The ENTIRE Story Of The Incas Who Were Conquered | Boring History

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Hey, my awesome sleep Club of 
brotatoes. 

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I see you choosing Mountain 
Empires from under a blanket. 

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I'm glad you're here. 
Because tonight we're using into

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the entire story of how the 
Incas were conquered. 

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The shifting alliances, fragile 
misunderstandings and quiet, 

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turning points, that reshaped a 
vast world. 

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So, if this calm slightly, 
boring reflection helps you 

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unwind? 
Feel free to follow. 

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Drop a like and tell me where 
you're listening from and what 

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time it is for you. 
Now, dim your lights, grab your 

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blanket, and turn on that fan 
for some steady White Noise. 

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Let's ease in now, shall we? 
Hi in the Andes mountains where 

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the air grows thin and clouds 
drift between ancient Peaks, a 

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vast Empire once stretched 
across the backbone of South 

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America. the Inca empire thrived
for generations with roads that 

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connected distant, valleys 
Terraces, that climbed 

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impossible, slopes and systems 
of governance that would 

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influence the region for 
centuries to come What happened?

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When two vastly different 
worlds? 

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Met is a story, not of ending 
but of unexpected blendings and 

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surprising continuity that still
shape the Andes today. 

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You stand at dawn on a Stone 
Road that seems to defy gravity 

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itself. 
The paving stones beneath your 

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feet have been fitted together. 
So precisely that not even a 

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blade of grass could slip 
between them this road stretches

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ahead of you climbing toward a 
mountain pass so high that you 

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can see your breath in the cold 
morning air and the Inca Road 

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system was something that would 
have impressed even the most 

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jaded Roman engineer. 
Over 20,000 miles of carefully. 

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Maintained Pathways connected, 
the Empire from modern-day 

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Colombia to Central Chile. 
You can imagine the planing 

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required every stone had to be 
carried to exactly the right 

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spot. 
Every bridge had to span rushing

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Rivers at just the right angle. 
What makes these roads 

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remarkable is how they adapted 
to the landscape rather than 

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fighting it? 
When the train became too steep 

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for a gradual slope, the road 
transformed into stairs. 

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Thousands of steps carved into 
Mountainside. 

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Your legs would burn after 
climbing them, but you would 

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reach Heights that seemed 
impossible. 

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Along these roads, every few 
miles you would find a tombow. 

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These were rest House's stocked 
with supplies, try potatoes, and

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freeze-dried meat, waited in 
storage rooms built into 

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hillsides. 
Blankets woven from alpaca wool,

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offered warmth during Cold 
Mountain nights. 

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Fresh water collected and stone 
channels. 

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The system worked because of 
something called the meter. 

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This was a form of Labor 
Service. 

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Where communities contributed 
worked. 

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The empire Some people 
maintained roads, others 

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staffed, the tambos still 
others, served as chassis the 

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relay Runners who carried 
messages across the empire. 

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Imagine being a chassis. 
You wake Before Dawn in a small 

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Stone House to tombow. 
Your job is to run at full speed

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to the next station, perhaps 
five or six miles away. 

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You carry a keepu, a bundle of 
knotted strings, that record 

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information? 
When you arrive at the next 

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tombow, breathless and tired. 
Another Runner takes the chi 

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poo, and sprints on wood. 
Messages could travel over 100 

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miles in a single day, using 
this relay system. 

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News from the coast could reach 
the Highland capital of Cusco 

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fasted possible. 
Administrative updates flowed 

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constantly along these archers 
of Empire. 

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The funny thing about these 
roads is that they were built 

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without wheeled vehicles in 
mind. 

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The Inca never developed the 
wheel for transportation. 

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The train was too mountainous 
for carts anyway. 

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Instead llamas carried Goods. 
In neat packs, they could 

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navigate narrow mountain paths. 
That would have been impossible 

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for wagons. 
You watch a train of llamas, 

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passing on the road now? 
Their soft padded feet. 

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Make almost no sound on the 
stones. 

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They carry bundles of maize from
a warm Valley, to a cold 

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Highland town. 
The handlers walk alongside 

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occasionally, making soft, 
clicking sounds to keep the 

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animals moving. 
The road also served as a 

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unifying cultural Force when you
walked along an Inca Road, you 

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knew in the Empire, the 
consistent engineering, the 

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regular spacing of tambos, the 
carefully maintained surface all

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communicated order and 
organization. 

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This was a landscape shaped by 
human hands and human planning. 

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Suspension bridges were another 
Marvel of inker? 

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Engineering woven from plant 
fibers. 

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These Bridges swayed over 
gorgeous, hundreds of feet deep.

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Walking across one required 
steady nerves. 

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The bridge would Sway and Creeks
with each step below a river 

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might rush so far down. 
That the sound barely reached 

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your ears. 
Communities rebuild, these 

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Bridges annually. 
It was a communal event that 

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brought people together. 
Everyone helped braids, the 

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massive cables. 
Someone always knew the 

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traditional patterns, someone 
else remembered the knots that 

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had to be tied in exactly the 
right sequence. 

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The knowledge passed from 
generation to generation at 

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night. 
You might sleep in a tombow with

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other Travelers. 
The stone walls held warmth from

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a fire pit. 
Smoke found its way out, through

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gaps in the thatched roof, you 
would share stories with 

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Merchants heading to distant 
markets with officials carrying 

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administrative messages with 
pilgrims traveling to Sacred 

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sites. 
The roads. 

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Also, connected different 
ecological zones. 

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The Inca Empire spanned an 
incredible range of 

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environments. 
Tropical forest gave way to 

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Cloud, forests High grasslands 
called Pune stretched from 

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miles. 
Desert Coast in fishing 

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communities, each Zone, produced
different Goods. 

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This meant that variety flowed 
along the roads. 

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Cochlea leaves from warm. 
Valleys travel to cold, 

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Highlands, dried fish from the 
coast to moved inland. 

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The tatoes from high altitude 
Farms fed people in warmer 

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regions the roads made this 
exchange possible and regular 

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you can continue walking as the 
sun climbs higher the morning, 

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chill Burns away. 
But this altitude, the sunlight 

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feels more intense than at sea 
level. 

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You can feel it on your skin 
like a gentle pressure. 

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The sky overhead is a blue so 
deep, it almost looks purple. 

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Stone markers appear along the 
road regular intervals. 

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These help to travel as measure 
distance. 

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The also served as spiritual 
waypoints Travelers would 

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sometimes leave small offerings,
a smooth Pebble placed 

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carefully, a handful of coca 
leaves. 

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These small gestures honored, 
the journey and the road itself.

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The maintenance of these roads 
was constant, work, rain could 

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wash out sections, landslides 
might block passes freeze and 

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thaw Cycles could crack Stones. 
Every year Community, sent 

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workers to repair their sections
of Road, it was a never-ending 

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task that required coordination 
across the entire Empire. 

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What you're walking on 
represents, not just 

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engineering, but also political 
philosophy. 

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The Inca believed in reciprocity
the Empire provided 

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infrastructure and organization 
in return, community's 

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contributed labor and loyalty. 
This system of mutual obligation

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held everything together as you 
walk. 

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You notice how the road has been
adapted for drainage Small 

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channels cut into the pavement 
guide water away after a rain. 

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The road surface dries quickly. 
This attention to detail meant 

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the roads remained usable year 
round in most places. 

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The road also shaped how people 
thought about distance and 

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connection. 
Places were not measured in 

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miles but in days of travel a 
town five days away was thought 

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of differently than one just one
day distant. 

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The roads created their own 
geography of time and movement. 

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You pass through a small 
settlement built right alongside

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the road. 
Stonehouse is clustered 

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together. 
People are starting their daily 

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routines. 
Smoke rises from cooking fires. 

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Someone is grinding maze on a 
flat stone. 

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The rhythmic sound of stone on 
Stone, creates a soothing 

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pattern. 
These roads would become crucial

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during the transformation that 
was coming. 

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They were carry not just Inca 
officials and goods but also new

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ideas, new people and new ways 
of organizing Society. 

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The infrastructure that held the
empire together would become the

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Skeleton on which something new 
would be built. 

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You find yourself standing at 
the base of an agricultural 

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terrorist system. 
So extensive it looks like giant

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stairs, climbing towards the 
clouds. 

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Each terrorist is a carefully 
engineered platform that 

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transforms a steep Mountainside 
into productive farmland. 

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The Bottom Terrace alone, could 
be an acre or more above it, 

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dozens more climb in measured 
steps. 

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Walk up to one of these Terraces
and run your hand. 

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Along the retaining wall, the 
stones have been shaped and 

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fitted with the same Precision. 
You saw on the roads water flows

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through small channels, cut into
the stone, the system moves 

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moisture from Terrace to Terrace
in the exactly calculated 

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amounts. 
The Genius of these. 

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Terraces goes beyond just 
creating flat farming space. 

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Each level creates its own 
microclimate. 

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The bottom Terraces closer to 
the valley floor. 

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Stay warmer. 
The top Terraces thousands of 

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feet higher remain cooler. 
This means Farmers could grow 

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different, crops at different 
levels on the same Mountainside.

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On the warmest lowest Terraces. 
You might find maze growing in 

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neat rows, the stork swayed. 
Gently in the Valley, Breeze 

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climb a few levels and you 
encounter quinoa, a grain that 

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tolerates. 
Cool, attempters higher, still 

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potatoes, thrive in conditions, 
that would kill more delicate 

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plants. 
The Inca. 

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Cultivated over 3,000 varieties 
of potato. 

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This might sound excessive until
you understand the logic? 

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Different varieties, suited 
different altitudes, different 

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soil types, different amounts of
rainfall, some potatoes, grew 

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best in sandy soil, others, 
preferred clay, some matured 

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quickly, While others needed a 
longer growing season. 

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This diversity was also 
insurance against crop failure. 

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If one variety succumbed to 
frost or disease, others would 

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survive. 
The Empire never relied on a 

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single crop or a single variety 
diversity, meant resilience. 

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You watch Farmers working on The
Terraces. 

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Now they move with practice 
efficiency. 

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One person breaks up soil with a
foot plow called a tackler. 

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This tool is essentially a long 
pole with a footrest and a 

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bronze or stone blade. 
Farmer steps on the footrest, 

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Drive the blade into Earth and 
levers up at chunk of soil. 

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Behind the person with the two 
color, others break up the loose

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and Earth with their hands and 
tools. 

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They create furrows and mounds 
seeds. 

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Go into specific patterns that 
have been refined over 

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Generations. 
Everyone knows their role, no 

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one needs to give instructions, 
the work happens. 

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Communally families from a 
village work together. 

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Moving from one family's plot to
another today. 

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They plant your Terraces 
tomorrow. 

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You help plant theirs This 
reciprocal labor, another form 

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of meter. 
Maid the agricultural system 

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function smoothly. 
Someone starts singing as they 

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work. 
The melody is simple and 

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repetitive others. 
Join in the song, helps 

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coordinate, the rhythm of work. 
It also makes the time pass more

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pleasantly, you cannot help but 
smile at the sound, echoing off 

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the stone walls between 
Terraces. 

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You notice small Stone 
buildings. 

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These are storage facilities 
called colchas. 

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The Inca built them in locations
where air circulation kept 

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stored Goods, dry and cool. 
Potatoes quinoa, dried meat. 

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And other Foods could last for 
years when properly stored The 

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colca system was remarkable in 
its scale. 

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The Empire maintained vast 
reserves of food in the 

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storehouses in years of plenty, 
the Surplus went into storage. 

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In years of poor harvest, the 
reserve sustained communities. 

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This buffer against famine was a
key. 

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Feature of Inca governance. 
You peek inside a coal car, the 

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interior is dim and cool. 
Pottery vessels line, the walls 

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each sealed carefully. 
The floor is slightly raised to 

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prevent moisture from seeping in
ventilation gaps in the walls. 

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Create gentle air movement. 
The smell is earthy and dry one 

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of the most ingenious Inca 
agricultural Innovations was 

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freeze-dried potato called 
cunio. 

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The process took advantage of 
the extreme temperature 

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fluctuations in the high Andes 
at night, temperatures, might 

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drop well below freezing during 
the day. 

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00:13:04,500 --> 00:13:07,900
The sun could be intense Farmers
would spread potatoes on the 

235
00:13:07,908 --> 00:13:12,000
ground during the dry season at 
night, the potatoes froze solid.

236
00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:15,600
During the day, they thawed 
people would walk on the 

237
00:13:15,608 --> 00:13:18,000
potatoes. 
Squeezing out moisture this 

238
00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:20,800
cycle repeated for several days 
until the potatoes were 

239
00:13:20,800 --> 00:13:24,500
completely dehydrated. 
The result was a food that could

240
00:13:24,508 --> 00:13:29,000
last for years without spoiling.
Chuno was lightweight and easy 

241
00:13:29,000 --> 00:13:33,300
to transport. 
Rehydrated in soups or stews it 

242
00:13:33,300 --> 00:13:36,300
provided nutrition during lean 
times or on Long Journeys. 

243
00:13:37,200 --> 00:13:39,500
You try a piece of rehydrated 
Cuneo. 

244
00:13:39,500 --> 00:13:44,100
Now the texture is unusual but 
not unpleasant, it tastes earthy

245
00:13:44,100 --> 00:13:47,300
and substantial. 
The agricultural calendar, 

246
00:13:47,300 --> 00:13:51,600
governed much of Inca life. 
Planting Seasons Harvest times 

247
00:13:51,600 --> 00:13:54,800
and ritual, observances, all 
followed the patterns of the 

248
00:13:54,800 --> 00:13:57,800
farming year. 
The Empire tracked, time partly 

249
00:13:57,800 --> 00:13:59,400
through these agricultural 
Cycles. 

250
00:14:00,500 --> 00:14:03,300
The year was divided into 
periods that corresponded to 

251
00:14:03,300 --> 00:14:05,000
what needed to happen in the 
fields. 

252
00:14:05,800 --> 00:14:09,400
Irrigation was another piece of 
the Agricultural puzzle water 

253
00:14:09,400 --> 00:14:12,000
from Mountain Streams. 
And springs was channeled 

254
00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:15,800
through carefully engineered 
systems, Stone channels carried 

255
00:14:15,800 --> 00:14:19,400
water for miles. 
The gradients were calculated so

256
00:14:19,400 --> 00:14:24,100
precisely that water flowed at 
exactly the right speed too fast

257
00:14:24,108 --> 00:14:26,700
and it would erode channels too 
slow. 

258
00:14:26,708 --> 00:14:30,600
And it would stagnate You follow
one of these irrigation channels

259
00:14:30,600 --> 00:14:34,800
as it winds along hillsides. 
The water runs clear and cold 

260
00:14:34,800 --> 00:14:39,100
every so often a small gate 
allows Farmers to divert water 

261
00:14:39,100 --> 00:14:42,200
onto their Terraces. 
The gates are simple, but 

262
00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:45,600
effective. 
Flat Stones slides into grooves,

263
00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:48,600
cut into the channel. 
Walls, the system required 

264
00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:51,600
coordination communities. 
Have to agree on water 

265
00:14:51,600 --> 00:14:54,400
distribution. 
Someone living at the top of the

266
00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:57,600
system, could not take all the 
water and leave nothing for 

267
00:14:57,600 --> 00:15:00,300
those Downstream. 
Rules. 

268
00:15:00,300 --> 00:15:03,900
Governed usage. 
Disputes were settled by local 

269
00:15:03,900 --> 00:15:06,900
officials who understood both 
the technical requirements and 

270
00:15:06,900 --> 00:15:10,600
the social dynamics. 
And higher altitudes where Frost

271
00:15:10,600 --> 00:15:13,300
was more common, the Inca 
developed in another clever 

272
00:15:13,300 --> 00:15:15,900
technique. 
They built walls on the uphill 

273
00:15:15,900 --> 00:15:19,000
side of terraces. 
These walls, absorbed heat 

274
00:15:19,000 --> 00:15:21,200
during the day and radiated it 
at night. 

275
00:15:21,200 --> 00:15:24,900
The slight temperature increase 
could be enough to prevent frost

276
00:15:24,900 --> 00:15:27,400
from damaging crops you rest for
a moment. 

277
00:15:27,408 --> 00:15:31,800
On one of these walls, the stone
is warm from the Sun around you.

278
00:15:31,800 --> 00:15:35,600
The terrorist landscape creates 
a pattern of horizontal lines 

279
00:15:35,600 --> 00:15:40,100
climbing toward distant Peaks. 
It is beautiful in a way that 

280
00:15:40,100 --> 00:15:42,900
combines human Ingenuity with 
natural topography. 

281
00:15:44,300 --> 00:15:46,400
Children play Among The 
Terraces, their laughter, 

282
00:15:46,400 --> 00:15:49,400
echoing across the valley. 
They chase each other up and 

283
00:15:49,400 --> 00:15:52,300
down the stone staircases that 
connect the different levels. 

284
00:15:53,200 --> 00:15:56,200
One child has fashioned a toy 
llama from dried grass. 

285
00:15:57,000 --> 00:16:00,400
And other pretends to be a 
shasky running with an imaginary

286
00:16:00,400 --> 00:16:03,100
message. 
These agricultural systems 

287
00:16:03,100 --> 00:16:07,100
represented hundreds of years of
accumulated knowledge, each 

288
00:16:07,100 --> 00:16:09,600
generation learned from the 
previous one and added 

289
00:16:09,600 --> 00:16:12,700
refinements. 
Placement of every terrorist, 

290
00:16:12,700 --> 00:16:15,500
the composition of every soil 
mixture. 

291
00:16:15,500 --> 00:16:19,500
The timing of every planting was
informed by long experience. 

292
00:16:20,600 --> 00:16:22,600
The Terraces also had a 
spiritual dimension. 

293
00:16:23,500 --> 00:16:26,800
The Earth was not just a 
resource to be exploited, it was

294
00:16:26,808 --> 00:16:31,000
alive and deserving of respect. 
before planting Farmers might 

295
00:16:31,000 --> 00:16:36,200
make small offerings, a bit of 
coca leaf, a splash of Cheetah. 

296
00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:39,400
Fermented maze. 
Drink These gestures 

297
00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:42,200
acknowledged, the relationship 
between humans and the land. 

298
00:16:43,100 --> 00:16:46,300
As the sun begins to set, you 
watch The Terraces fill with 

299
00:16:46,300 --> 00:16:50,100
golden light. the green of 
growing crops glows against the 

300
00:16:50,100 --> 00:16:53,800
gray, stone walls Shadows, 
lengthen, across the valley 

301
00:16:53,800 --> 00:16:57,300
floor, Farmers. 
Begin heading home their tools, 

302
00:16:57,300 --> 00:16:59,700
over their shoulders, 
conversation flowing easily. 

303
00:17:00,700 --> 00:17:03,800
This agricultural system would 
proved remarkably durable. 

304
00:17:03,800 --> 00:17:07,800
The Terraces themselves would 
remain productive for centuries.

305
00:17:08,599 --> 00:17:11,900
The varieties of crops the 
techniques of cultivation. 

306
00:17:11,900 --> 00:17:15,800
The communal labor patterns 
would all adapt and persist even

307
00:17:15,800 --> 00:17:17,900
as political systems changed 
around them. 

308
00:17:18,700 --> 00:17:21,500
You arriving, Cusco just as 
Morning Light touches the 

309
00:17:21,500 --> 00:17:24,800
mountains, surrounding the city.
This is the capital of the 

310
00:17:24,800 --> 00:17:28,099
Taiwan tin suyu. 
The name, the Inca gave to their

311
00:17:28,099 --> 00:17:30,500
empire. 
It means the four parts 

312
00:17:30,500 --> 00:17:33,700
together. 
Cusco sits at the center, the 

313
00:17:33,700 --> 00:17:37,000
naval of the world. 
The city is laid out in the 

314
00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:40,200
shape of a puma. 
If viewed from above the head is

315
00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:42,900
the Fortress of Sac. 
Say one, man on a hill, 

316
00:17:42,900 --> 00:17:46,500
overlooking the city, the body 
spreads across the valley floor,

317
00:17:46,500 --> 00:17:50,900
the tail extends, towards the 
South This symbolic layout 

318
00:17:50,900 --> 00:17:53,600
reflects the inker attention to 
meaning an architecture. 

319
00:17:54,500 --> 00:17:57,500
You walk through streets, paved 
with smooth stones. 

320
00:17:58,200 --> 00:18:00,800
The buildings on, either side 
are constructed from precisely 

321
00:18:00,800 --> 00:18:03,400
fitted blocks. 
Some of these stones are 

322
00:18:03,400 --> 00:18:07,300
enormous, weighing many tons yet
they fit together with 

323
00:18:07,300 --> 00:18:11,500
impossible accuracy. 
Famous 12, angled Stone in a 

324
00:18:11,508 --> 00:18:15,600
wall, catches your eye. 12 
surfaces meet at precise angles.

325
00:18:15,600 --> 00:18:20,100
No mortar holds it in place, 
friction and gravity do all the 

326
00:18:20,100 --> 00:18:22,200
work. 
The streets are narrow and 

327
00:18:22,200 --> 00:18:24,800
straight. 
They create channels for air to 

328
00:18:24,800 --> 00:18:27,300
flow through the city on hot 
days. 

329
00:18:27,300 --> 00:18:31,400
This creates Pleasant breezes, 
when rain falls the water on 

330
00:18:31,400 --> 00:18:35,000
swiftly through channels cut 
into the pavement, The city 

331
00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:38,400
drains efficiently at the center
of Cusco lies. 

332
00:18:38,400 --> 00:18:43,900
The Korra Temple of the Sun. 
This is the most sacred site in 

333
00:18:43,900 --> 00:18:46,800
the Empire. 
The walls in side were once 

334
00:18:46,800 --> 00:18:50,300
covered with sheets of gold. 
Sunlight streaming through 

335
00:18:50,300 --> 00:18:51,900
Windows, would reflect off 
these. 

336
00:18:51,900 --> 00:18:56,400
Golden surfaces filling, the 
interior with warm light, the 

337
00:18:56,400 --> 00:18:58,000
effect must have been 
breathtaking. 

338
00:18:58,000 --> 00:19:01,400
You imagine standing in the 
quora country on the morning of 

339
00:19:01,400 --> 00:19:04,800
the winter solstice. 
Sunlight enters through a 

340
00:19:04,800 --> 00:19:07,600
precisely positioned window and 
illuminates. 

