small clay Bowl filled with oil 

657
00:36:36,200 --> 00:36:38,700
or ghee with a cotton wick 
floating in it. 

658
00:36:39,500 --> 00:36:42,300
Individually they provide 
minimal illumination 

659
00:36:42,300 --> 00:36:44,900
collectively. 
They create a spectacle that 

660
00:36:44,900 --> 00:36:48,500
transforms the night into 
something magical light has 

661
00:36:48,500 --> 00:36:50,100
always carried. 
Meaning beyond the merely 

662
00:36:50,100 --> 00:36:52,500
practical. 
In cultures around the world 

663
00:36:52,500 --> 00:36:58,300
like represents knowledge divine
presence, hope celebration and 

664
00:36:58,300 --> 00:37:02,100
Triumph, over Darkness both 
literal and metaphorical. 

665
00:37:02,100 --> 00:37:07,000
The ways people use light, when 
where, and why they lit lamps or

666
00:37:07,000 --> 00:37:10,900
candles or fires reveal as much 
about their spiritual lives as 

667
00:37:10,900 --> 00:37:13,800
their material ones. 
You walk through the streets, 

668
00:37:13,800 --> 00:37:17,400
admiring the displays some 
households have a range, their 

669
00:37:17,400 --> 00:37:22,100
deers in elaborate patterns, 
spirals lotus, flowers and 

670
00:37:22,100 --> 00:37:24,900
geometric designs, that seemed 
to Glow with intention. 

671
00:37:25,900 --> 00:37:29,900
Children carry sparklers waving 
them to create brief Trails of 

672
00:37:29,900 --> 00:37:32,100
light. 
In the darkness, the smell of 

673
00:37:32,108 --> 00:37:35,800
burning oil mixes with incense 
and the scent of Festival Foods 

674
00:37:35,800 --> 00:37:39,400
being prepared. 
This is light, used not for work

675
00:37:39,400 --> 00:37:42,800
or safety. 
But for Joy for creating Beauty,

676
00:37:42,800 --> 00:37:46,700
for honoring the Divine, the 
festival, celebrates the return 

677
00:37:46,700 --> 00:37:50,500
of Lord Rama to his kingdom, 
after 14 years of Exile, and the

678
00:37:50,500 --> 00:37:54,100
lights, represent the lamps that
citizens lit to guide him home 

679
00:37:54,100 --> 00:37:57,400
and celebrate his return. 
But the meaning has deepened 

680
00:37:57,400 --> 00:38:00,900
over centuries to Encompass 
broader themes, the victory of 

681
00:38:00,900 --> 00:38:03,600
light over Darkness knowledge, 
over ignorance. 

682
00:38:03,600 --> 00:38:07,800
And good over evil. 
Each tiny flame, becomes a 

683
00:38:07,800 --> 00:38:11,700
prayer, a hope, a connection to 
something larger than individual

684
00:38:11,700 --> 00:38:15,300
existence. 
In another time and place you're

685
00:38:15,300 --> 00:38:17,900
standing in a Jewish household 
on the 8th night of Hanukkah. 

686
00:38:17,900 --> 00:38:22,400
The menorah holds nine candles 8
for the 8th of the holiday. 

687
00:38:22,400 --> 00:38:26,000
Plus the shamash the helper 
candle used to light the others,

688
00:38:26,000 --> 00:38:29,600
the ritual of lighting, the 
menorah follows a specific order

689
00:38:29,600 --> 00:38:33,700
right to left adding one candle 
each night until all later 

690
00:38:33,700 --> 00:38:36,800
burning on the final evening. 
The light from these candles is 

691
00:38:36,800 --> 00:38:38,600
not to be used for practical 
purposes. 

692
00:38:38,600 --> 00:38:42,600
You don't read by them or 
navigate by them, they exist 

693
00:38:42,600 --> 00:38:46,200
purely to remember to 
commemorate and to maintain 

694
00:38:46,200 --> 00:38:48,000
connection with history and 
Faith. 

695
00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:52,400
The story being commemorated is 
specific, the rededication of 

696
00:38:52,400 --> 00:38:55,400
the second temple in Jerusalem 
and the Miracle of oil, that 

697
00:38:55,400 --> 00:38:57,800
should have burned for one day 
lasting 8 days. 

698
00:38:57,800 --> 00:39:00,800
But like all religious 
observance, is the particular 

699
00:39:00,800 --> 00:39:04,700
story opens onto Universal 
themes, lighters endurance, 

700
00:39:04,700 --> 00:39:08,900
lighters Unexpected, Grace, 
light, as persistence against 

701
00:39:08,900 --> 00:39:12,900
overwhelming, odds, the menorah 
as placement in a window ensures

702
00:39:12,900 --> 00:39:16,000
that the Lights Proclaim their 
message to the street, sharing 

703
00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:18,600
the miracle, publicly rather 
than keeping it private. 

704
00:39:19,500 --> 00:39:22,500
The Christians had their own 
traditions of sacred, light 

705
00:39:22,500 --> 00:39:27,100
candlemas celebrated on February
2nd involved, bringing all the 

706
00:39:27,100 --> 00:39:28,900
household candles to church for 
blessing. 

707
00:39:29,800 --> 00:39:33,100
These blessed candles would 
protect the home ward off evil 

708
00:39:33,100 --> 00:39:35,500
and ensure prosperity for the 
coming year. 

709
00:39:35,500 --> 00:39:38,800
The traditional acknowledge that
light was more than mere 

710
00:39:38,800 --> 00:39:42,900
illumination, it carried power, 
meaning and protection Beyond, 

711
00:39:42,900 --> 00:39:45,700
its physical properties in 
Celtic lands. 

712
00:39:45,700 --> 00:39:49,400
Before Christianity arrived, the
Festival of samain marked the 

713
00:39:49,400 --> 00:39:52,900
transition from the light half 
of the year to the dark half. 

714
00:39:53,600 --> 00:39:57,200
Large bonfires were lit on, 
hilltops visible for miles, 

715
00:39:57,200 --> 00:40:01,300
around families, carried torches
lit from the sacred fires, back 

716
00:40:01,300 --> 00:40:04,900
to their own halves rekindling 
their household Flames with 

717
00:40:04,900 --> 00:40:08,500
Sanctified fire. 
The ritual connected individual 

718
00:40:08,500 --> 00:40:12,100
homes to the community and to 
the Turning of Seasons using 

719
00:40:12,100 --> 00:40:15,100
light as both a practical tool, 
and a spiritual symbol. 

720
00:40:15,100 --> 00:40:17,600
The Japanese. 
Oh, Bond Festival honors 

721
00:40:17,600 --> 00:40:20,300
deceased ancestors. 
And part of its observance, 

722
00:40:20,300 --> 00:40:23,200
involves lighting lanterns to 
guide Spirits back to the living

723
00:40:23,200 --> 00:40:26,400
world. 
Paper lanterns hang from Eaves 

724
00:40:26,400 --> 00:40:28,900
and posts glowing softly in the 
summer. 

725
00:40:28,900 --> 00:40:32,800
Darkness on the final night of 
the festival floating lanterns 

726
00:40:32,800 --> 00:40:36,100
are set a drift on rivers and 
lakes carrying prayers and 

727
00:40:36,100 --> 00:40:40,000
farewells back to the spirit 
world, the lights bourbon drift,

728
00:40:40,000 --> 00:40:43,300
Downstream gradually 
disappearing into the darkness. 

729
00:40:43,300 --> 00:40:47,400
A beautiful Melancholy image of 
impermanence and connection. 

730
00:40:47,400 --> 00:40:50,800
Winter solstice celebrations, 
across numerous cultures, 

731
00:40:50,800 --> 00:40:53,900
involved lighting fires or lamps
to encourage. 

732
00:40:53,900 --> 00:40:57,700
The sun's return to prove, that 
light, still existed, even in 

733
00:40:57,700 --> 00:41:01,600
the darkest part of the year. 
The Scandinavian tradition of 

734
00:41:01,600 --> 00:41:05,400
Saint Lucia's day involved. 
Young women wearing crowns of 

735
00:41:05,408 --> 00:41:09,400
candles bringing light and food 
to households during the darkest

736
00:41:09,400 --> 00:41:11,800
weeks of winter. 
A symbolism was clear. 

737
00:41:11,800 --> 00:41:14,100
We carry light through the 
darkness. 

738
00:41:14,100 --> 00:41:18,800
We maintain hope and we refuse 
to surrender to the long night. 

739
00:41:19,600 --> 00:41:22,800
You're at a Buddhist temple 
during Vesak, the celebration of

740
00:41:22,808 --> 00:41:25,200
Buddha's birth in lightning and 
death. 

741
00:41:25,900 --> 00:41:28,700
The temple complex is adorned 
with thousands of lanterns 

742
00:41:28,700 --> 00:41:32,400
creating a warm glow that seems 
to pulse with spiritual energy 

743
00:41:32,400 --> 00:41:36,100
monks and lay people alike, 
carry small lamps and procession

744
00:41:36,100 --> 00:41:40,700
circling the temple grounds, the
accumulated light of hundreds of

745
00:41:40,708 --> 00:41:43,600
individual Flames. 
Creating an illumination that 

746
00:41:43,600 --> 00:41:47,100
feels qualitatively different 
from any electric light you've 

747
00:41:47,100 --> 00:41:50,000
experienced in your Modern Life 
lighting. 

748
00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:53,300
These contexts wasn't measured 
in lumens or foot candles. 

749
00:41:53,300 --> 00:41:58,400
It wasn't evaluated based on 
efficiency or duration, instead,

750
00:41:58,400 --> 00:42:02,200
it was appreciated for its 
symbolic weight, its connection 

751
00:42:02,200 --> 00:42:06,400
to meaning and memory, and its 
devotion, a single candle 

752
00:42:06,400 --> 00:42:09,400
burning in memory of a deceased.
Loved one provided almost no 

753
00:42:09,400 --> 00:42:13,600
practical illumination, but its 
purpose was not practical, it 

754
00:42:13,600 --> 00:42:17,200
was witness remembrance and 
continuing connection. 

755
00:42:17,200 --> 00:42:20,500
The ancient zoroastrians 
maintained, sacred fires and 

756
00:42:20,500 --> 00:42:25,400
fire temples tended continuously
by priests These files were 

757
00:42:25,400 --> 00:42:29,000
considered living manifestations
of the Divine, requiring careful

758
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:32,400
feeding and protection different
grades of fire existed, 

759
00:42:32,400 --> 00:42:36,100
household fires, Community fires
and most sacred of all the 

760
00:42:36,100 --> 00:42:39,200
attached behran. 
A fire, requiring, the Gathering

761
00:42:39,200 --> 00:42:43,000
and combination of 16 different 
types of fire in elaborate 

762
00:42:43,000 --> 00:42:45,700
purification. 
Ceremonies the fire could never 

763
00:42:45,700 --> 00:42:48,900
be allowed to go out with 
priests maintaining constant 

764
00:42:48,900 --> 00:42:52,100
vigil over its preservation. 
You observe how different 

765
00:42:52,100 --> 00:42:54,800
cultures develop distinct 
Aesthetics of light. 

766
00:42:54,800 --> 00:42:58,600
Chinese lanterns made of paper 
and bamboo painted with 

767
00:42:58,600 --> 00:43:02,900
auspicious, symbols and proverbs
Moroccan lanterns of pierced 

768
00:43:02,900 --> 00:43:06,300
metal creating intricate, Shadow
patterns on surrounding walls. 

769
00:43:07,200 --> 00:43:10,600
Indian hanging lamps of brass 
with multiple Wicks arranged in 

770
00:43:10,608 --> 00:43:13,600
rows, each traditional 
expressed, something about how 

771
00:43:13,600 --> 00:43:17,600
people understood and valued 
light turning functional objects

772
00:43:17,600 --> 00:43:21,400
into works of art. even in the 
darkness, you find that the 

773
00:43:21,400 --> 00:43:24,400
human impulse toward ritual and 
celebration manifest through 

774
00:43:24,400 --> 00:43:27,700
light birthday, candles 
represent years lived, and 

775
00:43:27,708 --> 00:43:30,700
wishes made Were Memorial 
candles on her. 

776
00:43:30,700 --> 00:43:33,900
Those who died. 
Vigil candles accompany prayers 

777
00:43:33,900 --> 00:43:37,500
for the sick or troubled, the 
Olympic torch carries flame 

778
00:43:37,500 --> 00:43:41,200
across continents, connecting 
Nations through a shared symbol 

779
00:43:41,200 --> 00:43:45,100
of Hope and excellence. 
None of these uses make economic

780
00:43:45,100 --> 00:43:47,700
sense. 
They're inefficient expensive 

781
00:43:47,700 --> 00:43:50,500
and accomplished. 
No practical work yet they 

782
00:43:50,500 --> 00:43:53,700
persist because light means 
something Beyond mere visibility

783
00:43:54,800 --> 00:43:58,100
processions by Torchlight or 
Candlelight created memorable. 

784
00:43:58,100 --> 00:44:01,000
Spectacles, medieval religious 
processions. 

785
00:44:01,000 --> 00:44:03,800
Wound through streets with 
participants carrying candles 

786
00:44:03,800 --> 00:44:08,100
creating rivers of light flowing
through Darkness Japanese, 

787
00:44:08,100 --> 00:44:10,800
Shrine festivals featured, 
participants carrying 

788
00:44:10,800 --> 00:44:13,200
illuminated portable shrines, 
through streets. 

789
00:44:13,200 --> 00:44:16,300
He's moving lights, transformed 
familiar spaces. 

790
00:44:16,300 --> 00:44:19,600
Making the everyday World seemed
strange and sacred. 

791
00:44:20,500 --> 00:44:23,100
In some traditions, the act of 
lighting itself became 

792
00:44:23,100 --> 00:44:26,300
ritualized. 
Pacific prayers accompanied, the

793
00:44:26,300 --> 00:44:29,100
lighting of Sabbath candles 
certain holidays. 

794
00:44:29,100 --> 00:44:32,600
Required fires to be lit in 
particular, ways from specific 

795
00:44:32,600 --> 00:44:36,400
materials at specific times with
specific invocations. 

796
00:44:37,200 --> 00:44:40,800
The lighting was as important as
the light itself and the Act 

797
00:44:40,800 --> 00:44:44,300
was, as meaningful as the 
outcome, you notice how sacred 

798
00:44:44,300 --> 00:44:46,600
light often involves Community 
participation. 

799
00:44:47,600 --> 00:44:51,000
One person like to Candle, then 
shares that flame with others 

800
00:44:51,000 --> 00:44:54,800
who share with still others 
until hundreds of individual 

801
00:44:54,800 --> 00:44:57,000
lights Bloom from a single 
Source. 

802
00:44:57,000 --> 00:45:01,300
The metaphor is obvious, but 
powerful, like multiplies 

803
00:45:01,300 --> 00:45:05,000
without diminishing knowledge, 
shared enriches everyone, and 

804
00:45:05,000 --> 00:45:09,000
one small flame can illuminate, 
an entire Gathering, you're 

805
00:45:09,000 --> 00:45:10,900
reviewing the household account 
in the middle class, London 

806
00:45:10,900 --> 00:45:15,600
home, sometime around 1750, the 
numbers are frustrating, the 

807
00:45:15,600 --> 00:45:18,400
cost of candles alone represents
a significant portion of your 

808
00:45:18,400 --> 00:45:22,600
family's budget, not as much as 
food or rent, certainly, but 

809
00:45:22,600 --> 00:45:24,400
enough to require careful 
management. 

810
00:45:24,400 --> 00:45:28,100
You burn cheap Tallow candles in
the kitchen and servants 

811
00:45:28,100 --> 00:45:31,000
quarters. 
Save the better beeswax candles 

812
00:45:31,000 --> 00:45:35,000
for the Parlor where you 
entertain guests, Even so the 

813
00:45:35,000 --> 00:45:38,700
expense adds up before 
electricity lighting was 

814
00:45:38,700 --> 00:45:41,500
expensive enough to meaning for 
constrain Behavior. 

815
00:45:42,400 --> 00:45:45,000
Poor families went to bed soon 
enough to Sunset because they 

816
00:45:45,000 --> 00:45:47,800
couldn't afford to burn. 
Lights middling families 

817
00:45:47,800 --> 00:45:50,200
carefully. 
Ration their lighting using good

818
00:45:50,200 --> 00:45:53,500
candles sparingly and making do 
with cheaper alternatives when 

819
00:45:53,500 --> 00:45:55,900
possible. 
Only the wealthy could afford to

820
00:45:55,900 --> 00:45:58,100
light their homes as freely as 
they wished. 

821
00:45:58,100 --> 00:46:00,400
And even, they paid attention to
the cost. 

822
00:46:01,300 --> 00:46:04,500
The economics of light affected 
every level of society 

823
00:46:04,500 --> 00:46:08,700
differently rural Farmers had 
access to animal fat for Tallow 

824
00:46:08,700 --> 00:46:11,100
candles but might lack. 
The means to buy better 

825
00:46:11,100 --> 00:46:14,100
alternatives. 
Urban workers could purchase 

826
00:46:14,100 --> 00:46:17,400
various grades of candles and 
lamp oil but earned barely 

827
00:46:17,400 --> 00:46:20,500
enough to afford, basic 
necessities, the wealthy 

828
00:46:20,500 --> 00:46:23,800
employed, specialized servants 
lamp Bois candle, snuffers and 

829
00:46:23,800 --> 00:46:27,600
torch bearers whose entire role 
involved managing the households

830
00:46:27,600 --> 00:46:30,600
lighting needs. 
You calculate how many hours of 

831
00:46:30,600 --> 00:46:33,500
light you can afford this week 
evening, Gatherings must be 

832
00:46:33,500 --> 00:46:35,900
planned carefully. 
If your hosting guests, you need

833
00:46:35,900 --> 00:46:38,600
to burn more candles to make a 
good impression that. 

834
00:46:38,600 --> 00:46:41,900
That means fewer hours of light 
on other nights reading must be 

835
00:46:41,908 --> 00:46:45,100
done during daylight or by the 
most economical light sources. 

836
00:46:45,900 --> 00:46:48,900
Sewing mending and other clothes
work are scheduled for the 

837
00:46:48,900 --> 00:46:52,100
brightest part of the day. 
Or postponed until you can 

838
00:46:52,100 --> 00:46:54,100
justify the cost of proper 
illumination. 

839
00:46:54,100 --> 00:46:57,500
The poor made difficult, 
trade-offs, a family earning 

840
00:46:57,500 --> 00:46:59,400
barely enough to eat. 
Might choose between buying 

841
00:46:59,400 --> 00:47:02,000
candles and buying food often 
food. 

842
00:47:02,000 --> 00:47:05,200
One people went to bed early. 
Not because they were especially

843
00:47:05,200 --> 00:47:08,000
tired, but because sitting in 
darkness was depressing and 

844
00:47:08,000 --> 00:47:12,000
unproductive Winter. 
Evenings were long and dark and 

845
00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:14,600
the inability to afford light 
made them longer and darker 

846
00:47:14,600 --> 00:47:18,000
still some crafts and trades 
required light to function. 

847
00:47:18,000 --> 00:47:21,000
And the cost of that light was 
built into the price of goods 

848
00:47:21,000 --> 00:47:23,400
and services assuming are 
needed. 

849
00:47:23,408 --> 00:47:25,200
Good light to work leather 
properly. 

850
00:47:26,000 --> 00:47:29,300
Taylor needed it for fine 
stitching, I watch maker, 

851
00:47:29,300 --> 00:47:31,900
absolutely required, it for 
delicate, repairs. 

852
00:47:32,700 --> 00:47:35,000
These skilled trades. 
People invested in better 

853
00:47:35,000 --> 00:47:37,300
lighting because their 
livelihoods demanded it. 

854
00:47:38,000 --> 00:47:40,800
But they paid a price in the 
form of significant ongoing 

855
00:47:40,800 --> 00:47:45,200
expenses for candles or lamp oil
Street lighting where it existed

856
00:47:45,200 --> 00:47:47,200
at all was rudimentary and 
expensive. 

857
00:47:47,900 --> 00:47:50,600
In London householders were 
required by law to hang 

858
00:47:50,600 --> 00:47:52,700
lanterns, outside their doors on
Dark Nights. 

859
00:47:52,700 --> 00:47:56,300
Creating a patchwork of light 
that barely illuminated the 

860
00:47:56,300 --> 00:47:59,500
streets. 
The system was unreliable people

861
00:47:59,500 --> 00:48:02,600
forgot or couldn't afford the 
oil or simply ignored the 

862
00:48:02,600 --> 00:48:06,000
requirement walking through the 
city after dark remained 

863
00:48:06,000 --> 00:48:09,500
dangerous with criminals. 
Taking advantage of poorly lit 

864
00:48:09,500 --> 00:48:13,100
areas and victims, having 
limited ability to see threats 

865
00:48:13,100 --> 00:48:17,100
approaching The cost of light 
created a kind of temporal 

866
00:48:17,100 --> 00:48:21,400
inequality, the wealthy, could 
extend their days hosting 

867
00:48:21,400 --> 00:48:23,800
evening salons and parties that 
continued. 

868
00:48:23,800 --> 00:48:27,400
Well, past dark. 
They could read work and 

869
00:48:27,400 --> 00:48:30,700
socialize during hours when 
poorer people had no choice but 

870
00:48:30,700 --> 00:48:33,200
to sleep isn't a trivial 
Advantage. 

871
00:48:33,200 --> 00:48:36,100
It meant more hours for 
Education, networking 

872
00:48:36,100 --> 00:48:38,000
entertainment and productive 
work. 

873
00:48:38,900 --> 00:48:41,500
The ability to light the 
darkness was in effect. 

874
00:48:41,500 --> 00:48:45,800
The ability to buy time itself, 
institutions had different 

875
00:48:45,800 --> 00:48:49,300
economics than individuals 
churches could afford to keep 

876
00:48:49,300 --> 00:48:52,400
multiple candles burning because
they serve communities rather 

877
00:48:52,400 --> 00:48:56,100
than families universities and 
colleges maintained reading 

878
00:48:56,100 --> 00:48:59,600
rooms with adequate lighting 
enabling Scholars to study. 

879
00:48:59,600 --> 00:49:03,400
After Sunset, governments lit, 
official buildings and public 

880
00:49:03,400 --> 00:49:05,600
spaces. 
As demonstrations of power and 

881
00:49:05,600 --> 00:49:08,200
resources. 
These institutional lights 

882
00:49:08,200 --> 00:49:11,200
created islands of Illumination 
in otherwise, dark cities. 

883
00:49:12,100 --> 00:49:14,600
You've heard about experiments 
with new types of lamps, 

884
00:49:14,600 --> 00:49:18,000
something about gaslighting, 
being tested in some public 

885
00:49:18,000 --> 00:49:20,400
spaces. 
The idea seems fantastic. 

886
00:49:21,400 --> 00:49:25,200
Pipes carrying flammable gas 
through the streets with flames,

887
00:49:25,200 --> 00:49:27,800
burning at regular intervals 
from special fixtures. 

888
00:49:27,800 --> 00:49:30,800
It sounds dangerous. 
But apparently the light is much

889
00:49:30,800 --> 00:49:34,400
brighter than candles or oil 
lamps and the cost per hour of 

890
00:49:34,400 --> 00:49:38,000
Illumination is lower. 
Still You doubt, it will become 

891
00:49:38,000 --> 00:49:41,400
widespread, how could such a 
system possibly be maintained 

892
00:49:41,400 --> 00:49:45,100
across an entire city? 
The economics of light influence

893
00:49:45,100 --> 00:49:47,100
social structures in ways. 
You're only beginning to 

894
00:49:47,100 --> 00:49:51,300
understand servants rows Before 
Dawn and worked until well after

895
00:49:51,300 --> 00:49:55,100
dark Often by inadequate light 
that strained, their eyes and 

896
00:49:55,100 --> 00:49:58,300
made their work more difficult. 
Their labor subsidized their 

897
00:49:58,300 --> 00:50:02,000
employers Comfort, including the
management of expensive Lighting

898
00:50:02,000 --> 00:50:05,000
systems, the distribution of 
Light Within a household 

899
00:50:05,000 --> 00:50:08,900
reflected, the distribution of 
power Masters, got the best 

900
00:50:08,900 --> 00:50:13,200
light and servants may do with 
minimal illumination or work by 

901
00:50:13,200 --> 00:50:16,400
daylight whenever possible 
professional, lamplighters 

902
00:50:16,400 --> 00:50:19,500
formed guilds and maintained 
regular employment in cities 

903
00:50:19,500 --> 00:50:23,000
with Street Lighting systems. 
They made rounds each evening 

904
00:50:23,000 --> 00:50:26,800
with ladders and long poles like
lighting lamps along deserted 

905
00:50:26,800 --> 00:50:29,400
roots. 
In the morning, they reverse the

906
00:50:29,400 --> 00:50:32,500
process extinguishing lamps and 
collecting unused oil. 

907
00:50:32,500 --> 00:50:36,800
The work was steady but not 
glamorous and the pay reflected 

908
00:50:36,800 --> 00:50:40,600
the low-status of manual. 
Labor still, it was preferable 

909
00:50:40,600 --> 00:50:43,400
to many Alternatives available 
to working class men. 

910
00:50:44,400 --> 00:50:47,500
The market for lighting Products
was substantial and stratified 

911
00:50:47,500 --> 00:50:50,900
expensive. 
Beeswax candles for the wealthy 

912
00:50:50,900 --> 00:50:55,200
middling Tallow candles for the 
respectable poor and cheap Rush 

913
00:50:55,200 --> 00:50:59,700
lights for those barely scraping
by Different grades of lamp 

914
00:50:59,700 --> 00:51:03,900
oils, serve different markets, 
candlesticks lanterns, snuffers,

915
00:51:03,900 --> 00:51:06,500
and other lighting. 
Implements came inversions 

916
00:51:06,500 --> 00:51:08,300
appropriate for every social 
class. 

917
00:51:08,300 --> 00:51:11,700
You could tell a family's 
approximate wealth and Status by

918
00:51:11,700 --> 00:51:14,900
examining their lighting 
Provisions somehow holds try to 

919
00:51:14,908 --> 00:51:18,600
economize by making their own 
candles, but this required time 

920
00:51:18,600 --> 00:51:22,600
skill and access to raw 
materials The Tallow had to be 

921
00:51:22,600 --> 00:51:26,000
rendered from animal fat 
filtered to remove impurities, 

922
00:51:26,000 --> 00:51:28,200
then used for dipping or 
molding. 

923
00:51:28,200 --> 00:51:32,700
The process was time-consuming 
and smelly filling the house 

924
00:51:32,700 --> 00:51:36,800
with the odor of hot animal fat.
Many families decided that 

925
00:51:36,800 --> 00:51:38,500
purchasing candles from 
professional. 

926
00:51:38,500 --> 00:51:42,100
Chandlers was worth the extra 
expense to avoid the unpleasant 

927
00:51:42,100 --> 00:51:45,700
work, the seasonal variation, in
daylight hours, affected 

928
00:51:45,700 --> 00:51:49,200
household, economics 
significantly, Summer evenings, 

929
00:51:49,200 --> 00:51:53,200
required less artificial, light 
reducing expenses and allowing 

930
00:51:53,200 --> 00:51:56,200
families to extend their waking 
hours without additional cost. 

931
00:51:56,200 --> 00:51:59,300
Winter demanded much more light 
straining. 

932
00:51:59,300 --> 00:52:03,700
Budgets, precisely when other 
expenses heating, warm clothing,

933
00:52:03,700 --> 00:52:08,200
preserved Foods all so increased
the darkest months were often 

934
00:52:08,200 --> 00:52:11,000
the hardest months, he 
economically with multiple needs

935
00:52:11,000 --> 00:52:15,000
competing for limited resources.
You finish your accounting with 

936
00:52:15,000 --> 00:52:17,600
a sigh. 
The candle budget will need to 

937
00:52:17,600 --> 00:52:20,500
be reduced next month to cover 
an unexpected expense. 

938
00:52:20,500 --> 00:52:25,100
This means fewer evening, social
Gatherings more work completed 

939
00:52:25,100 --> 00:52:27,500
during daylight hours and 
earlier bedtime. 

940
00:52:28,600 --> 00:52:31,200
Is a small adjustment, but it 
reminds you. 

941
00:52:31,200 --> 00:52:34,100
How much of your life is 
constrained by the economics of 

942
00:52:34,100 --> 00:52:37,200
something, as basic as light. 
You long for a time when 

943
00:52:37,200 --> 00:52:40,400
illumination might be cheap. 
And abundant though, you can't 

944
00:52:40,400 --> 00:52:43,300
imagine how such a world could 
possibly come to exist. 

945
00:52:44,300 --> 00:52:47,500
You're in a blacksmith's, Forge 
late in the evening, and work 

946
00:52:47,500 --> 00:52:51,500
continues, despite the darkness 
outside, but the forge provides 

947
00:52:51,500 --> 00:52:55,000
its own illumination. the fire 
burning at temperatures, hot 

948
00:52:55,000 --> 00:52:57,700
enough to soften iron casts 
enough like to see by, 

949
00:52:57,700 --> 00:53:02,100
especially once your eyes are 
just The glow is reddish. 

950
00:53:02,100 --> 00:53:06,700
Orange painting everything in 
shades of warmth and Shadow. 

951
00:53:06,700 --> 00:53:09,900
You can see the blacksmith's 
face, clearly when he leans 

952
00:53:09,900 --> 00:53:13,200
close to the forge, but he 
disappears into silhouette when 

953
00:53:13,200 --> 00:53:17,100
he steps back to his anvil. 
Certain types of work created 

954
00:53:17,100 --> 00:53:20,100
their own light and people 
organize their labor around. 

955
00:53:20,100 --> 00:53:23,400
This fact blacksmiths could work
into the evening because their 

956
00:53:23,400 --> 00:53:25,500
forges illuminated, their work 
spaces. 

957
00:53:26,400 --> 00:53:29,700
Baker started their days in the 
middle of the night but their 

958
00:53:29,700 --> 00:53:34,000
ovens provided light as well as 
heat metal workers glass blowers

959
00:53:34,000 --> 00:53:37,100
and anyone else who's craft 
involved fire had a built-in 

960
00:53:37,100 --> 00:53:39,900
lighting solution though. 
It wasn't always sufficient for 

961
00:53:39,900 --> 00:53:42,600
detail work. 
The quality of Forge light is 

962
00:53:42,608 --> 00:53:46,600
particular very bright near the 
fire but the illumination falls 

963
00:53:46,600 --> 00:53:49,700
off quickly. 
Colors are distorted with 

964
00:53:49,700 --> 00:53:53,100
everything taking on warm tones 
that make it difficult to judge 

965
00:53:53,100 --> 00:53:56,800
the true appearance of objects. 
The blacksmith knows this and 

966
00:53:56,800 --> 00:53:59,900
often takes worked pieces out 
during daylight to examine them 

967
00:53:59,900 --> 00:54:04,100
properly. what looks smooth and 
even by forged like might reveal

968
00:54:04,100 --> 00:54:07,800
flaws in natural illumination 
you watch as the blacksmith heat

969
00:54:07,800 --> 00:54:11,600
to piece of iron until it glows 
first read then are orange then 

970
00:54:11,600 --> 00:54:15,000
yellow white at the hottest 
point The metal itself, becomes 

971
00:54:15,000 --> 00:54:17,500
a source of light bright enough 
to read by. 

972
00:54:17,500 --> 00:54:20,600
If you were foolish enough to 
get that close, he hammers it 

973
00:54:20,600 --> 00:54:24,600
against the Anvil and Sparks, 
Fly with each impact, creating 

974
00:54:24,600 --> 00:54:27,800
brief fireworks that illuminate 
the workshop in flickering 

975
00:54:27,800 --> 00:54:30,900
bursts. 
The darkness between Sparks is 

976
00:54:30,900 --> 00:54:34,600
somehow darker, your eyes 
constantly adjusting to changes 

977
00:54:34,600 --> 00:54:37,400
in light level. 
The rhythmic work of the forge 

978
00:54:37,400 --> 00:54:39,800
creates a kind of temporal 
structure to the evening. 

979
00:54:39,800 --> 00:54:43,800
He the metal hammer, it check 
the shape and return it to the 

980
00:54:43,800 --> 00:54:46,200
fire. 
Each cycle, involves moving 

981
00:54:46,200 --> 00:54:49,700
between different light levels, 
the brilliant glow of the forge,

982
00:54:49,700 --> 00:54:53,100
the dimmer light of the work 
area and the near darkness of 

983
00:54:53,100 --> 00:54:55,500
the corners where tools and 
materials are stored. 

984
00:54:56,200 --> 00:54:59,600
A blacksmith navigates, these 
transitions automatically, his 

985
00:54:59,600 --> 00:55:01,700
body remembering where 
everything is located. 

986
00:55:02,600 --> 00:55:05,800
Other trades found different 
solutions to working after dark 

987
00:55:05,800 --> 00:55:09,300
fishermen often worked by 
Moonlight when the lunar cycle 

988
00:55:09,300 --> 00:55:12,900
permitted or carried torches. 
When necessary night fishing 

989
00:55:12,900 --> 00:55:15,200
required different skills than 
daylight fishing. 

990
00:55:15,200 --> 00:55:19,900
You learn to navigate by feel 
and sound as much as sight to 

991
00:55:19,900 --> 00:55:23,600
interpret Ripples and splashes 
you couldn't see clearly the 

992
00:55:23,600 --> 00:55:26,200
torture attracted certain fish 
while scaring others away 

993
00:55:26,200 --> 00:55:29,800
creating different opportunities
and challenges than daylight 

994
00:55:29,800 --> 00:55:33,400
fishing presented. 
Mine has worked Underground when

995
00:55:33,400 --> 00:55:37,300
no natural light ever reached 
entirely dependent on lamps or 

996
00:55:37,300 --> 00:55:40,100
candles. 
A minus lamp was a critical 

997
00:55:40,100 --> 00:55:42,900
piece of equipment as important 
as any tool. 

998
00:55:42,900 --> 00:55:45,700
Running out of light. 
While deep underground could be 

999
00:55:45,700 --> 00:55:49,700
fatal, you might become 
disoriented unable to find your 

1000
00:55:49,700 --> 00:55:52,200
way back to the shaft, 
surrounded by Darkness. 

1001
00:55:52,200 --> 00:55:56,300
So complete, it created a kind 
of panic miners, learned a 

1002
00:55:56,300 --> 00:55:59,100
rational, their like carefully 
to navigate partially by memory 

1003
00:55:59,100 --> 00:56:01,600
and field. 
And to always carry back up 

1004
00:56:01,600 --> 00:56:04,500
illumination. 
The dangers of working by 

1005
00:56:04,500 --> 00:56:08,100
inadequate, light were real and 
common Crafts People strain 

1006
00:56:08,100 --> 00:56:10,600
their eyes, trying to see detail
by dim Lamplight. 

1007
00:56:11,300 --> 00:56:16,100
Accidents increased after dark 
misjudged distances, missed 

1008
00:56:16,100 --> 00:56:19,800
steps tools that slipped because
you couldn't quite see what you 

1009
00:56:19,800 --> 00:56:22,100
were doing. 
Some trades simply couldn't be 

1010
00:56:22,100 --> 00:56:25,200
performed safely without good 
light and people learned which 

1011
00:56:25,200 --> 00:56:28,700
tasks to save for daylight and 
which could be attempted By 

1012
00:56:28,700 --> 00:56:32,400
Flame, women's work, often 
continue after dark out of 

1013
00:56:32,408 --> 00:56:36,000
necessity. 
Spinning weaving sewing and 

1014
00:56:36,000 --> 00:56:39,400
mending needed to be done and 
days weren't long enough to 

1015
00:56:39,400 --> 00:56:41,100
complete everything during 
daylight hours. 

1016
00:56:41,100 --> 00:56:45,300
So women worked by firelight or 
Lamplight sitting close to the 

1017
00:56:45,300 --> 00:56:49,800
flame eyes, straining to see 
fine details, the cost was 

1018
00:56:49,800 --> 00:56:53,500
measured in headaches, I strain 
and gradual loss of close 

1019
00:56:53,500 --> 00:56:56,400
Vision, over years of working. 
In it, inadequate illumination 

1020
00:56:57,400 --> 00:57:00,400
You observe a spinner working by
the half in the blacksmith's 

1021
00:57:00,400 --> 00:57:03,300
home. 
She sits close to the fire staff

1022
00:57:03,300 --> 00:57:06,700
in one hand, spindle in the 
other drawing out, fiber and 

1023
00:57:06,700 --> 00:57:08,600
twisting it into thread through 
movement. 

1024
00:57:08,600 --> 00:57:12,000
So practice, their almost 
unconscious, the firelight 

1025
00:57:12,000 --> 00:57:16,000
Caster hands in sharp relief. 
Making the thread visible as it 

1026
00:57:16,000 --> 00:57:20,200
forms, but the light is 
inconsistent surging and fading 

1027
00:57:20,200 --> 00:57:23,400
with the Flames, requiring 
constant, adjustment and 

1028
00:57:23,400 --> 00:57:27,000
attention. 
Textile, work spinning weaving. 

1029
00:57:27,000 --> 00:57:30,400
Sowing demanded, good vision and
steady hands. 

1030
00:57:31,200 --> 00:57:34,700
Women performing this work by an
adequate light developed eye 

1031
00:57:34,700 --> 00:57:37,100
problems earlier than men. 
Doing outdoor physical labor. 

1032
00:57:37,900 --> 00:57:39,700
Strain of focusing on fine 
detail. 

1033
00:57:39,700 --> 00:57:42,200
In poor illumination took a 
cumulative toll. 

1034
00:57:42,200 --> 00:57:45,400
Some women were effectively 
blind for close work by their 

1035
00:57:45,400 --> 00:57:49,000
forties unable to thread needles
or see fine. 

1036
00:57:49,000 --> 00:57:51,900
Stitches. 
Relegated to simpler tasks that 

1037
00:57:51,900 --> 00:57:55,900
didn't require acute vision. 
The Potters Workshop operates on

1038
00:57:55,900 --> 00:57:59,100
a different Rhythm. 
Clay work requires good light to

1039
00:57:59,100 --> 00:58:03,000
see subtle imperfections and 
variations in thickness Potters 

1040
00:58:03,000 --> 00:58:05,000
who had to work. 
After dark position, their 

1041
00:58:05,000 --> 00:58:08,600
wheels near Windows to capture 
the last of the evening light or

1042
00:58:08,600 --> 00:58:11,200
arranged multiple lamps around 
their workspace. 

1043
00:58:11,200 --> 00:58:15,300
At considerable expense throwing
pots by firelight alone was 

1044
00:58:15,300 --> 00:58:18,200
nearly impossible. 
The inconsistent illumination 

1045
00:58:18,200 --> 00:58:21,300
made it too difficult to judge 
the vessels shape and symmetry 

1046
00:58:22,200 --> 00:58:24,900
glass blow as had perhaps the 
best nighttime working 

1047
00:58:24,900 --> 00:58:28,700
conditions among Kraft's people.
The molten glass itself glowed 

1048
00:58:28,700 --> 00:58:32,400
brilliantly and the furnace is 
provided ample, light, and heat.

1049
00:58:32,400 --> 00:58:36,100
Watching a glass blow a work 
after dark was spectacular. 

1050
00:58:37,100 --> 00:58:40,100
The Blob of glowing glass on the
end of the blowpipe lit, the 

1051
00:58:40,100 --> 00:58:43,300
entire Workshop, casting the 
worker in silhouette as they 

1052
00:58:43,300 --> 00:58:47,200
shaped and formed the material 
Sparks and smaller pieces of 

1053
00:58:47,200 --> 00:58:51,200
glass flew like tiny meteors 
when glass was cut or broken and

1054
00:58:51,800 --> 00:58:54,300
You notice how different crafts 
developed different 

1055
00:58:54,300 --> 00:58:58,600
relationships with Darkness. 
Some resisted it struggling to 

1056
00:58:58,600 --> 00:59:00,800
maintain adequate light for 
precise work. 

1057
00:59:00,800 --> 00:59:03,800
Others accommodated. 
It adjusting work. 

1058
00:59:03,800 --> 00:59:07,300
Schedules to maximize use of 
daylight and minimized 

1059
00:59:07,300 --> 00:59:09,100
dependence on artificial 
illumination. 

1060
00:59:10,300 --> 00:59:13,600
Still others, Incorporated. 
It like the blacksmith whose 

1061
00:59:13,600 --> 00:59:17,100
work actually created the light 
necessary to see by The 

1062
00:59:17,100 --> 00:59:19,800
Apprentice system, partly 
reflected the economics of 

1063
00:59:19,808 --> 00:59:22,400
light. 
Young apprentices were sent to 

1064
00:59:22,400 --> 00:59:25,200
bed early partly to conserve 
candles and lamp oil. 

1065
00:59:25,200 --> 00:59:28,200
They Rose Before, Dawn and 
worked by daylight under 

1066
00:59:28,200 --> 00:59:30,100
supervision learning their 
trades. 

1067
00:59:30,100 --> 00:59:33,400
During hours when light was free
Masters, who could afford to 

1068
00:59:33,400 --> 00:59:36,600
work long hours by artificial 
light gained competitive 

1069
00:59:36,600 --> 00:59:40,700
advantages more productivity 
fast to completion of complex 

1070
00:59:40,700 --> 00:59:44,600
projects and the ability to take
on urgent orders, requiring 

1071
00:59:44,600 --> 00:59:48,100
nighttime work seasonal, 
variations affected work 

1072
00:59:48,100 --> 00:59:52,200
patterns significantly. summer 
meant, long working days, taking

1073
00:59:52,200 --> 00:59:55,400
full advantage of extended 
daylight, when to mentioned 

1074
00:59:55,400 --> 00:59:58,500
shorter days and more dependents
on expensive, artificial light 

1075
00:59:58,500 --> 01:00:02,100
with some trades, essentially 
shutting down after dark, While 

1076
01:00:02,100 --> 01:00:05,700
others invested in lighting and 
continued working the rhythm of 

1077
01:00:05,700 --> 01:00:08,800
work, followed the rhythm of the
sun more closely than any modern

1078
01:00:08,800 --> 01:00:12,600
workplace can imagine The night 
shift is modern industry, 

1079
01:00:12,600 --> 01:00:16,700
understands it barely existed 
some work continued after dark 

1080
01:00:16,700 --> 01:00:19,700
out of necessity Baker's. 
Preparing morning bread, 

1081
01:00:19,700 --> 01:00:23,900
nightwatchman patrolling streets
and midwives attending births. 

1082
01:00:23,900 --> 01:00:27,700
At any hour, the idea of 
deliberately scheduling large 

1083
01:00:27,700 --> 01:00:30,700
numbers of workers to labor 
through the night was largely 

1084
01:00:30,700 --> 01:00:34,000
impractical before adequate 
lighting made such Arrangements 

1085
01:00:34,000 --> 01:00:36,400
feasible. 
You're walking through Edinburgh

1086
01:00:36,400 --> 01:00:40,100
on a moonless night in 1780 and 
the Darkness is thick enough to 

1087
01:00:40,108 --> 01:00:42,800
feel solid. 
The street lighting is sporadic 

1088
01:00:42,800 --> 01:00:45,000
at best. 
Some oil lamps hanging from 

1089
01:00:45,000 --> 01:00:48,800
Posts at Major intersections but
long stretches of Road remain 

1090
01:00:48,800 --> 01:00:52,600
completely dark your carrying a 
lantern, which helped. 

1091
01:00:52,600 --> 01:00:55,600
But the light doesn't extend far
enough to prevent you from 

1092
01:00:55,600 --> 01:00:58,400
occasionally stepping in 
something unpleasant that you'd 

1093
01:00:58,400 --> 01:01:02,000
rather than not identify cities 
after dark, would dangerous 

1094
01:01:02,000 --> 01:01:04,100
places. 
And insufficient lighting was a 

1095
01:01:04,100 --> 01:01:07,800
major reason why criminals 
worked under cover of Darkness 

1096
01:01:07,800 --> 01:01:10,800
knowing that victims couldn't 
identify them. 

1097
01:01:10,800 --> 01:01:15,000
And constables couldn't easily 
give Chase getting home safely 

1098
01:01:15,000 --> 01:01:17,100
after dark often meant hiring a 
link boy. 

1099
01:01:17,100 --> 01:01:21,100
A youth carrying a torch to 
light your way or traveling in 

1100
01:01:21,100 --> 01:01:24,700
groups for safety. 
The wealthy had servants, who 

1101
01:01:24,700 --> 01:01:27,700
accompanied them with lanterns, 
everyone else took their 

1102
01:01:27,700 --> 01:01:31,400
chances, the watch system 
attempted to maintain order with

1103
01:01:31,400 --> 01:01:34,300
nightwatchman patrolling streets
and calling out the hours. 

1104
01:01:35,100 --> 01:01:39,300
But Watchmen were often elderly 
poorly paid and not particularly

1105
01:01:39,300 --> 01:01:42,300
effective at preventing crime, 
their lanterns. 

1106
01:01:42,300 --> 01:01:45,000
Help them navigate, but also 
advertise their positions to 

1107
01:01:45,000 --> 01:01:48,500
anyone, wanting to avoid them. 
Criminals simply worked in the 

1108
01:01:48,500 --> 01:01:52,000
areas between watch roots in the
dark spaces, where no one was 

1109
01:01:52,000 --> 01:01:54,800
looking some cities, 
experimented with public 

1110
01:01:54,800 --> 01:01:58,100
Lighting systems. 
Paris had been installing oil 

1111
01:01:58,100 --> 01:02:01,500
lamps on major streets. 
Since the 1660s, creating a 

1112
01:02:01,508 --> 01:02:04,600
network of lights that were lit 
each evening and extinguished 

1113
01:02:04,600 --> 01:02:07,100
Adorn. 
The system required an army of 

1114
01:02:07,100 --> 01:02:10,600
lamplighters and lamps offers 
workers, who made their rounds 

1115
01:02:10,600 --> 01:02:14,200
with ladders and long poles 
managing, thousands of lamps 

1116
01:02:14,200 --> 01:02:17,600
across the city. 
The cost was enormous but the 

1117
01:02:17,600 --> 01:02:20,400
benefits in terms of reduced 
crime and improved nighttime 

1118
01:02:20,400 --> 01:02:24,000
Commerce made, it worthwhile 
London, was slower to adopt 

1119
01:02:24,000 --> 01:02:27,800
comprehensive Street lighting. 
Relying on the patchwork system 

1120
01:02:27,800 --> 01:02:31,400
of householder lanterns. 
Supplemented by a few public 

1121
01:02:31,400 --> 01:02:34,600
lamps in, busier areas, the 
result was inconsistent. 

1122
01:02:34,600 --> 01:02:36,500
Some streets were reasonably 
well lit. 

1123
01:02:36,500 --> 01:02:40,100
While others remained dark 
passages, best of voided off to 

1124
01:02:40,100 --> 01:02:43,000
Sunset maps of London. 
Published in this period 

1125
01:02:43,000 --> 01:02:46,200
sometimes included notation 
about which streets were safe to

1126
01:02:46,208 --> 01:02:49,400
Traverse at night. 
He strange form of cartography 

1127
01:02:49,400 --> 01:02:51,600
that mapped danger as much as 
geography. 

1128
01:02:51,600 --> 01:02:55,700
He passed a Tavern like a noise 
spilling from his Open Door. 

1129
01:02:56,400 --> 01:03:00,200
inside, you can see customers 
drinking by candlelight the room

1130
01:03:00,200 --> 01:03:04,200
hazy with tobacco smoke Tavern 
stayed open late because they 

1131
01:03:04,200 --> 01:03:07,200
could afford the light necessary
to do business after dark. 

1132
01:03:07,200 --> 01:03:09,900
They became social centers by 
default. 

1133
01:03:09,900 --> 01:03:12,100
Where else could people Gather 
in the evening? 

1134
01:03:12,100 --> 01:03:16,100
The pub served as a kind of 
communal, living room, a lit 

1135
01:03:16,100 --> 01:03:19,300
space in the dark city, where 
news was exchanged deals were 

1136
01:03:19,300 --> 01:03:22,000
made and the hours between 
supper and bedtime could be 

1137
01:03:22,008 --> 01:03:24,200
passed. 
In company, like, soil, 

1138
01:03:24,200 --> 01:03:27,600
collectors were working emptying
chamber pots, and cesspits doing

1139
01:03:27,600 --> 01:03:30,300
work that polite Society 
preferred not to think about. 

1140
01:03:30,300 --> 01:03:33,900
They worked at night partly to 
avoid offending, daytime 

1141
01:03:33,900 --> 01:03:37,800
sensibilities, but also because 
Darkness provided some cover for

1142
01:03:37,800 --> 01:03:41,200
work that no one wanted to watch
their lanterns bobbed through 

1143
01:03:41,200 --> 01:03:45,000
alleys and rear courts marking 
their progress through tusks 

1144
01:03:45,000 --> 01:03:46,900
that were necessary of deeply 
unpleasant. 

1145
01:03:46,900 --> 01:03:49,600
He hear the Nightingale, man, 
making his rounds. 

1146
01:03:49,600 --> 01:03:53,600
A vendor selling small. 
Songbirds in cages conducting 

1147
01:03:53,600 --> 01:03:56,100
business primarily after dark 
because that's when his 

1148
01:03:56,100 --> 01:03:59,400
customers were home from work. 
He carries a lantern to show his

1149
01:03:59,400 --> 01:04:02,100
Wares and the birds sing despite
the dark. 

1150
01:04:02,500 --> 01:04:05,700
Their voice is strangely 
cheerful in the night streets. 

1151
01:04:05,700 --> 01:04:08,800
You wonder if they confused 
about the time of day or if they

1152
01:04:08,800 --> 01:04:11,000
simply don't care when they 
sing, as long as someone is 

1153
01:04:11,000 --> 01:04:14,500
listening, Street lighting, 
transformed, urban geography, 

1154
01:04:14,500 --> 01:04:17,300
and subtle ways. 
Well, its streets became 

1155
01:04:17,300 --> 01:04:20,700
desirable addresses with 
property values reflecting the 

1156
01:04:20,700 --> 01:04:23,100
relative safety and convenience 
of good illumination. 

1157
01:04:24,300 --> 01:04:27,800
Dark streets were avoided when 
possible creating invisible, 

1158
01:04:27,800 --> 01:04:31,200
boundaries within cities, the 
pattern of light and Shadow 

1159
01:04:31,200 --> 01:04:35,200
shaped how people move through 
Urban spaces creating preferred 

1160
01:04:35,200 --> 01:04:39,200
routes and no-go areas. 
The introduction of gaslighting 

1161
01:04:39,200 --> 01:04:42,000
would revolutionize cities in 
ways that were only Beginning To

1162
01:04:42,000 --> 01:04:44,900
Be Imagined within your lifetime
though. 

1163
01:04:44,900 --> 01:04:48,200
You don't know this yet streets 
will be lit by gas lamps that 

1164
01:04:48,200 --> 01:04:52,200
burn brighter and more steadily 
than oil lamps ever could the 

1165
01:04:52,200 --> 01:04:56,100
change will transform and life? 
Extending Commerce reducing 

1166
01:04:56,100 --> 01:04:59,300
crime and making nighttime 
navigation, far. 

1167
01:04:59,300 --> 01:05:02,800
Less treacherous, but for now, 
you navigate by Lantern light 

1168
01:05:02,800 --> 01:05:06,200
and Moonlight stepping carefully
through a city that Darkness 

1169
01:05:06,200 --> 01:05:09,800
still controls public squares 
and Market places, receive 

1170
01:05:09,800 --> 01:05:11,800
priority for lighting 
installations. 

1171
01:05:12,600 --> 01:05:15,900
These were spaces where Commerce
happened where people gathered 

1172
01:05:15,900 --> 01:05:19,200
and where a city's prosperity 
and civility were on display. 

1173
01:05:19,200 --> 01:05:22,500
Good Lighting in these areas, 
served both practical and 

1174
01:05:22,500 --> 01:05:26,300
symbolic functions it 
facilitated trade and social 

1175
01:05:26,300 --> 01:05:29,700
interaction, while also 
demonstrating Civic order and 

1176
01:05:29,700 --> 01:05:32,100
progress. 
You notice how the few Street 

1177
01:05:32,100 --> 01:05:35,300
lamps create pools of light 
separated by expanses of 

1178
01:05:35,300 --> 01:05:40,100
Darkness, walking between lamps 
means periodic, transitions from

1179
01:05:40,100 --> 01:05:44,000
relative, visibility to near 
total darkness with your eyes, 

1180
01:05:44,000 --> 01:05:47,300
constantly adjusting The 
psychological effect is 

1181
01:05:47,300 --> 01:05:49,800
unsettling. 
You feel exposed under the 

1182
01:05:49,800 --> 01:05:52,200
lamps, vulnerable, in the 
darkness between them. 

1183
01:05:53,100 --> 01:05:55,700
The profession of Link boy 
emerged to address the lighting 

1184
01:05:55,700 --> 01:05:58,300
Gap. 
These were typically poor youth 

1185
01:05:58,300 --> 01:06:01,900
who carried torches or lanterns 
and escorted people through dark

1186
01:06:01,900 --> 01:06:04,900
streets for a small fee. 
The work was a regular and 

1187
01:06:04,900 --> 01:06:08,800
poorly paid but it was available
to anyone with access to a torch

1188
01:06:08,800 --> 01:06:11,900
and knowledge of the city 
streets link boys position 

1189
01:06:11,900 --> 01:06:15,500
themselves busy corners and near
theater's offering their 

1190
01:06:15,500 --> 01:06:17,800
services to anyone venturing 
Into the Night. 

1191
01:06:18,700 --> 01:06:22,000
Theater goes provided reliable 
business for link, boys and 

1192
01:06:22,000 --> 01:06:24,500
Sudan. 
Check carriers performance is 

1193
01:06:24,500 --> 01:06:28,100
ended after dark releasing 
well-dressed audiences into 

1194
01:06:28,100 --> 01:06:29,700
streets that were often quite 
dark. 

1195
01:06:30,700 --> 01:06:33,100
The wealthy audience members, 
hired, Sudan, chairs, or 

1196
01:06:33,100 --> 01:06:35,100
private? 
Carriages with a tendon torch. 

1197
01:06:35,100 --> 01:06:38,800
Bearers middle class Patron's 
hired, link, boys, or walked in 

1198
01:06:38,800 --> 01:06:41,300
groups. 
The poor simply walked home as 

1199
01:06:41,300 --> 01:06:43,100
quickly as possible hoping for 
the best. 

1200
01:06:44,100 --> 01:06:47,500
Prostitutes work, the dark 
streets using Shadows for 

1201
01:06:47,500 --> 01:06:51,100
anonymity and negotiating 
business in doorways and allies 

1202
01:06:51,100 --> 01:06:53,500
the darkness that made streets. 
Dangerous. 

1203
01:06:53,500 --> 01:06:56,200
Also made them useful for 
activities that required 

1204
01:06:56,200 --> 01:06:58,300
discretion. 
The relationship between 

1205
01:06:58,300 --> 01:07:01,600
illumination and moral order was
something city authorities 

1206
01:07:01,600 --> 01:07:04,700
understood well. 
Better lighting meant better 

1207
01:07:04,700 --> 01:07:07,300
surveillance and better 
surveillance meant better 

1208
01:07:07,300 --> 01:07:10,700
control of behavior, you pass, 
the remains of someone's evening

1209
01:07:10,700 --> 01:07:14,000
meal thrown into the street 
bones, vegetable peelings and 

1210
01:07:14,000 --> 01:07:17,500
other less identifiable 
materials in darkness streets 

1211
01:07:17,500 --> 01:07:19,900
become repositories, for all 
kinds of waste. 

1212
01:07:20,400 --> 01:07:22,900
With people disposing of things 
they wouldn't dare throw out 

1213
01:07:22,900 --> 01:07:25,800
during daylight the morning, 
cleaning crews will deal with 

1214
01:07:25,800 --> 01:07:28,000
it. 
But for now the debris adds 

1215
01:07:28,000 --> 01:07:29,800
another Hazard to nighttime 
navigation. 

1216
01:07:30,700 --> 01:07:34,000
The sound of footsteps behind 
you causes a moment of anxiety. 

1217
01:07:35,100 --> 01:07:37,300
You turn to see another 
pedestrian with the land of 

1218
01:07:37,300 --> 01:07:40,500
nodding as the pass. 
The encounter is brief, but 

1219
01:07:40,500 --> 01:07:43,200
illustrates constant 
calculations people make about 

1220
01:07:43,200 --> 01:07:45,900
risk and safety. 
Who else is on the street? 

1221
01:07:46,800 --> 01:07:49,100
Are they walking with purpose or
lingering? 

1222
01:07:49,100 --> 01:07:53,500
Suspiciously do they have light 
every encounter after dark 

1223
01:07:53,500 --> 01:07:54,700
carried? 
A Potential Threat? 

1224
01:07:55,600 --> 01:07:58,900
Churches and Cathedrals often 
maintained exterior lamps, as 

1225
01:07:58,900 --> 01:08:03,300
acts of Charity, providing light
for travelers and demonstrating 

1226
01:08:03,300 --> 01:08:06,900
religious commitment to aiding 
the vulnerable, these lamps burn

1227
01:08:06,900 --> 01:08:09,600
throughout the night. 
Tended, by Church, caretakers 

1228
01:08:09,600 --> 01:08:14,000
creating small, sanctuaries of 
light in the Darkness, Travelers

1229
01:08:14,000 --> 01:08:17,200
knew to look for church lamps 
when navigating unfamiliar areas

1230
01:08:17,200 --> 01:08:21,100
after dark the contrast between 
daytime and nighttime cities 

1231
01:08:21,100 --> 01:08:24,700
were Stark. 
During the day streets filled 

1232
01:08:24,700 --> 01:08:27,800
with vendors, workers vehicles 
and pedestrians. 

1233
01:08:27,800 --> 01:08:32,100
Moving purposefully through 
familiar spaces after dark, the 

1234
01:08:32,100 --> 01:08:35,899
same streets became different 
places, emptier more dangerous 

1235
01:08:35,899 --> 01:08:38,800
and navigable only with 
artificial light and 

1236
01:08:38,800 --> 01:08:42,399
considerable caution. 
The city effectively contracted 

1237
01:08:42,399 --> 01:08:46,399
after sunset, with large areas 
becoming virtually uninhabitable

1238
01:08:46,399 --> 01:08:50,500
until dawn. 
You're in Baltimore in 1816 and 

1239
01:08:50,500 --> 01:08:53,500
you've just witnessed something 
remarkable a demonstration of 

1240
01:08:53,500 --> 01:08:55,399
gaslighting in a downtown 
building. 

1241
01:08:55,399 --> 01:09:00,700
The light is like nothing you've
ever seen steady bright almost 

1242
01:09:00,700 --> 01:09:04,100
harsh compared to the soft glow 
of candles and oil lamps, you've

1243
01:09:04,100 --> 01:09:07,600
known your entire life. 
The room is illuminated evenly 

1244
01:09:07,600 --> 01:09:10,700
with none of the shadows, and 
dark Corners that characterize 

1245
01:09:10,700 --> 01:09:14,300
every other lit space you've 
experienced This is the 

1246
01:09:14,300 --> 01:09:15,600
beginning of the end for the 
world. 

1247
01:09:15,600 --> 01:09:17,899
You've known that you can't 
fully appreciate that. 

1248
01:09:17,899 --> 01:09:20,500
Yet gaslighting represents a 
transitional. 

1249
01:09:20,500 --> 01:09:25,100
Technology, still based on 
combustion, still required and 

1250
01:09:25,100 --> 01:09:28,300
maintenance still producing heat
and using oxygen. 

1251
01:09:29,300 --> 01:09:32,300
But it's the first lighting 
technology that divorces the 

1252
01:09:32,300 --> 01:09:36,100
source of fuel from the point of
use, the gas is manufactured 

1253
01:09:36,100 --> 01:09:39,100
elsewhere transported through 
pipes and burned at fixtures 

1254
01:09:39,100 --> 01:09:42,399
throughout the building. 
It's a small conceptual step, 

1255
01:09:42,399 --> 01:09:45,899
but it changes everything. 
The gas itself is made from coal

1256
01:09:45,899 --> 01:09:49,700
heated in sealed retorts, until 
it releases flammable Vapors, 

1257
01:09:49,700 --> 01:09:53,700
these Vapors are captured 
purified and stored in large gas

1258
01:09:53,700 --> 01:09:57,900
holders before being distributed
through iron pipes, the entire 

1259
01:09:57,900 --> 01:10:00,700
system requires significant 
infrastructure investment 

1260
01:10:00,700 --> 01:10:05,200
gasworks pipes meters and 
fixers, it's not something 

1261
01:10:05,200 --> 01:10:07,200
individuals can create in their 
homes. 

1262
01:10:07,200 --> 01:10:10,900
It requires organized systems 
companies, capital and 

1263
01:10:10,900 --> 01:10:14,100
technology that transforms 
lighting from a household 

1264
01:10:14,100 --> 01:10:18,100
concern into a public utility. 
You watch as the demonstrator, 

1265
01:10:18,100 --> 01:10:21,600
adjust the flame, turning a 
small key that increases or 

1266
01:10:21,600 --> 01:10:25,500
decreases the flow of gas. 
The light responds instantly 

1267
01:10:25,500 --> 01:10:28,400
brightening or dimming with 
precise control. 

1268
01:10:28,400 --> 01:10:31,400
That would be impossible with 
candles or oil lamps. 

1269
01:10:31,400 --> 01:10:35,700
This control ability is part of 
the Revolution light that obeys.

1270
01:10:35,700 --> 01:10:38,900
Your immediate commands that 
requires no trimming or 

1271
01:10:38,900 --> 01:10:42,600
refilling that burns. 
Consistently our after our, as 

1272
01:10:42,600 --> 01:10:46,600
long as the gas flows, the smell
is different too cold. 

1273
01:10:46,600 --> 01:10:49,900
Gas has a distinctive slightly 
unpleasant odor though. 

1274
01:10:49,900 --> 01:10:52,700
The demonstration organizers 
have added ventilation to make 

1275
01:10:52,700 --> 01:10:55,900
the space comfortable. 
Later, systems will add aromatic

1276
01:10:55,900 --> 01:11:00,000
compounds to gas to make leaks 
detectable But for now, the 

1277
01:11:00,000 --> 01:11:01,500
smell is just part of the 
experience. 

1278
01:11:02,700 --> 01:11:05,400
You notice that despite the 
bright light, the room is 

1279
01:11:05,400 --> 01:11:09,900
getting warm gaslights produce 
substantial heat, a side effect 

1280
01:11:09,900 --> 01:11:13,200
that will make some evenings 
uncomfortable and gas lit spaces

1281
01:11:13,200 --> 01:11:16,200
outside. 
You're told they're beginning to

1282
01:11:16,200 --> 01:11:18,400
install gas street lights in 
major cities. 

1283
01:11:18,400 --> 01:11:21,700
Baltimore itself will have 
gastric lighting within a few 

1284
01:11:21,700 --> 01:11:24,100
years. 
The Lamppost will be taller than

1285
01:11:24,100 --> 01:11:28,000
oil lamp posts, the flames and 
closed in glass to protect them 

1286
01:11:28,000 --> 01:11:31,100
from wind, lamplighters will 
still make their rounds each 

1287
01:11:31,100 --> 01:11:34,400
evening, but now they'll be 
lighting gas rather than oil 

1288
01:11:34,400 --> 01:11:38,400
using long poles to turn the gas
valves and ignite the Flames. 

1289
01:11:38,400 --> 01:11:43,000
The economic implications are 
enormous gaslighting costs 

1290
01:11:43,000 --> 01:11:46,400
significantly less per hour of 
Illumination than candles or oil

1291
01:11:46,400 --> 01:11:50,100
lamps, making it extended 
nighttime activity affordable 

1292
01:11:50,100 --> 01:11:52,900
for more people. 
Factories will be able to run 

1293
01:11:52,900 --> 01:11:56,900
evening shifts shops. 
Will stay open after dark social

1294
01:11:56,900 --> 01:11:58,800
life, will extend further into 
the night. 

1295
01:11:58,800 --> 01:12:02,100
The working day will stretch 
beyond the boundaries, the sun 

1296
01:12:02,100 --> 01:12:06,300
had always set Not everyone is 
enthusiastic about these changes

1297
01:12:06,300 --> 01:12:09,900
can handle makers, see their 
livelihood, threatened, some 

1298
01:12:09,900 --> 01:12:12,800
people find gaslighting garish 
and unpleasant compared to the 

1299
01:12:12,800 --> 01:12:14,100
familiar. 
Glow of candles. 

1300
01:12:14,100 --> 01:12:18,400
There are safety concerns gas 
leaks can cause explosions. 

1301
01:12:18,400 --> 01:12:21,200
And several well-publicized 
accidents have made people 

1302
01:12:21,200 --> 01:12:24,300
nervous about having flammable 
gas pipe through their walls. 

1303
01:12:25,500 --> 01:12:27,600
The changes met with a mixture 
of excitement. 

1304
01:12:27,600 --> 01:12:30,700
And trepidation theaters were 
among the first to adopt 

1305
01:12:30,700 --> 01:12:34,500
gaslighting enthusiastically, 
the ability to control light 

1306
01:12:34,500 --> 01:12:38,100
levels, revolutionized 
stagecraft allowing for effects 

1307
01:12:38,100 --> 01:12:40,800
impossible, with candles or oil 
lamps lights. 

1308
01:12:40,800 --> 01:12:42,800
Could be dimmed gradually for 
dramatic effect. 

1309
01:12:42,800 --> 01:12:46,100
Brighton. 
For comedic scenes, and adjusted

1310
01:12:46,100 --> 01:12:49,900
throughout performance is to 
enhance mood and meaning Theater

1311
01:12:49,900 --> 01:12:53,500
became a showcase for lighting 
technology, demonstrating 

1312
01:12:53,500 --> 01:12:55,900
possibilities, that would 
eventually spread to other 

1313
01:12:55,900 --> 01:12:59,200
venues, the installation of 
gaslighting infrastructure. 

1314
01:12:59,200 --> 01:13:03,300
Created new occupations gas 
Fitters who installed pipes and 

1315
01:13:03,300 --> 01:13:06,900
fixed pictures, gas inspectors 
who checked for leaks and safety

1316
01:13:06,900 --> 01:13:09,400
compliance. 
And meter readers who tracked, 

1317
01:13:09,400 --> 01:13:13,000
consumption an entire industry 
emerged around this new 

1318
01:13:13,000 --> 01:13:16,500
technology employing, thousands 
of workers and generating 

1319
01:13:16,500 --> 01:13:20,200
substantial capital investment. 
You're seeing the future, 

1320
01:13:20,200 --> 01:13:23,100
though, you don't realize it yet
in. 

1321
01:13:23,100 --> 01:13:26,100
Your lifetime gaslighting will 
transform cities factories and 

1322
01:13:26,100 --> 01:13:28,600
homes. 
But even gaslighting is just 

1323
01:13:28,600 --> 01:13:32,000
another transition already. 
Scientists are experimenting 

1324
01:13:32,000 --> 01:13:36,000
with something called electric 
light using batteries, and metal

1325
01:13:36,000 --> 01:13:38,700
filaments, to create 
illumination without combustion.

1326
01:13:38,700 --> 01:13:41,500
It sounds like science fiction, 
you can't. 

1327
01:13:41,500 --> 01:13:43,700
Imagine it will ever be 
practical for everyday. 

1328
01:13:43,700 --> 01:13:48,600
Use some enthusiasts Envision 
entire cities, lit by gas with 

1329
01:13:48,600 --> 01:13:51,400
streets bright enough to read by
homes. 

1330
01:13:51,400 --> 01:13:55,100
Illuminated, as thoroughly as 
daylight and work continuing 

1331
01:13:55,100 --> 01:14:00,000
Around the Clock, others warned 
of dangers, explosions fires, 

1332
01:14:00,000 --> 01:14:04,000
and the moral hazards of 
extending human activity into 

1333
01:14:04,000 --> 01:14:06,000
hours that God intended for 
rest. 

1334
01:14:06,000 --> 01:14:09,600
The debate reflects broader 
anxiety is about technology and 

1335
01:14:09,600 --> 01:14:13,000
change about whether progress 
serves Humanity or threatened 

1336
01:14:13,000 --> 01:14:15,900
it. 
The gas company representatives 

1337
01:14:15,900 --> 01:14:17,600
are taking questions from the 
audience. 

1338
01:14:17,600 --> 01:14:22,000
How much will installation cost?
How is gas consumption measured 

1339
01:14:22,000 --> 01:14:25,300
and build What happens if Pike's
break or leak? 

1340
01:14:26,000 --> 01:14:28,500
Can gaslighting be used safely 
and homes with children. 

1341
01:14:28,500 --> 01:14:33,100
The question's revealed both 
interest and concern a community

1342
01:14:33,100 --> 01:14:35,800
trying to understand how this 
new technology will affect their

1343
01:14:35,800 --> 01:14:39,400
lives. 
Walking home that evening your 

1344
01:14:39,400 --> 01:14:41,000
own oil lamps. 
Seems dimmer and less 

1345
01:14:41,000 --> 01:14:42,500
satisfactory than it. 
Did this morning. 

1346
01:14:42,500 --> 01:14:46,000
You've seen what's possible? 
And the old ways suddenly 

1347
01:14:46,000 --> 01:14:49,800
feeling adequate The light you 
carry has served Humanity for 

1348
01:14:49,800 --> 01:14:52,700
thousands of years but its days 
are numbered. 

1349
01:14:53,400 --> 01:14:57,000
Within a century almost no one 
will use oil lamps or candles as

1350
01:14:57,000 --> 01:15:00,700
primary light sources, they'll 
become decorative, nostalgic, 

1351
01:15:00,700 --> 01:15:03,400
and reserved for special 
occasions and power outages. 

1352
01:15:03,400 --> 01:15:07,500
The darkness that surrounded 
your ancestors that shape their 

1353
01:15:07,500 --> 01:15:11,500
days and structured, their 
societies that created fears and

1354
01:15:11,500 --> 01:15:13,800
rituals and careful economies of
light. 

1355
01:15:14,700 --> 01:15:17,700
That darkness is about to 
retreat further than anyone 

1356
01:15:17,700 --> 01:15:20,500
imagined possible. 
The night will never be fully 

1357
01:15:20,500 --> 01:15:24,300
conquered, but it will be pushed
back contained and made less 

1358
01:15:24,300 --> 01:15:26,900
threatening and less absolute 
your witnessing. 

1359
01:15:26,900 --> 01:15:29,600
The beginning of that 
transformation, standing at the 

1360
01:15:29,600 --> 01:15:32,600
threshold, between the world of 
fire and the world of artificial

1361
01:15:32,600 --> 01:15:35,200
light, that will Define the 
future elsewhere. 

1362
01:15:35,200 --> 01:15:38,800
In Laboratories and workshops 
experimenters are working with 

1363
01:15:38,800 --> 01:15:42,800
electricity art clams, using 
electric current between carbon 

1364
01:15:42,800 --> 01:15:45,800
electrodes can produce. 
Brilliant light though, they are

1365
01:15:45,800 --> 01:15:48,100
too bright and hot for most 
practical applications. 

1366
01:15:48,100 --> 01:15:53,100
The light they created harsh 
bluish white and fundamentally 

1367
01:15:53,100 --> 01:15:55,600
different from any flame base 
illumination. 

1368
01:15:56,600 --> 01:15:59,400
Most people who see art, clamp 
demonstrations are oppressed, 

1369
01:15:59,400 --> 01:16:03,000
but doubtful about practical 
applications Thomas Edison 

1370
01:16:03,000 --> 01:16:06,800
hasn't been born yet, but the 
trajectory toward his eventual 

1371
01:16:06,800 --> 01:16:10,100
breakthrough as being 
established, each Improvement in

1372
01:16:10,100 --> 01:16:13,300
lighting, technology, creates 
demand for more and better 

1373
01:16:13,300 --> 01:16:17,700
illumination each new capability
reveals limitations of existing 

1374
01:16:17,700 --> 01:16:21,600
systems the path from fire to 
electricity passes through 

1375
01:16:21,600 --> 01:16:24,400
gaslighting and that transition 
is beginning. 

1376
01:16:24,400 --> 01:16:27,700
Now, in your time, in your city,
you think about your 

1377
01:16:27,700 --> 01:16:30,700
grandparents who live their 
entire lives by candle and 

1378
01:16:30,700 --> 01:16:34,600
Lamplight, never imagining 
Alternatives, you think about 

1379
01:16:34,600 --> 01:16:37,300
your grandchildren, who might 
grow up in a world where 

1380
01:16:37,300 --> 01:16:41,200
lighting is cheap abundant and 
controllable and ways? 

1381
01:16:41,200 --> 01:16:45,800
You can barely imagine the pace 
of change is accelerating and 

1382
01:16:45,800 --> 01:16:48,400
you're living through a pivotal 
moment, when Millennia of 

1383
01:16:48,400 --> 01:16:51,800
lighting history are being 
compressed and transformed rest.

1384
01:16:51,800 --> 01:16:55,200
Well, knowing that the darkness,
your ancestors navigated with 

1385
01:16:55,200 --> 01:16:58,900
such care and Annuity has been 
mapped and measured and made 

1386
01:16:58,900 --> 01:17:01,800
familiar through thousands of 
years of human persistence, 

1387
01:17:01,800 --> 01:17:06,400
their solutions to the problem 
of Darkness, simple, practical 

1388
01:17:06,400 --> 01:17:09,400
and deeply meaningful. 
Like the path backward Through 

1389
01:17:09,400 --> 01:17:11,800
Time, showing us who we were 
before. 

