The Calm Story Of King Tut | Boring History For Sleep

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3300 years ago, a child 
inherited the most powerful 

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Throne on Earth. 
The precise moment when that 

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Throne was wobbling, under the 
weight of a religious 

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Revolution, it had not survived.
His name would change. 

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Before he turned 10, his Reign 
would end before he turned 20 

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and his tomb would sit quietly 
sealed Under the Desert floor 

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for more than 3,000 years. 
Before a meticulous English 

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archaeologist, finally pressed 
his candle through the plaster 

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and saw in the warm unsteady 
light. 

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Something that took his breath 
away completely. welcome my 

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tired little canopic jars or as 
we always say, here potatoes to 

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the calm and gentle story of 
King Tutankhamun, So settle in 

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slow your breathing. 
And if you'd like, before we 

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ease in, let us know how you're 
doing down, below in the 

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comments, leave us a thumbs up 
review, and if you guys ever 

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have any topics you want to 
cover, leave them down below in 

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the comments and we will take a 
look. 

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Now, let's begin. 
You are lying somewhere 

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comfortable right now and the 
world outside is doing what ever

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it does at night, put the side 
for a moment come instead to a 

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land where the air smells of dry
Earth and slow river water where

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the skies. 
So clear on any given night that

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the stars look like someone 
knocked over a jar of salt to 

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cross a dark stone floor. 
And where a child of roughly 

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nine years old is sitting on a 
throne carved for much larger. 

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People holding objects in hands 
that are still small enough to 

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make those objects look 
theatrical. 

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The year is somewhere around 
1332 before the Common Era. 

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Egypt is ancient even by ancient
standards. 

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The Great Pyramids. 
At Giza have already been 

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standing for more than a 
thousand years. 

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By the time, this boy draws his 
first breath The enormous Temple

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complex at Karnak has already 
scarred and magnificent and 

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deeply Old Egypt has survived 
dozens of pharaohs. 

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Each one carrying the same 
ceremonial titles, the same 

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symbolic, Crook and flail, and 
the same double crown 

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representing the unification of 
two kingdoms in to one, But the 

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world this particular boy is 
inheriting is not the stable 

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carefully ordered Egypt of the 
old traditions. 

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His father was the fairer who 
spent roughly 17 years 

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dismantling, the religious 
foundation's of a civilization, 

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that had been building those 
foundations for centuries at 

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enclosed, the great temples. 
He stripped the priesthood of 

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its land, its income, and its 
purpose. 

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He declared that there was only 
one God worth worshiping a solar

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disc called the attend, and that
he himself was the soul living 

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representative of that God on 
Earth. 

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He moved the Royal Court from 
the ancient Sacred City of 

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Thebes to a brand new city. 
He built from scratch in the 

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desert a city called keratin, 
which we now know as a Mana, he 

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renamed himself. 
He moved the old gods out of 

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their own houses. 
He redirected the enormous river

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of State resources and Temple 
offerings towards his single 

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absolute and deeply inconvenient
vision. 

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The city from nothing akitin was
designed to be architecturally 

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perfect for its new theology. 
Its temples were ruthless open 

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to the sky. 
So the solar disc could reach 

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the older directly with out the 
obstruction of ceilings. 

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It's residential districts were 
laid out in orderly streets, its

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Cliff tombs held images of the 
royal family in an artistic 

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style entirely unlike anything 
Egypt to produced before 

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intimate and slightly unsettling
with the long gated bodies and 

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naturalistic poses that broke 
every Convention of official 

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portraiture accumulated over 
2000 years. 

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The city reached perhaps 20,000 
inhabitants at its height and 

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was then abandoned almost as 
quickly as it had been built. 

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The people who had moved there 
for the promise of a new world 

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simply left, when that world 
ended, they took what they could

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carry back to Thebes and Memphis
and heliopolis and left the rest

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of the desert. 
The painted walls of the noble 

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tombs carved into the cliffs, 
above the city, still survived 

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today, protected partly by the 
remoteness that always made the 

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location inconvenient. 
They are beautiful and they are 

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strange and they stand in a city
that no one has lived in for 

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3,000 years. 
It was by any measure, one of 

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the most radical experiments in 
the recorded history of 

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religion. 
And by the time, his son came to

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power, the whole Arrangement was
already fracturing. 

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The boys' birth name was 
Tutankhamun. 

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Meaning living image of the 
attend. 

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He was born around 1341 before 
the Common Era and Scholars 

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still debate, his mother's 
identity. 

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A major Egyptian, mummy research
project completed in 2010, 

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conducted computed tography 
scans and DNA analysis on the 

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Royal mummies from the period 
and those results suggest his 

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mother was a woman referred to 
in text simply as the younger 

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lady herself Adora of the 
earlier, Pharaoh amenhotep, the 

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Third That lineage would make 
her both a daughter and a wife 

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of the royal family 
simultaneously, a practice Not 

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Unusual in Egyptian royal 
succession. 

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Where marriage is kept within 
the bloodline were considered 

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both politically and 
theologically appropriate. 

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His father died around 1336 
before the Common Era, a brief 

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and puzzling. 
Transitional period. 

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Followed possibly involving a. 
Co-regent named swing car. 

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Though that figure remains one 
of the most argued topics in the

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discipline. 
Some historians believe spent 

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car was appointed by Akhenaten 
near the end of his Reign others

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believe the name refers to 
someone else entirely the 

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precise sequence of events in 
these months, is the kind of 

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puzzle that keeps Specialists 
awake long after sensible. 

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People have already gone to bed,
which tonight includes you. 

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What we do know is that by 
around 1332, the boy, who would 

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become Tutankhamun was Seated on
the throne of Egypt, he was 

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approximately 9 years old. 
Think for a moment about what 

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you were doing at 9, you were 
probably concerned with 

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homework, with the fairness of 
bed time with whether the 

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interesting kid down, the 
street, would want to play. 

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You are not managing the 
spiritual economic and political

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reconstruction of a 
civilization. 

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But here was this child sitting 
in a seat too, large for him, 

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wearing a double crown, too. 
Heavy for his head holding 

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instruments of divine Authority 
and hands that had not yet 

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finished growing The coronation 
of a fairer was one of the most 

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elaborate ceremonies in the 
Egyptian ritual, calendar 

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involving days of purification, 
and anointing the formal 

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offering of the crook and flail 
and the presentation of the 

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royal names that a new king 
received at the moment of his 

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elevation. 5 names in total 
forming. 

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A kind of theological biography 
of his Divine Purpose. 

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For a child of Nine, the 
physical weight of the ceremony 

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alone must have been remarkable.
The crowns used in various 

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rituals were substantial 
objects. 

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The robes were heavily layered 
linen. 

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The heat in the inner 
sanctuaries of the temples. 

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Even in the cooler months was 
considerable that the boy 

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managed to stand through all of 
it was itself. 

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A kind of achievement though, 
not one that anyone thought to 

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record in the official version 
of events he had advisors, of 

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course, without them, nothing 
would have moved. 

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The two most significant figures
around him, were a man named. 

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I who served as Chief counselor 
and had almost certainly guided 

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Royal decisions long before 
Tutankhamun. 

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Arrived at the throne and a 
military. 

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Commander named horam, HEB who 
led Egypt's armed forces and had

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a very clear understanding of 
what a stable Kingdom required. 

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Neither of these men was a kind 
grandfather. 

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Figure offering warm 
reassurance, they were sharp 

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experience. 
Political operators in a world 

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where power was genuinely, 
everything and sentiment was at 

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best a secondary consideration. 
But the young king was not 

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entirely without Comfort. 
He was married possibly from 

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quite an early age to a young 
woman named. 

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She was the third daughter of 
Akinator and the renowned Queen 

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Nefertiti. 
Making her simultaneously a half

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sibling and a wife to the young 
king again in the pattern of 

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Egyptian, Royal marriages. 
She was a few years older than 

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Tutankhamun and the art 
associated with their time 

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together, suggests within the 
constrained language of official

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Egyptian, imagery something 
warmer than pure ceremony. 

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One of the first decisions of 
the new Reign almost certainly 

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shaped by I and horror was to 
leave Amana. 

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The city Akinator was packed up 
an abandoned its temples were 

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left to the Desert Wind. 
Its painted walls began their 

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slow surrender to the Sun. 
The court moved North to Memphis

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which became the administrative 
Center and South to Thebes for 

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ceremonial and religious 
purposes. 

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Reconnecting the kingdom with 
the ancient geography of 

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Egyptian power. 
And sometime. 

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In those early years, the boy 
changed his name. 

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Tutankhaten became Tutankhamun, 
the living image of the attend, 

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the living image of a moon. 
It was a change written into his

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own identity. 
A public declaration made in the

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most permanent form of 
available. 

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The old gods were coming home. 
You know how it feels. 

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When someone is rearrange your 
kitchen. 

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While you were out of town, you 
come home and reach for your 

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favorite mug in the wrong 
cupboard, three times before 

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your hand accepts the new 
reality It is disorienting and a

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small domestic slightly 
maddening way. now, multiply 

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that feeling by several 
centuries of institutional 

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tradition, Multiply it further 
by the economic weight of a 

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priesthood that had been 
stripped of its income. 

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And told its entire professional
purpose was obsolete had the 

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bewilderment of craftsmen who 
carved sacred images and 

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maintained, sacred boats and 
wolves, sacred linen for a 

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living and who had spent the 
last decade with nothing sacred 

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to do somewhere in that 
multiplication. 

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You approach the atmosphere in 
Egypt's Temple cities as 

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Tutankhamun's Reign began to 
find its feet. 

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The priests of a moon had been 
among the most powerful people 

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in Egypt for Generations. 
The temple complex at Karnak 

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dedicated to a moon was one of 
the largest religious structures

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in the ancient world, and the 
wealth flowing through it funded

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everything from architectural 
projects, to political influence

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to the Daily feeding of 
thousands of Temple, dependents 

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when naked and closed the 
temples, he did not simply 

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offend religious feeling. 
He dismantled an economy that 

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many people's entire lives 
depended on what Tutankhamun's 

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early Reign undertook was 
essentially a national 

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reassembly project. 
The scale of that project is 

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easier to appreciate when you 
consider how many institutions 

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have been disrupted. 
The Temple of a moon at kanaka 

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alone had employed hundreds of 
priests scribes musicians, 

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Brewers Bakers, cattle, herders,
Weavers, and gardeners before, 

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Akinator arrived. 
The subsidiary temples of mutton

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kitsu within the Karnak complex 
had their own staffs and their 

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own ritual calendars. 
The Great temple of tar. 

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Memphis, one of the oldest in 
Egypt, had similarly been left 

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without its proper function and 
its supporting economy. 

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The temple of Ra at heliopolis, 
north of Memphis and one of the 

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most ancient religious sites in 
the entire country had been 

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absorbed rather than simply 
closed its sun. 

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God theology. 
Reclassified under the attend in

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a way that satisfied, no one 
getting all of this moving 

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again. 
Required not just religious 

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intention but administrative 
competence of a high order. 

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Someone had to identify which 
Temple is States, had changed 

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hands and to whom someone had to
locate the craftsmen who knew 

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how to make the sacred objects 
specific temples required. 

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Because the skills needed to 
carve a cult statue were not 

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transferable to other work and 
had to be actively passed on. 

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Someone had to re-establish the 
supply chains for the materials 

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required by ritual, the specific
incense is the quality of linen,

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the cattle for sacrifice, and 
the grain for bread, and beer 

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offering that the gods received 
every day. 

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The young king had the benefit 
of advisors who had watched the 

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old system work before Akinator 
and dismantled it, and who 

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retained the institutional 
knowledge, required to restore 

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it. 
We know this in part because of 

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a remarkable document Scholars 
called the restoration stealer 

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this inscribed stone erected at 
Karnak during the young King's 

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Reign describes the condition of
the temples before Restoration 

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in language that is by the 
restrained standards of official

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Egyptian texts quite Vivid. 
It speaks of shrine Courtyards 

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given over to grass and weeds it
describes. 

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The gods as having turned their 
backs on Egypt, prayers going 

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unanswered, and armies 
dispatched on campaign and 

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00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:06,900
returning without achievement. 
The language is almost certainly

230
00:12:06,900 --> 00:12:10,400
polished for political effect. 
Ancient Pharaohs were not prone 

231
00:12:10,400 --> 00:12:13,100
to understanding their own 
importance, but beneath the 

232
00:12:13,100 --> 00:12:16,000
rhetoric while archeology 
confirmed is that the religious 

233
00:12:16,000 --> 00:12:19,500
infrastructure of Egypt had 
genuinely, deteriorated during 

234
00:12:19,500 --> 00:12:22,800
akinator's years and that there 
was real work to be done. 

235
00:12:23,700 --> 00:12:27,300
The restoration sent Craftsman 
back to the Temple's damaged. 

236
00:12:27,300 --> 00:12:30,500
Carvings, were prepared images 
of the old gods that had been 

237
00:12:30,508 --> 00:12:32,100
chiseled away. 
During akinator's. 

238
00:12:32,100 --> 00:12:34,400
Purge were recurred buy fresh 
hands. 

239
00:12:34,400 --> 00:12:38,500
Offering tables were restocked. 
The cattle kept for sacrificial 

240
00:12:38,500 --> 00:12:40,400
purposes, were returned to their
enclosures. 

241
00:12:40,400 --> 00:12:43,500
The elaborate processional boats
used to carry Divine Images. 

242
00:12:43,500 --> 00:12:46,900
During festivals were rebuilt. 
And the Stealers specifically 

243
00:12:46,900 --> 00:12:49,800
notes that the new boats were 
constructed from better Timber 

244
00:12:49,800 --> 00:12:53,400
than their predecessors. 
That Last Detail deserves a 

245
00:12:53,400 --> 00:12:56,700
moment because it is the kind of
thing that makes ancient records

246
00:12:56,700 --> 00:12:59,300
feel suddenly unexpectedly 
alive. 

247
00:13:00,100 --> 00:13:03,600
Someone sat down and wrote in a 
document carved in stone and 

248
00:13:03,600 --> 00:13:07,300
meant to outlast everything that
the replacement God Boats were 

249
00:13:07,300 --> 00:13:09,800
made from Superior wood. 
That is the voice of a 

250
00:13:09,800 --> 00:13:12,600
civilization that genuinely 
cared about the quality of the 

251
00:13:12,600 --> 00:13:14,300
vessels carrying its Divine 
Images. 

252
00:13:15,200 --> 00:13:18,200
There is something quietly. 
Wonderful in the specificity of 

253
00:13:18,208 --> 00:13:21,000
that Pride. 
The Great Festival of opet. 

254
00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:23,200
One of Egypt's, most 
significant, annual religious, 

255
00:13:23,200 --> 00:13:26,900
celebrations was reinstated, the
festival involved carrying the 

256
00:13:26,900 --> 00:13:30,300
sacred image of a moon from the 
complex, Southwood along, the 

257
00:13:30,300 --> 00:13:33,800
Nile to the temple at Luxor. 
A ceremonial journey of roughly 

258
00:13:33,800 --> 00:13:36,800
three kilometers along an Avenue
line with sink statues. 

259
00:13:36,800 --> 00:13:41,800
The whole city turned out, 
musicians played incense, Rose 

260
00:13:41,800 --> 00:13:45,400
in thick sweet, columns, through
the morning are People pressed 

261
00:13:45,400 --> 00:13:47,800
along the processional route to 
catch a glimpse of the golden 

262
00:13:47,800 --> 00:13:50,400
barking. 
The god, back through streets 

263
00:13:50,400 --> 00:13:52,200
that are not seen him pass in 
years. 

264
00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:57,900
The atom was not entirely erased
solo discography continued to 

265
00:13:57,900 --> 00:14:01,500
appear in some official contexts
and the theological distinctions

266
00:14:01,500 --> 00:14:04,700
between the attend and the more 
traditional Sunday were never 

267
00:14:04,708 --> 00:14:07,900
cleanly resolved. 
But a moon was restored to his 

268
00:14:07,900 --> 00:14:11,000
position of preeminence and the 
vast Machinery of Egyptian 

269
00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:14,100
religious life which was not 
separate from daily life but 

270
00:14:14,100 --> 00:14:16,900
woven all the way through it 
began to turn again. 

271
00:14:17,900 --> 00:14:21,100
What Tutankhamun personally felt
about any of this is genuinely 

272
00:14:21,100 --> 00:14:23,800
Beyond recovery. 
He was a child being Guided by 

273
00:14:23,800 --> 00:14:26,500
adults who had strong and 
settled views about the correct 

274
00:14:26,500 --> 00:14:30,000
way to run a civilization. 
Whether he grew into his own 

275
00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:33,500
convictions about the gods, or 
whether he enacted the decisions

276
00:14:33,500 --> 00:14:37,400
already made around him, no text
to survive to bridge that Gap. 

277
00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:41,300
But his name change, the 
physical evidence of renewed 

278
00:14:41,300 --> 00:14:44,000
Temple activity across the 
country and the public 

279
00:14:44,000 --> 00:14:47,100
declarations carved in stone. 
All point the same direction. 

280
00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:51,200
Whatever, his inner life held 
the outer record of his Reign is

281
00:14:51,200 --> 00:14:53,400
one of deliberate methodical 
return to the older 

282
00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:55,500
Arrangements. 
There is something almost 

283
00:14:55,500 --> 00:14:58,300
comforting about the image of a 
country quietly putting itself 

284
00:14:58,300 --> 00:15:00,800
back together. 
Cleaning out the damaged 

285
00:15:00,800 --> 00:15:02,800
Corners, restocking, the 
shelves. 

286
00:15:02,800 --> 00:15:06,300
Relighting the lamps and sending
a message to a god, that the 

287
00:15:06,300 --> 00:15:09,200
people of Egypt were sorry about
the interruption and hoped 

288
00:15:09,200 --> 00:15:11,500
things could return to normal 
Egypt. 

289
00:15:11,500 --> 00:15:14,200
Under this young king was not 
launching, the kind of military 

290
00:15:14,200 --> 00:15:17,600
campaigns that fill the walls of
later temples with dramatic, 

291
00:15:17,600 --> 00:15:21,600
carvings of battle. 
It was doing quieter harder more

292
00:15:21,600 --> 00:15:24,400
patient work. 
It was repairing the fabric of 

293
00:15:24,400 --> 00:15:28,500
its own Civilization by room 
Temple by Temple named by name 

294
00:15:28,500 --> 00:15:32,200
each time a Craftsman placed a 
freshly carved face of a moon 

295
00:15:32,200 --> 00:15:35,400
back in the niche where Akinator
10 had removed, its predecessor 

296
00:15:35,400 --> 00:15:38,300
or a priest of moot, stepped 
back through the gates of a 

297
00:15:38,300 --> 00:15:40,300
reopened Temple. 
And resumed a ritual, his family

298
00:15:40,300 --> 00:15:42,800
had performed for Generations 
before the disruption and 

299
00:15:42,800 --> 00:15:44,900
something. 
In the record of ordinary 

300
00:15:44,900 --> 00:15:48,200
Egyptian, life moved back to the
shape it recognized as home. 

301
00:15:48,200 --> 00:15:51,500
That movement was not dramatic 
It produced. 

302
00:15:51,500 --> 00:15:55,100
No spectacular battles. 
Know, shocking reversals and no 

303
00:15:55,100 --> 00:15:58,400
single moment that historian 
could point to and say there, 

304
00:15:58,400 --> 00:16:01,900
that was the Day it changed, it 
happened in the small 

305
00:16:01,900 --> 00:16:05,200
accumulated, decisions of 
thousands of people resuming. 

306
00:16:05,200 --> 00:16:07,900
The work they had been waiting 
to resume over months, and years

307
00:16:07,900 --> 00:16:11,300
in city, after City, along the 
whole length of the river. 

308
00:16:12,100 --> 00:16:15,900
You have statistically speaking 
never been inside ancient 

309
00:16:15,900 --> 00:16:19,800
Egyptian Palace tonight, that 
changes, at least in the good 

310
00:16:19,800 --> 00:16:22,600
way where you stay in bed and 
the palace comes to you. 

311
00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:27,000
Start with stone, the walls are 
thick built to keep the days 

312
00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:30,700
heat from following you inside. 
Which in a country where summer 

313
00:16:30,700 --> 00:16:33,900
temperatures regularly exceed 40
degrees is not an aesthetic 

314
00:16:33,900 --> 00:16:35,500
preference, but a survival 
strategy. 

315
00:16:37,100 --> 00:16:40,700
A flaws are smooth. 
Pale Limestone covered in woven 

316
00:16:40,700 --> 00:16:43,400
Reed, mats and linen rugs died 
in colors. 

317
00:16:43,400 --> 00:16:45,700
That would look, surprisingly 
Vivid by modern standards, 

318
00:16:45,700 --> 00:16:49,800
Egyptians were accomplished 
people, the rooms are not the 

319
00:16:49,800 --> 00:16:52,700
dark stone corridors that a 
lifetime of films about Egypt 

320
00:16:52,700 --> 00:16:54,100
might have left in your 
imagination. 

321
00:16:54,100 --> 00:16:56,600
The actual Living Spaces of an 
Egyptian. 

322
00:16:56,600 --> 00:17:00,800
Palace were painted, floors 
walls and ceilings all carried 

323
00:17:00,800 --> 00:17:03,200
images. 
Sometimes they were geometric 

324
00:17:03,200 --> 00:17:05,200
patterns in blue and white and 
Rich yellow. 

325
00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:07,900
More often they were 
naturalistic scenes. 

326
00:17:07,900 --> 00:17:11,599
Marsh Birds lifting from Papyrus
thickets fish. 

327
00:17:11,599 --> 00:17:15,400
Moving through stylized water 
drawn in long loose lines, and a

328
00:17:15,400 --> 00:17:18,099
calf running through a field for
reasons that seem to be purely 

329
00:17:18,099 --> 00:17:20,800
its own. 
The effect of walking through a 

330
00:17:20,800 --> 00:17:22,800
room like that would be 
something like living inside a 

331
00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:25,099
painting. 
That a decided to wrap itself 

332
00:17:25,099 --> 00:17:28,000
around you. 
Memphis, the city, where 

333
00:17:28,000 --> 00:17:29,800
Tutankhamun spent much of his 
working life. 

334
00:17:29,800 --> 00:17:32,800
Sat, at the point, where the 
Nile Delta began to Fan 

335
00:17:32,800 --> 00:17:35,700
northward toward the sea. 
It was a city of enormous 

336
00:17:35,700 --> 00:17:39,400
practical importance, positioned
near trade routes near the 

337
00:17:39,400 --> 00:17:43,300
copper and turquoise mines of 
the Sinai Peninsula, and close 

338
00:17:43,300 --> 00:17:45,800
enough to the Delta ports that 
news from The Wider World 

339
00:17:45,800 --> 00:17:50,000
arrived with reasonable speed. 
it was a busy City, a working 

340
00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:54,100
City, the kind of place where 
things actually got done The 

341
00:17:54,100 --> 00:17:56,900
Memphis Palace of this period 
has not survived in the way that

342
00:17:56,900 --> 00:17:59,400
Temple. 
Complexes have palaces used 

343
00:17:59,400 --> 00:18:03,700
organic materials, alongside 
stone wood, and Reed and painted

344
00:18:03,700 --> 00:18:06,600
mud plaster and organic 
materials in a humid 

345
00:18:06,600 --> 00:18:08,600
environment. 
Do not have the same longevity 

346
00:18:08,600 --> 00:18:11,900
as pure Stone. 
What we know of Royal domestic 

347
00:18:11,900 --> 00:18:13,500
life? 
Comes partly from the objects 

348
00:18:13,500 --> 00:18:17,600
packed into Tutankhamun's tomb, 
partly from carved reliefs and 

349
00:18:17,600 --> 00:18:20,300
temples and partly from 
administrative text that 

350
00:18:20,300 --> 00:18:23,300
described the rhythm of Palace 
life in Practical rather than 

351
00:18:23,300 --> 00:18:28,300
personal terms The young kings 
day was governed by Ritual from 

352
00:18:28,300 --> 00:18:29,200
the moment. 
It began. 

353
00:18:30,100 --> 00:18:33,300
In Egyptian, theology. 
The fairer was not simply a 

354
00:18:33,300 --> 00:18:34,800
ruler in the administrative 
sentence. 

355
00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:38,400
He was the living embodiment of 
the god Horus on Earth, and his 

356
00:18:38,408 --> 00:18:41,700
daily routine in active, that 
Cosmic role in ways that were 

357
00:18:41,708 --> 00:18:45,800
precise and repeated and 
carefully maintained Morning 

358
00:18:45,800 --> 00:18:49,700
involved, ritual purification, 
the application of cosmetic oils

359
00:18:49,700 --> 00:18:52,100
and coal that carried religious 
significance. 

360
00:18:52,100 --> 00:18:55,300
Alongside their practical 
function and the formal dressing

361
00:18:55,300 --> 00:18:57,400
in layered linen. 
Garments appropriate to the 

362
00:18:57,400 --> 00:19:01,100
day's activities. 
The garments themselves were 

363
00:19:01,100 --> 00:19:04,300
extraordinary among the objects 
found in the tomb. 

364
00:19:04,300 --> 00:19:07,000
Were numerous Royal robes 
several decorated with 

365
00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:10,500
embroidery of such fine detail 
that modern textile historians, 

366
00:19:10,500 --> 00:19:14,200
who have spent entire careers, 
studying ancient fabric, use the

367
00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:16,500
word staggering with some 
frequency. 

368
00:19:16,500 --> 00:19:20,200
When describing them lotus 
flower patterns and geometric 

369
00:19:20,200 --> 00:19:23,300
borders, worked in colored 
thread with a Precision that the

370
00:19:23,300 --> 00:19:25,400
best modern embroiderers would 
not take lightly. 

371
00:19:26,500 --> 00:19:29,500
Some of the linen was woven so 
finally it would qualify to as 

372
00:19:29,500 --> 00:19:32,500
the highest grade of fabric in 
commercial existence the 

373
00:19:32,500 --> 00:19:35,300
Egyptians knew their textiles 
and they wanted their King to be

374
00:19:35,300 --> 00:19:38,100
dressed accordingly. 
Public duties involved. 

375
00:19:38,100 --> 00:19:42,200
Receiving reports from officials
issuing Royal decrees meeting 

376
00:19:42,200 --> 00:19:45,100
with priests and Military 
commanders and Performing the 

377
00:19:45,100 --> 00:19:47,900
ceremonial functions that 
maintained Egypt's relationship 

378
00:19:47,900 --> 00:19:51,300
with the divine order. 
He would have been surrounded at

379
00:19:51,300 --> 00:19:55,300
all hours, by scribes 
attendance, bodyguards and the 

380
00:19:55,300 --> 00:19:58,100
quiet logistical operators of a 
functional, Royal Court. 

381
00:19:59,200 --> 00:20:02,000
Food in a Royal Egyptian 
household was by the standards 

382
00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:05,800
of any era exceptionally varied.
The tomb, contained sealed 

383
00:20:05,800 --> 00:20:08,500
containers of food intended to 
provision the king in the 

384
00:20:08,500 --> 00:20:11,000
afterlife and the inventory of 
those containers. 

385
00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:15,200
When analyzed revealed beef, 
duck various species of fish. 

386
00:20:15,200 --> 00:20:19,800
Bread in multiple forms, honey, 
dried fruits wine from the Delta

387
00:20:19,800 --> 00:20:22,900
Vineyards and oils pressed from 
Sesame and other plants? 

388
00:20:23,800 --> 00:20:25,300
These were not symbolic 
quantities. 

389
00:20:25,300 --> 00:20:28,000
They were Provisions packed as 
though, for a long journey 

390
00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:31,600
selected, by people who knew 
specifically what he ate, and 

391
00:20:31,600 --> 00:20:35,700
what he preferred The honey 
stored in Alabaster vessels and 

392
00:20:35,700 --> 00:20:40,000
still faintly distinguishable 
after 3,000 years as honey, is a

393
00:20:40,008 --> 00:20:43,000
detail that makes the distance 
between then and now, Phil 

394
00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:47,000
briefly, very small honey. 
Does not change whoever packed. 

395
00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:50,300
It knew he had a taste for it, 
but the tomb offers glimpses of 

396
00:20:50,300 --> 00:20:53,800
something more personal among 
the thousands of objects found 

397
00:20:53,800 --> 00:20:56,900
in that small underground space 
with things that speak less to a

398
00:20:56,900 --> 00:21:00,800
fairer and more to a specific 
young person with specific 

399
00:21:00,800 --> 00:21:04,300
preferences. 
There were board games including

400
00:21:04,300 --> 00:21:07,800
a beautifully crafted example, 
of the game called Senate played

401
00:21:07,800 --> 00:21:10,700
on a long rectangular board and 
associated with the souls 

402
00:21:10,700 --> 00:21:13,700
Journey Through the Underworld. 
The clearly also played for the 

403
00:21:13,700 --> 00:21:16,200
uncomplicated pleasure of 
competing against another 

404
00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:18,300
person. 
There were no fewer than six 

405
00:21:18,300 --> 00:21:21,300
chariots which tells you 
something fairly direct about 

406
00:21:21,300 --> 00:21:25,200
how much he valued speed. 
There was more than 100 walking 

407
00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:27,900
sticks, which tells you 
something equally direct about 

408
00:21:27,900 --> 00:21:31,000
his physical situation. 
A detail, we will come back to 

409
00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:34,100
there were hunting boomerangs a 
pharaoh. 

410
00:21:34,100 --> 00:21:36,300
Who owned hunting boomerangs is 
a detailed. 

411
00:21:36,300 --> 00:21:39,700
So unexpectedly practical that, 
it takes a moment to settle in. 

412
00:21:40,500 --> 00:21:43,300
But waterfowl hunting in the 
marshes was a genuine sport, 

413
00:21:43,300 --> 00:21:46,600
among Egyptian ability and the 
boomerang was a real tool for it

414
00:21:46,600 --> 00:21:49,800
rather than a ceremonial prop. 
There were leather garments 

415
00:21:49,800 --> 00:21:53,300
designed for athletic activity. 
There were gloves, which are 

416
00:21:53,300 --> 00:21:56,300
honestly the most domestic and 
relatable objects to find in a 

417
00:21:56,308 --> 00:21:59,100
3,000 year old. 
Royal burial because gloves are 

418
00:21:59,108 --> 00:22:00,800
a thing you pack. 
When you think you might need 

419
00:22:00,800 --> 00:22:03,800
them and whoever packed those 
gloves was thinking about a real

420
00:22:03,800 --> 00:22:07,600
person going somewhere. 
Cold His wife and Herman appears

421
00:22:07,600 --> 00:22:10,100
throughout the tombs visual 
record with a warmth that stands

422
00:22:10,100 --> 00:22:12,400
out against the conventions of 
formal Egyptian. 

423
00:22:12,400 --> 00:22:16,200
Royal art The standard for 
depicting, Royal couples in a 

424
00:22:16,208 --> 00:22:19,100
fishy and old parallel. 
Formal poses of equivalent 

425
00:22:19,100 --> 00:22:22,600
dignity, two figures standing at
an identical scale with 

426
00:22:22,600 --> 00:22:24,600
identical forward-facing 
rigidity. 

427
00:22:25,800 --> 00:22:28,200
The art in Tutankhamun's tomb 
does something different. 

428
00:22:28,200 --> 00:22:32,000
She shown applying perfumed oil 
to his collar, her body turned 

429
00:22:32,000 --> 00:22:35,800
toward his He has shown leaning 
slightly in her Direction during

430
00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:38,000
a hunt. 
These are small gestures in a 

431
00:22:38,008 --> 00:22:41,200
visual language that had no 
requirement to include them and 

432
00:22:41,200 --> 00:22:44,800
their presence as worth noting. 
The most celebrated single 

433
00:22:44,800 --> 00:22:48,200
object in the Tomb. 
Arguably is not the golden mask 

434
00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:53,000
but The Golden Throne a backrest
decorated with an inlaid seen 

435
00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:56,200
executed in gold and silver and 
glass, and fiance showing 

436
00:22:56,200 --> 00:22:59,900
exactly this kind of moment. 
The king sits on a cushioned 

437
00:22:59,900 --> 00:23:01,700
chair. 
In a slightly relaxed posture 

438
00:23:01,700 --> 00:23:05,900
his arm resting at his side. 
Ankersen immune stands before 

439
00:23:05,900 --> 00:23:09,400
him applying what appears to be 
perfumed oil or ointment to his 

440
00:23:09,400 --> 00:23:11,100
collar. 
From a small jar, she holds in 

441
00:23:11,100 --> 00:23:15,400
one hand Above them. 
The solar discs sends its raised

442
00:23:15,400 --> 00:23:18,200
downward in lines that terminate
in small human hands. 

443
00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:22,000
Offering the ankh the sign of 
life to their nostrils. 

444
00:23:23,200 --> 00:23:26,400
The craftsmanship is such that 
the glass in the Garment still 

445
00:23:26,400 --> 00:23:27,900
catch the light in the way they 
were intended. 

446
00:23:27,900 --> 00:23:31,900
To when you researchers who have
described this object in person 

447
00:23:31,900 --> 00:23:35,100
frequently used the word 
intimate which is not a word 

448
00:23:35,108 --> 00:23:37,200
that Egyptian Royal Ark usually 
invite. 

449
00:23:39,100 --> 00:23:42,000
Palace at Thebes served 
primarily ceremonial purposes 

450
00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:45,100
and Tutankhamun would have spent
significant time there during 

451
00:23:45,100 --> 00:23:47,900
the major religious festivals 
that punctuated the Egyptian 

452
00:23:47,900 --> 00:23:50,900
year. 
The festival season at Thebes 

453
00:23:50,900 --> 00:23:54,100
was concentrated enough that the
Royal household effectively 

454
00:23:54,100 --> 00:23:56,200
maintained two distinct 
operational bases. 

455
00:23:56,200 --> 00:24:00,100
The administrative North, and 
the ceremonial South and moved 

456
00:24:00,100 --> 00:24:02,700
between them according to the 
ritual calendars demands. 

457
00:24:03,800 --> 00:24:06,800
The palace had Gardens because 
any wealthy Egyptian household, 

458
00:24:06,800 --> 00:24:10,000
that could afford a garden had 
one and a Pharaoh's Palace 

459
00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:13,000
certainly could. 
Rectangular pools fed by 

460
00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:15,000
carefully. 
Maintained irrigation channels, 

461
00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:20,200
held lotus, flowers and fish. 
Rows of shade trees planting of 

462
00:24:20,200 --> 00:24:22,800
herbs, for the kitchens and for 
the Physicians who would have 

463
00:24:22,800 --> 00:24:26,000
attended a young king with 
complex Health needs the center 

464
00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:28,800
of a well-watered Egyptian 
Garden at dusk, with incense, 

465
00:24:28,800 --> 00:24:31,000
burning somewhere inside and the
cool air coming off. 

466
00:24:31,000 --> 00:24:34,900
The Nile is not something that 
can be fully reconstructed, but 

467
00:24:34,900 --> 00:24:37,800
it is Pleasant to. 
Imagine all the same Egypt, has 

468
00:24:37,800 --> 00:24:41,000
always been the Nile. 
Everything else is essentially 

469
00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:44,600
footnotes this is not sentiment.
It is geography. 

470
00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:48,100
Rendered into civilization, the 
ancient Egyptians themselves. 

471
00:24:48,100 --> 00:24:51,100
Understood their entire world 
through this fact and they 

472
00:24:51,108 --> 00:24:54,900
organized their cosmology, their
calendar, their understanding of

473
00:24:54,900 --> 00:24:58,500
life, and death and rebirth, 
entirely around the behavior of 

474
00:24:58,500 --> 00:25:01,900
a river that flooded once a year
and made the desert growth food.

475
00:25:03,200 --> 00:25:05,000
There were two Egypts in the 
ancient mind. 

476
00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:09,100
Kemet, the Blackland was the 
narrow ribbon of dark Turtle. 

477
00:25:09,100 --> 00:25:11,800
Soil, along the Riverbanks, 
where the annual flood, 

478
00:25:11,800 --> 00:25:14,300
deposited, its silt and 
everything grew and everyone 

479
00:25:14,300 --> 00:25:17,400
lived. 
Deshret the Redland was the pale

480
00:25:17,400 --> 00:25:21,000
in different desert beyond the 
floodline associated with chaos 

481
00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:24,500
and with the gods set, Place 
that offered heat and difficulty

482
00:25:24,500 --> 00:25:27,800
and not much else. 
The border between these two 

483
00:25:27,800 --> 00:25:31,000
worlds, was not a gradual 
gradient, it was a boundary. 

484
00:25:31,000 --> 00:25:34,300
You could step across in a 
single stride, one foot on dark 

485
00:25:34,300 --> 00:25:38,400
wet Earth and one foot on dry 
pale sand and the difference 

486
00:25:38,400 --> 00:25:42,200
between them was the difference 
between abundance and nothing. 

487
00:25:44,000 --> 00:25:47,400
Tutankhamun ruled both his 
double crown represented. 

488
00:25:47,400 --> 00:25:50,900
Exactly this unification, the 
white crown of Upper Egypt in 

489
00:25:50,900 --> 00:25:53,600
the South combined with the Red 
Crown of Lower Egypt in the 

490
00:25:53,608 --> 00:25:56,600
north assembled into one 
composite headpiece. 

491
00:25:56,600 --> 00:25:59,900
That was visually speaking. 
One of the more committed 

492
00:25:59,900 --> 00:26:03,500
statements of political Unity 
ever worn on a human head but 

493
00:26:03,500 --> 00:26:06,300
the egypti actually, governed 
the living, and breathing and 

494
00:26:06,300 --> 00:26:08,700
working version was the river's 
Egypt. 

495
00:26:09,900 --> 00:26:13,300
The Nile in the 14th century 
before the Common Era, carried 

496
00:26:13,300 --> 00:26:16,900
the full force of its ancient 
flow before any of the dams and 

497
00:26:16,900 --> 00:26:19,200
diversions that later centuries 
would impose on it. 

498
00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:23,000
The annual inundation called 
akhet began around June. 

499
00:26:23,000 --> 00:26:26,100
When the flood waters arrived 
from the Ethiopian Highlands and

500
00:26:26,100 --> 00:26:29,200
the rivers slowly across the 
flood, plain in a broad shallow 

501
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:32,400
sheet of brown water, that left 
behind when it pulled back in 

502
00:26:32,400 --> 00:26:36,100
October, a coat of mineral Rich 
silt that made the resulting 

503
00:26:36,100 --> 00:26:38,400
soil, among the most naturally 
fertile in the world. 

504
00:26:39,900 --> 00:26:42,400
Egyptian Farmers. 
Watched the flood with the kind 

505
00:26:42,400 --> 00:26:44,500
of attention. 
You give to something your 

506
00:26:44,500 --> 00:26:48,800
entire life, depends on, because
it was exactly that a good flood

507
00:26:48,800 --> 00:26:53,300
meant abundance a flood too 
shallow meant poor soil and thin

508
00:26:53,300 --> 00:26:56,100
harvests. 
Flood too high, meant the 

509
00:26:56,100 --> 00:26:58,900
destruction of the mud brick 
houses, built close to the 

510
00:26:58,900 --> 00:27:02,000
River's Edge and the washing 
away of irrigation channels that

511
00:27:02,000 --> 00:27:05,000
are taking months of Labor, to 
maintain the difference between 

512
00:27:05,000 --> 00:27:07,400
a sufficient flood and an 
insufficient one, was the 

513
00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:10,400
difference between eating well 
and not eating at all and the 

514
00:27:10,400 --> 00:27:12,900
priests who track the Niles 
levels and reported them to the 

515
00:27:12,900 --> 00:27:15,000
Palace. 
When not performing a ceremonial

516
00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:17,700
function, they were providing 
essential information. 

517
00:27:18,900 --> 00:27:22,100
The months after the flooded 
were planting time and the 

518
00:27:22,108 --> 00:27:25,200
greenfields That Grew From the 
dark silt was so vivid against 

519
00:27:25,200 --> 00:27:28,200
the pale desert margins, that 
Travelers seeing them for the 

520
00:27:28,200 --> 00:27:32,100
first time left accounts that 
read almost as disbelief as if 

521
00:27:32,100 --> 00:27:35,000
the fertility were too sudden 
and complete to be entirely 

522
00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:38,400
natural. 
Most often common subjects did 

523
00:27:38,400 --> 00:27:41,800
not live in Memphis or thieves, 
they lived in smaller Villages 

524
00:27:41,800 --> 00:27:44,600
along the river in mud brick 
houses built flat. 

525
00:27:44,600 --> 00:27:47,800
Roofed against the Heat set 
close together in Lane's narrow 

526
00:27:47,800 --> 00:27:50,200
enough to provide shade during 
the hottest part of the day. 

527
00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:54,700
They grew Emma Wheaton barley. 
They kept goats and cattle and 

528
00:27:54,700 --> 00:27:57,100
geese. 
They fished the River from small

529
00:27:57,100 --> 00:28:00,100
Papyrus boats. 
They paid taxes in Grain to the 

530
00:28:00,100 --> 00:28:02,700
state and performed labor on 
public projects. 

531
00:28:02,700 --> 00:28:06,500
When the state required, it The 
Practical texture of Village 

532
00:28:06,500 --> 00:28:09,600
Life in this period was not 
recorded in official documents 

533
00:28:09,600 --> 00:28:13,700
because official documents were 
interested in other things, but 

534
00:28:13,700 --> 00:28:16,500
the traces of its survive in the
margins of the record, and in 

535
00:28:16,500 --> 00:28:19,900
the physical evidence of 
excavated settlements, the smell

536
00:28:19,900 --> 00:28:22,800
of bread, baking. 
In a Clay Oven at dawn, the 

537
00:28:22,800 --> 00:28:26,000
sound of a donkey, expressing, 
its opinions loudly in a narrow 

538
00:28:26,000 --> 00:28:29,200
Lane children running toward the
river at the end of a day when 

539
00:28:29,200 --> 00:28:31,600
the air had gone from impossible
to merely very warm. 

540
00:28:31,600 --> 00:28:34,900
These things are not written 
down anywhere, but they were 

541
00:28:34,900 --> 00:28:37,400
happening in, every village in 
every province of the Kingdom 

542
00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:40,200
Tutankhamun presided over every 
single day. 

543
00:28:41,300 --> 00:28:43,800
The river itself was the highway
that held the whole country, 

544
00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:47,400
together, flatbottom cargo 
boats, moved grain North to the 

545
00:28:47,400 --> 00:28:50,300
Delta and luxury goods, South 
towards Thebes. 

546
00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:53,900
Stone for construction, projects
traveled, vast distances, by 

547
00:28:53,900 --> 00:28:57,200
water Timber, from the Levant 
came through the northern ports 

548
00:28:57,200 --> 00:28:59,600
nature. 
And the naturally occurring salt

549
00:28:59,600 --> 00:29:03,100
used in the mummification 
process was shipped from the dry

550
00:29:03,100 --> 00:29:06,900
lake beds in the western desert.
The Nile flows north to the Sea,

551
00:29:06,900 --> 00:29:10,100
which meant boats traveling, 
north moved with the current and

552
00:29:10,100 --> 00:29:11,700
boats. 
Traveling south moved, with the 

553
00:29:11,700 --> 00:29:15,100
prevailing wind, which in Egypt,
blows conveniently from north to

554
00:29:15,100 --> 00:29:17,500
south. 
The Egyptians noticed this, 

555
00:29:17,500 --> 00:29:20,300
Geographic gift and use the same
word for sailing. 

556
00:29:20,300 --> 00:29:23,900
And for going south because in 
their world, if you were moving 

557
00:29:23,900 --> 00:29:26,400
a boat South, you were almost 
certainly using a sale. 

558
00:29:27,800 --> 00:29:30,900
Beyond Egypt borders. 
The world was substantial and 

559
00:29:30,900 --> 00:29:36,200
actively engaged to the South 
Leigh Nubia called Kush a region

560
00:29:36,200 --> 00:29:39,400
of considerable wealth in Gold 
ebony ivory. 

561
00:29:39,400 --> 00:29:42,400
And ostrich feathers, which 
Egyptian pharaohs had control 

562
00:29:42,400 --> 00:29:45,100
for Generations through a 
combination of military presence

563
00:29:45,100 --> 00:29:48,600
and political marriage Nubian. 
Gold was one of the foundations 

564
00:29:48,600 --> 00:29:51,200
of Egypt's wealth and the 
relationship between the two 

565
00:29:51,200 --> 00:29:54,800
civilizations was complex and 
layered and sometimes violent 

566
00:29:54,800 --> 00:29:57,000
and sometimes genuinely 
collaborative. 

567
00:29:58,500 --> 00:30:00,800
The administrative governor of 
New Year during this period 

568
00:30:00,800 --> 00:30:03,100
answered to the Pharaoh through 
a long chain of command. 

569
00:30:03,100 --> 00:30:06,800
That included Egyptian officials
posted in new Bean cities and 

570
00:30:06,800 --> 00:30:09,200
local rulers. 
Who had adopted enough Egyptian 

571
00:30:09,200 --> 00:30:11,900
custom to operate within the 
Imperial structure. 

572
00:30:12,900 --> 00:30:15,600
To the north east, the great 
powers of the ancient world 

573
00:30:15,600 --> 00:30:18,100
maintained diplomatic 
correspondence with Egypt 

574
00:30:18,100 --> 00:30:21,400
through a system of clay, 
tablet, letters in The Arcadian 

575
00:30:21,400 --> 00:30:24,700
language, which served as the 
international diplomatic tongue 

576
00:30:24,700 --> 00:30:27,200
of the age. 
The collection of these letters 

577
00:30:27,200 --> 00:30:30,900
discovered in the 19th century 
at Amana known as the Amana 

578
00:30:30,900 --> 00:30:33,100
letters. 
Shows that Tutankhamun's 

579
00:30:33,100 --> 00:30:36,300
predecessors had been inactive 
communication with the kings of 

580
00:30:36,308 --> 00:30:40,200
Babylon, Assyria mitani, and the
hittite empire. 

581
00:30:41,100 --> 00:30:43,200
Egypt, under the young king was 
not isolated. 

582
00:30:43,200 --> 00:30:46,100
It was the center of a 
diplomatic web that stretched 

583
00:30:46,100 --> 00:30:50,000
from the Mediterranean to 
Mesopotamia. the scribes who 

584
00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:54,000
maintain this web among the most
educated people in Egypt and 

585
00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:57,100
among the most practically 
essential, Writing in ancient 

586
00:30:57,100 --> 00:31:00,600
Egypt was not a common skill. 
It required years of formal 

587
00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:02,300
training. 
In the specialized scribbles 

588
00:31:02,300 --> 00:31:05,700
schools attached to temples and 
palaces and the hieroglyphic 

589
00:31:05,700 --> 00:31:08,700
script which remains one of the 
most visually elegant writing 

590
00:31:08,700 --> 00:31:12,000
systems ever developed was 
considerably more difficult to 

591
00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:15,400
learn than its beauty suggests. 
A train scribe, could read and 

592
00:31:15,408 --> 00:31:17,900
write higher glyphs for formal 
Monumental texts. 

593
00:31:17,900 --> 00:31:21,000
The higher attic cursive script 
used for administrative 

594
00:31:21,000 --> 00:31:24,000
documents. 
And in some cases the Acadian 

595
00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:25,900
celebrity needed foreign 
correspondence. 

596
00:31:26,800 --> 00:31:29,200
They were the connective tissue 
of the entire administrative 

597
00:31:29,200 --> 00:31:31,800
organism. 
Crocodiles lived in the river, 

598
00:31:31,800 --> 00:31:33,500
in serious numbers during this 
period. 

599
00:31:33,500 --> 00:31:37,100
So did hippopotamuses, these 
were not decorative creatures 

600
00:31:37,100 --> 00:31:39,600
depicted on Temple walls, for 
artistic variety. 

601
00:31:39,600 --> 00:31:43,100
They were real animals, that 
posed genuine threats, to anyone

602
00:31:43,100 --> 00:31:45,800
working near the water. 
And the cult of sobeck the 

603
00:31:45,808 --> 00:31:47,800
crocodile, God was not purely 
theological. 

604
00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:51,800
Honoring sobec had a pragmatic 
Dimension, that every fisherman 

605
00:31:51,800 --> 00:31:56,400
wading, the shallows understood 
personally, The night sky, over 

606
00:31:56,400 --> 00:31:58,400
the Nile Valley was a complete 
map. 

607
00:31:59,200 --> 00:32:02,100
Before electric light, turned 
the sky into an orange glow and 

608
00:32:02,100 --> 00:32:05,000
made the Stars. 
A seasonal rumor, a clear night 

609
00:32:05,000 --> 00:32:08,800
over the Egyptian desert showed 
you everything The Sky Had The 

610
00:32:08,800 --> 00:32:11,200
Egyptians read it with the 
Precision that their entire 

611
00:32:11,200 --> 00:32:15,000
ceremonial calendar required. 
They tracked the annual rising 

612
00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:18,400
of Sirius, the brightest star 
visible from Egypt, which 

613
00:32:18,400 --> 00:32:21,200
appeared on the Eastern Horizon 
just before the flood waters 

614
00:32:21,200 --> 00:32:24,700
arrived each year. 
Making it a reliable Herald of 

615
00:32:24,700 --> 00:32:26,600
abundance priest. 
Susan Tire. 

616
00:32:26,600 --> 00:32:28,100
Professional purpose was 
Celestial. 

617
00:32:28,100 --> 00:32:31,100
Observation fed their 
observations in to the religious

618
00:32:31,100 --> 00:32:34,300
calendar, which organized 
everything from planting times 

619
00:32:34,300 --> 00:32:37,900
to Royal ceremonies to the 
precise days when specific gods 

620
00:32:37,900 --> 00:32:39,800
were expected to be in 
particularly receptive. 

621
00:32:39,800 --> 00:32:43,300
Moods the animals of this world 
were observed, so carefully and 

622
00:32:43,300 --> 00:32:46,600
so long that Egyptian art 
achieved a naturalism in 

623
00:32:46,600 --> 00:32:49,600
depicting them that it never 
quite applied to human figures. 

624
00:32:50,700 --> 00:32:53,700
Cats in Egyptian paintings. 
Look exactly like cats. 

625
00:32:53,700 --> 00:32:58,200
The ducks in Marsh scenes are 
identifiable by species the 

626
00:32:58,200 --> 00:33:00,600
horses, pulling the Royal 
chariots look like specific 

627
00:33:00,600 --> 00:33:03,900
individual horses rather than 
the generalized idea of horses. 

628
00:33:04,700 --> 00:33:07,300
When you look at the objects 
from Tutankhamun's, tomb, and 

629
00:33:07,300 --> 00:33:10,400
find the detailed rendering of a
hunting dog, or a Nubian, Ibex 

630
00:33:10,400 --> 00:33:13,300
or a duckling, you're seeing the
work of people who had spent 

631
00:33:13,300 --> 00:33:15,800
their whole lives paying close 
attention to living things. 

632
00:33:16,600 --> 00:33:20,100
This was the world Tutankhamun, 
moved through the black land and

633
00:33:20,100 --> 00:33:23,800
the Red Land, the working River,
and the silent desert, the 

634
00:33:23,800 --> 00:33:27,600
painted Palace and the mud brick
Village, the great temples, and 

635
00:33:27,600 --> 00:33:31,300
the tiny domestic shrines, where
Ordinary People left bread and 

636
00:33:31,300 --> 00:33:33,500
onions for the gods who mattered
most of them. 

637
00:33:34,500 --> 00:33:38,100
He saw it from a gilded barge or
a fast Chariot attended at all 

638
00:33:38,108 --> 00:33:41,500
times by scribes and guards and 
Priests with specific functions.

639
00:33:41,500 --> 00:33:46,600
But he saw it, he was young and 
it was his and there were 

640
00:33:46,600 --> 00:33:50,600
probably moments riding fast 
across the flat pale ground west

641
00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:53,200
of the delta in the early 
morning, when the air was still 

642
00:33:53,200 --> 00:33:55,000
cool. 
When the weight of the double 

643
00:33:55,000 --> 00:33:59,100
crown did not reach him at all. 
Modern science has done 

644
00:33:59,100 --> 00:34:03,200
something for Tutankhamun that 
3,000 years of human curiosity 

645
00:34:03,200 --> 00:34:06,900
could not manage on its own. 
It is given him back a body, not

646
00:34:06,900 --> 00:34:10,199
symbolically, the actual 
mummified remains were studied 

647
00:34:10,199 --> 00:34:13,500
extensively as part of a major 
research project that ran 

648
00:34:13,500 --> 00:34:18,100
between 2007 and 2010, involving
detailed computer tography, 

649
00:34:18,100 --> 00:34:21,000
scaning of the mummy and DNA 
analysis of several Royal 

650
00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:24,199
mummies from this period. 
The project was conducted by a 

651
00:34:24,199 --> 00:34:27,500
team, including Egyptian 
archaeologist, zahi hawass, and 

652
00:34:27,500 --> 00:34:29,600
the results were published in 
the Journal of the American 

653
00:34:29,600 --> 00:34:34,000
Medical Association in 2010. 
They produced a picture that was

654
00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:37,100
simultaneously scientifically 
fascinating and genuinely 

655
00:34:37,100 --> 00:34:40,900
quietly sad. 
The king who had ridden fast 

656
00:34:40,900 --> 00:34:43,900
chariots and hunted in the 
desert marshes and been carried 

657
00:34:43,900 --> 00:34:46,400
in state, procession through the
streets of Thieves had 

658
00:34:46,400 --> 00:34:49,199
apparently done all of that 
while managing a body that 

659
00:34:49,199 --> 00:34:52,100
presented serious challenges, he
had a clubfoot. 

660
00:34:52,100 --> 00:34:56,400
His left foot showed a deformity
known as Aquinas in which the 

661
00:34:56,400 --> 00:34:58,900
foot is turned Inward and the 
person bearing. 

662
00:34:58,900 --> 00:35:01,400
It walks on the front of the 
foot or the ankle rather than 

663
00:35:01,400 --> 00:35:03,500
the soul. 
This condition would have made 

664
00:35:03,500 --> 00:35:05,700
walking painful and certain 
physical activities. 

665
00:35:05,700 --> 00:35:08,200
Significantly more difficult 
than they appeared to the 

666
00:35:08,208 --> 00:35:11,300
outside Observer. 
This explains directly, why the 

667
00:35:11,300 --> 00:35:14,700
tomb contained, not one or two 
ceremonial walking sticks, but 

668
00:35:14,700 --> 00:35:17,500
more than 100 of them, they were
not decorative. 

669
00:35:17,500 --> 00:35:20,500
They were tools used by someone 
who needed them regularly. 

670
00:35:21,300 --> 00:35:24,100
Scanning also revealed evidence 
of cola disease in one foot. 

671
00:35:24,100 --> 00:35:27,700
A condition involving the 
deterioration of a small bony in

672
00:35:27,708 --> 00:35:30,800
the arch, adding a second layer 
of physical difficulty to the 

673
00:35:30,800 --> 00:35:33,100
first. 
There were additional skeletal 

674
00:35:33,100 --> 00:35:36,400
abnormality is consistent with 
the genetic effects of extended 

675
00:35:36,400 --> 00:35:39,600
Royal dynasties, whose marriage 
patterns kept within the family 

676
00:35:39,600 --> 00:35:44,300
across multiple Generations. 
He also had malaria Genetic 

677
00:35:44,300 --> 00:35:47,200
testing identified, the material
of the malaria parasite. 

678
00:35:47,200 --> 00:35:50,800
Plasmodium falciparum in his 
tissues and multiple genetic. 

679
00:35:50,800 --> 00:35:54,200
Signatures of the parasite were 
present suggesting, he had 

680
00:35:54,200 --> 00:35:55,500
survived the illness more than 
once. 

681
00:35:55,500 --> 00:35:58,700
Malaria in ancient Egypt, was 
not the temporary inconvenience.

682
00:35:58,700 --> 00:36:01,300
That a modern traveler with 
access to medication might 

683
00:36:01,300 --> 00:36:03,800
experience. 
It was a recurring serious 

684
00:36:03,800 --> 00:36:07,500
illness, producing fevers deep 
exhaustion, and periods of 

685
00:36:07,508 --> 00:36:10,000
significant weakness. 
That would have interrupted his 

686
00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:13,200
life with regularity. 
There is something worth sitting

687
00:36:13,200 --> 00:36:15,400
with, in this accumulation of 
physical difficulty. 

688
00:36:16,200 --> 00:36:19,100
The tomb contained objects that 
speak when you read them 

689
00:36:19,100 --> 00:36:22,300
together of a young man who was 
determined to do the things he 

690
00:36:22,300 --> 00:36:25,200
wanted to do. 
The six chariots were built for 

691
00:36:25,200 --> 00:36:28,700
Speed, not ceremony. 
The hunting boomerangs were not 

692
00:36:28,700 --> 00:36:31,200
decorative. 
The leather athletic clothing 

693
00:36:31,200 --> 00:36:33,900
was worn. 
He was not someone who responded

694
00:36:33,900 --> 00:36:36,100
to physical limitation by 
becoming still. 

695
00:36:36,100 --> 00:36:39,000
He was someone who pushed 
against his own constraints with

696
00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:42,000
the available tools and his 
advisors and servants are 

697
00:36:42,008 --> 00:36:45,000
currently supported this by 
making sure those tools were the

698
00:36:45,000 --> 00:36:48,600
best that Egypt could produce. 
The Physicians who attended the 

699
00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:51,100
Royal household were among the 
most technically sophisticated 

700
00:36:51,100 --> 00:36:53,400
medical practitioners in the 
ancient world. 

701
00:36:54,200 --> 00:36:57,000
The Egyptian medical texts that 
have survived from this period, 

702
00:36:57,000 --> 00:37:00,100
including the Edwin Smith 
Papyrus, and the ebers Papyrus 

703
00:37:00,100 --> 00:37:03,900
show, a medical culture capable 
of diagnosing and treating a 

704
00:37:03,900 --> 00:37:07,000
significant range of conditions 
with rational observation-based 

705
00:37:07,000 --> 00:37:09,400
approaches rather than purely 
magical ones. 

706
00:37:10,300 --> 00:37:12,600
A court physician attending a 
young king with multiple 

707
00:37:12,600 --> 00:37:15,200
overlapping physical conditions 
would have had access to the 

708
00:37:15,200 --> 00:37:17,600
most current medical knowledge 
of available anywhere in the 

709
00:37:17,600 --> 00:37:20,200
world at that time. 
Whether it was sufficient is a 

710
00:37:20,208 --> 00:37:22,300
separate question, but it was 
not nothing. 

711
00:37:22,300 --> 00:37:25,700
This is the young man who 
presided over the restoration of

712
00:37:25,700 --> 00:37:29,200
Egyptian religion, who attended 
the great festivals at Karnak, 

713
00:37:29,200 --> 00:37:32,300
who rode in military 
processions, and who sat on the 

714
00:37:32,300 --> 00:37:34,600
throne of the most powerful 
civilization in the world? 

715
00:37:35,600 --> 00:37:38,400
He was not physically the 
idealized gold and figure that 

716
00:37:38,400 --> 00:37:40,600
his burial masks Serena 
expression. 

717
00:37:40,600 --> 00:37:42,800
Might suggest to someone seeing 
it. 

718
00:37:42,800 --> 00:37:46,500
For the first time, he was a 
specific person managing a 

719
00:37:46,508 --> 00:37:49,900
complicated body, while carrying
out an impossible job, and he 

720
00:37:49,900 --> 00:37:52,600
did it for roughly 10 years 
before the body gave away. 

721
00:37:54,000 --> 00:37:59,100
He died around 1323 before the 
Common Era at approximately 19 

722
00:37:59,100 --> 00:38:01,900
years of age. 
The korres has been argued with 

723
00:38:01,900 --> 00:38:05,500
great enthusiasm for decades 
partly because the global Fame 

724
00:38:05,500 --> 00:38:08,500
attached to his tombs to 
Discovery invited every of 

725
00:38:08,500 --> 00:38:12,000
available Theory, Earlier 
proposals included 

726
00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:15,800
assassination, a blow to the 
skull, a chariot accident and a 

727
00:38:15,800 --> 00:38:16,800
fall. 
From a horse. 

728
00:38:16,800 --> 00:38:19,700
Several of these theories 
generated considerable popular 

729
00:38:19,700 --> 00:38:22,600
excitement and a number of 
Television documentaries. 

730
00:38:22,600 --> 00:38:25,600
Whose conclusions proved more 
dramatic than their evidence. 

731
00:38:26,600 --> 00:38:29,600
The 2010 study found, no 
convincing evidence of 

732
00:38:29,600 --> 00:38:32,600
deliberate, killing the skull 
damage that had previously 

733
00:38:32,600 --> 00:38:34,300
fueled, the murder argument 
appeared. 

734
00:38:34,300 --> 00:38:36,600
More consistent with post-mortem
handling during the 

735
00:38:36,600 --> 00:38:41,000
mummification process, then with
any pre-death below, What the 

736
00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:43,900
analysis did find was a young 
man, whose Health was already 

737
00:38:43,900 --> 00:38:46,900
seriously compromised who had 
recently suffered a severe 

738
00:38:46,900 --> 00:38:50,800
fracture of the left leg likely 
from a fall and who had active 

739
00:38:50,800 --> 00:38:52,400
malaria at the time of his 
death. 

740
00:38:53,300 --> 00:38:56,800
Whether the fracture the malaria
or the weight of both together 

741
00:38:56,800 --> 00:38:59,900
was the direct, cause the 
picture that emerges is not one 

742
00:38:59,900 --> 00:39:02,500
of a dramatic violent end but of
a fragile body. 

743
00:39:02,500 --> 00:39:05,200
Finally unable to sustain The 
Strain placed on it. 

744
00:39:06,100 --> 00:39:09,800
He left, no surviving children. 
His tomb contained two small 

745
00:39:09,800 --> 00:39:12,400
coffins, holding the mummified 
remains of infant daughters, 

746
00:39:12,400 --> 00:39:16,500
both born premature and two 
early to live their coffins 

747
00:39:16,500 --> 00:39:19,800
nested inside slightly larger 
ones were found by Howard Carter

748
00:39:19,800 --> 00:39:23,400
during the tombs excavation and 
are now held at the Egyptian 

749
00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:27,000
Museum in Cairo, Whoever 
arranged their burial, alongside

750
00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:30,200
their father, cared enough to do
it carefully and their presence 

751
00:39:30,200 --> 00:39:34,000
in the Tomb is one of its 
quietest griefs and Kissena man 

752
00:39:34,000 --> 00:39:37,100
left without her husband and 
without an heir was in an 

753
00:39:37,100 --> 00:39:40,200
acutely exposed position. 
The document discovered in what 

754
00:39:40,200 --> 00:39:43,700
is now turkey and dated to this 
period, records an Egyptian 

755
00:39:43,700 --> 00:39:47,500
queen writing to the king of the
Hittites, asking him to send a 

756
00:39:47,500 --> 00:39:50,900
son for her to marry so that she
would not be forced to marry a 

757
00:39:50,900 --> 00:39:52,700
servant. 
Most scholars believe? 

758
00:39:52,700 --> 00:39:56,000
This was Anchorman the hittite 
king sent a son. 

759
00:39:56,700 --> 00:39:59,400
The Young Prince died before 
reaching Egypt, under 

760
00:39:59,400 --> 00:40:03,300
circumstances that were never 
resolved anemone, subsequently 

761
00:40:03,300 --> 00:40:06,000
appears to have married the 
elderly advisor, a who took the 

762
00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:08,900
throne as the next pharaoh. 
She disappears from the 

763
00:40:08,900 --> 00:40:11,000
historical record shortly after 
that married. 

764
00:40:12,000 --> 00:40:14,900
The document scholars believe 
she wrote has become one of the 

765
00:40:14,900 --> 00:40:17,400
most discussed pieces of 
evidence from this entire 

766
00:40:17,400 --> 00:40:19,800
period. 
It was discovered among clay 

767
00:40:19,800 --> 00:40:22,200
tablets found at the hittite 
capital hatissa. 

768
00:40:22,200 --> 00:40:26,100
Now, located in central turkey 
during excavation in the early 

769
00:40:26,100 --> 00:40:28,800
20th century. 
The letter is written in a 

770
00:40:28,808 --> 00:40:30,700
kadian. 
The Diplomatic language of the 

771
00:40:30,700 --> 00:40:33,700
age and it sender. 
Identifies herself as a widow 

772
00:40:33,700 --> 00:40:35,400
Egyptian queen whose husband has
died. 

773
00:40:35,400 --> 00:40:38,800
And who has no son. 
She asks the hittite King Sooper

774
00:40:38,800 --> 00:40:41,900
Lulu Yuma to send one of his 
many sons to become her husband 

775
00:40:41,900 --> 00:40:45,400
and her King. 
The urgency in the letter even 

776
00:40:45,400 --> 00:40:47,500
across the translation of 3,000 
years. 

777
00:40:47,500 --> 00:40:49,600
And two languages is 
unmistakable. 

778
00:40:49,600 --> 00:40:52,000
She writes that she is 
frightened. 

779
00:40:52,000 --> 00:40:54,500
She writes that she will not 
marry a servant. 

780
00:40:55,400 --> 00:40:58,400
Super lulham apparently 
suspicious that the request was 

781
00:40:58,400 --> 00:41:02,200
a trap asked for confirmation. 
A second letter arrived, 

782
00:41:02,200 --> 00:41:06,400
assuring him, it was genuine. 
He sent a son named enander, the

783
00:41:06,400 --> 00:41:09,700
prince died before reaching 
Egypt, whether he was killed by 

784
00:41:09,700 --> 00:41:12,000
Egyptian officials who found the
arrangement politically 

785
00:41:12,000 --> 00:41:14,900
threatening or whether he simply
fell ill on the journey. 

786
00:41:15,700 --> 00:41:18,800
As never been established. 
Superlu Yuma. 

787
00:41:18,800 --> 00:41:23,500
Believing murder threatened War.
The threat does not appear to 

788
00:41:23,500 --> 00:41:26,900
have been carried out or if it 
was the records of it, have not 

789
00:41:26,900 --> 00:41:31,100
survived and KissAnime. 
Then married, I who was by this 

790
00:41:31,100 --> 00:41:34,100
point in elderly, man. 
And who ruled Egypt for roughly 

791
00:41:34,100 --> 00:41:36,300
four years before dying in his 
term. 

792
00:41:37,300 --> 00:41:41,100
After his death came home here, 
who had the military command and

793
00:41:41,100 --> 00:41:43,300
the political will to do what he
felt was necessary. 

794
00:41:44,500 --> 00:41:48,100
Horror HEBs a ratio of the Amana
Kings from Egyptian history was 

795
00:41:48,100 --> 00:41:50,400
Thoreau. 
He removed their names from the 

796
00:41:50,400 --> 00:41:53,000
King lists. 
He recovered their monuments. 

797
00:41:53,000 --> 00:41:55,400
He added. 
His own Cartouche where theirs 

798
00:41:55,400 --> 00:41:58,400
had been he reassigned years of 
their Reigns to the reign of 

799
00:41:58,408 --> 00:42:00,700
horror been official 
chronological records. 

800
00:42:00,700 --> 00:42:04,700
The effect was that within a 
generation, the 18th dynasties 

801
00:42:04,700 --> 00:42:07,600
final pharaohs had effectively, 
never existed in the official 

802
00:42:07,600 --> 00:42:10,700
version of their own 
civilization, story a ruled 

803
00:42:10,700 --> 00:42:13,900
briefly, Then the military 
commander horror HEB seized 

804
00:42:13,900 --> 00:42:17,300
power harambe, undertook? 
Something that might fairly be 

805
00:42:17,300 --> 00:42:20,800
described as a systematic 
historical, Erasure, he removed 

806
00:42:20,800 --> 00:42:25,600
the names of Tutankhamun. 
I smink and ikenna from official

807
00:42:25,600 --> 00:42:27,000
records, wherever he could reach
them. 

808
00:42:27,000 --> 00:42:30,300
Replacing some with his own name
and leaving others, simply 

809
00:42:30,300 --> 00:42:32,600
blank. 
Monuments were defaced or 

810
00:42:32,600 --> 00:42:36,200
recovered achievements were 
reassigned within a generation, 

811
00:42:36,200 --> 00:42:38,600
the boy who had warned the 
double crown and rebuilt. 

812
00:42:38,600 --> 00:42:41,100
The temples of Egypt had been 
written out of his own 

813
00:42:41,100 --> 00:42:45,200
civilization story, he was 
forgotten for more than 3,000 

814
00:42:45,200 --> 00:42:50,500
years, he was forgotten. 
The Valley of the Kings sits on 

815
00:42:50,500 --> 00:42:53,200
the West Bank of the Nile across
the river from ancient thieves 

816
00:42:53,200 --> 00:42:55,500
in a dry, and pale and deeply 
folded. 

817
00:42:55,500 --> 00:42:58,800
Piece of limestone terrain. 
That looks in the intense after 

818
00:42:58,800 --> 00:43:02,100
noon, light like something, the 
Earth grew specifically to deter

819
00:43:02,100 --> 00:43:06,000
casual interest. 
It is a Wadi a formation carved.

820
00:43:06,000 --> 00:43:09,700
By ancient flood water through a
limestone plateau in the rough 

821
00:43:09,700 --> 00:43:13,400
shape of an irregular funnel. 
The Cliffs on either side, rise 

822
00:43:13,400 --> 00:43:17,600
steeply and without apology, the
ground is pale gravel and loose 

823
00:43:17,600 --> 00:43:20,000
stones. 
Above The Valleys entrance 

824
00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:23,300
stands, a natural Peak called 
the Kern it silhouette shaped 

825
00:43:23,300 --> 00:43:26,500
into a rough pyramid by 
Millennia of erosion a form. 

826
00:43:26,500 --> 00:43:29,700
The ancient Egyptians found 
unmistakably appropriate, they 

827
00:43:29,700 --> 00:43:32,000
had already been building 
pyramid shaped monuments for 

828
00:43:32,000 --> 00:43:35,100
their dead for centuries. 
When the New Kingdom pharaohs 

829
00:43:35,100 --> 00:43:38,200
began choosing this Valley and 
the natural pyramid watching 

830
00:43:38,200 --> 00:43:39,800
over. 
It must have felt like a sign 

831
00:43:39,800 --> 00:43:41,700
that the location had been 
waiting for them. 

832
00:43:42,500 --> 00:43:45,500
First New Kingdom burial here. 
Was that of Thutmose the first 

833
00:43:45,500 --> 00:43:48,400
in the early 16th century before
the Common Era? 

834
00:43:49,100 --> 00:43:52,800
By the time Tutankhamun died, 
60, or more years of Royal 

835
00:43:52,800 --> 00:43:54,900
interments had already taken 
place in the valley. 

836
00:43:54,900 --> 00:43:57,100
It was in a precise sense of 
neighborhood. 

837
00:43:57,100 --> 00:44:00,000
The dead of the 18th Dynasty 
were already neighbors 

838
00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:03,000
underground before the young 
king arrived, the preparation of

839
00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:06,600
a proper Royal tomb was meant to
take years Architects, designed 

840
00:44:06,600 --> 00:44:09,600
the layout specialized teams, 
cut the corridors and Chambers 

841
00:44:09,600 --> 00:44:12,700
through solid rock painters 
covered the resulting walls with

842
00:44:12,700 --> 00:44:15,800
the details religious texts and 
images from The Book of the Dead

843
00:44:15,800 --> 00:44:20,100
and other funerary compositions,
Tex designed to guide the 

844
00:44:20,100 --> 00:44:23,500
deceased King safely through the
layers of the underworld to his 

845
00:44:23,500 --> 00:44:26,000
rightful place among the Eternal
gods. 

846
00:44:26,800 --> 00:44:29,500
The whole process was organized 
by the Craftsman's Community 

847
00:44:29,500 --> 00:44:33,000
known to Modern egyptologists, 
as the place of Truth, a 

848
00:44:33,000 --> 00:44:36,100
dedicated Village on the West 
Bank of the Nile whose entire 

849
00:44:36,100 --> 00:44:38,900
population worked for their 
whole lives on nothing but Royal

850
00:44:38,900 --> 00:44:40,200
tomb, construction and 
maintenance. 

851
00:44:41,200 --> 00:44:43,700
Tutankhamun's tomb was not 
prepared over years. 

852
00:44:43,700 --> 00:44:46,500
It was prepared in a hurry, the 
tomb. 

853
00:44:46,500 --> 00:44:50,100
Given the designation kv62 in 
modern archaeological, records 

854
00:44:50,100 --> 00:44:53,800
is by the standards of the 
Valley of the Kings, extremely 

855
00:44:53,800 --> 00:44:56,700
modest. 
It has four rooms connected by 

856
00:44:56,700 --> 00:45:00,100
short passages, whereas other 
Royal tombs of the same period 

857
00:45:00,100 --> 00:45:03,200
have long descending, corridors 
leading to large anti Chambers 

858
00:45:03,200 --> 00:45:06,600
pillared halls and multiple 
annexes each one spacious enough

859
00:45:06,600 --> 00:45:09,400
to live in comfortably. 
The prevailing explanation is 

860
00:45:09,400 --> 00:45:12,900
that Tutankhamun died at 19 
without warning, without a large

861
00:45:12,908 --> 00:45:14,700
tomb anywhere near ready for 
him. 

862
00:45:14,700 --> 00:45:18,200
And that the decision was made 
to use a smaller chamber that 

863
00:45:18,200 --> 00:45:21,200
may have originally have been 
intended for someone else while 

864
00:45:21,200 --> 00:45:24,500
the king who came after him was 
given the larger space whether 

865
00:45:24,500 --> 00:45:28,000
or not that precise sequence is 
correct, the smallness of the 

866
00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:32,900
two and the evidence of a rushed
finish, a not in dispute, The 

867
00:45:32,900 --> 00:45:36,000
result was a small underground 
space packed with objects, as 

868
00:45:36,000 --> 00:45:39,600
densely as the space. 
Would physically allow Items 

869
00:45:39,600 --> 00:45:43,900
were stacked on other items beds
were taken apart and stored in 

870
00:45:43,900 --> 00:45:46,000
sections. 
Chariots were dismantled. 

871
00:45:46,000 --> 00:45:48,200
So their components could be 
arranged in the available 

872
00:45:48,200 --> 00:45:50,400
Corners. 
Everything that needed to 

873
00:45:50,400 --> 00:45:53,400
accompany the king into 
eternity, was somehow fitted 

874
00:45:53,400 --> 00:45:56,400
into a room that had not been 
designed to hold all of it. 

875
00:45:56,400 --> 00:46:01,000
The funeral process itself was 
governed by ritual that took 70 

876
00:46:01,000 --> 00:46:02,900
days to complete during this 
period. 

877
00:46:02,900 --> 00:46:05,800
The body was prepared by the 
embalming Specialists, whose 

878
00:46:05,800 --> 00:46:09,100
work was extraordinarily 
thorough. the internal organs 

879
00:46:09,100 --> 00:46:12,200
were removed and treated 
separately each placed in one of

880
00:46:12,200 --> 00:46:16,900
four canopic jars made in this 
case with Stoppers carved in the

881
00:46:16,900 --> 00:46:20,400
likeness of the king's own face 
at a small scale, the detail 

882
00:46:20,400 --> 00:46:24,100
precise enough to be considered 
a portrait The body was treated 

883
00:46:24,100 --> 00:46:26,500
with Natron, a naturally 
occurring. 

884
00:46:26,500 --> 00:46:30,000
Salt found in Egypt's dry lake 
Beds which preserved the tissue 

885
00:46:30,000 --> 00:46:33,100
by drawing out moisture. 
It was then raped in many 

886
00:46:33,100 --> 00:46:36,500
hundreds of meters of finally, 
in, with amulets and pieces of 

887
00:46:36,500 --> 00:46:38,400
jewelry. 
Placed at specific points 

888
00:46:38,400 --> 00:46:41,900
between the layers, according to
the precise requirements of 

889
00:46:41,900 --> 00:46:44,300
funerary texts of accumulated 
over centuries. 

890
00:46:44,300 --> 00:46:48,300
Tutankhamun's, mummy was in 
third with more than 140 

891
00:46:48,300 --> 00:46:50,000
amulets. 
And jewelry pieces nestled 

892
00:46:50,000 --> 00:46:52,900
between the Lin in wrappings. 
At the completion of this 

893
00:46:52,900 --> 00:46:56,200
process, the wrapped face was 
covered with the golden mask. 

894
00:46:56,200 --> 00:47:00,300
The world, recognizes this mask.
Now, with an immediacy reserved,

895
00:47:00,300 --> 00:47:03,800
for very few objects. 
It is a face in beaten gold 

896
00:47:03,800 --> 00:47:08,600
slightly, asymmetric composed 
with eyes, inlaid with lapis 

897
00:47:08,600 --> 00:47:11,800
lazuli and obsidian that 
researchers who have stood in 

898
00:47:11,800 --> 00:47:14,700
front of them, consistently 
described as unsettlingly 

899
00:47:14,700 --> 00:47:19,300
present, it looks like a person 
The wrapped body was placed 

900
00:47:19,300 --> 00:47:23,000
inside three nested coffins, the
innermost rested against the 

901
00:47:23,000 --> 00:47:25,700
mummy directly and was made of 
solid gold. 

902
00:47:25,700 --> 00:47:29,600
Weighing more than 100 ten 
kilograms, the middle coffin, 

903
00:47:29,600 --> 00:47:32,800
was gilded wood, the outer 
coffin was also gilded wood 

904
00:47:32,800 --> 00:47:36,600
larger and more. 
Elaborate all three sat inside a

905
00:47:36,600 --> 00:47:40,800
stone sarcophagus carved from 
Quartzsite, a Dent's golden 

906
00:47:40,800 --> 00:47:43,500
Yellowstone that had been worked
with extreme precision. 

907
00:47:44,500 --> 00:47:47,800
Around the sarcophagus. 
Four gilded wooden shrines were 

908
00:47:47,800 --> 00:47:51,800
assembled nested one inside the 
other each tall enough for a 

909
00:47:51,800 --> 00:47:55,600
person to stand inside each wall
covered in religious texts and 

910
00:47:55,600 --> 00:47:57,300
images. 
The innermost Shrine fit. 

911
00:47:57,300 --> 00:47:59,800
So closely around the 
sarcophagus that the clearance 

912
00:47:59,800 --> 00:48:03,500
on each side was less than the 
width of a hand, assembling four

913
00:48:03,500 --> 00:48:05,800
large gilded wooden shrines 
inside a small underground. 

914
00:48:05,800 --> 00:48:09,500
Burial chamber fitting each one 
around the last with minimal 

915
00:48:09,500 --> 00:48:13,100
clearance in a space lit by oil.
Lamps must have required a 

916
00:48:13,100 --> 00:48:15,800
combination of careful planning,
precise measurement, 

917
00:48:15,800 --> 00:48:19,700
considerable patients and almost
certainly a certain amount of 

918
00:48:19,700 --> 00:48:22,700
quiet profanity from the 
Craftsman involved. 

919
00:48:22,700 --> 00:48:26,300
History does not record this 
Last Detail but history was not 

920
00:48:26,300 --> 00:48:29,300
paying attention to everything. 
The other rooms were filled with

921
00:48:29,300 --> 00:48:31,100
everything. 
The young king was considered to

922
00:48:31,100 --> 00:48:33,900
need food and wine in sealed 
vessels. 

923
00:48:33,900 --> 00:48:38,800
Clothing, Furniture hunting, 
equipment model boats for the 

924
00:48:38,800 --> 00:48:41,900
celestial Journey. 
Hundreds of small, wooden 

925
00:48:41,900 --> 00:48:46,100
figures each one ritually 
deputized to perform any labor 

926
00:48:46,100 --> 00:48:48,900
that might be required of the 
king in the afterlife so that 

927
00:48:48,900 --> 00:48:50,700
the king himself would not have 
to do it. 