341
00:19:07,600 --> 00:19:11,900
A specific spot on the wall. 
this moment marks the turning 

342
00:19:11,900 --> 00:19:15,200
point of the year, when the sun 
begins its return Journey North 

343
00:19:16,200 --> 00:19:19,300
The priests who designed this 
new exactly how to align 

344
00:19:19,300 --> 00:19:21,400
architecture with Celestial 
movements? 

345
00:19:22,200 --> 00:19:25,200
The Inca track time through 
careful, observation of the sun,

346
00:19:25,200 --> 00:19:29,900
moon and stars on the horizon, 
Marc Soler positions throughout 

347
00:19:29,900 --> 00:19:32,300
the year. 
The planting and harvest 

348
00:19:32,300 --> 00:19:36,200
calendar depended on these 
observations festivals occurred 

349
00:19:36,200 --> 00:19:38,100
at astronomically significant 
moments. 

350
00:19:38,800 --> 00:19:41,400
Walk through the city in UC 
evidence of careful planning 

351
00:19:41,400 --> 00:19:43,800
everywhere. 
Water flows through Stone 

352
00:19:43,800 --> 00:19:47,400
channels along the streets, 
public plazas, provide Gathering

353
00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:51,900
spaces, storehouses line, the 
hillsides, around the city, The 

354
00:19:51,900 --> 00:19:55,200
population of Cusco might have 
reached 50,000 or more at its 

355
00:19:55,208 --> 00:19:57,800
height. 
The social organization of the 

356
00:19:57,800 --> 00:20:00,100
city, reflects the broader 
structure of the Empire 

357
00:20:00,100 --> 00:20:03,900
different neighborhoods, howls, 
different groups artists 

358
00:20:03,900 --> 00:20:07,000
clustered together. 
Metal workers had their area, 

359
00:20:07,000 --> 00:20:11,200
Weavers worked in another 
section of royal families. 

360
00:20:11,200 --> 00:20:13,900
Occupied the most prestigious 
locations near the center. 

361
00:20:13,900 --> 00:20:17,000
Watch A procession. 
Moving through, one of the main 

362
00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:20,900
plazas people carry, large, 
bundles in fine cloth. 

363
00:20:20,900 --> 00:20:25,300
These are the mummies of former 
in Corollas, the dead Empress 

364
00:20:25,300 --> 00:20:27,500
still participate in important 
ceremony. 

365
00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:31,700
They sit at feasts, there are 
tendons, offering them food and 

366
00:20:31,700 --> 00:20:34,400
drink. 
This might seem strange to 

367
00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:38,300
Outsiders, but it makes perfect 
sense within Inca cosmology. 

368
00:20:39,300 --> 00:20:41,900
And the relationship between the
living and the dead was more 

369
00:20:41,900 --> 00:20:44,200
fluid in Inca thought than in 
many other cultures. 

370
00:20:45,100 --> 00:20:47,400
And sisters remained active 
presences. 

371
00:20:47,400 --> 00:20:51,000
Their wisdom could be consulted 
their possessions were 

372
00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:53,800
maintained. 
They continue to own land and 

373
00:20:53,800 --> 00:20:55,600
receive tribute even after 
death. 

374
00:20:56,600 --> 00:21:00,200
This created an interesting 
problem, each new Inca Emperor 

375
00:21:00,200 --> 00:21:02,800
had to acquire his own wealth 
and land because his 

376
00:21:02,800 --> 00:21:06,200
predecessors resources belong to
that predecessors, mummy and 

377
00:21:06,208 --> 00:21:09,100
lineage. 
This encouraged expansion. 

378
00:21:09,100 --> 00:21:13,000
Each ruler needed to conquer new
territories to support his 

379
00:21:13,000 --> 00:21:16,000
household. 
The city's Mark, its Buzz with 

380
00:21:16,008 --> 00:21:18,600
activity. 
You wander through stalls, 

381
00:21:18,600 --> 00:21:20,400
displaying goods from across the
empire. 

382
00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:24,600
Bright textiles from Highland 
Weavers, hang alongside carved, 

383
00:21:24,600 --> 00:21:27,600
wooden items. 
Pottery of various Styles and 

384
00:21:27,600 --> 00:21:29,700
functions is arranged in neat 
rows. 

385
00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:34,800
Metalwork gleams in the sunlight
One vendor offers dried chilies 

386
00:21:34,800 --> 00:21:39,000
from a warm Valley, the smell is
sharp and complex and other 

387
00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:42,800
cells varieties of Maize and 
different colors, white, yellow,

388
00:21:42,800 --> 00:21:45,900
red, purple, and even black 
Colonels. 

389
00:21:45,900 --> 00:21:50,100
Phil woven bosquez you wonder at
the patience required to develop

390
00:21:50,100 --> 00:21:53,400
such diversity. 
The markets operate without 

391
00:21:53,400 --> 00:21:56,100
money. 
The Inca did not use currency in

392
00:21:56,100 --> 00:22:00,300
the way other civilizations did 
instead exchange happened 

393
00:22:00,300 --> 00:22:04,000
through barter and through the 
reciprocal obligations, that 

394
00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:08,000
structured Society, you might 
trade your woven cloth for 

395
00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:11,400
someone else's Pottery, or you 
might receive Goods as part of 

396
00:22:11,400 --> 00:22:15,500
your service to the Empire. 
Record keeping was essential in 

397
00:22:15,500 --> 00:22:18,300
such a system. 
The quipu served this purpose 

398
00:22:18,300 --> 00:22:21,100
brilliantly. 
These bundles of knotted 

399
00:22:21,100 --> 00:22:26,100
strings, recorded quantities. 
Transactions, census data, and 

400
00:22:26,100 --> 00:22:29,600
possibly even narrative. 
Different colors of string meant

401
00:22:29,600 --> 00:22:32,500
different things. 
The type of not conveyed, 

402
00:22:32,500 --> 00:22:36,800
meaning, The position of a knot 
on the string, indicated value, 

403
00:22:36,800 --> 00:22:41,100
you examine a quick. 
Now the main court has dozens of

404
00:22:41,100 --> 00:22:42,800
subsidiary strings hanging from 
it. 

405
00:22:42,800 --> 00:22:47,600
Each string has several knots. 
Specialist called aqua Cameo, 

406
00:22:47,600 --> 00:22:50,100
can read these knots like you 
might read a page of text. 

407
00:22:50,100 --> 00:22:53,200
They can tell you exactly how 
many llamas are in a particular 

408
00:22:53,200 --> 00:22:55,500
region. 
How much Maize was harvested? 

409
00:22:55,500 --> 00:22:57,000
How many people owe Labor 
Service? 

410
00:22:57,000 --> 00:23:00,300
This system of record, keeping 
allowed the Empire to function 

411
00:23:00,300 --> 00:23:04,300
with remarkable efficiently. 
Administrators knew what 

412
00:23:04,308 --> 00:23:06,600
resources were available and 
where they were located. 

413
00:23:06,600 --> 00:23:10,500
They could plan distributions, 
organized labor projects and 

414
00:23:10,500 --> 00:23:14,400
respond to shortages. 
Palace complexes of Cusco 

415
00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:17,000
demonstrate, another aspect of 
Inca architecture. 

416
00:23:17,000 --> 00:23:20,400
Each Emperor, built his own 
Palace rather than occupying, 

417
00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:24,300
his predecessors residents. 
These compounds included, living

418
00:23:24,300 --> 00:23:28,400
quarters, storage areas, Gardens
and ceremonial spaces. 

419
00:23:29,300 --> 00:23:32,900
You peek into one of these 
Garden Courtyards plants grow in

420
00:23:32,900 --> 00:23:35,600
carefully. 
Tended beds, small channels, 

421
00:23:35,600 --> 00:23:39,200
bring water to each section 
Stone benches offer places to 

422
00:23:39,200 --> 00:23:43,100
sit and enjoy the space. 
The guardian is both beautiful 

423
00:23:43,100 --> 00:23:46,300
and productive with flowers, 
growing alongside herbs and 

424
00:23:46,300 --> 00:23:49,200
vegetables. 
The concept of beauty and 

425
00:23:49,200 --> 00:23:51,600
increase, their Aesthetics 
valued both Form and Function. 

426
00:23:52,500 --> 00:23:56,100
A well-made storage jar was 
beautiful precisely because it 

427
00:23:56,100 --> 00:24:00,400
performed its function so well, 
The smooth curve of its belly, 

428
00:24:00,400 --> 00:24:04,800
the strength of its base, the 
comfortable grip of its handles.

429
00:24:04,800 --> 00:24:09,600
All contributed to its beauty. 
Textile production was highly 

430
00:24:09,600 --> 00:24:12,200
valued in Lincoln Society. 
Fine. 

431
00:24:12,200 --> 00:24:14,800
Cloths served as a measure of 
wealth and Status. 

432
00:24:14,800 --> 00:24:19,500
The emperor garments made from 
the softest alpaca wall woven 

433
00:24:19,500 --> 00:24:23,200
with intricate patterns. 
These textiles took months to 

434
00:24:23,200 --> 00:24:26,200
produce every thread was spun by
hand. 

435
00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:30,500
Every pattern was created by 
skilled fingers on a backstrap 

436
00:24:30,500 --> 00:24:33,100
Loom. 
You watch a weaver working now. 

437
00:24:34,000 --> 00:24:37,000
She sits with the loom stretch 
between a post and a strap 

438
00:24:37,000 --> 00:24:39,900
around her waist. 
A fingers move with quick 

439
00:24:39,900 --> 00:24:42,500
precision. 
Colored threads created 

440
00:24:42,500 --> 00:24:45,200
geometric pattern that grows 
slowly across the fabric. 

441
00:24:46,300 --> 00:24:49,200
She pauses occasionally to 
adjust tension or select a new 

442
00:24:49,208 --> 00:24:51,900
color. 
Patterns in textiles were not 

443
00:24:51,900 --> 00:24:54,900
merely decorative. 
They conveyed information about 

444
00:24:54,900 --> 00:24:59,000
the where is region, stateless 
and affiliation someone trained 

445
00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:00,700
in reading. 
These visual languages could 

446
00:25:00,700 --> 00:25:02,800
learn much about personal from 
their clothing. 

447
00:25:03,600 --> 00:25:06,600
As evening, approaches you climb
to advantage point, overlooking 

448
00:25:06,600 --> 00:25:09,700
the city. 
Smoke rises from thousands of 

449
00:25:09,700 --> 00:25:13,400
cooking, fires, the smell of 
roasting meat and quinoa. 

450
00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:16,200
Stew drifts on the breeze. 
The city. 

451
00:25:16,200 --> 00:25:18,400
Settles into its evening, 
rhythms. 

452
00:25:19,100 --> 00:25:23,200
People Gathering Courtyards to 
share meals children, finish 

453
00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:28,200
their games and head inside. 
The mountains surrounding Cusco,

454
00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:31,600
catch the last Light. 
Their peaks glowing pink and 

455
00:25:31,600 --> 00:25:36,300
orange Shadows fill the valleys,
the temperature drops quickly as

456
00:25:36,300 --> 00:25:39,800
the sun disappears. 
You pull your cloak Tighter and 

457
00:25:39,800 --> 00:25:44,000
appreciate the warmth of alpaca 
wool this city with its precise 

458
00:25:44,000 --> 00:25:47,900
architecture and complex, social
organization represents the 

459
00:25:47,900 --> 00:25:50,400
achievement of the Inca 
civilization at its height. 

460
00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:53,500
It is a place where the 
Practical and the spiritual 

461
00:25:53,500 --> 00:25:57,100
intertwine or efficient 
administration supports millions

462
00:25:57,100 --> 00:26:00,500
of people, across diverse 
Landscapes, where tradition and 

463
00:26:00,500 --> 00:26:04,500
Innovation walk hand in hand. 
You begin to understand 

464
00:26:04,500 --> 00:26:07,500
something peculiar about how the
Inca organized their 

465
00:26:07,500 --> 00:26:11,100
relationship with the landscape.
Unlike Empires, that spread 

466
00:26:11,100 --> 00:26:14,800
horizontally across relatively 
uniform, terrain, the Inca 

467
00:26:14,800 --> 00:26:18,700
Empire stretched vertically. 
Embracing radical environmental,

468
00:26:18,700 --> 00:26:20,500
differences within short 
distances. 

469
00:26:21,700 --> 00:26:23,700
Standard sea level on the 
Pacific coast. 

470
00:26:23,700 --> 00:26:27,100
The air is humid and smells of 
salt and seaweed. 

471
00:26:28,000 --> 00:26:31,800
For Groves in most mornings 
creating a gray blanket that 

472
00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:35,700
burns off by midday. 
The temperature stays relatively

473
00:26:35,700 --> 00:26:38,900
constant year round. 
This is the coastal desert. 

474
00:26:38,900 --> 00:26:42,400
One of the driest places on 
Earth despite being right next 

475
00:26:42,400 --> 00:26:45,500
to an ocean. 
Now imagine traveling in land 

476
00:26:45,500 --> 00:26:48,900
within a single day of hard. 
Walking you climb from this 

477
00:26:48,900 --> 00:26:52,800
desert into fertile river. 
Valleys here, irrigation 

478
00:26:52,800 --> 00:26:56,400
channels built by cultures that 
preceded, the Inca Tern dry land

479
00:26:56,400 --> 00:27:00,500
into Guardians, Cotton grows in 
neat, Fields, fruit, trees, 

480
00:27:00,500 --> 00:27:04,100
produce mangoes, avocados and 
other crops impossible at higher

481
00:27:04,100 --> 00:27:07,700
elevations, continue climbing 
The Valleys narrow and the air 

482
00:27:07,700 --> 00:27:10,100
grows thinner. 
You enter the cloud forest Zone 

483
00:27:10,100 --> 00:27:14,000
where moisture condenses on 
vegetation and drips constantly.

484
00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:18,100
Everything is green and damp 
orchids cling to tree branches. 

485
00:27:18,100 --> 00:27:20,500
The sound of water is 
everywhere. 

486
00:27:20,500 --> 00:27:24,900
Higher still, you break through 
the clouds into the Puna, the 

487
00:27:24,900 --> 00:27:29,400
high grassland The air here is 
so thin that exertional leaves, 

488
00:27:29,400 --> 00:27:32,900
you gasping. 
The sun feels intense without 

489
00:27:32,900 --> 00:27:35,300
the filtering effect of thicker 
atmosphere. 

490
00:27:35,900 --> 00:27:39,300
Temperatures can swing from warm
to freezing within hours. 

491
00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:43,200
This vertical landscape created 
a unique economic system. 

492
00:27:43,200 --> 00:27:47,700
Instead of controlling large 
horizontal, territories can 

493
00:27:47,700 --> 00:27:51,000
control the vertical strips that
included access to multiple 

494
00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:54,700
ecological zones. 
A single ethnic group, might 

495
00:27:54,700 --> 00:27:57,300
have settlements and resource 
rights from the coast of the 

496
00:27:57,300 --> 00:28:00,000
high mountains. 
This meant that people from the 

497
00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:01,600
cold. 
Pune could send Representatives 

498
00:28:01,600 --> 00:28:04,000
down to warmer valleys to grow 
maze. 

499
00:28:04,900 --> 00:28:07,300
Coastal communities might 
maintain outposts in the 

500
00:28:07,300 --> 00:28:10,100
highlands to access wall and 
high altitude crops. 

501
00:28:10,900 --> 00:28:14,600
This vertical archipelago 
system, predated the Inca but 

502
00:28:14,600 --> 00:28:17,200
was incorporated into their 
administrative framework. 

503
00:28:18,300 --> 00:28:20,400
You follow a caravan. 
Now, as it travels, this 

504
00:28:20,400 --> 00:28:24,000
vertical route, the llamas carry
dried fish from the coasts 

505
00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:25,900
upward toward Highland 
communities. 

506
00:28:25,900 --> 00:28:29,600
They will return loaded with 
wool and freeze-dried potatoes. 

507
00:28:29,600 --> 00:28:32,400
This exchange has happened for 
Generations. 

508
00:28:32,400 --> 00:28:37,300
The roots are ancient, the 
journey takes days each night, 

509
00:28:37,300 --> 00:28:39,300
the Caravan stops at a different
elevation. 

510
00:28:39,300 --> 00:28:42,500
The air changes the sounds 
change. 

511
00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:47,200
At the coast waves and seabirds 
create the soundscape. 

512
00:28:47,900 --> 00:28:51,000
In the middle elevations insects
and frogs provide evening 

513
00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:53,600
chorus. 
In the highlands, the wind makes

514
00:28:53,600 --> 00:28:57,500
the primary sound whistling 
through, rocks and grass, The 

515
00:28:57,500 --> 00:28:59,600
people traveling with this 
Caravan come from different 

516
00:28:59,600 --> 00:29:03,200
communities but know each other.
Well, these roots bring regular 

517
00:29:03,200 --> 00:29:08,500
contact, they share news as they
travel a birth in one Village, a

518
00:29:08,500 --> 00:29:13,300
successful harvest in another 
Coming Festival information, 

519
00:29:13,300 --> 00:29:16,400
flows along these vertical paths
just as good to do. 

520
00:29:17,200 --> 00:29:21,100
You taste the food prepared at 
each elevation at the coast fish

521
00:29:21,100 --> 00:29:23,300
stew. 
Seasoned with Chiles in The 

522
00:29:23,300 --> 00:29:27,200
Valleys fresh fruit that bursts 
with flavor in the highlands. 

523
00:29:27,200 --> 00:29:31,900
Thick soup made from dried meat 
and Junior each Zone can tribute

524
00:29:31,900 --> 00:29:33,800
to Specialty to the diets of 
others. 

525
00:29:34,600 --> 00:29:36,700
The clothing also changes with 
altitude. 

526
00:29:36,700 --> 00:29:40,600
Coastal people, wear, lighter 
cotton, garments Highland, 

527
00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:44,000
dwellers layer, alpaca wool 
against the cold The Caravan 

528
00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:46,700
members, carry extra clothing 
and change as they move between 

529
00:29:46,700 --> 00:29:49,300
zones. 
This system created 

530
00:29:49,300 --> 00:29:51,500
interdependence between 
communities. 

531
00:29:51,500 --> 00:29:55,000
No single group could be 
entirely self-sufficient. 

532
00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:59,200
Everyone needed resources from 
other elevations this 

533
00:29:59,200 --> 00:30:02,900
interdependence, promoted 
exchange and reduced conflict. 

534
00:30:03,700 --> 00:30:06,600
Why fight with people you depend
on for essential Goods? 

535
00:30:08,000 --> 00:30:10,600
The Inca formalized and extended
this vertical system. 

536
00:30:10,600 --> 00:30:13,100
They built the roads that made 
travel easier. 

537
00:30:13,100 --> 00:30:16,100
They established the tambos that
made long Journeys possible. 

538
00:30:16,100 --> 00:30:20,000
They created administrative 
structures that facilitated 

539
00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:22,300
exchange across ecological 
boundaries. 

540
00:30:23,200 --> 00:30:25,800
You rested at a tombow located 
at a mid-elevation. 

541
00:30:25,800 --> 00:30:28,900
Point travelers from both 
directions, passed through 

542
00:30:28,900 --> 00:30:31,900
Coastal Traders heading up 
Highland. 

543
00:30:31,900 --> 00:30:35,200
Herders heading down the tempo. 
Keeper knows everyone. 

544
00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:39,500
He asks about conditions on the 
trails shares information, about

545
00:30:39,500 --> 00:30:44,000
weather patterns offers advice 
on timing The conversations you 

546
00:30:44,000 --> 00:30:46,900
overhear reveal the complexity 
of the exchange Networks. 

547
00:30:47,700 --> 00:30:50,200
Someone mentions that a 
particular Valley produced 

548
00:30:50,200 --> 00:30:54,100
exceptional maze this year. 
Another person notes that alpaca

549
00:30:54,100 --> 00:30:58,200
wool prices of shifted slightly.
Third, discusses. 

550
00:30:58,200 --> 00:31:00,700
The best time to move llamas 
between pastures. 

551
00:31:01,500 --> 00:31:04,500
These economic relationships 
were embedded in Social and 

552
00:31:04,500 --> 00:31:07,600
ritual Frameworks. 
Exchange often happened during 

553
00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:10,700
festivals and ceremonies a 
Highland community. 

554
00:31:10,700 --> 00:31:13,700
Might travel to a coastal Shrine
for a particular celebration, 

555
00:31:13,700 --> 00:31:17,800
bringing Gifts of wool and meat.
The coastal hosts would 

556
00:31:17,800 --> 00:31:21,100
reciprocate with fish on 
reciprocity. 

557
00:31:21,100 --> 00:31:24,200
Was the fundamental principle 
you gave because you would 

558
00:31:24,200 --> 00:31:28,500
receive you received because you
gave this created ongoing 

559
00:31:28,500 --> 00:31:31,300
relationships rather than 
one-time transactions. 

560
00:31:31,300 --> 00:31:34,500
The goal was not to maximize 
individual profit but to 

561
00:31:34,500 --> 00:31:38,700
maintain balance and connection.
The Inca State inserted itself 

562
00:31:38,700 --> 00:31:41,400
into these exchange networks as 
another participant. 

563
00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:45,900
Community sent labor and goods 
to the state through the mitter 

564
00:31:45,900 --> 00:31:49,000
system. 
The state redistributed, some of

565
00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:51,800
these resources and used others 
to support Specialists 

566
00:31:51,800 --> 00:31:56,700
administrators and the army. 
You watch a group of meta 

567
00:31:56,700 --> 00:31:58,300
workers repairing a section of 
Road. 

568
00:31:58,900 --> 00:32:01,300
They work with the same communal
efficiency. 

569
00:32:01,300 --> 00:32:05,000
You saw in the agricultural, 
Terraces some break up damage 

570
00:32:05,000 --> 00:32:09,408
Stone others shape, New pieces. 
A few prepare mortar for the 

571
00:32:09,416 --> 00:32:12,600
sections that require it. 
They sing as they work 

572
00:32:12,600 --> 00:32:14,600
coordinating, their efforts 
through Rhythm. 

573
00:32:14,600 --> 00:32:17,800
These workers are fulfilling 
their labor obligation to the 

574
00:32:17,800 --> 00:32:21,200
Empire in return. 
They receive food from state 

575
00:32:21,200 --> 00:32:25,100
store houses while they work. 
Their communities are exempt 

576
00:32:25,100 --> 00:32:27,400
from other obligations during 
their service period. 