1390
01:17:11,800 --> 01:17:14,800
We could banish the night with 
the flip of a switch, the 

1391
01:17:14,800 --> 01:17:17,700
Flames, they tended the lamps. 
They filled the candles, they 

1392
01:17:17,700 --> 01:17:19,800
dipped and the streets, they 
lit. 

1393
01:17:19,800 --> 01:17:23,400
All of these represent 
Humanities long conversation 

1394
01:17:23,400 --> 01:17:26,200
with Darkness, a dialogue that 
continues. 

1395
01:17:26,200 --> 01:17:29,600
Even now in the age of electric 
light sleep peacefully 

1396
01:17:29,600 --> 01:17:33,400
surrounded by the glow of 
understanding wrapped in the 

1397
01:17:33,400 --> 01:17:36,100
knowledge, that light has always
been about more than mere 

1398
01:17:36,100 --> 01:17:39,000
visibility. 
It's been about safety 

1399
01:17:39,000 --> 01:17:44,300
Community, meaning and hope 
carried carefully through the 

1400
01:17:44,300 --> 01:17:56,600
long night. 
Close your eyes from a moment 

1401
01:17:56,600 --> 01:18:00,500
and imagine the year 1800. 
There's no harm of electricity 

1402
01:18:00,500 --> 01:18:04,200
in the background. 
No distant traffic noise, and no

1403
01:18:04,200 --> 01:18:06,500
notification sounds breaking. 
Your concentration? 

1404
01:18:07,500 --> 01:18:10,800
Instead the world announces 
itself through different 

1405
01:18:10,800 --> 01:18:15,500
rhythms, the clip-clop of horses
on cobblestones the distant ring

1406
01:18:15,500 --> 01:18:19,000
of a church bell marking the 
hour or perhaps the Creak of a 

1407
01:18:19,000 --> 01:18:21,300
wooden cart making its way down 
a dirt road. 

1408
01:18:22,600 --> 01:18:24,600
In this world, nearly 
Everything. 

1409
01:18:24,600 --> 01:18:26,300
You Touch has been made by 
someone. 

1410
01:18:26,300 --> 01:18:29,500
You could actually meet Your 
shoes were crafted by the 

1411
01:18:29,500 --> 01:18:32,900
cobbler, three streets over the 
one who shops smells of leather 

1412
01:18:32,900 --> 01:18:36,300
and beeswax. 
Your shirt was woven by someone 

1413
01:18:36,300 --> 01:18:39,500
who knew the sheep that provided
the wool and maybe even helped 

1414
01:18:39,500 --> 01:18:41,100
Shear them on a bright spring 
morning. 

1415
01:18:42,200 --> 01:18:44,600
The nails holding your house 
together were hammered out one 

1416
01:18:44,600 --> 01:18:46,400
by one. 
By a blacksmith, whose 

1417
01:18:46,400 --> 01:18:49,200
grandfather taught him, the 
trade, who learned it from his 

1418
01:18:49,200 --> 01:18:53,400
own grandfather before that. 
The 1800s occupied this 

1419
01:18:53,400 --> 01:18:57,500
fascinating middle ground in 
human history, a bridge between 

1420
01:18:57,500 --> 01:19:01,000
the ancient world of pure hand 
crossed and our Modern Age of 

1421
01:19:01,000 --> 01:19:04,200
mass production. 
At the century has begining 

1422
01:19:04,200 --> 01:19:07,800
methods of making things hadn't 
changed substantially in 

1423
01:19:07,800 --> 01:19:10,900
hundreds of years. 
And medieval Craftsmen 

1424
01:19:10,900 --> 01:19:14,500
transported to 1800, would have 
felt reasonably at home in most 

1425
01:19:14,500 --> 01:19:18,400
workshops. 
But by 1900 factories were 

1426
01:19:18,400 --> 01:19:21,800
humming with machinery, and that
same medieval Craftsmen would 

1427
01:19:21,800 --> 01:19:24,500
have thought he'd stumbled into 
some kind of mechanical fever 

1428
01:19:24,500 --> 01:19:27,100
dream. 
You have to understand that in 

1429
01:19:27,100 --> 01:19:29,500
1800 the concept of shopping as 
we know it. 

1430
01:19:29,500 --> 01:19:32,300
Barely existed. 
You didn't browse through 

1431
01:19:32,300 --> 01:19:34,900
identical products, made in 
distant factories. 

1432
01:19:34,900 --> 01:19:38,500
Instead you visited 
craftspeople, who would make 

1433
01:19:38,500 --> 01:19:42,600
something specifically for you? 
Shaped to your measurements, 

1434
01:19:42,600 --> 01:19:46,000
built to last not months or 
years but potentially 

1435
01:19:46,000 --> 01:19:49,000
Generations. 
Every object carried the 

1436
01:19:49,008 --> 01:19:52,500
fingerprints, sometimes 
literally of its maker. 

1437
01:19:53,300 --> 01:19:57,000
This wasn't romanticized 
Simplicity life was hard. 

1438
01:19:57,000 --> 01:20:01,500
Work was demanding and making 
even basic necessities required 

1439
01:20:01,500 --> 01:20:03,400
skills that took years to 
master. 

1440
01:20:05,100 --> 01:20:07,600
But there was something in this 
way of making things that we've 

1441
01:20:07,600 --> 01:20:10,700
largely lost. 
A direct relationship between 

1442
01:20:10,700 --> 01:20:14,100
maker and user between material 
and finished object. 

1443
01:20:14,100 --> 01:20:18,000
And between the time, something 
took to create and the value, 

1444
01:20:18,000 --> 01:20:22,300
placed upon it, The 1800s would 
watch this entire system, 

1445
01:20:22,300 --> 01:20:25,100
transform. 
Steam engines, would gradually 

1446
01:20:25,100 --> 01:20:26,900
replace water wheels and muscle 
power. 

1447
01:20:27,800 --> 01:20:30,900
Factories would centralize work 
that had once been scattered 

1448
01:20:30,900 --> 01:20:33,200
across thousands of small 
workshops. 

1449
01:20:34,000 --> 01:20:36,500
Skills passed down through 
apprenticeship, would begin to 

1450
01:20:36,508 --> 01:20:40,400
be codified in technical manuals
that anyone could theoretically 

1451
01:20:40,400 --> 01:20:43,900
learn from. 
It was progress, certainly, but 

1452
01:20:43,900 --> 01:20:47,100
it came with cost people of the 
time could feel in their bones, 

1453
01:20:47,900 --> 01:20:51,000
What's fascinating is how long 
traditional craftsmanship, 

1454
01:20:51,000 --> 01:20:53,700
persisted alongside these new 
industrial methods? 

1455
01:20:54,600 --> 01:20:57,500
Even as factories began, 
producing cheap textiles, 

1456
01:20:57,500 --> 01:21:01,600
handweavers, continued their 
work, creating Fabrics that 

1457
01:21:01,600 --> 01:21:06,100
machines couldn't yet match. 
While mass produced Furniture 

1458
01:21:06,100 --> 01:21:09,100
filled modest. 
Homes skilled cabinet makers 

1459
01:21:09,100 --> 01:21:12,100
still crafted pieces for those 
who value their Artistry over 

1460
01:21:12,100 --> 01:21:15,800
economy. 
The century became a long slow 

1461
01:21:15,800 --> 01:21:20,100
negotiation between handmade 
quality and manufactured 

1462
01:21:20,100 --> 01:21:23,500
quantity. 
Between individual Artistry and 

1463
01:21:23,500 --> 01:21:27,900
standardized deficiency. 
Tonight, we're going to explore 

1464
01:21:27,900 --> 01:21:30,700
this world through the hands and
workshops of the people who made

1465
01:21:30,700 --> 01:21:34,900
it. not the famous inventors or 
industrial magnates whose names 

1466
01:21:34,900 --> 01:21:37,700
Phil history books, but the 
blacksmiths and Carpenters 

1467
01:21:37,700 --> 01:21:42,100
Weavers, and cobblers Tinkers, 
and countless other Crafts 

1468
01:21:42,100 --> 01:21:46,200
People Who skills shape daily 
life Their world moved at the 

1469
01:21:46,200 --> 01:21:49,200
pace of careful, work, measured 
not in metrics. 

1470
01:21:49,200 --> 01:21:52,700
And deadlines in the time, it 
takes to do something properly. 

1471
01:21:52,700 --> 01:21:55,900
So settle in deeper, adjust your
pillow. 

1472
01:21:55,900 --> 01:21:59,100
And let's step into workshops, 
where the air smells of wood, 

1473
01:21:59,100 --> 01:22:02,700
shavings and cold smoke, where 
time is marked by the rhythm of 

1474
01:22:02,708 --> 01:22:06,300
tools meeting material and where
making something beautiful and 

1475
01:22:06,300 --> 01:22:08,400
useful is simply how you spend 
your day? 

1476
01:22:08,400 --> 01:22:12,700
The blacksmith's, Workshop is 
the heart of any 1800s town or 

1477
01:22:12,700 --> 01:22:15,400
Village you can usually smell it
before you see it. 

1478
01:22:16,200 --> 01:22:20,300
That distinctive scent of cold 
smoke mixed with hot metal and 

1479
01:22:20,300 --> 01:22:23,800
the slightly accurate. 
Tang of quenched, iron meeting 

1480
01:22:23,800 --> 01:22:26,300
water. 
It's early morning as you 

1481
01:22:26,300 --> 01:22:30,300
approach and already the forge 
is glowing radiating heat. 

1482
01:22:30,300 --> 01:22:33,500
That feels Pleasant in the cool 
Dawn are but will become 

1483
01:22:33,508 --> 01:22:37,500
oppressive by midday. 
Step inside and your eyes. 

1484
01:22:37,508 --> 01:22:40,500
Need a moment to adjust to the 
dimness punctuated by the 

1485
01:22:40,500 --> 01:22:42,900
brilliant orange, yellow glow of
the forge. 

1486
01:22:43,600 --> 01:22:45,300
The blacksmith is already at 
work. 

1487
01:22:45,300 --> 01:22:48,600
He's Craftsman often start 
Before Sunrise because metal 

1488
01:22:48,600 --> 01:22:52,500
work demands the best hours of 
the day and the mind is sharpest

1489
01:22:52,500 --> 01:22:55,700
and the hands steadiest. 
Watch how he works. 

1490
01:22:56,500 --> 01:22:58,200
Because there's a rhythm to 
blacksmithing. 

1491
01:22:58,200 --> 01:23:02,400
That's almost Musical. 
The iron rod goes into the 

1492
01:23:02,400 --> 01:23:06,300
forge, nestled in the carefully.
Banked colds that maintain a 

1493
01:23:06,300 --> 01:23:08,800
temperature of around, 2000 
degrees Fahrenheit. 

1494
01:23:09,800 --> 01:23:12,500
Not that anyone in 1800 is 
measuring temperatures 

1495
01:23:12,500 --> 01:23:15,700
precisely. 
The blacksmith knows his Heat by

1496
01:23:15,700 --> 01:23:18,900
color. 
Black Iron that begins to show a

1497
01:23:18,900 --> 01:23:23,500
faint, red glow, red, that 
brightens to Orange Orange that 

1498
01:23:23,500 --> 01:23:27,100
lightens to yellow. 
And finally, the rare white heat

1499
01:23:27,100 --> 01:23:29,500
reserved for welding two pieces 
together. 

1500
01:23:30,400 --> 01:23:33,300
While the iron heats, the 
blacksmith might prepare as 

1501
01:23:33,300 --> 01:23:37,000
tools or check previous work. 
But mostly he's watching that 

1502
01:23:37,000 --> 01:23:40,600
glow waiting for the precise 
moment when the metal is ready. 

1503
01:23:41,400 --> 01:23:44,300
Pull it out too soon and the 
metal won't move under the 

1504
01:23:44,300 --> 01:23:46,700
hammer. 
Wait too long, and you might 

1505
01:23:46,700 --> 01:23:50,700
burn the iron ruining its 
properties it's a judgment that 

1506
01:23:50,700 --> 01:23:55,000
takes years to develop based, 
not on thermometers, but on the 

1507
01:23:55,000 --> 01:23:59,200
subtle shifts in color that tell
an experienced eye, everything 

1508
01:23:59,200 --> 01:24:03,500
about the metal state, When the 
moment is right, the iron comes 

1509
01:24:03,500 --> 01:24:06,100
out of the forge in a smooth 
practice motion. 

1510
01:24:06,100 --> 01:24:11,800
No hesitation because hesitation
means lost heat and wasted work.

1511
01:24:13,100 --> 01:24:16,600
The metal goes on to the Anvil 
that massive block of iron that 

1512
01:24:16,600 --> 01:24:20,200
might weigh 200 pounds or more 
sitting on a stump of hardwood 

1513
01:24:20,200 --> 01:24:23,800
that has been specially selected
for its ability to absorb shock 

1514
01:24:23,800 --> 01:24:27,800
without splitting. 
Then comes the hammer and this 

1515
01:24:27,800 --> 01:24:30,600
is where blacksmithing reveals 
itself as something, more than 

1516
01:24:30,600 --> 01:24:34,400
simple pounding. 
Each strike is deliberate placed

1517
01:24:34,400 --> 01:24:37,800
with precision and varying in 
forced, depending on what the 

1518
01:24:37,800 --> 01:24:41,600
blacksmith wants to achieve. 
Light Taps to spread the metal 

1519
01:24:41,600 --> 01:24:45,800
gradually heavier blows to move 
it more dramatically the hammer 

1520
01:24:45,800 --> 01:24:47,900
almost dancing at Cross the iron
surface. 

1521
01:24:47,900 --> 01:24:54,200
He sound Echoes through the 
workshop ring, ring ring a 

1522
01:24:54,200 --> 01:24:56,900
rhythm that people in town used 
to Mark the passage of their 

1523
01:24:56,900 --> 01:24:59,100
day. 
The way we might glance at a 

1524
01:24:59,100 --> 01:25:01,500
clock. 
Between Heating and hammering, 

1525
01:25:01,500 --> 01:25:04,900
the blacksmith might return the 
piece to the forge a dozen times

1526
01:25:04,900 --> 01:25:07,600
or more. 
There's no rushing, this process

1527
01:25:07,600 --> 01:25:10,900
metal has its own pace and 
forcing. 

1528
01:25:10,900 --> 01:25:15,000
It leads to cracks weak spots or
pieces that won't hold up to 

1529
01:25:15,000 --> 01:25:17,800
use. 
You learn patience at the forge 

1530
01:25:17,800 --> 01:25:22,600
or you learn to fail repeatedly.
What amazes modern observers is 

1531
01:25:22,608 --> 01:25:24,500
the range of things, a 
blacksmith creates. 

1532
01:25:25,100 --> 01:25:28,100
Obviously there are horseshoes 
and these aren't simple. 

1533
01:25:28,100 --> 01:25:30,300
U-shaped stamped out of flatbar 
stock. 

1534
01:25:30,300 --> 01:25:33,700
Each shoe is shaped to the 
specific who fit will protect 

1535
01:25:33,700 --> 01:25:37,400
with nail holes, carefully. 
Placed in the end shape to 

1536
01:25:37,400 --> 01:25:40,400
provide the right grip, a 
skilled farrier. 

1537
01:25:40,400 --> 01:25:44,300
A blacksmith specializing in 
horse, care can look at a 

1538
01:25:44,300 --> 01:25:48,400
horse's stance and gate and make
shoes that correct problems or 

1539
01:25:48,400 --> 01:25:51,700
enhance performance. 
But horseshoes are just the 

1540
01:25:51,700 --> 01:25:54,400
beginning. 
The blacksmith makes the nails 

1541
01:25:54,400 --> 01:25:58,700
that Holdings together, crafting
them from Iron rods, drawing 

1542
01:25:58,700 --> 01:26:01,700
them out to the right length and
taper, then cutting them off 

1543
01:26:01,700 --> 01:26:04,800
with a sharp blow. 
A skilled Smith can make 

1544
01:26:04,800 --> 01:26:09,300
hundreds of Nails in a day. 
Each one shaped by hand each one

1545
01:26:09,300 --> 01:26:12,300
slightly unique. 
He makes the hinges that allowed

1546
01:26:12,300 --> 01:26:16,300
doors to swing, the latches that
keep them closed and the hooks 

1547
01:26:16,300 --> 01:26:21,200
that hang pots over fires, Farm 
tools flow from the blacksmith's

1548
01:26:21,200 --> 01:26:23,900
Forge, plow blades. 
That must be hard enough to 

1549
01:26:23,900 --> 01:26:27,700
break soil, but flexible enough 
not to shatter on rocks, hose, 

1550
01:26:27,700 --> 01:26:32,300
and rakes, axes, and axes. 
Each tool is created with 

1551
01:26:32,300 --> 01:26:34,400
intimate knowledge of how it 
will be used. 

1552
01:26:35,300 --> 01:26:38,300
And acts for felling, trees. 
Differs from one, meant for 

1553
01:26:38,300 --> 01:26:41,800
splitting firewood, and both 
differ from the smaller hatchets

1554
01:26:41,800 --> 01:26:44,700
used for kindling. 
The blacksmith knows these 

1555
01:26:44,700 --> 01:26:48,200
distinctions in his muscles in 
the automatic adjustments is 

1556
01:26:48,200 --> 01:26:51,000
hands make while working. 
More delicate. 

1557
01:26:51,000 --> 01:26:54,800
Work happens, too. 
The same hands that can swing a 

1558
01:26:54,800 --> 01:26:57,500
heavy Sledgehammer. 
Can also craft intricate 

1559
01:26:57,500 --> 01:27:01,800
scrollwork for decorative Gates 
forming hot iron into curves and

1560
01:27:01,800 --> 01:27:04,500
spirals with tools. 
That look almost like 

1561
01:27:04,500 --> 01:27:08,100
chopsticks. 
Fire pokers terminating handles 

1562
01:27:08,100 --> 01:27:11,800
shaped like twisting vines or 
animal heads door, knockers 

1563
01:27:11,800 --> 01:27:13,900
become small. 
Works of art while remaining 

1564
01:27:13,900 --> 01:27:17,000
perfectly functional. 
The blacksmith's Workshop, 

1565
01:27:17,000 --> 01:27:20,300
collects a lifetime of 
specialized tools, many of which

1566
01:27:20,300 --> 01:27:23,200
he's made himself. 
Dozens of different hammers, 

1567
01:27:23,200 --> 01:27:27,300
hang within easy, reach ball, 
peen, hammers for shaping cross 

1568
01:27:27,300 --> 01:27:30,400
peen hammers for drawing out 
metal, and straight peen, 

1569
01:27:30,400 --> 01:27:34,400
hammers for creating grooves. 
Tongues of every conceivable 

1570
01:27:34,400 --> 01:27:39,600
shape grip, different sized and 
shaped pieces. swages Fullers 

1571
01:27:39,600 --> 01:27:43,600
and Hardies fit into the anvils 
Hardy hole each designed for 

1572
01:27:43,600 --> 01:27:47,200
specific shaping operations The 
physical demands of 

1573
01:27:47,200 --> 01:27:50,800
blacksmithing, leave their Mark 
blacksmiths typically developed 

1574
01:27:50,800 --> 01:27:54,000
one arm noticeably larger than 
the other from constantly 

1575
01:27:54,000 --> 01:27:56,500
swinging. 
The hammer burns are inevitable,

1576
01:27:56,500 --> 01:28:01,300
tiny scars, dot forearms, and 
hands from Sparks and accidental

1577
01:28:01,300 --> 01:28:05,300
contact with hot metal. 
The constant heat means working 

1578
01:28:05,300 --> 01:28:08,800
in relatively like clothing, 
even in Winter stepping outside 

1579
01:28:08,800 --> 01:28:11,600
periodically for Relief when the
forge becomes unbearable. 

1580
01:28:11,600 --> 01:28:15,900
But there's deep satisfaction in
this work, You start with a 

1581
01:28:15,900 --> 01:28:19,200
straight bar of iron and through
patient heating hammering and 

1582
01:28:19,200 --> 01:28:22,100
shaping you create something 
that didn't exist before. 

1583
01:28:23,100 --> 01:28:25,900
Something useful that will serve
its purpose for decades or 

1584
01:28:25,900 --> 01:28:29,400
longer. 
Objects made by the 1800s 

1585
01:28:29,400 --> 01:28:31,200
blacksmiths are still in use 
today. 

1586
01:28:32,100 --> 01:28:34,200
Testimony to the quality of work
done. 

1587
01:28:34,200 --> 01:28:35,700
When taking time to do things, 
right? 

1588
01:28:35,700 --> 01:28:39,700
Wasn't considered optional. 
As evening approaches and the 

1589
01:28:39,700 --> 01:28:41,400
blacksmith Banks is Forge for 
the night. 

1590
01:28:41,400 --> 01:28:44,700
The workshop begins to cool the 
days work. 

1591
01:28:44,700 --> 01:28:46,800
Hangs on hooks or rests on 
shells. 

1592
01:28:46,800 --> 01:28:51,000
Horseshoes waiting to be fitted 
tools, ready for pickup and 

1593
01:28:51,000 --> 01:28:53,200
projects in various stages of 
completion. 

1594
01:28:54,200 --> 01:28:58,300
Tomorrow the forge will glow. 
Again, the hammer will ring and 

1595
01:28:58,300 --> 01:29:01,300
more iron will be transformed 
into the 1000 useful. 

1596
01:29:01,300 --> 01:29:03,600
Things that hold a 
pre-industrial world together. 

1597
01:29:04,500 --> 01:29:07,600
The blacksmith washes, the coal 
dust from his face and hands at 

1598
01:29:07,600 --> 01:29:11,100
the pump outside. 
And as he does, you notice his 

1599
01:29:11,100 --> 01:29:14,200
hands. 
Scarred, calloused, and 

1600
01:29:14,200 --> 01:29:18,200
incredibly strong but also 
capable of delicate precision. 

1601
01:29:19,200 --> 01:29:20,900
These are the hands that hold 
together. 

1602
01:29:20,900 --> 01:29:22,300
Everything in the town. 
One. 

1603
01:29:22,300 --> 01:29:23,800
Careful Hammer. 
Blow at time. 

1604
01:29:24,700 --> 01:29:28,000
Walk past the blacksmith's Forge
and a few buildings down, you'll

1605
01:29:28,000 --> 01:29:31,500
find the Carpenters Workshop, an
entirely different world despite

1606
01:29:31,500 --> 01:29:33,200
both Craftsmen working with 
their hands. 

1607
01:29:33,200 --> 01:29:37,400
Where the blacksmith domain is 
dominated by fire and metal. 

1608
01:29:37,400 --> 01:29:40,300
The Carpenters. 
Workshop speaks in the quieter 

1609
01:29:40,300 --> 01:29:44,200
language of wood, it's very 
grains and colors the way 

1610
01:29:44,208 --> 01:29:47,200
different species. 
Responded tools on the subtle 

1611
01:29:47,200 --> 01:29:49,700
music of sharp blades meeting 
Timber. 

1612
01:29:50,900 --> 01:29:53,900
The first thing that strikes you
entering a cup and his Workshop 

1613
01:29:53,900 --> 01:29:56,300
is the smell. 
It's one of the most Pleasant 

1614
01:29:56,300 --> 01:29:58,300
Aromas in the pre-industrial 
world. 

1615
01:29:58,300 --> 01:30:02,000
Fresh would shave things. 
The slight resinous Center of 

1616
01:30:02,000 --> 01:30:07,200
pine, the deeper richer smell of
oak or walnut, and perhaps a 

1617
01:30:07,200 --> 01:30:11,300
hint of linseed oil and Beeswax.
It's a smell that tells your 

1618
01:30:11,300 --> 01:30:14,500
brain to relax. 
That says something beautiful as

1619
01:30:14,500 --> 01:30:17,500
being created here without the 
violence of hammer and Ford. 

1620
01:30:18,200 --> 01:30:22,000
The workshop is dominated by 
workbenches Massive Affairs, 

1621
01:30:22,000 --> 01:30:24,400
made of hardwood that won't 
budge during cleaning or 

1622
01:30:24,400 --> 01:30:26,900
soaring. 
These benches are Marvels in 

1623
01:30:26,900 --> 01:30:30,400
themselves featuring vices that 
can grip boards from multiple 

1624
01:30:30,400 --> 01:30:34,000
angles, dog holes that allow 
boards to be secured lengthwise 

1625
01:30:34,000 --> 01:30:37,600
and surfaces kept meticulously 
flat because they're the 

1626
01:30:37,600 --> 01:30:39,300
reference plane for all work, 
done upon them. 

1627
01:30:40,100 --> 01:30:43,300
A carpenter might spend weeks 
building his primary workbench, 

1628
01:30:43,300 --> 01:30:45,600
knowing it will serve him for 
his entire career. 

1629
01:30:46,700 --> 01:30:50,500
Like streams in through large 
Windows Carpenters, need good 

1630
01:30:50,500 --> 01:30:52,400
natural. 
Light to see grain patterns, 

1631
01:30:52,400 --> 01:30:56,600
check if surely flat and spot 
defects in wood. 

1632
01:30:57,700 --> 01:31:00,700
Unlike the blacksmith who works 
with glowing metal visible in 

1633
01:31:00,700 --> 01:31:04,300
any light, the Carpenters work 
requires the subtle perception 

1634
01:31:04,300 --> 01:31:08,500
that only good daylight provides
The tools hanging on the walls, 

1635
01:31:08,500 --> 01:31:11,700
represent generations of 
refinement, saws of every 

1636
01:31:11,700 --> 01:31:14,300
description. 
Crosscut saws for cutting cross.

1637
01:31:14,300 --> 01:31:16,700
The grain, rip saws for cutting 
with it. 

1638
01:31:16,700 --> 01:31:21,100
Smaller back saws for precise, 
joinery work, coping saws for 

1639
01:31:21,100 --> 01:31:23,500
Curves and bow saws for quick, 
rough cuts. 

1640
01:31:24,400 --> 01:31:27,700
Each saw has been sharpened and 
set by the Carpenters himself. 

1641
01:31:28,400 --> 01:31:31,800
Because in the 1800s sending 
tools out for sharpening would 

1642
01:31:31,800 --> 01:31:33,800
be like, sending your teeth out 
for cleaning. 

1643
01:31:34,500 --> 01:31:37,400
These are intimate extensions of
your body that you maintain 

1644
01:31:37,400 --> 01:31:40,800
yourself. 
Planes, represent a carpenter's 

1645
01:31:40,800 --> 01:31:42,400
precision tools and a 
well-equipped. 

1646
01:31:42,400 --> 01:31:46,100
Workshop might have 20 or more. 
Smoothing planes create 

1647
01:31:46,100 --> 01:31:47,500
surfaces. 
So perfect. 

1648
01:31:47,500 --> 01:31:52,000
They seem almost polished Jack 
Plains, remove material quickly 

1649
01:31:52,000 --> 01:31:54,700
for initial shaping. 
Jointer planes. 

1650
01:31:54,700 --> 01:31:58,600
True Long edges. 
Specialty planes, cut, grooves, 

1651
01:31:58,600 --> 01:32:01,500
rabbits, and moldings, and 
profiles, that range from simple

1652
01:32:01,500 --> 01:32:05,700
to astonishingly complex. 
Some molding planes create 

1653
01:32:05,700 --> 01:32:08,400
shapes, so intricate you'd think
they require Machinery? 

1654
01:32:08,400 --> 01:32:11,600
But no. 
Just a perfectly shaped blade. 

1655
01:32:11,600 --> 01:32:16,100
Careful adjustment and steady, 
practice strokes. 

1656
01:32:17,200 --> 01:32:20,100
Watch a carpenter work and you 
see decision-making happening 

1657
01:32:20,100 --> 01:32:23,800
with every board selected. 
Wood isn't a uniform material 

1658
01:32:23,800 --> 01:32:27,500
like metal or plastic. 
Each piece is unique with grain 

1659
01:32:27,500 --> 01:32:31,200
patterns notes potential. 
Weak spots, an individual 

1660
01:32:31,200 --> 01:32:34,300
character. 
The carpenter learns to read, 

1661
01:32:34,300 --> 01:32:37,600
would the way you might read 
faces, understanding at a 

1662
01:32:37,608 --> 01:32:40,300
glance, which boards will work 
for which purposes. 

1663
01:32:41,500 --> 01:32:44,700
A simple board selection for a 
table might involve considering 

1664
01:32:44,700 --> 01:32:48,900
six different pieces. 
This one has beautiful grain but

1665
01:32:48,900 --> 01:32:50,900
are not right where stress will 
be concentrated. 

1666
01:32:52,100 --> 01:32:55,200
Let it decide. 
That once grain runs slightly 

1667
01:32:55,200 --> 01:32:59,400
diagonal, which means it might 
couple twists, maybe useful for 

1668
01:32:59,400 --> 01:33:01,300
something else, but not this 
project. 

1669
01:33:02,400 --> 01:33:04,200
This third piece has straight 
grain. 

1670
01:33:04,200 --> 01:33:07,400
No significant defects and the 
right color. 

1671
01:33:07,400 --> 01:33:10,700
Perfect. 
These judgments happen in 

1672
01:33:10,700 --> 01:33:12,900
seconds. 
But rest on years of experience 

1673
01:33:12,900 --> 01:33:17,000
with how would behave Joinery, 
the art of connecting piece of 

1674
01:33:17,008 --> 01:33:20,000
wood without visible. 
Fasteners is where carpentry 

1675
01:33:20,000 --> 01:33:24,100
becomes almost magical The 
carpenter cuts a Tenon on one 

1676
01:33:24,100 --> 01:33:27,600
piece and a mortise in another 
and when fitted together they 

1677
01:33:27,600 --> 01:33:30,000
created joints stronger than 
either piece alone. 

1678
01:33:30,900 --> 01:33:33,100
Through 10s show their ends 
decoratively. 

1679
01:33:33,100 --> 01:33:36,600
Hidden tenons disappear inside 
the joint pieces. 

1680
01:33:36,600 --> 01:33:39,700
Dovetails locked drawers 
together with an elegant. 

1681
01:33:39,700 --> 01:33:41,300
That's both beautiful and 
functional. 

1682
01:33:41,300 --> 01:33:44,500
Those angled pins and Tails 
can't pull apart. 

1683
01:33:44,500 --> 01:33:48,500
No matter how hard you tug 
Creating these joints requires 

1684
01:33:48,500 --> 01:33:50,600
Precision measured not in 
millimeters. 

1685
01:33:50,600 --> 01:33:55,400
But in the thickness of a pencil
line, two tight and pieces won't

1686
01:33:55,400 --> 01:33:59,500
fit together or might crack when
forced two loose and the joint 

1687
01:33:59,500 --> 01:34:04,400
weakens The carpenter Works to 
something called a piston fit. 

1688
01:34:05,100 --> 01:34:08,100
Snug enough that pieces require 
firm pressure to join. 

1689
01:34:08,100 --> 01:34:10,900
But not so tight. 
They require hammering which can

1690
01:34:10,900 --> 01:34:13,000
bruise the wood or crack 
delicate parts. 

1691
01:34:13,900 --> 01:34:17,000
Hand tools create this 
Precision, a well-sharpened, 

1692
01:34:17,000 --> 01:34:21,300
chisel removes wood in whisper, 
thin shavings, the carpenter 

1693
01:34:21,300 --> 01:34:23,800
controlling it with subtle. 
Pressure changes and angles 

1694
01:34:23,800 --> 01:34:27,000
feeling in his hands when he's 
approaching the layout line, 

1695
01:34:27,000 --> 01:34:29,800
marking gauges score reference 
lines. 

1696
01:34:29,800 --> 01:34:32,800
So fine, you can barely see them
until like catches them at the 

1697
01:34:32,800 --> 01:34:36,100
right angle. 
The carpenter Works in a state 

1698
01:34:36,100 --> 01:34:41,600
of deep concentration by time, 
seems to slow down and every cut

1699
01:34:41,600 --> 01:34:46,300
every shaving removed and every 
test fit becomes its own small 

1700
01:34:46,300 --> 01:34:49,400
meditation. 
But carpentry isn't just joinery

1701
01:34:49,400 --> 01:34:53,100
and precision work, there's all 
the rough carpentry of framing 

1702
01:34:53,100 --> 01:34:56,500
buildings were speed and 
strength, Mata more than a 

1703
01:34:56,500 --> 01:35:00,200
furniture makers for nest. 
Carpenters, build the bones of 

1704
01:35:00,200 --> 01:35:04,800
houses bars and churches. 
Heavy Timber frames joined with 

1705
01:35:04,808 --> 01:35:08,300
pegged mortise and Tenon joints 
that will support, roofs for 

1706
01:35:08,308 --> 01:35:11,500
centuries. 
These same craft men might spend

1707
01:35:11,500 --> 01:35:13,300
morning hours, framing a barn 
Edition. 

1708
01:35:13,300 --> 01:35:16,800
And after noon hours, creating 
delicate in leh work from music 

1709
01:35:16,800 --> 01:35:20,300
box, The versatility required is
impressive. 

1710
01:35:21,000 --> 01:35:23,800
A carpenter might be asked to 
build anything from a simple 

1711
01:35:23,800 --> 01:35:27,900
stool to an elaborate staircase 
from storage boxes, to carved 

1712
01:35:27,900 --> 01:35:31,200
mantel pieces. 
Each project requires different 

1713
01:35:31,200 --> 01:35:35,000
skills, different approaches and
different ways of thinking about

1714
01:35:35,000 --> 01:35:38,200
how pieces fit together. 
The Common Thread is 

1715
01:35:38,200 --> 01:35:42,900
understanding would how it moves
with humidity changes, her grain

1716
01:35:42,900 --> 01:35:46,400
Direction, affects strength, and
how different species work with 

1717
01:35:46,400 --> 01:35:49,300
various tools. 
Finishing is where projects come

1718
01:35:49,300 --> 01:35:51,900
alive. 
The carpenter might apply oil. 

1719
01:35:51,900 --> 01:35:55,200
That brings out depth in the 
grain making plain would 

1720
01:35:55,200 --> 01:35:59,500
suddenly seemed precious beeswax
buffed to a soft shine. 

1721
01:35:59,500 --> 01:36:03,400
Protect surfaces while providing
a texture Pleasant to touch. 

1722
01:36:04,400 --> 01:36:07,700
Stains can darken or even change
colors though? 

1723
01:36:07,700 --> 01:36:10,800
Many Carpenters, prefer natural 
finishes that show Woods. 

1724
01:36:10,800 --> 01:36:14,400
True character. 
The finishing process is slow. 

1725
01:36:15,400 --> 01:36:20,400
Thin coats letting them dry 
completely and sometimes robbing

1726
01:36:20,400 --> 01:36:24,500
surfaces with finer abrasives 
between coats to create glass 

1727
01:36:24,500 --> 01:36:28,000
smooth results. 
As you watch a carpenter work, 

1728
01:36:28,000 --> 01:36:31,100
you notice how his movements 
flow from one task to another 

1729
01:36:31,100 --> 01:36:34,700
without wasted motion. 
Tools are returned to specific 

1730
01:36:34,700 --> 01:36:38,000
spots without looking, because 
he knows exactly where 

1731
01:36:38,000 --> 01:36:41,800
everything lives. 
Sawdust is swept aside, not in 

1732
01:36:41,800 --> 01:36:45,100
big periodic cleanups, but 
continuously keeping the 

1733
01:36:45,100 --> 01:36:48,100
workspace clear and preventing 
dust from interfering with 

1734
01:36:48,108 --> 01:36:51,100
precision. 
There's a quiet efficiency to 

1735
01:36:51,100 --> 01:36:53,700
the work. 
A sense that every action has 

1736
01:36:53,700 --> 01:36:56,500
been refined through. 
Countless repetitions until it 

1737
01:36:56,500 --> 01:36:59,800
happens. 
Almost automatically. the items 

1738
01:36:59,800 --> 01:37:03,100
leaving a Carpenters Workshop 
range from purely utilitarian to

1739
01:37:03,100 --> 01:37:07,900
genuinely artistic A plain Pine 
storage chest built for an attic

1740
01:37:07,900 --> 01:37:10,100
might be made just as carefully 
as a walnut. 

1741
01:37:10,100 --> 01:37:12,600
Escort destined for a wealthy 
merchants home. 

1742
01:37:13,800 --> 01:37:16,400
The carpenter takes pride in 
both because making things, 

1743
01:37:16,400 --> 01:37:20,300
well, is simply how you work is.
Not something you turn on and 

1744
01:37:20,300 --> 01:37:24,100
off, based on how much someone 
is paying As after Moonlight 

1745
01:37:24,100 --> 01:37:27,300
Slants through the workshop. 
Windows casting Long Shadows 

1746
01:37:27,300 --> 01:37:29,400
across Work. 
Benches covered in shaving. 

1747
01:37:29,400 --> 01:37:32,400
You realize your watching 
something that connects back 

1748
01:37:32,400 --> 01:37:36,100
with through time to the first 
person who realized a sharp tool

1749
01:37:36,100 --> 01:37:38,100
could shake wood into something 
useful. 

1750
01:37:38,900 --> 01:37:41,700
The methods are ancient refined 
over Millennia. 

1751
01:37:41,700 --> 01:37:45,500
And in the 1800s, still very 
much alive and Central to daily 

1752
01:37:45,500 --> 01:37:47,800
life. 
The carpenter like the 

1753
01:37:47,808 --> 01:37:50,600
blacksmith will pass these 
skills to apprentices, who spend

1754
01:37:50,600 --> 01:37:53,600
Years Learning, not just 
techniques, but the deeper 

1755
01:37:53,600 --> 01:37:55,500
wisdom of working with natural 
materials. 

1756
01:37:55,500 --> 01:37:59,200
It's not knowledge that fits 
easily into books. 

1757
01:37:59,200 --> 01:38:04,300
Too much, depends on feel on 
subtle sensory cues and on 

1758
01:38:04,300 --> 01:38:06,700
judgments that can't be fully 
articulated. 

1759
01:38:07,500 --> 01:38:11,800
You learn it by doing over and 
over until your hands, know 

1760
01:38:11,800 --> 01:38:13,200
things your brain couldn't 
explain. 

1761
01:38:14,900 --> 01:38:17,500
Leave the Carpenters Workshop 
and make your way to where 

1762
01:38:17,500 --> 01:38:21,500
textile work happens. 
Sometimes in dedicated workshops

1763
01:38:21,500 --> 01:38:24,600
but often in homes because 
spinning and weaving 

1764
01:38:24,600 --> 01:38:27,400
traditionally belong to the 
domestic sphere, more than the 

1765
01:38:27,400 --> 01:38:30,800
professional craft shop. 
The gendered division of labor 

1766
01:38:30,800 --> 01:38:34,300
in the 1800s meant that wild 
blacksmithing in carpentry were 

1767
01:38:34,300 --> 01:38:38,700
almost exclusively male domains.
Textile work was one of the few 

1768
01:38:38,700 --> 01:38:42,100
crafts where Women's expertise 
was recognized and valued 

1769
01:38:42,100 --> 01:38:44,600
though, rarely paid as much as 
men's work. 

1770
01:38:45,600 --> 01:38:48,700
Step into a Weaver's workspace, 
your entering a realm of 

1771
01:38:48,700 --> 01:38:50,300
incredible, patience and 
precision. 

1772
01:38:51,700 --> 01:38:53,300
The dominant feature, is the 
loom. 

1773
01:38:53,300 --> 01:38:57,100
A massive wooden framework that 
might be 8 feet long and equally

1774
01:38:57,100 --> 01:39:02,100
tall as complex as any machine, 
but entirely mechanical operated

1775
01:39:02,100 --> 01:39:05,600
by hands and feet in a 
choreographed sequence that 

1776
01:39:05,600 --> 01:39:08,100
creates fabric from Individual 
threads. 

1777
01:39:08,900 --> 01:39:11,600
Before we get to weaving, 
though, we need to talk about 

1778
01:39:11,600 --> 01:39:14,200
spinning because yarn doesn't 
create itself. 

1779
01:39:14,200 --> 01:39:19,700
The spinner starts with raw, 
fiber wool from sheep flax that 

1780
01:39:19,700 --> 01:39:22,700
will become linen. 
And later in the century, cotton

1781
01:39:22,700 --> 01:39:26,500
that arrived from Southern 
plantations, These fibers are 

1782
01:39:26,500 --> 01:39:30,400
cleaned carded to align them and
then transformed into thread 

1783
01:39:30,400 --> 01:39:33,900
through one of Humanity's oldest
Technologies, the spinning 

1784
01:39:33,900 --> 01:39:36,500
wheel. 
There's something almost 

1785
01:39:36,500 --> 01:39:38,700
hypnotic about watching skilled 
spinning. 

1786
01:39:39,600 --> 01:39:43,200
The wheel turns powered by a 
treadle the Spiner rocks. 

1787
01:39:43,200 --> 01:39:47,700
With one foot while their hands 
feed fiber onto the spindle, the

1788
01:39:47,700 --> 01:39:51,800
trick is maintaining exactly the
right tension and feed rate, Too

1789
01:39:51,800 --> 01:39:55,400
much fiber too fast. 
Create lumpy weak yard, two 

1790
01:39:55,400 --> 01:39:58,200
little crates thread. 
So thin it breaks under his own 

1791
01:39:58,200 --> 01:40:00,800
weight. 
The spin is hands dance. 

1792
01:40:00,800 --> 01:40:04,500
This balance automatically 
adjusting based on field, 

1793
01:40:04,500 --> 01:40:09,900
creating thread of consistent 
thickness, yard after yard, my 

1794
01:40:09,900 --> 01:40:12,900
last mile. 
Different fibers required. 

1795
01:40:12,900 --> 01:40:17,000
Different approaches Wool with 
its natural crimp and scales 

1796
01:40:17,000 --> 01:40:19,200
practically wants to become 
yarn. 

1797
01:40:19,200 --> 01:40:21,300
The fibers grip. 
Each other. 

1798
01:40:21,300 --> 01:40:24,000
Eagerly Flax is more 
challenging. 

1799
01:40:24,000 --> 01:40:28,100
Requiring moisture often just 
the slight dampness of breath 

1800
01:40:28,100 --> 01:40:32,300
and careful handling to 
transform, stiff fibers into the

1801
01:40:32,300 --> 01:40:34,800
smooth, strong thread. 
That becomes linen. 

1802
01:40:35,300 --> 01:40:38,500
Cotton, when it arrives 
presents, its own unique 

1803
01:40:38,500 --> 01:40:41,700
challenges with shorter. 
Fibers that require different 

1804
01:40:41,700 --> 01:40:44,700
spinning techniques. 
Skilled spinner can produce 

1805
01:40:44,700 --> 01:40:48,100
enormous, quantities of yarn, 
several miles in a day's work, 

1806
01:40:48,100 --> 01:40:51,300
but this production comes only 
after years of practice. 

1807
01:40:52,300 --> 01:40:56,100
Prentice Spinners create yarn 
that's an adventure thick here, 

1808
01:40:56,100 --> 01:41:00,200
thin there and periodically 
lumpy or breaking entirely. 

1809
01:41:01,000 --> 01:41:04,500
Master spin as produced thread. 
So consistent, you could mistake

1810
01:41:04,500 --> 01:41:07,400
it for factory work. 
If Factory is existed at the 

1811
01:41:07,400 --> 01:41:09,100
level needed to match human 
skill. 

1812
01:41:10,400 --> 01:41:12,800
The spun yard, their needs 
preparation for weaving. 

1813
01:41:12,800 --> 01:41:17,800
Its wound onto bobbins measured 
into specific lengths and 

1814
01:41:17,800 --> 01:41:20,200
organized by color. 
If a patterned fabric is 

1815
01:41:20,200 --> 01:41:24,800
planned, this preparation is 
tedious, but absolutely crucial.

1816
01:41:25,700 --> 01:41:28,800
Shortcuts here, create problems 
that might not appear, until the

1817
01:41:28,800 --> 01:41:31,800
fabric is half finished and 
impossible to fix. 

1818
01:41:31,800 --> 01:41:36,400
Now, the loom Setting up a loom 
is an undertaking that can take 

1819
01:41:36,400 --> 01:41:39,400
days or weeks depending on 
fabric complexity. 

1820
01:41:40,300 --> 01:41:43,500
The warp threads, the ones that 
run lengthwise in the finished 

1821
01:41:43,500 --> 01:41:48,000
cloth must be measured to exact 
lengths threaded through heddles

1822
01:41:48,000 --> 01:41:52,400
tiny Loops that lift threads in 
sequence and wound onto the 

1823
01:41:52,400 --> 01:41:54,800
Looms. 
Back beam under perfect tension.

1824
01:41:56,100 --> 01:41:59,400
Getting this tension, right? 
Is critical inconsistent. 

1825
01:41:59,400 --> 01:42:01,800
Tension creates wavy puckered 
fabric. 

1826
01:42:01,800 --> 01:42:05,400
That's essentially ruined. 
Once the warp is prepared, 

1827
01:42:05,400 --> 01:42:07,900
weaving itself is a rhythmic 
process. 

1828
01:42:08,800 --> 01:42:12,800
The Weaver sits or stands at the
loom different styles, preferred

1829
01:42:12,800 --> 01:42:16,300
different positions and Begins 
the repeated sequence that 

1830
01:42:16,300 --> 01:42:19,800
creates fabric. 
Treadles are pressed lifting. 

1831
01:42:19,800 --> 01:42:23,700
Some warp threads while lowering
others creating a gap called a 

1832
01:42:23,700 --> 01:42:26,400
shed. 
Through this shed flies the 

1833
01:42:26,400 --> 01:42:29,800
shuttle carrying the weft thread
from one side to the other. 

1834
01:42:30,700 --> 01:42:35,000
A beta swing's forward packing, 
the new thread tightly against 

1835
01:42:35,000 --> 01:42:39,300
previous ones, then different 
treadles created different shed 

1836
01:42:39,300 --> 01:42:43,900
and the shuttle returns. 
This repeated action shared 

1837
01:42:43,900 --> 01:42:50,500
shuttle beat shared shuttle, 
beat continues for hours days or

1838
01:42:50,500 --> 01:42:54,100
weeks on complex projects. 
The rhythm of weaving is 

1839
01:42:54,100 --> 01:42:56,600
meditative, but requires 
constant attention. 

1840
01:42:57,600 --> 01:43:00,900
The weft thread must be 
tensioned correctly, too tight 

1841
01:43:00,908 --> 01:43:04,500
in the fabric pulls inward too 
loose and it waves at the edges 

1842
01:43:04,500 --> 01:43:08,500
the beat must be consistent to 
create even fabric. 

1843
01:43:09,200 --> 01:43:11,500
Thread breaks, require careful 
mending. 

1844
01:43:11,500 --> 01:43:14,400
Mid weave. 
Patterned Fabrics, the Weaver 

1845
01:43:14,400 --> 01:43:17,900
must follow, sometimes complex 
sequences of treadle presses 

1846
01:43:17,900 --> 01:43:21,300
holding patterns in mind or 
working from written 

1847
01:43:21,300 --> 01:43:25,500
instructions, creating designs 
through the systematic, raising 

1848
01:43:25,500 --> 01:43:28,000
and lowering of different 
combination of threads. 

1849
01:43:28,900 --> 01:43:31,800
Simple plain weave. 
The basic over under pattern 

1850
01:43:31,800 --> 01:43:35,800
creates sturdy fabric 
efficiently though, efficiently 

1851
01:43:35,800 --> 01:43:39,200
in hand weaving terms means 
several hours, to create a yard 

1852
01:43:39,200 --> 01:43:42,100
of cloth. 
More complex weaves create 

1853
01:43:42,100 --> 01:43:43,600
different properties and 
patterns. 

1854
01:43:43,600 --> 01:43:48,100
Twill weave with its diagonal 
lines, produces stronger, fabric

1855
01:43:48,100 --> 01:43:50,200
particularly suitable for work 
clothes. 

1856
01:43:51,300 --> 01:43:55,000
Satin weave creates smooth 
lustrous surfaces for fancier 

1857
01:43:55,000 --> 01:43:57,800
applications. 
Pattern weaves can create 

1858
01:43:57,800 --> 01:44:01,700
checks, strikes or even 
pictorial images though these 

1859
01:44:01,700 --> 01:44:03,600
require enormous skill and 
patience. 

1860
01:44:04,700 --> 01:44:07,100
The sounds of a working Loom 
created. 

1861
01:44:07,100 --> 01:44:09,700
You can hear throughout 
buildings, where Weavers work. 

1862
01:44:10,400 --> 01:44:13,900
The thump of treadles, the 
swoosh of the shuttle and the 

1863
01:44:13,908 --> 01:44:17,300
authoritative thwack of the beta
compacting threads. 

1864
01:44:18,000 --> 01:44:21,900
In communities with multiple 
Weavers, these sounds layer over

1865
01:44:21,900 --> 01:44:24,900
each other creating an almost 
musical background to daily 

1866
01:44:24,900 --> 01:44:27,800
life. 
Physical demands of textile 

1867
01:44:27,800 --> 01:44:31,200
work, differ from blacksmithing 
or carpentry, but a no less 

1868
01:44:31,200 --> 01:44:34,100
real. 
Spinners, develop strong Nimble 

1869
01:44:34,100 --> 01:44:37,800
fingers might experience back 
pain from hunching over Wheels. 

1870
01:44:38,700 --> 01:44:41,100
Weavers need good upper body 
strength for throwing shuttles 

1871
01:44:41,100 --> 01:44:44,300
and Swinging beaters. 
Plus the legs strength to 

1872
01:44:44,300 --> 01:44:47,600
operate treadles for hours. 
Both crafts demand. 

1873
01:44:47,600 --> 01:44:50,800
Excellent vision for seeing 
thread defects and maintaining 

1874
01:44:50,800 --> 01:44:54,300
consistent work. 
The range of fabrics produced by

1875
01:44:54,300 --> 01:44:58,200
hand is stunning. practical 
woolens for everyday, clothing, 

1876
01:44:58,200 --> 01:45:02,400
heavy enough to keep out Winter 
Wind Delicate, Linens For 

1877
01:45:02,400 --> 01:45:06,000
undergarments and somewhere 
surprisingly cool against skin. 

1878
01:45:06,900 --> 01:45:10,100
Later cotton Fabrics combined 
comfort with durability. 

1879
01:45:11,200 --> 01:45:13,500
Find worsteds with their smooth 
dressy. 

1880
01:45:13,500 --> 01:45:16,600
Finish. 
Core sacking for grain storage. 

1881
01:45:17,300 --> 01:45:22,000
Canvas for sales and Tents, each
type requires different fiber, 

1882
01:45:22,000 --> 01:45:24,600
preparation, spinning techniques
and weaving patterns. 

1883
01:45:25,600 --> 01:45:29,600
Colors come from natural, dyes 
Indigo for blues, madder root, 

1884
01:45:29,608 --> 01:45:33,700
for Reds, and weld for yellows 
with combinations and mordants. 

1885
01:45:33,700 --> 01:45:37,500
Creating a surprisingly large 
pallet dying as its own 

1886
01:45:37,508 --> 01:45:41,700
crafting, knowledge of chemistry
before chemistry had that name 

1887
01:45:41,700 --> 01:45:43,900
and understanding of how 
different fibers take up 

1888
01:45:43,900 --> 01:45:47,300
different dies and how to 
achieve consistent colors batch 

1889
01:45:47,300 --> 01:45:50,400
after batch. 
A die as Workshop, smells of 

1890
01:45:50,400 --> 01:45:54,400
things, both Pleasant and 
decidedly not onion skins and 

1891
01:45:54,400 --> 01:45:57,900
walnut holes. 
But also stale urine used as a 

1892
01:45:57,908 --> 01:46:02,000
mordant to help colors it here. 
As the 1800s progressed, textile

1893
01:46:02,000 --> 01:46:05,000
work is among the first crafts, 
to feel industrial pressure. 

1894
01:46:05,900 --> 01:46:09,100
Mechanized spinning Mills can 
produce yarn faster than any 

1895
01:46:09,100 --> 01:46:12,600
hand spinner. 
Power looms though primitive by 

1896
01:46:12,600 --> 01:46:14,500
later. 
Standards gradually. 

1897
01:46:14,500 --> 01:46:17,000
Replace hand Weavers for basic 
Fabrics. 

1898
01:46:17,900 --> 01:46:21,500
This transition is painful. 
Textile workers who've spent 

1899
01:46:21,500 --> 01:46:24,000
lifetimes. 
Mastering their craft watch 

1900
01:46:24,000 --> 01:46:27,100
their skills become economically
obsolete within years. 

1901
01:46:28,400 --> 01:46:31,100
But hand spinning and weaving 
persist throughout the century 

1902
01:46:31,100 --> 01:46:34,600
for specialized work. 
Machine made Fabrics, might be 

1903
01:46:34,600 --> 01:46:38,700
cheap, but they can't match the 
quality of hand woven Linens, 

1904
01:46:38,700 --> 01:46:43,500
the subtle color variations of 
hand-dyed Yarns or the complex 

1905
01:46:43,500 --> 01:46:47,400
patterns that skilled Weavers 
can create there remains a 

1906
01:46:47,400 --> 01:46:51,500
market for truly fine, textiles,
even as everyday Fabrics, 

1907
01:46:51,500 --> 01:46:53,100
increasingly come from 
factories. 

1908
01:46:54,500 --> 01:46:59,400
In this transitional moment you 
can see both worlds coexisting a

1909
01:46:59,400 --> 01:47:03,500
weaver might work with Factory. 
Spun yarn to save time but still

1910
01:47:03,500 --> 01:47:06,900
produce fabric on a handloom 
because that's where quality and

1911
01:47:06,900 --> 01:47:10,600
pattern complexity come from a 
spinner might still prepare 

1912
01:47:10,600 --> 01:47:14,900
specialty Yarns for knitting or 
specific weaving projects, even 

1913
01:47:14,900 --> 01:47:20,100
while Factory on fills most 
needs Craft adapt finding niches

1914
01:47:20,100 --> 01:47:23,700
where hand skills still matters.
Even as machines, take over mass

1915
01:47:23,700 --> 01:47:25,600
production. 
Beyond the established 

1916
01:47:25,600 --> 01:47:27,900
craftspeople with permanent 
Workshops. 

1917
01:47:27,900 --> 01:47:32,000
The 1800s economy, includes a 
fascinating category of workers,

1918
01:47:32,000 --> 01:47:36,100
who moved between settled life 
and travel between making new 

1919
01:47:36,100 --> 01:47:37,800
things. 
And repairing old ones. 

1920
01:47:37,800 --> 01:47:41,300
These are the Tinkers, cobblers,
and various other repair 

1921
01:47:41,300 --> 01:47:44,500
Specialists, who former kind of 
circulatory system in the 

1922
01:47:44,500 --> 01:47:47,900
pre-industrial economy. 
Keeping things working long 

1923
01:47:47,900 --> 01:47:51,900
past, what we consider their 
useful life The cobbler shops, 

1924
01:47:51,900 --> 01:47:55,200
smells immediately distinctive 
leather, and various stages from

1925
01:47:55,200 --> 01:47:58,900
Rawhide to finish. 
Work beeswax for waterproofing, 

1926
01:47:58,900 --> 01:48:02,100
and the distinctive Tang of 
tanning chemicals that never 

1927
01:48:02,100 --> 01:48:05,500
quite leave the material. 
It's a smaller more intimate 

1928
01:48:05,500 --> 01:48:07,800
space than the blacksmiths or 
Carpenters Workshop. 

1929
01:48:08,600 --> 01:48:11,400
Because cobbler work is 
detail-oriented and precise 

1930
01:48:11,400 --> 01:48:15,100
working with materials measured 
in inches rather than feet. 

1931
01:48:16,200 --> 01:48:20,100
Shoes in the 1800s of valuable 
items expensive enough. 

1932
01:48:20,100 --> 01:48:24,800
That most people own perhaps two
pairs one for every day work and

1933
01:48:24,800 --> 01:48:27,200
a better pair for church or 
special occasions. 

1934
01:48:28,100 --> 01:48:31,200
Children might go barefoot in 
summer, to save where on their 

1935
01:48:31,200 --> 01:48:33,900
shoes. 
This means shoes need to last 

1936
01:48:33,900 --> 01:48:37,300
and when they wear out they need
repair rather than replacement. 

1937
01:48:38,200 --> 01:48:41,400
The cobbler starts shoe repair 
by examining the worn item with 

1938
01:48:41,400 --> 01:48:44,600
practice eyes. 
The soul is nearly through at 

1939
01:48:44,600 --> 01:48:47,000
the ball of the foot where 
weight concentrates with each 

1940
01:48:47,000 --> 01:48:51,600
step, this is typical wear. 
The heel is compressed on one 

1941
01:48:51,600 --> 01:48:54,000
side because the wearer walks 
slightly off balance. 

1942
01:48:54,000 --> 01:48:56,800
This is information. 
The cobbler files away. 

1943
01:48:57,700 --> 01:49:00,400
The upper leather is still 
sound, which means this shoe has

1944
01:49:00,400 --> 01:49:02,500
years of life left with proper 
repair. 

1945
01:49:03,800 --> 01:49:06,400
Resoling a shoe is unexpectedly 
complex. 

1946
01:49:07,300 --> 01:49:10,000
The old soul must be removed, 
carefully to avoid damaging. 

1947
01:49:10,000 --> 01:49:13,300
The upper, the remaining leather
is cleaned and prepared. 

1948
01:49:13,300 --> 01:49:17,700
The new Soul cut from heavier 
leather than the upper is shaped

1949
01:49:17,700 --> 01:49:20,500
to match. 
Then attached not with glue, 

1950
01:49:20,500 --> 01:49:22,500
which won't hold up to water and
stress. 

1951
01:49:22,500 --> 01:49:27,200
But by stitching, each Stitch 
pulled tight with waxed thread, 

1952
01:49:27,200 --> 01:49:31,000
that won't rot The Cobblers 
hands guide, a curved needle 

1953
01:49:31,000 --> 01:49:34,600
through holes made by a 
specialized all each Stitch. 

1954
01:49:34,600 --> 01:49:37,500
Placed with Precision because 
shoes literally carry through 

1955
01:49:37,500 --> 01:49:42,700
life and sloppy work means 
premature failure. new shoes or 

1956
01:49:42,700 --> 01:49:45,500
even more interesting, the 
cobbler begins with measurement,

1957
01:49:45,500 --> 01:49:50,000
not just foot length, but width 
in Step height and any 

1958
01:49:50,000 --> 01:49:54,000
peculiarities of shape that 
affect fit These measurements 

1959
01:49:54,000 --> 01:49:57,600
might be carefully recorded for 
regular customers or the cobbler

1960
01:49:57,600 --> 01:50:00,000
might simply remember them 
because he's made shoes for this

1961
01:50:00,000 --> 01:50:02,700
person before and memory is 
reliable. 

1962
01:50:02,700 --> 01:50:05,900
When you make perhaps 20 pairs a
year rather than thousands 

1963
01:50:07,600 --> 01:50:11,200
Shoemaking starts with the last,
a wooden form shaped like a 

1964
01:50:11,200 --> 01:50:13,700
foot. 
Cobbler's own lasts in various 

1965
01:50:13,700 --> 01:50:15,800
sizes. 
Possibly carved from rough 

1966
01:50:15,800 --> 01:50:18,300
forms. 
Refined to fit specific feet. 

1967
01:50:19,200 --> 01:50:23,100
Around this last the shoe is 
built layer by layer the insole 

1968
01:50:23,100 --> 01:50:25,500
forms. 
The foundation upper leather is 

1969
01:50:25,500 --> 01:50:28,200
cut in pattern pieces, then 
carefully stitched together. 

1970
01:50:28,200 --> 01:50:31,700
This stitching must be strong 
but invisible from the outside 

1971
01:50:31,700 --> 01:50:34,300
because lumps and a regularity 
is create blisters. 

1972
01:50:35,600 --> 01:50:38,600
The upper is stretched over the 
last and temporarily tacked in 

1973
01:50:38,600 --> 01:50:42,200
place. 
Then comes the soul attached 

1974
01:50:42,200 --> 01:50:44,100
with more of that, careful hand 
stitching. 

1975
01:50:45,300 --> 01:50:48,300
The heel is built up from 
stacked leather, each layer 

1976
01:50:48,300 --> 01:50:51,100
glued, and then pegged with 
wooden pegs, that compressed in 

1977
01:50:51,100 --> 01:50:54,000
to lock under use, creating a 
solid structure. 

1978
01:50:55,200 --> 01:50:59,800
Final finishing includes Edge 
trimming, burnishing cut edges 

1979
01:50:59,800 --> 01:51:04,300
smooth and possibly applying 
waterproofing compounds. the 

1980
01:51:04,300 --> 01:51:08,100
result isn't just a shoe, but a 
fitted item specifically crafted

1981
01:51:08,100 --> 01:51:11,900
for its wearers feet likely to 
last years with proper care and 

1982
01:51:11,900 --> 01:51:16,600
periodic resoling Boot making 
represents the cobbler's highest

1983
01:51:16,600 --> 01:51:20,800
art tall leather, complex 
fitting and multiple pieces. 

1984
01:51:20,800 --> 01:51:24,200
Carefully joined Good boots. 
Are expensive enough. 

1985
01:51:24,200 --> 01:51:27,400
That they represent a 
significant investment but there

1986
01:51:27,400 --> 01:51:30,400
are also essential equipment. 
For anyone working outdoors, and

1987
01:51:30,400 --> 01:51:32,700
all weather. 
The cobbler takes particular 

1988
01:51:32,700 --> 01:51:35,800
pride in Boots because they 
showcase skill while serving 

1989
01:51:35,800 --> 01:51:39,700
crucial practical needs. 
Then there are the Tinkers, more

1990
01:51:39,700 --> 01:51:42,800
mobile crafts, people who travel
regular circuits through rural 

1991
01:51:42,800 --> 01:51:46,700
areas, arriving with tools, and 
materials, to repair metal items

1992
01:51:46,700 --> 01:51:50,000
to small, or simple for the 
blacksmith, but essential to 

1993
01:51:50,000 --> 01:51:53,400
daily life. 
The Tinker carries a remarkable 

1994
01:51:53,400 --> 01:51:57,500
portable Workshop soldering 
irons that can be heated in any 

1995
01:51:57,500 --> 01:52:02,600
fire flux and solder various 
Hammers and forming tools sheets

1996
01:52:02,600 --> 01:52:04,500
of tin and other repair 
materials. 

1997
01:52:04,500 --> 01:52:09,300
All organized in a pack or cart.
Tin where was hugely popular in 

1998
01:52:09,300 --> 01:52:13,300
the 1800s, lightweight 
relatively cheap and useful, for

1999
01:52:13,300 --> 01:52:16,200
everything from cups to lanterns
to storage containers. 

2000
01:52:17,200 --> 01:52:21,600
But tin is also thin and prone 
to developing leaks or cracks. 

2001
01:52:21,600 --> 01:52:23,800
That's where the Tinker comes 
in. 

2002
01:52:23,800 --> 01:52:29,200
Moving, from house to house Farm
to farm offering repairs, that 

2003
01:52:29,200 --> 01:52:34,000
extend 10 items, useful, life 
substantially, Watch a tinkerer 

2004
01:52:34,000 --> 01:52:37,600
work and you see clever 
improvisation a pot with a hole 

2005
01:52:37,600 --> 01:52:39,100
in the bottom receives a 
carefully. 

2006
01:52:39,100 --> 01:52:43,600
Fitted patch edges, cleaned, and
fluxed and solemn, melted and 

2007
01:52:43,608 --> 01:52:45,800
flowed to create a watertight 
seal. 

2008
01:52:46,900 --> 01:52:49,700
A bent pan is carefully 
straightened using wooden 

2009
01:52:49,700 --> 01:52:51,800
mallets that won't damage the 
thin metal. 

2010
01:52:52,800 --> 01:52:55,700
The handle that's come loose is 
reattached with small rivets. 

2011
01:52:56,400 --> 01:52:59,400
Each repair is quick. 
The Tinker must keep moving to 

2012
01:52:59,400 --> 01:53:03,000
make a living but also carefully
done because reputation matters 

2013
01:53:03,000 --> 01:53:06,000
and a failed repair in. 
One household means lost 

2014
01:53:06,000 --> 01:53:10,300
business throughout the region. 
Something as also craft new 

2015
01:53:10,300 --> 01:53:14,100
items, cutting and folding tin 
sheets and to functional shapes.

2016
01:53:15,000 --> 01:53:18,200
Simple cup can be made in 
minutes, he Circle for the 

2017
01:53:18,200 --> 01:53:21,600
bottom, a rectangle wrapped 
around and joined for the side. 

2018
01:53:21,600 --> 01:53:25,700
The two pieces soldered together
and a handle formed from wire 

2019
01:53:25,700 --> 01:53:29,300
and attached. 
The result isn't fancy, but it 

2020
01:53:29,300 --> 01:53:32,400
holds liquid and cost a fraction
of pottery or wooden 

2021
01:53:32,400 --> 01:53:35,600
alternatives. 
The tinker's lifestyle is harder

2022
01:53:35,600 --> 01:53:38,400
than settled crafts. 
People's travel means. 

2023
01:53:38,400 --> 01:53:42,800
Exposure to weather irregular 
income and constant hauling of 

2024
01:53:42,800 --> 01:53:47,900
tools and materials, but it also
brings Independence variety and 

2025
01:53:47,900 --> 01:53:50,700
the satisfaction of being 
welcomed in communities where 

2026
01:53:50,700 --> 01:53:54,800
your skills solve real problems.
The Tinker becomes a familiar 

2027
01:53:54,800 --> 01:53:58,400
figure returning each season 
with news from other places and 

2028
01:53:58,400 --> 01:54:00,200
ready hands to fix. 
What's broken? 

2029
01:54:01,800 --> 01:54:04,600
Both cobblers and Tinkers 
represent something essential 

2030
01:54:04,600 --> 01:54:07,700
about the 1800s economy. 
The assumption that things 

2031
01:54:07,700 --> 01:54:11,200
should be repaired rather than 
replaced that skilled hands. 

2032
01:54:11,200 --> 01:54:15,300
Can extend useful life, almost 
indefinitely and the throwing 

2033
01:54:15,300 --> 01:54:18,700
away something that can be fixed
is wasteful bordering on 

2034
01:54:18,700 --> 01:54:22,000
immoral. 
This attitude stems partly from 

2035
01:54:22,000 --> 01:54:25,300
necessity. 
New things are expensive but 

2036
01:54:25,300 --> 01:54:28,800
also from a deeper sense that 
well made items deserve respect 

2037
01:54:28,800 --> 01:54:31,900
and care. 
The specialized knowledge, these

2038
01:54:31,900 --> 01:54:34,000
repair Crafts People carry is 
impressive. 

2039
01:54:34,800 --> 01:54:37,500
A complicated look at warn 
shoes, souls and diagnose 

2040
01:54:37,500 --> 01:54:39,800
medical conditions affecting the
whereas gate. 

2041
01:54:40,800 --> 01:54:44,500
Tinker knows which soldiers work
with which metals how to 

2042
01:54:44,500 --> 01:54:47,200
compensate for tins. 
Tendency to crack in cold 

2043
01:54:47,200 --> 01:54:50,400
weather and which flux clean 
surfaces best. 

2044
01:54:51,600 --> 01:54:55,800
This knowledge comes from 
experience years of seeing what 

2045
01:54:55,800 --> 01:55:00,000
works and what fails learning 
from mistakes and refining 

2046
01:55:00,000 --> 01:55:02,900
techniques. 
Physical wear shows on these 

2047
01:55:02,900 --> 01:55:06,200
Crafts People, Too. 
Cobbler's often, develop vision 

2048
01:55:06,200 --> 01:55:09,300
problems from clothes. 
Work in poor, light hunched 

2049
01:55:09,300 --> 01:55:13,000
posture, from bending over work 
and strong hands from pulling 

2050
01:55:13,000 --> 01:55:16,600
stitches, tight. 
Thousands of times Tinkers might

2051
01:55:16,600 --> 01:55:19,400
have burned scars from hot 
soldering irons or acidic 

2052
01:55:19,400 --> 01:55:22,100
floods. 
Weather beaten skin from outdoor

2053
01:55:22,100 --> 01:55:25,200
work, and strong Backs from 
carrying their portable 

2054
01:55:25,200 --> 01:55:30,600
workshops yet both professionals
provide genuine satisfaction The

2055
01:55:30,600 --> 01:55:32,900
cobbler who delivers repairs 
knows? 

2056
01:55:32,900 --> 01:55:35,000
The wearer can now. 
Work safely through winter. 

2057
01:55:35,900 --> 01:55:38,800
The tinkerer Who patches a 
farmers Milk Pail as prevented 

2058
01:55:38,800 --> 01:55:42,000
waste and saved money that 
family needs for other things. 

2059
01:55:42,800 --> 01:55:46,100
These aren't Grand achievements 
that change history but their 

2060
01:55:46,100 --> 01:55:48,100
real improvements to real 
people's lives. 

2061
01:55:48,100 --> 01:55:51,000
That matters in immediate 
tangible ways. 

2062
01:55:51,800 --> 01:55:54,600
As the century progresses. 
Both professions face 

2063
01:55:54,600 --> 01:55:57,500
challenges. 
Factory-made shoes though. 

2064
01:55:57,500 --> 01:56:01,100
Initially lower quality become 
cheap enough that repair costs 

2065
01:56:01,100 --> 01:56:05,300
can exceed replacement costs. 
Tinware gives way to stamped 

2066
01:56:05,300 --> 01:56:07,500
Metal Goods, that can't be 
repaired as easily. 

2067
01:56:08,500 --> 01:56:11,400
The itinerant. 
Tinker begins to disappear while

2068
01:56:11,400 --> 01:56:14,600
cobblers, increasingly focus on 
new shoe sales rather than 

2069
01:56:14,600 --> 01:56:18,200
repairs. 
But throughout the 1800s, both 

2070
01:56:18,200 --> 01:56:21,700
remain vital parts of the 
economic fabric, keeping things 

2071
01:56:21,700 --> 01:56:25,900
working, extending useful life 
and serving communities with 

2072
01:56:25,900 --> 01:56:27,900
skills learned through long 
apprenticeship. 

2073
01:56:27,900 --> 01:56:32,000
Midway through the 1800 
something fundamental begin 

2074
01:56:32,000 --> 01:56:35,500
shifting in how things are made.
The change doesn't happen 

2075
01:56:35,500 --> 01:56:38,300
overnight. 
It's more like watching the tide

2076
01:56:38,300 --> 01:56:41,200
come in each way. 
Reaching slightly further, 

2077
01:56:41,200 --> 01:56:43,300
gradually transforming the 
landscape. 

2078
01:56:44,500 --> 01:56:46,800
What we call. 
The Industrial Revolution isn't 

2079
01:56:46,800 --> 01:56:50,900
really a revolution at all, but 
a slow uneven transition from 

2080
01:56:50,900 --> 01:56:54,900
hand production to mechanize 
manufacturing from small 

2081
01:56:54,900 --> 01:56:59,000
workshops to large factories and
from Crafts People to machine 

2082
01:56:59,000 --> 01:57:03,000
operators, the Transformations 
starts differently for each 

2083
01:57:03,000 --> 01:57:06,000
craft. 
Textile work, as we mentioned 

2084
01:57:06,000 --> 01:57:08,300
feels industrial pressure 
earliest. 

2085
01:57:09,000 --> 01:57:13,100
By the 1820s and 30s mechanized 
spinning Mills are producing 

2086
01:57:13,100 --> 01:57:16,300
yarn faster and cheaper than any
hand spinner can match. 

2087
01:57:17,200 --> 01:57:20,900
Power looms, follow gradually, 
improving from crude first 

2088
01:57:20,900 --> 01:57:24,500
versions to machines capable of 
producing serviceable cloth. 

2089
01:57:25,500 --> 01:57:28,700
The handweavers who have spent 
lifetimes mastering their craft?

2090
01:57:28,700 --> 01:57:30,500
Watch. 
Their economic value plummet 

2091
01:57:30,500 --> 01:57:33,400
within a generation. 
But here's what's interesting. 

2092
01:57:34,300 --> 01:57:37,300
the immediate result isn't that 
handcrafts people disappear 

2093
01:57:37,300 --> 01:57:43,000
instead, the markets splits, 
Cheap standardized Goods flow 

2094
01:57:43,000 --> 01:57:47,200
from Factory trees, basic 
Fabrics, simple clothing and 

2095
01:57:47,200 --> 01:57:51,300
utilitarian items. 
Meanwhile custom, work 

2096
01:57:51,300 --> 01:57:56,000
high-quality goods and complex 
items still require hand skills.

2097
01:57:57,200 --> 01:58:01,300
A factory can produce plain 
cotton shirting by the mile but 

2098
01:58:01,300 --> 01:58:03,600
the shirt itself. 
Still needs a skilled tailor to 

2099
01:58:03,600 --> 01:58:07,900
cut and sew Machine made 
Furniture fills modest homes, 

2100
01:58:07,900 --> 01:58:11,100
but wealthy buyers, still 
commissioned Craftsman for 

2101
01:58:11,100 --> 01:58:13,100
pieces. 
That showed genuine artistry. 

2102
01:58:14,100 --> 01:58:16,500
The Carpenters, crafted 
illustrates this split nicely. 

2103
01:58:17,500 --> 01:58:21,600
Early, woodworking Machinery, 
steam, powered saws and planers 

2104
01:58:21,600 --> 01:58:25,000
that can Surface lumbar faster 
than any hand tool doesn't 

2105
01:58:25,000 --> 01:58:27,400
eliminate Carpenters, but 
changes, what they do. 