928
00:48:50,708 --> 00:48:54,800
The logic behind the ashabi was 
thoroughly, death was supposed 

929
00:48:54,800 --> 00:48:58,300
to be many things, but an 
eternity of manual labor was not

930
00:48:58,300 --> 00:49:02,700
considered among the When the 
last object was placed the last 

931
00:49:02,700 --> 00:49:06,200
ritual completed and the last 
lamp carried out of the treasury

932
00:49:06,200 --> 00:49:10,200
room, the tomb was sealed. 
Final ceremony performed at the 

933
00:49:10,208 --> 00:49:13,200
two entrants was an ancient 
ritual called the opening of the

934
00:49:13,200 --> 00:49:16,200
mouth. 
A priest wearing the Jackal of 

935
00:49:16,200 --> 00:49:20,000
Anubis performed, a sequence of 
ritual gestures directed at the 

936
00:49:20,008 --> 00:49:23,600
wrapped mummy touching specific 
implements to the face of the 

937
00:49:23,600 --> 00:49:28,100
Dead, King to restore, his 
capacity to see speak, breathe 

938
00:49:28,100 --> 00:49:30,200
and receive offerings in the 
afterlife. 

939
00:49:31,200 --> 00:49:34,600
The ritual was among the oldest 
in Egyptian religion and its 

940
00:49:34,600 --> 00:49:38,200
roots stretched back to a time. 
Before writing when the ceremony

941
00:49:38,200 --> 00:49:41,400
is performed over the dead were 
already centuries, old for a 

942
00:49:41,400 --> 00:49:43,500
royal burial. 
It was performed by the new 

943
00:49:43,500 --> 00:49:46,400
Pharaoh or his designated 
representative and its 

944
00:49:46,400 --> 00:49:49,800
completion was the formal moment
at which the living King handed,

945
00:49:49,800 --> 00:49:53,600
the Dead one over to the Gods. 
The treasury room behind the 

946
00:49:53,600 --> 00:49:56,200
burial chamber held some of the 
most significant religious 

947
00:49:56,200 --> 00:50:00,700
objects in the entire burial. 
At its entrance positioned as a 

948
00:50:00,700 --> 00:50:04,000
guardian, was a large gilded 
wooden figure of the god Anubis 

949
00:50:04,000 --> 00:50:07,900
mounted on a gilded Shrine base 
surrounded by a collar made of 

950
00:50:07,900 --> 00:50:11,000
blue and white and yellow fans, 
beads that still retain the 

951
00:50:11,000 --> 00:50:12,700
impression of the fingers that 
placed it. 

952
00:50:12,700 --> 00:50:16,000
There Beyond this figure, the 
canopic shrines stood at the 

953
00:50:16,000 --> 00:50:18,700
room Center a chest of gilded 
Wood housing. 

954
00:50:18,700 --> 00:50:22,500
The alabaster container for the 
four canopic jars, the alabaster

955
00:50:22,500 --> 00:50:25,300
canopic chest was carved and 
Polished to a smoothness that 

956
00:50:25,300 --> 00:50:27,500
catches the light in 
photographs, like water in 

957
00:50:27,500 --> 00:50:29,900
sunlight. 
Surrounding it, on all sides on 

958
00:50:29,900 --> 00:50:33,200
small, wooden bases, stood the 
four protective goddesses, whose

959
00:50:33,200 --> 00:50:36,100
outstretched arms and slightly 
turned faces have been described

960
00:50:36,100 --> 00:50:39,000
as mournful in. 
A way that most funerary objects

961
00:50:39,000 --> 00:50:43,100
do not achieve Model boats in 
various configurations for 

962
00:50:43,100 --> 00:50:45,700
different stages of the 
celestial Journey were arranged 

963
00:50:45,700 --> 00:50:48,900
throughout the room. 
Wooden statuette of gods and 

964
00:50:48,908 --> 00:50:51,500
goddesses, the Gilded figure of 
a leopard. 

965
00:50:52,300 --> 00:50:55,800
Boxes containing Alabaster 
vessel's, the whole room had the

966
00:50:55,800 --> 00:50:58,700
quality of a carefully packed 
and deeply personal collection, 

967
00:50:58,700 --> 00:51:02,800
which is exactly what it was. 
Plus plaster was applied to the 

968
00:51:02,800 --> 00:51:05,300
doors. 
The necropolis seal was pressed 

969
00:51:05,300 --> 00:51:08,500
into the wet plaster. 
The Valleys loose surface gravel

970
00:51:08,500 --> 00:51:11,700
was right back over. 
Any trace of the entrance later 

971
00:51:11,700 --> 00:51:13,700
workers cutting a new Tomb 
nearby left. 

972
00:51:13,700 --> 00:51:16,500
Their spoil heaps directly 
across the site and their 

973
00:51:16,500 --> 00:51:19,100
descendants built their workers 
huts on top of those heaps. 

974
00:51:20,000 --> 00:51:23,300
The surface of the valley Rose 
slowly over Generations. 

975
00:51:23,300 --> 00:51:26,400
The entrance disappeared beneath
the accumulated debris of 

976
00:51:26,400 --> 00:51:28,800
centuries of activity happening 
directly above it. 

977
00:51:29,600 --> 00:51:33,800
And Egypt went on and the desert
kept its silence and the boy in 

978
00:51:33,800 --> 00:51:37,000
the golden room, waited, in the 
dark with extraordinary patience

979
00:51:37,000 --> 00:51:40,700
for someone to find him. 
Howard Carter was not a romantic

980
00:51:40,700 --> 00:51:43,200
figure in the way, the word 
archeologists, sometimes 

981
00:51:43,200 --> 00:51:46,900
conjures in the imagination. 
He was not dashing, he was 

982
00:51:46,900 --> 00:51:51,000
meticulous precise, sometimes 
considerably difficult to work 

983
00:51:51,000 --> 00:51:53,600
alongside and possessed of a 
patience that matched the 

984
00:51:53,600 --> 00:51:55,300
deserts in its depth and 
duration. 

985
00:51:55,300 --> 00:51:59,700
He had been working in each 
since 1891 when he arrived at 17

986
00:51:59,700 --> 00:52:02,400
years old, as an artist hired to
copy inscriptions and two 

987
00:52:02,400 --> 00:52:04,500
paintings. 
And he had learned the 

988
00:52:04,500 --> 00:52:07,300
discipline from the ground up in
the most literal possible sense.

989
00:52:07,300 --> 00:52:10,700
Spending decades on his hands 
and knees and corridors that had

990
00:52:10,700 --> 00:52:13,400
not seen outside air since the 
Pharaohs who built them were 

991
00:52:13,400 --> 00:52:16,000
alive. 
By the early 1900s. 

992
00:52:16,000 --> 00:52:18,700
Carter had become one of the 
most experienced excavators 

993
00:52:18,700 --> 00:52:21,800
working in the Valley of the 
Kings with details knowledge of 

994
00:52:21,800 --> 00:52:24,900
its geology, its history. 
And its as yet unresolved 

995
00:52:24,900 --> 00:52:27,400
puzzles. 
He also held a conviction that 

996
00:52:27,400 --> 00:52:29,300
most of his professional 
colleague's considered 

997
00:52:29,300 --> 00:52:31,000
optimistic. 
To the point of mild 

998
00:52:31,000 --> 00:52:34,000
eccentricity That the valley 
still contained. 

999
00:52:34,000 --> 00:52:38,100
At least one undiscovered, Royal
tomb specifically, the burial of

1000
00:52:38,100 --> 00:52:41,100
a minor Pharaoh named. 
Tutankhamun whose name appeared,

1001
00:52:41,100 --> 00:52:44,200
occasionally in ancient records,
and on scattered objects, but 

1002
00:52:44,200 --> 00:52:45,900
whose resting place had never 
been found. 

1003
00:52:46,800 --> 00:52:49,200
The evidence Carter had 
assembled was patient and 

1004
00:52:49,200 --> 00:52:53,100
cumulative, a blue fence cup. 
Bearing Tutankhamun's name had 

1005
00:52:53,100 --> 00:52:54,600
been found in The Valleys 
debris. 

1006
00:52:55,200 --> 00:52:58,100
A small calcite chapti, figure 
bearing the same name had 

1007
00:52:58,100 --> 00:53:01,400
surfaced in dealers collections,
suggesting it had come from The 

1008
00:53:01,400 --> 00:53:05,100
Valleys general area. 
The Scholar Theodore Davis who 

1009
00:53:05,100 --> 00:53:08,400
had excavated in the valley. 
In the early 1900s had found a 

1010
00:53:08,400 --> 00:53:11,700
small pit containing gold foil 
fragments and linen, wrappings 

1011
00:53:11,700 --> 00:53:15,600
bearing, Tutankhamun's name. 
Davidson concluded that this pit

1012
00:53:15,600 --> 00:53:19,500
was the actual tomb striped 
Carter looked at the same pit 

1013
00:53:19,500 --> 00:53:21,800
and concluded. 
It was not the tomb, but the 

1014
00:53:21,800 --> 00:53:24,000
debris from the tombs 
preparation somewhere else 

1015
00:53:24,000 --> 00:53:27,100
entirely. 
Carter was right and Davis was 

1016
00:53:27,100 --> 00:53:29,100
wrong. 
And the difference between them 

1017
00:53:29,100 --> 00:53:32,700
was 30 years of accumulated, 
attention to the specific way. 

1018
00:53:32,700 --> 00:53:37,500
Egyptian, burial Customs worked 
Carton that gold foil fragments 

1019
00:53:37,500 --> 00:53:40,900
and linen wrappings in a debris.
It mint, the materials from the 

1020
00:53:40,900 --> 00:53:43,400
embalming process had been 
buried near the tomb as a 

1021
00:53:43,400 --> 00:53:46,400
secondary deposit. 
They were a sign of a nearby 

1022
00:53:46,400 --> 00:53:51,300
tomb, not the tomb itself. 
His funding came from George 

1023
00:53:51,300 --> 00:53:54,700
Herbert, the fifth, Earl of 
carnarvon a wealthy English. 

1024
00:53:54,700 --> 00:53:58,100
Aristocrat who had come to Egypt
partly for health reasons after 

1025
00:53:58,100 --> 00:54:00,900
a serious motor car accident had
left him with respiratory 

1026
00:54:00,900 --> 00:54:02,400
problems. 
That the English climate made 

1027
00:54:02,400 --> 00:54:04,500
worse. 
He had developed a genuine 

1028
00:54:04,500 --> 00:54:07,300
interest in egyptology along the
way as one does. 

1029
00:54:07,300 --> 00:54:11,300
When confronted with 3,000 years
of buried civilization in a 

1030
00:54:11,300 --> 00:54:14,500
country with excellent winter 
weather and he had agreed to 

1031
00:54:14,500 --> 00:54:17,200
support Carter's work in the 
valley with the kind of 

1032
00:54:17,200 --> 00:54:20,100
sustained Financial commitment 
that long-term excavation 

1033
00:54:20,100 --> 00:54:24,300
absolutely requires which is to 
say a great deal of money spent 

1034
00:54:24,300 --> 00:54:27,400
across many years with no 
guarantee of anything at the end

1035
00:54:27,400 --> 00:54:31,600
of it. 
By 1922 that patients was 

1036
00:54:31,600 --> 00:54:35,100
approaching its natural limit. 
Caravan told Carter that the 

1037
00:54:35,100 --> 00:54:37,600
current season might be the last
he was prepared to fund. 

1038
00:54:38,500 --> 00:54:40,700
The Valleys Florida had been 
systematically worked across 

1039
00:54:40,700 --> 00:54:43,000
most of its successful surface 
over many years. 

1040
00:54:43,000 --> 00:54:45,900
Most of it had yielded. 
What it was going to yield the 

1041
00:54:45,900 --> 00:54:47,600
consensus among most 
professionals. 

1042
00:54:47,600 --> 00:54:50,300
Was that the valley had given up
its significant secrets? 

1043
00:54:51,000 --> 00:54:54,300
Carter asked for one more 
season. he returned to an area 

1044
00:54:54,300 --> 00:54:56,900
near the Valley's entrance that 
he had not yet fully cleared, 

1045
00:54:56,900 --> 00:55:00,200
because it was covered with the 
remains of ancient workers Huts 

1046
00:55:00,200 --> 00:55:03,400
that had historical significance
of their own and had previously 

1047
00:55:03,400 --> 00:55:07,500
been left undisturbed But this 
was the last unexamined ground. 

1048
00:55:07,500 --> 00:55:11,800
And so, the Huts came down. 
On the third or fourth day of 

1049
00:55:11,808 --> 00:55:15,300
November in 1922 a worker's 
tool, struck something, solid 

1050
00:55:15,300 --> 00:55:18,900
clearing around the obstruction.
Revealed a stone step cut into 

1051
00:55:18,900 --> 00:55:21,000
the valley floor, then a second 
step. 

1052
00:55:21,000 --> 00:55:23,800
Then a staircase, descends 
through the rock toward a 

1053
00:55:23,800 --> 00:55:26,100
sealed. 
Doorway at his base, Carter sent

1054
00:55:26,100 --> 00:55:27,400
a telegram to carnarvon in 
England. 

1055
00:55:27,408 --> 00:55:29,700
Carter was a measured and 
careful, man. 

1056
00:55:29,700 --> 00:55:33,100
And the telegram was a measured 
and careful document but it 

1057
00:55:33,100 --> 00:55:34,800
contained enough to bring 
karnav. 

1058
00:55:34,800 --> 00:55:37,700
And his daughter lady Evelyn 
Herbert to Egypt on the next 

1059
00:55:37,700 --> 00:55:42,900
available transport. 
On the 26th of November 1922 

1060
00:55:42,900 --> 00:55:45,900
Carter made a small hole in the 
upper corner of the sealed. 

1061
00:55:45,900 --> 00:55:48,300
Doorway and held a candle 
through it to check for 

1062
00:55:48,300 --> 00:55:51,700
Dangerous gases before anyone 
went in the candle flame. 

1063
00:55:51,700 --> 00:55:53,900
Did not gutter which meant the 
air was stable. 

1064
00:55:53,900 --> 00:55:57,400
Carter pressed his eye to the 
whole Caravan standing behind 

1065
00:55:57,400 --> 00:55:58,900
him. 
In the flickering, lamp light of

1066
00:55:58,900 --> 00:56:01,400
the staircase asked whether 
Carter could see anything 

1067
00:56:01,400 --> 00:56:04,700
Carter's reply has been 
reproduced in every account of 

1068
00:56:04,700 --> 00:56:08,600
the discovery written in the 
century since yes he could see 

1069
00:56:08,600 --> 00:56:12,000
wonderful things. 
The anti-chamber was packed from

1070
00:56:12,000 --> 00:56:16,500
floor to ceiling gilded 
Furniture, alabaster's three 

1071
00:56:16,500 --> 00:56:20,700
large animal form couches in 
Gold, a cow, and a cheetah and a

1072
00:56:20,700 --> 00:56:24,000
hybrid creature that combined, 
the features of a hippo, a lion 

1073
00:56:24,000 --> 00:56:27,500
and a crocodile were stacked 
with smaller objects placed on 

1074
00:56:27,500 --> 00:56:30,100
top of them. 
Boxes and baskets and 

1075
00:56:30,100 --> 00:56:32,100
quantities. 
That suggested, someone had been

1076
00:56:32,108 --> 00:56:35,900
packing for a very long journey.
Two life-sized wooden Guardian, 

1077
00:56:35,900 --> 00:56:39,200
statues of the king painted 
black with gold details stand 

1078
00:56:39,200 --> 00:56:40,900
opposite. 
Each other across the far wall 

1079
00:56:40,900 --> 00:56:43,800
and between those two statues 
are sealed door. 

1080
00:56:44,500 --> 00:56:47,500
Behind that door was the burial 
chamber beyond the burial 

1081
00:56:47,500 --> 00:56:50,800
chamber was the treasury 
somewhere inside all of that 

1082
00:56:50,800 --> 00:56:53,400
inside. 
Four gilded wooden shrines 

1083
00:56:53,400 --> 00:56:56,700
inside a quartzite sarcophagus 
inside three coffins. 

1084
00:56:56,700 --> 00:57:00,400
The innermost one solid. 
Gold was a wrapped body where a 

1085
00:57:00,400 --> 00:57:03,800
face made of beaten gold and 
Lapis Lazuli waiting with the 

1086
00:57:03,800 --> 00:57:07,200
complete Stillness of something 
that has had 3,000 years to 

1087
00:57:07,200 --> 00:57:10,900
practice. 
The formal clearance of the Tomb

1088
00:57:10,900 --> 00:57:14,400
took Carter 10 years. 
Not because he was slow because 

1089
00:57:14,400 --> 00:57:17,800
he was Carter, he photographed 
every object in its exact 

1090
00:57:17,800 --> 00:57:21,800
position before touching it. 
He numbered every item, he drew 

1091
00:57:21,800 --> 00:57:23,700
the spatial relationships 
between objects. 

1092
00:57:23,700 --> 00:57:26,800
He recorded the condition of 
every surface. 

1093
00:57:26,800 --> 00:57:29,500
He moved nothing until 
everything about it. 

1094
00:57:29,500 --> 00:57:31,800
Had been documented in, at least
three different ways. 

1095
00:57:31,800 --> 00:57:34,900
He worked with a Precision that 
drove several of his colleagues 

1096
00:57:34,900 --> 00:57:38,200
and collaborators to genuine 
audible frustration because 

1097
00:57:38,200 --> 00:57:41,300
Carter's answer to every 
question about when something 

1098
00:57:41,300 --> 00:57:43,100
could be removed, was always the
same. 

1099
00:57:43,100 --> 00:57:46,800
Not yet. 
Lord carnarvon did not live to 

1100
00:57:46,800 --> 00:57:48,000
see the full clearance 
completed. 

1101
00:57:48,000 --> 00:57:53,100
He died in April of 1923 roughly
five months after the opening of

1102
00:57:53,100 --> 00:57:56,200
the Tomb from blood poisoning, 
following an infected mosquito 

1103
00:57:56,200 --> 00:58:00,200
bite this death arriving. 
So soon after the discovery 

1104
00:58:00,200 --> 00:58:04,100
generated the legend of the 
pharaoh's curse a story that has

1105
00:58:04,100 --> 00:58:07,200
proven more durable than most of
the actual historical facts 

1106
00:58:07,200 --> 00:58:09,900
surrounding the find. 
The curse Legend was almost 

1107
00:58:09,900 --> 00:58:12,300
entirely the product of 
newspaper journalism in the 

1108
00:58:12,300 --> 00:58:13,800
weeks. 
Following Caravans death, 

1109
00:58:13,800 --> 00:58:16,400
assisted considerably by the 
author. 

1110
00:58:16,400 --> 00:58:20,000
Arthur Conan Doyle who suggested
publicly that the death might 

1111
00:58:20,000 --> 00:58:22,700
have been caused by Elementals 
placed by the ancient priests to

1112
00:58:22,708 --> 00:58:24,300
guard the tomb. 
No. 

1113
00:58:24,300 --> 00:58:27,000
Actual curse inscription was 
found anywhere in the Tomb. 

1114
00:58:28,000 --> 00:58:31,100
Howard Carter himself. 
Who spent 10 years in closer, 

1115
00:58:31,100 --> 00:58:34,100
contact with the tomb than 
anyone else live to the age of 

1116
00:58:34,100 --> 00:58:37,500
64 and died peacefully in London
in 1939? 

1117
00:58:38,400 --> 00:58:41,900
He remains in the estimation of 
most egyptologists, the most 

1118
00:58:41,900 --> 00:58:45,100
consequential archaeological 
excavator of the 20th century. 

1119
00:58:46,100 --> 00:58:49,900
More than 5,000 objects came out
of that small Tome across those 

1120
00:58:49,908 --> 00:58:53,700
10 years, each one, catalogued 
conserved and eventually 

1121
00:58:53,700 --> 00:58:57,500
transported to Cairo they held, 
primarily at the Egyptian Museum

1122
00:58:57,500 --> 00:59:00,000
in tahrir square with major 
pieces. 

1123
00:59:00,000 --> 00:59:03,300
Now also displayed at the Grand 
Egyptian museum, near the Giza 

1124
00:59:03,300 --> 00:59:07,100
Plateau, which opened in recent 
years specifically to house and 

1125
00:59:07,100 --> 00:59:09,700
properly interpret Egypt's 
greatest archaeological 

1126
00:59:09,700 --> 00:59:12,800
collection. 
The grand Egyptian museums main 

1127
00:59:12,800 --> 00:59:15,800
Gallery is large enough to 
display the full golden Shrine 

1128
00:59:15,800 --> 00:59:18,700
complex, that something 
approaching its original scale, 

1129
00:59:18,700 --> 00:59:22,000
which allows visitors to 
understand For the First Time, 

1130
00:59:22,000 --> 00:59:25,500
what it actually felt like to 
stand in front of four, nested 

1131
00:59:25,500 --> 00:59:29,200
golden structures filling a 
room, the answer according to 

1132
00:59:29,200 --> 00:59:32,500
everyone who stood there, his 
very much, how you would expect 

1133
00:59:32,500 --> 00:59:38,100
it to feel the solid gold 
coffin, the golden mask, the 

1134
00:59:38,100 --> 00:59:41,800
Gilded throne with its inlaid 
scene of Vanessa Moon applying 

1135
00:59:41,800 --> 00:59:45,500
perfume to her husband's collar,
the canopic Shrine in Alabaster,

1136
00:59:46,100 --> 00:59:49,500
The model boats, the hunting 
boomerangs, the linen gloves, 

1137
00:59:49,500 --> 00:59:53,400
the walking sticks, more than 
5,000 objects that spent more 

1138
00:59:53,400 --> 00:59:55,900
than 3,000 years in a small 
underground room. 

1139
00:59:55,900 --> 00:59:59,400
While the world above went about
its business, completely unaware

1140
00:59:59,400 --> 01:00:03,900
of their existence. 
Tutankhamun himself, after all 

1141
01:00:03,900 --> 01:00:07,500
the scanning and Analysis and 
scholarly attention, still lies 

1142
01:00:07,500 --> 01:00:10,800
in his outermost coffin. 
In the Valley of the Kings, he's

1143
01:00:10,800 --> 01:00:13,000
the only pharaoh who has 
remained in his original tomb, 

1144
01:00:13,000 --> 01:00:15,600
in the valley. 
He has not been moved to a 

1145
01:00:15,600 --> 01:00:18,800
museum or a storage facility or 
any of the other destinations 

1146
01:00:18,800 --> 01:00:21,200
that archeology sometimes 
provides for ancient remains. 

1147
01:00:22,100 --> 01:00:26,500
He is in the precise and quiet 
sense of the phrase still there.

1148
01:00:27,500 --> 01:00:30,200
The reasons why this young king 
holds such a permanent place in 

1149
01:00:30,200 --> 01:00:32,600
the modern. 
Imagination are not difficult to

1150
01:00:32,600 --> 01:00:35,100
find. 
He was 19 when he died. 

1151
01:00:35,100 --> 01:00:39,200
He managed a complicated body 
and a complicated Kingdom and 

1152
01:00:39,200 --> 01:00:41,000
died before he had time to 
become anything. 

1153
01:00:41,000 --> 01:00:44,100
Other than young, the treasure 
found alongside him is so 

1154
01:00:44,100 --> 01:00:46,200
extraordinary in its quantity 
and its quality. 

1155
01:00:46,200 --> 01:00:50,000
That the story sustains itself 
on the gold alone even before 

1156
01:00:50,000 --> 01:00:51,600
you reach the person underneath 
it. 

1157
01:00:52,600 --> 01:00:55,000
There is also the particular 
quality of his rediscovery. 

1158
01:00:55,000 --> 01:00:57,600
He was not found through 
brilliant deduction or 

1159
01:00:57,600 --> 01:01:00,500
technological innovation. 
He was found because one 

1160
01:01:00,500 --> 01:01:02,900
careful, stubborn deeply 
knowledgeable man. 

1161
01:01:02,900 --> 01:01:06,100
Refused to accept the 
professional consensus that 

1162
01:01:06,100 --> 01:01:09,500
nothing remained to be found. 
And then spent 30 years building

1163
01:01:09,500 --> 01:01:12,600
the case for his own conviction 
in the way, a good Craftsmen, 

1164
01:01:12,600 --> 01:01:15,600
build, anything one verified 
piece at a time. 

1165
01:01:16,800 --> 01:01:19,800
The patience required by Carter,
to find the tomb and then the 

1166
01:01:19,800 --> 01:01:21,900
greater patience required to 
clear it properly. 

1167
01:01:21,900 --> 01:01:24,608
Rather than quickly mirrors 
something in the patience of the

1168
01:01:24,616 --> 01:01:27,900
Tomb itself, both the buried 
king and the man who found him 

1169
01:01:27,900 --> 01:01:30,800
were in their different ways, 
people who understood that, the 

1170
01:01:30,800 --> 01:01:32,900
right pace for a difficult thing
is slow. 

1171
01:01:32,900 --> 01:01:36,900
But the thing that draws people 
back to Tutankhamun, past the 

1172
01:01:36,900 --> 01:01:40,000
golden mask and pass, the 
Tabloid history and past the 

1173
01:01:40,000 --> 01:01:43,000
Decades of competing theories, 
about his death is something 

1174
01:01:43,000 --> 01:01:46,400
quieter than spectacle. 
The objects in his tomb were not

1175
01:01:46,400 --> 01:01:49,300
assembled for an audience. 
They were chosen because someone

1176
01:01:49,300 --> 01:01:51,900
believed he would need them. 
And that someone knew him well 

1177
01:01:51,900 --> 01:01:55,100
enough to choose thoughtfully, 
the walking sticks because he 

1178
01:01:55,100 --> 01:01:58,500
needed them The Chariot because 
they gave him something close to

1179
01:01:58,500 --> 01:02:02,000
Freedom the board games, because
he played them and they were his

1180
01:02:02,000 --> 01:02:05,700
the images of Anchorman because 
she was a person, he leaned 

1181
01:02:05,700 --> 01:02:09,000
toward the small coffin of the 
daughters, who did not survive, 

1182
01:02:09,000 --> 01:02:12,200
because they were his children 
and their absents mattered to 

1183
01:02:12,200 --> 01:02:16,400
someone across 33 centuries that
care arrived intact. 

1184
01:02:17,400 --> 01:02:20,400
The ancient Egyptians held at a 
personal remained alive, as long

1185
01:02:20,400 --> 01:02:22,900
as their name was spoken and 
they were right in a way, they 

1186
01:02:22,900 --> 01:02:27,000
did not quite mean. 
Tutankhamun endures, not because

1187
01:02:27,000 --> 01:02:30,100
of theology but because the 
story of a child give an 

1188
01:02:30,100 --> 01:02:33,500
impossible job. 
Carrying it on an imperfect body

1189
01:02:33,500 --> 01:02:36,400
with the best guidance 
available, being buried with 

1190
01:02:36,400 --> 01:02:39,800
quiet, Love by people who knew 
him and then being found Again 

1191
01:02:39,800 --> 01:02:43,100
by a patient man, with a candle 
and 30 years of professional. 

1192
01:02:43,100 --> 01:02:45,600
Stubbornness is a story that 
lands differently. 

1193
01:02:45,600 --> 01:02:47,700
Every time someone actually sits
with it. 

1194
01:02:48,500 --> 01:02:51,700
It lands the way. 
The best bedtime stories do with

1195
01:02:51,700 --> 01:02:54,700
the feeling that the world is 
very old and full of people who 

1196
01:02:54,700 --> 01:02:57,700
cared about each other and that 
the ones who were forgotten the 

1197
01:02:57,700 --> 01:03:04,300
longest sometimes, come back, 
the most completely Sleep well 

1198
01:03:04,300 --> 01:03:07,400
tonight. 
Somewhere on the West Bank of 

1199
01:03:07,408 --> 01:03:11,600
the Nile in a valley of pale, 
Limestone and absolute quiet, a 

1200
01:03:11,600 --> 01:03:14,900
19 year, old King, is still 
exactly where he was left in the

1201
01:03:14,900 --> 01:03:16,400
room. 
His people prepared for him with

1202
01:03:16,400 --> 01:03:17,600
the best. 
Would they had available? 

1203
01:03:18,400 --> 01:03:20,800
If tonight's Journey Through the
Valley of the Kings was, the 

1204
01:03:20,800 --> 01:03:23,900
kind that keeps you coming back.
The Subscribe button is right 

1205
01:03:23,900 --> 01:03:27,200
there and unlike Tutankhamun's 
tomb, it does not require a 

1206
01:03:27,200 --> 01:03:29,200
decade of careful excavation to 
open. 

1207
01:03:33,700 --> 01:03:36,700
The darkness Before Dawn in a 
Japanese farming Village is not 

1208
01:03:36,700 --> 01:03:39,300
the absolute dark of a sealed 
room or the bottom of a. 

1209
01:03:39,300 --> 01:03:41,500
Well, it is a Darkness with 
texture. 

1210
01:03:41,500 --> 01:03:44,800
The shapes of trees and rooftops
separate themselves from the 

1211
01:03:44,800 --> 01:03:47,800
surrounding Night by weight, 
rather than, by any real light 

1212
01:03:47,800 --> 01:03:50,700
pressing themselves. 
Into the sky, as slightly dense 

1213
01:03:50,700 --> 01:03:52,200
a versions of the dark around 
them. 

1214
01:03:52,200 --> 01:03:55,800
You know, this Darkness. 
Well, you've been living inside 

1215
01:03:55,800 --> 01:03:59,500
it mourning after mourning, for 
so long now that it has become 

1216
01:03:59,500 --> 01:04:01,100
something close to an old 
companion. 

1217
01:04:01,900 --> 01:04:04,700
You're already awake. 
This no longer surprises. 

1218
01:04:04,700 --> 01:04:08,400
You your body simply learned at 
some point in the years behind 

1219
01:04:08,400 --> 01:04:12,200
you, that the forge has its own 
schedule and that schedule does 

1220
01:04:12,200 --> 01:04:13,700
not account for personal 
preference. 

1221
01:04:13,700 --> 01:04:16,900
You sit upright on your sleeping
mat with your hands resting on 

1222
01:04:16,900 --> 01:04:21,000
your knees and you listen. 
Outside the village is still. 

1223
01:04:21,000 --> 01:04:24,700
There are no cartwheels, no 
voices, no sounds of water being

1224
01:04:24,700 --> 01:04:27,500
carried or fires being laid in 
neighboring kitchens. 

1225
01:04:27,500 --> 01:04:30,500
The only movement in the world 
as far as you can tell from the 

1226
01:04:30,500 --> 01:04:32,900
slow room with his paper screen 
and its smell of old. 

1227
01:04:32,900 --> 01:04:36,500
Seeder is the very slight 
stirring of cool air through the

1228
01:04:36,500 --> 01:04:39,900
gaps around the door frame. 
You sit with this for a moment 

1229
01:04:39,900 --> 01:04:41,300
before reaching for your 
clothes. 

1230
01:04:41,300 --> 01:04:45,600
They are folded and placed in a 
specific spot beside your mat as

1231
01:04:45,600 --> 01:04:48,500
they are every night because 
there is genuinely no good 

1232
01:04:48,500 --> 01:04:50,900
reason to spend time. 
Locating your trousers in the 

1233
01:04:50,900 --> 01:04:53,800
dark, You've thought this 
through, with the same logic, 

1234
01:04:53,800 --> 01:04:56,800
you apply to tool storage and 
the conclusion was the same in 

1235
01:04:56,800 --> 01:04:59,800
both cases. 
A thing placed with intention 

1236
01:04:59,800 --> 01:05:02,600
stays useful, a thing left, 
where it happened to land 

1237
01:05:02,600 --> 01:05:05,500
becomes a small problem. 
You do not have time for the 

1238
01:05:05,500 --> 01:05:08,700
working clothes, go on in their 
established order, the inner 

1239
01:05:08,700 --> 01:05:12,700
layer first soft and close, then
the thick cotton outer jacket 

1240
01:05:12,700 --> 01:05:15,500
that you have patched twice at 
the left elbow, using a slightly

1241
01:05:15,500 --> 01:05:19,000
different shade of fabric each 
time, which gives the repair a 

1242
01:05:19,000 --> 01:05:22,200
layered quality that you're not 
displeased with The trousers are

1243
01:05:22,200 --> 01:05:25,600
heavy and worn in a map of your 
movements darkened at the knees 

1244
01:05:25,600 --> 01:05:28,400
where you crouch at the half 
lightened at the thighs, where 

1245
01:05:28,400 --> 01:05:30,800
the scale and Ash have their 
preferred Landing places. 

1246
01:05:30,800 --> 01:05:35,000
They are not clothes for looking
at their clothes for working in 

1247
01:05:35,000 --> 01:05:38,200
and they know the different. 
You feel a small clay cup from 

1248
01:05:38,200 --> 01:05:40,800
the earth and where jug beside 
the door and drink its standing.

1249
01:05:40,800 --> 01:05:43,000
The water is cold enough to be 
useful. 

1250
01:05:43,000 --> 01:05:46,600
He set the cup down, pick up 
your sandals from their position

1251
01:05:46,600 --> 01:05:49,900
near the threshold. 
And step outside the air is a 

1252
01:05:49,900 --> 01:05:51,800
different thing entirely from 
what is Insight. 

1253
01:05:51,800 --> 01:05:55,300
It carries the smell of wet 
rice, Straw from the paddies to 

1254
01:05:55,300 --> 01:05:58,900
the South, the faint of pine, 
from the hillside behind the 

1255
01:05:58,900 --> 01:06:00,900
village. 
And underneath both of those, 

1256
01:06:00,900 --> 01:06:03,900
the mineral suggestion of stone 
and running water from the 

1257
01:06:03,900 --> 01:06:06,900
narrow irrigation channel that 
cuts across the edge of your 

1258
01:06:06,900 --> 01:06:09,500
property. 
You stand in it for a moment and

1259
01:06:09,500 --> 01:06:13,000
breathe. 
Above the ridge of mountains to 

1260
01:06:13,000 --> 01:06:15,700
the east. 
The sky is beginning its slow 

1261
01:06:15,700 --> 01:06:18,400
argument with the Knight. 
There is no dramatic 

1262
01:06:18,400 --> 01:06:20,800
announcement, most sudden blush 
of color. 

1263
01:06:21,600 --> 01:06:24,200
It is more a gradual shift in 
the quality of Darkness. 

1264
01:06:24,200 --> 01:06:27,300
A bruised, charcoal dissolving 
into something cooler and 

1265
01:06:27,300 --> 01:06:31,100
thinner at the Horizon with the 
very first suggestion of warmth.

1266
01:06:31,800 --> 01:06:34,900
Pressing up from behind the 
mountain line, a painter would 

1267
01:06:34,900 --> 01:06:39,400
call it understated, you call it
morning, the forge stands, 

1268
01:06:39,400 --> 01:06:41,300
perhaps 30 Paces from where you 
sleep. 

1269
01:06:41,300 --> 01:06:44,900
It is a low Wide building with 
Walls of Clay coated Timber 

1270
01:06:44,900 --> 01:06:48,300
framing stained dark and near 
the base where the damp of 

1271
01:06:48,300 --> 01:06:51,800
decades has worked upward and 
lighter near the roofline where 

1272
01:06:51,800 --> 01:06:54,800
the thatching overhangs. 
The roof is deep and heavy 

1273
01:06:54,800 --> 01:06:59,000
layered, that has absorbed so 
many years of smoke that its 

1274
01:06:59,000 --> 01:07:01,700
original color has become a kind
of theoretical question rather 

1275
01:07:01,700 --> 01:07:05,300
than an observable fact. 
The ground around the building 

1276
01:07:05,300 --> 01:07:08,800
is hard-packed, Earth swept 
Smooth by long habit, and daily 

1277
01:07:08,800 --> 01:07:12,000
use with the worn grooves of 
regular foot traffic running 

1278
01:07:12,000 --> 01:07:14,500
from the door to the charcoal 
store and from the charcoal 

1279
01:07:14,500 --> 01:07:17,700
store to the water source. 
You lift the latch and push the 

1280
01:07:17,700 --> 01:07:21,000
wide front door inward, the 
interior holds, the particular 

1281
01:07:21,000 --> 01:07:23,400
smell of a forge that has been 
working for many years. 

1282
01:07:23,400 --> 01:07:26,200
It is not an unpleasant smell, 
though. 

1283
01:07:26,200 --> 01:07:28,700
It takes someone new to the 
craft a full season to stop 

1284
01:07:28,700 --> 01:07:32,200
noticing it iron and old Ash, 
and the specific kind of smoke 

1285
01:07:32,200 --> 01:07:34,000
that has been exhaled by the 
walls themselves. 

1286
01:07:34,000 --> 01:07:37,200
Absorbed over time until the 
Timber, and the clay and the 

1287
01:07:37,200 --> 01:07:38,700
packed Earth floral. 
Hold it. 

1288
01:07:39,700 --> 01:07:42,300
The morning air from outside 
moves in through the open door 

1289
01:07:42,300 --> 01:07:45,400
and the smell shifts slightly 
the way of familiar piece of 

1290
01:07:45,400 --> 01:07:47,400
music changes. 
When someone opens a window in 

1291
01:07:47,400 --> 01:07:51,200
the Next Room, the main half 
sits at the center of the floor.

1292
01:07:51,200 --> 01:07:54,500
A shallow rectangular, 
depression line with fire, 

1293
01:07:54,500 --> 01:07:58,400
hardened stone that you reset 
and repairs three summers ago at

1294
01:07:58,400 --> 01:08:01,100
this hour. 
It is gray and cold a shallow 

1295
01:08:01,100 --> 01:08:03,600
basement of pale. 
Ash with a few dark pieces of 

1296
01:08:03,600 --> 01:08:08,100
spent charcoal resting in it 
like small, patient facts, you 

1297
01:08:08,100 --> 01:08:10,900
crouched beside the stone lining
and press your fingers along the

1298
01:08:10,900 --> 01:08:13,600
mortar joints, reading the 
edges, the way someone else 

1299
01:08:13,600 --> 01:08:14,900
might check The Binding of a 
book. 

1300
01:08:14,900 --> 01:08:18,200
They care about you're looking 
for any sign of cracking or 

1301
01:08:18,200 --> 01:08:22,100
shifting from yesterday's heat. 
The mortar is holding you begin 

1302
01:08:22,100 --> 01:08:24,200
laying the fire with the same 
methodical attention. 

1303
01:08:24,200 --> 01:08:26,899
You have brought to this tasks 
in your earliest days as an 

1304
01:08:26,899 --> 01:08:29,100
apprentice The kindling goes 
down. 

1305
01:08:29,100 --> 01:08:33,000
First thin, strips of split dry,
Pine that you prepare yourself 

1306
01:08:33,000 --> 01:08:36,100
from the wood pile? 
Each week, arranged not in an 

1307
01:08:36,100 --> 01:08:39,100
enthusiastic pile, but in a 
loose considered structure that 

1308
01:08:39,100 --> 01:08:42,899
gives are somewhere to travel. 
over these go, the larger splits

1309
01:08:42,899 --> 01:08:46,899
then, the first careful layer of
charcoal the charcoal you use 

1310
01:08:46,899 --> 01:08:49,399
comes from Kilns, managed by 
families, in the Hills, about 

1311
01:08:49,399 --> 01:08:52,200
the valley When you knock too 
good pieces together. 

1312
01:08:52,200 --> 01:08:56,800
The sound is almost metallic. 
A brief clean ring the way Iron 

1313
01:08:56,800 --> 01:08:58,700
sounds when two pieces tap at an
angle. 

1314
01:08:59,399 --> 01:09:02,800
Bad charcoal thuds and produces 
a great deal of smoke relative 

1315
01:09:02,800 --> 01:09:07,300
to its heat yours Ring's a 
single spark from the fire 

1316
01:09:07,300 --> 01:09:10,200
starting iron catches, the 
prepared Tinder of dried moss 

1317
01:09:10,200 --> 01:09:12,200
and find Fiber that you keep 
ready. 

1318
01:09:12,200 --> 01:09:15,000
Each morning, you breathe across
the small flame with the 

1319
01:09:15,000 --> 01:09:18,500
gentleness of long experience 
because you learned early that 

1320
01:09:18,500 --> 01:09:21,399
enthusiasm is counterproductive.
In this particular situation, 

1321
01:09:21,399 --> 01:09:25,500
the flame decides to live, you 
give it time to reach the 

1322
01:09:25,500 --> 01:09:27,100
kindling before adding anything 
else. 

1323
01:09:27,100 --> 01:09:31,200
Then you step back while the 
fire introduces itself to the, 

1324
01:09:31,207 --> 01:09:33,600
would you move along the tool 
wall on your right? 

1325
01:09:33,600 --> 01:09:37,600
The Hammers hang in order of 
Mass from the wide flat face of 

1326
01:09:37,600 --> 01:09:40,700
the largest driving hammer down 
to the narrow peen of the 

1327
01:09:40,700 --> 01:09:43,500
lightest finishing tool. 
The handles are shaped from 

1328
01:09:43,500 --> 01:09:46,300
seasoned, White Oak and worn 
smooth at the grip positions by 

1329
01:09:46,300 --> 01:09:49,899
your own hand over years of use.
You made each handle yourself 

1330
01:09:49,899 --> 01:09:52,399
which means, you know, their 
eccentricities the way. 

1331
01:09:52,399 --> 01:09:54,900
You know, the specific 
Tendencies are familiar roads, 

1332
01:09:54,900 --> 01:09:57,600
the heaviest Hammer has a handle
with a grain that runs 

1333
01:09:57,600 --> 01:10:01,200
fractionally off true, giving it
a slight tendency to pull at the

1334
01:10:01,208 --> 01:10:04,000
end of a stroke that you 
compensated for long ago, and 

1335
01:10:04,000 --> 01:10:06,000
now used deliberately on certain
types of work. 

1336
01:10:06,000 --> 01:10:09,200
Whether this counts as a floor 
or a feature depends on the day.

1337
01:10:09,200 --> 01:10:13,000
The tongs come next. 
Eight pairs in regular rotation.

1338
01:10:13,000 --> 01:10:16,300
Each checked, in sequence by 
opening, and closing the jaws 

1339
01:10:16,300 --> 01:10:18,000
and feeling for the spring in 
the alignment. 

1340
01:10:18,000 --> 01:10:21,400
A tongue that wander slightly 
when hot metal is gripped, will 

1341
01:10:21,400 --> 01:10:23,300
release that metal at the 
specific moment. 

1342
01:10:23,300 --> 01:10:25,400
When releasing it is most 
inconvenient. 

1343
01:10:25,400 --> 01:10:28,600
You check them. 
Anyway, every morning because 

1344
01:10:28,600 --> 01:10:32,400
the alternative is finding out 
the hard way. the Bellows, the 

1345
01:10:32,400 --> 01:10:35,700
large box, and valve assembly 
that drives are through a clay 

1346
01:10:35,700 --> 01:10:39,200
to are in to the base of the 
firebird gets a slow test pull 

1347
01:10:40,100 --> 01:10:43,200
You move the handle through its 
full range, listening for the 

1348
01:10:43,200 --> 01:10:46,500
Deep even breath of good 
leather, seals feeling for the 

1349
01:10:46,500 --> 01:10:48,300
resistance. 
That tells you the valves are 

1350
01:10:48,300 --> 01:10:50,700
working. 
Last month you replace to 

1351
01:10:50,700 --> 01:10:54,400
section of the Bellows hide that
had to slowly and the repair has

1352
01:10:54,400 --> 01:10:57,700
held with quiet competence. 
By the time, the full inspection

1353
01:10:57,700 --> 01:10:59,400
is complete. 
The fire in the half has 

1354
01:10:59,400 --> 01:11:01,000
established itself with some 
confidence. 

1355
01:11:01,800 --> 01:11:05,000
The light inside the forge, has 
shifted from pre-dawn Gray to 

1356
01:11:05,000 --> 01:11:07,200
the moving. 
Amber that a real wood. 

1357
01:11:07,200 --> 01:11:11,200
Fire produces warm and unsteady.
The kind of light that gives 

1358
01:11:11,200 --> 01:11:13,200
even black and walls a quality 
of life. 

1359
01:11:13,900 --> 01:11:17,300
The smoke Rises steadily toward 
the Gap, at the roofline, which 

1360
01:11:17,300 --> 01:11:20,508
serves as the forges primary 
ventilation and the chill in the

1361
01:11:20,516 --> 01:11:22,500
room as pulled back from the 
half outward. 

1362
01:11:23,700 --> 01:11:25,800
Your first Apprentice will 
arrive within the hour. 

1363
01:11:25,800 --> 01:11:28,800
You fill, a small clay cup from 
the teapot you bring each 

1364
01:11:28,800 --> 01:11:31,900
morning, settle onto the low 
stool, you keep beside the half 

1365
01:11:31,900 --> 01:11:34,700
and spend the remaining minutes 
watching the fire grow. 

1366
01:11:35,800 --> 01:11:38,900
There is a quality to this 
specific window of time after 

1367
01:11:38,900 --> 01:11:41,300
the preparation. 
And before the working day 

1368
01:11:41,300 --> 01:11:44,000
begins that you have grown 
protective of over the years. 

1369
01:11:45,000 --> 01:11:47,400
It is not exactly peaceful in 
the sense of being empty. 

1370
01:11:47,400 --> 01:11:51,500
It is full actually full of the 
sounds of the fire and the smell

1371
01:11:51,500 --> 01:11:54,600
of warming iron and the texture 
of the light on the tool wall. 

1372
01:11:55,400 --> 01:11:58,300
But it belongs entirely to you 
and there is nothing in the 

1373
01:11:58,300 --> 01:12:00,300
world just now that requires 
your response. 

1374
01:12:00,300 --> 01:12:04,700
The forge makes its own sound. 
In these early minutes the small

1375
01:12:04,700 --> 01:12:07,300
tick of heating Stone. 
As the half-line expands 

1376
01:12:07,300 --> 01:12:11,500
unevenly the low almost musical 
sound of the fire finding its 

1377
01:12:11,500 --> 01:12:14,800
upper registers as the charcoal 
reaches full temperature. 

1378
01:12:16,400 --> 01:12:19,000
The faint Creek of the roof 
Timbers Contracting in the 

1379
01:12:19,008 --> 01:12:22,500
warmth that rises from the half 
and collects near the thatch. 

1380
01:12:23,000 --> 01:12:25,300
These sounds are the forges 
version of waking up. 

1381
01:12:25,300 --> 01:12:27,500
Its own equivalent of your 
hands. 

1382
01:12:27,500 --> 01:12:30,400
Pressing against your knees and 
your eyes adjusting to the 

1383
01:12:30,400 --> 01:12:33,000
morning. 
You have been listening to this 

1384
01:12:33,000 --> 01:12:36,100
particular combination for a 
very long time and could not 

1385
01:12:36,100 --> 01:12:37,900
describe it to someone who had 
not heard it. 

1386
01:12:37,900 --> 01:12:40,900
Because it is the kind of thing 
that lives in the body rather 

1387
01:12:40,900 --> 01:12:43,300
than in language. 
The smell of the morning. 

1388
01:12:43,300 --> 01:12:46,400
Forge is layered in a way that 
changes as the fire matures. 

1389
01:12:46,400 --> 01:12:49,600
In the first minutes after 
lighting, the smell is mostly 

1390
01:12:49,600 --> 01:12:53,200
kindling and dry wood, the 
cleanest smell of pine resin 

1391
01:12:53,200 --> 01:12:56,200
releasing in heat. 
As the charcoal takes over, and 

1392
01:12:56,200 --> 01:12:59,200
the temperature climbs, the 
smell shifts to the deeper, 

1393
01:12:59,200 --> 01:13:02,400
heady note of high temperature 
carbon combustion, Richard and 

1394
01:13:02,400 --> 01:13:05,500
heavy than would smoke. 
When the first piece of iron 

1395
01:13:05,500 --> 01:13:08,800
goes into the fire, there is a 
brief additional note metallic 

1396
01:13:08,800 --> 01:13:11,700
and faintly sweet. 
That is the surface of the metal

1397
01:13:11,700 --> 01:13:15,300
beginning to interact with the 
heat This last smell is the one 

1398
01:13:15,300 --> 01:13:18,900
you associate most directly with
the work itself and catching it 

1399
01:13:18,900 --> 01:13:22,400
in the air outside a forge, on 
the street of a town or drifting

1400
01:13:22,400 --> 01:13:24,500
a cross a market, still produces
in you. 

1401
01:13:24,500 --> 01:13:27,800
After all these years, a small 
and involuntary sense of 

1402
01:13:27,800 --> 01:13:30,400
readiness. 
The mountains, outside the door 

1403
01:13:30,400 --> 01:13:32,000
are turning gold along their 
ridges. 

1404
01:13:32,000 --> 01:13:35,000
You drink your tea to understand
what you work with. 

1405
01:13:35,000 --> 01:13:37,700
You need to follow the iron 
further back than your own 

1406
01:13:37,700 --> 01:13:41,100
Forge, back to the rivers and 
valleys of the chugoku mountains

1407
01:13:41,100 --> 01:13:44,500
where the raw material for 
Japanese steel begins, its long 

1408
01:13:44,500 --> 01:13:48,400
journey toward the Anvil. 
The iron you use, most days 

1409
01:13:48,400 --> 01:13:51,400
arrives at your Workshop already
shaped into bars carried by 

1410
01:13:51,408 --> 01:13:54,100
Merchants along the network of 
roads and River paths, that 

1411
01:13:54,100 --> 01:13:58,300
connect, the provinces it looks 
at that stage like something, 

1412
01:13:58,300 --> 01:14:01,800
finished, something 
authoritative and complete. 

1413
01:14:03,400 --> 01:14:06,000
In a practical sense. 
It is neither, it is the 

1414
01:14:06,000 --> 01:14:08,700
beginning of your involvement 
and your involvement is the 

1415
01:14:08,700 --> 01:14:12,100
whole point. 
But the story behind those bars 

1416
01:14:12,100 --> 01:14:15,700
stretches back much further to 
teams of workers waiting through

1417
01:14:15,700 --> 01:14:18,300
Cold Mountain. 
Rivers with broad shallow Pam's,

1418
01:14:18,300 --> 01:14:21,800
scooping the dark sand that 
settles in the slow water Eddies

1419
01:14:21,800 --> 01:14:25,000
along certain stretches of 
streambed, this material is 

1420
01:14:25,000 --> 01:14:28,500
called setsu iron, Sam. 
And it is the specific 

1421
01:14:28,500 --> 01:14:31,400
foundation on which Japanese 
metalworking was built across 

1422
01:14:31,400 --> 01:14:34,000
more than 1,000 years of 
continuous practice. 

1423
01:14:34,800 --> 01:14:36,800
The appearance of setsu is 
unremarkable. 

1424
01:14:36,800 --> 01:14:40,700
It looks like dark said, mint 
gritty between the fingers 

1425
01:14:40,700 --> 01:14:43,100
slightly heavier than ordinary 
sand in a way. 

1426
01:14:43,108 --> 01:14:44,600
You would only notice by 
comparison. 

1427
01:14:45,600 --> 01:14:47,900
There is nothing about it that 
announces its nature. 

1428
01:14:47,900 --> 01:14:51,300
But place it in the right fire, 
with the right amount of carbon 

1429
01:14:51,300 --> 01:14:53,800
and the right quality of 
sustained heat and it will 

1430
01:14:53,800 --> 01:14:56,100
become something that is 
occupied the hands and the 

1431
01:14:56,100 --> 01:14:59,300
aspirations of crafts people 
across every generation that 

1432
01:14:59,300 --> 01:15:02,300
followed The process for turning
iron. 

1433
01:15:02,300 --> 01:15:05,800
Sand into usable steel is called
tatara Buche and it takes place 

1434
01:15:05,800 --> 01:15:07,800
in a furnace structure called 
the tatara. 

1435
01:15:08,500 --> 01:15:12,300
These are not small undertaking.
A tetera furnace is a clay 

1436
01:15:12,300 --> 01:15:14,500
walled structure. 
Roughly the size of a large 

1437
01:15:14,500 --> 01:15:18,700
table, but considerably taller 
positioned over a prepared, clay

1438
01:15:18,700 --> 01:15:21,100
hath bed. 
The walls are built from a mixed

1439
01:15:21,100 --> 01:15:24,500
of local, clay and rice straw 
layered and dried over days of 

1440
01:15:24,500 --> 01:15:27,700
careful construction. 
The Bellow system, for a full to

1441
01:15:27,700 --> 01:15:31,500
Tara operation involves multiple
workers in rotating shifts 

1442
01:15:31,500 --> 01:15:34,500
because the physical demand of 
maintaining continuous air 

1443
01:15:34,500 --> 01:15:37,200
pressure for three days. 
And three nights is well beyond 

1444
01:15:37,200 --> 01:15:40,600
what any individual can sustain 
three days and three nights 

1445
01:15:40,600 --> 01:15:43,100
without interruption you let 
that settle. 

1446
01:15:44,100 --> 01:15:46,800
The operation begins with 
alternating loads of charcoal 

1447
01:15:46,800 --> 01:15:49,500
and satsu dropped into the top 
of the Furnace at measured 

1448
01:15:49,500 --> 01:15:52,300
intervals. 
The charcoal serves as both Fuel

1449
01:15:52,300 --> 01:15:55,000
and as the source of the carbon,
that will determine the 

1450
01:15:55,000 --> 01:15:58,600
character of the final steel. 
As the process continues and the

1451
01:15:58,608 --> 01:16:02,000
temperature, climbs the iron in 
the sand, reduces from, its 

1452
01:16:02,000 --> 01:16:05,600
oxidized State into metallic, 
iron absorbing varying amounts 

1453
01:16:05,600 --> 01:16:08,700
of carbon depending on where it 
sits within the furnace and how 

1454
01:16:08,700 --> 01:16:12,500
long it remains there, the clay 
walls of the tatara subjected to

1455
01:16:12,500 --> 01:16:15,900
extreme and sustained heat, 
begin to partially vitrify and 

1456
01:16:15,900 --> 01:16:17,400
glow. 
With a light that can be seen 

1457
01:16:17,400 --> 01:16:20,700
from a distance, on Dark 
Knights, a blue white brightness

1458
01:16:20,700 --> 01:16:25,400
to describe as other worldly. 
At the end of the three-day 

1459
01:16:25,400 --> 01:16:28,200
smell, the workers break, open 
the base of the cold furnace 

1460
01:16:28,200 --> 01:16:31,600
with heavy tools. 
What they find inside is a mask 

1461
01:16:31,600 --> 01:16:35,200
called the Kira a rough under 
regular of Iron and Steel. 

1462
01:16:35,200 --> 01:16:37,500
That weighs several tons and 
looks nothing. 

1463
01:16:37,500 --> 01:16:40,400
Like the refine material, it 
will eventually become the 

1464
01:16:40,400 --> 01:16:42,500
surface is dark porous and 
uneven. 

1465
01:16:42,500 --> 01:16:46,000
It does not announce its 
qualities from the outside, the 

1466
01:16:46,000 --> 01:16:48,600
knowledge of what is inside 
lives in the hands and eyes of 

1467
01:16:48,600 --> 01:16:52,200
the specialist who directs the 
Sorting The Keira is broken into

1468
01:16:52,200 --> 01:16:53,800
sections with hammers and 
chisels. 

1469
01:16:53,800 --> 01:16:57,300
And each section is assessed by 
the fracture pattern and the 

1470
01:16:57,300 --> 01:17:00,700
grain of the broken face. 
Different parts of the bloom 

1471
01:17:00,700 --> 01:17:03,300
have absorbed different amounts 
of carbon during the smelt. 

1472
01:17:03,300 --> 01:17:06,700
The sections with the right 
carbon content for hard fine, 

1473
01:17:06,700 --> 01:17:09,700
steel typically found toward the
center and certain edges of the 

1474
01:17:09,708 --> 01:17:14,100
mass are set aside carefully. 
These pieces are the tamaha gun.

1475
01:17:14,100 --> 01:17:16,900
The material that does not meet 
the tamaha gun threshold. 

1476
01:17:16,900 --> 01:17:20,600
Still has its uses the lower 
carbon sections of the Kira, 

1477
01:17:20,600 --> 01:17:23,800
softer and more malleable a 
worked into the raw time. 

1478
01:17:23,800 --> 01:17:27,300
That becomes the bodies of 
blades, the cores of tools, the 

1479
01:17:27,300 --> 01:17:30,600
barstock that ends up in 
workshops like yours. nothing 

1480
01:17:30,600 --> 01:17:34,200
from a well-managed to Tara 
operation, goes to waste the men

1481
01:17:34,200 --> 01:17:37,000
who direct the Sorting a 
reading, the whole Bloom, not 

1482
01:17:37,000 --> 01:17:39,700
just the best of it and they 
know what every grade of the 

1483
01:17:39,700 --> 01:17:43,300
material is suited for This 
comprehensive understanding of 

1484
01:17:43,300 --> 01:17:45,900
Iron's range of possibilities, 
is one of the things that made 

1485
01:17:45,900 --> 01:17:49,100
Japanese metal work at every 
level from tamaha, Garnier 

1486
01:17:49,100 --> 01:17:53,600
blades, agricultural tools, and 
usually coherent in its quality.

1487
01:17:53,600 --> 01:17:57,000
The bastok travels from the 
tatara operations through a 

1488
01:17:57,000 --> 01:17:59,700
chain of merchants and 
intermediaries packed onto 

1489
01:17:59,700 --> 01:18:03,300
horses or carried by river on 
flat-bottom boats wrapped 

1490
01:18:03,300 --> 01:18:05,700
against moisture that would 
begin the oxidation process. 

1491
01:18:05,700 --> 01:18:09,200
You spend your days working 
against the merchants who bring 

1492
01:18:09,200 --> 01:18:11,500
it to your region, know their 
product well enough to Warrant 

1493
01:18:11,500 --> 01:18:14,500
questions and you have spent 
many a market morning asking 

1494
01:18:14,500 --> 01:18:17,700
them about the source of a 
particular batch noting which 

1495
01:18:17,700 --> 01:18:20,900
suppliers produce stock that 
heats evenly and which ones 

1496
01:18:20,900 --> 01:18:23,800
occasionally deliver material 
that behaves inconsistently 

1497
01:18:23,800 --> 01:18:26,800
under the hammer in ways that 
suggest something irregular 

1498
01:18:26,800 --> 01:18:30,700
happened during the original 
smelting, Most batches are good.

1499
01:18:30,700 --> 01:18:34,400
Some are excellent. 
A few of have been disappointing

1500
01:18:34,400 --> 01:18:36,900
in ways, you documented 
carefully in your memory and 

1501
01:18:36,900 --> 01:18:40,200
adjusted for in your pricing. 
The word itself is worth 

1502
01:18:40,200 --> 01:18:43,400
sitting, with Tama means Jewel 
or precious thing. 

1503
01:18:43,400 --> 01:18:47,500
Again means steal together. 
They describe not the appearance

1504
01:18:47,500 --> 01:18:50,700
of the material which at this 
stage is rough and heterogeneous

1505
01:18:50,700 --> 01:18:53,000
and would not impress a jeweler 
but its potential. 

1506
01:18:53,800 --> 01:18:56,800
The jewel is inside latent in 
the structure of the metal 

1507
01:18:56,800 --> 01:18:58,700
waiting for the work that will 
reveal. 

1508
01:18:58,700 --> 01:19:02,500
It tamaha gain is not uniform. 
And this is the point rather 

1509
01:19:02,500 --> 01:19:05,600
than the problem. 
Its carbon content varies across

1510
01:19:05,600 --> 01:19:08,900
any given piece sometimes 
dramatically over a short 

1511
01:19:08,908 --> 01:19:13,300
distance, this inconsistency, 
which would be a defect in a 

1512
01:19:13,300 --> 01:19:15,900
homogeneous Industrial Steel is 
precisely. 

1513
01:19:15,900 --> 01:19:17,900
What gives tamahagane its 
working character. 

1514
01:19:18,700 --> 01:19:21,800
Because the Smith repeatedly, 
heaps and folds and hammers, the

1515
01:19:21,800 --> 01:19:24,800
material, the carbon 
redistributes, and the layers 

1516
01:19:24,800 --> 01:19:28,600
weld together, eliminating, the 
voids and slag inclusions, that 

1517
01:19:28,600 --> 01:19:30,000
remain from the smelting 
process. 

1518
01:19:30,000 --> 01:19:34,200
The finished steel emerges from 
this repeated working with a 

1519
01:19:34,200 --> 01:19:37,400
layered internal structure that 
shows itself in the surface of a

1520
01:19:37,400 --> 01:19:41,900
polished and etched blade as a 
subtle clouded pattern called 

1521
01:19:41,900 --> 01:19:45,400
the Hadar which translates 
roughly as the grain of skin. 

1522
01:19:46,500 --> 01:19:49,100
Your own daily work, does not 
often involve tamaha gun 

1523
01:19:49,108 --> 01:19:51,500
directly. 
The material is expensive 

1524
01:19:51,500 --> 01:19:55,100
reserved primarily for Blades of
the highest quality and the 

1525
01:19:55,100 --> 01:19:57,600
merchants who carry it do. 
So with a degree of attentive 

1526
01:19:57,600 --> 01:20:00,800
care, that suggests, they are 
aware of exactly what they are. 

1527
01:20:00,808 --> 01:20:02,900
Transporting. 
You have handled it. 

1528
01:20:02,900 --> 01:20:06,000
Perhaps a handful of times over 
your working years, felt its 

1529
01:20:06,000 --> 01:20:09,000
particular weight noted the way 
its surface holds the light 

1530
01:20:09,000 --> 01:20:10,400
differently from ordinary 
Islands. 

1531
01:20:10,400 --> 01:20:12,700
Stock, it is not a mystical 
substance. 

1532
01:20:12,700 --> 01:20:16,200
It is a well-made won, the 
distinction matters to you. 

1533
01:20:16,200 --> 01:20:19,100
What you work with every day is 
good workable, Iron. 

1534
01:20:19,100 --> 01:20:22,700
And Steel sourced from 
established suppliers consistent

1535
01:20:22,700 --> 01:20:25,100
enough in its properties. 
That, you know, how to read it 

1536
01:20:25,100 --> 01:20:26,300
in the fire and under the 
hammer. 

1537
01:20:26,300 --> 01:20:29,600
But the principles that govern 
tamaha gun govern, Everything 

1538
01:20:29,600 --> 01:20:32,300
You Touch. 
The same relationship between 

1539
01:20:32,300 --> 01:20:36,200
heat and carbon between working 
and structure between patient, 

1540
01:20:36,200 --> 01:20:39,900
repeated effort and eventual 
quality applies at every level 

1541
01:20:39,900 --> 01:20:42,600
of the craft. 
The oldest Japanese texts that 

1542
01:20:42,600 --> 01:20:46,200
mention metalworking at all do. 
So in passing, as a given fact 

1543
01:20:46,200 --> 01:20:50,000
of the world rather than a 
subject requiring explanation by

1544
01:20:50,000 --> 01:20:53,000
the time of the Nara period, 
Smiths were already established 

1545
01:20:53,000 --> 01:20:55,700
figures, whose work shaped the 
tools and weapons, and fittings 

1546
01:20:55,700 --> 01:20:59,500
of society at every level, The 
tradition attributed to a 

1547
01:20:59,500 --> 01:21:03,200
swordsmith named Amari from the 
early 800s describes the 

1548
01:21:03,200 --> 01:21:05,500
development of the curved 
single-edge blade. 

1549
01:21:05,500 --> 01:21:08,000
That would have eventually 
Define Japanese metal work. 

1550
01:21:08,000 --> 01:21:10,700
In international. 
What the stories about amakuni 

1551
01:21:10,700 --> 01:21:13,300
actually transmit is the 
understanding that a blade. 

1552
01:21:13,300 --> 01:21:17,300
Must be for a specific purpose 
that the steel must be chosen 

1553
01:21:17,300 --> 01:21:20,400
and worked in response to what 
it will be asked to do this. 

1554
01:21:20,400 --> 01:21:23,900
Principal did not begin or end 
with swords this afternoon. 

1555
01:21:23,900 --> 01:21:26,800
You're making an agricultural 
Cutting Edge and a set of hinges

1556
01:21:26,800 --> 01:21:29,200
for a gate. 
The iron in your half right now,

1557
01:21:29,200 --> 01:21:31,800
is a piece of standard stock, 
about three fingers wide. 

1558
01:21:31,800 --> 01:21:35,500
And as long as your forearm, it 
has been sitting in the coals at

1559
01:21:35,500 --> 01:21:38,500
the right, depth for the right 
amount of time and the color it 

1560
01:21:38,500 --> 01:21:40,700
is currently showing tells you 
it is nearly ready. 

1561
01:21:41,400 --> 01:21:44,800
You reach for your tongs. 
You did not walk into your forge

1562
01:21:44,800 --> 01:21:46,800
on the first morning and begin 
shaping iron. 

1563
01:21:47,400 --> 01:21:50,100
This is the fact that people who
have not lived inside, the craft

1564
01:21:50,100 --> 01:21:52,300
tend to misunderstand. 
When they imagined it from the 

1565
01:21:52,300 --> 01:21:55,700
outside, they picture the hammer
and the fire, and the dramatic 

1566
01:21:55,700 --> 01:21:58,900
shower of Sparks, and they skip 
over the years of careful 

1567
01:21:58,900 --> 01:22:00,600
preparation, that made all of 
that possible. 

1568
01:22:01,300 --> 01:22:03,900
Your apprenticeship began when 
you were around 12 years old, 

1569
01:22:03,900 --> 01:22:07,100
the arrangement was made between
your father and your master 

1570
01:22:07,100 --> 01:22:10,000
through a conversation, you were
not quite invited to participate

1571
01:22:10,000 --> 01:22:12,100
in though. 
You were present for the formal 

1572
01:22:12,100 --> 01:22:15,000
conclusion of it. 
Your master was a lean man of 

1573
01:22:15,000 --> 01:22:17,800
middle-aged who spoke in 
frequently and in short 

1574
01:22:17,800 --> 01:22:21,000
sentences, and he had a habit of
looking at things for slightly 

1575
01:22:21,000 --> 01:22:23,600
longer than most people did 
before he said anything about 

1576
01:22:23,600 --> 01:22:26,100
them. 
This habit, turned out to be 

1577
01:22:26,108 --> 01:22:28,000
directly connected to how he 
taught. 

1578
01:22:29,100 --> 01:22:31,800
First thing he told you, after 
your father, departed was to 

1579
01:22:31,800 --> 01:22:35,000
sweep the floor, you swept the 
floor, you swept at the 

1580
01:22:35,000 --> 01:22:38,100
following morning and the 
morning after that, and for a 

1581
01:22:38,100 --> 01:22:40,400
considerable number of mornings 
beyond that stretch as well. 

1582
01:22:41,400 --> 01:22:44,600
This was not as you eventually 
came to understand purely a test

1583
01:22:44,608 --> 01:22:47,400
of humility or obedience though.
It was partly both of those 

1584
01:22:47,400 --> 01:22:50,300
things. 
The floor of an active Forge is 

1585
01:22:50,300 --> 01:22:54,200
a genuine maintenance concern. 
Scale flakes, off, heated metal,

1586
01:22:54,200 --> 01:22:57,500
under the hammer and accumulates
on the Earthen floor in fine. 

1587
01:22:57,500 --> 01:23:00,100
Sharp layers, charcoal dust 
settles everywhere. 

1588
01:23:00,100 --> 01:23:03,000
Ash migrate outward from the 
Hearth with the air movement. 

1589
01:23:03,000 --> 01:23:06,400
A floor that is not swept 
becomes a floor that contributes

1590
01:23:06,400 --> 01:23:09,900
to small accidents and to the 
slow degradation of tools left 

1591
01:23:09,900 --> 01:23:13,400
in contact with gritty surfaces.
You are learning the logic of 

1592
01:23:13,408 --> 01:23:15,100
The Craft through its lowest 
entry point. 

1593
01:23:15,100 --> 01:23:18,900
Alongside the floor sweeping 
came the water carrying the 

1594
01:23:18,900 --> 01:23:22,200
charcoal management, the basic 
organization of the tool wall 

1595
01:23:22,200 --> 01:23:25,400
each of these tasks had a 
correct way of doing it that 

1596
01:23:25,400 --> 01:23:28,800
your master demonstrated once 
and expected you to replicate. 

1597
01:23:28,800 --> 01:23:32,600
He did not explain the reasons 
behind each specific requirement

1598
01:23:32,600 --> 01:23:34,800
at the time. 
The reasons are arrived later 

1599
01:23:34,800 --> 01:23:38,200
through your own observation and
a few instructive mistakes, 

1600
01:23:38,200 --> 01:23:40,900
which is the most efficient 
possible delivery mechanism. 

1601
01:23:41,900 --> 01:23:44,000
The watching was the most 
demanding part of the early. 

1602
01:23:44,000 --> 01:23:47,000
Period, your master did not 
narrate his work for your 

1603
01:23:47,000 --> 01:23:49,700
benefit. 
He simply worked and you stood 

1604
01:23:49,700 --> 01:23:52,400
at the appropriate distance and 
observed with whatever attention

1605
01:23:52,400 --> 01:23:55,000
you could bring. 
You watched the tilt of his head

1606
01:23:55,000 --> 01:23:57,800
as he assessed the temperature 
of a heated piece through color 

1607
01:23:57,800 --> 01:24:01,700
and behavior, rather than any 
measuring tool you watched the 

1608
01:24:01,700 --> 01:24:04,600
specific Arc of his hammer, and 
the way his weight shifted, 

1609
01:24:04,600 --> 01:24:07,500
through the balls of his feet 
rather than his heels. 

1610
01:24:07,500 --> 01:24:10,900
During a long sequence of blows 
you watched, how he read the 

1611
01:24:10,900 --> 01:24:14,700
fire feeding it, not by formula,
but by the kind of judgment that

1612
01:24:14,700 --> 01:24:17,500
had been trained over decades 
until it operated faster than 

1613
01:24:17,500 --> 01:24:21,300
conscious thought you watched 
and you tried to understand what

1614
01:24:21,300 --> 01:24:24,200
you were watching and some of it
made sense immediately and some 

1615
01:24:24,200 --> 01:24:25,700
of it did not make sense for 
years. 

1616
01:24:25,700 --> 01:24:29,400
After several months of working 
in the margins of the forge, you

1617
01:24:29,400 --> 01:24:31,600
were given the Bellows to manage
during active heating. 

1618
01:24:31,600 --> 01:24:34,800
Session's, this step carries 
more responsibility than it 

1619
01:24:34,800 --> 01:24:38,000
appears from the outside. 
The Air Supply to a working fire

1620
01:24:38,000 --> 01:24:41,000
must be matched to what the fire
and the metal require in each 

1621
01:24:41,000 --> 01:24:44,700
moment. to aggressive and the 
metal oxidizes at the surface 

1622
01:24:44,700 --> 01:24:48,700
forming, a thick iron scale 
crossed that the hammer then has

1623
01:24:48,700 --> 01:24:52,200
to drive off wasting material 
and obscuring, the actual 

1624
01:24:52,200 --> 01:24:56,500
surface of the work Two gentle 
and the heat rises slowly 

1625
01:24:56,500 --> 01:25:00,600
unevenly and the piece reaches 
the Anvil with a temperature 

1626
01:25:00,600 --> 01:25:02,000
differential through its 
thickness. 

1627
01:25:02,000 --> 01:25:04,200
That makes the top player behave
differently. 

1628
01:25:04,200 --> 01:25:07,200
From the interior, the right 
airflow is conversation. 

1629
01:25:07,200 --> 01:25:10,200
You were learning how to 
participate in it with your arms

1630
01:25:10,200 --> 01:25:12,500
and your attention and your 
sense of rhythm. 

1631
01:25:13,200 --> 01:25:15,900
Your master would occasionally 
make the smallest possible 

1632
01:25:15,900 --> 01:25:18,500
adjustment to the Bellows rate, 
by placing his hand, briefly 

1633
01:25:18,500 --> 01:25:21,600
over yours on the handle, 
increasing or decreasing the 

1634
01:25:21,600 --> 01:25:24,000
pace by a fraction, then 
removing it again. 

1635
01:25:24,700 --> 01:25:26,300
He never explained what he had 
done. 

1636
01:25:26,300 --> 01:25:30,000
He simply did it and returned to
the half, you learn to notice 

1637
01:25:30,000 --> 01:25:32,100
the difference in the fires 
response and to file the 

1638
01:25:32,108 --> 01:25:35,200
information somewhere useful. 
The first time, a hammer was 

1639
01:25:35,208 --> 01:25:38,400
placed in your hand, there was 
no ceremony around it, your 

1640
01:25:38,400 --> 01:25:41,400
master set, a piece of scrap 
iron on the Anvil, press the 

1641
01:25:41,400 --> 01:25:43,700
handle into your palm and told 
you to drive it flat. 

1642
01:25:43,700 --> 01:25:47,100
You did what someone who has 
never held a hammer at a forge 

1643
01:25:47,100 --> 01:25:50,200
naturally does, which is to grip
it near the head for control and

1644
01:25:50,200 --> 01:25:52,200
strike with the kind of 
tentative care. 

1645
01:25:52,200 --> 01:25:54,900
That feels careful and looks 
uncertain. 

1646
01:25:56,200 --> 01:25:59,900
Your master watched for patch 30
seconds, then adjusted the 

1647
01:25:59,900 --> 01:26:02,600
position of your right elbow 
with two fingers, barely 

1648
01:26:02,600 --> 01:26:06,500
attached and walked away. 
That small adjustment changed 

1649
01:26:06,500 --> 01:26:08,300
the geometry of every Hammer 
stroke. 

1650
01:26:08,300 --> 01:26:11,100
You took off afterward the 
knowledge that flows through a 

1651
01:26:11,100 --> 01:26:12,900
craft. 
Like this one is not primarily 

1652
01:26:12,900 --> 01:26:16,200
housed in text though. 
Record certainly existed. 

1653
01:26:17,100 --> 01:26:19,400
Established smithing families, 
kept careful notes on, 

1654
01:26:19,400 --> 01:26:23,100
proportions timing's, specific 
techniques for particular types 

1655
01:26:23,100 --> 01:26:25,100
of work, but the essential 
information. 

1656
01:26:25,100 --> 01:26:28,300
The part that determines the 
difference between a competent 

1657
01:26:28,300 --> 01:26:31,500
piece and a genuinely good. 
One lives in the body of the 

1658
01:26:31,500 --> 01:26:35,200
practitioner and moves from one 
body to another through direct 

1659
01:26:35,200 --> 01:26:38,800
physical transmission. 
Cannot be fully described in 

1660
01:26:38,800 --> 01:26:42,400
writing because it is at its 
core a set of calibrated, 

1661
01:26:42,400 --> 01:26:46,700
physical habits, the exact grip,
the precise angle, the moment. 

1662
01:26:46,700 --> 01:26:49,600
When the pressure in the tongue 
hand tells you that the piece is

1663
01:26:49,600 --> 01:26:51,300
cooling faster on one side than 
the other. 

1664
01:26:51,300 --> 01:26:55,000
You received 11, corrections to 
your Hammer grip before the grip

1665
01:26:55,000 --> 01:26:58,300
stopped needing. 
Correction you counted because 

1666
01:26:58,300 --> 01:26:59,900
counting was how you paid 
attention? 

1667
01:27:00,700 --> 01:27:03,000
The years of formal 
apprenticeship passed with the 

1668
01:27:03,000 --> 01:27:06,600
quality of long, seasonal 
changes, a cumulative and steady

1669
01:27:06,600 --> 01:27:09,900
each month adding a small layer 
to the understanding you were 

1670
01:27:09,900 --> 01:27:12,300
building. 
The progression was not linear 

1671
01:27:12,300 --> 01:27:15,600
in a tidy sense. 
Some skills came quickly and 

1672
01:27:15,600 --> 01:27:19,000
some resisted for a long time, 
working a ring to consistent 

1673
01:27:19,000 --> 01:27:20,800
diameter. 
Took you the better part of two 

1674
01:27:20,800 --> 01:27:24,900
seasons to do reliably edge 
geometry on agricultural tools. 

1675
01:27:24,900 --> 01:27:28,200
Came more naturally, your fire 
management was strong from early

1676
01:27:28,200 --> 01:27:31,600
in the second year your patients
with slow heating thick stock 

1677
01:27:31,600 --> 01:27:34,700
was according to your Master's 
measured assessment in need of 

1678
01:27:34,700 --> 01:27:37,500
development. 
The day, he stepped back and let

1679
01:27:37,500 --> 01:27:40,900
you complete a piece from first 
heat to finish four with without

1680
01:27:40,900 --> 01:27:43,300
intervening was not marked by 
anything. 

1681
01:27:43,300 --> 01:27:46,700
He said He observed from the 
back corner of the forge with 

1682
01:27:46,700 --> 01:27:50,000
his arms Loosely crossed and his
expression, its usual neutral 

1683
01:27:50,000 --> 01:27:53,900
assessment and when you held up 
the finished piece, he looked at

1684
01:27:53,900 --> 01:27:56,300
it for the length of time, he 
always took to look at things 

1685
01:27:56,300 --> 01:27:59,000
and nodded once and turned back 
to his own work. 

1686
01:28:00,000 --> 01:28:02,400
You place the piece on the 
cooling rack and allow yourself 

1687
01:28:02,400 --> 01:28:04,500
a very small private 
satisfaction. 

1688
01:28:04,500 --> 01:28:08,100
When you eventually came to run 
your own Forge, whether through 

1689
01:28:08,100 --> 01:28:10,700
a chain of inheritance or 
through the establishment of a 

1690
01:28:10,700 --> 01:28:14,400
new workshop, in a location that
needed one, you brought with you

1691
01:28:14,400 --> 01:28:17,100
a body of knowledge that had 
been continuously worked, and 

1692
01:28:17,100 --> 01:28:19,500
refined across more Generations 
than you could count. 

1693
01:28:20,300 --> 01:28:23,400
You are not the end of anything.
You were the present working 

1694
01:28:23,400 --> 01:28:26,300
edge of something old and 
ongoing and you felt the weight 

1695
01:28:26,300 --> 01:28:29,600
of the lineage behind you, not 
as a burden, but as a kind of 

1696
01:28:29,600 --> 01:28:31,900
ballast that kept you level on 
difficult days. 

1697
01:28:31,900 --> 01:28:35,800
Some mornings when the work is 
flowing and the fire is behaving

1698
01:28:35,800 --> 01:28:38,600
and your own current, Apprentice
catches a correction before you 

1699
01:28:38,600 --> 01:28:41,000
offer it. 
You feel the full stretch of 

1700
01:28:41,000 --> 01:28:43,500
that chain at your back running,
through your master and his 

1701
01:28:43,500 --> 01:28:45,700
master and the quiet 
Generations. 

1702
01:28:45,700 --> 01:28:48,800
Before them all the way back to 
the river, valleys and the iron 

1703
01:28:48,800 --> 01:28:51,600
sand. 
It is a good feeling, your 

1704
01:28:51,600 --> 01:28:53,600
Apprentice arrives. 
Just as the forge has reached 

1705
01:28:53,600 --> 01:28:55,400
the first usable working 
temperature. 

1706
01:28:55,400 --> 01:28:59,500
He is 14 years old and trying 
very hard to appear, calm with 

1707
01:28:59,500 --> 01:29:02,200
the specific and slightly 
transparent effort of a young 

1708
01:29:02,208 --> 01:29:05,700
person who was aware that 
composure is expected and has 

1709
01:29:05,700 --> 01:29:08,300
not yet stopped finding the 
expectation stressful. 