577
00:32:28,300 --> 00:32:31,100
The system creates a sense of 
participation in something 

578
00:32:31,100 --> 00:32:34,900
larger than individual Villages 
the vertical landscape, or 

579
00:32:34,900 --> 00:32:38,300
influence spiritual beliefs, 
different elevations had 

580
00:32:38,300 --> 00:32:42,400
different sacred associations 
High, Peaks were powerful places

581
00:32:42,400 --> 00:32:46,600
where Earth touched sky. 
The coast was where the world 

582
00:32:46,600 --> 00:32:47,900
met. 
The great water. 

583
00:32:48,900 --> 00:32:51,700
Springs and caves have their own
spiritual significant. 

584
00:32:51,700 --> 00:32:56,100
Pilgrimages often involved 
vertical Journeys, you might 

585
00:32:56,100 --> 00:32:59,300
travel from your home Village to
a sacred mountain, peak to make 

586
00:32:59,300 --> 00:33:02,200
offerings. 
The journey itself was part of 

587
00:33:02,200 --> 00:33:05,000
the devotional, the effort of 
climbing through different 

588
00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:07,600
zones. 
Demonstrated commitment, you 

589
00:33:07,600 --> 00:33:11,400
make such a pilgrimage now 
Starting in a warm value, you 

590
00:33:11,400 --> 00:33:14,400
climb toward a mountain Shrine. 
The path is steep and your 

591
00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:18,000
breath comes and gasps. 
Physical exertion becomes a 

592
00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:21,200
meditation. 
Each step is an offering at The 

593
00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:23,400
Shrine you find a simple stone 
platform. 

594
00:33:23,400 --> 00:33:27,900
Previous pilgrims have left 
small offerings Pebbles arranged

595
00:33:27,900 --> 00:33:30,400
in patterns, bundles of dry 
grasses. 

596
00:33:30,400 --> 00:33:34,500
You add your own, a handful of 
coca leaves, the wind 

597
00:33:34,500 --> 00:33:38,000
immediately, scatters some of 
them, this is acceptable, the 

598
00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:40,900
gesture matters more than the 
permanents from this height. 

599
00:33:40,900 --> 00:33:43,400
You can see the Landscapes 
spreading Below in bands of 

600
00:33:43,400 --> 00:33:46,900
color and texture. 
The green of cultivated valleys,

601
00:33:46,900 --> 00:33:51,400
the brown of desert Coast, the 
gray of rock and ice on peaks of

602
00:33:51,408 --> 00:33:55,700
this visual representation of 
the Vertical World, reminds you 

603
00:33:55,700 --> 00:33:57,800
of the interconnections that 
make life possible. 

604
00:33:58,800 --> 00:34:02,300
The Descent is quicker, but 
requires different skills, your 

605
00:34:02,300 --> 00:34:06,200
knees, absorb the impact of each
downward step the Ethan's. 

606
00:34:06,200 --> 00:34:10,800
As you lose altitude, your ears 
pop. color seem more vibrant as 

607
00:34:10,800 --> 00:34:15,100
oxygen becomes more abundant 
Back in a valley settlement, you

608
00:34:15,100 --> 00:34:18,600
join in an evening meal, the 
food on the table represents the

609
00:34:18,600 --> 00:34:20,600
vertical archipelago in 
miniature. 

610
00:34:21,300 --> 00:34:25,500
Fish from the coast potatoes 
from the highlands peppers from 

611
00:34:25,500 --> 00:34:28,199
warm. 
Valleys quinoa from mid 

612
00:34:28,199 --> 00:34:30,699
elevations. 
Each ingredient traveled to 

613
00:34:30,699 --> 00:34:33,300
reach this table, the 
conversation during the meal. 

614
00:34:33,300 --> 00:34:36,800
Ranges across topics. 
Someone discusses techniques for

615
00:34:36,800 --> 00:34:39,699
dying Wool, with different 
plants found at various 

616
00:34:39,699 --> 00:34:42,500
elevations. 
Another person describes a new 

617
00:34:42,507 --> 00:34:44,900
terrorist system being built in 
a neighboring Valley. 

618
00:34:45,699 --> 00:34:50,100
Child asks about the snow on 
distant Peaks. this web vertical

619
00:34:50,100 --> 00:34:53,500
connections, this constant 
movement of people and goods up 

620
00:34:53,500 --> 00:34:57,900
and down the mountains, created 
a civilization adapted to one of

621
00:34:57,900 --> 00:35:01,500
Earth's, most challenging 
landscapes System was 

622
00:35:01,500 --> 00:35:05,600
sophisticated resilient and 
deeply tied to the specific 

623
00:35:05,600 --> 00:35:09,000
geography of the Andes. 
Your working in a coastal 

624
00:35:09,008 --> 00:35:11,600
settlement when news arrives of 
something strange. 

625
00:35:12,600 --> 00:35:15,800
Vessels unlike any seen before 
have appeared on the horizon? 

626
00:35:16,700 --> 00:35:20,100
They are enormous with great 
sheets of cloth, that catch the 

627
00:35:20,100 --> 00:35:22,600
wind. 
They do not look like the Reed 

628
00:35:22,600 --> 00:35:25,200
boats or wooden rafts familiar 
to Coastal people. 

629
00:35:25,200 --> 00:35:29,100
The news creates curiosity, 
rather than immediate alarm 

630
00:35:29,100 --> 00:35:31,800
strange things. 
Sometimes wash up on beaches. 

631
00:35:31,800 --> 00:35:34,300
Interesting objects from distant
lands. 

632
00:35:34,300 --> 00:35:38,100
These vessels might be just 
another curiosity, though. 

633
00:35:38,100 --> 00:35:41,600
Their size is remarkable. 
You join others walking to the 

634
00:35:41,608 --> 00:35:45,300
beach to see for yourself. 
Sure enough, far offshore you 

635
00:35:45,300 --> 00:35:48,900
can make out shapes that match. 
The description they're too far 

636
00:35:48,900 --> 00:35:52,100
away to see details but their 
presence is undeniable. 

637
00:35:53,300 --> 00:35:56,600
Some of the vessels send smaller
boats towards Shore, people 

638
00:35:56,600 --> 00:35:59,300
emerge from these boats, who, 
look, unlike anyone you have 

639
00:35:59,300 --> 00:36:02,000
encountered. 
Their skin is covered with hair,

640
00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:04,700
they wear layers of strange 
materials. 

641
00:36:04,700 --> 00:36:07,500
They carry objects that glint in
the sunlight. 

642
00:36:08,300 --> 00:36:11,600
The newcomers seem as curious 
about you as you are about them.

643
00:36:11,600 --> 00:36:15,000
They make gestures and sounds 
that carry no meaning. 

644
00:36:15,000 --> 00:36:18,100
You can decipher you. 
Try speaking to them in your 

645
00:36:18,100 --> 00:36:20,500
language. 
They clearly do not understand. 

646
00:36:20,500 --> 00:36:24,800
Someone tries hand signals. 
This works slightly better. 

647
00:36:26,000 --> 00:36:29,400
One of the strangers offers a 
small object, a bead of some 

648
00:36:29,400 --> 00:36:33,300
material, you do not recognize 
it is smooth and brightly 

649
00:36:33,300 --> 00:36:37,900
colored you accept it and offer 
in return, a small bag of dried 

650
00:36:37,900 --> 00:36:40,800
fish. 
The Stranger seems pleased. 

651
00:36:41,700 --> 00:36:44,400
These initially encounters a 
tentative and Confused. 

652
00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:46,800
Neither the group knows what to 
make of the other. 

653
00:36:47,600 --> 00:36:50,000
The coastal people have heard of
many different groups in the 

654
00:36:50,000 --> 00:36:53,400
Empire, but these strangers fit 
no known category. 

655
00:36:53,400 --> 00:36:57,400
Their clothing is bizarre. 
Their speeches incomprehensible,

656
00:36:57,400 --> 00:37:01,300
their objects are mysterious. 
The Strangers in particularly 

657
00:37:01,300 --> 00:37:05,000
interested in metal objects. 
When someone wearing a copper 

658
00:37:05,000 --> 00:37:07,900
ornament approaches, the 
strangers become animated, they 

659
00:37:07,900 --> 00:37:11,300
point and gesture they seem to 
want to know where the metal 

660
00:37:11,300 --> 00:37:14,700
came from this interest. 
In metal would become a defining

661
00:37:14,700 --> 00:37:18,400
feature of the early encounters.
The Strangers possess a 

662
00:37:18,400 --> 00:37:21,400
particular kind of intense focus
when they see gold or silver, 

663
00:37:22,400 --> 00:37:26,200
local people, find this Focus 
peculiar metals are valuable 

664
00:37:26,200 --> 00:37:29,800
certainly, but the strangers 
reaction seems disproportionate 

665
00:37:30,600 --> 00:37:33,800
you watch as communication 
slowly develops over days of 

666
00:37:33,808 --> 00:37:36,800
interaction. 
Certain words begin to carry. 

667
00:37:36,800 --> 00:37:39,900
Meaning of the language barrier.
Hand gestures. 

668
00:37:39,900 --> 00:37:41,700
Acquire agreed upon 
significance. 

669
00:37:42,500 --> 00:37:45,100
Both groups become slightly 
better at predicting, what the 

670
00:37:45,100 --> 00:37:48,500
others might do or want. 
The Strangers show interest in 

671
00:37:48,500 --> 00:37:53,100
supplies, they need food and 
water, Coastal, communities are 

672
00:37:53,100 --> 00:37:56,400
accustomed to hosting Travelers 
and providing for those passing 

673
00:37:56,400 --> 00:37:59,400
through. 
Offering Hospitality to 

674
00:37:59,400 --> 00:38:01,800
strangers aligns with cultural 
values. 

675
00:38:02,600 --> 00:38:05,700
People bring fish fruits and 
water to the beach. 

676
00:38:06,300 --> 00:38:08,600
In return. 
The strangers offer objects from

677
00:38:08,600 --> 00:38:11,400
their vessels glass, beads 
become popular. 

678
00:38:11,400 --> 00:38:14,400
Metal tools with extremely sharp
edges. 

679
00:38:14,400 --> 00:38:18,100
Generate interest. 
Some textiles with unusual 

680
00:38:18,100 --> 00:38:20,700
weaves and colors circulate 
among local people. 

681
00:38:21,700 --> 00:38:23,700
Strangers. 
Try to communicate questions 

682
00:38:23,700 --> 00:38:25,600
about the land and its 
organization. 

683
00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:28,800
They want to know about 
political structures about 

684
00:38:28,800 --> 00:38:33,200
wealth about sources of metal. 
their questions are difficult to

685
00:38:33,200 --> 00:38:36,500
understand at first, But 
gradually their interests become

686
00:38:36,500 --> 00:38:39,400
clearer. 
News of the strangers, travels 

687
00:38:39,400 --> 00:38:42,000
Inland along the road networks 
Runners. 

688
00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:44,300
Carry reports to administrative 
centers. 

689
00:38:44,300 --> 00:38:48,000
The message is described the 
vessels, the appearance of the 

690
00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:50,900
strangers, their behaviors and 
apparent interests. 

691
00:38:50,900 --> 00:38:54,000
The information is noted and 
stored on Cooper's 

692
00:38:54,700 --> 00:38:57,900
administrative responses, come 
back from Regional centers, 

693
00:38:57,900 --> 00:39:01,600
observe the strangers. 
Provide Hospitality as 

694
00:39:01,600 --> 00:39:05,400
appropriate report, any 
significant developments do not 

695
00:39:05,400 --> 00:39:08,500
interfere with their movements 
unless they threaten communities

696
00:39:08,500 --> 00:39:11,300
or resources. 
The Strangers move along the 

697
00:39:11,300 --> 00:39:13,200
coasts, stopping at different 
settlements. 

698
00:39:13,200 --> 00:39:16,800
They follow patterns, that seem 
odd to local observers. 

699
00:39:16,800 --> 00:39:19,400
They asked similar questions 
everywhere. 

700
00:39:20,300 --> 00:39:23,200
Show the same interest in 
metals, this seemed to be 

701
00:39:23,200 --> 00:39:26,300
searching for something. 
At one coastal town. 

702
00:39:26,300 --> 00:39:28,100
The Strangers. 
Encounter someone who has 

703
00:39:28,100 --> 00:39:30,000
learned a few words of their 
language during previous 

704
00:39:30,000 --> 00:39:32,800
contacts. 
This person becomes a bridge 

705
00:39:32,800 --> 00:39:35,500
translating haltingly between 
languages. 

706
00:39:35,500 --> 00:39:39,500
The Strangers questions become 
somewhat clearer though, still 

707
00:39:39,500 --> 00:39:41,900
puzzling. 
They are asked about a powerful 

708
00:39:41,900 --> 00:39:44,500
ruler, they ask about gold and 
silver. 

709
00:39:44,500 --> 00:39:46,700
They asked about cities in the 
mountains. 

710
00:39:46,700 --> 00:39:49,700
Their questions suggest they 
have heard stories about the 

711
00:39:49,700 --> 00:39:52,900
Empire and are trying to 
understand its organization. 

712
00:39:54,300 --> 00:39:57,500
Local officials decide to send a
small delegation with gifts to 

713
00:39:57,500 --> 00:40:00,800
the Inca Court. 
The gifts include samples of 

714
00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:02,400
what the strangers of offered in
trade. 

715
00:40:03,300 --> 00:40:06,100
The delegation also carries 
detail descriptions of the 

716
00:40:06,100 --> 00:40:09,000
encounters. 
This information helps the 

717
00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:12,200
Imperial Administration, begin 
forming an understanding of who 

718
00:40:12,200 --> 00:40:15,500
these strangers might be. 
The Strangers for their parts 

719
00:40:15,500 --> 00:40:16,900
seem to be having their own 
debates. 

720
00:40:16,900 --> 00:40:20,400
You, observe them gathering in 
groups and engaging in animated 

721
00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:23,400
discussion. 
Sometimes these discussions 

722
00:40:23,400 --> 00:40:25,800
become heated. 
You wonder what their arguing 

723
00:40:25,800 --> 00:40:27,800
about. 
Some of the strangers seemed 

724
00:40:27,800 --> 00:40:30,900
more interested in peaceful 
exchange, others appear. 

725
00:40:30,900 --> 00:40:34,300
More aggressive in their 
gestures and bearing This 

726
00:40:34,300 --> 00:40:37,100
division within their group is 
visible even to observers who 

727
00:40:37,100 --> 00:40:40,900
cannot understand their words. 
Months, passed with occasional 

728
00:40:40,900 --> 00:40:43,900
encounters along the coast. 
The Strangers sometimes 

729
00:40:43,900 --> 00:40:48,800
disappear for long periods, then
return They seem to be exploring

730
00:40:48,800 --> 00:40:53,000
mapping learning. 
They asked about Roots into the 

731
00:40:53,000 --> 00:40:57,300
mountains about the location of 
important centers about the 

732
00:40:57,300 --> 00:41:01,000
organization of power. 
A few individuals from Coastal 

733
00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:03,700
communities, begin to learn 
fragments of the strangers 

734
00:41:03,700 --> 00:41:06,400
language. 
Similarly, some strangers pick 

735
00:41:06,400 --> 00:41:08,500
up words and phrases from local 
languages. 

736
00:41:09,500 --> 00:41:13,500
This slow linguistic bridge 
building makes communication 

737
00:41:13,500 --> 00:41:16,900
incrementally easier. 
The Strangers demonstrate 

738
00:41:16,900 --> 00:41:18,800
technologies, that generate 
interest. 

739
00:41:19,600 --> 00:41:22,600
Their metal tools hold edges 
longer than bronze implements. 

740
00:41:23,600 --> 00:41:26,300
The textiles include materials 
are known in the region. 

741
00:41:27,200 --> 00:41:30,300
They have ways of making marks 
and flat surfaces that preserve 

742
00:41:30,300 --> 00:41:33,000
information, different from the 
keepu system. 

743
00:41:34,000 --> 00:41:36,600
We try to explain keep boost to 
one of the strangers. 

744
00:41:36,600 --> 00:41:38,700
You show. 
How not record numbers. 

745
00:41:39,600 --> 00:41:43,700
The Strangers seems fascinated, 
but also frustrated, they want 

746
00:41:43,700 --> 00:41:47,400
to understand the system fully 
but the complexity is not easily

747
00:41:47,400 --> 00:41:49,200
conveyed across the language 
barrier. 

748
00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:53,300
In return, one of the strangers 
tries to explain their marking 

749
00:41:53,300 --> 00:41:56,600
system, they make dark traces on
a pale surface. 

750
00:41:57,300 --> 00:42:00,000
These traces apparently convey 
meaning to those who can 

751
00:42:00,000 --> 00:42:02,900
interpret them. 
You find the system interesting,

752
00:42:02,900 --> 00:42:06,700
but opaque How can static marks 
on a Surface? 

753
00:42:06,700 --> 00:42:09,700
Replace the tactile Precision of
knotted strings. 

754
00:42:10,800 --> 00:42:13,000
Stranger seem to have 
hierarchies among themselves. 

755
00:42:13,000 --> 00:42:15,100
Some give orders and others 
follow. 

756
00:42:15,100 --> 00:42:18,500
This is familiar enough. 
What is less clear? 

757
00:42:18,500 --> 00:42:21,600
Is the exact nature of their 
Authority structures? 

758
00:42:21,600 --> 00:42:24,900
They have leaders, but the 
relationship between these 

759
00:42:24,900 --> 00:42:28,400
leaders is puzzling. 
Time continues to pass. 

760
00:42:29,300 --> 00:42:32,300
The strangers become a strange 
but gradually more familiar 

761
00:42:32,300 --> 00:42:34,000
presence. 
Along parts of the coast. 

762
00:42:34,900 --> 00:42:38,500
Coastal communities, adapt to 
occasional encounters, trade 

763
00:42:38,500 --> 00:42:43,200
continues information flows to 
administrative centers life goes

764
00:42:43,200 --> 00:42:45,100
on with this new element added 
to its path. 

765
00:42:45,100 --> 00:42:49,100
And your present in Casa marker 
on a day that will become famous

766
00:42:49,100 --> 00:42:51,300
for all the wrong reasons 
though. 

767
00:42:51,300 --> 00:42:54,800
You do not know this yet. 
This setting is a high Valley 

768
00:42:54,800 --> 00:42:59,500
comfortable, and well organized.
The Inca ruler at a Wilder, has 

769
00:42:59,508 --> 00:43:03,500
brought a large Entourage here. 
The strangers now, understood to

770
00:43:03,500 --> 00:43:06,100
be called a spaniels have 
requested a meeting. 

771
00:43:07,200 --> 00:43:10,200
The preparation for this meeting
involves careful, thought about 

772
00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:13,700
protocol and presentation. 
To help her represents the 

773
00:43:13,700 --> 00:43:16,700
Pinnacle of a sophisticated 
administrative and cultural 

774
00:43:16,700 --> 00:43:19,300
system. 
He is surrounded by officials 

775
00:43:19,300 --> 00:43:22,000
advisers and attendants who 
understand their roles in 

776
00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:23,600
maintaining the Dignity of 
Empire. 

777
00:43:24,500 --> 00:43:27,900
The Espionage in the plaza. 
There are fewer in number than 

778
00:43:27,900 --> 00:43:30,900
the Inca Entourage, but carry 
themselves with their own sense 

779
00:43:30,900 --> 00:43:34,100
of importance. 
Their leader whose name sounds 

780
00:43:34,100 --> 00:43:37,000
like Pizarro approaches with 
several companions. 

781
00:43:37,000 --> 00:43:40,600
What happens in cajas? 
Not something easily told as a 

782
00:43:40,600 --> 00:43:43,800
peaceful story. 
The fundamental misunderstanding

783
00:43:43,800 --> 00:43:46,400
between the two groups, the 
different assumptions about 

784
00:43:46,400 --> 00:43:49,600
power and legitimacy. 
The ultimate outcome, all 

785
00:43:49,600 --> 00:43:52,200
involve elements that are not 
gentle or sleep friendly. 

786
00:43:53,200 --> 00:43:55,400
But what matters for 
understanding the transformation

787
00:43:55,400 --> 00:44:00,000
that follows is recognizing that
this encounter revealed profound

788
00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:04,200
differences in worldview? 
The Espanol operated within a 

789
00:44:04,200 --> 00:44:08,200
framework of religious Mission 
and political expansion that 

790
00:44:08,200 --> 00:44:10,100
made no sense to incor 
observers. 

791
00:44:11,000 --> 00:44:13,600
Their demands for submission. 
Seem to come from nowhere, 

792
00:44:13,600 --> 00:44:17,100
backed by Noah, established 
relationship or reciprocal 

793
00:44:17,100 --> 00:44:19,600
obligation. 
The Inca for their part 

794
00:44:19,600 --> 00:44:22,900
represented, an authority 
structure based on demonstrated.

795
00:44:22,900 --> 00:44:26,000
Administrative capacity, 
military success. 

796
00:44:26,000 --> 00:44:30,100
And divine mandate, that the 
Espanol neither recognized nor 

797
00:44:30,100 --> 00:44:33,400
understood, Each side was 
speaking past the other in 

798
00:44:33,400 --> 00:44:36,900
fundamental ways. 
What followed transformed the 

799
00:44:36,908 --> 00:44:40,200
political landscape of the 
Andes, but did not destroy the 

800
00:44:40,200 --> 00:44:43,400
cultural and social systems that
had developed over centuries. 

801
00:44:44,200 --> 00:44:48,600
The roads continued to function.
A Terraces continue to produce 

802
00:44:48,600 --> 00:44:52,800
food, the vertical exchange 
networks, continued, to operate,

803
00:44:52,800 --> 00:44:55,900
the people who lived in 
communities across the Empire 

804
00:44:55,900 --> 00:44:59,800
continued, their daily lives. 
You find yourself traveling, the

805
00:44:59,800 --> 00:45:03,200
same roads months after the 
political upheaval in kaija. 

806
00:45:03,200 --> 00:45:08,200
The stones beneath your feet are
Unchained, the tombow still 

807
00:45:08,200 --> 00:45:11,600
provide rest and supplies. 
The chaskey still run their 

808
00:45:11,600 --> 00:45:14,100
relay routes though. 
Now they sometimes carry 

809
00:45:14,100 --> 00:45:16,400
messages for new authorities as 
well as traditional 

810
00:45:16,400 --> 00:45:20,100
administrators. 
The espanyol quickly discovered 

811
00:45:20,100 --> 00:45:22,000
that they could not simply 
replace the existing 

812
00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:25,900
administrative system. 
The empire was too complex to 

813
00:45:25,900 --> 00:45:29,500
geographically dispersed to 
dependent on Specialized 

814
00:45:29,500 --> 00:45:31,600
knowledge. 
They needed the roads. 