2106
01:58:28,300 --> 01:58:31,600
Instead of spending days hand 
planing rough, lumber flat 

2107
01:58:31,600 --> 01:58:34,800
Carpenters. 
Can now buy pre surface boards 

2108
01:58:34,800 --> 01:58:37,200
and focus on joinery and 
assembly. 

2109
01:58:38,000 --> 01:58:41,100
Water-powered Sawmills mean, 
Carpenters receive boards. 

2110
01:58:41,100 --> 01:58:44,500
Rather than whole logs changing 
their work but not eliminating 

2111
01:58:44,500 --> 01:58:47,400
their skills. 
What carpenters lose in this 

2112
01:58:47,400 --> 01:58:49,400
transition is a certain kind of 
control. 

2113
01:58:49,400 --> 01:58:51,900
When you prepare your own lumber
from logs. 

2114
01:58:51,900 --> 01:58:55,600
You understand that would 
intimately, see its grain 

2115
01:58:55,600 --> 01:58:58,700
structure revealed with each 
sort cut, notice subtle 

2116
01:58:58,700 --> 01:59:02,500
variations in color, and density
and make decisions about how 

2117
01:59:02,500 --> 01:59:05,800
each board can best be used. 
With pre milled. 

2118
01:59:05,800 --> 01:59:09,900
Lumber, this intimate knowledge 
becomes less necessary, the work

2119
01:59:09,900 --> 01:59:13,100
gets faster, but perhaps 
slightly less connected to the 

2120
01:59:13,108 --> 01:59:16,600
material itself. 
Blacksmithing faces a different 

2121
01:59:16,600 --> 01:59:19,800
kind of industrial pressure. 
Iron foundries. 

2122
01:59:19,800 --> 01:59:21,700
Begin producing casting for 
items. 

2123
01:59:21,700 --> 01:59:26,300
Previously forged by hand. 
Pot hooks fireplace equipment 

2124
01:59:26,300 --> 01:59:31,400
and decorative elements. 
Later factories produce Nails by

2125
01:59:31,400 --> 01:59:34,300
Machine. 
Each one, identical to the next 

2126
01:59:34,300 --> 01:59:37,000
far cheaper than Hand Forged 
versions. 

2127
01:59:38,000 --> 01:59:41,200
The blacksmith's bread and 
butter work gradually erodes as 

2128
01:59:41,200 --> 01:59:44,000
Factory products, fill needs 
that once required a trip to the

2129
01:59:44,000 --> 01:59:47,400
Smithy yet blacksmiths adapt 
rather than disappear. 

2130
01:59:48,100 --> 01:59:51,700
Factories can produce standard 
items, but custom work still 

2131
01:59:51,700 --> 01:59:54,300
requires the forge. 
A farmer needs. 

2132
01:59:54,300 --> 01:59:57,200
A specialized tool for his 
particular soil conditions. 

2133
01:59:57,200 --> 02:00:02,300
A factory bracket doesn't quite 
fit an unusual situation, and a 

2134
02:00:02,300 --> 02:00:04,900
machine breaks and needs apart 
fabricated to match. 

2135
02:00:05,800 --> 02:00:07,500
These jobs still come to the 
blacksmith. 

2136
02:00:08,500 --> 02:00:11,600
The work becomes more varied and
less predictable, require 

2137
02:00:11,600 --> 02:00:14,400
requiring broader skills and 
more creative problem solving. 

2138
02:00:15,400 --> 02:00:18,400
The relationship between Crafts 
People and machines evolves. 

2139
02:00:18,400 --> 02:00:22,900
In unexpected ways, many Crafts 
People initially fear and resist

2140
02:00:22,900 --> 02:00:25,500
Machinery. 
Seeing it as competition that 

2141
02:00:25,500 --> 02:00:29,300
will destroy their livelihoods. 
But gradually some realize that 

2142
02:00:29,300 --> 02:00:31,800
machines can be tools rather 
than replacements. 

2143
02:00:32,600 --> 02:00:35,300
A carpenter might use a power 
saw to quickly Dimension. 

2144
02:00:35,300 --> 02:00:39,400
Lumber then employ hand skills 
for joinery and finishing a 

2145
02:00:39,400 --> 02:00:42,300
blacksmith might purchase 
factory made bastard rather than

2146
02:00:42,300 --> 02:00:46,600
forging it from raw iron saving 
time for the specialized shaping

2147
02:00:46,600 --> 02:00:51,000
that machines can't do. 
This hybrid approach, combining 

2148
02:00:51,000 --> 02:00:54,800
machine efficiency with hand 
skill becomes increasingly 

2149
02:00:54,800 --> 02:00:56,900
common as the century 
progresses. 

2150
02:00:57,600 --> 02:01:01,600
It represents a pragmatic Middle
Ground between pure handcraft 

2151
02:01:01,600 --> 02:01:05,700
and full mechanization. 
The crafts person becomes lesser

2152
02:01:05,700 --> 02:01:09,300
of raw materials and more a 
skilled assembler and finisher 

2153
02:01:09,300 --> 02:01:12,900
using machine made components, 
but adding value through 

2154
02:01:12,900 --> 02:01:15,000
expertise that machines can't 
replicate. 

2155
02:01:16,200 --> 02:01:19,200
The experience of learning craft
changes during this period, too.

2156
02:01:20,500 --> 02:01:23,400
Traditional apprenticeship 
years, spent with a master 

2157
02:01:23,400 --> 02:01:27,400
learning by observation and 
practice begins competing with 

2158
02:01:27,400 --> 02:01:30,500
technical schools where Theory 
can be taught to multiple 

2159
02:01:30,500 --> 02:01:35,300
students simultaneously. 
Written manuals appear trying to

2160
02:01:35,308 --> 02:01:38,100
codify knowledge previously, 
passed orally. 

2161
02:01:38,900 --> 02:01:42,800
A young person in 1850 might 
learn carpentry partly through 

2162
02:01:42,800 --> 02:01:46,400
books and classes, whereas their
grandparent learned entirely 

2163
02:01:46,400 --> 02:01:50,600
through hands-on experience. 
This shift from tacit to 

2164
02:01:50,600 --> 02:01:54,900
explicit, knowledge has profound
effects on one hand, it 

2165
02:01:54,900 --> 02:01:58,700
democratizes skills. 
Anyone with access to books can 

2166
02:01:58,700 --> 02:02:02,000
theoretically learn techniques. 
Previously guarded, within Kraft

2167
02:02:02,000 --> 02:02:05,600
guilds, On the other hand, 
something gets lost in 

2168
02:02:05,600 --> 02:02:08,700
translation. 
The subtle judgment about when 

2169
02:02:08,700 --> 02:02:12,400
wood is ready to cut. 
The feel of metal, a proper 

2170
02:02:12,400 --> 02:02:15,500
forging temperature, and the 
sound of a properly, sharpened 

2171
02:02:15,500 --> 02:02:18,200
tool, these things are hard to 
convey in writing. 

2172
02:02:19,300 --> 02:02:22,500
The manual can tell you what to 
do but struggles to communicate 

2173
02:02:22,500 --> 02:02:25,500
the embodied knowledge of how it
should feel when done right? 

2174
02:02:26,900 --> 02:02:29,900
Economic pressures. 
Intensifiers factory production 

2175
02:02:29,900 --> 02:02:33,100
expands. 
A hand Weaver might earn a 

2176
02:02:33,100 --> 02:02:37,000
decent income in 1820. 
Struggle in 1840, and be 

2177
02:02:37,000 --> 02:02:41,000
essentially priced out of basic 
textile production by 18660. 

2178
02:02:41,000 --> 02:02:45,300
Some crafts, people adapt by 
specializing in luxury markets 

2179
02:02:45,300 --> 02:02:48,100
where hand quality commands 
premium prices. 

2180
02:02:49,000 --> 02:02:52,700
Others abandoned traditional 
crafts entirely, perhaps, moving

2181
02:02:52,700 --> 02:02:55,800
to factory work themselves or 
finding new occupations. 

2182
02:02:55,800 --> 02:02:58,800
The transition is rarely smooth 
or easy. 

2183
02:02:59,600 --> 02:03:02,700
Community's experience, these 
changes and deeply personal 

2184
02:03:02,700 --> 02:03:05,300
ways. 
A town that once supported 

2185
02:03:05,300 --> 02:03:09,100
three, cobblers might now 
support one as cheaper, Factory 

2186
02:03:09,100 --> 02:03:11,900
shoes, reduced demand for 
repairs and custom work. 

2187
02:03:12,800 --> 02:03:16,200
The blacksmith shop might employ
apprentices as Factory Goods, 

2188
02:03:16,200 --> 02:03:19,900
replace hand-forged items. 
Young people growing up in the 

2189
02:03:19,908 --> 02:03:23,200
1870s might see craft 
apprenticeships as outdated, 

2190
02:03:23,200 --> 02:03:26,800
paths to Poverty, rather than 
respected routes to Skilled 

2191
02:03:26,800 --> 02:03:29,100
work. 
Yet, throughout this transition 

2192
02:03:29,100 --> 02:03:32,800
certain values associated with 
handcraft persist? 

2193
02:03:33,600 --> 02:03:36,800
There remains appreciation, for 
things made with care for the 

2194
02:03:36,800 --> 02:03:40,600
visible evidence of skilled 
hands and for items crafted to 

2195
02:03:40,600 --> 02:03:43,100
last rather than replace when 
fashion changes. 

2196
02:03:43,900 --> 02:03:47,200
A factory made chair, might be 
cheap, but it won't match the 

2197
02:03:47,200 --> 02:03:50,500
satisfaction of sitting in 
something across and built 

2198
02:03:50,500 --> 02:03:54,400
specifically, for you shape to 
your proportions and finish to 

2199
02:03:54,400 --> 02:03:57,500
your preferences. 
The aesthetic debate between 

2200
02:03:57,500 --> 02:04:00,100
handmade and machine-made. 
Intensifies later in the 

2201
02:04:00,100 --> 02:04:02,500
century. 
Critics argue that machine 

2202
02:04:02,500 --> 02:04:05,800
production creates soulless 
uniformity that it values 

2203
02:04:05,800 --> 02:04:08,600
quantity over quality and that 
it severs. 

2204
02:04:08,600 --> 02:04:10,400
The connection between maker and
user. 

2205
02:04:10,400 --> 02:04:12,100
That gave handcuffed its 
meaning. 

2206
02:04:13,100 --> 02:04:17,000
Defenders counter that machines,
democratize Goods, previously 

2207
02:04:17,000 --> 02:04:21,500
available, only to the wealthy 
That they free human energy for 

2208
02:04:21,500 --> 02:04:25,200
higher purposes than repetitive 
manual labor and that progress, 

2209
02:04:25,200 --> 02:04:27,400
shouldn't be, feared simply 
because it's different. 

2210
02:04:28,300 --> 02:04:31,800
Both sides have valid points and
the century ends without 

2211
02:04:31,800 --> 02:04:35,900
resolving the tension. 
By 1900 factories dominate 

2212
02:04:35,900 --> 02:04:39,600
production of basic Goods. 
But handcraft, persists in 

2213
02:04:39,600 --> 02:04:43,900
niches where quality 
customization or Artistry 

2214
02:04:43,900 --> 02:04:47,400
matter, more than price. 
The crafts, don't die, but 

2215
02:04:47,400 --> 02:04:50,700
transformed, finding new 
purposes in a world where making

2216
02:04:50,700 --> 02:04:53,800
things by hand, has become a 
choice rather than the only 

2217
02:04:53,800 --> 02:04:56,300
option. 
What's lost in this 

2218
02:04:56,300 --> 02:04:58,700
transformation? 
Is a certain relationship to 

2219
02:04:58,700 --> 02:05:01,500
material objects. 
When everything you owned was 

2220
02:05:01,500 --> 02:05:06,100
made by identifiable hands often
in your own communities objects,

2221
02:05:06,100 --> 02:05:10,100
carry stories, you know who 
sheep provided wolf, your shirt,

2222
02:05:10,100 --> 02:05:14,100
who spun and wove, the fabric 
and who cut and Stitch the 

2223
02:05:14,100 --> 02:05:16,600
Garment. 
This chain of creation is 

2224
02:05:16,600 --> 02:05:19,800
visible personal and grounded in
relationships. 

2225
02:05:21,300 --> 02:05:24,300
Factory Goods. 
Sever these connections you have

2226
02:05:24,308 --> 02:05:27,800
no relationship to the people or
places that produced them. 

2227
02:05:27,800 --> 02:05:31,400
They arrived in your life as 
finished objects with no visible

2228
02:05:31,400 --> 02:05:34,200
history. 
What's gained is a abundance. 

2229
02:05:35,200 --> 02:05:38,100
Factory production makes 
previously expensive items 

2230
02:05:38,100 --> 02:05:42,000
affordable to working people? 
The ability to purchase adequate

2231
02:05:42,000 --> 02:05:45,900
clothing, decent furniture and 
useful tools, without saving for

2232
02:05:45,900 --> 02:05:49,100
months or years represents 
genuine material Improvement. 

2233
02:05:50,100 --> 02:05:52,500
The question isn't whether 
industrialization brought 

2234
02:05:52,500 --> 02:05:54,300
benefits? 
It clearly did. 

2235
02:05:54,300 --> 02:05:57,400
But whether those benefits came 
at Cost, we didn't fully 

2236
02:05:57,400 --> 02:06:00,400
anticipate. 
The crafts people living through

2237
02:06:00,400 --> 02:06:02,800
this transition have complex 
experiences. 

2238
02:06:02,800 --> 02:06:07,300
Some Embrace change seeing 
opportunities in new methods, 

2239
02:06:07,300 --> 02:06:10,600
others resist, bitterly watching
skills. 

2240
02:06:10,600 --> 02:06:13,500
They spent decades, mastering 
become economically. 

2241
02:06:13,500 --> 02:06:18,200
Irrelevant Most for somewhere 
between adapting where possible 

2242
02:06:18,200 --> 02:06:21,500
while mourning, what's lost? 
Their perspective offers 

2243
02:06:21,500 --> 02:06:23,900
insights. 
We might consider in our own era

2244
02:06:23,900 --> 02:06:27,900
of technological disruption. 
As the 19th century ends, the 

2245
02:06:27,900 --> 02:06:30,900
workshop World we've been 
exploring exists more in memory 

2246
02:06:30,900 --> 02:06:34,100
than present reality. 
The blacksmith's Forge still 

2247
02:06:34,100 --> 02:06:37,700
glows in small towns. 
But factory made Metal Goods for

2248
02:06:37,700 --> 02:06:40,600
most needs. 
Carpenters, still apply their 

2249
02:06:40,600 --> 02:06:43,700
trade but increasingly with 
power tools and Factory milled. 

2250
02:06:43,700 --> 02:06:47,100
Lumber Weavers. 
Who wants were common in every 

2251
02:06:47,100 --> 02:06:50,500
Community have large Lee moved 
to factory employment or 

2252
02:06:50,500 --> 02:06:54,800
abandoned textile work entirely 
The Tinker circuit is ended 

2253
02:06:54,800 --> 02:06:58,500
replaced by mail, order catalogs
offering cheap replacement 

2254
02:06:58,500 --> 02:07:01,000
Goods. 
Yet, the knowledge doesn't 

2255
02:07:01,000 --> 02:07:04,700
entirely disappear. 
Skills passed a hobbyists and 

2256
02:07:04,700 --> 02:07:08,300
artists who practice traditional
crafts for pleasure rather than 

2257
02:07:08,300 --> 02:07:11,700
necessity. 
Museums preserve tools and 

2258
02:07:11,700 --> 02:07:15,900
techniques written records and 
photographs capture methods 

2259
02:07:15,900 --> 02:07:17,700
before the last practitioners 
die. 

2260
02:07:18,500 --> 02:07:22,300
A thread of connection remains 
however tenuous linking us back 

2261
02:07:22,300 --> 02:07:25,900
to ways of making that dominated
Human Experience for thousands 

2262
02:07:25,900 --> 02:07:28,800
of years. 
As you settle deeper into 

2263
02:07:28,800 --> 02:07:31,800
Comfort, perhaps your tea is 
called, and you're considering 

2264
02:07:31,800 --> 02:07:34,900
whether to brew more or maybe 
sleep is starting to gently. 

2265
02:07:34,900 --> 02:07:38,800
Pull up your away as Let's think
about how the craft world of the

2266
02:07:38,800 --> 02:07:41,100
1800s, still touches your life 
today. 

2267
02:07:41,900 --> 02:07:45,100
Often in ways, you don't notice 
until you pause to consider. 

2268
02:07:46,000 --> 02:07:47,600
That wooden cutting board in 
your kitchen. 

2269
02:07:47,600 --> 02:07:50,600
If it's a good one, made by a 
small producer or rather than 

2270
02:07:50,600 --> 02:07:54,900
Mass manufactured overseas was 
probably created using technique

2271
02:07:54,900 --> 02:07:57,000
and 19th. 
Century Carpenter would 

2272
02:07:57,000 --> 02:08:00,600
recognize immediately. 
Someone selected, the wood for 

2273
02:08:00,600 --> 02:08:04,500
appropriate grain cut. 
It carefully, sanded its smooth 

2274
02:08:04,500 --> 02:08:06,800
and finished it with food, safe 
oil. 

2275
02:08:07,800 --> 02:08:11,100
The tools might be electric 
rather than hand powered, but 

2276
02:08:11,100 --> 02:08:15,400
the basic principles 
understanding wood working with 

2277
02:08:15,400 --> 02:08:19,400
rather than Against the Grain 
creating smooth surfaces that 

2278
02:08:19,400 --> 02:08:22,200
won't Harbor bacteria. 
These haven't changed. 

2279
02:08:23,500 --> 02:08:26,300
Same continuity appears in 
countless modern objects. 

2280
02:08:27,000 --> 02:08:30,100
Quality leather goods, still 
involve many hand operations, 

2281
02:08:30,100 --> 02:08:33,800
cutting stitching and Edge 
finishing because machine 

2282
02:08:33,800 --> 02:08:36,800
struggle with three-dimensional 
forms and variable materials. 

2283
02:08:37,600 --> 02:08:40,900
Find furniture while often 
involving power tools for rough.

2284
02:08:40,900 --> 02:08:45,400
Work still requires hand skills 
for joinery finishing and 

2285
02:08:45,400 --> 02:08:48,400
creating the details that 
distinguish craftsmanship from 

2286
02:08:48,400 --> 02:08:52,000
Mere Construction. 
Blacksmithing written offers 

2287
02:08:52,000 --> 02:08:55,700
dead by the mid-20th century has
experienced an unexpected 

2288
02:08:55,700 --> 02:08:58,900
Renaissance. 
Contemporary blacksmiths, create

2289
02:08:58,900 --> 02:09:02,600
everything from architectural, 
metalwork to kitchen knives to 

2290
02:09:02,600 --> 02:09:05,900
decorative art. 
They use the same basic 

2291
02:09:05,900 --> 02:09:10,300
technique's heating hammering 
shaping that their 1800 

2292
02:09:10,300 --> 02:09:14,400
predecessors employed though. 
Modern forges might burn propane

2293
02:09:14,400 --> 02:09:17,000
rather than coal and temperature
control. 

2294
02:09:17,000 --> 02:09:20,200
Might involve Thermo couples 
rather than reading metal color.

2295
02:09:21,000 --> 02:09:23,500
This revival isn't just 
nostalgic hobby work. 

2296
02:09:23,500 --> 02:09:27,000
There's genuine demand for Hand 
Forged items because they 

2297
02:09:27,000 --> 02:09:29,900
possess qualities machine 
production can't easily. 

2298
02:09:29,900 --> 02:09:34,600
Replicate, A Hand Forged knife 
has subtle variations in 

2299
02:09:34,600 --> 02:09:38,300
thickness and shape that 
distributes stress better, the 

2300
02:09:38,300 --> 02:09:42,500
uniform Factory knives. 
Hand Forged architectural 

2301
02:09:42,500 --> 02:09:44,400
elements. 
Bring visual interest to 

2302
02:09:44,400 --> 02:09:48,300
buildings increasingly dominated
by standardization. 

2303
02:09:49,200 --> 02:09:53,100
People respond to evidence of 
human hands in creation, even if

2304
02:09:53,100 --> 02:09:55,700
they can't articulate exactly 
why it matters. 

2305
02:09:56,600 --> 02:09:58,600
The knowledge preserved in 
traditional crafts. 

2306
02:09:58,600 --> 02:10:02,700
Also informs modern innovation. 
Engineer studying traditional 

2307
02:10:02,700 --> 02:10:06,200
joinery discover principles that
Inspire new fastening systems, 

2308
02:10:06,200 --> 02:10:11,400
textile designers analyzing hand
woven fabrics, find patterns and

2309
02:10:11,400 --> 02:10:14,100
structural approaches that 
translate into Innovative 

2310
02:10:14,100 --> 02:10:17,600
materials. 
The past isn't just history. 

2311
02:10:17,600 --> 02:10:20,000
It's a repository of human 
problems. 

2312
02:10:20,000 --> 02:10:23,200
Solving that took thousands of 
years to develop and shouldn't 

2313
02:10:23,200 --> 02:10:24,600
be carelessly. 
Discarded. 

2314
02:10:25,700 --> 02:10:28,400
Contemporary makers, often 
describe feeling connected to 

2315
02:10:28,400 --> 02:10:31,000
long lineages when they practice
traditional crafts. 

2316
02:10:31,900 --> 02:10:34,900
The Weaver at a handloom 
experience is the same rhythms 

2317
02:10:34,900 --> 02:10:39,200
faces, the same challenges and 
makes the same subtle judgments 

2318
02:10:39,200 --> 02:10:41,500
as Weaver's 500 or 5,000 years 
ago. 

2319
02:10:42,900 --> 02:10:45,200
There's something profound in 
this continuity. 

2320
02:10:45,200 --> 02:10:49,700
A sense that your participating 
in fundamental human activities,

2321
02:10:49,700 --> 02:10:52,600
that transcend particular 
moments or cultures. 

2322
02:10:52,600 --> 02:10:56,800
The satisfaction people find in 
handcrafted whether as 

2323
02:10:56,800 --> 02:11:00,200
professionals or hobbyists 
speaks to needs that industrial 

2324
02:11:00,200 --> 02:11:03,700
production doesn't fulfill. 
Making something with your 

2325
02:11:03,700 --> 02:11:06,600
hands, watching it emerge from 
raw. 

2326
02:11:06,600 --> 02:11:10,100
Materials through your efforts. 
Knowing exactly what went into 

2327
02:11:10,100 --> 02:11:13,500
its creation. 
These experiences provide a kind

2328
02:11:13,500 --> 02:11:16,500
of fulfillment that purchasing 
finished goods, never quite 

2329
02:11:16,500 --> 02:11:20,000
matches. 
In an increasingly digital age 

2330
02:11:20,000 --> 02:11:23,600
where much work involves 
manipulating abstractions the 

2331
02:11:23,600 --> 02:11:27,600
concreteness of craft becomes 
particularly appealing modern 

2332
02:11:27,600 --> 02:11:30,400
craft education. 
Draws heavily on 19th century 

2333
02:11:30,400 --> 02:11:34,400
Traditions woodworking classes, 
teach joinery techniques that 

2334
02:11:34,400 --> 02:11:38,300
would be familiar to Victorian 
Carpenters, Blacksmithing 

2335
02:11:38,300 --> 02:11:42,200
workshops cover forging methods 
unchanged in centuries. 

2336
02:11:42,900 --> 02:11:45,900
Textile Arts programs, 
introduced students to spinning 

2337
02:11:45,900 --> 02:11:49,400
and weaving using equipment. 
The differs only in details from

2338
02:11:49,400 --> 02:11:51,600
what crafts people use 
throughout the 1800s. 

2339
02:11:52,700 --> 02:11:55,900
The knowledge transfer as across
Generations because it's based 

2340
02:11:55,900 --> 02:11:58,400
on unchanging properties of 
materials and human 

2341
02:11:58,400 --> 02:12:01,800
capabilities. 
What's changed is the economic 

2342
02:12:01,800 --> 02:12:04,400
context. 
A 19th century crafts. 

2343
02:12:04,400 --> 02:12:07,100
Person practiced their trade 
because it was how they earned 

2344
02:12:07,100 --> 02:12:09,500
their living. 
The only way, most people could 

2345
02:12:09,500 --> 02:12:12,200
acquire necessary Goods was 
through, craft production. 

2346
02:12:13,100 --> 02:12:15,000
Modern crafts. 
People often have different 

2347
02:12:15,000 --> 02:12:18,800
motivations, artistic 
expression, connection to 

2348
02:12:18,800 --> 02:12:23,000
tradition resistance, to 
disposability and the simple 

2349
02:12:23,000 --> 02:12:27,100
satisfaction of making Economic 
pressure, still exists. 

2350
02:12:27,900 --> 02:12:31,300
Craft businesses must compete 
with cheap manufactured goods. 

2351
02:12:32,200 --> 02:12:35,200
But it's not the existential 
necessity at once was. 

2352
02:12:36,200 --> 02:12:38,900
The appreciation for 
handcrafters, also changed. 

2353
02:12:39,700 --> 02:12:44,300
In the 1800s, handmade was 
simply normal, the default State

2354
02:12:44,300 --> 02:12:47,800
of Affairs. 
Today handmade special 

2355
02:12:47,800 --> 02:12:50,900
distinctive and worth premium 
pricing. 

2356
02:12:51,600 --> 02:12:55,000
This shift reflects how rare 
genuine handcrafters become? 

2357
02:12:55,700 --> 02:12:59,200
When everything was made by hand
individual pieces, worked 

2358
02:12:59,200 --> 02:13:02,900
remarkable now that mass 
production, dominates evidence 

2359
02:13:02,900 --> 02:13:05,400
of hand skill, commands 
attention and respect. 

2360
02:13:06,500 --> 02:13:08,200
This creates an interesting 
irony. 

2361
02:13:08,900 --> 02:13:12,000
Handcrafted as become luxury. 
Goods accessible. 

2362
02:13:12,000 --> 02:13:15,100
Mainly to those with money for 
premium products or time for 

2363
02:13:15,100 --> 02:13:18,200
hobby Pursuit. 
The skills that once served 

2364
02:13:18,200 --> 02:13:22,400
everyone now often serve wealthy
collectors or become leisure 

2365
02:13:22,400 --> 02:13:24,700
activities for those with 
adequate resources. 

2366
02:13:25,700 --> 02:13:29,500
This isn't entirely negative. 
It's preserved, knowledge, that 

2367
02:13:29,500 --> 02:13:31,100
might otherwise have 
disappeared. 

2368
02:13:31,800 --> 02:13:36,200
But it represents a profound 
change in craft social role, yet

2369
02:13:36,200 --> 02:13:39,400
the hunger for connection to 
making persists across economic 

2370
02:13:39,400 --> 02:13:44,800
classes, DIY culture, maker 
spaces and YouTube tutorials 

2371
02:13:44,800 --> 02:13:48,500
teaching traditional skills. 
These phenomena suggest a 

2372
02:13:48,500 --> 02:13:51,900
widespread desire to understand 
how things are made and to 

2373
02:13:51,900 --> 02:13:55,700
participate in making. 
The specific economic 

2374
02:13:55,700 --> 02:13:58,400
circumstances differ from the 
1800s. 

2375
02:13:58,400 --> 02:14:02,400
But the human impulse to create 
with hands and tools remains 

2376
02:14:02,400 --> 02:14:05,600
constant. 
Environmental awareness is given

2377
02:14:05,600 --> 02:14:10,300
traditional craft new relevance,
the 1800s emphasis on repair 

2378
02:14:10,300 --> 02:14:14,300
over replacement on making 
things to last and on working 

2379
02:14:14,300 --> 02:14:16,800
with natural rather than 
synthetic materials. 

2380
02:14:17,600 --> 02:14:20,600
These are poachers align well 
with contemporary sustainability

2381
02:14:20,600 --> 02:14:23,800
concerns. 
A handmade wooden chair that 

2382
02:14:23,800 --> 02:14:28,200
last generation's has far less 
environmental impact than cheap 

2383
02:14:28,200 --> 02:14:30,300
furniture designed for planned 
obsolescence. 

2384
02:14:31,300 --> 02:14:34,200
Traditional crafts built in 
sustainability, looks 

2385
02:14:34,200 --> 02:14:37,100
increasingly wise, rather than 
merely old fashioned. 

2386
02:14:38,000 --> 02:14:40,900
The pace of Kraftwerk offers 
another kind of value in our 

2387
02:14:40,900 --> 02:14:44,000
accelerated world. 
Everything about traditional 

2388
02:14:44,000 --> 02:14:48,200
making is slow the years of 
skill development, the careful 

2389
02:14:48,200 --> 02:14:52,100
material selection and the 
patient execution of techniques 

2390
02:14:52,100 --> 02:14:55,700
that can't be rushed. 
This slowness frustrates, modern

2391
02:14:55,700 --> 02:14:59,600
efficiency, obsessed thinking, 
but provides an antidote to 

2392
02:14:59,600 --> 02:15:03,500
constant acceleration. the 
Weaver who spends weeks creating

2393
02:15:03,500 --> 02:15:07,900
yards of fabric, The woodworker 
who completes perhaps one piece 

2394
02:15:07,900 --> 02:15:10,600
per month. 
And the blacksmith who Heats and

2395
02:15:10,600 --> 02:15:14,000
hammers, the same piece doesn't 
have times, there are all 

2396
02:15:14,000 --> 02:15:18,100
working at human speed, the pace
at which careful attention can 

2397
02:15:18,100 --> 02:15:21,200
be sustained. 
A sleep begins pulling more 

2398
02:15:21,200 --> 02:15:23,900
insistently in this journey 
through the craft world of the 

2399
02:15:23,900 --> 02:15:28,500
1800s, nears, its end Consider 
what lessons that vanished world

2400
02:15:28,500 --> 02:15:31,500
might offer? 
Not that we should, or could 

2401
02:15:31,500 --> 02:15:34,600
return to pre-industrial 
production, that's neither 

2402
02:15:34,600 --> 02:15:39,100
possible nor probably desirable.
But perhaps there's wisdom in 

2403
02:15:39,100 --> 02:15:41,100
how Crafts People approach their
work. 

2404
02:15:41,800 --> 02:15:45,900
The patient skill development, 
the respect for materials, the 

2405
02:15:45,900 --> 02:15:49,200
assumption that things should be
made well enough to last, and 

2406
02:15:49,200 --> 02:15:51,700
the direct connection between 
maker and user. 

2407
02:15:52,800 --> 02:15:57,800
The blacksmith Carpenter Weaver 
cobbler and Tinker with visited 

2408
02:15:57,800 --> 02:15:59,300
tonight. 
Worked in a world. 

2409
02:15:59,300 --> 02:16:03,300
Vastly different from ours. 
They face challenges with solved

2410
02:16:03,300 --> 02:16:05,400
and limitations we've 
transcended. 

2411
02:16:06,200 --> 02:16:08,900
But they also possess knowledge 
and practice values that 

2412
02:16:08,900 --> 02:16:13,100
industrialization swept aside, 
not always to our benefit. 

2413
02:16:14,200 --> 02:16:17,700
The workshop world of the 1800s 
can't be recovered but 

2414
02:16:17,700 --> 02:16:20,400
understanding it might help us 
think more carefully about what 

2415
02:16:20,400 --> 02:16:23,900
we make, how we make it and why 
we make it. 

2416
02:16:24,900 --> 02:16:28,500
The workshops have grown quiet 
now, the forge is called to 

2417
02:16:28,500 --> 02:16:31,800
Darkness, the last faint heat 
dissipating, into the night, 

2418
02:16:31,800 --> 02:16:34,700
air. 
Would shave things live where 

2419
02:16:34,700 --> 02:16:37,000
they fell on the Carpenters 
floor when waiting for 

2420
02:16:37,000 --> 02:16:41,700
tomorrow's sweep. 
The loom stands silent, its 

2421
02:16:41,700 --> 02:16:46,000
threads holding tension, even in
Stillness ready for the Weavers 

2422
02:16:46,000 --> 02:16:49,100
return. 
In the Cobbler Shop 

2423
02:16:49,100 --> 02:16:52,900
half-finished shoes. 
Rest on their lasts leather 

2424
02:16:52,900 --> 02:16:55,200
slowly. 
Conforming to the wooden forms 

2425
02:16:55,200 --> 02:16:59,000
beneath These spaces Will Wait 
again, with Morning, Light and 

2426
02:16:59,000 --> 02:17:02,500
renewed activity. 
The blacksmith will rake Kohl's 

2427
02:17:02,500 --> 02:17:06,100
back to life feeding the forge 
until it closed that perfect 

2428
02:17:06,100 --> 02:17:09,900
orange yellow. 
The carpenter will test Edge 

2429
02:17:09,900 --> 02:17:13,299
sharpness, with his thumb, a 
casual gesture, born from 

2430
02:17:13,299 --> 02:17:17,100
Decades of repetition before 
beginning the days first cuts. 

2431
02:17:18,000 --> 02:17:21,400
The Weaver will settle at a loom
feet finding treadles 

2432
02:17:21,400 --> 02:17:24,900
automatically hands reaching for
the shuttle before conscious 

2433
02:17:24,900 --> 02:17:26,100
thought. 
Even suggested. 

2434
02:17:26,900 --> 02:17:30,000
The cobbler will thread his 
needle with waxed cord and 

2435
02:17:30,000 --> 02:17:32,200
continue stitching. 
Where yesterday ended? 

2436
02:17:33,000 --> 02:17:36,600
But tonight, as you drift 
towards sleep, you can hold in 

2437
02:17:36,600 --> 02:17:39,000
your mind. 
This world of skilled hands and 

2438
02:17:39,000 --> 02:17:43,799
patient work where time moved at
the pace of careful, craft and 

2439
02:17:43,799 --> 02:17:45,900
making something. 
Well was simply how you lived 

2440
02:17:45,900 --> 02:17:48,799
your life? 
It's a world that existed just a

2441
02:17:48,799 --> 02:17:51,700
few Generations ago, close 
enough that your great 

2442
02:17:51,700 --> 02:17:54,600
grandparents, might have known 
people who lived entirely within

2443
02:17:54,600 --> 02:17:56,600
it. 
Yet distant enough that it's 

2444
02:17:56,600 --> 02:17:59,000
rhythms and assumptions feel 
almost foreign. 

2445
02:17:59,000 --> 02:18:03,200
Now, The Crafts People of the 
1800s left legacies beyond the 

2446
02:18:03,200 --> 02:18:05,299
objects. 
They made, they preserved 

2447
02:18:05,299 --> 02:18:08,600
knowledge accumulated, over 
Millennia refined through 

2448
02:18:08,600 --> 02:18:12,500
countless repetitions and passed
from experienced hands, to 

2449
02:18:12,500 --> 02:18:14,600
novice ones with patient 
instruction. 

2450
02:18:15,500 --> 02:18:18,400
They demonstrated that work 
could be a source of Pride and 

2451
02:18:18,400 --> 02:18:22,000
satisfaction that creating 
useful Beauty was worthy 

2452
02:18:22,000 --> 02:18:25,299
occupational and that taking 
time to do things properly 

2453
02:18:25,299 --> 02:18:26,900
produce results worth the 
investment. 

2454
02:18:28,000 --> 02:18:31,000
They also showed how quickly 
entire worlds can transform. 

2455
02:18:32,000 --> 02:18:34,799
The workshop culture that 
dominated Human Experience for 

2456
02:18:34,799 --> 02:18:38,900
thousands of years, largely 
vanished within a single Century

2457
02:18:38,900 --> 02:18:42,299
swept aside by industrial 
methods that promised and 

2458
02:18:42,299 --> 02:18:45,400
delivered abundance. 
The crafts people who live 

2459
02:18:45,400 --> 02:18:48,400
through this transition. 
Experienced it as loss and gain 

2460
02:18:48,400 --> 02:18:51,500
intermingled watching their 
skills become economically 

2461
02:18:51,500 --> 02:18:54,700
marginal, while material 
standards improved around them. 

2462
02:18:55,799 --> 02:18:58,600
What survived this 
transformation, the knowledge 

2463
02:18:58,600 --> 02:19:02,299
itself preserved in books, 
museums, and continued practice 

2464
02:19:02,299 --> 02:19:05,200
by those, who value it beyond 
their economics. 

2465
02:19:06,000 --> 02:19:09,600
The appreciation for Quality 
that transcends price for 

2466
02:19:09,600 --> 02:19:14,000
evidence of human care and 
skill. for objects that tell 

2467
02:19:14,000 --> 02:19:17,799
stories through their making the
understanding that some 

2468
02:19:17,799 --> 02:19:20,799
satisfactions come only through 
directing engagement with 

2469
02:19:20,799 --> 02:19:24,799
materials that creating with 
your hands feed something in 

2470
02:19:24,799 --> 02:19:27,100
human nature that observational 
consumption. 

2471
02:19:27,100 --> 02:19:30,799
Cannot As your breathing deepens
and sleep approaches. 

2472
02:19:30,799 --> 02:19:34,500
Let your last waking thoughts, 
rest with those Crafts People. 

2473
02:19:35,299 --> 02:19:38,799
The blacksmith feeling metal 
temperature through color, the 

2474
02:19:38,799 --> 02:19:41,799
carpenter reading grain patterns
like familiar text. 

2475
02:19:41,799 --> 02:19:45,200
The Weaver, maintaining Rhythm 
through thousands of shuttle 

2476
02:19:45,200 --> 02:19:48,500
throws and the cobbler stitching
with a Precision measured in 

2477
02:19:48,500 --> 02:19:52,000
fractional inches. 
They lived lives of physical 

2478
02:19:52,000 --> 02:19:56,400
work and mental engagement of 
skill, slowly accumulated, and 

2479
02:19:56,400 --> 02:20:00,400
patiently, applied of intimate 
knowledge about how materials 

2480
02:20:00,400 --> 02:20:02,500
behave and how hands can shape 
them. 

2481
02:20:03,300 --> 02:20:05,900
They made the world that our 
industrial civilization is 

2482
02:20:05,900 --> 02:20:08,700
built. 
Upon every Factory technique 

2483
02:20:08,700 --> 02:20:13,000
began as someone's handcraft 
refined, and mechanized, but 

2484
02:20:13,000 --> 02:20:17,300
rooted in human discovery. 
Every modern convenience rests 

2485
02:20:17,300 --> 02:20:20,300
on foundations of knowledge 
developed by countless Anonymous

2486
02:20:20,300 --> 02:20:22,600
Crafts. 
People solving practical 

2487
02:20:22,600 --> 02:20:25,000
problems with available 
materials and engineering. 

2488
02:20:26,100 --> 02:20:29,100
The workshops are mostly gone 
now, but what they taught us 

2489
02:20:29,100 --> 02:20:33,200
remains waiting to be remembered
by those who paused to consider 

2490
02:20:33,200 --> 02:20:36,200
how things were made before 
making became an industrial 

2491
02:20:36,200 --> 02:20:39,300
process. 
The 1800s crafts. 

2492
02:20:39,300 --> 02:20:42,700
People worked in a world by 
candles and heated by wood fires

2493
02:20:42,700 --> 02:20:46,500
where Horse Transport was still 
new technology and most people 

2494
02:20:46,500 --> 02:20:48,500
lived within a few miles of 
their birthplace. 

2495
02:20:49,400 --> 02:20:53,100
Yet, their core experience is 
the satisfaction of skilled 

2496
02:20:53,100 --> 02:20:55,200
work. 
The frustration of difficult 

2497
02:20:55,200 --> 02:20:59,100
materials, the pride in 
completed projects, the 

2498
02:20:59,100 --> 02:21:02,600
relationships with customers who
became friends, these remained 

2499
02:21:02,600 --> 02:21:05,000
fundamentally human regardless 
of era. 

2500
02:21:05,800 --> 02:21:08,700
Sleep comes now pulling. 
You gently away from these 

2501
02:21:08,700 --> 02:21:12,400
Workshop visits. 
As you surrender to it, perhaps 

2502
02:21:12,400 --> 02:21:15,600
you carry with you A Renewed 
appreciation, for how things are

2503
02:21:15,600 --> 02:21:18,400
made for the hands and Minds 
behind objects. 

2504
02:21:18,400 --> 02:21:22,200
We take for granted granted and 
for the Deep history of human, 

2505
02:21:22,200 --> 02:21:25,800
making that connects backward 
through time to the first person

2506
02:21:25,800 --> 02:21:29,900
who shaped a useful tool and 
forward to whatever future we 

2507
02:21:29,900 --> 02:21:33,200
craft for ourselves. 
Forge will glow again. 

2508
02:21:33,200 --> 02:21:37,200
Tomorrow, the saw will bite into
would the shuttle will fly 

2509
02:21:37,200 --> 02:21:40,600
through its shed and leather 
will yield to needle and thread.

2510
02:21:40,600 --> 02:21:44,700
The work continues because it 
must because we need things 

2511
02:21:44,700 --> 02:21:47,100
made. 
Well, Because some knowledge is 

2512
02:21:47,100 --> 02:21:50,800
too valuable to lose and because
making with our hands reminds 

2513
02:21:50,800 --> 02:21:52,400
us. 
What it means to be human in a 

2514
02:21:52,400 --> 02:21:55,500
world increasingly dominated by 
machines and algorithms. 

2515
02:21:57,000 --> 02:21:58,100
Rest. 
Now in this knowledge. 

2516
02:21:58,900 --> 02:22:00,700
Somewhere. 
Tonight, someone is practicing 

2517
02:22:00,700 --> 02:22:04,900
these ancient crafts, keeping 
knowledge alive, making things 

2518
02:22:04,900 --> 02:22:08,500
with patience and skill and 
maintaining connection to ways 

2519
02:22:08,500 --> 02:22:10,900
of working that have served 
Humanity. 

2520
02:22:10,900 --> 02:22:14,700
Since we first learned to shape 
our world rather than merely 

2521
02:22:14,700 --> 02:22:19,500
inhabited The story of Croft is 
your story too, how we make 

2522
02:22:19,500 --> 02:22:23,200
things, how we make meaning and 
how we make our way through the 

2523
02:22:23,200 --> 02:22:26,200
world with skilled hands and 
thoughtful Minds. 

2524
02:22:26,900 --> 02:22:29,500
Sleep. 
Well and may your dreams be 

2525
02:22:29,500 --> 02:22:32,100
filled with the Quiet 
satisfaction of work done. 

2526
02:22:32,100 --> 02:22:36,700
Well of materials, transformed 
through skill of things made to 

2527
02:22:36,708 --> 02:22:39,400
last by people who cared enough 
to make them properly. 

2528
02:22:40,600 --> 02:22:44,000
Tomorrow, you'll wake to a world
vastly different from the 1800s,

2529
02:22:44,000 --> 02:22:45,700
Workshop culture, we visited 
tonight. 

2530
02:22:46,700 --> 02:22:50,200
But somewhere in that modern 
world ancient skills, persist 

2531
02:22:50,200 --> 02:22:54,900
ancient rhythms continue and the
fundamental human impulse to 

2532
02:22:54,900 --> 02:22:57,400
create with our hands remains a 
strong as ever. 

2533
02:22:58,600 --> 02:23:00,400
Apps. 
That's the real Legacy of those 

2534
02:23:00,400 --> 02:23:05,200
19th century Crafts People not 
just the objects they made but 

2535
02:23:05,200 --> 02:23:06,800
there are minder that making 
things. 

2536
02:23:06,800 --> 02:23:10,800
Well matters. 
The craft has value Beyond 

2537
02:23:10,800 --> 02:23:14,600
economics and that some of our 
deepest satisfactions come from 

2538
02:23:14,600 --> 02:23:16,700
creating rather than merely 
consuming. 

2539
02:23:18,000 --> 02:23:22,400
The workshops are quiet now the 
tools rest the materials wait 

2540
02:23:22,400 --> 02:23:26,400
and you rest to carrying forward
this story of how things were 

2541
02:23:26,400 --> 02:23:30,400
made when making required, not 
just pressing buttons but 

2542
02:23:30,400 --> 02:23:35,200
understanding materials deeply 
developing skills patiently and 

2543
02:23:35,200 --> 02:23:37,500
working with the kind of care. 
That could be, neither 

2544
02:23:37,500 --> 02:23:44,000
automated, nor rushed. 
Imagine what the world was like,

2545
02:23:44,000 --> 02:23:48,200
in 774 when Charlemagne was busy
becoming the Holy, Roman 

2546
02:23:48,200 --> 02:23:50,900
Emperor, and most people thought
the Earth was the center of 

2547
02:23:50,908 --> 02:23:52,800
everything. 
There was a time when the most 

2548
02:23:52,800 --> 02:23:56,500
amazing piece of technology, you
had was a Watermill, the news 

2549
02:23:56,500 --> 02:23:59,800
traveled as fast as a horse and 
you learned about the universe 

2550
02:23:59,800 --> 02:24:03,100
from a mix of ancient, Greek, 
philosophy, Christian Theology. 

2551
02:24:03,100 --> 02:24:06,100
And what your grandfather swore,
he saw in the sky that one 

2552
02:24:06,100 --> 02:24:08,600
night, you lived in a world 
where the heavens were as 

2553
02:24:08,600 --> 02:24:12,100
reliable as Clockwork or at 
least as reliable as a sundial, 

2554
02:24:12,100 --> 02:24:15,700
which was the most accurate. 
Timepiece, you had the sun rose.

2555
02:24:15,700 --> 02:24:18,100
The moon went through, its 
phases and the Stars moved in 

2556
02:24:18,100 --> 02:24:20,500
patterns that people have known 
about since the beginning of 

2557
02:24:20,500 --> 02:24:23,900
recorded history in a time when 
so much of life was uncertain, 

2558
02:24:23,900 --> 02:24:27,700
this Celestial reliability was 
more than just useful, it was 

2559
02:24:27,700 --> 02:24:31,000
very comforting. 
Hollywood might make you think 

2560
02:24:31,000 --> 02:24:34,000
that people in the Middle Ages 
were primitive but they weren't,

2561
02:24:34,000 --> 02:24:37,100
they were skilled astronomers, 
who could predict when eclipses 

2562
02:24:37,100 --> 02:24:40,000
would happen figure out when 
Easter would be years in advance

2563
02:24:40,000 --> 02:24:44,100
and find their way by the stars.
With amazing accuracy Monastery,

2564
02:24:44,100 --> 02:24:47,300
libraries kept careful, records 
of comets, the movements of 

2565
02:24:47,300 --> 02:24:50,600
planets and other strange things
that happen in the sky for 

2566
02:24:50,600 --> 02:24:53,000
hundreds of years. 
These people didn't freak out at

2567
02:24:53,000 --> 02:24:55,500
every shooting star. 
They were experienced 

2568
02:24:55,500 --> 02:24:57,000
skywatchers. 
Who could tell the difference 

2569
02:24:57,000 --> 02:25:00,400
between normal and amazing in 
comparison to how complicated 

2570
02:25:00,400 --> 02:25:02,700
things are today. 
The medieval view of the 

2571
02:25:02,700 --> 02:25:06,200
universe was very simple Earth 
was in the middle of everything 

2572
02:25:06,200 --> 02:25:08,500
and around. 
It were Crystal spheres that 

2573
02:25:08,500 --> 02:25:11,600
held the moon planets and stars 
in their, never-ending dance. 

2574
02:25:11,600 --> 02:25:15,200
The empyrean was beyond the 
sphere of fixed stars, and it 

2575
02:25:15,200 --> 02:25:18,000
was where God lived in. 
Perfect Light, it was a universe

2576
02:25:18,000 --> 02:25:20,800
that made sense where everything
was in the right place and had a

2577
02:25:20,800 --> 02:25:24,600
reason for being there. 
People in 774 live their lives 

2578
02:25:24,600 --> 02:25:27,600
in ways that most people today 
forgotten, you woke up with the 

2579
02:25:27,600 --> 02:25:30,500
sun because candles were 
expensive and Filete was hard to

2580
02:25:30,508 --> 02:25:33,000
find the sun's path across the 
sky. 

2581
02:25:33,000 --> 02:25:34,800
Not the clock. 
Told you how long your work day 

2582
02:25:34,800 --> 02:25:37,900
was Farmers, knew that certain 
crops should be planted when 

2583
02:25:37,900 --> 02:25:41,600
certain stars came up at dawn 
and monks split their prayers 

2584
02:25:41,600 --> 02:25:44,100
into different parts. 
Based on the canonical hours 

2585
02:25:44,100 --> 02:25:46,900
that followed the sun's 
movement, most people stayed in 

2586
02:25:46,900 --> 02:25:49,200
the same place their whole 
lives, only moving a few miles 

2587
02:25:49,200 --> 02:25:52,400
away, the next Valley, the 
closest market town, and maybe 

2588
02:25:52,400 --> 02:25:54,600
the regional Cathedral with the 
only things that could reach 

2589
02:25:54,600 --> 02:25:56,700
your world. 
If you were lucky enough to go 

2590
02:25:56,700 --> 02:25:59,900
on a pilgrimage, you could see 
them, it would have seemed a 

2591
02:25:59,900 --> 02:26:00,900
strange to you, that things 
happening. 

2592
02:26:00,900 --> 02:26:04,500
Millions of miles away in space 
could affect your daily life as 

2593
02:26:04,500 --> 02:26:07,300
the idea that you could one day 
video chat with someone on the 

2594
02:26:07,300 --> 02:26:10,000
other side of the world. 
But even in the small world, 

2595
02:26:10,000 --> 02:26:13,200
people were very aware of the 
sky, the night was really dark 

2596
02:26:13,200 --> 02:26:15,000
because there were no electric 
lights to wash out. 

2597
02:26:15,000 --> 02:26:17,700
The Stars. 
This made celestial events, much

2598
02:26:17,700 --> 02:26:20,900
more visible and dramatic than 
they are now everyone could see 

2599
02:26:20,900 --> 02:26:24,000
a bright Comet not just 
astronomers with special tools. 

2600
02:26:24,000 --> 02:26:27,200
The Milky Way looked like a 
cosmic Highway across the sky 

2601
02:26:27,200 --> 02:26:30,700
and meteor showers were events 
that Whole Villages would stay 

2602
02:26:30,700 --> 02:26:32,700
up to watch. 
Everything was affected by 

2603
02:26:32,708 --> 02:26:35,400
religion, and people often saw 
celestial events through 

2604
02:26:35,400 --> 02:26:38,500
religious lenses, strange things
happening in the sky. 

2605
02:26:38,500 --> 02:26:42,000
Could be signs of political 
change warnings from God about 

2606
02:26:42,000 --> 02:26:44,900
how to act morally or signs of 
the end of the world. 

2607
02:26:44,900 --> 02:26:48,700
The line between astronomy and 
astrology was not clear and both

2608
02:26:48,700 --> 02:26:50,400
were seen as valid ways to 
understand. 

2609
02:26:50,400 --> 02:26:55,100
God's will in 774 most Scholars 
were monks and Priests who could

2610
02:26:55,100 --> 02:26:58,200
read The Works of ancient 
Scholars like Ptolemy Aristotle 

2611
02:26:58,200 --> 02:27:01,600
and Pliny the Elder these texts.
Helped people understand how the

2612
02:27:01,600 --> 02:27:04,400
world worked, but medieval 
Scholars were just passive, 

2613
02:27:04,400 --> 02:27:07,200
recipients of ancient knowledge.
They also made their own 

2614
02:27:07,200 --> 02:27:09,900
observations and sometimes came 
to different conclusions than 

2615
02:27:09,900 --> 02:27:12,900
classical authorities. 
People were curious and observed

2616
02:27:12,900 --> 02:27:16,100
at the time, but only up to a 
point natural philosophers 

2617
02:27:16,100 --> 02:27:18,800
endeavored to comprehend God's 
creation through meticulous 

2618
02:27:18,800 --> 02:27:21,000
examination. 
Holding the belief that the 

2619
02:27:21,000 --> 02:27:23,000
natural world disclosed Divine 
truth. 

2620
02:27:23,000 --> 02:27:25,700
It was important to pay 
attention to strange events. 

2621
02:27:25,700 --> 02:27:27,800
Not only because they were 
scientifically interesting. 

2622
02:27:27,800 --> 02:27:30,800
But also, because they could 
Would have spiritual, meaning 

2623
02:27:30,800 --> 02:27:33,200
trade networks linked. 
Even the most isolated 

2624
02:27:33,200 --> 02:27:36,900
communities to larger cultural 
exchanges a strange story seen 

2625
02:27:36,900 --> 02:27:39,200
in one Monastery, could travel 
hundreds of miles along, 

2626
02:27:39,200 --> 02:27:43,200
pilgrimage routes, Merchant 
paths and diplomatic channels to

2627
02:27:43,200 --> 02:27:47,300
reach chroniclers information 
moved slowly but steadily making

2628
02:27:47,300 --> 02:27:49,900
a medieval version of an 
intellectual Network that could 

2629
02:27:49,900 --> 02:27:53,200
keep, and share important 
observations in this carefully, 

2630
02:27:53,200 --> 02:27:57,400
planned world of 774 where the 
stars, followed familiar 

2631
02:27:57,400 --> 02:27:59,500
patterns, and strange things 
happened. 

2632
02:27:59,500 --> 02:28:02,800
So, rarely that they were 
memorable, something amazing was

2633
02:28:02,800 --> 02:28:05,200
about to happen. 
The universe was getting ready 

2634
02:28:05,200 --> 02:28:08,200
to send Earth a cosmic message, 
that would be recorded in tree 

2635
02:28:08,200 --> 02:28:11,300
rings, ice cores and historical 
records. 

2636
02:28:11,300 --> 02:28:14,500
It would take humans over 1,000 
years to make the scientific 

2637
02:28:14,500 --> 02:28:16,300
tools needed to figure out what 
it meant. 

2638
02:28:16,300 --> 02:28:20,200
But the people of 774 didn't 
know they were about to see 

2639
02:28:20,200 --> 02:28:22,700
proof of one of the most 
powerful events in the history 

2640
02:28:22,700 --> 02:28:24,800
of the universe. 
They went about their daily 

2641
02:28:24,800 --> 02:28:27,500
lives, taking care of their 
fields, praying and looking at 

2642
02:28:27,500 --> 02:28:30,100
the stars. 
They knew they had no Idea that 

2643
02:28:30,100 --> 02:28:32,800
invisible radiation was about to
fall from space and amounts, 

2644
02:28:32,800 --> 02:28:35,000
that wouldn't be seen again for 
another Thousand Years. 

2645
02:28:35,000 --> 02:28:38,500
Imagine that you're relaxing in 
your medieval Cottage on a 

2646
02:28:38,500 --> 02:28:41,700
normal night. 
In 774, maybe sometime between 

2647
02:28:41,700 --> 02:28:44,500
late winter and early summer. 
The exact date is lost to 

2648
02:28:44,508 --> 02:28:46,500
history. 
Like so many other details from 

2649
02:28:46,500 --> 02:28:48,400
that time. 
The sky looks normal. 

2650
02:28:48,400 --> 02:28:51,000
The stars shine as brightly as 
they always do. 

2651
02:28:51,000 --> 02:28:54,000
And nothing seems out of the 
ordinary for any other night in 

2652
02:28:54,000 --> 02:28:57,100
your life, but something amazing
is happening higher above. 

2653
02:28:57,100 --> 02:28:59,400
The Earth's atmosphere that 
people won't fully understand 

2654
02:28:59,400 --> 02:29:02,700
until the 21st century. 
A huge burst of high energy 

2655
02:29:02,700 --> 02:29:05,400
particles is hitting Earth's 
upper atmosphere with a force 

2656
02:29:05,400 --> 02:29:08,800
that has never been seen before 
these cosmic rays, which 

2657
02:29:08,800 --> 02:29:10,600
wouldn't be called that for 
another Thousand Years. 

2658
02:29:10,600 --> 02:29:13,500
A falling from space, like an 
invisible waterfall of 

2659
02:29:13,500 --> 02:29:16,200
radiation, carrying energies 
that are much bigger than 

2660
02:29:16,200 --> 02:29:18,100
anything. 
Human technology can make even 

2661
02:29:18,100 --> 02:29:20,200
today. 
One of the biggest mysteries of 

2662
02:29:20,200 --> 02:29:23,200
medieval astronomy is where this
Cosmic bombardment came from. 

2663
02:29:23,200 --> 02:29:26,100
This is partly because the 
people who are affected couldn't

2664
02:29:26,100 --> 02:29:28,700
see it directly. 
This event didn't make any 

2665
02:29:28,700 --> 02:29:31,600
visible light. 
Change the night, sky in any big

2666
02:29:31,600 --> 02:29:34,700
ways or show any clear, signs, 
that something strange was 

2667
02:29:34,700 --> 02:29:37,100
happening, unlike a comet or 
supernova. 

2668
02:29:37,100 --> 02:29:40,000
It was like being in the middle 
of the most amazing fireworks 

2669
02:29:40,000 --> 02:29:42,500
show in the history of the 
universe while wearing a 

2670
02:29:42,500 --> 02:29:45,800
blindfold what was going on even
though it couldn't be seen, was 

2671
02:29:45,800 --> 02:29:49,300
truly amazing protons. 
And other high-energy particles 

2672
02:29:49,300 --> 02:29:51,900
were hitting Earth's atmosphere 
and almost the speed of light, 

2673
02:29:51,900 --> 02:29:55,200
this caused secondary particles 
to rain down toward the surface.

2674
02:29:55,200 --> 02:29:59,100
The intensity was about 20 times
higher than normal Cosmic gray 

2675
02:29:59,100 --> 02:30:01,200
levels. 
It was like if the normal gentle

2676
02:30:01,200 --> 02:30:04,300
spring rain, turned into a heavy
downpour that lasted for months.

2677
02:30:04,300 --> 02:30:07,500
These cosmic rays were hitting 
nitrogen atoms in the upper 

2678
02:30:07,500 --> 02:30:09,800
atmosphere and changing them 
into carbon 14. 

2679
02:30:09,800 --> 02:30:13,300
The radioactive isotope, that 
archaeologists used to date old 

2680
02:30:13,300 --> 02:30:15,700
things. 
This process usually happens at 

2681
02:30:15,700 --> 02:30:19,200
a steady predictable rate like a
cosmic clock that has been 

2682
02:30:19,208 --> 02:30:24,000
ticking steadily for thousands 
of years but in 774 that clock, 

2683
02:30:24,000 --> 02:30:28,200
suddenly sped up, making carbon 
14 at levels, that would leave a

2684
02:30:28,200 --> 02:30:29,900
mark on every living thing on 
Earth forever. 

2685
02:30:30,400 --> 02:30:33,300
Trees did a great job of 
recording this event, even 

2686
02:30:33,300 --> 02:30:35,200
though they didn't know they 
were acting as Cosmic 

2687
02:30:35,200 --> 02:30:40,000
historians, they took an extra 
carbon 14 as they grew in 774 

2688
02:30:40,000 --> 02:30:44,600
and 775, which scientists would 
later recognized as one of the 

2689
02:30:44,600 --> 02:30:48,300
most dramatic spikes in the 
radiocarbon record every tree 

2690
02:30:48,300 --> 02:30:50,800
ring from that time, held proof 
of this storm, that couldn't be 

2691
02:30:50,800 --> 02:30:54,200
seen because cosmic rays were 
also making other isotopic. 

2692
02:30:54,200 --> 02:30:58,000
Signatures like beryllium 10 in 
ice, cores and chlorine 36 in 

2693
02:30:58,000 --> 02:31:00,400
rocks. 
These records of the same event 

2694
02:31:00,400 --> 02:31:03,400
were spread out all over the 
world like pieces of a puzzle. 

2695
02:31:03,400 --> 02:31:06,000
That wouldn't be put together 
for more than 1,000 years. 

2696
02:31:06,000 --> 02:31:09,100
The universe was putting 
invisible tags on Earth. 

2697
02:31:09,100 --> 02:31:14,000
That said something big happened
here in 774, but what could have

2698
02:31:14,008 --> 02:31:17,600
caused such a strong burst of 
cosmic radiation scientists 

2699
02:31:17,600 --> 02:31:21,000
today have come up with a number
of possible explanations each 

2700
02:31:21,000 --> 02:31:24,700
one more dramatic than the last.
Maybe two neutron stars which 

2701
02:31:24,700 --> 02:31:28,100
are city-sized objects with the 
mass of our sun crashed into 

2702
02:31:28,100 --> 02:31:29,700
each other in our Cosmic 
neighborhood. 

2703
02:31:30,300 --> 02:31:33,100
Ending out a short but very 
strong burst of high-energy 

2704
02:31:33,100 --> 02:31:35,400
particles. 
You can start to understand the 

2705
02:31:35,400 --> 02:31:38,400
energies involved, if you 
picture two Atomic nuclei the 

2706
02:31:38,400 --> 02:31:40,700
size of Manhattan, crashing into
each other at speeds of 

2707
02:31:40,708 --> 02:31:44,200
thousands of miles per second. 
Another possibility is that a 

2708
02:31:44,200 --> 02:31:46,800
magnet are which is a neutron 
star with a magnetic field 

2709
02:31:46,800 --> 02:31:50,200
trillions of time stronger than 
Earth's had a huge flare that 

2710
02:31:50,200 --> 02:31:53,500
sent radiation across 
Interstellar space magnetas are 

2711
02:31:53,500 --> 02:31:56,500
like crazy Cosmic lighthouses. 
That sometimes explode with 

2712
02:31:56,500 --> 02:31:58,700
energy. 
That can be seen from thousands 

2713
02:31:58,700 --> 02:32:01,300
of light years away. 
If one of these huge stars, 

2714
02:32:01,300 --> 02:32:04,300
hiccuped in the right way, Earth
would have been in the way of an

2715
02:32:04,300 --> 02:32:06,400
invisible tsunami of high energy
particles. 

2716
02:32:06,400 --> 02:32:09,500
One of the most interesting 
possibilities is that Earth's or

2717
02:32:09,500 --> 02:32:12,000
a gamma ray burst? 
Which is one of the strongest 

2718
02:32:12,000 --> 02:32:15,800
explosions known to physics when
huge Stars collapse into black 

2719
02:32:15,800 --> 02:32:19,000
holes or when strange Stellar, 
remnants collide with each 

2720
02:32:19,000 --> 02:32:20,700
other, in a way that destroys 
everything. 

2721
02:32:20,700 --> 02:32:24,500
These events can outshine whole 
Galaxies for a short time. 

2722
02:32:24,500 --> 02:32:28,700
A gamma ray burst that hit Earth
directly could have caused the 

2723
02:32:28,700 --> 02:32:33,400
cosmic Race by that was seen in 
774 the timing of this event is 

2724
02:32:33,400 --> 02:32:39,700
what makes it so interesting 
from 774 to 776 medieval records

2725
02:32:39,700 --> 02:32:42,200
from all over the world. 
Talked about strange things that

2726
02:32:42,200 --> 02:32:45,700
happened like strange lights in 
the sky, strange weather 

2727
02:32:45,700 --> 02:32:48,700
patterns and other things that 
chroniclers thought were worth 

2728
02:32:48,708 --> 02:32:50,900
noting. 
These observations may have 

2729
02:32:50,900 --> 02:32:54,000
natural explanations that have 
nothing to do with cosmic rays, 

2730
02:32:54,000 --> 02:32:56,400
but the connection is 
interesting enough to make. 

2731
02:32:56,400 --> 02:32:59,400
You think about what people, who
looked at the sky, in the Middle

2732
02:32:59,400 --> 02:33:02,700
Ages, might have seen that, they
couldn't explain the cosmic. 

2733
02:33:02,700 --> 02:33:07,000
Ray event of 774 was short by 
astronomical standards, it 

2734
02:33:07,000 --> 02:33:08,900
probably lasted months in of 
years. 

2735
02:33:08,900 --> 02:33:12,300
However it was strong enough to 
leave permanent marks in Earth's

2736
02:33:12,300 --> 02:33:14,900
natural records. 
It was like getting a cosmic 

2737
02:33:14,900 --> 02:33:17,200
Telegram in a language that 
people wouldn't be able to read 

2738
02:33:17,200 --> 02:33:20,000
for more than 1,000 years when 
they had better tools and 

2739
02:33:20,000 --> 02:33:23,200
theories from a medieval point 
of view, this storm was 

2740
02:33:23,200 --> 02:33:26,200
completely invisible to any 
technology or observation method

2741
02:33:26,200 --> 02:33:29,200
that was available at the time 
cosmic ray events, don't leave 

2742
02:33:29,200 --> 02:33:32,000
any visible signs. 
That would alert people unlike a

2743
02:33:32,000 --> 02:33:36,800
clip's comet's or supernovae. 
The people of 774 were going 

2744
02:33:36,808 --> 02:33:39,900
through one of the most amazing 
astrophysical events in history.

2745
02:33:40,800 --> 02:33:43,700
But they had no way of knowing 
it was happening, but in a way, 

2746
02:33:43,700 --> 02:33:47,400
they were all part of a cosmic 
experiment working together 

2747
02:33:47,400 --> 02:33:50,500
without even knowing it to make 
a time capsule, that would help 

2748
02:33:50,500 --> 02:33:52,600
scientists. 
Learn more about both medieval 

2749
02:33:52,600 --> 02:33:56,500
history and astrophysics. 
Every tree that grew every piece

2750
02:33:56,500 --> 02:33:59,400
of ice that formed and every 
living thing that developed 

2751
02:33:59,400 --> 02:34:02,400
during those important years was
quietly, leaving behind 

2752
02:34:02,400 --> 02:34:06,200
evidence, that would be very 
useful to researchers 13th. 

2753
02:34:06,200 --> 02:34:08,800
Centuries later even though 
medieval people couldn't see 

2754
02:34:08,800 --> 02:34:13,600
cosmic rays. 
The years 774 to 776 were not 

2755
02:34:13,600 --> 02:34:15,300
boring for the people who lived 
through them. 

2756
02:34:15,300 --> 02:34:18,300
There are records from Europe 
and Asia that talk about strange

2757
02:34:18,300 --> 02:34:20,900
things that happened. 
During this time, we can't say, 

2758
02:34:20,900 --> 02:34:23,400
for sure that Cosmic radiation 
calls all of them. 

2759
02:34:23,400 --> 02:34:26,200
But the timing is interesting 
enough to make you wonder what 

2760
02:34:26,200 --> 02:34:29,600
people in the Middle Ages were 
really seeing imagine being a 

2761
02:34:29,600 --> 02:34:33,600
monkey in a script torium in 
775, keeping the chronicle that 

2762
02:34:33,600 --> 02:34:35,700
tells the story of your 
monasteries most important 

2763
02:34:35,700 --> 02:34:39,900
events you dip your coil in Oak 
calling and write down that the 

2764
02:34:39,900 --> 02:34:43,000
winter has been Usually harsh 
and that strange colors have 

2765
02:34:43,000 --> 02:34:46,200
appeared in the northern sky a 
few times, you don't know that 

2766
02:34:46,200 --> 02:34:48,600
more Cosmic radiation could 
change the chemistry of the 

2767
02:34:48,600 --> 02:34:52,200
atmosphere in small ways or that
high energy particles could 

2768
02:34:52,200 --> 02:34:54,100
cause stranger auras to appear 
at lower. 

2769
02:34:54,100 --> 02:34:57,300
Latitudes than usual, the 
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which is 

2770
02:34:57,300 --> 02:35:00,400
one of the most reliable sources
from the Middle Ages, says that 

2771
02:35:00,400 --> 02:35:03,400
a red crucifix appeared in the 
sky after Sunset around this 

2772
02:35:03,400 --> 02:35:05,300
time. 
Medieval chroniclers were 

2773
02:35:05,300 --> 02:35:07,900
skilled at watching the sky and 
could tell the difference 

2774
02:35:07,900 --> 02:35:09,600
between normal and strange 
events. 

2775
02:35:09,600 --> 02:35:12,600
So when they took the time to 
write down strange, celestial 

2776
02:35:12,600 --> 02:35:14,500
events. 
They were probably seeing 

2777
02:35:14,500 --> 02:35:20,000
something that was really 
strange between 774 and 776. 

2778
02:35:20,000 --> 02:35:23,900
Chinese astronomical records 
from the tang in Asti, which 

2779
02:35:23,900 --> 02:35:26,600
kept some of the most advanced 
Celestial observations in the 

2780
02:35:26,600 --> 02:35:30,700
world noted, a number of strange
events Chinese astronomers were 

2781
02:35:30,700 --> 02:35:33,600
officially good at keeping track
of comets and Nova and other 

2782
02:35:33,600 --> 02:35:36,300
short lived events. 
Their records talk about guest 

2783
02:35:36,300 --> 02:35:39,300
stars and strange atmospheric 
events that don't match up with 

2784
02:35:39,300 --> 02:35:42,900
any known astronomical events. 
Seen from Earth, the annals of 

2785
02:35:42,908 --> 02:35:45,200
Ulster say that there were 
strange lights and weather 

2786
02:35:45,200 --> 02:35:47,400
patterns in Ireland. 
During this time, Irish 

2787
02:35:47,400 --> 02:35:49,800
monasteries were places where 
people could learn and keep 

2788
02:35:49,800 --> 02:35:52,400
detailed records of events on 
Earth and in the sky. 

2789
02:35:52,400 --> 02:35:55,200
Their Chronicles often give us 
information about things that 

2790
02:35:55,200 --> 02:35:57,900
other sources might miss. 
The fact that different 

2791
02:35:57,900 --> 02:36:00,600
independent Chronicle Traditions
or record strange things 

2792
02:36:00,600 --> 02:36:04,000
happening at the same time, 
suggests that something strange 

2793
02:36:04,000 --> 02:36:06,800
was really going on. 
But this is where the story gets

2794
02:36:06,800 --> 02:36:08,900
really interesting. 
From a human point of view 

2795
02:36:08,900 --> 02:36:10,900
people. 
In the Middle Ages who saw these

2796
02:36:10,900 --> 02:36:13,700
things had to make sense of them
using what they already knew 

2797
02:36:13,700 --> 02:36:16,200
this meant that they mostly 
understood strange things 

2798
02:36:16,200 --> 02:36:18,000
through, religious and 
philosophical lenses. 

2799
02:36:18,000 --> 02:36:21,500
In a scientific ones, a strange 
light in the northern sky. 

2800
02:36:21,500 --> 02:36:24,500
Could mean that the government 
is about to change that God is 

2801
02:36:24,500 --> 02:36:27,200
unhappy with how people are 
acting or that the end of the 

2802
02:36:27,200 --> 02:36:30,300
world is near people probably 
thought of the Red Cross in the 

2803
02:36:30,308 --> 02:36:32,400
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as a 
Christian Vision. 

2804
02:36:32,400 --> 02:36:34,900
Maybe showing God's judgment or 
Mercy. 

2805
02:36:34,900 --> 02:36:37,800
These interpretations were 
simple or stupid. 

2806
02:36:37,800 --> 02:36:41,000
They were smart tries to make 
sense of strange events. 

2807
02:36:41,200 --> 02:36:42,900
With the best tools available at
the time. 

2808
02:36:42,900 --> 02:36:45,100
It also looks like the weather 
in the Middle. 

2809
02:36:45,100 --> 02:36:51,200
Ages was strange from 774 to 776
with different records talking 

2810
02:36:51,200 --> 02:36:55,100
about harsh Winters, strange, 
storms, and other weather events

2811
02:36:55,100 --> 02:36:57,200
that were out of the ordinary 
cosmic rays. 

2812
02:36:57,200 --> 02:36:59,900
Don't directly control the 
weather, but they can change the

2813
02:36:59,900 --> 02:37:02,300
chemistry of the atmosphere in 
ways that might change how 

2814
02:37:02,300 --> 02:37:05,700
clouds form and how much rain 
falls medieval. 

2815
02:37:05,700 --> 02:37:08,400
People would have thought it was
magic that invisible particles 

2816
02:37:08,400 --> 02:37:10,300
from space, could change the 
weather on Earth. 

2817
02:37:10,300 --> 02:37:13,700
However modern research shows 
that these connections are 

2818
02:37:13,700 --> 02:37:16,400
possible in theory. 
Some agricultural records from 

2819
02:37:16,400 --> 02:37:18,800
this time. 
When they still exist, talk 

2820
02:37:18,800 --> 02:37:22,300
about strange, crop yields or 
growing conditions farmers. 

2821
02:37:22,300 --> 02:37:26,300
In 774 were very aware of small 
changes in the environment that 

2822
02:37:26,300 --> 02:37:27,700
could have an effect on their 
crops. 

2823
02:37:27,700 --> 02:37:30,500
They would have noticed If 
plants were acting differently 

2824
02:37:30,500 --> 02:37:33,700
than they should have, 
theoretically increased Cosmic 

2825
02:37:33,700 --> 02:37:35,800
radiation could impact plant 
growth and development. 

2826
02:37:35,800 --> 02:37:39,100
In ways that seasoned Farmers 
might notice, even if they 

2827
02:37:39,100 --> 02:37:42,100
couldn't articulate their 
observations, Monks may have 

2828
02:37:42,100 --> 02:37:45,000
noticed, small changes in how 
plants grew or flowered in 

2829
02:37:45,000 --> 02:37:48,200
Monastery Gardens which were 
well kept places medieval 

2830
02:37:48,200 --> 02:37:50,500
monasteries kept very detailed 
records of farming. 

2831
02:37:50,500 --> 02:37:53,100
And some of these records 
suggest that the weather was 

2832
02:37:53,100 --> 02:37:55,700
strange during the mid 700s and 
70s. 