1710
01:29:09,100 --> 01:29:12,100
He greets you with a bow of 
rather formal depth rate in the 

1711
01:29:12,108 --> 01:29:15,900
morning which you find privately
endearing You sent him to check 

1712
01:29:15,900 --> 01:29:18,800
the charcoal Supply immediately,
not because you need the 

1713
01:29:18,800 --> 01:29:22,000
information with any urgency, 
but because a task with a clear 

1714
01:29:22,008 --> 01:29:24,700
purpose is a reasonable gift to 
give someone who has too much 

1715
01:29:24,708 --> 01:29:26,200
energy and know where to put it 
yet. 

1716
01:29:27,100 --> 01:29:30,400
You hear the lid of the charcoal
store lift, a brief, pause 

1717
01:29:30,400 --> 01:29:33,900
footsteps returning. 
He reports that the supplies 

1718
01:29:33,900 --> 01:29:36,900
adequate for a full day's work 
with some to spare good. 

1719
01:29:36,900 --> 01:29:40,200
You tell him bring in enough for
two, full Heating and stack it 

1720
01:29:40,200 --> 01:29:41,500
beside the left side of the 
half. 

1721
01:29:41,500 --> 01:29:44,800
He does this with the particular
carefulness of a person who 

1722
01:29:44,800 --> 01:29:48,300
understands that how they handle
material is being observed, and 

1723
01:29:48,300 --> 01:29:51,900
who would rather not be 
corrected, you note the way he 

1724
01:29:51,900 --> 01:29:55,600
grips, the carrying bucket with 
his full hand rather than his 

1725
01:29:55,600 --> 01:29:58,200
fingers, which is the right 
Instinct for a heavy load. 

1726
01:29:58,200 --> 01:30:01,400
You'll soon know that he sets, 
each piece of charcoal down 

1727
01:30:01,400 --> 01:30:04,300
rather than dropping it which 
suggests he has already picked 

1728
01:30:04,300 --> 01:30:07,400
up from somewhere, the basic 
principle, that loose charcoal 

1729
01:30:07,400 --> 01:30:09,900
fragments into dust and dust as 
wasted charcoal. 

1730
01:30:09,900 --> 01:30:12,600
You do not comment. 
On either of these observations 

1731
01:30:12,600 --> 01:30:16,600
approval, when it is given 
constantly loses its weight. 

1732
01:30:16,600 --> 01:30:19,200
As guidance, he will know when 
he is done something. 

1733
01:30:19,200 --> 01:30:22,000
Well, by the absence of 
Correction, the first piece of 

1734
01:30:22,000 --> 01:30:24,500
work today, is the plow 
component for a farmer on the 

1735
01:30:24,500 --> 01:30:27,000
lower Terrace who has been 
managing with a cracked and 

1736
01:30:27,000 --> 01:30:29,800
poorly fitting Cutting Edge 
since the Autumn, which means 

1737
01:30:29,800 --> 01:30:32,100
the soil preparation for the 
current growing season. 

1738
01:30:32,700 --> 01:30:34,600
Has been slightly harder than it
needed to be. 

1739
01:30:35,300 --> 01:30:37,800
The Cutting Edge of a wooden 
plow frame is the piece that 

1740
01:30:37,800 --> 01:30:41,100
actually meets the earth and the
quality of the ground contact. 

1741
01:30:41,100 --> 01:30:45,100
Depends directly on its geometry
and hardness a well-made Cutting

1742
01:30:45,100 --> 01:30:48,400
Edge can be resilient Seasons 
before it needs replacement. 

1743
01:30:48,400 --> 01:30:51,600
A poorly made one, is a small 
tax on every hour. 

1744
01:30:51,600 --> 01:30:54,800
The farmer Works behind the 
plow, you take the barstock from

1745
01:30:54,800 --> 01:30:58,100
the rack grip, it in your 
longest tongs and position it in

1746
01:30:58,100 --> 01:31:01,000
the fire at the depth and angle.
You have established over years 

1747
01:31:01,000 --> 01:31:03,300
of learning where this 
particular half Heats most 

1748
01:31:03,300 --> 01:31:06,100
evenly. 
Then you stand back and tell 

1749
01:31:06,100 --> 01:31:08,600
your Apprentice to work. 
The Bellows at a pace of roughly

1750
01:31:08,600 --> 01:31:11,500
one full stroke. 
Every two heartbeats he begins 

1751
01:31:11,500 --> 01:31:15,500
his rhythm is fast for the first
30 seconds then corrects itself 

1752
01:31:15,500 --> 01:31:19,000
without any instruction. 
You notice this and file it away

1753
01:31:19,000 --> 01:31:21,600
beside the bucket grip, and the 
careful charcoal placement. 

1754
01:31:22,400 --> 01:31:25,100
While the iron Heats you check 
the face of your Anvil. 

1755
01:31:25,100 --> 01:31:29,200
The Anvil is old harder to date 
on almost anything else in the 

1756
01:31:29,200 --> 01:31:31,600
Ford. 
The iron of its face has been 

1757
01:31:31,608 --> 01:31:35,300
worn by Decades of hammer work 
until the center holds a shallow

1758
01:31:35,300 --> 01:31:39,100
concavity, a gentle downward 
curve that theory would describe

1759
01:31:39,100 --> 01:31:42,600
as a defect and practice as long
since converted into a useful 

1760
01:31:42,600 --> 01:31:45,300
feature. 
Round stock laid across a 

1761
01:31:45,300 --> 01:31:48,600
perfectly flat handle face Will 
Roll under the Hammer's pressure

1762
01:31:48,600 --> 01:31:52,200
round stock laid across a subtly
curved one seats itself. 

1763
01:31:52,900 --> 01:31:55,500
You have considered having the 
face dressed flat on three 

1764
01:31:55,500 --> 01:31:57,800
separate occasions and decided 
against it each time. 

1765
01:31:57,800 --> 01:32:00,600
The Anvil has made its own 
argument and won it. 

1766
01:32:00,600 --> 01:32:03,900
The iron in the fire is 
beginning to show color, you 

1767
01:32:03,900 --> 01:32:06,400
watch the progression from the 
gray, black of cold metal 

1768
01:32:06,400 --> 01:32:10,000
through the first dark cherry 
warmth at around 3 or 400 

1769
01:32:10,000 --> 01:32:13,600
Degrees, deepening into full 
cherry red, then brightening 

1770
01:32:13,600 --> 01:32:16,000
steadily toward orange as the 
temperature climbs. 

1771
01:32:16,800 --> 01:32:19,100
The color to temperature 
relationship is not a rough 

1772
01:32:19,100 --> 01:32:21,000
estimate. 
It is a precise reading 

1773
01:32:21,000 --> 01:32:23,800
calibrated by practice into 
something that functions as 

1774
01:32:23,800 --> 01:32:27,200
reliably as any instrument. 
And it is specific to your 

1775
01:32:27,200 --> 01:32:31,100
heart, your fuel, the angle of 
your line of sight, and the 

1776
01:32:31,100 --> 01:32:33,600
ambient light conditions of the 
forge at this hour of the 

1777
01:32:33,600 --> 01:32:37,300
morning, A different Smith in a 
different Forge, would calibrate

1778
01:32:37,300 --> 01:32:40,500
slightly differently. 
This is one of the reasons craft

1779
01:32:40,500 --> 01:32:44,100
knowledge is personal even when 
it is shared the piece reaches 

1780
01:32:44,100 --> 01:32:46,500
bright, orange approaching the 
yellow Edge. 

1781
01:32:46,500 --> 01:32:49,900
That signals full working heat. 
You pull it with the tongs and 

1782
01:32:49,900 --> 01:32:52,000
move to the Anvil in the 
deliberate unhurried. 

1783
01:32:52,000 --> 01:32:54,200
Way of someone who has learned 
that rushing, the distance 

1784
01:32:54,200 --> 01:32:56,900
between the fire and the Anvil 
is the same as cooling. 

1785
01:32:56,900 --> 01:32:58,400
The work before. 
It has been touched. 

1786
01:32:58,400 --> 01:33:02,500
The first strikes are Broad and 
orienting turning the piece a 

1787
01:33:02,500 --> 01:33:05,500
quarter rotation after every two
or three blows to work it evenly

1788
01:33:05,500 --> 01:33:08,300
across All Phases, rather than 
concentrating. 

1789
01:33:08,300 --> 01:33:09,700
The displacement in One 
Direction. 

1790
01:33:10,700 --> 01:33:13,500
The hammer Rises and falls with 
a rhythm, your body knows the 

1791
01:33:13,500 --> 01:33:15,400
way. 
It knows walking, not thought 

1792
01:33:15,400 --> 01:33:19,000
through, but felt through the 
kind of motor memory that is 

1793
01:33:19,000 --> 01:33:21,600
only available to people who 
have done a particular thing, a 

1794
01:33:21,600 --> 01:33:25,300
very large number of times. 
The sound fills, the forge and 

1795
01:33:25,300 --> 01:33:28,600
moves out through the open door 
into the morning air and you are

1796
01:33:28,600 --> 01:33:31,000
peripherally aware that it has 
been waking people up at this 

1797
01:33:31,008 --> 01:33:32,200
hour. 
For as long as you have been 

1798
01:33:32,200 --> 01:33:35,200
working here and that no one has
complained about this to your 

1799
01:33:35,208 --> 01:33:37,900
face, which you choose to 
interpret charitably. 

1800
01:33:37,900 --> 01:33:40,800
The piece goes back into the 
fire after the first working 

1801
01:33:40,800 --> 01:33:44,700
sequence, it needs to recover 
heat and you use the interval to

1802
01:33:44,700 --> 01:33:47,900
study what the hammer has 
produced so far the taper from 

1803
01:33:47,900 --> 01:33:51,200
the blunt back Edge to The 
Cutting Edge is developing 

1804
01:33:51,200 --> 01:33:54,000
evenly. 
The witch is deliberately 

1805
01:33:54,000 --> 01:33:57,000
generous at this stage, because 
the next series of working 

1806
01:33:57,000 --> 01:34:00,400
passes will draw the materials 
slightly, lengthwise your 

1807
01:34:00,400 --> 01:34:03,700
building in room for the shape 
to arrive correctly, rather than

1808
01:34:03,700 --> 01:34:06,000
trying to force it from a 
tightest starting point. 

1809
01:34:07,000 --> 01:34:09,300
Your Apprentice is maintaining 
his Bellows Rhythm. 

1810
01:34:09,300 --> 01:34:13,000
Steadily you tell him to ease 
off slightly because the fire 

1811
01:34:13,000 --> 01:34:15,800
has reached the temperature you 
want to hold rather than climb. 

1812
01:34:16,400 --> 01:34:19,900
He adjusts within three Strokes 
the morning precedes in this 

1813
01:34:19,900 --> 01:34:24,600
repeating cycle of fire Hammer. 
Fire study fire again each 

1814
01:34:24,600 --> 01:34:27,200
passed through the sequence, 
moves the peace incrementally 

1815
01:34:27,200 --> 01:34:30,400
closer to its finished form. 
There is nothing sudden about 

1816
01:34:30,408 --> 01:34:32,200
it. 
The transformation happens 

1817
01:34:32,200 --> 01:34:35,100
gradually an entirely through 
the accumulation of individual 

1818
01:34:35,100 --> 01:34:38,200
deliberate actions. 
Each one, small relative to the 

1819
01:34:38,200 --> 01:34:41,800
whole and each one necessary. 
This is the aspect of the work 

1820
01:34:41,800 --> 01:34:44,500
that people outside the craft. 
Consistently misread when they 

1821
01:34:44,500 --> 01:34:47,100
imagine it. 
They expect the single dramatic 

1822
01:34:47,100 --> 01:34:50,400
blow. 
What actually happens is closer 

1823
01:34:50,400 --> 01:34:53,500
to the way a coastline is shaped
by water through repeated 

1824
01:34:53,500 --> 01:34:57,000
contact applied patiently in a 
consistent Direction, the whole 

1825
01:34:57,000 --> 01:34:59,900
arriving only after the 
individual instances of done 

1826
01:34:59,900 --> 01:35:02,800
their quiet, accumulative work. 
By mid-morning. 

1827
01:35:02,800 --> 01:35:05,800
The cutting-edge component has 
been worked to its final shape 

1828
01:35:05,800 --> 01:35:07,700
and his cooling on the stone 
ledge. 

1829
01:35:07,700 --> 01:35:10,600
Ready for the grinding work, 
that will set the edge properly.

1830
01:35:10,600 --> 01:35:13,500
You hand this phase to your 
Apprentice with Specific 

1831
01:35:13,500 --> 01:35:16,500
Instructions, about the angle 
and the pressure, and you watch 

1832
01:35:16,500 --> 01:35:19,300
the set of his hands on the 
grinding stone with the same 

1833
01:35:19,300 --> 01:35:21,700
patient. 
Attention your master once gave 

1834
01:35:21,700 --> 01:35:25,000
to your grip on a hammer handle,
he's not yet consistent in the 

1835
01:35:25,000 --> 01:35:27,900
angle, drifting slightly after 
each stroke and correcting 

1836
01:35:27,900 --> 01:35:31,700
drifting and correcting. 
This is normal for his stage, 

1837
01:35:31,700 --> 01:35:35,300
the correction will eventually 
stop being conscious and become 

1838
01:35:35,300 --> 01:35:37,700
a bit tall. 
And at that point, he will be 

1839
01:35:37,700 --> 01:35:39,900
competent. 
The path. 

1840
01:35:39,900 --> 01:35:43,700
There is simply this repetition,
this drift and returned, his 

1841
01:35:43,700 --> 01:35:46,100
daily conversation between 
intention and execution. 

1842
01:35:47,300 --> 01:35:49,700
The gate fastenings for your 
neighbor, Follow The Cutting 

1843
01:35:49,700 --> 01:35:54,000
Edge in the afternoon sequence 
rings and hooks functional iron 

1844
01:35:54,000 --> 01:35:56,900
in proportions calibrated to the
weight and the swing of a wooden

1845
01:35:56,908 --> 01:35:59,400
gate that has been held shut by 
a ropes. 

1846
01:35:59,400 --> 01:36:02,300
Since early spring, your 
neighbor is a patient person, 

1847
01:36:02,300 --> 01:36:05,000
which is fortunate, but even 
patient. 

1848
01:36:05,000 --> 01:36:07,500
People, appreciate having a 
properly closing gate before the

1849
01:36:07,500 --> 01:36:10,200
wet season arrives. 
You work through the afternoon 

1850
01:36:10,200 --> 01:36:12,600
hours with the particular Focus 
that settles in. 

1851
01:36:12,600 --> 01:36:16,400
When the fire is cooperative and
the material is responding and 

1852
01:36:16,400 --> 01:36:19,500
the body has found its working 
Rhythm for the day, the light 

1853
01:36:19,500 --> 01:36:22,400
through the open door moves 
across the floor in its slow Arc

1854
01:36:22,400 --> 01:36:24,600
marking time without measuring 
it. 

1855
01:36:25,900 --> 01:36:28,600
The Ring Of The Hammer carries 
out into the village and comes 

1856
01:36:28,600 --> 01:36:32,900
back from nowhere absorbed by 
walls and Earth and the specific

1857
01:36:32,900 --> 01:36:35,700
acoustic dampening of a 
settlement built from organic 

1858
01:36:35,700 --> 01:36:39,100
materials in a mountain valley. 
There is a quality to the 

1859
01:36:39,100 --> 01:36:42,400
afternoon work that differs from
the morning and ways that are 

1860
01:36:42,400 --> 01:36:43,700
real, but difficult to 
articulate. 

1861
01:36:44,700 --> 01:36:48,300
By midday, the forges reached a 
steady thermal equilibrium that 

1862
01:36:48,300 --> 01:36:50,100
it will hold for the remainder 
of the working hours. 

1863
01:36:50,100 --> 01:36:54,200
The stone of the Hoth lining 
fully saturated with heat the 

1864
01:36:54,200 --> 01:36:57,000
walls themselves contributing a 
warmth that the morning never 

1865
01:36:57,000 --> 01:37:01,300
quite provides Your body has 
passed the early stiffness of 

1866
01:37:01,300 --> 01:37:04,900
the first hour and into the full
range of its working capability.

1867
01:37:05,600 --> 01:37:08,300
Your Apprentice has settled from
the morning's careful 

1868
01:37:08,300 --> 01:37:12,600
self-consciousness into a more 
natural working State responding

1869
01:37:12,600 --> 01:37:15,200
to the rhythm of the fire rather
than thinking about responding 

1870
01:37:15,200 --> 01:37:17,000
to it. 
The Rings for the gate 

1871
01:37:17,000 --> 01:37:19,500
fastenings are made from a 
shorter length of round stock 

1872
01:37:19,500 --> 01:37:23,100
worked, first into an open Ark 
by bending it around the curved 

1873
01:37:23,100 --> 01:37:26,400
Horn of the Anvil, then closed 
at the join with a welding Heat.

1874
01:37:27,200 --> 01:37:30,100
Forge weld requires the metal to
reach a temperature, close to 

1875
01:37:30,100 --> 01:37:32,700
its upper working. 
Limit, a white yellow heat, 

1876
01:37:32,700 --> 01:37:36,100
where the surface takes on a 
slightly wet bright quality that

1877
01:37:36,100 --> 01:37:38,500
experience Smith's call the 
welding range. 

1878
01:37:39,400 --> 01:37:42,100
In this narrow band of 
temperature, the surface is of 

1879
01:37:42,100 --> 01:37:44,700
two pieces of iron pressed 
together and struck will 

1880
01:37:44,700 --> 01:37:47,600
actually fuse. 
There are atomic structures into

1881
01:37:47,600 --> 01:37:49,900
mixing at the interface on the 
pressure of the hammer. 

1882
01:37:50,700 --> 01:37:53,700
Below this range, the piece is 
merely deform without joining. 

1883
01:37:54,500 --> 01:37:58,200
Above it, the metal approaches, 
its liquid state and begins to 

1884
01:37:58,200 --> 01:38:01,800
collapse under its own weight. 
You have made this judgment of 

1885
01:38:01,800 --> 01:38:04,500
very large number of times, you 
make it again. 

1886
01:38:04,500 --> 01:38:07,100
Now, pulling the open Ark from 
the fire reading. 

1887
01:38:07,100 --> 01:38:09,500
The surface color in the 
specific way of long, practice, 

1888
01:38:09,500 --> 01:38:12,800
and placing the join across the 
horn with a sequence of quick 

1889
01:38:12,800 --> 01:38:15,400
decisive. 
Blows that close and fused the 

1890
01:38:15,408 --> 01:38:19,300
ring in one continuous motion. 
You turn it to check the join 

1891
01:38:19,300 --> 01:38:23,408
for any visible void or offset. 
Find it clean and set it on the 

1892
01:38:23,416 --> 01:38:25,600
cooling ledge. 
Your Apprentice has been 

1893
01:38:25,608 --> 01:38:28,300
watching this operation with the
concentrated attention of 

1894
01:38:28,300 --> 01:38:30,000
someone, who knows they are 
seeing something. 

1895
01:38:30,000 --> 01:38:32,800
They need to understand and have
not fully understood yet. 

1896
01:38:33,500 --> 01:38:35,300
You let him watch without 
commentary. 

1897
01:38:35,300 --> 01:38:38,600
The world will appear in his 
assigned, work in about six 

1898
01:38:38,600 --> 01:38:41,000
months and by then he will have 
watched enough of them. 

1899
01:38:41,000 --> 01:38:43,700
That is hands will have already 
begun forming opinions about the

1900
01:38:43,700 --> 01:38:47,900
temperature and the timing It is
a good afternoon, you're not a 

1901
01:38:47,900 --> 01:38:49,700
swordsmith. 
And you want to be clear about 

1902
01:38:49,700 --> 01:38:53,000
this, at least in the quiet 
space of your own understanding.

1903
01:38:53,000 --> 01:38:56,100
The lineage of Blade making that
runs through the most 

1904
01:38:56,100 --> 01:38:59,300
prestigious workshops in the 
country exists in a different 

1905
01:38:59,300 --> 01:39:02,700
atmosphere from yours. 
Those Smiths work with rare 

1906
01:39:02,700 --> 01:39:06,100
materials for powerful Patriots 
and produce objects, that are 

1907
01:39:06,100 --> 01:39:10,300
simultaneously tools are looms 
and philosophical statements 

1908
01:39:10,300 --> 01:39:12,400
about the relationship between 
craft and intention. 

1909
01:39:13,200 --> 01:39:14,900
You have deep respect for this 
tradition. 

1910
01:39:14,900 --> 01:39:17,300
You simply do not participate in
it. 

1911
01:39:17,300 --> 01:39:20,100
What you are, is the personal 
functioning Village? 

1912
01:39:20,100 --> 01:39:23,700
Cannot do without consider on 
any given week what moves 

1913
01:39:23,700 --> 01:39:26,700
through your Forge. 
Sickle for the rice Harvest 

1914
01:39:26,700 --> 01:39:30,300
brought in by a farm wife who 
noted the first sign of cracking

1915
01:39:30,300 --> 01:39:32,800
the blade and brought it before,
it became a larger problem, 

1916
01:39:32,800 --> 01:39:34,800
which is exactly the right 
approach. 

1917
01:39:34,800 --> 01:39:37,900
And the one, you wish everyone 
took a set of nails ordered by 

1918
01:39:37,900 --> 01:39:41,500
the carpenter for a new storage 
building, 200 of them in two 

1919
01:39:41,500 --> 01:39:44,400
standard sizes, which is not 
glamorous work, but which took 

1920
01:39:44,400 --> 01:39:47,400
the better part of a day and 
required consistent judgment 

1921
01:39:47,400 --> 01:39:50,400
throughout to produce nails that
were straight properly headed 

1922
01:39:50,400 --> 01:39:53,700
and correct in taper. 
A fish trap frame for one of the

1923
01:39:53,700 --> 01:39:56,900
fishermen who works the River 
North of the village with a 

1924
01:39:56,900 --> 01:39:59,000
specific proportion. 
He gave you drawn on a piece of 

1925
01:39:59,008 --> 01:40:03,100
cedar bark and interpreted by 
you into functional iron. the 

1926
01:40:03,100 --> 01:40:05,500
cooking pot hook for a household
that lost theirs in an 

1927
01:40:05,500 --> 01:40:09,400
unexplained incident, involving 
a fire and a dispute about the 

1928
01:40:09,400 --> 01:40:13,300
cause of the fire that you were 
wise not present for All of this

1929
01:40:13,300 --> 01:40:16,700
is the substance of your days. 
None of it will appear in any 

1930
01:40:16,700 --> 01:40:19,800
record of artistic achievement. 
All of it makes the village 

1931
01:40:19,800 --> 01:40:23,700
function The relationship. 
You hold with each household is 

1932
01:40:23,700 --> 01:40:27,000
woven through their material 
needs in a way that accumulates 

1933
01:40:27,000 --> 01:40:29,500
slowly into something. 
Resembling genuine knowledge of 

1934
01:40:29,500 --> 01:40:32,400
their lives, you know, which 
families maintain their tools 

1935
01:40:32,400 --> 01:40:35,300
carefully and which ones bring 
things to you at the last 

1936
01:40:35,300 --> 01:40:38,100
possible moment with an 
expression that suggests, they 

1937
01:40:38,100 --> 01:40:40,100
have been meaning to come in for
some time. 

1938
01:40:40,100 --> 01:40:43,500
You know, whose half fittings 
are original construction from 

1939
01:40:43,500 --> 01:40:46,300
before your own time here and 
are probably overdue for 

1940
01:40:46,300 --> 01:40:49,800
replacement. you know whose 
fishing gear lives in the kind 

1941
01:40:49,800 --> 01:40:52,600
of environment that requires 
more durable iron than standard 

1942
01:40:52,600 --> 01:40:55,700
stock and you have adjusted your
approach to their commissions, 

1943
01:40:55,700 --> 01:40:59,100
accordingly over the years The 
carpenter Tanaka brings his 

1944
01:40:59,100 --> 01:41:03,000
aides for sharpening at regular 
intervals that are without fail 

1945
01:41:03,000 --> 01:41:05,300
slightly later than the ideal 
intervals. 

1946
01:41:05,300 --> 01:41:08,400
By the time they arrived. 
They required noticeably more 

1947
01:41:08,400 --> 01:41:10,200
work than they would have needed
a week earlier. 

1948
01:41:10,200 --> 01:41:14,800
You do not mention this, he 
knows The expression on his face

1949
01:41:14,800 --> 01:41:17,200
when he hands over the tools, 
does the commentary for him 

1950
01:41:17,200 --> 01:41:20,900
Market Days arrive on a cycle. 
Tied to the lunar calendar and 

1951
01:41:20,900 --> 01:41:24,100
fill the village with a quality 
of movement and noise that feels

1952
01:41:24,100 --> 01:41:27,400
genuinely festive. 
After the quieter rhythms of the

1953
01:41:27,400 --> 01:41:32,000
ordinary week, Merchants come 
with cloth, paper saltfish 

1954
01:41:32,000 --> 01:41:36,000
Ceramics, occasional small, 
luxuries from City workshops. 

1955
01:41:36,700 --> 01:41:39,200
Farmers from surrounding 
settlements, bring produce and 

1956
01:41:39,200 --> 01:41:42,800
news in roughly equal measure. 
The noise level climbed steadily

1957
01:41:42,800 --> 01:41:45,600
through the morning hours and 
reaches a peak around midday 

1958
01:41:45,600 --> 01:41:48,400
that you experience a 
stimulating from inside the 

1959
01:41:48,408 --> 01:41:51,600
forge and slightly overwhelming.
If you step outside for two 

1960
01:41:51,600 --> 01:41:54,600
long, you keep a small selection
of finished pieces. 

1961
01:41:54,600 --> 01:41:58,700
Near the front of your property 
on Market Days, a well-made ho 

1962
01:41:58,700 --> 01:42:03,300
balanced and cleanly finished 
Set of kitchen knives laid out 

1963
01:42:03,300 --> 01:42:05,900
on a cloth. 
The most reliably admired 

1964
01:42:05,900 --> 01:42:09,000
objects, you produce perhaps a 
specialty item from a slow 

1965
01:42:09,000 --> 01:42:11,300
period. 
Something that demonstrates a 

1966
01:42:11,300 --> 01:42:14,400
capability Beyond daily. 
Utility the display is not 

1967
01:42:14,400 --> 01:42:17,400
primarily for your existing 
customers who know you already. 

1968
01:42:18,200 --> 01:42:21,300
It is for visitors who might 
need a local Smith or who are 

1969
01:42:21,308 --> 01:42:24,500
comparing what different 
workshops produce, the kitchen 

1970
01:42:24,500 --> 01:42:26,200
knives. 
Draw the most sustained 

1971
01:42:26,200 --> 01:42:28,200
attention. 
There is something in the 

1972
01:42:28,200 --> 01:42:30,700
proportions of a good kitchen 
knife that communicates its 

1973
01:42:30,700 --> 01:42:33,600
quality directly to the hands of
anyone who has spent years 

1974
01:42:33,600 --> 01:42:36,800
working with one the weight 
distribution as you hold it by 

1975
01:42:36,800 --> 01:42:39,700
the handle, the way, the blade 
tapers from the spine to the 

1976
01:42:39,708 --> 01:42:42,000
edge, the finish of The Cutting 
face. 

1977
01:42:42,900 --> 01:42:45,000
Farm women and Fisherman's 
Partners, pick them up with 

1978
01:42:45,000 --> 01:42:48,800
immediate familiarity, feel the 
balance shift across the fingers

1979
01:42:48,800 --> 01:42:51,600
and make a sound that sits 
somewhere between professional 

1980
01:42:51,600 --> 01:42:54,100
assessment and suppress desire 
to own the thing. 

1981
01:42:54,100 --> 01:42:57,200
You have never found a better 
description for this sound. 

1982
01:42:57,200 --> 01:43:00,900
It is its own category. 
Your social position in the 

1983
01:43:00,908 --> 01:43:03,300
village is interesting in a way 
that you rarely think about 

1984
01:43:03,300 --> 01:43:07,600
directly but would recognize if 
pressed the formal social order 

1985
01:43:07,600 --> 01:43:11,400
of this era shaped by Confucian.
Influence hierarchy, places. 

1986
01:43:11,400 --> 01:43:14,400
Crafts People in a respectable 
bracket below the farmer class 

1987
01:43:14,400 --> 01:43:18,000
on the logic that farmers 
produce food and Crafts, People 

1988
01:43:18,000 --> 01:43:20,300
convert food produced well into 
objects. 

1989
01:43:21,100 --> 01:43:22,800
In the actual daily life of the 
village. 

1990
01:43:22,800 --> 01:43:25,600
This theoretical positioning 
sits alongside the Practical 

1991
01:43:25,600 --> 01:43:27,700
reality. 
That the people who make the 

1992
01:43:27,700 --> 01:43:30,400
tools that make the farming 
possible are regarded with 

1993
01:43:30,400 --> 01:43:33,200
something considerably warmer 
than secondary status. 

1994
01:43:33,200 --> 01:43:36,500
You're not concerned with the 
formal hierarchy, you are busy. 

1995
01:43:37,200 --> 01:43:39,700
But you are aware that the 
particular nature of your work, 

1996
01:43:39,700 --> 01:43:42,800
gives you a kind of knowledge of
the villages in a life that does

1997
01:43:42,800 --> 01:43:46,500
not come with most other roles. 
When you forge the fittings, for

1998
01:43:46,500 --> 01:43:49,200
a new household, your present at
the beginning of something. 

1999
01:43:50,100 --> 01:43:52,500
When you repair a tool that has 
been in a family for two 

2000
01:43:52,500 --> 01:43:55,600
generations, you are touching 
that history with your hands. 

2001
01:43:55,600 --> 01:43:58,400
When the temple asks you to make
fittings for a new gate or 

2002
01:43:58,408 --> 01:44:01,200
brackets for Atlanta. 
Stand, your participating in the

2003
01:44:01,208 --> 01:44:04,900
public face of the communities, 
religious life None of this is 

2004
01:44:04,900 --> 01:44:08,600
power in any formal sense. 
It is closer to a form of being 

2005
01:44:08,600 --> 01:44:10,500
threaded through the fabric of 
the place. 

2006
01:44:10,500 --> 01:44:14,000
So deeply woven into the 
Practical requirements of daily 

2007
01:44:14,000 --> 01:44:16,800
life, that your absence would 
leave specific gaps. 

2008
01:44:16,800 --> 01:44:19,700
That could not be easily filled.
You carry this? 

2009
01:44:19,700 --> 01:44:22,800
Not as Pride, exactly. 
But as a quiet sense of 

2010
01:44:22,800 --> 01:44:26,300
obligation that operates below 
the level of daily thought, it 

2011
01:44:26,300 --> 01:44:30,000
shows up as care in the work, it
shows up as the extra attention,

2012
01:44:30,000 --> 01:44:32,700
you give to a tool, you know, 
will be used in difficult 

2013
01:44:32,700 --> 01:44:35,100
conditions. 
It shows up as the fact that 

2014
01:44:35,100 --> 01:44:38,300
when farmer gotoh came to 
collect his plow Edge this 

2015
01:44:38,300 --> 01:44:41,200
afternoon, he turned it over in 
his hands with the expression of

2016
01:44:41,200 --> 01:44:44,300
someone, doing a genuine 
assessment, rather than a 

2017
01:44:44,300 --> 01:44:46,200
polite. 
One and what passed across his 

2018
01:44:46,200 --> 01:44:47,800
face. 
When he ran his thumb along, the

2019
01:44:47,800 --> 01:44:49,700
edge was exactly what you were 
aiming for. 

2020
01:44:49,700 --> 01:44:53,000
He left you a parcel of dried 
Persimmons in addition to the 

2021
01:44:53,000 --> 01:44:56,600
coin, which is not part of any 
formal Arrangement, it is the 

2022
01:44:56,600 --> 01:44:59,300
villages way of saying. 
Something it does not have a 

2023
01:44:59,300 --> 01:45:02,600
specific word for you, put the 
Persimmons on the Shelf of the 

2024
01:45:02,600 --> 01:45:04,400
tool wall. 
There is a moment at the 

2025
01:45:04,400 --> 01:45:07,100
beginning of each working 
morning after the tools have 

2026
01:45:07,100 --> 01:45:08,700
been checked. 
But before the first piece of 

2027
01:45:08,700 --> 01:45:11,800
iron goes into the fire that 
sits slightly apart from the 

2028
01:45:11,800 --> 01:45:15,500
routine surrounding it, you 
stand at the half to the left of

2029
01:45:15,500 --> 01:45:18,200
where you work, mounted on the 
wall at roughly shoulder height 

2030
01:45:18,200 --> 01:45:21,500
is Small, wooden shelf, you 
build and fitted yourself some 

2031
01:45:21,500 --> 01:45:24,900
years ago on it. 
You place each morning too. 

2032
01:45:24,900 --> 01:45:28,300
Offerings, a pinch of coarse 
salt folded into a small piece 

2033
01:45:28,300 --> 01:45:31,200
of paper. 
A few grains of raw rice in a 

2034
01:45:31,200 --> 01:45:32,000
shallow. 
Ceramic dish. 

2035
01:45:32,000 --> 01:45:35,400
That has held this same purpose.
Since before you remember you, 

2036
01:45:35,400 --> 01:45:38,600
press your hands together, bow 
your head and hold the position 

2037
01:45:38,600 --> 01:45:41,200
for the length of a slow breath.
Then you begin. 

2038
01:45:41,200 --> 01:45:43,900
This takes less time than 
checking the Bellows. 

2039
01:45:43,900 --> 01:45:47,900
It is not a long ceremony but it
is not something you abbreviate 

2040
01:45:47,900 --> 01:45:50,600
when you're running late and it 
is not something you can 

2041
01:45:50,600 --> 01:45:52,200
consider doing. 
Without when the morning is 

2042
01:45:52,200 --> 01:45:54,700
difficult or the day ahead, 
looks complicated. 

2043
01:45:54,700 --> 01:45:58,800
If anything, the complicated 
mornings, make it more necessary

2044
01:45:58,800 --> 01:46:01,500
rather than less. 
The relationship between the 

2045
01:46:01,500 --> 01:46:03,800
forge and Shinto. 
Belief is old in the way that 

2046
01:46:03,800 --> 01:46:07,100
the oldest relationships always 
are, which is to say, layered 

2047
01:46:07,100 --> 01:46:11,000
not entirely tidy and resistant 
to the kind of simple summary 

2048
01:46:11,000 --> 01:46:13,500
that satisfies people who were 
not raised inside it. 

2049
01:46:14,400 --> 01:46:17,400
Fire in the Shinto understanding
of the world is not simply a 

2050
01:46:17,400 --> 01:46:20,600
chemical reaction. 
It is inhabited, it carries 

2051
01:46:20,600 --> 01:46:23,300
within it. 
The presents of akame, a Divine 

2052
01:46:23,300 --> 01:46:26,300
animating Spirit whose nature is
not separate from the fire but 

2053
01:46:26,300 --> 01:46:30,200
expressed through it. 
The same is true of ion of water

2054
01:46:30,200 --> 01:46:33,200
of the wind moving through the 
valley outside your door. 

2055
01:46:33,200 --> 01:46:36,200
The world of the Shinto 
practitioner is not a world of 

2056
01:46:36,200 --> 01:46:39,400
dead matter occasionally 
influenced by Divine beings from

2057
01:46:39,400 --> 01:46:41,800
a separate realm. 
It is a world in which the 

2058
01:46:41,800 --> 01:46:44,500
sacred and the material are the 
same substance in different 

2059
01:46:44,500 --> 01:46:47,400
Arrangements. 
Approaching the forge requires 

2060
01:46:47,400 --> 01:46:50,300
preparation, that goes beyond 
the physical This is the 

2061
01:46:50,300 --> 01:46:52,600
reasoning behind the 
purification practices that 

2062
01:46:52,600 --> 01:46:56,100
govern metal working, Traditions
across the archipelago, the 

2063
01:46:56,100 --> 01:46:59,400
restrictions around certain 
foods, the required state of 

2064
01:46:59,400 --> 01:47:02,400
bodily cleanliness, the 
protocols around, who enters the

2065
01:47:02,400 --> 01:47:04,100
forge space during significant 
work. 

2066
01:47:04,900 --> 01:47:07,400
These are not arbitrary rules 
imposed from outside the 

2067
01:47:07,400 --> 01:47:09,700
practice. 
The other practical consequence 

2068
01:47:09,700 --> 01:47:12,400
of taking, seriously, the idea 
that your interior state is 

2069
01:47:12,400 --> 01:47:14,400
continuous with the quality of 
your work. 

2070
01:47:14,400 --> 01:47:17,700
The Kami, most closely 
associated with the forge and 

2071
01:47:17,700 --> 01:47:20,900
with metalworking craft is 
Canyon, whose attributes and 

2072
01:47:20,900 --> 01:47:23,500
gender vary somewhat depending 
on the regional tradition 

2073
01:47:23,500 --> 01:47:26,500
telling the story but who is 
consistently understood as 

2074
01:47:26,500 --> 01:47:29,900
present in the Forge particular 
about the conditions of the work

2075
01:47:29,900 --> 01:47:32,700
and directly connected to 
whether things go well or go 

2076
01:47:32,700 --> 01:47:36,800
badly. in some Regional 
variations can go as understood 

2077
01:47:36,800 --> 01:47:40,400
to be sent to pollution in a 
ritual sense and certain 

2078
01:47:40,400 --> 01:47:42,900
behaviors or states are 
considered incompatible with 

2079
01:47:42,900 --> 01:47:46,600
good work under her attention In
the tradition, you were raised 

2080
01:47:46,600 --> 01:47:50,500
in the emphasis Falls primarily 
on sincerity of purpose and 

2081
01:47:50,500 --> 01:47:53,600
Clarity of attention. 
Come to the forge in the right 

2082
01:47:53,600 --> 01:47:56,400
frame of mind with the right 
intention and without the 

2083
01:47:56,400 --> 01:47:59,700
residue of unresolved anger or 
distraction and clouding, your 

2084
01:47:59,700 --> 01:48:03,600
focus, and the work will benefit
your own experience is 

2085
01:48:03,600 --> 01:48:06,600
consistent with this principle 
with the full admission that you

2086
01:48:06,600 --> 01:48:09,300
cannot prove whether the 
mechanism is divine Assistance 

2087
01:48:09,300 --> 01:48:12,700
or simply the physics of what 
happens when a crafts person 

2088
01:48:12,700 --> 01:48:16,000
Works in a state of full 
attention versus divided 

2089
01:48:16,000 --> 01:48:19,000
attention. 
What you can say with confidence

2090
01:48:19,000 --> 01:48:21,100
is that on the mornings. 
When you arrive at the half 

2091
01:48:21,100 --> 01:48:23,700
carrying some unfinished, 
argument from the previous 

2092
01:48:23,700 --> 01:48:27,000
evening or some anxiety about a 
commission that is not going as 

2093
01:48:27,000 --> 01:48:29,500
planned. 
Fire does not behave 

2094
01:48:29,500 --> 01:48:31,700
differently. 
The iron does not change its 

2095
01:48:31,700 --> 01:48:35,500
properties, but the work that 
emerges is noticeably less than 

2096
01:48:35,500 --> 01:48:38,000
the work that comes from a 
morning when your mind is 

2097
01:48:38,000 --> 01:48:39,900
settled and your hands are 
ready. 

2098
01:48:41,200 --> 01:48:43,800
The distinction between these 
two outcomes is real and 

2099
01:48:43,800 --> 01:48:47,900
observable whether it is Canyon 
with drawing her Assistance or a

2100
01:48:47,900 --> 01:48:49,800
distracted craftsperson 
producing distracted. 

2101
01:48:49,800 --> 01:48:52,800
Work is in terms of the 
Practical effect on the finished

2102
01:48:52,800 --> 01:48:55,900
piece, not a distinction that 
changes what you need to do. 

2103
01:48:55,900 --> 01:48:58,300
You need to arrive with your 
attention in order. 

2104
01:48:59,000 --> 01:49:01,400
The morning, ritual is one of 
the ways you ensure that you do 

2105
01:49:01,400 --> 01:49:05,200
the records associated, with the
highest tier of Japanese craft 

2106
01:49:05,200 --> 01:49:09,200
particularly the swordsmith, 
Traditions describe elaborate 

2107
01:49:09,200 --> 01:49:11,200
proprietary. 
Protocols, that extend this 

2108
01:49:11,200 --> 01:49:14,900
basic principle to its fullest 
expression periods of ritual 

2109
01:49:14,900 --> 01:49:19,000
purification before major work, 
sacred rope and paper offerings.

2110
01:49:19,000 --> 01:49:22,000
Hung at the entrance to the 
forge space prayer at the 

2111
01:49:22,008 --> 01:49:25,000
lighting of the fire. 
The understanding that a 

2112
01:49:25,000 --> 01:49:26,300
finished blade carries within 
it. 

2113
01:49:26,300 --> 01:49:29,800
The inner state of the person 
who made it not a Superstition 

2114
01:49:29,800 --> 01:49:34,300
but as the natural result of 
sustained focused, craft you're 

2115
01:49:34,300 --> 01:49:37,400
making agricultural tools and 
gate fittings, not ceremonial 

2116
01:49:37,400 --> 01:49:40,800
blades. but you find this 
understanding applies at every 

2117
01:49:40,800 --> 01:49:44,300
level, if you are willing to 
take it seriously, The plow Edge

2118
01:49:44,300 --> 01:49:47,700
that farmer gotoh collected 
today will be used in the fields

2119
01:49:47,700 --> 01:49:50,900
for several seasons. 
It will meet the earth, a 1,000 

2120
01:49:50,900 --> 01:49:53,300
times or more. 
The quality of attention you 

2121
01:49:53,300 --> 01:49:55,700
brought to its making is 
presented in it in ways that 

2122
01:49:55,700 --> 01:49:59,200
will Express himself through its
working life in, how cleanly, it

2123
01:49:59,200 --> 01:50:02,400
meets the ground and whether it 
holds its Edge under difficult 

2124
01:50:02,400 --> 01:50:05,100
conditions and whether it can be
sharp and evenly. 

2125
01:50:05,100 --> 01:50:08,300
When the time comes, the god of 
fire in the oldest creation, 

2126
01:50:08,300 --> 01:50:12,000
accounts could see whose birth 
calls such grief in the world of

2127
01:50:12,000 --> 01:50:15,900
the Army is understood as both 
the force that destroys and the 

2128
01:50:15,900 --> 01:50:17,800
force, that makes new things 
possible. 

2129
01:50:18,700 --> 01:50:21,400
The Duality is not a 
contradiction but a description 

2130
01:50:21,400 --> 01:50:25,400
of what fire actually does. 
It consumes what was and creates

2131
01:50:25,400 --> 01:50:27,000
the conditions for what comes 
next? 

2132
01:50:27,900 --> 01:50:32,900
The forge is, in this sense, a 
place of transformation a point 

2133
01:50:32,908 --> 01:50:35,600
in the world, where one state of
matter is converted into 

2134
01:50:35,600 --> 01:50:38,500
another, through the agency of 
heat and human skill. 

2135
01:50:38,500 --> 01:50:41,500
And in the understanding of the 
tradition, that shaped your 

2136
01:50:41,500 --> 01:50:44,600
approach to the craft, the 
presence of the divine, within 

2137
01:50:44,600 --> 01:50:48,100
the material itself, your second
Apprentice who works with you 

2138
01:50:48,100 --> 01:50:50,400
several days each week when the 
commission load demands, it 

2139
01:50:50,400 --> 01:50:54,300
asked you once what the morning 
offerings were actually Four, he

2140
01:50:54,300 --> 01:50:57,500
was genuinely curious rather 
than skeptical, which made the 

2141
01:50:57,500 --> 01:50:59,100
question worth answering 
carefully. 

2142
01:50:59,800 --> 01:51:01,900
You told him that the offerings 
were a way of beginning 

2143
01:51:01,900 --> 01:51:04,500
correctly, a way of 
acknowledging that you are 

2144
01:51:04,500 --> 01:51:07,700
asking the fire to do something 
on your behalf and that this 

2145
01:51:07,700 --> 01:51:10,000
asking was worth a moment of 
formal recognition. 

2146
01:51:11,500 --> 01:51:14,500
He sat with this answer for a 
moment, turning it over with the

2147
01:51:14,500 --> 01:51:17,400
same expression he uses when 
reading a new piece of iron for 

2148
01:51:17,400 --> 01:51:20,700
the first time. 
Then he nodded and you could 

2149
01:51:20,708 --> 01:51:23,400
tell that the answered found 
something in him that was 

2150
01:51:23,400 --> 01:51:28,200
already half formed and waiting.
The light inside the forge in 

2151
01:51:28,200 --> 01:51:30,800
the late afternoon is different 
from the morning, light, in a 

2152
01:51:30,800 --> 01:51:33,200
way that you have observed for 
years without quite reaching the

2153
01:51:33,200 --> 01:51:36,000
end of what it means. 
The morning light comes in low 

2154
01:51:36,000 --> 01:51:38,800
and direct through the open door
lying across the floor. 

2155
01:51:38,800 --> 01:51:42,000
In a narrow bar that gradually 
widens as the sun climbs. 

2156
01:51:42,000 --> 01:51:45,800
The afternoon light comes in at 
a longer angle wider and more 

2157
01:51:45,800 --> 01:51:48,900
golden lying across a greater 
area of the floor with less 

2158
01:51:48,900 --> 01:51:52,300
intensity and more warmth. 
By late after noon, it reaches 

2159
01:51:52,300 --> 01:51:55,200
almost to the base of the half 
and the whole interior of the 

2160
01:51:55,200 --> 01:51:58,000
forge takes on a color, that 
makes the old soot on the walls 

2161
01:51:58,000 --> 01:51:59,800
look almost Amber rather than 
black. 

2162
01:52:00,500 --> 01:52:02,000
The gate fastenings for your 
neighbor. 

2163
01:52:02,000 --> 01:52:03,400
A cooling in their row on the 
ledge. 

2164
01:52:03,400 --> 01:52:06,900
They are not remarkable objects,
a person could walk past them 

2165
01:52:06,900 --> 01:52:10,100
without a Second Glance and be 
entirely right to do so. 

2166
01:52:10,100 --> 01:52:12,900
But you pick one up and turn it 
in your hands. 

2167
01:52:12,900 --> 01:52:16,800
And what you see is a ring that 
closes cleanly, a hook with a 

2168
01:52:16,808 --> 01:52:20,000
proportional, Curve, Your Eye 
approves of a surface that is 

2169
01:52:20,000 --> 01:52:23,800
even and properly finished. 
These are the marks of work done

2170
01:52:23,800 --> 01:52:26,700
with attention and care and that
is precisely what they should 

2171
01:52:26,700 --> 01:52:28,200
be. 
You set it back down. 

2172
01:52:28,200 --> 01:52:30,500
The fire does not go out all at 
once. 

2173
01:52:30,500 --> 01:52:34,200
This is a plain fact about the 
physics of combustion and the 

2174
01:52:34,200 --> 01:52:37,700
thermal mass of a well-built 
forge half and yet it is worth 

2175
01:52:37,700 --> 01:52:40,800
City with rather than simply 
accepting as background 

2176
01:52:40,800 --> 01:52:44,000
information. 
The transition from Full working

2177
01:52:44,000 --> 01:52:46,400
heat to cold. 
Ash is a long gradual process, 

2178
01:52:46,400 --> 01:52:49,600
the slow relinquishment of 
energy that takes most of the 

2179
01:52:49,600 --> 01:52:53,200
evening to complete. 
On most working days, your 

2180
01:52:53,200 --> 01:52:54,700
present for a good portion of 
it. 

2181
01:52:54,700 --> 01:52:57,800
The last piece of finished work 
left the forge before the 

2182
01:52:57,800 --> 01:52:59,700
afternoon light reached its 
lowest angle. 

2183
01:53:00,500 --> 01:53:03,800
Farmer gotoh came himself for 
the plow Edge arriving, with the

2184
01:53:03,808 --> 01:53:06,700
Quiet, purposefulness of someone
who has been thinking about this

2185
01:53:06,700 --> 01:53:09,800
errand, all day, and is now in 
the satisfying business of 

2186
01:53:09,800 --> 01:53:12,800
completing it. 
He assessed the piece with 

2187
01:53:12,800 --> 01:53:16,300
genuine attention, ran his thumb
Along The Cutting Edge in the 

2188
01:53:16,300 --> 01:53:19,200
careful way of someone who has 
spent decades judging the 

2189
01:53:19,200 --> 01:53:21,900
quality of blades against the 
resistance of Earth and Route 

2190
01:53:21,900 --> 01:53:24,300
and stone. 
His expression shifted through 

2191
01:53:24,300 --> 01:53:27,900
several stages of evaluation 
arriving eventually at something

2192
01:53:27,900 --> 01:53:31,100
that required no commentary. 
He handed you the dried 

2193
01:53:31,100 --> 01:53:34,400
Persimmons in addition to the 
agreed payment said, a brief 

2194
01:53:34,400 --> 01:53:37,300
farewell and walked back down 
the path toward the River 

2195
01:53:37,300 --> 01:53:39,200
Terrace. 
You put the Persimmons on the 

2196
01:53:39,200 --> 01:53:42,100
Shelf. 
The closing sequence of the day,

2197
01:53:42,100 --> 01:53:45,400
has its own established logic, 
mirroring the opening in the way

2198
01:53:45,400 --> 01:53:48,000
that the end of any well 
considered system mirrors its 

2199
01:53:48,000 --> 01:53:50,500
beginning. 
The tools that were inactive 

2200
01:53:50,500 --> 01:53:53,200
used during working hours, come 
down, from their positions and 

2201
01:53:53,200 --> 01:53:54,700
go back to their stored 
positions. 

2202
01:53:55,600 --> 01:53:58,300
Hammers get wiped clean of the 
scale that accumulates on the 

2203
01:53:58,300 --> 01:54:02,500
face during the Working Day. 
Thin layer of iron oxide that 

2204
01:54:02,500 --> 01:54:05,900
flakes off the heated metal 
during hammering and lands on 

2205
01:54:05,900 --> 01:54:08,900
every nearby surface with 
Democratic impartiality. 

2206
01:54:08,900 --> 01:54:12,100
The tong Jaws are checked once 
more, not because they are 

2207
01:54:12,100 --> 01:54:14,800
likely to have changed since 
morning, but because the habit 

2208
01:54:14,800 --> 01:54:18,500
of checking done, consistently 
is what keeps small problems 

2209
01:54:18,500 --> 01:54:22,500
from becoming large ones. 
Your Apprentice swept the floor 

2210
01:54:22,500 --> 01:54:25,200
before he left for the evening, 
doing it with the particular 

2211
01:54:25,200 --> 01:54:27,800
thoroughness of a person who is 
aware that the quality of his 

2212
01:54:27,800 --> 01:54:30,600
sweet will still be visible 
tomorrow morning, when someone 

2213
01:54:30,600 --> 01:54:33,900
capable of assessing it arrives,
this is good Instinct. 

2214
01:54:33,900 --> 01:54:37,900
You said nothing about it to him
directly but the fact that he 

2215
01:54:37,900 --> 01:54:40,800
has moved from doing the floor 
sweep quickly and carelessly in 

2216
01:54:40,800 --> 01:54:42,200
his first weeks to doing it 
well. 

2217
01:54:42,200 --> 01:54:45,600
And without needing to be 
reminded represents a trajectory

2218
01:54:45,600 --> 01:54:48,300
the his heading in exactly the 
right direction. 

2219
01:54:49,200 --> 01:54:52,000
He left with a bow that was 
noticeably less formal than his 

2220
01:54:52,000 --> 01:54:55,100
morning arrival, which you 
interpret as a sign that the day

2221
01:54:55,100 --> 01:54:58,100
spent working actually worked. 
He was still performing 

2222
01:54:58,100 --> 01:55:01,800
composure at 8 in the morning by
5 in the afternoon he was simply

2223
01:55:01,800 --> 01:55:03,600
present which is much more 
useful. 

2224
01:55:03,600 --> 01:55:07,000
You carry both water buckets to 
the well in the last of the good

2225
01:55:07,000 --> 01:55:09,600
light the well is on the east 
side of your property. 

2226
01:55:09,600 --> 01:55:12,300
Close to the guardian, your 
neighbor maintains along the 

2227
01:55:12,300 --> 01:55:15,300
shared boundary line and the 
walk there and back gives you a 

2228
01:55:15,300 --> 01:55:18,700
few minutes of open air and the 
view across the lower Paddy's to

2229
01:55:18,700 --> 01:55:20,700
the tree line on the opposite 
side of the valley. 

2230
01:55:22,000 --> 01:55:24,800
The paddies at this time of year
are a particular shade of green 

2231
01:55:24,800 --> 01:55:28,000
that exists for only a few 
weeks, a bright saturated 

2232
01:55:28,000 --> 01:55:30,700
growth. 
Green that catches whatever 

2233
01:55:30,700 --> 01:55:33,100
remains of the afternoon, light 
and holds it. 

2234
01:55:33,100 --> 01:55:36,300
Like it intends to keep it. 
You look at it while you wait 

2235
01:55:36,300 --> 01:55:39,000
for the bucket to fill the water
goes into the barrel. 

2236
01:55:39,000 --> 01:55:42,900
You replace the wooden lid, your
evening meal is eaten outside, 

2237
01:55:42,900 --> 01:55:46,600
on the low, step beside the four
entrance in what has become over

2238
01:55:46,600 --> 01:55:48,900
the years. 
One of your preferred times of 

2239
01:55:48,900 --> 01:55:51,900
day, Rice with pickled and 
burdock root. 

2240
01:55:51,900 --> 01:55:56,000
A piece of dried fish, cold tea,
nothing elaborate The 

2241
01:55:56,000 --> 01:55:58,700
combination of physical 
tiredness and clear, mental 

2242
01:55:58,700 --> 01:56:00,700
quiet. 
That characterizes the end of a 

2243
01:56:00,700 --> 01:56:03,100
well-spent day. 
Makes plain food tastes like 

2244
01:56:03,108 --> 01:56:05,400
exactly what it is, which is 
sufficient. 

2245
01:56:05,400 --> 01:56:09,600
You eat without haste without 
particular, thought watching the

2246
01:56:09,600 --> 01:56:12,400
smoke from the covered, half 
rise in, a thin steady. 

2247
01:56:12,400 --> 01:56:15,700
Column of the roofline The 
Village settles in to evening 

2248
01:56:15,700 --> 01:56:17,800
around. 
You cooking, fires in the 

2249
01:56:17,808 --> 01:56:20,900
neighboring houses produced 
their own threads of smoke that 

2250
01:56:20,900 --> 01:56:24,800
rise and drift in the still air.
The smell of the mixes with the 

2251
01:56:24,800 --> 01:56:28,700
cool iron and Ash of your own 
Forge into the specifically 

2252
01:56:28,700 --> 01:56:31,800
Factory texture of this hour in 
this place that has been 

2253
01:56:31,800 --> 01:56:34,300
continuous in your life for as 
long as you can. 

2254
01:56:34,300 --> 01:56:38,900
Clearly remember Voices carry 
from the nearby households and 

2255
01:56:38,900 --> 01:56:41,500
the way that voices do, when the
general noise of the day is 

2256
01:56:41,508 --> 01:56:45,700
dropped away, not their words, 
but their tones, the relaxed and

2257
01:56:45,700 --> 01:56:48,700
unguarded quality of people who 
have finished their public 

2258
01:56:48,700 --> 01:56:50,400
duties and returned to 
themselves. 

2259
01:56:50,400 --> 01:56:52,300
Somewhere a child is being 
called. 

2260
01:56:52,300 --> 01:56:55,200
In from somewhere, they would 
rather remain, you finish your 

2261
01:56:55,200 --> 01:56:58,200
meal, set the bowl down on the 
step and sit, for a moment with 

2262
01:56:58,200 --> 01:56:59,500
your hands, Loosely on your 
knees. 

2263
01:57:00,500 --> 01:57:03,500
The quality of tiredness you 
carry right now is not the Halo 

2264
01:57:03,500 --> 01:57:06,000
depleted. 
Tiredness of a day spent without

2265
01:57:06,000 --> 01:57:08,900
purpose. 
It is the specific weight of a 

2266
01:57:08,900 --> 01:57:11,700
body that has done real physical
work in service of real 

2267
01:57:11,700 --> 01:57:14,200
outcomes. 
And there is a satisfaction in 

2268
01:57:14,200 --> 01:57:17,400
this that sits quietly alongside
the tiredness rather than being 

2269
01:57:17,400 --> 01:57:20,600
obscured by it. 
You go back into the forge for 

2270
01:57:20,608 --> 01:57:23,900
the last inspection. 
The Hearthfire has dropped to a 

2271
01:57:23,900 --> 01:57:27,800
deep orange bed of coals glowing
without visible flame producing 

2272
01:57:27,800 --> 01:57:29,600
heat. 
That still radiates outward, 

2273
01:57:29,600 --> 01:57:32,700
clearly enough to feel on your 
extended Palm from three 

2274
01:57:32,700 --> 01:57:35,600
handling away. 
You do not extinguish the coals 

2275
01:57:35,600 --> 01:57:37,300
entirely. 
The covered fire. 

2276
01:57:37,300 --> 01:57:40,800
That retains its heat overnight 
requires far less Fuel and far 

2277
01:57:40,800 --> 01:57:43,200
less time to reach working 
temperature for the next morning

2278
01:57:43,200 --> 01:57:45,500
than a cold half started from 
nothing. 

2279
01:57:45,500 --> 01:57:49,200
And the stone line endures, the 
gradual cycle of retained warmth

2280
01:57:49,200 --> 01:57:52,200
and early morning rebuilding 
better than the sharp thermal 

2281
01:57:52,200 --> 01:57:55,400
shock of a cold start. 
You cover the coals with a layer

2282
01:57:55,400 --> 01:57:56,700
of ash from the edge of the 
half. 

2283
01:57:56,700 --> 01:58:00,300
Using the long handle Dash. 
Rake reducing the airflow enough

2284
01:58:00,300 --> 01:58:02,900
to slow the burning to an Embers
Pace without stopping it 

2285
01:58:02,900 --> 01:58:05,500
tomorrow morning. 
Three pumps of the Bellows will 

2286
01:58:05,500 --> 01:58:08,000
bring it back. 
You disconnect the Bellows from 

2287
01:58:08,000 --> 01:58:10,500
the two-year and hang the 
assembly in its storage 

2288
01:58:10,500 --> 01:58:12,600
position. 
The leather holds better with 

2289
01:58:12,600 --> 01:58:15,600
air circulation overnight than 
with the nozzle still attached, 

2290
01:58:15,600 --> 01:58:18,600
which you learned through a 
cracked and prematurely aging 

2291
01:58:18,600 --> 01:58:22,700
seal some years ago and have not
repeated since you straighten 

2292
01:58:22,700 --> 01:58:25,100
the charcoal stack your 
Apprentice brought in this 

2293
01:58:25,100 --> 01:58:28,000
morning pulling The Irregular 
pieces back into their orderly 

2294
01:58:28,000 --> 01:58:30,300
arrangement. 
So that tomorrow selection is 

2295
01:58:30,300 --> 01:58:34,100
quick and deliberate rather than
exploratory you check the tool 

2296
01:58:34,100 --> 01:58:36,400
wall of final time running your 
eye. 

2297
01:58:36,400 --> 01:58:39,700
Along the Hammers, the tongs, 
The Specialist tools hanging at 

2298
01:58:39,700 --> 01:58:42,400
the far end. 
Everything is where it belongs. 

2299
01:58:42,400 --> 01:58:46,700
Everything is ready. 
You step back and look at the 

2300
01:58:46,708 --> 01:58:50,000
forge, the light from the 
covered Kohl's is the only light

2301
01:58:50,000 --> 01:58:52,800
in the building now, lower 
Amber, moving slightly with the 

2302
01:58:52,800 --> 01:58:56,300
small shifts in the coals. 
Beneath the ash, the anvils worn

2303
01:58:56,300 --> 01:58:59,500
face holds the glow on its 
surface in the way that iron 

2304
01:58:59,500 --> 01:59:02,900
holds light absorbing it and 
releasing it warmed. 

2305
01:59:03,600 --> 01:59:05,000
The Hamas on their hooks are 
dark. 

2306
01:59:05,000 --> 01:59:08,900
Outlines the swept floor, still 
faintly warm from the days heat,

2307
01:59:08,900 --> 01:59:11,700
reflects nothing. 
The whole Space has the quality 

2308
01:59:11,700 --> 01:59:15,200
of something that has completed 
its purpose and settled into a 

2309
01:59:15,200 --> 01:59:19,000
patient version of itself. 
Not abandoned, not empty but 

2310
01:59:19,000 --> 01:59:21,700
finished for the day and resting
in that completion. 

2311
01:59:22,900 --> 01:59:25,300
You close the wide door and 
latch it from outside. 

2312
01:59:26,200 --> 01:59:28,600
The 30 Paces back to your 
sleeping quarters, feel 

2313
01:59:28,600 --> 01:59:30,200
different at night than they do 
at dawn. 

2314
01:59:31,500 --> 01:59:33,500
The path is familiar enough that
your feet. 

2315
01:59:33,500 --> 01:59:36,300
Find it without the Need For 
Thought, leaving your attention,

2316
01:59:36,300 --> 01:59:40,500
free to go where it wants to go.
The air has cooled substantially

2317
01:59:40,500 --> 01:59:42,900
and carries the distinct 
nighttime version of the valley,

2318
01:59:42,900 --> 01:59:45,000
smell the rice paddies more 
pronounced. 

2319
01:59:45,000 --> 01:59:48,800
The pine from the hillside more 
resinous the garden along the 

2320
01:59:48,800 --> 01:59:51,300
neighboring, boundary releasing 
the particular fragrance that 

2321
01:59:51,300 --> 01:59:53,700
some plants. 
Save, specifically for Darkness,

2322
01:59:53,700 --> 01:59:57,000
you stop in the open ground 
between the forge in your door 

2323
01:59:57,000 --> 02:00:00,200
and look up the sky of Village 
without artificial. 

2324
02:00:00,200 --> 02:00:02,800
Light is not something that 
translates easily into 

2325
02:00:02,800 --> 02:00:06,100
description. 
It is simply there in full the 

2326
02:00:06,100 --> 02:00:08,700
complete weight of a clear night
sky with no competition. 

2327
02:00:08,700 --> 02:00:12,000
The Stars present in their 
actual numbers, rather than the 

2328
02:00:12,000 --> 02:00:14,900
reduced and Faded version that 
lives above cities and towns. 

2329
02:00:15,700 --> 02:00:19,000
The Familiar shapes the River of
Light asking from Horizon, to 

2330
02:00:19,000 --> 02:00:22,000
Horizon the Clusters, and 
formations your grandmother 

2331
02:00:22,000 --> 02:00:24,200
pointed out to you by name. 
When you were too young to 

2332
02:00:24,200 --> 02:00:27,100
appreciate the gift and old 
enough now to be quietly 

2333
02:00:27,100 --> 02:00:30,100
grateful for it. 
None of this particular sky has 

2334
02:00:30,100 --> 02:00:33,000
any interest in whether the gate
fastenings were completed today.

2335
02:00:33,800 --> 02:00:36,700
the distance between those 
burning points of light and the 

2336
02:00:36,700 --> 02:00:40,200
finished iron cooling on a Ledge
in a provincial Village Forge is

2337
02:00:40,200 --> 02:00:43,300
the kind of distance that makes 
categories like important and 

2338
02:00:43,300 --> 02:00:45,600
unimportant feel like the small 
local Arrangements, they 

2339
02:00:45,600 --> 02:00:49,400
actually are All of it. 
Every moment of this day was 

2340
02:00:49,400 --> 02:00:53,200
only here only yours only the 
iron and The Fire And The 

2341
02:00:53,200 --> 02:00:55,500
Apprentice correcting. 
His Bellows Rhythm and the 

2342
02:00:55,500 --> 02:00:58,000
farmer running, his thumb along 
the edge of a piece you made 

2343
02:00:58,000 --> 02:01:01,400
with the full attention, you had
to give that is the complete 

2344
02:01:01,400 --> 02:01:05,900
list of what happened today. 
It is as good list inside the 

2345
02:01:05,900 --> 02:01:09,200
matters waiting, the room is 
dark and cool and smells of 

2346
02:01:09,200 --> 02:01:12,300
Cedar and old cloth, and the 
faint trace of forged smoke. 

2347
02:01:12,300 --> 02:01:14,100
That has worked. 
Its way permanently into the 

2348
02:01:14,100 --> 02:01:16,500
fabric of everything, you own 
and everything. 

2349
02:01:16,500 --> 02:01:20,100
You are, you ease yourself down 
onto the mat with the unhurried,

2350
02:01:20,100 --> 02:01:22,200
deliberateness of a body that 
knows it to turned. 

2351
02:01:22,200 --> 02:01:26,500
Its rest, and is not in a hurry 
to waste the experience outside.

2352
02:01:26,500 --> 02:01:29,900
The village makes its night 
sound the tree frogs along the 

2353
02:01:29,900 --> 02:01:32,800
irrigation Channel. 
Occasional shift of a horse. 

2354
02:01:32,800 --> 02:01:36,300
In a nearby stable, the steady 
quiet of a community that has 

2355
02:01:36,300 --> 02:01:39,300
finished its day and released 
itself from the particular 

2356
02:01:39,300 --> 02:01:42,900
effort of being awake in the 
Forge, the coals under their 

2357
02:01:42,900 --> 02:01:45,900
blanket of Asher sleeping. 
The tools are hanging in their 

2358
02:01:45,900 --> 02:01:49,000
places patient and ready. 
And you do the thing that all 

2359
02:01:49,000 --> 02:01:51,800
tired bodies to eventually, when
the work is done, and the fire 

2360
02:01:51,800 --> 02:01:54,900
is covered, and the dark outside
is the full dark of genuine 

2361
02:01:54,900 --> 02:01:59,200
Knight, you close your eyes And 
the day, which was an ordinary 

2362
02:01:59,200 --> 02:02:01,800
one folds itself quietly away. 
Sleep. 

2363
02:02:01,800 --> 02:02:12,400
Well, my tired half keepers. 
40,000 years ago, Europe was a 

2364
02:02:12,400 --> 02:02:15,100
different world. 
Ice sheet stretched across the 

2365
02:02:15,100 --> 02:02:18,700
northern lands and two kinds of 
humans walked the same forests 

2366
02:02:18,700 --> 02:02:22,200
hunted, the same valleys and 
shared the same cold Stars 

2367
02:02:22,200 --> 02:02:27,000
overhead, This is the story of 
that meeting the landscape would

2368
02:02:27,008 --> 02:02:30,200
look strange to you. 
Now imagine stepping out into a 

2369
02:02:30,200 --> 02:02:33,600
world where the trees are 
scattered and stunted cold winds

2370
02:02:33,600 --> 02:02:36,300
blow across, open grasslands 
that stretched to the horizon. 

2371
02:02:37,500 --> 02:02:40,900
In summer while flowers, burst 
from the tundra in waves of 

2372
02:02:40,900 --> 02:02:44,200
purple and gold in Winter, the 
ground freezes. 

2373
02:02:44,200 --> 02:02:46,200
So hard. 
That even the largest animals 

2374
02:02:46,200 --> 02:02:49,000
leave barely a trace, the air 
smells different here. 

2375
02:02:50,000 --> 02:02:54,100
Carries the sharp mineral Center
of glacial melt and the thick 

2376
02:02:54,100 --> 02:02:56,800
musk of animals. 
You have never seen except in 

2377
02:02:56,800 --> 02:03:01,500
books, mammoths move across the 
plains in family groups, their 

2378
02:03:01,500 --> 02:03:05,100
curved tusks sweep through the 
snow to reach the dried grasses 

2379
02:03:05,100 --> 02:03:08,300
underneath. 
Wooly rhinoceros Lumber through 

2380
02:03:08,308 --> 02:03:10,600
river. 
Valleys, they're thick coats 

2381
02:03:10,600 --> 02:03:13,400
matted with ice cave. 
Lions watched from Rocky 

2382
02:03:13,400 --> 02:03:16,800
outcrops their muscles Rippling 
beneath golden fur. 

2383
02:03:16,800 --> 02:03:21,200
Giant elk with antlers spanning 
12 feet crossed The Meadows at 

2384
02:03:21,200 --> 02:03:24,200
dawn, you hear their calls 
echoing Through, The Valleys 

2385
02:03:24,200 --> 02:03:26,800
strange and Haunting in the 
pre-dawn light. 

2386
02:03:27,500 --> 02:03:32,900
The sky itself seems larger here
at night the Stars Blaze with an

2387
02:03:32,900 --> 02:03:35,700
intensity that no modern city 
dweller has ever witnessed. 

2388
02:03:35,700 --> 02:03:39,600
The Milky Way is not a faint 
smudge, but a River of Light 

2389
02:03:39,600 --> 02:03:44,200
cutting across the darkness 
Aurora Borealis dances green and

2390
02:03:44,200 --> 02:03:45,700
violet to cross the northern 
Horizon. 

2391
02:03:45,700 --> 02:03:48,000
Casting strange Shadows on the 
snow. 

2392
02:03:49,200 --> 02:03:51,800
The Moon Rises huge and orange 
over the step. 

2393
02:03:51,800 --> 02:03:55,500
Illuminating, a world that feels
both, beautiful and unforgiving.

2394
02:03:56,400 --> 02:03:59,500
Rivers run cold and clear from 
the melting edges of distant 

2395
02:03:59,500 --> 02:04:03,100
glaciers in Spring these 
waterways swell and carve new 

2396
02:04:03,100 --> 02:04:06,500
channels through the landscape. 
Salmon, Run, Upstream in 

2397
02:04:06,500 --> 02:04:09,600
numbers, that seem impossible. 
Their silver body's flashing in 

2398
02:04:09,600 --> 02:04:12,700
the shallows. 
Bears wade into the current 

2399
02:04:12,700 --> 02:04:16,100
snacking fish with practice 
deficiency, wolves. 

2400
02:04:16,100 --> 02:04:19,000
Follow the herds of reindeer and
horse testing for weakness, 

2401
02:04:19,000 --> 02:04:23,000
working in coordinated silence. 
This is the world where our 

2402
02:04:23,000 --> 02:04:27,000
Story begins not in one place, 
but across a vast territory 

2403
02:04:27,000 --> 02:04:30,000
spanning, from what we now, call
Spain to the caves of Southern 

2404
02:04:30,000 --> 02:04:33,400
France from the river valleys of
Germany to the rocky coast of 

2405
02:04:33,400 --> 02:04:36,100
Gibraltar. 
The climate shifts and changes 

2406
02:04:36,100 --> 02:04:39,200
with the centuries. 
Sometimes the ice Retreats and 

2407
02:04:39,200 --> 02:04:42,900
Forest creep North other times, 
the cold tightens its grip and 

2408
02:04:42,900 --> 02:04:46,100
the glaciers advanced again. 
Forcing everything living to 

2409
02:04:46,100 --> 02:04:50,200
adapt or move or disappear. 
In the middle of all this change

2410
02:04:50,200 --> 02:04:53,900
humans, make their homes but not
one kind of human. 

2411
02:04:53,900 --> 02:04:58,100
Two separate lineages each shape
by hundreds of thousands of 

2412
02:04:58,100 --> 02:05:00,100
years of evolution in different 
parts of the world. 

2413
02:05:00,100 --> 02:05:02,500
Now, share this challenging 
landscape. 

2414
02:05:02,500 --> 02:05:06,000
They have different bodies 
different phases, different ways

2415
02:05:06,000 --> 02:05:08,200
of thinking about the world 
around them yet. 

2416
02:05:08,200 --> 02:05:11,800
They are both undeniably human. 
The first group has been here 

2417
02:05:11,800 --> 02:05:14,800
for a very long time. 
Their ancestors, walked these 

2418
02:05:14,800 --> 02:05:18,500
lands for over 200,000 years 
before the second group arrived.

2419
02:05:19,300 --> 02:05:23,200
They know, every cave, every 
seasonal migration route, every 

2420
02:05:23,200 --> 02:05:24,800
place. 
Where Flint can be found and 

2421
02:05:24,800 --> 02:05:27,900
shaped into tools, they have a 
weather ice ages. 

2422
02:05:27,900 --> 02:05:29,900
That would have destroyed less 
adaptable species. 

2423
02:05:29,900 --> 02:05:33,500
They have learned to read the 
landscape, like a language to 

2424
02:05:33,500 --> 02:05:36,700
predict where game will be and 
when plants will fruit, and how 

2425
02:05:36,700 --> 02:05:39,200
to survive Winters that can kill
in a single night. 

2426
02:05:40,000 --> 02:05:43,800
These are the Neanderthals. 
The name comes from a valley in 

2427
02:05:43,800 --> 02:05:46,600
Germany, where their bones were 
first recognized as belonging to

2428
02:05:46,600 --> 02:05:50,300
an ancient human relative. 
But that value was just one 

2429
02:05:50,300 --> 02:05:54,400
small place in a vast territory.
Neanderthals lived across Europe

2430
02:05:54,400 --> 02:05:57,000
and Western Asia. 
For Millennia adapting to 

2431
02:05:57,000 --> 02:06:00,700
climates both harsh and Mild 
developing technologies that 

2432
02:06:00,700 --> 02:06:02,800
worked. 
Raising children who learned to 

2433
02:06:02,800 --> 02:06:05,700
survive in a world that demanded
constant vigilance and skill. 

2434
02:06:05,700 --> 02:06:09,200
Picture a neanderthal standing 
on a cliff overlooking, a river 

2435
02:06:09,208 --> 02:06:12,700
valley at sunset The figure is 
stockier than a modern human 

2436
02:06:12,700 --> 02:06:15,800
built for power and endurance 
rather than the long-distance 

2437
02:06:15,800 --> 02:06:19,200
efficiency that would come to 
characterize later populations. 

2438
02:06:19,900 --> 02:06:23,200
The body is Barrel, chested with
thick bones and Powerful muscles

2439
02:06:23,200 --> 02:06:25,100
designed to generate and 
conserve Heat. 

2440
02:06:25,900 --> 02:06:29,600
The faces distinctive with a 
prominent brow Ridge, a large 

2441
02:06:29,600 --> 02:06:31,700
nose adapted for warming 
Frigidaire. 

2442
02:06:31,700 --> 02:06:34,800
Before it reaches, the lungs, 
and a jaw that projects slightly

2443
02:06:34,800 --> 02:06:37,200
forward. 
The hair is thick and probably 

2444
02:06:37,200 --> 02:06:40,300
reddish brown based on genetic 
evidence, we would not discover 

2445
02:06:40,300 --> 02:06:43,900
for thousands of years. 
This person is not a brute or a 

2446
02:06:43,900 --> 02:06:46,600
primitive caricature. 
The eyes are intelligent and 

2447
02:06:46,600 --> 02:06:49,200
observant and taking in details 
of the landscape that you might 

2448
02:06:49,208 --> 02:06:52,300
miss the group of reindeer moves
across the opposite Hillside. 

2449
02:06:52,300 --> 02:06:55,300
The wind direction is noted the 
season. 

2450
02:06:55,300 --> 02:06:58,600
The condition of the animals, 
the best approach for tomorrow's

2451
02:06:58,600 --> 02:07:02,400
hunt, all of this information 
processes quickly filed away in 

2452
02:07:02,408 --> 02:07:04,900
a brain that is actually 
slightly larger on average than 

2453
02:07:04,900 --> 02:07:08,400
those of modern humans. 
Behind this solitary Watcher 

2454
02:07:08,400 --> 02:07:11,400
deeper in the valley, others are
making camp for the night. 

2455
02:07:12,400 --> 02:07:15,300
Fire has been started using 
methods passed down through 

2456
02:07:15,300 --> 02:07:18,900
countless Generations. 
Sparks from striking Flint 

2457
02:07:18,900 --> 02:07:22,000
against iron, pyrite, have 
caught in a bundle of dried, 

2458
02:07:22,000 --> 02:07:25,200
fungus and grass. 
The fire is fed carefully 

2459
02:07:25,200 --> 02:07:28,300
efficiently. 
Nothing is wasted in this world,

2460
02:07:28,300 --> 02:07:31,400
the Flames, push back the 
darkness and the cold. 

2461
02:07:31,400 --> 02:07:34,000
They make this one small space 
feel like home. 

2462
02:07:34,000 --> 02:07:37,600
Someone is working on a hide 
scraping away fat and tissue 

2463
02:07:37,600 --> 02:07:40,000
with the stone tools shape 
precisely for this purpose. 

2464
02:07:40,000 --> 02:07:44,100
Another person naps. 
Fresh, Flint, the sharp crack of

2465
02:07:44,100 --> 02:07:48,200
stone on Stone, ringing out in 
the evening air. 3rd tends the 

2466
02:07:48,208 --> 02:07:51,500
fire and prepares food. 
There is a rhythm to this work, 

2467
02:07:51,500 --> 02:07:54,400
a practice ease. 
That speaks to thousands of 

2468
02:07:54,400 --> 02:07:58,200
years of accumulated, knowledge 
children play near the fire but 

2469
02:07:58,200 --> 02:08:01,100
not too close. 
They learn by watching by doing 

2470
02:08:01,100 --> 02:08:04,000
by the gentle. 
Corrections of those older and 

2471
02:08:04,000 --> 02:08:07,400
more experienced. 
There is no written language, no

2472
02:08:07,400 --> 02:08:10,800
recorded history in the way you 
would recognize it, but there is

2473
02:08:10,800 --> 02:08:15,300
teaching nonetheless how to read
tracks in the snow, which plants

2474
02:08:15,300 --> 02:08:18,000
are safe to eat and which will 
make you sick. 

2475
02:08:18,800 --> 02:08:22,800
How to approach dangerous game 
without getting killed, where to

2476
02:08:22,800 --> 02:08:26,200
find the best stone for 
tool-making, how to cure hides. 

2477
02:08:26,200 --> 02:08:27,700
So they stay Supple through the 
winter. 

2478
02:08:28,400 --> 02:08:31,400
The knowledge is vast and vital 
and passed on through 

2479
02:08:31,400 --> 02:08:35,100
observation and practice. 
This is a sophisticated culture 

2480
02:08:35,100 --> 02:08:37,300
though. 
It leaves fewer traces than the 

2481
02:08:37,300 --> 02:08:38,900
civilizations that would come 
later. 

2482
02:08:40,100 --> 02:08:43,400
Neandertals made complex tools 
that required careful planning 

2483
02:08:43,400 --> 02:08:46,600
and significant skill. 
The controlled fire built 

2484
02:08:46,600 --> 02:08:50,300
shelters created, compounded, 
adhesives by heating birch bark 

2485
02:08:50,300 --> 02:08:53,100
at precise temperatures. 
They cared for their injured and

2486
02:08:53,100 --> 02:08:55,900
sick as evidence by individuals 
who survived wounds and 

2487
02:08:55,900 --> 02:08:57,900
disabilities. 
That would have been fatal 

2488
02:08:57,900 --> 02:09:01,200
without help from others. 
They buried their dead with what

2489
02:09:01,200 --> 02:09:04,800
appears to be ceremony and Care.
Recent evidence suggests, they 

2490
02:09:04,800 --> 02:09:07,600
created art, though. 
The record is frustratingly. 