815
00:45:31,600 --> 00:45:35,000
They needed the storage systems.
They needed the records kept in 

816
00:45:35,000 --> 00:45:38,100
Kuipers, they needed people, who
understood how everything 

817
00:45:38,100 --> 00:45:41,600
worked. 
Many local administrators found 

818
00:45:41,600 --> 00:45:44,000
themselves. 
Continuing to perform similar 

819
00:45:44,000 --> 00:45:46,100
functions under new nominal 
leadership. 

820
00:45:47,100 --> 00:45:48,900
The collection and 
redistribution of goods 

821
00:45:48,900 --> 00:45:53,200
continued, the organization of 
mitter Labour continued though, 

822
00:45:53,200 --> 00:45:55,600
sometimes directed toward a 
different projects. 

823
00:45:56,200 --> 00:45:58,500
The maintenance of 
infrastructure continued. 

824
00:45:59,100 --> 00:46:01,400
You watch this adaptation 
happening in a regional 

825
00:46:01,400 --> 00:46:04,800
administrative Center. 
The building is the same The 

826
00:46:04,800 --> 00:46:06,700
Record Keeper. 
Still maintain their Creepers. 

827
00:46:06,700 --> 00:46:10,500
The storage room still hold 
Emergency Food Supplies but now 

828
00:46:10,500 --> 00:46:13,600
his spaniels administrators 
appear periodically to observe 

829
00:46:13,600 --> 00:46:16,700
and make demands. 
The Espionage, bring their own 

830
00:46:16,700 --> 00:46:20,300
systems of record, keeping they 
make marks on paper using 

831
00:46:20,300 --> 00:46:24,200
feathers dipped in dark liquid. 
They seem to trust these marks 

832
00:46:24,200 --> 00:46:27,300
more than they trust creepers, 
which frustrates the local 

833
00:46:27,300 --> 00:46:30,200
record Keepers who know their 
system is more reliable. 

834
00:46:31,000 --> 00:46:33,600
Gradually, some local people 
learn to read and write in the 

835
00:46:33,600 --> 00:46:36,600
Espanol system. 
This becomes a valuable skill 

836
00:46:36,600 --> 00:46:40,500
that creates new opportunities. 
These individuals can serve as 

837
00:46:40,500 --> 00:46:43,500
Bridges between the two 
administrative cultures, the 

838
00:46:43,500 --> 00:46:45,900
roads system becomes more 
important than ever. 

839
00:46:46,600 --> 00:46:49,500
Yes, spaniels, use it 
extensively to move between the 

840
00:46:49,500 --> 00:46:53,300
Highland cities and the coast. 
The established their own rest 

841
00:46:53,300 --> 00:46:56,400
stations, alongside the 
traditional tambos, the traffic 

842
00:46:56,400 --> 00:46:59,600
on the roads, actually increases
you encounter and a spaniel 

843
00:46:59,600 --> 00:47:02,400
traveler struggling with 
altitude sickness at a high 

844
00:47:02,400 --> 00:47:05,200
pass. 
Thin air affects newcomer 

845
00:47:05,200 --> 00:47:08,800
severely. local people offer 
coca leaves, which help with the

846
00:47:08,808 --> 00:47:13,100
symptoms, the Espanol accepts 
greatly then asks questions 

847
00:47:13,100 --> 00:47:17,300
about the plant and its uses 
kind of adaptation and learning 

848
00:47:17,300 --> 00:47:20,500
goes both ways. 
Yes, spaniels need to understand

849
00:47:20,500 --> 00:47:24,500
local conditions to function. 
Local people need to understand 

850
00:47:24,500 --> 00:47:27,300
the new political reality to 
navigate it successfully. 

851
00:47:28,500 --> 00:47:30,600
Neither side can simply ignore 
the other. 

852
00:47:31,500 --> 00:47:34,400
Agricultural systems can 
continue with relatively little 

853
00:47:34,400 --> 00:47:36,900
disruption. 
The Terraces still need 

854
00:47:36,900 --> 00:47:40,400
maintenance crops still need 
planting at appropriate times. 

855
00:47:41,400 --> 00:47:44,300
The varieties of potatoes and 
quinoa that sustain the Empire 

856
00:47:44,300 --> 00:47:47,400
remained productive. 
Farmers can continue applying 

857
00:47:47,400 --> 00:47:51,100
knowledge accumulated over. 
Generation's show. 

858
00:47:51,100 --> 00:47:54,900
Great interest in certain crops.
Potatoes are a revelation to 

859
00:47:54,900 --> 00:47:57,300
them. 
This plant that thrives at high 

860
00:47:57,300 --> 00:48:01,300
altitude that can be stored for 
long periods that produces 

861
00:48:01,300 --> 00:48:04,200
reliable yields seems almost 
miraculous. 

862
00:48:04,900 --> 00:48:07,600
It begins sending samples back 
across the ocean to their 

863
00:48:07,600 --> 00:48:11,100
Homeland. 
Similarly, maze impresses them, 

864
00:48:11,100 --> 00:48:14,800
the variety of colors and uses 
surprises espanol. 

865
00:48:14,800 --> 00:48:18,100
Observers, they had not imagined
that, a grain could be so 

866
00:48:18,100 --> 00:48:21,300
diverse and adaptable. 
They write descriptions in their

867
00:48:21,300 --> 00:48:24,200
marking system trying to capture
what they are learning. 

868
00:48:24,900 --> 00:48:27,300
The Espana's bring their own 
plants and animals. 

869
00:48:27,300 --> 00:48:30,000
Wheat begins to be cultivated in
suitable. 

870
00:48:30,000 --> 00:48:35,000
Valleys Barley finds a niche at 
certain elevations, cattle and 

871
00:48:35,000 --> 00:48:38,600
sheep are introduced adding to 
the existing herds of Lamaze 

872
00:48:38,600 --> 00:48:40,600
now. 
Packers You watch this 

873
00:48:40,600 --> 00:48:44,600
biological mixing with interest,
the Sheep seem to do well in 

874
00:48:44,600 --> 00:48:48,200
Highland pastures. a wool is 
different from alpaca wool 

875
00:48:48,200 --> 00:48:52,600
Corsa, but abundant Local 
herders, begin to learn about 

876
00:48:52,600 --> 00:48:55,400
managing these new animals, 
fruit trees, from Europe. 

877
00:48:55,400 --> 00:48:58,700
A planted inappropriate 
climates, some Thrive. 

878
00:48:58,700 --> 00:49:02,000
Some struggle, the olive trees 
that the S manuals plant with 

879
00:49:02,000 --> 00:49:04,100
such hope mostly fail in these 
conditions. 

880
00:49:05,500 --> 00:49:08,100
Peaches and apples. 
Find favorable environments and 

881
00:49:08,100 --> 00:49:11,300
begin to spread. 
The vertical archipelago system 

882
00:49:11,300 --> 00:49:13,000
adapts to include these new 
elements. 

883
00:49:13,000 --> 00:49:16,700
Communities, begin to 
incorporate espanol crops into 

884
00:49:16,700 --> 00:49:20,000
their exchange networks. 
A village that grows wheat in 

885
00:49:20,000 --> 00:49:22,900
addition, to traditional crops. 
Now has another commodity to 

886
00:49:22,900 --> 00:49:25,700
trade. 
Religious practices become an 

887
00:49:25,700 --> 00:49:28,300
area of significant pressure and
negotiation. 

888
00:49:29,100 --> 00:49:31,900
The spaniels bring their 
Christianity and want local 

889
00:49:31,900 --> 00:49:35,100
people to adopt it. 
But religious change happens, 

890
00:49:35,100 --> 00:49:38,600
unevenly and incompletely. 
Many people incorporate, 

891
00:49:38,600 --> 00:49:41,300
Christian elements, into 
existing spiritual Frameworks, 

892
00:49:41,300 --> 00:49:43,700
rather than replacing one system
with another. 

893
00:49:44,500 --> 00:49:47,000
You observe a festival that 
blends traditions. 

894
00:49:47,700 --> 00:49:49,500
There are Christian symbols and 
prayers. 

895
00:49:49,500 --> 00:49:53,000
But the basic structure and 
timing of the celebration follow

896
00:49:53,000 --> 00:49:56,800
ancient patterns. 
The sacred locations of the same

897
00:49:56,800 --> 00:49:59,600
mountains and springs that have 
always been revered. 

898
00:50:00,500 --> 00:50:02,900
The offering's include both old 
and new elements. 

899
00:50:03,800 --> 00:50:06,600
This religious blending would 
characterize and Dean 

900
00:50:06,600 --> 00:50:10,300
spirituality for centuries. 
The Christianity that developed 

901
00:50:10,300 --> 00:50:14,300
in the region is distinctly and 
incorporating local 

902
00:50:14,300 --> 00:50:18,200
understandings and practices. 
The espanyol as a fishy 

903
00:50:18,200 --> 00:50:21,000
considered this proper 
conversion that the reality is 

904
00:50:21,000 --> 00:50:24,900
more complex. 
Language mixing also begins. 

905
00:50:25,700 --> 00:50:28,500
Spanish words and to local 
languages, especially for New 

906
00:50:28,500 --> 00:50:32,000
Concepts and objects. 
Local words, enter the Spanish 

907
00:50:32,000 --> 00:50:35,200
spoken in the region, 
particularly terms for plants 

908
00:50:35,200 --> 00:50:39,000
animals and geographical 
features that have no Spanish 

909
00:50:39,000 --> 00:50:41,500
equivalent. 
You listen to a conversation 

910
00:50:41,500 --> 00:50:44,800
between a local administrator 
and an espanol official. 

911
00:50:45,500 --> 00:50:47,600
They are discussing the 
organization of a building 

912
00:50:47,608 --> 00:50:51,000
project, the conversation shifts
between languages. 

913
00:50:51,900 --> 00:50:55,200
Some concepts are easier to 
express in one language some in 

914
00:50:55,208 --> 00:50:59,600
the other both speakers adapt. 
The craft Traditions continue 

915
00:50:59,600 --> 00:51:03,500
with new influences, Weavers, 
begin incorporating espanol 

916
00:51:03,500 --> 00:51:05,700
designs alongside traditional 
patterns. 

917
00:51:06,500 --> 00:51:09,400
Metal workers, learn new 
techniques from espanol Smith's,

918
00:51:09,400 --> 00:51:11,400
while maintaining their own 
methods. 

919
00:51:12,200 --> 00:51:16,000
Pottery begins to show, mixed 
influences, you examine a piece 

920
00:51:16,000 --> 00:51:19,100
of cloth that demonstrates. 
This blending, the backstrap 

921
00:51:19,100 --> 00:51:22,700
Loom technique is traditional, 
the patterns include both, Andy 

922
00:51:22,700 --> 00:51:26,000
and geometric designs and 
espanyol influence floral 

923
00:51:26,000 --> 00:51:28,400
motifs. 
The dies come from traditional 

924
00:51:28,400 --> 00:51:30,800
plants. 
The result is something new that

925
00:51:30,800 --> 00:51:33,200
emerges. 
From both Traditions, Urban 

926
00:51:33,200 --> 00:51:37,700
spaces, transform gradually in 
Cusco the spaniels build their 

927
00:51:37,700 --> 00:51:39,700
churches and houses using Inca 
foundations. 

928
00:51:40,900 --> 00:51:43,900
The massive stone walls remain 
but new structures. 

929
00:51:43,900 --> 00:51:46,600
Rise above them. 
The city becomes a visible 

930
00:51:46,600 --> 00:51:48,700
representation of cultural 
layering. 

931
00:51:49,400 --> 00:51:52,700
Walking through these transform 
streets, you see, Inca, 

932
00:51:52,700 --> 00:51:56,300
Stoneworks, supporting espanyol 
architecture sometimes, the 

933
00:51:56,300 --> 00:52:00,900
contrast is Stark sometimes the 
integration is smooth, the city 

934
00:52:00,900 --> 00:52:03,100
contains both history 
simultaneously. 

935
00:52:03,100 --> 00:52:06,400
The administrative divisions of 
the empire of partially 

936
00:52:06,400 --> 00:52:10,200
maintained but also modified 
Some traditional provinces 

937
00:52:10,200 --> 00:52:13,100
continuous recognizable units 
under new names. 

938
00:52:13,100 --> 00:52:16,200
Others are reorganized. 
According to Espanol 

939
00:52:16,200 --> 00:52:19,500
preferences, the result is a 
patchwork of old and new 

940
00:52:19,500 --> 00:52:23,500
organizational logic. 
You work with a local kwip, who 

941
00:52:23,500 --> 00:52:26,400
is trying to translate old 
records into the new marking 

942
00:52:26,400 --> 00:52:28,600
system. 
The process is challenging. 

943
00:52:28,600 --> 00:52:33,300
Some information translates, 
easily other data loses Nuance 

944
00:52:33,300 --> 00:52:36,300
in the translation. 
He does his best to preserve the

945
00:52:36,300 --> 00:52:39,000
essential information while 
making it accessible to 

946
00:52:39,000 --> 00:52:43,100
Espanola, ministry's. 
The miter system continues but 

947
00:52:43,100 --> 00:52:45,700
becomes more exploited under a 
spaniel Direction. 

948
00:52:46,600 --> 00:52:49,500
The reciprocal nature of the 
traditional system arose 

949
00:52:49,500 --> 00:52:52,900
communities, still provide 
labor, the benefits. 

950
00:52:52,900 --> 00:52:54,500
They receive in a return 
diminish. 

951
00:52:55,200 --> 00:52:57,100
This creates tension and 
hardship. 

952
00:52:57,900 --> 00:53:00,500
Despite these problems, many 
elements of daily life. 

953
00:53:00,500 --> 00:53:04,500
Remain surprisingly, continuous 
family, still gather for meals 

954
00:53:04,500 --> 00:53:07,900
prepared, using traditional 
methods children still learn 

955
00:53:07,900 --> 00:53:11,400
agricultural techniques from 
their parents communities. 

956
00:53:11,400 --> 00:53:15,400
Still organized Collective labor
for planting and harvest You 

957
00:53:15,400 --> 00:53:18,100
attend a community work party 
for planting potatoes. 

958
00:53:18,100 --> 00:53:21,500
The process is exactly as it has
been for Generations. 

959
00:53:22,700 --> 00:53:27,000
Foot plow breaks the soil hands 
placed Seeds songs. 

960
00:53:27,000 --> 00:53:30,900
Coordinate the Rhythm. the 
Espionage of introduced many 

961
00:53:30,900 --> 00:53:35,100
changes, but this pattern 
persists You sit in a Mountain 

962
00:53:35,100 --> 00:53:38,200
Village, several Generations 
after the initial encounters 

963
00:53:38,200 --> 00:53:40,400
between the Inca and the 
espagnols. 

964
00:53:41,300 --> 00:53:44,300
The political structures fully 
transformed into what is now 

965
00:53:44,300 --> 00:53:48,300
called the viceroyalty of Peru. 
But daily life in this Village 

966
00:53:48,300 --> 00:53:51,400
shows how much is persisted. 
Alongside what has changed? 

967
00:53:52,300 --> 00:53:54,400
The houses are built using 
traditional techniques. 

968
00:53:55,400 --> 00:53:59,700
Stone foundation supported Adobe
walls, thatched roof shed, rain 

969
00:53:59,700 --> 00:54:03,100
effectively the layout of the 
village follows ancient patterns

970
00:54:03,100 --> 00:54:07,300
with House's clustered around 
communal spaces, but look closer

971
00:54:07,300 --> 00:54:11,400
and you see new elements, some 
houses have doors with metal 

972
00:54:11,400 --> 00:54:16,100
hinges, a spaniel in innovation.
Few families have iron tools. 

973
00:54:16,100 --> 00:54:17,600
Alongside traditional 
implements. 

974
00:54:18,300 --> 00:54:21,800
Chickens scratch in the dirt 
birds that didn't exist here 

975
00:54:21,800 --> 00:54:25,200
before the strangers arrived. 
The agricultural Terraces on the

976
00:54:25,200 --> 00:54:28,200
hillside about the village of 
the same ones built Generations 

977
00:54:28,200 --> 00:54:31,100
ago. 
The maintenance continues as it 

978
00:54:31,100 --> 00:54:33,700
always has. 
But now the crops include wheat 

979
00:54:33,700 --> 00:54:38,300
alongside traditional quinoa. 
Barley grows on Terraces that 

980
00:54:38,300 --> 00:54:42,000
once held only native grains. 
The communal labor that 

981
00:54:42,000 --> 00:54:45,100
maintains these Terraces still 
follows traditional patterns. 

982
00:54:45,900 --> 00:54:50,000
Families work together. 
Moving from plot to plot, the 

983
00:54:50,000 --> 00:54:53,400
reciprocal, obligations remain 
strong, but the songs they sing 

984
00:54:53,400 --> 00:54:56,600
while working now mix quetz were
and Spanish words. 

985
00:54:56,600 --> 00:55:01,100
The Melodies blend old and new. 
You walk to the Village Church. 

986
00:55:01,100 --> 00:55:04,700
A building that stands where a 
traditional sacred site once was

987
00:55:06,000 --> 00:55:09,300
The structure uses both Inca 
stonework and espanyol 

988
00:55:09,300 --> 00:55:13,300
Architectural elements. 
Inside Christian, imagery 

989
00:55:13,300 --> 00:55:15,500
dominates. 
But you notice that the 

990
00:55:15,500 --> 00:55:19,200
orientation and proportions 
Echo, older, spiritual patterns,

991
00:55:20,200 --> 00:55:23,100
The festival celebrated in the 
village throughout the year 

992
00:55:23,100 --> 00:55:24,500
show. 
Similar blending. 

993
00:55:25,300 --> 00:55:28,700
Christmas is observed, but the 
timing and some practices 

994
00:55:28,700 --> 00:55:31,500
connect to the summer solstice 
celebrations that preceded. 

995
00:55:31,500 --> 00:55:35,500
It Easter incorporates elements 
that relate to harvest timing. 

996
00:55:35,500 --> 00:55:38,200
The religious calendar has 
become a fusion. 

997
00:55:38,200 --> 00:55:41,700
You observe a village meeting 
about organizing labor for a 

998
00:55:41,700 --> 00:55:43,800
repair project on the irrigation
system. 

999
00:55:44,700 --> 00:55:48,500
The discussion happens partly in
quechua and partly in Spanish. 

1000
00:55:49,600 --> 00:55:52,800
The decision-making process 
follows traditional consensus 

1001
00:55:52,800 --> 00:55:56,200
building methods. 
The project itself serves needs 

1002
00:55:56,200 --> 00:56:00,100
that have existed for centuries.
Irrigation channels still carry 

1003
00:56:00,100 --> 00:56:02,300
water from Mountain Springs to 
The Terraces. 

1004
00:56:02,300 --> 00:56:06,700
The same careful maintenance 
keeps them functioning But some 

1005
00:56:06,700 --> 00:56:11,200
sections now include espanol 
style features a stone bridge 

1006
00:56:11,200 --> 00:56:14,500
crosses one channel, using an 
arch design, that would have 

1007
00:56:14,500 --> 00:56:17,700
been unfamiliar to earlier 
Generations in the Village 

1008
00:56:17,700 --> 00:56:21,200
Market, which happened weekly, 
you see the continuing vertical 

1009
00:56:21,200 --> 00:56:24,700
exchange networks in action, 
people from lower elevations, 

1010
00:56:24,700 --> 00:56:29,200
bring maze peppers and fruits. 
Highlanders trade wool, 

1011
00:56:29,200 --> 00:56:33,500
freeze-dried potatoes, and salt.
Yes, spaniels of added their own

1012
00:56:33,500 --> 00:56:37,500
Goods to this flow, metal tools,
glass, beads and manufactured 

1013
00:56:37,500 --> 00:56:40,500
cloth from a cross. 
The ocean circulate alongside 

1014
00:56:40,500 --> 00:56:43,900
traditional items. 
Language of the market reveals 

1015
00:56:43,900 --> 00:56:47,800
the cultural mixing vendors, 
call out in a mixture of quechua

1016
00:56:47,800 --> 00:56:50,400
and Spanish. 
Numbers might be counted in 

1017
00:56:50,400 --> 00:56:52,600
either language depending on 
what is being discussed? 

1018
00:56:53,800 --> 00:56:58,000
Certain items have names in both
languages others only in one. 

1019
00:56:58,900 --> 00:57:01,400
You notice that some traditional
weaving patterns of being 

1020
00:57:01,400 --> 00:57:04,700
preserved with remarkable 
accuracy across Generations. 

1021
00:57:05,400 --> 00:57:08,400
A woman selling textiles. 
Shows you a design that matches 

1022
00:57:08,400 --> 00:57:12,400
exactly the patterns recorded in
Old pieces, stored in community 

1023
00:57:12,400 --> 00:57:14,900
memory. 
The technique has been passed 

1024
00:57:14,900 --> 00:57:17,900
down without break. 
But other textiles show 

1025
00:57:17,900 --> 00:57:21,500
Innovation and change new colors
have been achieved using a 

1026
00:57:21,500 --> 00:57:24,800
spaniel dies. 
New patterns have emerged that 

1027
00:57:24,800 --> 00:57:26,800
combined elements from both 
Traditions. 

1028
00:57:26,800 --> 00:57:30,800
The art form continues to be 
vibrant and creative rather than

1029
00:57:30,800 --> 00:57:34,900
merely preserving the past. 
The food preparation methods in 

1030
00:57:34,900 --> 00:57:37,500
the village. 
Remain largely traditional you 

1031
00:57:37,500 --> 00:57:40,700
watch someone preparing. 
Junior using the same freeze 

1032
00:57:40,700 --> 00:57:43,700
drying process that has been 
used for hundreds of years. 

1033
00:57:44,800 --> 00:57:47,600
The technique works as well as 
it ever did, but the evening 

1034
00:57:47,600 --> 00:57:50,300
meal includes elements from both
culinary traditions. 

1035
00:57:51,300 --> 00:57:54,000
Potatoes prepared in the 
traditional way, sit alongside 

1036
00:57:54,000 --> 00:57:58,100
bread made from wheat. 
Local herbs season a stew. 

1037
00:57:58,100 --> 00:58:01,000
That includes both native and 
introduced ingredients. 

1038
00:58:01,800 --> 00:58:04,100
The meal is a blend that tastes 
of both history. 

1039
00:58:05,100 --> 00:58:08,700
The stories told on Long Winter.
Evenings also showed this mixing

1040
00:58:09,500 --> 00:58:12,800
Traditional narrative about 
Mountain Spirits and ancestor 

1041
00:58:12,800 --> 00:58:16,600
Heroes, continue to be shared. 
But now they co-exist with 

1042
00:58:16,600 --> 00:58:19,400
stories about espanol Saints and
biblical figures. 