2833
02:37:55,700 --> 02:37:58,400
It is impossible to say, for 
sure, if these changes were 

2834
02:37:58,400 --> 02:38:02,000
caused by Cosmic radiation or 
just normal changes in farming 

2835
02:38:02,000 --> 02:38:05,800
but the timing is interesting. 
Even if the cosmic ray of event 

2836
02:38:05,800 --> 02:38:08,700
itself couldn't be seen, it 
probably had a big effect on the

2837
02:38:08,700 --> 02:38:11,600
minds of people living in 
medieval times, even though no 

2838
02:38:11,600 --> 02:38:13,200
one could say, for sure what was
going on. 

2839
02:38:13,200 --> 02:38:16,500
Strange lights in the sky 
strange, weather patterns and 

2840
02:38:16,500 --> 02:38:18,600
strange. 
Natural events would have made 

2841
02:38:18,600 --> 02:38:20,600
people feel like something big 
was happening. 

2842
02:38:20,600 --> 02:38:23,600
People in the Middle Ages lived 
much closer to the Natural 

2843
02:38:23,600 --> 02:38:26,300
rhythms of the world. 
And we do now, this made them 

2844
02:38:26,300 --> 02:38:29,000
more aware of small changes in 
the environment that people who 

2845
02:38:29,000 --> 02:38:32,600
live in cities today might not 
notice at all a farmer who slept

2846
02:38:32,600 --> 02:38:35,200
outside every night would notice
if the Aurora appeared at 

2847
02:38:35,200 --> 02:38:36,800
latitudes that were lower than 
usual. 

2848
02:38:36,800 --> 02:38:40,400
Similarly, a monk who prayed 
regular times would notice if 

2849
02:38:40,400 --> 02:38:43,600
the colors of No dusk look 
different than usual when 

2850
02:38:43,600 --> 02:38:45,800
strange things happened in 
medieval communities. 

2851
02:38:45,800 --> 02:38:49,600
People usually turn to religion,
more asked learned people for 

2852
02:38:49,600 --> 02:38:52,100
advice and paid close attention 
to other signs. 

2853
02:38:52,100 --> 02:38:55,200
That might help them understand 
what was going on communities, 

2854
02:38:55,200 --> 02:38:58,400
might set up special prayers 
processions or other religious 

2855
02:38:58,400 --> 02:39:01,300
activities to respond to Divine 
messages that are hidden in 

2856
02:39:01,308 --> 02:39:04,000
natural events. 
It is specially sad that people 

2857
02:39:04,000 --> 02:39:06,200
in the Middle Ages saw the 
aftermath of one of the most 

2858
02:39:06,200 --> 02:39:10,100
powerful astrophysical events in
history, but they had no way to 

2859
02:39:10,100 --> 02:39:12,900
understand what it really meant 
or how important it was. 

2860
02:39:12,900 --> 02:39:15,900
They were like people who are 
trying to understand a symphony,

2861
02:39:15,900 --> 02:39:18,600
but could only hear a few notes 
here and there or who were 

2862
02:39:18,600 --> 02:39:20,900
trying to enjoy a painting but 
could only see random 

2863
02:39:20,900 --> 02:39:24,700
brushstrokes but their careful 
observations and details records

2864
02:39:24,700 --> 02:39:27,500
which are still kept in 
Monastery Chronicles and Royal 

2865
02:39:27,500 --> 02:39:31,600
annals on several continents. 
Give modern signs important 

2866
02:39:31,600 --> 02:39:34,900
information about both the 
cosmic ray of event and its 

2867
02:39:34,900 --> 02:39:38,200
possible effects on Earth 
medieval chroniclers writing by 

2868
02:39:38,200 --> 02:39:42,000
candlelight in stone script 
tours made records that Very 

2869
02:39:42,000 --> 02:39:45,300
useful to astrophysicist 13th. 
Centuries later, people living 

2870
02:39:45,300 --> 02:39:51,000
between 774 and 776 experienced 
mystery in, its purest form 

2871
02:39:51,000 --> 02:39:52,800
things that were clearly 
important. 

2872
02:39:52,800 --> 02:39:55,700
But couldn't be explained by 
what they already knew. 

2873
02:39:55,700 --> 02:39:59,400
They used the tools, they had 
careful observation keeping 

2874
02:39:59,400 --> 02:40:02,400
detailed records and thinking 
about what they saw using 

2875
02:40:02,400 --> 02:40:04,400
religious and philosophical 
traditions. 

2876
02:40:04,400 --> 02:40:06,900
That had helped people 
understand things for a long 

2877
02:40:06,908 --> 02:40:10,100
time, picture yourself as a 
detective, trying to figure out 

2878
02:40:10,100 --> 02:40:12,600
a mystery that happened more 
than 1200 years ago. 

2879
02:40:12,600 --> 02:40:15,700
The only Clues you have a 
scattered across Royal archives 

2880
02:40:15,700 --> 02:40:18,800
Monastery, libraries and the 
hidden records written in tree 

2881
02:40:18,800 --> 02:40:21,600
rings in ice cores. 
When modern scientists first 

2882
02:40:21,600 --> 02:40:25,900
found proof of the 774 cosmic 
ray event, they had to put 

2883
02:40:25,900 --> 02:40:28,700
together, medieval Chronicles 
and the most advanced 

2884
02:40:28,700 --> 02:40:31,800
astrophysics to figure it out in
the early 2000s. 

2885
02:40:31,800 --> 02:40:35,300
Researchers looking at tree ring
data saw something amazing that 

2886
02:40:35,300 --> 02:40:38,200
led to the big Discovery. 
The amount of carbon 14 in 

2887
02:40:38,200 --> 02:40:43,700
Woodstock samples from 774 to 7.
75 went up a lot which hasn't 

2888
02:40:43,700 --> 02:40:45,300
happened in the last few 
thousand years. 

2889
02:40:45,300 --> 02:40:48,800
It was like nature had suddenly 
switched pens to write the same 

2890
02:40:48,800 --> 02:40:52,200
story, making a signature. 
So unique that, it could be seen

2891
02:40:52,200 --> 02:40:54,800
in trees from Japan to Germany 
to North America. 

2892
02:40:54,800 --> 02:40:58,000
But what makes this discovery so
interesting is that the same 

2893
02:40:58,000 --> 02:41:00,500
strange thing happened at the 
same time in many different 

2894
02:41:00,500 --> 02:41:03,500
records all over the world, ice 
cores from Antarctica and 

2895
02:41:03,500 --> 02:41:07,300
Greenland had higher levels of 
beryllium 10 and other isotopes 

2896
02:41:07,300 --> 02:41:09,100
that are made. 
When cosmic rays, hit other 

2897
02:41:09,100 --> 02:41:12,500
particles, Coral growth rings 
from tropical oceans showed 

2898
02:41:12,500 --> 02:41:14,600
signs of the same event in their
chemical makeup. 

2899
02:41:14,600 --> 02:41:17,500
It was like seeing the same 
fingerprint at crime scenes on 

2900
02:41:17,500 --> 02:41:20,600
different continents, medieval 
chroniclers who wrote by 

2901
02:41:20,600 --> 02:41:23,600
candlelight with quill. 
Peninsula knowingly, recorded 

2902
02:41:23,600 --> 02:41:26,600
pieces of this Cosmic puzzle in 
their careful notes, about 

2903
02:41:26,600 --> 02:41:29,400
strange events. 
It was no longer just a strange 

2904
02:41:29,400 --> 02:41:32,300
medieval Superstition that the 
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle mentioned,

2905
02:41:32,300 --> 02:41:35,900
a red crucifix in the sky. 
It could be useful scientific 

2906
02:41:35,900 --> 02:41:38,500
information, about how Cosmic 
radiation affects the atmosphere

2907
02:41:38,500 --> 02:41:41,000
Chinese astronomical records 
were at? 

2908
02:41:41,400 --> 02:41:43,600
Be useful because astronomers in
the Tang Dynasty. 

2909
02:41:43,600 --> 02:41:46,600
Kept very detailed records of 
celestial events. 

2910
02:41:46,600 --> 02:41:51,100
Their records of guest stars, 
strange lights and Atmospheric 

2911
02:41:51,100 --> 02:41:57,600
anomalies from 774 to 776 helped
us understand how experienced 

2912
02:41:57,600 --> 02:42:00,800
skywatches might have seen such 
an event with the tools they had

2913
02:42:00,800 --> 02:42:03,600
at the time to connect medieval 
Chronicles to Modern 

2914
02:42:03,600 --> 02:42:05,800
astrophysics. 
You had to think about things in

2915
02:42:05,800 --> 02:42:09,000
a way that was, like, going back
in time researchers needed to 

2916
02:42:09,000 --> 02:42:10,900
comprehend. 
Not only the observations made 

2917
02:42:10,900 --> 02:42:14,000
by medieval individuals, but 
also how these observations 

2918
02:42:14,000 --> 02:42:17,000
would have been interpreted and 
documented within their cultural

2919
02:42:17,000 --> 02:42:20,300
and scientific contexts medieval
Chronicles would have used the 

2920
02:42:20,300 --> 02:42:23,900
language of Omens wanders and 
divine signs to write about 

2921
02:42:23,900 --> 02:42:26,700
something that we could describe
in terms of particle physics and

2922
02:42:26,700 --> 02:42:29,000
Atmospheric chemistry. 
The result of this 

2923
02:42:29,000 --> 02:42:31,800
cross-disciplinary detective 
work was a picture of an event 

2924
02:42:31,800 --> 02:42:34,800
that was both dramatic and 
invisible know medieval 

2925
02:42:34,800 --> 02:42:37,400
technology could have detected 
the cosmic ray bombardment 

2926
02:42:37,400 --> 02:42:39,000
itself. 
Careful. 

2927
02:42:39,000 --> 02:42:41,600
Observers might have been able 
to see its secondary effects, 

2928
02:42:41,600 --> 02:42:45,700
such as strange, auroras 
atmospheric phenomena, and maybe

2929
02:42:45,700 --> 02:42:47,300
even small changes in weather 
patterns. 

2930
02:42:47,300 --> 02:42:51,000
The timing of events recorded in
medieval Chronicles, roughly 

2931
02:42:51,000 --> 02:42:53,000
matches. 
The time when cosmic ray levels 

2932
02:42:53,000 --> 02:42:55,900
were high, this suggests that 
some of the strange things that 

2933
02:42:55,900 --> 02:42:58,200
medieval writers wrote, about 
may have been caused by the 

2934
02:42:58,200 --> 02:43:01,400
invisible radiation storm. 
It's like finding out that 

2935
02:43:01,400 --> 02:43:04,200
puzzle pieces, that seemed 
unrelated actually fit together 

2936
02:43:04,200 --> 02:43:06,300
to make a whole picture. 
When you look at them from the 

2937
02:43:06,300 --> 02:43:08,900
right angle, Islamic 
astronomical records from 

2938
02:43:08,900 --> 02:43:11,200
Baghdad. 
And Cordoba also talk about 

2939
02:43:11,200 --> 02:43:13,200
strange things that happen 
during the time. 

2940
02:43:13,200 --> 02:43:16,400
Medieval Islamic astronomers 
were some of the best at 

2941
02:43:16,400 --> 02:43:19,600
observing celestial events in 
the world, their records often 

2942
02:43:19,600 --> 02:43:22,100
add to and clarify what, 
European, and Chinese sources of

2943
02:43:22,100 --> 02:43:24,500
said, the worldwide nature of 
these records. 

2944
02:43:24,500 --> 02:43:27,800
Suggest that what was happening.
Was truly Global not just in one

2945
02:43:27,800 --> 02:43:29,800
area. 
Modern researchers have a hard 

2946
02:43:29,800 --> 02:43:32,900
time figuring out, which cosmic 
ray effects are real and which 

2947
02:43:32,900 --> 02:43:35,900
are just the normal background 
of strange events that made evil

2948
02:43:35,900 --> 02:43:37,400
Chronicles wrote about all the 
time. 

2949
02:43:37,400 --> 02:43:40,500
People in the Middle Ages lived 
in a world where comets, 

2950
02:43:40,500 --> 02:43:43,600
eclipses, strange weather. 
And many other events were 

2951
02:43:43,600 --> 02:43:46,300
always happening. 
And being seen as important to 

2952
02:43:46,300 --> 02:43:48,400
figure out, which anomalies 
might be linked to the cosmic 

2953
02:43:48,400 --> 02:43:50,200
ray event, you need to 
carefully. 

2954
02:43:50,200 --> 02:43:53,700
Look at the timing global 
distribution and the specific 

2955
02:43:53,700 --> 02:43:55,400
nature of the reported 
phenomena. 

2956
02:43:55,400 --> 02:43:58,300
One of the most interesting 
things about medieval records is

2957
02:43:58,300 --> 02:44:00,000
how consistent. 
They are across different 

2958
02:44:00,000 --> 02:44:03,000
cultures. 
When Irish monks Chinese quarter

2959
02:44:03,000 --> 02:44:05,300
astronomers and Islamic scholars
in Spain. 

2960
02:44:05,300 --> 02:44:08,200
All right, about strange things 
happening in the sky at the same

2961
02:44:08,200 --> 02:44:11,300
time, it means they were seeing 
something that was really 

2962
02:44:11,300 --> 02:44:13,500
strange. 
And not just what people in 

2963
02:44:13,500 --> 02:44:16,200
their cultures thought was signs
of bad luck or good luck. 

2964
02:44:16,200 --> 02:44:19,700
His Cosmic mystery shows how 
modern science works best when 

2965
02:44:19,700 --> 02:44:22,200
people work together 
astrophysicists offered 

2966
02:44:22,200 --> 02:44:25,000
theoretical Frameworks for 
comprehending, cosmic ray, 

2967
02:44:25,000 --> 02:44:27,900
phenomena and their possible 
impacts historians and 

2968
02:44:27,908 --> 02:44:30,500
archaeologists helped by sharing
their knowledge of medieval 

2969
02:44:30,500 --> 02:44:33,700
sources and the historical 
context, geochemists and 

2970
02:44:33,700 --> 02:44:37,300
climatologists study studied 
tree, rings, ice cores and other

2971
02:44:37,300 --> 02:44:40,000
natural records that keep. 
Chemical traces of events from 

2972
02:44:40,000 --> 02:44:43,600
long ago. 
The 774 event is especially 

2973
02:44:43,600 --> 02:44:46,800
useful for science because it 
can be used as a kind of cosmic 

2974
02:44:46,800 --> 02:44:49,600
calibration tool. 
Scientists can better understand

2975
02:44:49,600 --> 02:44:52,400
similar, but smaller events in 
the geological and historical 

2976
02:44:52,400 --> 02:44:56,000
record by studying how this 
intense cosmic, ray event 

2977
02:44:56,000 --> 02:44:58,400
changed Earth's atmosphere and 
biosphere. 

2978
02:44:58,400 --> 02:45:01,300
It's like having a Rosetta Stone
to help you figure out what 

2979
02:45:01,300 --> 02:45:03,700
cosmic ray signatures mean in 
natural archives. 

2980
02:45:03,700 --> 02:45:06,800
The medieval chroniclers who 
wrote about strange events in 

2981
02:45:06,800 --> 02:45:12,100
774 to 776 a part of a 
scientific collaboration that 

2982
02:45:12,100 --> 02:45:15,400
they could never have imagined 
their meticulous observations 

2983
02:45:15,400 --> 02:45:18,100
documented in manuscripts, 
dispersed throughout Monastery, 

2984
02:45:18,100 --> 02:45:21,700
libraries and Royal archives. 
Yielded essential evidence for 

2985
02:45:21,700 --> 02:45:23,400
comprehending. 
One of the most consequential 

2986
02:45:23,400 --> 02:45:26,400
astrophysical occurrences in 
recorded, history. 

2987
02:45:26,400 --> 02:45:29,900
Scientists can now read the 
cosmic signatures hidden in tree

2988
02:45:29,900 --> 02:45:31,800
rings and Ice cores. 
Thanks to modern technology. 

2989
02:45:31,800 --> 02:45:35,900
However, medieval people who saw
the event gave scientists the 

2990
02:45:35,900 --> 02:45:38,300
context, they needed to 
understand how it might. 

2991
02:45:38,500 --> 02:45:41,300
Have looked to people who lived 
through it, the combination of 

2992
02:45:41,300 --> 02:45:44,500
high tech analysis and careful. 
Historical research has 

2993
02:45:44,500 --> 02:45:47,200
uncovered a story that neither 
method could have found on its 

2994
02:45:47,200 --> 02:45:50,000
own. 
The people who saw the 7774 

2995
02:45:50,000 --> 02:45:52,500
cosmic ray event had no idea, 
they were witnessing 

2996
02:45:52,500 --> 02:45:55,200
astronomical history. 
But they're careful 

2997
02:45:55,208 --> 02:45:58,100
record-keeping and detail 
observations made a time 

2998
02:45:58,100 --> 02:45:59,800
capsule. 
That would be very useful to 

2999
02:45:59,800 --> 02:46:01,900
researchers more than 1,000 
years later. 

3000
02:46:01,900 --> 02:46:04,600
It's a reminder that 
observations that seem unrelated

3001
02:46:04,600 --> 02:46:06,600
can sometimes show their true 
importance. 

3002
02:46:06,600 --> 02:46:09,000
Only when looked at from the 
point of view of later, 

3003
02:46:09,000 --> 02:46:11,800
scientific knowledge. 
Imagine waking up on a normal 

3004
02:46:11,808 --> 02:46:15,100
morning in 775. 
When the year before had brought

3005
02:46:15,100 --> 02:46:18,600
news of strange events from all 
over the world, you get up with 

3006
02:46:18,600 --> 02:46:21,600
the sun because that's when life
starts in a time before electric

3007
02:46:21,600 --> 02:46:23,800
lights. 
When you step outside your home,

3008
02:46:23,800 --> 02:46:27,100
whether it's a peasant Cottage, 
a monastery sell or a Merchant's

3009
02:46:27,100 --> 02:46:30,100
house, you might look up at the 
sky and realize that something 

3010
02:46:30,100 --> 02:46:31,600
strange has been happening up 
there. 

3011
02:46:31,600 --> 02:46:35,800
The cosmic ray of, then that 
peaked in 7774 was making small 

3012
02:46:35,800 --> 02:46:37,800
changes in your environment that
you couldn't see. 

3013
02:46:38,600 --> 02:46:41,300
But the strange things that 
Chronicles and travelers wrote 

3014
02:46:41,300 --> 02:46:43,900
about were adding a sense of 
wonder and uncertainty to 

3015
02:46:43,900 --> 02:46:46,700
everyday life people in the 
Middle, Ages were used to living

3016
02:46:46,700 --> 02:46:49,000
with mystery. 
They knew that a lot of things 

3017
02:46:49,000 --> 02:46:52,100
about the natural world were 
Beyond human understanding, but 

3018
02:46:52,100 --> 02:46:54,500
the fact that there were so many
strange reports during this 

3019
02:46:54,500 --> 02:46:56,300
time, made them feel like big 
changes. 

3020
02:46:56,300 --> 02:46:58,100
Might be happening in the cosmic
order. 

3021
02:46:58,100 --> 02:47:01,000
No matter if you were a devout 
monk following the canonical 

3022
02:47:01,000 --> 02:47:03,500
hours or a farmer giving, thanks
for another day of life. 

3023
02:47:03,500 --> 02:47:06,700
Your morning routine would 
always start with prayers. 

3024
02:47:06,700 --> 02:47:10,000
But prayers from the Middle Ages
often asked for protection from 

3025
02:47:10,000 --> 02:47:12,300
all kinds of natural and 
Supernatural threats. 

3026
02:47:12,300 --> 02:47:15,400
The reports of strange lights. 
And unusual weather might have 

3027
02:47:15,400 --> 02:47:17,500
made these requests seem more 
important than usual. 

3028
02:47:17,500 --> 02:47:20,300
You lived in a time when the 
line between natural and 

3029
02:47:20,308 --> 02:47:22,600
Supernatural explanations was 
not very clear. 

3030
02:47:22,600 --> 02:47:25,900
Strange, things could be seen as
either Divine messages or bad 

3031
02:47:25,900 --> 02:47:29,500
Omens, most people in 775 were 
farmers. 

3032
02:47:29,500 --> 02:47:32,500
So they had to pay close 
attention to Natural signs and 

3033
02:47:32,508 --> 02:47:35,600
seasonal patterns all the time 
to be successful in farming. 

3034
02:47:35,600 --> 02:47:39,100
In the Middle Ages, you had to 
be able to read subtle In the 

3035
02:47:39,100 --> 02:47:41,800
environment, like when to plant 
based on the temperature and 

3036
02:47:41,800 --> 02:47:44,200
moisture of the soil, how to 
tell when the weather would 

3037
02:47:44,200 --> 02:47:47,500
change based on the clouds and 
wind patterns, and how to tell 

3038
02:47:47,500 --> 02:47:50,600
when it was time to harvest 
people who survival depended on 

3039
02:47:50,600 --> 02:47:53,100
being able to read nature 
signals, would notice any 

3040
02:47:53,100 --> 02:47:55,000
strange changes in the 
environment right away. 

3041
02:47:55,000 --> 02:47:58,100
The higher levels of cosmic 
radiation that were falling on 

3042
02:47:58,100 --> 02:47:59,900
Earth. 
At this time, could have had an 

3043
02:47:59,900 --> 02:48:01,900
effect on plant growth that 
experienced Farmers. 

3044
02:48:01,900 --> 02:48:05,000
Might have noticed medieval 
farmers were very sensitive to 

3045
02:48:05,000 --> 02:48:08,000
changes in how crops grew and 
developed even though the 

3046
02:48:08,000 --> 02:48:10,600
effects would be small. 
Compared to more obvious factors

3047
02:48:10,600 --> 02:48:13,500
like weather and soil quality. 
If a farmer worked the same 

3048
02:48:13,500 --> 02:48:15,400
fields for years, they would 
notice. 

3049
02:48:15,400 --> 02:48:18,100
If the plants were acting even a
little bit differently than they

3050
02:48:18,100 --> 02:48:21,800
were used to Monastery Gardens, 
in particular were carefully, 

3051
02:48:21,800 --> 02:48:24,800
controlled spaces were small 
changes, might be easier to see 

3052
02:48:24,800 --> 02:48:28,100
monks who took care of herb 
gardens and medicinal plants 

3053
02:48:28,100 --> 02:48:30,400
were trained to be very 
observant and pay close 

3054
02:48:30,400 --> 02:48:33,300
attention to how plants grew and
how healthy they were. 

3055
02:48:33,300 --> 02:48:36,300
Because they knew so much about 
how plants normally behave. 

3056
02:48:36,300 --> 02:48:39,100
They might have been able to 
spot things that That less 

3057
02:48:39,100 --> 02:48:42,100
experienced observers would have
missed the psychological climate

3058
02:48:42,100 --> 02:48:44,100
of daily life. 
During this era, was likely 

3059
02:48:44,100 --> 02:48:47,200
affected by the proliferation of
anomalous reports from various 

3060
02:48:47,200 --> 02:48:51,000
regions, and sources, medieval 
communication networks, which 

3061
02:48:51,000 --> 02:48:53,600
were based on trade, routes 
pilgrimage routes, and 

3062
02:48:53,600 --> 02:48:56,500
diplomatic contacts moved 
information slowly. 

3063
02:48:56,500 --> 02:49:00,500
But steadily strange stories 
from Faraway places would slowly

3064
02:49:00,500 --> 02:49:03,700
make their way into local 
communities, making people feel 

3065
02:49:03,700 --> 02:49:07,000
like the normal order of things 
was changing in some way people.

3066
02:49:07,000 --> 02:49:09,500
In the Middle Ages, knew that 
big events often made themselves

3067
02:49:09,500 --> 02:49:11,800
known through natural signs and 
Omens. 

3068
02:49:11,800 --> 02:49:14,500
Medieval people strongly 
believe, that strange events 

3069
02:49:14,500 --> 02:49:17,600
could happen before big changes 
and politics Society or religion

3070
02:49:17,600 --> 02:49:20,200
people who lived at the time 
would have thought that 

3071
02:49:20,200 --> 02:49:22,900
something important was going 
on, when several sources 

3072
02:49:22,900 --> 02:49:26,200
reported strange events 
happening at the same time, even

3073
02:49:26,200 --> 02:49:29,500
if they didn't know exactly what
it was, people might have talked

3074
02:49:29,500 --> 02:49:32,900
about strange weather strange, 
lights and other strange, things

3075
02:49:32,900 --> 02:49:35,600
that Travelers and chroniclers 
had seen more often during this 

3076
02:49:35,600 --> 02:49:38,200
time because medieval 
communities were small. 

3077
02:49:38,400 --> 02:49:41,500
Interesting news spread quickly,
the collection of strange 

3078
02:49:41,500 --> 02:49:44,100
reports would have given people 
interesting things to talk about

3079
02:49:44,100 --> 02:49:47,800
at communal meals Market Days 
and other social events people 

3080
02:49:47,800 --> 02:49:50,600
who worked outside would have 
had more chances to see strange 

3081
02:49:50,600 --> 02:49:53,300
weather patterns that people who
worked inside might not have 

3082
02:49:53,300 --> 02:49:56,300
seen blacksmiths. 
Carpenters and other craftsmen 

3083
02:49:56,300 --> 02:49:59,000
who worked outside would have 
been in a good position to 

3084
02:49:59,000 --> 02:50:01,700
notice changes in the Colours of
the sky strange. 

3085
02:50:01,700 --> 02:50:04,600
Cloud shapes or other 
atmospheric Oddities that could 

3086
02:50:04,600 --> 02:50:07,400
be related to The Invisible. 
Cosmic grey bombardment, that is

3087
02:50:07,400 --> 02:50:08,900
hitting the upper atmosphere of 
Earth. 

3088
02:50:08,900 --> 02:50:11,600
During this time, people might 
have spent more time watching 

3089
02:50:11,600 --> 02:50:14,300
the sky at night, because they 
were more aware of the 

3090
02:50:14,300 --> 02:50:17,600
possibility of strange celestial
events people in the Middle Ages

3091
02:50:17,600 --> 02:50:19,300
were already good at looking at 
the stars. 

3092
02:50:19,300 --> 02:50:23,000
The night sky was much clearer 
without light pollution, and 

3093
02:50:23,000 --> 02:50:25,300
looking at the stars was 
important for keeping track of 

3094
02:50:25,300 --> 02:50:28,700
time and finding your way, but 
reports of strange, light and 

3095
02:50:28,700 --> 02:50:31,000
Atmospheric anomalies would have
made them even more. 

3096
02:50:31,000 --> 02:50:35,000
Careful about what they saw at 
night during 775 religious, 

3097
02:50:35,000 --> 02:50:37,400
observance is made of 
encompassed, specific, prayers 

3098
02:50:37,400 --> 02:50:39,800
or rituals Tended to 
appropriately address, the 

3099
02:50:39,800 --> 02:50:43,400
enigmatic signs that appeared 
with notable frequency, medieval

3100
02:50:43,400 --> 02:50:46,100
Christianity, offered Frameworks
for interpreting natural 

3101
02:50:46,100 --> 02:50:49,300
phenomena as Divine 
Communications and communities 

3102
02:50:49,300 --> 02:50:52,600
may have organized supplementary
religious activities to ensure 

3103
02:50:52,600 --> 02:50:55,400
appropriate, responses to 
perceived Celestial messages 

3104
02:50:55,400 --> 02:50:58,000
life, in the Middle. 
Ages were still governed by the 

3105
02:50:58,000 --> 02:51:00,000
seasons even though strange 
things were happening in the 

3106
02:51:00,000 --> 02:51:02,500
background. 
No matter how many cosmic rays 

3107
02:51:02,500 --> 02:51:04,900
were in the air, or how many 
strange lights were in the sky 

3108
02:51:04,900 --> 02:51:09,300
spring planting summer 
cultivation, Autumn Harvest and 

3109
02:51:09,300 --> 02:51:12,800
winter preservation, activities 
all followed their old patterns,

3110
02:51:12,800 --> 02:51:15,800
but there may have been more 
talks about what current events 

3111
02:51:15,800 --> 02:51:18,600
mean and what they could mean 
for the future while the work 

3112
02:51:18,600 --> 02:51:21,800
was going on, Merchants and 
travelers, who had the most 

3113
02:51:21,800 --> 02:51:23,600
information about different 
parts of the world. 

3114
02:51:23,600 --> 02:51:26,900
In medieval times were very 
important in spreading news, 

3115
02:51:26,900 --> 02:51:28,900
about stranger events to 
different areas. 

3116
02:51:28,900 --> 02:51:32,000
A merchant, who traveled between
cities a lot could act as an 

3117
02:51:32,000 --> 02:51:33,700
unofficial Clearing House for 
stories. 

3118
02:51:33,700 --> 02:51:36,800
About strange things that 
happened letting people compare 

3119
02:51:36,800 --> 02:51:39,200
what happened in their own area.
With what happened in other 

3120
02:51:39,200 --> 02:51:42,300
places, the cumulative effect of
living through a time. 

3121
02:51:42,300 --> 02:51:44,900
When strange things happened 
more often than usual was 

3122
02:51:44,900 --> 02:51:47,700
probably a stronger feeling of 
living an important times. 

3123
02:51:47,700 --> 02:51:50,500
People in the Middle Ages knew 
that they were part of ongoing 

3124
02:51:50,500 --> 02:51:53,900
historical stories like the 
history of Their Kingdoms, the 

3125
02:51:53,900 --> 02:51:56,300
history of the Bible and the 
story of Christendom. 

3126
02:51:56,300 --> 02:51:59,400
They thought that strange 
natural events might mean that 

3127
02:51:59,400 --> 02:52:01,700
important parts of these bigger 
stories were being written. 

3128
02:52:01,700 --> 02:52:06,300
What makes this especially, sad 
is that the people of 775 were 

3129
02:52:06,300 --> 02:52:09,300
going through a very important 
event in the universe even 

3130
02:52:09,300 --> 02:52:11,400
though they had no idea what it 
really was. 

3131
02:52:11,400 --> 02:52:15,000
One of the strongest cosmic ray 
bombardments ever recorded was 

3132
02:52:15,000 --> 02:52:17,600
happening, but people at the 
time, couldn't see it. 

3133
02:52:17,600 --> 02:52:20,400
It left permanent marks and 
tree, rings and Ice cores. 

3134
02:52:20,400 --> 02:52:23,100
They were making records. 
That would be very useful to 

3135
02:52:23,100 --> 02:52:26,200
scientists at 1,000 years later 
but they didn't know it at the 

3136
02:52:26,200 --> 02:52:28,200
time. 
The story of how modern 

3137
02:52:28,200 --> 02:52:29,800
scientists figured out what 
happened. 

3138
02:52:29,800 --> 02:52:34,100
During the 774 cosmic, ray event
is like a detective novel for 

3139
02:52:34,100 --> 02:52:37,300
smart people with Clues hidden 
in Japanese cedar trees 

3140
02:52:37,300 --> 02:52:40,100
Greenland. 
Ice sheets and the margins of 

3141
02:52:40,108 --> 02:52:43,100
medieval manuscripts. 
It's a story that shows how the 

3142
02:52:43,100 --> 02:52:46,900
most advanced science of the 
21st century can sometimes rely 

3143
02:52:46,900 --> 02:52:50,000
on the careful notes of monks 
from the 8th Century who were 

3144
02:52:50,000 --> 02:52:52,200
just trying to write down what 
they saw in the world around 

3145
02:52:52,200 --> 02:52:53,900
them. 
As is often the case with 

3146
02:52:53,900 --> 02:52:57,000
scientific breakthroughs, the 
discovery started when someone 

3147
02:52:57,000 --> 02:53:00,200
noticed that the data didn't 
look quite right, researchers 

3148
02:53:00,200 --> 02:53:03,500
studying radiocarbon levels in 
tree, rings in the early 2000s 

3149
02:53:03,500 --> 02:53:07,300
were creating detailed timelines
of past weather conditions when 

3150
02:53:07,300 --> 02:53:09,900
they found something that had 
never been seen before. 

3151
02:53:09,900 --> 02:53:14,400
A huge rise in carbon 14 levels 
that happen all over the world 

3152
02:53:14,400 --> 02:53:20,000
in trees between 774 and 775. 
Imagine the moment when these 

3153
02:53:20,000 --> 02:53:22,100
scientists first understood, 
what they were seeing 

3154
02:53:22,100 --> 02:53:25,300
radiocarbon dating works. 
Because cosmic rays changed 

3155
02:53:25,300 --> 02:53:27,200
nitrogen in the air into carbon 
14. 

3156
02:53:27,200 --> 02:53:30,600
At rates that are fairly 
predictable for thousands of 

3157
02:53:30,600 --> 02:53:32,000
years. 
This process has been running 

3158
02:53:32,000 --> 02:53:35,900
like a clock in space, making a 
baseline that archaeologists and

3159
02:53:35,900 --> 02:53:38,000
climate researchers used to date
old things. 

3160
02:53:38,400 --> 02:53:42,900
But in 774 that steady clock in 
space, suddenly sped up the 

3161
02:53:42,900 --> 02:53:46,400
spike was huge about 20 times 
higher than normal levels of 

3162
02:53:46,400 --> 02:53:49,000
cosmic rays and it happened all 
over the place. 

3163
02:53:49,000 --> 02:53:55,400
At the same time during their 
774 to 775 growth, rings trees, 

3164
02:53:55,400 --> 02:53:58,300
in Japan, Germany, North America
and other parts of the world. 

3165
02:53:58,300 --> 02:54:02,200
All showed the same huge rise in
carbon 14 incorporation. 

3166
02:54:02,200 --> 02:54:05,300
It was like, finding out that 
every clock in the world had run

3167
02:54:05,300 --> 02:54:07,500
fast for a short time in the 
same year. 

3168
02:54:07,500 --> 02:54:10,600
Over 1200 years ago. 
At first scientists didn't know 

3169
02:54:10,600 --> 02:54:12,900
what could have caused such a 
big and sudden event around the 

3170
02:54:12,900 --> 02:54:15,100
world. 
Testing nuclear weapons in the 

3171
02:54:15,100 --> 02:54:18,700
1960s had caused fake radio 
carbon Spike's but the natural 

3172
02:54:18,700 --> 02:54:20,400
historical record didn't have 
anything. 

3173
02:54:20,400 --> 02:54:24,900
Like what they were seeing in 
774 in theory solar flares could

3174
02:54:24,900 --> 02:54:29,700
cause more cosmic rays but the 
774 event was so big that was 

3175
02:54:29,700 --> 02:54:31,600
bigger than any known solar 
storm. 

3176
02:54:31,600 --> 02:54:34,600
The big step forward happened 
when scientists started looking 

3177
02:54:34,600 --> 02:54:37,400
for other natural records that 
keep Cosmic racing signatures 

3178
02:54:37,400 --> 02:54:40,400
that could back up. 
Their findings Antarctic, Ice 

3179
02:54:40,400 --> 02:54:43,600
cores which trap gases and 
particles from the atmosphere in

3180
02:54:43,600 --> 02:54:46,700
layers that look like pages in a
Frozen book, showed higher 

3181
02:54:46,700 --> 02:54:49,900
levels of brilliant, 10 and 
other Isotopes made by cosmic 

3182
02:54:49,900 --> 02:54:53,300
ray interactions during the same
time, period, Coral growth rings

3183
02:54:53,300 --> 02:54:54,100
from tropical. 
Oceans. 

3184
02:54:54,100 --> 02:54:56,200
Had other chemical signs of the 
same event. 

3185
02:54:56,200 --> 02:54:59,400
Scientists was sure they were 
looking at something truly new 

3186
02:54:59,400 --> 02:55:02,500
in the historical record because
evidence from many different 

3187
02:55:02,500 --> 02:55:06,200
sources, tree rings, ice, cores 
and coral. 

3188
02:55:06,200 --> 02:55:10,000
Reefs all pointed to the same 
amazing event that happened in 

3189
02:55:10,000 --> 02:55:15,100
700 and 774 to 775. 
But figuring out what happened 

3190
02:55:15,100 --> 02:55:18,100
was just the first step in 
understanding it, what might 

3191
02:55:18,100 --> 02:55:20,400
have caused such a strong burst 
of cosmic radiation. 

3192
02:55:20,400 --> 02:55:23,100
This is where medieval 
Chronicles became an 

3193
02:55:23,100 --> 02:55:26,000
unexpectedly important part of 
the scientific equation, 

3194
02:55:26,000 --> 02:55:29,400
scientists figured out that if 
cosmic ray levels had gone up a 

3195
02:55:29,400 --> 02:55:34,700
lot between 774 and 775. 
There might be indirect proof of

3196
02:55:34,700 --> 02:55:36,900
what happened in, historical 
records from that time. 

3197
02:55:36,900 --> 02:55:40,000
Chroniclers, from the Middle 
Ages were skilled at noticing. 

3198
02:55:40,000 --> 02:55:41,700
Strange things in the sky in the
air. 

3199
02:55:41,700 --> 02:55:44,300
And they may have seen things 
that could be linked to higher 

3200
02:55:44,300 --> 02:55:47,300
levels of cosmic radiation. 
Researchers had to think like 

3201
02:55:47,300 --> 02:55:50,800
both scientists and historians 
in order to link medieval 

3202
02:55:50,800 --> 02:55:52,600
observations to Modern 
astrophysics. 

3203
02:55:52,600 --> 02:55:55,900
They had to know not only what 
people in the Middle Ages might 

3204
02:55:55,900 --> 02:55:58,700
have seen but also how those 
observations would have been 

3205
02:55:58,700 --> 02:56:00,500
understood and recorded in the 
8th. 

3206
02:56:00,500 --> 02:56:03,500
Century's ways of knowing and 
believing a phenomenon that 

3207
02:56:03,500 --> 02:56:06,100
contemporary scientists would 
characterize through the lens of

3208
02:56:06,100 --> 02:56:08,700
particle physics. 
May be depicted in medieval 

3209
02:56:08,700 --> 02:56:11,600
Chronicles as an omen Miracle or
Divine. 

3210
02:56:11,600 --> 02:56:15,100
Sign the interdisciplinary 
investigation yielded evidence 

3211
02:56:15,100 --> 02:56:17,700
that medieval observers 
discerned unusual phenomena. 

3212
02:56:17,700 --> 02:56:23,000
During the years 7774 to 7776 
the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles 

3213
02:56:23,000 --> 02:56:27,300
mention of a red crucifix in the
sky, Chinese records of guest 

3214
02:56:27,300 --> 02:56:30,700
stars and Atmospheric anomalies,
and other chronological accounts

3215
02:56:30,700 --> 02:56:34,100
of strange lights and weather 
patterns from this time suddenly

3216
02:56:34,100 --> 02:56:37,000
became more important as 
possible proof of cosmic ray 

3217
02:56:37,000 --> 02:56:40,200
effects, the scientific teamwork
needed to solve this mystery. 

3218
02:56:40,200 --> 02:56:42,300
As an example of how modern 
research works. 

3219
02:56:42,300 --> 02:56:45,800
Best astrophysicists came up 
with theoretical models of what 

3220
02:56:45,800 --> 02:56:49,400
could cause such strong cosmic. 
Ray bursts, scientists who study

3221
02:56:49,400 --> 02:56:52,000
the atmosphere talked about how 
high energy particles. 

3222
02:56:52,000 --> 02:56:55,300
Could change the chemistry of 
the upper atmosphere historians 

3223
02:56:55,300 --> 02:56:58,000
and archaeologists offered their
knowledge of medieval sources 

3224
02:56:58,000 --> 02:57:00,800
and timelines. 
Geochemist created ways to get 

3225
02:57:00,800 --> 02:57:03,000
cosmic rays signatures from 
natural archives. 

3226
02:57:03,000 --> 02:57:06,100
Each piece of evidence backed up
and made the others clearer. 

3227
02:57:06,100 --> 02:57:09,100
The tree-ring data gave very 
accurate measurements of when, 

3228
02:57:09,100 --> 02:57:12,300
and how big things were the 
analysis of ice calls confirm 

3229
02:57:12,300 --> 02:57:15,500
that the event affected the 
whole world, medieval Chronicles

3230
02:57:15,500 --> 02:57:18,200
provided perspectives on the 
potential perceptions of the 

3231
02:57:18,200 --> 02:57:19,900
events. 
Secondary Effects, by human 

3232
02:57:19,900 --> 02:57:23,100
observers, theoretical 
astrophysics, proposed potential

3233
02:57:23,100 --> 02:57:25,100
Origins for such a profound 
cosmic. 

3234
02:57:25,100 --> 02:57:28,200
Ray burst The most likely 
explanation is that Earth was 

3235
02:57:28,200 --> 02:57:31,500
hit by radiation from either a 
gamma ray burst which is one of 

3236
02:57:31,508 --> 02:57:34,800
the strongest explosions known 
in the universe or a huge 

3237
02:57:34,800 --> 02:57:38,200
Stellar Flare from a magnetar, 
which is a neutron star with 

3238
02:57:38,200 --> 02:57:41,500
very strong magnetic fields. 
Either of these events, could 

3239
02:57:41,500 --> 02:57:44,500
have caused the high energy, 
particle bombardment that made 

3240
02:57:44,500 --> 02:57:49,300
the isotopic signatures found in
natural archives from 774 to 

3241
02:57:49,300 --> 02:57:53,000
775. 
This discovery is especially 

3242
02:57:53,000 --> 02:57:56,300
important because it is one of 
the most powerful astrophysical 

3243
02:57:56,300 --> 02:57:59,200
events that has ever been 
recorded gamma-ray. 

3244
02:57:59,200 --> 02:58:02,100
Bursts are so powerful that they
can briefly outshine whole 

3245
02:58:02,100 --> 02:58:04,300
galaxies. 
If one happened close enough to 

3246
02:58:04,300 --> 02:58:08,800
Earth to cause the 774 Cosmic 
race spike, it would be a very 

3247
02:58:08,800 --> 02:58:11,900
rare astronomical event, the 
talking about things that 

3248
02:58:11,900 --> 02:58:13,700
happen. 
Maybe once every few thousand 

3249
02:58:13,700 --> 02:58:16,600
years in our part of the 
universe, the effects go beyond 

3250
02:58:16,600 --> 02:58:18,900
just figuring out what happened 
in one strange event. 

3251
02:58:18,900 --> 02:58:23,200
The 700 774 Cosmic race bike, is
a good way to figure out how 

3252
02:58:23,200 --> 02:58:25,800
these kinds of events affect the
atmosphere and biosphere of 

3253
02:58:25,800 --> 02:58:28,000
Earth. 
Scientists can better understand

3254
02:58:28,000 --> 02:58:31,000
similar but less dramatic cosmic
ray changes throughout 

3255
02:58:31,000 --> 02:58:34,600
geological history by looking at
the isotopic signatures left 

3256
02:58:34,600 --> 02:58:38,200
behind by this well-known event.
Modern technology has made it 

3257
02:58:38,200 --> 02:58:41,200
possible for scientists to read 
chemical, signatures in natural 

3258
02:58:41,200 --> 02:58:45,400
archives with amazing accuracy. 
However, medieval chroniclers 

3259
02:58:45,400 --> 02:58:47,800
gave us the human context. 
We need to understand how people

3260
02:58:47,800 --> 02:58:50,400
living through these events 
might have seen them the 

3261
02:58:50,400 --> 02:58:53,100
combination of high-tech 
analysis and careful historical 

3262
02:58:53,100 --> 02:58:55,100
research. 
Found a story that neither 

3263
02:58:55,100 --> 02:58:57,800
method could have found on his 
own, those who lived through. 

3264
02:58:57,800 --> 02:59:01,600
The 774 cosmic ray event could 
never have guessed that their 

3265
02:59:01,600 --> 02:59:04,500
careful, observations would one 
day help scientists learn more 

3266
02:59:04,500 --> 02:59:08,700
about neutron stars gamma-ray, 
bursts and cosmic ray physics. 

3267
02:59:08,700 --> 02:59:11,700
But they are details, records, 
which are still kept in 

3268
02:59:11,700 --> 02:59:14,300
Monastery. 
Library and Royal archives were 

3269
02:59:14,300 --> 02:59:16,800
very important for solving. 
One of the biggest astrophysical

3270
02:59:16,800 --> 02:59:19,300
mysteries in history. 
As you get more comfortable in 

3271
02:59:19,300 --> 02:59:22,200
your reading spot, maybe while 
you finish your evening tea, 

3272
02:59:22,200 --> 02:59:25,900
let's think about how a cosmic 
event that lasted only a few 

3273
02:59:25,900 --> 02:59:30,800
months in. 774 has changed how 
we think about the universe for 

3274
02:59:30,800 --> 02:59:34,000
more than 1,000 years. 
It's a story about how things we

3275
02:59:34,000 --> 02:59:37,000
can't see, can leave permanent 
marks on the world and how those

3276
02:59:37,000 --> 02:59:39,600
marks can wait, hundreds of 
years for someone to learn how 

3277
02:59:39,600 --> 02:59:42,000
to read them. 
Scientists now, call the cosmic 

3278
02:59:42,000 --> 02:59:46,400
ray event of 774, the most 
dramatic radiocarbon spike in 

3279
02:59:46,400 --> 02:59:49,300
recorded history. 
Its effects go far beyond just 

3280
02:59:49,300 --> 02:59:51,600
being an interesting data point 
for astrophysicists. 

3281
02:59:51,600 --> 02:59:54,900
This event, fundamentally 
changed how we think about the 

3282
02:59:54,900 --> 02:59:58,100
relationship between Cosmic 
phenomena and terrestrial life 

3283
02:59:58,100 --> 03:00:01,700
showing that even systems on 
Earth, that seems stable can be 

3284
03:00:01,700 --> 03:00:05,400
drastically Changed by rare but 
powerful events happening 

3285
03:00:05,400 --> 03:00:09,100
millions of miles away in Space,
the tree rings that recorded 

3286
03:00:09,100 --> 03:00:12,900
this Cosmic bombardment to still
around today preserved in old 

3287
03:00:12,900 --> 03:00:16,800
wooden buildings archaeological 
site and forests around the 

3288
03:00:16,800 --> 03:00:18,800
world. 
Every piece of wood that grew 

3289
03:00:18,800 --> 03:00:23,800
between 774 and 7705 has a 
chemical signature of that 

3290
03:00:23,800 --> 03:00:28,000
amazing year in its cells like 
Molecular autograph written by 

3291
03:00:28,008 --> 03:00:31,200
the universe itself. 
This invisible timestamp links, 

3292
03:00:31,200 --> 03:00:34,700
medieval Cathedrals ancient 
temples and archaeological 

3293
03:00:34,700 --> 03:00:37,900
artifacts from this time period 
to one of the most important 

3294
03:00:37,900 --> 03:00:40,100
astrophysical events in human 
history. 

3295
03:00:40,100 --> 03:00:43,200
The 774 event has changed the 
way we do. 

3296
03:00:43,200 --> 03:00:45,900
Modern radiocarbon dating before
this discovery. 

3297
03:00:45,900 --> 03:00:49,000
Scientists thought that levels 
of carbon 14 in the atmosphere 

3298
03:00:49,000 --> 03:00:52,400
had stayed pretty stable over 
time with only small changes 

3299
03:00:52,400 --> 03:00:55,400
caused by solar activity and 
other things that could be 

3300
03:00:55,400 --> 03:00:59,600
predicted the sudden rise. 
In 774 showed that assumption 

3301
03:00:59,600 --> 03:01:02,800
was wrong, which led to more 
advanced calibration methods 

3302
03:01:02,800 --> 03:01:06,500
that take into account sudden, 
cosmic ray of events, the 700 

3303
03:01:06,500 --> 03:01:09,200
774 event has helped make 
archaeological dating more 

3304
03:01:09,200 --> 03:01:11,400
accurate. 
Thanks to this unique Cosmic 

3305
03:01:11,400 --> 03:01:13,500
signature. 
We can now date artifacts from 

3306
03:01:13,500 --> 03:01:16,200
the late 8th Century with more 
accuracy than ever before. 

3307
03:01:16,200 --> 03:01:19,300
It's like having a universal 
time stamp that shows up in 

3308
03:01:19,300 --> 03:01:21,200
organic materials from all over 
the world. 

3309
03:01:21,200 --> 03:01:24,600
This lets archaeologists line up
their timelines with amazing 

3310
03:01:24,600 --> 03:01:27,700
accuracy the effects on. 
Understanding of medieval 

3311
03:01:27,700 --> 03:01:32,300
history of being just as big, 
the 774 cosmic ray event serves 

3312
03:01:32,300 --> 03:01:35,900
as a stable chronological 
reference, aiding historians and

3313
03:01:35,900 --> 03:01:38,300
correlating events, across 
diverse cultural traditions, and

3314
03:01:38,300 --> 03:01:42,500
geographical areas, when Chinese
Chronicles, European monasteries

3315
03:01:42,500 --> 03:01:44,800
and Middle Eastern sources. 
All right, about strange things 

3316
03:01:44,800 --> 03:01:48,000
happening at the same time, it 
makes sense that these events 

3317
03:01:48,000 --> 03:01:50,100
could be connected to the same 
Cosmic event. 

3318
03:01:50,100 --> 03:01:53,400
Climate science has also gained 
insights from comprehending, the

3319
03:01:53,400 --> 03:01:56,300
influence of cosmic rays on 
Earth's atmospheric chemistry, 

3320
03:01:56,300 --> 03:02:00,500
the 774 event was too short to 
change the climate in the long 

3321
03:02:00,500 --> 03:02:03,700
term, but it did show that 
Cosmic radiation can affect 

3322
03:02:03,700 --> 03:02:06,700
atmospheric processes in ways 
that climate models need to take

3323
03:02:06,700 --> 03:02:09,500
into account, contemporary 
researchers examining 

3324
03:02:09,500 --> 03:02:11,300
historical. 
Climate variations are 

3325
03:02:11,300 --> 03:02:15,300
increasingly focusing on cosmic 
ray fluctuations as a potential 

3326
03:02:15,300 --> 03:02:17,700
influence, on atmospheric. 
Chemistry of alterations 

3327
03:02:17,700 --> 03:02:20,900
researchers are now actively 
looking for similar events in 

3328
03:02:20,900 --> 03:02:23,700
the geological record, 
scientists are now looking for 

3329
03:02:23,700 --> 03:02:26,300
more Cosmic race bikes that are 
hidden in tree rings. 

3330
03:02:26,700 --> 03:02:29,000
Ice cores and other natural 
records. 

3331
03:02:29,000 --> 03:02:32,000
They want to find more times 
when Earth was hit by strong 

3332
03:02:32,000 --> 03:02:34,700
radiation from space. 
Every new piece of information, 

3333
03:02:34,700 --> 03:02:37,700
helps us understand how often 
these things happen, what they 

3334
03:02:37,700 --> 03:02:42,100
might do, the 774 event has 
changed how we study space 

3335
03:02:42,100 --> 03:02:44,200
weather. 
Cosmic rays can damage modern 

3336
03:02:44,200 --> 03:02:47,500
satellites and electronic 
systems and knowing how extreme 

3337
03:02:47,500 --> 03:02:49,800
events have happened in the past
can help engineers make 

3338
03:02:49,800 --> 03:02:51,200
technology that can survive 
them. 

3339
03:02:51,200 --> 03:02:55,700
The 774 spike is a good example 
of the kinds of cosmic ray 

3340
03:02:55,700 --> 03:02:58,500
intensities that Earth's 
technology might need to be able

3341
03:02:58,500 --> 03:03:01,000
to handle during rare. 
But powerful astrophysical 

3342
03:03:01,000 --> 03:03:04,100
events, the need for scientists 
and historians to work together 

3343
03:03:04,100 --> 03:03:08,700
to understand the 774 event has 
led to new models for how these 

3344
03:03:08,700 --> 03:03:12,100
two Fields can work together. 
Astrophysicists now, often ask 

3345
03:03:12,100 --> 03:03:15,100
medieval historians for help and
climatologists and 

3346
03:03:15,100 --> 03:03:17,700
archaeologists worked together 
to learn more about how the 

3347
03:03:17,700 --> 03:03:19,100
environment has changed over 
time. 

3348
03:03:19,100 --> 03:03:22,600
Researchers are realizing that 
to fully understand complex 

3349
03:03:22,600 --> 03:03:24,700
phenomena. 
They need to look at them from 

3350
03:03:24,700 --> 03:03:27,500
many different angles. 
This Made the lines between 

3351
03:03:27,500 --> 03:03:32,000
different academic Fields, less,
clear the discovery of 774 has 

3352
03:03:32,000 --> 03:03:34,900
changed the way both history and
science are taught in schools. 

3353
03:03:34,900 --> 03:03:38,000
The story shows how modern 
scientific tools can get 

3354
03:03:38,000 --> 03:03:40,900
information from old materials 
that people in the past, 

3355
03:03:40,900 --> 03:03:43,900
couldn't get to while also 
showing how important it is to 

3356
03:03:43,900 --> 03:03:46,000
carefully. 
Observe history in order to 

3357
03:03:46,000 --> 03:03:49,600
understand scientific data, 
students learn to understand the

3358
03:03:49,600 --> 03:03:52,200
past, they often need to use the
best technology and the best 

3359
03:03:52,208 --> 03:03:55,400
research. 
The 700 774 event, as also 

3360
03:03:55,400 --> 03:03:58,300
changed the way we think about 
how people see natural events 

3361
03:03:58,300 --> 03:04:01,400
medieval chroniclers who wrote 
about strange, weather events 

3362
03:04:01,400 --> 03:04:06,400
and 700 774 to 776. 
We're doing scientific research 

3363
03:04:06,400 --> 03:04:07,900
that they could never have 
imagined. 

3364
03:04:07,900 --> 03:04:10,400
And the information they 
gathered would be useful. 

3365
03:04:10,400 --> 03:04:13,300
A Thousand Years Later their 
careful observations. 

3366
03:04:13,300 --> 03:04:16,500
Remind us that even records, 
that seem unimportant might have

3367
03:04:16,500 --> 03:04:19,000
information that future 
Generations will find very 

3368
03:04:19,000 --> 03:04:22,300
useful. 
The 774 story has helped people 

3369
03:04:22,300 --> 03:04:25,200
understand astronomy better 
because it shows how Earth is 

3370
03:04:25,200 --> 03:04:28,600
part of a changing. 
And sometimes violent Cosmic 

3371
03:04:28,600 --> 03:04:32,000
environment. 
The 774 event had a direct 

3372
03:04:32,000 --> 03:04:35,000
effect on our planet. 
Unlike black holes or galaxies 

3373
03:04:35,000 --> 03:04:37,500
that are far away. 
We can still see the effects 

3374
03:04:37,500 --> 03:04:39,800
today. 
It's the universe seemed more 

3375
03:04:39,808 --> 03:04:41,300
real and important to Everyday 
Life. 

3376
03:04:41,300 --> 03:04:45,100
The Discovery has also made us 
think about how these cosmic ray

3377
03:04:45,100 --> 03:04:48,000
events might have changed human 
history in ways. 

3378
03:04:48,000 --> 03:04:51,200
We don't yet know about If 
strong Cosmic radiation can 

3379
03:04:51,200 --> 03:04:53,700
change the chemistry of the 
atmosphere, and possibly change 

3380
03:04:53,700 --> 03:04:57,800
the weather climate or even 
biological processes, then rare.

3381
03:04:57,800 --> 03:05:00,900
But powerful, Cosmic events may 
have had an impact on historical

3382
03:05:00,900 --> 03:05:03,600
events that we don't know about 
understanding of events. 

3383
03:05:03,600 --> 03:05:08,000
Like the 774 Cosmic race Spike 
has helped shape, modern talks 

3384
03:05:08,000 --> 03:05:10,400
about existential risks and 
planetary defense. 

3385
03:05:10,400 --> 03:05:13,700
Cosmic, ray bursts, don't 
directly threaten Earth as much 

3386
03:05:13,700 --> 03:05:17,400
as asteroid impacts or super, 
volcanic eruptions do but they 

3387
03:05:17,400 --> 03:05:21,000
do show that Earth is in a 
cosmic environment where rare 

3388
03:05:21,000 --> 03:05:23,100
but powerful events can have 
Global effects. 

3389
03:05:23,100 --> 03:05:26,400
When making plans for the 
long-term survival of humanity, 

3390
03:05:26,400 --> 03:05:29,500
we need to think about all the 
cosmic events that could have an

3391
03:05:29,500 --> 03:05:33,700
effect on our planet. 774 event 
has become a touchstone for 

3392
03:05:33,700 --> 03:05:36,700
talks about how scientific 
discovery and historical 

3393
03:05:36,700 --> 03:05:39,800
understanding are related. 
It shows how the most advanced 

3394
03:05:39,800 --> 03:05:42,700
modern technology can sometimes 
show, that ancient observers 

3395
03:05:42,700 --> 03:05:44,200
were more accurate than people 
thought. 

3396
03:05:44,200 --> 03:05:47,400
And how careful historical 
research can help us understand 

3397
03:05:47,400 --> 03:05:52,000
scientific data better, the 
cosmic Gray event of 774 is a 

3398
03:05:52,000 --> 03:05:54,000
reminder that the universe is 
full of things. 

3399
03:05:54,000 --> 03:05:57,300
We don't fully understand yet. 
There may be signs of cosmic 

3400
03:05:57,300 --> 03:06:00,400
events in every tree. 
Ring every layer of ice core. 

3401
03:06:00,400 --> 03:06:03,000
And every well-preserved 
medieval Chronicle that we 

3402
03:06:03,000 --> 03:06:06,100
haven't yet, figured out how to 
find or understand the storm 

3403
03:06:06,100 --> 03:06:10,600
that hit Earth in 774 was 
invisible and waited, more than 

3404
03:06:10,600 --> 03:06:13,600
12, centuries for people to 
learn how to figure out what had

3405
03:06:13,600 --> 03:06:16,500
happened. 
The legacy of the 774 event 

3406
03:06:16,500 --> 03:06:20,000
keeps changing as new ways of 
doing research and new ways of 

3407
03:06:20,000 --> 03:06:23,100
thinking about things come up, 
scientists in the future will 

3408
03:06:23,100 --> 03:06:26,000
surely find more proof and come 
up with new ways to explain what

3409
03:06:26,000 --> 03:06:29,100
happened that year as people 
learn more and Technology gets 

3410
03:06:29,100 --> 03:06:31,400
better. 
The cosmic race bike that people

3411
03:06:31,400 --> 03:06:32,800
in the Middle Ages didn't 
understand. 

3412
03:06:32,800 --> 03:06:36,300
Will keep giving up its Secrets,
what started as an invisible 

3413
03:06:36,300 --> 03:06:39,300
bombardment of high energy, 
particles has turned into a link

3414
03:06:39,300 --> 03:06:43,200
between medieval chroniclers and
modern astrophysicists ancient 

3415
03:06:43,200 --> 03:06:46,900
trees and modern climate science
and human observation and Cosmic

3416
03:06:46,900 --> 03:06:49,100
events. 
It shows that the universe is 

3417
03:06:49,100 --> 03:06:52,000
always Writing its own story in 
the natural world around us 

3418
03:06:52,000 --> 03:06:54,300
using languages that we are 
still learning. 

3419
03:06:54,300 --> 03:06:57,400
How to read, as we come to the 
end of our journey through this 

3420
03:06:57,400 --> 03:07:00,000
Cosmic mystery. 
It's a good idea to think about 

3421
03:07:00,000 --> 03:07:04,100
what the 774 event teaches us 
about how we fit into the larger

3422
03:07:04,100 --> 03:07:06,700
universe. 
This astrophysical event was so 

3423
03:07:06,700 --> 03:07:09,800
strong, that it left permanent 
marks on every living thing on 

3424
03:07:09,800 --> 03:07:11,600
Earth. 
But the people who were there, 

3425
03:07:11,600 --> 03:07:13,700
couldn't see it at all. 
It's a humbling. 

3426
03:07:13,700 --> 03:07:16,600
Reminder, that we are part of 
cosmic systems, whose working we

3427
03:07:16,600 --> 03:07:21,500
are only starting to understand 
and 774 radiation came down from

3428
03:07:21,500 --> 03:07:24,800
space and connected Earth to 
events happening at distance and

3429
03:07:24,800 --> 03:07:27,300
scales that are hard. 
To imagine the high energy 

3430
03:07:27,300 --> 03:07:29,600
particles that hit our 
atmosphere came from colliding, 

3431
03:07:29,600 --> 03:07:33,800
neutron stars, exploding 
magnetars or gamma ray bursts 

3432
03:07:33,800 --> 03:07:36,200
from dying Stars. 
They had to travel across 

3433
03:07:36,200 --> 03:07:38,700
Interstellar space, to get to us
the trees. 

3434
03:07:38,700 --> 03:07:41,500
That recorded this event in 
their growth rings were in a 

3435
03:07:41,500 --> 03:07:45,000
very real Way recording the 
death throws of stars, that had 

3436
03:07:45,000 --> 03:07:47,600
lived and died. 
Millions of years before humans 

3437
03:07:47,600 --> 03:07:51,000
were around this Cosmic link. 
Goes against the medieval view 

3438
03:07:51,000 --> 03:07:53,700
that the Earth was at the center
of a small understandable 

3439
03:07:53,700 --> 03:07:57,700
Universe, the people of 774 
lived in a universe. 

3440
03:07:57,700 --> 03:08:00,700
That seemed to be an order. 
The stars were in a celestial 

3441
03:08:00,700 --> 03:08:04,500
sphere with Earth at the center 
and Divine Purpose as the main 

3442
03:08:04,500 --> 03:08:06,900
idea. 
The real universe that sent them

3443
03:08:06,900 --> 03:08:09,800
Cosmic radiation was so big that
people in the Middle Ages. 

3444
03:08:09,800 --> 03:08:12,500
Couldn't even imagine it. 
It was full of things that could

3445
03:08:12,500 --> 03:08:15,600
affect Earth over distances. 
So great that light itself took 

3446
03:08:15,600 --> 03:08:18,600
years to cross, the medieval 
view of how everything in the 

3447
03:08:18,608 --> 03:08:21,100
universe is connected. 
Wasn't completely wrong though. 

3448
03:08:21,100 --> 03:08:24,100
Medieval thinkers thought that 
events in the sky could affect 

3449
03:08:24,100 --> 03:08:26,500
things on earth. 
Even though their ideas about 

3450
03:08:26,500 --> 03:08:29,600
how this worked were wrong. 
The idea that Earth is part of 

3451
03:08:29,600 --> 03:08:33,000
larger Cosmic systems, that can 
affect local conditions was very

3452
03:08:33,000 --> 03:08:36,900
smart. 
The cosmic ray of 774 showed 

3453
03:08:36,900 --> 03:08:40,200
that explosions of stars that 
happened light years away can 

3454
03:08:40,200 --> 03:08:41,900
have affects on things that 
happen on Earth. 

3455
03:08:41,900 --> 03:08:46,000
The fact that the 774 event was 
invisible, also shows how 

3456
03:08:46,000 --> 03:08:49,400
limited our sensors are and how 
important it is to make tools. 

3457
03:08:49,500 --> 03:08:51,500
Help us see more clearly people 
in the Middle. 

3458
03:08:51,500 --> 03:08:53,400
Ages were very good at watching 
the sky. 

3459
03:08:53,400 --> 03:08:56,700
They could accurately predict 
eclipses follow the movements of

3460
03:08:56,700 --> 03:09:00,600
planets and spots, strange 
celestial events but in the 8th 

3461
03:09:00,600 --> 03:09:03,700
Century, there was no way to see
cosmic ray bombardment at all 

3462
03:09:03,700 --> 03:09:07,000
because of this technological 
limitation people who were 

3463
03:09:07,000 --> 03:09:09,900
witnessing one of the most 
dramatic astrophysical events in

3464
03:09:09,900 --> 03:09:12,400
recorded. 
History had no direct way to 

3465
03:09:12,400 --> 03:09:14,900
find out what was going on. 
It was like trying to understand

3466
03:09:14,900 --> 03:09:18,100
a symphony while only hearing a 
few notes here and there or 

3467
03:09:18,100 --> 03:09:21,300
trying to enjoy a huge landscape
while only seeing small details 

3468
03:09:21,300 --> 03:09:24,300
through a small window, the 
creation of scientific tools, 

3469
03:09:24,300 --> 03:09:26,500
that can find Cosmic race, 
signatures in natural. 

3470
03:09:26,500 --> 03:09:29,100
Materials is a big step forward 
for human senses. 

3471
03:09:29,100 --> 03:09:31,800
We can see things that we 
couldn't see directly by looking

3472
03:09:31,800 --> 03:09:34,900
at tree rings, ice core 
chemistry and isotopic dating. 

3473
03:09:34,900 --> 03:09:37,800
We've learned how to read Cosmic
messages written in the 

3474
03:09:37,800 --> 03:09:39,800
molecular structure of old 
wooden ice. 

3475
03:09:39,800 --> 03:09:42,700
This lets us get information 
that no other generation of 

3476
03:09:42,700 --> 03:09:46,000
humans could get this growth in.
Perceptual ability has shown 

3477
03:09:46,000 --> 03:09:48,800
that Earth keeps details records
of cosmic events that have 

3478
03:09:48,800 --> 03:09:52,200
happened over Time there are 
chemical traces of past cosmic. 

3479
03:09:52,200 --> 03:09:55,800
Ray changes in every old tree, 
every ice sheet and every coral 

3480
03:09:55,800 --> 03:09:58,100
reef. 
The Earth is like a huge library

3481
03:09:58,100 --> 03:10:00,900
of astronomical events, just 
waiting for people to make the 

3482
03:10:00,900 --> 03:10:05,100
tools, they need to read it. 
The 774 Discovery also shows 

3483
03:10:05,100 --> 03:10:07,500
that scientists often need to 
look at things over very 

3484
03:10:07,500 --> 03:10:09,300
different time scales to 
understand them. 

3485
03:10:09,300 --> 03:10:12,900
The cosmic ray event itself may 
have lasted for months, but its 

3486
03:10:12,900 --> 03:10:15,900
effects can still be seen in 
things that are over 1200 years 

3487
03:10:15,900 --> 03:10:18,000
old. 
Chroniclers from the Middle Ages

3488
03:10:18,000 --> 03:10:20,700
wrote down what they saw within 
years or Decades of the event 

3489
03:10:20,700 --> 03:10:23,300
modern scientists. 
On the other hand, only found 

3490
03:10:23,300 --> 03:10:25,600
the cosmic race bike. 
After developing analytical 

3491
03:10:25,600 --> 03:10:28,900
methods that took hundreds of 
years to perfect to understand 

3492
03:10:28,900 --> 03:10:32,800
the 774 of event. 
People from different academic 

3493
03:10:32,800 --> 03:10:35,400
fields and historical periods 
had to work together. 

3494
03:10:35,400 --> 03:10:38,500
Medieval monks who kept careful 
records of the stars were 

3495
03:10:38,500 --> 03:10:40,300
knowingly, taking part in 
research. 

3496
03:10:40,300 --> 03:10:43,900
That wouldn't be finished until 
the 21st century their patient 

3497
03:10:43,900 --> 03:10:45,900
observations, which have been 
kept in Monastery. 

3498
03:10:45,900 --> 03:10:49,300
Libraries for over 1,000 years, 
gave scientists the information.

3499
03:10:49,400 --> 03:10:51,400
And they needed to solve a 
cosmic mystery. 

3500
03:10:51,400 --> 03:10:54,500
They could never have imagined. 
This temporary partnership makes

3501
03:10:54,500 --> 03:10:56,300
me. 
Think about what information we 

3502
03:10:56,300 --> 03:10:58,900
might be recording today. 
That will be useful to 

3503
03:10:58,900 --> 03:11:02,400
researchers hundreds of years 
from now, our extensive records 

3504
03:11:02,400 --> 03:11:04,700
of whether climate and cosmic 
ray changes. 

3505
03:11:04,700 --> 03:11:08,400
Could one day help scientists 
figure out astronomical events 

3506
03:11:08,400 --> 03:11:12,300
that we can't see or understand 
right now we might be unwitting 

3507
03:11:12,300 --> 03:11:15,200
subjects, in scientific studies 
that will not conclude until 

3508
03:11:15,200 --> 03:11:19,800
well after our departure the 774
event also shows that rare, but 

3509
03:11:19,800 --> 03:11:23,000
powerful events can have effects
that lasts long after their over

3510
03:11:23,000 --> 03:11:26,700
the bombardment of cosmic rays. 
May have lasted for months, but 

3511
03:11:26,700 --> 03:11:29,100
it left behind permanent marks 
that have changed our 

3512
03:11:29,100 --> 03:11:31,900
understanding of radiocarbon 
dating archaeological. 

3513
03:11:31,900 --> 03:11:36,000
Chronologies and how Earth, and 
space interact from all the 1000

3514
03:11:36,000 --> 03:11:39,500
Years, short of events can have 
affects that lasts for hundreds 

3515
03:11:39,500 --> 03:11:42,600
of years. 
The 774 cosmic ray of event 

3516
03:11:42,600 --> 03:11:45,500
makes us think about our place 
in systems that work on scales 

3517
03:11:45,500 --> 03:11:48,600
that are bigger than what we can
see and feel we live in Galactic

3518
03:11:48,600 --> 03:11:51,100
neighborhoods. 
A Stars can explode and change 

3519
03:11:51,100 --> 03:11:53,700
the chemistry of the atmosphere 
on planets that are light years 

3520
03:11:53,708 --> 03:11:55,800
away. 
Every day we live our lives, 

3521
03:11:55,800 --> 03:11:58,600
against the backdrop of cosmic 
processes that follow physical 

3522
03:11:58,600 --> 03:12:01,400
laws, we are still learning 
about the human response to 

3523
03:12:01,400 --> 03:12:05,100
Cosmic Mystery, exemplified by 
the meticulous, observation 

3524
03:12:05,100 --> 03:12:09,000
comprehensive, documentation, 
and profound interpretation 

3525
03:12:09,000 --> 03:12:12,100
exhibited by medieval 
chroniclers signifies, a 

3526
03:12:12,100 --> 03:12:15,300
distinctively valuable aspect of
the universe to the best of our 

3527
03:12:15,300 --> 03:12:17,900
knowledge. 
Earth is the sole location where

3528
03:12:17,900 --> 03:12:20,400
conscious entity is a 
systematically observing, 

3529
03:12:20,400 --> 03:12:24,500
documenting and analyzing Cosmic
events in an effort to 

3530
03:12:24,500 --> 03:12:26,600
comprehend their significance 
and consequences. 

3531
03:12:26,600 --> 03:12:31,400
The people of 774 were exposed 
to Cosmic radiation without 

3532
03:12:31,400 --> 03:12:33,300
knowing where it came from or 
what it meant. 

3533
03:12:33,300 --> 03:12:36,400
They were curious and careful 
and made detail records. 

3534
03:12:36,400 --> 03:12:38,300
That would be very helpful to 
Future Generations. 

3535
03:12:38,300 --> 03:12:42,200
Their reaction to the unknown, 
neither panicking, or ignoring 

3536
03:12:42,200 --> 03:12:44,900
stranger events. 
But instead carefully, observing

3537
03:12:44,900 --> 03:12:48,100
and recording shows the best of 
human scientific instincts, 

3538
03:12:48,100 --> 03:12:52,600
researchers to Day, who are 
looking into the 774 event a 

3539
03:12:52,600 --> 03:12:55,500
following in the footsteps of 
medieval chroniclers, I 

3540
03:12:55,500 --> 03:12:57,600
carefully observing and 
thoughtfully interpreting, what 

3541
03:12:57,600 --> 03:13:00,800
they see they used tools that 
medieval chroniclers could never

3542
03:13:00,800 --> 03:13:03,800
have imagined but they still use
the same basic methods of 

3543
03:13:03,800 --> 03:13:06,700
systematic data, collection, and
collaborative, analysis. 

3544
03:13:06,700 --> 03:13:10,200
The enduring human curiosity 
regarding Cosmic phenomena, 

3545
03:13:10,200 --> 03:13:13,300
links us through the ages to 
individuals who also Marvel at 

3546
03:13:13,300 --> 03:13:16,500
the universe's operations, as 
you get ready to end this story 

3547
03:13:16,500 --> 03:13:19,300
and maybe go to sleep. 
Think about how you're a part of

3548
03:13:19,300 --> 03:13:22,900
this ongoing human project to 
understand Cosmic events, the 

3549
03:13:22,900 --> 03:13:25,200
Stars you might see through your
window or in the same part of 

3550
03:13:25,200 --> 03:13:27,500
the Galaxy that sent Cosmic 
radiation to Earth. 

3551
03:13:27,500 --> 03:13:32,000
In 774, the universe that made 
that old mystery is still 

3552
03:13:32,000 --> 03:13:35,800
telling its story in tree, 
rings, ice cores and things that

3553
03:13:35,800 --> 03:13:38,100
people see that future 
Generations will be able to 

3554
03:13:38,100 --> 03:13:42,300
figure out the cosmic. 
Ray event of 774 is a reminder 

3555
03:13:42,300 --> 03:13:44,900
that there are many things in 
the universe that we haven't 

3556
03:13:44,900 --> 03:13:48,000
yet, learned to see or 
understand every night, sky has 

3557
03:13:48,000 --> 03:13:50,300
signs of things that might be. 
Happening on Earth that we can't

3558
03:13:50,300 --> 03:13:53,900
see yet the invisible storm that
hit Earth over 12 centuries ago 

3559
03:13:53,908 --> 03:13:56,600
is just one example of the 
cosmic dramas that are always 

3560
03:13:56,600 --> 03:13:59,100
happening around us. 
Most of them are still waiting 

3561
03:13:59,100 --> 03:14:00,800
for humans to get the tools and 
knowledge. 