2491
02:09:07,600 --> 02:09:12,200
Sparse shells with traces of 
pigment carved bones cave, 

2492
02:09:12,200 --> 02:09:14,900
paintings and Spain that may 
predate the arrival of modern 

2493
02:09:14,900 --> 02:09:18,300
humans. 
The picture is incomplete but it

2494
02:09:18,300 --> 02:09:21,300
hints at inner lives richer than
the old stereotype suggested 

2495
02:09:21,300 --> 02:09:24,600
they spoke. 
We cannot know exactly what 

2496
02:09:24,600 --> 02:09:28,000
their language sounded like but 
anatomical evidence suggests, 

2497
02:09:28,000 --> 02:09:30,400
they had the physical capacity 
for complex speech. 

2498
02:09:31,200 --> 02:09:35,000
The hyoid bone which supports 
the tongue and larynx is present

2499
02:09:35,000 --> 02:09:37,100
and shaped much like that of 
modern humans. 

2500
02:09:37,100 --> 02:09:40,800
Their ear anatomy was suited for
hearing the range of sounds used

2501
02:09:40,800 --> 02:09:43,800
in human language. 
They communicated told stories, 

2502
02:09:43,800 --> 02:09:47,200
shared knowledge, warned of 
danger, probably laughed and 

2503
02:09:47,200 --> 02:09:49,700
argued and comforted one. 
Another in words, we will never 

2504
02:09:49,700 --> 02:09:53,900
hear For 200,000 years, 
neanderthals with the humans of 

2505
02:09:53,900 --> 02:09:57,600
Europe, they saw climate swing 
wildly from warm to cold and 

2506
02:09:57,600 --> 02:09:59,500
back. 
Again, they watched species go 

2507
02:09:59,500 --> 02:10:03,600
extinct and new ones arrive, 
they adapted survived, endured 

2508
02:10:03,600 --> 02:10:06,900
their population, probably never
grew, very large, by modern 

2509
02:10:06,900 --> 02:10:10,000
standards estimates. 
Suggest, perhaps 10s of 

2510
02:10:10,008 --> 02:10:13,200
thousands at any given time 
spread across a huge territory, 

2511
02:10:13,200 --> 02:10:16,600
small bands, moving with the 
seasons occasionally meeting 

2512
02:10:16,600 --> 02:10:19,600
other groups for trade or to 
find mates or simply for the 

2513
02:10:19,600 --> 02:10:21,300
comfort of seeing other human 
faces. 

2514
02:10:21,300 --> 02:10:25,700
And then around 50,000 years 
ago, something changed new 

2515
02:10:25,700 --> 02:10:27,700
people began arriving. 
From the Eastern South. 

2516
02:10:27,700 --> 02:10:30,700
These newcomers looked different
moved differently. 

2517
02:10:30,700 --> 02:10:34,400
A different kinds of tools. 
They came in small groups at 

2518
02:10:34,400 --> 02:10:38,500
first testing the territory 
learning its rhythms, they were 

2519
02:10:38,500 --> 02:10:41,700
not Invaders In the way later. 
Migration would be, there were 

2520
02:10:41,700 --> 02:10:43,600
no armies, no, organized 
Conquest. 

2521
02:10:43,600 --> 02:10:47,200
Just people moving into new 
lands, following game and 

2522
02:10:47,200 --> 02:10:50,100
opportunity settling in places 
that seemed promising. 

2523
02:10:51,700 --> 02:10:55,600
These were the early modern 
humans, Homo sapiens our direct 

2524
02:10:55,600 --> 02:10:59,500
ancestors they had evolved in 
Africa over the previous 200,000

2525
02:10:59,500 --> 02:11:02,600
years, developing their own 
distinctive anatomy and culture.

2526
02:11:02,600 --> 02:11:06,700
Now they were expanding out of 
their ancestral Homeland moving 

2527
02:11:06,700 --> 02:11:09,400
into the Middle, East, Asia, and
eventually Europe. 

2528
02:11:10,100 --> 02:11:13,200
They were taller and more likely
built than neanderthals with 

2529
02:11:13,200 --> 02:11:15,100
higher foreheads and more 
prominent chins. 

2530
02:11:15,100 --> 02:11:18,400
Their bodies were designed for 
endurance and efficiency in 

2531
02:11:18,400 --> 02:11:21,700
warmer climates though. 
They proved remarkably adaptable

2532
02:11:21,700 --> 02:11:25,800
to the cold The stage was set 
for an encounter, unlike any 

2533
02:11:25,800 --> 02:11:29,700
other in human history. 
Two, human lineages separated 

2534
02:11:29,700 --> 02:11:31,800
for over. 
Half a million years were about 

2535
02:11:31,800 --> 02:11:35,700
to share the same Landscapes, 
the same resources perhaps even 

2536
02:11:35,700 --> 02:11:38,100
the same campsites and caves 
what happened. 

2537
02:11:38,100 --> 02:11:41,300
Next would shape the future of 
our species in ways that are 

2538
02:11:41,300 --> 02:11:42,900
still being discovered and 
debated today. 

2539
02:11:43,800 --> 02:11:46,300
The Ice Age world was vast and 
offered empty. 

2540
02:11:46,300 --> 02:11:48,700
Resources were scattered and 
seasonal. 

2541
02:11:48,700 --> 02:11:52,900
There was room in theory for 
both groups but territory that 

2542
02:11:52,900 --> 02:11:54,600
could support human. 
Life was limited. 

2543
02:11:55,400 --> 02:11:58,100
Constrained by climate and the 
distribution of game and 

2544
02:11:58,100 --> 02:12:01,300
freshwater. 
Inevitably these two people's 

2545
02:12:01,300 --> 02:12:05,100
would cross paths, they would 
see each other across valleys in

2546
02:12:05,100 --> 02:12:07,400
counter each other at waterholes
and Crossing points. 

2547
02:12:07,400 --> 02:12:10,200
Perhaps compete for the same 
caves and the same hunting 

2548
02:12:10,200 --> 02:12:12,900
grounds. 
How did they react did? 

2549
02:12:12,900 --> 02:12:16,600
They fight trade? 
Ignore each other something 

2550
02:12:16,600 --> 02:12:19,000
more. 
The archaeological record is 

2551
02:12:19,000 --> 02:12:22,500
tantalizingly incomplete, but 
the evidence we do have suggests

2552
02:12:22,500 --> 02:12:24,800
are more complex story than 
simple, conflict, or simple 

2553
02:12:24,800 --> 02:12:28,500
coexistence. 
It hints at interaction, that 

2554
02:12:28,500 --> 02:12:31,500
choices made and relationships 
formed in ways, both expected 

2555
02:12:31,500 --> 02:12:34,100
and surprising. 
But before we explore, what 

2556
02:12:34,100 --> 02:12:37,100
happened, when these two groups 
met, we should understand who 

2557
02:12:37,100 --> 02:12:40,800
the Neanderthals really were, 
not the crude stereotypes of old

2558
02:12:40,800 --> 02:12:44,300
textbooks, but the people 
themselves but their lives were 

2559
02:12:44,300 --> 02:12:48,300
actually like day by day season 
by season in a world of ice and 

2560
02:12:48,300 --> 02:12:51,800
stone and survival. 
Morning in a neanderthal Camp 

2561
02:12:51,800 --> 02:12:53,700
begins before the sun clears. 
The Horizon. 

2562
02:12:53,700 --> 02:12:57,500
The fire from the night before 
is burned down to Embers but 

2563
02:12:57,500 --> 02:13:00,100
someone has been tending. 
It through the darkness, adding 

2564
02:13:00,100 --> 02:13:02,300
fuel in totals to keep the coals
alive. 

2565
02:13:03,000 --> 02:13:06,900
Fire is too valuable to Let Die 
creating it from scratch takes 

2566
02:13:06,900 --> 02:13:09,500
time and effort and in wet 
weather it can be nearly 

2567
02:13:09,500 --> 02:13:12,000
impossible to maintain what you 
have. 

2568
02:13:13,000 --> 02:13:16,300
The first person to rise were 
builds, the Flames coaxing them 

2569
02:13:16,300 --> 02:13:18,700
back to life with dry grass and 
small sticks. 

2570
02:13:19,600 --> 02:13:21,600
Smoke Rises straight up in the 
still mourning. 

2571
02:13:21,600 --> 02:13:25,700
Are the temperature hovers. 
Just above freezing, your breath

2572
02:13:25,700 --> 02:13:28,200
forms clouds that hang in the 
air from a moment before 

2573
02:13:28,200 --> 02:13:30,400
dissipating around the fire 
others. 

2574
02:13:30,400 --> 02:13:33,300
Begin to stir, pulling close to 
the warmth blinking away sleep. 

2575
02:13:34,000 --> 02:13:36,500
Breakfast, is simple. 
Dried meat from yesterday's 

2576
02:13:36,500 --> 02:13:38,300
kill, perhaps, some early 
berries. 

2577
02:13:38,300 --> 02:13:42,000
If the season is Right water 
from a nearby stream, the food 

2578
02:13:42,000 --> 02:13:45,600
is eaten without ceremony, but 
with complete attention, nothing

2579
02:13:45,600 --> 02:13:49,000
is taken for granted here, a 
full belly is a gift and you 

2580
02:13:49,000 --> 02:13:50,400
have learned to appreciate it. 
When it comes. 

2581
02:13:51,500 --> 02:13:53,400
The camp is located in a rock 
shelter. 

2582
02:13:53,400 --> 02:13:57,400
A natural overhang that provides
protection from Wind and Rain. 

2583
02:13:57,400 --> 02:14:00,100
The back wall is blackened from 
countless fires. 

2584
02:14:00,100 --> 02:14:03,700
The floor is littered with the 
debris of daily life though. 

2585
02:14:03,700 --> 02:14:07,800
Not randomly Stone flakes from 
tool-making, are concentrated in

2586
02:14:07,800 --> 02:14:11,700
one area, animal bones in 
another There is organization 

2587
02:14:11,700 --> 02:14:14,600
here, patterns, that repeat 
across Neanderthal, sites, 

2588
02:14:14,600 --> 02:14:17,100
throughout Europe. 
Today, there will be a hunt 

2589
02:14:17,800 --> 02:14:20,100
Several adults have been 
tracking a small herd of Red 

2590
02:14:20,100 --> 02:14:23,000
Deer for the past two days, the 
animals are moving toward of 

2591
02:14:23,000 --> 02:14:24,700
valley that narrows between two 
Rocky. 

2592
02:14:24,700 --> 02:14:27,800
Slopes, the kind of terrain that
gives Hunters an advantage. 

2593
02:14:27,800 --> 02:14:31,800
The plan has been discussed and 
refined everyone knows their 

2594
02:14:31,800 --> 02:14:34,200
role hunting. 
For neanderthals is not the 

2595
02:14:34,200 --> 02:14:36,500
romantic adventure depicted in 
old painting's. 

2596
02:14:36,500 --> 02:14:39,900
It is calculated risk, careful 
stalking and moments of 

2597
02:14:39,900 --> 02:14:43,000
explosive violence. 
The weapons are simple, but 

2598
02:14:43,000 --> 02:14:47,000
effective, wooden Spears, with 
stone points, hardened over fire

2599
02:14:47,000 --> 02:14:50,300
for durability. 
Spears are not thrown from a 

2600
02:14:50,300 --> 02:14:52,100
distance but used for 
close-range thrusting. 

2601
02:14:52,800 --> 02:14:55,300
This requires getting 
dangerously near to animals that

2602
02:14:55,300 --> 02:14:57,300
can kill you with a kick or a 
gourd antler. 

2603
02:14:58,000 --> 02:15:00,500
The Hunting Party moves out as 
the sun rises higher. 

2604
02:15:01,200 --> 02:15:04,300
They leave behind the very young
and very old those who would 

2605
02:15:04,300 --> 02:15:06,500
slow the pursuit or are too 
valuable to risk. 

2606
02:15:07,400 --> 02:15:11,100
Neanderthal groups were probably
small, maybe 20 to 30 

2607
02:15:11,100 --> 02:15:14,600
individuals at most losing even 
one person could threaten the 

2608
02:15:14,600 --> 02:15:17,200
whole groups of survival. 
The country they move through. 

2609
02:15:17,200 --> 02:15:20,000
Is neither Forest nor open plain
but something in between 

2610
02:15:21,000 --> 02:15:23,300
Scattered Pine and birch, trees 
grow along the river. 

2611
02:15:23,300 --> 02:15:25,700
Bottoms. 
The higher ground is covered in 

2612
02:15:25,700 --> 02:15:29,300
tough grasses and low scrubs in 
the distance, the white peaks of

2613
02:15:29,308 --> 02:15:30,900
mountains. 
Mark the edge of the ice 

2614
02:15:30,900 --> 02:15:34,100
glaciers visible. 
Even from here, though, they are

2615
02:15:34,100 --> 02:15:37,800
still many days travel away. 
The hunters move quietly. 

2616
02:15:37,800 --> 02:15:41,100
Reading signs invisible to 
untrained eyes. 

2617
02:15:42,000 --> 02:15:44,900
Broken Branch at a certain 
height indicates where a deer 

2618
02:15:44,900 --> 02:15:48,500
passed through yesterday. 
Tracks in soft mud show which 

2619
02:15:48,500 --> 02:15:50,800
direction they were heading and 
how fast they were moving. 

2620
02:15:51,700 --> 02:15:54,800
Droppings reveal how recently 
the animals were here and what 

2621
02:15:54,800 --> 02:15:58,100
they have been eating, this is a
deep literacy of landscape 

2622
02:15:58,100 --> 02:16:02,200
accumulated, over Generations as
precise and meaningful as any 

2623
02:16:02,200 --> 02:16:05,400
written language by midday. 
They have closed the distance, 

2624
02:16:05,400 --> 02:16:09,500
the deer are ahead grazing in a 
meadow bordered by rocks on two 

2625
02:16:09,500 --> 02:16:11,300
sides. 
The wind is blowing from the 

2626
02:16:11,300 --> 02:16:14,600
animals, toward the hunters, 
carrying their scent away, good,

2627
02:16:14,600 --> 02:16:18,200
the hunter spread out moving 
into position with patients that

2628
02:16:18,200 --> 02:16:21,300
come from understanding. 
There is only one chance to get 

2629
02:16:21,300 --> 02:16:24,200
this, right? 
The attack when it comes is 

2630
02:16:24,200 --> 02:16:27,600
Swift and coordinated. 
Several Spears thrust almost 

2631
02:16:27,600 --> 02:16:30,200
simultaneously into the flank of
an older female who was 

2632
02:16:30,208 --> 02:16:31,900
separated slightly from The 
Herd. 

2633
02:16:32,900 --> 02:16:35,500
Staggers tries to run but the 
wounds are deep. 

2634
02:16:35,500 --> 02:16:39,400
The other deer scattering Panic 
bounding away across the meadow 

2635
02:16:39,400 --> 02:16:42,500
and disappearing into the trees.
The injured animal makes it 

2636
02:16:42,500 --> 02:16:44,400
perhaps 50 meters before 
collapsing. 

2637
02:16:44,400 --> 02:16:46,100
The hunters approached 
carefully. 

2638
02:16:46,100 --> 02:16:49,700
Wounded animals can still be 
dangerous but this one is 

2639
02:16:49,700 --> 02:16:52,000
clearly dying. 
Her breathing labored and 

2640
02:16:52,000 --> 02:16:55,200
shallow someone delivers a final
thrust to end the suffering 

2641
02:16:55,200 --> 02:16:58,100
quickly. 
There is no waste of energy, no 

2642
02:16:58,100 --> 02:17:03,000
unnecessary cruelty. 
This is food, survival respect 

2643
02:17:03,000 --> 02:17:04,700
for the animal. 
That makes your continued 

2644
02:17:04,700 --> 02:17:07,000
existence possible. 
The butchering begins 

2645
02:17:07,000 --> 02:17:10,200
immediately stone tools, slice 
through high and muscles with 

2646
02:17:10,200 --> 02:17:14,000
practice deficiency. the best 
cuts of meat are removed first, 

2647
02:17:14,000 --> 02:17:18,000
then the organs, the bones with 
marrow the useful tendons, and 

2648
02:17:18,000 --> 02:17:22,000
sinew The hide is carefully 
removed in one piece valuable 

2649
02:17:22,000 --> 02:17:25,500
for clothing or shelter, nothing
is discarded thoughtlessly. 

2650
02:17:25,500 --> 02:17:28,900
Even bones will be cracked open 
for marrow, or shaped into 

2651
02:17:28,900 --> 02:17:31,900
tools. 
What cannot be carried as cached

2652
02:17:31,900 --> 02:17:35,000
buried in a cold spot where it 
might last a day, or two before 

2653
02:17:35,000 --> 02:17:38,200
scavengers find it. 
The group loads themselves with 

2654
02:17:38,200 --> 02:17:41,400
as much as they can bear. 
The journey back to Camp takes 

2655
02:17:41,407 --> 02:17:44,100
longer. 
Now heavy with success, this one

2656
02:17:44,100 --> 02:17:47,100
dear might feed the group for 
several days allowing time for 

2657
02:17:47,100 --> 02:17:50,500
other activities like toolmaking
hide processing or simply rest. 

2658
02:17:51,299 --> 02:17:53,000
Back at Camp, the meters 
divided. 

2659
02:17:53,000 --> 02:17:56,200
According to patterns, we can 
only guess at like those who 

2660
02:17:56,200 --> 02:17:59,500
participated in the hunt receive
larger shares, but the young and

2661
02:17:59,500 --> 02:18:03,100
old are not left out survival in
small groups, depends on taking 

2662
02:18:03,100 --> 02:18:05,100
care of everyone, not just the 
strongest. 

2663
02:18:05,900 --> 02:18:07,600
A child today might be a hunter 
tomorrow. 

2664
02:18:07,600 --> 02:18:11,600
An elder carries knowledge to 
valuable to lose some of the 

2665
02:18:11,600 --> 02:18:14,799
meters eaten fresh cooked. 
Over the fire until the outside 

2666
02:18:14,799 --> 02:18:16,400
is charred and the inside 
tender. 

2667
02:18:17,100 --> 02:18:19,700
The fats sizzles and Pops, 
filling the rock shelter with 

2668
02:18:19,700 --> 02:18:21,100
Rich. 
Smells that make your mouth 

2669
02:18:21,100 --> 02:18:23,900
water. 
Other portions are cut thin and 

2670
02:18:23,900 --> 02:18:26,600
hung to dry preserving them for 
future need. 

2671
02:18:27,299 --> 02:18:29,000
Nothing. 
Here is abundant enough to 

2672
02:18:29,000 --> 02:18:32,000
waste. 
As evening settles in the pace 

2673
02:18:32,000 --> 02:18:33,900
slows. 
Someone works on repairing. 

2674
02:18:33,900 --> 02:18:36,600
A spear that was damaged in the 
hunt carefully. 

2675
02:18:36,600 --> 02:18:39,600
Attaching a new Stone Point with
cordage, made from plant fibers 

2676
02:18:39,600 --> 02:18:44,100
and sealed with Birch tar. 
Adhesive a process is intricate,

2677
02:18:44,100 --> 02:18:46,799
requiring multiple steps and 
precise timing. 

2678
02:18:46,799 --> 02:18:50,500
The tar must be heated to 
exactly the right temperature or

2679
02:18:50,500 --> 02:18:54,000
it will not work. 
This is chemistry or be it 

2680
02:18:54,000 --> 02:18:56,299
learned through trial and error.
Over countless Generations. 

2681
02:18:56,299 --> 02:18:59,799
Another person scrapes the deer,
hide working it back and forth. 

2682
02:18:59,799 --> 02:19:02,299
Over a smooth Stone to remove 
every trace of fat. 

2683
02:19:02,299 --> 02:19:06,400
And tissue later, it will be 
cured and softened transformed 

2684
02:19:06,400 --> 02:19:08,799
from a stiff bloody skin in to 
Supple leather. 

2685
02:19:09,500 --> 02:19:12,299
This takes days of work but the 
result is worth it. 

2686
02:19:12,299 --> 02:19:15,100
Good clothing means the 
difference between comfort and 

2687
02:19:15,100 --> 02:19:17,400
misery and winter children. 
Watch. 

2688
02:19:17,400 --> 02:19:20,400
And occasionally help learning 
skills. 

2689
02:19:20,400 --> 02:19:22,799
They will need to master by the 
time they reached adult hood. 

2690
02:19:23,500 --> 02:19:26,799
There is no formal schooling but
education happens constantly 

2691
02:19:26,799 --> 02:19:28,200
through observation and 
participation. 

2692
02:19:29,400 --> 02:19:31,799
A child, learns to nap Flint by 
watching an adult. 

2693
02:19:31,799 --> 02:19:34,100
Then trying with guidance and 
correction. 

2694
02:19:34,900 --> 02:19:38,000
They learned to identify plants 
by following forages and testing

2695
02:19:38,000 --> 02:19:40,200
their knowledge. 
They learned to move quietly 

2696
02:19:40,200 --> 02:19:42,600
through the forest by 
accompanying hunters and being 

2697
02:19:42,600 --> 02:19:45,600
taught what not to do 
Neanderthal childhood was 

2698
02:19:45,600 --> 02:19:48,900
probably shorter than modern 
childhood children had to become

2699
02:19:48,900 --> 02:19:52,200
capable contributors relatively 
quickly but there were still 

2700
02:19:52,200 --> 02:19:55,800
time for play for exploration 
for developing bonds with others

2701
02:19:55,800 --> 02:19:58,100
in the group. 
Toys have been found at 

2702
02:19:58,100 --> 02:20:00,900
Neanderthal sites. 
Simple carved objects that 

2703
02:20:00,900 --> 02:20:04,000
suggests Leisure and Imagination
existed even in this demanding 

2704
02:20:04,000 --> 02:20:06,600
world. 
The group's territory is large, 

2705
02:20:06,600 --> 02:20:08,500
perhaps several hundred square 
kilometers. 

2706
02:20:08,500 --> 02:20:11,500
They do not settle permanently 
in one place, but moved 

2707
02:20:11,500 --> 02:20:14,200
throughout the year. 
Following seasonal resources. 

2708
02:20:15,000 --> 02:20:17,800
In summer, they might camp in 
open Meadows, near good, hunting

2709
02:20:17,800 --> 02:20:21,000
in Winter, they Retreat, to 
protected, Rock shelters, and 

2710
02:20:21,000 --> 02:20:24,600
caves, they know this land, 
intimately every source of 

2711
02:20:24,600 --> 02:20:27,500
freshwater every outcropping of 
useful Stone. 

2712
02:20:27,500 --> 02:20:31,400
Every pass through the mountains
every place where certain plants

2713
02:20:31,400 --> 02:20:35,000
grow Other groups exist in 
neighboring, territories, but 

2714
02:20:35,000 --> 02:20:39,000
contact is probably infrequent. 
A few times a year, different 

2715
02:20:39,000 --> 02:20:42,300
bands might meet at neutral 
gathering places these meetings 

2716
02:20:42,300 --> 02:20:45,700
in important functions they 
allow young people to find mates

2717
02:20:45,700 --> 02:20:48,300
outside their immediate family 
preventing inbreeding. 

2718
02:20:49,000 --> 02:20:52,500
They enable trade of tools, raw 
materials and information, they 

2719
02:20:52,500 --> 02:20:55,800
reinforce social bonds and 
cultural knowledge at these 

2720
02:20:55,800 --> 02:20:57,600
gatherings. 
There might be feasting 

2721
02:20:57,600 --> 02:20:59,300
storytelling demonstrations of 
skill. 

2722
02:21:00,200 --> 02:21:03,000
Particularly talented toolmaker 
might trade their products for 

2723
02:21:03,000 --> 02:21:05,800
access to high-quality Flint 
from another group's territory. 

2724
02:21:06,700 --> 02:21:09,400
A successful Hunter might gain 
status through displays of 

2725
02:21:09,400 --> 02:21:12,900
prowess or generosity young 
people might form bonds that 

2726
02:21:12,900 --> 02:21:16,400
lead to joining another group. 
The total Neanderthal population

2727
02:21:16,400 --> 02:21:19,400
across Europe and Western Asia 
at any given time was probably 

2728
02:21:19,400 --> 02:21:23,700
modest estimates range from a 
few thousands to perhaps 70,000 

2729
02:21:23,700 --> 02:21:27,100
individuals, though the numbers 
likely fluctuated with climate 

2730
02:21:27,100 --> 02:21:30,500
and resource availability. 
These are small populations by 

2731
02:21:30,500 --> 02:21:34,100
modern standards vulnerable to 
random catastrophes and genetic 

2732
02:21:34,100 --> 02:21:36,600
drift. 
But what they lacked in numbers 

2733
02:21:36,600 --> 02:21:40,000
they compensated for in 
durability neanderthals thrived 

2734
02:21:40,000 --> 02:21:42,900
for over 200,000 years in 
environments that swung from 

2735
02:21:42,900 --> 02:21:44,700
temperate to glacial and back 
again. 

2736
02:21:44,700 --> 02:21:49,000
They survived volcanic eruptions
ice ages and the extinction of 

2737
02:21:49,000 --> 02:21:51,400
prey species. 
They were not primitive or 

2738
02:21:51,400 --> 02:21:54,800
doomed by biological inadequacy.
They were highly successful 

2739
02:21:54,800 --> 02:21:58,200
humans adapted to their world 
and capable of remarkable 

2740
02:21:58,200 --> 02:22:02,300
Ingenuity their tools while 
simpler in some ways than those 

2741
02:22:02,300 --> 02:22:04,900
that would later be made by 
modern humans were far from 

2742
02:22:04,900 --> 02:22:08,900
crude The Mysterion tradition 
named after a site in France, 

2743
02:22:08,900 --> 02:22:11,400
represents a sophisticated 
approach to Stone tool 

2744
02:22:11,400 --> 02:22:13,800
manufacture, a single carefully 
prepared. 

2745
02:22:13,800 --> 02:22:17,500
Stone core could yield dozens of
sharp flakes, each shaped for 

2746
02:22:17,500 --> 02:22:21,500
specific purposes scrapers for 
processing, hides points for 

2747
02:22:21,500 --> 02:22:24,900
Spears blades for butchering. 
The makers understood the 

2748
02:22:24,900 --> 02:22:27,900
properties of different types of
stone and exploited them. 

2749
02:22:27,900 --> 02:22:31,300
Expertly recent discoveries have
expanded our understanding of 

2750
02:22:31,300 --> 02:22:35,100
Neanderthal capabilities even 
further they created pigments by

2751
02:22:35,100 --> 02:22:38,300
grinding and heating minerals. 
Though we are still uncertain 

2752
02:22:38,300 --> 02:22:41,800
exactly how these were used. 
They crafted jewelry from eagle 

2753
02:22:41,800 --> 02:22:45,400
talons and shells, suggesting 
symbolic thought and personal 

2754
02:22:45,400 --> 02:22:48,000
adornment. 
They used medicinal plants 

2755
02:22:48,000 --> 02:22:51,300
identified through residue on 
their teeth, indicating 

2756
02:22:51,300 --> 02:22:52,900
knowledge of healing and pain 
relief. 

2757
02:22:53,900 --> 02:22:56,100
Perhaps most remarkably, they 
cared for the vulnerable 

2758
02:22:56,100 --> 02:22:58,800
skeletons. 
Have been found showing evidence

2759
02:22:58,800 --> 02:23:01,300
of severe injuries or 
disabilities that healed over 

2760
02:23:01,300 --> 02:23:03,800
time. 
Proving the individual survived 

2761
02:23:03,800 --> 02:23:07,100
long after they would have died 
without help a partially 

2762
02:23:07,100 --> 02:23:10,900
paralyzed person. 
Someone with a withered arm, an 

2763
02:23:10,900 --> 02:23:13,800
individual missing, most of 
their teeth unable to process 

2764
02:23:13,800 --> 02:23:17,100
raw food in dependently. 
These people lived because 

2765
02:23:17,100 --> 02:23:20,000
others chose to keep them alive 
to share food and provide 

2766
02:23:20,000 --> 02:23:22,200
protection. 
This is compassion. 

2767
02:23:22,200 --> 02:23:26,400
This is community. 
This is what makes us human in 

2768
02:23:26,400 --> 02:23:30,500
the deepest sense of that word. 
Neanderthals buried their dead, 

2769
02:23:30,500 --> 02:23:32,700
though, the practice was 
probably not Universal. 

2770
02:23:32,700 --> 02:23:36,400
Some Graves show signs of 
deliberate Arrangement, the body

2771
02:23:36,400 --> 02:23:39,900
positioned carefully sometimes 
accompanied by objects or even 

2772
02:23:39,900 --> 02:23:42,600
flowers. 
The meaning of these burials is 

2773
02:23:42,600 --> 02:23:47,100
debated, were they expressions 
of grief religious belief or 

2774
02:23:47,100 --> 02:23:49,600
simply a practical way, to 
dispose of remains and 

2775
02:23:49,600 --> 02:23:52,500
discourage scavengers? 
We may never know for certain 

2776
02:23:53,200 --> 02:23:55,900
But the care taken in some 
cases, suggests something Beyond

2777
02:23:55,900 --> 02:23:59,100
mere utility. 
Their world was hard, but it was

2778
02:23:59,100 --> 02:24:01,700
not without beauty or meaning. 
They experience. 

2779
02:24:01,700 --> 02:24:04,000
Sunrise's and storms, the return
of spring. 

2780
02:24:04,000 --> 02:24:07,000
After brutal Winters, the 
satisfaction of a successful 

2781
02:24:07,000 --> 02:24:09,500
hunt, the warmth of fire on a 
cold night. 

2782
02:24:09,500 --> 02:24:13,300
They love their children, 
mourned their Dead celebrated 

2783
02:24:13,300 --> 02:24:15,900
their successes. 
They were people in all the 

2784
02:24:15,900 --> 02:24:20,400
complexity that word implies an 
into this world around 50,000 

2785
02:24:20,400 --> 02:24:24,300
years ago, came new people who 
would change everything The 

2786
02:24:24,300 --> 02:24:27,300
story of modern humans begins 
far from the ice and mountains 

2787
02:24:27,300 --> 02:24:30,100
of Ice Age Europe. 
It begins in Africa in 

2788
02:24:30,100 --> 02:24:33,300
Landscapes of grasslands and 
Scattered trees in river. 

2789
02:24:33,300 --> 02:24:37,000
Valleys and coastal plains. 
This is where our species 

2790
02:24:37,000 --> 02:24:40,100
evolved where we developed the 
anatomy and behaviors that 

2791
02:24:40,100 --> 02:24:44,000
define homo sapiens. 
By 200,000 years ago. 

2792
02:24:44,000 --> 02:24:47,300
Early modern humans were living 
in eastern and southern Africa. 

2793
02:24:47,300 --> 02:24:49,700
They looked much like people do 
today. 

2794
02:24:50,500 --> 02:24:54,100
Tall and lightly built with high
foreheads and prominent chins 

2795
02:24:54,100 --> 02:24:57,200
less robustly build than their 
Neanderthal cousins to the 

2796
02:24:57,200 --> 02:24:59,300
north. 
Their bodies were adapted for 

2797
02:24:59,300 --> 02:25:02,400
endurance in warm climates, 
efficient at shedding heat. 

2798
02:25:02,400 --> 02:25:06,100
Rather than conserving it 
Thousands of generations, they 

2799
02:25:06,100 --> 02:25:09,100
remained in Africa. 
The continent was large and 

2800
02:25:09,100 --> 02:25:10,600
diverse enough to support 
growing. 

2801
02:25:10,600 --> 02:25:13,900
Populations resources were 
relatively abundant compared to 

2802
02:25:13,900 --> 02:25:16,600
the northern latitudes. 
There was no immediate pressure 

2803
02:25:16,600 --> 02:25:21,400
to leave but humans are curious 
Restless, always looking beyond 

2804
02:25:21,400 --> 02:25:25,200
the next Horizon. 
Around 100,000 years ago, some 

2805
02:25:25,200 --> 02:25:28,600
groups began moving North. 
The first attempt to expand Out 

2806
02:25:28,600 --> 02:25:31,800
of Africa, may have folded 
turning back or dying out. 

2807
02:25:32,600 --> 02:25:35,800
But eventually some succeeded in
establishing population in the 

2808
02:25:35,800 --> 02:25:38,700
Middle East. 
From there, the expansion 

2809
02:25:38,700 --> 02:25:43,000
accelerated group, spread East 
into Asia South into the islands

2810
02:25:43,000 --> 02:25:45,900
of south East Asia and 
eventually North into Europe. 

2811
02:25:47,000 --> 02:25:48,500
The journey took thousands of 
years. 

2812
02:25:48,500 --> 02:25:51,700
It was not a purposeful 
migration in the modern sense, 

2813
02:25:51,700 --> 02:25:55,800
not a decision to travel from 
one specific place to another in

2814
02:25:55,800 --> 02:25:58,000
Stead. 
It was a gradual expansion of 

2815
02:25:58,000 --> 02:26:01,600
range, each generation moving 
slightly farther than the last 

2816
02:26:01,600 --> 02:26:06,200
following game and opportunity 
settling in promising areas and 

2817
02:26:06,200 --> 02:26:08,500
occasionally sending out 
explorers who would become the 

2818
02:26:08,500 --> 02:26:10,800
founders of new population's 
father of field. 

2819
02:26:11,700 --> 02:26:14,800
Imagine being part of one of 
those early groups moving into 

2820
02:26:14,800 --> 02:26:16,700
territory where your people have
never been. 

2821
02:26:16,700 --> 02:26:20,100
You have left behind the 
Landscapes, your ancestors knew 

2822
02:26:20,100 --> 02:26:23,900
for countless Generations. 
Everything here is new different

2823
02:26:23,900 --> 02:26:27,300
plants, different animals, 
different weather patterns, you 

2824
02:26:27,300 --> 02:26:30,800
must learn it all from scratch. 
Adapting techniques developed in

2825
02:26:30,800 --> 02:26:34,000
warmer climates to work. 
In this colder stranger place. 

2826
02:26:34,800 --> 02:26:38,000
The root North from Africa, 
passed through the Levant the 

2827
02:26:38,000 --> 02:26:40,200
crossroads were Asia Africa, and
Europe. 

2828
02:26:40,200 --> 02:26:43,400
Meet This region was milder than
the Frozen North. 

2829
02:26:43,400 --> 02:26:47,000
A transitional Zone where modern
humans first encountered traces 

2830
02:26:47,000 --> 02:26:50,100
of other human groups. 
Neanderthals had been here too, 

2831
02:26:50,100 --> 02:26:54,200
their tools and campsites 
evidence of their presence For a

2832
02:26:54,200 --> 02:26:57,100
Time both groups, probably 
shared this territory though the

2833
02:26:57,100 --> 02:26:59,800
evidence for direct interaction 
is frustratingly limited. 

2834
02:27:01,300 --> 02:27:03,700
From the Middle East, some 
groups turned East toward Asia, 

2835
02:27:03,700 --> 02:27:06,900
others continued North into. 
What is now turkey and the 

2836
02:27:06,900 --> 02:27:10,400
hawker's and some eventually 
pushed West into Europe itself. 

2837
02:27:11,800 --> 02:27:15,000
This was the most challenging 
route leading directly into 

2838
02:27:15,000 --> 02:27:17,000
Neanderthal Heartland during an 
Ice Age. 

2839
02:27:17,008 --> 02:27:21,100
While go perhaps population 
pressure from behind, drove them

2840
02:27:21,100 --> 02:27:23,800
forward, perhaps curiosity. 
And the human impulse to 

2841
02:27:23,808 --> 02:27:26,600
explore, perhaps they were 
following herds of animals 

2842
02:27:26,600 --> 02:27:29,200
moving with seasonal patterns or
may be. 

2843
02:27:29,200 --> 02:27:33,000
There was no Grand reason just 
small choices made year by year 

2844
02:27:33,000 --> 02:27:36,200
Camp by Camp. 
That collectively resulted in a 

2845
02:27:36,200 --> 02:27:40,400
massive, Geographic expansion. 
By around 45,000 years ago. 

2846
02:27:40,400 --> 02:27:43,500
Modern humans were arriving in 
Europe in significant numbers. 

2847
02:27:44,200 --> 02:27:46,600
They entered from the southeast 
following river. 

2848
02:27:46,600 --> 02:27:49,200
Valleys and Coastal routes the 
climate. 

2849
02:27:49,200 --> 02:27:51,500
At this time was cold, but not 
at its worst. 

2850
02:27:51,500 --> 02:27:54,900
The ice sheets are temporarily 
retreated, creating a window of 

2851
02:27:54,900 --> 02:27:58,500
opportunity for settlement. 
These early Europeans brought 

2852
02:27:58,500 --> 02:28:02,000
technologies that differed from 
Neanderthal, traditions They 

2853
02:28:02,000 --> 02:28:05,400
made smaller more, specialized 
stone tools, including delicate 

2854
02:28:05,400 --> 02:28:08,300
blades and points that required 
significant skill to produce. 

2855
02:28:08,300 --> 02:28:12,000
They crafted tools from bone and
antler materials that 

2856
02:28:12,000 --> 02:28:15,300
neanderthals used. 
But not as extensively, they 

2857
02:28:15,300 --> 02:28:18,900
created beads and pendants from 
shells and teeth, marking the 

2858
02:28:18,900 --> 02:28:21,600
beginning of a tradition of 
personal adornment that would 

2859
02:28:21,600 --> 02:28:23,500
become increasingly elaborate 
over time. 

2860
02:28:24,500 --> 02:28:26,900
Perhaps most significantly. 
They brought a different 

2861
02:28:26,900 --> 02:28:29,300
approach to Resource, use and 
social organizational. 

2862
02:28:30,200 --> 02:28:33,100
Wiles tended to stay within 
relatively restricted, 

2863
02:28:33,100 --> 02:28:37,000
territories, modern humans. 
Ranged more widely establishing 

2864
02:28:37,000 --> 02:28:39,800
trade networks that moved 
materials, like shells and 

2865
02:28:39,800 --> 02:28:43,400
high-quality Stone over distance
is of hundreds of kilometers. 

2866
02:28:43,400 --> 02:28:46,800
This suggests larger. 
Social networks more contact 

2867
02:28:46,800 --> 02:28:49,600
between distant groups and a 
different relationship with 

2868
02:28:49,600 --> 02:28:53,800
territory and resources. 
First modern humans in Europe 

2869
02:28:53,800 --> 02:28:57,200
faced, the same challenges that 
neanderthals had long since 

2870
02:28:57,208 --> 02:29:01,200
mastered, surviving the cold, 
finding food in a landscape 

2871
02:29:01,200 --> 02:29:04,800
where resources were seasonal 
and unpredictable avoiding 

2872
02:29:04,800 --> 02:29:08,400
predators that were faster 
stronger and better armed than 

2873
02:29:08,400 --> 02:29:11,400
any human. 
They had to learn quickly or 

2874
02:29:11,400 --> 02:29:15,200
die. 
But they had one advantage, they

2875
02:29:15,200 --> 02:29:17,200
could learn not just from their 
own experience. 

2876
02:29:17,200 --> 02:29:19,700
But from anyone they 
encountered, if they met 

2877
02:29:19,700 --> 02:29:22,800
neanderthals observe, their 
techniques saw, what worked? 

2878
02:29:22,800 --> 02:29:26,200
And what did not that knowledge?
Could be absorbed and adapted. 

2879
02:29:26,200 --> 02:29:28,600
Innovation could flow between 
groups. 

2880
02:29:28,600 --> 02:29:31,000
Accelerating the pace of 
cultural evolution. 

2881
02:29:32,000 --> 02:29:35,000
Picture a small band of modern 
humans in their first European 

2882
02:29:35,000 --> 02:29:37,400
winter. 
They have never experienced cold

2883
02:29:37,400 --> 02:29:40,500
like this. 
The African Savanna even at its 

2884
02:29:40,500 --> 02:29:43,600
coolest, never prepared them for
temperatures that can freeze 

2885
02:29:43,600 --> 02:29:46,400
Exposed Skin in minutes. 
They huddle in a cave. 

2886
02:29:46,400 --> 02:29:49,400
They found a band and trying to 
keep a fire burning with wet 

2887
02:29:49,400 --> 02:29:52,100
wood. 
The wind house outside driving 

2888
02:29:52,100 --> 02:29:54,800
snow through the entrance. 
This is not survival. 

2889
02:29:54,800 --> 02:29:58,900
This is barely endurance. 
Then perhaps they encounter 

2890
02:29:58,900 --> 02:30:02,100
neanderthals, maybe they see 
smoke from a nearby fire and 

2891
02:30:02,100 --> 02:30:05,100
cautiously approach. 
Maybe they find a campsite and 

2892
02:30:05,100 --> 02:30:08,200
examine the remains learning 
from the arrangement and tools. 

2893
02:30:08,200 --> 02:30:12,200
Maybe there is a face to face 
meeting tense and uncertain two 

2894
02:30:12,200 --> 02:30:14,300
groups of humans. 
Trying to decide if the others 

2895
02:30:14,300 --> 02:30:17,300
represent threat or opportunity.
What happens. 

2896
02:30:17,300 --> 02:30:21,100
Next changes, everything. 
The archaeological record shows,

2897
02:30:21,100 --> 02:30:23,900
something remarkable at several 
sites in Europe. 

2898
02:30:23,900 --> 02:30:26,600
We find evidence of both 
neanderthals and modern humans 

2899
02:30:26,600 --> 02:30:30,100
using the same locations, 
sometimes, separated, by years, 

2900
02:30:30,100 --> 02:30:33,700
sometimes, apparently, at the 
same time, the tools of both 

2901
02:30:33,700 --> 02:30:36,700
groups appear in the same layers
of sediment, the remains of 

2902
02:30:36,700 --> 02:30:39,100
their fires are intermingled. 
They were here together. 

2903
02:30:40,000 --> 02:30:43,600
One of the most telling sites is
in southern France in the Rhone 

2904
02:30:43,600 --> 02:30:46,300
Valley multiple caves and rock 
shelters show. 

2905
02:30:46,300 --> 02:30:49,800
Occupation, by both groups, over
a period of several thousand 

2906
02:30:49,800 --> 02:30:52,200
years. 
The stratigraphy is complex 

2907
02:30:52,200 --> 02:30:55,900
layers upon layers of habitation
separated by periods of 

2908
02:30:55,900 --> 02:30:59,700
Abandonment when the climate 
became too harsh, even for these

2909
02:30:59,700 --> 02:31:02,100
hardy people. 
But what is clear is that this 

2910
02:31:02,100 --> 02:31:05,400
was shared territory used by 
both populations at different 

2911
02:31:05,400 --> 02:31:07,100
times and possibly 
simultaneously. 

2912
02:31:08,000 --> 02:31:11,400
In some cases Neanderthal tools 
show influences from Modern 

2913
02:31:11,400 --> 02:31:14,000
human techniques. 
Stone points, become more 

2914
02:31:14,000 --> 02:31:17,900
refined new Stylez emerge that 
blend characteristics of both 

2915
02:31:17,900 --> 02:31:20,200
traditions. 
This suggests knowledge, 

2916
02:31:20,200 --> 02:31:22,500
transfer learning cultural 
exchange. 

2917
02:31:22,500 --> 02:31:25,600
If the two groups never 
interacted how could such 

2918
02:31:25,600 --> 02:31:29,900
changes occur other sights till 
different stories places where 

2919
02:31:29,900 --> 02:31:33,100
only Neanderthal artifacts are 
found with no trace of modern 

2920
02:31:33,100 --> 02:31:36,500
humans regions where modern 
humans seem to have established 

2921
02:31:36,500 --> 02:31:38,200
themselves without any 
Neanderthal. 

2922
02:31:38,200 --> 02:31:42,600
Presence, The picture is not 
uniform across Europe, different

2923
02:31:42,600 --> 02:31:46,000
regions, different outcomes. 
Some places saw contact and 

2924
02:31:46,000 --> 02:31:51,000
mixing others remained isolated.
The island of Gibraltar the 

2925
02:31:51,000 --> 02:31:53,700
southern tip of Spain appears to
have been one of the last 

2926
02:31:53,700 --> 02:31:57,500
Neanderthal refuges, the climate
there remained relatively mild, 

2927
02:31:57,500 --> 02:32:00,800
even during the worst of the Ice
Age resources from both land and

2928
02:32:00,800 --> 02:32:05,100
sea were available neanderthals 
lived there until perhaps 28,000

2929
02:32:05,100 --> 02:32:08,300
years ago, thousands of years 
after they had disappeared from 

2930
02:32:08,300 --> 02:32:10,800
most of Europe. 
Did they know they were among 

2931
02:32:10,800 --> 02:32:13,800
the last, did they have any 
concept of their species? 

2932
02:32:13,800 --> 02:32:17,800
Dwindling toward Extinction? 
In Croatia at a cave called 

2933
02:32:17,800 --> 02:32:21,200
vintage both Neanderthal and 
modern human remains have been 

2934
02:32:21,208 --> 02:32:23,700
found in deposits dated to 
roughly the same time period. 

2935
02:32:23,700 --> 02:32:26,400
The dating is not precise enough
to prove. 

2936
02:32:26,400 --> 02:32:29,400
They were there simultaneously, 
but the overlap is suggested, 

2937
02:32:29,400 --> 02:32:34,700
this was a border Zone, a place 
where two worlds met The swabian

2938
02:32:34,700 --> 02:32:38,200
Jura in southern Germany, has 
yielded some of the earliest 

2939
02:32:38,200 --> 02:32:42,100
modern Human Art in Europe. 
Carved Ivory figurines, 

2940
02:32:42,100 --> 02:32:45,100
depicting animals and strange. 
Human animal hybrids. 

2941
02:32:45,900 --> 02:32:49,000
Flutes made from bird bones, the
oldest known musical 

2942
02:32:49,000 --> 02:32:51,800
instruments. 
These objects date to around 

2943
02:32:51,800 --> 02:32:55,500
40,000 years ago, just when 
modern humans were establishing 

2944
02:32:55,500 --> 02:32:59,500
themselves in the region, they 
represent a cultural flowering a

2945
02:32:59,500 --> 02:33:01,800
burst of creativity and symbolic
expression. 

2946
02:33:02,500 --> 02:33:05,300
Neanderthals were still present 
in this region at that time. 

2947
02:33:05,300 --> 02:33:09,500
Did they see these? 
Carvings hear the music, did the

2948
02:33:09,500 --> 02:33:12,500
presence of new neighbors with 
new ways of thinking, Inspire 

2949
02:33:12,500 --> 02:33:14,900
them, threaten them, or simply 
puzzle them? 

2950
02:33:15,700 --> 02:33:18,300
we know from later evidence that
the two groups did more than 

2951
02:33:18,300 --> 02:33:23,000
just share space, they interbred
The genetic data is unambiguous 

2952
02:33:23,000 --> 02:33:25,400
on this point. 
All non-african people today 

2953
02:33:25,400 --> 02:33:28,300
carry roughly, one to two 
percent Neanderthal, DNA in 

2954
02:33:28,300 --> 02:33:30,800
their genome's. 
This means that some point 

2955
02:33:30,800 --> 02:33:33,900
neanderthals and modern humans 
had children together and those 

2956
02:33:33,900 --> 02:33:37,300
children survived and reproduced
passing on a mixture of both 

2957
02:33:37,300 --> 02:33:38,800
ancestry's to Future 
Generations. 

2958
02:33:38,800 --> 02:33:42,200
When did this happen where, how 
often? 

2959
02:33:43,300 --> 02:33:45,800
The genetic suggest most of the 
interbreeding occurred 

2960
02:33:45,800 --> 02:33:48,700
relatively early probably in the
Middle East before. 

2961
02:33:48,700 --> 02:33:51,900
Modern humans had fully in to 
Europe, but there may have been 

2962
02:33:51,900 --> 02:33:54,600
later, encounters as well, 
smaller events that left less 

2963
02:33:54,600 --> 02:33:58,200
clear genetic signatures what 
were these encounters like were 

2964
02:33:58,200 --> 02:34:00,400
they peaceful coercive 
consensual? 

2965
02:34:01,600 --> 02:34:04,700
The bones and jeans cannot tell 
us about individual experiences 

2966
02:34:04,700 --> 02:34:06,800
or emotions. 
We can only infer from the 

2967
02:34:06,808 --> 02:34:10,800
patterns and try to imagine the 
reality behind the young. 

2968
02:34:10,800 --> 02:34:14,000
Modern human woman separated 
from her group during a hunting 

2969
02:34:14,000 --> 02:34:16,600
accident is found by a 
neanderthal band. 

2970
02:34:16,600 --> 02:34:21,700
She's injured unable to travel 
They take her in care for her 

2971
02:34:21,700 --> 02:34:24,400
and over time, she becomes part 
of their community. 

2972
02:34:25,100 --> 02:34:27,600
She has children with a 
Neanderthal man and those 

2973
02:34:27,600 --> 02:34:31,000
children grow up between two 
worlds, carrying genes from both

2974
02:34:31,000 --> 02:34:34,800
lineages or perhaps a 
neanderthal youth, curious and 

2975
02:34:34,800 --> 02:34:36,400
bold. 
Seeks out the new people. 

2976
02:34:36,400 --> 02:34:40,600
Camped in a neighboring Valley. 
Trade begins, then friendship 

2977
02:34:40,600 --> 02:34:44,800
then something more intimate, 
the details matter but they are 

2978
02:34:44,800 --> 02:34:47,300
lost to time. 
What we know is that it 

2979
02:34:47,300 --> 02:34:50,600
happened, the evidence exists in
every cell of your body. 

2980
02:34:50,600 --> 02:34:54,200
If your ancestors came from 
outside of Africa, you carry 

2981
02:34:54,200 --> 02:34:57,300
Neanderthal, genes, they 
contributed to your immune 

2982
02:34:57,300 --> 02:35:00,600
system, your skin tone, your 
susceptibility to certain 

2983
02:35:00,600 --> 02:35:03,100
diseases, they are part of what 
makes you human. 

2984
02:35:03,900 --> 02:35:07,000
This was not replacement. 
This was not conquest and 

2985
02:35:07,000 --> 02:35:09,700
genocide though. 
Competition and conflict surely 

2986
02:35:09,700 --> 02:35:12,400
occurred. 
This was a more complex process 

2987
02:35:12,400 --> 02:35:16,000
of interaction exchange and 
ultimately absorption. 

2988
02:35:16,800 --> 02:35:19,700
Over thousands of years, 
neanderthals as a distinct 

2989
02:35:19,700 --> 02:35:22,700
population disappeared, but they
did not vanish completely. 

2990
02:35:22,700 --> 02:35:25,900
They live on in us a ghost 
population, visible. 

2991
02:35:25,900 --> 02:35:27,700
Only through the lens of 
genetics. 

2992
02:35:28,700 --> 02:35:30,500
Frontier between Neanderthal and
modern. 

2993
02:35:30,500 --> 02:35:33,800
Human populations was not 
aligned on a map, but a shifting

2994
02:35:33,800 --> 02:35:37,000
Mosaic of territories. 
A patchwork of occupied and 

2995
02:35:37,000 --> 02:35:39,800
empty lands that changed with 
the seasons and the years. 

2996
02:35:40,900 --> 02:35:44,200
In some valleys neanderthals 
hunted and gathered as they had 

2997
02:35:44,200 --> 02:35:47,700
for Millennia in others. 
Modern humans established camps 

2998
02:35:47,700 --> 02:35:50,900
and began learning The rhythms 
of European life and in between 

2999
02:35:50,908 --> 02:35:54,400
in the boundary zones. 
Both groups moved and met and 

3000
02:35:54,400 --> 02:35:56,400
made choices about how to 
respond to each other. 

3001
02:35:58,500 --> 02:36:00,100
First encounters were probably 
cautious. 

3002
02:36:00,100 --> 02:36:02,700
Neither group would have known 
what to make of the other 

3003
02:36:02,700 --> 02:36:05,200
clearly human clearly 
intelligent. 

3004
02:36:05,200 --> 02:36:08,600
But different, the body language
would be similar enough to read 

3005
02:36:08,600 --> 02:36:12,500
basic intentions, aggression, 
fear curiosity. 

3006
02:36:12,500 --> 02:36:16,300
Friendliness, these are 
Universal among social primates,

3007
02:36:16,300 --> 02:36:19,400
but the details of communication
might have been difficult. 

3008
02:36:19,400 --> 02:36:22,800
Did they share enough language 
to speak properly? 

3009
02:36:22,800 --> 02:36:26,500
Not at first gestures 
demonstrations, shared 

3010
02:36:26,500 --> 02:36:29,600
activities might have bridge. 
The gap could have occurred 

3011
02:36:29,600 --> 02:36:33,100
without much language. 
Displaying an object pointing to

3012
02:36:33,100 --> 02:36:36,600
something desired in exchange 
nodding or shaking the head. 

3013
02:36:37,600 --> 02:36:40,300
This is how humans have traded 
across language barriers 

3014
02:36:40,300 --> 02:36:43,100
throughout history. 
There is no reason to think it 

3015
02:36:43,100 --> 02:36:44,600
could not have worked in the ice
age as well. 

3016
02:36:45,300 --> 02:36:47,500
What did they trade? 
Raw materials? 

3017
02:36:47,500 --> 02:36:51,300
Certainly high quality Flint was
not evenly distributed across 

3018
02:36:51,300 --> 02:36:54,900
the landscape groups with access
to good Stone sources. 

3019
02:36:54,900 --> 02:36:58,500
Could trade surplus material for
other valuable items, hides 

3020
02:36:58,500 --> 02:37:01,600
prepared and tanned were always 
useful tools. 

3021
02:37:01,600 --> 02:37:05,000
Perhaps though most groups could
make their own rare items like 

3022
02:37:05,000 --> 02:37:08,900
shells from distant coasts, 
Okafor pigments, medicinal 

3023
02:37:08,900 --> 02:37:10,700
plants known only in certain 
regions. 

3024
02:37:10,700 --> 02:37:14,400
Imagine a neutral meeting 
ground, a river crossing where 

3025
02:37:14,400 --> 02:37:17,900
paths converge to groups arrived
from different directions. 

3026
02:37:17,900 --> 02:37:22,300
Perhaps by prior arrangement, 
perhaps by chance, there is 

3027
02:37:22,300 --> 02:37:26,400
tension at first hands, rest on 
weapons, just in case but no one

3028
02:37:26,400 --> 02:37:29,100
attacks. 
Slowly the group's approach, 

3029
02:37:29,100 --> 02:37:32,500
each other items are laid on the
ground Flint blades. 

3030
02:37:32,500 --> 02:37:35,700
From one side shells from the 
other gestures. 

3031
02:37:35,700 --> 02:37:38,400
Indicate what is being offered 
and what is wanted in return? 

3032
02:37:39,200 --> 02:37:42,400
After some negotiation, the 
exchanges made both groups 

3033
02:37:42,400 --> 02:37:44,600
Retreat watching each other 
wearily. 

3034
02:37:44,600 --> 02:37:48,100
But without violence the 
encounter ends peacefully, this 

3035
02:37:48,100 --> 02:37:51,600
might happen once a year or less
often most of the time, the 

3036
02:37:51,600 --> 02:37:54,400
groups would never see each 
other living out their lives and

3037
02:37:54,400 --> 02:37:57,700
separate territories with only 
occasional indirect evidence of 

3038
02:37:57,700 --> 02:37:59,900
the others. 
Existence a distant, smoke 

3039
02:37:59,900 --> 02:38:02,600
column tracks leading away from 
a water source. 

3040
02:38:02,600 --> 02:38:05,600
The remains of a fire. 
That was not made by anyone in 

3041
02:38:05,600 --> 02:38:08,800
your group. 
But over time familiarity might 

3042
02:38:08,800 --> 02:38:10,700
breed something other than 
contempt. 

3043
02:38:11,300 --> 02:38:14,000
If encounters were generally 
peaceful, if trade proved 

3044
02:38:14,000 --> 02:38:18,200
beneficial the barrier between 
groups might soften perhaps a 

3045
02:38:18,200 --> 02:38:21,600
young person from one group 
exiled or simply adventurous 

3046
02:38:21,600 --> 02:38:25,400
seeks acceptance with the other.
Perhaps during a harsh winter. 

3047
02:38:25,400 --> 02:38:28,700
One group allows another to 
shelter in their territory in 

3048
02:38:28,700 --> 02:38:31,700
exchange for help with hunting, 
or defense against predators, 

3049
02:38:32,500 --> 02:38:35,700
The archaeological evidence for 
direct interaction is sparse but

3050
02:38:35,708 --> 02:38:38,900
tantalizing have the cave of 
Aussie secure in France. 

3051
02:38:38,900 --> 02:38:41,900
Neanderthal remains were found. 
Alongside sophisticated 

3052
02:38:41,900 --> 02:38:45,900
ornaments made from Ivory and 
bone items that closely resemble

3053
02:38:45,900 --> 02:38:47,600
those made by modern humans. 
Elsewhere. 

3054
02:38:49,200 --> 02:38:52,800
Did Neanderthals create these 
independently inspired by what 

3055
02:38:52,800 --> 02:38:54,900
they saw did. 
They trade for them? 

3056
02:38:55,800 --> 02:38:58,500
The deposits are Disturbed, 
making precise interpretation 

3057
02:38:58,500 --> 02:39:01,200
difficult, but the association 
is suggestive. 

3058
02:39:02,000 --> 02:39:05,300
At the senses are sight will so 
in France, a neanderthal 

3059
02:39:05,300 --> 02:39:07,900
skeleton was found in 
association with tools of the 

3060
02:39:07,900 --> 02:39:10,900
shuttle Peroni and tradition a 
technology that blends 

3061
02:39:10,900 --> 02:39:13,300
Neanderthal and modern human 
characteristics. 

3062
02:39:13,300 --> 02:39:16,300
This is led to debate about 
whether neanderthals were 

3063
02:39:16,300 --> 02:39:19,600
capable of innovating these 
tools independently or learn the

3064
02:39:19,600 --> 02:39:23,600
techniques from modern humans. 
The answer probably varies by 

3065
02:39:23,608 --> 02:39:26,600
location and group. 
Some researchers argue that the 

3066
02:39:26,600 --> 02:39:29,600
presence of similar tool types, 
in both Neanderthal, and modern 

3067
02:39:29,600 --> 02:39:33,100
human sights indicates parallel 
development rather than cultural

3068
02:39:33,100 --> 02:39:35,300
contact. 
Smart people in similar 

3069
02:39:35,300 --> 02:39:37,400
environments. 
Solving similar problems, might 

3070
02:39:37,400 --> 02:39:41,000
arrive at similar Solutions 
independently. others point to 

3071
02:39:41,000 --> 02:39:43,900
the timing and distribution of 
these hybrid Technologies as 

3072
02:39:43,900 --> 02:39:47,900
evidence of diffusion and 
learning between groups The 

3073
02:39:47,900 --> 02:39:49,700
truth, probably lies somewhere 
in the middle. 

3074
02:39:49,700 --> 02:39:51,900
Some Innovations were 
independent. 

3075
02:39:51,900 --> 02:39:55,500
Others were borrowed and 
adapted, cultures always a mix 

3076
02:39:55,508 --> 02:39:59,100
of invention and imitation and 
there is no reason to think Ice 

3077
02:39:59,100 --> 02:40:02,300
Age humans were any different. 
One of the most intriguing 

3078
02:40:02,300 --> 02:40:05,600
pieces of evidence comes from 
genetic analysis of Neanderthal,

3079
02:40:05,600 --> 02:40:08,300
remains the patterns of DNA 
variation. 

3080
02:40:08,300 --> 02:40:11,400
Suggests that Neanderthal 
population was small and 

3081
02:40:11,400 --> 02:40:14,500
somewhat isolated from each 
other leading to low genetic 

3082
02:40:14,500 --> 02:40:17,100
diversity. 
This made them vulnerable to 

3083
02:40:17,100 --> 02:40:19,700
inbreeding and accumulation of 
harmful mutations. 

3084
02:40:19,700 --> 02:40:23,300
When modern humans arrived with 
their larger population sizes. 

3085
02:40:23,300 --> 02:40:26,700
And more extensive social 
networks, the genetic influx 

3086
02:40:26,700 --> 02:40:29,200
from interbreeding might have 
been beneficial in the short 

3087
02:40:29,200 --> 02:40:32,300
term bringing fresh genetic 
diversity in to isolated 

3088
02:40:32,300 --> 02:40:35,100
Neanderthal groups. 
But it also might have 

3089
02:40:35,100 --> 02:40:38,800
contributed to their eventual, 
disappearance. small populations

3090
02:40:38,800 --> 02:40:41,700
absorbing jeans from a larger 
more numerous group, can 

3091
02:40:41,700 --> 02:40:45,000
eventually be swamped the 
distinct Neanderthal genetic 

3092
02:40:45,000 --> 02:40:48,300
signature gets diluted over 
generations and it is no longer 

3093
02:40:48,300 --> 02:40:50,200
recognizable as a separate 
lineage. 

3094
02:40:51,200 --> 02:40:53,700
This is not Extinction through 
violence, but through a 

3095
02:40:53,700 --> 02:40:56,600
simulation. 
Climate change also played a 

3096
02:40:56,600 --> 02:41:00,500
role around 40,000 years ago. 
The climate began another shift 

3097
02:41:00,500 --> 02:41:04,600
toward colder, drier, conditions
resources became scarcer 

3098
02:41:04,600 --> 02:41:07,700
territories that had supported 
small populations became 

3099
02:41:07,700 --> 02:41:11,000
marginal or uninhabitable 
competition for the remaining 

3100
02:41:11,000 --> 02:41:13,700
goodlands. 
Increased modern humans may have

3101
02:41:13,708 --> 02:41:15,400
had advantages in this 
competition. 

3102
02:41:15,400 --> 02:41:18,500
There more extensive social 
networks, allowed them to share 

3103
02:41:18,500 --> 02:41:20,900
information about resources over
large areas. 

3104
02:41:20,900 --> 02:41:24,000
Their Technologies included in 
Innovations, like sowing 

3105
02:41:24,000 --> 02:41:27,000
needles, made from bone 
neighboring, better cold weather

3106
02:41:27,000 --> 02:41:29,300
clothing. 
They used a wide a variety of 

3107
02:41:29,300 --> 02:41:32,600
tools for a wide range of tasks.
Possibly making them more 

3108
02:41:32,600 --> 02:41:35,900
efficient at resource 
extraction, but these advantages

3109
02:41:35,900 --> 02:41:39,000
were not over. 
Neanderthals were still for 

3110
02:41:39,000 --> 02:41:41,900
middles of survivors, still 
capable of thriving in harsh 

3111
02:41:41,900 --> 02:41:44,800
conditions. 
The process of displacement took

3112
02:41:44,800 --> 02:41:48,500
thousands of years. 
Not decades or centuries, this 

3113
02:41:48,500 --> 02:41:52,200
was not a blitzkrieg, but a slow
grinding down of populations 

3114
02:41:52,200 --> 02:41:55,700
already under stress in some 
regions, neanderthals seem to 

3115
02:41:55,708 --> 02:41:58,600
have disappeared quickly. 
After modern humans arrived in 

3116
02:41:58,600 --> 02:42:01,600
others, they persisted for 
Millennia holding on to 

3117
02:42:01,600 --> 02:42:04,400
territories that modern humans, 
found less appealing or more 

3118
02:42:04,400 --> 02:42:07,700
difficult to penetrate. 
The pattern is complex, varying 

3119
02:42:07,700 --> 02:42:10,700
by region and local conditions 
disease might have played a role

3120
02:42:11,600 --> 02:42:14,300
When populations that have been 
separated for hundreds of 

3121
02:42:14,308 --> 02:42:16,100
thousands of years come into 
contact. 

3122
02:42:16,800 --> 02:42:18,600
There is potential for disease 
transmission. 

3123
02:42:19,600 --> 02:42:22,100
Modern humans might have carried
pathogens to which they were 

3124
02:42:22,100 --> 02:42:25,900
resistant, but which devastated,
neanderthals or vice versa. 

3125
02:42:26,900 --> 02:42:29,800
The archaeological record cannot
capture diseases that leave no 

3126
02:42:29,800 --> 02:42:32,700
trace on Bones. 
So we can only speculate about 

3127
02:42:32,700 --> 02:42:36,000
this possibility. 
What we know for certain is that

3128
02:42:36,000 --> 02:42:39,800
by around 39,000 years ago, 
neanderthals had vanished from 

3129
02:42:39,800 --> 02:42:42,700
most of Europe. 
Only a few isolated, populations

3130
02:42:42,700 --> 02:42:45,800
remained hanging on in refugees.
At the edge of the continent. 

3131
02:42:45,800 --> 02:42:52,100
Gibraltar the Italian, Peninsula
isolated mountain, valleys One 

3132
02:42:52,100 --> 02:42:54,500
by one these last population's 
faded away. 

3133
02:42:55,300 --> 02:42:58,300
The last known Neanderthal 
remains date to around 28,000 

3134
02:42:58,300 --> 02:43:00,900
years ago though. 
Some researchers argue the 

3135
02:43:00,900 --> 02:43:03,800
extinction occurred earlier and 
the later dates are contaminated

3136
02:43:03,800 --> 02:43:08,800
either way by 25,000 years ago 
at the latest neanderthals were 

3137
02:43:08,800 --> 02:43:12,000
gone as a living population. 
But not completely gone. 

3138
02:43:12,000 --> 02:43:15,200
Their genes persisted in the 
modern human populations. 

3139
02:43:15,200 --> 02:43:18,300
That had absorbed them. 
Their knowledge might have two 

3140
02:43:18,300 --> 02:43:21,100
techniques and strategies passed
on through those hybrid children

3141
02:43:21,100 --> 02:43:24,600
and their descendants. 
The boundary between the andores

3142
02:43:24,600 --> 02:43:26,100
and modern humans was always 
poorest. 

3143
02:43:26,100 --> 02:43:30,500
The encounter was not a clash of
civilizations, but a mingling a 

3144
02:43:30,500 --> 02:43:33,100
complex interaction, that defies
simple, narratives of winners 

3145
02:43:33,100 --> 02:43:35,700
and losers, the landscape of Ice
Age. 

3146
02:43:35,700 --> 02:43:38,800
Europe was not evenly, divided 
between neanderthals and modern 

3147
02:43:38,800 --> 02:43:41,400
humans. 
It was a shifting Patchwork of 

3148
02:43:41,400 --> 02:43:44,800
territories where both groups 
hunted gathered and made their 

3149
02:43:44,800 --> 02:43:48,100
homes. 
Understanding how they shared 

3150
02:43:48,100 --> 02:43:50,900
this space requires looking at 
the archaeological evidence with

3151
02:43:50,900 --> 02:43:54,000
care and patience caves and rock
shelters. 

3152
02:43:54,000 --> 02:43:56,900
Were Prime real estate. 
They offered protection from 

3153
02:43:56,900 --> 02:43:59,200
wind and predators natural 
shelter. 

3154
02:43:59,200 --> 02:44:00,600
That did not require 
construction. 

3155
02:44:00,600 --> 02:44:05,200
Good caves were reused over and 
over sometimes for thousands of 

3156
02:44:05,200 --> 02:44:08,000
years. 
And many sights, we find layers 

3157
02:44:08,000 --> 02:44:11,300
of occupation, by both groups, 
separated by periods, when the 

3158
02:44:11,300 --> 02:44:13,300
cave was abandoned, and then 
reoccupied. 

3159
02:44:14,200 --> 02:44:17,200
Had gorham's cave. 
In Gibraltar excavations have 

3160
02:44:17,200 --> 02:44:20,300
revealed a deep stratigraphy 
spanning tens of thousands of 

3161
02:44:20,308 --> 02:44:23,100
years. 
Neanderthals used this site, 

3162
02:44:23,100 --> 02:44:27,200
repeatedly leaving behind tools,
half and food Remains the 

3163
02:44:27,200 --> 02:44:28,900
deposits show. 
They were eating Seafood like 

3164
02:44:28,900 --> 02:44:32,400
mussels and limpets hunting 
birds and taking advantage of 

3165
02:44:32,400 --> 02:44:36,000
both land and Marine Resources. 
This demonstrates sophisticated 

3166
02:44:36,000 --> 02:44:38,600
knowledge of the local 
environment and the ability to 

3167
02:44:38,600 --> 02:44:43,000
exploit multiple food sources, 
Modern humans also used caves 

3168
02:44:43,000 --> 02:44:47,100
extensively at sights like every
Pato in France we find evidence 

3169
02:44:47,100 --> 02:44:49,000
of repeated occupation over 
millennia. 

3170
02:44:50,100 --> 02:44:53,700
The deposits contain tools are 
objects and remains of meals. 

3171
02:44:53,700 --> 02:44:56,900
The stratigraphy allows 
researchers to track changes in 

3172
02:44:56,900 --> 02:45:00,700
technology and subsistence 
strategies over time when both 

3173
02:45:00,700 --> 02:45:02,800
groups used the same cave at 
different times. 

3174
02:45:02,800 --> 02:45:06,100
We can compare their approaches.
Sometimes the differences are 

3175
02:45:06,100 --> 02:45:09,800
Stark modern humans, leave 
behind more, diverse tool types,

3176
02:45:09,800 --> 02:45:13,400
more personal ornaments, more 
evidence of long-distance trade.

3177
02:45:13,400 --> 02:45:17,400
Neanderthals leaves simpler 
assemblages fewer decorative 

3178
02:45:17,400 --> 02:45:21,100
items more emphasis on heavy 
duty tools for processing game 

3179
02:45:21,100 --> 02:45:23,900
and hide's. 
Sometimes the differences are 

3180
02:45:23,900 --> 02:45:27,500
subtle or absent. 
Both groups controlled fire, 

3181
02:45:27,500 --> 02:45:31,000
expertly both hunted, similar 
animals using similar 

3182
02:45:31,000 --> 02:45:34,100
strategies. 
Both processed hides and made 

3183
02:45:34,100 --> 02:45:37,800
them into clothing and shelter. 
The basic challenges of survival

3184
02:45:37,800 --> 02:45:40,800
in the demanded similar 
Solutions, regardless of who was

3185
02:45:40,800 --> 02:45:44,000
doing the surviving Stone tool 
technology offers one of the 

3186
02:45:44,000 --> 02:45:47,400
best Windows into possible. 
Cultural exchange tools are 

3187
02:45:47,400 --> 02:45:51,500
abundant in the archaeological 
record, they preserve well and 

3188
02:45:51,500 --> 02:45:54,400
their forms can be compared 
across sites and through time to

3189
02:45:54,400 --> 02:45:57,700
track changes and Innovations, 
the Mysterion tradition 

3190
02:45:57,700 --> 02:46:01,400
associated with neanderthals is 
characterized by flake Struck 

3191
02:46:01,400 --> 02:46:04,500
from prepared Kors. 
The Napa would carefully shape, 

3192
02:46:04,500 --> 02:46:07,200
a stone core and then strike it 
to produce flakes of 

3193
02:46:07,200 --> 02:46:10,800
predetermined size and shape. 
These flakes were then retouched

3194
02:46:10,800 --> 02:46:14,400
into various tool types scrapers
points knives. 

3195
02:46:15,300 --> 02:46:18,000
The technique is a fishing to 
produces high-quality tools. 

3196
02:46:18,900 --> 02:46:21,700
modern humans brought with them,
the upper Paleolithic tradition 

3197
02:46:21,700 --> 02:46:25,500
characterized by blade 
production Blades along narrow 

3198
02:46:25,500 --> 02:46:27,400
flakes. 
Struck in sequence from a 

3199
02:46:27,400 --> 02:46:30,400
specially prepared, core. 
This technique produces more 

3200
02:46:30,400 --> 02:46:33,000
cutting-edge per unit, of stone,
an advantage. 

3201
02:46:33,000 --> 02:46:34,800
When good quality, Flint is 
scared. 

3202
02:46:35,600 --> 02:46:38,600
Blades can be further modified 
into a wide array of specialized

3203
02:46:38,600 --> 02:46:43,400
tools, Barons for Engraving back
to knives for cutting micro 

3204
02:46:43,400 --> 02:46:45,700
liths that can be haft into 
composite tools. 

3205
02:46:46,600 --> 02:46:49,500
In the transition period, when 
both groups were present in 

3206
02:46:49,500 --> 02:46:52,200
Europe, we see intermediate 
Traditions that blend 

3207
02:46:52,200 --> 02:46:54,500
characteristics of both the 
shuttle. 

3208
02:46:54,500 --> 02:46:57,600
Parian mentioned earlier, 
includes both Mysterion style 

3209
02:46:57,600 --> 02:47:01,300
Flakes and blade production. 
The illusion tradition in Italy 

3210
02:47:01,300 --> 02:47:04,600
shows, similar mixing of 
techniques where neanderthals 

3211
02:47:04,600 --> 02:47:09,000
learning from modern humans, 
inventing independently, The 

3212
02:47:09,000 --> 02:47:11,600
debates continue, but the 
presence of these hybrid 

3213
02:47:11,600 --> 02:47:14,300
Technologies in regions and 
times when both groups were 

3214
02:47:14,300 --> 02:47:16,800
present suggests, at least the 
possibility of cultural 

3215
02:47:16,800 --> 02:47:20,000
transmission. 
Symbolic behavior is another 

3216
02:47:20,000 --> 02:47:22,000
area where comparisons are 
revealing. 

3217
02:47:22,700 --> 02:47:26,200
Modern humans produced abundant 
art from early on cave, 

3218
02:47:26,200 --> 02:47:30,500
paintings carved, figurines 
engraved, bones beads, and 

3219
02:47:30,500 --> 02:47:34,000
pendants these objects are found
across Europe, wherever modern 

3220
02:47:34,000 --> 02:47:36,300
humans lived. 
Neanderthal. 

3221
02:47:36,300 --> 02:47:38,200
Symbolic behavior is more 
controversial. 

3222
02:47:38,200 --> 02:47:40,900
There are hints. 
Perforated shells, that might 

3223
02:47:40,900 --> 02:47:43,400
have been worn as ornaments, 
scratched bones. 

3224
02:47:43,400 --> 02:47:46,500
That might be decorative cave 
paintings in Spain. 

3225
02:47:46,500 --> 02:47:48,300
That might predate modern human 
arrival. 

3226
02:47:49,200 --> 02:47:50,900
But the evidence is always 
debatable. 

3227
02:47:50,900 --> 02:47:54,300
Often unclear recently, 
researchers have argued more 

3228
02:47:54,300 --> 02:47:57,600
forcefully for Neanderthal, 
symbolic capacity, the Spanish 

3229
02:47:57,600 --> 02:48:00,300
cave paintings. 
If the dates, hold up, would 

3230
02:48:00,300 --> 02:48:03,400
prove that neanderthals created 
art in dependently without 

3231
02:48:03,400 --> 02:48:07,200
learning from modern humans. 
Pigments found Neanderthal sites

3232
02:48:07,200 --> 02:48:08,700
show. 
They were processing okra. 

3233
02:48:08,700 --> 02:48:11,100
And other materials though, what
they did with them remains 

3234
02:48:11,100 --> 02:48:15,100
uncertain, the question matters,
because symbolic thought the 

3235
02:48:15,100 --> 02:48:18,400
ability to represent meaning 
through abstract forms is often 

3236
02:48:18,400 --> 02:48:20,700
considered a Hallmark of modern 
human cognition. 

3237
02:48:21,500 --> 02:48:24,800
If neanderthals possess this 
capacity, it Challenges Old 

3238
02:48:24,800 --> 02:48:28,700
ideas about what made us unique 
if they lacked it, it might help

3239
02:48:28,700 --> 02:48:31,500
explain why they ultimately 
disappeared while we survived. 

3240
02:48:32,500 --> 02:48:36,100
But perhaps the question is 
poorly framed humans exist on a 

3241
02:48:36,100 --> 02:48:39,500
Continuum, not divided into 
symbolically capable and 

3242
02:48:39,500 --> 02:48:43,400
symbolically incapable 
neanderthals clearly had in our 

3243
02:48:43,400 --> 02:48:46,300
lives. 
Thoughts emotions, whether they 

3244
02:48:46,300 --> 02:48:48,800
expressed these through artists,
frequently or elaborately as 

3245
02:48:48,800 --> 02:48:51,900
modern humans is a separate 
question from whether they were 

3246
02:48:51,900 --> 02:48:55,100
capable of such expression 
hunting, strategies offer. 

3247
02:48:55,100 --> 02:48:58,400
Another point of comparison, 
both groups hunted, large game 

3248
02:48:58,400 --> 02:49:02,800
reindeer horses bison, mammoths 
the approaches were probably 

3249
02:49:02,800 --> 02:49:06,600
similar stalking, Ambush 
communal drives where animals 

3250
02:49:06,600 --> 02:49:09,100
were hearded natural traps or 
killed in groups. 

3251
02:49:09,900 --> 02:49:11,100
But there are subtle 
differences. 

3252
02:49:11,100 --> 02:49:13,200
Modern humans seem to have 
hunted. 

3253
02:49:13,200 --> 02:49:15,400
A wide. 
A variety of prey including 

3254
02:49:15,400 --> 02:49:18,000
smaller fast-moving animals like
rabbits and birds. 

3255
02:49:19,300 --> 02:49:21,400
This might reflect better 
projectile technology. 

3256
02:49:21,400 --> 02:49:25,200
The ability to throw Spears from
a distance rather than relying 

3257
02:49:25,200 --> 02:49:29,700
on thrusting Spears. modern 
humans also exploited aquatic 

3258
02:49:29,700 --> 02:49:32,000
resources, more extensively, 
Fish. 

3259
02:49:32,000 --> 02:49:36,300
Shellfish waterfowl. 
Neanderthals ate these Foods 

3260
02:49:36,300 --> 02:49:40,200
too, but less consistently. 
These differences in diet might 

3261
02:49:40,200 --> 02:49:42,500
have given modern humans an 
advantage during times of 

3262
02:49:42,508 --> 02:49:44,800
scarcity. 
Being able to fall back on 

3263
02:49:44,800 --> 02:49:47,400
alternative food sources when 
large game was unavailable, 

3264
02:49:47,400 --> 02:49:50,700
could mean the difference 
between survival and starvation.

3265
02:49:51,500 --> 02:49:55,300
Social organization is harder to
infer from archeology, but there

3266
02:49:55,300 --> 02:49:58,700
are Clues the distribution of 
materials at, modern human 

3267
02:49:58,700 --> 02:50:02,000
sight, suggest larger social 
networks shells, from the 

3268
02:50:02,000 --> 02:50:05,700
Mediterranean show up, hundreds 
of kilometres Inland high 

3269
02:50:05,700 --> 02:50:07,800
quality. 
Flint from specific sources is 

3270
02:50:07,800 --> 02:50:11,800
found across large regions. 
This indicates trade exchange 

3271
02:50:11,800 --> 02:50:14,600
and communication across 
distance, is that would have 

3272
02:50:14,600 --> 02:50:17,000
required interactions between 
many different groups. 

3273
02:50:18,000 --> 02:50:20,500
Neanderthal, sites showed less 
evidence of long-distance 

3274
02:50:20,500 --> 02:50:23,900
material movement. 
Resources tend to be local 

3275
02:50:23,900 --> 02:50:26,400
acquired within a day's travel 
of the campsite. 

3276
02:50:26,400 --> 02:50:29,800
This does not mean they lacked 
social networks, but those 

3277
02:50:29,800 --> 02:50:33,900
networks might have been smaller
or less extensive larger social 

3278
02:50:33,900 --> 02:50:35,800
networks have survival 
advantages. 

3279
02:50:35,800 --> 02:50:38,300
They buffer against local 
resource failures. 