1043
00:58:20,300 --> 00:58:23,100
Sometimes the different story 
Traditions influence each other 

1044
00:58:23,100 --> 00:58:26,300
in interesting ways. 
You listen to an elder, telling 

1045
00:58:26,300 --> 00:58:29,500
a story that seamlessly Blends 
incur and Christian elements. 

1046
00:58:30,500 --> 00:58:33,900
A traditional hero undertakes, a
quest that includes both ancient

1047
00:58:33,900 --> 00:58:36,500
sacred sites and Colonial 
churches. 

1048
00:58:37,400 --> 00:58:40,700
The Narrative logic draws from 
both Traditions without seeming 

1049
00:58:40,700 --> 00:58:44,200
to find them contradictory. 
The knowledge of medicinal 

1050
00:58:44,200 --> 00:58:47,200
plants continues to be passed 
down through generations. 

1051
00:58:47,200 --> 00:58:50,400
Someone who knows how to use 
local plants for healing is 

1052
00:58:50,400 --> 00:58:54,300
still valuable and respected. 
But this knowledge has expanded 

1053
00:58:54,300 --> 00:58:56,900
to include espanol plant 
medicine's as well. 

1054
00:58:56,900 --> 00:59:00,800
Heelers learn about both systems
and use, whichever seems most 

1055
00:59:00,800 --> 00:59:04,900
effective for a given situation.
You feel ill, one day and 

1056
00:59:04,900 --> 00:59:09,100
consult a local healer She 
examines you and prescribes a 

1057
00:59:09,108 --> 00:59:12,200
mixture of traditional herbs 
prepared in the way her 

1058
00:59:12,200 --> 00:59:15,400
grandmother taught her. 
But she also suggests a prayer 

1059
00:59:15,408 --> 00:59:17,200
to a Christian Saint known for 
healing. 

1060
00:59:18,100 --> 00:59:19,900
She sees no conflict in 
combining. 

1061
00:59:19,900 --> 00:59:23,200
These approaches the raising of 
children, incorporates both 

1062
00:59:23,200 --> 00:59:26,100
traditional and new elements 
children, still learn 

1063
00:59:26,100 --> 00:59:29,200
agricultural knowledge. 
They will need, they still learn

1064
00:59:29,200 --> 00:59:32,000
the social obligations that 
structure community life. 

1065
00:59:32,900 --> 00:59:35,500
But now they might also learn to
read and write in Spanish. 

1066
00:59:36,400 --> 00:59:38,900
Some might learn Christian 
prayers, alongside traditional 

1067
00:59:38,900 --> 00:59:42,600
teachings, you watch children 
playing a game that combined 

1068
00:59:42,600 --> 00:59:46,000
elements from both cultures. 
The basic structure is 

1069
00:59:46,000 --> 00:59:49,100
traditional but they have 
Incorporated new rules and 

1070
00:59:49,100 --> 00:59:52,400
elements. 
The game is recognizable, but 

1071
00:59:52,400 --> 00:59:55,600
has evolved. 
The children invent variations, 

1072
00:59:55,600 --> 00:59:59,900
as they play continuing a 
process of adaptation. the 

1073
00:59:59,900 --> 01:00:02,400
clothing people wear shows, 
perhaps the most visible 

1074
01:00:02,400 --> 01:00:06,800
blending traditional woven 
garments in Andean patterns, are

1075
01:00:06,800 --> 01:00:09,000
worn alongside espanol style 
pieces. 

1076
01:00:10,100 --> 01:00:13,700
Someone might wear a traditional
woven shawl over a Spanish style

1077
01:00:13,700 --> 01:00:16,700
shirt. 
Hats incorporate elements from 

1078
01:00:16,700 --> 01:00:19,700
both Traditions. 
The result is a distinctive 

1079
01:00:19,700 --> 01:00:24,300
Regional style that is purely 
neither inker nor espanyol the 

1080
01:00:24,300 --> 01:00:26,700
road system continues to 
function though. 

1081
01:00:26,700 --> 01:00:29,600
Now it serves the colonial 
Administration as well as 

1082
01:00:29,600 --> 01:00:33,200
traditional purposes. 
You travel, these roads and see 

1083
01:00:33,200 --> 01:00:37,000
both old and new Travelers. 
Traditional Traders carrying 

1084
01:00:37,000 --> 01:00:41,200
goods between ecological zones. 
Colonial officials, moving 

1085
01:00:41,200 --> 01:00:45,500
between a Ministry of Center's, 
the roads, serve everyone, at 

1086
01:00:45,500 --> 01:00:47,900
the tambo's along these roads, 
you find a similar mixer 

1087
01:00:48,700 --> 01:00:50,900
Traditional Hospitality 
continues. 

1088
01:00:50,900 --> 01:00:54,500
But the tambos now sometimes 
catered to a spaniel Travelers 

1089
01:00:54,500 --> 01:00:56,700
with their different needs and 
expectations. 

1090
01:00:57,800 --> 01:01:00,700
The food offered might include 
both traditional and European 

1091
01:01:00,700 --> 01:01:03,900
elements. 
You rest at a tombow and share a

1092
01:01:03,900 --> 01:01:06,900
meal with other Travelers. 
The conversation ranges across 

1093
01:01:06,900 --> 01:01:10,800
topics in multiple languages. 
Someone discusses the price of 

1094
01:01:10,800 --> 01:01:14,900
wool in the Colonial Market. 
Another person shares news about

1095
01:01:14,900 --> 01:01:16,700
a traditional Festival being 
planned. 

1096
01:01:17,600 --> 01:01:21,300
Third mentioned changes in the 
middle labor system, the 

1097
01:01:21,300 --> 01:01:24,300
conversation moves fluidly 
between Colonial and traditional

1098
01:01:24,300 --> 01:01:27,300
concerns. 
The knowledge preserved in quite

1099
01:01:27,300 --> 01:01:30,400
bus has been partially lost but 
also partially maintained. 

1100
01:01:31,400 --> 01:01:33,700
Some quip will come. 
My Ox can continue their work 

1101
01:01:33,700 --> 01:01:36,000
though. 
Often translating their records 

1102
01:01:36,000 --> 01:01:39,000
into Spanish written documents 
for Colonial administrators. 

1103
01:01:39,000 --> 01:01:43,100
The skill is diminishing, but as
not completely disappeared. 

1104
01:01:43,900 --> 01:01:46,900
You meet an old quickly come 
out, who teaches you to read a 

1105
01:01:46,900 --> 01:01:49,500
simple quick poo. 
His fingers move along the 

1106
01:01:49,500 --> 01:01:52,100
strings. 
With practice ease, he can feel 

1107
01:01:52,100 --> 01:01:55,700
the knots and know their meaning
without looking he worries that 

1108
01:01:55,700 --> 01:01:58,900
this knowledge will die with his
generation but he continues 

1109
01:01:58,900 --> 01:02:02,300
teaching, anyone willing to 
learn The metal working 

1110
01:02:02,300 --> 01:02:06,200
Traditions have been influenced 
by espanol techniques, local 

1111
01:02:06,200 --> 01:02:09,300
Smiths, have learned new methods
for working Iron and Steel. 

1112
01:02:10,400 --> 01:02:12,900
But they also maintain 
traditional techniques for 

1113
01:02:12,900 --> 01:02:16,800
working copper and bronze. 
The resulting craft combined 

1114
01:02:16,800 --> 01:02:20,500
elements from both Traditions. 
You commission a metal tool from

1115
01:02:20,500 --> 01:02:23,700
a local Smith. 
The design is traditional, but 

1116
01:02:23,700 --> 01:02:27,600
he uses a spaniel steal, the 
handle incorporates traditional 

1117
01:02:27,600 --> 01:02:31,500
woodworking technique. 
Finished product works better 

1118
01:02:31,500 --> 01:02:34,600
than either, traditional loan 
could have produced. the 

1119
01:02:34,600 --> 01:02:37,500
astronomical knowledge, that 
guided planting and festivals 

1120
01:02:37,500 --> 01:02:41,400
continues in modified four, 
people still observe the sun's 

1121
01:02:41,400 --> 01:02:44,900
movements and the appearance of 
stars but now this knowledge 

1122
01:02:44,900 --> 01:02:49,000
exists alongside Christian 
calendar dates The two systems 

1123
01:02:49,000 --> 01:02:50,800
are reconciled in practical 
ways. 

1124
01:02:50,800 --> 01:02:54,300
A farmer explains to you when to
plant a particular crop. 

1125
01:02:54,300 --> 01:02:57,700
He references both the 
traditional solar observations 

1126
01:02:57,700 --> 01:03:01,000
is ancestors used and the 
Christian calendar dates 

1127
01:03:01,000 --> 01:03:03,100
recognized by Colonial 
authorities. 

1128
01:03:03,900 --> 01:03:06,700
For him, both systems provide 
useful information. 

1129
01:03:06,700 --> 01:03:10,300
The political organization of 
the village, reflects Colonial 

1130
01:03:10,300 --> 01:03:12,500
structures overlaid on 
traditional ones. 

1131
01:03:13,200 --> 01:03:16,500
There are Colonial appointed 
officials but there are also 

1132
01:03:16,500 --> 01:03:20,100
traditional Community leaders 
decisions often require 

1133
01:03:20,100 --> 01:03:23,600
navigating both systems. 
This can be complicated but 

1134
01:03:23,600 --> 01:03:25,700
people have learned to work 
within the Dual structure. 

1135
01:03:26,600 --> 01:03:29,500
Your tender Village council 
meeting where both Colonial and 

1136
01:03:29,500 --> 01:03:31,100
traditional authorities are 
present. 

1137
01:03:31,900 --> 01:03:35,100
The discussion must satisfy both
sets of expectations. 

1138
01:03:35,100 --> 01:03:39,300
The decision-making process 
draws from both governance 

1139
01:03:39,300 --> 01:03:42,200
Traditions. 
The result is workable if not 

1140
01:03:42,200 --> 01:03:45,300
always elegant. 
The music of the region shows, 

1141
01:03:45,300 --> 01:03:48,500
beautiful blending. 
Traditional instruments, like 

1142
01:03:48,500 --> 01:03:50,500
the pan. 
Flute and drums can continue to 

1143
01:03:50,500 --> 01:03:54,300
be played. but espanyol 
instruments like guitars have 

1144
01:03:54,300 --> 01:03:57,400
been adopted and transformed 
into something distinctly and 

1145
01:03:58,600 --> 01:04:01,500
new forms of Music emerge that 
belong fully to neither 

1146
01:04:01,500 --> 01:04:05,400
tradition, but to both, You hear
musicians playing at a festival?

1147
01:04:06,200 --> 01:04:08,700
The guitar rhythms have an 
uneven quality that would be 

1148
01:04:08,700 --> 01:04:12,100
unfamiliar in Spain. 
The Pan Flute Melodies and 

1149
01:04:12,100 --> 01:04:14,600
corporate harmonies influence by
European music. 

1150
01:04:14,600 --> 01:04:17,500
The result is something unique 
and lovely. 

1151
01:04:18,500 --> 01:04:21,200
As evening, settles over the 
village, you reflect on the 

1152
01:04:21,200 --> 01:04:22,900
complexity of cultural 
transformations. 

1153
01:04:24,000 --> 01:04:26,700
Yes, spaniels brought change and
disruption. 

1154
01:04:27,400 --> 01:04:30,600
But they did not and could not 
erase what existed before? 

1155
01:04:31,600 --> 01:04:35,300
The people of the Andes adapted,
resisted negotiated, and created

1156
01:04:35,300 --> 01:04:37,500
something new from the Collision
of traditions. 

1157
01:04:38,300 --> 01:04:40,900
The Terraces still climb the 
mountains, the roads still 

1158
01:04:40,900 --> 01:04:44,300
crossed the landscape. 
The Exchange network still move 

1159
01:04:44,300 --> 01:04:48,200
goods between elevations, the 
people still plant and harvest 

1160
01:04:48,200 --> 01:04:54,200
weave and build celebrate and 
remember The Inca Empire as a 

1161
01:04:54,208 --> 01:04:57,800
political entity transformed 
into something else but Inca 

1162
01:04:57,800 --> 01:05:01,600
civilization continued in 
modified form you fall asleep in

1163
01:05:01,600 --> 01:05:04,600
a village house. 
The sound of evening activity 

1164
01:05:04,600 --> 01:05:08,900
outside, gradually quieting. 
The roof of you, is that in the 

1165
01:05:08,908 --> 01:05:12,200
traditional way, the walls 
around you use Ancient 

1166
01:05:12,200 --> 01:05:16,700
construction techniques. 
But the blanket covering you was

1167
01:05:16,700 --> 01:05:20,700
woven on a Spanish style floor, 
loom using both and European 

1168
01:05:20,700 --> 01:05:24,800
patterns. your surrounded, by 
the long blending of Two Worlds 

1169
01:05:24,800 --> 01:05:28,600
into something that belongs to 
both and to neeva, Something 

1170
01:05:28,600 --> 01:05:31,000
distinctly and wonderful and 
Ian. 

1171
01:05:31,800 --> 01:05:35,200
Mourning light fills the valley 
once again you awake and look 

1172
01:05:35,200 --> 01:05:38,700
out across Terraces that have 
been producing food for years 

1173
01:05:38,700 --> 01:05:40,900
and will continue for hundreds 
more. 

1174
01:05:42,100 --> 01:05:45,700
The mountains stand on changed, 
their peaks catching the first 

1175
01:05:45,700 --> 01:05:48,000
son as they have since long 
before humans. 

1176
01:05:48,000 --> 01:05:51,600
Walk these paths. 
The transformation of the incore

1177
01:05:51,600 --> 01:05:53,100
Empire. 
After Spanish, arrival was 

1178
01:05:53,100 --> 01:05:57,400
profound but not absolute. 
What emerged was neither purely 

1179
01:05:57,400 --> 01:06:01,000
incur or purely Spanish? 
But a Rich Blend that Drew 

1180
01:06:01,000 --> 01:06:04,500
strength from both Traditions. 
The roads that connected the 

1181
01:06:04,508 --> 01:06:07,600
Empire became roads of the 
colonial period and later the 

1182
01:06:07,600 --> 01:06:11,800
Republic The crops domesticated 
in these mountains spread across

1183
01:06:11,800 --> 01:06:15,600
the world while European plants 
found homes in Andy and soil. 

1184
01:06:16,500 --> 01:06:18,500
The language spoken in these 
valleys today. 

1185
01:06:18,500 --> 01:06:21,500
Carries catch her words, 
alongside Spanish ones. 

1186
01:06:22,300 --> 01:06:25,300
The festivals celebrated Mark, 
both Christian and traditional 

1187
01:06:25,300 --> 01:06:29,400
calendars, the music played 
instruments and styles from 

1188
01:06:29,400 --> 01:06:33,300
different continents, the 
textiles woven combine ancient 

1189
01:06:33,300 --> 01:06:37,600
techniques with new designs. 
What survived was not a museum 

1190
01:06:37,600 --> 01:06:41,100
piece Frozen in time but a 
living culture that adapted 

1191
01:06:41,100 --> 01:06:44,000
while maintaining core elements 
of identity and practice. 

1192
01:06:44,900 --> 01:06:47,600
The people of the Andes remained
people of the Andes even as 

1193
01:06:47,600 --> 01:06:50,600
their world transformed around 
them, they found ways to 

1194
01:06:50,600 --> 01:06:53,100
preserve what matted while 
learning what proved useful. 

1195
01:06:54,600 --> 01:06:59,200
The story of the Inca Empires 
transformation is ultimately a 

1196
01:06:59,200 --> 01:07:04,000
story of human, resilience and 
creativity. it shows how culture

1197
01:07:04,000 --> 01:07:07,500
persists not through rigid 
preservation, but through 

1198
01:07:07,500 --> 01:07:11,300
flexible adaptation, It 
demonstrates how knowledge 

1199
01:07:11,300 --> 01:07:14,600
passes between Generations even 
through periods of tremendous 

1200
01:07:14,600 --> 01:07:18,300
change. 
As you stand on an ancient Road,

1201
01:07:18,300 --> 01:07:21,000
watching the sun rise over 
mountains that have witnessed 

1202
01:07:21,000 --> 01:07:23,200
countless such mornings. 
You understand? 

1203
01:07:23,200 --> 01:07:27,600
That history is not a series of 
ending but a flow of continuity 

1204
01:07:27,600 --> 01:07:31,700
and change. 
The Inca Empire transformed but 

1205
01:07:31,700 --> 01:07:35,400
it never entirely disappeared. 
It lives on, in The Terraces 

1206
01:07:35,400 --> 01:07:39,200
that still feed people. 
In the words still spoken in the

1207
01:07:39,200 --> 01:07:43,900
pattern still woven and in the 
mountains still revered This is 

1208
01:07:43,900 --> 01:07:45,500
the entire story of 
transformation. 

1209
01:07:49,600 --> 01:07:51,400
Welcome to tonight's journey 
through. 

1210
01:07:51,400 --> 01:07:54,600
One of history is most 
understated Treasures for the 

1211
01:07:54,600 --> 01:07:58,500
next hour, you'll discover how a
single golden liquid transformed

1212
01:07:58,500 --> 01:08:02,900
kitchens illuminated cities, 
healed bodies and connected 

1213
01:08:02,900 --> 01:08:05,100
Distant Shores across thousands 
of years. 

1214
01:08:05,100 --> 01:08:09,600
Please imagine if you will and 
that comfy purple mattress that 

1215
01:08:09,600 --> 01:08:13,300
so snuggly and cozy that your 
standing in a Grove that 

1216
01:08:13,300 --> 01:08:16,500
predates written language the 
trees are around you twist 

1217
01:08:16,500 --> 01:08:19,100
Skyward with bark as null as 
braided rope. 

1218
01:08:19,800 --> 01:08:22,100
The trunks wide enough that 
you'd need three people. 

1219
01:08:22,100 --> 01:08:24,500
Linking hands to encircle the 
oldest ones. 

1220
01:08:24,500 --> 01:08:28,500
These olive trees have witnessed
Empires rise and crumble their 

1221
01:08:28,500 --> 01:08:31,500
Roots drinking from the same 
Limestone soil for a thousand 

1222
01:08:31,500 --> 01:08:34,500
years or more. 
The leaves catch afternoon light

1223
01:08:34,500 --> 01:08:37,800
with a peculiar Shimmer silver 
underneath gray. 

1224
01:08:37,800 --> 01:08:40,500
Green on top creating a rustling
canopy. 

1225
01:08:40,500 --> 01:08:43,700
That sounds like distant 
rainfall even on windless days. 

1226
01:08:43,700 --> 01:08:47,300
Your fingers brush against bark,
that feels like cooled, lava, 

1227
01:08:47,300 --> 01:08:50,300
all ridges and valleys Frozen 
mid-flow. 

1228
01:08:51,600 --> 01:08:55,899
Tree doesn't grow straight, it 
spirals corkscrews and splits 

1229
01:08:55,899 --> 01:08:59,700
into multiple trunks that rejoin
higher up as if the wood itself 

1230
01:08:59,700 --> 01:09:02,800
can't decide which direction 
leads to sunlight, some 

1231
01:09:02,800 --> 01:09:05,800
branches, look dead until you 
notice the small green shoots 

1232
01:09:05,800 --> 01:09:07,899
emerging from what appeared to 
be driftwood. 

1233
01:09:08,700 --> 01:09:11,600
Olive trees. 
You've learned refused to die, 

1234
01:09:11,600 --> 01:09:15,800
easily cut one down to a stump 
and It sends up New Growth 

1235
01:09:15,800 --> 01:09:19,300
within Seasons. 
Set fire to an entire Grove and 

1236
01:09:19,300 --> 01:09:20,899
The Roots. 
Wait, patiently underground. 

1237
01:09:20,899 --> 01:09:24,000
Ready to sprout? 
Again, when conditions improve 

1238
01:09:24,000 --> 01:09:27,800
the fruit hanging before, you 
looks nothing, like the glossy 

1239
01:09:27,800 --> 01:09:31,500
black olives in jars. 
These are small hard green. 

1240
01:09:31,500 --> 01:09:35,600
Things about the size of a large
marble with a waxy coating that 

1241
01:09:35,600 --> 01:09:38,800
repels morning due. 
You pick one and bite down 

1242
01:09:38,800 --> 01:09:41,399
without thinking then 
immediately regret it. 

1243
01:09:41,399 --> 01:09:44,399
The bitterness floods, your 
mouth like you've licked a 

1244
01:09:44,399 --> 01:09:47,899
battery, a chemical Tang, so 
intense it makes your jewelry 

1245
01:09:48,899 --> 01:09:51,100
Spit it out quickly 
understanding. 

1246
01:09:51,100 --> 01:09:55,100
Now why these olives need 
processing need time and need 

1247
01:09:55,100 --> 01:09:58,700
human intervention to become 
edible raw, olives contain All 

1248
01:09:58,700 --> 01:10:01,900
European a compound. 
So bitter it serves as the trees

1249
01:10:01,900 --> 01:10:04,400
defense mechanism against 
animals who might otherwise 

1250
01:10:04,400 --> 01:10:08,100
Devour the fruit before seeds 
can spread around you. 

1251
01:10:08,100 --> 01:10:11,000
Other Harvesters work with the 
patients of people who've 

1252
01:10:11,000 --> 01:10:14,100
performed this task since 
childhood and older woman 

1253
01:10:14,100 --> 01:10:17,600
spreads wide Nets beneath, a 
particularly heavy laden, tree 

1254
01:10:17,600 --> 01:10:19,900
securing, the corners with 
stones. 

1255
01:10:19,900 --> 01:10:23,400
So wind won't disturb them. 
Two younger people carry wooden 

1256
01:10:23,400 --> 01:10:27,100
ladders warn, Smooth by Decades 
of hands, positioning them 

1257
01:10:27,100 --> 01:10:29,600
carefully against branches, as 
their torsos. 

1258
01:10:29,600 --> 01:10:33,000
There's minimal talking. 
Everyone knows their role in 

1259
01:10:33,000 --> 01:10:34,800
this Harvest. 
That's been repeated the same 

1260
01:10:34,800 --> 01:10:38,200
way for Generations, stretching 
back before anyone bothered 

1261
01:10:38,200 --> 01:10:41,600
recording such things. 
The traditional Harvest happens 

1262
01:10:41,600 --> 01:10:44,700
in late Autumn when the olives 
transition from green to purple 

1263
01:10:44,700 --> 01:10:47,900
to Black, though, your village, 
prefers picking them young and 

1264
01:10:47,900 --> 01:10:50,800
green, this timing effects, the 
oils flavor. 