3562
03:14:00,800 --> 03:14:04,100
They need to understand how 
important they are sweet dreams.

3563
03:14:04,100 --> 03:14:07,400
I hope you dream of medieval 
monks carefully writing down 

3564
03:14:07,400 --> 03:14:10,100
strange things by candlelight, 
not knowing that they were 

3565
03:14:10,100 --> 03:14:12,600
making data for astrophysicists 
13th. 

3566
03:14:12,600 --> 03:14:15,100
Centuries in the future. 
This is a reminder that every 

3567
03:14:15,100 --> 03:14:17,600
careful observation, every 
preserved record. 

3568
03:14:17,600 --> 03:14:21,300
And every moment of wonder about
the cosmos like one day help us 

3569
03:14:21,300 --> 03:14:23,800
solve Mysteries. 
We have not even thought to ask 

3570
03:14:23,800 --> 03:14:27,100
about yet as you fall asleep. 
Wrap in the warmth of your 

3571
03:14:27,100 --> 03:14:29,600
modern blanket in a world lit by
electric lights. 

3572
03:14:29,600 --> 03:14:33,800
That would have seemed magical 
to people in 700 774 take a 

3573
03:14:33,800 --> 03:14:35,700
moment to think about the 
Amazing Story. 

3574
03:14:35,700 --> 03:14:39,600
We've shared over 1200 years ago
in invisible, Cosmic storm, hit 

3575
03:14:39,600 --> 03:14:42,200
Earth it left, its mark on every
tree. 

3576
03:14:42,200 --> 03:14:45,800
That grew every piece of ice 
that formed and every living 

3577
03:14:45,800 --> 03:14:48,100
thing that was alive. 
During those important months, 

3578
03:14:48,100 --> 03:14:51,800
people in the Middle Ages who 
lived through this event Farmers

3579
03:14:51,800 --> 03:14:54,800
tending, their fields. 
Monks copying manuscripts by 

3580
03:14:54,800 --> 03:14:57,900
candlelight and Scholars 
tracking the movement of planets

3581
03:14:57,900 --> 03:15:01,500
had no way to see the high 
energy particles falling from 

3582
03:15:01,500 --> 03:15:04,500
space, but they reacted to the 
strange things they could see 

3583
03:15:04,500 --> 03:15:07,800
with the same careful, 
observation and thorough 

3584
03:15:07,800 --> 03:15:10,600
record-keeping that is typical 
of the best scientific Instinct 

3585
03:15:10,600 --> 03:15:12,900
in humans. 
Their detailed records, which 

3586
03:15:12,900 --> 03:15:15,300
were kept in monasteries and 
Royal archives all over the 

3587
03:15:15,300 --> 03:15:17,300
world. 
Eventually gave modern 

3588
03:15:17,300 --> 03:15:20,300
scientists important information
about one of the most powerful 

3589
03:15:20,300 --> 03:15:23,900
astrophysical events in history.
People in the Middle Ages who 

3590
03:15:23,900 --> 03:15:26,500
wrote with quill pens are 
knowingly, helped researchers in

3591
03:15:26,500 --> 03:15:29,300
the 21st century. 
He used particle accelerators 

3592
03:15:29,300 --> 03:15:33,300
and mass spectrometers as our 
analytical tools, get better and

3593
03:15:33,300 --> 03:15:35,600
our theoretical understanding of
Stellar phenomena. 

3594
03:15:35,600 --> 03:15:39,000
Gross. 
The cosmic ray of event of 774 

3595
03:15:39,000 --> 03:15:42,500
keeps giving us new information.
There is no doubt that future 

3596
03:15:42,500 --> 03:15:45,700
Generations will find more proof
and come up with new ways to 

3597
03:15:45,700 --> 03:15:48,500
understand what happened that 
amazing year, the invisible 

3598
03:15:48,500 --> 03:15:51,300
storm that People in the Middle 
Ages felt but didn't understand 

3599
03:15:51,300 --> 03:15:54,300
will keep teaching us about how 
the universe works for many 

3600
03:15:54,300 --> 03:15:57,600
years or even centuries to come.
But maybe the most important 

3601
03:15:57,600 --> 03:16:00,300
thing we can learn from this 
Cosmic mystery is that the 

3602
03:16:00,300 --> 03:16:03,100
universe is always making new 
things that we haven't yet. 

3603
03:16:03,100 --> 03:16:04,800
Figured out how to see or 
understand. 

3604
03:16:04,800 --> 03:16:07,900
There may be signs of cosmic 
events in every tree. 

3605
03:16:07,900 --> 03:16:11,100
Ring every layer of ice core and
every careful historical. 

3606
03:16:11,100 --> 03:16:14,700
Observation that we don't yet 
know how to look for the natural

3607
03:16:14,700 --> 03:16:16,300
world. 
Keeps detailed records of 

3608
03:16:16,300 --> 03:16:19,000
astronomical events and chemical
languages that we're still 

3609
03:16:19,008 --> 03:16:21,500
learning to read as you get 
ready for bed tonight. 

3610
03:16:21,500 --> 03:16:25,100
Cosmic rays are softly falling 
on Earth from far away. 

3611
03:16:25,100 --> 03:16:28,400
Parts of the Galaxy, this has 
been happening every night for 

3612
03:16:28,400 --> 03:16:31,300
billions of years. 
Most of this radiation is too 

3613
03:16:31,300 --> 03:16:33,900
weak to leave any traces, but 
stars in our Cosmic, 

3614
03:16:33,900 --> 03:16:36,400
neighborhood are living and 
dying in ways that could one day

3615
03:16:36,400 --> 03:16:39,300
send more powerful, bursts of 
high energy particles toward 

3616
03:16:39,300 --> 03:16:42,700
Earth, future observers maybe 
even your own descendants. 

3617
03:16:42,700 --> 03:16:45,800
Might look back at this time and
wonder what Cosmic events we 

3618
03:16:45,800 --> 03:16:47,800
went through. 
Without knowing they could find 

3619
03:16:47,800 --> 03:16:50,500
signs of Stellar of events. 
And materials from our time 

3620
03:16:50,500 --> 03:16:53,300
signs that are current. 
Technology isn't Advanced enough

3621
03:16:53,300 --> 03:16:56,800
to find or understand the 
universe might be sending us 

3622
03:16:56,800 --> 03:16:58,700
messages in our modern world 
that we won't be able to 

3623
03:16:58,700 --> 03:17:01,400
understand until we come up with
new tools and ways of thinking 

3624
03:17:01,400 --> 03:17:05,500
people, in 774 were part of 
cosmic history, without even 

3625
03:17:05,500 --> 03:17:07,300
knowing it. 
They made records. 

3626
03:17:07,300 --> 03:17:09,900
That would be very useful to 
researchers. 1,000 years later, 

3627
03:17:09,900 --> 03:17:13,100
we might also be unknowingly. 
Taking part in astronomical 

3628
03:17:13,100 --> 03:17:15,100
studies, that won't be finished 
until long after. 

3629
03:17:15,100 --> 03:17:17,300
We're gone. 
Our careful observations and 

3630
03:17:17,300 --> 03:17:19,000
thorough record-keeping May one 
day. 

3631
03:17:19,008 --> 03:17:21,300
Help us figure out Cosmic 
Mysteries, that we can't even 

3632
03:17:21,300 --> 03:17:23,600
begin. 
To imagine the invisible Cosmic 

3633
03:17:23,600 --> 03:17:28,100
storm of 7704 Connex, medieval 
Wonder to Modern understanding 

3634
03:17:28,100 --> 03:17:32,500
ancient observations to Modern 
astrophysics and human curiosity

3635
03:17:32,500 --> 03:17:34,900
to the huge processes that shape
our universe. 

3636
03:17:34,900 --> 03:17:37,900
It reminds us that we live in 
systems that are much bigger 

3637
03:17:37,900 --> 03:17:39,600
than what we can see and feel 
right now. 

3638
03:17:40,400 --> 03:17:44,300
But we have the unique ability 
to observe record and slowly 

3639
03:17:44,300 --> 03:17:47,300
understand these Cosmic events 
as you fall asleep. 

3640
03:17:47,300 --> 03:17:50,200
You are part of a story that has
been going on for a long time, 

3641
03:17:50,200 --> 03:17:54,000
from medieval chroniclers to 
Modern scientists from 

3642
03:17:54,000 --> 03:17:57,000
observations made long ago to 
discoveries that will happen in 

3643
03:17:57,000 --> 03:17:59,300
the future. 
The same universe that sent 

3644
03:17:59,300 --> 03:18:03,200
Cosmic radiation to Earth in 774
surrounds, you tonight. 

3645
03:18:03,200 --> 03:18:06,400
It is full of things that future
Generations will study and 

3646
03:18:06,400 --> 03:18:09,000
understand in ways. 
We can't even imagine right now.

3647
03:18:09,000 --> 03:18:14,100
The mystery of 774 shows us that
with time, careful 

3648
03:18:14,100 --> 03:18:17,000
record-keeping, and working 
together to figure things out. 

3649
03:18:17,000 --> 03:18:20,800
We can find out things that seem
impossible to know writing by 

3650
03:18:20,808 --> 03:18:24,100
candlelight in the Middle Ages 
and studying isotopic signatures

3651
03:18:24,100 --> 03:18:27,100
today are both parts of the same
big human project. 

3652
03:18:27,900 --> 03:18:30,500
Figuring out where we fit in the
universe sleep. 

3653
03:18:30,500 --> 03:18:33,700
Well, knowing that you're part 
of this ongoing story of cosmic 

3654
03:18:33,700 --> 03:18:37,400
Discovery, the universe around 
you is full of amazing things, 

3655
03:18:37,400 --> 03:18:39,100
that future generations of 
curious. 

3656
03:18:39,100 --> 03:18:42,900
People will discover understand 
and appreciate these. 

3657
03:18:42,900 --> 03:18:44,800
People will share our wonder 
about how the world. 

3658
03:18:44,800 --> 03:18:49,800
Works beyond what we can see. 
The invisible storm of 774 shows

3659
03:18:49,800 --> 03:18:51,800
us that the most important 
events in Cosmic. 

3660
03:18:51,800 --> 03:18:54,800
History might happen, right next
to us without us, even knowing 

3661
03:18:54,800 --> 03:18:58,700
it leaving clues for future, 
observers to find and figure out

3662
03:18:58,700 --> 03:19:01,500
every night. 
The universe gets new cosmic, 

3663
03:19:01,500 --> 03:19:05,600
radiation, new, Stellar events 
and new chances to write its own

3664
03:19:05,600 --> 03:19:08,000
history in the natural records 
that are all around us. 

3665
03:19:08,000 --> 03:19:10,800
Think of the dreams of medieval 
chroniclers and modern 

3666
03:19:10,800 --> 03:19:14,700
scientists cosmic rays and 
ancient trees, invisible storms 

3667
03:19:14,700 --> 03:19:17,600
and careful observation. 
Think about the ongoing human 

3668
03:19:17,600 --> 03:19:20,000
project of figuring out the 
universe and your place in a 

3669
03:19:20,000 --> 03:19:22,800
story that connects careful 
observers across centuries of 

3670
03:19:22,808 --> 03:19:30,500
cosmic mystery and discovery 
Okay, check this out. 

3671
03:19:30,500 --> 03:19:34,200
Your stepping into the year 1066
and you've just witnessed the 

3672
03:19:34,200 --> 03:19:36,000
most successful hostile 
Takeover. 

3673
03:19:36,000 --> 03:19:38,800
In English History, though, they
didn't call it that back then. 

3674
03:19:39,900 --> 03:19:42,800
William the Conqueror who 
probably would have made an 

3675
03:19:42,800 --> 03:19:46,800
excellent corporate CEO has just
defeated Harold at Hastings and 

3676
03:19:46,800 --> 03:19:49,200
suddenly everyone who matters is
speaking French. 

3677
03:19:49,200 --> 03:19:52,800
The Norman Court wasn't like the
chaotic Saxon Halls of old. 

3678
03:19:52,800 --> 03:19:56,400
Where Warriors might burst into 
song between courses and dogs 

3679
03:19:56,400 --> 03:20:00,100
wandered, freely, among the 
rushes know, William brought 

3680
03:20:00,100 --> 03:20:03,200
Continental sophistication to 
England, which was rather like 

3681
03:20:03,200 --> 03:20:06,200
introducing fine wine to a group
of people who had been perfectly

3682
03:20:06,200 --> 03:20:08,400
happy with ale. 
You can imagine the culture 

3683
03:20:08,400 --> 03:20:12,300
shock, One day you're an 
Anglo-Saxon Noble comfortable, 

3684
03:20:12,300 --> 03:20:15,300
in your familiar world of mead 
halls and familiar customs. 

3685
03:20:15,300 --> 03:20:18,300
And the next day, there's a 
french-speaking king issuing 

3686
03:20:18,300 --> 03:20:20,400
orders in a language. 
That sounds like someone 

3687
03:20:20,400 --> 03:20:23,200
gargling honey. 
The Normans didn't just conquer 

3688
03:20:23,200 --> 03:20:26,700
England, they redecorated it 
entirely William's Court. 

3689
03:20:26,700 --> 03:20:30,000
Moved constantly a medieval. 
Roadshow that would have given 

3690
03:20:30,000 --> 03:20:31,700
Modern event planners 
nightmare's. 

3691
03:20:31,700 --> 03:20:35,100
The Royal household packed up 
every few weeks and trudge from 

3692
03:20:35,108 --> 03:20:38,200
Castle to Castle caring. 
Everything from the King's 

3693
03:20:38,200 --> 03:20:40,000
favorite chair to the Royal 
toilet seat. 

3694
03:20:40,000 --> 03:20:42,800
Yes, medieval King's had 
portable toilet seats. 

3695
03:20:42,800 --> 03:20:46,300
Even conquerors need comfort. 
The domesday book, William's 

3696
03:20:46,300 --> 03:20:48,900
famous survey of England reads, 
like the world's most 

3697
03:20:48,900 --> 03:20:52,500
comprehensive tax audit. 
Imagine teams of Norman, 

3698
03:20:52,500 --> 03:20:55,200
Clarke's descending on English 
Villages like medieval 

3699
03:20:55,200 --> 03:20:59,100
accountants, counting every Pig,
chicken and patch of turnips. 

3700
03:20:59,700 --> 03:21:02,100
The locals must have watched 
these proceedings with the same 

3701
03:21:02,100 --> 03:21:04,900
enthusiasm. 
Modern people show for tax 

3702
03:21:04,900 --> 03:21:06,600
season. 
What made the Norman Court 

3703
03:21:06,600 --> 03:21:09,200
fascinating? 
Was that it was essentially a 

3704
03:21:09,200 --> 03:21:11,900
startup that achieved success 
Beyond anyone's expectations. 

3705
03:21:13,300 --> 03:21:16,500
William took a relatively small 
group of French Nobles and 

3706
03:21:16,500 --> 03:21:19,600
convinced them to cross the 
channel and reinvent an entire 

3707
03:21:19,600 --> 03:21:21,900
Kingdom. 
They brought new architecture, 

3708
03:21:21,900 --> 03:21:25,700
new laws, new fashions. 
And most importantly, new ideas 

3709
03:21:25,700 --> 03:21:28,800
about how Royal courts should 
function the Normans turn, the 

3710
03:21:28,800 --> 03:21:31,100
English Court into Europe's, 
most efficient government 

3711
03:21:31,100 --> 03:21:33,300
machine, they created a 
bureaucracy. 

3712
03:21:33,300 --> 03:21:36,200
So organized that historian, 
still Marvel at it today. 

3713
03:21:37,000 --> 03:21:40,300
Every penny was accounted for 
every legal decision recorded 

3714
03:21:40,300 --> 03:21:43,700
and every Royal progress plan 
with military precision. 

3715
03:21:44,900 --> 03:21:48,700
The Saxons had been Jazz 
musicians improvising freely and

3716
03:21:48,700 --> 03:21:51,300
following their instincts. 
The Normans were a full 

3717
03:21:51,308 --> 03:21:54,200
orchestra playing from 
carefully, written sheet music. 

3718
03:21:54,200 --> 03:21:57,800
What's remarkable is how quickly
the two cultures began to blend 

3719
03:21:57,800 --> 03:22:01,000
within a generation Norman. 
Knights were marrying English 

3720
03:22:01,000 --> 03:22:03,600
heiresses and their children. 
Grew up by lingual. 

3721
03:22:03,600 --> 03:22:06,700
The court became a place where 
French efficiency met English 

3722
03:22:06,700 --> 03:22:10,000
practicality creating something 
entirely new. 

3723
03:22:10,000 --> 03:22:13,100
You might say it was the 
Medieval equivalent of fusion 

3724
03:22:13,100 --> 03:22:17,100
Cuisine except instead of mixing
thigh and Mexican flavors, they 

3725
03:22:17,100 --> 03:22:18,700
were blending governmental 
systems. 

3726
03:22:18,700 --> 03:22:21,200
The castle became the symbol of 
this new order. 

3727
03:22:21,200 --> 03:22:25,400
He worked just fortresses, they 
were corporate headquarters Law 

3728
03:22:25,400 --> 03:22:28,400
Courts, tax offices and luxury 
hotels. 

3729
03:22:28,400 --> 03:22:30,700
All rolled into massive Stone 
packages. 

3730
03:22:30,700 --> 03:22:33,400
You were entering the nerve 
center of a kingdom. 

3731
03:22:33,400 --> 03:22:36,100
That was systematically 
reorganizing from the ground up.

3732
03:22:36,100 --> 03:22:37,900
When you stepped into a Norman 
Castle's. 

3733
03:22:37,900 --> 03:22:41,500
Great Hall fast, forward to the 
plantagenets and you'll find 

3734
03:22:41,500 --> 03:22:44,300
yourself in what amounts to the 
world's longest running family 

3735
03:22:44,300 --> 03:22:46,800
drama. 
If the Normans were efficient 

3736
03:22:46,800 --> 03:22:50,600
administrators, the plantagenets
were passionate performers, who 

3737
03:22:50,600 --> 03:22:52,200
happened to run a kingdom on the
side. 

3738
03:22:52,200 --> 03:22:56,600
Henry the second, the first plan
King inherited an Empire that 

3739
03:22:56,600 --> 03:22:59,000
stretched from the Scottish 
borders to the Pyrenees. 

3740
03:22:59,700 --> 03:23:03,100
Managing this required him to be
part politician, part, general 

3741
03:23:03,100 --> 03:23:06,100
part Diplomat and part traveling
salesman. 

3742
03:23:06,800 --> 03:23:10,000
He was constantly on the Move, 
governing his vast territories, 

3743
03:23:10,000 --> 03:23:12,700
with the energy of someone who 
had far too much medieval 

3744
03:23:12,700 --> 03:23:16,300
coffee, if such a thing had 
existed, the plantagenet court 

3745
03:23:16,300 --> 03:23:18,800
was where politics became 
personal in the most spectacular

3746
03:23:18,800 --> 03:23:21,600
ways. 
Take Henry's marriage to Eleanor

3747
03:23:21,600 --> 03:23:24,900
of Aquitaine a woman who was 
essentially the power broker of 

3748
03:23:24,900 --> 03:23:27,400
her age. 
Eleanor had already been queen 

3749
03:23:27,400 --> 03:23:29,900
of France before marrying Henry 
bringing with her the 

3750
03:23:29,900 --> 03:23:31,900
sophisticated culture of 
Southern France. 

3751
03:23:32,900 --> 03:23:35,500
He turned the English Court into
a place where Troubadour sang 

3752
03:23:35,500 --> 03:23:39,600
Love Songs poets competed for 
Royal favor and courtly romance.

3753
03:23:39,600 --> 03:23:42,400
Flourished, like exotic flowers,
in a hot house. 

3754
03:23:42,400 --> 03:23:45,300
But Ellen, and Henry's. 
Married was less, remote's novel

3755
03:23:45,300 --> 03:23:49,400
and more psychological Thriller.
They spent years ultimately 

3756
03:23:49,400 --> 03:23:52,600
partnering in ambitious 
political schemes and plotting 

3757
03:23:52,600 --> 03:23:56,000
each other's downfall. 
Their four Sons Henry, the young

3758
03:23:56,000 --> 03:24:00,100
king Richard, the lionheart 
Jeffrey and John grew up 

3759
03:24:00,100 --> 03:24:02,900
watching their parents complex 
relationship and apparently 

3760
03:24:02,900 --> 03:24:05,000
decided that family Harmony was 
overrated. 

3761
03:24:05,000 --> 03:24:08,300
The result was a royal family 
that treated succession planning

3762
03:24:08,300 --> 03:24:11,400
like a contact sport. 
The prince's rebelled against 

3763
03:24:11,400 --> 03:24:15,200
their father formed alliances 
with foreign Kings and generally

3764
03:24:15,200 --> 03:24:16,900
behaved, like teenagers with 
armies. 

3765
03:24:17,700 --> 03:24:21,400
When Henry the young king died 
in the 1183, he was technically 

3766
03:24:21,400 --> 03:24:23,200
still in Rebellion against his 
father. 

3767
03:24:23,800 --> 03:24:26,500
Family, dinners must have been 
extraordinarily awkward. 

3768
03:24:26,500 --> 03:24:29,500
Richard the first, the lionheart
spent most of his Reign away 

3769
03:24:29,500 --> 03:24:31,400
from England crusading in the 
Holy Land. 

3770
03:24:32,300 --> 03:24:34,700
He treated his kingdom, rather 
like a wealthy parent, might 

3771
03:24:34,700 --> 03:24:37,700
treat a trust fund a reliable 
source of income for more 

3772
03:24:37,700 --> 03:24:40,500
exciting. 
Adventures elsewhere, Richard 

3773
03:24:40,500 --> 03:24:43,600
spoke little English and visited
England, perhaps twice during 

3774
03:24:43,600 --> 03:24:46,900
his ten year reign. 
However, he continues to be one 

3775
03:24:46,900 --> 03:24:48,700
of England's. 
Most renowned monarchs 

3776
03:24:48,700 --> 03:24:51,900
demonstrating that time apart 
continually, deepen, one's 

3777
03:24:51,900 --> 03:24:55,200
affection, Then Came John. 
And if you've seen any movie 

3778
03:24:55,200 --> 03:24:57,200
about Robin Hood, you know, John
as the villain. 

3779
03:24:58,500 --> 03:25:01,900
The real John was more complex 
than Hollywood suggests, less 

3780
03:25:01,900 --> 03:25:05,000
cartoonishly evil more 
disastrously incompetent. 

3781
03:25:05,000 --> 03:25:07,800
He succeeded in losing the 
majority of his French 

3782
03:25:07,800 --> 03:25:10,600
territories facing 
excommunication from the pope 

3783
03:25:10,600 --> 03:25:13,400
and inciting armed Rebellion 
among his own barons. 

3784
03:25:14,100 --> 03:25:17,600
In 1215 they literally cornered 
him at running and made him. 

3785
03:25:17,600 --> 03:25:20,708
Sign Magna carter which was 
medieval England's way of 

3786
03:25:20,716 --> 03:25:22,900
saying. 
We need to have a serious talk 

3787
03:25:22,900 --> 03:25:25,900
about your management style, the
plantation at court during 

3788
03:25:25,900 --> 03:25:29,000
John's Reign, likely felt like 
working for a startup in which 

3789
03:25:29,000 --> 03:25:32,400
the CEO continually makes 
decisions that everyone knows 

3790
03:25:32,400 --> 03:25:34,400
will lead to failure. 
Yet. 

3791
03:25:34,400 --> 03:25:37,900
No one can determine how to 
intervene the Barons, ultimately

3792
03:25:37,900 --> 03:25:41,200
took action establishing the 
first formal limits on Royal 

3793
03:25:41,200 --> 03:25:45,400
power in English History. 
John's son Henry III inherited 

3794
03:25:45,400 --> 03:25:48,100
this mess at age 9. 
Growing up as a child. 

3795
03:25:48,100 --> 03:25:51,400
King meant the Henry's entire 
education and kingship came from

3796
03:25:51,400 --> 03:25:54,400
watching Regents and advisors, 
managed the kingdoms recovery 

3797
03:25:54,400 --> 03:25:58,400
from his father's disasters. 
Perhaps this explains why Henry 

3798
03:25:58,400 --> 03:26:02,000
developed such an obsession with
beautiful things, architecture 

3799
03:26:02,000 --> 03:26:04,400
art and luxury goods. 
That would make medieval 

3800
03:26:04,400 --> 03:26:07,900
Instagram followers, weep With 
Envy Henry, the third's court 

3801
03:26:07,900 --> 03:26:10,100
was where English Royal 
ceremonial really began to 

3802
03:26:10,100 --> 03:26:13,500
flourish He reconstructed 
Westminster Abbey in the gothic 

3803
03:26:13,500 --> 03:26:16,400
style, setting the stage for the
crowning of English, monarchs 

3804
03:26:16,400 --> 03:26:20,500
for the ensuing 8th centuries, 
he collected art patronized 

3805
03:26:20,500 --> 03:26:23,500
Scholars and turn the Royal 
Court into a cultural center 

3806
03:26:23,500 --> 03:26:25,500
that attracted Talent from 
across Europe. 

3807
03:26:25,500 --> 03:26:28,800
The plantagen at established 
patterns that would echo through

3808
03:26:28,800 --> 03:26:31,900
English, Royal history, the 
tension between the king's 

3809
03:26:31,900 --> 03:26:34,100
personal desires and his public 
duties. 

3810
03:26:34,100 --> 03:26:37,300
The constant need to balance 
English interests against 

3811
03:26:37,300 --> 03:26:40,600
Continental Ambitions and the 
recurring discovery that even 

3812
03:26:40,600 --> 03:26:42,700
King's must occasionally listen 
to their subjects. 

3813
03:26:42,700 --> 03:26:45,700
Opinions about governance. 
Edward the first arrived on the 

3814
03:26:45,700 --> 03:26:48,300
throne, like someone finally 
reading the instruction manual 

3815
03:26:48,300 --> 03:26:50,500
after generations of 
improvisation. 

3816
03:26:51,500 --> 03:26:53,500
Where his predecessors had 
stumbled through the 

3817
03:26:53,500 --> 03:26:56,900
complexities of medieval 
kingship Edward approached the 

3818
03:26:56,900 --> 03:26:59,300
job with the systematic, 
thoroughness of a master 

3819
03:26:59,300 --> 03:27:02,200
Craftsman, you can pick your 
Edwards Court as a place where 

3820
03:27:02,200 --> 03:27:05,900
everything finally ran on time. 
This was a king who conquered 

3821
03:27:05,900 --> 03:27:07,900
Wales. 
Not through dramatic, Cavalry 

3822
03:27:07,900 --> 03:27:11,500
Charges, but through methodical 
strategic planning and Superior 

3823
03:27:11,500 --> 03:27:14,200
Logistics. 
He built a ring of castles that 

3824
03:27:14,200 --> 03:27:16,900
looked like they'd been designed
by someone who studied every 

3825
03:27:16,900 --> 03:27:20,800
military engineering textbook 
ever written, which in a sense, 

3826
03:27:20,800 --> 03:27:24,100
Edward had the court of Edward. 
The first buzzed with legal 

3827
03:27:24,100 --> 03:27:25,600
innovations that would have 
impressed. 

3828
03:27:25,600 --> 03:27:29,700
Modern constitutional lawyers 
Edward didn't just rule he 

3829
03:27:29,700 --> 03:27:33,800
legislated He created new laws, 
reformed old ones and 

3830
03:27:33,800 --> 03:27:36,400
established legal procedures 
that lost for centuries. 

3831
03:27:37,300 --> 03:27:39,300
His statutes read. 
Like the work of someone who 

3832
03:27:39,300 --> 03:27:41,900
genuinely enjoyed the technical 
challenges of governance. 

3833
03:27:42,800 --> 03:27:46,400
While other kings saw lawmaking 
as a tedious, necessity, Edward 

3834
03:27:46,400 --> 03:27:48,500
treated it as creative problem 
solving. 

3835
03:27:48,500 --> 03:27:52,100
But Edwards, greatest Innovation
was turning Royal ceremony into 

3836
03:27:52,100 --> 03:27:55,300
Political theater. 
His conquest of Wales coal 

3837
03:27:55,300 --> 03:27:58,300
culminated in one of history's, 
most effective publicity stunts,

3838
03:27:58,300 --> 03:28:02,800
presenting his infant son Edward
later, Edward the second to the 

3839
03:28:02,800 --> 03:28:06,900
Welsh as their prince of Wales. 
The native-born ruler, who 

3840
03:28:06,900 --> 03:28:09,700
happened to speak. 
No Welsh, but whose birth in 

3841
03:28:09,700 --> 03:28:12,100
carefull and castle made him. 
Technically, Welsh enough to 

3842
03:28:12,100 --> 03:28:13,800
satisfy the political 
requirements. 

3843
03:28:13,800 --> 03:28:17,300
The court during Edward's Reign 
felt like the headquarters of a 

3844
03:28:17,300 --> 03:28:21,000
successful consulting firm 
organized, purposeful, and 

3845
03:28:21,000 --> 03:28:23,000
slightly intimidating to 
Outsiders. 

3846
03:28:23,900 --> 03:28:27,100
Foreign ambassadors, arrived 
expecting medieval chaos and 

3847
03:28:27,100 --> 03:28:29,800
instead found Clarks who could 
produce any document within 

3848
03:28:29,800 --> 03:28:33,300
minutes treasury officials who 
knew exactly how much money was 

3849
03:28:33,300 --> 03:28:36,400
available for any proposed 
Venture and a king who actually 

3850
03:28:36,400 --> 03:28:39,200
read The Briefing papers. 
Edwards relationship with 

3851
03:28:39,200 --> 03:28:42,000
Parliament illustrates his 
practical approach to politics. 

3852
03:28:42,000 --> 03:28:44,700
He didn't summon Parliament, 
because he believed in 

3853
03:28:44,700 --> 03:28:48,300
Democratic principles, such 
ideas were still centuries in 

3854
03:28:48,300 --> 03:28:50,800
the future. 
He called Parliament because he 

3855
03:28:50,800 --> 03:28:54,100
needed money for his military 
campaigns and he discovered that

3856
03:28:54,100 --> 03:28:57,100
representatives were more likely
to approve taxes if they felt 

3857
03:28:57,100 --> 03:28:59,800
consulted about how those taxes 
would be spent. 

3858
03:29:01,000 --> 03:29:04,300
It was made evil, crowdfunding 
with a constitutional twist, the

3859
03:29:04,300 --> 03:29:08,300
courts daily routine, reflected 
Edward systemic, nature morning,

3860
03:29:08,300 --> 03:29:10,200
councils dealt with 
administrative business. 

3861
03:29:10,200 --> 03:29:14,100
Afternoon sessions, handled 
legal appeals and evening were 

3862
03:29:14,100 --> 03:29:16,600
reserved for diplomatic 
receptions, and cultural events.

3863
03:29:17,600 --> 03:29:20,700
Even the Royal meals. 
Followed precise protocols, not 

3864
03:29:20,700 --> 03:29:23,800
because Edward was particularly 
formal, but because he'd figured

3865
03:29:23,800 --> 03:29:27,100
out that consistent procedures. 
Prevented the sort of chaos that

3866
03:29:27,100 --> 03:29:30,800
had plagued earlier Reigns, 
Edwards, Queen Eleanor of 

3867
03:29:30,800 --> 03:29:33,500
Castile brought her own 
sophisticated household that 

3868
03:29:33,500 --> 03:29:35,400
merged seamlessly with the 
English Court. 

3869
03:29:35,400 --> 03:29:38,200
Eleanor was no mere ornamental 
Royal wife. 

3870
03:29:38,200 --> 03:29:41,600
She was a political partner who 
managed extensive Estates 

3871
03:29:41,600 --> 03:29:44,900
engaged in diplomatic 
negotiations, and helped to 

3872
03:29:44,908 --> 03:29:47,400
create the cultural atmosphere 
that made Edwards Court. 

3873
03:29:47,400 --> 03:29:51,000
A magnet for European Talent. 
The famous Eleanor crosses. 

3874
03:29:51,000 --> 03:29:53,700
The elaborate monuments Edward 
directed at every place. 

3875
03:29:53,700 --> 03:29:56,000
Ellen as funeral procession 
rested on its way to 

3876
03:29:56,000 --> 03:29:58,400
Westminster. 
Well not just expressions of 

3877
03:29:58,400 --> 03:30:00,600
Royal grief. 
They were architectural 

3878
03:30:00,600 --> 03:30:02,900
advertisements for the 
plantagenet dynasties 

3879
03:30:02,900 --> 03:30:06,600
sophistication and power. 
Each crossed as a visual cue 

3880
03:30:06,600 --> 03:30:09,000
that those ruling. 
This Kingdom understood both 

3881
03:30:09,000 --> 03:30:12,600
emotional depth, and artistic 
Excellence, Edwards Court. 

3882
03:30:12,600 --> 03:30:15,000
Produced the administrative 
Innovation that allowed in 

3883
03:30:15,000 --> 03:30:18,000
England to function as a unified
Kingdom, rather Than a 

3884
03:30:18,000 --> 03:30:19,700
collection of semi-independent 
regions. 

3885
03:30:20,500 --> 03:30:23,200
Royal Chancery developed 
standardized procedures for 

3886
03:30:23,200 --> 03:30:25,100
everything from diplomatic 
correspondence. 

3887
03:30:25,100 --> 03:30:28,600
To land grants, the exchequer 
refined accounting methods, that

3888
03:30:28,600 --> 03:30:31,008
tracked, Royale income with 
Precision that would have 

3889
03:30:31,016 --> 03:30:32,500
impressed Renaissance. 
Bankers. 

3890
03:30:32,500 --> 03:30:36,500
When Edward died in 1307, he 
left his son a kingdom that 

3891
03:30:36,500 --> 03:30:40,100
functioned like a well-designed 
machine and fortunately as we'll

3892
03:30:40,100 --> 03:30:43,000
discover, not every King was 
mechanically inclined. 

3893
03:30:43,000 --> 03:30:46,200
Edward the second inherited. 
His father's efficient Kingdom 

3894
03:30:46,200 --> 03:30:49,200
and promptly, demonstrated. 
That governmental expertise 

3895
03:30:49,200 --> 03:30:53,200
isn't necessarily genetic. 
If Edward the first Court had 

3896
03:30:53,200 --> 03:30:56,400
been a Precision, timepiece, his
son's caught was more like an 

3897
03:30:56,408 --> 03:30:59,700
expensive watch the kept losing 
time because the owner couldn't 

3898
03:30:59,700 --> 03:31:01,100
stop fiddling with the 
mechanism. 

3899
03:31:01,100 --> 03:31:04,300
The problem wasn't that Edward, 
the second elect intelligence or

3900
03:31:04,300 --> 03:31:06,600
education. 
He'd received the finest, 

3901
03:31:06,600 --> 03:31:09,700
medieval schooling of available 
and understood Royal duties 

3902
03:31:09,700 --> 03:31:13,200
perfectly well in theory. 
The problem was that Edward. 

3903
03:31:13,200 --> 03:31:16,200
The second found the actual work
of King ship, monumentally 

3904
03:31:16,200 --> 03:31:19,800
boring. he preferred spending 
time with his close friends 

3905
03:31:19,800 --> 03:31:23,400
engaging in manual crafts and 
generally behaving like someone 

3906
03:31:23,400 --> 03:31:26,700
who'd inherited a successful 
family business but would rather

3907
03:31:26,700 --> 03:31:30,300
be pursuing artistic interests 
Is created the medieval 

3908
03:31:30,300 --> 03:31:33,300
equivalent of an office where 
the CEOs spends most of his time

3909
03:31:33,300 --> 03:31:36,500
in the employee break room while
important decisions pile up on 

3910
03:31:36,500 --> 03:31:39,100
his desk. 
Edwards Court became a place 

3911
03:31:39,100 --> 03:31:41,900
where ambitious, Nobles competed
not for the Kings attention 

3912
03:31:41,900 --> 03:31:45,600
regarding policy matters. 
But for positions in his inner 

3913
03:31:45,600 --> 03:31:48,400
Social Circle, the situation 
became complicated. 

3914
03:31:48,400 --> 03:31:51,000
When Edward developed an 
intensely close relationship 

3915
03:31:51,000 --> 03:31:54,300
with peers Galveston, a young 
nobleman who possessed the 

3916
03:31:54,308 --> 03:31:56,500
medieval equivalent of magnetic 
charisma. 

3917
03:31:57,300 --> 03:32:01,500
Galveston was witty stylish and 
completely uninterested in the 

3918
03:32:01,500 --> 03:32:04,400
sort of respectful, deference 
that other Nobles expected to 

3919
03:32:04,400 --> 03:32:07,900
receive from Royal favourites. 
He nicknamed the powerful URLs 

3920
03:32:07,900 --> 03:32:11,000
with insulting pet names in 
generally behaved like someone 

3921
03:32:11,000 --> 03:32:14,200
who'd never read the handbook 
on, medieval Court Politics, the

3922
03:32:14,200 --> 03:32:16,600
established nobility. 
Watched this relationship with 

3923
03:32:16,600 --> 03:32:19,600
the mounting horror of senior 
Executives discovering that the 

3924
03:32:19,600 --> 03:32:22,100
bosses college roommate has been
appointed as their new 

3925
03:32:22,100 --> 03:32:24,600
supervisor. 
Gaveston wasn't just 

3926
03:32:24,600 --> 03:32:27,400
inappropriate. 
He was effective at making the 

3927
03:32:27,400 --> 03:32:30,300
traditional power Brokers, feel 
excluded, from important to 

3928
03:32:30,300 --> 03:32:34,200
decisions the court, split into 
factions, those who found the 

3929
03:32:34,200 --> 03:32:37,900
situation tolerable and those 
who decidedly did not the result

3930
03:32:37,900 --> 03:32:41,000
was a series of political crises
that read like, medieval office 

3931
03:32:41,000 --> 03:32:43,100
politics taken to their logical 
extreme. 

3932
03:32:43,100 --> 03:32:46,800
The Barons repeatedly forced 
Edward to send gaveston into 

3933
03:32:46,800 --> 03:32:50,800
Exile, Edward repeatedly, found 
ways to bring him back and 

3934
03:32:50,800 --> 03:32:53,900
gaveston, repeatedly managed to 
offend everyone who mattered. 

3935
03:32:54,700 --> 03:32:58,700
The cycle continued until 1312. 
When a group of URLs decided to 

3936
03:32:58,700 --> 03:33:02,000
solve the problem permanently, 
by murdering gaveston Edwards 

3937
03:33:02,000 --> 03:33:04,600
reaction to his favorites death.
Transformed him from an 

3938
03:33:04,600 --> 03:33:08,000
ineffective but harmless King 
into a genuinely dangerous enemy

3939
03:33:09,000 --> 03:33:12,400
The gentle artistic Soul who 
preferred crafts to Conquest 

3940
03:33:12,400 --> 03:33:15,400
suddenly developed a talent for 
sustained Vengeance. 

3941
03:33:15,400 --> 03:33:17,000
That would have impressed his 
Warrior. 

3942
03:33:17,000 --> 03:33:19,200
Father. 
The court became a place where 

3943
03:33:19,200 --> 03:33:22,500
courteous calculated not just 
political Advantage, but 

3944
03:33:22,500 --> 03:33:26,300
personal survival. 
The dispenser family, the Elder 

3945
03:33:26,300 --> 03:33:29,500
and Hugh the younger replaced 
Galveston as Edwards closest 

3946
03:33:29,500 --> 03:33:33,100
advisors but they brought none 
of Galveston's charm and all of 

3947
03:33:33,100 --> 03:33:36,800
his talent for making enemies. 
The dispensers treated Royal 

3948
03:33:36,800 --> 03:33:40,700
favour as a licensed for 
systemic corruption, using their

3949
03:33:40,700 --> 03:33:43,900
positions to acquire lands 
titles and wealth through 

3950
03:33:43,900 --> 03:33:46,000
methods that would have 
embarrassed medieval robber 

3951
03:33:46,000 --> 03:33:48,200
barons. 
Meanwhile, Edwards, Queen, 

3952
03:33:48,200 --> 03:33:50,900
Isabella of France. 
Watched her husband's 

3953
03:33:50,900 --> 03:33:54,200
relationships with male favorite
and gradual descent into 

3954
03:33:54,200 --> 03:33:57,300
Political paranoia with the 
patience of someone waiting for 

3955
03:33:57,300 --> 03:33:58,800
the right moment to file for 
divorce. 

3956
03:33:58,800 --> 03:34:02,100
If such a thing had existed in 
medieval Royal marriage 

3957
03:34:02,100 --> 03:34:05,000
contracts, Isabella's 
transformation from neglected 

3958
03:34:05,000 --> 03:34:08,100
wife to political revolutionary,
deserves its own chapter, in any

3959
03:34:08,100 --> 03:34:11,900
study of medieval character 
development, She began the reign

3960
03:34:11,900 --> 03:34:15,000
as a conventional, Royal, 
consort dutifully producing 

3961
03:34:15,000 --> 03:34:16,300
heirs and managing her 
household. 

3962
03:34:17,500 --> 03:34:21,800
By 1325, she had evolved into a 
master political strategist who 

3963
03:34:21,800 --> 03:34:24,400
could give lessons in regime 
change to Modern intelligence 

3964
03:34:24,400 --> 03:34:27,000
agencies her alliance with Roger
Mortimer. 

3965
03:34:27,000 --> 03:34:30,500
One of England's, most powerful 
Barons created the medieval 

3966
03:34:30,500 --> 03:34:31,900
equivalent of a shadow 
government. 

3967
03:34:32,800 --> 03:34:35,000
Isabella and Mortimer 
established themselves in 

3968
03:34:35,000 --> 03:34:38,600
France, gathered military 
support and plan their invasion 

3969
03:34:38,600 --> 03:34:40,300
of England with the thoroughness
that Edward. 

3970
03:34:40,300 --> 03:34:42,600
The second had never applied to 
actual governance. 

3971
03:34:42,600 --> 03:34:47,200
When Isabella's forces, landed 
in England, in 1326 Edwards, 

3972
03:34:47,200 --> 03:34:49,900
government collapsed with the 
speed of a house of cards in a 

3973
03:34:49,900 --> 03:34:53,200
stiff breeze. 
The king who had spent 20 years 

3974
03:34:53,200 --> 03:34:55,300
alienating. 
His most important supporters 

3975
03:34:55,300 --> 03:34:58,700
discovered that loyalty cannot 
be stored like grain in a Royal 

3976
03:34:58,700 --> 03:35:01,600
Warehouse. 
It spoils if neglected for too 

3977
03:35:01,600 --> 03:35:06,300
long Edwards capture and forced 
abdication in 1327 ended one of 

3978
03:35:06,300 --> 03:35:09,100
the most psychologically complex
rains in English History. 

3979
03:35:10,100 --> 03:35:11,700
His court had become a 
cautionary. 

3980
03:35:11,700 --> 03:35:14,800
Tale about what happens when 
personal relationships override 

3981
03:35:14,800 --> 03:35:18,100
political judgment and when 
King's forget that their private

3982
03:35:18,100 --> 03:35:20,700
preferences cannot be separated 
from their public 

3983
03:35:20,700 --> 03:35:23,600
responsibilities Edward. 
The third inherited, a kingdom 

3984
03:35:23,608 --> 03:35:26,600
that desperately needed someone 
who actually wanted to be king. 

3985
03:35:27,500 --> 03:35:29,400
Fortunately, that's exactly what
they got. 

3986
03:35:30,600 --> 03:35:33,100
Where his father had approached 
kingship, like a reluctant 

3987
03:35:33,100 --> 03:35:36,600
employee showing up for a job. 
He'd never wanted Edward, the 

3988
03:35:36,600 --> 03:35:39,600
third embraced royal power with 
the enthusiasm of someone who'd 

3989
03:35:39,600 --> 03:35:41,800
been waiting his entire life for
the opportunity. 

3990
03:35:41,800 --> 03:35:44,800
The court of Edward, the third 
felt like a medieval version of 

3991
03:35:44,800 --> 03:35:47,200
Mission Control during an 
exciting Space Program. 

3992
03:35:47,200 --> 03:35:50,800
Everything was focused on the 
great project of proving that 

3993
03:35:50,800 --> 03:35:53,700
England could compete with 
France as a major European 

3994
03:35:53,700 --> 03:35:56,300
power. 
This required transforming 

3995
03:35:56,300 --> 03:36:00,300
English, military capabilities, 
diplomatic relationships and 

3996
03:36:00,300 --> 03:36:03,400
cultural Prestige. 
Simultaneously Edward solution, 

3997
03:36:03,400 --> 03:36:05,800
was to turn Warfare into a 
combination of professional 

3998
03:36:05,800 --> 03:36:09,600
efficiency in respectful, his 
court became the headquarters 

3999
03:36:09,600 --> 03:36:12,400
for military innovations, that 
would revolutionize European 

4000
03:36:12,400 --> 03:36:15,000
combat. 
English longbowmen weren't just 

4001
03:36:15,000 --> 03:36:18,200
skilled archers, they were 
Precision weapons specialist, 

4002
03:36:18,200 --> 03:36:20,800
whose training regiments would 
have impressed modern Olympic 

4003
03:36:20,800 --> 03:36:24,400
coaches, the creation of the 
order of the Garter in 1348. 

4004
03:36:24,400 --> 03:36:28,300
Illustrates Edwards genius for 
combining practical politics 

4005
03:36:28,300 --> 03:36:31,600
with romantic imagery. 
The Story Goes that Edward 

4006
03:36:31,600 --> 03:36:34,600
rescued, a lady's garter that 
had fallen during a court dance.

4007
03:36:34,600 --> 03:36:38,200
Declaring, honey, sweaty pass. 
Shane on him. 

4008
03:36:38,200 --> 03:36:41,400
Who thinks evil of it? 
Whether this actually happened 

4009
03:36:41,400 --> 03:36:43,100
matters less than Edwards 
Insight. 

4010
03:36:43,100 --> 03:36:46,200
That nightly honor needed 
institutional structure to 

4011
03:36:46,208 --> 03:36:49,200
remain politically useful. 
The Garter nights weren't just 

4012
03:36:49,200 --> 03:36:52,100
ceremonial appointments. 
They were Edwards Corps military

4013
03:36:52,100 --> 03:36:55,400
and political leadership bound 
together by Oaths that merged 

4014
03:36:55,400 --> 03:36:57,500
personal loyalty with service to
the kingdom. 

4015
03:36:57,500 --> 03:37:01,000
It was medieval team building 
with lasting constitutional 

4016
03:37:01,000 --> 03:37:04,200
implications Edwards Court 
during the early phases of the 

4017
03:37:04,200 --> 03:37:06,800
100 Years War buzzed with the 
confidence of a successful 

4018
03:37:06,800 --> 03:37:08,600
startup. 
That's just secured major 

4019
03:37:08,600 --> 03:37:13,400
funding the victory at crazy, in
1346 proved that English 

4020
03:37:13,400 --> 03:37:16,200
Tactical Innovations could 
defeat traditional French 

4021
03:37:16,200 --> 03:37:20,400
military superiority The capture
of Cali, giving Linda permanent 

4022
03:37:20,400 --> 03:37:25,200
foothold on the continent, the 
victory at party in 1356 where 

4023
03:37:25,200 --> 03:37:27,300
Edward son? 
The black prince captured, the 

4024
03:37:27,300 --> 03:37:29,800
French King himself established,
the English. 

4025
03:37:29,800 --> 03:37:32,500
Royal Family's reputation as 
Europe's Most formidable 

4026
03:37:32,500 --> 03:37:36,200
military Dynasty but courts that
revolve around military success 

4027
03:37:36,200 --> 03:37:39,000
for challenges when the victory 
stopped coming. 

4028
03:37:39,900 --> 03:37:43,800
The black death, which reached 
England in 1348, killed 

4029
03:37:43,800 --> 03:37:46,900
approximately 1/3 of the 
population and disrupted. 

4030
03:37:46,900 --> 03:37:49,500
The economic systems. 
That funded Edwards, Continental

4031
03:37:49,500 --> 03:37:52,300
ambitions. 
Suddenly, the court found itself

4032
03:37:52,300 --> 03:37:54,900
managing not just military 
campaigns, but social 

4033
03:37:54,900 --> 03:37:57,800
Revolution, the plagues 
aftermath created labor. 

4034
03:37:57,800 --> 03:38:00,800
Shortages that gave surviving 
peasants, unprecedented 

4035
03:38:00,800 --> 03:38:03,900
bargaining power. 
Traditional social hierarchies 

4036
03:38:03,900 --> 03:38:06,800
began shifting in ways that made
established Nobles nervous. 

4037
03:38:07,400 --> 03:38:09,900
The court had to navigate 
between maintaining traditional 

4038
03:38:09,900 --> 03:38:13,200
Privileges and acknowledging. 
New Economic realities, Edward 

4039
03:38:13,200 --> 03:38:15,800
age into someone who learned 
that even successful Kings 

4040
03:38:15,800 --> 03:38:18,300
cannot control all the 
variables, that determine their 

4041
03:38:18,300 --> 03:38:21,100
Reigns outcomes. 
The energetic Warrior who 

4042
03:38:21,100 --> 03:38:24,000
launched England's bid for 
Continental Empire became a 

4043
03:38:24,000 --> 03:38:26,300
somewhat Melancholy figure 
presiding over a kingdom. 

4044
03:38:26,308 --> 03:38:29,200
That was simultaneously more 
powerful, and more troubled than

4045
03:38:29,200 --> 03:38:31,500
it had. 
Been at his accession, the court

4046
03:38:31,500 --> 03:38:33,500
during Edwards. 
Final years reflective. 

4047
03:38:33,500 --> 03:38:36,900
This complexity Royal ceremony 
is maintained their magnificent 

4048
03:38:36,900 --> 03:38:40,900
diplomatic negotiations. 
Continue to cross Europe and 

4049
03:38:40,900 --> 03:38:43,500
Military campaigned proceeded, 
according to established 

4050
03:38:43,500 --> 03:38:46,100
strategies. 
But underneath the familiar 

4051
03:38:46,100 --> 03:38:49,300
routine, everyone could sense 
that the assumptions, underlying

4052
03:38:49,300 --> 03:38:52,000
Edwards, early successes were 
becoming increasingly 

4053
03:38:52,000 --> 03:38:54,400
questionable. 
The black prince is premature 

4054
03:38:54,400 --> 03:38:57,900
death in. 1376 symbolized the 
broader challenges facing the 

4055
03:38:57,900 --> 03:39:01,800
plantagenet system Edward the 
third had created a court 

4056
03:39:01,800 --> 03:39:04,500
culture based on chivalrous, 
military Excellence, but 

4057
03:39:04,500 --> 03:39:07,200
chivalry offered limited 
guidance for managing plague 

4058
03:39:07,200 --> 03:39:10,700
disrupted social structures 
economic inflation and the 

4059
03:39:10,700 --> 03:39:12,900
growing political sophistication
of England's. 

4060
03:39:12,900 --> 03:39:17,300
Urban populations when Edward 
the third died in 1377, he left 

4061
03:39:17,300 --> 03:39:20,100
a kingdom that had achieved his 
goal of establishing England as 

4062
03:39:20,100 --> 03:39:23,700
a major European power. 
But at costs that his successes 

4063
03:39:23,700 --> 03:39:26,800
would spend Generations, 
calculating 10 year old Richard,

4064
03:39:26,800 --> 03:39:29,900
the Second inherited a kingdom 
expecting another warrior king. 

4065
03:39:29,900 --> 03:39:32,900
And in Stead got an artist who 
happened to wear a crown. 

4066
03:39:33,800 --> 03:39:36,700
If Edward the third's court had 
been focused outward toward 

4067
03:39:36,700 --> 03:39:40,400
Continental Conquest Richards, 
Court turned inward toward 

4068
03:39:40,400 --> 03:39:43,600
creating something 
unprecedented, a royal household

4069
03:39:43,600 --> 03:39:46,900
that treated cultural 
sophistication as seriously as 

4070
03:39:46,900 --> 03:39:49,400
previous generations. 
Had treated military prowess, 

4071
03:39:49,400 --> 03:39:52,700
you can imagine the confusion 
this caused among Nobles, who'd 

4072
03:39:52,700 --> 03:39:54,800
spent their entire careers 
preparing for careers, as 

4073
03:39:54,800 --> 03:39:58,000
Knights and Military Commanders.
Suddenly, they found themselves 

4074
03:39:58,000 --> 03:40:00,700
in a court where success went 
understanding, poetry 

4075
03:40:00,700 --> 03:40:04,600
appreciating architectural 
Innovation, and navigating 

4076
03:40:04,600 --> 03:40:07,800
social protocols that resembled 
elaborate performance is more 

4077
03:40:07,800 --> 03:40:09,700
than traditional feudal 
relationships. 

4078
03:40:09,700 --> 03:40:12,600
Richards, Court developed its 
own aesthetic, that modern 

4079
03:40:12,600 --> 03:40:16,000
artists still study with 
fascination The king, 

4080
03:40:16,000 --> 03:40:17,900
commissioned illuminated 
manuscripts. 

4081
03:40:17,900 --> 03:40:20,900
That looked like medieval 
graphic novels patronized 

4082
03:40:20,900 --> 03:40:23,600
architects who created buildings
that seemed to float. 

4083
03:40:23,600 --> 03:40:27,300
Despite being constructed from 
heavy Stone and surrounded 

4084
03:40:27,300 --> 03:40:30,800
himself with intellectuals who 
treated political philosophy as 

4085
03:40:30,800 --> 03:40:32,900
an art form, worthy of Lifetime 
dedication. 

4086
03:40:32,900 --> 03:40:36,400
The famous Wilton diptych 
probably created for Richard's 

4087
03:40:36,400 --> 03:40:40,600
Court, captures the atmosphere 
perfectly It shows Richard being

4088
03:40:40,600 --> 03:40:43,300
presented to the Virgin, Mary by
his patron saints. 

4089
03:40:43,300 --> 03:40:47,000
But the paintings real subject 
is the idea that Royal Authority

4090
03:40:47,000 --> 03:40:49,900
derives from Divine aesthetic 
judgment rather than military 

4091
03:40:49,900 --> 03:40:52,300
prowess. 
Richard looks less like a 

4092
03:40:52,300 --> 03:40:55,300
warrior more like a medieval art
critic, whose discovered 

4093
03:40:55,300 --> 03:40:58,100
something beautiful. 
This cultural revolution wasn't 

4094
03:40:58,100 --> 03:41:01,700
just decorative, understood that
Royal Authority needed. 

4095
03:41:01,700 --> 03:41:03,900
New Foundations. 
Now that the Black Death had 

4096
03:41:03,900 --> 03:41:05,900
disrupted traditional social 
hierarchies. 

4097
03:41:05,900 --> 03:41:09,300
If King's could no longer rely 
solely on military force and 

4098
03:41:09,300 --> 03:41:12,500
feudal, obligation to maintain 
power, they needed to create new

4099
03:41:12,500 --> 03:41:16,400
forms of prestige and Authority.
Richard's solution was to make 

4100
03:41:16,400 --> 03:41:19,000
the Royal Court. 
So culturally magnificent, that 

4101
03:41:19,000 --> 03:41:21,700
association with it, became 
irresistible to ambitious. 

4102
03:41:21,700 --> 03:41:25,000
Nobles, the result was a court 
where political negotiations 

4103
03:41:25,000 --> 03:41:28,600
felt like elaborate theatrical 
performances, Richard developed 

4104
03:41:28,600 --> 03:41:31,800
ceremonies that turned routine 
administrative tasks into 

4105
03:41:31,800 --> 03:41:34,900
rituals that demonstrated Royal 
Authority through aesthetic 

4106
03:41:34,900 --> 03:41:37,900
Excellence, rather than raw 
power for an ambassadors 

4107
03:41:37,900 --> 03:41:39,800
arrived. 
Expecting traditional medieval 

4108
03:41:39,800 --> 03:41:41,900
formality. 
And instead encountered 

4109
03:41:41,900 --> 03:41:44,000
governmental procedures that 
seemed designed by 

4110
03:41:44,000 --> 03:41:47,600
choreographers Richards personal
style, reflected, this approach 

4111
03:41:47,600 --> 03:41:50,000
he dressed with an attention to 
detail. 

4112
03:41:50,000 --> 03:41:52,100
That would have impressed 
Renaissance fashion designers 

4113
03:41:52,100 --> 03:41:55,100
spoke with the Precision of 
someone who studied rhetoric as 

4114
03:41:55,100 --> 03:41:58,400
a fine art and carried himself 
with the conscious Grace of a 

4115
03:41:58,400 --> 03:42:01,800
performer who understood that 
every public appearance was a 

4116
03:42:01,800 --> 03:42:04,600
political statement, the king's 
relationship with literature 

4117
03:42:04,600 --> 03:42:06,000
produced. 
Some of the most important 

4118
03:42:06,000 --> 03:42:07,800
cultural developments in English
History. 

4119
03:42:08,800 --> 03:42:11,800
Richard's, Court patronized 
Geoffrey Chaucer whose 

4120
03:42:11,800 --> 03:42:14,800
Canterbury Tales captures the 
social complexity of late, 

4121
03:42:14,800 --> 03:42:17,500
medieval England with 
psychological insight, that 

4122
03:42:17,500 --> 03:42:21,800
still amazes modern readers 
position as a royal Customs 

4123
03:42:21,800 --> 03:42:25,300
official allowed him to observe 
English society from both 

4124
03:42:25,300 --> 03:42:28,900
aristocratic and Commercial 
perspectives, giving his writing

4125
03:42:28,900 --> 03:42:31,500
a breath that purely academic 
poets, couldn't match. 

4126
03:42:31,500 --> 03:42:34,800
But Richards, aesthetic approach
to King ship created, its own 

4127
03:42:34,800 --> 03:42:37,900
political challenges. 
Nobles, who'd expected to 

4128
03:42:37,908 --> 03:42:40,100
advance their careers through 
military service. 

4129
03:42:40,100 --> 03:42:43,300
Found themselves competing in 
cultural Arenas, where they felt

4130
03:42:43,300 --> 03:42:46,500
disadvantaged The court became a
place where traditional 

4131
03:42:46,500 --> 03:42:49,600
Warriors, tried to master 
skills, sophisticated 

4132
03:42:49,600 --> 03:42:54,000
conversation appreciation of 
artistic subtlety, understanding

4133
03:42:54,000 --> 03:42:57,400
of literary references that seem
to have little connection to the

4134
03:42:57,400 --> 03:42:59,300
Practical business of governing 
a kingdom. 

4135
03:42:59,300 --> 03:43:03,300
The Peasants Revolt of 1381, 
tested Richards, unconventional 

4136
03:43:03,300 --> 03:43:06,900
approach to Royal Authority. 
When what Tyler, LED thousands 

4137
03:43:06,900 --> 03:43:09,900
of rebellious peasants to 
London, demanding social, and 

4138
03:43:09,900 --> 03:43:12,600
economic reforms that would have
dismantled the feudal system. 

4139
03:43:12,600 --> 03:43:16,100
The 14 year old King Face, his 
first major, political crisis, 

4140
03:43:17,100 --> 03:43:20,300
His response, demonstrated both 
the strengths and limitations of

4141
03:43:20,300 --> 03:43:23,100
his aesthetic approach to power.
Richard met the rebels 

4142
03:43:23,100 --> 03:43:26,600
personally, using his Royal 
presents and rhetorical skills 

4143
03:43:26,600 --> 03:43:30,400
to defuse their immediate anger.
For a moment, it seemed as if 

4144
03:43:30,400 --> 03:43:33,600
the young kings cultural 
sophistication might succeed, 

4145
03:43:33,600 --> 03:43:36,400
where traditional military 
responses would have failed. 

4146
03:43:37,300 --> 03:43:40,200
But when Tyler was killed during
the negotiations Richards, 

4147
03:43:40,200 --> 03:43:43,200
promise of reforms was quickly 
forgotten and the Revolt was 

4148
03:43:43,200 --> 03:43:46,400
suppressed with traditional 
violence, The Experience seems 

4149
03:43:46,400 --> 03:43:49,200
to have convinced Richard, that 
cultural Authority alone was not

4150
03:43:49,200 --> 03:43:53,600
sufficient for Royal survival. 
His court during the 1390 is 

4151
03:43:53,600 --> 03:43:56,700
combined a static magnificence 
with increasingly authoritarian 

4152
03:43:56,700 --> 03:44:00,200
political methods. 
Richard began demanding, new 

4153
03:44:00,200 --> 03:44:02,900
forms of Royal reverence 
creating ceremonies that 

4154
03:44:02,900 --> 03:44:04,600
elevated. 
The king above traditional 

4155
03:44:04,600 --> 03:44:07,900
feudal relationships, the famous
scene where Richard required 

4156
03:44:07,900 --> 03:44:11,000
Nobles, to approach his throne 
on their knees and address him. 

4157
03:44:11,000 --> 03:44:15,000
Only when spoken to wasn't just 
Royal vanity, it was a 

4158
03:44:15,000 --> 03:44:17,300
systematic attempt to 
reconstruct Royal Authority 

4159
03:44:17,300 --> 03:44:20,300
along different lines than his 
predecessors had used. 

4160
03:44:21,200 --> 03:44:23,800
Richard understood that if 
cultural Prestige was going to 

4161
03:44:23,800 --> 03:44:26,700
replace military dominance as 
the foundation of royal power, 

4162
03:44:26,700 --> 03:44:30,600
then Royal dignity needed. 
Unprecedented protection by the 

4163
03:44:30,608 --> 03:44:33,300
late 1390. 
Richards Court had become a 

4164
03:44:33,308 --> 03:44:36,100
place where aesthetic Excellence
co-existed with political 

4165
03:44:36,100 --> 03:44:38,800
paranoia. 
The king who'd created 

4166
03:44:38,800 --> 03:44:40,400
England's. 
Most culturally sophisticated 

4167
03:44:40,400 --> 03:44:43,900
Royal household was 
simultaneously alienating the 

4168
03:44:43,900 --> 03:44:46,800
noble families who support he 
needed for political survival. 

4169
03:44:47,500 --> 03:44:50,300
The beautiful ceremonies and 
magnificent art were real 

4170
03:44:50,300 --> 03:44:53,300
achievements but they couldn't 
substitute for the Practical 

4171
03:44:53,300 --> 03:44:56,500
political skills that successful
medieval King ship required. 

4172
03:44:56,500 --> 03:44:59,900
When Henry bowling broke deposed
Richard the Second in 399. 

4173
03:44:59,900 --> 03:45:02,700
He faced a challenge that no 
previous English. 

4174
03:45:02,700 --> 03:45:06,800
King had confronted How do you 
establish legitimacy when you've

4175
03:45:06,800 --> 03:45:10,500
just proven that Royal Authority
isn't actually sacred Henry. 

4176
03:45:10,500 --> 03:45:13,200
The 4th Court had to function 
simultaneously as a functioning 

4177
03:45:13,200 --> 03:45:16,600
government and as a constant 
argument for why the lancastrian

4178
03:45:16,600 --> 03:45:19,900
dynasty deserve to rule England,
the solution was to create a 

4179
03:45:19,900 --> 03:45:22,900
court culture that emphasized 
practical competence over 

4180
03:45:22,900 --> 03:45:26,400
aesthetic, magnificence. 
Where Richards Court had felt 

4181
03:45:26,400 --> 03:45:28,300
like an art gallery. 
That occasionally conducted 

4182
03:45:28,300 --> 03:45:31,600
government business Henry's 
Court, operated more like a 

4183
03:45:31,608 --> 03:45:34,700
well-run law firm that happened 
to be housed in Royal palaces 

4184
03:45:34,700 --> 03:45:37,600
Henry, the fourth understood 
that his questionable claim to 

4185
03:45:37,608 --> 03:45:39,300
the throne meant. 
He needed to govern more 

4186
03:45:39,300 --> 03:45:42,100
effectively than Kings with 
uncontested legitimacy. 

4187
03:45:43,200 --> 03:45:45,600
His Court established 
administrative procedures, aimed

4188
03:45:45,600 --> 03:45:49,300
at showcasing Royal competence, 
invisible efficiency. 

4189
03:45:50,800 --> 03:45:54,000
Foreign ambassadors and domestic
Nobles alike could see that this

4190
03:45:54,000 --> 03:45:57,300
government actually worked. 
Bills were paid on time. 

4191
03:45:57,300 --> 03:46:01,200
Legal decisions were rendered 
promptly and Military campaigns 

4192
03:46:01,200 --> 03:46:03,100
were organized with professional
thoroughness. 

4193
03:46:03,100 --> 03:46:05,900
The Lancaster in quartz 
relationship with Parliament 

4194
03:46:05,900 --> 03:46:07,700
illustrates this practical 
approach. 

4195
03:46:08,600 --> 03:46:11,200
Henry didn't call Parliament 
because he enjoyed legislative 

4196
03:46:11,200 --> 03:46:14,500
debate but because he needed 
regular communication with the 

4197
03:46:14,500 --> 03:46:16,900
social groups who support 
maintained his Dynasty's 

4198
03:46:16,900 --> 03:46:19,600
position. 
Parliamentary sessions during 

4199
03:46:19,600 --> 03:46:23,100
Henry's Reign felt less like 
Royal ceremonies and more like 

4200
03:46:23,100 --> 03:46:25,700
business meetings where 
practical people discussed, 

4201
03:46:25,700 --> 03:46:29,000
practical problems, this created
a court atmosphere, that was 

4202
03:46:29,000 --> 03:46:32,000
less visually spectacular than 
Richards, but more politically 

4203
03:46:32,000 --> 03:46:34,900
sustainable. 
Henry's courtiers Advance their 

4204
03:46:34,900 --> 03:46:37,700
careers through administrative 
competence military, 

4205
03:46:37,700 --> 03:46:40,700
Effectiveness and practical 
problem-solving rather than 

4206
03:46:40,700 --> 03:46:43,300
cultural sophistication or 
aesthetic sensitivity. 

4207
03:46:44,200 --> 03:46:47,800
The change was not necessarily 
an improvement, England lost 

4208
03:46:47,800 --> 03:46:49,600
some of the cultural 
achievements that Richards 

4209
03:46:49,600 --> 03:46:52,300
patronage had. 
Fostered it was more suited to 

4210
03:46:52,300 --> 03:46:55,400
the political realities of 
Europe's King ship Henry. 

4211
03:46:55,400 --> 03:46:58,300
The fifth in Heritage, this 
practical Court culture, and 

4212
03:46:58,300 --> 03:47:01,600
applied it to the grandest 
possible project proofing that 

4213
03:47:01,600 --> 03:47:05,300
the lancastrian dynasty could 
achieve military successes that 

4214
03:47:05,300 --> 03:47:07,400
would justify its questionable 
Origins. 

4215
03:47:08,400 --> 03:47:10,800
His court became the planing 
headquarters for the most 

4216
03:47:10,800 --> 03:47:13,100
successful military campaign in 
English History. 

4217
03:47:13,100 --> 03:47:16,600
The preparation for Henry's 
French campaigns reveals how the

4218
03:47:16,600 --> 03:47:19,400
Lancaster Inn Court had evolved 
into something resembling a 

4219
03:47:19,400 --> 03:47:22,700
modern general staff. 
Every aspect of the Aging Court.

4220
03:47:22,700 --> 03:47:26,600
Campaign Logistics intelligence 
gathering diplomatic 

4221
03:47:26,600 --> 03:47:29,700
preparation. 
Financial planning was organized

4222
03:47:29,700 --> 03:47:31,500
with systematic attention to 
detail. 

4223
03:47:31,500 --> 03:47:34,000
That previous generations of 
English kings, and rarely 

4224
03:47:34,000 --> 03:47:36,800
achieved Henry's Court. 
During the French campaigns. 

4225
03:47:36,800 --> 03:47:39,300
Must have felt like Mission 
Control during a successful 

4226
03:47:39,300 --> 03:47:42,200
space program. 
Maps, covered the walls. 

4227
03:47:42,200 --> 03:47:45,900
Dispatchers arrive daily from 
Agents throughout France and 

4228
03:47:45,900 --> 03:47:47,600
treasury officials. 
Calculated. 

4229
03:47:47,600 --> 03:47:50,400
The cost of maintaining English 
armies on foreign soil with 

4230
03:47:50,400 --> 03:47:53,100
accounting Precision that would 
have impressed Renaissance 

4231
03:47:53,100 --> 03:47:57,500
Bankers the victory at Agincourt
in 1415, provided exactly the 

4232
03:47:57,500 --> 03:47:59,600
legitimacy. 
Boost that lancastrian kingship 

4233
03:47:59,600 --> 03:48:02,900
needed Henry had proven that. 
His dynasty could achieve 

4234
03:48:02,900 --> 03:48:06,300
military successes that rivaled 
the greatest accomplishments of 

4235
03:48:06,308 --> 03:48:09,400
the plantagenets. 
The Court's practical approach 

4236
03:48:09,400 --> 03:48:11,500
to governance had produced 
practical results. 

4237
03:48:11,500 --> 03:48:15,200
That no one could question. 
But Henry's early death in 1422 

4238
03:48:15,200 --> 03:48:17,300
left. 
His infant son, Henry, the sixth

4239
03:48:17,300 --> 03:48:20,700
to inherit both the French 
conquests and the systematic 

4240
03:48:20,700 --> 03:48:24,900
Court culture that had a this 
created a fascinating problem. 

4241
03:48:24,900 --> 03:48:27,800
What happens when a court 
designed around practical 

4242
03:48:27,800 --> 03:48:30,300
competence is headed by someone,
who is more interested in 

4243
03:48:30,300 --> 03:48:33,300
scholarly Pursuits and 
administrative efficiency. 

4244
03:48:33,300 --> 03:48:36,400
Henry, the 6th Court represents,
one of the most intriguing 

4245
03:48:36,400 --> 03:48:40,300
experiments in English Royal 
history The King was genuinely 

4246
03:48:40,300 --> 03:48:44,400
Pious, intellectually gifted and
temperamentally unsuited for the

4247
03:48:44,400 --> 03:48:47,300
aggressive political leadership 
that his father's Legacy 

4248
03:48:47,300 --> 03:48:50,800
required, his courtiers found 
themselves managing a kingdom on

4249
03:48:50,800 --> 03:48:53,200
behalf of someone who is more 
interested in founding 

4250
03:48:53,200 --> 03:48:56,600
educational institutions that 
maintaining military conquests. 

4251
03:48:56,600 --> 03:48:59,600
The result was a court where 
practical administrators 

4252
03:48:59,600 --> 03:49:02,200
gradually took over the 
functions that previous Kings 

4253
03:49:02,200 --> 03:49:05,500
had performed personally. 
This might have worked, if 

4254
03:49:05,500 --> 03:49:08,400
Henry's Nobles had been content 
with administrative kingship, 

4255
03:49:08,400 --> 03:49:11,900
but many of them had their own 
ideas about how Royal Authority 

4256
03:49:11,900 --> 03:49:14,900
should function. 
Henry, the 6th Court was too 

4257
03:49:14,900 --> 03:49:17,400
well, organized for its own 
good, which contributed to the 

4258
03:49:17,400 --> 03:49:21,400
start of the wars of the Roses. 
the efficient administrative 

4259
03:49:21,400 --> 03:49:24,300
systems that Henry the fourth 
and Henry the 5th had created 

4260
03:49:24,300 --> 03:49:28,000
continued to function even when 
the king himself provided 

4261
03:49:28,000 --> 03:49:31,900
minimal leadership, This allowed
ambitious Nobles to use Royal 

4262
03:49:31,900 --> 03:49:34,000
administrative machinery for 
their purposes. 

4263
03:49:34,000 --> 03:49:36,900
Turning the crowns own 
governmental Effectiveness 

4264
03:49:36,900 --> 03:49:40,000
against Lancaster and Authority 
by the 1450s. 

4265
03:49:40,000 --> 03:49:42,500
The Lancaster Inn Court had 
become a place where formal 

4266
03:49:42,500 --> 03:49:45,700
governmental procedures 
continued while actual political

4267
03:49:45,700 --> 03:49:49,200
power shifted toward Noble 
factions that were preparing for

4268
03:49:49,200 --> 03:49:53,400
Civil War The courtiers who 
created England's most efficient

4269
03:49:53,400 --> 03:49:55,500
medieval government found 
themselves managing the 

4270
03:49:55,500 --> 03:49:58,100
systematic destruction of the 
dynasty they'd serve. 

4271
03:49:58,100 --> 03:50:00,300
So effectively head with the 
fourth Court. 

4272
03:50:00,300 --> 03:50:04,200
After 1461 face, The Peculiar 
challenge of governing a kingdom

4273
03:50:04,200 --> 03:50:06,900
where everyone had just learned 
that King's could be overthrown 

4274
03:50:06,900 --> 03:50:10,200
by subjects with sufficient 
military support and political 

4275
03:50:10,200 --> 03:50:13,400
determination. 
The Orca solution was to create 

4276
03:50:13,400 --> 03:50:16,800
a royal. 
The court was so magnificently 

4277
03:50:16,800 --> 03:50:19,600
impressive that people would 
forget how recently, the dynasty

4278
03:50:19,600 --> 03:50:21,800
had come to power. 
Edward understood that 

4279
03:50:21,800 --> 03:50:24,600
successful usurpers, need to 
establish legitimacy, through 

4280
03:50:24,600 --> 03:50:26,300
demonstration, rather than 
argument. 