3280
02:50:38,300 --> 02:50:41,300
If one region has a poor hunting
season connections to 

3281
02:50:41,300 --> 02:50:44,800
neighboring groups can provide 
alternatives Information about 

3282
02:50:44,800 --> 02:50:48,700
where game is plentiful, can be 
shared Innovation, spread faster

3283
02:50:48,700 --> 02:50:51,900
through larger networks but 
larger networks also require 

3284
02:50:51,900 --> 02:50:55,700
more complex social management. 
Keeping track of who owes what 

3285
02:50:55,700 --> 02:50:58,400
to whom maintaining 
relationships with people, you 

3286
02:50:58,400 --> 02:51:01,700
might only see occasionally 
negotiating access to resources 

3287
02:51:01,700 --> 02:51:05,300
and territories Modern humans 
seem to have been Adept at this 

3288
02:51:05,300 --> 02:51:08,400
kind of social complexity. 
Perhaps, this was one of the 

3289
02:51:08,400 --> 02:51:11,600
critical differences, not 
intelligence in some abstract 

3290
02:51:11,600 --> 02:51:14,800
sense, but social intelligence, 
the ability to build and 

3291
02:51:14,800 --> 02:51:18,200
maintain relationships across 
large groups to cooperate with 

3292
02:51:18,200 --> 02:51:21,300
distant neighbors, to create 
cultural institutions that 

3293
02:51:21,300 --> 02:51:24,200
allowed for trust and exchange 
without constant face to face 

3294
02:51:24,200 --> 02:51:27,100
contact. 
Language likely played a role, 

3295
02:51:27,108 --> 02:51:30,900
both groups could speak, but the
complexity and Nuance of their 

3296
02:51:30,900 --> 02:51:33,800
language, might have differed. 
More complex, language allows 

3297
02:51:33,800 --> 02:51:36,600
for more details sharing of 
information for teaching and 

3298
02:51:36,600 --> 02:51:39,500
storytelling for social bonding 
and negotiation. 

3299
02:51:40,400 --> 02:51:44,000
If modern humans had a slight 
Edge in linguistic ability, that

3300
02:51:44,000 --> 02:51:46,700
could translate into significant
advantages and social 

3301
02:51:46,700 --> 02:51:49,600
organization and cultural 
transmission, but we should be 

3302
02:51:49,600 --> 02:51:53,200
cautious about overstating. 
These differences neanderthals 

3303
02:51:53,200 --> 02:51:56,500
were not simple or primitive 
they survived for far longer as 

3304
02:51:56,500 --> 02:51:59,500
a distinct lineage than modern 
humans of existed so far. 

3305
02:52:00,200 --> 02:52:02,500
They endured ice ages and 
climate shifts. 

3306
02:52:02,500 --> 02:52:04,800
That would have destroyed less 
capable populations. 

3307
02:52:04,800 --> 02:52:07,900
They were smart resourceful and 
resilient. 

3308
02:52:08,800 --> 02:52:11,500
The fact that they disappeared 
while we survived does not mean 

3309
02:52:11,500 --> 02:52:14,300
they were inferior. 
It might mean, they were unlucky

3310
02:52:14,300 --> 02:52:16,700
smaller. 
Populations are more vulnerable 

3311
02:52:16,700 --> 02:52:21,500
to random chance, a bad winter, 
a disease, outbreak of volcanic 

3312
02:52:21,500 --> 02:52:23,600
eruption in the wrong place at 
the wrong time. 

3313
02:52:23,600 --> 02:52:26,500
Any of these could push a 
stressed population over the 

3314
02:52:26,508 --> 02:52:29,400
edge, or it might mean, they 
were out competed by a group 

3315
02:52:29,400 --> 02:52:31,900
with specific advantages, in a 
particular set of circumstances,

3316
02:52:31,900 --> 02:52:35,700
change the circumstances and the
outcome might have been 

3317
02:52:35,700 --> 02:52:37,900
different. 
What is clear is that for 

3318
02:52:37,900 --> 02:52:41,000
several thousand years 
neanderthals and modern humans 

3319
02:52:41,000 --> 02:52:44,700
shared Europe, they used the 
same resources face the same 

3320
02:52:44,700 --> 02:52:47,000
challenge. 
As possibly learned from each 

3321
02:52:47,000 --> 02:52:49,500
other. 
The archaeological record shows 

3322
02:52:49,500 --> 02:52:51,200
a complex pattern of 
interaction. 

3323
02:52:51,200 --> 02:52:54,600
Not a simple story of 
displacement or conflict and 

3324
02:52:54,600 --> 02:52:57,300
beneath that complexity lies a 
fact that was only discovered 

3325
02:52:57,300 --> 02:53:00,700
recently one that changes how we
understand this entire period? 

3326
02:53:00,700 --> 02:53:04,800
Neanderthals and modern humans 
did not just share space they 

3327
02:53:04,800 --> 02:53:07,900
shared genes? 
They interbred creating hybrid 

3328
02:53:07,900 --> 02:53:09,700
Offspring. 
Who carried the legacy of both 

3329
02:53:09,700 --> 02:53:13,100
lineages into the future? 
The Revelation that modern 

3330
02:53:13,100 --> 02:53:16,400
humans, carry Neanderthal, DNA 
was one of the great scientific 

3331
02:53:16,400 --> 02:53:19,700
surprises of the early 21st 
century for decades. 

3332
02:53:19,700 --> 02:53:22,900
Researchers had debated, whether
neanderthals and modern humans 

3333
02:53:22,900 --> 02:53:26,400
into bread Some argued that the 
anatomical differences between 

3334
02:53:26,400 --> 02:53:29,500
the groups were too great. 
Others pointed to the potential 

3335
02:53:29,500 --> 02:53:32,400
for gene flow, wherever two, 
compatible species overlapped. 

3336
02:53:33,100 --> 02:53:35,300
The debate could not be settled 
by morphology alone. 

3337
02:53:35,300 --> 02:53:39,600
Bones can only tell you so much.
What was needed, was genetic 

3338
02:53:39,600 --> 02:53:43,700
evidence direct comparison of 
DNA from Neanderthal remains and

3339
02:53:43,700 --> 02:53:47,100
modern humans. 
But extracting DNA from ancient 

3340
02:53:47,100 --> 02:53:50,900
bones is incredibly difficult 
DNA degrades over time. 

3341
02:53:50,900 --> 02:53:54,200
Breaking into smaller and 
smaller fragments contamination.

3342
02:53:54,200 --> 02:53:57,200
From Modern sources, is a 
constant problem for years. 

3343
02:53:57,200 --> 02:54:01,300
It seemed impossible, then in 
the early 2000s, a team led by 

3344
02:54:01,300 --> 02:54:03,600
Santana, Pabo at the Max Planck 
Institute. 

3345
02:54:03,600 --> 02:54:05,700
In Germany, began making 
progress. 

3346
02:54:05,700 --> 02:54:09,300
They developed techniques for 
extracting and sequencing tiny 

3347
02:54:09,300 --> 02:54:11,700
amounts of degraded DNA from 
Neanderthal bones. 

3348
02:54:12,700 --> 02:54:16,200
It was painstaking work for with
technical challenges and false 

3349
02:54:16,200 --> 02:54:18,500
starts. 
But slowly, the Neanderthal 

3350
02:54:18,500 --> 02:54:21,800
genome began to emerge. 
The first complete sequence was 

3351
02:54:21,800 --> 02:54:25,300
published in 2010. 
Researchers compared it to 

3352
02:54:25,308 --> 02:54:27,300
genomes from modern, humans 
around the world. 

3353
02:54:27,300 --> 02:54:31,700
The results were unambiguous 
non-african populations carried 

3354
02:54:31,700 --> 02:54:33,600
between one and two percent 
Neanderthal. 

3355
02:54:33,600 --> 02:54:37,500
DNA African populations, whose 
ancestors never left the 

3356
02:54:37,500 --> 02:54:39,600
continent and thus never 
encountered. 

3357
02:54:39,600 --> 02:54:41,700
Neanderthals carried. 
Essentially none. 

3358
02:54:42,600 --> 02:54:45,500
This meant that interbreeding 
had occurred, most likely in the

3359
02:54:45,500 --> 02:54:49,400
Middle East around 50 to 60,000 
years ago before modern humans 

3360
02:54:49,400 --> 02:54:53,100
had fully dispersed into Europe 
and Asia the descendants of 

3361
02:54:53,100 --> 02:54:57,000
those hybrid Offspring, carried 
Neanderthal, genes with them as 

3362
02:54:57,000 --> 02:55:00,500
they spread across the globe. 
Further analysis revealed, which

3363
02:55:00,500 --> 02:55:02,300
specific genes had been 
inherited. 

3364
02:55:02,300 --> 02:55:05,900
Some Neanderthal variants are 
found in genes related to skin 

3365
02:55:05,900 --> 02:55:08,200
and hair. 
Suggesting they helped modern 

3366
02:55:08,200 --> 02:55:12,000
humans adapt to the colder 
climates and different UV levels

3367
02:55:12,000 --> 02:55:14,500
of Eurasia others. 
Affect the immune system, 

3368
02:55:14,500 --> 02:55:17,800
providing resistance to local 
pathogens, that the newly 

3369
02:55:17,800 --> 02:55:19,300
arrived. 
Modern humans would have 

3370
02:55:19,300 --> 02:55:23,100
encountered, interestingly some 
regions of the modern Human 

3371
02:55:23,100 --> 02:55:26,200
Genome are almost completely 
devoid of Neanderthal, DNA? 

3372
02:55:27,200 --> 02:55:29,500
This suggests that certainly and
Athol variants were. 

3373
02:55:29,500 --> 02:55:32,900
Harmful when present in a modern
human genetic background and 

3374
02:55:32,900 --> 02:55:36,400
were selected against over time.
Other regions show higher than 

3375
02:55:36,400 --> 02:55:39,800
average Neanderthal ancestry 
indicating those variants were 

3376
02:55:39,800 --> 02:55:41,700
beneficial and spread through 
the population. 

3377
02:55:42,600 --> 02:55:45,500
The presence of Neanderthal DNA 
in living people today. 

3378
02:55:45,500 --> 02:55:47,700
Fundamentally changes. 
How we think about human 

3379
02:55:47,700 --> 02:55:50,300
evolution. 
We are not a single lineage that

3380
02:55:50,300 --> 02:55:52,900
replaced all others. 
We are a blended species. 

3381
02:55:52,900 --> 02:55:56,200
Carrying genetic contributions 
from multiple archaic human 

3382
02:55:56,208 --> 02:55:58,500
groups. 
Neanderthals are not the only 

3383
02:55:58,500 --> 02:56:01,900
contributors denisovans another 
archaic. 

3384
02:56:01,900 --> 02:56:06,000
Human group known primarily from
DNA extracted from a few bones 

3385
02:56:06,000 --> 02:56:10,800
found in Siberia with modern 
humans people in Southeast Asia 

3386
02:56:10,800 --> 02:56:14,600
and Oceania, carry significant 
denisovan ancestry other. 

3387
02:56:14,600 --> 02:56:17,700
As yet unnamed arcade groups, 
probably contributed as well. 

3388
02:56:17,700 --> 02:56:21,300
The Human family Tree is not a 
simple branching diagram but a 

3389
02:56:21,308 --> 02:56:23,800
braided stream lineages 
separating. 

3390
02:56:23,800 --> 02:56:26,900
And then reconnecting This 
blending has practical 

3391
02:56:26,900 --> 02:56:29,500
consequences. 
Some leanderthal, genes 

3392
02:56:29,500 --> 02:56:32,600
influence, your susceptibility 
to diseases like diabetes and 

3393
02:56:32,600 --> 02:56:36,400
Crohn's disease others, affect 
your height, sleep patterns, and

3394
02:56:36,400 --> 02:56:39,900
even mood, The variants 
inherited from neanderthals are 

3395
02:56:39,900 --> 02:56:41,900
part of normal human variation 
today. 

3396
02:56:42,700 --> 02:56:45,300
Neither universally good nor 
University bad. 

3397
02:56:45,300 --> 02:56:48,500
But contacts dependent. 
One of the most medically 

3398
02:56:48,500 --> 02:56:50,600
relevant findings, involves the 
immune system. 

3399
02:56:51,500 --> 02:56:54,700
The cluster of Neanderthal genes
on chromosome 3 is associated 

3400
02:56:54,700 --> 02:56:57,300
with a stronger inflammatory 
response to infections. 

3401
02:56:57,300 --> 02:57:00,200
This might have been 
advantageous during the Ice Age,

3402
02:57:00,208 --> 02:57:03,000
when exposure to novel, 
pathogens was common, but in 

3403
02:57:03,000 --> 02:57:05,900
modern environments that same 
strong inflammatory, response 

3404
02:57:05,900 --> 02:57:08,900
contributes to severe outcomes 
from diseases like covid-19, 

3405
02:57:09,900 --> 02:57:12,500
Other Neanderthal variants 
affect skin, tone and hair 

3406
02:57:12,500 --> 02:57:15,700
color. 
Red hair and fair skin common. 

3407
02:57:15,700 --> 02:57:18,400
In northern European populations
may have been influenced by 

3408
02:57:18,408 --> 02:57:21,100
Neanderthal genes. 
This makes sense given that 

3409
02:57:21,100 --> 02:57:24,300
neanderthals lived in high 
latitude environments with low 

3410
02:57:24,300 --> 02:57:27,500
sunlight, for hundreds of 
thousands of years, like of 

3411
02:57:27,500 --> 02:57:30,400
evolving, lighter pigmentation, 
to synthesize vitamin D, more 

3412
02:57:30,400 --> 02:57:32,700
efficiently. 
The fact that we can identify 

3413
02:57:32,700 --> 02:57:35,700
specific Neanderthal genes and 
track their effects as 

3414
02:57:35,700 --> 02:57:38,300
remarkable. 
It turns abstract questions 

3415
02:57:38,300 --> 02:57:41,700
about interbreeding into 
concrete testable hypotheses 

3416
02:57:41,700 --> 02:57:45,800
about human biology in 
personalizes the connection, if 

3417
02:57:45,800 --> 02:57:48,700
you are of non-african descent 
you carry Neanderthal, DNA. 

3418
02:57:48,700 --> 02:57:51,800
They are part of your ancestry 
part of what makes you who you 

3419
02:57:51,800 --> 02:57:53,600
are. 
But how did this interbreeding 

3420
02:57:53,600 --> 02:57:56,000
occur? 
The genetic patterns suggest it 

3421
02:57:56,000 --> 02:57:58,600
was not an ongoing process 
throughout the period of overlap

3422
02:57:58,600 --> 02:58:01,700
instead. 
Most of the gene flow happened 

3423
02:58:01,700 --> 02:58:05,100
relatively early, perhaps in a 
few key events or periods of 

3424
02:58:05,108 --> 02:58:09,300
more extensive contact. 
After that initial mixing, the 

3425
02:58:09,300 --> 02:58:12,200
population seemed to have 
remained largely separate with 

3426
02:58:12,200 --> 02:58:16,100
minimal additional gene flow. 
This pattern is consistent with 

3427
02:58:16,100 --> 02:58:20,100
the scenario where small groups 
of modern humans freshly arrived

3428
02:58:20,100 --> 02:58:23,000
in the Middle East encountered 
an interbred with local 

3429
02:58:23,000 --> 02:58:26,600
neanderthals, the descendants of
those encounters then expanded 

3430
02:58:26,600 --> 02:58:30,400
into Asia and Europe, carrying 
Neanderthal, genes with them 

3431
02:58:30,400 --> 02:58:33,800
later, arrivals from Africa. 
Did not contribute as much to 

3432
02:58:33,800 --> 02:58:37,100
the modern gene pool and thus 
did not dilute the Neanderthal 

3433
02:58:37,100 --> 02:58:40,400
ancestry already present. 
There is also evidence of gene 

3434
02:58:40,400 --> 02:58:43,800
flow in the other direction at 
least one Neanderthal individual

3435
02:58:43,800 --> 02:58:47,200
from the Alpine mountains in 
Siberia shows traces of modern 

3436
02:58:47,200 --> 02:58:51,500
human DNA, suggesting the modern
human ancestor, contributed to 

3437
02:58:51,500 --> 02:58:55,200
Neanderthal population as well. 
And this was probably a rare 

3438
02:58:55,200 --> 02:58:58,800
event, but it demonstrates that 
gene flow was not entirely one 

3439
02:58:58,800 --> 02:59:01,100
way. 
The social implications of 

3440
02:59:01,100 --> 02:59:04,200
interbreeding a difficult to 
infer with these, consensual 

3441
02:59:04,200 --> 02:59:07,300
relationships. 
Forced encounters, isolated 

3442
02:59:07,300 --> 02:59:09,500
events or part of broader social
mixing. 

3443
02:59:09,500 --> 02:59:12,000
The jeans cannot answer these 
questions. 

3444
02:59:12,000 --> 02:59:14,800
We can only imagine the 
individual stories behind the 

3445
02:59:14,808 --> 02:59:16,900
data. 
Perhaps some encounters were 

3446
02:59:16,900 --> 02:59:20,700
violent a grim reality of 
prehistoric life where strength,

3447
02:59:20,700 --> 02:59:24,400
often determined outcome, But 
others might have been based on 

3448
02:59:24,400 --> 02:59:28,700
mutual attraction curiosity or 
strategic Alliance, individuals,

3449
02:59:28,700 --> 02:59:30,900
choosing to join. 
Another group forming 

3450
02:59:30,900 --> 02:59:33,400
relationships across the 
boundary that separated their 

3451
02:59:33,400 --> 02:59:36,400
peoples. 
In small, populations every 

3452
02:59:36,400 --> 02:59:38,500
successful reproductive event 
matters. 

3453
02:59:38,500 --> 02:59:41,500
A hybrid individual, who 
survived to adulthood and had 

3454
02:59:41,500 --> 02:59:44,900
children of their own would pass
on both Neanderthal, and modern 

3455
02:59:44,900 --> 02:59:47,700
human ancestry. 
Over Generations. 

3456
02:59:47,700 --> 02:59:49,700
Those genes would spread through
the population. 

3457
02:59:49,700 --> 02:59:53,000
Eventually reaching frequencies 
where they would persist even 

3458
02:59:53,000 --> 02:59:56,500
after neanderthals themselves 
disappeared, the genetic data 

3459
02:59:56,500 --> 03:00:00,400
also sheds light on the antifa 
population Dynamics, the low 

3460
03:00:00,400 --> 03:00:01,900
genetic diversity in 
Neanderthal. 

3461
03:00:01,900 --> 03:00:05,000
Genome's suggest, their 
population was small and often 

3462
03:00:05,000 --> 03:00:07,700
isolated. 
Inbreeding was probably common 

3463
03:00:07,700 --> 03:00:11,200
leading to accumulation of 
harmful recessive mutations. 

3464
03:00:11,200 --> 03:00:14,100
This made neanderthals 
vulnerable to population, 

3465
03:00:14,100 --> 03:00:18,800
crashes and less able to recover
from setbacks Modern humans in 

3466
03:00:18,800 --> 03:00:21,600
contrast had larger and more 
connected populations. 

3467
03:00:21,600 --> 03:00:25,100
Their genetic diversity was 
higher, providing more raw 

3468
03:00:25,100 --> 03:00:26,900
material for natural selection 
to work with. 

3469
03:00:26,900 --> 03:00:30,200
When modern humans arrived in 
Europe, they likely outnumbered 

3470
03:00:30,200 --> 03:00:33,600
Neanderthal significantly and 
their numbers continue to grow. 

3471
03:00:33,600 --> 03:00:35,500
While in the end of the 
population is declined. 

3472
03:00:36,300 --> 03:00:38,400
But declined does not mean 
complete Extinction. 

3473
03:00:38,400 --> 03:00:42,300
The genes persisted in a very 
real sense. 

3474
03:00:42,300 --> 03:00:45,200
Neanderthals are still here, 
just not as a separate 

3475
03:00:45,200 --> 03:00:47,500
population. 
They have been absorbed into the

3476
03:00:47,500 --> 03:00:50,700
modern human gene pool. 
Their legacy visible, in the DNA

3477
03:00:50,700 --> 03:00:54,100
of billions of people Recent 
advances have allowed 

3478
03:00:54,100 --> 03:00:57,100
researchers to sequence. 
DNA from, even more ancient 

3479
03:00:57,100 --> 03:00:59,600
Neanderthal, remains pushing the
timeline back. 

3480
03:01:00,500 --> 03:01:03,200
We now have partial genomes from
neanderthals who lived over 

3481
03:01:03,200 --> 03:01:06,600
100,000 years ago. 
These ancient genomes show that 

3482
03:01:06,600 --> 03:01:09,600
Neanderthal populations changed 
over time just as all 

3483
03:01:09,600 --> 03:01:12,500
populations do. 
They were not static or 

3484
03:01:12,500 --> 03:01:16,200
unchanging, but Dynamic adapting
to shifting climates and 

3485
03:01:16,200 --> 03:01:18,700
environments. 
Some researchers have even 

3486
03:01:18,700 --> 03:01:22,500
attempted to identify specific 
Neanderthal, genes related to 

3487
03:01:22,500 --> 03:01:24,900
cognitive function. 
This is controversial and 

3488
03:01:24,900 --> 03:01:27,900
technically challenging, but 
early results suggest that some 

3489
03:01:27,900 --> 03:01:30,500
leanderthal variants and genes 
related to brain development 

3490
03:01:30,500 --> 03:01:33,800
might have subtle effects on 
Modern human cognition. 

3491
03:01:34,600 --> 03:01:37,100
What those effects are and 
whether they are beneficial 

3492
03:01:37,100 --> 03:01:39,300
neutral or harmful remains 
unclear. 

3493
03:01:40,200 --> 03:01:43,200
What is clear is that the 
genetic Legacy of Neanderthals 

3494
03:01:43,200 --> 03:01:45,300
is woven into the fabric of 
modern Humanity? 

3495
03:01:46,100 --> 03:01:48,800
Every time you get a vaccine and
your immune system responds, 

3496
03:01:48,800 --> 03:01:51,000
Neanderthal genes might be 
playing a role. 

3497
03:01:51,008 --> 03:01:54,300
Every time you step outside and 
your skin response to sunlight 

3498
03:01:54,300 --> 03:01:58,100
ancient adaptations to Ice Age 
Europe might be influencing that

3499
03:01:58,100 --> 03:02:02,100
response. this is evolution in 
action, not as an abstract 

3500
03:02:02,100 --> 03:02:06,000
process but as a living reality,
We are the product of countless 

3501
03:02:06,000 --> 03:02:10,400
encounters exchanges and 
mingling ancestors, did not 

3502
03:02:10,400 --> 03:02:13,300
exist in isolation but 
interacted with other human 

3503
03:02:13,300 --> 03:02:16,500
groups learning from them, 
competing with them and 

3504
03:02:16,500 --> 03:02:20,000
sometimes creating children with
them, the story of Neanderthals 

3505
03:02:20,000 --> 03:02:23,400
and modern humans is not a story
of replacement but of 

3506
03:02:23,400 --> 03:02:27,300
integration. 
Two lineages separated for half 

3507
03:02:27,300 --> 03:02:29,300
a million years. 
Came back together. 

3508
03:02:30,000 --> 03:02:31,900
One continued as a distinct 
population. 

3509
03:02:31,900 --> 03:02:35,600
The other did not. 
But the boundary between them 

3510
03:02:35,600 --> 03:02:38,700
was never absolute. 
And the legacy of that boundary 

3511
03:02:38,700 --> 03:02:42,900
Crossing is still with us today.
The Sun is setting over the Ice 

3512
03:02:42,900 --> 03:02:46,000
Age. 
Landscape one last time. 40,000 

3513
03:02:46,000 --> 03:02:49,900
years of passed since the first 
modern humans are in Europe and 

3514
03:02:49,900 --> 03:02:51,500
the world has changed beyond 
recognition. 

3515
03:02:52,700 --> 03:02:56,300
The ice has advanced and 
retreated multiple times entire 

3516
03:02:56,300 --> 03:03:00,300
species of gone extinct. 
Forests of grown and died and 

3517
03:03:00,300 --> 03:03:03,700
groan again, and somewhere in 
all that, change the 

3518
03:03:03,700 --> 03:03:07,800
Neanderthals disappeared, Not in
a single catastrophic event but 

3519
03:03:07,800 --> 03:03:11,400
gradually populations by 
population until no pure 

3520
03:03:11,400 --> 03:03:14,200
Neanderthal groups. 
Remained the last individual 

3521
03:03:14,200 --> 03:03:17,000
died alone or among their family
unaware. 

3522
03:03:17,000 --> 03:03:19,400
That they were the final 
representative of a lineage 

3523
03:03:19,400 --> 03:03:21,500
stretching back, hundreds of 
thousands of years. 

3524
03:03:22,600 --> 03:03:25,500
What would they have thought, if
they knew, did they have any 

3525
03:03:25,500 --> 03:03:28,800
concept of their own uniqueness?
Their separateness from the 

3526
03:03:28,800 --> 03:03:30,300
other humans sharing their 
world? 

3527
03:03:31,300 --> 03:03:34,600
Or did they simply see 
themselves as people doing their

3528
03:03:34,600 --> 03:03:37,400
best to survive in a hard World 
unaware? 

3529
03:03:37,400 --> 03:03:40,100
That history would remember them
as a footnote to someone else's 

3530
03:03:40,100 --> 03:03:42,700
story We will never know their 
thoughts. 

3531
03:03:42,700 --> 03:03:47,700
But we know their legacy in the 
genes of billions of people in 

3532
03:03:47,700 --> 03:03:51,200
the tools they left behind in 
the knowledge that humans are 

3533
03:03:51,200 --> 03:03:53,400
more diverse and more 
interconnected than we once 

3534
03:03:53,400 --> 03:03:55,500
believed. 
In the end of all story, 

3535
03:03:55,500 --> 03:03:57,700
challenges, simple, narratives 
about human evolution. 

3536
03:03:57,700 --> 03:04:01,000
We are not the inevitable result
of linear progress. 

3537
03:04:01,000 --> 03:04:04,300
We are not the soul of survivors
because we were Superior in 

3538
03:04:04,300 --> 03:04:08,400
every way we are the product of 
contingency chance and 

3539
03:04:08,400 --> 03:04:11,000
complexity. 
We survived in part because we 

3540
03:04:11,000 --> 03:04:14,300
absorbed others because we are 
willing to breed and learn and 

3541
03:04:14,300 --> 03:04:16,600
adapt. 
Standing here at the end of the 

3542
03:04:16,600 --> 03:04:20,200
story looking back across 40, 
Millennia, certain truths 

3543
03:04:20,200 --> 03:04:22,700
emerge. 
The first is that we are all 

3544
03:04:22,700 --> 03:04:25,600
Africans, ultimately our 
species, evolved there. 

3545
03:04:25,600 --> 03:04:28,400
And even those populations that 
left and encountered 

3546
03:04:28,400 --> 03:04:30,900
neanderthals carried African 
ancestry with them. 

3547
03:04:31,800 --> 03:04:35,200
The second is that we are all 
hybrids know, modern human is 

3548
03:04:35,200 --> 03:04:39,500
purely one lineage or another. 
Carry genes from neanderthals 

3549
03:04:39,500 --> 03:04:42,300
denisovans and probably other 
archaic groups we have not yet 

3550
03:04:42,300 --> 03:04:45,400
identified. 
The third truth is that the past

3551
03:04:45,400 --> 03:04:48,200
is closer than we think. 40,000 
years. 

3552
03:04:48,200 --> 03:04:52,300
Sounds like an immense span of 
time, but it's only about 2000 

3553
03:04:52,300 --> 03:04:55,000
Generations. 
Your Neanderthal ancestors are 

3554
03:04:55,000 --> 03:04:57,800
not impossibly distant. 
They are part of your family 

3555
03:04:57,800 --> 03:05:01,400
tree separated from you buy less
time than separates you from the

3556
03:05:01,400 --> 03:05:03,400
earliest Farmers, or the first 
cities. 

3557
03:05:03,400 --> 03:05:07,000
What lessons can we draw from 
this perhaps simply this 

3558
03:05:07,000 --> 03:05:10,900
difference is not Destiny, 
neanderthals and modern humans 

3559
03:05:10,900 --> 03:05:13,700
were different in many ways, but
not so different that they could

3560
03:05:13,700 --> 03:05:16,900
not recognize each other as 
human could not, communicate or 

3561
03:05:16,900 --> 03:05:20,200
trade or form relationships. 
The boundary between us was 

3562
03:05:20,200 --> 03:05:22,000
permeable. 
Not absolute. 

3563
03:05:22,900 --> 03:05:25,200
In our modern world, we obsess 
over different cities. 

3564
03:05:25,200 --> 03:05:28,300
Nationality ethnicity language, 
religion. 

3565
03:05:29,000 --> 03:05:31,800
We divide ourselves into groups 
and then imagine those divisions

3566
03:05:31,800 --> 03:05:34,800
are fundamental and 
unchangeable, but the story of 

3567
03:05:34,800 --> 03:05:37,600
Neanderthals and modern humans 
suggests that even group 

3568
03:05:37,600 --> 03:05:41,900
separated by 100,000 of years, 
of independent Evolution can 

3569
03:05:41,900 --> 03:05:44,900
come together can share 
knowledge and jeans and Future. 

3570
03:05:45,900 --> 03:05:47,800
We are the inheritors of that 
ancient mixing. 

3571
03:05:48,600 --> 03:05:51,900
We carry Neanderthal genes. 
Not as a curiosity but as a 

3572
03:05:51,900 --> 03:05:55,000
living part of who we are, they 
influence our health, our 

3573
03:05:55,000 --> 03:05:57,100
appearance our responses to the 
environment. 

3574
03:05:57,100 --> 03:05:59,500
They are not other. 
They are us. 

3575
03:05:59,500 --> 03:06:01,900
The archaeological sites were 
neanderthals. 

3576
03:06:01,900 --> 03:06:05,800
Once lived are now tourist 
destinations museums protected, 

3577
03:06:05,800 --> 03:06:08,500
monuments. 
The caves where they sheltered 

3578
03:06:08,500 --> 03:06:10,600
from Ice Age. 
Storms now have walkways and 

3579
03:06:10,600 --> 03:06:13,300
lights and placards explaining 
what was found there. 

3580
03:06:14,100 --> 03:06:18,100
The bones carefully excavated 
and studied the tools cataloged 

3581
03:06:18,100 --> 03:06:21,200
and displayed. 
It is easy to see these remains 

3582
03:06:21,200 --> 03:06:25,100
as artifacts Dusty relics of a 
distant past but they were 

3583
03:06:25,100 --> 03:06:27,600
lives. 
People who felt cold and hunger 

3584
03:06:27,600 --> 03:06:30,500
and joy, who loved their 
children and more their dead, 

3585
03:06:30,500 --> 03:06:34,600
who watched the seasons change 
and hoped for better days who 

3586
03:06:34,600 --> 03:06:36,400
were in the most fundamental 
sense? 

3587
03:06:36,400 --> 03:06:40,600
Human, their disappearance as a 
distinct population is a loss, a

3588
03:06:40,600 --> 03:06:43,000
reduction in human diverse City 
that cannot be undone. 

3589
03:06:43,800 --> 03:06:47,400
But their persistent in our 
genes is a gift, a contribution 

3590
03:06:47,400 --> 03:06:49,200
that continues to shape 
Humanity. 

3591
03:06:49,200 --> 03:06:52,600
We are richer for their 
existence, more complex, and 

3592
03:06:52,600 --> 03:06:54,900
interesting, because they were 
part of our story. 

3593
03:06:55,700 --> 03:06:59,400
Science continues to uncover, 
new details every year, brings 

3594
03:06:59,400 --> 03:07:03,100
fresh discoveries, new site, 
text excavated new techniques 

3595
03:07:03,100 --> 03:07:06,500
applied to old bones. 
The picture becomes clearer and 

3596
03:07:06,500 --> 03:07:09,200
more nuanced. 
We learn that neanderthals were 

3597
03:07:09,200 --> 03:07:12,900
artists that they cared for the 
disabled that they adapted to 

3598
03:07:12,900 --> 03:07:16,800
diverse environments from the 
Mediterranean to the Arctic We 

3599
03:07:16,800 --> 03:07:19,100
learned that our interactions 
with them were more extensive 

3600
03:07:19,100 --> 03:07:21,100
and more complex than previously
thought. 

3601
03:07:21,800 --> 03:07:25,000
But some Mysteries remain we 
still, do not fully understand 

3602
03:07:25,000 --> 03:07:27,400
why neanderthals disappeared 
when they did. 

3603
03:07:27,400 --> 03:07:32,800
Climate stress competition 
disease, absorption into modern,

3604
03:07:32,800 --> 03:07:36,600
human populations, all played 
roles, but the relative 

3605
03:07:36,600 --> 03:07:38,300
importance of each is still 
debated. 

3606
03:07:38,300 --> 03:07:41,500
We do not know what their 
language, sounded like, what 

3607
03:07:41,500 --> 03:07:44,200
stories, they told what they 
believed about the world. 

3608
03:07:45,000 --> 03:07:47,000
These gaps in our knowledge are 
frustrating. 

3609
03:07:47,000 --> 03:07:50,200
But also humbling. 
The past is not fully knowable, 

3610
03:07:50,200 --> 03:07:53,800
we do our best with the evidence
we have, but there are limits to

3611
03:07:53,800 --> 03:07:55,400
what bones and Stones can tell 
us. 

3612
03:07:55,400 --> 03:07:58,500
The inner lives of Neanderthals,
their hopes and fears, and 

3613
03:07:58,508 --> 03:08:02,100
dreams, or lost to time. 
What we can do is honor their 

3614
03:08:02,100 --> 03:08:04,700
memory by telling their story as
honestly as we can. 

3615
03:08:05,600 --> 03:08:08,800
Not as brutish Primitives 
overcome by Superior Invaders, 

3616
03:08:08,800 --> 03:08:12,100
not as Noble, Savages living in 
harmony with nature. 

3617
03:08:13,200 --> 03:08:16,800
But as people complex and 
capable doing their best in a 

3618
03:08:16,808 --> 03:08:20,300
challenging world, and we can 
recognize that their story is 

3619
03:08:20,300 --> 03:08:23,300
our story. 
When you look in the mirror, you

3620
03:08:23,300 --> 03:08:26,100
might see Echoes of Neanderthal 
ancestry in your features. 

3621
03:08:26,100 --> 03:08:30,000
When you fight off an infection 
Neanderthal, genes might be 

3622
03:08:30,000 --> 03:08:31,600
helping your immune system 
respond. 

3623
03:08:31,600 --> 03:08:35,300
When you stand in the cold and 
your body adapts ancient 

3624
03:08:35,300 --> 03:08:39,100
evolutionary Innovations, forged
in Ice Age Europe, might be at 

3625
03:08:39,108 --> 03:08:43,200
work your connected to the Not 
metaphorically, but literally 

3626
03:08:43,200 --> 03:08:46,400
the same molecules that made up.
Their bodies were passed down 

3627
03:08:46,400 --> 03:08:49,000
through countless generations. 
And now make up yours. 

3628
03:08:49,000 --> 03:08:51,400
You are the continuation of this
story. 

3629
03:08:51,400 --> 03:08:55,000
The living proof that they 
existed and mattered as you 

3630
03:08:55,000 --> 03:08:58,000
drift off to sleep tonight. 
My tired potatoes, think about 

3631
03:08:58,000 --> 03:09:01,000
those ancient human standing. 
Under the same Stars, you see 

3632
03:09:01,000 --> 03:09:04,600
facing challenges. 
You can barely imagine They 

3633
03:09:04,600 --> 03:09:06,800
survived long enough, to 
contribute to your existence. 

3634
03:09:06,800 --> 03:09:10,900
They were resilient adaptable, 
human in all the ways that 

3635
03:09:10,900 --> 03:09:14,300
matter and remember that human 
evolution is not finished. 

3636
03:09:14,300 --> 03:09:16,600
We are still changing still 
adapting. 

3637
03:09:16,600 --> 03:09:20,100
Still mixing genes across. 
Populations the boundaries we 

3638
03:09:20,100 --> 03:09:22,700
draw between groups are 
temporary always shifting. 

3639
03:09:22,700 --> 03:09:27,100
We Are One species spread across
the globe, carrying the legacy 

3640
03:09:27,100 --> 03:09:30,900
of everyone who came before. 
The story of Neanderthals and 

3641
03:09:30,908 --> 03:09:34,600
modern humans is a story about 
contact and mixing about the 

3642
03:09:34,600 --> 03:09:38,400
permeability of boundaries about
the complex ways that Evolution 

3643
03:09:38,400 --> 03:09:41,400
actually works. 
It is a story that invites 

3644
03:09:41,400 --> 03:09:43,200
humility about our own place in 
history. 

3645
03:09:43,200 --> 03:09:47,500
We survived. 
Yes, but that survival was not 

3646
03:09:47,500 --> 03:09:51,100
inevitable, and it came with 
costs and compromises and debts 

3647
03:09:51,100 --> 03:09:54,400
to those who came before. 
So tonight, as you close your 

3648
03:09:54,400 --> 03:09:57,400
eyes and let the days worries 
fade, spare a thought for those 

3649
03:09:57,400 --> 03:10:01,200
ancient people of the Ice Age. 
For the Neanderthals who walked 

3650
03:10:01,200 --> 03:10:05,400
these lands for 200,000 years. 
For the first modern humans who 

3651
03:10:05,400 --> 03:10:07,200
ventured North into unknown 
territory. 

3652
03:10:07,200 --> 03:10:10,400
For all those who met and 
mingled and created the lineage 

3653
03:10:10,400 --> 03:10:14,100
that led to you their world is 
gone, the Isis melted, the 

3654
03:10:14,100 --> 03:10:17,500
mammoths are extinct, the caves 
are empty, but they live on in 

3655
03:10:17,500 --> 03:10:20,900
you in the genes you carry and 
the story you can continue, you 

3656
03:10:20,900 --> 03:10:23,600
are their legacy, their 
contribution to the Future. 

3657
03:10:23,600 --> 03:10:27,000
And that is a remarkable thing 
to be Sleep. 

3658
03:10:27,000 --> 03:10:30,700
Well knowing you are connected 
to a story that spans hundreds 

3659
03:10:30,700 --> 03:10:33,800
of thousands of years and 
thousands of generations. 

3660
03:10:33,800 --> 03:10:37,200
Your part of something, vast and
ancient and ongoing. 

3661
03:10:37,200 --> 03:10:41,000
You are the inheritors of 
Neanderthal and modern human of 

3662
03:10:41,000 --> 03:10:44,200
African and Eurasian of everyone
who survived long enough to 

3663
03:10:44,200 --> 03:10:46,700
contribute to the chain of life,
that leads to this moment. 

3664
03:10:46,700 --> 03:10:50,100
If you enjoyed this journey 
through Ice Age Europe, please 

3665
03:10:50,100 --> 03:10:52,500
follow us for more bedtimes 
stories about the people who 

3666
03:10:52,500 --> 03:10:56,000
came before us. tomorrow, we 
will explore another chapter of 

3667
03:10:56,000 --> 03:11:00,400
our shared past and other Story 
of Survival and adaptation in a 

3668
03:11:00,400 --> 03:11:04,100
world very different from our 
own, Until then rest. 

3669
03:11:04,100 --> 03:11:11,400
Well. 
Sure, a world where sleeping 

3670
03:11:11,400 --> 03:11:13,800
eight hours straight would seem 
bizarre and unnatural. 

3671
03:11:14,600 --> 03:11:17,200
Imagine climbing into bed, 
knowing you will wake in the 

3672
03:11:17,208 --> 03:11:20,700
middle of the night, not from 
insomnia, but because that is 

3673
03:11:20,700 --> 03:11:25,300
simply how sleep works. 
For most of human history, this 

3674
03:11:25,300 --> 03:11:27,800
was normal. 
The 8-hour sleep block. 

3675
03:11:27,800 --> 03:11:30,000
You can consider natural is 
actually a recent invention. 

3676
03:11:30,000 --> 03:11:32,700
And tonight, you will learn how 
our ancestors really. 

3677
03:11:32,700 --> 03:11:36,300
Slept, you're lying in a wooden 
bed in a stone Cottage somewhere

3678
03:11:36,300 --> 03:11:40,400
in England. 
The year is 1423 outside. 

3679
03:11:40,400 --> 03:11:43,600
Your shuttered window November, 
winds scrapes across thatched, 

3680
03:11:43,600 --> 03:11:48,100
roofs and rattles through bear. 
Oak branches inside Darkness 

3681
03:11:48,100 --> 03:11:52,600
presses against every surface. 
No, streetlights exist, no, 

3682
03:11:52,600 --> 03:11:54,900
neighbor's television, glows 
blue, through curtains. 

3683
03:11:54,900 --> 03:11:57,500
The only light comes from 
ember's in your heart. 

3684
03:11:57,500 --> 03:12:01,600
He finished supper two hours. 
After Sunset, you ate pottage 

3685
03:12:01,600 --> 03:12:04,400
thick with turnips and barley 
and you wipe your wooden bowl 

3686
03:12:04,400 --> 03:12:07,000
with dark bread. 
Your family move through evening

3687
03:12:07,000 --> 03:12:10,800
tasks by Rush light your 
daughter, carded wool your son 

3688
03:12:10,800 --> 03:12:12,700
carved, a new axle Peg for the 
cart. 

3689
03:12:12,700 --> 03:12:15,100
You mended a tear in your heavy 
as cloak. 

3690
03:12:15,100 --> 03:12:19,600
Nobody spoke much conversational
cost energy and winter demands 

3691
03:12:19,600 --> 03:12:23,800
you can serve everything When 
the rush like to burn too low, 

3692
03:12:23,800 --> 03:12:26,200
to be useful, everyone? 
Climbed the ladder to the 

3693
03:12:26,200 --> 03:12:28,800
sleeping Loft. 
You pulled off your day clothes 

3694
03:12:28,800 --> 03:12:30,300
and draped them over the ladder 
rail. 

3695
03:12:30,900 --> 03:12:32,700
Kept on your long, linen, under 
shift. 

3696
03:12:33,400 --> 03:12:36,400
The bed is wide enough for four 
people stuffed with straw that 

3697
03:12:36,400 --> 03:12:40,000
crackles when you move three 
wool blankets and one sheepskin 

3698
03:12:40,000 --> 03:12:43,500
cover you your wife lies on your
left, your two children, share 

3699
03:12:43,500 --> 03:12:46,200
The Far Side. 
Your breath makes small clouds 

3700
03:12:46,200 --> 03:12:48,400
in the Frigidaire, You Close 
Your Eyes. 

3701
03:12:48,400 --> 03:12:52,000
Sleep arrives within minutes. 
Your body knows this Rhythm the 

3702
03:12:52,000 --> 03:12:54,900
way, it knows hunger and thirst.
This is your first sleep. 

3703
03:12:54,900 --> 03:12:58,500
It will last about four hours, 
the concept of first sleep. 

3704
03:12:58,500 --> 03:13:01,200
And second sleep appears 
throughout historical, documents

3705
03:13:01,200 --> 03:13:05,600
from ancient times through the 
early 19th century, References 

3706
03:13:05,600 --> 03:13:09,500
show up in medieval prayer books
in depositions from 16th century

3707
03:13:09,500 --> 03:13:12,700
court, cases in the Diaries of 
colonial, America's. 

3708
03:13:12,700 --> 03:13:17,000
And in the novels of Charles, 
Dickens, the thousands of years 

3709
03:13:17,000 --> 03:13:20,200
humans naturally divided their 
night into two, distinct sleep 

3710
03:13:20,200 --> 03:13:23,500
periods separated by an hour or 
more of quiet wakefulness 

3711
03:13:23,500 --> 03:13:27,000
historian. 
Roger is spent 16 years, 

3712
03:13:27,000 --> 03:13:29,800
researching sleep patterns in 
pre-industrial societies. 

3713
03:13:29,800 --> 03:13:34,000
He examined legal depositions, 
medical techs letters and 

3714
03:13:34,000 --> 03:13:35,800
literature from across Europe 
and America. 

3715
03:13:36,600 --> 03:13:39,600
He found over 2000 references to
segmented sleep. 

3716
03:13:40,300 --> 03:13:42,600
People mentioned their first 
sleep and second sleep as 

3717
03:13:42,600 --> 03:13:46,200
casually as we mentioned, 
breakfast and lunch. 15th 

3718
03:13:46,200 --> 03:13:49,500
century medical texts readers 
that the time between first and 

3719
03:13:49,500 --> 03:13:52,200
second sleep is ideal for 
scholarly study. 

3720
03:13:52,200 --> 03:13:55,300
A 16th century prayer. 
Manual includes special prayers 

3721
03:13:55,300 --> 03:13:59,700
meant to be said during the 
watching our between sleeps an 

3722
03:13:59,700 --> 03:14:01,800
18th century doctors Journal 
notes that the hour between 

3723
03:14:01,808 --> 03:14:04,300
sleeps as when many patients 
report, their dreams most 

3724
03:14:04,300 --> 03:14:06,700
vividly, In your medieval 
Cottage. 

3725
03:14:06,700 --> 03:14:09,400
You sleep deeply for those 
first, four hours, your body 

3726
03:14:09,408 --> 03:14:12,200
temperature drops. 
Your breathing slows your 

3727
03:14:12,200 --> 03:14:15,700
muscles fully relax. 
Around midnight you drift up 

3728
03:14:15,700 --> 03:14:17,400
from Deep Sleep into lighter 
sleep. 

3729
03:14:17,400 --> 03:14:20,100
Then into wakefulness. 
This is not insomnia. 

3730
03:14:20,100 --> 03:14:23,700
This is normal. 
This is the watching our, you 

3731
03:14:23,700 --> 03:14:27,100
open your eyes, complete 
darkness around you, you hear 

3732
03:14:27,100 --> 03:14:30,400
your wife, breathing beside you,
you hear your son shift position

3733
03:14:30,400 --> 03:14:33,000
under the blanket. 
You hear the wind and the faint 

3734
03:14:33,000 --> 03:14:36,000
settling sounds of the cottage, 
Timbers you feel warmed? 

3735
03:14:36,000 --> 03:14:39,200
Despite the cold air on your 
face, the straw beneath you has 

3736
03:14:39,200 --> 03:14:42,000
compressed into a nest shape, 
exactly to your body. 

3737
03:14:42,000 --> 03:14:45,400
Your mind is calm, but alert, 
you are not anxious. 

3738
03:14:45,400 --> 03:14:48,600
You're not checking invisible 
clocks or calculating hours of 

3739
03:14:48,600 --> 03:14:51,500
sleep remaining. 
You simply exist in this quiet. 

3740
03:14:51,500 --> 03:14:55,800
Darkness Your thoughts drift in 
gentle Direction's you remember 

3741
03:14:55,800 --> 03:14:57,700
the way your daughter laughed 
when the pig escaped? 

3742
03:14:57,700 --> 03:15:00,900
Yesterday You think about 
needing to repair the chicken 

3743
03:15:00,900 --> 03:15:04,100
coop door before the next storm?
You wonder if your cousin will 

3744
03:15:04,100 --> 03:15:07,300
visit before Christmas this is 
the hour, when many people 

3745
03:15:07,300 --> 03:15:10,600
prayed, Not formal prayers 
necessarily, but quiet 

3746
03:15:10,600 --> 03:15:12,400
conversations with God in the 
Darkness. 

3747
03:15:13,300 --> 03:15:16,100
This is when people reflected on
dreams, they had during first 

3748
03:15:16,100 --> 03:15:18,300
sleep. 
This is when married couples 

3749
03:15:18,300 --> 03:15:21,700
talked in low voices about 
household matters or simply lay 

3750
03:15:21,700 --> 03:15:24,900
together in the darkness, you 
might rise and use the chamber 

3751
03:15:24,900 --> 03:15:27,100
pot. 
You might poke the fire Embers 

3752
03:15:27,100 --> 03:15:29,500
and add another log. 
You might drink water from The 

3753
03:15:29,500 --> 03:15:32,900
Jug near the bed, but mostly you
lie, still and let your mind 

3754
03:15:32,900 --> 03:15:36,700
wander in peaceful Direction's. 
Your body is rested from the 

3755
03:15:36,700 --> 03:15:38,900
first sleep. 
You feel no pressure to 

3756
03:15:38,900 --> 03:15:42,300
immediately return to sleep. 
The darkness is not your enemy. 

3757
03:15:42,300 --> 03:15:45,000
The wakefulness is not a problem
to be sold. 

3758
03:15:45,000 --> 03:15:49,600
After about an hour drowsiness 
returns naturally, your thoughts

3759
03:15:49,600 --> 03:15:54,100
grow dreamiere, your breathing, 
deepens your eyes closed within 

3760
03:15:54,100 --> 03:15:56,200
minutes. 
You slip back into sleep. 

3761
03:15:56,200 --> 03:16:01,500
This is your second sleep, it 
will last, until dawn Secondly, 

3762
03:16:01,500 --> 03:16:05,000
is different from first sleep, 
it contains more dreaming. 

3763
03:16:05,700 --> 03:16:09,000
Your body has already completed.
The Deep restorative sleep, it 

3764
03:16:09,000 --> 03:16:12,100
needed during the first phase. 
Now your brain processes 

3765
03:16:12,100 --> 03:16:15,800
memories and emotions your 
dreams during Second sleep, are 

3766
03:16:15,800 --> 03:16:18,900
often more Vivid and strange 
than first sleep dreams, you 

3767
03:16:18,900 --> 03:16:21,300
dream of flying over your 
village, you dream of your 

3768
03:16:21,300 --> 03:16:23,200
grandmother who died through 
Winters ago. 

3769
03:16:23,200 --> 03:16:26,000
You dream of finding a purse 
full of silver coins in the 

3770
03:16:26,008 --> 03:16:28,100
woods. 
When you wake at dawn you feel 

3771
03:16:28,100 --> 03:16:30,800
genuinely rested. 
You have slept seven or eight 

3772
03:16:30,800 --> 03:16:33,200
hours. 
Total divided into two natural 

3773
03:16:33,200 --> 03:16:34,800
segments with a peaceful our 
between. 

3774
03:16:35,700 --> 03:16:39,000
This pattern matches your body's
innate rhythms your ancestors. 

3775
03:16:39,000 --> 03:16:41,400
Slept this way, your 
grandchildren will sleep this 

3776
03:16:41,400 --> 03:16:43,500
way. 
Everyone, you know sleeps this 

3777
03:16:43,500 --> 03:16:45,600
way. 
Nobody calls it to disorder. 

3778
03:16:45,600 --> 03:16:48,100
Nobody sells remedies for waking
in the night. 

3779
03:16:48,100 --> 03:16:50,200
Nobody worries their sleeping 
wrong. 

3780
03:16:50,200 --> 03:16:53,500
This is simply how human sleep. 
You are a traveler. 

3781
03:16:53,500 --> 03:16:57,500
Now, the year is 1500 and 68. 
You're walking through the 

3782
03:16:57,500 --> 03:17:00,000
German Countryside on your way 
to the next Market town. 

3783
03:17:00,000 --> 03:17:03,200
The spring Sun is setting behind
you, your feet. 

3784
03:17:03,200 --> 03:17:06,000
Ache your leather, pack weighs 
heavy on your shoulders. 

3785
03:17:06,000 --> 03:17:09,400
You have perhaps 10 miles left 
to walk and darkness is coming 

3786
03:17:09,400 --> 03:17:11,600
fast. 
An inner appears around the 

3787
03:17:11,600 --> 03:17:13,700
bend. 
It is a two-story Timber 

3788
03:17:13,700 --> 03:17:17,100
building with a thatched roof 
and small Windows glowing yellow

3789
03:17:17,100 --> 03:17:20,000
with firelight smoke rises from 
the chimney. 

3790
03:17:20,800 --> 03:17:23,700
You smell cooking meat relief, 
floods through you. 

3791
03:17:24,400 --> 03:17:27,900
Sleeping Outdoors is dangerous 
and cold wools prowl these 

3792
03:17:27,908 --> 03:17:32,500
forests Bandits, watch the 
roads, and in means safety and 

3793
03:17:32,500 --> 03:17:34,800
warmth. 
You push open the heavy door 

3794
03:17:34,800 --> 03:17:37,100
heat and noise, hit you 
immediately. 

3795
03:17:37,100 --> 03:17:39,500
The common room is crowded with 
Travelers. 

3796
03:17:39,500 --> 03:17:41,900
Local farmers, and the 
innkeepers family. 

3797
03:17:41,900 --> 03:17:44,600
A fire Roars in the massive 
half. 

3798
03:17:44,600 --> 03:17:47,000
Trestle tables, fill the center 
of the room. 

3799
03:17:47,000 --> 03:17:50,900
Someone is playing a badly, 
tuned fiddle, dogs fight over 

3800
03:17:50,900 --> 03:17:54,000
scraps in the corners, children 
run between tables. 

3801
03:17:54,000 --> 03:17:57,600
The S males of wood smoke 
roasting pork and Too Many 

3802
03:17:57,608 --> 03:18:00,900
unwashed Bodies packed together.
You paid The Innkeeper three 

3803
03:18:00,900 --> 03:18:03,700
coins. 
This buys you supper a place by 

3804
03:18:03,700 --> 03:18:06,200
the fire and a spot in the 
common sleeping room. 

3805
03:18:06,200 --> 03:18:09,500
The inky but does not ask your 
name, you do not ask. 

3806
03:18:09,500 --> 03:18:12,100
His anonymity is safer for 
everyone. 

3807
03:18:12,100 --> 03:18:15,000
You sit on a bench at the end of
one table and eat the food 

3808
03:18:15,000 --> 03:18:17,600
place. 
Before you pork belly, turnips 

3809
03:18:17,600 --> 03:18:20,900
course bread and water Dale. 
You eat quickly, others are your

3810
03:18:20,900 --> 03:18:23,500
portion. 
After supper people, begin 

3811
03:18:23,500 --> 03:18:26,500
arranging themselves for Sleep, 
the common room serves, as 

3812
03:18:26,500 --> 03:18:29,100
sleeping quarters, The Innkeeper
and his family. 

3813
03:18:29,100 --> 03:18:32,500
Retired to a private room behind
the half everyone else spreads 

3814
03:18:32,500 --> 03:18:35,700
out, wherever they can find 
Space, benches become beds 

3815
03:18:35,700 --> 03:18:38,500
floor. 
Space becomes valuable people. 

3816
03:18:38,500 --> 03:18:42,000
Negotiate positions, based on 
status and payment level, you 

3817
03:18:42,000 --> 03:18:44,800
paid the middle rate. 
This means you get floor space 

3818
03:18:44,800 --> 03:18:47,000
near the half but not directly 
beside it. 

3819
03:18:47,800 --> 03:18:50,200
The wealthy merchants who 
arrived on Horseback, claims the

3820
03:18:50,208 --> 03:18:52,700
best bench. 
The two monks, traveling to the 

3821
03:18:52,700 --> 03:18:56,100
monastery, gets spaces, close to
the wall, the laborers, headed 

3822
03:18:56,100 --> 03:18:57,400
to the next town for Harvest 
work. 

3823
03:18:57,400 --> 03:19:00,100
Sleep near the door. 
Three women traveling together, 

3824
03:19:00,100 --> 03:19:02,800
without male protection, sleep 
in the corner, farthest, from 

3825
03:19:02,808 --> 03:19:05,100
everyone else. 
Status and gender. 

3826
03:19:05,100 --> 03:19:07,300
Determined sleeping Arrangements
more than comfort. 

3827
03:19:07,300 --> 03:19:10,400
You unroll your cloak and create
a cushion from your pack. 

3828
03:19:10,400 --> 03:19:14,700
You lie down on the hard floor. 
All around you people settle in 

3829
03:19:14,700 --> 03:19:17,100
for the night the merchant 
snores already. 

3830
03:19:17,100 --> 03:19:21,500
One of the monks prays quietly, 
the labor has passed around a 

3831
03:19:21,500 --> 03:19:25,100
flask and Whisper Cruise jokes. 
The women murmur together, 

3832
03:19:25,100 --> 03:19:29,400
keeping watch on each other. 
The fire burns down, Darkness, 

3833
03:19:29,400 --> 03:19:33,300
grows thick, the noise gradually
decreases bodies shift and 

3834
03:19:33,300 --> 03:19:37,200
settle breathing deepens, but 
complete silence Never Comes. 

3835
03:19:37,200 --> 03:19:41,000
This is communal sleeping. 
Privacy does not exist. 

3836
03:19:41,000 --> 03:19:45,000
Quiet does not exist. 
You share the night with 

3837
03:19:45,000 --> 03:19:47,800
strangers. 
Someone gets up to use the privy

3838
03:19:47,800 --> 03:19:51,200
outside someone else. 
Coughs repeatedly the dog's pace

3839
03:19:51,200 --> 03:19:54,800
and resettle one of the women's 
snores with impressive, volume, 

3840
03:19:54,800 --> 03:19:57,400
the merchant sleep, talking 
drifts across the room. 

3841
03:19:57,400 --> 03:20:00,400
You hear fragments about wool 
prices and dishonor. 

3842
03:20:00,400 --> 03:20:04,400
Suppliers. 
Outside an owl calls, a cart 

3843
03:20:04,408 --> 03:20:07,700
rumbles passed on the road. 
The inside creeks in the wind 

3844
03:20:07,700 --> 03:20:11,500
you sleep, despite the noise 
humans are adaptable creatures. 

3845
03:20:11,500 --> 03:20:14,600
Our ancestors slept in 
conditions, we would find 

3846
03:20:14,600 --> 03:20:17,000
impossible. 
They slept through conversations

3847
03:20:17,000 --> 03:20:20,100
through snoring through animals,
moving nearby, through 

3848
03:20:20,100 --> 03:20:21,800
temperature, changes and 
discomfort. 

3849
03:20:22,600 --> 03:20:24,900
They had no choice. 
Privacy was a luxury. 

3850
03:20:24,900 --> 03:20:28,600
Most people never experienced 
even in private homes, communal 

3851
03:20:28,600 --> 03:20:31,200
sleeping with standard entire 
families. 

3852
03:20:31,200 --> 03:20:34,200
Shared one bed servants. 
Slept in the kitchens or 

3853
03:20:34,208 --> 03:20:38,100
hallways apprentices, slept in 
workshops children were packed 

3854
03:20:38,100 --> 03:20:42,000
together in Lofts and attics 
houses were small fuel was 

3855
03:20:42,000 --> 03:20:44,700
expensive. 
Shared sleeping meant shared 

3856
03:20:44,700 --> 03:20:47,800
warmth, A London, household in 
1590. 

3857
03:20:47,800 --> 03:20:51,700
Consisted of a merchant, his 
wife, five children, three 

3858
03:20:51,700 --> 03:20:54,900
apprentices, two, servants, and 
his elderly mother. 

3859
03:20:55,600 --> 03:20:59,500
They lived in a four-room house.
Merchants in his wife, shared a 

3860
03:20:59,500 --> 03:21:00,400
bed with their youngest 
children. 

3861
03:21:01,300 --> 03:21:03,900
The older children slept 
together in the Loft, the 

3862
03:21:03,900 --> 03:21:07,300
apprentices sled on pallets in 
the workshop, the servant slept 

3863
03:21:07,300 --> 03:21:11,200
in the kitchen, the mother had a
narrow cock near the half 11 

3864
03:21:11,200 --> 03:21:14,200
people in four rooms. 
Nobody thought this unusual 

3865
03:21:14,200 --> 03:21:17,100
shared sleeping created its own,
social rules. 

3866
03:21:17,100 --> 03:21:20,600
You learn to ignore sounds and 
movements you learned to sleep 

3867
03:21:20,600 --> 03:21:23,700
lightly enough to wake if real 
danger threatened but deeply 

3868
03:21:23,700 --> 03:21:26,800
enough to actually rest. 
You learned which positions 

3869
03:21:26,800 --> 03:21:30,200
minimize disturbance to others, 
you learn to time your trips to 

3870
03:21:30,208 --> 03:21:33,400
the chamber pot for moments. 
When others were also awake in 

3871
03:21:33,400 --> 03:21:34,900
the end. 
You awake during your watching 

3872
03:21:34,900 --> 03:21:36,700
our between first and second 
sleep. 

3873
03:21:36,700 --> 03:21:39,100
Others, wake too. 
This is normal. 

3874
03:21:39,100 --> 03:21:42,500
You hear low conversations? 
Someone adds wood to the fire. 

3875
03:21:42,500 --> 03:21:45,100
The laborers, share bread, they 
saved from supper. 

3876
03:21:46,100 --> 03:21:49,400
One of the monks begins praying 
again, the sounds are quiet and 

3877
03:21:49,400 --> 03:21:51,900
respectful. 
Everyone understands the Rhythm,

3878
03:21:51,900 --> 03:21:55,100
nobody objects to the 
wakefulness, you lie, still, and

3879
03:21:55,100 --> 03:21:58,600
think tomorrow you will reach 
the market town, you will sell 

3880
03:21:58,600 --> 03:22:01,700
your goods, you will buy new 
supplies, you will begin the 

3881
03:22:01,700 --> 03:22:04,000
journey home. 
Your thoughts drift to your 

3882
03:22:04,000 --> 03:22:06,400
family. 
Your wife is managing the 

3883
03:22:06,400 --> 03:22:08,900
household alone. 
Your children are helping with 

3884
03:22:08,900 --> 03:22:11,200
spring planting. 
They are sleeping in the Loft 

3885
03:22:11,200 --> 03:22:12,800
right now in the bed, you will 
share. 

3886
03:22:12,800 --> 03:22:15,900
They are warm and safe. 
This thought comforts, you 

3887
03:22:15,900 --> 03:22:19,200
drowsing us returns. 
He slip back into second sleep. 

3888
03:22:19,200 --> 03:22:22,300
The communal breathing, and 
shifting of bodies becomes White

3889
03:22:22,300 --> 03:22:24,300
Noise. 
You dream of home. 

3890
03:22:25,200 --> 03:22:28,400
When dawnlight filters through 
the shutters you wake naturally 

3891
03:22:28,400 --> 03:22:31,000
others. 
Awaking too the in returns to 

3892
03:22:31,000 --> 03:22:35,100
noise and activity, gather your 
things eat a piece of bread and 

3893
03:22:35,100 --> 03:22:38,600
step back onto the road. 
Communal sleeping was not 

3894
03:22:38,600 --> 03:22:41,600
intimate. 
It was practical bodies 

3895
03:22:41,600 --> 03:22:44,600
generated Heat. 
Multiple people in one space. 

3896
03:22:44,600 --> 03:22:48,100
Meant fewer rooms to heat. 
Shared sleeping saved fuel 

3897
03:22:48,100 --> 03:22:52,700
saved, space saved money. 
Our ancestors accepted this 

3898
03:22:52,700 --> 03:22:55,800
Arrangement without question. 
They had no concept of needing 

3899
03:22:55,800 --> 03:22:57,600
separate rooms or privacy for 
sleep. 

3900
03:22:57,600 --> 03:23:01,300
That notion would arrive much 
later with industrialization and

3901
03:23:01,300 --> 03:23:03,700
increased wealth. 
You're lying on the ground. 

3902
03:23:03,700 --> 03:23:07,200
The year is 8,000 years ago. 
You're somewhere in what will 

3903
03:23:07,200 --> 03:23:10,400
eventually be called Scotland? 
But right now it is simply the 

3904
03:23:10,400 --> 03:23:13,600
cold Northern edge of the world.
You live in a settlement of 

3905
03:23:13,600 --> 03:23:16,600
perhaps 30 people. 
Your dwelling is a circular 

3906
03:23:16,600 --> 03:23:18,600
Stone structure. 
With a roof of turf and 

3907
03:23:18,600 --> 03:23:21,900
Driftwood a central half. 
Keeps the interior slightly 

3908
03:23:21,900 --> 03:23:23,700
warmer than the brutal wind 
outside. 

3909
03:23:24,600 --> 03:23:27,200
Your bed is a rectangular 
depression dug into the Earth 

3910
03:23:27,200 --> 03:23:29,900
and floor along the wall. 
The depression is lined with 

3911
03:23:29,908 --> 03:23:33,300
flat stones and filled with 
dried, Heather and grass, two, 

3912
03:23:33,300 --> 03:23:35,500
large Stones frame. 
The head of your sleeping space 

3913
03:23:35,500 --> 03:23:39,400
creating a Windbreak Birdstone 
separates your sleeping area 

3914
03:23:39,400 --> 03:23:40,700
from your neighbor's sleeping 
area. 

3915
03:23:40,700 --> 03:23:44,300
The arrangement provides minimal
privacy and maximum shared 

3916
03:23:44,300 --> 03:23:48,400
warmth lie on this bed. 
In animal Skin's deer hide 

3917
03:23:48,400 --> 03:23:51,100
covers you seal skin serves as 
your underlayer. 

3918
03:23:51,900 --> 03:23:54,600
The Heather Beneath You smells 
faintly of Summer, even though 

3919
03:23:54,600 --> 03:23:58,700
winter grips the world outside. 
The stone walls radiate, cold 

3920
03:23:58,700 --> 03:24:01,600
the turf roof drips. 
Occasionally, when rain Finds 

3921
03:24:01,600 --> 03:24:05,100
Its way through this bed, is not
comfortable by modern standards,

3922
03:24:05,100 --> 03:24:08,300
but it is yours. 
It is warmer than the open. 

3923
03:24:08,300 --> 03:24:13,300
Ground, it keeps you alive. 
This is how sleep began humans. 

3924
03:24:13,300 --> 03:24:15,800
Have always needed to separate 
themselves from the cold Earth. 

3925
03:24:15,800 --> 03:24:19,100
We have always sought insulation
and protection during our 

3926
03:24:19,100 --> 03:24:22,100
vulnerable sleeping hours. 
The evolution of the bed tells 

3927
03:24:22,100 --> 03:24:25,500
the story of human Ingenuity and
the slow accumulation of comfort

3928
03:24:25,500 --> 03:24:27,600
move forward. 
Several thousand years. 

3929
03:24:27,600 --> 03:24:31,600
You're now in ancient Egypt. 
Your enough to own a proper bed 

3930
03:24:31,600 --> 03:24:33,500
frame. 
It is made from dark would 

3931
03:24:33,500 --> 03:24:37,800
probably Ebony or Cedar, the 
frame sits about a foot off the 

3932
03:24:37,800 --> 03:24:40,400
floor on legs carved to resemble
lion. 

3933
03:24:40,400 --> 03:24:43,900
Paws the sleeping surface, 
slopes slightly with the head 

3934
03:24:43,900 --> 03:24:46,700
higher than the feet, no 
mattress exists. 

3935
03:24:46,700 --> 03:24:49,900
You sleep directly on woven 
Reed, mats stretched across the 

3936
03:24:49,900 --> 03:24:52,000
frame. 
Your pillow is made of wood. 

3937
03:24:52,000 --> 03:24:56,000
It is not designed for softness.
It is designed to elevate your 

3938
03:24:56,000 --> 03:24:58,100
head and protect your elaborate 
hairstyle. 

3939
03:24:58,100 --> 03:25:00,900
The wooden pillow is curved to 
create your neck. 

3940
03:25:00,900 --> 03:25:04,600
It is decorated with images of 
household Gods who are meant to 

3941
03:25:04,600 --> 03:25:07,900
protect you during sleep. 
When you lie down the pillow 

3942
03:25:07,900 --> 03:25:12,000
feels impossibly hard your neck 
complains but your hair remains 

3943
03:25:12,000 --> 03:25:14,800
perfect. 
Egyptian beds were status 

3944
03:25:14,800 --> 03:25:16,900
symbols poor people. 
Slept on Reed. 

3945
03:25:16,900 --> 03:25:19,400
Mats on the floor. 
Middle class, people slept on 

3946
03:25:19,400 --> 03:25:21,400
simple. 
Wooden frames wealthy. 

3947
03:25:21,400 --> 03:25:24,400
People slept on frames with 
elaborate carvings and inlays. 

3948
03:25:24,400 --> 03:25:26,900
The Pharaoh slept on beds 
covered in Gold. 

3949
03:25:26,900 --> 03:25:30,000
Leaf, the bed, you owned 
announced your place in society 

3950
03:25:30,000 --> 03:25:33,100
as clearly as your clothing or 
home move forward again. 

3951
03:25:33,100 --> 03:25:37,200
You're now in ancient Rome, your
moderately wealthy, your bed is 

3952
03:25:37,208 --> 03:25:39,900
called electus. 
It is made from bronze or wood 

3953
03:25:39,900 --> 03:25:42,500
and stands higher off the ground
than Egyptian beds. 

3954
03:25:43,200 --> 03:25:46,400
Frame includes a headboard and 
footboard leather straps, 

3955
03:25:46,400 --> 03:25:48,300
crisscross the frame to support 
the mattress. 

3956
03:25:48,300 --> 03:25:52,400
The mattress itself is a cloth 
sack stuffed with wool feathers 

3957
03:25:52,400 --> 03:25:55,100
or reads. 
Depending on your wealth wool is

3958
03:25:55,108 --> 03:25:59,200
best read to cheapest feathers. 
A luxurious you lie on this 

3959
03:25:59,200 --> 03:26:02,900
mattress under wool blanket, 
linen sheets exist but are 

3960
03:26:02,900 --> 03:26:05,900
expensive Most people sleep 
directly on the mattress. 

3961
03:26:05,900 --> 03:26:08,200
You have a pillow stuffed with 
soft wall. 

3962
03:26:08,200 --> 03:26:11,100
The pillow is an innovation. 
Your ancestors would have ended 

3963
03:26:11,100 --> 03:26:15,500
it actually provides Comfort, 
instead of just elevation Romans

3964
03:26:15,500 --> 03:26:18,400
took their beds. 
Seriously they used beds not 

3965
03:26:18,400 --> 03:26:21,700
just for sleeping, but for 
dining for receiving guests and 

3966
03:26:21,700 --> 03:26:24,500
for dying. 
Important Romans died in their 

3967
03:26:24,500 --> 03:26:27,700
beds, surrounded by family and 
the bed became part of the 

3968
03:26:27,700 --> 03:26:30,800
funeral ritual. 
Your bed was where you conducted

3969
03:26:30,800 --> 03:26:34,100
much of your private life. 
Medieval Europe, transformed the

3970
03:26:34,108 --> 03:26:37,300
bed again you're now a minor 
Noble in 13th century. 

3971
03:26:37,300 --> 03:26:39,500
France. 
Your bed is a massive. 

3972
03:26:39,500 --> 03:26:41,900
Wooden structure that dominates 
your sleeping chamber. 

3973
03:26:41,900 --> 03:26:45,400
The frame is seven feet long and
six feet wide. 

3974
03:26:45,400 --> 03:26:49,300
Four carved posts rise from the 
corners supporting a wooden 

3975
03:26:49,300 --> 03:26:51,800
canopy overhead. 
Heavy wool, curtains. 

3976
03:26:51,800 --> 03:26:53,700
Hang from the canopy on all four
sides. 

3977
03:26:53,700 --> 03:26:57,300
When you close the curtains, 
your bed becomes a room within a

3978
03:26:57,308 --> 03:27:01,400
room, the mattress is a linen. 
Sack stuffed with straw over 

3979
03:27:01,400 --> 03:27:04,300
this lies a feather mattress 
thinner than you might imagine 

3980
03:27:04,300 --> 03:27:08,800
but softer the pure straw linen 
sheets, cover the mattress, wool

3981
03:27:08,800 --> 03:27:12,100
blanket and a fur coverlet 
provide warmth several pillows 

3982
03:27:12,100 --> 03:27:13,800
stuffed with down support your 
head. 

3983
03:27:13,800 --> 03:27:16,700
This bed cost more than most 
peasant earned in a year. 

3984
03:27:17,500 --> 03:27:19,400
The wood was carved by skilled 
Craftsmen. 

3985
03:27:19,400 --> 03:27:22,300
The curtains were woven by 
professional Weavers. 

3986
03:27:22,300 --> 03:27:25,600
The feathers were plucked by 
hand and carefully cleaned. 

3987
03:27:25,600 --> 03:27:30,200
This bed is not just Furniture, 
it is well made visible. 

3988
03:27:30,200 --> 03:27:32,900
It is inheritance. 
You will pass your children. 

3989
03:27:32,900 --> 03:27:35,700
It is security. 
You can sell if time has become 

3990
03:27:35,700 --> 03:27:39,900
desperate The curtains serve 
multiple purposes, they block 

3991
03:27:39,900 --> 03:27:43,500
drafts in your stone chamber. 
They provide privacy when guests

3992
03:27:43,500 --> 03:27:45,900
visit your home, they create 
Darkness for sleeping. 

3993
03:27:45,900 --> 03:27:48,800
They trap heat from your body 
and keep you warmer than open 

3994
03:27:48,800 --> 03:27:51,800
air would allow when you close 
those curtains at night. 

3995
03:27:51,800 --> 03:27:54,700
You enter a private world 
separate from household 

3996
03:27:54,700 --> 03:27:57,700
activities. 
But those curtains also pose, 

3997
03:27:57,700 --> 03:28:01,000
danger people occasionally 
suffocate, in heavily curtained 

3998
03:28:01,000 --> 03:28:03,600
beds. 
Carbon dioxide builds up in the 

3999
03:28:03,608 --> 03:28:06,800
enclosed space. 
Several medieval texts, warned 

4000
03:28:06,800 --> 03:28:09,200
against closing bed, curtains to
tightly one. 

4001
03:28:09,200 --> 03:28:12,900
Medical Treatise from 1432, 
specifically, advises, keeping 

4002
03:28:12,900 --> 03:28:15,400
at least one curtain, partially 
open to allow fresh air 

4003
03:28:15,400 --> 03:28:19,400
circulation. 
By the 16th century wealthy, 

4004
03:28:19,400 --> 03:28:23,200
Europeans competed to own the 
most elaborate beds for poster, 

4005
03:28:23,200 --> 03:28:27,100
beds, grew taller, carvings grew
more, intricate Fabrics, grew 

4006
03:28:27,100 --> 03:28:30,600
more expensive, some beds stood,
nine feet tall with tops 

4007
03:28:30,600 --> 03:28:34,400
decorated, with carved, figures 
painted panels, and gilded 

4008
03:28:34,400 --> 03:28:37,100
finials. 
These beds were architectural 

4009
03:28:37,100 --> 03:28:39,100
statements. 
They announced that you had 

4010
03:28:39,100 --> 03:28:42,100
arrived socialist, Queen, 
Elizabeth, the first owned, 

4011
03:28:42,100 --> 03:28:44,400
multiple elaborate beds, that 
traveled with her, when she 

4012
03:28:44,400 --> 03:28:48,200
moved between palaces each bed. 
Required a wagon for transport 

4013
03:28:48,200 --> 03:28:50,600
each bed took a full day to 
assemble. 

4014
03:28:50,600 --> 03:28:52,900
The beds were draped with silk 
and velvet. 

4015
03:28:52,900 --> 03:28:56,200
The posts were carved and 
painted the mattresses were 

4016
03:28:56,200 --> 03:29:00,100
stuffed with the finest down. 
Elizabeth used her beds as 

4017
03:29:00,100 --> 03:29:03,100
diplomatic tools sometimes 
giving them as gifts to favored 

4018
03:29:03,100 --> 03:29:05,900
Nobles Common People, slept very
differently. 

4019
03:29:05,900 --> 03:29:10,300
A typical English farmer in 1600
owned a simple, wooden bed stead

4020
03:29:10,300 --> 03:29:13,400
with a straw mattress. 
The frame sat low to the ground.

4021
03:29:13,400 --> 03:29:16,900
No, curtains hung from Posts, 
because no posts existed. 

4022
03:29:17,700 --> 03:29:19,600
A single wool blanket provided 
warmth. 

4023
03:29:19,600 --> 03:29:23,100
The pillow was a cloth sack 
filled with chaff or wool 

4024
03:29:23,100 --> 03:29:25,600
scraps. 
The bed occupied one corner of 

4025
03:29:25,600 --> 03:29:29,700
the single room Cottage everyone
saw it, everyone knew who slept 

4026
03:29:29,700 --> 03:29:32,400
there, many poor families owned,
no bed at all. 

4027
03:29:32,408 --> 03:29:35,100
They slept on straw pallets laid
on the floor. 

4028
03:29:35,100 --> 03:29:39,000
Children, slept in Lofts on 
loose, straw servants, slept 

4029
03:29:39,000 --> 03:29:42,800
wherever they could find Space. 
The bed as a universal piece of 

4030
03:29:42,800 --> 03:29:44,900
furniture is a relatively recent
development. 

4031
03:29:45,800 --> 03:29:48,500
The 17th century brought. 
The first upholstered beds? 

4032
03:29:49,200 --> 03:29:53,200
Padding appeared on headboards, 
mattresses grew thicker, spiral 

4033
03:29:53,200 --> 03:29:57,000
Springs were invented in 1857, 
revolutionizing mattress 

4034
03:29:57,000 --> 03:29:59,900
comfort. 
Coil springs, distributed weight

4035
03:29:59,900 --> 03:30:02,400
more evenly than rope or leather
straps. 

4036
03:30:02,400 --> 03:30:06,800
The modern mattress industry was
born by 1900 middle class. 

4037
03:30:06,800 --> 03:30:09,800
Family could afford metal bed 
frames with spring mattresses. 

4038
03:30:09,800 --> 03:30:13,900
These beds were mass-produced in
factories, they cost a fraction 

4039
03:30:13,900 --> 03:30:17,100
of handmade wooden beds. 
They were lighter and easier to 

4040
03:30:17,100 --> 03:30:19,400
move. 
They did not Harbor insects the 

4041
03:30:19,400 --> 03:30:22,200
way wooden joints. 
Did they represented modernity 

4042
03:30:22,200 --> 03:30:25,200
in progress? 
Your bed tonight is the product 

4043
03:30:25,200 --> 03:30:30,100
of 8,000 years of human effort, 
the box spring beneath you the 

4044
03:30:30,100 --> 03:30:31,900
foam or coil mattress above 
that. 

4045
03:30:32,800 --> 03:30:36,300
Fitted sheet, that stays in 
place, the pillows designed by 

4046
03:30:36,300 --> 03:30:39,700
Engineers for optimal neck, 
support the comforter filled 

4047
03:30:39,700 --> 03:30:42,400
with synthetic fibers lighter 
and warmer than any wool. 

4048
03:30:43,000 --> 03:30:45,100
This bed would Astound your 
ancestors. 

4049
03:30:45,100 --> 03:30:47,200
They would think you slept like 
royalty. 

4050
03:30:47,200 --> 03:30:49,400
You're awake between sleeps 
again. 

4051
03:30:49,408 --> 03:30:54,200
But this time you're in 1700 and
1332 your living in a middling 

4052
03:30:54,200 --> 03:30:55,500
household. 
In Amsterdam. 

4053
03:30:55,500 --> 03:30:58,700
You share a bed with your 
husband, in a private chamber, 

4054
03:30:59,300 --> 03:31:02,500
Your children sleep in the 
adjacent room, your maid-servant

4055
03:31:02,500 --> 03:31:04,100
sleeps down stairs near the 
kitchen. 

4056
03:31:04,100 --> 03:31:07,500
The house is dark except for 
moonlight filtering through the 

4057
03:31:07,500 --> 03:31:09,200
window. 
You wake naturally. 

4058
03:31:09,200 --> 03:31:11,900
After your first sleep, your 
husband wakes, too. 

4059
03:31:11,900 --> 03:31:14,000
This is your watching our 
together. 

4060
03:31:14,000 --> 03:31:17,100
You do not like a candle. 
Can candles are expensive. 

4061
03:31:17,100 --> 03:31:21,400
The Moonlight is sufficient. 
You lie on your backs and talk 

4062
03:31:21,400 --> 03:31:23,900
quietly. 
You discuss your daughter's 

4063
03:31:23,900 --> 03:31:27,100
upcoming marriage, you discuss 
the new trading Venture. 

4064
03:31:27,100 --> 03:31:30,000
Your husband is considering you 
discuss, whether the maid 

4065
03:31:30,000 --> 03:31:33,000
servant to stealing food, you 
discuss, your mother's failing 

4066
03:31:33,000 --> 03:31:36,400
health, These are intimate 
conversations, impossible during

4067
03:31:36,400 --> 03:31:39,000
daylight hours. 
When children interrupt and 

4068
03:31:39,000 --> 03:31:42,900
servants over here, the watching
our belongs to married couples. 