1265
01:10:51,600 --> 01:10:55,000
Earlier Harvest produce oil with
more bitterness and pepper and 

1266
01:10:55,000 --> 01:10:57,700
later Harvest brings sweetness 
and buttery notes. 

1267
01:10:57,700 --> 01:11:01,200
You watch as someone uses a hand
rake to comb through branches. 

1268
01:11:01,200 --> 01:11:05,300
Encouraging olives to drop into 
Nets below without damaging the 

1269
01:11:05,300 --> 01:11:07,300
wood. 
The sound of fruit hitting 

1270
01:11:07,300 --> 01:11:10,600
fabric creates a gentle. 
Percussion hundreds of small 

1271
01:11:10,600 --> 01:11:14,400
impacts that blend into white 
noise after a while a few trees 

1272
01:11:14,400 --> 01:11:16,300
over. 
Someone has climbed High into 

1273
01:11:16,300 --> 01:11:19,500
the canopy visible, only a 
shifting branches, and the 

1274
01:11:19,500 --> 01:11:23,100
occasional glimpse of a tunic 
olives rain down in small 

1275
01:11:23,100 --> 01:11:26,600
clusters bouncing off Nets and 
rolling towards the edges where 

1276
01:11:26,600 --> 01:11:30,700
children wait together escapees.
Kids compete to see who can 

1277
01:11:30,700 --> 01:11:34,600
collect the most Strays turning 
tedious labor into a game. 

1278
01:11:34,600 --> 01:11:37,700
The way children always manage 
their laughter carries across 

1279
01:11:37,700 --> 01:11:41,000
the Grove breaking the 
meditative silence for a moment.

1280
01:11:41,000 --> 01:11:44,100
Before being absorbed back into 
the rustle of silver Leafs. 

1281
01:11:44,100 --> 01:11:47,900
You been to help gather olives 
from a full net scooping, 

1282
01:11:47,900 --> 01:11:50,800
handfuls into a woven basket 
that smells of Earth and 

1283
01:11:50,800 --> 01:11:55,500
previous harvests, each Olive 
feels cool and firm with a 

1284
01:11:55,500 --> 01:11:59,800
weight that belies its size, the
basket grows heavy quickly, all 

1285
01:11:59,800 --> 01:12:03,100
of wood is dense, and even the 
fruit carries substantial Mass, 

1286
01:12:04,000 --> 01:12:05,700
Your back reminds you of its 
presence. 

1287
01:12:05,700 --> 01:12:08,900
As you Hoist, the full basket 
and carry it toward collection 

1288
01:12:08,900 --> 01:12:11,300
carts, waiting at the Grove's 
Edge. 

1289
01:12:11,300 --> 01:12:15,200
The path between trees is worn 
Smooth by countless feet 

1290
01:12:15,200 --> 01:12:18,000
walking. 
This exact route Autumn after 

1291
01:12:18,008 --> 01:12:21,600
Autumn carrying baskets, just 
like yours at the collection. 

1292
01:12:21,600 --> 01:12:25,700
Point baskets, get emptied into 
larger containers, creating 

1293
01:12:25,700 --> 01:12:29,100
small, Avalanches of green 
purple fruit that click against 

1294
01:12:29,100 --> 01:12:32,600
would like hail on a roof. 
Someone tallys the Harvest in 

1295
01:12:32,600 --> 01:12:36,600
marks on a clay tablet, tracking
which families contributed which

1296
01:12:36,600 --> 01:12:40,800
amounts the accounting matters 
less than you'd expect most of 

1297
01:12:40,800 --> 01:12:43,900
the oil will be pressed and 
shared communally anywhere with 

1298
01:12:43,900 --> 01:12:45,600
extra jars. 
Going to families, who 

1299
01:12:45,600 --> 01:12:49,300
contributed the most labor, it's
an Economy based on effort 

1300
01:12:49,300 --> 01:12:52,500
rather than ownership on 
Collective understanding rather 

1301
01:12:52,500 --> 01:12:55,800
than written contracts. 
The Grove extends farther than 

1302
01:12:55,808 --> 01:12:59,400
you can see from ground level. 
Hundreds of trees, marching up 

1303
01:12:59,400 --> 01:13:01,800
hillsides to Rocky and steep for
grain. 

1304
01:13:01,800 --> 01:13:06,100
Crops this is the olives gift. 
To Mediterranean people's it 

1305
01:13:06,100 --> 01:13:10,700
thrives where we can barley fail
asking only for Limestone soil. 

1306
01:13:10,700 --> 01:13:14,100
Hot dry Summers and Mild wet 
Winters. 

1307
01:13:15,000 --> 01:13:18,000
The trees need almost no care 
once established. 

1308
01:13:18,000 --> 01:13:21,800
No irrigation no fertilizer. 
Minimal pruning. 

1309
01:13:21,800 --> 01:13:26,600
They simply exist producing 
fruit year after year with a 

1310
01:13:26,600 --> 01:13:29,600
reliability that sustained 
civilizations through droughts 

1311
01:13:29,600 --> 01:13:31,800
that would have killed any other
crop. 

1312
01:13:32,600 --> 01:13:37,000
The sunset approaches the 
harvesting slows people roll up 

1313
01:13:37,000 --> 01:13:41,500
nets secure, ladders and cover 
collection baskets with fabric 

1314
01:13:41,500 --> 01:13:45,100
to protect them from due and 
opportunistic birds tomorrow 

1315
01:13:45,100 --> 01:13:48,700
you'll begin the pressing but 
tonight the olives will rest and

1316
01:13:48,700 --> 01:13:53,200
so will you walking home through
dimming light, you notice how 

1317
01:13:53,200 --> 01:13:56,100
the silver underside of olive 
leaves seem to Glow faintly 

1318
01:13:56,100 --> 01:14:00,200
catching the last of sun and 
holding them a moment longer 

1319
01:14:00,200 --> 01:14:03,100
than other trees. 
It's a small magic, this 

1320
01:14:03,100 --> 01:14:05,700
luminescence, but appropriate 
for a tree, whose fruit will 

1321
01:14:05,700 --> 01:14:09,700
eventually become light itself. 
The pressing room smells of 

1322
01:14:09,700 --> 01:14:13,100
crushed vegetation and stone 
dust with undertones of 

1323
01:14:13,100 --> 01:14:14,800
fermentation that aren't 
unpleasant. 

1324
01:14:14,800 --> 01:14:18,600
Once you adjust your standing 
before a millstone larger than a

1325
01:14:18,600 --> 01:14:22,200
wagon wheel, watching it rotates
slowly around a vertical axis, 

1326
01:14:22,200 --> 01:14:27,000
while a donkey plods and circles
connected to the stone by a worn

1327
01:14:27,000 --> 01:14:29,200
wooden beam. 
The donkey knows this work. 

1328
01:14:29,200 --> 01:14:31,500
Intimately, requiring, no 
guidance. 

1329
01:14:31,500 --> 01:14:34,900
Placing each with the careful 
Precision of someone who's 

1330
01:14:34,900 --> 01:14:39,400
traced this exact Circle 
thousands of times its eyes. 

1331
01:14:39,400 --> 01:14:42,100
Hold that distance, look 
animals, develop when performing

1332
01:14:42,100 --> 01:14:44,800
tasks that require presence but 
not attention. 

1333
01:14:45,900 --> 01:14:49,100
Beneath the Rolling Stone. 
Olives gradually transformed 

1334
01:14:49,100 --> 01:14:52,100
from Individual fruits into a 
purple brown Pace. 

1335
01:14:52,100 --> 01:14:55,000
The millstone doesn't Crush so 
much as grind. 

1336
01:14:55,000 --> 01:14:59,000
Its weight sufficient to break 
down flesh and Pitt together 

1337
01:14:59,000 --> 01:15:02,200
into a thick mixer that releases
the first hints of oil. 

1338
01:15:02,200 --> 01:15:06,100
You can see it glistening on the
stone surface, catching light 

1339
01:15:06,100 --> 01:15:07,600
from oil, lamps hung around the 
room. 

1340
01:15:07,600 --> 01:15:11,200
The pace collects in a stone 
base and carve smooth over 

1341
01:15:11,200 --> 01:15:14,800
centuries of use its surface 
stained dark from countless 

1342
01:15:14,800 --> 01:15:17,500
pressing. 
Someone adds a new boss, get of 

1343
01:15:17,500 --> 01:15:20,300
Olives to the Mills Edge, where 
the stone will, eventually reach

1344
01:15:20,300 --> 01:15:22,400
them and pull them into its 
grinding path. 

1345
01:15:23,200 --> 01:15:25,500
The Edition. 
Barely interrupts the Rhythm, 

1346
01:15:25,500 --> 01:15:29,200
the donkey continues, its 
circuit the stone continues, its

1347
01:15:29,200 --> 01:15:32,000
rotation and the paste grows 
deeper in the collection. 

1348
01:15:32,000 --> 01:15:36,500
Basin watching the process 
induces a kind of Trance the 

1349
01:15:36,500 --> 01:15:40,100
circular motion, the steady 
progress and the gradual 

1350
01:15:40,100 --> 01:15:43,300
transformation happening at a 
pace that defeats impatience. 

1351
01:15:44,000 --> 01:15:48,500
This isn't work, you can Rush. 
Oil extraction requires time to 

1352
01:15:48,500 --> 01:15:51,300
do its work properly when the 
paste reaches sufficient 

1353
01:15:51,300 --> 01:15:53,800
consistency. 
Something judged by Ai and 

1354
01:15:53,800 --> 01:15:58,100
texture of measurement workers, 
scoop it into woven bags made 

1355
01:15:58,100 --> 01:16:01,500
from a spato grass or hemp. 
These bags, get stacked 

1356
01:16:01,500 --> 01:16:03,100
carefully. 
On a pressing platform 

1357
01:16:03,100 --> 01:16:06,600
alternating with a round. 
Wooden discs that distribute 

1358
01:16:06,600 --> 01:16:09,700
pressure evenly. 
You help position the bags. 

1359
01:16:09,700 --> 01:16:12,700
Feeling the pace. 
Cool moisture seep through the 

1360
01:16:12,700 --> 01:16:16,400
weaving, leaving your hands, 
slick, the pace smells vegetable

1361
01:16:16,400 --> 01:16:18,800
and Alive. 
Nothing like the refined oil, 

1362
01:16:18,800 --> 01:16:20,900
you'll eventually pour into 
storage jars. 

1363
01:16:20,900 --> 01:16:25,200
The Press itself, dominates the 
room, a massive wooden screw 

1364
01:16:25,200 --> 01:16:28,800
carved from a single beam 
operated by a long lever that 

1365
01:16:28,800 --> 01:16:33,000
extends out like a ship's boom. 
The screws threads are hand-cut 

1366
01:16:33,000 --> 01:16:35,400
showing the Erica marks of the 
ads. 

1367
01:16:35,400 --> 01:16:38,600
That shape them four people take
positions along the leather, 

1368
01:16:38,600 --> 01:16:41,400
preparing to walk the circle 
that will drive the screw 

1369
01:16:41,400 --> 01:16:45,300
downward into the Stacked bags. 
Someone gives a signal and 

1370
01:16:45,300 --> 01:16:48,500
everyone pushes leaning their 
weight into wood Smooth by 

1371
01:16:48,500 --> 01:16:53,000
countless Palms, the screw 
descends slowly grudgingly 

1372
01:16:53,000 --> 01:16:56,200
protesting with creeks that Echo
off stone walls. 

1373
01:16:56,800 --> 01:17:00,500
As pressure builds the first oil
emerges it seeps through the 

1374
01:17:00,500 --> 01:17:02,500
bag. 
Weaving runs down the side to 

1375
01:17:02,500 --> 01:17:04,500
the discs and collects in a 
shallow. 

1376
01:17:04,500 --> 01:17:06,300
Trough carved into the pressing 
platform. 

1377
01:17:06,300 --> 01:17:10,300
The liquid catches Lamplight and
throws it back transformed. 

1378
01:17:10,300 --> 01:17:14,500
No longer white light, but 
something golden viscous and 

1379
01:17:14,500 --> 01:17:17,600
alive. 
This first pressing produces the

1380
01:17:17,600 --> 01:17:22,100
finest oil cold extracted 
without heat carrying the full 

1381
01:17:22,100 --> 01:17:25,400
complexity of the fruit. 
You watch it accumulate with the

1382
01:17:25,400 --> 01:17:27,500
satisfaction of witnessing 
creation. 

1383
01:17:27,500 --> 01:17:31,500
Raw material becoming treasure 
through nothing but pressure and

1384
01:17:31,500 --> 01:17:35,200
patience the workers. 
Continue pushing walking their 

1385
01:17:35,200 --> 01:17:38,200
circle around the Press adding 
their strength to the screws 

1386
01:17:38,200 --> 01:17:41,900
mechanical advantage. 
The more oil flows, the more the

1387
01:17:41,900 --> 01:17:45,700
bags flattened and the pace 
inside compresses into denser 

1388
01:17:45,700 --> 01:17:48,000
layers. 
Eventually the flow Slows To 

1389
01:17:48,000 --> 01:17:51,100
occasional drops. 
Each one forming at the bags. 

1390
01:17:51,100 --> 01:17:55,200
Lowest point swelling, then 
falling to join its predecessors

1391
01:17:55,200 --> 01:17:58,300
in the collection. 
Trough When drops become rare 

1392
01:17:58,300 --> 01:18:02,100
enough to count individually, 
the pressing stops, the bags, 

1393
01:18:02,100 --> 01:18:04,800
get removed. 
And the compressed paste inside 

1394
01:18:04,800 --> 01:18:08,600
is now formed into hard cakes. 
These pressed cakes still 

1395
01:18:08,600 --> 01:18:12,100
contain oil but extracting it 
requires different methods. 

1396
01:18:12,100 --> 01:18:15,700
Some producers, add hot water 
and press again, creating a 

1397
01:18:15,708 --> 01:18:19,800
lower grade oil suitable for 
lamps rather than tables others,

1398
01:18:19,800 --> 01:18:23,300
save the cakes as fuel. 
They burn slowly and steadily 

1399
01:18:23,300 --> 01:18:27,100
perfect for heating bath water 
or firing Pottery kills. 

1400
01:18:27,100 --> 01:18:30,500
Nothing goes to waste in the 
economy where olives represent 

1401
01:18:30,500 --> 01:18:34,000
months of Labor, transformed 
into liquid value, you help 

1402
01:18:34,000 --> 01:18:37,000
transfer the freshly pressed oil
from The Collection trough in to

1403
01:18:37,000 --> 01:18:40,500
settling vessels wide clay 
containers where the oil will 

1404
01:18:40,500 --> 01:18:43,100
separate from residual water and
plant particles. 

1405
01:18:43,100 --> 01:18:47,200
The settling takes days gravity 
doing slow, work. 

1406
01:18:47,200 --> 01:18:50,900
That can't be hurried. 
Oil floats naturally above water

1407
01:18:50,900 --> 01:18:54,500
creating a distinct boundary. 
You can see even in Lamplight. 

1408
01:18:55,600 --> 01:18:59,800
Finest oil, Rises to the top. 
Clear and golden below it. 

1409
01:18:59,800 --> 01:19:03,100
A layer of Cloudy oil mixed with
plant particles. 

1410
01:19:03,900 --> 01:19:08,400
Below that the vegetable water 
called a mocha is still useful 

1411
01:19:08,400 --> 01:19:11,000
for various purposes but is no 
longer food. 

1412
01:19:11,000 --> 01:19:14,300
The pressing room maintains a 
temperature cooler than outside 

1413
01:19:14,300 --> 01:19:18,600
taking advantage of thick stone 
walls, and minimal Windows heat 

1414
01:19:18,600 --> 01:19:22,200
damages oil encouraging around 
city and destroying the delicate

1415
01:19:22,200 --> 01:19:24,200
compounds that give good oil. 
Its character. 

1416
01:19:24,200 --> 01:19:27,200
The workers here, understand 
chemistry without knowing its 

1417
01:19:27,200 --> 01:19:30,600
name, using observation and 
tradition to guide processes 

1418
01:19:30,600 --> 01:19:34,300
that modern science has only 
recently explained They know 

1419
01:19:34,300 --> 01:19:37,000
that green olives pressed early 
yields spicy oil. 

1420
01:19:37,000 --> 01:19:39,900
They know that damaged fruit 
creates off flavors. 

1421
01:19:39,900 --> 01:19:43,400
They know that metal containers 
corrupt, The Taste while clay 

1422
01:19:43,400 --> 01:19:46,400
preserves it. 
A large jar in the corner holds 

1423
01:19:46,400 --> 01:19:50,100
oil from early oppressing, its 
surface covered with the layer 

1424
01:19:50,100 --> 01:19:53,200
of natural set of mint, that 
protects the liquid beneath from

1425
01:19:53,200 --> 01:19:56,200
oxidation. 
Someone dips a small clay cup 

1426
01:19:56,200 --> 01:19:59,500
into the clear oil below the set
of the layer, then offers it to 

1427
01:19:59,500 --> 01:20:00,900
you. 
You taste it. 

1428
01:20:00,900 --> 01:20:04,300
Carefully first the fruit, then 
the pepper at the back of your 

1429
01:20:04,300 --> 01:20:08,100
throat, then a bitterness that 
somehow Pleasant all of it 

1430
01:20:08,100 --> 01:20:11,100
balanced in a way that makes you
understand why people of value. 

1431
01:20:11,100 --> 01:20:15,000
This substance for thousands of 
years It tastes like the Grove 

1432
01:20:15,000 --> 01:20:19,300
like sunlight on Silver leaves 
like patient, labor rewarded. 

1433
01:20:20,100 --> 01:20:24,100
Has the days pressing concludes 
workers clean tools with hot 

1434
01:20:24,100 --> 01:20:26,400
water and coarse cloths 
scrubbing away. 

1435
01:20:26,400 --> 01:20:30,000
Paste residue before it can 
Harden, the millstone gets a 

1436
01:20:30,000 --> 01:20:32,500
final rotation with nothing 
beneath it clearing away, 

1437
01:20:32,500 --> 01:20:36,000
remaining debris. 
The donkey is unhitched led to 

1438
01:20:36,000 --> 01:20:39,700
water and feed its work done 
until tomorrow brings another 

1439
01:20:39,700 --> 01:20:43,900
rotation of the same wheel, the 
same Circle, the same 

1440
01:20:43,900 --> 01:20:46,100
transformation of fruit into 
gold. 

1441
01:20:46,100 --> 01:20:49,200
You leave the pressing room with
hands that smell of olives. 

1442
01:20:49,200 --> 01:20:51,300
A scent that will linger for 
days. 

1443
01:20:51,300 --> 01:20:54,600
No matter how many times you 
wash your kitchen measures, 

1444
01:20:54,600 --> 01:20:59,000
perhaps 12 feet square with the 
floor of packed Earth warns, 

1445
01:20:59,000 --> 01:21:02,800
smooth as River Stones sunlight 
enters, through a single window 

1446
01:21:02,800 --> 01:21:05,800
covered with an oil cloth that 
glows Amber when backlit. 

1447
01:21:06,700 --> 01:21:09,800
The room is a half-built from 
stacked stone. 

1448
01:21:09,800 --> 01:21:14,600
Its surface blackened by Decades
of cooking fires, next to the 

1449
01:21:14,600 --> 01:21:19,200
half sits of storage vessels 
each taller than a child, their 

1450
01:21:19,200 --> 01:21:22,300
clay surfaces cool. 
Despite the warm after noon, one

1451
01:21:22,300 --> 01:21:26,000
of these jars holds olive oil, 
perhaps 40 liters pressed last 

1452
01:21:26,008 --> 01:21:29,500
Autumn sealed with a clay 
stopper and wax to keep air from

1453
01:21:29,500 --> 01:21:33,400
spoiling its contents. 
You tip the large jar, carefully

1454
01:21:33,400 --> 01:21:36,100
letting oil flow into a smaller 
vessel. 

1455
01:21:36,100 --> 01:21:39,700
That's easier to handle the oil 
moves, more slowly than water 

1456
01:21:39,700 --> 01:21:42,600
with a thickness that makes it 
want to cling to surfaces. 

1457
01:21:43,600 --> 01:21:47,300
It catches light as it, pours 
transforming from Golden to 

1458
01:21:47,300 --> 01:21:49,800
Amber to almost green depending 
on the angle. 

1459
01:21:49,800 --> 01:21:53,800
This oil will flavor tonight's 
meal and tomorrow's and the day 

1460
01:21:53,800 --> 01:21:56,800
after that. 
Constant presence in cooking as 

1461
01:21:56,800 --> 01:22:01,400
fundamental as fire itself 
without it, your Cuisine would 

1462
01:22:01,400 --> 01:22:05,200
lose half its identity becoming 
something unrecognizable to 

1463
01:22:05,200 --> 01:22:08,500
anyone raised on the 
Mediterranean Shore's on a 

1464
01:22:08,500 --> 01:22:10,400
wooden cutting board. 
You arrange vegetables for 

1465
01:22:10,400 --> 01:22:15,600
tonight's meal leeks, onions, 
some early greens and lentils 

1466
01:22:15,600 --> 01:22:18,600
that have been soaking since 
morning the knife in your hand 

1467
01:22:18,600 --> 01:22:21,300
is bronze. 
Its Edge required regular 

1468
01:22:21,300 --> 01:22:24,700
sharpening but holding a Keynes.
That iron tools will later 

1469
01:22:24,700 --> 01:22:27,900
struggled to match. 
You chop the leeks in to rounds 

1470
01:22:27,900 --> 01:22:31,100
and onions into rough chunks. 
Working with the Casual 

1471
01:22:31,100 --> 01:22:34,000
efficiency of someone who's 
prepared thousands of meals. 

1472
01:22:34,000 --> 01:22:37,700
Each piece falls into a clay 
Bowl already slicked. 

1473
01:22:37,700 --> 01:22:40,900
With all of oil, the vegetables,
beginning their transformation. 

1474
01:22:40,900 --> 01:22:45,600
Even before heater arrives. 
The cooking pot is ceramic, it's

1475
01:22:45,600 --> 01:22:49,800
inside surface darkened, by use,
but still sounds free of cracks.

1476
01:22:49,800 --> 01:22:53,400
That would let liquid seep 
through you pour olive oil into 

1477
01:22:53,400 --> 01:22:55,300
the pot. 
First enough to Coat. 