4281
03:50:27,200 --> 03:50:30,400
His court became a showcase 
designed to prove that Yorkies 

4282
03:50:30,400 --> 03:50:33,300
kingship represented, not just 
political change, but cultural 

4283
03:50:33,300 --> 03:50:37,100
advancement every ceremony, 
every architectural project and 

4284
03:50:37,100 --> 03:50:40,600
every diplomatic reception was 
planned to demonstrate that this

4285
03:50:40,600 --> 03:50:44,000
dynasty governed with a 
sophistication that justified. 

4286
03:50:44,000 --> 03:50:47,500
Its hold on power, the orcas 
courts daily routine reflected 

4287
03:50:47,500 --> 03:50:49,900
this strategy. 
Morning administrative. 

4288
03:50:49,900 --> 03:50:53,100
Session's handled governmental 
business with efficiency that 

4289
03:50:53,100 --> 03:50:55,700
maintained continuity from 
Lancaster and practices. 

4290
03:50:55,700 --> 03:50:58,700
But after noon an evening 
events, showcased Royal 

4291
03:50:58,700 --> 03:51:01,600
magnificence that surpassed 
anything in England had seen. 

4292
03:51:01,600 --> 03:51:04,700
Since Richard, the Second 
aesthetic, experiments Edwards, 

4293
03:51:04,700 --> 03:51:07,800
personal style contributed 
significantly to his atmosphere.

4294
03:51:07,800 --> 03:51:11,800
The King was exceptionally talde
strikingly handsome and 

4295
03:51:11,800 --> 03:51:14,600
possessed the sort of natural 
Charisma that made people want 

4296
03:51:14,600 --> 03:51:18,600
to be associated with his court.
Foreign visitors, consistently 

4297
03:51:18,600 --> 03:51:21,500
reported that Edward looked like
what they expected a king to 

4298
03:51:21,500 --> 03:51:25,300
look like which provided exactly
the sort of visual legitimacy 

4299
03:51:25,300 --> 03:51:28,400
that usurped dynasties 
particularly needed, but the 

4300
03:51:28,400 --> 03:51:30,400
Yorkers courts. 
Real Innovation was its 

4301
03:51:30,400 --> 03:51:34,400
approached economic policy. 
Edward, the Fourth was the first

4302
03:51:34,400 --> 03:51:37,800
English king to understand that 
Royal Authority in the late 15th

4303
03:51:37,800 --> 03:51:40,400
century needed to be financially
self-sustaining. 

4304
03:51:41,600 --> 03:51:44,000
His court developed trading 
relationships, investment, 

4305
03:51:44,000 --> 03:51:47,000
strategies and revenue, 
generating systems that made the

4306
03:51:47,008 --> 03:51:50,500
crown less dependent on 
parliamentary grants than any 

4307
03:51:50,500 --> 03:51:53,400
previous medieval Dynasty. 
This economic independence 

4308
03:51:53,400 --> 03:51:56,500
allowed Edward to create a court
culture that combined political 

4309
03:51:56,500 --> 03:52:00,800
Effectiveness with cultural 
sophistication, Royal patronage 

4310
03:52:00,800 --> 03:52:03,200
during his Reign supported 
architectural projects, 

4311
03:52:03,200 --> 03:52:06,700
manuscript illumination and 
musical innovations, that 

4312
03:52:06,700 --> 03:52:09,200
demonstrated England's, growing 
cultural confidence. 

4313
03:52:10,200 --> 03:52:12,500
The court became a place where 
practical governance and 

4314
03:52:12,500 --> 03:52:15,700
aesthetic, achievement 
reinforced each other, rather 

4315
03:52:15,700 --> 03:52:18,200
than competing for Royal 
attention Edwards. 

4316
03:52:18,200 --> 03:52:21,700
Married to Elizabeth Woodville 
in 1464 illustrates both the 

4317
03:52:21,700 --> 03:52:23,800
strengths and the complications 
of this approach. 

4318
03:52:24,700 --> 03:52:27,200
Elizabeth wasn't a foreign 
princess, whose marriage would 

4319
03:52:27,200 --> 03:52:30,700
cement diplomatic alliance's. 
She was an English Widow, whose 

4320
03:52:30,700 --> 03:52:33,200
family connections could 
strengthen domestic political 

4321
03:52:33,200 --> 03:52:35,700
Networks. 
The decision was politically 

4322
03:52:35,700 --> 03:52:39,000
practical, but socially 
controversial, creating Court 

4323
03:52:39,000 --> 03:52:41,700
factions that would influence 
English politics for decades. 

4324
03:52:41,700 --> 03:52:45,300
The Woodville families rapid 
advancement through Royal favor 

4325
03:52:45,300 --> 03:52:48,400
created the medieval equivalent 
of nepotism concerns. 

4326
03:52:48,400 --> 03:52:51,000
But there are actual 
administrative competence was 

4327
03:52:51,000 --> 03:52:54,300
generally impressive. 
Elizabeth's relatives, brought 

4328
03:52:54,300 --> 03:52:57,000
new energy and fresh 
perspectives, to court positions

4329
03:52:57,000 --> 03:52:59,800
that had sometimes, become 
routine under previous dynasties

4330
03:52:59,800 --> 03:53:02,300
Edwards. 
Court during the 1470s 

4331
03:53:02,300 --> 03:53:05,600
represented, the high point of 
your kiss achievement, the king 

4332
03:53:05,600 --> 03:53:07,900
had successfully combined 
military Effectiveness 

4333
03:53:07,900 --> 03:53:11,800
administrative competence and 
cultural sophistication in ways 

4334
03:53:11,800 --> 03:53:14,600
that seem to justify the walls 
of the Roses as necessary 

4335
03:53:14,600 --> 03:53:17,400
modernization rather than 
destructive civil conflict. 

4336
03:53:17,400 --> 03:53:29,000
The brief restoration of Henry. 
The 6th and 1 4 7 Henry's 

4337
03:53:29,000 --> 03:53:32,100
restored, Court felt our care 
and ineffective compared to the 

4338
03:53:32,100 --> 03:53:34,300
yorkist innovation's that 
courtiers had recently 

4339
03:53:34,300 --> 03:53:38,600
experienced. when Edward 
returned, from exile to reclaim 

4340
03:53:38,600 --> 03:53:42,100
his throne, He found that many 
previously neutral locals and 

4341
03:53:42,100 --> 03:53:44,700
decided that Yorkies King ship 
was simply more impressive than 

4342
03:53:44,700 --> 03:53:48,700
Lancaster and Alternatives 
Edwards sudden death in 1483 at 

4343
03:53:48,700 --> 03:53:52,500
age, 40 ended this experiment in
systemic Royal magnificence 

4344
03:53:52,500 --> 03:53:54,900
before. 
Its long-term Effectiveness 

4345
03:53:54,900 --> 03:53:57,600
could be fully evaluated His 
brother. 

4346
03:53:57,600 --> 03:54:00,500
Richard the third inherited a 
kingdom where caught culture 

4347
03:54:00,500 --> 03:54:02,600
becomes Central to political 
legitimacy. 

4348
03:54:02,600 --> 03:54:06,100
But whether specific elements of
that culture were closely 

4349
03:54:06,100 --> 03:54:08,900
associated with Edwards, 
personal Charisma, and 

4350
03:54:08,900 --> 03:54:11,400
leadership, style. 
Richard, the third's court 

4351
03:54:11,400 --> 03:54:12,700
represents. 
One of history is most 

4352
03:54:12,708 --> 03:54:15,800
fascinating studies in the 
relationship between political 

4353
03:54:15,800 --> 03:54:17,400
Effectiveness and public 
perception. 

4354
03:54:18,200 --> 03:54:21,000
By most objective measures, 
Richard was a competent 

4355
03:54:21,000 --> 03:54:24,000
administrator who governed 
England efficiently during his 

4356
03:54:24,000 --> 03:54:26,500
brief reign. 
His court maintained the 

4357
03:54:26,500 --> 03:54:28,800
organizational systems that 
Edward had established 

4358
03:54:28,800 --> 03:54:32,100
continued, the cultural 
patronage that had made Yorkies.

4359
03:54:32,100 --> 03:54:35,500
Kingship impressive and handled 
domestic and foreign policy with

4360
03:54:35,500 --> 03:54:39,000
reasonable skill but Richard's 
Court could never escape the 

4361
03:54:39,000 --> 03:54:42,300
circumstances of his accession 
to power, The Disappearance of 

4362
03:54:42,308 --> 03:54:45,600
his nephews. 
Edward, the 5th and Richard Duke

4363
03:54:45,600 --> 03:54:49,200
of York created suspicions that 
no amount of governmental 

4364
03:54:49,200 --> 03:54:53,000
competence could overcome 
Richard found himself managing a

4365
03:54:53,000 --> 03:54:55,900
court where formal procedures 
continued, normally while 

4366
03:54:55,900 --> 03:54:59,400
underlying political support 
steadily eroded, the irony of 

4367
03:54:59,400 --> 03:55:01,900
Richards Reign was that, he'd 
inherited the most sophisticated

4368
03:55:01,900 --> 03:55:05,800
Royal Court in English History. 
At precisely the moment, when 

4369
03:55:05,800 --> 03:55:09,400
courts of sophistication ceased 
to matter, the yorkist 

4370
03:55:09,400 --> 03:55:12,800
innovation in governmental 
efficiency, cultural patronage 

4371
03:55:12,800 --> 03:55:16,600
and economic independence were 
genuine, but they couldn't 

4372
03:55:16,600 --> 03:55:19,400
compensate for fundamental 
questions about dynastic 

4373
03:55:19,400 --> 03:55:23,600
legitimacy when Henry Tudor 
landed at Milford Haven in 1485.

4374
03:55:23,600 --> 03:55:28,000
He represented not just another 
dynastic claimant, but a return 

4375
03:55:28,000 --> 03:55:31,100
to the principle that Royal 
courts should be judged 

4376
03:55:31,100 --> 03:55:34,900
primarily on their political 
Effectiveness rather than their 

4377
03:55:34,900 --> 03:55:38,600
cultural achievements. 
The Battle of Bosworth field 

4378
03:55:38,600 --> 03:55:41,500
ended the orcust experiment and 
began a new phase in English. 

4379
03:55:41,500 --> 03:55:45,300
Royal Court development Henry, 
the 7th Court after 1485 

4380
03:55:45,300 --> 03:55:48,600
functioned like a startup 
company, whose founder 

4381
03:55:48,600 --> 03:55:51,000
understood that survival 
required completely different 

4382
03:55:51,000 --> 03:55:53,900
strategies than those needed for
initial success. 

4383
03:55:54,800 --> 03:55:56,900
Having won the crown through 
military Victory. 

4384
03:55:56,900 --> 03:55:59,900
Henry faced the challenge of 
establishing a dynasty that 

4385
03:55:59,900 --> 03:56:02,500
could maintain power through 
means other than continued 

4386
03:56:02,500 --> 03:56:04,500
Warfare. 
The early Tudor Court was 

4387
03:56:04,500 --> 03:56:07,200
deliberately modest compared to 
his magnificence. 

4388
03:56:08,000 --> 03:56:10,600
Henry, understood that 
impressive ceremonies and 

4389
03:56:10,600 --> 03:56:13,900
cultural patronage were luxuries
that usurped dynasties could 

4390
03:56:13,900 --> 03:56:17,300
afford only after establishing 
unquestioned legitimacy. 

4391
03:56:18,500 --> 03:56:21,000
His court focused on 
administrative competence 

4392
03:56:21,000 --> 03:56:25,100
financial responsibility and the
systematic elimination of 

4393
03:56:25,100 --> 03:56:27,800
potential Rivals. 
You can pick your Henry's Court 

4394
03:56:27,800 --> 03:56:30,900
as a place where accountant's 
held higher status than poets. 

4395
03:56:30,900 --> 03:56:33,800
Where treasury records received 
more attention than 

4396
03:56:33,800 --> 03:56:37,400
architectural projects and where
every expenditure was evaluated 

4397
03:56:37,400 --> 03:56:39,600
for its contribution to dynastic
security. 

4398
03:56:41,200 --> 03:56:43,700
This wasnt because Henry lacked 
appreciation for cultural 

4399
03:56:43,700 --> 03:56:46,800
ceremony, but because he 
understood the priorities that 

4400
03:56:46,800 --> 03:56:50,600
newly established dynasties must
observe the Court's daily 

4401
03:56:50,600 --> 03:56:53,100
routine reflected. 
These priorities morning 

4402
03:56:53,100 --> 03:56:55,000
sessions, dealt with financial 
planning. 

4403
03:56:55,000 --> 03:56:57,000
That would have impressed, 
modern budget analysts. 

4404
03:56:57,800 --> 03:57:00,500
Afternoon meetings, handled 
diplomatic correspondence. 

4405
03:57:00,500 --> 03:57:03,400
That gradually established 
England's credibility, with 

4406
03:57:03,400 --> 03:57:06,500
European powers who are still 
uncertain about Tudor 

4407
03:57:06,500 --> 03:57:09,400
legitimacy. 
Evening events were modest 

4408
03:57:09,400 --> 03:57:12,200
Affairs, that demonstrated Royal
dignity without the 

4409
03:57:12,200 --> 03:57:14,400
extravagance. 
That might suggest governmental 

4410
03:57:14,400 --> 03:57:17,500
irresponsibility, Henry's 
marriage to Elizabeth of York 

4411
03:57:17,500 --> 03:57:20,200
was, perhaps the most successful
political Alliance in English 

4412
03:57:20,200 --> 03:57:22,800
History. 
By uniting the yorkist and 

4413
03:57:22,800 --> 03:57:26,200
Lancaster, and claims Henry 
created a dynasty, whose 

4414
03:57:26,200 --> 03:57:29,700
legitimacy was based on National
reconciliation rather than 

4415
03:57:29,700 --> 03:57:32,600
factional victory. 
The court became a place where 

4416
03:57:32,600 --> 03:57:35,600
former enemies worked together 
on shared governmental projects 

4417
03:57:35,600 --> 03:57:38,900
demonstrating that the wars of 
the Roses are truly ended. 

4418
03:57:38,900 --> 03:57:41,500
The Tudor courts approached to 
Noble management was 

4419
03:57:41,500 --> 03:57:44,600
particularly innovative. 
Rather than trying to eliminate 

4420
03:57:44,600 --> 03:57:48,300
powerful aristocratic families 
Henry created systems that 

4421
03:57:48,300 --> 03:57:51,200
channel Noble ambition towards 
service to the crown. 

4422
03:57:52,200 --> 03:57:54,500
Court positions became 
opportunities for career 

4423
03:57:54,500 --> 03:57:57,000
advancement, that required, 
demonstrated, loyalty and 

4424
03:57:57,000 --> 03:57:59,900
competence rather than 
hereditary privilege alone. 

4425
03:57:59,900 --> 03:58:02,900
This created a court atmosphere 
that combined traditional 

4426
03:58:02,900 --> 03:58:06,100
medieval higher key with 
meritocratic elements that 

4427
03:58:06,100 --> 03:58:08,400
anticipated later. 
Governmental developments. 

4428
03:58:09,200 --> 03:58:11,700
Global birth, remained 
important, but actual 

4429
03:58:11,700 --> 03:58:15,100
responsibility was distributed 
based on proven ability to 

4430
03:58:15,100 --> 03:58:18,500
advance Tudor dynastic. 
Interests Henry, the seventh 

4431
03:58:18,500 --> 03:58:20,900
success in establishing 
Financial Independence for the 

4432
03:58:20,908 --> 03:58:23,900
crown had profound implications 
for court culture. 

4433
03:58:23,900 --> 03:58:27,800
Unlike previous dynasties, that 
needed to maintain parliamentary

4434
03:58:27,800 --> 03:58:31,100
support for regular Tax. 
Grants, the Tudor Court could 

4435
03:58:31,100 --> 03:58:34,100
plan long-term projects, without
constant, negotiation, with 

4436
03:58:34,100 --> 03:58:36,400
potentially hostile legislative 
assemblies. 

4437
03:58:36,400 --> 03:58:40,000
This financial autonomy allowed 
Henry the 8th to inherit a court

4438
03:58:40,000 --> 03:58:42,200
that could support, dramatic, 
cultural and political 

4439
03:58:42,200 --> 03:58:45,000
Innovations. 
Where his father had necessarily

4440
03:58:45,000 --> 03:58:48,100
focused on consolidation and 
survival Henry. 

4441
03:58:48,100 --> 03:58:50,700
The 8th could pursue Grand 
Ambitions that were transforming

4442
03:58:50,700 --> 03:58:53,800
English, Royal Authority and 
fundamental ways Henry. 

4443
03:58:53,800 --> 03:58:56,800
The 8th Court represents the 
moment when medieval King ship 

4444
03:58:56,800 --> 03:59:00,300
evolved into something 
recognizably modern The young 

4445
03:59:00,300 --> 03:59:02,900
king inherited, his father's 
financial resources and 

4446
03:59:02,900 --> 03:59:06,100
administrative competence but 
applied them to projects that 

4447
03:59:06,100 --> 03:59:08,700
would have seemed impossible to 
previous generations of English.

4448
03:59:08,700 --> 03:59:12,400
Monarchs Henry, the 8th achieved
a dramatic change in Royal Court

4449
03:59:12,400 --> 03:59:15,600
culture as Illustrated in the 
field of the cloth of gold in 

4450
03:59:15,600 --> 03:59:18,500
1520. 
This meeting with Francis. 

4451
03:59:18,500 --> 03:59:21,200
The first of France was 
essentially a three week. 

4452
03:59:21,200 --> 03:59:24,600
Festival that demonstrated 
English wealth, cultural 

4453
03:59:24,600 --> 03:59:27,400
sophistication, and 
technological capability. 

4454
03:59:27,400 --> 03:59:29,900
On a scale that amazed 
contemporary Observers. 

4455
03:59:31,200 --> 03:59:33,300
The temporary buildings, 
constructed for the event, 

4456
03:59:33,300 --> 03:59:35,800
rivaled permanent Royal palaces 
in their magnificence. 

4457
03:59:35,800 --> 03:59:39,600
But Henry's Court culture wasn't
just about impressive displays, 

4458
03:59:39,600 --> 03:59:42,700
the king assembled intellectual 
and artistic talent that 

4459
03:59:42,700 --> 03:59:46,900
transformed England's cultural 
landscape, Thomas More hands, 

4460
03:59:46,900 --> 03:59:50,800
Holbein Thomas, cranmer and 
Thomas Cromwell all contributed 

4461
03:59:50,800 --> 03:59:53,500
to creating a court that 
combined Renaissance Learning, 

4462
03:59:53,500 --> 03:59:57,000
artistic Innovation and 
administrative efficiency and 

4463
03:59:57,000 --> 03:59:59,800
unprecedented ways. 
The king's break with Rome in 

4464
03:59:59,800 --> 04:00:02,500
the 1530s transformed, the 
English Court into something 

4465
04:00:02,500 --> 04:00:05,400
unprecedented. 
A royal household that function 

4466
04:00:05,400 --> 04:00:08,400
simultaneously as a government 
Headquarters, A Center of 

4467
04:00:08,408 --> 04:00:12,100
religious reform and a cultural 
laboratory experimenting with 

4468
04:00:12,100 --> 04:00:15,100
new forms of Royal Authority, 
Henry's Court during the 

4469
04:00:15,100 --> 04:00:18,200
Reformation years buzzed with 
the energy of people who 

4470
04:00:18,200 --> 04:00:20,600
understood, they were 
participating in historical 

4471
04:00:20,600 --> 04:00:23,200
changes that would reshape 
European civilization. 

4472
04:00:24,100 --> 04:00:26,400
Courteous found themselves 
managing, not just traditional 

4473
04:00:26,400 --> 04:00:29,600
governmental business but all 
the systematic reorganization of

4474
04:00:29,600 --> 04:00:32,600
English religious life, the 
redistribution of monastic 

4475
04:00:32,600 --> 04:00:35,600
wealth, and the creation of new 
legal Frameworks for Royal 

4476
04:00:35,600 --> 04:00:37,600
Supremacy. 
The dissolution of the 

4477
04:00:37,600 --> 04:00:40,000
monasteries provided Henry's 
court with resources that 

4478
04:00:40,000 --> 04:00:43,500
previous English kings could 
hardly ever imagined Suddenly 

4479
04:00:43,500 --> 04:00:47,000
centuries of religious patronage
had given the crown control over

4480
04:00:47,000 --> 04:00:49,500
vast. 
Estates architectural, Treasures

4481
04:00:49,500 --> 04:00:52,000
libraries and artistic 
collections. 

4482
04:00:52,900 --> 04:00:55,600
The court became a place where 
former monastic buildings, were 

4483
04:00:55,600 --> 04:00:59,400
converted into Royal residences 
where illuminated manuscripts 

4484
04:00:59,400 --> 04:01:02,900
were repurposed for secular use 
and where centuries of religious

4485
04:01:02,900 --> 04:01:06,000
art were evaluated for their 
potential contribution to Royal 

4486
04:01:06,000 --> 04:01:09,100
magnificence Thomas cromwell's 
role in managing these 

4487
04:01:09,100 --> 04:01:11,400
Transformations. 
Demonstrates how Tudor Court 

4488
04:01:11,400 --> 04:01:14,100
culture had evolved Beyond 
traditional feudal relationships

4489
04:01:14,100 --> 04:01:18,200
Cromwell was neither a powerful 
nobleman Nora church official, 

4490
04:01:18,200 --> 04:01:21,900
but a lawyer and administrator 
whose expertise in governmental 

4491
04:01:21,900 --> 04:01:23,600
procedure. 
Made him indispensable to 

4492
04:01:23,600 --> 04:01:27,300
Henry's revolutionary projects. 
His rise to power illustrate. 

4493
04:01:27,300 --> 04:01:30,400
How the Tudor Court had become a
meritocracy where technical 

4494
04:01:30,400 --> 04:01:33,000
competence could overcome 
traditional social limitations 

4495
04:01:33,000 --> 04:01:36,700
Henry six, marriages created a 
court atmosphere, where personal

4496
04:01:36,700 --> 04:01:40,000
relationships and political 
calculations became inseparably 

4497
04:01:40,000 --> 04:01:42,500
intertwined. 
Each wedding brought new 

4498
04:01:42,500 --> 04:01:46,400
families into Royal favor each 
divorce or execution eliminated 

4499
04:01:46,400 --> 04:01:49,500
established Court networks. 
And each new Queen created 

4500
04:01:49,500 --> 04:01:52,000
opportunities for ambitious 
courtiers, to advance their 

4501
04:01:52,000 --> 04:01:55,200
careers, through association 
with their household, the court 

4502
04:01:55,200 --> 04:01:57,300
during Henry's. 
Final years, had become a place 

4503
04:01:57,300 --> 04:02:00,600
where survival required constant
attention to the king's 

4504
04:02:00,600 --> 04:02:02,400
changing. 
Moods shifting, political 

4505
04:02:02,400 --> 04:02:05,000
alliances and evolving religious
policies. 

4506
04:02:05,000 --> 04:02:09,000
Courteous developed the sort of 
psychological sensitivity, that 

4507
04:02:09,000 --> 04:02:11,900
would have impressed. 
Modern Diplomatic Corps learning

4508
04:02:11,900 --> 04:02:15,900
to interpret, Royal gestures 
decode, ambiguous statements and

4509
04:02:15,900 --> 04:02:19,100
anticipate policy changes before
they were officially announced. 

4510
04:02:19,100 --> 04:02:22,600
Elizabeth, the first inherited a
kingdom, exhausted by religious 

4511
04:02:22,600 --> 04:02:24,900
upheaval and dynastic 
uncertainly. 

4512
04:02:24,900 --> 04:02:28,500
Then spent 45 years transforming
her Court into the most 

4513
04:02:28,500 --> 04:02:31,700
successful piece of political 
theater in European history. 

4514
04:02:32,600 --> 04:02:35,400
If Henry, the 8th Court had been
a workshop for religious and 

4515
04:02:35,400 --> 04:02:38,600
political Innovation. 
Elizabeth's Court was a stage 

4516
04:02:38,600 --> 04:02:41,000
where every day brought new 
performance is designed to 

4517
04:02:41,008 --> 04:02:44,000
demonstrate that England, had 
achieved, cultural and political

4518
04:02:44,000 --> 04:02:46,300
greatness. 
You can imagine the challenge of

4519
04:02:46,300 --> 04:02:48,800
Elizabeth face as a young Queen 
in 1558. 

4520
04:02:49,600 --> 04:02:52,300
She was unmarried in an age when
female rules was considered 

4521
04:02:52,300 --> 04:02:55,900
unnatural religiously, suspect 
in a kingdom divided between 

4522
04:02:55,900 --> 04:02:58,600
Catholic and Protestant, 
factions and politically 

4523
04:02:58,600 --> 04:03:01,200
vulnerable in the Europe where 
major Powers were actively 

4524
04:03:01,200 --> 04:03:03,900
plotting. 
England's destruction, Her 

4525
04:03:03,900 --> 04:03:05,400
solution was to create a court 
culture. 

4526
04:03:05,400 --> 04:03:09,300
So dazzling, that domestic and 
foreign observers became too 

4527
04:03:09,300 --> 04:03:11,900
fascinated by the spectacle to 
focus on the underlying 

4528
04:03:11,900 --> 04:03:14,800
vulnerabilities, the Elizabethan
Court operated on 

4529
04:03:14,800 --> 04:03:17,400
multiple-level. 
Simultaneously, the surface 

4530
04:03:17,400 --> 04:03:20,800
level was pure pageantry, 
elaborate costumes, complex 

4531
04:03:20,800 --> 04:03:24,400
ceremonies and artistic displays
that made Royal receptions feel 

4532
04:03:24,400 --> 04:03:28,400
like theatrical performances. 
but underneath the spectacle was

4533
04:03:28,400 --> 04:03:31,400
a sophisticated intelligence 
operation that gathered 

4534
04:03:31,400 --> 04:03:34,900
information from across Europe, 
a diplomatic Network that played

4535
04:03:34,900 --> 04:03:38,400
Major Powers against each other,
and an administrative system, 

4536
04:03:38,400 --> 04:03:41,000
that managed England's 
transformation into a major 

4537
04:03:41,000 --> 04:03:45,300
commercial power Elizabeth's, 
famous progresses annual tours 

4538
04:03:45,300 --> 04:03:48,500
through England's, Countryside 
illustrate this, multi-layered 

4539
04:03:48,500 --> 04:03:52,200
approach perfectly From one 
perspective, these were costly 

4540
04:03:52,200 --> 04:03:55,600
exercises in Royal vanity that 
allowed the queen to enjoy 

4541
04:03:55,600 --> 04:03:58,400
magnificent Hospitality at her 
subjects expense. 

4542
04:03:59,200 --> 04:04:01,500
From another perspective, they 
were systematic efforts to 

4543
04:04:01,500 --> 04:04:04,000
demonstrate. 
Royal accessibility gather 

4544
04:04:04,000 --> 04:04:07,300
intelligence about local 
conditions and maintain personal

4545
04:04:07,300 --> 04:04:10,500
relationships with the noble 
families, who support the crown 

4546
04:04:10,500 --> 04:04:13,800
needed for political stability. 
The progresses also served as 

4547
04:04:13,800 --> 04:04:16,000
mobile, advertisements for 
Elizabeth and achievement. 

4548
04:04:16,900 --> 04:04:19,600
When the Queens enormous 
Entourage arrived at the country

4549
04:04:19,600 --> 04:04:23,400
estate local populations, could 
see for themselves, the wealth 

4550
04:04:23,400 --> 04:04:26,600
sophistication and cultural 
confidence of their government. 

4551
04:04:27,500 --> 04:04:29,800
These visits were live 
demonstrations that England 

4552
04:04:29,800 --> 04:04:32,700
under Elizabeth was prospering 
in ways that justified the 

4553
04:04:32,700 --> 04:04:35,900
religious and political changes 
of the previous generation, the 

4554
04:04:35,900 --> 04:04:38,500
Court's relationship with 
literature during Elizabeth's 

4555
04:04:38,500 --> 04:04:41,100
Reign created, some of the 
greatest achievements in English

4556
04:04:41,100 --> 04:04:44,000
cultural history. 
Edmond Spencer's. 

4557
04:04:44,000 --> 04:04:47,300
The fairy queen was essentially 
an extended compliment to 

4558
04:04:47,300 --> 04:04:49,500
Elizabeth that happened to be 
written in some of the most 

4559
04:04:49,500 --> 04:04:51,300
beautiful poetry in the English 
language. 

4560
04:04:52,000 --> 04:04:54,600
Christopher, Marlowe and William
Shakespeare wrote plays that 

4561
04:04:54,600 --> 04:04:57,800
explored themes, of power and 
ambition, and political 

4562
04:04:57,800 --> 04:05:01,600
legitimacy with cycle called 
depth, that still amazes modern 

4563
04:05:01,600 --> 04:05:03,800
audiences. 
But this wasn't just Royal 

4564
04:05:03,800 --> 04:05:07,600
patronage of talented artists. 
Elizabeth understood that 

4565
04:05:07,600 --> 04:05:09,900
cultural achievement was a form 
of political power. 

4566
04:05:10,800 --> 04:05:13,200
When foreign ambassadors 
attended performance of 

4567
04:05:13,200 --> 04:05:15,600
Shakespeare's plays at court, 
they were witnessing 

4568
04:05:15,600 --> 04:05:18,700
demonstrations of English, 
intellectual sophistication that

4569
04:05:18,700 --> 04:05:22,100
carried diplomatic implications,
the kingdom that could produce 

4570
04:05:22,100 --> 04:05:24,000
such art. 
Was clearly not the backward, 

4571
04:05:24,000 --> 04:05:27,600
isolated nation, that hostile. 
European observers preferred to 

4572
04:05:27,600 --> 04:05:30,100
imagine the famous question of 
Elizabeth's. 

4573
04:05:30,100 --> 04:05:32,100
Marriage, demonstrates. 
How thoroughly she had 

4574
04:05:32,100 --> 04:05:35,000
integrated personal decisions 
with political strategy? 

4575
04:05:35,900 --> 04:05:39,000
Every potential marriage 
Alliance was simultaneously, a 

4576
04:05:39,000 --> 04:05:42,700
romantic possibility, a 
diplomatic negotiation, and a 

4577
04:05:42,700 --> 04:05:45,300
piece of theatrical performance 
designed to keep foreign powers 

4578
04:05:45,300 --> 04:05:48,000
guessing about English. 
Intentions, the Queen's 

4579
04:05:48,000 --> 04:05:52,000
courtship with various suitors, 
Philip the second of Spain Eric,

4580
04:05:52,000 --> 04:05:56,000
the 14th of Sweden Archduke 
Charles of Austria and most 

4581
04:05:56,000 --> 04:06:00,000
famously Robert Dudley Earl of 
Leicester provided ongoing 

4582
04:06:00,000 --> 04:06:02,800
entertainment that distracted 
attention from more sensitive 

4583
04:06:02,800 --> 04:06:06,000
political matters Elizabeth 
managed to keep multiple 

4584
04:06:06,000 --> 04:06:09,400
marriage negotiations active for
decades without actually 

4585
04:06:09,400 --> 04:06:12,700
committing to any of them using 
romantic possibility. 

4586
04:06:12,700 --> 04:06:16,200
As a diplomatic tool with 
unprecedented skill, the courts 

4587
04:06:16,200 --> 04:06:18,100
response to the Spanish Armada 
in 1588. 

4588
04:06:18,100 --> 04:06:22,100
Showcased Elizabethan political 
theater at his most effective. 

4589
04:06:22,800 --> 04:06:26,100
Elizabeth's appearance before 
her troops at Tilbury declaring 

4590
04:06:26,100 --> 04:06:29,400
that she had the body of a weak 
and feeble woman, but the heart 

4591
04:06:29,400 --> 04:06:32,400
and stomach of a king was 
political communication that 

4592
04:06:32,400 --> 04:06:35,900
transformed a potential military
disaster into a moment of 

4593
04:06:35,900 --> 04:06:38,700
national inspiration. 
The victory over the Spanish 

4594
04:06:38,700 --> 04:06:41,200
Armada validated, all of 
Elizabeth's, governmental 

4595
04:06:41,200 --> 04:06:45,000
strategies simultaneously, 
English Naval Innovations had 

4596
04:06:45,000 --> 04:06:48,400
proven Superior to Spanish, 
military tradition, Protestant 

4597
04:06:48,400 --> 04:06:51,400
religious, conviction had 
apparently received Divine 

4598
04:06:51,400 --> 04:06:54,700
approval, and Elizabeth's, son, 
married status, which critics 

4599
04:06:54,700 --> 04:06:57,900
had long considered a national 
weakness, suddenly appeared to 

4600
04:06:57,900 --> 04:07:00,700
be evidence of her unique 
dedication to England's welfare,

4601
04:07:00,700 --> 04:07:04,500
the Elizabethan Court during the
1590s felt like the headquarters

4602
04:07:04,500 --> 04:07:07,800
of a successful Revolution that 
had exceeded, everyone's 

4603
04:07:07,800 --> 04:07:12,100
expectations England had become 
a major European power despite 

4604
04:07:12,100 --> 04:07:15,400
lacking the traditional 
resources vast territories, 

4605
04:07:15,400 --> 04:07:19,400
massive populations. 
Abundant precious metals that 

4606
04:07:19,400 --> 04:07:22,300
other powers relied upon for 
their International influence. 

4607
04:07:22,300 --> 04:07:25,500
Elizabeth's achievement was to 
demonstrate that a relatively 

4608
04:07:25,500 --> 04:07:29,200
small Kingdom could compete with
Continental Empires, through 

4609
04:07:29,200 --> 04:07:33,200
Superior organization, cultural 
sophistication and political 

4610
04:07:33,200 --> 04:07:36,700
creativity. 
Her Court became the model that 

4611
04:07:36,700 --> 04:07:40,500
later English monarchs would 
many attempt to emulate her, but

4612
04:07:40,500 --> 04:07:43,500
few can match her unique 
combination of theatrical Flair,

4613
04:07:43,500 --> 04:07:46,000
and practical. 
Effectiveness James, the first 

4614
04:07:46,000 --> 04:07:49,300
arrival in England. 
In 1603 created a fascinating 

4615
04:07:49,300 --> 04:07:52,900
collision between Scottish Royal
traditions and Elizabethan Court

4616
04:07:52,900 --> 04:07:55,300
culture. 
James brought with him ideas 

4617
04:07:55,300 --> 04:07:57,500
about kingship. 
That were theoretically more 

4618
04:07:57,500 --> 04:08:00,700
sophisticated than Elizabeth's, 
practical approach, but proved 

4619
04:08:00,700 --> 04:08:02,700
less suited to English political
realities. 

4620
04:08:02,700 --> 04:08:06,400
The Jacobian cord, resembled a 
university that had unexpectedly

4621
04:08:06,400 --> 04:08:10,500
taken on governmental duties. 
James was genuinely learned, he 

4622
04:08:10,500 --> 04:08:13,500
wrote books on political Theory,
Theology, and even Tobacco 

4623
04:08:13,500 --> 04:08:15,500
Control. 
But his intellectual approach to

4624
04:08:15,500 --> 04:08:18,500
kingship, sometimes conflicted 
with the Practical political 

4625
04:08:18,500 --> 04:08:21,000
skills, that successful, English
Monarchy required. 

4626
04:08:21,000 --> 04:08:23,400
You can picture the culture 
shock that occurred. 

4627
04:08:23,400 --> 04:08:25,800
When James is Scottish courtiers
encountered, the complex 

4628
04:08:25,800 --> 04:08:27,800
Protocols of Elizabethan Court 
life. 

4629
04:08:28,900 --> 04:08:31,500
The Scots were accustomed to 
more informal relationships 

4630
04:08:31,500 --> 04:08:34,500
between the king and his Nobles.
While English courtiers had 

4631
04:08:34,500 --> 04:08:36,500
developed elaborate ceremonial 
procedures. 

4632
04:08:36,500 --> 04:08:38,600
That treated Royal access as a 
carefully. 

4633
04:08:38,600 --> 04:08:41,600
Rational privilege, the result 
was a court where two different 

4634
04:08:41,600 --> 04:08:44,200
styles of monarchy existed in 
constant tension. 

4635
04:08:45,000 --> 04:08:47,900
James preferred scholarly 
discussion and theoretical 

4636
04:08:47,900 --> 04:08:50,100
debate. 
While his English, courtiers 

4637
04:08:50,100 --> 04:08:52,800
were more comfortable with the 
sort of political theater that 

4638
04:08:52,800 --> 04:08:54,600
had made Elizabeth reign 
successful. 

4639
04:08:55,700 --> 04:08:57,800
The mixture produced some 
fascinating cultural 

4640
04:08:57,800 --> 04:09:00,800
achievements, but also political
complications that would 

4641
04:09:00,800 --> 04:09:02,400
influence English history for 
Generations. 

4642
04:09:02,400 --> 04:09:05,900
James's Court, patronized the 
translation of the Bible that 

4643
04:09:05,900 --> 04:09:09,100
bears his name. 
The King James version completed

4644
04:09:09,100 --> 04:09:12,700
in 1611 which became one of the 
most influential works of 

4645
04:09:12,700 --> 04:09:15,900
English prose. 
Everton the king's personal 

4646
04:09:15,900 --> 04:09:18,800
involvement in this project 
demonstrates, how Jacobian 

4647
04:09:18,800 --> 04:09:21,800
caught culture, could combine 
serious intellectual work with 

4648
04:09:21,800 --> 04:09:25,600
practical, political purposes, 
The new Bible translation was 

4649
04:09:25,600 --> 04:09:28,600
simultaneously, a scholarly 
achievement, a religious 

4650
04:09:28,600 --> 04:09:31,400
statement, and a political 
document designed to establish 

4651
04:09:31,400 --> 04:09:33,800
Royal authority over English 
spiritual life. 

4652
04:09:33,800 --> 04:09:37,000
The courts relationship with 
theater during James's Reign. 

4653
04:09:37,000 --> 04:09:41,100
Produced some of Shakespeare's 
greatest plays King Lear Macbeth

4654
04:09:41,100 --> 04:09:44,200
and the Tempest were all written
for Royal audiences. 

4655
04:09:44,200 --> 04:09:46,700
Who understood the political 
themes, these Works explored. 

4656
04:09:47,700 --> 04:09:50,500
When courtiers watched Macbeth's
meditation on the relationship 

4657
04:09:50,500 --> 04:09:53,500
between ambition and legitimacy,
they were seeing their own 

4658
04:09:53,500 --> 04:09:56,300
political concerns, reflected in
dramatic, poetry of 

4659
04:09:56,300 --> 04:10:00,200
extraordinary power for James's,
theoretical approach to monarchy

4660
04:10:00,200 --> 04:10:02,300
created. 
Practical problems that became 

4661
04:10:02,300 --> 04:10:04,600
increasingly serious as his 
reign progressed. 

4662
04:10:05,300 --> 04:10:08,200
His belief in the divine, right 
of kings was intellectually 

4663
04:10:08,200 --> 04:10:11,400
coherent that politically and 
practical in a kingdom, where 

4664
04:10:11,400 --> 04:10:14,100
Parliament had grown accustomed 
to being consulted about major 

4665
04:10:14,100 --> 04:10:17,500
policy decisions. 
The Gunpowder Plot of 16.05 

4666
04:10:17,500 --> 04:10:20,400
provided James with an 
opportunity to demonstrate that 

4667
04:10:20,400 --> 04:10:23,200
his scholarly approached to 
kingship could handle serious, 

4668
04:10:23,200 --> 04:10:26,500
political crises his 
investigation of the conspiracy 

4669
04:10:26,500 --> 04:10:29,800
showed genuine detective skills 
and his management of the 

4670
04:10:29,800 --> 04:10:32,500
aftermath demonstrated. 
Both Mercy, toward the innocent 

4671
04:10:32,500 --> 04:10:35,200
and decisive action against 
genuine threats. 

4672
04:10:35,200 --> 04:10:38,800
However, James's financial 
management created ongoing 

4673
04:10:38,800 --> 04:10:41,700
tensions that his son, Charles 
the first would inherit along 

4674
04:10:41,700 --> 04:10:45,100
with the crown. 
The Jacobian Court was expensive

4675
04:10:45,100 --> 04:10:48,000
in ways that even Elizabeth 
magnificent progresses had not 

4676
04:10:48,008 --> 04:10:51,800
been James, distributed, titles 
lands and pensions with 

4677
04:10:51,800 --> 04:10:54,300
generosity that reflected his 
theoretical belief. 

4678
04:10:54,300 --> 04:10:57,100
That Royal magnificence was 
essential to monarchical 

4679
04:10:57,100 --> 04:11:00,300
dignity, but his practical 
accounting skills were less 

4680
04:11:00,300 --> 04:11:03,400
impressive than his theoretical 
knowledge, Charles the first 

4681
04:11:03,400 --> 04:11:05,600
inherited, his father's 
intellectual approach to 

4682
04:11:05,600 --> 04:11:08,600
kingship, but lacked James's, 
political flexibility and 

4683
04:11:08,600 --> 04:11:11,800
personal charisma. 
Charles's Court, became a place 

4684
04:11:11,800 --> 04:11:14,900
where theoretical Perfection was
pursued with systemic, 

4685
04:11:14,900 --> 04:11:18,000
Dedication, that ignored the 
political compromises that 

4686
04:11:18,000 --> 04:11:22,100
successful monarchy required the
Carolyn caught during the 1630s 

4687
04:11:22,100 --> 04:11:24,500
achieved, a level of artistic 
and cultural sophistication. 

4688
04:11:24,500 --> 04:11:27,700
That rivaled the greatest 
European achievements. 

4689
04:11:27,700 --> 04:11:32,000
Anthony van Dykes portraits of 
Charles and his family created 

4690
04:11:32,000 --> 04:11:35,500
visual representations of Royal 
dignity that still influence. 

4691
04:11:35,500 --> 04:11:39,000
How we imagine? 
17th century monarchy The court 

4692
04:11:39,000 --> 04:11:42,900
musks designed by Inigo Jones. 
Combined architecture music 

4693
04:11:42,900 --> 04:11:47,500
poetry and Theatrical spectacle 
in ways that amazed contemporary

4694
04:11:47,500 --> 04:11:49,600
observers. 
But this cultural achievement 

4695
04:11:49,600 --> 04:11:53,000
existed in increasing tension, 
with political realities, that 

4696
04:11:53,000 --> 04:11:55,800
Charles seemed determined to 
ignore his court. 

4697
04:11:55,800 --> 04:11:59,300
Became a place where beautiful 
ceremonies and magnificent art 

4698
04:11:59,300 --> 04:12:02,000
coexisted with governmental 
policies that were 

4699
04:12:02,000 --> 04:12:05,000
systematically alienating. 
The social groups who support 

4700
04:12:05,000 --> 04:12:07,700
the English Monarchy 
traditionally, required the 11 

4701
04:12:07,700 --> 04:12:10,800
year period, when Charles ruled 
without Parliament, the so 

4702
04:12:10,800 --> 04:12:15,500
called personal rule from 1629 
to 1640, transformed the Royal 

4703
04:12:15,500 --> 04:12:17,700
Court in to something 
unprecedented in English 

4704
04:12:17,700 --> 04:12:19,900
History. 
A government that functioned 

4705
04:12:19,900 --> 04:12:22,700
independently of the legislative
institutions that had been 

4706
04:12:22,700 --> 04:12:25,600
Central to English political 
developments in medieval times 

4707
04:12:25,600 --> 04:12:29,100
Charles's Court during these 
years operated with efficiency 

4708
04:12:29,100 --> 04:12:31,100
that would have impressed his 
Tudor predecessors. 

4709
04:12:31,100 --> 04:12:34,400
But its effective news, was 
undermined by growing popular 

4710
04:12:34,400 --> 04:12:37,800
conviction that the King was 
governing in ways that violated 

4711
04:12:37,800 --> 04:12:40,000
fundament. 
English political Traditions, 

4712
04:12:40,000 --> 04:12:43,300
the court became isolated from 
the broader political National 

4713
04:12:43,300 --> 04:12:46,300
in ways that made future 
conflicts almost inevitable. 

4714
04:12:46,300 --> 04:12:49,600
When Charles finally, recalled 
parliament in 1640. 

4715
04:12:49,600 --> 04:12:52,700
His court, found itself 
confronting political opposition

4716
04:12:52,700 --> 04:12:55,800
that had been growing stronger. 
While Royal Authority had been 

4717
04:12:55,808 --> 04:12:59,300
growing more rigid The result 
was a political crisis that 

4718
04:12:59,300 --> 04:13:02,200
neither traditional Royal 
Authority, nor Innovative Court 

4719
04:13:02,200 --> 04:13:05,300
culture could resolve through 
conventional means the execution

4720
04:13:05,300 --> 04:13:08,100
of Charles. 
The first in 1649 created a 

4721
04:13:08,100 --> 04:13:11,200
unique situation in European 
history, a major Kingdom 

4722
04:13:11,200 --> 04:13:14,000
attempting to function without 
any Royal Court at all. 

4723
04:13:15,000 --> 04:13:17,300
The Commonwealth period 
represents the ultimate test of 

4724
04:13:17,300 --> 04:13:20,400
whether traditional governmental
functions required traditional 

4725
04:13:20,400 --> 04:13:23,500
Royal ceremonies and protocols, 
Oliver cromwell's, government 

4726
04:13:23,500 --> 04:13:26,400
faced the challenge of 
maintaining domestic order and 

4727
04:13:26,400 --> 04:13:29,600
international respectability 
without the institutional 

4728
04:13:29,600 --> 04:13:32,400
structures that had supported 
English political Authority for 

4729
04:13:32,400 --> 04:13:35,300
centuries. 
The result was a series of 

4730
04:13:35,300 --> 04:13:38,300
improvised solutions that were 
sometimes successful but never 

4731
04:13:38,300 --> 04:13:42,100
entirely convincing to domestic 
or foreign observers you can 

4732
04:13:42,100 --> 04:13:44,700
imagine the confusion that 
ordinary English people felt 

4733
04:13:44,700 --> 04:13:47,700
when familiar Royal ceremonies 
simply disappeared from public 

4734
04:13:47,700 --> 04:13:50,500
life. 
No more Royal progresses through

4735
04:13:50,500 --> 04:13:52,900
the countryside, no more, 
elaborate Court. 

4736
04:13:52,900 --> 04:13:56,400
Celebrations to Mark important 
occasions, and no more visible 

4737
04:13:56,400 --> 04:13:59,800
demonstrations of governmental 
continuity that had reassured 

4738
04:13:59,800 --> 04:14:02,200
previous generation about 
political stability. 

4739
04:14:02,200 --> 04:14:05,900
The cromwellian court, though, 
it was never officially called a

4740
04:14:05,900 --> 04:14:08,200
court developed. 
Its own protocols, that 

4741
04:14:08,200 --> 04:14:11,800
attempted to combine Republican,
Simplicity with the ceremonial 

4742
04:14:11,800 --> 04:14:14,300
dignity that governmental 
authorities seem to require 

4743
04:14:15,300 --> 04:14:18,200
Foreign ambassadors still needed
to be received with appropriate 

4744
04:14:18,200 --> 04:14:21,800
formality important state 
occasions, still required public

4745
04:14:21,800 --> 04:14:24,400
ceremonies and political 
authorities, still needed 

4746
04:14:24,400 --> 04:14:27,900
visible demonstrations of its 
legitimacy cromwell's personal 

4747
04:14:27,900 --> 04:14:31,400
style reflected this challenge. 
He rejected Royal titles and 

4748
04:14:31,400 --> 04:14:34,100
traditional monarchical 
ceremonies but he lived in. 

4749
04:14:34,100 --> 04:14:38,100
Royal palaces used Royal 
ceremonial objects and gradually

4750
04:14:38,100 --> 04:14:40,300
adopted many of the protocols 
that had previously been 

4751
04:14:40,300 --> 04:14:43,100
associated. 
With crowned Kings, the line 

4752
04:14:43,100 --> 04:14:46,000
between Republican leadership 
and monarchical Authority proved

4753
04:14:46,000 --> 04:14:48,300
more difficult to maintain than 
theoretical political 

4754
04:14:48,300 --> 04:14:50,700
philosophy. 
Had suggested the Commonwealth 

4755
04:14:50,700 --> 04:14:53,700
periods, cultural achievements 
were real but different from 

4756
04:14:53,700 --> 04:14:57,600
traditional Royal patronage. 
John Milton's political writings

4757
04:14:57,600 --> 04:15:00,800
including the tenure of kings 
and magistrates and later 

4758
04:15:00,800 --> 04:15:04,700
Paradise, Lost explored, themes 
of authority, rebellion and 

4759
04:15:04,700 --> 04:15:07,700
political legitimacy with 
intellectual depth that 

4760
04:15:07,700 --> 04:15:10,000
surpassed most Court sponsored 
literature. 

4761
04:15:10,900 --> 04:15:13,600
But these Works were produced 
despite governmental policy 

4762
04:15:13,600 --> 04:15:17,400
rather than because of Royal 
encouragement, the absence of a 

4763
04:15:17,400 --> 04:15:19,000
Royal Court. 
Also affected English 

4764
04:15:19,000 --> 04:15:21,400
international relations in ways 
that became increasingly 

4765
04:15:21,400 --> 04:15:24,400
problematic as the Commonwealth 
period continued. 

4766
04:15:25,400 --> 04:15:28,000
European monarchs were reluctant
to treat cromwell's government 

4767
04:15:28,000 --> 04:15:31,600
as a legitimate equal partly, 
because it lacked the ceremonial

4768
04:15:31,600 --> 04:15:33,400
structures. 
That traditional diplomacy 

4769
04:15:33,400 --> 04:15:35,700
required for normal 
International relationships. 

4770
04:15:35,700 --> 04:15:40,200
When Cromwell died in 1658 his 
son, Richard briefly attempted 

4771
04:15:40,200 --> 04:15:43,200
to continue the Commonwealth 
system, but the experiment 

4772
04:15:43,200 --> 04:15:46,000
quickly, demonstrated that 
Republican government required 

4773
04:15:46,000 --> 04:15:49,300
personal Authority that couldn't
be inherited through family 

4774
04:15:49,300 --> 04:15:52,000
succession. 
The irony was that effective 

4775
04:15:52,000 --> 04:15:53,600
Republican. 
Leadership seemed to require 

4776
04:15:53,600 --> 04:15:56,600
many of the same qualities that 
successful monarchy demanded. 

4777
04:15:56,600 --> 04:16:00,700
Charles the second's returned to
England in 1660 created, one of 

4778
04:16:00,700 --> 04:16:03,200
the most remarkable 
transformations in English Court

4779
04:16:03,200 --> 04:16:06,300
history. 
The king had spent his Exile in 

4780
04:16:06,300 --> 04:16:09,200
French and Dutch courts. 
That had continued developing 

4781
04:16:09,200 --> 04:16:11,600
while England. 
Experimented with republicanism 

4782
04:16:12,400 --> 04:16:15,100
When Charles established his 
restored Court, he brought 

4783
04:16:15,100 --> 04:16:18,100
Continental innovations that 
revolutionized English Royal 

4784
04:16:18,100 --> 04:16:20,500
culture. 
The restoration Court felt like 

4785
04:16:20,500 --> 04:16:24,000
a party that had been postponed 
for 11 years and was finally 

4786
04:16:24,000 --> 04:16:26,500
being celebrated with 
accumulated and enthusiasm. 

4787
04:16:27,800 --> 04:16:30,000
Charles understood that his 
restoration needed to 

4788
04:16:30,000 --> 04:16:33,300
demonstrate, not just political 
legitimacy, but cultural 

4789
04:16:33,300 --> 04:16:36,500
superiority over the Republican 
experiment that a temporarily 

4790
04:16:36,500 --> 04:16:38,600
replaced. 
Traditional, monarchy, you can 

4791
04:16:38,600 --> 04:16:41,400
picture the excitement that must
have filled London when familiar

4792
04:16:41,400 --> 04:16:43,700
Royal ceremonies return to 
English public life. 

4793
04:16:44,500 --> 04:16:47,400
The coronation processions 
caught celebrations and Royal 

4794
04:16:47,400 --> 04:16:50,700
progresses provided Visual 
Evidence that normal political 

4795
04:16:50,700 --> 04:16:53,900
order had been restored. 
But Charles's Court was more 

4796
04:16:53,900 --> 04:16:56,100
than just a return to pre-civil 
war Traditions. 

4797
04:16:56,100 --> 04:16:58,900
It was an upgrade that 
incorporated, the best features 

4798
04:16:58,900 --> 04:17:02,000
of European Royal culture. 
The king's personal style, 

4799
04:17:02,000 --> 04:17:05,400
reflected his Continental 
education, Charles was witty 

4800
04:17:05,400 --> 04:17:08,600
sophisticated and possessed, the
sort of easy charm that made 

4801
04:17:08,600 --> 04:17:10,400
people want to spend time in his
presence. 

4802
04:17:11,100 --> 04:17:13,800
His court became a place where 
conversation was considered an 

4803
04:17:13,800 --> 04:17:16,800
art form where scientific 
discussion co-existed with 

4804
04:17:16,800 --> 04:17:19,800
theatrical entertainment and 
where English cultural life 

4805
04:17:19,800 --> 04:17:22,800
reconnected with broader 
European developments, the Royal

4806
04:17:22,800 --> 04:17:26,100
Society. 
Founded in 1660 illustrates how 

4807
04:17:26,100 --> 04:17:29,400
the restoration courts supported
intellectual achievements that 

4808
04:17:29,400 --> 04:17:31,900
combined practical utility with 
cultural Prestige. 

4809
04:17:31,900 --> 04:17:36,000
When Isaac Newton, Christopher 
Wren, and Robert Hooke conducted

4810
04:17:36,000 --> 04:17:37,700
their experiments under Royal 
patronage. 

4811
04:17:37,700 --> 04:17:39,800
They were advancing human 
knowledge. 

4812
04:17:39,800 --> 04:17:42,600
While simultaneously 
demonstrating that the English 

4813
04:17:42,600 --> 04:17:46,200
Monarchy supported the sort of 
scientific progress, that was 

4814
04:17:46,200 --> 04:17:48,200
transforming European 
civilization. 

4815
04:17:48,200 --> 04:17:51,700
Charles's Court was also where 
English theater achieve some of 

4816
04:17:51,708 --> 04:17:55,500
its greatest successes The 
king's enthusiastic support for 

4817
04:17:55,500 --> 04:17:58,000
dramatic performance is helped 
create the conditions that 

4818
04:17:58,000 --> 04:18:02,000
produced restoration comedy. 
Theatrical form that combines 

4819
04:18:02,000 --> 04:18:05,700
sophisticated social observation
with entertainment that appealed

4820
04:18:05,700 --> 04:18:07,600
to both courtly and popular 
audiences. 

4821
04:18:07,600 --> 04:18:11,400
But the restoration courts, most
significant Innovation was its 

4822
04:18:11,400 --> 04:18:15,400
approach to religious diversity.
Charles's personal Catholic 

4823
04:18:15,400 --> 04:18:18,600
sympathies were balanced by his 
political understanding that 

4824
04:18:18,600 --> 04:18:21,400
England required, Protestant 
Royal Authority, for domestic 

4825
04:18:21,400 --> 04:18:24,000
stability. 
His court became a place, where 

4826
04:18:24,000 --> 04:18:26,200
religious differences were 
managed through practical 

4827
04:18:26,200 --> 04:18:28,200
tolerance, rather than 
theoretical. 

4828
04:18:28,200 --> 04:18:30,900
Resolution this created a court 
atmosphere. 

4829
04:18:30,900 --> 04:18:33,500
That was more intellectually 
diverse than England had 

4830
04:18:33,500 --> 04:18:37,500
experienced since before the 
Reformation, Catholics anglicans

4831
04:18:37,500 --> 04:18:40,600
and various Protestant 
denominations, all found places 

4832
04:18:40,600 --> 04:18:43,800
in court life, though, their 
relationships were sometimes 

4833
04:18:43,800 --> 04:18:45,800
tense, and always politically 
complicated. 

4834
04:18:45,800 --> 04:18:50,400
The Great Fire of London in 1666
provided Charles's court with an

4835
04:18:50,408 --> 04:18:53,400
opportunity to demonstrate Royal
leadership during a genuine 

4836
04:18:53,400 --> 04:18:56,400
National crisis. 
The king's personal involvement 

4837
04:18:56,400 --> 04:18:59,500
in firefighting efforts and his 
support for Christopher. 

4838
04:18:59,500 --> 04:19:02,400
Wren's rebuilding plans showed 
that the restored monarchy could

4839
04:19:02,400 --> 04:19:05,900
provide effective practical 
leadership as well as ceremonial

4840
04:19:05,900 --> 04:19:09,300
magnifiscents James. 
The second accession in 1685 

4841
04:19:09,300 --> 04:19:12,000
created immediate tension 
between the court culture of the

4842
04:19:12,008 --> 04:19:15,600
Charles had established and 
James's determination to restore

4843
04:19:15,600 --> 04:19:18,200
Catholicism. 
As England's official religion. 

4844
04:19:19,000 --> 04:19:22,500
James had inherited his brother 
sophisticated court system but 

4845
04:19:22,500 --> 04:19:25,300
lacked Charles's political 
sensitivity about the religious 

4846
04:19:25,300 --> 04:19:27,700
compromises that the English 
Monarchy required. 

4847
04:19:27,700 --> 04:19:30,700
The Jacobite Court during 
James's brief Reign felt like a 

4848
04:19:30,708 --> 04:19:33,300
place where people were waiting 
for something dramatic to happen

4849
04:19:33,300 --> 04:19:35,000
though. 
No one was quite sure. 

4850
04:19:35,000 --> 04:19:38,100
What formed that drama would 
take James's policies, 

4851
04:19:38,100 --> 04:19:40,500
systematically alienated. 
The Protestant political 

4852
04:19:40,500 --> 04:19:43,700
establishment that had supported
his brothers restoration, while 

4853
04:19:43,700 --> 04:19:45,900
his court ceremonies 
increasingly emphasized, 

4854
04:19:45,900 --> 04:19:49,100
Catholic religious elements that
made most English observers 

4855
04:19:49,100 --> 04:19:53,000
nervous, when William of Orange 
landed in England, in 1688 

4856
04:19:53,000 --> 04:19:56,100
James's Court collapsed with 
startling speed. 

4857
04:19:56,100 --> 04:19:59,300
The king who had inherited the 
most sophisticated Royal 

4858
04:19:59,300 --> 04:20:02,000
household in English. 
History, found himself with 

4859
04:20:02,000 --> 04:20:03,700
almost no domestic political 
support. 

4860
04:20:03,700 --> 04:20:07,500
When the crisis finally arrived,
the Glorious Revolution of 1688 

4861
04:20:07,500 --> 04:20:10,200
fundamentally changed. 
The relationship between 

4862
04:20:10,200 --> 04:20:13,000
English, Royal courts and 
political Authority. 

4863
04:20:13,800 --> 04:20:16,600
William the third and Mary, the 
second established a court 

4864
04:20:16,600 --> 04:20:20,300
system that operated within 
constitutional limitations that 

4865
04:20:20,300 --> 04:20:22,900
would have seemed impossible to 
earlier generations of English. 

4866
04:20:22,900 --> 04:20:25,000
Monarchs. 
The new Royal Court had to 

4867
04:20:25,000 --> 04:20:28,000
function simultaneously as a 
ceremonial Center that 

4868
04:20:28,000 --> 04:20:30,900
maintained monarchical dignity 
and as a governmental 

4869
04:20:30,900 --> 04:20:34,200
institution that acknowledged 
parliamentary Supremacy over 

4870
04:20:34,200 --> 04:20:38,000
major policy decision. 
This required developing new 

4871
04:20:38,000 --> 04:20:40,900
protocols that preserved Royal 
Prestige, while respecting the 

4872
04:20:40,900 --> 04:20:43,500
political realities, that the 
Glorious Revolution had 

4873
04:20:43,500 --> 04:20:45,700
established. 
You can imagine the delicate 

4874
04:20:45,700 --> 04:20:48,100
balance that caught officials 
needed to maintain during the 

4875
04:20:48,100 --> 04:20:51,800
transitional period. 
Royal ceremonies still needed to

4876
04:20:51,800 --> 04:20:54,900
demonstrate appropriate Majesty,
but they couldn't suggest that 

4877
04:20:54,900 --> 04:20:57,600
the crowned Authority that 
Parliament now controlled 

4878
04:20:57,600 --> 04:21:00,800
foreign diplomats still needed 
to be received with suitable 

4879
04:21:00,800 --> 04:21:04,200
formality but diplomatic 
policies required, legislative 

4880
04:21:04,200 --> 04:21:06,300
approval. 
In ways that complicated 

4881
04:21:06,300 --> 04:21:09,400
traditional Royal prerogatives, 
the Hanoverian succession in 

4882
04:21:09,400 --> 04:21:12,900
1714 brought another Continental
influence to English Court 

4883
04:21:12,900 --> 04:21:15,900
culture, But George, the first 
Court face, the additional 

4884
04:21:15,900 --> 04:21:19,100
challenge of establishing 
legitimacy for a dynasty with 

4885
04:21:19,100 --> 04:21:22,500
limited English connections. 
The early Georgian Court 

4886
04:21:22,500 --> 04:21:25,500
compensated for this linguistic 
and cultural Distance by 

4887
04:21:25,500 --> 04:21:28,700
developing ceremonial procedures
that emphasize constitutional 

4888
04:21:28,700 --> 04:21:31,200
propriety rather than personal 
Charisma. 

4889
04:21:31,200 --> 04:21:33,900
George the second Court 
achieved, a more comfortable 

4890
04:21:33,900 --> 04:21:36,300
balance between German Royal 
traditions and English 

4891
04:21:36,300 --> 04:21:39,500
constitutional requirements. 
The king spoke better English 

4892
04:21:39,500 --> 04:21:42,700
than his father understood 
English, political customs, more

4893
04:21:42,700 --> 04:21:46,000
thoroughly and created a court 
atmosphere that successfully 

4894
04:21:46,000 --> 04:21:48,500
combined. 
Continental sophistication with 

4895
04:21:48,500 --> 04:21:51,600
domestic, political sensitivity,
but it was during George. 

4896
04:21:51,600 --> 04:21:54,200
The third's, long Reign that the
Georgian Court System, reached 

4897
04:21:54,200 --> 04:21:57,400
its mature form George. 
The third was the first hand of 

4898
04:21:57,408 --> 04:21:59,400
Varian Monarch who was 
thoroughly English in 

4899
04:21:59,400 --> 04:22:03,200
educational temperament and 
political understanding his 

4900
04:22:03,200 --> 04:22:06,400
court became the template for 
constitutional monarchy that 

4901
04:22:06,400 --> 04:22:08,600
would influence British royal 
culture for the next two 

4902
04:22:08,600 --> 04:22:12,200
centuries, the Georgian courts 
daily routine reflected these 

4903
04:22:12,200 --> 04:22:15,700
constitutional limitations 
Morning sessions, dealt with 

4904
04:22:15,700 --> 04:22:18,200
ceremonial business. 
That maintained Royal dignity 

4905
04:22:18,200 --> 04:22:20,600
without challenging 
parliamentary Authority. 

4906
04:22:21,400 --> 04:22:24,100
After noon, meeting's handled 
diplomatic correspondence. 

4907
04:22:24,100 --> 04:22:27,000
That required coordination with 
government ministers, who are 

4908
04:22:27,000 --> 04:22:29,700
responsible to Parliament. 
Rather than to the crown alone, 

4909
04:22:29,700 --> 04:22:32,600
George the third's court, during
the American Revolution, 

4910
04:22:32,600 --> 04:22:36,300
demonstrates how constitutional 
monarchy functioned during major

4911
04:22:36,300 --> 04:22:39,700
political crises, the king 
personally opposed American 

4912
04:22:39,700 --> 04:22:42,800
independence, but his court had 
to manage a military conflict 

4913
04:22:42,800 --> 04:22:44,800
that was primarily directed by 
ministers. 

4914
04:22:44,800 --> 04:22:46,000
Who are accountable to 
Parliament. 

4915
04:22:47,200 --> 04:22:49,100
Royal Authority and 
parliamentary government 

4916
04:22:49,100 --> 04:22:52,300
operated in parallel rather than
in the hierarchical relationship

4917
04:22:52,300 --> 04:22:54,300
that had characterized earlier 
periods. 

4918
04:22:54,300 --> 04:22:57,600
The Court's response to George 
the third's periodic, mental 

4919
04:22:57,600 --> 04:23:01,100
illness created unprecedented 
constitutional challenges that 

4920
04:23:01,100 --> 04:23:05,500
required improvised Solutions, 
The Regency crisis of 1788 

4921
04:23:05,500 --> 04:23:08,700
forced Parliament and the Royal 
household to develop procedures 

4922
04:23:08,700 --> 04:23:10,600
for managing governmental 
continuity. 

4923
04:23:10,600 --> 04:23:13,500
When the Monarch was unable to 
perform his constitutional 

4924
04:23:13,500 --> 04:23:15,900
duties. 
These experiences established 

4925
04:23:15,900 --> 04:23:18,300
precedents, that would prove 
crucial during the formal 

4926
04:23:18,300 --> 04:23:20,900
Regency period from 1811 to 
1820. 

4927
04:23:20,900 --> 04:23:23,600
When the future, George the 
fourth governed on his father's 

4928
04:23:23,600 --> 04:23:26,500
behalf. 
The Regency Court represented, 

4929
04:23:26,500 --> 04:23:28,800
the full flowering of Georgian 
Royal culture. 

4930
04:23:28,800 --> 04:23:33,100
Sophisticated Cosmopolitan and 
expensive enough to scandalize 

4931
04:23:33,100 --> 04:23:36,500
contemporary critics, George the
fourth's court as Prince, Regent

4932
04:23:36,500 --> 04:23:39,500
achieved, a level of cultural 
patronage that rivaled the 

4933
04:23:39,500 --> 04:23:42,600
greatest European achievements. 
The rebuilding of the royal 

4934
04:23:42,600 --> 04:23:45,100
Pavilion. 
Brighton, the planning of Regent

4935
04:23:45,100 --> 04:23:46,800
Street and Regents Park in 
London. 

4936
04:23:46,800 --> 04:23:50,800
And the support for artists 
writers and musicians, created a

4937
04:23:50,800 --> 04:23:53,100
court culture that combined 
aesthetic achievement with 

4938
04:23:53,100 --> 04:23:57,000
constitutional propriety 
Victoria's accession in 1837 

4939
04:23:57,000 --> 04:23:59,600
created a dramatic 
transformation in English Court 

4940
04:23:59,600 --> 04:24:02,900
culture that reflected broader 
changes in social attitudes, 

4941
04:24:02,900 --> 04:24:07,400
economic relationships and 
Imperial responsibilities, The 

4942
04:24:07,400 --> 04:24:10,100
18 year old Queen inherited, a 
court system that had been 

4943
04:24:10,108 --> 04:24:12,800
designed for Georgian Royal 
lifestyle but would need to 

4944
04:24:12,808 --> 04:24:16,000
accommodate Victorian moral 
expectations and Global Imperial

4945
04:24:16,000 --> 04:24:18,600
duties. 
The early, Victorian Court faced

4946
04:24:18,600 --> 04:24:21,000
the challenge of establishing 
respect for a young female 

4947
04:24:21,000 --> 04:24:23,600
Monarch in an age. 
When political Authority was 

4948
04:24:23,600 --> 04:24:26,000
generally associated with 
masculine leadership. 

4949
04:24:26,900 --> 04:24:29,400
Victorious solution was to 
create a court culture that 

4950
04:24:29,400 --> 04:24:33,400
emphasized moral Authority, 
domestic virtue and Imperial 

4951
04:24:33,400 --> 04:24:36,700
responsibility rather than the 
personal Charisma, or cultural 

4952
04:24:36,700 --> 04:24:38,900
sophistication that had 
characterized earlier. 

4953
04:24:38,900 --> 04:24:41,300
Royal Traditions. 
You can imagine the dramatic 

4954
04:24:41,300 --> 04:24:43,600
change in the court. 
Atmosphere that Victoria's moral

4955
04:24:43,600 --> 04:24:46,800
standards produced. 
When Georgian Court life had 

4956
04:24:46,800 --> 04:24:50,500
celebrated wit sophistication 
and a certain tolerance for 

4957
04:24:50,500 --> 04:24:53,100
personal Scandal. 
Victorian Court culture, 

4958
04:24:53,100 --> 04:24:57,200
emphasized, Duty propriety and 
the sort of moral earnestness 

4959
04:24:57,200 --> 04:25:00,000
that would have made earlier 
generations of courtiers, deeply

4960
04:25:00,000 --> 04:25:03,600
uncomfortable, Victoria's 
married to Prince Albert in 1840

4961
04:25:03,600 --> 04:25:06,800
established the partnership that
would define Victorian Royal 

4962
04:25:06,800 --> 04:25:08,300
culture for the next two 
decades. 

4963
04:25:09,500 --> 04:25:11,800
Albert Braut, German 
thoroughness, and intellectual 

4964
04:25:11,800 --> 04:25:15,100
seriousness to English Court 
life, creating an atmosphere 

4965
04:25:15,100 --> 04:25:19,000
where governmental efficiency 
cultural patronage, and moral 

4966
04:25:19,000 --> 04:25:21,500
Improvement, were pursued with 
systemic dedication. 

4967
04:25:21,500 --> 04:25:24,600
The Victorian courts approached 
to ceremonial Innovation 

4968
04:25:24,600 --> 04:25:26,800
illustrates this. 
New seriousness of purpose. 

4969
04:25:27,700 --> 04:25:31,300
The great exhibition of 1851 
organized under Albert's 

4970
04:25:31,300 --> 04:25:34,000
leadership was simultaneously a 
celebration of British 

4971
04:25:34,000 --> 04:25:36,800
industrial achievement the 
demonstration of Imperial 

4972
04:25:36,800 --> 04:25:38,800
wealth. 
And a moral statement about the 

4973
04:25:38,800 --> 04:25:41,900
benefits of international 
cooperation and technological 

4974
04:25:41,900 --> 04:25:44,200
progress. 
Albert's influence on court 

4975
04:25:44,200 --> 04:25:47,600
culture, extended far beyond 
ceremonial occasions, he 

4976
04:25:47,600 --> 04:25:51,100
reorganized Royal finances. 
Modernized Royal Estates and 

4977
04:25:51,100 --> 04:25:54,000
established new standards for 
the sort of cultural patronage 

4978
04:25:54,000 --> 04:25:57,700
that the monarchy should provide
The prince consort treated Royal

4979
04:25:57,700 --> 04:26:00,400
duties with the systematic 
attention to detail that 

4980
04:26:00,400 --> 04:26:02,600
successful. 
Businesses required applying 

4981
04:26:02,600 --> 04:26:06,000
commercial principles to 
monarchical responsibilities the

4982
04:26:06,000 --> 04:26:08,700
courts, daily routine, during 
Albert's lifetime reflected. 

4983
04:26:08,700 --> 04:26:11,100
This business like approach, 
Morning. 

4984
04:26:11,100 --> 04:26:14,300
Session's handled administrative
business with efficiency that 

4985
04:26:14,300 --> 04:26:17,800
would have impressed Tudor 
bureaucrats after noon meetings,

4986
04:26:17,800 --> 04:26:20,700
dealt with the charitable 
organizations educational 

4987
04:26:20,700 --> 04:26:23,200
institutions and cultural 
projects that have become 

4988
04:26:23,200 --> 04:26:26,900
Central to Victorian Royal 
identity Victoria's grief after 

4989
04:26:26,900 --> 04:26:29,600
Albert's death in 1861, 
transformed the court. 

4990
04:26:29,600 --> 04:26:33,200
Once again this time in ways 
that created long-term problems 

4991
04:26:33,200 --> 04:26:37,100
for monarchical Prestige, the 
Queen's withdrawal from public 

4992
04:26:37,100 --> 04:26:40,300
ceremonial duties meant that the
Victorian Court maintained its 

4993
04:26:40,300 --> 04:26:43,000
administrative functions while 
losing much of its symbolic 

4994
04:26:43,000 --> 04:26:45,300
visibility. 
The court during Victoria's 

4995
04:26:45,300 --> 04:26:48,300
widowhood operated like a 
governmental Department, whose 

4996
04:26:48,300 --> 04:26:50,600
chief executive had chosen to 
work from home. 

4997
04:26:51,400 --> 04:26:54,700
While Royal business proceeded, 
efficiently, the ceremonial 

4998
04:26:54,700 --> 04:26:57,900
aspects of monarchy which served
as public demonstrations of 

4999
04:26:57,908 --> 04:27:00,700
constitutional continuity. 
Saw a significant reduction, 

5000
04:27:00,700 --> 04:27:03,700
this created opportunities for 
other members of the royal 

5001
04:27:03,700 --> 04:27:06,000
family, particularly the Prince 
of Wales, the future. 

5002
04:27:06,000 --> 04:27:09,400
Edward the seventh to develop, 
alternative approaches to Royal 

5003
04:27:09,400 --> 04:27:12,900
public life. 
Edwards Court in Waiting became 

5004
04:27:12,900 --> 04:27:15,800
a center for the sort of social 
activities that Victoria's 

5005
04:27:15,800 --> 04:27:18,000
morning had eliminated from 
official Royal culture. 