4069
03:31:43,900 --> 03:31:47,500
1659 ballad from England 
specifically references. 

4070
03:31:47,500 --> 03:31:50,800
This practice The Ballad 
describes a husband and wife 

4071
03:31:50,800 --> 03:31:53,100
talking between sleeps about 
household matters. 

4072
03:31:54,000 --> 03:31:57,700
A 1700 doctors guide to marriage
suggests using the watching our 

4073
03:31:57,700 --> 03:31:59,600
for gentle conversation between 
spouses. 

4074
03:31:59,600 --> 03:32:02,800
The hour between sleeps was 
understood to be valuable time 

4075
03:32:02,800 --> 03:32:05,500
for connection but the watching 
our was not just for 

4076
03:32:05,500 --> 03:32:08,200
conversation. 
Many people Rose from bed. 

4077
03:32:08,200 --> 03:32:10,900
During this time, they performed
small tasks. 

4078
03:32:10,900 --> 03:32:13,900
They tended fires, they checked 
on children. 

4079
03:32:13,900 --> 03:32:17,800
They used chamber pots, they 
prayed they thought they simply 

4080
03:32:17,800 --> 03:32:21,200
existed in the quiet. 
Darkness, you rise from your bed

4081
03:32:21,200 --> 03:32:23,700
in Amsterdam. 
You put on a heavy robe against 

4082
03:32:23,708 --> 03:32:25,100
the cold. 
He go down. 

4083
03:32:25,100 --> 03:32:28,400
Stairs to the kitchen, the coals
and the half are still glowing. 

4084
03:32:28,400 --> 03:32:31,700
You add small sticks and blow 
gently until Flames appear. 

4085
03:32:31,700 --> 03:32:35,000
You warm your hands. 
You drink water from The Jug. 

4086
03:32:35,000 --> 03:32:38,300
You feel peaceful and calm. 
This hour is yours alone. 

4087
03:32:39,600 --> 03:32:42,600
historical record, show people 
doing various activities during 

4088
03:32:42,600 --> 03:32:47,500
their watching our a 1590 Court 
deposition from England, to 

4089
03:32:47,500 --> 03:32:49,800
describes a neighbor, who 
visited another neighbor during 

4090
03:32:49,800 --> 03:32:53,400
the watching our They sat by the
fire and talked for an hour 

4091
03:32:53,408 --> 03:32:56,400
before returning to their 
respective beds, both parties 

4092
03:32:56,400 --> 03:32:58,500
treated this as completely, 
normal behavior. 

4093
03:32:59,400 --> 03:33:02,900
A 1643 diary from colonial 
America mentions using the 

4094
03:33:02,900 --> 03:33:07,200
watching our to read scripture 
by candlelight. 1700 medical 

4095
03:33:07,200 --> 03:33:10,400
texts from France recommends 
using the watching our for 

4096
03:33:10,400 --> 03:33:14,100
meditation and prayer. 
A 1680 English household manual 

4097
03:33:14,100 --> 03:33:16,800
suggests checking doors and 
windows during the watching our 

4098
03:33:16,800 --> 03:33:18,800
to ensure they are properly 
secured. 

4099
03:33:19,700 --> 03:33:22,600
Some people use the watching our
for more creative Pursuits. 

4100
03:33:23,600 --> 03:33:26,300
A few historical accounts 
mention composing poetry during 

4101
03:33:26,300 --> 03:33:30,100
nighttime wakefulness. several 
musicians described working out 

4102
03:33:30,100 --> 03:33:34,600
Melodies during the watching our
11710 letter from a Dutch 

4103
03:33:34,600 --> 03:33:36,800
painter. 
Describes visualizing paintings 

4104
03:33:36,800 --> 03:33:38,700
during the quiet hour between 
sleeps. 

4105
03:33:38,700 --> 03:33:42,500
The watching, our was also 
Primetime for Crime, thieves 

4106
03:33:42,500 --> 03:33:45,700
knew that many people were awake
between sleeps court records 

4107
03:33:45,700 --> 03:33:48,100
from across Europe detailed 
burglaries and assaults that 

4108
03:33:48,100 --> 03:33:49,600
occurred during these nighttime 
hours. 

4109
03:33:49,600 --> 03:33:53,600
The watching, our was not always
peaceful but for most people the

4110
03:33:53,600 --> 03:33:56,900
watching our provided something 
increasingly rare as centuries 

4111
03:33:56,900 --> 03:33:59,600
progressed. 
It provided uninterrupted, quiet

4112
03:33:59,600 --> 03:34:03,300
time for thought and reflection.
No, work demanded attention. 

4113
03:34:03,300 --> 03:34:07,400
No social obligation is pressed.
No, children needed supervision.

4114
03:34:07,400 --> 03:34:10,200
He was simply awaken Darkness 
with your own thoughts. 

4115
03:34:10,200 --> 03:34:14,400
He stand by your kitchen, half 
in Amsterdam, the fire crackles 

4116
03:34:14,400 --> 03:34:16,800
softly outside you hear 
occasional. 

4117
03:34:16,800 --> 03:34:20,500
Sounds a cat yells a cart 
rumbles passed. 

4118
03:34:21,100 --> 03:34:24,600
The nightwatch calls the hour. 
The sounds do not disturb you. 

4119
03:34:24,600 --> 03:34:28,100
They are the familiar sounds of 
night in a city, your mind 

4120
03:34:28,100 --> 03:34:30,200
wanders. 
You think about your childhood 

4121
03:34:30,200 --> 03:34:32,700
in the countryside. 
You think about your father who 

4122
03:34:32,700 --> 03:34:35,000
died last year, you think about 
the herb garden? 

4123
03:34:35,000 --> 03:34:38,000
You want to plant in Spring? 
Your thoughts are not anxious or

4124
03:34:38,000 --> 03:34:40,500
racing. 
They drift like leaves on slow 

4125
03:34:40,500 --> 03:34:44,000
water. 
After perhaps 45 minutes, you 

4126
03:34:44,000 --> 03:34:47,200
feel drowsiness returning. 
You Bank the fire, you climb the

4127
03:34:47,200 --> 03:34:49,400
stairs. 
You slip back into bed beside 

4128
03:34:49,400 --> 03:34:51,500
your husband. 
He's already asleep his 

4129
03:34:51,500 --> 03:34:54,000
breathing deep. 
And even you pull the blankets 

4130
03:34:54,000 --> 03:34:57,800
over yourself within minutes, 
you fall back into second sleep.

4131
03:34:57,800 --> 03:35:02,000
This pattern of segmented, sleep
with a watching our between was 

4132
03:35:02,000 --> 03:35:05,200
Universal across Europe and 
colonial America until the late 

4133
03:35:05,200 --> 03:35:08,400
1800s. 
Then something changed the 

4134
03:35:08,400 --> 03:35:12,000
watching our began to disappear.
You're still in Amsterdam, but 

4135
03:35:12,000 --> 03:35:15,600
the year is now 1895 your 
standing on a street corner at 

4136
03:35:15,600 --> 03:35:19,000
night above you a new gas 
Street, Lamp hisses, and glows, 

4137
03:35:19,000 --> 03:35:22,400
the light is Harsh and bright. 
Nothing like firelight or 

4138
03:35:22,400 --> 03:35:24,800
candles. 
It turns the night into an 

4139
03:35:24,800 --> 03:35:28,200
artificial Twilight. 
You can see clearly for 100 feet

4140
03:35:28,200 --> 03:35:32,500
in every direction. 
Shadows a sharp and black, the 

4141
03:35:32,500 --> 03:35:34,900
natural darkness of night has 
been conquered. 

4142
03:35:34,900 --> 03:35:37,700
This is the beginning of the end
for segmented. 

4143
03:35:37,700 --> 03:35:42,800
Sleep, when humans could control
Darkness, everything changed the

4144
03:35:42,800 --> 03:35:45,500
watching, our could not survive.
The arrival of artificial light 

4145
03:35:45,500 --> 03:35:50,200
gaslighting arrived in European 
cities during the early 1800s by

4146
03:35:50,200 --> 03:35:53,300
mid-century major streets in 
London, Paris, Amsterdam and 

4147
03:35:53,300 --> 03:35:56,700
other cities glowed with gas 
lamps, The lamps allowed 

4148
03:35:56,700 --> 03:35:59,600
extended business hours, 
factories could run night, 

4149
03:35:59,600 --> 03:36:02,400
shifts, shops stayed. 
Open later, entertainment, 

4150
03:36:02,400 --> 03:36:05,300
venues offered evening. 
Performances Knight, became 

4151
03:36:05,300 --> 03:36:08,700
colonized by Commerce and 
productivity, electric lighting 

4152
03:36:08,700 --> 03:36:12,300
arrived in the 1880s. 
It was brighter cleaner and more

4153
03:36:12,300 --> 03:36:15,500
reliable than gas. 
Thomas, Edison, demonstrated his

4154
03:36:15,500 --> 03:36:19,100
practical light bulb in 1879 
within 20 years. 

4155
03:36:19,100 --> 03:36:21,700
Electric lights were spreading 
through wealthy homes and 

4156
03:36:21,708 --> 03:36:24,100
businesses. 
The conquest of Darkness 

4157
03:36:24,100 --> 03:36:27,000
accelerated your back in your 
Amsterdam home. 

4158
03:36:27,000 --> 03:36:30,500
The year is 1910, your house has
electric lights. 

4159
03:36:30,500 --> 03:36:33,800
Now, when evening comes you do 
not like handles or 10 oil 

4160
03:36:33,800 --> 03:36:37,800
lamps, you simply turn a switch.
Brilliant, light floods, the 

4161
03:36:37,800 --> 03:36:41,500
room instantly, you can read 
comfortably you can sow without 

4162
03:36:41,500 --> 03:36:43,900
straining your eyes, you can 
work on account. 

4163
03:36:43,900 --> 03:36:48,700
Well past Sunset, your evening 
routine has shifted later in a 

4164
03:36:48,700 --> 03:36:52,400
happens at 8:00 instead of six. 
You stay up reading until 11:00.

4165
03:36:52,400 --> 03:36:54,900
The electric light makes you 
feel less tired than you 

4166
03:36:54,900 --> 03:36:58,400
actually are your body's natural
response to Darkness has been 

4167
03:36:58,408 --> 03:37:00,100
hijacked by artificial 
brighteners. 

4168
03:37:00,100 --> 03:37:03,700
When you finally go to bed, you 
fall asleep quickly, but 

4169
03:37:03,700 --> 03:37:06,100
something is different. 
You sleep through the night 

4170
03:37:06,100 --> 03:37:09,600
without waking know, watching 
our interrupts, your sleep, you 

4171
03:37:09,600 --> 03:37:12,700
sleep in one long block from 11 
at night until 7 in the morning.

4172
03:37:12,700 --> 03:37:15,900
You think this is better. 
You think sleeping through the 

4173
03:37:15,900 --> 03:37:18,500
night is a sign of good health, 
you will wrong. 

4174
03:37:19,700 --> 03:37:22,100
What is actually happening is 
that artificial light, is 

4175
03:37:22,108 --> 03:37:25,200
suppressing your melatonin 
production the bright electric 

4176
03:37:25,200 --> 03:37:27,700
lights in your evening are 
telling your brain that day has 

4177
03:37:27,700 --> 03:37:31,500
not ended your circadian. 
Rhythm is being overridden, your

4178
03:37:31,500 --> 03:37:33,300
natural sleep. 
Pattern is being forcibly 

4179
03:37:33,300 --> 03:37:35,500
Consolidated. 
The Industrial Revolution 

4180
03:37:35,500 --> 03:37:38,400
accelerated, this change factory
work demanded. 

4181
03:37:38,400 --> 03:37:42,100
Reliable timing Shift work. 
Required workers to sleep during

4182
03:37:42,100 --> 03:37:45,500
specific hours. 
The watching our had no place in

4183
03:37:45,508 --> 03:37:49,000
an industrial economy, workers 
needed to sleep efficiently and 

4184
03:37:49,000 --> 03:37:51,200
wake on command. 
Segmented. 

4185
03:37:51,200 --> 03:37:52,900
Sleep was reframed as a 
disorder. 

4186
03:37:52,900 --> 03:37:56,200
Medical texts from the late 
1800s and early 1900s. 

4187
03:37:56,200 --> 03:38:00,100
Reveal the shift, a 1700 
doctor's guide, described 

4188
03:38:00,100 --> 03:38:01,900
segmented sleep, as normal and 
healthy. 

4189
03:38:02,900 --> 03:38:06,100
Late in 50, medical texts still 
mentioned the watching our as a 

4190
03:38:06,100 --> 03:38:10,500
natural occurrence. but by 1900,
medical, literature described 

4191
03:38:10,500 --> 03:38:14,900
nighttime, waking as insomnia, 
requiring treatment change 

4192
03:38:14,900 --> 03:38:18,900
happened, remarkably fast within
three generations, the watching 

4193
03:38:18,900 --> 03:38:22,100
our went from Universal Human 
Experience to medical problem. 

4194
03:38:22,800 --> 03:38:25,600
People who woke between sleeps 
were diagnosed with Sleep 

4195
03:38:25,600 --> 03:38:30,000
Disorders, doctors prescribed 
sedatives patent medicines 

4196
03:38:30,000 --> 03:38:33,300
promised uninterrupted sleep. 
The pharmaceutical industry 

4197
03:38:33,300 --> 03:38:34,900
discovered, a profitable New 
Market. 

4198
03:38:34,900 --> 03:38:39,100
You are now in 1930. 
You live in an American city. 

4199
03:38:39,100 --> 03:38:43,300
Your apartment is blazing with 
electric light, your radio plays

4200
03:38:43,300 --> 03:38:47,300
evening programs until midnight.
Your neighborhood is never truly

4201
03:38:47,300 --> 03:38:52,300
dark street, lights glow. 
All night, neon signs, advertise

4202
03:38:52,300 --> 03:38:55,100
products, car headlights. 
Sweep, through your windows. 

4203
03:38:55,100 --> 03:38:57,600
Darkness has been eliminated. 
You work. 

4204
03:38:57,600 --> 03:39:00,700
A standard 9-5 job. 
Your employer expects, you to 

4205
03:39:00,708 --> 03:39:02,200
arrive at exactly 9 in the 
morning. 

4206
03:39:02,200 --> 03:39:06,100
Being late is unacceptable. 
This means you must wake at a 

4207
03:39:06,100 --> 03:39:07,700
specific time, regardless of 
your sleep. 

4208
03:39:07,700 --> 03:39:11,200
Cycle's, an alarm clock for you.
From sleep at 7. 

4209
03:39:11,200 --> 03:39:15,000
You had no choice about when to,
wake the economy decided for 

4210
03:39:15,000 --> 03:39:17,100
you. 
You drink coffee to feel alert 

4211
03:39:17,100 --> 03:39:20,200
coffee consumption. 
Skyrocketed during the 20th 

4212
03:39:20,200 --> 03:39:23,500
century humans needed, chemical 
assist Assistance to override 

4213
03:39:23,500 --> 03:39:26,700
their natural sleep rhythms 
coffee became the fuel. 

4214
03:39:26,700 --> 03:39:30,800
That powered industrial society.
Without coffee, the modern sleep

4215
03:39:30,800 --> 03:39:33,500
schedule would be impossible to 
maintain your evening, 

4216
03:39:33,500 --> 03:39:36,500
entertainment, keeps you awake. 
You listen to radio programs. 

4217
03:39:36,500 --> 03:39:39,900
You read magazines, you attend 
movies, you socialize, with 

4218
03:39:39,900 --> 03:39:43,400
friends, you go to bed at 
midnight and wake at 7:00 7 

4219
03:39:43,400 --> 03:39:46,600
hours of sleep in one block. 
This is your new normal. 

4220
03:39:46,600 --> 03:39:48,900
You have never heard of 
segmented, sleep. 

4221
03:39:48,900 --> 03:39:51,500
If you wake in the middle of the
night, you worried that 

4222
03:39:51,500 --> 03:39:54,400
something is wrong with you. 
The concept of eight hours of 

4223
03:39:54,400 --> 03:39:57,100
continuous sleep. 
Became the gold standard Sleep 

4224
03:39:57,100 --> 03:40:01,000
Experts recommended it doctors 
prescribed, it employers 

4225
03:40:01,000 --> 03:40:03,700
expected, it. 
Anyone who deviated was 

4226
03:40:03,700 --> 03:40:07,100
considered unhealthy, the 
natural human sleep pattern had 

4227
03:40:07,100 --> 03:40:09,200
been completely forgotten within
one century. 

4228
03:40:10,100 --> 03:40:13,700
But some people never adjusted, 
they continued waking during the

4229
03:40:13,700 --> 03:40:15,700
night. 
They lay awake for an hour 

4230
03:40:15,700 --> 03:40:19,300
feeling, anxious and broken. 
They tried sleeping pills, they 

4231
03:40:19,300 --> 03:40:22,700
tried warm milk, they tried 
counting sheep, nothing worked 

4232
03:40:22,700 --> 03:40:24,500
because nothing was actually 
wrong with them. 

4233
03:40:24,500 --> 03:40:27,500
Their bodies were simply trying 
to follow the ancient pattern 

4234
03:40:27,500 --> 03:40:30,200
modern sleep. 
Researchers began, rediscovering

4235
03:40:30,200 --> 03:40:34,100
segmented, sleep in the 1990s. 
Cycling, atrest Thomas. 

4236
03:40:34,100 --> 03:40:37,000
Fair conducted experiments were 
subjects lived without 

4237
03:40:37,000 --> 03:40:40,600
artificial light after dark. 
Within weeks their sleep 

4238
03:40:40,600 --> 03:40:44,300
naturally divided into two 
segments separated by a quiet 

4239
03:40:44,300 --> 03:40:47,600
hour of wakefulness. 
The watching our returned when 

4240
03:40:47,600 --> 03:40:50,900
artificial light was removed. 
This research revealed that 

4241
03:40:50,900 --> 03:40:54,400
Consolidated, 8-hour, sleep is 
not actually natural for humans.

4242
03:40:55,200 --> 03:40:58,300
It is a recent adaptation forced
by artificial, lighting and 

4243
03:40:58,300 --> 03:41:02,400
Industrial scheduling. 
For 99% of human history, we 

4244
03:41:02,400 --> 03:41:06,100
slept in two segments, the 
watching our was our Birthright.

4245
03:41:06,100 --> 03:41:09,500
You're lying in your bed right 
now tonight. 

4246
03:41:09,500 --> 03:41:14,300
The year is 2026. 
Your bedroom is probably dark or

4247
03:41:14,300 --> 03:41:16,500
nearly dark. 
Your mattress is probably 

4248
03:41:16,500 --> 03:41:19,100
comfortable. 
Your room is climate control to 

4249
03:41:19,100 --> 03:41:21,600
a pleasant temperature. 
You're probably alone in your 

4250
03:41:21,608 --> 03:41:24,000
bed or sharing it with only one 
other person. 

4251
03:41:24,000 --> 03:41:26,700
You have privileges, your 
ancestors, could not imagine 

4252
03:41:26,700 --> 03:41:29,100
your bedroom is a private 
Sanctuary. 

4253
03:41:29,100 --> 03:41:31,700
It belongs only to you and 
possibly your partner. 

4254
03:41:31,700 --> 03:41:33,800
No servants. 
Sleep on the floor. 

4255
03:41:33,800 --> 03:41:35,500
No, children. 
Share your bed. 

4256
03:41:35,500 --> 03:41:39,800
No Travelers crowd in for warmth
the door closes the space 

4257
03:41:39,800 --> 03:41:42,600
becomes yours. 
This level of privacy is 

4258
03:41:42,600 --> 03:41:46,300
historically unprecedented for 
the vast majority of humans your

4259
03:41:46,300 --> 03:41:48,600
mattress cost hundreds or 
thousands of dollars. 

4260
03:41:48,600 --> 03:41:52,300
It was engineered by Specialists
using materials your ancestors. 

4261
03:41:52,300 --> 03:41:56,600
Never encountered memory foam, 
molds to your body coils 

4262
03:41:56,600 --> 03:41:58,100
distribute your weight 
perfectly. 

4263
03:41:58,100 --> 03:42:02,700
The surface is neither The two 
firm nor too soft the mattress 

4264
03:42:02,700 --> 03:42:05,900
remembers its shape. 
After you rise this mattress 

4265
03:42:05,900 --> 03:42:08,400
will last a decade or more 
before needing replacement. 

4266
03:42:08,400 --> 03:42:11,400
Your pillows are. 
Similarly, engineered down, 

4267
03:42:11,400 --> 03:42:13,500
alternative fill cooling, gel 
layers. 

4268
03:42:13,500 --> 03:42:16,900
Ergonomic shapes designed to 
support your neck at the optimal

4269
03:42:16,900 --> 03:42:18,500
angle. 
You probably own multiple 

4270
03:42:18,500 --> 03:42:21,300
pillows. 
Some people own 10 or more and 

4271
03:42:21,300 --> 03:42:24,400
entire industry exists to help 
you achieve, perfect, pillow 

4272
03:42:24,400 --> 03:42:27,400
height and firmness. 
Your bedding is a Marvel of 

4273
03:42:27,400 --> 03:42:31,000
textile technology sheets with 
thread counts that would baffle 

4274
03:42:31,000 --> 03:42:34,600
medieval Weavers comforters 
filled with synthetic fibers 

4275
03:42:34,600 --> 03:42:37,900
warmer than goose down mattress 
protectors that breathe while 

4276
03:42:37,900 --> 03:42:40,800
blocking moisture do duvet 
covers in colors, your 

4277
03:42:40,800 --> 03:42:44,100
ancestors, never saw. 
You probably change these sheets

4278
03:42:44,100 --> 03:42:46,400
weekly and wash them in a 
machine that cleans better than 

4279
03:42:46,400 --> 03:42:49,500
any human hand scrubbing. 
Your bedroom temperature is 

4280
03:42:49,500 --> 03:42:51,700
controlled by Central Heating, 
or air conditioning. 

4281
03:42:51,700 --> 03:42:54,400
You set the thermostat to your 
preferred temperature. 

4282
03:42:55,200 --> 03:42:57,500
The climate in your sleeping 
space remains constant 

4283
03:42:57,500 --> 03:43:01,300
regardless of whether outside. 
This would seem like sorcery to 

4284
03:43:01,300 --> 03:43:03,800
someone from any early Century, 
your windows. 

4285
03:43:03,800 --> 03:43:06,700
Probably have blinds or curtains
that block external light. 

4286
03:43:06,700 --> 03:43:11,000
You can control exactly how dark
your room becomes Some people 

4287
03:43:11,000 --> 03:43:13,400
use blackout curtains to create 
total darkness. 

4288
03:43:13,400 --> 03:43:16,300
Others prefer. 
Gentle ambient light, the choice

4289
03:43:16,300 --> 03:43:18,900
is yours. 
Your ancestors had no choice. 

4290
03:43:18,900 --> 03:43:21,800
Darkness came when the sun set 
and left. 

4291
03:43:21,800 --> 03:43:24,500
When the sun rose, many people 
also control. 

4292
03:43:24,500 --> 03:43:27,900
Sound White Noise, machines must
traffic and neighbor noise. 

4293
03:43:27,900 --> 03:43:31,500
Earplugs, block snoring 
Partners, sound dampening 

4294
03:43:31,500 --> 03:43:34,100
curtains, reduce Street. 
Sounds apps. 

4295
03:43:34,100 --> 03:43:37,500
Play rain sounds or ocean waves.
You curate your sleeping 

4296
03:43:37,500 --> 03:43:39,900
environment with Precision. 
Your ancestors could not 

4297
03:43:39,900 --> 03:43:42,300
conceive. 
Your sleeping schedule, is 

4298
03:43:42,300 --> 03:43:44,600
theoretically yours to choose 
you. 

4299
03:43:44,600 --> 03:43:46,300
Set your alarm. 
You decide. 

4300
03:43:46,300 --> 03:43:49,200
When to go to bed, you can 
control your sleep timing more 

4301
03:43:49,200 --> 03:43:53,300
than any factory worker in 1930.
But do you really have control 

4302
03:43:53,300 --> 03:43:57,300
or have new Master's replaced, 
the old ones, your smartphone 

4303
03:43:57,300 --> 03:44:00,300
sits on your nightstand, it 
probably served as your 

4304
03:44:00,300 --> 03:44:02,600
entertainment until minutes 
before you try to sleep. 

4305
03:44:03,400 --> 03:44:05,800
The blue light from its screen. 
Suppress your melatonin 

4306
03:44:05,800 --> 03:44:08,700
production. 
Your brain received signals that

4307
03:44:08,700 --> 03:44:12,300
day had not ended your natural. 
Drowsiness was postponed. 

4308
03:44:12,300 --> 03:44:16,000
He probably checked email before
bed, you probably scrolled 

4309
03:44:16,000 --> 03:44:19,100
through social media. 
You probably watched videos or 

4310
03:44:19,100 --> 03:44:22,800
read news articles, these 
activities activated your brain.

4311
03:44:22,800 --> 03:44:25,700
In ways incompatible with 
approaching sleep, your 

4312
03:44:25,700 --> 03:44:28,200
ancestors spent their evenings 
in relative calm. 

4313
03:44:28,200 --> 03:44:32,400
You spend yours in a state of 
mild stimulation when you 

4314
03:44:32,400 --> 03:44:35,500
finally turn off your phone and 
try to sleep your brain needs 

4315
03:44:35,500 --> 03:44:38,700
time to downshift, but you feel 
pressured to fall asleep. 

4316
03:44:38,700 --> 03:44:42,000
Quickly, you have work tomorrow.
You need your 8 hours. 

4317
03:44:42,000 --> 03:44:45,400
You have been taught that good 
sleepers, fall asleep, within 15

4318
03:44:45,400 --> 03:44:47,600
minutes and sleep, through until
morning. 

4319
03:44:47,600 --> 03:44:50,100
Any deviation signals are 
problem. 

4320
03:44:50,100 --> 03:44:53,400
If you wait during the night, 
you probably feel anxious. 

4321
03:44:53,400 --> 03:44:57,000
You check the time you calculate
hours of sleep remaining. 

4322
03:44:57,000 --> 03:45:00,200
You worry about being tired 
tomorrow, you try to force 

4323
03:45:00,200 --> 03:45:03,200
yourself back to sleep. 
The more you try, the more 

4324
03:45:03,400 --> 03:45:04,900
Awake. 
You become, you have probably 

4325
03:45:04,900 --> 03:45:08,000
done this many times. 
What if that nighttime waking is

4326
03:45:08,000 --> 03:45:10,400
not a problem? 
What if your body is simply 

4327
03:45:10,400 --> 03:45:12,100
trying to follow its natural 
pattern? 

4328
03:45:12,100 --> 03:45:15,100
What if the watching our is 
calling to you across the 

4329
03:45:15,100 --> 03:45:18,400
centuries? 
Modern sleep, research suggests 

4330
03:45:18,400 --> 03:45:21,600
that some people who struggle 
with insomnia might actually be 

4331
03:45:21,600 --> 03:45:24,100
experiencing their bodies 
natural, inclination towards 

4332
03:45:24,100 --> 03:45:27,000
segmented sleep. 
When they stop fighting the 

4333
03:45:27,000 --> 03:45:30,900
nighttime wakefulness and 
instead accepted as normal their

4334
03:45:30,900 --> 03:45:33,100
anxiety decreases, they rest 
better. 

4335
03:45:33,100 --> 03:45:36,000
Even while awake, they return to
sleep more easily. 

4336
03:45:36,800 --> 03:45:39,100
This does not mean you should 
immediately try to adopt 

4337
03:45:39,100 --> 03:45:41,500
segmented sleep. 
Modern Life does not 

4338
03:45:41,500 --> 03:45:44,200
accommodated easily. 
Your alarm will still ring at 

4339
03:45:44,200 --> 03:45:47,600
the same time, regardless of how
you slept your work schedule. 

4340
03:45:47,600 --> 03:45:50,600
Does not care about your natural
rhythms, you must function in 

4341
03:45:50,600 --> 03:45:53,900
the world as it exists. 
But understanding the history of

4342
03:45:53,900 --> 03:45:56,200
sleep can change how you think 
about nighttime waking? 

4343
03:45:56,200 --> 03:45:59,000
If you wake up at 3 in the 
morning and cannot immediately 

4344
03:45:59,000 --> 03:46:01,900
return to sleep, you might 
remember that your ancestors 

4345
03:46:01,900 --> 03:46:03,400
would have welcomed this quiet 
hour. 

4346
03:46:03,400 --> 03:46:06,700
They would have prayed or 
thought, or talked quietly with 

4347
03:46:06,700 --> 03:46:09,000
their Partners. 
They would not have felt broken 

4348
03:46:09,000 --> 03:46:11,900
or disordered. 
You might choose to Simply lie 

4349
03:46:11,900 --> 03:46:14,200
in peaceful Darkness rather than
fighting for sleep. 

4350
03:46:14,200 --> 03:46:16,900
You might read by dim light for 
half an hour. 

4351
03:46:16,900 --> 03:46:20,300
You might practice, gentle 
meditation, you might use this 

4352
03:46:20,300 --> 03:46:23,700
unexpected quiet time as a gift 
rather than a curse. 

4353
03:46:24,500 --> 03:46:26,900
The watching our might return to
you not as a schedule. 

4354
03:46:26,900 --> 03:46:30,500
But as an occasional visitor, 
your back in that, medieval 

4355
03:46:30,500 --> 03:46:33,700
cottage from the beginning, your
experience in the first sleep, 

4356
03:46:33,700 --> 03:46:37,900
again, the watching our and the 
second sleep This pattern 

4357
03:46:37,900 --> 03:46:41,000
connected you to Natural 
rhythms, you went to bed when 

4358
03:46:41,000 --> 03:46:43,500
darkness fell because you had no
reason to stay awake. 

4359
03:46:44,100 --> 03:46:46,300
You woke when your body 
completed, its first sleep 

4360
03:46:46,300 --> 03:46:50,100
cycle, you rested peacefully 
during the watching our, he 

4361
03:46:50,100 --> 03:46:52,800
slept again until dawn, your 
sleep was not perfect. 

4362
03:46:52,800 --> 03:46:56,400
You are often cold, your bed was
uncomfortable by modern 

4363
03:46:56,400 --> 03:46:58,700
standards. 
He shared your sleeping space 

4364
03:46:58,700 --> 03:47:01,200
with family members, you had no 
privacy. 

4365
03:47:01,200 --> 03:47:05,100
You probably suffered from 
various aches and pains life was

4366
03:47:05,100 --> 03:47:08,400
physically harder. 
Sleep reflected, that hardness. 

4367
03:47:09,200 --> 03:47:12,100
But your sleep also held 
qualities modern sleep blacks. 

4368
03:47:12,100 --> 03:47:14,400
You had no anxiety about sleep 
itself. 

4369
03:47:14,400 --> 03:47:17,300
You did not lie, awake, 
worrying, about the next day, 

4370
03:47:17,300 --> 03:47:20,600
you did not check clocks. 
You did not calculate hours, 

4371
03:47:20,600 --> 03:47:24,000
remaining. you slept when you 
were tired and woke when you 

4372
03:47:24,000 --> 03:47:27,000
were arrested the watching our 
gave you quiet time that 

4373
03:47:27,000 --> 03:47:30,400
belonged to no one but yourself 
and perhaps your family Compare 

4374
03:47:30,400 --> 03:47:33,600
this to Modern sleep, you have 
comfort Beyond medieval 

4375
03:47:33,600 --> 03:47:36,100
imagination. 
Your bed is a Marvel. 

4376
03:47:36,100 --> 03:47:38,200
Your room is perfectly 
temperature. 

4377
03:47:38,200 --> 03:47:40,500
Controlled you have privacy and 
quiet. 

4378
03:47:40,500 --> 03:47:43,300
You have eliminated. 
Most physical discomforts. 

4379
03:47:43,300 --> 03:47:47,600
These are genuine improvements. 
But you also have anxiety or 

4380
03:47:47,600 --> 03:47:50,200
ancestors. 
Never experienced to worry about

4381
03:47:50,200 --> 03:47:52,600
getting enough sleep. 
You track your sleep with 

4382
03:47:52,600 --> 03:47:56,300
devices, you read articles about
sleep hygiene, you try 

4383
03:47:56,300 --> 03:47:59,200
supplements and special pillows 
and white noise machines. 

4384
03:48:00,000 --> 03:48:03,500
Sleep has become a performance. 
You must optimize the pressure 

4385
03:48:03,500 --> 03:48:06,800
to sleep, perfectly creates the 
very anxiety that prevents good 

4386
03:48:06,800 --> 03:48:09,200
sleep. 
You have also lost the watching 

4387
03:48:09,200 --> 03:48:12,300
our that quiet time between 
sleeps disappeared, when 

4388
03:48:12,300 --> 03:48:15,900
artificial light arrived, you no
longer have a natural pause in 

4389
03:48:15,900 --> 03:48:18,500
your night. 
You sleep in one block or you 

4390
03:48:18,500 --> 03:48:21,500
suffer from insomnia, There is 
no middle ground. 

4391
03:48:21,500 --> 03:48:24,900
The watching our has been 
medicalized out of existence, 

4392
03:48:24,900 --> 03:48:28,300
modern research suggests the 
watching our served important 

4393
03:48:28,300 --> 03:48:31,800
psychological functions. 
It provided time for the brain 

4394
03:48:31,800 --> 03:48:34,800
to process emotions and memories
from first sleep dreams. 

4395
03:48:34,800 --> 03:48:38,200
It allowed, natural meditation, 
without formal practice. 

4396
03:48:38,200 --> 03:48:41,400
It gave people a sense of calm 
control over their nights. 

4397
03:48:42,300 --> 03:48:44,700
The force consolidation of 
sleep, might have eliminated 

4398
03:48:44,700 --> 03:48:47,100
something valuable some sleep 
researchers. 

4399
03:48:47,100 --> 03:48:49,700
Now recommend that people 
experience in nighttime, waking 

4400
03:48:49,700 --> 03:48:51,600
should embrace it rather than 
fight it. 

4401
03:48:52,500 --> 03:48:54,700
They suggest getting up. 
If you cannot return to sleep 

4402
03:48:54,700 --> 03:48:57,900
within 20 minutes, they 
recommend gentle activities like

4403
03:48:57,900 --> 03:49:01,400
reading or meditation. 
They advise accepting the 

4404
03:49:01,400 --> 03:49:04,100
wakefulness As Natural rather 
than treating it as failure. 

4405
03:49:04,700 --> 03:49:08,300
This advice essentially 
recreates the watching our the 

4406
03:49:08,300 --> 03:49:11,300
history of sleep teaches us that
there is no single correct way 

4407
03:49:11,300 --> 03:49:14,100
to sleep, humans have slept in 
countless different 

4408
03:49:14,100 --> 03:49:16,000
Arrangements, across cultures 
and centuries. 

4409
03:49:16,000 --> 03:49:19,400
We have slept in groups and 
alone, we have slept in two 

4410
03:49:19,400 --> 03:49:22,600
segments, or one we have slept 
on the ground and in the 

4411
03:49:22,600 --> 03:49:25,700
elaborate beds, we have adapted 
to harsh, conditions, and 

4412
03:49:25,700 --> 03:49:29,100
comfortable ones. 
Sleep is flexible and resilient.

4413
03:49:29,100 --> 03:49:31,600
What matters? 
Most is not matching some 

4414
03:49:31,600 --> 03:49:34,800
idealized sleep schedule. 
What matters is finding sleep 

4415
03:49:34,800 --> 03:49:36,900
patterns that work for your body
and your life. 

4416
03:49:36,900 --> 03:49:40,600
If you naturally wake during the
night, you might honor that as 

4417
03:49:40,600 --> 03:49:43,900
the watching our rather than 
fighting it if you sleep best. 

4418
03:49:43,900 --> 03:49:47,400
In one long block, you can 
celebrate that consolidation as 

4419
03:49:47,400 --> 03:49:50,400
a modern adaptation. 
If you occasionally nap, during 

4420
03:49:50,408 --> 03:49:53,900
the day, you can. view that as 
continuing ancient rest 

4421
03:49:53,900 --> 03:49:57,500
patterns, your ancestors, slept 
under conditions, you would find

4422
03:49:57,500 --> 03:50:01,500
intolerable They shared beds 
with strangers in flea, infested

4423
03:50:01,500 --> 03:50:04,800
ins they huddled together for 
warmth in drafty Cottages. 

4424
03:50:04,800 --> 03:50:07,900
They worked to Darkness and cold
every single morning. 

4425
03:50:07,900 --> 03:50:10,500
They had no control over their 
sleeping environment. 

4426
03:50:10,500 --> 03:50:14,200
Yet they slept humans are 
remarkably good at sleeping 

4427
03:50:14,200 --> 03:50:17,800
despite challenges you sleep in 
historically, unprecedented 

4428
03:50:17,800 --> 03:50:20,400
comfort. 
You have advantages beyond their

4429
03:50:20,400 --> 03:50:22,700
imagining. 
He also have modern stresses, 

4430
03:50:22,700 --> 03:50:27,100
they never faced blue, light 
exposure, 24-hour news Cycles, 

4431
03:50:27,100 --> 03:50:29,200
working males arriving at all 
hours. 

4432
03:50:29,200 --> 03:50:31,500
The pressure to be perpetually 
productive. 

4433
03:50:31,500 --> 03:50:34,700
These are real obstacles to good
sleep, but they are not 

4434
03:50:34,700 --> 03:50:36,900
insurmountable understanding 
sleep. 

4435
03:50:36,900 --> 03:50:39,700
History reminds you that sleep 
problems are often social and 

4436
03:50:39,700 --> 03:50:41,800
environmental, rather than 
personal failings. 

4437
03:50:42,900 --> 03:50:44,700
If you struggle to sleep, you're
not broken. 

4438
03:50:44,700 --> 03:50:48,000
You're dealing with conditions 
that clash with human biology, 

4439
03:50:48,000 --> 03:50:51,300
artificial light extends your 
day, beyond natural limits. 

4440
03:50:51,300 --> 03:50:53,800
Work schedules. 
Ignore your circadian. 

4441
03:50:53,800 --> 03:50:56,800
Rhythms digital devices 
stimulate your brain. 

4442
03:50:56,800 --> 03:51:00,500
When it should be calming. 
The modern world was not 

4443
03:51:00,500 --> 03:51:03,900
designed to support good sleep, 
but you can make choices that 

4444
03:51:03,900 --> 03:51:05,800
move, you closer to natural 
sleep patterns. 

4445
03:51:05,800 --> 03:51:09,500
You can dim lights in the 
evening, you can avoid screens 

4446
03:51:09,500 --> 03:51:12,000
before bed. 
You can keep your bedroom, cool 

4447
03:51:12,000 --> 03:51:15,500
and dark, you can accept 
nighttime waking as potentially 

4448
03:51:15,500 --> 03:51:17,500
normal. 
Rather than automatically, 

4449
03:51:17,500 --> 03:51:20,900
disordered small changes can 
honor the Sleep wisdom. 

4450
03:51:20,900 --> 03:51:23,100
Your ancestors developed, over 
thousands of years. 

4451
03:51:23,100 --> 03:51:26,800
The beds, we sleep in are the 
product of 8, Millennia of human

4452
03:51:26,800 --> 03:51:30,400
Innovation, the Sleep. 
Schedule's we follow are the 

4453
03:51:30,400 --> 03:51:32,500
product of two centuries, of 
industrial pressure. 

4454
03:51:32,500 --> 03:51:36,900
Neither is inherently right or 
wrong both reflect specific 

4455
03:51:36,900 --> 03:51:40,600
historical circumstances. 
You get to choose which elements

4456
03:51:40,600 --> 03:51:43,400
of sleep history to embrace and 
which to leave behind. 

4457
03:51:44,400 --> 03:51:47,300
Your ancestors would Marvel at 
your mattress and your climate 

4458
03:51:47,300 --> 03:51:49,600
control. 
They would envy your privacy and

4459
03:51:49,600 --> 03:51:52,000
your soft sheets. 
They would be baffled by your 

4460
03:51:52,000 --> 03:51:55,300
anxiety, about sleep itself. 
They would wonder why you fight.

4461
03:51:55,300 --> 03:51:58,200
So hard against the watching. 
Our, they would probably think 

4462
03:51:58,200 --> 03:52:01,600
you sleep like royalty, but 
worried like Paupers tonight. 

4463
03:52:01,600 --> 03:52:04,300
As you lie in your comfortable 
bed, you carry all of this 

4464
03:52:04,300 --> 03:52:07,000
history with you. 
Your body remembers segmented 

4465
03:52:07,000 --> 03:52:08,800
sleep. 
Even if your mind has forgotten 

4466
03:52:08,800 --> 03:52:12,300
your muscles, understand 
communal warmth, even as you 

4467
03:52:12,300 --> 03:52:15,100
value, privacy, your eyes 
responded, darkness. 

4468
03:52:15,100 --> 03:52:17,000
In the same way your ancestors 
eyes did. 

4469
03:52:17,000 --> 03:52:20,100
You're connected across 
centuries to everyone who ever 

4470
03:52:20,100 --> 03:52:22,000
lay down to rest. 
Sleep. 

4471
03:52:22,000 --> 03:52:25,800
Well my tired protectors if you 
wake during the night, remember 

4472
03:52:25,800 --> 03:52:28,400
the watching our and let 
yourself rest in darkness 

4473
03:52:28,400 --> 03:52:31,200
without worrying. 
Your ancestors kept vigil in the

4474
03:52:31,200 --> 03:52:35,200
space between sleeps and so can 
you and if you enjoyed this 

4475
03:52:35,200 --> 03:52:38,600
quiet Journey Through Time, 
consider subscribing so we can 

4476
03:52:38,600 --> 03:52:41,000
explore more forgotten corners 
of History together. 

4477
03:52:41,700 --> 03:52:49,000
Good night. 
Welcome to tonight's journey 

4478
03:52:49,000 --> 03:52:52,600
through one of history's. 
Most understated Treasures for 

4479
03:52:52,600 --> 03:52:55,800
the next hour, you'll discover 
how a single golden liquid 

4480
03:52:55,800 --> 03:53:00,300
transformed kitchens illuminated
cities, healed bodies and 

4481
03:53:00,300 --> 03:53:03,100
connected Distant, Shores 
across, thousands of years. 

4482
03:53:03,100 --> 03:53:07,500
Now please, imagine if you will 
and that comfy purple mattress. 

4483
03:53:07,500 --> 03:53:11,400
That's so snuggly and cozy that 
you're standing in a Grove that 

4484
03:53:11,400 --> 03:53:15,000
predates written language the 
trees around you twist Skyward 

4485
03:53:15,000 --> 03:53:19,100
with bark asld as braided rope. 
Their trunks wide enough that 

4486
03:53:19,100 --> 03:53:21,700
you'd need three people. 
Linking hands to encircle the 

4487
03:53:21,700 --> 03:53:24,200
oldest ones. 
These olive trees of witnessed 

4488
03:53:24,200 --> 03:53:27,600
Empires, rise and crumble their 
Roots drinking from the same 

4489
03:53:27,600 --> 03:53:31,900
Limestone soil for 1000 years or
more the leaves, catch off to 

4490
03:53:31,900 --> 03:53:34,900
new light with a peculiar 
Shimmer silver underneath. 

4491
03:53:34,900 --> 03:53:38,400
Gray, green on top creating a 
rustling canopy. 

4492
03:53:38,400 --> 03:53:41,600
That sounds like distant 
rainfall even on windless days. 

4493
03:53:41,600 --> 03:53:45,200
Your fingers brush against bark,
that feels like cooled, lava, 

4494
03:53:45,200 --> 03:53:48,300
all ridges and valleys Frozen 
mid-flow. 

4495
03:53:49,500 --> 03:53:54,000
The tree doesn't grow straight, 
it spirals corkscrews and splits

4496
03:53:54,000 --> 03:53:57,700
into multiple trunks that rejoin
higher up as if the wood itself 

4497
03:53:57,700 --> 03:54:00,700
can't decide which direction 
leads to sunlight, some 

4498
03:54:00,700 --> 03:54:03,900
branches, look dead until you 
notice the small green shoots 

4499
03:54:03,900 --> 03:54:06,000
emerging from what appeared to 
be driftwood. 

4500
03:54:06,700 --> 03:54:09,600
Olive trees. 
You've learned refused to die, 

4501
03:54:09,600 --> 03:54:13,800
easily cut one down to a stump, 
and it sends up New Growth 

4502
03:54:13,800 --> 03:54:17,300
within Seasons. 
Set fire to an entire Grove and 

4503
03:54:17,300 --> 03:54:19,000
The Roots. 
Wait, patiently underground. 

4504
03:54:19,000 --> 03:54:22,000
Ready to sprout? 
Again, when conditions improve 

4505
03:54:22,000 --> 03:54:25,800
the fruit hanging before, you 
looks nothing, like the glossy 

4506
03:54:25,800 --> 03:54:29,500
black olives in jars. 
These are small hard green. 

4507
03:54:29,500 --> 03:54:33,600
Things about the size of a large
marble with a waxy coating that 

4508
03:54:33,600 --> 03:54:36,900
repels morning dew. 
You pick one and bite down 

4509
03:54:36,900 --> 03:54:39,400
without thinking then 
immediately regret it. 

4510
03:54:39,400 --> 03:54:42,400
The bitterness floods, your 
mouth like you've licked a 

4511
03:54:42,400 --> 03:54:45,800
battery, a chemical tank, so 
intense it makes your jewelry. 

4512
03:54:46,700 --> 03:54:49,100
He spit it out quickly 
understanding. 

4513
03:54:49,100 --> 03:54:53,000
Now why these olives need 
processing need time and need 

4514
03:54:53,000 --> 03:54:56,600
human intervention to become 
edible raw, olives contain All 

4515
03:54:56,600 --> 03:54:59,900
European a compound. 
So bitter it serves as the trees

4516
03:54:59,900 --> 03:55:02,400
defense mechanism against 
animals who might otherwise 

4517
03:55:02,400 --> 03:55:06,000
Devour the fruit before seeds 
can spread around you. 

4518
03:55:06,000 --> 03:55:08,900
Other Harvesters work with the 
patients of people who have 

4519
03:55:08,900 --> 03:55:12,900
performed this task since 
childhood An older woman spreads

4520
03:55:12,900 --> 03:55:15,600
wide Nets beneath, a 
particularly heavy laden, tree 

4521
03:55:15,600 --> 03:55:19,200
securing, the corners with 
stones, so wind won't disturb 

4522
03:55:19,200 --> 03:55:21,600
them. 
Two younger people carry wooden 

4523
03:55:21,600 --> 03:55:25,100
ladders, worn, Smooth by Decades
of hands, positioning them 

4524
03:55:25,100 --> 03:55:27,700
carefully against branches, as 
thick as their torsos. 

4525
03:55:27,700 --> 03:55:31,000
There's minimal talking, 
everyone knows their role in 

4526
03:55:31,000 --> 03:55:33,200
this Harvest that's been 
repeated the same way for 

4527
03:55:33,200 --> 03:55:36,700
Generations, stretching back 
before anyone bothered recording

4528
03:55:36,700 --> 03:55:39,600
such things. 
The traditional Harvest happens 

4529
03:55:39,600 --> 03:55:42,700
in late Autumn when the olives 
transition from green to purple 

4530
03:55:42,700 --> 03:55:45,900
to Black, though, your village, 
prefers picking them young and 

4531
03:55:45,900 --> 03:55:48,800
green, this timing effects, the 
oils flavor. 

4532
03:55:49,500 --> 03:55:53,000
Early Harvest produce oil with 
more bitterness and pepper and 

4533
03:55:53,000 --> 03:55:55,700
later Harvest brings sweetness 
and buttery notes. 

4534
03:55:55,700 --> 03:55:58,500
He watches someone uses a 
handbrake to comb through 

4535
03:55:58,500 --> 03:56:01,400
branches. 
Encouraging olives to drop into 

4536
03:56:01,400 --> 03:56:03,500
Nets below without damaging. 
The wood. 

4537
03:56:03,500 --> 03:56:07,000
The sound of fruit hitter fabric
creates a gentle percussion 

4538
03:56:07,000 --> 03:56:11,100
hundreds of small impacts that 
blend into white noise after a 

4539
03:56:11,100 --> 03:56:14,300
while a few trees over. 
Someone has climbed High into 

4540
03:56:14,300 --> 03:56:17,400
the canopy visible, only a 
shifting branches, and the 

4541
03:56:17,400 --> 03:56:21,100
occasional glimpse of a tuning 
olives, rained down in small 

4542
03:56:21,100 --> 03:56:24,600
clusters bouncing off Nets and 
rolling toward the edges where 

4543
03:56:24,600 --> 03:56:28,700
children wait together escapees.
Kids compete to see who can 

4544
03:56:28,700 --> 03:56:32,600
collect the most Strays turning 
tedious labor into a game. 

4545
03:56:32,600 --> 03:56:35,800
The way children always manage 
their laughter carries across 

4546
03:56:35,800 --> 03:56:39,000
the Grove breaking the 
meditative silence for a moment 

4547
03:56:39,000 --> 03:56:42,000
before being absorbed back into 
the rustle of silver leaves. 

4548
03:56:42,000 --> 03:56:45,800
You bend to help gather olives 
from a full net scooping, 

4549
03:56:45,800 --> 03:56:48,800
handfuls into a woven basket 
that smells of Earth and 

4550
03:56:48,800 --> 03:56:53,500
previous harvests each Olive 
feels cool and firm with a 

4551
03:56:53,500 --> 03:56:57,800
weight that belies its size, the
basket grows heavy quickly, all 

4552
03:56:57,800 --> 03:57:01,200
of wood is dense, and even the 
fruit carries substantial Mass, 

4553
03:57:02,000 --> 03:57:03,700
Your back reminds you of its 
presence. 

4554
03:57:03,700 --> 03:57:06,800
As you Hoist, the full basket 
and carry it toward collection 

4555
03:57:06,800 --> 03:57:11,200
carts, waiting at The Groves 
Edge, the path between trees is 

4556
03:57:11,200 --> 03:57:13,600
worn Smooth by countless feet 
walking. 

4557
03:57:13,600 --> 03:57:17,800
This exact route Autumn after 
Autumn carrying baskets, just 

4558
03:57:17,800 --> 03:57:21,900
like yours at the collection. 
Point baskets, get emptied into 

4559
03:57:21,900 --> 03:57:25,400
larger containers, creating 
small, Avalanches of green 

4560
03:57:25,400 --> 03:57:28,600
purple fruit that click against 
would like hail on a roof. 

4561
03:57:28,600 --> 03:57:32,900
Someone tallys the Harvest in 
marks on a clay tablet, tracking

4562
03:57:32,900 --> 03:57:36,600
which families contributed which
amounts the accounting matters 

4563
03:57:36,600 --> 03:57:39,900
less than you'd expect most of 
the oil will be pressed and 

4564
03:57:39,900 --> 03:57:42,700
shared communally anywhere. 
With extra jars. 

4565
03:57:42,700 --> 03:57:45,800
Going to families who 
contributed the most labor, it's

4566
03:57:45,800 --> 03:57:49,100
an Economy based on effort 
rather than ownership on 

4567
03:57:49,100 --> 03:57:51,800
Collective understanding rather 
than written contracts. 

4568
03:57:51,800 --> 03:57:55,200
The Grove extends farther than 
you can see from ground level 

4569
03:57:55,200 --> 03:57:58,800
100 of trees. 
Marching up hillsides to Rocky 

4570
03:57:58,800 --> 03:58:01,900
and steep for grain. 
Crops this is the olives gift. 

4571
03:58:02,000 --> 03:58:06,100
To Mediterranean people's it 
thrives where we can barley fail

4572
03:58:06,100 --> 03:58:11,600
asking only for Limestone soil. 
Hot dry Summers and Mild wet 

4573
03:58:11,600 --> 03:58:15,200
Winters. 
The trees need almost no care 

4574
03:58:15,200 --> 03:58:18,700
once established. 
No irrigation no fertilizer. 

4575
03:58:18,700 --> 03:58:22,500
Minimal pruning. 
They simply exist producing 

4576
03:58:22,500 --> 03:58:26,000
fruit year after year with a 
reliability that sustained 

4577
03:58:26,000 --> 03:58:29,300
civilizations through droughts 
that would have killed any other

4578
03:58:29,300 --> 03:58:32,400
crop. 
The sunset approaches the 

4579
03:58:32,400 --> 03:58:37,700
harvesting slows people roll up 
nets secure, ladders and cover 

4580
03:58:37,700 --> 03:58:40,900
collection baskets with fabric 
to protect them from due and 

4581
03:58:40,900 --> 03:58:44,200
opportunistic birds tomorrow 
you'll begin the pressing. 

4582
03:58:44,200 --> 03:58:48,600
But tonight the olives will rest
and so will you walking home 

4583
03:58:48,600 --> 03:58:52,300
through dimming light, you 
notice how the silver underside 

4584
03:58:52,300 --> 03:58:56,200
of olive leaves seem to Glow 
faintly catching the last race 

4585
03:58:56,200 --> 03:58:59,000
of sun and holding them a moment
longer than other trees. 

4586
03:58:59,000 --> 03:59:02,600
It's a small magic this 
luminescent, but appropriate for

4587
03:59:02,608 --> 03:59:05,000
a tree whose fruit will 
eventually become light itself. 

4588
03:59:06,000 --> 03:59:09,200
The pressing room smells of 
crushed vegetation and stone 

4589
03:59:09,200 --> 03:59:12,300
dust with undertones of 
fermentation that aren't 

4590
03:59:12,300 --> 03:59:14,800
unpleasant. 
Once you adjust your standing 

4591
03:59:14,800 --> 03:59:18,400
before a millstone larger than a
wagon wheel, watching it rotates

4592
03:59:18,400 --> 03:59:22,600
slowly around a vertical axis, 
while a donkey plods in circles 

4593
03:59:22,600 --> 03:59:25,700
connected to the stone by a worn
wooden beam. 

4594
03:59:25,700 --> 03:59:28,900
The donkey knows this work. 
Intimately, requiring, no 

4595
03:59:28,900 --> 03:59:31,400
guidance. 
Placing each hoof with a 

4596
03:59:31,400 --> 03:59:32,900
careful. 
Precision of someone who's 

4597
03:59:32,900 --> 03:59:37,400
traced this exact Circle 
thousands of times its eyes. 

4598
03:59:37,400 --> 03:59:40,600
Hold that distant look animals. 
Develop when performing tasks 

4599
03:59:40,600 --> 03:59:42,800
that require presence but not 
attention. 

4600
03:59:43,900 --> 03:59:47,100
Beneath the Rolling Stone. 
Olives gradually transformed 

4601
03:59:47,100 --> 03:59:50,100
from Individual fruits in to a 
purple brown Pace. 

4602
03:59:50,100 --> 03:59:52,900
The millstone doesn't Crush so 
much as grind. 

4603
03:59:52,900 --> 03:59:57,100
Its weight sufficient to break 
down flesh and Pitt together 

4604
03:59:57,100 --> 04:00:00,200
into a thick mixture that 
releases the first hints of oil.

4605
04:00:00,200 --> 04:00:04,100
You can see it glistening on the
stone surface, catching light 

4606
04:00:04,100 --> 04:00:05,500
from oil, lamps hung around the 
room. 

4607
04:00:05,500 --> 04:00:09,200
The pace collects in a stone 
base and carved smooth over. 

4608
04:00:09,200 --> 04:00:12,800
Centuries of use its surface 
stained dark from countless. 

4609
04:00:12,800 --> 04:00:16,200
Pressings someone adds a new 
basket of Olives to the Mills 

4610
04:00:16,200 --> 04:00:18,900
Edge, where the stone will, 
eventually reach them and pull 

4611
04:00:18,900 --> 04:00:21,800
them into its grinding path. 
The Edition. 

4612
04:00:21,800 --> 04:00:25,300
Barely interrupts the Rhythm, 
the donkey continues, its 

4613
04:00:25,300 --> 04:00:29,000
circuit the stone continues, its
rotation and the paste grows 

4614
04:00:29,000 --> 04:00:31,900
deeper in the collection. 
Basin watching the process 

4615
04:00:31,900 --> 04:00:36,300
induces a kind of Trance the 
circular motion, the steady 

4616
04:00:36,300 --> 04:00:39,800
progress and the gradual 
transformation happening at a 

4617
04:00:39,800 --> 04:00:43,600
pace that defeats impatience. 
This isn't work, you can Rush. 

4618
04:00:44,300 --> 04:00:48,200
Oil extraction requires time to 
do its work properly when the 

4619
04:00:48,200 --> 04:00:51,200
paste reaches sufficient 
consistency, something judged by

4620
04:00:51,200 --> 04:00:54,900
Ai and texture rather than 
measurement workers scoop it 

4621
04:00:54,900 --> 04:00:57,900
into woven bags made from a 
spato grass or hemp. 

4622
04:00:57,900 --> 04:01:00,100
These bags, get stacked 
carefully. 

4623
04:01:00,100 --> 04:01:03,000
On a pressing platform 
alternating with a round. 

4624
04:01:03,000 --> 04:01:05,200
Wooden discs that distribute 
pressure evenly. 

4625
04:01:06,400 --> 04:01:08,900
He helped position the bags, 
feeling the pace. 

4626
04:01:08,900 --> 04:01:12,000
Cool moisture seep through the 
weaving, leaving your hands, 

4627
04:01:12,000 --> 04:01:15,000
slick, the pace smells vegetal 
and Alive. 

4628
04:01:15,000 --> 04:01:18,000
Nothing like the refined oil, 
you'll eventually pour into 

4629
04:01:18,000 --> 04:01:22,500
storage jars, the Press itself, 
dominates the room, a massive 

4630
04:01:22,500 --> 04:01:26,300
wooden screw carved from a 
single beam operated by a long 

4631
04:01:26,300 --> 04:01:28,500
lever that extends out like a 
ship's boom. 

4632
04:01:29,300 --> 04:01:32,900
The screws threads are hand, cut
showing The Irregular marks of 

4633
04:01:32,900 --> 04:01:35,500
the ads. 
That shape them four people take

4634
04:01:35,500 --> 04:01:38,500
positions along the lever 
preparing to walk the circle 

4635
04:01:38,500 --> 04:01:41,000
that will drive the screw 
downward into the Stacked bags. 

4636
04:01:41,900 --> 04:01:44,800
Someone gives a signal and 
everyone pushes leaning their 

4637
04:01:44,800 --> 04:01:48,800
weight into wood Smooth by 
countless Palms, the screw 

4638
04:01:48,800 --> 04:01:53,100
descends slowly grudgingly 
protesting with creeks that Echo

4639
04:01:53,100 --> 04:01:56,600
off stone walls. 
As pressure builds the first oil

4640
04:01:56,600 --> 04:01:58,900
emerges, it seeps through the 
bag. 

4641
04:01:58,900 --> 04:02:01,900
Weaving runs down the side of 
the discs and collects in a 

4642
04:02:01,900 --> 04:02:04,200
shallow, trough carved into the 
pressing platform. 

4643
04:02:04,200 --> 04:02:08,900
The liquid catches Lamplight and
throws it back transformed, no 

4644
04:02:08,900 --> 04:02:13,100
longer white light but something
gold and viscous and alive. 

4645
04:02:13,900 --> 04:02:18,000
This first pressing produces the
finest oil cold extracted 

4646
04:02:18,000 --> 04:02:21,400
without heat carrying the full 
complexity of the fruit. 

4647
04:02:21,400 --> 04:02:24,900
You watch it accumulate with the
satisfaction of witnessing 

4648
04:02:24,900 --> 04:02:28,000
creation. 
Raw material becoming treasure 

4649
04:02:28,000 --> 04:02:31,700
through nothing but pressure and
patience the workers continued 

4650
04:02:31,700 --> 04:02:34,900
pushing walking their circle 
around the Press adding their 

4651
04:02:34,900 --> 04:02:37,400
strength to the screws 
mechanical advantage. 

4652
04:02:38,200 --> 04:02:41,700
The more oil flows, the more the
bags flattened and the paste 

4653
04:02:41,700 --> 04:02:43,900
inside compresses into denser 
layers. 

4654
04:02:43,900 --> 04:02:47,000
Eventually the flow Slows To 
occasional drops. 

4655
04:02:47,000 --> 04:02:51,300
Each one forming at the bags. 
Lowest point swelling, then 

4656
04:02:51,300 --> 04:02:53,800
falling to join its predecessors
in the collection. 

4657
04:02:53,800 --> 04:02:57,600
Trough When drops become rare 
enough to count individually, 

4658
04:02:57,600 --> 04:03:00,800
the pressing stops, the bags, 
get removed. 

4659
04:03:00,800 --> 04:03:04,500
And the compressed paste inside 
is now formed into hard cakes. 

4660
04:03:05,400 --> 04:03:08,800
These pressed cakes still 
contain oil but extracting it 

4661
04:03:08,800 --> 04:03:12,000
requires different methods. 
Some producers, add hot water 

4662
04:03:12,000 --> 04:03:15,100
and press again, creating a 
lower grade oil suitable for 

4663
04:03:15,100 --> 04:03:19,200
lamps rather than tables others,
save the cakes as fuel. 

4664
04:03:19,800 --> 04:03:23,500
They burn slowly and steadily 
perfect for heating bath water 

4665
04:03:23,500 --> 04:03:26,800
or firing Pottery Kilns. 
Nothing goes to waste in the 

4666
04:03:26,800 --> 04:03:30,000
economy where olives, represent 
months of Labor, transformed 

4667
04:03:30,000 --> 04:03:33,000
into liquid value. 
You helped transfer the freshly 

4668
04:03:33,000 --> 04:03:37,100
pressed oil from the collection 
in to settling vessels wide clay

4669
04:03:37,100 --> 04:03:40,100
containers where the oil will 
separate from residual water and

4670
04:03:40,100 --> 04:03:44,100
plant particles. 
The settling takes days gravity 

4671
04:03:44,100 --> 04:03:46,200
doing slow, work. 
That can't be hurried. 

4672
04:03:46,900 --> 04:03:51,000
Oil floats naturally above water
creating a distinct boundary. 

4673
04:03:51,000 --> 04:03:55,500
You can see even in Lamplight. 
The finest oil Rises to the top.

4674
04:03:55,500 --> 04:04:00,200
Clear and golden below it, a 
layer of Cloudy oil mixed with 

4675
04:04:00,200 --> 04:04:04,300
plant particles. 
Below that the vegetable water.'

4676
04:04:04,300 --> 04:04:08,800
is still useful for various 
purposes but is no longer food. 

4677
04:04:08,800 --> 04:04:12,200
The pressing room maintains a 
temperature cooler than outside 

4678
04:04:12,200 --> 04:04:15,500
taking advantage of thick, stone
walls, and minimal windows. 

4679
04:04:16,200 --> 04:04:19,500
Heat damages oil encouraging 
around acidity and destroying 

4680
04:04:19,500 --> 04:04:21,500
the delicate compounds that give
good oil. 

4681
04:04:21,500 --> 04:04:23,900
Its character. 
The workers here, understand 

4682
04:04:23,900 --> 04:04:27,100
chemistry without knowing its 
name, using observation and 

4683
04:04:27,100 --> 04:04:30,000
tradition to guide processes 
that modern science has only 

4684
04:04:30,008 --> 04:04:33,900
recently explained They know 
that green olives pressed early 

4685
04:04:33,900 --> 04:04:36,800
yield spicy oil. 
They know that damaged fruit 

4686
04:04:36,800 --> 04:04:39,900
creates off flavors. 
They know that metal containers 

4687
04:04:39,900 --> 04:04:42,100
corrupt, The Taste while clay 
preserves it. 

4688
04:04:42,100 --> 04:04:46,600
A large jar in the corner holds 
oil from earlier, pressings its 

4689
04:04:46,600 --> 04:04:50,100
surface covered with a layer of 
natural settlement that protects

4690
04:04:50,100 --> 04:04:51,900
the liquid beneath from 
oxidation. 

4691
04:04:51,900 --> 04:04:55,800
Someone dips a small clay cup 
into the clear oil below the 

4692
04:04:55,800 --> 04:04:57,700
sediment layer. 
Then offers it to you. 

4693
04:04:57,700 --> 04:05:01,300
You taste it. 
Carefully first the fruit, then 

4694
04:05:01,300 --> 04:05:04,200
the pepper at the back of your 
throat, then a bitterness that 

4695
04:05:04,200 --> 04:05:07,500
somehow Pleasant all of it 
balanced in a way that makes you

4696
04:05:07,500 --> 04:05:10,700
understand why people are valued
this substance for thousands of 

4697
04:05:10,700 --> 04:05:13,500
years. 
It tastes like the Grove like 

4698
04:05:13,500 --> 04:05:17,300
sunlight on Silver leaves like 
patient, labor rewarded. 

4699
04:05:18,100 --> 04:05:22,100
As the days pressing concludes 
workers clean tools with hot 

4700
04:05:22,100 --> 04:05:24,400
water and coarse cloths 
scrubbing away. 

4701
04:05:24,400 --> 04:05:28,000
Paste residue before it can 
Harden, the millstone gets a 

4702
04:05:28,000 --> 04:05:30,500
final rotation with nothing 
beneath it clearing away, 

4703
04:05:30,500 --> 04:05:33,900
remaining debris. 
The donkey is unhitched led to 

4704
04:05:33,900 --> 04:05:37,700
water and feed its work done 
until tomorrow brings another 

4705
04:05:37,700 --> 04:05:41,900
rotation of the same wheel, the 
same Circle, the same 

4706
04:05:41,900 --> 04:05:44,100
transformation of fruit into 
gold. 

4707
04:05:44,100 --> 04:05:48,000
You leave the pressing room with
hands that smell of olives, a 

4708
04:05:48,000 --> 04:05:50,500
scent that will linger for days,
no matter how many times you 

4709
04:05:50,500 --> 04:05:55,400
wash, Your kitchen measures, 
perhaps 12 feet square with a 

4710
04:05:55,400 --> 04:05:58,500
floor of packed Earth. 
Warn smooth as River Stones 

4711
04:05:58,500 --> 04:06:01,500
sunlight enters, through a 
single window covered with an 

4712
04:06:01,500 --> 04:06:06,600
oil cloth that close Amber when 
backlit The room is a half-built

4713
04:06:06,600 --> 04:06:10,500
from stacked stone. 
Its surface blackened by Decades

4714
04:06:10,500 --> 04:06:12,900
of cooking fires. 
Next to the Hearth. 

4715
04:06:12,900 --> 04:06:16,900
It's row of storage vessels. 
Each taller than a child, their 

4716
04:06:16,900 --> 04:06:20,300
clay surfaces cool. 
Despite the warm after noon, one

4717
04:06:20,300 --> 04:06:24,500
of these jars holds olive oil, 
perhaps 40 liters pressed Auto 

4718
04:06:24,500 --> 04:06:28,000
sealed with a clay stopper and 
wax to keep air from spoiling 

4719
04:06:28,000 --> 04:06:31,400
its contents. 
You tip the large jar, carefully

4720
04:06:31,400 --> 04:06:34,100
letting oil flow into a smaller 
vessel. 

4721
04:06:34,100 --> 04:06:37,700
That's easier to handle the oil 
moves, more slowly than water 

4722
04:06:37,700 --> 04:06:40,500
with a thickness that makes it 
want to cling to surfaces. 

4723
04:06:41,600 --> 04:06:45,200
Catches light as it, pours 
transforming from Golden to 

4724
04:06:45,200 --> 04:06:47,800
Amber to almost green depending 
on the angle. 

4725
04:06:47,800 --> 04:06:51,800
This oil will flavor tonight's 
meal and tomorrow's and the day 

4726
04:06:51,800 --> 04:06:55,100
after that. 
Constant presence and cooking is

4727
04:06:55,100 --> 04:06:59,400
fundamental as fire itself 
without it, your Cuisine would 

4728
04:06:59,400 --> 04:07:03,200
lose half its identity becoming 
something unrecognizable to 

4729
04:07:03,200 --> 04:07:06,500
anyone raised on the 
Mediterranean Shore's on a 

4730
04:07:06,500 --> 04:07:08,400
wooden cutting board. 
You arrange vegetables for 

4731
04:07:08,400 --> 04:07:13,500
tonight's meal leeks, onions, 
some early greens and lentils 

4732
04:07:13,500 --> 04:07:16,600
that have been soaking since 
morning the knife in your hand 

4733
04:07:16,600 --> 04:07:19,400
is bronze. 
Its Edge, requiring regular 

4734
04:07:19,400 --> 04:07:22,700
sharpening but holding a Keynes.
That iron tools will later 

4735
04:07:22,700 --> 04:07:25,800
struggle to match. 
You chop the leeks in to rounds 

4736
04:07:25,800 --> 04:07:29,000
and onions into rough chunks. 
Working with the Casual 

4737
04:07:29,000 --> 04:07:32,000
efficiency of someone who's 
prepared thousands of meals. 

4738
04:07:32,000 --> 04:07:35,700
Each piece falls into a clay 
Bowl already slicked. 

4739
04:07:35,700 --> 04:07:38,900
With all of oil, the vegetables,
beginning their transformation 

4740
04:07:38,900 --> 04:07:43,600
even before heater arrives. 
The cooking pot is ceramic its 

4741
04:07:43,600 --> 04:07:47,800
inside surface darkened by use, 
but still sound free of cracks, 

4742
04:07:47,800 --> 04:07:49,500
that would let liquid seep 
through. 

4743
04:07:49,500 --> 04:07:53,400
He pour olive oil into the pot. 
First enough to Coat. 

4744
04:07:53,400 --> 04:07:56,400
The bottom generously. 
Perhaps a quarter cup by modern 

4745
04:07:56,400 --> 04:07:59,700
measurements, though, you judge 
by Ai and habit, rather than 

4746
04:07:59,700 --> 04:08:03,600
precise amounts, the oil spread 
to cross the pots, interior, 

4747
04:08:03,600 --> 04:08:07,500
finding every curve and 
depression, creating a golden 

4748
04:08:07,500 --> 04:08:11,100
pool that will prevent food from
sticking and contributes. 

4749
04:08:11,100 --> 04:08:14,600
Its own flavor to whatever Cooks
within coals from the mornings 

4750
04:08:14,600 --> 04:08:18,200
fire, still glow, red beneath 
white ash, you brush away, the 

4751
04:08:18,200 --> 04:08:21,400
Ash with a bundle of straw 
exposing the heat beneath. 

4752
04:08:21,400 --> 04:08:25,300
Then position, the pot carefully
over the hottest section, the 

4753
04:08:25,300 --> 04:08:28,500
oil begins warming immediately, 
it surfaced developing the 

4754
04:08:28,500 --> 04:08:32,300
faintest Shimmer as convection, 
currents move through it, you 

4755
04:08:32,300 --> 04:08:35,100
test the temperature by dropping
a small piece of onion into the 

4756
04:08:35,108 --> 04:08:37,600
oil. 
It should Sizzle gently without 

4757
04:08:37,600 --> 04:08:40,100
immediately Browning creating a 
sustained. 

4758
04:08:40,100 --> 04:08:41,600
Hiss. 
That tells you the heat is 

4759
04:08:41,600 --> 04:08:45,500
right, the vegetables go in next
tumbling from Bold to pot with 

4760
04:08:45,500 --> 04:08:47,700
sounds that satisfy on some 
Primal level. 

4761
04:08:48,500 --> 04:08:52,200
The hiss of moisture meeting hot
oil, the crackle is sugars, 

4762
04:08:52,200 --> 04:08:55,800
begin to caramelize and the 
aromatic steam that rises to 

4763
04:08:55,800 --> 04:08:59,100
fill the kitchen with promise, 
you stir with a wooden spoon 

4764
04:08:59,100 --> 04:09:03,100
worn Smooth by years of use its 
handle permanently stained with 

4765
04:09:03,108 --> 04:09:05,000
oil that seeped into the wood 
grain. 

4766
04:09:05,000 --> 04:09:08,200
The vegetable softened 
gradually, the colors 

4767
04:09:08,208 --> 04:09:12,300
intensifying rather than fading 
all of oil preserving the bright

4768
04:09:12,300 --> 04:09:15,800
greens and deep purples in ways 
that water-based cooking never 

4769
04:09:15,800 --> 04:09:19,600
could a small Jug on the Shelf 
holds oil reserve for finishing 

4770
04:09:19,600 --> 04:09:22,200
dishes. 
The finest pressing kept 

4771
04:09:22,200 --> 04:09:24,700
separate for drizzling, over 
food, just before serving. 

4772
04:09:25,500 --> 04:09:29,100
This oil never sees heat 
preserving all the delicate 

4773
04:09:29,100 --> 04:09:31,600
compounds. 
That make it special, you'll use

4774
04:09:31,600 --> 04:09:33,700
it to night to dress. 
Lentils, after they finish 

4775
04:09:33,700 --> 04:09:37,400
cooking adding a final layer of 
flavor that heat treated oil 

4776
04:09:37,400 --> 04:09:40,500
can't provide the difference 
between cooking oil and 

4777
04:09:40,500 --> 04:09:44,500
finishing oil matters enormously
though explaining exactly why 

4778
04:09:44,500 --> 04:09:46,700
requires vocabulary. 
Your culture hasn't yet 

4779
04:09:46,700 --> 04:09:49,000
developed. 
While the vegetables cook, you 

4780
04:09:49,000 --> 04:09:52,800
prepare flatbread dough flour, 
water, a pinch of salt and olive

4781
04:09:52,800 --> 04:09:56,000
oil work together until the 
mixture stops sticking to your 

4782
04:09:56,000 --> 04:09:58,300
hands. 
The oil makes the dough more 

4783
04:09:58,300 --> 04:10:01,600
forgiving easier to handle and 
less likely to tear when you 

4784
04:10:01,600 --> 04:10:04,300
stretch it thin. 
You let it rest while the 

4785
04:10:04,300 --> 04:10:08,000
lentils simmer the doe 
developing texture Through Time,

4786
04:10:08,000 --> 04:10:11,700
rather than effort later, you'll
form it into circles cooking 

4787
04:10:11,700 --> 04:10:15,000
them directly on a hot stone at 
the hearth Edge brushing. 

4788
04:10:15,000 --> 04:10:18,200
Each finished bread with olive 
oil to keep it soft in the 

4789
04:10:18,200 --> 04:10:20,500
corner. 
A smaller jar holds olive oil, 

4790
04:10:20,500 --> 04:10:24,900
infused with herbs rosemary, 
thyme and bay leaves submerged 

4791
04:10:24,900 --> 04:10:28,000
in oil for weeks until their 
Essences permeate. 

4792
04:10:28,000 --> 04:10:31,300
The liquid you use this for 
special occasions but even 

4793
04:10:31,300 --> 04:10:34,200
ordinary days might see it 
appear if meals feel too plain 

4794
04:10:34,200 --> 04:10:38,300
the herbs, add complexity yes 
but more importantly they 

4795
04:10:38,300 --> 04:10:41,600
preserve the oils freshness 
their natural antibacterial 

4796
04:10:41,600 --> 04:10:44,200
properties. 
Extending shelf life in ways 

4797
04:10:44,200 --> 04:10:47,500
that seem almost magical. 
You understand this works 

4798
04:10:47,500 --> 04:10:51,100
without knowing why Following 
practices handed down through 

4799
04:10:51,100 --> 04:10:53,600
generations of cooks who 
discovered through trial and 

4800
04:10:53,600 --> 04:10:55,400
error. 
What science will later, 

4801
04:10:55,400 --> 04:10:58,300
explain. 
The lentils need another edition

4802
04:10:58,300 --> 04:11:02,200
of oil, Midway through cooking, 
not for flavor this time but to 

4803
04:11:02,200 --> 04:11:05,600
prevent them from foaming over, 
A thin stream poured across the 

4804
04:11:05,600 --> 04:11:09,200
pot surface calms, the bubbling 
immediately, the oil spreading 

4805
04:11:09,200 --> 04:11:11,600
to trap and collapse foam before
it can escape. 

4806
04:11:12,700 --> 04:11:15,100
This trick works. 
So reliably you barely think 

4807
04:11:15,100 --> 04:11:17,500
about it anymore. 
Just as you barely think about 

4808
04:11:17,500 --> 04:11:20,700
breathing olive, oil isn't an 
ingredient, you had to cooking 

4809
04:11:20,700 --> 04:11:24,200
it's the medium within which 
cooking happens as essential as 

4810
04:11:24,200 --> 04:11:27,300
the pot itself. 
This evening deepens, you like 

4811
04:11:27,300 --> 04:11:29,800
lamps throughout the house. 
These are simple. 

4812
04:11:29,800 --> 04:11:31,900
Clay vessels with a spout for 
the wick. 

4813
04:11:31,900 --> 04:11:35,600
And a hole for pouring fuel. 
Olive oil fills each lamp the 

4814
04:11:35,600 --> 04:11:38,100
same oil. 
You cook with though, perhaps an

4815
04:11:38,100 --> 04:11:40,400
older pressing or a lower grade,
that's developed a slight 

4816
04:11:40,408 --> 04:11:42,900
bitterness. 
The Wicks are twisted flax 

4817
04:11:42,900 --> 04:11:45,100
trimmed regularly to prevent 
smoking. 

4818
04:11:45,100 --> 04:11:48,900
You like them one by one 
watching small Flames appear and

4819
04:11:48,900 --> 04:11:51,000
settle into steady burning the 
light. 

4820
04:11:51,000 --> 04:11:54,200
They cast is warmer than later. 
Petroleum products will provide 

4821
04:11:54,200 --> 04:11:57,900
with a slight golden quality 
that makes skin look healthier 

4822
04:11:57,900 --> 04:12:02,900
and food more appetizing The 
male finishes cooking as full 

4823
04:12:02,900 --> 04:12:06,600
Darkness arrives, you Ladle. 
Lentils into shallow bowls 

4824
04:12:06,600 --> 04:12:10,300
vegetables into a communal dish 
and bread onto a wooden board. 

4825
04:12:10,300 --> 04:12:14,800
The final touch that reserved 
finishing oil gets drizzled over

4826
04:12:14,800 --> 04:12:16,300
everything with a practiced 
hand. 

4827
04:12:16,300 --> 04:12:20,200
Creating glossy pools that sink 
slowly into the hot food. 

4828
04:12:20,200 --> 04:12:24,700
The aroma is extraordinary all 
the meals elements unified by 

4829
04:12:24,700 --> 04:12:27,600
this single ingredient. 
That's touched every component 

4830
04:12:27,600 --> 04:12:32,200
from raw to finish you eat with 
bread, torn by hand using pieces

4831
04:12:32,200 --> 04:12:34,100
to scoop up lentils and 
vegetables. 

4832
04:12:34,100 --> 04:12:37,700
The breads oil brush surface, 
making each bite Rich enough to 

4833
04:12:37,700 --> 04:12:40,600
satisfy without overwhelming, 
after the meal. 

4834
04:12:40,600 --> 04:12:43,900
You save the oil that remains in
serving dishes, pouring it back 

4835
04:12:43,900 --> 04:12:45,800
into storage rather than 
discarding it. 

4836
04:12:45,800 --> 04:12:49,900
This oil is taken on flavors 
from the food, it touched making

4837
04:12:49,900 --> 04:12:52,900
it perfect for tomorrow's 
cooking where those flavors will

4838
04:12:52,900 --> 04:12:56,200
contribute to new dishes. 
Nothing goes to waste and a 

4839
04:12:56,200 --> 04:12:59,300
household where all of oil 
represents stored labor, stored,

4840
04:12:59,300 --> 04:13:04,000
sunlight, and Stored wealth in 
his most fungible form the jars 

4841
04:13:04,000 --> 04:13:05,600
in your kitchen, hold more than 
food. 