1478
01:22:55,300 --> 01:22:58,500
The bottom generously. 
Perhaps a quarter cup by modern 

1479
01:22:58,500 --> 01:23:01,800
measurements, though, you judge 
by Ai and habit, rather than 

1480
01:23:01,800 --> 01:23:05,600
precise amounts the oil spreads 
across the pots, interior, 

1481
01:23:05,600 --> 01:23:09,600
finding every curve and 
depression, creating a golden 

1482
01:23:09,600 --> 01:23:13,400
pool that will prevent food from
sticking and contribute, its own

1483
01:23:13,400 --> 01:23:16,900
flavor to whatever Cooks within 
coals from the mornings fire, 

1484
01:23:16,900 --> 01:23:20,500
still glow, red beneath white 
ash, you brush away, the Ash 

1485
01:23:20,500 --> 01:23:23,400
with a bundle of straw exposing 
the heat beneath. 

1486
01:23:23,400 --> 01:23:27,300
Then position, the pot carefully
over the hottest section, the 

1487
01:23:27,300 --> 01:23:30,500
oil begins warming immediately, 
it surfaced developing the 

1488
01:23:30,500 --> 01:23:34,600
faintest Shimmer as convection, 
currents move through it, you 

1489
01:23:34,600 --> 01:23:37,200
test the temperature by dropping
a small piece of onion into the 

1490
01:23:37,200 --> 01:23:39,600
oil. 
It should Sizzle gently without 

1491
01:23:39,600 --> 01:23:42,200
immediately Browning creating a 
sustained. 

1492
01:23:42,200 --> 01:23:43,600
Hiss. 
That tells you the heat is 

1493
01:23:43,600 --> 01:23:47,500
right, the vegetables go in next
tumbling from Bold to pot with 

1494
01:23:47,500 --> 01:23:49,800
sounds that satisfy on some 
Primal level. 

1495
01:23:50,600 --> 01:23:54,100
The hiss of moisture meeting hot
oil, the crackle is sugars, 

1496
01:23:54,100 --> 01:23:57,800
begin to caramelize and the 
aromatic steam that rises to 

1497
01:23:57,800 --> 01:24:01,100
fill the kitchen with promise, 
you stir with a wooden spoon 

1498
01:24:01,100 --> 01:24:05,100
worn Smooth by years of use its 
handle permanently stained with 

1499
01:24:05,100 --> 01:24:07,100
oil that seeped into the wood 
grain. 

1500
01:24:07,100 --> 01:24:11,400
The vegetables soften gradually 
the colors intensifying rather 

1501
01:24:11,400 --> 01:24:14,800
than fading all of oil 
preserving, the bright greens 

1502
01:24:14,800 --> 01:24:18,200
and deep purples in ways that 
water-based cooking never could 

1503
01:24:18,200 --> 01:24:21,600
a small Jug on the Shelf holds 
oil reserve for finishing 

1504
01:24:21,600 --> 01:24:24,200
dishes. 
The finest pressing kept 

1505
01:24:24,200 --> 01:24:27,800
separate for drizzling, over 
food, just before serving, this 

1506
01:24:27,800 --> 01:24:31,600
oil, never sees heat preserving 
all the delicate compounds. 

1507
01:24:31,600 --> 01:24:34,500
That make it special, you'll use
it to night to dress. 

1508
01:24:34,500 --> 01:24:37,800
Lentils, after they finish 
cooking adding a final layer of 

1509
01:24:37,800 --> 01:24:41,300
flavor that heat treated oil 
can't provide the difference 

1510
01:24:41,300 --> 01:24:44,100
between cooking oil and 
finishing oil matters enormously

1511
01:24:44,100 --> 01:24:47,700
though explaining exactly why it
requires vocabulary. 

1512
01:24:47,700 --> 01:24:50,300
Your culture hasn't yet 
developed while the vegetables 

1513
01:24:50,600 --> 01:24:54,200
cook, you prepare flatbread 
dough flour, water, a pinch of 

1514
01:24:54,208 --> 01:24:57,800
salt and olive oil work together
until the mixture stops sticking

1515
01:24:57,800 --> 01:25:00,300
to your hands. 
The oil makes the dough more 

1516
01:25:00,300 --> 01:25:03,600
forgiving easier to handle and 
less likely to tear when you 

1517
01:25:03,600 --> 01:25:06,400
stretch it thin. 
You let it rest while the 

1518
01:25:06,400 --> 01:25:10,100
lentils simmer the doe 
developing texture Through Time,

1519
01:25:10,100 --> 01:25:13,700
rather than effort later, you'll
form it into circles, cooking 

1520
01:25:13,700 --> 01:25:16,100
them directly on a hot stone at 
the hearths edge. 

1521
01:25:16,100 --> 01:25:19,500
Brushing each finished bread 
with olive oil to keep it soft 

1522
01:25:19,500 --> 01:25:22,500
in the corner. 
A smaller jar holds olive oil, 

1523
01:25:22,500 --> 01:25:26,900
infused with herbs rosemary, 
thyme and bay leaves submerged 

1524
01:25:26,900 --> 01:25:30,100
in oil for weeks until their 
Essences permeate. 

1525
01:25:30,100 --> 01:25:33,300
The liquid you use this for 
special occasions but even 

1526
01:25:33,300 --> 01:25:36,200
ordinary days might see it 
appear if meals feel too plain, 

1527
01:25:36,200 --> 01:25:38,600
the herbs at complexity. 
Yes. 

1528
01:25:38,600 --> 01:25:41,800
But more importantly they 
preserve the oils freshness 

1529
01:25:41,800 --> 01:25:44,500
their natural antibacterial 
properties. 

1530
01:25:44,500 --> 01:25:47,800
Extending shelf life in ways 
that seem almost magical. 

1531
01:25:47,800 --> 01:25:51,500
You understand this works 
without knowing why Following 

1532
01:25:51,500 --> 01:25:54,400
practices handed down through 
generations of cooks who 

1533
01:25:54,400 --> 01:25:55,800
discovered through trial and 
error. 

1534
01:25:55,800 --> 01:25:57,900
What science will later, 
explain. 

1535
01:25:57,900 --> 01:26:01,800
The lentils need another edition
of oil, Midway through cooking, 

1536
01:26:01,800 --> 01:26:06,300
not for flavor this time but to 
prevent them from foaming over a

1537
01:26:06,300 --> 01:26:09,300
thin stream poured across the 
pot surface calms, the bubbling 

1538
01:26:09,300 --> 01:26:13,000
immediately, the oil spreading 
to trap and collapse foam before

1539
01:26:13,000 --> 01:26:15,500
it can escape. 
This trick works. 

1540
01:26:15,500 --> 01:26:17,900
So reliably you barely think 
about it anymore. 

1541
01:26:17,900 --> 01:26:21,700
Just as you barely think about 
breathing olive oil isn't an 

1542
01:26:21,700 --> 01:26:24,300
ingredient to add to cooking. 
It's the media within which 

1543
01:26:24,300 --> 01:26:26,700
cooking happened as essential as
the pot itself. 

1544
01:26:27,800 --> 01:26:30,500
This evening deepens, you like 
lamps throughout the house. 

1545
01:26:30,500 --> 01:26:33,500
These are simple. 
Clay vessels with a spout for 

1546
01:26:33,500 --> 01:26:35,200
the wick. 
And a hole for pouring fuel. 

1547
01:26:35,200 --> 01:26:38,000
Olive oil fills each lamp the 
same oil. 

1548
01:26:38,000 --> 01:26:41,400
You cook with though, perhaps an
older pressing or a lower grade,

1549
01:26:41,400 --> 01:26:43,100
that's developed a slight 
bitterness. 

1550
01:26:43,100 --> 01:26:46,600
The Wicks are twisted flax 
trimmed regularly to prevent 

1551
01:26:46,600 --> 01:26:48,900
smoking. 
You like them one by one 

1552
01:26:48,900 --> 01:26:52,800
watching small Flames appear and
settle into steady burning the 

1553
01:26:52,800 --> 01:26:54,800
light. 
They cast is warmer than later. 

1554
01:26:54,800 --> 01:26:58,500
Petroleum products will provide 
with a slight golden quality 

1555
01:26:58,500 --> 01:27:03,000
that makes skin look healthier 
and food more appetizing The 

1556
01:27:03,000 --> 01:27:07,100
meal finishes cooking as full 
Darkness arrives, you Ladle. 

1557
01:27:07,100 --> 01:27:10,200
Lentils into shallow bowls 
vegetables into a communal dish 

1558
01:27:10,200 --> 01:27:14,600
and bread onto a wooden board. 
Final touch that. 

1559
01:27:14,600 --> 01:27:17,400
Reserved finishing oil gets 
drizzled over everything with a 

1560
01:27:17,408 --> 01:27:20,900
practiced hand. 
Creating glossy pools that sink 

1561
01:27:20,900 --> 01:27:25,000
slowly into the hot food. 
The aroma is extraordinary all 

1562
01:27:25,000 --> 01:27:27,800
the meals elements unified by 
this singling ingredient. 

1563
01:27:27,800 --> 01:27:30,900
That's touched every component 
from raw to finished. 

1564
01:27:30,900 --> 01:27:35,400
You eat with bread, torn by hand
using pieces to scoop up lentils

1565
01:27:35,400 --> 01:27:38,300
and vegetables. 
The bread's oil brush surface, 

1566
01:27:38,300 --> 01:27:41,400
making each bite Rich enough to 
satisfy without overwhelming 

1567
01:27:41,400 --> 01:27:44,000
after the meal. 
You save the oil that remains 

1568
01:27:44,000 --> 01:27:47,100
and serving dishes pouring it 
back into storage rather than 

1569
01:27:47,100 --> 01:27:50,100
discarding it. 
This oil is taken on flavors 

1570
01:27:50,100 --> 01:27:53,100
from the food, it touched making
it perfect for tomorrow's 

1571
01:27:53,100 --> 01:27:56,300
cooking where those flavors will
contribute to new dishes. 

1572
01:27:56,300 --> 01:27:59,100
Nothing goes to waste and a 
household where all of oil 

1573
01:27:59,100 --> 01:28:03,400
represents stored labor, stored,
sunlight and stored wealth. 

1574
01:28:03,400 --> 01:28:06,500
In his most fungible form the 
jars in your kitchen. 

1575
01:28:06,500 --> 01:28:10,200
Hold more than food. 
They hold security knowing that,

1576
01:28:10,200 --> 01:28:14,300
even if grain harvest fail, He 
sealed vessels contain enough 

1577
01:28:14,300 --> 01:28:16,600
calories to see your family 
through lean months. 

1578
01:28:16,600 --> 01:28:19,500
You're walking through the city 
after Sunset. 

1579
01:28:19,500 --> 01:28:22,600
Now, navigating streets, that 
would be treacherous without 

1580
01:28:22,600 --> 01:28:26,000
illumination. 
Light spills from every window 

1581
01:28:26,000 --> 01:28:29,300
and doorway each building 
contributing its share to the 

1582
01:28:29,308 --> 01:28:32,100
collective effort of holding 
Darkness at Bay. 

1583
01:28:32,100 --> 01:28:35,200
The primary source of all this 
light hangs from brackets. 

1584
01:28:35,200 --> 01:28:38,300
Sits in niches and rests on 
Ledges. 

1585
01:28:38,300 --> 01:28:43,100
Thousands of small clay lamps. 
Each burning olive oil with a 

1586
01:28:43,100 --> 01:28:45,000
steadiness that candles were 
later. 

1587
01:28:45,000 --> 01:28:47,600
Struggle to match. 
The Flames are surprisingly 

1588
01:28:47,600 --> 01:28:51,200
bright numerous enough that you 
can read inscriptions on public 

1589
01:28:51,200 --> 01:28:55,600
buildings, recognize faces from 
20 feet away and avoid. 

1590
01:28:55,600 --> 01:28:59,300
Stepping in things better left 
unmentioned, the city's Main 

1591
01:28:59,300 --> 01:29:02,300
Street features, elaborate lamps
Downs, taller than a person 

1592
01:29:02,300 --> 01:29:06,200
designed to illuminate public 
spaces, where citizens gather 

1593
01:29:06,200 --> 01:29:09,800
off to Daylight ends. 
He stands hold multiple lamps 

1594
01:29:09,800 --> 01:29:12,600
oranged in tears, creating 
islands of brightness. 

1595
01:29:12,600 --> 01:29:16,900
That push back Shadows, someone 
maintains these lamps refilling,

1596
01:29:16,900 --> 01:29:20,600
oil trimming Wix and ensuring 
Flames, don't fail during the 

1597
01:29:20,600 --> 01:29:23,400
night hours when their absence 
would be most keenly felt. 

1598
01:29:24,100 --> 01:29:27,200
A public service is important as
maintaining Wells or repairing 

1599
01:29:27,200 --> 01:29:30,800
roads paid for by wealthy 
citizens who understand that 

1600
01:29:30,800 --> 01:29:34,400
dark streets, discourage 
Commerce and encourage crimes. 

1601
01:29:34,400 --> 01:29:37,800
You pass a merchant shop where 
Lamplight streams through an 

1602
01:29:37,800 --> 01:29:41,800
open doorway revealing customers
examining Goods despite the late

1603
01:29:41,800 --> 01:29:46,200
hour, the shops interior blazes 
with perhaps 20 laps positioned 

1604
01:29:46,200 --> 01:29:49,300
throughout the space. 
On counters hanging from the 

1605
01:29:49,300 --> 01:29:51,000
ceiling. 
Tucked into Corners, to 

1606
01:29:51,000 --> 01:29:54,700
eliminate all Shadows, this 
abundance of light represents 

1607
01:29:54,700 --> 01:29:58,900
significant expense with all of 
oil consumed by the literature 

1608
01:29:58,900 --> 01:30:01,700
each night, but the merchant 
considers it as essential 

1609
01:30:01,700 --> 01:30:03,400
customers. 
Won't buy what? 

1610
01:30:03,400 --> 01:30:06,700
They can't properly, see, and 
the extended hours more than 

1611
01:30:06,700 --> 01:30:11,000
compensate for the fuel costs. 
Temple ahead uses light as an 

1612
01:30:11,008 --> 01:30:15,100
element of religious experience.
With hundreds of lamps oranged 

1613
01:30:15,100 --> 01:30:17,400
to create specific effects 
Flames. 

1614
01:30:17,400 --> 01:30:21,500
Reflect off polished marble 
multiply and bronze mirrors, and

1615
01:30:21,500 --> 01:30:24,600
cast Shadows of columns, that 
seemed to dance as air. 

1616
01:30:24,600 --> 01:30:26,200
Currents, make the Flames 
flicker. 

1617
01:30:26,900 --> 01:30:30,600
The priest, understand lighting,
design intuitively positioning 

1618
01:30:30,600 --> 01:30:32,800
lamps to emphasize Divine 
statues. 

1619
01:30:32,800 --> 01:30:36,000
While leaving other areas in 
mysterious dimness, the 

1620
01:30:36,000 --> 01:30:39,000
interplay of the light and 
Shadow transforms architecture 

1621
01:30:39,000 --> 01:30:42,200
into theater. 
Making the Sacred Space feel 

1622
01:30:42,200 --> 01:30:46,200
separate from the mundane World 
outside at a corner you noticed 

1623
01:30:46,200 --> 01:30:48,500
someone refilling Street lamps 
from a large jug. 

1624
01:30:48,500 --> 01:30:52,700
Moving from bracket to bracket 
with practice efficiency, The 

1625
01:30:52,700 --> 01:30:55,800
Lamplighter pours oil through a 
small funnel careful. 

1626
01:30:55,800 --> 01:31:00,000
Not to spill or overfill knowing
exactly how much each lamp needs

1627
01:31:00,000 --> 01:31:02,900
to burn through the night. 
When one lamp shows a weak 

1628
01:31:02,900 --> 01:31:06,000
flame, The Lamplighter adjusts 
the wick pulling, it slightly 

1629
01:31:06,000 --> 01:31:10,100
higher to draw more oil, 
increasing brightness, this work

1630
01:31:10,100 --> 01:31:15,100
continues every evening. 
A routine is regular sunrise in 

1631
01:31:15,100 --> 01:31:16,800
the city. 
Never returns to the 

1632
01:31:16,800 --> 01:31:20,500
vulnerability of total darkness.
You turn down a residential 

1633
01:31:20,500 --> 01:31:23,100
street, where light is more 
modest but still present. 

1634
01:31:23,100 --> 01:31:26,600
Each household maintains at 
least one lamp visible from the 

1635
01:31:26,600 --> 01:31:29,100
street. 
A contribution to Collective 

1636
01:31:29,100 --> 01:31:31,400
safety. 
That custom demands, even from 

1637
01:31:31,400 --> 01:31:34,700
the poorest families, some 
window show, the Warm Glow of 

1638
01:31:34,700 --> 01:31:37,900
multiple lamps insides 
suggesting households wealthy 

1639
01:31:37,900 --> 01:31:40,000
enough for evening activities, 
Beyond sleek. 

1640
01:31:40,900 --> 01:31:45,500
Others displaying single Flames,
sufficient for basic tasks, but 

1641
01:31:45,500 --> 01:31:49,000
leaving much of the interior in 
darkness, you can map the 

1642
01:31:49,000 --> 01:31:51,400
neighborhood's, economic 
geography by counting visible, 

1643
01:31:51,400 --> 01:31:55,500
Flames averna, head spills, 
like, and sound into the street.

1644
01:31:55,500 --> 01:32:00,000
It's doorway bright as midday 
inside lamps, hang from every 

1645
01:32:00,000 --> 01:32:03,500
available beam clustered, so 
densely that individual Flames 

1646
01:32:03,500 --> 01:32:06,500
blend into General brilliant's. 
The Tavern keeper. 

1647
01:32:06,500 --> 01:32:10,400
Understands that Darkness 
encourages sleep, while light 

1648
01:32:10,400 --> 01:32:15,100
encourages spending, So the oil 
flows freely, the Wicks burn 

1649
01:32:15,100 --> 01:32:19,200
tall and customers, linger hours
passed, what they originally 

1650
01:32:19,200 --> 01:32:22,000
intended. 
This calculated generosity with 

1651
01:32:22,000 --> 01:32:25,100
lighting costs less than the 
additional Wine and Food sales. 

1652
01:32:25,100 --> 01:32:29,400
It generates Downside Ali, you 
glimpse a different kind of 

1653
01:32:29,400 --> 01:32:33,700
flame, the blue, tinged burn of 
a lamp fueled by something other

1654
01:32:33,700 --> 01:32:37,600
than pure olive oil, lower 
grade, pressings vegetable 

1655
01:32:37,600 --> 01:32:41,200
water, with residual, oil 
content and even fish oil in 

1656
01:32:41,200 --> 01:32:44,000
coastal cities. 
All these find their way into 

1657
01:32:44,000 --> 01:32:48,100
lamps, when pure olive oils cost
exceed, someone's budget, the 

1658
01:32:48,100 --> 01:32:50,800
resulting Flames. 
Burned dirtier producing more 

1659
01:32:50,800 --> 01:32:54,200
smoke and less light, but still 
push back, Darkness more 

1660
01:32:54,200 --> 01:32:55,900
effectively, the no light at 
all. 

1661
01:32:57,300 --> 01:33:00,900
You can judge household finances
by the quality of flame visible 

1662
01:33:00,900 --> 01:33:04,600
through Windows, a bathhouse, 
complex ahead glows, like a 

1663
01:33:04,600 --> 01:33:08,400
Beacon Light streaming from high
windows, were steam clouds the 

1664
01:33:08,400 --> 01:33:11,300
glass inside. 
Hundreds of lamps, maintain 

1665
01:33:11,300 --> 01:33:14,400
illumination, even in the 
bathing rooms where moisture and

1666
01:33:14,400 --> 01:33:17,900
heat create challenges for 
maintaining Flames, special 

1667
01:33:17,900 --> 01:33:21,300
lamps with protective covers. 
Keep water from drowning Wix 

1668
01:33:21,300 --> 01:33:24,900
while ventilation systems draw. 
Smoke away before it can 

1669
01:33:24,900 --> 01:33:27,800
accumulate enough to bother 
bathers, the bathhouse 

1670
01:33:27,800 --> 01:33:30,100
advertises its luxury partly 
through this. 

1671
01:33:30,100 --> 01:33:33,800
Profligate use of light if they 
can afford to illuminate even 

1672
01:33:33,800 --> 01:33:37,700
the changing rooms brilliantly. 
Clearly they spare, no expense 

1673
01:33:37,700 --> 01:33:41,200
elsewhere. 
You reach your destination, a 

1674
01:33:41,200 --> 01:33:44,500
friend's apartment on the third 
floor of an insular The building

1675
01:33:44,500 --> 01:33:47,800
stairwell is dark except for a 
single lamp on each Landing, 

1676
01:33:47,800 --> 01:33:51,500
just enough to prevent Falls, 
but requiring careful attention 

1677
01:33:51,500 --> 01:33:54,900
to where you place your feet. 
This minimal lighting represents

1678
01:33:54,900 --> 01:33:58,300
a calculated economy. 
The building's landlord provides

1679
01:33:58,300 --> 01:34:01,400
enough oil for safety but 
nothing more residents who want 

1680
01:34:01,400 --> 01:34:04,800
to stare Wells, bring their own 
lamps, carrying them up and down

1681
01:34:04,800 --> 01:34:06,800
like the portable light sources 
that they are. 

1682
01:34:07,700 --> 01:34:10,800
Inside your friend's apartment, 
several lamps, create a 

1683
01:34:10,808 --> 01:34:13,600
comfortable glow. 
That makes the small space feel 

1684
01:34:13,600 --> 01:34:16,700
welcoming the lamp. 
Sit on a shelf specifically 

1685
01:34:16,700 --> 01:34:19,200
designed for them. 
Positioned to illuminate the 

1686
01:34:19,200 --> 01:34:20,900
room without risk of being 
knocked over. 

1687
01:34:21,700 --> 01:34:25,700
Wix are trimmed short to prevent
smoking and Flames are adjusted 

1688
01:34:25,700 --> 01:34:27,400
to provide light without wasting
oil. 

1689
01:34:27,400 --> 01:34:30,400
Your friend demonstrates a 
technique for making oil. 

1690
01:34:30,400 --> 01:34:34,500
Last longer adding water to the 
lamps base, creating a layer 

1691
01:34:34,500 --> 01:34:38,000
beneath the oil, that the wick 
can't reach as the oil burns 

1692
01:34:38,000 --> 01:34:40,400
down. 
It eventually sits a top water 

1693
01:34:40,400 --> 01:34:43,400
and the Wix stops drawing fuel 
precisely. 