5006
04:27:18,000 --> 04:27:21,200
The tension between Victoria's 
withdrawn approach and Edwards 

5007
04:27:21,200 --> 04:27:24,000
social style created two 
different models of Royal 

5008
04:27:24,000 --> 04:27:27,000
behavior that coexisted 
uncomfortably within the same 

5009
04:27:27,000 --> 04:27:30,800
constitutional system. 
The Queen's moral Authority was 

5010
04:27:30,800 --> 04:27:33,600
unquestioned, but her son's 
understanding of Royal 

5011
04:27:33,600 --> 04:27:36,300
ceremonial requirements, seemed 
more suited to practical, 

5012
04:27:36,300 --> 04:27:40,300
political needs Victoria's 
golden jubilee in 1887 and 

5013
04:27:40,300 --> 04:27:43,800
Diamond Jubilee in 1897 
demonstrated that the Queen's 

5014
04:27:43,800 --> 04:27:46,000
moral Authority. 
Had created a new form of 

5015
04:27:46,000 --> 04:27:49,300
monarchical prestige. 
These celebrations were just 

5016
04:27:49,300 --> 04:27:52,100
British occasions, they were 
Imperial festivals. 

5017
04:27:52,100 --> 04:27:55,200
That demonstrated how Victorian 
Royal culture had expanded to 

5018
04:27:55,200 --> 04:27:56,900
Encompass Global 
responsibilities. 

5019
04:27:56,900 --> 04:28:00,000
The Victorian courts final 
achievement was establishing the

5020
04:28:00,000 --> 04:28:03,200
Constitutional framework that 
would allow the British Monarchy

5021
04:28:03,200 --> 04:28:05,900
to survive the Democratic 
transformation of the 20th 

5022
04:28:05,900 --> 04:28:08,800
century. 
Victoria's combination of moral 

5023
04:28:08,800 --> 04:28:11,700
Authority, Imperial 
responsibility, and 

5024
04:28:11,700 --> 04:28:15,100
constitutional propriety created
a template for monarchical. 

5025
04:28:15,100 --> 04:28:18,100
Relevance that proved adaptable 
to changing political 

5026
04:28:18,100 --> 04:28:21,100
circumstances as we reach the 
end of our gentle Journey 

5027
04:28:21,100 --> 04:28:22,900
Through the centuries of Royal 
courts. 

5028
04:28:22,900 --> 04:28:25,800
You might find yourself 
reflecting on how these ancient 

5029
04:28:25,800 --> 04:28:28,000
patterns still echo in 
contemporary life. 

5030
04:28:28,900 --> 04:28:32,600
The challenges that medieval 
kings faced balancing personal 

5031
04:28:32,600 --> 04:28:35,400
desires with public 
responsibilities managing 

5032
04:28:35,400 --> 04:28:38,100
competing interest groups, 
adapting traditional 

5033
04:28:38,100 --> 04:28:41,900
institutions to changing 
circumstances remain remarkably 

5034
04:28:41,900 --> 04:28:44,800
familiar to anyone who observes 
modern politics or 

5035
04:28:44,800 --> 04:28:46,700
organizational leadership 
English. 

5036
04:28:46,700 --> 04:28:49,700
Royal courts of old from William
the conquerors efficient Norman 

5037
04:28:49,700 --> 04:28:53,000
Administration, to Victoria's 
moral Imperial Authority, 

5038
04:28:53,000 --> 04:28:56,200
illustrating Humanities 
continuing experiment. 

5039
04:28:56,200 --> 04:28:59,000
With the relationship between 
individual Authority and 

5040
04:28:59,000 --> 04:29:00,000
Collective. 
Governance. 

5041
04:29:00,000 --> 04:29:03,700
Each generation discovered that 
successful leadership required 

5042
04:29:03,700 --> 04:29:07,400
inherited Traditions to 
contemporary realities while 

5043
04:29:07,400 --> 04:29:10,000
maintaining enough continuity to
preserve institutional 

5044
04:29:10,000 --> 04:29:12,400
legitimacy. 
Perhaps, the most striking 

5045
04:29:12,400 --> 04:29:16,500
pattern is how consistently 
English, Royal courts, served as

5046
04:29:16,500 --> 04:29:18,100
Laboratories for political 
innovation. 

5047
04:29:19,200 --> 04:29:21,800
The Magna Carta emerged from 
King John's administrative 

5048
04:29:21,800 --> 04:29:24,300
failures Parliament developed 
from Edward. 

5049
04:29:24,300 --> 04:29:27,900
The first financial needs the 
Reformation Grew From Henry, the

5050
04:29:27,900 --> 04:29:31,900
8th's personal circumstances and
constitutional monarchy evolved 

5051
04:29:31,900 --> 04:29:34,200
from the Glorious revolution's 
political Necessities. 

5052
04:29:34,200 --> 04:29:36,600
These weren't planned 
developments Guided by 

5053
04:29:36,600 --> 04:29:39,600
theoretical political 
philosophy, they were practical 

5054
04:29:39,600 --> 04:29:43,100
solutions to immediate problems,
created by people who are trying

5055
04:29:43,100 --> 04:29:46,100
to make inherited governmental 
systems work under changing 

5056
04:29:46,100 --> 04:29:49,600
circumstances. 
The Genius of English political 

5057
04:29:49,600 --> 04:29:52,800
development was its capacity to 
transform temporary expedience 

5058
04:29:52,800 --> 04:29:56,700
into permanent constitutional 
principles, the human Stories 

5059
04:29:56,700 --> 04:30:00,200
Behind These institutional 
changes, Eleanor of aquitaine's 

5060
04:30:00,200 --> 04:30:03,200
political sophistication, 
Richard the Second aesthetic 

5061
04:30:03,200 --> 04:30:06,700
innovation's Elizabeth, the 
first theatrical statecraft and 

5062
04:30:06,700 --> 04:30:08,800
Charles the second's, 
Continental sophistication. 

5063
04:30:08,800 --> 04:30:12,600
Remind us that political systems
are ultimately expressions of 

5064
04:30:12,600 --> 04:30:15,500
individual personality 
interacting with historical 

5065
04:30:15,500 --> 04:30:18,200
circumstance. 
As you settle deeper into your 

5066
04:30:18,200 --> 04:30:20,800
comfortable spot. 
Tonight, you might consider how 

5067
04:30:20,800 --> 04:30:23,600
these Royal courts created, the 
governmental Traditions that 

5068
04:30:23,600 --> 04:30:25,900
still influenced Democratic 
societies today. 

5069
04:30:26,900 --> 04:30:29,600
The idea that political 
Authority requires popular 

5070
04:30:29,600 --> 04:30:33,700
consent, that governmental power
should be limited by law and 

5071
04:30:33,700 --> 04:30:36,700
that cultural achievement, 
enhances political legitimacy, 

5072
04:30:36,700 --> 04:30:40,600
these Concepts developed through
centuries of experimentation in 

5073
04:30:40,600 --> 04:30:43,600
Royal households that were 
trying to solve practical, 

5074
04:30:43,600 --> 04:30:45,100
problems of leadership and 
governance. 

5075
04:30:45,100 --> 04:30:48,100
The English Royal courts 
Evolution from medieval warrior 

5076
04:30:48,100 --> 04:30:51,800
Kings to constitutional monarchs
reflects Humanities broader 

5077
04:30:51,800 --> 04:30:54,300
journey toward more 
sophisticated forms of social 

5078
04:30:54,300 --> 04:30:57,800
organization. 
Each generation upon previous 

5079
04:30:57,800 --> 04:31:01,400
achievements while adapting to 
New Challenges, creating 

5080
04:31:01,400 --> 04:31:04,500
institutional, continuity that 
allowed gradual transformation. 

5081
04:31:04,500 --> 04:31:08,200
And rather than revolutionary 
upheaval tonight as you drift 

5082
04:31:08,200 --> 04:31:11,200
towards sleep, you carry with 
you, the stories of nearly 1000 

5083
04:31:11,200 --> 04:31:15,100
years of human creativity 
adaptation and the endless 

5084
04:31:15,100 --> 04:31:18,500
fascinating complexity of people
learn to live together in 

5085
04:31:18,500 --> 04:31:22,200
organized societies. 
Sweet dreams and may your rest 

5086
04:31:22,208 --> 04:31:25,000
be as peaceful as a medieval 
Monastery Garden on a quiet 

5087
04:31:25,000 --> 04:31:32,100
summer evening. 
When Emperor alexios, the first 

5088
04:31:32,100 --> 04:31:36,500
comments to his Emissary to Pope
Urban the second in 1095, he 

5089
04:31:36,500 --> 04:31:38,500
hardly imagined his diplomatic 
Outreach. 

5090
04:31:38,500 --> 04:31:40,800
Would unleash two centuries of 
Bloodshed across three 

5091
04:31:40,800 --> 04:31:43,500
continents. 
The bees and tine ruler merely 

5092
04:31:43,500 --> 04:31:46,500
sought military assistance 
against the seljuk Turks who had

5093
04:31:46,500 --> 04:31:49,300
claimed significant portions of 
Anatolia following the Battle of

5094
04:31:49,300 --> 04:31:52,700
man's akert. 
What transpired instead was the 

5095
04:31:52,700 --> 04:31:55,400
weaponization of religious 
further on an unprecedented 

5096
04:31:55,400 --> 04:31:58,500
scale. 
Pope Urban the second's response

5097
04:31:58,500 --> 04:32:01,300
at the Council of Claremore 
transcended mere strategic 

5098
04:32:01,300 --> 04:32:04,400
calculation. 
The papacy having emerged from 

5099
04:32:04,408 --> 04:32:06,600
the investiture controversy with
authority. 

5100
04:32:06,600 --> 04:32:09,900
Diminished saw an opportunity 
Urban speech. 

5101
04:32:09,900 --> 04:32:13,700
So often sanitized in modern 
retellings, was a masterclass in

5102
04:32:13,700 --> 04:32:17,400
medieval propaganda deploying 
fabricated, atrocity stories in 

5103
04:32:17,400 --> 04:32:21,400
a scatological fearmongering. 
He falsely claimed that Eastern 

5104
04:32:21,400 --> 04:32:24,600
Christians face systematic 
extermination and that Muslim 

5105
04:32:24,600 --> 04:32:27,400
forces were desecrating. 
Christian holy site in ways that

5106
04:32:27,400 --> 04:32:29,400
historical records simply do not
support. 

5107
04:32:30,800 --> 04:32:32,900
Let the Deeds of your ancestors.
Inspire. 

5108
04:32:32,900 --> 04:32:36,600
You Urban proclaimed to the 
assembled nobility and clergy 

5109
04:32:36,600 --> 04:32:39,800
invoking. 
Not biblical compassion, but 

5110
04:32:39,800 --> 04:32:44,400
rather carolingian Conquest. as 
Crusade was marketed not merely 

5111
04:32:44,400 --> 04:32:47,600
as a defensive action, but as a 
path to spiritual and material 

5112
04:32:47,600 --> 04:32:52,100
Redemption, Urban Innovation was
profound, he offered plenary 

5113
04:32:52,100 --> 04:32:55,000
Indulgence as complete 
Absolution from temporal 

5114
04:32:55,000 --> 04:32:57,700
punishment for sins to those who
took up arms. 

5115
04:32:57,700 --> 04:33:01,200
This spiritual economy of 
violence, transformed killing 

5116
04:33:01,200 --> 04:33:04,500
from a sin requirements into a 
means of achieving it. 

5117
04:33:05,500 --> 04:33:08,500
What historians often overlooked
is how the Crusades emerged 

5118
04:33:08,500 --> 04:33:11,200
precisely when Europe was 
experiencing its. 

5119
04:33:11,200 --> 04:33:13,700
First sustained period of 
economic growth since the 

5120
04:33:13,700 --> 04:33:15,200
collapse of the Western Roman 
Empire. 

5121
04:33:16,000 --> 04:33:18,700
Agricultural Innovations, had 
increased food production, 

5122
04:33:18,700 --> 04:33:22,000
creating population, pressures, 
and land, scarcity, among the 

5123
04:33:22,000 --> 04:33:25,000
noble classes. 
The promise of new territories, 

5124
04:33:25,000 --> 04:33:27,500
serve the interests of younger 
Sons, disinherited, by 

5125
04:33:27,500 --> 04:33:30,900
primogeniture Urban's, call 
offered a providential solution 

5126
04:33:30,900 --> 04:33:33,800
to social pressures that 
threatened to destabilize the 

5127
04:33:33,800 --> 04:33:36,400
feudal order. 
The earliest crusading armies 

5128
04:33:36,400 --> 04:33:39,800
included, not just Knights, but 
apocalyptic peasant bands, led 

5129
04:33:39,800 --> 04:33:41,300
by charismatic, figures like 
Peter. 

5130
04:33:41,300 --> 04:33:45,300
The hermit These popular 
movements largely written out of

5131
04:33:45,300 --> 04:33:48,500
triumphalist, narratives 
conducted the first programs 

5132
04:33:48,500 --> 04:33:50,500
against Jewish communities 
across the Rhino land. 

5133
04:33:51,200 --> 04:33:54,200
In cities, like, worms mints and
cologne. 

5134
04:33:54,200 --> 04:33:57,700
Thousands of Jews were 
slaughtered when they refused 

5135
04:33:57,700 --> 04:34:00,800
forced baptism. 
Bishop, Albert of mine's 

5136
04:34:00,800 --> 04:34:04,300
eyewitness account notes. 
That Unless they chose baptism 

5137
04:34:04,300 --> 04:34:07,599
the Crusaders, killed the women,
as well as the men and nursing 

5138
04:34:07,599 --> 04:34:10,500
infants. 
This violence wasn't an 

5139
04:34:10,500 --> 04:34:13,400
aberration, but a logical 
extension of a worldview that 

5140
04:34:13,400 --> 04:34:15,900
regarded non-christians as 
legitimate targets. 

5141
04:34:16,599 --> 04:34:19,400
When these irregular forces 
reached Byzantine territory, 

5142
04:34:19,400 --> 04:34:22,400
they subjected Orthodox 
Christian communities to 

5143
04:34:22,400 --> 04:34:25,000
pillaging an assault revealing 
how quickly religious 

5144
04:34:25,000 --> 04:34:27,700
justifications could be 
abandoned when plunder was at 

5145
04:34:27,700 --> 04:34:30,599
stake. 
Emperor alexios alarmed by the 

5146
04:34:30,599 --> 04:34:33,200
supposed allies. 
Hastily transported the 

5147
04:34:33,200 --> 04:34:36,900
Bosphorus where most were 
promptly must Sacred by seljuk 

5148
04:34:36,900 --> 04:34:40,400
forces at silvertoe an episode 
sympathetic Chronicles 

5149
04:34:40,400 --> 04:34:43,500
strategically minimized, the 
military contingents that 

5150
04:34:43,500 --> 04:34:47,099
followed led by figures like 
Godfrey of bouillon Raymond of 

5151
04:34:47,099 --> 04:34:50,500
Toulouse and bohemond of taranto
were hardly more disciplined. 

5152
04:34:51,400 --> 04:34:54,500
They extorted Provisions from 
Byzantine cities and refused to 

5153
04:34:54,508 --> 04:34:58,200
swear the customary feudal, 
Oaths to alexios exposing the 

5154
04:34:58,200 --> 04:35:00,599
political Ambitions that drove 
many Crusade leaders. 

5155
04:35:00,599 --> 04:35:04,599
Their journey through Anatolia 
was marked by tactical blunders 

5156
04:35:04,599 --> 04:35:08,300
an internal power struggles that
somehow escaped the sanitized 

5157
04:35:08,300 --> 04:35:11,200
Chronicles produced by clerical,
propaganda's like culture of 

5158
04:35:11,200 --> 04:35:13,400
shark. 
What emerges from primary 

5159
04:35:13,400 --> 04:35:16,800
sources is not a divinely 
ordained Mission but a chaotic 

5160
04:35:16,800 --> 04:35:20,599
military Expedition Riven by 
competing interests logistical 

5161
04:35:20,599 --> 04:35:23,599
failures of gears and strategic 
in coherence. 

5162
04:35:24,599 --> 04:35:27,400
The Crusaders weren't unified by
shared purpose so much as 

5163
04:35:27,400 --> 04:35:30,500
trapped in a mutual dependency 
of hostile territory. 

5164
04:35:30,500 --> 04:35:33,800
There are eventual success 
against overwhelming odds at 

5165
04:35:33,800 --> 04:35:37,500
Antioch and Jerusalem owed, more
to factual divisions among their

5166
04:35:37,500 --> 04:35:40,599
Muslim opponents. 
Unexpected disease, outbreaks 

5167
04:35:40,599 --> 04:35:44,599
and sheer desperation than to 
divine intervention or military 

5168
04:35:44,599 --> 04:35:47,900
brilliant's. 
The mythologizing began almost 

5169
04:35:47,900 --> 04:35:51,400
immediately transforming a 
brutal campaign of Conquest into

5170
04:35:51,400 --> 04:35:54,599
a miraculous Triumph of Fate, 
the fall of Jerusalem on July 

5171
04:35:54,599 --> 04:35:58,400
the 15th, 1099 stands as 
perhaps, the single most 

5172
04:35:58,400 --> 04:36:01,099
notorious episode of the entire 
crusading era. 

5173
04:36:01,900 --> 04:36:05,300
The typical narrative describes 
the conquest as exceptionally 

5174
04:36:05,300 --> 04:36:07,200
brutal, even by medieval 
standards. 

5175
04:36:07,200 --> 04:36:10,400
But seldom examines the 
psychological mechanics that 

5176
04:36:10,400 --> 04:36:13,400
enabled such violence or its 
broader implications for 

5177
04:36:13,400 --> 04:36:16,800
Crusader governance. 
When the city's defenses, 

5178
04:36:16,800 --> 04:36:20,099
finally buckled after a 
month-long Siege Crusader 

5179
04:36:20,099 --> 04:36:23,599
forces, moved methodically 
through the streets Raymond of 

5180
04:36:23,599 --> 04:36:26,300
Aguilera and eyewitness 
described the scene at the 

5181
04:36:26,300 --> 04:36:29,099
Temple mount. 
Men Road in blood up to their 

5182
04:36:29,099 --> 04:36:33,200
knees and bridle reins in the 
temple and porch of Solomon, men

5183
04:36:33,200 --> 04:36:37,099
rode in blood up to their knees.
This was not the chaotic frenzy 

5184
04:36:37,099 --> 04:36:39,900
often depicted in popular 
accounts archaeological, 

5185
04:36:39,900 --> 04:36:42,900
evidence indicates a systematic 
execution of the city's 

5186
04:36:42,900 --> 04:36:46,099
inhabitants, The Crusade as 
corralled civilians into 

5187
04:36:46,099 --> 04:36:49,800
confined spaces, synagogues, 
mosques and Courtyards where 

5188
04:36:49,800 --> 04:36:51,300
they could be officially 
dispatched. 

5189
04:36:52,300 --> 04:36:54,700
What's missing from many 
accounts is how this violence 

5190
04:36:54,700 --> 04:36:57,300
was ritualized. 
Survivors, reported, the 

5191
04:36:57,308 --> 04:37:00,200
Crusaders singing, hymns and 
religious canticles during the 

5192
04:37:00,200 --> 04:37:03,300
massacre, their Bloodshed wasn't
merely strategic, but 

5193
04:37:03,300 --> 04:37:07,400
performative, a violent liturgy 
symbolizing, the purification of

5194
04:37:07,400 --> 04:37:10,800
Sacred Space. 
When Godfrey of Boolean entered 

5195
04:37:10,800 --> 04:37:13,700
the Church of the Holy 
Sepulchre, he did so Barefoot 

5196
04:37:13,700 --> 04:37:16,700
and impenitent guard. 
Even as his followers continued,

5197
04:37:16,700 --> 04:37:19,800
their bloody work. 
This ritualized violence 

5198
04:37:19,800 --> 04:37:22,099
established a template, that 
would be repeated throughout the

5199
04:37:22,108 --> 04:37:25,099
crusading, period. 
The immediate aftermath revealed

5200
04:37:25,099 --> 04:37:27,400
the contradictions inherent in 
the Crusader project. 

5201
04:37:28,300 --> 04:37:30,599
Having secured Christianity's 
holiest sites. 

5202
04:37:30,599 --> 04:37:34,300
Most Crusaders fulfilled, their 
vows and returned to Europe. 

5203
04:37:35,200 --> 04:37:37,700
Only a small fraction remained 
to hold these conquests. 

5204
04:37:37,700 --> 04:37:41,400
The kingdom of Jerusalem, that 
emerged was a precarious entity,

5205
04:37:41,400 --> 04:37:44,300
a narrow Coastal strip, 
perpetually on the defensive, 

5206
04:37:44,300 --> 04:37:47,599
never possessing the demographic
depth to secure its existence 

5207
04:37:47,599 --> 04:37:50,200
without constant reinforcement 
from Europe. 

5208
04:37:51,099 --> 04:37:53,300
The governance structures 
established by the remaining 

5209
04:37:53,300 --> 04:37:56,599
Crusaders have been romanticized
as a model of feudal efficiency.

5210
04:37:57,400 --> 04:38:01,099
The reality was Far Messier, the
Frankish nobility that ruled. 

5211
04:38:01,099 --> 04:38:03,599
The kingdom refused meaningful 
integration with the local 

5212
04:38:03,599 --> 04:38:06,099
population. 
While other conquerors 

5213
04:38:06,099 --> 04:38:08,700
throughout history had typically
intermarried with indigenous 

5214
04:38:08,700 --> 04:38:12,500
Elites to secure their rule, the
Crusader States maintained rigid

5215
04:38:12,500 --> 04:38:16,200
social segregation even Eastern.
Christians were relegated to 

5216
04:38:16,200 --> 04:38:18,900
secondary status creating a 
two-tiered society that 

5217
04:38:18,900 --> 04:38:21,599
undermined the kingdoms 
legitimacy among its subjects. 

5218
04:38:22,300 --> 04:38:25,599
perhaps, most revealing was the 
Crusader States economic 

5219
04:38:25,599 --> 04:38:29,599
Foundation Despite religious 
justifications the kingdom of 

5220
04:38:29,599 --> 04:38:32,700
Jerusalem quickly demonstrated 
its fundamentally extractive 

5221
04:38:32,700 --> 04:38:35,599
nature. 
The Italian Maritime republics 

5222
04:38:35,599 --> 04:38:39,300
Venice, Genoa and Pisa 
established, commercial quarters

5223
04:38:39,300 --> 04:38:42,900
in coastal cities, turning holy 
war into profitable Enterprise? 

5224
04:38:43,800 --> 04:38:46,500
These Merchants secured 
monopolies on trade between East

5225
04:38:46,500 --> 04:38:49,800
and West, transforming religious
pilgrimage into a commercial 

5226
04:38:49,800 --> 04:38:52,500
activity. 
The kingdom levied taxes on 

5227
04:38:52,500 --> 04:38:55,900
Muslim Caravans passing through 
its territories profiting, from 

5228
04:38:55,900 --> 04:38:59,500
the very Commerce with infidels 
that Crusader rhetoric 

5229
04:38:59,500 --> 04:39:02,400
condemned. 
Agricultural production, relied 

5230
04:39:02,400 --> 04:39:04,700
on the exploitation of the 
Native peasantry through a 

5231
04:39:04,700 --> 04:39:07,000
system that differed little from
serfdom. 

5232
04:39:07,900 --> 04:39:10,400
Indigenous farmers were 
subjected to oppressive taxation

5233
04:39:10,400 --> 04:39:15,400
that channeled to a thin layer 
of Frankish nobility the 

5234
04:39:15,400 --> 04:39:18,500
military orders, the Templars 
and hospitals became major 

5235
04:39:18,500 --> 04:39:21,300
landholders developing 
sophisticated financial 

5236
04:39:21,300 --> 04:39:23,599
instruments that made them 
Europe's first multinational 

5237
04:39:23,599 --> 04:39:27,200
corporations, the gap between 
rhetorical ideals and 

5238
04:39:27,200 --> 04:39:29,900
governance, reality's widened 
with each passing decade. 

5239
04:39:29,900 --> 04:39:34,099
Most striking was the Kingdom's 
diplomatic pragmatism despite 

5240
04:39:34,099 --> 04:39:36,099
their origins in the religious 
Warfare. 

5241
04:39:36,099 --> 04:39:39,300
Crusader leaders regularly 
formed alliances with Muslim 

5242
04:39:39,300 --> 04:39:42,800
Powers against rival. 
Christians Baldwin firm, 

5243
04:39:42,800 --> 04:39:45,000
negotiated with Fatimid Egypt 
against Damascus. 

5244
04:39:45,900 --> 04:39:48,600
The principality of Antioch 
allied with a leppo against 

5245
04:39:48,600 --> 04:39:51,700
Byzantine claims. 
These expedient Arrangements 

5246
04:39:51,700 --> 04:39:54,800
exposed the fundamentally 
political nature of Institutions

5247
04:39:54,800 --> 04:39:57,400
are supposedly dedicated to 
defending the faith. 

5248
04:39:58,100 --> 04:40:00,800
The indigenous response to 
Crusader rule was neither the 

5249
04:40:00,800 --> 04:40:03,900
uniform hostility portrayed in 
nationalist historiographies, 

5250
04:40:03,900 --> 04:40:06,800
nor the passive, acceptance, 
suggested by Colonial, 

5251
04:40:06,800 --> 04:40:10,500
narratives archaeological, 
evidence, reveals, creative 

5252
04:40:10,500 --> 04:40:12,200
forms of resistance and 
accommodation. 

5253
04:40:13,000 --> 04:40:15,700
Local Christians, maintain their
religious practices while 

5254
04:40:15,700 --> 04:40:19,300
adapting to new political 
realities Muslim communities, 

5255
04:40:19,300 --> 04:40:21,800
preserve their identities. 
Through parallel institutions 

5256
04:40:21,800 --> 04:40:25,500
Jewish communities, though, 
devastated by the initial 

5257
04:40:25,500 --> 04:40:28,200
Conquest, eventually 
re-established themselves, and 

5258
04:40:28,200 --> 04:40:31,300
peripheral areas. 
The conquest of Jerusalem, left 

5259
04:40:31,300 --> 04:40:33,100
a lasting impact due to its 
brutality. 

5260
04:40:33,900 --> 04:40:35,800
For Muslim population's 
throughout the region. 

5261
04:40:35,800 --> 04:40:39,200
It represented not just a 
military defeat but a profound 

5262
04:40:39,200 --> 04:40:42,800
betrayal of intercommunal. 
Norms that a generally protected

5263
04:40:42,800 --> 04:40:44,700
civilian populations during 
Warfare. 

5264
04:40:45,500 --> 04:40:48,900
The cycle impact reverberated 
far, beyond the immediate 

5265
04:40:48,900 --> 04:40:52,100
victims creating a narrative of 
existential threat, that would 

5266
04:40:52,100 --> 04:40:54,500
fuel counter Crusades for 
generations to come. 

5267
04:40:54,500 --> 04:40:58,600
Most striking was the Kingdom's 
diplomatic pragmatism despite 

5268
04:40:58,600 --> 04:41:00,400
their origins in the religious 
Warfare. 

5269
04:41:00,400 --> 04:41:03,800
Crusader leaders regularly. 
Formed alliances with Muslim 

5270
04:41:03,800 --> 04:41:06,700
Powers against rival. 
Christians Baldwin for 

5271
04:41:06,700 --> 04:41:09,700
negotiated with Fatimid Egypt 
against a maskus. 

5272
04:41:10,400 --> 04:41:13,000
The principality of Antioch 
allied with Aleppo against 

5273
04:41:13,000 --> 04:41:16,100
Byzantine claims. 
These expedient Arrangements 

5274
04:41:16,100 --> 04:41:17,900
exposed. 
The fundamentally political 

5275
04:41:17,900 --> 04:41:20,900
nature of Institutions are 
supposedly dedicated to 

5276
04:41:20,900 --> 04:41:23,700
defending the faith. 
The indigenous response to 

5277
04:41:23,708 --> 04:41:26,900
Crusader rule was neither the 
uniform hostility portrayed in 

5278
04:41:26,908 --> 04:41:30,000
nationalist historiographies, 
nor the passive, acceptance, 

5279
04:41:30,000 --> 04:41:33,600
suggested by Colonial, 
narratives archaeological, 

5280
04:41:33,600 --> 04:41:36,100
evidence, reveals, creative 
forms of resistance and 

5281
04:41:36,100 --> 04:41:38,900
accommodation. 
Local Christians, maintain their

5282
04:41:38,900 --> 04:41:41,500
religious practices while 
adapting to new political 

5283
04:41:41,500 --> 04:41:44,900
realities Muslim communities, 
preserve their identities. 

5284
04:41:44,900 --> 04:41:48,600
Through parallel institutions 
Jewish communities, though, 

5285
04:41:48,600 --> 04:41:51,300
devastated by the initial 
Conquest, eventually, 

5286
04:41:51,300 --> 04:41:53,500
re-established the cells and 
peripheral areas. 

5287
04:41:54,500 --> 04:41:57,100
The conquest of Jerusalem, left 
a lasting impact due to its 

5288
04:41:57,100 --> 04:41:59,300
brutality. 
For Muslim population, 

5289
04:41:59,300 --> 04:42:02,000
throughout the region. 
It represented not just a 

5290
04:42:02,000 --> 04:42:05,100
military defeat, but a profound 
betrayal of intercommunal. 

5291
04:42:05,100 --> 04:42:07,200
Norms that are generally 
protected. 

5292
04:42:07,200 --> 04:42:11,200
Civilian population during 
Warfare The cycle impact 

5293
04:42:11,200 --> 04:42:14,800
reverberated far, beyond the 
immediate victims creating a 

5294
04:42:14,800 --> 04:42:17,800
narrative of existential threat.
That would fuel counter Crusades

5295
04:42:17,800 --> 04:42:20,800
for generations to come. 
Pope Innocent the third who had 

5296
04:42:20,800 --> 04:42:24,300
authorized The Crusade initially
expressed shock but quickly 

5297
04:42:24,300 --> 04:42:27,400
accepted the reality 
legitimizing, the conquest, as 

5298
04:42:27,400 --> 04:42:29,700
Divine judgment on Greek. 
His Mattox. 

5299
04:42:29,700 --> 04:42:33,000
This theological flexibility 
demonstrated how easily 

5300
04:42:33,000 --> 04:42:36,300
crusading ideology could be 
retrofitted to justify naked 

5301
04:42:36,300 --> 04:42:40,100
aggression against fellow 
Christians. the Latin Empire 

5302
04:42:40,100 --> 04:42:43,100
established in Constantinople 
would last less than six 

5303
04:42:43,100 --> 04:42:45,700
decades, but the breach between 
eastern and western 

5304
04:42:45,700 --> 04:42:49,500
Christianity, proved permanent 
the Children's Crusade and 

5305
04:42:49,500 --> 04:42:52,100
Fourth Crusade book ended a 
crucial transition. 

5306
04:42:52,100 --> 04:42:55,800
What began as a defensive 
response to a specific request 

5307
04:42:55,800 --> 04:42:58,800
for military assistance evolved 
into an Institutional framework.

5308
04:42:58,800 --> 04:43:02,400
That could justify virtually any
exercise of violence when 

5309
04:43:02,400 --> 04:43:06,300
properly sanctioned by these 
School authorities, The victims 

5310
04:43:06,300 --> 04:43:08,500
of crusading violence. 
Now, included Eastern, 

5311
04:43:08,500 --> 04:43:13,600
Christians Jews, Baltic, pagans,
Christian Heretics and political

5312
04:43:13,600 --> 04:43:17,600
opponents of the papacy. 
Jerusalem had become almost 

5313
04:43:17,600 --> 04:43:19,900
incidental to a movement that 
had developed its own. 

5314
04:43:19,900 --> 04:43:23,300
Internal logic of sacred 
violence, the Islamic response 

5315
04:43:23,300 --> 04:43:25,900
to the Crusades challenges 
simplistic narratives of 

5316
04:43:25,900 --> 04:43:29,800
religious polarization. 
Initially Muslim, rulers viewed.

5317
04:43:29,800 --> 04:43:32,600
The First Crusade, not as an 
existential religious threat, 

5318
04:43:32,600 --> 04:43:35,800
but as merely, another Byzantine
backed incursion into a 

5319
04:43:35,808 --> 04:43:39,700
politically fragmented region. 
The limited resources committed 

5320
04:43:39,700 --> 04:43:41,300
to resisting the initial 
Invasion. 

5321
04:43:41,300 --> 04:43:45,800
Reflected this miscalculation. 
Only gradually did a coherent 

5322
04:43:45,800 --> 04:43:48,600
counter Crusade. 
Ideology emerge transforming, 

5323
04:43:48,600 --> 04:43:51,200
localized resistance in to a 
pan-islamic response. 

5324
04:43:52,200 --> 04:43:55,300
The early Muslim worlds disunity
was, its critical vulnerability.

5325
04:43:56,400 --> 04:44:00,400
When Jerusalem fell in 1099, the
Fatimid caliphate of Egypt was 

5326
04:44:00,400 --> 04:44:03,500
engaged in bitter rivalry with 
the Abbasid caliphate centered 

5327
04:44:03,500 --> 04:44:06,800
in Baghdad. 
The seljuk Turkish Empire was 

5328
04:44:06,800 --> 04:44:08,800
fragmenting into competing 
Emirates. 

5329
04:44:09,400 --> 04:44:12,400
These divisions allowed the 
numerically inferior Crusaders 

5330
04:44:12,400 --> 04:44:15,200
to establish footholds and 
territories that might otherwise

5331
04:44:15,200 --> 04:44:19,200
have been easily defended. 
The first systematic. 

5332
04:44:19,200 --> 04:44:21,900
Intellectual response, came from
Ali IBN to here. 

5333
04:44:21,900 --> 04:44:27,900
El salami who composed the book 
of holy war around 11:05 Al 

5334
04:44:27,900 --> 04:44:30,700
salami interpreted the Crusader 
Invasion as Divine punishment 

5335
04:44:30,700 --> 04:44:32,800
from Muslim disunity and moral 
laxity. 

5336
04:44:33,700 --> 04:44:36,600
Particularly the abandonment of 
jihad as a communal obligation. 

5337
04:44:37,800 --> 04:44:40,700
His work received limited 
attention in his lifetime, but 

5338
04:44:40,700 --> 04:44:43,200
established conceptual 
Frameworks that later leaders 

5339
04:44:43,200 --> 04:44:47,800
would deploy more effectively. 
Imada Dean zengi, the Turkish at

5340
04:44:47,800 --> 04:44:50,100
most solar and Aleppo 
represented. 

5341
04:44:50,100 --> 04:44:52,200
The first phase of organized. 
Counter Crusade. 

5342
04:44:52,200 --> 04:44:56,900
His recapture of a desert in 
1144, the first major Crusader 

5343
04:44:56,900 --> 04:45:00,600
state to fall inspired a new 
Consciousness among those little

5344
04:45:00,600 --> 04:45:03,800
Elites zeng's propaganda. 
Portrayed him as a mujahid. 

5345
04:45:03,800 --> 04:45:07,200
Holy Warrior, rather than merely
a territorial ruler. 

5346
04:45:08,100 --> 04:45:12,100
His assassination in 1146 
prevented further advances, but 

5347
04:45:12,100 --> 04:45:13,900
his son. 
Noura, Dean continued, this 

5348
04:45:13,900 --> 04:45:17,200
ideological project. 
Nora dins Innovations were 

5349
04:45:17,200 --> 04:45:20,200
structural rather than merely 
rhetorical he systematically. 

5350
04:45:20,200 --> 04:45:24,000
Redirected religious endowments 
Wok to fund military campaigns 

5351
04:45:24,000 --> 04:45:27,200
against the Crusader states. 
He sponsored the construction of

5352
04:45:27,200 --> 04:45:31,600
madrasas religious schools that 
promoted Jihad ideology while 

5353
04:45:31,600 --> 04:45:35,000
commissioning architectural 
projects like the minbar pulpit 

5354
04:45:35,000 --> 04:45:37,100
intended for Jerusalem's 
Al-Aqsa. 

5355
04:45:37,100 --> 04:45:41,000
Mosque after its recapture this 
material culture of counter 

5356
04:45:41,000 --> 04:45:44,200
Crusade created tangible symbols
around which resistance could 

5357
04:45:44,200 --> 04:45:47,000
coalesce. 
The Byzantine seljuk peace 

5358
04:45:47,000 --> 04:45:51,000
treaty of 1160 allowed neurodin 
to focus exclusively on the 

5359
04:45:51,000 --> 04:45:53,900
Latin State's creating 
unprecedented pressure on the 

5360
04:45:53,908 --> 04:45:57,100
kingdom of Jerusalem. 
When neuro Dean's forces 

5361
04:45:57,100 --> 04:45:59,900
intervened in Fatimid 
succession, struggles his 

5362
04:45:59,900 --> 04:46:04,500
Kurdish, General seller, a Dean 
Saladin eventually emerged as 

5363
04:46:04,500 --> 04:46:07,400
ruler of each Egypt, creating a 
united front against the 

5364
04:46:07,400 --> 04:46:09,000
Crusader States for the first 
time. 

5365
04:46:09,800 --> 04:46:12,900
In complex Legacy has been 
distorted, by both Western 

5366
04:46:12,900 --> 04:46:17,100
Romanticism and modern Arab 
nationalism contemporary 

5367
04:46:17,100 --> 04:46:19,100
evidence suggests. 
He was neither of the Chevelle 

5368
04:46:19,100 --> 04:46:22,200
Rick Paragon portrayed by 
Walter, Scott Nora, Proto 

5369
04:46:22,200 --> 04:46:24,900
nationalist, hero. 
His initial campaigns 

5370
04:46:24,900 --> 04:46:28,100
prioritized, eliminating Shear 
influence in Egypt and securing 

5371
04:46:28,100 --> 04:46:32,400
his own dynastic interests only.
After consolidating power did, 

5372
04:46:32,400 --> 04:46:35,100
he fully Embrace counter Crusade
as his Central purpose? 

5373
04:46:35,100 --> 04:46:38,900
The Battle of hattin in 1187 
represented. 

5374
04:46:38,900 --> 04:46:41,700
The culmination of Decades of 
strategic preparation and 

5375
04:46:41,700 --> 04:46:45,300
ideological development 
Saladin's victory was not merely

5376
04:46:45,300 --> 04:46:48,700
military but psychological the 
capture of the True Cross, and 

5377
04:46:48,700 --> 04:46:51,600
mass execution of Templar. 
And Hospital Knights 

5378
04:46:51,600 --> 04:46:54,400
symbolically reversed the 
humiliation of Jerusalem's fall 

5379
04:46:54,400 --> 04:46:58,400
nearly a century earlier. 
When Jerusalem surrendered later

5380
04:46:58,400 --> 04:47:02,000
that year saladin's calculated 
clemency toward its Christian 

5381
04:47:02,000 --> 04:47:04,800
inhabitants. 
Explicitly contrasted with the 

5382
04:47:04,800 --> 04:47:09,200
1099 Massacre establishing moral
superiority within the conflicts

5383
04:47:09,200 --> 04:47:12,700
narrative. 
The Third Crusade from 1189 to 

5384
04:47:12,700 --> 04:47:16,300
1192 revealed, the change 
dynamics of the conflict. 

5385
04:47:17,200 --> 04:47:20,700
Despite mobilizing the full 
resources of England, France, 

5386
04:47:20,700 --> 04:47:24,600
and the Holy Roman Empire, the 
Expedition secured, only a 

5387
04:47:24,600 --> 04:47:28,000
narrow Coastal strip, and 
negotiated access to Jerusalem 

5388
04:47:28,000 --> 04:47:30,900
for pilgrims. 
This limited outcome, despite 

5389
04:47:30,900 --> 04:47:34,000
unprecedented investment 
Illustrated the counter Crusades

5390
04:47:34,000 --> 04:47:36,800
effectiveness. 
The Muslim world had developed 

5391
04:47:36,800 --> 04:47:40,000
institutional resilience against
external aggression, while 

5392
04:47:40,000 --> 04:47:43,100
crusading had become a fiscally 
ruinous obligation for European 

5393
04:47:43,100 --> 04:47:45,700
monarchs. 
Less acknowledged in traditional

5394
04:47:45,700 --> 04:47:48,800
narratives is how the counter 
Crusade transformed Islamic 

5395
04:47:48,800 --> 04:47:51,800
institutions. 
The military dominance of slave 

5396
04:47:51,800 --> 04:47:54,600
Soldier, mamluk units. 
Accelerated during this period? 

5397
04:47:54,600 --> 04:47:58,200
Eventually culminating in the 
mamluk sultanate that would 

5398
04:47:58,200 --> 04:48:01,200
deliver the final blow to 
Crusader presence in the Levant.

5399
04:48:02,300 --> 04:48:04,900
Religious endowments were 
increasingly militarized, 

5400
04:48:04,900 --> 04:48:06,900
diverting resources from civil 
development. 

5401
04:48:07,800 --> 04:48:10,800
Political legitimacy became 
increasingly tied to Auntie, 

5402
04:48:10,800 --> 04:48:14,300
Frankish credentials narrowing 
the space for pragmatic 

5403
04:48:14,300 --> 04:48:17,700
co-existence. 
The ayuba dynasty established by

5404
04:48:17,700 --> 04:48:21,100
Saladin initially maintained his
balanced approach, but gradually

5405
04:48:21,100 --> 04:48:24,600
succumb to internal rivalries. 
When are you bid rulers? 

5406
04:48:24,600 --> 04:48:27,100
Negotiated the surrender of 
Jerusalem to Frederick the 

5407
04:48:27,100 --> 04:48:29,600
second during the sixth crusade 
in 1239. 

5408
04:48:30,500 --> 04:48:33,200
They faced intense opposition 
from religious Scholars and the 

5409
04:48:33,200 --> 04:48:36,900
general population. 
The city was retaken by Ayoub 

5410
04:48:36,900 --> 04:48:40,000
bid forces in 1244, 
demonstrating how counter 

5411
04:48:40,000 --> 04:48:43,300
Crusade ideology had become 
self-sustaining, able to 

5412
04:48:43,300 --> 04:48:45,700
override Elite diplomatic 
calculations. 

5413
04:48:46,700 --> 04:48:49,500
The Mongol invasions of the 
mid-13th century initially 

5414
04:48:49,500 --> 04:48:51,800
appeared to Signal a new 
Christian Muslim, alignment 

5415
04:48:51,800 --> 04:48:54,900
against a common threat. 
The Mongols destroyed, the 

5416
04:48:54,900 --> 04:48:58,700
Abbasid caliphate in 1258 
creating a political vacuum that

5417
04:48:58,700 --> 04:49:02,600
transformed Regional Dynamics. 
When Mongol forces entered 

5418
04:49:02,600 --> 04:49:05,200
Syria, they allied with 
christian powers against the 

5419
04:49:05,200 --> 04:49:08,300
mamluks of Egypt, who had 
overthrown the IU bids, the 

5420
04:49:08,300 --> 04:49:12,300
mamluk victory at Angelo in 1260
halted Mongol advancement and 

5421
04:49:12,300 --> 04:49:15,700
paradoxically reinforced counter
Crusade ideology by linking it 

5422
04:49:15,700 --> 04:49:17,800
to broader resistance against 
foreign domination. 

5423
04:49:18,800 --> 04:49:21,600
The final stage of the counter 
Crusade culminated in the 

5424
04:49:21,600 --> 04:49:24,300
systematic dismantling of 
Crusader territory. 

5425
04:49:24,300 --> 04:49:27,900
And a man looks stole. 
Sultan baibars and his 

5426
04:49:27,900 --> 04:49:31,700
successors. 
The fall of Antioch to 1268 

5427
04:49:31,700 --> 04:49:38,800
Tripoli 1289 and finally a Cree 
1291 eliminated Latin presence 

5428
04:49:38,800 --> 04:49:41,600
in the Levant. 
These campaigns were marked by 

5429
04:49:41,600 --> 04:49:44,700
meticulous planning 
technological innovation, 

5430
04:49:44,700 --> 04:49:48,300
particularly in Siege Warfare 
and strategic ruthlessness. 

5431
04:49:49,500 --> 04:49:52,200
The centuries long in counter 
had transformed both Islamic 

5432
04:49:52,200 --> 04:49:55,200
military organization and 
religious thought, creating new 

5433
04:49:55,200 --> 04:49:58,100
paradigms that would influence 
Muslim societies for generations

5434
04:49:58,100 --> 04:50:01,300
to come the brutality of the 
Crusades extended beyond the 

5435
04:50:01,300 --> 04:50:03,500
battlefield in the realm of 
cultural Warfare. 

5436
04:50:04,600 --> 04:50:07,800
While physical violence, claimed
immediate victims, the crusading

5437
04:50:07,800 --> 04:50:11,000
movements assault on cultural 
identity and knowledge produced 

5438
04:50:11,000 --> 04:50:12,900
casualties that would never be 
counted. 

5439
04:50:13,700 --> 04:50:17,100
This dimension of Crusader 
brutality remains under explored

5440
04:50:17,100 --> 04:50:20,800
overshadows shadowed by more 
visually, dramatic aspects of 

5441
04:50:20,800 --> 04:50:23,400
military conflict. 
The library of Tripoli 

5442
04:50:23,400 --> 04:50:27,100
reportedly containing over 3, 
million volumes represented one 

5443
04:50:27,100 --> 04:50:29,600
of the medieval world's greatest
repositories of knowledge. 

5444
04:50:30,600 --> 04:50:32,500
Crusaders systematically 
destroyed. 

5445
04:50:32,500 --> 04:50:35,300
This Irreplaceable collection 
when they captured the city in 

5446
04:50:35,300 --> 04:50:40,200
1189 Raymond of agile who had 
earlier glorified the bloodbath 

5447
04:50:40,200 --> 04:50:42,400
at Jerusalem. 
Described the destruction as 

5448
04:50:42,400 --> 04:50:45,600
necessary because many texts 
contained The Abominable 

5449
04:50:45,600 --> 04:50:49,000
teachings of Mohammed. 
The specific targeting of 

5450
04:50:49,000 --> 04:50:52,400
libraries was not incidental but
ideological an attack on 

5451
04:50:52,400 --> 04:50:56,900
knowledge systems that challenge
Latin Christian exclusivity The 

5452
04:50:56,900 --> 04:50:59,500
Crusaders cultural program 
extended to the built 

5453
04:50:59,500 --> 04:51:02,600
environment. 
Upon capturing Jerusalem, they 

5454
04:51:02,600 --> 04:51:05,100
immediately converted the Dome 
of the Rock in to a church 

5455
04:51:05,100 --> 04:51:09,200
called Templeton domini and also
mosque interplan Solomon. 

5456
04:51:10,100 --> 04:51:12,600
These Appropriations were 
coupled with iconographic 

5457
04:51:12,600 --> 04:51:13,900
additions. 
That overlaid Christian 

5458
04:51:13,900 --> 04:51:17,600
symbolism onto Islamic sacred 
spaces, art historians of 

5459
04:51:17,600 --> 04:51:20,100
documented how Crusader 
modifications deliberately 

5460
04:51:20,100 --> 04:51:23,500
obscured or to face his name 
inscription while preserving 

5461
04:51:23,500 --> 04:51:25,900
architectural elements? 
That could be incorporated into 

5462
04:51:25,900 --> 04:51:28,600
Christian narrative. 
Frameworks linguistic, violence,

5463
04:51:28,600 --> 04:51:30,900
characterized the Crusaders 
States throughout their 

5464
04:51:30,900 --> 04:51:33,800
existence. 
Despite ruling predominantly 

5465
04:51:33,800 --> 04:51:35,900
arabic speaking. 
Populations for Generations, 

5466
04:51:35,900 --> 04:51:39,400
most Frankish Nobles never 
learned the language of their 

5467
04:51:39,400 --> 04:51:41,800
subjects. 
This linguistic isolation was 

5468
04:51:41,800 --> 04:51:45,600
not merely practical, but 
ideological a refusal to engage 

5469
04:51:45,600 --> 04:51:49,600
with local cultural Frameworks. 
When administrative necessity 

5470
04:51:49,600 --> 04:51:53,200
required translation, this work 
was typically performed by local

5471
04:51:53,200 --> 04:51:56,800
Christians or Jews creating 
mediated power relationships. 

5472
04:51:56,800 --> 04:51:58,800
That reinforced Colonial 
hierarchies. 

5473
04:51:59,700 --> 04:52:02,600
The Crusaders ideological 
impact, extended beyond the 

5474
04:52:02,600 --> 04:52:05,700
immediate conflicts zones. 
In Europe, the movement 

5475
04:52:05,700 --> 04:52:09,100
accelerated, the development of 
a persecuting society that would

5476
04:52:09,100 --> 04:52:11,500
reach its full expression in the
late medieval period. 

5477
04:52:12,500 --> 04:52:15,100
The juridical framework was 
gradually turned inward 

5478
04:52:15,100 --> 04:52:18,500
providing templates for 
persecuting domestic minorities 

5479
04:52:18,500 --> 04:52:22,200
after being established to 
identify and punish enemies of 

5480
04:52:22,208 --> 04:52:26,100
the Cross abroad. 
The fourth letter in Council of 

5481
04:52:26,100 --> 04:52:30,100
1250, which formalised much 
crusading theology also, 

5482
04:52:30,100 --> 04:52:32,300
mandated, that Jews were 
distinctive clothing, 

5483
04:52:32,300 --> 04:52:35,400
institutionalizing their 
otherness intellectual 

5484
04:52:35,400 --> 04:52:37,900
casualties included, the 
severing of philosophical and 

5485
04:52:37,900 --> 04:52:40,800
scientific exchanges that have 
previously flourished across 

5486
04:52:40,800 --> 04:52:43,800
religious boundaries. 
The translation movement 

5487
04:52:43,800 --> 04:52:47,400
centered in Toledo and Sicily, 
which are transmitted critical 

5488
04:52:47,400 --> 04:52:50,800
Greek, text preserved in Arabic 
commentaries faced increasing 

5489
04:52:50,800 --> 04:52:54,200
suspicion. 
As crusading ideology, hardened 

5490
04:52:54,200 --> 04:52:55,900
boundaries, between Christian 
and Muslim. 

5491
04:52:55,900 --> 04:52:58,500
Intellectual worlds 
opportunities for cross 

5492
04:52:58,500 --> 04:53:01,600
fertilization diminished 
delaying European access to 

5493
04:53:01,600 --> 04:53:03,400
crucial classical knowledge for 
Generations. 

5494
04:53:03,400 --> 04:53:06,400
Even artistic production was 
militarized. 

5495
04:53:06,400 --> 04:53:09,400
The chasson de Roland initially 
composed before the first 

5496
04:53:09,400 --> 04:53:12,300
crusade was expanded and a 
modified to incorporate 

5497
04:53:12,300 --> 04:53:15,400
crusading themes. 
Transforming a regional conflict

5498
04:53:15,400 --> 04:53:18,300
into an existential struggle 
between Christianity and Islam. 

5499
04:53:19,400 --> 04:53:22,200
This literary weaponization 
created, cultural templates. 

5500
04:53:22,200 --> 04:53:24,800
That would influence European 
perceptions of Muslims for 

5501
04:53:24,800 --> 04:53:27,500
centuries. 
Similar Charles similar 

5502
04:53:27,500 --> 04:53:30,500
Transformations occurred in 
Visual Arts, where depictions of

5503
04:53:30,500 --> 04:53:33,500
Muslims became increasingly, 
stereotyped, and dehumanized in 

5504
04:53:33,500 --> 04:53:35,800
manuscript illumination and 
church, sculpture. 

5505
04:53:36,600 --> 04:53:39,200
Women's experience as During the
crusading period revealed 

5506
04:53:39,200 --> 04:53:41,600
particularly complex, dimensions
of cultural violence. 

5507
04:53:42,400 --> 04:53:46,300
Anaconda's Alexia documents. 
How female bizan teen nobles 

5508
04:53:46,300 --> 04:53:49,300
were forced into marriages with 
Crusader leaders creating 

5509
04:53:49,300 --> 04:53:51,100
bloodline claims to Eastern 
territories. 

5510
04:53:52,100 --> 04:53:55,800
In the Crusader States policies,
regarding intermarriage shifted.

5511
04:53:55,800 --> 04:53:58,600
According to demographic 
necessity, rather than the 

5512
04:53:58,600 --> 04:54:01,700
principled acceptance. 
Local Christian families 

5513
04:54:01,700 --> 04:54:03,900
permitted, temporary 
accommodations with Frankish 

5514
04:54:03,900 --> 04:54:06,700
women when they were scarce, 
these Arrangements remained 

5515
04:54:06,700 --> 04:54:09,700
exceptional role. 
The normative The cultural 

5516
04:54:09,700 --> 04:54:12,800
Legacy of Crusader brutality 
survived long after the military

5517
04:54:12,800 --> 04:54:16,600
conflicts ended the Portuguese 
and Spanish Voyages of Discovery

5518
04:54:16,600 --> 04:54:20,100
explicitly framed their 
Enterprise's extensions of 

5519
04:54:20,100 --> 04:54:23,700
crusading with Columbus carrying
a crusader Banner when he landed

5520
04:54:23,700 --> 04:54:26,600
in the Americas. 
The juridical Frameworks 

5521
04:54:26,600 --> 04:54:29,300
developed to dispossess Muslims 
and Jews in Iberia following the

5522
04:54:29,300 --> 04:54:32,000
Reconquista were directly 
transported to the Americas. 

5523
04:54:32,000 --> 04:54:35,500
Informing Colonial practices 
toward indigenous populations. 

5524
04:54:36,200 --> 04:54:39,200
The papal, bulls that divided 
the new world between European 

5525
04:54:39,200 --> 04:54:43,300
powers, explicitly referenced 
crusading, precedence in the 

5526
04:54:43,300 --> 04:54:45,700
Muslim world. 
The cultural memory of Crusader 

5527
04:54:45,700 --> 04:54:48,200
aggression created enduring 
suspicion toward Western 

5528
04:54:48,200 --> 04:54:51,600
intellectual Traditions. 
The early openness toward Greek 

5529
04:54:51,600 --> 04:54:54,300
philosophical traditions which 
had produced figures like 

5530
04:54:54,300 --> 04:54:58,100
avicenna and evierose facing 
resistance within Muslim 

5531
04:54:58,100 --> 04:55:01,200
intellectual circles. 
theological positions that 

5532
04:55:01,200 --> 04:55:04,900
emphasized distinctive, Islamic 
identity gained prominence over 

5533
04:55:04,900 --> 04:55:07,600
those that had sought common 
philosophical ground with other 

5534
04:55:07,600 --> 04:55:11,300
traditions, This cultural 
retrenchment represented a 

5535
04:55:11,300 --> 04:55:14,500
significant loss for 
inter-change across 

5536
04:55:14,500 --> 04:55:18,400
civilizational boundaries 
perhaps most profoundly the 

5537
04:55:18,400 --> 04:55:22,000
Crusades transformed religious 
violence from an incidental 

5538
04:55:22,000 --> 04:55:25,000
feature of political conflict 
into a central expression of 

5539
04:55:25,008 --> 04:55:28,300
devotional. 
By sanctifying Warfare through 

5540
04:55:28,300 --> 04:55:31,500
elaborate theological 
Frameworks, the movement created

5541
04:55:31,500 --> 04:55:35,000
templates for religious 
militancy that transcended its 

5542
04:55:35,000 --> 04:55:38,400
immediate historical context. 
These templates proved 

5543
04:55:38,400 --> 04:55:41,900
remarkably adaptable capable of 
being invoked in radically 

5544
04:55:41,900 --> 04:55:44,000
different circumstances across 
centuries. 

5545
04:55:45,000 --> 04:55:48,000
The cultural brutality of the 
Crusades thus extended far 

5546
04:55:48,000 --> 04:55:50,300
beyond the immediate violence of
conquest and occupation 

5547
04:55:50,300 --> 04:55:53,300
reshaping how religious 
communities understood 

5548
04:55:53,300 --> 04:55:54,900
themselves in relation to 
others. 

5549
04:55:54,900 --> 04:55:58,200
When the Crusaders Rule people 
had to deal with intimate forms 

5550
04:55:58,200 --> 04:56:01,000
of violence every day that are 
often left out of stories that 

5551
04:56:01,000 --> 04:56:04,300
are mostly about battles. 
These daily acts of violence, 

5552
04:56:04,300 --> 04:56:07,500
which hurt, people's bodies, 
families, and spiritual lives, 

5553
04:56:07,500 --> 04:56:11,100
were part of life for indigenous
people living on Crusader lands.

5554
04:56:11,700 --> 04:56:14,600
Evidence from archaeology court 
records and non-latin, 

5555
04:56:14,600 --> 04:56:17,400
Chronicles shows patterns of 
dominance that went beyond 

5556
04:56:17,400 --> 04:56:21,100
regular military operations. 
Movement itself became a tool of

5557
04:56:21,108 --> 04:56:23,500
control. 
The Crusader States set up 

5558
04:56:23,508 --> 04:56:26,800
complex networks of internal 
checkpoints that made it hard 

5559
04:56:26,800 --> 04:56:29,200
for Palestinian Farmers to get 
to their farms and crops. 

5560
04:56:30,100 --> 04:56:33,000
Toll booths made it costly for 
locals to travel between towns. 

5561
04:56:33,000 --> 04:56:36,600
These limits, significantly 
impacted Muslim pilgrimage 

5562
04:56:36,600 --> 04:56:39,500
routes transforming religious 
Journeys into periods of 

5563
04:56:39,500 --> 04:56:41,500
frequent harassment and 
financial demands. 

5564
04:56:42,300 --> 04:56:46,400
In the 1180 IBN, jubayr was 
moving through Crusader lands 

5565
04:56:46,400 --> 04:56:48,400
and wrote about how Muslim 
Travelers were detained. 

5566
04:56:48,400 --> 04:56:51,200
Without a reason. 
Had their goods taken away and 

5567
04:56:51,200 --> 04:56:53,200
were physically abused at these 
border areas. 

5568
04:56:54,400 --> 04:56:56,600
Physical punishment and crusader
law systems. 

5569
04:56:56,600 --> 04:57:00,400
Demonstrated racial hierarchy. 
The Lira disa sees caught 

5570
04:57:00,400 --> 04:57:02,900
records show that the sentences 
given to francs. 

5571
04:57:02,900 --> 04:57:05,700
And Native Christians were very 
different and the sentences 

5572
04:57:05,700 --> 04:57:07,900
given to Muslims and Jews were 
even tougher. 

5573
04:57:07,900 --> 04:57:10,800
Frankish people who broke 
property laws were usually 

5574
04:57:10,800 --> 04:57:13,700
fined, but native people who 
broke the law could be 

5575
04:57:13,700 --> 04:57:16,700
mutilated. 
Written reports of different 

5576
04:57:16,700 --> 04:57:19,400
punishments are backed up by 
archaeological evidence from 

5577
04:57:19,400 --> 04:57:22,500
burial sites. 
Skeletal remains show patterns 

5578
04:57:22,500 --> 04:57:26,100
of amputated, Limbs and Trauma 
consistent with judicial 

5579
04:57:26,100 --> 04:57:29,100
torture. 
That are more common in non-rich

5580
04:57:29,100 --> 04:57:32,200
cemeteries. 
Under Crusader Ruhl homes, 

5581
04:57:32,200 --> 04:57:35,900
turned into dangerous places in 
Settlers were given more 

5582
04:57:35,900 --> 04:57:37,300
property rights than native 
people. 

5583
04:57:37,300 --> 04:57:40,600
And Native landowners were often
turned into tenants on land 

5584
04:57:40,600 --> 04:57:42,100
that, their family had owned for
Generations. 

5585
04:57:43,300 --> 04:57:46,700
In cities housing was separated 
with Muslims and Eastern 

5586
04:57:46,700 --> 04:57:49,700
Christians, living in separate 
areas that got more crowded as 

5587
04:57:49,700 --> 04:57:51,900
Latin settlers moved in and took
the best spots. 

5588
04:57:52,700 --> 04:57:54,900
Logical digs inaccurate and 
tired. 

5589
04:57:54,900 --> 04:57:58,000
During the Crusader era show, 
the Stark difference between the

5590
04:57:58,000 --> 04:58:00,700
large Frankish compounds and the
more crowded native areas 

5591
04:58:00,700 --> 04:58:03,700
getting to water, which was 
important in the temperature of 

5592
04:58:03,700 --> 04:58:06,200
the Levant became another way of
controlling people. 

5593
04:58:06,900 --> 04:58:10,200
The Crusader government changed,
the flow of water to help Latin 

5594
04:58:10,200 --> 04:58:12,600
towns and military bases, which 
messed up, traditional 

5595
04:58:12,600 --> 04:58:16,200
irrigation systems in Jerusalem,
systems were increasingly 

5596
04:58:16,200 --> 04:58:19,700
reserved for Frankish, use these
restrictions meant that native 

5597
04:58:19,700 --> 04:58:21,600
people had to drive farther to 
get water. 

5598
04:58:22,400 --> 04:58:25,400
This hydraulic colonialism in 
entirely changed farming 

5599
04:58:25,400 --> 04:58:28,500
methods, and Community habits 
that are developed over 100s of 

5600
04:58:28,508 --> 04:58:30,300
years to make the best use of 
water. 

5601
04:58:31,500 --> 04:58:35,600
During the Crusades religious 
experience, changed in big ways,

5602
04:58:35,600 --> 04:58:39,200
Muslims and Jews could practice 
their faiths, but there were 

5603
04:58:39,200 --> 04:58:41,400
many restrictions in many 
places. 

5604
04:58:41,400 --> 04:58:46,100
Going to the mosque was limited.
So Muslims from rural areas 

5605
04:58:46,100 --> 04:58:49,000
often had to go to cities for 
Friday prayers where they could 

5606
04:58:49,000 --> 04:58:52,100
be watched more closely. 
In places where there were many 

5607
04:58:52,100 --> 04:58:55,100
Christians, the call to prayer 
at hand was not allowed. 

5608
04:58:56,700 --> 04:58:59,000
The band stopped a key part of 
Muslim life. 

5609
04:58:59,900 --> 04:59:02,600
Jewish community's had to deal 
with new rules about building 

5610
04:59:02,600 --> 04:59:06,300
and fixing up synagogues. 
Hockey's logical evidence showed

5611
04:59:06,300 --> 04:59:09,300
that Jewish religious buildings 
were purposely left out of urban

5612
04:59:09,300 --> 04:59:12,900
makeover projects. 
There were many problems for 

5613
04:59:12,900 --> 04:59:16,300
Christian villages in the East, 
theoretically they shared the 

5614
04:59:16,300 --> 04:59:19,100
same Faith as the Crusaders yet,
their distinct religious 

5615
04:59:19,100 --> 04:59:21,700
beliefs, and liturgical 
practices were increasingly 

5616
04:59:21,700 --> 04:59:25,000
undermining each other. 
The Latin, patriarchate 

5617
04:59:25,000 --> 04:59:27,700
regularly replaced Orthodox, 
Bishops, with Latin appointed 

5618
04:59:27,700 --> 04:59:30,800
ones disrupting the historical 
lines of succession within the 

5619
04:59:30,800 --> 04:59:33,500
church. 
Latin power stepped in and took 

5620
04:59:33,500 --> 04:59:37,200
away the religious freedom of 
Greek, Armenian, Syrian and 

5621
04:59:37,200 --> 04:59:40,400
Coptic Christians, their actions
caused divisions Within These 

5622
04:59:40,400 --> 04:59:43,000
Christian communities, that 
lasted longer than the Crusader 

5623
04:59:43,000 --> 04:59:46,300
States themselves, during the 
Crusades, it was challenging to 

5624
04:59:46,300 --> 04:59:50,300
start a family and be sexual. 
When Latin men married, local. 

5625
04:59:50,300 --> 04:59:53,500
Christian, women, especially it 
caused complicated legal 

5626
04:59:53,500 --> 04:59:56,900
questions about inheritance and 
Status these unions placed their

5627
04:59:56,900 --> 05:00:00,200
children in a challenging 
situation frequently facing 

5628
05:00:00,200 --> 05:00:02,500
abuse from both sides for 
Muslim. 

5629
05:00:02,500 --> 05:00:05,900
Women being Crusaders made the 
more vulnerable Contemporary, 

5630
05:00:05,900 --> 05:00:09,100
Islamic legal, opinions, known 
as fatawa discussed the 

5631
05:00:09,100 --> 05:00:11,700
prevalence of abuse against 
women by Crusader troops. 

5632
05:00:11,700 --> 05:00:14,800
These papers demonstrate, the 
struggle of communities to 

5633
05:00:14,800 --> 05:00:18,100
maintain their Unity amid. 
Systematic dominance under the 

5634
05:00:18,100 --> 05:00:21,600
Crusader senior real system work
in agriculture, change. 

5635
05:00:22,400 --> 05:00:25,600
Native American farmers, were 
given new responsibilities such 

5636
05:00:25,600 --> 05:00:29,200
as working as corvey on Crusader
building projects to meet the 

5637
05:00:29,200 --> 05:00:32,000
needs of European markets. 
Traditional planting patterns 

5638
05:00:32,000 --> 05:00:34,900
were changed. 
Cash crops like sugarcane, which

5639
05:00:34,900 --> 05:00:37,400
needed a lot of watering and 
processing were given more 

5640
05:00:37,408 --> 05:00:40,200
attention. 
Archaeological and paleo 

5641
05:00:40,200 --> 05:00:42,700
Botanical studies show that 
these changes had long-lasting 

5642
05:00:42,700 --> 05:00:46,200
effects on the environment such 
as more soil, erosion, and tree 

5643
05:00:46,200 --> 05:00:49,600
loss that changed the levantine 
landscape forever every day 

5644
05:00:49,600 --> 05:00:51,500
conversations were full of 
linguistic. 

5645
05:00:51,500 --> 05:00:55,800
Abuse Latin or old French court.
Cases often required native 

5646
05:00:55,800 --> 05:00:57,900
defendants to rely on bias 
translators. 

5647
05:00:58,600 --> 05:01:01,600
More business contracts, 
required Latin documents, making

5648
05:01:01,600 --> 05:01:03,300
it harder for Arabs to do 
business. 

5649
05:01:04,200 --> 05:01:06,900
Over Generations. 
This linguistic, exclusion led 

5650
05:01:06,900 --> 05:01:10,600
to a kind of cultural Amnesia as
indigenous communities fought to

5651
05:01:10,600 --> 05:01:13,100
keep up their literary and 
intellectual Traditions, while 

5652
05:01:13,100 --> 05:01:14,800
being shut out of government 
programs. 

5653
05:01:15,700 --> 05:01:18,200
Medical Care showed and 
strengthened the Order of things

5654
05:01:18,200 --> 05:01:20,600
and Society. 
Historical records. 

5655
05:01:20,600 --> 05:01:23,800
Praise the hospital's by the 
military orders but most of 

5656
05:01:23,800 --> 05:01:26,800
their clients were pilgrims and 
settlers from Latin America, 

5657
05:01:26,800 --> 05:01:30,100
native people, relied on 
traditional networks of healing 

5658
05:01:30,100 --> 05:01:33,100
that had fewer means when the 
Crusaders were in charge 

5659
05:01:34,000 --> 05:01:37,000
Archaeological evidence from 
Cemetery sites shows that the 

5660
05:01:37,000 --> 05:01:40,600
health of native people. 
In those areas, got worse during

5661
05:01:40,600 --> 05:01:43,700
the Crusader time. 
Skeletal pathologies show that 

5662
05:01:43,700 --> 05:01:46,700
they were malnourished and sick 
more than people who lived there

5663
05:01:46,700 --> 05:01:49,800
before the Crusaders, these 
kinds of personal violence were 

5664
05:01:49,800 --> 05:01:51,700
not just a side effect of 
Crusader rule. 

5665
05:01:51,700 --> 05:01:54,600
They were what it was the 
Crusader States. 

5666
05:01:54,600 --> 05:01:57,000
Didn't just keep their power by 
the winning battles. 

5667
05:01:57,000 --> 05:02:00,200
They also kept it by enforcing 
daily rules of body control, 

5668
05:02:00,200 --> 05:02:03,000
space, separation and spiritual 
disturbance. 

5669
05:02:03,800 --> 05:02:07,300
When Saladin took back Jerusalem
in 1187, it was just as 

5670
05:02:07,300 --> 05:02:09,700
important that he lifted these 
daily restrictions on movement 

5671
05:02:09,700 --> 05:02:12,700
worship and property ownership. 
As it was that he won the war 

5672
05:02:12,700 --> 05:02:15,500
itself. 
Native people's support for his 

5673
05:02:15,500 --> 05:02:17,200
troops. 
Wasn't based on some vague 

5674
05:02:17,200 --> 05:02:19,700
theological agreement. 
It was a response to the 

5675
05:02:19,700 --> 05:02:21,500
personal violence of Crusader 
rule. 

5676
05:02:21,500 --> 05:02:24,800
The Crusades continued to be 
violent after 8:15. 

5677
05:02:24,800 --> 05:02:28,900
In 1291 diplomatic relations 
religious discourse, and 

5678
05:02:28,900 --> 05:02:32,100
cultural memory still echo. 
Its effects understanding the 

5679
05:02:32,100 --> 05:02:35,000
crusading movements Legacy 
demands appreciating how its 

5680
05:02:35,000 --> 05:02:37,600
violence altered institutions 
and mentalities throughout 

5681
05:02:37,600 --> 05:02:40,900
civilizations generating 
patterns that remained today 

5682
05:02:40,900 --> 05:02:43,500
diplomatic consequences. 
Followed immediately. 

5683
05:02:44,900 --> 05:02:49,800
In 1302 Mongol Emperor, ghazan 
Khan issued piece over here to 

5684
05:02:49,800 --> 05:02:53,400
European nations offering United
action against the mamluks and 

5685
05:02:53,400 --> 05:02:56,900
creating distrust, Pope 
Boniface, the 8th wondered if 

5686
05:02:56,900 --> 05:02:59,700
Islam had tainted. 
The Mongols Christianity, this 

5687
05:02:59,700 --> 05:03:03,100
diplomatic setback showed how 
much crusading ideology has 

5688
05:03:03,100 --> 05:03:06,600
limited cross, civilizational, 
cooperation pragmatic. 

5689
05:03:06,600 --> 05:03:08,700
Coalitions, were nearly 
unimaginable due to the 

5690
05:03:08,700 --> 05:03:11,700
religious Warfare Paradigm 
crusading violence. 

5691
05:03:11,700 --> 05:03:15,200
Set permanent precedence in 
European politics, special 

5692
05:03:15,200 --> 05:03:18,300
levies, for expeditions 
generated new fiscal mechanisms 

5693
05:03:18,300 --> 05:03:21,600
that increased state power, 
Henry, the second of England, 

5694
05:03:21,600 --> 05:03:24,100
imposed the salad and tie in an 
1188. 

5695
05:03:24,100 --> 05:03:27,400
One of the early systematic 
National taxes in medieval 

5696
05:03:27,400 --> 05:03:30,200
Europe. 
Financial advances out lasted 

5697
05:03:30,200 --> 05:03:32,800
the Crusades and became 
permanent parts of new States. 

5698
05:03:33,500 --> 05:03:36,900
External cruelty helped extract 
resources from local communities

5699
05:03:36,900 --> 05:03:39,200
crusading. 
Laws were assimilated in 

5700
05:03:39,200 --> 05:03:42,300
European communities, domestic 
religious minorities. 

5701
05:03:42,300 --> 05:03:45,400
Gradually adopted fourth lateran
Council restrictions against 

5702
05:03:45,400 --> 05:03:48,900
enemies of the Medieval 
Inquisition used existing 

5703
05:03:48,900 --> 05:03:52,000
methods to locate and suppress 
Muslim resistance, and conquered

5704
05:03:52,000 --> 05:03:54,000
regions. 
Crusades were used against 

5705
05:03:54,000 --> 05:03:57,000
cathars and Southern France. 
Pagan people in North Eastern 

5706
05:03:57,000 --> 05:03:59,200
Europe and people opponents in 
Italy. 

5707
05:04:00,000 --> 05:04:03,000
European societies, handled 
internal diversity differently. 

5708
05:04:03,000 --> 05:04:07,000
Due to this procedural Legacy. 
Colonial expansions after the 

5709
05:04:07,000 --> 05:04:11,100
15th century expressly cited, 
Crusades Portuguese, armies 

5710
05:04:11,100 --> 05:04:14,500
deliberately the Crusades when 
they took Suter in North Africa 

5711
05:04:14,500 --> 05:04:18,000
and 1415. 
Columbus thought his journeys 

5712
05:04:18,000 --> 05:04:21,000
would revive the possibility of 
Fringe Jerusalem by a voiding 

5713
05:04:21,000 --> 05:04:26,200
Muslim controlled territory. 
People bulls that directly cited

5714
05:04:26,200 --> 05:04:29,800
crusading Powers Justified the 
Spanish conquest of the Americas

5715
05:04:29,800 --> 05:04:32,300
by providing in indigenous 
Americans. 

5716
05:04:32,300 --> 05:04:35,800
With foundations, for battle 
against Muslims, the memory of 

5717
05:04:35,800 --> 05:04:38,400
Crusader assault affected, 
ottoman institutions, and 

5718
05:04:38,408 --> 05:04:41,700
diplomacy the millets system 
which United religious 

5719
05:04:41,700 --> 05:04:43,800
minorities under their 
leadership with relative 

5720
05:04:43,800 --> 05:04:47,400
autonomy, was partially a 
response to Crusader subjugation

5721
05:04:47,400 --> 05:04:50,200
of Eastern Christians. 
Ottoman, diplomatic 

5722
05:04:50,200 --> 05:04:52,000
correspondence, with European 
nation. 