4842
04:13:05,600 --> 04:13:10,000
They hold security knowing that,
even if grain harvest fail, 

4843
04:13:10,000 --> 04:13:13,300
these sealed vessels contain 
enough calories to see your 

4844
04:13:13,300 --> 04:13:16,600
family through lean months. 
You're walking through the city 

4845
04:13:16,600 --> 04:13:19,400
after Sunset. 
Now, navigating streets, that 

4846
04:13:19,400 --> 04:13:21,300
would be treacherous without 
illumination. 

4847
04:13:22,100 --> 04:13:25,700
Light spills from every window 
and doorway each building 

4848
04:13:25,700 --> 04:13:28,800
contributing its share to the 
collective effort of holding 

4849
04:13:28,800 --> 04:13:31,800
Darkness at Bay. 
The primary source of all this 

4850
04:13:31,800 --> 04:13:34,700
light hangs from brackets, sits 
and niches. 

4851
04:13:34,700 --> 04:13:39,000
And rests on Ledges thousands of
small clay lamps. 

4852
04:13:39,000 --> 04:13:42,800
Each burning olive oil with a 
steadiness that candles were 

4853
04:13:42,800 --> 04:13:45,600
later, struggle to match. 
The Flames are surprisingly 

4854
04:13:45,600 --> 04:13:49,200
bright numerous enough that you 
can read inscription on public 

4855
04:13:49,200 --> 04:13:53,600
buildings recognize faces from 
20 feet away and avoid. 

4856
04:13:53,600 --> 04:13:57,400
Stepping in things better left 
unmentioned, the city's Main 

4857
04:13:57,400 --> 04:14:00,300
Street features, elaborate lamps
Downs, taller than a person 

4858
04:14:00,300 --> 04:14:04,200
designed to illuminate public 
spaces, where citizens gather 

4859
04:14:04,200 --> 04:14:07,800
after daylight ends. 
These stands hold multiple lamps

4860
04:14:07,800 --> 04:14:10,600
range in tears, creating islands
of brightness. 

4861
04:14:10,600 --> 04:14:14,900
That push back Shadows, someone 
maintains these lamps refilling,

4862
04:14:14,900 --> 04:14:18,600
oil trimming Wix and ensuring 
Flames, don't fail during the 

4863
04:14:18,600 --> 04:14:22,300
night hours when their absence 
would be most keenly felt To 

4864
04:14:22,300 --> 04:14:25,200
public service is important as 
maintaining Wells or repairing 

4865
04:14:25,200 --> 04:14:28,800
roads paid for by wealthy 
citizens who understand that 

4866
04:14:28,800 --> 04:14:32,400
dark streets, discourage, commas
and encourage crimes. 

4867
04:14:32,400 --> 04:14:35,800
You pass a merchant shop where 
Lamplight streams through an 

4868
04:14:35,800 --> 04:14:39,800
open doorway revealing customers
examining Goods despite the late

4869
04:14:39,800 --> 04:14:42,300
hour. 
The shops interior blazes with 

4870
04:14:42,300 --> 04:14:45,600
perhaps 20 lamps positioned 
throughout the space, on 

4871
04:14:45,600 --> 04:14:47,900
counters hanging from the 
ceiling. 

4872
04:14:47,900 --> 04:14:51,000
Tucked into Corners, to 
eliminate all Shadows, this 

4873
04:14:51,000 --> 04:14:55,100
abundance of light, represents 
significant expense with all of 

4874
04:14:55,100 --> 04:14:58,500
oil consumed by the literature 
each night, but the merchant 

4875
04:14:58,500 --> 04:15:00,700
considers it to Central 
customers. 

4876
04:15:00,700 --> 04:15:02,200
Won't buy what? 
They can't properly. 

4877
04:15:02,200 --> 04:15:05,800
See, and the extended hours more
than compensate for the fuel 

4878
04:15:05,800 --> 04:15:09,100
costs. 
Temple ahead uses light as an 

4879
04:15:09,100 --> 04:15:13,000
element of religious experience.
With hundreds of lamps oranged 

4880
04:15:13,000 --> 04:15:15,500
to create specific effects 
Flames. 

4881
04:15:15,500 --> 04:15:19,500
Reflect off polished marble 
multiply and bronze mirrors, and

4882
04:15:19,500 --> 04:15:22,600
cast Shadows of columns, that 
seemed to dance as air. 

4883
04:15:22,600 --> 04:15:24,200
Currents, make the Flames 
flicker. 

4884
04:15:25,000 --> 04:15:28,600
The priest, understand lighting,
design intuitively positioning 

4885
04:15:28,600 --> 04:15:30,800
lamps to emphasize Divine 
statues. 

4886
04:15:30,800 --> 04:15:33,800
While leaving other areas in 
mysterious dimness, the 

4887
04:15:33,800 --> 04:15:37,000
interplay of the light and 
Shadow transforms architecture 

4888
04:15:37,000 --> 04:15:40,300
into theater. 
Making the Sacred Space feel 

4889
04:15:40,300 --> 04:15:44,200
separate from the mundane World 
outside at a corner you noticed 

4890
04:15:44,200 --> 04:15:46,500
someone refilling Street lamps 
from a large jug. 

4891
04:15:46,500 --> 04:15:50,700
Moving from bracket to bracket 
with practice efficiency, The 

4892
04:15:50,700 --> 04:15:53,800
Lamplighter pours oil through a 
small funnel careful. 

4893
04:15:53,800 --> 04:15:58,000
Not to spill or overfill knowing
exactly how much each lamp needs

4894
04:15:58,000 --> 04:16:00,900
to burn through the night. 
When one lamp shows a weak 

4895
04:16:00,900 --> 04:16:04,000
flame, The Lamplighter adjusts 
the wick pulling, it slightly 

4896
04:16:04,000 --> 04:16:08,100
higher to draw more oil, 
increasing brightness, this work

4897
04:16:08,100 --> 04:16:11,900
continues every evening. 
A routine as regular Sunrise. 

4898
04:16:11,900 --> 04:16:16,600
The city never returns to the 
vulnerability of total darkness,

4899
04:16:16,600 --> 04:16:19,000
you turned down a residential 
street. 

4900
04:16:19,000 --> 04:16:21,100
Where light is more modest, but 
still present. 

4901
04:16:21,100 --> 04:16:24,600
Each household maintains at 
least one lamp visible from the 

4902
04:16:24,600 --> 04:16:28,200
street, a contribution to 
Collective safety, that custom 

4903
04:16:28,200 --> 04:16:30,500
demands, even from the poorest 
families. 

4904
04:16:30,500 --> 04:16:34,400
Some windows show, the Warm Glow
of multiple lamps, insides 

4905
04:16:34,400 --> 04:16:37,300
suggesting how old's wealthy 
enough for evening activities 

4906
04:16:37,300 --> 04:16:41,000
Beyond sleep. 
Others, display single Flames. 

4907
04:16:41,000 --> 04:16:45,100
Sufficient for basic tasks, but 
leaving much of the interior in 

4908
04:16:45,100 --> 04:16:47,900
darkness, you can map the 
neighborhood's, economic 

4909
04:16:47,900 --> 04:16:52,300
geography by counting visible, 
Flames averna, head spills light

4910
04:16:52,300 --> 04:16:55,800
and sound into the street. 
Its doorway bright as midday 

4911
04:16:55,800 --> 04:16:59,400
inside lamps, hang from every 
available beam clustered. 

4912
04:16:59,400 --> 04:17:02,400
So densely their individual 
Flames blend in to General 

4913
04:17:02,400 --> 04:17:04,600
brilliant's. 
The Tavern keeper. 

4914
04:17:04,600 --> 04:17:08,300
Understands that Darkness 
encourages sleep, while light 

4915
04:17:08,300 --> 04:17:13,100
encourages spending, So the oil 
flows freely, the Wicks burn 

4916
04:17:13,100 --> 04:17:17,100
tall and customers, linger hours
passed, what they originally 

4917
04:17:17,100 --> 04:17:20,100
intended. 
This calculated generosity with 

4918
04:17:20,100 --> 04:17:23,100
lighting costs less than the 
additional Wine and Food sales. 

4919
04:17:23,100 --> 04:17:27,400
It generates Downside Ali, you 
glimpse a different kind of 

4920
04:17:27,400 --> 04:17:31,600
flame, the blue, tinged burn of 
a lamp fueled by something other

4921
04:17:31,600 --> 04:17:35,500
than pure olive oil, lower 
grade, pressings vegetable 

4922
04:17:35,500 --> 04:17:39,200
water, with residual, oil 
content and even fish oil in 

4923
04:17:39,200 --> 04:17:42,000
coastal cities. 
All these find their way into 

4924
04:17:42,000 --> 04:17:45,900
lamps, when pure olive oils cost
exceed, someone's budget, the 

4925
04:17:45,900 --> 04:17:48,800
resulting Flames. 
Burned dirtier producing more 

4926
04:17:48,800 --> 04:17:52,200
smoke and less light, but still 
push back, Darkness more 

4927
04:17:52,200 --> 04:17:53,800
effectively, the no light at 
all. 

4928
04:17:55,300 --> 04:17:58,900
You can judge household finances
by the quality of flame visible 

4929
04:17:58,900 --> 04:18:02,600
through Windows, a bathhouse, 
complex ahead glows, like a 

4930
04:18:02,600 --> 04:18:06,500
Beacon Light streaming from high
windows, were steam clouds the 

4931
04:18:06,500 --> 04:18:09,300
glass inside. 
Hundreds of lamps, maintain 

4932
04:18:09,300 --> 04:18:12,400
illumination, even in the 
bathing rooms where moisture and

4933
04:18:12,400 --> 04:18:15,800
heat create challenges for 
maintaining Flames, special 

4934
04:18:15,800 --> 04:18:19,300
lamps with protective covers. 
Keep water from drowning Wix 

4935
04:18:19,300 --> 04:18:22,900
while ventilation systems draw. 
Smoke away before it can 

4936
04:18:22,900 --> 04:18:25,700
accumulate enough to bother 
bathers, the bathhouse 

4937
04:18:25,700 --> 04:18:28,600
advertises its luxury partly 
through this properly. 

4938
04:18:28,600 --> 04:18:31,900
Get use of light if they can 
afford to illuminate even the 

4939
04:18:31,900 --> 04:18:35,700
changing rooms brilliantly, 
clearly they spare, no expense 

4940
04:18:35,700 --> 04:18:39,200
elsewhere. 
You reach your destination, a 

4941
04:18:39,200 --> 04:18:41,300
friend's apartment on the third 
floor of an insular. 

4942
04:18:42,000 --> 04:18:45,300
The building stairwell is dark 
except for a single lamp on each

4943
04:18:45,300 --> 04:18:48,600
Landing, just enough to prevent 
Falls, but require requiring 

4944
04:18:48,600 --> 04:18:50,600
careful attention to where you 
place your feet. 

4945
04:18:50,600 --> 04:18:54,200
This minimal lighting represents
a calculated economy. 

4946
04:18:54,200 --> 04:18:57,400
The building's landlord provides
enough oil for safety, but 

4947
04:18:57,400 --> 04:19:00,500
nothing more residents who want 
to write a stairwells, bring 

4948
04:19:00,500 --> 04:19:02,800
their own lamps, carrying them 
up and down. 

4949
04:19:02,800 --> 04:19:04,800
Like, the portable light sources
that they are. 

4950
04:19:05,700 --> 04:19:08,800
Inside your friend's apartment, 
several lamps, create a 

4951
04:19:08,808 --> 04:19:11,600
comfortable glow. 
That makes the small space feel 

4952
04:19:11,600 --> 04:19:14,700
welcoming the lamp. 
Sit on a shelf specifically 

4953
04:19:14,700 --> 04:19:17,200
designed for them. 
Positioned to illuminate the 

4954
04:19:17,200 --> 04:19:18,900
room without risk of being 
knocked over. 

4955
04:19:19,700 --> 04:19:23,700
Wix are trimmed short to prevent
smoking and Flames are adjusted 

4956
04:19:23,700 --> 04:19:25,400
to provide light without wasting
oil. 

4957
04:19:25,400 --> 04:19:28,400
Your friend demonstrates a 
technique for making oil. 

4958
04:19:28,400 --> 04:19:32,500
Last longer adding water to the 
lamps base, creating a layer 

4959
04:19:32,500 --> 04:19:36,000
beneath the oil, that the wick 
can't reach as the oil burns 

4960
04:19:36,000 --> 04:19:38,400
down. 
It eventually sits a top water 

4961
04:19:38,400 --> 04:19:41,400
and the Wix stops drawing fuel 
precisely. 

4962
04:19:41,400 --> 04:19:43,700
When the oil is exhausted 
preventing waste. 

4963
04:19:43,700 --> 04:19:46,100
He noticed how the Lamplight 
makes everything. 

4964
04:19:46,100 --> 04:19:51,200
Look slightly golden skin tones,
warmer food, more appetizing and

4965
04:19:51,200 --> 04:19:53,200
the rooms Warren Furniture, more
presentable. 

4966
04:19:53,200 --> 04:19:56,500
This is all of oils. 
Gift Beyond mirror illumination.

4967
04:19:56,500 --> 04:20:01,400
It transforms Vision itself, 
making the Night World gentler 

4968
04:20:01,400 --> 04:20:05,200
than daylight ever appears 
Modern Electric Light will later

4969
04:20:05,200 --> 04:20:09,500
strip away this warmth replacing
it with harsh neutrality that 

4970
04:20:09,500 --> 04:20:11,600
claims to show things as they 
really are. 

4971
04:20:11,600 --> 04:20:14,600
But people raised by all of oil 
Flames know. 

4972
04:20:14,600 --> 04:20:18,900
The truth reality has always 
been golden at the edges, warm 

4973
04:20:18,900 --> 04:20:22,100
in the shadows. 
And software Darkness and Light 

4974
04:20:22,100 --> 04:20:25,900
Meat as you eventually leave and
walk home the city's lights, 

4975
04:20:25,900 --> 04:20:29,900
create a constellation at ground
level each flame a small star 

4976
04:20:29,900 --> 04:20:32,500
burning olive oil. 
Instead of hydrogen the 

4977
04:20:32,500 --> 04:20:34,600
collective brightness is 
sufficient that you can see 

4978
04:20:34,600 --> 04:20:38,300
clouds reflecting the glow. 
The night sky above the city, 

4979
04:20:38,300 --> 04:20:41,400
subtly lighter than the rural 
Darkness beyond the walls. 

4980
04:20:41,400 --> 04:20:45,500
This artificial day extends, 
human activity hours past what 

4981
04:20:45,500 --> 04:20:49,700
nature intended and all of it 
runs on olives on Groves and 

4982
04:20:49,708 --> 04:20:54,000
presses and jars of golden fuel.
That makes civilization possible

4983
04:20:54,000 --> 04:20:56,500
after Sunset. 
Your watching a physician 

4984
04:20:56,500 --> 04:20:59,500
prepare for treatment in a room 
that smells of herbs and heated 

4985
04:20:59,500 --> 04:21:03,100
olive oil, The Physician works 
at a table covered with small 

4986
04:21:03,100 --> 04:21:07,500
ceramic vessels each containing 
different preparations some pure

4987
04:21:07,500 --> 04:21:10,200
oil others. 
Infused with plant materials 

4988
04:21:10,200 --> 04:21:13,100
whose properties have been 
observed and catalogued through 

4989
04:21:13,100 --> 04:21:16,600
generations of practice the 
doctors hands move with the 

4990
04:21:16,608 --> 04:21:19,100
confidence of someone whose 
performed these preparations. 

4991
04:21:19,100 --> 04:21:24,100
Thousands of Times measuring by.
I adjusting proportions based on

4992
04:21:24,100 --> 04:21:27,000
factors that have more to do 
with intuition than formula. 

4993
04:21:27,000 --> 04:21:30,600
A patient sits nearby. 
An older man, with joint pain 

4994
04:21:30,600 --> 04:21:34,800
that worsens each winter, The 
Physician warms olive oil in a 

4995
04:21:34,800 --> 04:21:38,300
shallow bronze pan, held over a 
small Brazier monitoring 

4996
04:21:38,300 --> 04:21:41,900
temperature by testing drops on 
the back of one hand, when the 

4997
04:21:41,900 --> 04:21:45,200
oil reaches the right warmth, 
hot enough to fill therapeutic, 

4998
04:21:45,200 --> 04:21:48,400
but not burning The Physician 
applies it to the patient's 

4999
04:21:48,400 --> 04:21:52,600
knees, working the oil into the 
skin with firm circular motions.

5000
04:21:52,600 --> 04:21:56,500
The patient's expression shifts 
from discomfort to relief as 

5001
04:21:56,500 --> 04:22:01,000
warmth penetrates into joints. 
The oil carrying heat deeper 

5002
04:22:01,000 --> 04:22:04,200
than it would penetrate alone. 
The mass search continues for 

5003
04:22:04,200 --> 04:22:07,900
perhaps 20 minutes, the 
Physicians hands never pausing, 

5004
04:22:07,900 --> 04:22:12,000
maintaining constant contact 
with skin that gradually pinked 

5005
04:22:12,000 --> 04:22:15,300
from increased blood flow. 
More oil gets added as the first

5006
04:22:15,300 --> 04:22:17,100
application of absorbs into the 
skin. 

5007
04:22:17,100 --> 04:22:21,200
The physician using far more 
than you'd expect but believing 

5008
04:22:21,200 --> 04:22:23,700
that generous amounts were 
better than conservative 

5009
04:22:23,700 --> 04:22:26,100
applications. 
The excess doesn't bother 

5010
04:22:26,100 --> 04:22:28,100
anyone. 
What doesn't absorb will be 

5011
04:22:28,108 --> 04:22:31,100
wiped away in the oil will be 
transferred to cloths. 

5012
04:22:31,100 --> 04:22:32,600
That will later be used for 
other purposes. 

5013
04:22:32,600 --> 04:22:35,800
Nothing goes to waste on the 
table. 

5014
04:22:35,800 --> 04:22:39,400
Another preparation Waits olive 
oil, infused with chamomile 

5015
04:22:39,400 --> 04:22:42,300
lavender, and something else. 
You don't recognize the 

5016
04:22:42,300 --> 04:22:44,900
physician explains. 
That this mixer helps with sleep

5017
04:22:44,900 --> 04:22:48,000
troubles, the herbs properties 
carried into the body, through 

5018
04:22:48,000 --> 04:22:51,500
skin absorption, you'll skip to 
kill about herbs, affecting 

5019
04:22:51,500 --> 04:22:54,300
sleep through topical 
application, but the physician 

5020
04:22:54,300 --> 04:22:57,000
insists that patients report 
better rest after evening. 

5021
04:22:57,000 --> 04:23:00,300
Massages, with this particular 
blend, Whether it works through 

5022
04:23:00,300 --> 04:23:03,400
absorption or simply because 
warm oil massage, relaxes 

5023
04:23:03,400 --> 04:23:06,800
people, the results seems 
consistent enough to justify the

5024
04:23:06,800 --> 04:23:09,500
preparations. 
Existence, a younger woman 

5025
04:23:09,500 --> 04:23:13,600
arrives with a skin condition. 
Patches of dry flaking skin on 

5026
04:23:13,600 --> 04:23:17,400
her arms that itch constantly. 
The Physician examines the 

5027
04:23:17,400 --> 04:23:21,100
affected areas then reaches for 
a jar of olive oil, mixed with 

5028
04:23:21,100 --> 04:23:24,100
beeswax and something that 
smells faintly of pine. 

5029
04:23:24,100 --> 04:23:27,600
This preparation has the 
consistency of soft butter. 

5030
04:23:28,500 --> 04:23:31,600
Spreading easily but staying 
where it's applied, rather than 

5031
04:23:31,600 --> 04:23:34,100
running off skin. 
The Physician applies it 

5032
04:23:34,100 --> 04:23:37,500
generously to the affected 
areas, explaining that the oil, 

5033
04:23:37,500 --> 04:23:40,800
softens the skin, while the wax 
creates a barrier that prevents 

5034
04:23:40,800 --> 04:23:44,300
moisture loss, the pine 
component collected as resin. 

5035
04:23:44,300 --> 04:23:47,700
From local trees helps reduce 
inflammation through mechanisms.

5036
04:23:47,700 --> 04:23:50,700
The Physician doesn't fully 
understand but as observed 

5037
04:23:50,700 --> 04:23:54,000
countless times, you watch The 
Physician, prepare a wound 

5038
04:23:54,000 --> 04:23:56,800
dressing for someone who burned 
their hand in a cooking fire. 

5039
04:23:57,700 --> 04:24:00,500
A clean cloth gets soaked in 
olive oil and then wrapped 

5040
04:24:00,500 --> 04:24:02,600
around the injury after cleaning
the oil. 

5041
04:24:02,600 --> 04:24:06,400
Soaked bandage keeps air from 
reaching the burn skin, reducing

5042
04:24:06,400 --> 04:24:09,300
pain and preventing the wound 
from drying into hard. 

5043
04:24:09,300 --> 04:24:11,300
Scabs that might crack and 
reopen. 

5044
04:24:11,300 --> 04:24:13,900
The Physician changes, the 
dressing daily. 

5045
04:24:13,900 --> 04:24:17,700
Each time applying fresh oil 
maintaining the wound in a moist

5046
04:24:17,700 --> 04:24:20,500
environment that promotes 
healing modern medicine. 

5047
04:24:20,500 --> 04:24:23,500
Will eventually prove this 
treatment effective though, the 

5048
04:24:23,500 --> 04:24:26,100
Physicians great great 
grandchildren won't live long 

5049
04:24:26,100 --> 04:24:30,100
enough to see that validation in
the corner, large storage jars, 

5050
04:24:30,100 --> 04:24:33,900
hold olive oil, reserves 
specifically for medical use not

5051
04:24:33,900 --> 04:24:38,200
necessarily the finest pressing 
but clean oil from healthy fruit

5052
04:24:38,200 --> 04:24:41,500
free of the rancidity. 
That develops and poorly stored 

5053
04:24:41,500 --> 04:24:45,400
supplies, The Physician checks, 
the stores regularly ensuring 

5054
04:24:45,400 --> 04:24:48,300
sufficient quantity, to handle. 
The regular stream of patients. 

5055
04:24:48,300 --> 04:24:51,000
Who arrive seeking treatment for
ailments? 

5056
04:24:51,000 --> 04:24:54,400
Ranging from minor skin. 
Irritations to serious injuries 

5057
04:24:54,400 --> 04:24:57,300
during epidemic years, oil 
consumption. 

5058
04:24:57,700 --> 04:25:01,000
Is dramatically as the physician
treats more patience than usual,

5059
04:25:01,000 --> 04:25:04,700
applying oil. 
To Fever hot skin mixing it with

5060
04:25:04,700 --> 04:25:08,300
medicines that need a carrier 
base and using it to prevent bed

5061
04:25:08,300 --> 04:25:12,700
sores in patients too, weak to 
move a shelf, holds specialized 

5062
04:25:12,700 --> 04:25:16,500
tools bronze instruments for 
scraping oil from skin after 

5063
04:25:16,500 --> 04:25:21,000
massages, small cups for mixing 
preparations, mortars for 

5064
04:25:21,000 --> 04:25:24,600
grinding herbs, that will be 
infused into oil and delicate 

5065
04:25:24,600 --> 04:25:27,400
measuring spoons. 
That allow precise dosing when 

5066
04:25:27,400 --> 04:25:30,900
patients need specific amounts 
of medicated preparations. 

5067
04:25:30,900 --> 04:25:34,900
Each tool shows the wearer of 
regular use bronzer Services 

5068
04:25:34,900 --> 04:25:38,800
Polished by countless cleaning 
and ceramic mortars stained from

5069
04:25:38,808 --> 04:25:42,200
different herb. 
Mixtures, this is a working 

5070
04:25:42,200 --> 04:25:45,900
space, not decorative. 
Every item is present because it

5071
04:25:45,900 --> 04:25:49,600
serves a practical purpose. 
The Physician prepares an oil 

5072
04:25:49,600 --> 04:25:53,100
mixture for you to take home 
explaining, its use for minor 

5073
04:25:53,100 --> 04:25:56,500
cuts and scrapes. 
The base is pure olive oil with 

5074
04:25:56,500 --> 04:25:59,000
small amounts of crushed garlic 
for its antibacterial 

5075
04:25:59,000 --> 04:26:02,100
properties, and honey for wound 
sealing. 

5076
04:26:02,100 --> 04:26:06,600
The mix just smells pungent but 
not unpleasant and the physician

5077
04:26:06,600 --> 04:26:08,500
assures. 
You it prevents the festering 

5078
04:26:08,500 --> 04:26:11,000
that turns minor injuries into 
serious problems. 

5079
04:26:11,000 --> 04:26:13,100
You'll use it. 
Whenever someone in your 

5080
04:26:13,100 --> 04:26:16,400
household suffers a cut, 
applying it twice daily until 

5081
04:26:16,400 --> 04:26:19,000
healing completes. 
The preparation will last 

5082
04:26:19,000 --> 04:26:21,400
months. 
If stored properly, the olive 

5083
04:26:21,400 --> 04:26:24,400
oil preventing bacterial growth 
in the honey, garlic mixture 

5084
04:26:24,400 --> 04:26:27,500
through mechanisms. 
Nobody will understand for 

5085
04:26:27,500 --> 04:26:30,000
another 2000 years before 
leaving. 

5086
04:26:30,000 --> 04:26:34,100
You notice the Physicians own 
hands, smooth, Supple, and 

5087
04:26:34,100 --> 04:26:36,400
showing none of the roughness. 
You'd expect from someone who 

5088
04:26:36,400 --> 04:26:38,600
works. 
Constantly, The Physician 

5089
04:26:38,600 --> 04:26:42,500
catches your glance and holds up
both hands demonstrating skin, 

5090
04:26:42,500 --> 04:26:44,400
that seems younger than the face
of it. 

5091
04:26:45,200 --> 04:26:48,900
The secret is simple. 
Constant contact with olive oil 

5092
04:26:48,900 --> 04:26:51,900
hands soaking in it. 
Daily through the work of 

5093
04:26:51,900 --> 04:26:54,700
treating others. 
The oil penetrate so deeply. 

5094
04:26:54,700 --> 04:26:57,500
And so regularly that The 
Physician Skin maintains 

5095
04:26:57,500 --> 04:27:00,700
flexibility that people decades.
Young might envy. 

5096
04:27:00,700 --> 04:27:05,200
It's not occupational benefit 
unintended but welcomed that 

5097
04:27:05,200 --> 04:27:08,000
makes the Physicians hands 
themselves and advertisement for

5098
04:27:08,000 --> 04:27:11,500
oils properties. 
You head to the public baths 

5099
04:27:11,500 --> 04:27:13,400
next. 
A routine that says as much 

5100
04:27:13,408 --> 04:27:16,900
about social connection as 
hygiene, the bath complex is 

5101
04:27:16,900 --> 04:27:19,300
entrance area smells powerfully 
of olive oil. 

5102
04:27:19,300 --> 04:27:23,200
The scent intensified by heat 
and humidity drifting from the 

5103
04:27:23,200 --> 04:27:26,600
bathing rooms Beyond attendance.
Stand, ready with bronze, 

5104
04:27:26,600 --> 04:27:30,000
implements and ceramic vessels 
prepared to perform the scraping

5105
04:27:30,000 --> 04:27:31,900
ritual. 
That's become Central to bathing

5106
04:27:31,900 --> 04:27:34,100
culture. 
You pass through to the changing

5107
04:27:34,100 --> 04:27:36,600
room, storing clothes in a cubby
while trying to remember which 

5108
04:27:36,600 --> 04:27:38,200
number you're belongings, 
occupy. 

5109
04:27:38,800 --> 04:27:42,000
The warm room comes first with a
temperature comfortable enough 

5110
04:27:42,000 --> 04:27:44,100
to begin sweating without 
shocking the system. 

5111
04:27:44,100 --> 04:27:47,400
An attendant approaches with a 
ceramic vessel of olive oil 

5112
04:27:47,400 --> 04:27:51,100
offering to perform the full 
cleansing ritual, you agree. 

5113
04:27:51,100 --> 04:27:53,600
And the attendant begins 
applying oil generously across 

5114
04:27:53,600 --> 04:27:57,000
your skin. 
Arms legs back chest using 

5115
04:27:57,000 --> 04:28:00,100
enough that it runs in small 
rivulets before being spread 

5116
04:28:00,100 --> 04:28:03,000
more evenly. 
The oil sits on skin without 

5117
04:28:03,000 --> 04:28:06,100
immediately absorbing creating a
slick barrier between you and 

5118
04:28:06,108 --> 04:28:08,700
the world. 
The warm rooms heat increases 

5119
04:28:08,700 --> 04:28:12,200
your Skin's temperature. 
Gradually opening pause and 

5120
04:28:12,200 --> 04:28:14,900
encouraging perspiration. 
That mixes with the olive oil, 

5121
04:28:14,900 --> 04:28:18,100
coating your body, after Pat's 
15 minutes. 

5122
04:28:18,100 --> 04:28:22,200
When sweaters begun flowing, 
freely the attendant returns 

5123
04:28:22,200 --> 04:28:25,500
with astral. 
A curved bronze Blade with a 

5124
04:28:25,500 --> 04:28:27,900
handle. 
Designed specifically, for 

5125
04:28:27,900 --> 04:28:32,000
scraping oil and dirt from skin.
The scraping process looks 

5126
04:28:32,000 --> 04:28:34,200
violent, feel surprisingly 
Pleasant. 

5127
04:28:34,200 --> 04:28:38,200
The blade removing oil dead, 
skin cells, sweat. 

5128
04:28:38,700 --> 04:28:42,300
And accumulated Grime in long 
strokes that leave Clean Skin 

5129
04:28:42,300 --> 04:28:44,800
behind. 
You watch the mixture of oil and

5130
04:28:44,800 --> 04:28:46,900
remove material collect at the 
struggles. 

5131
04:28:46,900 --> 04:28:50,500
Edge, forming a gray-brown 
substance, that's promptly wiped

5132
04:28:50,500 --> 04:28:53,400
onto a cloth. 
After each pass the attendant 

5133
04:28:53,400 --> 04:28:55,500
Works. 
Methodically covering every 

5134
04:28:55,500 --> 04:28:59,000
accessible area, occasionally, 
adding more oil, where skin 

5135
04:28:59,000 --> 04:29:03,000
seems dry the scraping removes 
far more than you expected 

5136
04:29:03,000 --> 04:29:06,000
revealing skin. 
That looks brighter, feels 

5137
04:29:06,000 --> 04:29:08,400
smoother and seems to Glow with 
health. 

5138
04:29:08,400 --> 04:29:11,600
That wasn't visible before. 
This is cleaning through oil, 

5139
04:29:11,600 --> 04:29:16,400
paradoxical using fat, to remove
fat relying on olive oils, 

5140
04:29:16,400 --> 04:29:18,500
ability to dissolve the oils and
grime. 

5141
04:29:18,500 --> 04:29:22,700
That water alone can't touch 
after the scraping completes a 

5142
04:29:22,700 --> 04:29:26,200
rinse with clean water removes. 
Any remaining oil though, some 

5143
04:29:26,200 --> 04:29:30,000
inevitably stays absorbed into 
skin providing moisturizing 

5144
04:29:30,000 --> 04:29:32,900
benefits that will last for 
days, you move through the 

5145
04:29:32,900 --> 04:29:36,600
progressively hotter rooms, then
to the cold plunge, a 

5146
04:29:36,600 --> 04:29:39,300
temperature shock closing, pause
that the warm Rooms opened 

5147
04:29:39,300 --> 04:29:43,500
throughout the process. 
Olive oil remains present in 

5148
04:29:43,500 --> 04:29:47,500
lamps, providing light in the 
massage oil and attendant offers

5149
04:29:47,500 --> 04:29:50,600
for an additional fee. 
And in the preparation, people 

5150
04:29:50,600 --> 04:29:54,500
apply to their hair to maintain 
shine and manageability leaving 

5151
04:29:54,500 --> 04:29:56,900
the bars. 
Your skin feels different than 

5152
04:29:56,900 --> 04:30:00,900
when you arrived. 
Softer cleaner and somehow More 

5153
04:30:00,900 --> 04:30:03,100
Alive. 
The olive oil treatment has 

5154
04:30:03,100 --> 04:30:06,800
removed layers of dead cells, 
stimulated circulation, and 

5155
04:30:06,800 --> 04:30:09,500
moisturized deeply enough that 
you won't need any additional 

5156
04:30:09,500 --> 04:30:12,900
treatment for days. 
This bathing ritual, practice, 

5157
04:30:12,900 --> 04:30:14,800
by millions across the Empire. 
Represent. 

5158
04:30:14,800 --> 04:30:19,200
Olive oils role in daily life, A
role so fundamental that 

5159
04:30:19,200 --> 04:30:21,400
imagining bathing without it 
seems impossible. 

5160
04:30:21,400 --> 04:30:25,000
Future Generations will use soap
and will shower under running 

5161
04:30:25,000 --> 04:30:28,000
water, but they'll lose 
something in the process, the 

5162
04:30:28,000 --> 04:30:30,600
ritual, intimacy with oil, 
that's made skin care. 

5163
04:30:30,600 --> 04:30:34,200
And meditative practice. 
Rather than a rushed necessity, 

5164
04:30:34,200 --> 04:30:37,900
your standing on a dock where 
cargo ships arrive from distant 

5165
04:30:37,900 --> 04:30:40,400
ports. 
Their holds filled with trade 

5166
04:30:40,400 --> 04:30:43,300
goods, that represent the 
economic lifeblood of Maritime 

5167
04:30:43,300 --> 04:30:47,500
Commerce, among the crates and 
bundles, one type of container 

5168
04:30:47,500 --> 04:30:51,900
dominates the amphora a clay 
vessel designed specifically for

5169
04:30:51,900 --> 04:30:55,600
transporting olive oil across 
Seas these in four East stand 

5170
04:30:55,600 --> 04:30:59,100
taller than a child with pointed
bottoms that make them useless 

5171
04:30:59,100 --> 04:31:03,300
for setting on flat surfaces but
perfect for securing and ship 

5172
04:31:03,300 --> 04:31:07,100
holds their shape has evolved 
over centuries toward maximum 

5173
04:31:07,100 --> 04:31:11,500
efficiency holding approximately
25 liters while remaining light 

5174
04:31:11,500 --> 04:31:15,100
enough for a single person to 
carry when full longshoreman 

5175
04:31:15,100 --> 04:31:18,800
work in teams, moving amp. 
From ship to Doc, using 

5176
04:31:18,800 --> 04:31:20,700
techniques that minimize 
breakage. 

5177
04:31:21,600 --> 04:31:24,000
One worker positions himself in 
the ship's. 

5178
04:31:24,000 --> 04:31:27,300
Hold hoisting, amp. 3 to a 
second worker standing at the 

5179
04:31:27,308 --> 04:31:31,300
rail, who passes them to a third
on the dock, the amphi, never 

5180
04:31:31,300 --> 04:31:34,200
touched ground during this 
transfer always held by someone 

5181
04:31:34,200 --> 04:31:37,300
or leaning against something. 
They're pointed bottoms making 

5182
04:31:37,300 --> 04:31:40,500
them tip immediately. 
If released this instability is 

5183
04:31:40,500 --> 04:31:45,000
intentional, it forces careful. 
Handling reducing the Casual 

5184
04:31:45,000 --> 04:31:48,300
roughness, that breaks 
containers and Spills valuable 

5185
04:31:48,300 --> 04:31:51,600
contents. 
Each M4 are best stamps pressed 

5186
04:31:51,600 --> 04:31:54,500
into its clay handles before 
firing marks. 

5187
04:31:54,500 --> 04:31:58,200
Identifying the producer, the 
origin estate, and sometimes 

5188
04:31:58,200 --> 04:32:02,200
even the specific year of 
pressing these stamps as quality

5189
04:32:02,200 --> 04:32:06,100
guarantees, reputation's 
distilled into small symbols 

5190
04:32:06,100 --> 04:32:09,900
that buyers learn to recognize 
and For us, stamped with certain

5191
04:32:09,900 --> 04:32:13,900
marks commands premium prices 
because everyone knows those 

5192
04:32:13,900 --> 04:32:17,700
producers Harvest early press 
carefully and store properly. 

5193
04:32:19,000 --> 04:32:22,200
other stamps indicate bulk oil 
suitable for lamps or soap 

5194
04:32:22,200 --> 04:32:25,700
making rather than direct 
consumption the entire system 

5195
04:32:25,700 --> 04:32:28,800
relies on reputation because 
there's no way to test oil 

5196
04:32:28,800 --> 04:32:34,300
quality before purchasing by 
trusting the stamps, You watch a

5197
04:32:34,300 --> 04:32:37,700
merchant examining amp for a 
just unloaded from a ship that 

5198
04:32:37,700 --> 04:32:39,300
arrived from somewhere in 
Greece. 

5199
04:32:39,300 --> 04:32:43,000
The merchant inspects seals on 
each vessel ensuring they 

5200
04:32:43,000 --> 04:32:46,300
haven't been broken during 
transport checking for cracks in

5201
04:32:46,308 --> 04:32:49,000
the clay that might indicate 
spoilage from seawater 

5202
04:32:49,000 --> 04:32:52,200
infiltration, one and four are 
shows a small crack near the 

5203
04:32:52,200 --> 04:32:56,200
bottom and the merchant sets it 
aside for immediate use knowing 

5204
04:32:56,200 --> 04:32:59,300
it won't survive further, 
transport, or extended storage, 

5205
04:32:59,300 --> 04:33:03,600
the oil inside remains good, but
the container has become a 

5206
04:33:03,600 --> 04:33:07,800
liability rather than an asset. 
Prices fluctuate, based on 

5207
04:33:07,800 --> 04:33:10,400
information that flows through 
the same shipping lanes. 

5208
04:33:10,400 --> 04:33:14,200
As the oil itself would arrives 
that the Harvest in one region 

5209
04:33:14,200 --> 04:33:17,400
an immediately and fourie from 
that area become more valuable. 

5210
04:33:18,300 --> 04:33:21,500
News of bumper crops elsewhere, 
suppresses prices for oil from 

5211
04:33:21,500 --> 04:33:25,800
successful regions pirates, 
captured a convoy last month and

5212
04:33:25,800 --> 04:33:29,700
the lost cargo creates temporary
scarcity that drives up values. 

5213
04:33:30,500 --> 04:33:33,599
This price instability means 
Merchants who can store oil 

5214
04:33:33,599 --> 04:33:37,500
safely through lean periods. 
Make fortunes by selling when 

5215
04:33:37,500 --> 04:33:40,500
Supply Titans in a warehouse 
behind the docks. 

5216
04:33:40,500 --> 04:33:44,400
Thousands of Amory stand in 
organized rows, each marked with

5217
04:33:44,400 --> 04:33:48,599
information about contents or 
origin and arrival date the 

5218
04:33:48,599 --> 04:33:52,200
warehouse keeper maintains 
careful records knowing exactly.

5219
04:33:52,200 --> 04:33:55,400
Which oils are aging well and 
which should be sold quickly 

5220
04:33:55,400 --> 04:33:59,000
before they turned Rancid. 
Some oils improve with time, 

5221
04:33:59,000 --> 04:34:03,300
developing complexity, that 
young pressing lacks others Peak

5222
04:34:03,300 --> 04:34:04,700
immediately and declined 
steadily. 

5223
04:34:05,599 --> 04:34:08,300
The warehouse Keepers expertise 
lies in understanding these 

5224
04:34:08,300 --> 04:34:12,400
differences in knowing which amp
3 to hold and which to liquidate

5225
04:34:12,400 --> 04:34:15,900
you follow a convoy of carts 
loaded with them for a heading 

5226
04:34:15,900 --> 04:34:19,800
Inland from the port. 
The carts move slowly drivers 

5227
04:34:19,800 --> 04:34:22,400
careful to avoid jolts, that 
might crack clay vessels. 

5228
04:34:22,400 --> 04:34:26,599
The road itself is surprisingly 
smooth, maintaining trade routes

5229
04:34:26,599 --> 04:34:29,400
benefits everyone. 
So communities along major 

5230
04:34:29,400 --> 04:34:32,400
roads, dedicate substantial 
resources to repairs and 

5231
04:34:32,400 --> 04:34:36,099
improvements without good roads.
And for a transport becomes 

5232
04:34:36,099 --> 04:34:39,800
prohibitively expensive due to 
breakage so Road, quality 

5233
04:34:39,800 --> 04:34:44,000
directly affects olive oil 
prices in Inland markets, At a 

5234
04:34:44,000 --> 04:34:47,500
weigh station, You observe the 
careful process of unloading and

5235
04:34:47,500 --> 04:34:50,500
free for overnight storage. 
Each vessel gets checked for 

5236
04:34:50,500 --> 04:34:54,099
leaks then positioned upright in
Sanford boxes that hold them 

5237
04:34:54,099 --> 04:34:57,700
steady, the sand, absorbs any 
seepage while providing 

5238
04:34:57,700 --> 04:35:01,599
cushioning against accidental 
impacts this attention to detail

5239
04:35:01,599 --> 04:35:03,900
throughout the supply chain 
represents the difference 

5240
04:35:03,900 --> 04:35:07,400
between profitable and 
unprofitable trade Oil that 

5241
04:35:07,400 --> 04:35:11,000
reaches markets in good 
conditions, sells well oil that 

5242
04:35:11,000 --> 04:35:15,300
arrives, rancid or leaked away 
represents pure loss, a merchant

5243
04:35:15,300 --> 04:35:18,599
your traveling, with explains 
the economic, an emperor of 

5244
04:35:18,608 --> 04:35:21,500
Premium oil cost them 40, 
denarii at the port. 

5245
04:35:22,300 --> 04:35:25,800
Transport inland will cost 
another 10 if they reach the 

5246
04:35:25,800 --> 04:35:31,300
destination city without losses 
they can sell for 70, denarii a 

5247
04:35:31,300 --> 04:35:34,599
healthy but not excessive profit
that rewards the risk and effort

5248
04:35:34,599 --> 04:35:36,400
of moving goods from coast to 
Interior. 

5249
04:35:36,400 --> 04:35:40,400
But if half the amp for a break 
during transport, the profitable

5250
04:35:40,400 --> 04:35:44,900
Venture becomes a disaster. 
This calculation drives every 

5251
04:35:44,900 --> 04:35:49,099
decision about which roads to 
take how fast to travel and how 

5252
04:35:49,099 --> 04:35:51,900
much to pay for Quality carts 
and experienced drivers. 

5253
04:35:51,900 --> 04:35:55,700
You pass a broken amp for a by 
the roadside its contents long. 

5254
04:35:55,700 --> 04:35:58,900
Since soaked into the Earth, 
leaving only Pottery shards and 

5255
04:35:58,900 --> 04:36:01,500
a dark stain. 
The merchant points to it as 

5256
04:36:01,500 --> 04:36:03,800
cautionary. 
Tale, someone tried to save 

5257
04:36:03,800 --> 04:36:06,099
money with cheaper containers or
fast to travel. 

5258
04:36:06,099 --> 04:36:09,300
And this is the result. 
The broken arm for a likely 

5259
04:36:09,300 --> 04:36:12,300
represented, someone's profit 
margin for an entire shipment, 

5260
04:36:12,300 --> 04:36:16,000
the Lost enough to make the 
difference between success and 

5261
04:36:16,000 --> 04:36:19,900
failure for a small Merchants 
yearly Ventures at a market in 

5262
04:36:19,900 --> 04:36:22,200
an inland City. 
You watched the final step of 

5263
04:36:22,200 --> 04:36:25,900
the journey and fourie being 
opened for the first time since 

5264
04:36:25,900 --> 04:36:29,599
sealing months, early at 
Mediterranean Coastal, Estates a

5265
04:36:29,599 --> 04:36:32,900
merchant breaks, the wax, seal 
carefully then extracts the 

5266
04:36:32,900 --> 04:36:36,200
place stopper, immediately 
smelling the contents to verify 

5267
04:36:36,200 --> 04:36:39,500
quality. 
Good oil, smells fruity and 

5268
04:36:39,500 --> 04:36:43,900
fresh despite its Journey. 
Poor oil reeks of rancidity, of 

5269
04:36:43,900 --> 04:36:45,800
oxidation. 
That's turned fats into 

5270
04:36:45,808 --> 04:36:48,000
compounds that tastes as bad as 
they smell. 

5271
04:36:49,000 --> 04:36:51,900
The merchants knows determines 
whether an amphora is contents 

5272
04:36:51,900 --> 04:36:55,599
will be sold as food grade oil 
or diverted to Industrial uses 

5273
04:36:55,599 --> 04:36:59,800
some amphi contain oil, that's 
traveled unbelievable distances 

5274
04:36:59,800 --> 04:37:03,400
from Groves in North Africa, 
from States in Spain. 

5275
04:37:03,400 --> 04:37:06,800
And from Ireland, in the 
Eastern, Mediterranean each 

5276
04:37:06,800 --> 04:37:10,200
Ampharos, stamp tells a story of
climate and soil and production,

5277
04:37:10,200 --> 04:37:13,800
methods, specific to its origin.
The diversity of available, in 

5278
04:37:13,800 --> 04:37:16,500
large City Markets would have 
been unimaginable, a few 

5279
04:37:16,508 --> 04:37:19,800
Generations early. 
Before Maritime trade, networks 

5280
04:37:19,800 --> 04:37:23,400
integrated, Olive producing 
regions in to a single economy. 

5281
04:37:23,400 --> 04:37:27,300
Now, you can taste oil from a 
dozen different regions in a 

5282
04:37:27,300 --> 04:37:30,000
single afternoon. 
Comparing flavors that reflect 

5283
04:37:30,000 --> 04:37:32,300
tailor. 
As distinctly as wines were 

5284
04:37:32,300 --> 04:37:34,500
later. 
Demonstrate the merchant to open

5285
04:37:34,500 --> 04:37:38,099
the amphi offers taste to 
potential buyers, pouring small 

5286
04:37:38,099 --> 04:37:41,500
amounts in clay cups. 
People taste thoughtfully 

5287
04:37:41,500 --> 04:37:45,200
letting the oil coat, their 
mouths paying attention to the 

5288
04:37:45,200 --> 04:37:47,800
finish. 
And after taste, some spit after

5289
04:37:47,800 --> 04:37:51,099
tasting, saving their appetite 
for food rather than consuming 

5290
04:37:51,099 --> 04:37:55,400
oil directly others swallow, 
appreciating oils that are good 

5291
04:37:55,400 --> 04:37:59,099
enough to enjoy By The Spoonful,
the tasting process resembles 

5292
04:37:59,099 --> 04:38:03,200
later, wine, cultures formality,
With its own vocabulary for 

5293
04:38:03,200 --> 04:38:05,200
describing qualities that 
separate. 

5294
04:38:05,200 --> 04:38:09,000
Excellent from merely adequate. 
You purchase an amphora of oil 

5295
04:38:09,000 --> 04:38:11,500
from somewhere. 
You've never visited trusting 

5296
04:38:11,500 --> 04:38:13,599
the stamps and the merchants 
reputation. 

5297
04:38:13,599 --> 04:38:16,800
The pointed bottom means, you'll
need to find a stand to hold it.

5298
04:38:16,800 --> 04:38:20,800
Upright in your home or sync it 
into sand in a storage room or 

5299
04:38:20,800 --> 04:38:23,300
lay it on its side in a rack 
designed for that purpose. 

5300
04:38:23,300 --> 04:38:26,800
The awkward shape that may 
transport efficient now becomes 

5301
04:38:26,800 --> 04:38:29,800
your problem, a puzzle to solve 
before you can access the 

5302
04:38:29,800 --> 04:38:32,800
contents. 
But once solved this and four 

5303
04:38:32,800 --> 04:38:36,599
will provide oil for your 
household for weeks or months, a

5304
04:38:36,599 --> 04:38:39,599
connection to distant Groves and
foreign hands that press these 

5305
04:38:39,599 --> 04:38:43,099
olives sealed. 
This container and set it off on

5306
04:38:43,099 --> 04:38:46,599
a journey that ends in your 
home, your standing in a temple 

5307
04:38:46,599 --> 04:38:49,599
where olive oils rolled 
transcends practical, utility 

5308
04:38:49,599 --> 04:38:53,300
entering the realm of the 
Sacred, the yes, smells of 

5309
04:38:53,300 --> 04:38:57,200
burning oil from dozens of 
lamps, but also a fragrant, oils

5310
04:38:57,200 --> 04:38:59,099
prepared. 
Specifically, for religious 

5311
04:38:59,099 --> 04:39:04,099
purposes olive oil, infused, 
With myrrh frankincense speaker 

5312
04:39:04,099 --> 04:39:07,800
and other precious substances. 
That transform it from cooking 

5313
04:39:07,800 --> 04:39:11,900
fat to Holy ointment a priest 
prepares for evening. 

5314
04:39:11,900 --> 04:39:15,800
Rituals checking the Eternal 
Flame still burn that oil 

5315
04:39:15,800 --> 04:39:19,200
reserves remain, sufficient and 
that the sacred objects. 

5316
04:39:19,200 --> 04:39:21,599
Requiring anointing have 
received their regular 

5317
04:39:21,599 --> 04:39:24,500
applications. 
The Eternal Flame occupies, the 

5318
04:39:24,500 --> 04:39:27,700
Temple's Central position 
burning in a special lamp that's

5319
04:39:27,700 --> 04:39:31,200
never allowed to extinguish this
lamp holds the finest. 

5320
04:39:31,200 --> 04:39:34,200
Olive oil changed daily to 
ensure Purity. 

5321
04:39:34,200 --> 04:39:38,100
Tended by priests whose primary 
duty is maintaining its Flame. 

5322
04:39:38,100 --> 04:39:42,100
The theological, implications 
Run, Deep light itself, 

5323
04:39:42,100 --> 04:39:46,500
represents divine presence and 
olive oil fuels that presents. 

5324
04:39:46,500 --> 04:39:50,100
Making it a medium through which
the sacred enters the physical 

5325
04:39:50,100 --> 04:39:52,600
world. 
When priests light lamps from 

5326
04:39:52,600 --> 04:39:55,400
the Eternal Flame, then they're 
not just providing illumination.

5327
04:39:55,400 --> 04:39:59,600
But propagating, Holiness, 
Through Fire fed by blessed oil.

5328
04:40:01,000 --> 04:40:04,000
Ceremony begins as a family 
arrives with their infant for 

5329
04:40:04,000 --> 04:40:07,100
dedication. 
Rituals the priest brings out a 

5330
04:40:07,100 --> 04:40:09,400
small golden vessel containing 
anointing oil. 

5331
04:40:09,400 --> 04:40:13,100
Olive oil blessed through 
prayers and mixed with aromatic 

5332
04:40:13,100 --> 04:40:16,400
compounds worth more per ounce 
than gold using a thumb. 

5333
04:40:16,400 --> 04:40:19,500
The priest marks, the infant 
forehead with the small Cross of

5334
04:40:19,500 --> 04:40:21,800
oil. 
Speaking words, that connect 

5335
04:40:21,800 --> 04:40:25,400
this child to generations of 
ancestors who received identical

5336
04:40:25,400 --> 04:40:28,700
marks, the oil sits visibly on 
the Infant skin. 

5337
04:40:28,700 --> 04:40:31,000
Slowly absorbing carrying with 
it. 

5338
04:40:31,600 --> 04:40:34,600
Whatever properties, the 
blessing supposedly imparted, 

5339
04:40:34,600 --> 04:40:38,100
you watch, as the priest, 
anoints other objects, a new 

5340
04:40:38,100 --> 04:40:40,700
altar cloth a restored section 
of Temple wall. 

5341
04:40:40,700 --> 04:40:43,600
And a bronze Shield, dedicated 
by a successful. 

5342
04:40:43,600 --> 04:40:47,100
General each receives oil 
applied with specific prayers. 

5343
04:40:47,100 --> 04:40:50,000
The liquid itself becoming a 
vehicle for making common 

5344
04:40:50,000 --> 04:40:52,200
things. 
Holy the oil doesn't change 

5345
04:40:52,200 --> 04:40:55,300
physically from this treatment, 
but in everyone's understanding,

5346
04:40:55,300 --> 04:40:59,200
it changes essentially becoming 
something more than pressed. 

5347
04:40:59,200 --> 04:41:03,700
Olives even while remaining 
exactly that this dual nature 

5348
04:41:03,700 --> 04:41:08,200
simultaneously mundane and 
sacred makes olive oil uniquely 

5349
04:41:08,200 --> 04:41:12,000
suited for religious purposes. 
In a preparation room, you see 

5350
04:41:12,000 --> 04:41:13,700
the process of making sacred 
oil. 

5351
04:41:13,700 --> 04:41:17,800
The base, is pure olive oil from
the first pressing chosen for 

5352
04:41:17,808 --> 04:41:20,900
Quality that reflects the 
importance of its intended use 

5353
04:41:20,900 --> 04:41:25,200
to this base priests at Ground. 
Cinnamon cassia myrr, and other 

5354
04:41:25,200 --> 04:41:28,400
aromatic plants, mixing 
carefully, while reciting 

5355
04:41:28,400 --> 04:41:30,600
prayers meant to infuse. 
The blend with spiritual 

5356
04:41:30,600 --> 04:41:33,100
properties. 
The resulting oil, smells 

5357
04:41:33,100 --> 04:41:36,300
overwhelming complex, unlike 
anything used in daily life, 

5358
04:41:36,300 --> 04:41:41,000
it's cost per liter would feed a
family for months, making lavish

5359
04:41:41,000 --> 04:41:44,700
use of it, a genuine sacrifice 
resources, directed toward 

5360
04:41:44,700 --> 04:41:48,500
Divine purposes, rather than 
human Comfort, a storage room 

5361
04:41:48,500 --> 04:41:52,300
holds amp for of sacred oil 
sealed and marked with symbols 

5362
04:41:52,300 --> 04:41:54,400
indicating their consecrated 
status. 

5363
04:41:54,400 --> 04:41:58,200
He's oils are never used for 
cooking or lamps or any mundane 

5364
04:41:58,200 --> 04:42:01,800
purpose to do. 
So would be blasphemy a mixing 

5365
04:42:01,800 --> 04:42:03,800
of categories that must remain 
separate. 

5366
04:42:04,600 --> 04:42:08,100
Yet they're still olive oil, 
chemically identical to what 

5367
04:42:08,100 --> 04:42:09,700
Phil's kitchen jars throughout 
the city. 

5368
04:42:09,700 --> 04:42:13,200
The difference exists entirely 
in human intention and social 

5369
04:42:13,200 --> 04:42:15,400
agreement. 
No tests could distinguish, 

5370
04:42:15,400 --> 04:42:19,400
sacred from profane oil. 
This fact bothers no one. 

5371
04:42:19,400 --> 04:42:23,600
The distinction feels as real as
the oil itself during a wedding 

5372
04:42:23,600 --> 04:42:26,500
ceremony you watch the priests 
use oil to bless the couple 

5373
04:42:26,500 --> 04:42:29,000
marking their hands with 
fragrant oil. 

5374
04:42:29,000 --> 04:42:32,500
While pronouncing them joined, 
the oils presence in this 

5375
04:42:32,500 --> 04:42:36,400
ceremony isn't decorative, it 
represents Prosperity Divine, 

5376
04:42:36,400 --> 04:42:39,900
favor, and the hope that their 
Union will prove as fruitful as 

5377
04:42:39,900 --> 04:42:44,000
olive trees and as enduring as 
Groves that outlive the humans 

5378
04:42:44,000 --> 04:42:46,400
who plant them later, the couple
will take home. 

5379
04:42:46,400 --> 04:42:49,900
A small vessel of blessed oil, 
keeping it in their household as

5380
04:42:49,900 --> 04:42:53,400
protection and a reminder of 
vows spoken before Witnesses 

5381
04:42:53,400 --> 04:42:57,400
human and divine A funeral 
procession arrives and all of 

5382
04:42:57,408 --> 04:42:59,600
oil plays yet another role in 
this transition. 

5383
04:43:00,500 --> 04:43:03,700
The body has been Anointed with 
oil as part of preparation for 

5384
04:43:03,700 --> 04:43:08,200
burial, the oil preserving the 
flesh while symbolizing care and

5385
04:43:08,200 --> 04:43:11,900
respect for the deceased. 
Oil soaked, cloths wrap the body

5386
04:43:11,900 --> 04:43:14,900
maintaining moisture and 
preventing The Accelerated 

5387
04:43:14,900 --> 04:43:18,600
decomposition that would occur 
in dry are some of these oils 

5388
04:43:18,600 --> 04:43:21,700
are expensive with family. 
Spending significant portions of

5389
04:43:21,700 --> 04:43:24,700
their savings to ensure proper 
treatment of their dead. 

5390
04:43:24,700 --> 04:43:28,400
The smell of aromatic oils mixed
with human death creates an 

5391
04:43:28,400 --> 04:43:32,000
odor, both Pleasant and 
disturbing Beauty, and Decay 

5392
04:43:32,000 --> 04:43:35,600
into mingled in a private room, 
the priest teachers, and assist 

5393
04:43:35,600 --> 04:43:39,100
yet, how to make sacred oils 
explaining proportions and 

5394
04:43:39,100 --> 04:43:40,700
prayers. 
That must accompany the work 

5395
04:43:40,700 --> 04:43:44,600
this knowledge passes through 
oral tradition, mastered to 

5396
04:43:44,600 --> 04:43:48,400
Stewart, creating lineages of 
Specialists, who understand both

5397
04:43:48,400 --> 04:43:52,100
the Practical chemistry and 
ritual requirements of sacred 

5398
04:43:52,100 --> 04:43:54,700
oil production. 
The initiate watches carefully, 

5399
04:43:54,700 --> 04:43:58,700
memorizing not just what the 
priest does but how the specific

5400
04:43:58,700 --> 04:44:02,100
gestures and words that 
Positively transform mixing into

5401
04:44:02,100 --> 04:44:05,800
blessing years from now, this 
initiate will teach another and 

5402
04:44:05,800 --> 04:44:09,500
the traditional will continue 
olive oil, linking Generations 

5403
04:44:09,500 --> 04:44:11,500
through unbroken chains of 
practice. 

5404
04:44:11,500 --> 04:44:15,700
You notice how much olive oil, 
the temple consumes hundreds of 

5405
04:44:15,700 --> 04:44:19,400
liters monthly just for lamps, 
dozens more for anointing and 

5406
04:44:19,400 --> 04:44:22,600
blessing and special reserves 
for major ceremonies. 

5407
04:44:22,600 --> 04:44:26,100
Maintaining this consumption 
requires dedicated Olive. 

5408
04:44:26,100 --> 04:44:29,400
Groves Estates that exists 
solely to supply religious 

5409
04:44:29,400 --> 04:44:32,500
institutions. 
The sacred Groves are managed, 

5410
04:44:32,500 --> 04:44:36,200
no differently than commercial 
ones, they're pruned harvested 

5411
04:44:36,200 --> 04:44:40,100
and pressed using identical 
methods yet their oil goes 

5412
04:44:40,100 --> 04:44:43,100
directly to Temples, never 
entering normal Commerce, 

5413
04:44:43,100 --> 04:44:47,200
creating a parallel economy of 
divine provision that mirrors. 

5414
04:44:47,200 --> 04:44:49,400
But never touches the secular 
oil trade. 

5415
04:44:49,400 --> 04:44:53,000
As evening prayers can conclude 
resurrect through the temple, 

5416
04:44:53,000 --> 04:44:57,300
lighting additional lamps, each 
flame representing a prayer, a 

5417
04:44:57,300 --> 04:45:00,100
hope and a connection between 
worshiper and divine. 

5418
04:45:00,400 --> 04:45:03,500
The practice creates a 
constellation of small lights, 

5419
04:45:03,500 --> 04:45:07,900
100s of flames, burning olive 
oil while people kneel or stand 

5420
04:45:07,900 --> 04:45:10,600
in prayer. 
The visual effect is powerful 

5421
04:45:10,600 --> 04:45:14,500
Darkness pushed back by 
Collective, effort each lamp, 

5422
04:45:14,500 --> 04:45:18,400
and individual contribution to 
communal brighteners without all

5423
04:45:18,400 --> 04:45:20,200
of oil. 
This display would be impossible

5424
04:45:20,200 --> 04:45:23,800
without all of Grove's. 
These temples would stand dark 

5425
04:45:23,800 --> 04:45:26,900
and silent. 
Walking home through Darkness 

5426
04:45:26,900 --> 04:45:29,400
held at Bay by oil. 
Lamps lining the streets. 

5427
04:45:29,400 --> 04:45:33,500
You reflect on how completely 
olive oil has woven itself into 

5428
04:45:33,500 --> 04:45:37,000
every aspect of life. 
It lights, your path, flavors 

5429
04:45:37,000 --> 04:45:41,200
your food, heals your injuries 
cleanses, your body connects 

5430
04:45:41,200 --> 04:45:44,000
distant regions through trade 
and links you to the Divine 

5431
04:45:44,000 --> 04:45:47,600
through sacred rituals. 
No, other substance touches so 

5432
04:45:47,600 --> 04:45:51,800
many domains serves so many 
purposes, and proved so 

5433
04:45:51,800 --> 04:45:55,200
essential while remaining. 
So humble, the Olive Tree 

5434
04:45:55,200 --> 04:45:59,600
itself, seems unremarkable, 
gnarled slow-growing and 

5435
04:45:59,600 --> 04:46:02,300
demanding little yet from its 
fruit flows. 

5436
04:46:02,300 --> 04:46:05,600
Civilization's golden thread 
Binding Together, all the 

5437
04:46:05,600 --> 04:46:08,300
separate elements that make 
human life more than mere 

5438
04:46:08,300 --> 04:46:11,600
survival, your standing in a 
Grove that's witnessed the rise 

5439
04:46:11,600 --> 04:46:12,800
and fall of entire 
civilizations. 

5440
04:46:12,800 --> 04:46:18,100
Its oldest trees planted so long
ago that no records document 

5441
04:46:18,100 --> 04:46:21,100
their Origins. 
These ancient olives of felt the

5442
04:46:21,100 --> 04:46:24,700
footsteps of people who spoke 
languages now, lost, who 

5443
04:46:24,700 --> 04:46:26,700
worship. 
Gods whose names nobody 

5444
04:46:26,700 --> 04:46:30,500
remembers and who built cities 
that have eroded back into the 

5445
04:46:30,500 --> 04:46:33,100
hillside. 
They once crowned, the trees 

5446
04:46:33,100 --> 04:46:36,600
remain still producing fruit in 
different to the human dramas 

5447
04:46:36,600 --> 04:46:39,700
that have played out beneath 
their branches an archeologist 

5448
04:46:39,700 --> 04:46:42,000
working. 
Nearby explains that Olive pits 

5449
04:46:42,000 --> 04:46:45,600
found in local excavations date 
back 8,000 years. 

5450
04:46:45,600 --> 04:46:48,700
Meaning people have been 
harvesting these hillsides since

5451
04:46:48,700 --> 04:46:53,700
before Pottery before metal 
tools and before writing the 

5452
04:46:53,700 --> 04:46:55,300
relationship between humans and 
olives. 

5453
04:46:55,300 --> 04:46:59,500
Here, predates civilization 
itself existing in some form 

5454
04:46:59,500 --> 04:47:02,800
through every era of human 
development, from stone tools, 

5455
04:47:02,800 --> 04:47:06,000
to satellite imagery, The 
Groves, your standing in might 

5456
04:47:06,000 --> 04:47:08,800
not be that ancient but they 
descend from those first 

5457
04:47:08,800 --> 04:47:12,900
cultivated trees in an unbroken 
chain of propagation that spans 

5458
04:47:12,900 --> 04:47:16,600
hundreds of generations, you run
your hand along bark. 

5459
04:47:16,600 --> 04:47:20,100
That feels like frozen time, 
ridges and valleys recording 

5460
04:47:20,100 --> 04:47:22,800
Decades of growth in patterns as
unique as fingerprints. 

5461
04:47:24,100 --> 04:47:26,600
This particular tree is old 
enough, that three people 

5462
04:47:26,600 --> 04:47:28,900
linking hands couldn't encircle 
its trunk. 

5463
04:47:28,900 --> 04:47:31,100
Its Hollow interior could 
shelter. 

5464
04:47:31,100 --> 04:47:34,200
Several children during 
rainstorms yet, it produces 

5465
04:47:34,200 --> 04:47:38,400
fruit as reliably as trees a 
tenth its age, olive trees don't

5466
04:47:38,400 --> 04:47:42,100
age like other plants, they 
don't gradually weaken and die 

5467
04:47:42,100 --> 04:47:45,600
but simply grow thicker more 
gnarled and more impossible 

5468
04:47:45,600 --> 04:47:48,400
looking while maintaining 
Vitality, that seems to 

5469
04:47:48,408 --> 04:47:52,000
contradict everything you 
understand about mortality the 

5470
04:47:52,000 --> 04:47:54,000
archaeologists points out 
ancient stone. 

5471
04:47:54,000 --> 04:47:57,400
Terraces built to prevent soil 
erosion, their construction. 

5472
04:47:57,400 --> 04:48:00,800
So solid they still function 
centuries after the civilization

5473
04:48:00,800 --> 04:48:04,200
that built them vanished, these 
Terraces create level planting 

5474
04:48:04,200 --> 04:48:08,200
areas on sloped, two steep 
agriculture catching rainwater 

5475
04:48:08,200 --> 04:48:11,400
and preserving topsoil, that 
would otherwise wash away during

5476
04:48:11,400 --> 04:48:14,400
winter storms. 
The labor involved in building 

5477
04:48:14,400 --> 04:48:18,000
them was enormous. 
Thousands of hours moving Stones

5478
04:48:18,000 --> 04:48:21,400
leveling ground and creating the
infrastructure necessary for 

5479
04:48:21,400 --> 04:48:23,400
Olive cultivation in challenging
Terrain. 

5480
04:48:24,100 --> 04:48:26,900
Yet the investment proved worth.
While over time frames that 

5481
04:48:26,900 --> 04:48:30,200
dwarf human life. 
Span's you notice evidence of 

5482
04:48:30,200 --> 04:48:34,000
ancient pressing operations. 
Circular depression's carved 

5483
04:48:34,000 --> 04:48:37,900
into Bedrock, where millstone's,
once turned channels that guided

5484
04:48:37,900 --> 04:48:41,400
oil, from pressing platforms to 
collection vessels and anchoring

5485
04:48:41,400 --> 04:48:44,700
points for press beams. 
These installations function for

5486
04:48:44,700 --> 04:48:47,500
Generations before being 
abandoned, when he economic 

5487
04:48:47,500 --> 04:48:51,200
conditions, shifted or 
population's declined, Now 

5488
04:48:51,200 --> 04:48:54,400
they're covered with moss and 
leaves slowly eroding. 

5489
04:48:54,400 --> 04:48:58,300
Their purpose obvious only to 
trained observers The Groves, 

5490
04:48:58,300 --> 04:49:01,700
they served continue producing 
indifferent to whether humans 

5491
04:49:01,700 --> 04:49:04,900
still press their fruit or leave
it to fall and wrote climate 

5492
04:49:04,900 --> 04:49:07,900
patterns, recorded in ice cores 
and Lake sediments reveal. 

5493
04:49:07,900 --> 04:49:10,400
That this region has experienced
dramatic changes. 

5494
04:49:10,400 --> 04:49:13,900
During the olive Groves. 
Existence periods of extreme 

5495
04:49:13,900 --> 04:49:16,100
drought should have killed these
trees yet. 

5496
04:49:16,100 --> 04:49:19,400
Somehow they endured their deep 
roots finding moisture. 

5497
04:49:19,400 --> 04:49:21,800
Other plants, could not access 
Invasion. 

5498
04:49:21,800 --> 04:49:26,100
Swept through repeatedly, armies
burning farms and slaughtering 

5499
04:49:26,100 --> 04:49:29,600
populations but olive trees 
survived because their nearly 

5500
04:49:29,600 --> 04:49:33,200
impossible to kill completely. 
Even if trunk and branches 

5501
04:49:33,200 --> 04:49:37,700
burned to Ash Roots, send up New
Growth, rebuilding from below 

5502
04:49:37,700 --> 04:49:39,700
ground. 
With patients, that makes human 

5503
04:49:39,700 --> 04:49:43,900
urgency seem absurd an ancient 
Olive Tree nearby shows, clear, 

5504
04:49:43,900 --> 04:49:47,500
signs of having been cut down 
then regrowing from the stump 

5505
04:49:47,500 --> 04:49:50,700
creating multiple new trunks 
that fuse together over time. 

5506
04:49:51,500 --> 04:49:54,300
Practice of coppicing olives for
wood, while preserving their 

5507
04:49:54,300 --> 04:49:57,900
root systems allowed Farmers to 
harvest the trees themselves 

5508
04:49:57,900 --> 04:50:02,200
without ending production. 
The regrown trunks might take 20

5509
04:50:02,200 --> 04:50:04,900
years to begin bearing fruit 
again, but in the olives 

5510
04:50:04,900 --> 04:50:08,000
timeline, 20 years is nothing 
barely worth noticing. 

5511
04:50:08,000 --> 04:50:11,900
This one tree is probably been 
cut and regrown five or six 

5512
04:50:11,900 --> 04:50:15,600
times over its existence. 
Each cycle producing Decades of 

5513
04:50:15,600 --> 04:50:18,000
firewood. 
While the roots waited patiently

5514
04:50:18,000 --> 04:50:21,800
for their chance to rebuild, you
sit beneath a massive Olive and 

5515
04:50:21,800 --> 04:50:25,800
try to imagine the lives its 
witnessed People of sat exactly 

5516
04:50:25,800 --> 04:50:29,400
here for centuries seeking shade
from Mediterranean heat. 

5517
04:50:29,400 --> 04:50:34,000
Perhaps eating olives from this 
very tree children, have climbed

5518
04:50:34,000 --> 04:50:37,700
its branches lovers of carved 
initials into bark that later 

5519
04:50:37,700 --> 04:50:41,200
grew over and obscured their 
declaration's battles. 

5520
04:50:41,200 --> 04:50:44,700
May have raged nearby while the 
tree simply continued its slow 

5521
04:50:44,700 --> 04:50:48,500
cycle of flowering and fruiting 
in different to human violets. 

5522
04:50:48,500 --> 04:50:52,000
The tree is probably lived 
through famines plagues Golden 

5523
04:50:52,000 --> 04:50:56,100
Ages, Dark Ages conquests and 
liberation's all while doing 

5524
04:50:56,100 --> 04:50:59,500
nothing but being a tree the 
archaeologists mentioned that 

5525
04:50:59,500 --> 04:51:02,400
olive trees can effectively live
forever through a process of 

5526
04:51:02,400 --> 04:51:06,600
continuous renewal As the 
central trunk ages and Hollows, 

5527
04:51:06,600 --> 04:51:09,000
the tree, sends up new shoots 
from its base. 

5528
04:51:09,000 --> 04:51:11,700
These shoots eventually become 
new trunks. 

5529
04:51:11,700 --> 04:51:13,600
While the old one gradually 
crumbles away. 

5530
04:51:14,400 --> 04:51:18,000
The root system remains unbroken
through this process, meaning 

5531
04:51:18,000 --> 04:51:21,700
the trees identity persists, 
even though none of its above 

5532
04:51:21,700 --> 04:51:24,600
ground Parts, might be original.
Some of the Groves in this 

5533
04:51:24,600 --> 04:51:26,800
region may have been 
continuously alive. 

5534
04:51:26,800 --> 04:51:30,200
Since before humans began 
writing down history, modern 

5535
04:51:30,200 --> 04:51:33,200
threats to these ancient Groves 
come not from the climate or 

5536
04:51:33,200 --> 04:51:35,200
diseases. 
That have always challenged, all

5537
04:51:35,200 --> 04:51:39,100
of cultivation but from economic
changes that make old trees less

5538
04:51:39,100 --> 04:51:41,900
valuable than the land. 
They occupy you've heard of 

5539
04:51:41,900 --> 04:51:45,300
developers cutting down thousand
year old olives to build Resorts

5540
04:51:45,300 --> 04:51:48,800
of ancient Grove's, being 
replaced by crops that produce 

5541
04:51:48,800 --> 04:51:52,700
faster Returns the trees that 
survived every historical 

5542
04:51:52,700 --> 04:51:56,100
catastrophe. 
Now face chainsaws Guided by 

5543
04:51:56,108 --> 04:52:00,400
spreadsheets showing that quick,
profits from destruction exceed,

5544
04:52:00,400 --> 04:52:02,900
the patient income from 
preservation yet. 

5545
04:52:02,900 --> 04:52:06,800
Some Groves remain protected 
recognized as cultural heritage 

5546
04:52:06,800 --> 04:52:09,600
as important as ancient 
buildings or archaeological 

5547
04:52:09,600 --> 04:52:12,200
sites. 
These protected Grove's are 

5548
04:52:12,200 --> 04:52:13,800
maintained using traditional 
methods. 

5549
04:52:14,400 --> 04:52:16,800
Pressed with equipment that 
would be familiar to Farmers 

5550
04:52:16,800 --> 04:52:20,200
from centuries past and 
producing oil marketed 

5551
04:52:20,200 --> 04:52:22,600
specifically as coming from 
ancient trees. 

5552
04:52:22,600 --> 04:52:26,200
Whether the oil actually tastes 
different is debatable but 

5553
04:52:26,200 --> 04:52:30,000
customers pay premium prices for
the connection to history for 

5554
04:52:30,000 --> 04:52:31,700
fruit from trees that they're 
great. 

5555
04:52:31,700 --> 04:52:33,300
Great great. 
Great grandparents might have 

5556
04:52:33,300 --> 04:52:37,000
harvested walking through these 
Groves as afternoon like creates

5557
04:52:37,000 --> 04:52:40,100
dramatic contrast between 
illuminated leaves and Deep 

5558
04:52:40,100 --> 04:52:42,500
Shadows. 
You feel a strange temporal 

5559
04:52:42,500 --> 04:52:45,300
vertigo, everything around you 
looks timeless. 

5560
04:52:45,300 --> 04:52:48,700
It could be a scene from any 
Century in the past 2000 years. 

5561
04:52:48,700 --> 04:52:53,000
The trees have not changed, the 
hillside have not changed. 

5562
04:52:53,000 --> 04:52:57,400
If you squint slightly, you can 
imagine yourself in any era, the

5563
04:52:57,400 --> 04:53:01,000
present, just another moment in 
an endless chain of harvests and

5564
04:53:01,008 --> 04:53:05,800
pressings that extends Beyond 
memory in both directions, the 

5565
04:53:05,800 --> 04:53:07,600
archaeological evidence 
scattered throughout these 

5566
04:53:07,600 --> 04:53:11,000
hillsides tells a story of 
continuous use despite political

5567
04:53:11,000 --> 04:53:13,800
chaos. 
When one Empire collapsed in the

5568
04:53:13,808 --> 04:53:17,200
population Fled within a 
generational, two new people 

5569
04:53:17,200 --> 04:53:19,600
arrived and resumed harvesting 
The Groves. 

5570
04:53:19,600 --> 04:53:23,200
The olive trees themselves 
served as attractants their 

5571
04:53:23,200 --> 04:53:25,300
presence advertising. 
That this land could support 

5572
04:53:25,300 --> 04:53:29,000
human communities abandoned, a 
grain field and within a year, 

5573
04:53:29,008 --> 04:53:32,700
it reverts to Wild grasses. 
But abandoned an Olive Grove and

5574
04:53:32,700 --> 04:53:35,800
decades later. 
It's still there still producing

5575
04:53:35,800 --> 04:53:38,700
still waiting for humans to 
return and resume the 

5576
04:53:38,700 --> 04:53:41,100
partnership. 
You collect a few olives from 

5577
04:53:41,100 --> 04:53:42,900
the ground examining them 
closely. 

5578
04:53:42,900 --> 04:53:46,100
They're the same size and shape 
as the preserved olives 

5579
04:53:46,100 --> 04:53:48,500
archaeologists find in ancient 
shipwrecks. 

5580
04:53:48,500 --> 04:53:52,400
And as the olives depicted in 
frescoes and mosaics from 

5581
04:53:52,400 --> 04:53:56,700
civilizations, that no longer 
exists, the genetic diversity in

5582
04:53:56,700 --> 04:53:58,700
modern Olive. 
Cultivars, is surprisingly 

5583
04:53:58,700 --> 04:54:02,300
narrow suggesting that most 
productive trees, descend from 

5584
04:54:02,300 --> 04:54:06,300
relatively few ancient parents 
that demonstrated Superior 

5585
04:54:06,300 --> 04:54:08,900
characteristics. 
The olive of your holding might 

5586
04:54:08,900 --> 04:54:11,800
be genetically, nearly identical
to olives that fed Roman 

5587
04:54:11,800 --> 04:54:16,300
soldiers, Greek philosophers, 
and Egyptian Traders all the way

5588
04:54:16,300 --> 04:54:19,300
back to whoever first noticed 
that these bitter fruits became 

5589
04:54:19,300 --> 04:54:21,000
delicious after proper 
processing. 

5590
04:54:21,000 --> 04:54:23,600
You're standing in a modern 
Supermarket. 

5591
04:54:23,600 --> 04:54:27,400
Looking at a shelf displaying 
dozens of olive oil varieties. 

5592
04:54:27,400 --> 04:54:32,400
Each bottle promising, superior 
quality, health benefits or 

5593
04:54:32,400 --> 04:54:35,400
authentic tradition. 
The bottles are clear glass or 

5594
04:54:35,400 --> 04:54:37,600
dark green. 
Some with elaborate labels 

5595
04:54:37,600 --> 04:54:41,900
depicting Mediterranean scenes. 
Others with minimalist, designs 

5596
04:54:41,900 --> 04:54:45,900
suggesting sophistication Behind
These modern presentations lies 

5597
04:54:45,900 --> 04:54:48,900
the same substance that flavored
human civilization for 

5598
04:54:48,900 --> 04:54:51,700
millennia. 
Now, reduced to Consumer Choice 

5599
04:54:51,700 --> 04:54:55,400
among competing Brands, you pick
up a bottle, labeled extra 

5600
04:54:55,400 --> 04:54:58,600
virgin reading the fine print, 
that explains what this 

5601
04:54:58,600 --> 04:55:02,600
designation means. 
The oil inside was cold pressed 

5602
04:55:02,600 --> 04:55:06,400
without heat or chemicals from 
olives harvested at optimal 

5603
04:55:06,400 --> 04:55:10,400
ripeness and processed, within 
hours of picking these 

5604
04:55:10,400 --> 04:55:12,600
requirements. 
Echo practices, develop 

5605
04:55:12,600 --> 04:55:15,800
thousands of years ago when 
presses learned through trial 

5606
04:55:15,800 --> 04:55:19,200
and error, that speed care and 
temperature control, produced 

5607
04:55:19,200 --> 04:55:23,200
Superior oil, The terminology is
modern, but the principles are 

5608
04:55:23,200 --> 04:55:26,800
ancient linking, your kitchen to
those of people who live before 

5609
04:55:26,800 --> 04:55:30,400
philosophy or democracy existed 
the price range across. 

5610
04:55:30,400 --> 04:55:34,100
This shelf, is staggering some 
bottles cost as much per liter 

5611
04:55:34,100 --> 04:55:37,100
as an ancient worker earned. 
In a week, While others are 

5612
04:55:37,100 --> 04:55:40,300
cheap enough that oil has become
just another commodity, this 

5613
04:55:40,300 --> 04:55:44,100
democratization represents both 
Triumph and loss. 

5614
04:55:45,000 --> 04:55:47,700
More people can afford olive oil
than ever before in history. 

5615
04:55:47,700 --> 04:55:51,100
But the intimate relationship 
between consumers and producers 

5616
04:55:51,100 --> 04:55:53,700
has been severed. 
You don't know which growth 

5617
04:55:53,700 --> 04:55:57,700
produced this oil whose hands 
harvested these olives, or how 

5618
04:55:57,700 --> 04:56:00,500
many generations, their family 
has been pressing fruit from the

5619
04:56:00,500 --> 04:56:03,600
specific trees. 
The cooking show plays on a 

5620
04:56:03,600 --> 04:56:07,100
screen near the checkout. 
Chef drizzling olive oil over 

5621
04:56:07,100 --> 04:56:10,000
vegetables while explaining how 
it's healthier than butter or 

5622
04:56:10,000 --> 04:56:12,500
other fats. 
The health claims are accurate. 

5623
04:56:12,500 --> 04:56:16,400
Olive, oil does contain 
monounsaturated fats that 

5624
04:56:16,400 --> 04:56:19,900
improve cardiovascular health 
and antioxidants that protect 

5625
04:56:19,900 --> 04:56:22,800
cells and compounds that reduce 
inflammation. 

5626
04:56:22,800 --> 04:56:26,200
But ancient peoples who built 
their Cuisines around olive oil 

5627
04:56:26,200 --> 04:56:28,300
knew. 
None of this using it not 

5628
04:56:28,300 --> 04:56:30,800
because it was healthy but 
because it was available 

5629
04:56:30,800 --> 04:56:35,300
delicious and versatile. 
They stumbled into good health, 

5630
04:56:35,300 --> 04:56:38,500
through culinary tradition. 
Their bodies benefiting from 

5631
04:56:38,500 --> 04:56:40,900
choices made for entirely 
different reasons. 

5632
04:56:40,900 --> 04:56:45,900
You notice organic options oil 
from olives grown without 

5633
04:56:45,900 --> 04:56:48,200
synthetic, pesticides, or 
fertilizers. 

5634
04:56:48,200 --> 04:56:51,400
This marketing implies that 
non-organic methods are 

5635
04:56:51,400 --> 04:56:54,200
standard. 
Now representing, a fundamental 

5636
04:56:54,200 --> 04:56:57,400
shift from traditional Olive 
cultivation, that used no 

5637
04:56:57,400 --> 04:56:59,100
chemicals because they didn't 
exist. 

5638
04:56:59,100 --> 04:57:02,500
The modern organic movement is 
actually a return to ancient 

5639
04:57:02,500 --> 04:57:06,000
practices charging premium 
prices for What was once 

5640
04:57:06,000 --> 04:57:08,900
Universal? 
The irony seems lost on most 

5641
04:57:08,900 --> 04:57:11,000
Shoppers filling their cars 
without considering the 

5642
04:57:11,000 --> 04:57:13,900
historical Arc that brought 
these bottles to this Shelf. 

5643
04:57:14,700 --> 04:57:18,200
At home, you drizzle oil over a 
salad, the action. 

5644
04:57:18,200 --> 04:57:21,300
So casual that you don't pause 
to think about it yet. 

5645
04:57:21,300 --> 04:57:24,300
This simple gesture connects you
to every cook throughout history

5646
04:57:24,300 --> 04:57:28,300
who performed the same motion. 
The oil catches light streaming 

5647
04:57:28,300 --> 04:57:31,400
through your window. 
Exactly as it caught Lamplight. 

5648
04:57:31,400 --> 04:57:34,400
In ancient kitchens. 
It Coats the vegetables. 

5649
04:57:34,400 --> 04:57:36,700
With the same golden Sheen that 
made food. 

5650
04:57:36,700 --> 04:57:40,100
Look appetizing to people whose 
names, nobody remembers the 

5651
04:57:40,100 --> 04:57:43,000
chemistry of fat, interacting 
with plants cells hasn't 

5652
04:57:43,000 --> 04:57:45,800
changed. 
Meaning the salad tastes similar

5653
04:57:45,800 --> 04:57:47,500
to versions eaten 2000 years 
ago. 

5654
04:57:47,500 --> 04:57:51,100
Your bathroom contains olive oil
based soaps and cosmetics 

5655
04:57:51,100 --> 04:57:55,000
products marketed as natural 
alternatives to synthetic 

5656
04:57:55,000 --> 04:57:58,000
options. 
Soap itself was invented partly 

5657
04:57:58,000 --> 04:58:00,900
to replace the oil scraping 
method used in ancient baths 

5658
04:58:00,900 --> 04:58:03,500
yet. 
Now, olive oil soap represents a

5659
04:58:03,500 --> 04:58:05,000
return to more authentic 
cleansing. 

5660
04:58:05,000 --> 04:58:08,600
The circular motion of hygiene 
history, suggests that human 

5661
04:58:08,600 --> 04:58:11,900
needs remain constant while 
Technologies cycle between 

5662
04:58:11,900 --> 04:58:16,200
complexity and simplicity, each 
generation rediscovering 

5663
04:58:16,200 --> 04:58:18,800
benefits that previous 
generations took for granted. 

5664
04:58:18,800 --> 04:58:23,700
You like to can handle petroleum
wax with a cotton wick, creating

5665
04:58:23,700 --> 04:58:26,300
a flame without olive oil for 
the first time in human. 

5666
04:58:26,600 --> 04:58:29,300
Tree candles existed in ancient 
times. 

5667
04:58:29,300 --> 04:58:32,900
But oil, lamps, provided most 
illumination making olive oil, 

5668
04:58:32,900 --> 04:58:36,600
the primary medium through which
people pushed back Darkness, the

5669
04:58:36,600 --> 04:58:40,900
shift from oil to candles to 
gas, to electricity represents 

5670
04:58:40,900 --> 04:58:44,100
increasing separation between 
light and its fuel source. 

5671
04:58:44,100 --> 04:58:47,700
Ancient peoples understood 
exactly what burned when they 

5672
04:58:47,700 --> 04:58:50,200
lit lamps. 
You flip a switch without 

5673
04:58:50,200 --> 04:58:53,300
thinking about the coal or 
natural gas, or nuclear reaction

5674
04:58:53,300 --> 04:58:56,800
generating your electricity a 
Mediterranean restaurant. 

5675
04:58:56,800 --> 04:58:58,900
Nearby advertisers authentic 
Cuisine. 

5676
04:58:58,900 --> 04:59:02,600
Its menu featuring dishes built 
around olive oil in ways that 

5677
04:59:02,600 --> 04:59:04,400
would be familiar to ancient 
diners. 

5678
04:59:04,400 --> 04:59:08,300
Ingredients are identical, the 
cooking methods unchanged in 

5679
04:59:08,300 --> 04:59:11,000
Essentials. 
Yet, the context is completely 

5680
04:59:11,000 --> 04:59:14,100
different. 
Ancient people ate these Foods 

5681
04:59:14,100 --> 04:59:17,300
because they were local and 
available not because they were 

5682
04:59:17,300 --> 04:59:20,500
exotic or healthy. 
The restaurant charges premium 

5683
04:59:20,500 --> 04:59:24,100
prices for authenticity that 
used to be called what we have. 

5684
04:59:24,100 --> 04:59:27,500
Transforming necessity into 
luxury through distance, 

5685
04:59:27,500 --> 04:59:30,900
temporal distance, separating us
from when these Foods were 

5686
04:59:30,900 --> 04:59:33,700
ordinary. 
You read about olive oil, fraud 

5687
04:59:33,700 --> 04:59:37,600
about bottles labeled Italian or
Greek containing oil from North 

5688
04:59:37,600 --> 04:59:42,200
Africa or Spain, and about extra
virgin designations applied to 

5689
04:59:42,208 --> 04:59:44,400
oil. 
That doesn't meet tactical 

5690
04:59:44,400 --> 04:59:47,500
requirements. 
These deceptions Echo ancient 

5691
04:59:47,500 --> 04:59:51,500
problems, Merchants, have always
been tempted to dilute expensive

5692
04:59:51,500 --> 04:59:55,700
oil, with cheaper, alternatives 
to misrepresent Origins, and to 

5693
04:59:55,700 --> 04:59:59,600
sell last year's ranted, oil as 
this year's fresh pressing, the 

5694
04:59:59,600 --> 05:00:03,200
amphora stamps that guaranteed 
quality in ancient markets were 

5695
05:00:03,200 --> 05:00:05,500
responses to fraud that still 
exists. 

5696
05:00:05,500 --> 05:00:09,800
Human nature, remaining constant
across Millennia, a news article

5697
05:00:09,800 --> 05:00:13,000
discusses, how climate change 
threatens traditional Olive 

5698
05:00:13,000 --> 05:00:16,000
growing regions and how Rising 
temperatures and changing 

5699
05:00:16,000 --> 05:00:19,300
rainfall patterns, might shift 
production to areas that 

5700
05:00:19,300 --> 05:00:22,800
previously couldn't support 
olives, the trees themselves can

5701
05:00:22,800 --> 05:00:26,800
adapt, they've survived climate 
changes throughout history, but 

5702
05:00:26,800 --> 05:00:30,300
the cultural connection between 
specific regions and Olive 

5703
05:00:30,300 --> 05:00:34,400
cultivation, might break what 
happens to Greek or Spanish or 

5704
05:00:34,400 --> 05:00:36,600
Italian culinary identity of 
Olives? 

5705
05:00:36,600 --> 05:00:39,900
No longer Thrive there. 
And tradition persist when the 

5706
05:00:39,900 --> 05:00:43,800
material basis for traditional 
disappears, you notice how olive

5707
05:00:43,800 --> 05:00:45,500
oil has become shorthand for 
healthy. 

5708
05:00:45,500 --> 05:00:50,100
Eating the Mediterranean diet 
and lifestyle choices associated

5709
05:00:50,100 --> 05:00:55,100
with longevity and well-being. 
This Association isn't wrong but

5710
05:00:55,100 --> 05:00:58,500
it's incomplete ancient. 
People who consumed olive oil, 

5711
05:00:58,500 --> 05:01:02,300
daily also died young from 
infections and injuries, modern 

5712
05:01:02,300 --> 05:01:05,800
meds, and prevents easily. 
The oil didn't make them healthy

5713
05:01:05,800 --> 05:01:09,200
in any comprehensive sense. 
They simply lacked Alternatives.

5714
05:01:09,200 --> 05:01:13,000
We take for granted separating 
olive oils, actual benefits from

5715
05:01:13,000 --> 05:01:15,900
romanticize versions of 
Mediterranean life requires 

5716
05:01:15,900 --> 05:01:17,600
care. 
That marketing, departments, 

5717
05:01:17,600 --> 05:01:21,600
rarely provide in your pantry. 
A bottle of olive oil sits next 

5718
05:01:21,600 --> 05:01:24,500
to vegetable oil, canola oil, 
and coconut oil. 

5719
05:01:24,500 --> 05:01:26,700
Each suited for different 
purposes. 

5720
05:01:26,700 --> 05:01:30,500
Different heat tolerances and 
different flavor profiles. 

5721
05:01:30,500 --> 05:01:33,900
This, abundance would astonish 
ancient Cooks who used olive oil

5722
05:01:33,900 --> 05:01:36,700
for everything because it was 
the only fat they had in 

5723
05:01:36,700 --> 05:01:39,400
quantity. 
Modern cooking, specialization 

5724
05:01:39,400 --> 05:01:42,400
this oil for sauteing that one 
for baking and another for 

5725
05:01:42,400 --> 05:01:47,100
salads represents both 
sophistication and loss we've 

5726
05:01:47,100 --> 05:01:50,000
gained options but sacrificed 
the intimate knowledge that 

5727
05:01:50,000 --> 05:01:52,900
comes from using a single 
ingredient in every possible. 

5728
05:01:52,900 --> 05:01:55,400
Way. 
You cook dinner using olive oil,

5729
05:01:55,400 --> 05:01:59,100
clean up with all of oil soap 
and moisturize your hands with 

5730
05:01:59,100 --> 05:02:01,900
olive oil lotion. 
All while electric lights 

5731
05:02:01,900 --> 05:02:05,700
eliminate, any need for oil 
lamps Oil persists in Modern 

5732
05:02:05,700 --> 05:02:09,800
Life, but its role is narrowed 
from essential to optional, from

5733
05:02:09,800 --> 05:02:12,500
Universal. 
To particular, you could survive

5734
05:02:12,500 --> 05:02:15,800
comfortably without it 
substituting other fats, and 

5735
05:02:15,800 --> 05:02:18,600
cooking other products for 
cleaning, and moisturizing, and 

5736
05:02:18,600 --> 05:02:22,400
other sources for illumination. 
This optionality represents, the

5737
05:02:22,400 --> 05:02:25,600
fundamental difference between 
your relationship with olive oil

5738
05:02:25,600 --> 05:02:29,500
and that of people for whom it 
was a replaceable yet walking 

5739
05:02:29,500 --> 05:02:32,300
through the supermarket or 
cooking dinner, you 

5740
05:02:32,300 --> 05:02:35,500
occasionally, feel a strange, 
temporal connection, a sense 

5741
05:02:35,508 --> 05:02:38,400
that you're performing actions 
that link you to an unbroken 

5742
05:02:38,400 --> 05:02:41,800
chain of human activity. 
Stretching Back to Before 

5743
05:02:41,800 --> 05:02:45,800
recorded history, when you 
drizzle, all of oil over food, 

5744
05:02:45,800 --> 05:02:48,700
you're doing exactly what 
countless humans have done in 

5745
05:02:48,708 --> 05:02:51,800
the same way for the same 
reasons, the bottle is 

5746
05:02:51,800 --> 05:02:54,900
different, the kitchen is 
different and the context is 

5747
05:02:54,900 --> 05:02:58,800
different, but the action itself
is unchanged in this small 

5748
05:02:58,800 --> 05:03:00,900
gesture. 
You briefly touched the Deep 

5749
05:03:00,900 --> 05:03:05,300
passed, performing a ritual. 
So ancient that its Predate, the

5750
05:03:05,300 --> 05:03:08,800
concept of ritual itself, the 
olive trees in distant Groves. 

5751
05:03:08,800 --> 05:03:12,900
Continue their patient work. 
Flowering each spring fruiting 

5752
05:03:12,900 --> 05:03:16,800
each Autumn and producing the 
same golden liquid that fueled 

5753
05:03:16,800 --> 05:03:19,600
civilizations now studied only 
by archaeologists. 

5754
05:03:19,600 --> 05:03:22,700
Some of those trees might be the
direct descendants. 

5755
05:03:22,700 --> 05:03:26,200
Literally through route, 
propagation of trees, that 

5756
05:03:26,200 --> 05:03:28,200
witnessed events recorded in 
history. 

5757
05:03:28,200 --> 05:03:31,400
As you've read, they connect 
past to present, through living 

5758
05:03:31,400 --> 05:03:36,700
continuity, biology preserving, 
what human memory cannot As long

5759
05:03:36,700 --> 05:03:39,900
as those trees survive as long 
as someone Harvest their fruit 

5760
05:03:39,900 --> 05:03:43,600
and presses into oil, the 
ancient world isn't entirely 

5761
05:03:43,600 --> 05:03:48,400
lost. if flows forward 
year-by-year Harvest by Harvest,

5762
05:03:48,400 --> 05:03:56,700
a golden thread that refuses to 
break, Picture yourself settling

5763
05:03:56,700 --> 05:03:58,700
into your favorite reading chair
on a foggy. 

5764
05:03:58,700 --> 05:04:02,100
Edinburgh evening in 1886. 
The gas lamps. 

5765
05:04:02,100 --> 05:04:05,700
Flicker outside your window, 
casting Shadows on cobblestone 

5766
05:04:05,700 --> 05:04:07,500
streets. 
That seemed to whisper secrets. 

5767
05:04:08,700 --> 05:04:12,000
This exact atmosphere enveloped 
a young medical student named 

5768
05:04:12,000 --> 05:04:16,200
Arthur Conan Doyle as he sat in 
his cramped, flat staring at a 

5769
05:04:16,200 --> 05:04:19,200
blank piece of paper and 
questioning how you would manage

5770
05:04:19,200 --> 05:04:22,400
to pay his rent. 
You know that feeling when 

5771
05:04:22,400 --> 05:04:25,400
you're desperately, trying to 
come up with a brilliant idea in

5772
05:04:25,400 --> 05:04:27,600
your brain, feels like it's been
stuffed with cotton wool. 

5773
05:04:28,500 --> 05:04:31,200
Well, that's precisely where 
Arthur found himself. 

5774
05:04:31,200 --> 05:04:34,800
He'd been scribbling away at 
various stories trying to make a

5775
05:04:34,800 --> 05:04:37,400
name for himself as a writer, 
but nothing seemed to stick. 

5776
05:04:38,000 --> 05:04:41,100
His medical practice was about a
successful as a chocolate teapot

5777
05:04:41,100 --> 05:04:43,700
and his bank account was looking
rather anemic. 

5778
05:04:45,000 --> 05:04:47,000
But here's where the story gets 
captivating. 

5779
05:04:47,000 --> 05:04:51,500
Arthur had been studying under a
professor named Dr. Joseph Bell.

5780
05:04:51,500 --> 05:04:55,600
And this man was absolutely 
extraordinary, not in a flashy. 

5781
05:04:55,600 --> 05:04:58,900
Look at me, sort of way, but in 
a quietly, brilliant fashion, 

5782
05:04:58,900 --> 05:05:02,600
that would make your jaw drop. 
Dr. Belle have this uncanny 

5783
05:05:02,600 --> 05:05:04,700
ability to look at a patient and
deduce. 

5784
05:05:04,700 --> 05:05:07,600
Their entire life story. 
Just from observing the smallest

5785
05:05:07,600 --> 05:05:10,600
details. 
He'd glance at someone's hands 

5786
05:05:10,600 --> 05:05:13,800
and tell them their profession. 
Notice a particular type of mud 

5787
05:05:13,800 --> 05:05:16,600
on their boots and know exactly 
which part of Edinburgh. 

5788
05:05:16,600 --> 05:05:17,800
They'd walk through that 
morning. 

5789
05:05:17,800 --> 05:05:22,100
It was like watching a magician 
except the tricks were real and 

5790
05:05:22,100 --> 05:05:25,300
the magic was simply Keen. 
Observation mixed with logical 

5791
05:05:25,300 --> 05:05:28,000
thinking. 
Arthur would sit in those 

5792
05:05:28,000 --> 05:05:31,800
medical lectures completely 
mesmerized watching Dr. Belle 

5793
05:05:31,800 --> 05:05:33,500
work. 
His deductive Wizardry on 

5794
05:05:33,500 --> 05:05:37,200
unsuspecting patients. 
The excellent doctor would peer 

5795
05:05:37,200 --> 05:05:38,700
at a man's fingernails and 
announce. 

5796
05:05:38,700 --> 05:05:42,300
Ah, I see you're a carpenter, 
who's been working with Oak 

5797
05:05:42,300 --> 05:05:45,000
recently, and judging by that. 
Slight stain, on your thumb, 

5798
05:05:45,000 --> 05:05:47,300
you've been using a particular 
type of varnish. 

5799
05:05:47,300 --> 05:05:49,200
That's only sold in three shots 
in the city. 

5800
05:05:50,300 --> 05:05:52,900
The patients would stare at him,
like he just read their minds 

5801
05:05:52,900 --> 05:05:55,700
but Arthur began to understand 
that it wasn't mine reading at 

5802
05:05:55,700 --> 05:05:57,400
all. 
It was merely the skill of 

5803
05:05:57,400 --> 05:05:58,400
recognizing. 
What? 

5804
05:05:58,400 --> 05:06:01,700
Others missed and linking 
seemingly unconnected elements. 

5805
05:06:02,600 --> 05:06:04,400
Dr. Belle wasn't performing 
magic tricks. 

5806
05:06:04,400 --> 05:06:07,500
He was demonstrating that the 
world is full of Clues. 

5807
05:06:07,500 --> 05:06:08,900
If you just know how to read 
them. 

5808
05:06:10,200 --> 05:06:13,800
As Arthur sat in his flat, that 
foggy evening, the memory of Dr.

5809
05:06:13,800 --> 05:06:16,600
Bell's methods began to 
percolate through his mind, like

5810
05:06:16,600 --> 05:06:21,200
a perfectly brewed cup of tea. 
What if he thought someone could

5811
05:06:21,200 --> 05:06:23,600
solve crime's using the same 
techniques? 

5812
05:06:24,500 --> 05:06:27,300
what if a detective could see, 
not just what happened at a 

5813
05:06:27,300 --> 05:06:33,100
crime scene, but how who, and 
why The idea began to take shape

5814
05:06:33,100 --> 05:06:36,300
slowly like a photograph 
developing in a dark room. 

5815
05:06:37,500 --> 05:06:39,900
Arthur. 
Imagine a tall thin man with 

5816
05:06:39,900 --> 05:06:42,000
sharp features and even sharper 
intellect. 

5817
05:06:42,800 --> 05:06:45,900
He had the ability to enter a 
room and instantly identify the 

5818
05:06:45,900 --> 05:06:48,000
17 details that others had 
overlooked. 

5819
05:06:48,800 --> 05:06:51,900
A person who found the Ordinary 
World rather dull that came 

5820
05:06:51,900 --> 05:06:54,200
alive when presented with a 
puzzle that needed solving. 

5821
05:06:55,500 --> 05:06:59,500
And so in that small Edinburgh, 
flat with the fog pressing 

5822
05:06:59,500 --> 05:07:02,100
against the windows and the 
Gaslamp flickering on his desk. 

5823
05:07:02,100 --> 05:07:05,100
Arthur Conan Doyle began to 
write about a Consulting 

5824
05:07:05,100 --> 05:07:09,100
detective named Sherlock Holmes.
He had no idea that he was about

5825
05:07:09,100 --> 05:07:11,700
to create the most famous 
fictional detective in history 

5826
05:07:11,700 --> 05:07:15,200
or that over a century later. 
People would still be arguing 

5827
05:07:15,200 --> 05:07:16,700
about whether Holmes was real or
not. 

5828
05:07:17,600 --> 05:07:20,600
Dr. Bell's methods, didn't just 
Inspire the character Arthur 

5829
05:07:20,600 --> 05:07:24,700
created, he was a blend of 
Victorian anxieties, scientific 

5830
05:07:24,700 --> 05:07:27,900
optimism and the growing belief 
that logic could solve any 

5831
05:07:27,900 --> 05:07:30,500
problem. 
Holmes, represented everything. 

5832
05:07:30,500 --> 05:07:33,800
The Victorian era wanted to 
believe about itself, that 

5833
05:07:33,800 --> 05:07:37,200
reason would try out for chaos. 
That careful observation could 

5834
05:07:37,200 --> 05:07:40,600
reveal truth and that even the 
most complex Mysteries could be 

5835
05:07:40,600 --> 05:07:42,700
unraveled by a sufficiently 
clever mind. 

5836
05:07:43,600 --> 05:07:46,200
Little did Arthur know that his 
creation would outlive him 

5837
05:07:46,200 --> 05:07:50,100
outgrow him and eventually 
become more real to many people 

5838
05:07:50,100 --> 05:07:53,400
than the man who dreamed him up.
Let's delve deeper into Doctor, 

5839
05:07:53,400 --> 05:07:57,000
Joseph Bell as comprehending, 
him is akin to comprehending the

5840
05:07:57,000 --> 05:07:58,400
hidden element in your 
grandmother's. 

5841
05:07:58,400 --> 05:08:01,700
Renowned recipe without him. 
There would be no Sherlock 

5842
05:08:01,700 --> 05:08:04,900
Holmes, and the world would be a
significantly less interesting 

5843
05:08:04,900 --> 05:08:07,400
place. 
Dr. Belle wasn't your typical 

5844
05:08:07,400 --> 05:08:10,400
Victorian gentleman. 
While other doctors of his era 

5845
05:08:10,400 --> 05:08:12,400
were still debating. 
Whether washing hands between 

5846
05:08:12,400 --> 05:08:15,900
patients was really necessary. 
Bell was revolutionizing the 

5847
05:08:15,900 --> 05:08:17,900
entire approach to medical 
diagnosis. 

5848
05:08:17,900 --> 05:08:21,400
He believed that a doctor's job 
wasn't just to treat symptoms 

5849
05:08:21,400 --> 05:08:24,700
but to become a detective of the
human body piecing together 

5850
05:08:24,700 --> 05:08:28,100
Clues to solve the mystery of 
what was actually wrong with a 

5851
05:08:28,100 --> 05:08:31,000
patient. 
Imagine walking into his 

5852
05:08:31,000 --> 05:08:32,800
classroom at the University of 
Edinburgh. 

5853
05:08:32,800 --> 05:08:36,100
The room would be thick with 
anticipation, the students, 

5854
05:08:36,100 --> 05:08:38,800
waited to see what Miracle of 
deduction, their Professor would

5855
05:08:38,800 --> 05:08:42,000
perform that day. 
Bellwood of volunteer patient 

5856
05:08:42,000 --> 05:08:44,700
prompting, a helpless individual
to shuffle forward. 

5857
05:08:44,700 --> 05:08:48,400
Like he pondering their current 
circumstances, Bellwood 

5858
05:08:48,400 --> 05:08:50,000
meticulously, circle around 
them. 

5859
05:08:50,000 --> 05:08:54,300
His Keen eyes scrutinizing, 
every detail, are you might say 

5860
05:08:54,300 --> 05:08:58,100
stroking, his chin thoughtfully.
I see you recently returned from

5861
05:08:58,100 --> 05:09:01,600
the continent, Germany. 
I'd say on the particular type 

5862
05:09:01,600 --> 05:09:04,800
of clay under your fingernails, 
your regarding by profession. 

5863
05:09:04,800 --> 05:09:07,100
But you've been doing some 
carpentry work lately. 

5864
05:09:07,100 --> 05:09:11,100
Oak judging by the wood shavings
in your hair and that slight 

5865
05:09:11,100 --> 05:09:13,600
limp suggest you injured. 
Your left leg about three weeks 

5866
05:09:13,600 --> 05:09:17,500
ago, probably from a fall. the 
patient would not in amazement 

5867
05:09:17,500 --> 05:09:20,000
confirming every detail while 
the student scribbled 

5868
05:09:20,000 --> 05:09:23,600
frantically in their notebooks 
trying to capture the magic, But

5869
05:09:23,600 --> 05:09:25,100
Bell would always explain his 
reasoning. 

5870
05:09:25,100 --> 05:09:27,500
The clay was a specific type 
found. 

5871
05:09:27,500 --> 05:09:31,500
Only in certain German regions. 
Calluses on the man's hands 

5872
05:09:31,500 --> 05:09:33,600
showed the pattern of someone 
who worked with plants. 

5873
05:09:33,600 --> 05:09:37,100
But had recently been gripping, 
different tools, the wood 

5874
05:09:37,100 --> 05:09:40,100
shavings were a clear indicator 
and the man's preference for his

5875
05:09:40,108 --> 05:09:42,600
right leg during walking 
revealed, a recent injury. 

5876
05:09:43,800 --> 05:09:46,500
What made Bell. 
Truly extraordinary wasn't just 

5877
05:09:46,500 --> 05:09:48,400
his powers of observation, 
though. 

5878
05:09:48,400 --> 05:09:51,900
Those were remarkable but his 
ability to teach others to see 

5879
05:09:51,900 --> 05:09:54,800
the world differently. 
He would tell his students that 

5880
05:09:54,800 --> 05:09:56,900
most people looked but didn't 
observe. 

5881
05:09:56,900 --> 05:10:01,600
They saw a man with dirty hands 
and thought laborer, but they 

5882
05:10:01,600 --> 05:10:04,300
missed the specific type of dirt
that could tell them exactly 

5883
05:10:04,300 --> 05:10:06,900
what kind of work he did and 
where he'd been doing it. 

5884
05:10:07,600 --> 05:10:09,300
Hell. 
Had this wonderful way of making

5885
05:10:09,300 --> 05:10:12,800
the ordinary seem extraordinary.
He'd pick up a walking. 

5886
05:10:12,800 --> 05:10:15,700
Stick left behind by a patient 
and turn it into a treasure 

5887
05:10:15,700 --> 05:10:18,800
Trove of information. 
The wear patterns on the handle 

5888
05:10:18,800 --> 05:10:22,100
could tell him if the owner was 
left or right handed the type of

5889
05:10:22,100 --> 05:10:24,400
wooden Crosman, ship reveal 
their social class. 

5890
05:10:25,200 --> 05:10:28,000
Scratches and dents told stories
of how it had been used. 

5891
05:10:28,000 --> 05:10:31,300
Even the height of the stick 
provided clues about the owner 

5892
05:10:31,300 --> 05:10:34,800
statue and gate Arthur Conan 
Doyle would sit in these 

5893
05:10:34,800 --> 05:10:38,200
demonstrations. 
Absolutely captivated years 

5894
05:10:38,200 --> 05:10:41,100
later he would write about Dr. 
Belle with obvious affection, 

5895
05:10:41,100 --> 05:10:44,000
describing him as a man who 
could diagnose, not just 

5896
05:10:44,000 --> 05:10:47,900
diseases. 
But entire life, stories, Bell 

5897
05:10:47,900 --> 05:10:50,400
became Arthur's model for what a
truly observant person could 

5898
05:10:50,400 --> 05:10:52,000
achieve. 
And those classroom 

5899
05:10:52,000 --> 05:10:54,400
demonstrations became the 
blueprint for countless 

5900
05:10:54,400 --> 05:10:58,600
Sherlock, Holmes Adventures, but
here's something delightfully 

5901
05:10:58,600 --> 05:11:00,100
ironic about the whole 
situation. 

5902
05:11:01,200 --> 05:11:03,700
Dr. Belle, the man who inspired 
the world's most famous 

5903
05:11:03,700 --> 05:11:06,800
detective was, actually quite 
modest about his abilities. 

5904
05:11:06,800 --> 05:11:10,300
He insisted that his methods 
were magical or even 

5905
05:11:10,300 --> 05:11:13,400
particularly difficult. 
They just required patience 

5906
05:11:13,400 --> 05:11:16,600
practice, and a willingness to 
pay attention to details. 

5907
05:11:16,600 --> 05:11:18,700
That others ignored. 
Bellwood. 

5908
05:11:18,700 --> 05:11:21,500
Often say that the key to his 
success was simply remembering 

5909
05:11:21,500 --> 05:11:25,200
that every person carries their 
story written on their body, in 

5910
05:11:25,200 --> 05:11:28,500
their clothes and in their 
mannerisms, most people he 

5911
05:11:28,500 --> 05:11:31,100
explained are so focused on 
looking ahead that they never 

5912
05:11:31,100 --> 05:11:33,900
really look around. 
They missed the poetry written 

5913
05:11:33,900 --> 05:11:35,800
in. 
Calluses the stories told by 

5914
05:11:35,800 --> 05:11:38,700
shoe leather and the novels 
hidden in the way someone holds 

5915
05:11:38,700 --> 05:11:41,700
their shoulders. 
When Arthur finally created 

5916
05:11:41,700 --> 05:11:44,200
Sherlock Holmes, he was 
essentially asking the question.

5917
05:11:44,200 --> 05:11:47,400
What if someone took Dr? 
Bell's methods and applied them?

5918
05:11:47,400 --> 05:11:51,800
Not to medicine but to cry. 
What if that Keen eye for detail

5919
05:11:51,800 --> 05:11:54,600
and logical mind were turned 
towards solving Mysteries and 

5920
05:11:54,600 --> 05:11:58,700
stead of diagnosing illnesses. 
The result was a character who 

5921
05:11:58,700 --> 05:12:01,600
could walk into a room and 
immediately see things that 

5922
05:12:01,600 --> 05:12:05,100
would take Ordinary People hours
to notice if they notice them at

5923
05:12:05,100 --> 05:12:06,900
all. 
Let's transport ourselves to 

5924
05:12:06,900 --> 05:12:10,100
Victorian London for a moment 
because understanding the world 

5925
05:12:10,100 --> 05:12:12,600
that embraced Sherlock, Holmes 
is like understanding why 

5926
05:12:12,600 --> 05:12:16,600
certain songs become hits. 
It's all about timing atmosphere

5927
05:12:16,600 --> 05:12:19,900
and what people desperately need
to hear at exactly the right 

5928
05:12:19,900 --> 05:12:23,600
moment. 
Picture London in the 1890s and 

5929
05:12:23,600 --> 05:12:26,200
you'll find yourself in a city 
that was both magnificent and 

5930
05:12:26,200 --> 05:12:31,000
terrifying often simultaneously.
The industrial revolution had 

5931
05:12:31,000 --> 05:12:35,000
transformed it into this massive
sprawling, Beast of a metropolis

5932
05:12:35,000 --> 05:12:37,900
with over 4 million. 
People crammed into space is 

5933
05:12:37,900 --> 05:12:40,100
that had been designed for maybe
a quarter of that number. 

5934
05:12:41,100 --> 05:12:43,900
The city was growing so fast 
that it seemed to be bursting at

5935
05:12:43,900 --> 05:12:46,800
the seams like a sausage that's 
been overstuffed. 

5936
05:12:46,800 --> 05:12:49,300
You'd walk down streets where 
magnificent. 

5937
05:12:49,300 --> 05:12:52,800
Victorian Mansion stood just a 
few blocks away from slums that 

5938
05:12:52,800 --> 05:12:56,700
would make your stomach turn. 
The contrast was jarring, one 

5939
05:12:56,700 --> 05:12:59,800
moment, you might be strolling 
past elegant gas-lit boulevards 

5940
05:12:59,800 --> 05:13:02,900
where well-dressed gentleman tip
their hats to ladies in labret 

5941
05:13:02,900 --> 05:13:05,100
bustles. 
And the next you'd find yourself

5942
05:13:05,100 --> 05:13:08,900
in narrow fog, choked Alleyways,
where the sun, barely penetrated

5943
05:13:08,900 --> 05:13:10,700
and danger looked around every 
corner. 

5944
05:13:11,500 --> 05:13:13,500
This was the London of Jack, the
Ripper after all. 

5945
05:13:14,800 --> 05:13:16,600
The very real terror of those 
unsolved. 

5946
05:13:16,600 --> 05:13:19,400
Murders had gripped, the city 
just a few years before Holmes 

5947
05:13:19,400 --> 05:13:22,300
made his debut. 
People were genuinely frightened

5948
05:13:22,300 --> 05:13:24,500
and the police seemed completely
baffled. 

5949
05:13:25,200 --> 05:13:28,700
The idea that someone could 
commit such horrible crimes and 

5950
05:13:28,700 --> 05:13:32,100
simply vanish into the urban 
maze was deeply, unsettling to a

5951
05:13:32,100 --> 05:13:34,500
society that prided itself on 
order and progress. 

5952
05:13:35,400 --> 05:13:36,800
But here's where it gets 
intriguing. 

5953
05:13:37,400 --> 05:13:39,800
This era was also the age of 
scientific optimism. 

5954
05:13:39,800 --> 05:13:43,100
People believe that rational 
thinking and careful observation

5955
05:13:43,100 --> 05:13:46,600
could solve any problem, Darwin 
had shown them that even the 

5956
05:13:46,600 --> 05:13:49,100
mysteries of human existence 
could be unraveled through 

5957
05:13:49,100 --> 05:13:52,100
patient study. 
Electric lights, were beginning 

5958
05:13:52,100 --> 05:13:55,200
to push back the darkness, and 
the telegraph was shrinking. 

5959
05:13:55,200 --> 05:13:57,900
The world. 
There was this wonderful sense 

5960
05:13:57,900 --> 05:14:00,600
that Humanity was on the verge 
of conquering all the great 

5961
05:14:00,600 --> 05:14:04,200
mysteries of existence. 
In this mixture of fear and 

5962
05:14:04,200 --> 05:14:07,600
hopes step Sherlock Holmes, and 
he was Flawless for the moment. 

5963
05:14:07,600 --> 05:14:11,300
This character could make sense 
of the chaos of city life. 

5964
05:14:11,300 --> 05:14:15,600
He could walk into the most 
baffling situation and through 

5965
05:14:15,600 --> 05:14:18,800
pure logic and observation 
restore auditor to the world. 

5966
05:14:18,800 --> 05:14:22,600
He was like a lighthouse in a 
storm cutting through the fog of

5967
05:14:22,600 --> 05:14:24,800
uncertainty, with the bright 
beam of reason. 

5968
05:14:25,900 --> 05:14:27,400
The timing couldn't have been 
better. 

5969
05:14:27,400 --> 05:14:31,300
People wanted stories that show 
the world made sense that every 

5970
05:14:31,300 --> 05:14:34,600
problem had a solution and that 
good could win over evil through

5971
05:14:34,600 --> 05:14:37,100
cleverness, rather than luck or 
divine intervention. 

5972
05:14:38,300 --> 05:14:41,000
Holmes represented, the 
Victorian dream of the rational 

5973
05:14:41,000 --> 05:14:44,200
man who could solve any puzzle. 
If he just applied enough 

5974
05:14:44,200 --> 05:14:45,600
intelligence and careful 
observation. 

5975
05:14:46,900 --> 05:14:49,600
But there was another layer to 
London's Readiness for homes. 

5976
05:14:49,600 --> 05:14:53,600
The city had transformed into a 
vibrant Hub of individuals from 

5977
05:14:53,600 --> 05:14:56,500
diverse backgrounds. 
In a single day, you might 

5978
05:14:56,500 --> 05:15:00,100
encounter a Russian count, a 
Chinese Merchant and Irish 

5979
05:15:00,100 --> 05:15:04,300
Docker and a Scottish Professor.
Each person carried Their Own 

5980
05:15:04,300 --> 05:15:08,700
Story, their own secrets and 
their own Mysteries The city 

5981
05:15:08,700 --> 05:15:11,800
itself had become a kind of 
living breathing puzzle and 

5982
05:15:11,800 --> 05:15:14,400
people were fascinated by the 
idea that someone could read the

5983
05:15:14,400 --> 05:15:15,800
clues. 
Hidden in plain sight. 

5984
05:15:16,800 --> 05:15:19,800
The police blessed their hearts 
were doing their best, but they 

5985
05:15:19,800 --> 05:15:22,800
were essentially using medieval 
methods to solve modern crime. 

5986
05:15:23,700 --> 05:15:26,400
They heavily relied on 
confession, I witnessed 

5987
05:15:26,400 --> 05:15:28,800
testimony and capturing 
criminals in the act. 

5988
05:15:29,500 --> 05:15:33,000
The idea of carefully examining 
a crime scene for clues of using

5989
05:15:33,000 --> 05:15:36,100
scientific methods to analyze 
evidence of building a case 

5990
05:15:36,108 --> 05:15:39,200
through logical deduction. 
These were revolutionary 

5991
05:15:39,200 --> 05:15:41,600
Concepts that most real 
detectives hadn't even 

5992
05:15:41,600 --> 05:15:44,200
considered. 
So when readers opened those 

5993
05:15:44,200 --> 05:15:47,200
early Holmes stories, they won't
just getting entertainment. 

5994
05:15:47,200 --> 05:15:50,200
They were getting a glimpse of 
what crime solving could be like

5995
05:15:50,200 --> 05:15:52,100
if someone really smart was in 
charge. 

5996
05:15:53,700 --> 05:15:56,700
Holmes represented everything 
that Victorian readers, wish 

5997
05:15:56,700 --> 05:16:00,100
their actual police force. 
Could be observant, logical, 

5998
05:16:00,100 --> 05:16:04,500
Incorruptible and successful. 
The story is also tapped into 

5999
05:16:04,500 --> 05:16:06,200
something deeply satisfying 
about. 

6000
05:16:06,200 --> 05:16:09,400
The Victorian belief in 
progress, here was proof that 

6001
05:16:09,400 --> 05:16:13,200
human intelligence properly 
applied, could triumph over any 

6002
05:16:13,200 --> 05:16:16,700
challenge Holmes never solved 
crimes, through luck or 

6003
05:16:16,700 --> 05:16:18,800
accident. 
He solved them, through careful 

6004
05:16:18,800 --> 05:16:22,800
observation, logical thinking 
and refusing to accept that any 

6005
05:16:22,800 --> 05:16:26,200
mystery was unsolvable. 
This was a society that was 

6006
05:16:26,200 --> 05:16:28,300
simultaneously proud of its 
achievements. 

6007
05:16:28,300 --> 05:16:31,600
And worried about its problems, 
crime was Rising. 

6008
05:16:31,600 --> 05:16:34,900
The cities were becoming more 
complex and dangerous and 

6009
05:16:34,900 --> 05:16:36,700
traditional Solutions were not 
working. 

6010
05:16:37,500 --> 05:16:39,800
Home's, offered hope that 
intelligence and Method, could 

6011
05:16:39,800 --> 05:16:42,500
restore order to a world that 
sometimes seem to be spinning 

6012
05:16:42,500 --> 05:16:44,900
out of control. 
Now, here's where our story 

6013
05:16:44,900 --> 05:16:48,200
takes a fascinating turn because
Arthur Conan Doyle, didn't just 

6014
05:16:48,200 --> 05:16:51,500
create a character he 
accidentally invented an entire 

6015
05:16:51,500 --> 05:16:54,100
literary. 
Genre Before the arrival of 

6016
05:16:54,100 --> 05:16:56,900
home's crime, fiction lacked a 
crucial component. 

6017
05:16:56,900 --> 05:17:01,500
You see crime stories existed 
before homes, but they were 

6018
05:17:01,500 --> 05:17:04,500
quite different creatures. 
Most of them were Sensational 

6019
05:17:04,500 --> 05:17:07,100
Tales focused on the gruesome 
details of murders. 

6020
05:17:07,100 --> 05:17:09,100
All the dramatic capture of 
villains. 

6021
05:17:10,000 --> 05:17:12,700
They were less about solving 
puzzles and more about shocking 

6022
05:17:12,700 --> 05:17:14,500
readers with Tales of urban 
horror. 

6023
05:17:15,600 --> 05:17:18,300
Think of them as the Victorian 
equivalent of those breathless 

6024
05:17:18,300 --> 05:17:20,400
newspaper headlines. 
You see at the grocery store 

6025
05:17:20,400 --> 05:17:23,800
checkout designed to grab 
attention, rather than Engage 

6026
05:17:23,800 --> 05:17:26,300
The Mind. 
The few detective stories that 

6027
05:17:26,300 --> 05:17:29,800
did exist were often clumsy 
Affairs where the solution came 

6028
05:17:29,800 --> 05:17:33,100
out of nowhere, like a magician,
pulling a rabbit from a hat 

6029
05:17:33,100 --> 05:17:36,700
without showing it to you first.
Readers were expected to sit 

6030
05:17:36,700 --> 05:17:39,500
back and be amazed rather than 
participate in the solving 

6031
05:17:39,500 --> 05:17:41,900
process. 
It was entertaining but it 

6032
05:17:41,900 --> 05:17:43,700
wasn't particularly satisfying 
entertainment. 

6033
05:17:44,800 --> 05:17:47,400
Then Along came home and 
suddenly everything changed 

6034
05:17:47,400 --> 05:17:51,100
Arthur created, what would 
become known as Fair played 

6035
05:17:51,100 --> 05:17:54,400
Detective fiction stories where 
the reader was giving all the 

6036
05:17:54,400 --> 05:17:58,000
same Clues as the detective and 
could theoretically solve the 

6037
05:17:58,000 --> 05:18:01,500
mystery themselves. 
Of course, most of us would miss

6038
05:18:01,500 --> 05:18:04,500
the significance of tobacco, Ash
patterns, all the 17 different 

6039
05:18:04,500 --> 05:18:07,500
types of footprints, but the 
clues were there for anyone. 

6040
05:18:07,500 --> 05:18:10,200
Sharp enough to spot them. 
This Innovation was 

6041
05:18:10,200 --> 05:18:14,000
revolutionary instead of just 
reading about crime, people 

6042
05:18:14,000 --> 05:18:17,600
could now participate in solving
them Arthur had turned passive 

6043
05:18:17,600 --> 05:18:20,700
entertainment in to an 
interactive experience readers. 

6044
05:18:20,700 --> 05:18:23,300
Would eagerly follow homes 
through his investigations, 

6045
05:18:23,300 --> 05:18:25,200
trying to spot the clues 
themselves. 

6046
05:18:25,200 --> 05:18:28,200
Attempting to deduce the 
solution before the brilliant. 

6047
05:18:28,200 --> 05:18:31,500
Detective revealed it, It was 
akin to the difference between 

6048
05:18:31,500 --> 05:18:34,400
observing someone play a game 
and engaging in it yourself. 

6049
05:18:35,400 --> 05:18:37,600
But Arthur's Innovation went 
deeper than just including 

6050
05:18:37,600 --> 05:18:40,100
Clues. 
He devised an impeccable and 

6051
05:18:40,100 --> 05:18:43,300
gratifying framework for 
detective stories, which remains

6052
05:18:43,300 --> 05:18:46,200
in use today. 
Every home story follows a 

6053
05:18:46,200 --> 05:18:49,200
similar pattern. 
A baffling mystery is presented 

6054
05:18:49,200 --> 05:18:51,400
homes. 
Observes details, that others 

6055
05:18:51,400 --> 05:18:53,700
Miss. 
He forms a theory based on 

6056
05:18:53,700 --> 05:18:56,400
logical deduction and then he 
proves his theory through. 

6057
05:18:56,400 --> 05:18:59,900
Dramatic revelation. 
Once you've immersed yourself in

6058
05:18:59,900 --> 05:19:03,600
this, well, choreographed dance.
Other types of crime stories. 

6059
05:19:03,600 --> 05:19:07,100
Begin to feel incomplete. 
The Genius of this structure is 

6060
05:19:07,100 --> 05:19:09,500
that it mirrors the way our 
minds work when we're trying to 

6061
05:19:09,500 --> 05:19:12,600
solve a problem? 
We gather information, we form 

6062
05:19:12,600 --> 05:19:15,800
hypotheses, we test them and we 
reach conclusions. 

6063
05:19:17,000 --> 05:19:19,600
Holmes's stories felt natural 
because they followed the same 

6064
05:19:19,600 --> 05:19:22,800
thought processes that readers 
used in their own lives just 

6065
05:19:22,800 --> 05:19:26,800
with much more dramatic Stakes. 
Arthur also created something 

6066
05:19:26,800 --> 05:19:30,400
that hadn't existed before the 
recurring detective character. 

6067
05:19:31,400 --> 05:19:33,600
Previous crime stories 
typically, featured different 

6068
05:19:33,600 --> 05:19:36,700
protagonists in each Tale. 
But home's was the same. 

6069
05:19:36,700 --> 05:19:40,200
Brilliant detective in every 
story, growing more familiar to 

6070
05:19:40,200 --> 05:19:41,400
readers with the beach 
Adventure. 

6071
05:19:42,400 --> 05:19:44,400
People began to feel like they 
knew him personally. 

6072
05:19:44,400 --> 05:19:47,200
Like he was a friend. 
They could rely on to make sense

6073
05:19:47,200 --> 05:19:50,500
of a confusing world. 
This familiarity allowed Arthur 

6074
05:19:50,500 --> 05:19:52,800
to develop homes as character in
ways that wouldn't have been 

6075
05:19:52,800 --> 05:19:54,700
possible with one-off 
protagonists. 

6076
05:19:55,500 --> 05:19:58,400
Readers learned about his 
habits, his methods, his 

6077
05:19:58,400 --> 05:20:02,400
preferences and even his 
weaknesses, Holmes became real 

6078
05:20:02,400 --> 05:20:04,800
to people in a way that few 
fictional characters ever 

6079
05:20:04,800 --> 05:20:07,300
achieve. 
He wasn't just a problem solving

6080
05:20:07,300 --> 05:20:09,600
machine. 
He was a person with quirks and 

6081
05:20:09,600 --> 05:20:11,600
flaws and a distinctive 
personality. 

6082
05:20:12,700 --> 05:20:15,600
The success of homes is stories.
Also established the template 

6083
05:20:15,600 --> 05:20:19,400
for the detective sidekick Dr. 
Watson played a crucial role as 

6084
05:20:19,400 --> 05:20:21,100
the reader's representative in 
the story. 

6085
05:20:21,100 --> 05:20:24,400
He was intelligent enough to 
understand home's explanation, 

6086
05:20:24,400 --> 05:20:27,700
but not so brilliant that he 
could solve the mystery himself.

6087
05:20:27,700 --> 05:20:31,300
He asked the question that 
readers wanted to ask and 

6088
05:20:31,300 --> 05:20:33,900
expressed the amazement of 
viewers felt when home's 

6089
05:20:33,900 --> 05:20:37,600
revealed his deductions Arthur 
stumbled upon something that 

6090
05:20:37,600 --> 05:20:40,200
would become one of the most 
enduring formulas in all of 

6091
05:20:40,200 --> 05:20:42,800
literature. 
The brilliant detective, the 

6092
05:20:42,800 --> 05:20:46,700
loyal companion, the baffling 
mystery, the careful 

6093
05:20:46,700 --> 05:20:49,100
investigation, The Logical 
solution. 

6094
05:20:49,100 --> 05:20:52,900
These elements were so perfectly
balanced that they created a 

6095
05:20:52,900 --> 05:20:55,400
template that countless writers 
would follow for the next 

6096
05:20:55,400 --> 05:20:58,700
century and beyond. 
What's particularly remarkable 

6097
05:20:58,700 --> 05:21:01,400
is that Arthur didn't set out to
create a new genre. 

6098
05:21:01,400 --> 05:21:04,800
He was merely attempting to 
craft entertaining stories that 

6099
05:21:04,800 --> 05:21:07,700
would contribute to his 
financial stability, but in 

6100
05:21:07,700 --> 05:21:11,300
creating homes, he attacked into
something fundamental about how 

6101
05:21:11,300 --> 05:21:15,000
human minds work and what kinds 
of stories satisfy us at the 

6102
05:21:15,008 --> 05:21:17,700
deepest level. 
The impact was immediate and 

6103
05:21:17,700 --> 05:21:20,800
Lasting other writers began 
creating their own detective 

6104
05:21:20,800 --> 05:21:23,200
characters, but they all 
followed the homes model. 

6105
05:21:24,400 --> 05:21:27,100
The genre that Arthur had 
accidentally invented became one

6106
05:21:27,100 --> 05:21:30,400
of the most popular forms of 
fiction, spawning, thousands of 

6107
05:21:30,400 --> 05:21:34,900
books, plays movies and 
television shows, here's where 

6108
05:21:34,900 --> 05:21:38,000
our story takes an ironic twist,
that would make home himself, 

6109
05:21:38,000 --> 05:21:42,600
smile, Riley, Arthur Conan 
Doyle, having created the most 

6110
05:21:42,600 --> 05:21:46,000
beloved detective in literary. 
History began to view his 

6111
05:21:46,000 --> 05:21:48,000
Creation with something 
approaching horror. 

6112
05:21:48,600 --> 05:21:50,900
It's like watching someone 
create a beautiful garden and 

6113
05:21:50,900 --> 05:21:53,300
then become frustrated when 
everyone wants to talk about the

6114
05:21:53,300 --> 05:21:57,600
flowers and the vegetables you 
see Arthur had bigger Ambitions 

6115
05:21:57,600 --> 05:22:01,300
than writing detective stories, 
he fancied himself, a serious 

6116
05:22:01,300 --> 05:22:04,300
literary author, the kind who 
would write important historical

6117
05:22:04,300 --> 05:22:07,000
novels that would be studied in 
universities for Generations. 

6118
05:22:07,000 --> 05:22:10,800
He dreamed of crafting sweeping 
epics about medieval, knights 

6119
05:22:10,800 --> 05:22:14,600
and Noble causes stories that 
would Elevate the human spirit 

6120
05:22:14,600 --> 05:22:17,300
and earn him a place among the 
foremost literary Masters. 

6121
05:22:17,300 --> 05:22:21,000
But every time he published a 
historical novel readers would 

6122
05:22:21,000 --> 05:22:24,500
politely applaud and then 
immediately asked when's the 

6123
05:22:24,508 --> 05:22:27,700
next home Story coming out it 
was like being a chef who 

6124
05:22:27,700 --> 05:22:30,400
creates an elaborate seven 
course meal only to have 

6125
05:22:30,400 --> 05:22:33,800
everyone ignore the artistically
arranged vegetables and ask for 

6126
05:22:33,800 --> 05:22:37,700
more of the simple bread rolls. 
The problem was that home's have

6127
05:22:37,700 --> 05:22:41,800
become phenomenally successful. 
By the 1890s Arthur was earning 

6128
05:22:41,800 --> 05:22:44,500
more money from his detective 
stories than he had ever dreamed

6129
05:22:44,500 --> 05:22:47,100
possible. 
The Strand magazine was paying 

6130
05:22:47,100 --> 05:22:50,000
him handsomely for each new 
home's adventure, and readers, 

6131
05:22:50,000 --> 05:22:53,100
couldn't get enough of them, 
however, Arthur realized that 

6132
05:22:53,108 --> 05:22:55,100
success could also be a form of 
isolation. 

6133
05:22:55,100 --> 05:22:58,900
He began to feel like home's was
overshadowing everything else he

6134
05:22:58,900 --> 05:23:01,800
wanted to accomplish. 
People introduced him as the 

6135
05:23:01,800 --> 05:23:05,300
creator of Sherlock Holmes. 
Not as the author of historical 

6136
05:23:05,300 --> 05:23:09,000
novels about medieval England, 
his serious literary work was 

6137
05:23:09,000 --> 05:23:12,700
being treated as a side project.
While his detective stories were

6138
05:23:12,700 --> 05:23:16,500
considered his main achievement 
It was deeply frustrating for a 

6139
05:23:16,500 --> 05:23:18,700
man who had worked. 
So hard to establish himself as 

6140
05:23:18,700 --> 05:23:22,400
a serious writer. 
In 1893 Arthur made one of the 

6141
05:23:22,400 --> 05:23:24,500
most shocking decisions in 
literary history. 

6142
05:23:24,500 --> 05:23:26,700
Bringing the situation to its 
peak. 

6143
05:23:26,700 --> 05:23:29,100
He decided to kill off Sherlock 
Holmes. 

6144
05:23:29,100 --> 05:23:33,200
He did not kill off Sherlock. 
Holmes gradually through old age

6145
05:23:33,200 --> 05:23:37,400
or in a subtle manner instead, 
he did so dramatically in a 

6146
05:23:37,408 --> 05:23:41,300
story called the final problem, 
he sent home's tumbling over the

6147
05:23:41,300 --> 05:23:44,100
Reichenbach Falls in. 
Switzerland locked in Mortal 

6148
05:23:44,100 --> 05:23:48,500
Combat with his arch, nemesis 
Professor Moriarty Arthur 

6149
05:23:48,500 --> 05:23:51,300
believed he was liberating 
himself from the detective, whom

6150
05:23:51,300 --> 05:23:54,600
he considered a birdman, he 
imagined that with homes gone 

6151
05:23:54,600 --> 05:23:57,100
readers would finally pay 
attention to his other work. 

6152
05:23:57,100 --> 05:24:00,900
He could write about historical 
subjects, explore spiritual 

6153
05:24:00,900 --> 05:24:03,900
themes and create the kind of 
literature that would earn him 

6154
05:24:03,900 --> 05:24:07,100
lasting respect. 
But after seriously 

6155
05:24:07,100 --> 05:24:11,000
underestimated how much people 
loved homes, the reaction to the

6156
05:24:11,000 --> 05:24:13,100
final problem was unlike 
anything. 

6157
05:24:13,100 --> 05:24:16,400
The literary world had ever seen
readers were devastated. 

6158
05:24:17,300 --> 05:24:20,400
Strand magazine, lost 20,000 
subscribers overnight. 

6159
05:24:20,400 --> 05:24:24,300
People wore black armbands in 
mourning, some readers wrote, 

6160
05:24:24,300 --> 05:24:27,500
Furious letters, accusing Arthur
of literary, murder others, 

6161
05:24:27,500 --> 05:24:29,800
simply refuse to believe that 
Holmes was really dead. 

6162
05:24:29,800 --> 05:24:34,100
The outcry was so intense that 
it surprised even Arthur he'd 

6163
05:24:34,100 --> 05:24:36,700
considered Holmes to be merely 
another character in yet another

6164
05:24:36,700 --> 05:24:40,700
story but to readers Holmes had 
evolved into something far more 

6165
05:24:40,700 --> 05:24:43,300
significant. 
He was a symbol of rational 

6166
05:24:43,300 --> 05:24:46,000
thought triumphing over chaos of
Justice. 

6167
05:24:46,000 --> 05:24:49,200
Prevailing over, evil of 
intelligence, solving problems 

6168
05:24:49,200 --> 05:24:52,200
that seemed impossible. 
Killing homes felt like killing 

6169
05:24:52,200 --> 05:24:55,000
hope itself. 
For eight years, after held 

6170
05:24:55,000 --> 05:24:59,000
firm, he continued writing his 
historical novels his spiritual 

6171
05:24:59,000 --> 05:25:01,400
exploration, and his seriously 
works. 

6172
05:25:02,300 --> 05:25:04,700
But the ghost of Holmes, 
haunted, everything he did. 

6173
05:25:05,400 --> 05:25:07,600
Rita kept asking when the 
detective would return 

6174
05:25:07,600 --> 05:25:11,200
Publishers kept offering him in 
enormous sums for new home 

6175
05:25:11,200 --> 05:25:13,900
stories and Arthur kept 
insisting, that the character 

6176
05:25:13,900 --> 05:25:18,600
was dead and buried. 
Finally, in 1901 Arthur gave in 

6177
05:25:18,600 --> 05:25:22,500
to the pressure, he wrote The 
Hound of the Baskervilles which 

6178
05:25:22,500 --> 05:25:25,100
he positioned as a story from 
before homes as death. 

6179
05:25:25,900 --> 05:25:27,800
But readers weren't satisfied 
with a prequel. 

6180
05:25:27,800 --> 05:25:30,900
They wanted their detective back
in the present, solving new 

6181
05:25:30,900 --> 05:25:34,600
Mysteries. 
The demand was so intense that 

6182
05:25:34,600 --> 05:25:36,500
Arthur eventually had to perform
literary. 

6183
05:25:36,500 --> 05:25:39,100
Resurrection surgery, bringing 
homes back to life in the 

6184
05:25:39,108 --> 05:25:41,500
adventure of the empty house in 
1903. 

6185
05:25:42,700 --> 05:25:45,600
Arthur's explanation for how 
home survived the fall was 

6186
05:25:45,600 --> 05:25:48,600
ingenious, but clearly written 
by someone who was trying to 

6187
05:25:48,600 --> 05:25:50,700
solve a problem, he'd never 
intended to create. 

6188
05:25:51,600 --> 05:25:54,800
Holmes had faked his death, he 
explained living in hiding for 

6189
05:25:54,800 --> 05:25:57,300
three years while tracking down 
the rest of Moriarty's 

6190
05:25:57,300 --> 05:26:00,300
organization. 
It was a clever solution that 

6191
05:26:00,300 --> 05:26:02,600
you could almost hear Arthur 
sighing, as he wrote it. 

6192
05:26:02,600 --> 05:26:05,900
The whole episode reveals 
something, fascinating about the

6193
05:26:05,900 --> 05:26:09,600
relationship between authors and
their Creations, Arthur had 

6194
05:26:09,600 --> 05:26:11,400
intended home's to be a 
temporary character. 

6195
05:26:11,400 --> 05:26:14,800
A means to an end a way to pay 
the bills while he worked on 

6196
05:26:14,800 --> 05:26:18,100
more important projects. 
But great fictional characters 

6197
05:26:18,100 --> 05:26:21,500
have a way of taking on lives of
their own becoming more real to 

6198
05:26:21,500 --> 05:26:23,400
readers than the people who 
created them. 

6199
05:26:24,700 --> 05:26:27,300
For the remainder of his life. 
Arthur continued to write home 

6200
05:26:27,300 --> 05:26:30,600
stories yet, he never fully 
reconciled with the success of 

6201
05:26:30,600 --> 05:26:33,500
his creation. 
He was proud of the detective's 

6202
05:26:33,500 --> 05:26:37,100
popularity, but he was also 
frustrated that his serious work

6203
05:26:37,100 --> 05:26:38,700
never received the same 
attention. 

6204
05:26:38,700 --> 05:26:42,400
It's one of literature's finest 
ironies that the work Arthur 

6205
05:26:42,400 --> 05:26:44,300
considered his lesser 
achievement, turned out to be 

6206
05:26:44,300 --> 05:26:45,900
his greatest contribution to the
world. 

6207
05:26:45,900 --> 05:26:48,900
Now, let's dive into something 
that makes the home stories 

6208
05:26:48,900 --> 05:26:52,400
particularly fascinating. 
The way Arthur wove real 

6209
05:26:52,400 --> 05:26:55,000
scientific Advance is into his 
fictional detective work. 

6210
05:26:55,000 --> 05:26:58,000
It's like watching someone build
a bridge between the world of 

6211
05:26:58,000 --> 05:27:01,600
imagination and the world of 
scientific progress, creating 

6212
05:27:01,600 --> 05:27:04,000
something that was both 
entertaining and educational. 

6213
05:27:05,300 --> 05:27:08,700
Arthur wasn't just a writer. 
He was a trained physician who 

6214
05:27:08,700 --> 05:27:11,300
had studied the latest 
scientific methods of his time 

6215
05:27:11,300 --> 05:27:15,000
when he created homes, he was 
essentially asking the question.

6216
05:27:15,000 --> 05:27:16,900
What would crime-solving look 
like? 

6217
05:27:16,900 --> 05:27:20,400
If it were approached with the 
same scientific rigor, that was 

6218
05:27:20,400 --> 05:27:22,900
revolutionizing medicine and 
other fields? 

6219
05:27:24,100 --> 05:27:27,200
consider homes as famous method 
of deducing, someone's entire 

6220
05:27:27,200 --> 05:27:31,600
life story from Tiny, physical 
Clues, this approach wasn't just

6221
05:27:31,600 --> 05:27:34,700
literary fantasy. 
It was based on real scientific 

6222
05:27:34,700 --> 05:27:37,100
principles that Arthur had 
learned in medical school. 

6223
05:27:38,000 --> 05:27:41,400
Dr. Joseph Bell had shown that 
careful observation could reveal

6224
05:27:41,400 --> 05:27:43,800
incredible amounts of 
information about a person's 

6225
05:27:43,800 --> 05:27:46,800
life and habits. 
Arthur took this concept and 

6226
05:27:46,800 --> 05:27:50,000
applied it to detective, work, 
creating a character who could 

6227
05:27:50,000 --> 05:27:53,400
read people like books. 
Homes is use of fingerprints is 

6228
05:27:53,400 --> 05:27:56,000
particularly intriguing because 
Arthur was actually ahead of his

6229
05:27:56,000 --> 05:27:58,300
time. 
Police forces didn't widely used

6230
05:27:58,300 --> 05:28:02,000
for printing until the early 
1900s despite the publication of

6231
05:28:02,000 --> 05:28:05,700
the first home story in 1887 
Arthur, had read about the 

6232
05:28:05,700 --> 05:28:09,200
scientific work on fingerprints 
and Incorporated it into his 

6233
05:28:09,200 --> 05:28:11,100
fiction. 
Before most real detectives at 

6234
05:28:11,100 --> 05:28:14,300
even heard of it. 
In many ways, Holmes was using 

6235
05:28:14,300 --> 05:28:16,900
forensic techniques that 
wouldn't become standard police 

6236
05:28:16,900 --> 05:28:18,600
procedure for another decade or 
two. 

6237
05:28:19,400 --> 05:28:22,300
The same was true for many other
scientific methods that Holmes 

6238
05:28:22,300 --> 05:28:25,200
employed. 
He analyzed handwriting studied 

6239
05:28:25,200 --> 05:28:28,300
different types of tobacco Ash, 
examined Footprints, with 

6240
05:28:28,300 --> 05:28:31,900
scientific precision and used 
chemical tests to detect blood 

6241
05:28:31,900 --> 05:28:34,600
stains. 
These weren't just clever plot 

6242
05:28:34,600 --> 05:28:38,300
devices, they were based on real
scientific techniques that were 

6243
05:28:38,300 --> 05:28:40,300
being developed in Laboratories 
around the world. 

6244
05:28:41,200 --> 05:28:44,300
Arthur was particularly 
fascinated by the emerging field

6245
05:28:44,300 --> 05:28:48,100
of Toxicology, the study of 
poisons and their effects on the

6246
05:28:48,100 --> 05:28:51,500
human body, arthas medical 
background and his interest in 

6247
05:28:51,500 --> 05:28:55,100
using science to solve crimes, 
evident in several home, 

6248
05:28:55,100 --> 05:28:59,200
stories, that feature exotic 
Poison's and their detection, He

6249
05:28:59,200 --> 05:29:01,800
understood that poison was often
a weapon of choice for Cleaver 

6250
05:29:01,800 --> 05:29:04,400
criminals, because it was 
difficult to detect with the 

6251
05:29:04,400 --> 05:29:06,700
crude methods of available to 
most police forces. 

6252
05:29:07,800 --> 05:29:11,300
Holmes's laboratory at 221B, 
Baker Street was filled with the

6253
05:29:11,300 --> 05:29:14,000
kind of equipment that real 
scientists were using to make 

6254
05:29:14,000 --> 05:29:17,800
breakthrough discoveries. 
Any serious research facility of

6255
05:29:17,800 --> 05:29:20,000
the time would have contained 
the chemical operators 

6256
05:29:20,000 --> 05:29:22,700
microscopes and reference books 
that are the described. 

6257
05:29:23,400 --> 05:29:25,800
He was showing readers that 
scientific methods could be 

6258
05:29:25,800 --> 05:29:27,500
applied to criminal 
investigation. 

6259
05:29:27,500 --> 05:29:30,800
Turning detective work from a 
matter of luck and intuition 

6260
05:29:30,800 --> 05:29:34,900
into a systematic process. 
But Arthur's genius was in. 

6261
05:29:34,900 --> 05:29:37,900
Making these scientific methods 
accessible to ordinary readers. 

6262
05:29:37,900 --> 05:29:41,200
He didn't bog down his stories 
with technical details or 

6263
05:29:41,200 --> 05:29:43,400
lengthy explanations of 
scientific principles. 

6264
05:29:43,400 --> 05:29:48,300
Instead, he showed homes using 
these methods in action solving 

6265
05:29:48,300 --> 05:29:50,200
crimes through careful 
observation and logical 

6266
05:29:50,200 --> 05:29:52,500
analysis. 
Readers could follow the 

6267
05:29:52,500 --> 05:29:55,600
detectives reasoning process 
without needing background in 

6268
05:29:55,600 --> 05:29:59,200
chemistry or biology. 
This approach had an unexpected 

6269
05:29:59,200 --> 05:30:02,500
educational affect many readers 
learned about scientific 

6270
05:30:02,500 --> 05:30:05,800
methods, through home's stories 
often without realizing they 

6271
05:30:05,800 --> 05:30:08,500
were getting a science lesson 
along with their entertainment, 

6272
05:30:08,500 --> 05:30:11,800
the stories helped popularize. 
The idea that rational 

6273
05:30:11,800 --> 05:30:15,500
scientific thinking could solve 
complex problems contributing to

6274
05:30:15,500 --> 05:30:18,000
the growing public respect for 
scientific methods. 

6275
05:30:18,000 --> 05:30:21,100
The Victorian belief that human 
behavior, followed logical 

6276
05:30:21,100 --> 05:30:23,100
patterns, that were 
understandable and predictable 

6277
05:30:23,100 --> 05:30:27,400
also influenced homes, as a 
coach to Crime solving. if you 

6278
05:30:27,400 --> 05:30:30,400
studied someone carefully enough
home suggested, you could 

6279
05:30:30,400 --> 05:30:34,100
understand their motivation 
predict their actions and solve 

6280
05:30:34,100 --> 05:30:37,500
the puzzles, they created This 
was a reassuring message for 

6281
05:30:37,500 --> 05:30:40,500
readers who were living through 
a period of Rapid social change 

6282
05:30:40,500 --> 05:30:44,100
and uncertainty, the scientific 
accuracy of homes is methods. 

6283
05:30:44,100 --> 05:30:48,000
Varied, of course, Some of his 
deductions were based on solid 

6284
05:30:48,000 --> 05:30:51,100
observational principles While 
others were more fantastical. 

6285
05:30:51,900 --> 05:30:54,500
But Arthur was careful to 
ground, even his most dramatic 

6286
05:30:54,500 --> 05:30:56,700
Solutions in plausible, 
scientific reasoning. 

6287
05:30:57,400 --> 05:30:59,800
He wanted readers to believe 
that Holmes is methods could 

6288
05:30:59,800 --> 05:31:03,000
actually work even if they were 
sometimes exaggerated for 

6289
05:31:03,000 --> 05:31:06,200
dramatic effect. 
What's particularly remarkable 

6290
05:31:06,200 --> 05:31:09,000
is how many of homes is 
fictional forensic techniques. 

6291
05:31:09,000 --> 05:31:12,400
Eventually became standard 
police procedure Arthur's, 

6292
05:31:12,400 --> 05:31:15,500
imagination frequently for saw 
real, scientific advancements 

6293
05:31:15,500 --> 05:31:18,700
proposing investigative 
techniques that would not gain 

6294
05:31:18,700 --> 05:31:20,900
widespread acceptance for years 
or decades. 

6295
05:31:22,100 --> 05:31:24,800
In many ways, the home story 
served as a kind of training 

6296
05:31:24,800 --> 05:31:27,800
manual for future detectives 
showing them possibilities. 

6297
05:31:27,800 --> 05:31:29,500
They might not have considered 
otherwise. 

6298
05:31:30,400 --> 05:31:32,000
The scientific Foundation of 
home's. 

6299
05:31:32,000 --> 05:31:34,900
Methods also helped to establish
The credibility of detective 

6300
05:31:34,900 --> 05:31:38,000
fiction, as a genre These were 
not just wild adventures 

6301
05:31:38,000 --> 05:31:40,000
stories. 
They were logical puzzles. 

6302
05:31:40,000 --> 05:31:41,800
That could be sold through 
careful reasoning. 

6303
05:31:42,800 --> 05:31:46,000
This intellectual respectability
helped, Elevate crime, fiction 

6304
05:31:46,000 --> 05:31:48,300
from Mere Sensational 
entertainment, to a more 

6305
05:31:48,300 --> 05:31:51,700
sophisticated form of literature
as we reach the end of our cozy 

6306
05:31:51,700 --> 05:31:53,800
Journey Through the origins of 
Sherlock Holmes. 

6307
05:31:53,800 --> 05:31:57,100
It's worth pondering. 
Why this character has refused 

6308
05:31:57,100 --> 05:31:59,800
to stay buried in the Victorian 
era where he was born. 

6309
05:32:00,700 --> 05:32:04,400
Like a particularly persistent 
ghost homes has haunted every 

6310
05:32:04,400 --> 05:32:08,000
generation since Arthur, first 
dreamed him up adapting to New 

6311
05:32:08,000 --> 05:32:10,700
Times while somehow remaining 
eternally himself. 

6312
05:32:11,600 --> 05:32:14,700
The remarkable thing about homes
is how he's managed to transcend

6313
05:32:14,700 --> 05:32:17,900
his original time and place. 
You can transplant him to 

6314
05:32:17,900 --> 05:32:20,700
modern-day London. 
Give him a smartphone and access

6315
05:32:20,700 --> 05:32:23,300
to the internet and he still 
fundamentally the same 

6316
05:32:23,300 --> 05:32:25,800
character. 
His methods change. 

6317
05:32:25,800 --> 05:32:28,900
He might use DNA analysis 
instead of tobacco, Ash 

6318
05:32:28,900 --> 05:32:31,600
identification, but his 
essential nature remains 

6319
05:32:31,600 --> 05:32:34,200
unchanged. 
He continues to be a brilliant 

6320
05:32:34,200 --> 05:32:35,800
outside. 
Who perceives what others 

6321
05:32:35,800 --> 05:32:39,200
Overlook a man capable of 
bringing order to chaos through 

6322
05:32:39,200 --> 05:32:42,800
sheer intellect. 
This adaptability suggests that 

6323
05:32:42,800 --> 05:32:45,400
Arthur tapped into something 
deeper than just Victorian. 

6324
05:32:45,400 --> 05:32:47,300
Anxiety is about crime and urban
life. 

6325
05:32:47,300 --> 05:32:50,600
He created a character who 
represents Timeless human 

6326
05:32:50,600 --> 05:32:53,700
desires, the wish to make sense 
of a confusing world. 

6327
05:32:53,700 --> 05:32:57,400
The hope that intelligence can 
triumph over evil and the 

6328
05:32:57,408 --> 05:32:59,700
comfort of knowing that this, 
someone out there who can solve 

6329
05:32:59,700 --> 05:33:01,900
problems, that seem impossible 
to the rest of us. 

6330
05:33:02,800 --> 05:33:06,400
Every generation has found its 
reasons to love homes during the

6331
05:33:06,400 --> 05:33:08,100
world wars. 
He represented British 

6332
05:33:08,100 --> 05:33:12,200
resilience and the Triumph of 
civilization over barbarism In 

6333
05:33:12,200 --> 05:33:15,000
the 1960s, he became a 
counterculture hero. 

6334
05:33:15,000 --> 05:33:18,000
The ultimate individualist who 
refused to conform to social 

6335
05:33:18,000 --> 05:33:21,200
expectations in our current age 
of information overload. 

6336
05:33:21,200 --> 05:33:24,200
He's the person who can cut 
through the noise and find the 

6337
05:33:24,208 --> 05:33:27,300
signal who can separate truth 
from the overwhelming flood of 

6338
05:33:27,308 --> 05:33:31,400
data, that surrounds us. 
The stories themselves have 

6339
05:33:31,400 --> 05:33:34,100
taken on a life that goes far 
beyond what Arthur ever 

6340
05:33:34,100 --> 05:33:38,000
imagined. 
There are more than 25,000 home 

6341
05:33:38,000 --> 05:33:40,800
stories that have been written 
by other authors, creating a 

6342
05:33:40,808 --> 05:33:43,700
vast literary universe. 
That continues to expand more 

6343
05:33:43,700 --> 05:33:45,900
than a century after the 
characters creation. 

6344
05:33:47,000 --> 05:33:49,300
Holmes has appeared in every 
medium and imaginable. 

6345
05:33:49,300 --> 05:33:53,600
Radio shows television, series 
movies, video games. 

6346
05:33:53,600 --> 05:33:57,800
And even virtual reality 
experience is But perhaps, the 

6347
05:33:57,800 --> 05:34:01,200
most remarkable thing about 
homes is how he's managed to 

6348
05:34:01,200 --> 05:34:05,300
become more real than many, 
actual people you can visit 221B

6349
05:34:05,300 --> 05:34:08,300
Baker Street in London, where 
there's a museum dedicated to 

6350
05:34:08,300 --> 05:34:11,900
the fictional detective, the 
Royal Mail issues stamps, 

6351
05:34:11,900 --> 05:34:15,100
featuring homes, the British 
government has given him an 

6352
05:34:15,100 --> 05:34:17,600
official address, there are 
societies around the world, 

6353
05:34:17,600 --> 05:34:20,500
dedicated to studying his 
methods and analyzing his 

6354
05:34:20,500 --> 05:34:23,200
adventures as if they were 
historical documents. 

6355
05:34:23,200 --> 05:34:26,000
This blurring of the line 
between fiction and reality, 

6356
05:34:26,000 --> 05:34:29,200
would have amused off Arthur, 
who spent so much of his later 

6357
05:34:29,200 --> 05:34:31,100
life. 
Trying to convince people that 

6358
05:34:31,100 --> 05:34:33,000
Holmes was just a character in 
stories. 

6359
05:34:33,000 --> 05:34:36,300
He'd written. 
But the Public's insistence on 

6360
05:34:36,300 --> 05:34:38,700
treating homes. 
As a real person speaks to 

6361
05:34:38,708 --> 05:34:41,600
something profound about the 
power of outstanding, fictional 

6362
05:34:41,600 --> 05:34:45,000
characters to capture our 
imaginations and become part of 

6363
05:34:45,000 --> 05:34:49,500
our shared cultural reality. 
The influence of homes on real 

6364
05:34:49,500 --> 05:34:51,600
world, detective work has been 
enormous. 

6365
05:34:52,500 --> 05:34:55,100
Police departments around the 
world have adopted methods that 

6366
05:34:55,100 --> 05:34:58,600
homes used in fiction decades 
before they became standard 

6367
05:34:58,600 --> 05:35:01,600
practice. 
The careful examination of crime

6368
05:35:01,600 --> 05:35:04,800
scenes, the scientific analysis 
of evidence and the 

6369
05:35:04,800 --> 05:35:06,900
psychological profiling of 
suspects. 

6370
05:35:06,900 --> 05:35:10,000
These techniques that seem 
obvious to us now were 

6371
05:35:10,000 --> 05:35:13,800
revolutionary when Arthur first 
wrote about the Holmes has also 

6372
05:35:13,800 --> 05:35:16,300
influenced how we think about 
problem solving in general. 

6373
05:35:16,900 --> 05:35:19,900
His method of careful 
observation, logical deduction, 

6374
05:35:19,900 --> 05:35:23,800
and systematic analysis has been
applied to Fields, far beyond 

6375
05:35:23,800 --> 05:35:26,500
criminal investigation, Business
Leaders. 

6376
05:35:26,500 --> 05:35:30,700
Scientists and Educators have 
all found ways to apply home gym

6377
05:35:30,700 --> 05:35:33,700
thinking to their challenges as 
you settled back into your 

6378
05:35:33,700 --> 05:35:36,700
comfortable, chair, and perhaps,
Close Your Eyes For a Moment. 

6379
05:35:37,400 --> 05:35:40,100
Consider this. 
Somewhere in the world right 

6380
05:35:40,100 --> 05:35:42,900
now, someone is discovering 
Sherlock Holmes for the first 

6381
05:35:42,900 --> 05:35:46,000
time there. 
Experiencing that same sense of 

6382
05:35:46,000 --> 05:35:49,300
wonder that readers felt more 
than a century ago when they 

6383
05:35:49,308 --> 05:35:53,500
first encountered the tall thin 
detective with his piercing eyes

6384
05:35:53,500 --> 05:35:55,900
and incredible deductive 
abilities. 

6385
05:35:57,000 --> 05:36:00,000
The character that Arthur Conan 
Doyle created in frustration, 

6386
05:36:00,000 --> 05:36:03,000
developed with reluctance and 
tried to kill off, in 

6387
05:36:03,000 --> 05:36:06,400
exasperation has become one of 
the most enduring figures in all

6388
05:36:06,400 --> 05:36:09,300
of literature. 
Holmes represents our Eternal, 

6389
05:36:09,300 --> 05:36:12,400
hope that reason can triumph 
over chaos, that careful, 

6390
05:36:12,400 --> 05:36:14,200
observation can reveal Hidden 
Truths. 

6391
05:36:14,200 --> 05:36:17,100
And that there's always a 
logical solution to even the 

6392
05:36:17,100 --> 05:36:21,200
most baffling mystery. in a 
world that often seems random 

6393
05:36:21,200 --> 05:36:24,200
and senseless homes offers, the 
comforting assurance, that 

6394
05:36:24,200 --> 05:36:26,600
everything makes sense, if you 
just know how to look at it 

6395
05:36:26,600 --> 05:36:30,600
properly, He's the friend. 
We all wish we had the mind. 

6396
05:36:30,600 --> 05:36:33,600
We all wish we possessed. 
And the reassurance, we all need

6397
05:36:33,600 --> 05:36:36,600
that somewhere out there. 
Someone is smart enough to solve

6398
05:36:36,600 --> 05:36:38,300
the problems that baffled the 
rest of us.