5723
05:04:52,000 --> 05:04:55,800
Sometimes invoked Crusader 
atrocities to frame current 

5724
05:04:55,800 --> 05:04:58,900
disputes. 
The sultanate to Sacred site 

5725
05:04:58,900 --> 05:05:01,900
contradicted, the Crusader 
Narrative of Freedom, the 

5726
05:05:01,900 --> 05:05:04,600
Crusades caused significant 
theological and institutional 

5727
05:05:04,600 --> 05:05:07,700
damage to Eastern Christians 
Eastern Christians, who 

5728
05:05:07,700 --> 05:05:10,400
acknowledged people Authority, 
while keeping their liturgical 

5729
05:05:10,400 --> 05:05:13,100
Customs. 
Formed unih churches, dividing, 

5730
05:05:13,100 --> 05:05:17,300
Orthodox communities permanently
The Maronite Church in Lebanon, 

5731
05:05:17,300 --> 05:05:20,500
the Greek Catholic Church in 
Syria and Palestine and the 

5732
05:05:20,500 --> 05:05:22,900
Armenian Catholic Church of 
evolved from these difficult 

5733
05:05:22,900 --> 05:05:25,600
talks, between Eastern, 
Christians and Latin Authority. 

5734
05:05:26,700 --> 05:05:29,500
Modern Middle Eastern. 
Sectarian Dynamics are shaped by

5735
05:05:29,508 --> 05:05:33,100
these ecclesiastical divisions 
political identities, Jewish 

5736
05:05:33,100 --> 05:05:36,200
communities across Europe, saw 
the Crusades as a major break 

5737
05:05:36,200 --> 05:05:39,200
with Christianity. 
The first Crusades targeted 

5738
05:05:39,200 --> 05:05:42,000
brutality against rhino and 
Villages devastated. 

5739
05:05:42,000 --> 05:05:45,000
Centuries old Jewish study 
centres and caused a steady 

5740
05:05:45,000 --> 05:05:48,500
Eastward migration. 
Sacred, poetry put him 

5741
05:05:48,500 --> 05:05:51,300
commemorated. 
These massacres preserving their

5742
05:05:51,300 --> 05:05:53,700
memory. 
Theological links between 

5743
05:05:53,700 --> 05:05:57,100
crusading and anti-jewish 
violence, set precedence for 

5744
05:05:57,100 --> 05:06:00,400
successive persecutions, 
including expulsions, from 

5745
05:06:00,400 --> 05:06:06,900
England, 1290 France. 1306 and 
Spain 492, cultural Legacy 

5746
05:06:06,900 --> 05:06:10,500
created lasting symbols 
nationalist, Colonial and 

5747
05:06:10,500 --> 05:06:12,800
religious groups used the 
Crusader cross for centuries. 

5748
05:06:12,800 --> 05:06:16,600
The Swedish flag used during the
northern Crusades and the 

5749
05:06:16,608 --> 05:06:20,400
International Red Cross flag. 
Paradox at Clear humanitarian 

5750
05:06:20,400 --> 05:06:25,000
symbol bear The Crusade across 
These visual continuity, show 

5751
05:06:25,000 --> 05:06:28,100
How Deeply crusading iconography
shaped European culture. 

5752
05:06:28,100 --> 05:06:30,500
Often without historical 
context. 

5753
05:06:31,300 --> 05:06:34,100
Literary and artistic depiction 
skuid stories. 

5754
05:06:34,100 --> 05:06:37,800
Medieval epic poems. 
Like the song of Roland made 

5755
05:06:37,800 --> 05:06:40,900
Muslims into monsters shaping 
European perceptions for 

5756
05:06:40,900 --> 05:06:44,000
Generations. 
Renaissance paintings of Moors 

5757
05:06:44,000 --> 05:06:47,700
used Crusader iconography. 
These cultural Productions 

5758
05:06:47,700 --> 05:06:50,400
actively maintained differences 
between Christian Europe and the

5759
05:06:50,400 --> 05:06:53,700
Muslim world. 
Modern nationalism in the 19th 

5760
05:06:53,700 --> 05:06:55,900
century, politicized crusading 
memory. 

5761
05:06:56,600 --> 05:06:59,400
European Colonial powers in the 
Middle East Justified their 

5762
05:06:59,400 --> 05:07:03,200
presence with Crusader Tales. 
Press coverage, purposely 

5763
05:07:03,200 --> 05:07:06,400
evoked, Crusader imagery when 
British general Allenby invaded 

5764
05:07:06,400 --> 05:07:09,900
Jerusalem in 1917. 
Syrian French mandate 

5765
05:07:09,900 --> 05:07:12,400
authorities rebuilt. 
Crusader Castle's as proof of 

5766
05:07:12,400 --> 05:07:16,100
their dominance Arab nationalist
organizations, defined their 

5767
05:07:16,100 --> 05:07:19,400
struggle as continuing salads, 
liberation of Jerusalem in 

5768
05:07:19,400 --> 05:07:21,200
response. 
To Colonial Appropriations 

5769
05:07:21,200 --> 05:07:24,600
political discourse about the 
Crusades shows their unfinished 

5770
05:07:24,600 --> 05:07:26,700
business. 
The immediate uproar, 

5771
05:07:26,700 --> 05:07:28,900
demonstrated the lasting impact 
of the term. 

5772
05:07:28,900 --> 05:07:32,400
When President George W, bush, 
referred to the war on terror. 

5773
05:07:32,400 --> 05:07:36,500
As a crusade in 2001, extremist 
movements in Western and Muslim 

5774
05:07:36,500 --> 05:07:39,500
countries, use crusading 
iconography showing the 

5775
05:07:39,500 --> 05:07:41,800
conflicts enduring relevance to 
Modern Problems. 

5776
05:07:41,800 --> 05:07:45,200
Excavation can continue to 
reveal Crusade of violence is 

5777
05:07:45,200 --> 05:07:48,700
material Legacy. 
Recent excavations at caesarea, 

5778
05:07:48,700 --> 05:07:51,700
maritima found, Frankish, and 
Christian Mass. 

5779
05:07:51,700 --> 05:07:55,400
Graves from baybars. 1265 
Conquest, the bone remains 

5780
05:07:55,400 --> 05:07:58,100
indicate hurried burial. 
After systematic execution. 

5781
05:07:58,100 --> 05:08:01,900
Echoing Crusader tactics at 
Jerusalem about two centuries 

5782
05:08:01,900 --> 05:08:05,500
before Popular culture 
romanticizes, but this 

5783
05:08:05,500 --> 05:08:07,500
archaeological record is 
sobering. 

5784
05:08:08,100 --> 05:08:11,000
Many Eastern Mediterranean 
tourism economies whitewash, 

5785
05:08:11,000 --> 05:08:13,500
Crusader, Bloodshed by 
commodifying their past. 

5786
05:08:14,100 --> 05:08:18,000
Crusader castles like crack de 
chavalier in Syria and Belvoir 

5787
05:08:18,000 --> 05:08:20,200
in Israel. 
A portrayed as architectural 

5788
05:08:20,200 --> 05:08:22,500
Marvels rather than military 
weaponry. 

5789
05:08:23,300 --> 05:08:26,200
This limited commemoration shows
continued difficulties in 

5790
05:08:26,200 --> 05:08:29,500
confronting Crusader brutality 
and its effects on Western 

5791
05:08:29,500 --> 05:08:33,400
Middle Eastern relations. 
A pistol, my logically, the 

5792
05:08:33,400 --> 05:08:36,000
Crusades changed how different 
civilizations perceived 

5793
05:08:36,000 --> 05:08:39,000
themselves and others. 
This time hardened religious 

5794
05:08:39,000 --> 05:08:42,900
identities Associated territory 
with confession and Sanctified 

5795
05:08:42,900 --> 05:08:46,400
violence in defense of Faith, 
all of which continued to impact

5796
05:08:46,400 --> 05:08:50,300
contemporary conflicts. 
The Crusades changed the 

5797
05:08:50,300 --> 05:08:52,500
conceptual terrain of 
international contacts. 

5798
05:08:53,300 --> 05:08:55,100
True revolutionary, historical 
events. 

5799
05:08:55,100 --> 05:08:57,500
Create new paradigms that last 
beyond their immediate 

5800
05:08:57,500 --> 05:09:01,300
influence, By this metric, the 
Crusades violence was one of 

5801
05:09:01,300 --> 05:09:04,100
history's. 
Most significant events after 

5802
05:09:04,100 --> 05:09:07,500
nearly a millennium Urban. 
The second fatal sermon, at 

5803
05:09:07,500 --> 05:09:10,600
Claremont continues to impact 
our world because it cuts to the

5804
05:09:10,600 --> 05:09:13,000
heart of how civilizations 
identify themselves. 

5805
05:09:13,000 --> 05:09:16,500
And others crucifer, violence, 
Hans, modern discourse. 

5806
05:09:16,500 --> 05:09:19,700
As the Middle East struggles 
with recurrent Wars and Europe, 

5807
05:09:19,700 --> 05:09:22,000
grapples with religious, and 
cultural identity. 

5808
05:09:22,800 --> 05:09:24,900
Addressing this history is 
enduring legacies. 

5809
05:09:24,900 --> 05:09:27,800
Requires understanding its 
complexity Beyond triumphalist, 

5810
05:09:27,800 --> 05:09:31,100
narratives and simplistic 
condemnations The Crusades 

5811
05:09:31,100 --> 05:09:34,200
cruelty was a revolutionary 
historical process with lasting 

5812
05:09:34,200 --> 05:09:44,700
effects. 
Imagine yourself seated at your 

5813
05:09:44,700 --> 05:09:46,100
kitchen, table on a Tuesday 
Morning. 

5814
05:09:46,100 --> 05:09:49,300
In October 1929. 
Perhaps enjoying coffee from 

5815
05:09:49,300 --> 05:09:51,600
your beloved. 
The one that hasn't yet 

5816
05:09:51,600 --> 05:09:54,700
developed a chip in its handle 
You're flipping through the 

5817
05:09:54,700 --> 05:09:56,200
newspaper. 
Probably complaining about 

5818
05:09:56,200 --> 05:09:59,400
something perfectly mundane. 
Like how the neighbor's dog 

5819
05:09:59,400 --> 05:10:04,000
keeps digging up, your petunias?
Life, feels predictable, even a 

5820
05:10:04,000 --> 05:10:07,200
little boring. 
Then the phone rings or maybe 

5821
05:10:07,200 --> 05:10:10,500
you hear it on the radio, the 
stock market has crashed the 

5822
05:10:10,500 --> 05:10:13,300
stock market does not merely 
faulted or experienced a 

5823
05:10:13,300 --> 05:10:16,400
difficult day, but it has 
plummeted completely and 

5824
05:10:16,400 --> 05:10:19,500
catastrophically. 
Within hours, everything you 

5825
05:10:19,500 --> 05:10:22,300
thought you about your comfort 
little world starts shifting 

5826
05:10:22,300 --> 05:10:26,200
beneath your feet like sand. 
Now, you might be thinking, what

5827
05:10:26,200 --> 05:10:27,900
does Wall Street have to do with
my dinner table? 

5828
05:10:27,900 --> 05:10:31,100
Get ready to learn that 
everything is connected in ways 

5829
05:10:31,100 --> 05:10:35,100
that will make your head spin. 
Before the crash American 

5830
05:10:35,100 --> 05:10:37,400
kitchens were experiencing a 
period of prosperity. 

5831
05:10:37,400 --> 05:10:41,200
Electric refrigerators replace 
the old ice boxes, that required

5832
05:10:41,200 --> 05:10:44,400
actual blocks of ice consider. 
How you might explain that to 

5833
05:10:44,400 --> 05:10:46,000
someone today? 
Yes. 

5834
05:10:46,000 --> 05:10:48,600
Dear, a man. 
Came by twice a week with frozen

5835
05:10:48,600 --> 05:10:51,400
water. 
Know we couldn't make our own 

5836
05:10:53,000 --> 05:10:56,100
cooking became easier with the 
newfangled appliances and 

5837
05:10:56,100 --> 05:10:58,600
grocery stores brimmed with an 
abundance of options that would 

5838
05:10:58,600 --> 05:11:00,000
have left your grandmother 
dizzy. 

5839
05:11:00,800 --> 05:11:05,100
Families were eating beef roasts
on Sundays, fresh vegetables, 

5840
05:11:05,100 --> 05:11:08,500
from local farms and desserts. 
That didn't require a 

5841
05:11:08,500 --> 05:11:10,200
mathematical equation to figure 
out sugar. 

5842
05:11:10,200 --> 05:11:13,400
Ratios bread was white and 
fluffy not because it was 

5843
05:11:13,408 --> 05:11:16,900
healthy here, but because it 
felt fancy and modern the poor 8

5844
05:11:16,900 --> 05:11:19,500
brown bread, but America was far
from impoverished. 

5845
05:11:19,500 --> 05:11:23,400
But here's the thing about 
Prosperity is often built on a 

5846
05:11:23,400 --> 05:11:26,900
foundation, that's more wobbly 
than anyone wants to admit Banks

5847
05:11:26,900 --> 05:11:29,300
were lending, money recklessly 
individuals were purchasing 

5848
05:11:29,300 --> 05:11:32,700
stocks with funds, they lacked 
and farmers were producing more 

5849
05:11:32,700 --> 05:11:34,300
food than the nation. 
Could consume. 

5850
05:11:34,300 --> 05:11:36,900
It was like a giant game of 
Jenga and someone was about to 

5851
05:11:36,900 --> 05:11:40,200
pull out the wrong block. 
When that crash came it wasn't 

5852
05:11:40,200 --> 05:11:42,900
just Rich investors in fancy 
suits who felt it. 

5853
05:11:42,900 --> 05:11:46,100
The Ripple effects, spread 
faster than gossip in a small 

5854
05:11:46,108 --> 05:11:48,600
town banks. 
Closed their doors, taking 

5855
05:11:48,600 --> 05:11:50,800
people's savings with them 
factories. 

5856
05:11:50,800 --> 05:11:54,200
Shut down, sending workers home 
with empty Pockets, suddenly the

5857
05:11:54,200 --> 05:11:57,300
Cozy middle class, way of life, 
you had been relishing vanished 

5858
05:11:57,300 --> 05:12:00,900
the concept vanished as swiftly 
as ice cream on a sweltering 

5859
05:12:00,900 --> 05:12:03,600
summer day. 
The cruel irony was that there 

5860
05:12:03,600 --> 05:12:05,400
was still ample food available 
for cultivation. 

5861
05:12:06,400 --> 05:12:09,000
Farms Across America were still 
producing wheat, corn 

5862
05:12:09,000 --> 05:12:12,800
vegetables, and livestock. 
The problem wasn't that food had

5863
05:12:12,800 --> 05:12:14,800
disappeared. 
It was that nobody had money to 

5864
05:12:14,800 --> 05:12:17,400
buy it, it's like being locked 
out your house with the keys 

5865
05:12:17,400 --> 05:12:20,200
sitting right there on the 
kitchen counter visible, but 

5866
05:12:20,200 --> 05:12:23,400
completely Out Of Reach. 
This is where our story really 

5867
05:12:23,400 --> 05:12:25,600
begins. 
Because when people can't afford

5868
05:12:25,600 --> 05:12:28,000
food, they get creative like 
creative. 

5869
05:12:28,000 --> 05:12:30,400
I mean, they learn to create 
meals using ingredients, that 

5870
05:12:30,400 --> 05:12:33,700
would make modern food bloggers 
cry for, get your artisanal, 

5871
05:12:33,700 --> 05:12:36,200
this and organic that people 
were about, to discover that 

5872
05:12:36,200 --> 05:12:38,200
survival cooking, as its kind of
art form. 

5873
05:12:38,200 --> 05:12:40,500
They're not necessarily one. 
You'd want to Instagram. 

5874
05:12:40,500 --> 05:12:43,900
So there you were, perhaps still
sitting at that same kitchen 

5875
05:12:43,900 --> 05:12:46,800
table, but now, instead of 
casually reading the newspaper, 

5876
05:12:46,800 --> 05:12:48,900
your studying. 
It like it holds the secrets of 

5877
05:12:48,908 --> 05:12:51,600
the universe, which adds are 
offering work. 

5878
05:12:51,600 --> 05:12:55,600
What stores are having sales and
most importantly, how can you 

5879
05:12:55,600 --> 05:12:58,200
feed your family on? 
What feels like pocket change? 

5880
05:12:59,000 --> 05:13:01,100
The adventure was just 
beginning, though. 

5881
05:13:01,100 --> 05:13:02,900
Nobody referred to it as such at
that time. 

5882
05:13:03,700 --> 05:13:06,700
They were too busy figuring out 
how to stretch a dollar until it

5883
05:13:06,700 --> 05:13:09,400
screamed and wondering how 
something is basic is putting 

5884
05:13:09,408 --> 05:13:12,300
food on the table had suddenly 
become the most challenging 

5885
05:13:12,300 --> 05:13:14,300
puzzle. 
They'd ever faced, you know how 

5886
05:13:14,300 --> 05:13:17,400
today you might spend 20 minutes
deciding between 17 different 

5887
05:13:17,400 --> 05:13:21,000
types, of pasta sauce, weighing 
the merits of organic vs regular

5888
05:13:21,000 --> 05:13:23,800
vs the store brand. 
Well, imagine if your entire 

5889
05:13:23,808 --> 05:13:26,600
grocery budget was less than 
what you now, spend on a single 

5890
05:13:26,600 --> 05:13:29,200
lunch out and suddenly those 
choices become a lot more 

5891
05:13:29,200 --> 05:13:32,600
focused by 1932. 
The average family was spending 

5892
05:13:32,600 --> 05:13:35,400
about 15 dollars a week on 
groceries which sounds 

5893
05:13:35,400 --> 05:13:39,100
ridiculously cheap Until you 
realize that's in 1932 dollars. 

5894
05:13:39,100 --> 05:13:41,400
And most people were lucky to 
have any dollars at all. 

5895
05:13:41,400 --> 05:13:44,600
It's as if someone handed you 
Monopoly money and instructed 

5896
05:13:44,600 --> 05:13:47,700
you to use it until next 
Thursday, Your grocery shopping 

5897
05:13:47,700 --> 05:13:50,500
strategy had to become more 
sophisticated than a military 

5898
05:13:50,500 --> 05:13:53,700
operation first. 
You check every pocket purse and

5899
05:13:53,700 --> 05:13:57,200
couch cushion for Loose Change. 
Discovering a nickel felt like a

5900
05:13:57,200 --> 05:14:00,600
hidden treasure, then you'd sit 
down with a pencil and paper. 

5901
05:14:00,600 --> 05:14:04,200
No fancy smartphone apps for 
Budget tracking and plan your 

5902
05:14:04,200 --> 05:14:06,200
shopping trip with the Precision
of a NASA Mission. 

5903
05:14:06,200 --> 05:14:09,900
Every purchase had to serve 
multiple purposes and luxury 

5904
05:14:09,900 --> 05:14:12,800
items like fresh meat or white 
sugar were carefully weighed 

5905
05:14:12,800 --> 05:14:14,800
against Necessities, like flour 
and potatoes. 

5906
05:14:14,800 --> 05:14:18,000
The grocery stores themselves 
started looking different too 

5907
05:14:18,000 --> 05:14:21,600
gone with the Abundant displays 
and cheerful abundance of the 

5908
05:14:21,600 --> 05:14:25,200
Roaring 20s. 
Shelves became sparser and 

5909
05:14:25,200 --> 05:14:28,000
stalkers started extending 
credit to long-time customers 

5910
05:14:28,000 --> 05:14:32,100
keeping handwritten ledgers of 
who owed, what it was like a 

5911
05:14:32,100 --> 05:14:34,800
neighborhood favor system except
the favors were keeping families

5912
05:14:34,800 --> 05:14:37,500
from going hungry. 
You learned to think like a 

5913
05:14:37,500 --> 05:14:39,700
Pioneer, even though you lived 
in town. 

5914
05:14:40,400 --> 05:14:43,600
Bulk purchases made sense, when 
you could afford them, a large 

5915
05:14:43,600 --> 05:14:46,300
sack of flour, might cost more 
upfront, but it would last 

5916
05:14:46,300 --> 05:14:49,100
longer and cost less per pound 
than buying smaller amounts. 

5917
05:14:49,100 --> 05:14:52,500
Of course, such an arrangement 
required actually, having enough

5918
05:14:52,500 --> 05:14:55,900
money for bulk purchases, which 
was often a catched, 22 

5919
05:14:55,900 --> 05:14:57,600
situation, that would make your 
head hurt. 

5920
05:14:57,600 --> 05:14:59,100
If you thought about it too 
much. 

5921
05:15:00,500 --> 05:15:02,900
Shopping became a social 
activity, in ways, it had never 

5922
05:15:02,900 --> 05:15:06,400
been before, women would compare
notes on which stores have the 

5923
05:15:06,400 --> 05:15:09,800
best prices share recipes for 
making meals stretch and 

5924
05:15:09,800 --> 05:15:12,100
sometimes even pull their money 
for bulk purchases. 

5925
05:15:12,100 --> 05:15:14,700
They divide up later. 
It was like having a very 

5926
05:15:14,700 --> 05:15:17,300
practical book club except 
instead of discussing 

5927
05:15:17,300 --> 05:15:20,200
literature, you were debating 
where the potatoes were cheaper 

5928
05:15:20,200 --> 05:15:22,900
per pound at Miller's market or 
Thompson's grocery. 

5929
05:15:23,800 --> 05:15:26,200
The butcher became both your 
trusted companion and your 

5930
05:15:26,200 --> 05:15:29,700
greatest obstacle. 
While meat was costly bones were

5931
05:15:29,700 --> 05:15:32,600
inexpensive and equality. 
Superbone could serve. 

5932
05:15:32,600 --> 05:15:36,200
As the basis for numerous meals,
you would request the cuts that 

5933
05:15:36,200 --> 05:15:39,300
were previously intended for pet
food, and the butcher would 

5934
05:15:39,300 --> 05:15:43,000
frequently include Surplus at no
cost, which you would then cook 

5935
05:15:43,000 --> 05:15:45,900
and utilize in ways that would 
shock contemporary nutritionists

5936
05:15:45,900 --> 05:15:47,000
yet. 
Insured. 

5937
05:15:47,000 --> 05:15:51,200
Your families. 
Seasonal shopping took on new 

5938
05:15:51,200 --> 05:15:54,100
meaning some are meant fresh, 
vegetables and fruits when they 

5939
05:15:54,100 --> 05:15:56,200
were cheapest. 
But it also meant thinking ahead

5940
05:15:56,200 --> 05:15:58,800
to Winter. 
Canning became less of a hobby 

5941
05:15:58,800 --> 05:16:02,200
and more of a survival skill. 
Your kitchen might fill up with 

5942
05:16:02,200 --> 05:16:03,800
mason jars, like a general 
store. 

5943
05:16:03,800 --> 05:16:06,400
Each one representing a meal 
saved for the months when fresh 

5944
05:16:06,400 --> 05:16:09,800
food would become even pricier. 
Store credit evolved into a 

5945
05:16:09,800 --> 05:16:12,200
delicate balance between dignity
and Desperation. 

5946
05:16:12,900 --> 05:16:15,400
Storekeepers knew their 
customers personally, they knew 

5947
05:16:15,400 --> 05:16:18,200
your family, your situation and 
your history of payment. 

5948
05:16:18,200 --> 05:16:21,100
Getting credit wasn't just about
financial reliability. 

5949
05:16:21,100 --> 05:16:24,600
It was about being part of the 
community but using that 

5950
05:16:24,600 --> 05:16:28,700
credited you needed help which 
was harder for some people than 

5951
05:16:28,700 --> 05:16:31,100
others. 
The psychology of shopping 

5952
05:16:31,100 --> 05:16:34,500
changed too, he'd find yourself 
calculating not just price per 

5953
05:16:34,500 --> 05:16:36,908
pound. 
But meals per dollar, a bag of 

5954
05:16:36,916 --> 05:16:39,800
dried beans, might be boring but
it could feed your family for a 

5955
05:16:39,808 --> 05:16:41,300
week if you have to cook them 
right. 

5956
05:16:41,300 --> 05:16:44,700
Meanwhile that fresh Apple that 
looked so appealing might 

5957
05:16:44,700 --> 05:16:47,300
represent an entire day's budget
for luxury Foods. 

5958
05:16:48,100 --> 05:16:50,600
Your bags, may have been lighter
when you got home, but your 

5959
05:16:50,600 --> 05:16:52,500
mental load was differently. 
Heavier. 

5960
05:16:52,500 --> 05:16:54,400
You weren't just carrying 
groceries. 

5961
05:16:55,300 --> 05:16:57,700
You were carrying the 
responsibility of making every 

5962
05:16:57,700 --> 05:17:01,900
ingredient, count every meal 
matter and every dollar stretch 

5963
05:17:01,900 --> 05:17:05,400
as far as humanly possible. 
And you are about to learn that 

5964
05:17:05,400 --> 05:17:06,700
creativity in. 
The kitchen. 

5965
05:17:06,700 --> 05:17:09,800
Wasn't just nice. 
It was absolutely essential. 

5966
05:17:09,800 --> 05:17:13,300
Here's something that might 
surprise you before the Great 

5967
05:17:13,300 --> 05:17:15,700
Depression left. 
Over food was often just thrown 

5968
05:17:15,700 --> 05:17:18,400
away. 
Can you imagine families would 

5969
05:17:18,400 --> 05:17:21,100
actually toss perfectly 
delicious food because it was a 

5970
05:17:21,100 --> 05:17:23,500
day old or didn't look as 
appealing as when it was fresh. 

5971
05:17:24,300 --> 05:17:27,600
If you told someone from 1935 
that people in the future would 

5972
05:17:27,600 --> 05:17:29,800
throw away food because it was a
poaching. 

5973
05:17:29,800 --> 05:17:32,400
Its expiration date, they'd 
probably think you were 

5974
05:17:32,400 --> 05:17:33,800
describing some kind of fantasy 
world. 

5975
05:17:34,800 --> 05:17:38,200
But once money became scarce 
leftovers, transformed from 

5976
05:17:38,200 --> 05:17:42,400
Kitchen waste into precious 
resources. every scrap of food 

5977
05:17:42,400 --> 05:17:45,800
became the star of its own 
potential meal, and home Cooks 

5978
05:17:45,800 --> 05:17:49,100
developed an almost Supernatural
ability to resurrect yesterday's

5979
05:17:49,100 --> 05:17:52,400
dinner into something that felt 
new and exciting or at least 

5980
05:17:52,400 --> 05:17:56,900
edible Take bread, for example, 
in better times day, old bread, 

5981
05:17:56,900 --> 05:17:59,900
might have been tossed to the 
birds or used for kindling, but 

5982
05:17:59,900 --> 05:18:02,600
during the Depression stale 
bread, became the foundation of 

5983
05:18:02,600 --> 05:18:06,000
entire meals red. 
Putting wasn't just a desert. 

5984
05:18:06,000 --> 05:18:08,900
It was a way to use up every 
last crossed. 

5985
05:18:09,600 --> 05:18:13,100
Breadcrumbs extended, meatloaf 
and bread soaked in milk, became

5986
05:18:13,100 --> 05:18:15,200
a breakfast that cost almost 
nothing. 

5987
05:18:16,100 --> 05:18:18,800
The art of the leftover soup 
became, so refined that it was 

5988
05:18:18,808 --> 05:18:22,100
practically a science. 
You'd start with whatever scraps

5989
05:18:22,100 --> 05:18:25,000
of meat remain from Sunday's 
dinner, maybe just some gristle 

5990
05:18:25,000 --> 05:18:26,500
and bones. 
That today would go straight 

5991
05:18:26,500 --> 05:18:29,300
into the trash. 
Had some wilted vegetables that 

5992
05:18:29,300 --> 05:18:32,300
were passed their Prime throwing
yesterday's, mashed potatoes for

5993
05:18:32,300 --> 05:18:35,300
thickness and suddenly, you had 
a new meal that could feed the 

5994
05:18:35,300 --> 05:18:37,600
whole family every kitchen 
developed. 

5995
05:18:37,600 --> 05:18:40,900
Its own leftover ecosystem, 
people saved, meat drippings and

5996
05:18:40,908 --> 05:18:43,200
used them to flavor vegetables 
vegetable. 

5997
05:18:43,200 --> 05:18:45,800
Cooking water became the base 
for Soups because throwing away 

5998
05:18:45,800 --> 05:18:48,500
anything with potential 
nutrients felt almost Criminal. 

5999
05:18:49,200 --> 05:18:53,300
Even coffee grounds got reused 
sometimes multiple times until 

6000
05:18:53,300 --> 05:18:55,900
they were producing something 
that barely resembled coffee, 

6001
05:18:55,900 --> 05:18:59,100
but still provided a hot Cafe. 
Native beverage. 

6002
05:19:00,500 --> 05:19:04,200
The psychology of leftovers 
change completely, instead of 

6003
05:19:04,208 --> 05:19:06,300
being considered somehow 
inferior, to fresh food. 

6004
05:19:06,300 --> 05:19:10,800
Leftovers became challenges to 
creativity, a good cook, could 

6005
05:19:10,800 --> 05:19:13,600
take completely unrelated 
remnants and somehow make them 

6006
05:19:13,600 --> 05:19:16,700
work together in harmony. 
It was akin to performing as a 

6007
05:19:16,708 --> 05:19:20,700
culinary, DJ combining various 
ingredients to created dish that

6008
05:19:20,700 --> 05:19:24,500
exceeded its individual 
components Castle roles emerged 

6009
05:19:24,500 --> 05:19:27,900
as the ideal way to utilize 
leftovers, even though they were

6010
05:19:27,900 --> 05:19:30,800
referred to as castles in the 
past, they were simply anything.

6011
05:19:30,800 --> 05:19:35,200
We could combine in one pot. 
Have some leftover chicken, mix 

6012
05:19:35,200 --> 05:19:38,000
it with yesterday's vegetables, 
and top with whatever starch. 

6013
05:19:38,000 --> 05:19:40,600
You could manage. 
Well though it was unrefined it 

6014
05:19:40,600 --> 05:19:44,200
provided a substantial meal was 
cost-effective and effectively 

6015
05:19:44,200 --> 05:19:46,700
utilized all items that could 
have otherwise been discarded. 

6016
05:19:47,600 --> 05:19:49,900
The transformation of leftovers 
also has changed. 

6017
05:19:49,900 --> 05:19:52,700
How families thought about meal 
planning instead of planning 

6018
05:19:52,700 --> 05:19:55,000
individual meals. 
You started thinking in terms of

6019
05:19:55,000 --> 05:19:58,100
food chains how Sunday's roast 
chicken would become Monday's, 

6020
05:19:58,100 --> 05:20:01,600
chicken salad, Tuesday's chicken
soup and Wednesdays chicken and 

6021
05:20:01,600 --> 05:20:05,100
dumplings it was like meal 
planning, chess thinking several

6022
05:20:05,100 --> 05:20:08,200
moves ahead children, grew up 
with an entirely different 

6023
05:20:08,200 --> 05:20:10,400
relationship to food waste than 
their parents had. 

6024
05:20:10,400 --> 05:20:13,600
Not only was leaving food on 
your plate, considered Bad 

6025
05:20:13,600 --> 05:20:16,900
Manners but it also represented 
a significant waste of family 

6026
05:20:16,900 --> 05:20:19,500
resources. 
Kids learn to clean their 

6027
05:20:19,500 --> 05:20:22,300
plates, not because of starving 
children in far off countries 

6028
05:20:22,300 --> 05:20:25,500
but because that leftover bite 
might be tomorrow's lunch. 

6029
05:20:26,600 --> 05:20:29,600
The creative leftover culture, 
led to some surprisingly tasty 

6030
05:20:29,600 --> 05:20:31,400
discoveries. 
Combinations. 

6031
05:20:31,400 --> 05:20:34,000
That seemed weird on paper 
actually worked. 

6032
05:20:34,000 --> 05:20:37,800
Well together leftover mashed 
potatoes mixed with flour became

6033
05:20:37,800 --> 05:20:40,400
potato pancakes. 
Yesterday's vegetables. 

6034
05:20:40,400 --> 05:20:43,600
Mixed with eggs became 
Freighters before anyone knew 

6035
05:20:43,600 --> 05:20:46,200
what to call them. 
In ways that would influence 

6036
05:20:46,200 --> 05:20:47,800
American cooking for 
Generations. 

6037
05:20:47,800 --> 05:20:52,000
Necessity, became the driving 
force behind invention, storage 

6038
05:20:52,000 --> 05:20:55,300
became an art form too, without 
reliable Refrigeration in many 

6039
05:20:55,300 --> 05:20:57,700
homes. 
Keeping leftovers safe, required

6040
05:20:57,700 --> 05:21:00,600
timing, temperature control, and
a bit of luck. 

6041
05:21:01,200 --> 05:21:04,400
Root Cellars, cool, pantries, 
and even outdoor storage and 

6042
05:21:04,400 --> 05:21:06,700
winter became part of the 
leftover management system. 

6043
05:21:06,700 --> 05:21:09,600
You had to eat things in the 
right order to prevent spoilage,

6044
05:21:09,600 --> 05:21:12,000
which meant planning your 
leftover consumption, as 

6045
05:21:12,008 --> 05:21:15,500
carefully as your original 
meals, Looking back, this 

6046
05:21:15,500 --> 05:21:18,100
leftover Revolution, created 
cooking skills, that modern 

6047
05:21:18,100 --> 05:21:21,800
Americans have largely lost. 
The skills, such as the ability 

6048
05:21:21,800 --> 05:21:25,300
to look at random ingredients 
and see potential meals to 

6049
05:21:25,300 --> 05:21:29,200
stretch food Beyond its obvious,
uses and toast, absolutely 

6050
05:21:29,200 --> 05:21:31,500
nothing. 
We're not just survival skills 

6051
05:21:31,500 --> 05:21:34,100
from the Depression era. 
They were the foundation of a 

6052
05:21:34,100 --> 05:21:36,900
more sustainable and creative 
approach to cooking that we 

6053
05:21:36,900 --> 05:21:40,000
could probably learn from today.
Even if we never want to have to

6054
05:21:40,000 --> 05:21:41,300
rely on it, quite so 
desperately. 

6055
05:21:41,300 --> 05:21:45,200
Imagine opening your pantry 
today and discovering that half 

6056
05:21:45,200 --> 05:21:47,800
the ingredients you normally use
for cooking have disappeared. 

6057
05:21:48,500 --> 05:21:50,500
They were not spoiled or sold 
out at the store. 

6058
05:21:50,500 --> 05:21:54,200
They were just completely 
unavailable or so expensive that

6059
05:21:54,200 --> 05:21:55,600
they might as well have been 
made a gold. 

6060
05:21:55,600 --> 05:21:57,200
That's essentially what 
happened. 

6061
05:21:57,200 --> 05:22:00,500
During the Great Depression and 
basic ingredients became luxury 

6062
05:22:00,500 --> 05:22:02,900
items and home, Cooks had to 
become kitchen chemists, 

6063
05:22:02,900 --> 05:22:05,600
figuring out how to create 
familiar flavors and textures 

6064
05:22:05,600 --> 05:22:07,700
using whatever they could 
actually afford. 

6065
05:22:08,500 --> 05:22:12,000
Sugar was one of the first 
casualties, real white sugar 

6066
05:22:12,000 --> 05:22:14,200
became so expensive that it was 
rationed out. 

6067
05:22:14,208 --> 05:22:17,100
Like precious gems families used
honey. 

6068
05:22:17,100 --> 05:22:20,600
When they could molasses when 
they couldn't and sometimes corn

6069
05:22:20,600 --> 05:22:23,500
syrup or sugar substitutes made 
from their own beats desserts, 

6070
05:22:23,500 --> 05:22:26,800
took on entirely different 
flavor profiles, let's cloyingly

6071
05:22:26,800 --> 05:22:30,500
sweet more complex and sometimes
earthy your grandmother's 

6072
05:22:30,500 --> 05:22:32,100
cookies. 
Probably tasted nothing like 

6073
05:22:32,100 --> 05:22:35,700
what you expect biscuits to 
taste like today but a virtually

6074
05:22:35,700 --> 05:22:39,200
disappeared from many family 
tables replaced by whatever fat 

6075
05:22:39,200 --> 05:22:42,400
was cheapest and available. 
Occasionally, it was lard, 

6076
05:22:42,400 --> 05:22:44,200
which, at least provided 
richness and flavor. 

6077
05:22:45,000 --> 05:22:47,400
Sometimes it was vegetable 
shortening, which was cheaper, 

6078
05:22:47,400 --> 05:22:48,700
but didn't taste like much of 
anything. 

6079
05:22:49,700 --> 05:22:52,700
And sometimes families learned 
to cook with no fat at all 

6080
05:22:52,700 --> 05:22:55,600
creating dishes that were 
healthier than they realized, 

6081
05:22:55,600 --> 05:22:58,600
but probably a lot less 
satisfying than what they 

6082
05:22:58,600 --> 05:23:02,700
remembered from better times. 
Meat, substitution of evolved 

6083
05:23:02,700 --> 05:23:05,000
into a complex game of culinary 
fantasy. 

6084
05:23:05,800 --> 05:23:09,700
People extended ground meat with
bread crumbs oatmeal or any 

6085
05:23:09,700 --> 05:23:12,800
spare grain resulting in 
meatloaf that contained more 

6086
05:23:12,800 --> 05:23:16,600
filler than actual meat. 
Sometimes families made entire 

6087
05:23:16,600 --> 05:23:19,100
meals that were designed to 
taste like they contain meat but

6088
05:23:19,100 --> 05:23:22,100
were actually made from Beans 
vegetables and creative 

6089
05:23:22,100 --> 05:23:24,400
seasoning. 
It was like culinary theater 

6090
05:23:24,400 --> 05:23:26,400
everyone. 
Pretended it was the real thing 

6091
05:23:26,400 --> 05:23:28,700
and occasionally. 
The pretending was so good that 

6092
05:23:28,700 --> 05:23:31,400
it almost worked coffee. 
Was another Heartbreaker. 

6093
05:23:31,400 --> 05:23:35,400
Real coffee became so expensive 
that families started mixing it 

6094
05:23:35,400 --> 05:23:38,000
with chicory dandelion root or 
whatever else. 

6095
05:23:38,000 --> 05:23:40,600
Could provide a bitter hot 
beverage that felt like coffee 

6096
05:23:40,600 --> 05:23:42,900
in the morning. 
Some substitutes weren't 

6097
05:23:42,900 --> 05:23:45,600
terrible chicory. 
Actually has a pleasant earthy 

6098
05:23:45,600 --> 05:23:47,700
flavor. 
Others were more about the 

6099
05:23:47,700 --> 05:23:51,000
ritual than the taste because 
starting the day with a hot cup 

6100
05:23:51,000 --> 05:23:53,800
of something was psychologically
important, even if that 

6101
05:23:53,800 --> 05:23:56,600
something bore only a passing 
resemblance to actual coffee, 

6102
05:23:57,500 --> 05:23:59,900
The vanilla extract. 
Which today you buy without 

6103
05:23:59,900 --> 05:24:02,800
thinking became a luxury item 
that required creative 

6104
05:24:02,800 --> 05:24:05,700
substitution. 
Families learned to use almond 

6105
05:24:05,700 --> 05:24:08,600
extract sparingly, or to make 
their own flavorings from 

6106
05:24:08,600 --> 05:24:11,200
whatever was available. 
Some learned to make vanilla 

6107
05:24:11,200 --> 05:24:13,600
from scratch though. 
The process was time-consuming 

6108
05:24:13,600 --> 05:24:15,900
and the results were hit or 
miss. 

6109
05:24:16,800 --> 05:24:19,800
Baking became an exercise in 
making desserts that tasted good

6110
05:24:19,800 --> 05:24:23,200
without relying on the flavor in
enhances that have become too 

6111
05:24:23,200 --> 05:24:26,000
expensive. 
Milk was often watered down or 

6112
05:24:26,000 --> 05:24:29,600
substituted entirely. 
Powdered milk when available was

6113
05:24:29,600 --> 05:24:31,900
mixed thinner than recommended 
to make it last longer. 

6114
05:24:33,000 --> 05:24:36,300
Sometimes families made milk. 
From other sources, not basted 

6115
05:24:36,300 --> 05:24:38,100
beverages. 
Weren't trendy Health choices 

6116
05:24:38,100 --> 05:24:41,000
but desperate substitutions for 
something that had become 

6117
05:24:41,008 --> 05:24:43,600
unaffordable. 
Children grew up thinking that 

6118
05:24:43,600 --> 05:24:46,800
thin slightly off tasting. 
Milk was normal not knowing they

6119
05:24:46,800 --> 05:24:49,200
were drinking a diluted 
substitute for the real thing. 

6120
05:24:49,200 --> 05:24:52,500
Even salt something we take 
completely for granted today. 

6121
05:24:52,500 --> 05:24:55,400
Sometimes required substitution 
Families. 

6122
05:24:55,400 --> 05:24:58,600
Learn to use herbs vinegar or 
other flavor, enhancers to 

6123
05:24:58,600 --> 05:25:00,800
improve food. 
Taste with outlying on salt. 

6124
05:25:00,800 --> 05:25:04,100
They couldn't afford Garden's 
became medicine cabinets and 

6125
05:25:04,100 --> 05:25:07,200
spice racks with families 
growing whatever they could add 

6126
05:25:07,200 --> 05:25:11,300
flavor to otherwise Bland meals.
The psychology of substitution 

6127
05:25:11,300 --> 05:25:14,400
was complex on one hand, it was 
practical and necessary. 

6128
05:25:14,400 --> 05:25:18,100
You used to what you had because
you didn't have choices, but it 

6129
05:25:18,100 --> 05:25:20,400
was all a way of maintaining 
normalcy and dignity. 

6130
05:25:21,400 --> 05:25:24,500
Calling a bean and grain Patty. 
A meatloaf wasn't just about 

6131
05:25:24,500 --> 05:25:26,600
flavor. 
It was about preserving the 

6132
05:25:26,600 --> 05:25:29,300
feeling that your family was 
still eating recognizable 

6133
05:25:29,300 --> 05:25:32,600
traditional meals. 
Some substitutions worked so 

6134
05:25:32,600 --> 05:25:36,300
well that they became permanent 
parts of American Cooking others

6135
05:25:36,300 --> 05:25:38,700
were abandoned. 
As soon as better times returned

6136
05:25:38,700 --> 05:25:41,700
though, they remained in family 
memories as reminders of when 

6137
05:25:41,700 --> 05:25:44,700
creativity wasn't just helpful, 
it was essential for survival. 

6138
05:25:45,600 --> 05:25:48,600
The Substitute culture also 
created a generation of cooks 

6139
05:25:48,600 --> 05:25:51,500
who understood ingredients in 
ways that modern Cooks often, 

6140
05:25:51,500 --> 05:25:55,700
don't They knew how fats behaved
and cooking how sweeteners, 

6141
05:25:55,700 --> 05:25:59,100
affected texture and taste and 
how to balance flavors without 

6142
05:25:59,100 --> 05:26:02,500
standard ingredients. 
They became masters of working 

6143
05:26:02,500 --> 05:26:04,500
with what they had rather than 
the recipes. 

6144
05:26:04,500 --> 05:26:07,700
They assumed, they could buy 
this ingredient flexibility 

6145
05:26:07,700 --> 05:26:11,700
created, a uniquely American 
approach to cooking that valued 

6146
05:26:11,700 --> 05:26:14,800
resourcefulness over 
authenticity creativity over 

6147
05:26:14,800 --> 05:26:17,100
tradition and making dough over 
giving up. 

6148
05:26:17,800 --> 05:26:19,600
It was always creative and fed 
families. 

6149
05:26:19,600 --> 05:26:22,200
When they otherwise would have 
gone hungry, even if it wasn't 

6150
05:26:22,200 --> 05:26:25,700
tasty, you've probably seen 
those perfectly manicured, 

6151
05:26:25,700 --> 05:26:29,100
Suburban Lawns, right? 
Every blade of grass precisely. 

6152
05:26:29,100 --> 05:26:32,900
The same height, not a dandelion
in sight maintained with the 

6153
05:26:32,908 --> 05:26:35,700
dedication usually reserved for 
religious practices. 

6154
05:26:36,700 --> 05:26:39,500
During the Great Depression, 
those are Immaculate Lawns would

6155
05:26:39,500 --> 05:26:42,000
have been viewed as the epitome 
of wasteful foolishness. 

6156
05:26:42,900 --> 05:26:45,700
Every square foot of available 
land became potential, food 

6157
05:26:45,700 --> 05:26:48,600
production, and families. 
Learned that vegetables were a 

6158
05:26:48,600 --> 05:26:50,100
lot more valuable than 
ornamental grass. 

6159
05:26:51,300 --> 05:26:53,500
The transformation of American 
Yards happened. 

6160
05:26:53,500 --> 05:26:56,400
Almost overnight people who had 
never grown anything more 

6161
05:26:56,400 --> 05:26:58,900
challenging than houseplants, 
suddenly found themselves. 

6162
05:26:58,900 --> 05:27:01,700
Studying seed catalogs, like 
they were textbooks. 

6163
05:27:01,700 --> 05:27:04,900
Trying to figure out how to turn
their backyards into miniature 

6164
05:27:04,900 --> 05:27:06,800
Farms. 
It wasn't exactly like the 

6165
05:27:06,800 --> 05:27:10,200
trendy Urban gardening movement.
You see today, this wasn't about

6166
05:27:10,200 --> 05:27:12,100
being eco-conscious or eating 
locally. 

6167
05:27:12,100 --> 05:27:15,800
This was purely a matter of 
survival, your garden planning 

6168
05:27:15,800 --> 05:27:18,800
had to be strategic in ways that
modern gardeners can barely 

6169
05:27:18,800 --> 05:27:21,800
imagine you have to plant what 
would yield the most calories 

6170
05:27:21,800 --> 05:27:24,800
per square foot store. 
Well, through winter, and grow 

6171
05:27:24,800 --> 05:27:26,900
reliably in your specific soil 
and climate. 

6172
05:27:27,700 --> 05:27:30,800
Potatoes became the backbone of 
many family Gardens because they

6173
05:27:30,800 --> 05:27:33,100
were filling nutritious and 
could be stored for months. 

6174
05:27:33,100 --> 05:27:36,400
Beans were popular because they 
added protein to the diet and 

6175
05:27:36,400 --> 05:27:38,100
improved the soil for future. 
Crops. 

6176
05:27:38,100 --> 05:27:42,800
The seed situation was its kind 
of Economics lesson due to the 

6177
05:27:42,800 --> 05:27:46,200
high cost of good seeds. 
Families learned to save seeds 

6178
05:27:46,200 --> 05:27:49,300
from their best plants forming 
informal seed, banks, that 

6179
05:27:49,300 --> 05:27:52,800
neighbors and relatives shared. 
Trading seeds became a social 

6180
05:27:52,800 --> 05:27:54,900
activity. 
You might trade your extra 

6181
05:27:54,900 --> 05:27:59,000
tomato seeds for someone else's,
extra bean seeds creating a 

6182
05:27:59,000 --> 05:28:01,300
Community Network that helped 
everyone increase their food 

6183
05:28:01,300 --> 05:28:03,900
security. 
Tools were another challenge. 

6184
05:28:04,900 --> 05:28:07,300
A good shovel or hoe was an 
investment that many families 

6185
05:28:07,300 --> 05:28:09,900
couldn't afford so tool sharing 
became common. 

6186
05:28:10,600 --> 05:28:12,800
Neighbors would coordinate their
gardening schedules. 

6187
05:28:12,800 --> 05:28:15,700
So they could pass tools back 
and forth or families would make

6188
05:28:15,700 --> 05:28:18,700
do with improvised tools. 
Old kitchen spoons, for planting

6189
05:28:18,700 --> 05:28:21,900
seeds, or homemade watering 
systems created from tin cans 

6190
05:28:21,900 --> 05:28:25,100
with holes, punched in them. 
The process of learning was 

6191
05:28:25,100 --> 05:28:28,200
Steep and unforgiving. 
Modern gardeners can look up 

6192
05:28:28,200 --> 05:28:29,800
solutions to their problems 
online. 

6193
05:28:29,800 --> 05:28:33,900
But depression or regardless had
to rely on neighbors library 

6194
05:28:33,900 --> 05:28:37,700
books and trial and error. if 
bugs devoured, your beans or 

6195
05:28:37,700 --> 05:28:40,800
your Tomatoes succumb, to 
blight, it not only represented 

6196
05:28:40,800 --> 05:28:44,900
a gardening, setback but also a 
family food emergencies Pressure

6197
05:28:44,900 --> 05:28:47,000
to succeed made every gardening 
decision. 

6198
05:28:47,000 --> 05:28:50,200
Feel crucial preservation became
just as important as growing 

6199
05:28:50,200 --> 05:28:52,800
producing. 
A bumper crop of vegetables was 

6200
05:28:52,800 --> 05:28:54,700
futile. 
If they spoiled before they 

6201
05:28:54,700 --> 05:28:58,400
could be consumed families. 
Learned canning, pickling root, 

6202
05:28:58,400 --> 05:29:00,500
cellaring, and drying 
preservation. 

6203
05:29:00,500 --> 05:29:03,300
Technique that turned a summers 
worth of vegetables into winter 

6204
05:29:03,300 --> 05:29:05,900
sustenance. 
Your kitchen might be filled 

6205
05:29:05,900 --> 05:29:07,900
with mason jars lined up like 
soldiers. 

6206
05:29:07,900 --> 05:29:11,300
Each one representing security 
against future hunger. 

6207
05:29:12,100 --> 05:29:13,800
Urban gardening took on new 
meaning. 

6208
05:29:13,800 --> 05:29:18,000
When every available space was 
pressed into service roof, tops 

6209
05:29:18,000 --> 05:29:22,400
vacant, lots and stress of land 
beside railroad tracks, anywhere

6210
05:29:22,400 --> 05:29:25,500
that could support plant life 
became potential site for food 

6211
05:29:25,500 --> 05:29:27,900
production. 
City dwellers learned to grow 

6212
05:29:27,900 --> 05:29:31,700
vegetables and containers window
boxes, and any patch of soil 

6213
05:29:31,700 --> 05:29:34,400
they could climb or borrow. 
It was like an entirely 

6214
05:29:34,400 --> 05:29:37,300
different relationship with 
Urban Stone space, where every 

6215
05:29:37,300 --> 05:29:39,800
square foot was evaluated for 
its food producing potential, 

6216
05:29:39,800 --> 05:29:42,400
the social dynamics of gardening
change too. 

6217
05:29:42,400 --> 05:29:46,600
Gardening knowledge became 
valuable currency The neighbor 

6218
05:29:46,600 --> 05:29:49,200
who could successfully grow 
vegetables, became someone worth

6219
05:29:49,200 --> 05:29:52,600
knowing and successful gardeners
often found themselves teaching 

6220
05:29:52,600 --> 05:29:55,800
others sharing, not just seeds 
and tools but knowledge and 

6221
05:29:55,800 --> 05:29:58,200
techniques. 
Gardening clubs weren't just 

6222
05:29:58,200 --> 05:30:00,900
social organizations. 
They were survival networks 

6223
05:30:00,900 --> 05:30:03,500
children, learned to Garden out 
of necessity. 

6224
05:30:03,500 --> 05:30:06,000
Not as a relaxing, family 
activity. 

6225
05:30:06,700 --> 05:30:09,700
Kids today, spend their Summers,
weeding watering and harvesting,

6226
05:30:09,700 --> 05:30:12,100
instead of a camp or playing 
video games. 

6227
05:30:12,100 --> 05:30:15,700
It wasn't always fun, but it 
gave them skills and an 

6228
05:30:15,700 --> 05:30:17,900
understanding of where food 
comes from that most modern 

6229
05:30:17,900 --> 05:30:21,800
children never develop. 
The cycle impact of growing, 

6230
05:30:21,800 --> 05:30:24,300
your food was significant in a 
time. 

6231
05:30:24,308 --> 05:30:28,200
When so much felt out of control
jobs money the future having a 

6232
05:30:28,200 --> 05:30:31,000
garden provided a sense of 
agency and self-sufficiently 

6233
05:30:31,000 --> 05:30:34,300
while you might not have control
over the economy, you could 

6234
05:30:34,300 --> 05:30:37,600
manage the watering of your 
tomatoes. the act of planting 

6235
05:30:37,600 --> 05:30:40,800
seeds was inherently optimistic,
a statement of faith that the 

6236
05:30:40,800 --> 05:30:43,000
future would arrive and you'd be
there to harvest what you 

6237
05:30:43,000 --> 05:30:45,800
planted Some families 
discovered, they actually 

6238
05:30:45,800 --> 05:30:49,200
enjoyed gardening and continued 
even after the economic 

6239
05:30:49,200 --> 05:30:52,800
situations, improved others, 
abandon their Gardens, as soon 

6240
05:30:52,808 --> 05:30:54,800
as they could afford to buy all 
their vegetables again. 

6241
05:30:55,800 --> 05:30:58,500
But for a generation of 
Americans, the experience of 

6242
05:30:58,500 --> 05:31:01,100
growing their food created, a 
different relationship with 

6243
05:31:01,100 --> 05:31:04,600
vegetables with land and with 
the connection between human 

6244
05:31:04,600 --> 05:31:07,000
effort and sustenance that 
influenced, how they thought 

6245
05:31:07,000 --> 05:31:08,700
about food for the rest of their
lives. 

6246
05:31:08,700 --> 05:31:11,100
People's ability to unite during
difficult. 

6247
05:31:11,100 --> 05:31:14,500
Times is a characteristic of 
humanity, you've probably 

6248
05:31:14,500 --> 05:31:17,300
witnessed this during natural 
disasters or Community crisis 

6249
05:31:17,300 --> 05:31:20,700
when neighbors, who previously 
spoke suddenly come together to 

6250
05:31:20,700 --> 05:31:24,200
organize relief, efforts and 
share resources during the Great

6251
05:31:24,200 --> 05:31:26,600
Depression. 
The instant from Mutual Aid 

6252
05:31:26,600 --> 05:31:29,100
extended to food in ways that 
were both heartwarming and 

6253
05:31:29,100 --> 05:31:31,900
heartbreaking, creating 
Community Systems that kept 

6254
05:31:31,900 --> 05:31:33,600
people fed. 
When individual families 

6255
05:31:33,600 --> 05:31:36,900
couldn't manage on their own, 
Community Kitchens started 

6256
05:31:36,900 --> 05:31:40,200
appearing in churches, schools 
and any building large enough to

6257
05:31:40,200 --> 05:31:41,500
accommodate. 
Cooking for crowds. 

6258
05:31:41,500 --> 05:31:45,800
These were not trendy communal, 
dining experiences or social 

6259
05:31:45,800 --> 05:31:48,800
experiments in group living. 
There were practical solutions 

6260
05:31:48,800 --> 05:31:51,600
to the simple problem that many 
families, couldn't afford food, 

6261
05:31:51,600 --> 05:31:55,500
but communities could sometimes 
pull resources to create meals, 

6262
05:31:55,500 --> 05:31:58,900
that would feed everyone. 
The logistics were complex, the 

6263
05:31:58,900 --> 05:32:02,100
dignity was carefully preserved,
and the social dynamics were 

6264
05:32:02,100 --> 05:32:04,400
unlike anything most communities
that experience before. 

6265
05:32:05,500 --> 05:32:08,300
The unspoken rules of Community 
Kitchens were intricate and 

6266
05:32:08,308 --> 05:32:10,700
important. 
Nobody discussed, who could 

6267
05:32:10,700 --> 05:32:13,800
afford to contribute ingredients
and who couldn't nobody, kept 

6268
05:32:13,800 --> 05:32:15,300
track of who ate more than they 
brought. 

6269
05:32:15,300 --> 05:32:18,600
Everyone contributed something 
even if it was just labor, 

6270
05:32:18,600 --> 05:32:21,800
peeling potatoes stirring pots 
cleaning up afterward. 

6271
05:32:21,800 --> 05:32:24,400
It was a careful dance of 
maintaining Pride while 

6272
05:32:24,400 --> 05:32:27,500
acknowledging need of helping 
without making it obvious who 

6273
05:32:27,500 --> 05:32:30,700
was helping whom Potluck 
dinners, took on new meaning. 

6274
05:32:30,700 --> 05:32:33,700
When families genuinely couldn't
afford to feed themselves. 

6275
05:32:33,700 --> 05:32:35,900
Let alone contribute to 
community meals. 

6276
05:32:36,800 --> 05:32:39,100
The mathematics of potluck 
became creative. 

6277
05:32:39,100 --> 05:32:42,700
One family might bring a giant 
pot of soup made mostly from 

6278
05:32:42,700 --> 05:32:45,600
vegetables and water. 
While another might contribute a

6279
05:32:45,600 --> 05:32:48,700
small but pressure amount of 
meat or seasoning, Together 

6280
05:32:48,700 --> 05:32:51,800
these contributions created 
Mills that were more substantial

6281
05:32:51,800 --> 05:32:53,400
and varied than any individual 
family. 

6282
05:32:53,400 --> 05:32:56,600
Could have managed to alone. 
Recipe sharing became an act of 

6283
05:32:56,608 --> 05:32:59,700
generosity that went beyond just
culinary tips when someone 

6284
05:32:59,700 --> 05:33:01,800
discovered how to make a fill 
meal from an expensive 

6285
05:33:01,800 --> 05:33:04,400
ingredients sharing that 
knowledge was like sharing 

6286
05:33:04,400 --> 05:33:06,900
wealth. 
Women would write down recipes 

6287
05:33:06,900 --> 05:33:08,100
on whatever paper they could 
find. 

6288
05:33:08,100 --> 05:33:11,100
Creating informal networks of 
survival cooking, that passed 

6289
05:33:11,100 --> 05:33:13,000
from Kitchen to kitchen and 
neighborhood to Neighborhood. 

6290
05:33:13,000 --> 05:33:15,800
The psychology of eating 
together, changed. 

6291
05:33:15,800 --> 05:33:17,400
When eating alone. 
Meant not eating enough 

6292
05:33:17,400 --> 05:33:20,700
Community meals. 
Provided not just nutrition, but

6293
05:33:20,700 --> 05:33:24,000
social connection during a time.
When people felt isolated by 

6294
05:33:24,000 --> 05:33:27,800
their economic circumstances, 
Children who might have felt 

6295
05:33:27,800 --> 05:33:29,900
embarrassed about their 
families, Financial situations, 

6296
05:33:29,900 --> 05:33:33,400
discovered that many other 
families were experiencing the. 

6297
05:33:33,408 --> 05:33:37,100
Same challenges adults, 
discovered that sharing meals or

6298
05:33:37,100 --> 05:33:39,700
meant, sharing the emotional 
burden of difficult times. 

6299
05:33:40,600 --> 05:33:43,200
church basement dinners 
neighborhood, soup kitchens and 

6300
05:33:43,200 --> 05:33:45,700
informal meal sharing 
Arrangements, created a parallel

6301
05:33:45,700 --> 05:33:49,200
food distribution system that 
operated alongside and sometimes

6302
05:33:49,200 --> 05:33:53,100
instead of traditional Commerce 
These weren't charity operations

6303
05:33:53,100 --> 05:33:54,500
in the way. 
We might think of them today 

6304
05:33:54,500 --> 05:33:57,700
because the line between Helper 
and helped was often blurry. 

6305
05:33:58,400 --> 05:34:00,100
Families might host a community 
dinner. 

6306
05:34:00,100 --> 05:34:03,300
One week and depend on someone 
else's dinner the next week. 

6307
05:34:03,300 --> 05:34:06,600
Seasonal Community cooking made 
sense in ways that individual 

6308
05:34:06,600 --> 05:34:10,100
cooking didn't when someone's 
Garden produced mortars than one

6309
05:34:10,100 --> 05:34:13,200
family could use, it made sense 
to turn that abundance into 

6310
05:34:13,200 --> 05:34:15,800
Source or preserves that could 
feed multiple families. 

6311
05:34:16,500 --> 05:34:19,400
Large-scale food preservation 
required equipment, space 

6312
05:34:19,400 --> 05:34:22,700
knowledge that individual 
families often lacked but 

6313
05:34:22,700 --> 05:34:25,300
communities could organize 
canning operations that 

6314
05:34:25,300 --> 05:34:29,000
benefited everyone involved. 
The economics of community. 

6315
05:34:29,000 --> 05:34:32,600
Cooking were fascinating and 
complex, buying ingredients in 

6316
05:34:32,600 --> 05:34:35,100
bulk for Community. 
Meals, was more economical than 

6317
05:34:35,100 --> 05:34:38,400
individual family shopping. 
But it required coordination 

6318
05:34:38,400 --> 05:34:42,400
trust, and some kind of informal
accounting system to ensure 

6319
05:34:42,400 --> 05:34:45,200
fairness. 
Some communities use trading 

6320
05:34:45,200 --> 05:34:48,100
systems, where labels exchanged 
for meals or where families 

6321
05:34:48,100 --> 05:34:51,200
contributed different types of 
resources, some provided 

6322
05:34:51,200 --> 05:34:54,500
ingredients, others, provided 
cooking space, and still others 

6323
05:34:54,500 --> 05:34:57,400
provided labor. 
Children growing up in these 

6324
05:34:57,400 --> 05:35:00,400
Community Food Systems, learned 
different lessons about sharing,

6325
05:35:00,400 --> 05:35:03,300
cooperation, and social 
responsibility than children, 

6326
05:35:03,300 --> 05:35:05,500
who grew up in purely 
individual, family units. 

6327
05:35:06,200 --> 05:35:09,600
They saw adults working together
to solve problems, witness the 

6328
05:35:09,600 --> 05:35:12,200
Practical mechanics of mutual 
Aid and understood that 

6329
05:35:12,200 --> 05:35:14,900
Community survival. 
Sometimes required setting aside

6330
05:35:14,900 --> 05:35:18,600
individual pride in favor of 
collective action the end of 

6331
05:35:18,608 --> 05:35:21,800
Community Kitchen culture came 
gradually as economic conditions

6332
05:35:21,800 --> 05:35:24,700
improved and families could 
afford to return to individual 

6333
05:35:24,700 --> 05:35:28,300
cooking and eating Some 
communities maintain these 

6334
05:35:28,300 --> 05:35:30,700
Traditions as social activities 
rather than survival 

6335
05:35:30,700 --> 05:35:33,600
Necessities. 
But for most, the Community 

6336
05:35:33,600 --> 05:35:36,300
Kitchen period was remembered as
a time when neighbors became 

6337
05:35:36,300 --> 05:35:39,100
family out of necessity. 
And when the simple Act of 

6338
05:35:39,100 --> 05:35:42,000
sharing a meal carried in 
meaning that extended far beyond

6339
05:35:42,000 --> 05:35:45,800
nutrition, Looking back these 
Community Food Systems, created,

6340
05:35:45,800 --> 05:35:49,400
social bonds and survival skills
that influenced how communities 

6341
05:35:49,400 --> 05:35:53,000
responded to Future challenges. 
They proved that Americans could

6342
05:35:53,000 --> 05:35:56,200
organize Mutual Aid systems when
necessary and that sharing 

6343
05:35:56,200 --> 05:35:59,000
resources didn't require 
government programs, or formal 

6344
05:35:59,000 --> 05:36:02,000
charity, just neighbors, willing
to help murmur neighbors and 

6345
05:36:02,008 --> 05:36:04,000
communities willing to take care
of their own. 

6346
05:36:04,000 --> 05:36:06,800
The end of the Great Depression 
didn't happen like a light 

6347
05:36:06,800 --> 05:36:09,400
switch being flipped. 
It was more like Dawn slowly 

6348
05:36:09,400 --> 05:36:10,600
breaking after the longest 
night. 

6349
05:36:10,600 --> 05:36:13,600
Anyone could remember families 
didn't wake up one morning to 

6350
05:36:13,600 --> 05:36:16,500
find their economic troubles 
over and their refrigerators 

6351
05:36:16,500 --> 05:36:20,300
magically restocked instead 
Prosperity, gradually returned 

6352
05:36:20,300 --> 05:36:23,000
permanently. 
Altering American's relationship

6353
05:36:23,000 --> 05:36:26,900
with food World War 2 played a 
strange role in ending food. 

6354
05:36:26,900 --> 05:36:29,900
Scarcity, for some families, 
while creating new types of 

6355
05:36:29,900 --> 05:36:33,500
rationing for others. 
Defense jobs provided Financial 

6356
05:36:33,500 --> 05:36:36,200
stability, but the 
implementation of wartime 

6357
05:36:36,200 --> 05:36:39,200
rationing often limited the 
amount of meat shoulder and 

6358
05:36:39,200 --> 05:36:41,600
coffee, that even the most 
affluent families could 

6359
05:36:41,600 --> 05:36:44,400
purchase. 
It was like having money but 

6360
05:36:44,400 --> 05:36:46,000
being told you could only spend 
some of it. 

6361
05:36:46,700 --> 05:36:49,400
Which was frustrating and forced
continued creativity in the 

6362
05:36:49,408 --> 05:36:52,300
kitchen. 
The transition back to abundance

6363
05:36:52,300 --> 05:36:56,000
was psychologically complex. 
You'd think that people who had 

6364
05:36:56,000 --> 05:36:58,500
to stretch, every ingredient 
would waste food once they could

6365
05:36:58,500 --> 05:37:00,300
afford it, but that's not what 
happened. 

6366
05:37:00,300 --> 05:37:03,400
Many families continued, 
Depression era, cooking habits 

6367
05:37:03,400 --> 05:37:07,000
for years decades, or even the 
rest of their lives. 

6368
05:37:07,000 --> 05:37:10,500
Once you've learned to see 
potential meals in food, scraps,

6369
05:37:10,500 --> 05:37:14,100
hard to unlearn that skill, even
when you don't technically need 

6370
05:37:14,100 --> 05:37:17,200
it anymore, Children who had 
grown up during the Depression 

6371
05:37:17,200 --> 05:37:19,300
carried forward. 
Different attitudes about food 

6372
05:37:19,300 --> 05:37:21,100
than their parents had 
originally possessed. 

6373
05:37:21,900 --> 05:37:24,700
They knew how to cook from 
scratch, how to substitute 

6374
05:37:24,700 --> 05:37:28,000
ingredients, how to make meals 
stretch and how to waste 

6375
05:37:28,000 --> 05:37:30,500
nothing. 
These skills serve them well, 

6376
05:37:30,500 --> 05:37:33,600
during future economic downturns
but they also influenced 

6377
05:37:33,600 --> 05:37:36,300
American Home Cooking in ways 
that lasted for Generations. 

6378
05:37:36,300 --> 05:37:40,100
The grocery store experience 
transformed as a abundance 

6379
05:37:40,100 --> 05:37:43,300
returned but it never quite went
back to the Carefree shopping of

6380
05:37:43,300 --> 05:37:46,000
the 1920s. 
People who had lived through the

6381
05:37:46,000 --> 05:37:48,300
depression, maintained habits of
price. 

6382
05:37:48,300 --> 05:37:51,000
Comparison. 
Bulk buying when items are on 

6383
05:37:51,000 --> 05:37:54,200
sale and stocking up against 
future shortages that might 

6384
05:37:54,200 --> 05:37:57,900
never come. 
The cycle stars of scarcity 

6385
05:37:57,900 --> 05:38:01,100
created shopping behaviors that 
persisted long after scarcity. 

6386
05:38:01,100 --> 05:38:05,700
Ended Restaurant culture slowly 
returned but it was different 

6387
05:38:05,700 --> 05:38:07,900
too. 
The Casual throwing away of 

6388
05:38:07,900 --> 05:38:11,500
restaurant food that had been 
common in the 1920s was replaced

6389
05:38:11,500 --> 05:38:15,400
by more carefully, eating taking
leftovers home and appreciation 

6390
05:38:15,400 --> 05:38:17,000
for meals, that someone else had
prepared. 

6391
05:38:18,000 --> 05:38:21,500
The experience of not being able
to afford to eat out, maying 

6392
05:38:21,500 --> 05:38:24,200
out, feel more special and less 
routine when it became possible.

6393
05:38:24,200 --> 05:38:27,700
Again food technology, advanced 
rapidly in the post-war years 

6394
05:38:27,700 --> 05:38:30,900
partly in response to lessons 
learned during the Depression 

6395
05:38:30,900 --> 05:38:34,800
about food, preservation 
nutrition and efficient cooking.

6396
05:38:36,000 --> 05:38:39,200
Frozen Foods. 
Improved canning techniques and 

6397
05:38:39,200 --> 05:38:41,800
new appliances were developed 
with an understanding of how 

6398
05:38:41,800 --> 05:38:45,700
families actually cooked and ate
during difficult times not just 

6399
05:38:45,700 --> 05:38:49,100
during prosperous ones. 
The social aspects of food 

6400
05:38:49,100 --> 05:38:52,700
sharing Evolve, 2 potluck, 
dinners Community meals and 

6401
05:38:52,700 --> 05:38:55,200
neighbor to neighbor food. 
Sharing didn't disappear when 

6402
05:38:55,200 --> 05:38:56,900
they were no longer necessary 
for survival. 

6403
05:38:57,800 --> 05:39:00,600
Though, they became more about 
social connection than economic 

6404
05:39:00,600 --> 05:39:03,200
necessity. 
Community is that had learned to

6405
05:39:03,200 --> 05:39:06,400
eat together during hard times. 
Often continued eating together 

6406
05:39:06,400 --> 05:39:10,300
during Good Times maintaining 
bonds that had been forged over 

6407
05:39:10,300 --> 05:39:13,900
shared meals and mutual Aid 
Garden Culture persisted in 

6408
05:39:13,900 --> 05:39:18,200
modified forms, many families. 
Continue growing vegetables, not

6409
05:39:18,200 --> 05:39:21,200
because they had to but because 
they wanted to the skills, 

6410
05:39:21,200 --> 05:39:24,400
they'd learned during necessity 
became hobbies and the Victory 

6411
05:39:24,400 --> 05:39:27,000
Gardens of the Depression era 
evolved into the recreational 

6412
05:39:27,000 --> 05:39:29,300
gardening. 
That became a Suburban Staple in

6413
05:39:29,300 --> 05:39:31,800
later decades. 
The recipes and cooking 

6414
05:39:31,800 --> 05:39:34,900
techniques developed, during the
Depression became part of 

6415
05:39:34,908 --> 05:39:38,200
American culinary tradition, 
desperately created dishes 

6416
05:39:38,200 --> 05:39:41,400
became Comfort Foods, associated
with family, tradition and 

6417
05:39:41,400 --> 05:39:44,300
resourcefulness. 
Casseroles, hearty soups and 

6418
05:39:44,308 --> 05:39:47,500
creative uses of leftovers 
remained, popular long after 

6419
05:39:47,500 --> 05:39:49,100
they stopped being economically 
necessary. 

6420
05:39:50,200 --> 05:39:53,200
Perhaps most importantly the 
Great Depression created. 

6421
05:39:53,200 --> 05:39:55,800
A generation of America's who 
understood the difference 

6422
05:39:55,800 --> 05:39:59,200
between wanting food in needing 
it between eating for pleasure 

6423
05:39:59,200 --> 05:40:02,400
and eating for survival. 
This distinction influenced, how

6424
05:40:02,400 --> 05:40:05,100
they raise their children, how 
they thought about waste and how

6425
05:40:05,100 --> 05:40:08,800
they appreciated abundance when 
it returned The legacy of 

6426
05:40:08,808 --> 05:40:11,400
Depression era of food, culture 
wasn't just about specific 

6427
05:40:11,400 --> 05:40:14,400
recipes or cooking techniques. 
It was about resilience 

6428
05:40:14,400 --> 05:40:17,500
creativity and the understanding
that survival, sometimes 

6429
05:40:17,500 --> 05:40:20,100
requires reimagining your 
relationship with basic 

6430
05:40:20,100 --> 05:40:22,000
necessities. 
Families. 

6431
05:40:22,000 --> 05:40:23,800
Learn that they could adapt to 
the unexpected. 

6432
05:40:23,800 --> 05:40:27,100
That communities could support 
each other through mutual Aid 

6433
05:40:27,100 --> 05:40:30,000
and that meals could be 
satisfying and meaningful even 

6434
05:40:30,000 --> 05:40:33,500
when they were to elaborate or 
expensive, As you drift off to 

6435
05:40:33,500 --> 05:40:36,600
sleep tonight, maybe in a 
kitchen stocked with more food 

6436
05:40:36,600 --> 05:40:39,200
choices than depression or 
families could have dreamed of. 

6437
05:40:39,200 --> 05:40:42,900
It's worth remembering that the 
ability to adapt to create 

6438
05:40:42,900 --> 05:40:46,500
something from nothing and to 
find satisfaction in Simplicity 

6439
05:40:46,500 --> 05:40:49,000
aren't just historical 
Curiosities. 

6440
05:40:49,000 --> 05:40:53,100
Their human capabilities, that 
remain available to us skills 

6441
05:40:53,100 --> 05:40:55,400
that our grandparents and 
great-grandparents developed out

6442
05:40:55,400 --> 05:40:57,600
of necessity. 
But that represents something 

6443
05:40:57,600 --> 05:40:59,900
valuable about. 
Human creativity and resilience.

6444
05:40:59,900 --> 05:41:03,300
The Great Depression taught 
America, that food is never just

6445
05:41:03,300 --> 05:41:08,300
about food, it's about Community
creativity survival and the 

6446
05:41:08,308 --> 05:41:10,800
remarkable human ability to make
the best of whatever 

6447
05:41:10,800 --> 05:41:14,000
circumstances life serves up. 
Even when those circumstances 

6448
05:41:14,000 --> 05:41:15,800
are nothing like what anyone 
ordered,