1694
01:34:43,400 --> 01:34:45,700
When the oil is exhausted 
preventing waste. 

1695
01:34:45,700 --> 01:34:48,100
He noticed how the Lamplight 
makes everything. 

1696
01:34:48,100 --> 01:34:53,200
Look slightly golden skin tones,
warmer food, more appetizing and

1697
01:34:53,200 --> 01:34:55,200
the rooms Warren Furniture, more
presentable. 

1698
01:34:55,200 --> 01:34:58,500
This is all of oils gift to be 
on mirror illumination. 

1699
01:34:58,500 --> 01:35:03,400
It transforms Vision itself, 
making the Night World gentler 

1700
01:35:03,400 --> 01:35:07,200
than daylight ever appears 
Modern Electric Light will later

1701
01:35:07,200 --> 01:35:11,500
strip away this warmth replacing
it with harsh neutrality, that 

1702
01:35:11,500 --> 01:35:13,600
claims to show things as they 
really are. 

1703
01:35:13,600 --> 01:35:16,600
But people raised by all of oil 
Flames know. 

1704
01:35:16,600 --> 01:35:20,200
The truth reality has always 
been gold at the edges. 

1705
01:35:20,200 --> 01:35:25,100
Warm in the shadows And software
Darkness and Light Meat as you 

1706
01:35:25,100 --> 01:35:28,400
eventually leave and walk home, 
the city's lights, create a 

1707
01:35:28,400 --> 01:35:32,200
constellation at ground level 
each flame a small star burning 

1708
01:35:32,200 --> 01:35:34,700
olive oil. 
Instead of hydrogen the 

1709
01:35:34,700 --> 01:35:36,700
collective brightness is 
sufficient that you can see 

1710
01:35:36,700 --> 01:35:40,300
clouds reflecting the glow. 
The night sky above the city, 

1711
01:35:40,300 --> 01:35:43,400
subtly lighter than the rural 
Darkness beyond the walls. 

1712
01:35:43,400 --> 01:35:47,600
This artificial day extends, 
human activity hours passed what

1713
01:35:47,600 --> 01:35:51,800
nature intended, and all of it 
runs on olives on Groves and 

1714
01:35:51,800 --> 01:35:56,000
presses and jars of golden fuel.
That make civilization possible 

1715
01:35:56,000 --> 01:35:58,600
after Sunset. 
Your watching a physician 

1716
01:35:58,600 --> 01:36:01,600
prepare for treatment in a room 
that smells of herbs and heated 

1717
01:36:01,600 --> 01:36:05,100
all of oil The Physician works 
at a table covered with small 

1718
01:36:05,100 --> 01:36:07,700
ceramic vessels. 
Each containing different 

1719
01:36:07,700 --> 01:36:10,700
preparations. 
Some pure oil others. 

1720
01:36:10,700 --> 01:36:13,300
Infused with plant materials 
whose properties have been 

1721
01:36:13,300 --> 01:36:17,300
observed in catalogued through 
generations, of practice, the 

1722
01:36:17,300 --> 01:36:19,800
doctors hands move with the 
confidence of someone who's 

1723
01:36:19,800 --> 01:36:23,600
performed these preparations. 
Thousands of Times measuring by.

1724
01:36:23,600 --> 01:36:27,600
I adjusting proportions based on
factors that have more to do 

1725
01:36:27,600 --> 01:36:30,700
with intuition than formula. 
A patient sits nearby. 

1726
01:36:30,700 --> 01:36:35,100
An older man, with joint pain 
that worsens each winter, The 

1727
01:36:35,100 --> 01:36:38,600
Physician warms olive oil in a 
shallow bronze pan, held over a 

1728
01:36:38,600 --> 01:36:42,000
small Brazier monitoring 
temperature by testing drops on 

1729
01:36:42,000 --> 01:36:45,400
the back of one hand, when the 
oil reaches the right warmth, 

1730
01:36:45,400 --> 01:36:47,900
hot enough to fill therapeutic, 
but not burning. 

1731
01:36:48,500 --> 01:36:51,900
The Physician applies it to the 
patient's knees, working the oil

1732
01:36:51,900 --> 01:36:54,600
into the skin with firm circular
motions. 

1733
01:36:54,600 --> 01:36:58,500
The patient's expression shifts 
from discomfort to relief as 

1734
01:36:58,500 --> 01:37:03,100
warmth penetrates into joints. 
The oil carrying heat deeper 

1735
01:37:03,100 --> 01:37:07,100
than it would penetrate alone. 
The masses for perhaps, 20 

1736
01:37:07,100 --> 01:37:11,000
minutes, the Physicians hands 
never pausing, maintaining 

1737
01:37:11,000 --> 01:37:14,600
constant contact with skin that 
gradually pinked from increased 

1738
01:37:14,600 --> 01:37:18,000
blood flow, more oil gets added 
as the first application of 

1739
01:37:18,000 --> 01:37:21,200
absorbs into the skin. 
The physician using far more 

1740
01:37:21,200 --> 01:37:24,800
than you'd expect believing that
generous amounts work better 

1741
01:37:24,800 --> 01:37:28,000
than conservative applications. 
The excess does not bother 

1742
01:37:28,000 --> 01:37:30,100
anyone. 
What doesn't absorb will be 

1743
01:37:30,108 --> 01:37:33,100
white away and the oil will be 
transferred to cloths. 

1744
01:37:33,100 --> 01:37:34,600
That will later be used for 
other purposes. 

1745
01:37:34,600 --> 01:37:37,900
Nothing goes to waste on the 
table. 

1746
01:37:37,900 --> 01:37:40,900
Another preparation weights 
olive oil, infused with 

1747
01:37:40,900 --> 01:37:42,600
chamomile lavender, and 
something else. 

1748
01:37:42,600 --> 01:37:45,600
You don't recognize the 
physician explains that. 

1749
01:37:45,600 --> 01:37:49,300
This mixture helps with sleep 
troubles properties, carry into 

1750
01:37:49,300 --> 01:37:52,600
the body, through skin 
absorption, your skeptical about

1751
01:37:52,600 --> 01:37:55,900
herbs, affecting sleep, through 
topical application, but the 

1752
01:37:55,900 --> 01:37:58,600
physician insist that patients 
report better, rest after 

1753
01:37:58,600 --> 01:38:00,400
evening. 
Massages, with this particular 

1754
01:38:00,400 --> 01:38:03,900
blend, Whether it works through 
absorption or simply because 

1755
01:38:03,900 --> 01:38:06,900
warm oil massage, relaxes 
people, the results seems 

1756
01:38:06,900 --> 01:38:09,600
consistent enough to justify the
preparations. 

1757
01:38:09,600 --> 01:38:12,800
Existence, a younger woman 
arrives with a skin condition. 

1758
01:38:12,800 --> 01:38:17,200
Patches of dry flaking skin on 
her arms that itch constantly. 

1759
01:38:18,200 --> 01:38:21,500
The Physician examines the 
affected areas then reaches for 

1760
01:38:21,500 --> 01:38:24,600
a jar of olive oil, mixed with 
beeswax and something that 

1761
01:38:24,600 --> 01:38:28,300
smells faintly of pine, this 
preparation has the consistency 

1762
01:38:28,300 --> 01:38:32,300
of soft butter. 
Spreading easily but staying 

1763
01:38:32,300 --> 01:38:35,600
where it's applied, rather than 
running off skin, The Physician 

1764
01:38:35,600 --> 01:38:37,900
applies it generously to the 
affected areas. 

1765
01:38:38,700 --> 01:38:41,800
Explaining that the oil softens 
the skin, while the wax creates 

1766
01:38:41,800 --> 01:38:45,000
a barrier that prevents moisture
loss, the pine component 

1767
01:38:45,000 --> 01:38:48,300
collected as resin. 
From local trees helps reduce 

1768
01:38:48,300 --> 01:38:51,100
inflammation through mechanisms.
The Physician doesn't fully 

1769
01:38:51,100 --> 01:38:54,800
understand but as observed 
countless times, you watch The 

1770
01:38:54,800 --> 01:38:57,500
Physician, prepare a wound 
dressing for someone who burned 

1771
01:38:57,500 --> 01:39:01,300
their hand in a cooking fire. 
A clean cloth gets soaked in 

1772
01:39:01,300 --> 01:39:03,800
olive oil and then wrapped 
around the injury after cleaning

1773
01:39:03,800 --> 01:39:06,300
the oil. 
Soaked bandage keeps air from 

1774
01:39:06,300 --> 01:39:10,000
reaching the burn skin, reducing
pain and preventing the wound 

1775
01:39:10,000 --> 01:39:12,700
from drying into hard. 
Scabs that might crack and 

1776
01:39:12,700 --> 01:39:15,100
reopen. 
The Physician changes, the 

1777
01:39:15,100 --> 01:39:17,900
dressing daily. 
Each time applying fresh oil 

1778
01:39:17,900 --> 01:39:20,700
maintaining the wound in a moist
environment that promotes 

1779
01:39:20,700 --> 01:39:23,700
healing modern medicine. 
Will eventually prove this 

1780
01:39:23,700 --> 01:39:26,800
treatment effective though, the 
Physicians great great 

1781
01:39:26,800 --> 01:39:30,200
grandchildren won't live long 
enough to see that validation in

1782
01:39:30,200 --> 01:39:33,400
the corner, large storage jars, 
hold olive oil, reserves 

1783
01:39:33,400 --> 01:39:38,000
specifically for medical use not
necessarily the finest pressing 

1784
01:39:38,000 --> 01:39:42,100
but clean oil from healthy fruit
free of the rancidity. 

1785
01:39:42,100 --> 01:39:45,700
That developed and poorly stored
supplies, The Physician checks, 

1786
01:39:45,700 --> 01:39:49,000
the stores regularly ensuring 
sufficient quantity to handle 

1787
01:39:49,000 --> 01:39:52,300
the regular stream of patients 
who arrived seeking treatment 

1788
01:39:52,300 --> 01:39:54,400
for ailments ranging from minor 
skin. 

1789
01:39:54,400 --> 01:39:58,800
Irritations to serious injuries 
during epidemic years oil 

1790
01:39:58,800 --> 01:40:01,500
consumption. 
Is dramatically as the physician

1791
01:40:01,500 --> 01:40:05,500
treats more patient than usual 
applying oil to Fever hot skin 

1792
01:40:05,500 --> 01:40:09,600
mixing it with medicines that 
need a carrier base and using it

1793
01:40:09,600 --> 01:40:14,100
to prevent bed sores in patients
too, weak to move a shelf, holds

1794
01:40:14,100 --> 01:40:17,600
specialized tools bronze 
instruments for scraping oil 

1795
01:40:17,600 --> 01:40:21,900
from skin after massages, small 
cups for mixing preparations, 

1796
01:40:21,900 --> 01:40:26,100
mortars for grinding herbs, that
will be infused into oil and 

1797
01:40:26,100 --> 01:40:29,400
delicate measuring spoons. 
That allow precise dosing when 

1798
01:40:29,400 --> 01:40:32,900
patients need specific amounts 
of medicated preparations. 

1799
01:40:32,900 --> 01:40:36,900
Each tool shows the wearer of 
regular use bronzer Services 

1800
01:40:36,900 --> 01:40:40,800
Polished by countless cleaning, 
and ceramic mortars stained from

1801
01:40:40,800 --> 01:40:42,800
100s of different herb. 
Mixtures. 

1802
01:40:42,800 --> 01:40:45,600
This is a working space, not 
decorative. 

1803
01:40:45,600 --> 01:40:49,300
Every item is present because it
serves a practical purpose. 

1804
01:40:50,200 --> 01:40:52,900
The Physician prepares an oil 
mixture for you to take home 

1805
01:40:52,900 --> 01:40:55,900
explaining, its use for minor 
cuts and scrapes. 

1806
01:40:55,900 --> 01:41:00,300
The base is pure olive oil with 
small amounts of crushed garlic 

1807
01:41:00,300 --> 01:41:03,600
for its antibacterial 
properties, and honey for wound 

1808
01:41:03,600 --> 01:41:06,200
sealing. 
The mix just smells pungent but 

1809
01:41:06,200 --> 01:41:09,200
not unpleasant and the physician
assures. 

1810
01:41:09,200 --> 01:41:12,100
You it prevents the festering 
that turns minor injuries into 

1811
01:41:12,100 --> 01:41:14,200
serious problems. 
You'll use it. 

1812
01:41:14,208 --> 01:41:16,300
Whenever someone in your 
household suffers a cut, 

1813
01:41:16,300 --> 01:41:19,400
applying it twice daily until 
healing completes. 

1814
01:41:19,400 --> 01:41:21,600
The preparation will last 
months. 

1815
01:41:21,600 --> 01:41:25,200
If stored properly, the olive 
oil preventing bacterial growth 

1816
01:41:25,200 --> 01:41:27,200
in the honey, garlic mixture 
through mechanisms. 

1817
01:41:27,200 --> 01:41:31,600
Nobody will understand for 
another 2000 years before 

1818
01:41:31,600 --> 01:41:34,100
leaving. 
You notice the Physicians own 

1819
01:41:34,100 --> 01:41:37,200
hands, smooth, Supple, and 
showing none of the roughness. 

1820
01:41:37,200 --> 01:41:38,800
You'd expect from someone who 
works. 

1821
01:41:38,800 --> 01:41:42,200
Constantly, The Physician 
catches your glance and holds up

1822
01:41:42,200 --> 01:41:46,000
both hands demonstrating skin, 
that seems younger than the face

1823
01:41:46,000 --> 01:41:49,600
of it. 
Secret is simple, constant 

1824
01:41:49,600 --> 01:41:52,800
contact with olive oil hands 
soaking in it. 

1825
01:41:52,800 --> 01:41:54,700
Daily through the work of 
treating others. 

1826
01:41:54,700 --> 01:41:58,600
The oil penetrate so deeply and 
so regularly that The Physician 

1827
01:41:58,600 --> 01:42:01,700
Skin maintains flexibility, that
people decades. 

1828
01:42:01,700 --> 01:42:04,500
Young might envy. 
It's not occupational benefit 

1829
01:42:04,500 --> 01:42:08,500
unintended but welcomed that 
makes the Physicians hands 

1830
01:42:08,500 --> 01:42:10,900
themselves and advertisement for
oils properties. 

1831
01:42:12,000 --> 01:42:13,800
You head to the public baths 
next. 

1832
01:42:13,800 --> 01:42:16,700
A routine that says as much 
about social connection as 

1833
01:42:16,700 --> 01:42:20,600
hygiene, the bath complex is 
entrance area smells powerfully 

1834
01:42:20,600 --> 01:42:23,600
of olive oil. 
The scent intensified by heat 

1835
01:42:23,600 --> 01:42:27,300
and humidity drifting from the 
bathing rooms Beyond attendance.

1836
01:42:27,300 --> 01:42:30,100
Stand, ready with bronze, 
implements and ceramic vessels 

1837
01:42:30,100 --> 01:42:32,400
prepared to perform the scraping
ritual. 

1838
01:42:32,400 --> 01:42:34,200
That's become Central to bathing
culture. 

1839
01:42:34,200 --> 01:42:37,700
You pass through to the changing
room, storing clothes in a cubby

1840
01:42:37,700 --> 01:42:40,200
while trying to remember which 
number or belongings occupy. 

1841
01:42:40,800 --> 01:42:44,100
The warm room comes first with a
temperature, comfortable enough 

1842
01:42:44,100 --> 01:42:46,800
to begin sweating without 
shocking the system and 

1843
01:42:46,800 --> 01:42:49,500
attendant approaches with a 
ceramic vessel of olive oil 

1844
01:42:49,500 --> 01:42:53,100
offering to perform the full 
cleansing ritual, you agree. 

1845
01:42:53,100 --> 01:42:55,600
And the attendant begins 
applying oil generously across 

1846
01:42:55,600 --> 01:42:58,900
your skin. 
Arms legs back chest using 

1847
01:42:58,900 --> 01:43:02,100
enough that it runs in small 
rivulets before being spread 

1848
01:43:02,100 --> 01:43:05,000
more evenly. 
The oil sits on skin without 

1849
01:43:05,000 --> 01:43:08,200
immediately absorbing creating a
slick barrier between you and 

1850
01:43:08,208 --> 01:43:10,800
the world. 
The warm rooms heat increases 

1851
01:43:10,800 --> 01:43:14,200
your Skin's temperature. 
Gradually opening pause and 

1852
01:43:14,200 --> 01:43:16,900
encouraging perspiration. 
That mixes with the olive oil 

1853
01:43:16,900 --> 01:43:21,600
coating your body after perhaps 
15 minutes, when sweaters, began

1854
01:43:21,600 --> 01:43:25,000
flowing, freely, the attendant 
returns with astral. 

1855
01:43:25,900 --> 01:43:30,000
Curved bronze Blade with a 
handle designed specifically for

1856
01:43:30,000 --> 01:43:34,000
scraping oil and dirt from skin.
The scraping process looks 

1857
01:43:34,000 --> 01:43:38,300
violent but feel surprisingly. 
Pleasant the blade removing oil 

1858
01:43:38,300 --> 01:43:42,900
dead skin cells, sweat and 
accumulated Grime and long 

1859
01:43:42,900 --> 01:43:44,700
strokes that leave Clean Skin 
behind. 

1860
01:43:44,700 --> 01:43:48,300
You watch the mixture of oil and
remove material collect at the 

1861
01:43:48,308 --> 01:43:50,800
struggles. 
Edge forming a gray brown 

1862
01:43:50,800 --> 01:43:53,300
substance, that's promptly wiped
onto a cloth. 

1863
01:43:53,300 --> 01:43:55,700
After each pass the attendant 
Works. 

1864
01:43:55,700 --> 01:43:59,700
Methodically covering every 
accessible area, occasionally, 

1865
01:43:59,700 --> 01:44:03,400
adding more oil, where skin 
seems dry the scraping removes 

1866
01:44:03,400 --> 01:44:06,800
far more than you expected 
revealing skin, that looks 

1867
01:44:06,800 --> 01:44:10,300
brighter, feel smoother and 
seems to Glow with health. 

1868
01:44:10,300 --> 01:44:13,600
That was not visible before. 
This is cleaning through oil, 

1869
01:44:13,600 --> 01:44:18,400
paradoxical using fat, to remove
fat relying on olive oils, 

1870
01:44:18,400 --> 01:44:20,500
ability to dissolve the oils and
grime. 

1871
01:44:20,500 --> 01:44:24,700
That water alone can't touch 
after the scraping completes a 

1872
01:44:24,700 --> 01:44:27,100
rinse with clean water. 
Removes any remaining oil 

1873
01:44:27,100 --> 01:44:31,200
though, some inevitably stays 
absorbed into skin providing 

1874
01:44:31,200 --> 01:44:34,400
moisturizing benefits. 
That will last for days, you 

1875
01:44:34,400 --> 01:44:36,600
move through the progressively 
hotter rooms. 

1876
01:44:36,600 --> 01:44:40,000
Then, to the cold plunge, the 
temperature shot, closing pause,

1877
01:44:40,000 --> 01:44:42,800
that the warm rooms opened 
throughout the process. 

1878
01:44:42,800 --> 01:44:47,600
Olive oil, remains present, In 
lamps, providing light in the 

1879
01:44:47,600 --> 01:44:51,600
massage oil and attendant offers
for an additional fee and in the

1880
01:44:51,600 --> 01:44:54,900
preparation people apply to 
their hair to maintain shine and

1881
01:44:54,900 --> 01:44:58,900
manageability leaving the baths.
Your skin feels different than 

1882
01:44:58,900 --> 01:45:02,900
when you arrived. 
Softer cleaner and somehow More 

1883
01:45:02,900 --> 01:45:05,100
Alive. 
The olive oil treatment has 

1884
01:45:05,100 --> 01:45:08,900
removed layers of dead cells, 
stimulated circulation, and 

1885
01:45:08,900 --> 01:45:11,600
moisturized deeply enough that 
you won't need any additional 

1886
01:45:11,600 --> 01:45:14,900
treatment for days. 
This bathing ritual, practice, 

1887
01:45:14,900 --> 01:45:16,800
by millions across the Empire. 
Represent. 

1888
01:45:16,800 --> 01:45:21,200
Olive oils role in daily life, A
role so fundamental that 

1889
01:45:21,200 --> 01:45:23,400
imagining bathing without it 
seems impossible. 

1890
01:45:23,400 --> 01:45:27,000
Future Generations will use soap
and will shower under running 

1891
01:45:27,000 --> 01:45:30,000
water, but they'll lose 
something in the process, the 

1892
01:45:30,000 --> 01:45:32,600
ritual, intimacy with oil, 
that's made skin care. 

1893
01:45:32,600 --> 01:45:36,200
A meditative practice, rather 
than a rushed necessity. 

1894
01:45:36,200 --> 01:45:39,900
Your standing on a dock were 
cargo ships arrive from distant 

1895
01:45:39,900 --> 01:45:42,400
ports. 
Their holds filled with trade 

1896
01:45:42,400 --> 01:45:45,300
goods that represent the 
economic life, blood of Maritime

1897
01:45:45,300 --> 01:45:49,500
Commerce, among the crates and 
bundles, one type of container 

1898
01:45:49,500 --> 01:45:53,900
dominates the amphora, Clay 
vessel designed specifically for

1899
01:45:53,900 --> 01:45:55,900
transporting olive oil across 
Seas. 

1900
01:45:55,900 --> 01:45:59,500
These are four e stand taller 
than a child with pointed 

1901
01:45:59,500 --> 01:46:03,600
bottoms that make them useless 
for setting on flat surfaces but

1902
01:46:03,600 --> 01:46:07,600
perfect for securing and ship 
holds their shape has evolved 

1903
01:46:07,600 --> 01:46:11,300
over centuries toward maximum 
efficiency holding approximately

1904
01:46:11,300 --> 01:46:15,300
25 liters while remaining light 
enough for a single person to 

1905
01:46:15,300 --> 01:46:19,700
carry when full longshoremen 
work in teams moving amphi from 

1906
01:46:19,700 --> 01:46:23,800
ship to dock using techniques 
that minimize breakage One 

1907
01:46:23,800 --> 01:46:25,800
worker positions himself in the 
ship's. 

1908
01:46:25,800 --> 01:46:29,400
Hold hoisting amp for a to a 
second worker standing at the 

1909
01:46:29,400 --> 01:46:33,300
rail, who passes them to a third
on the dock, the amp 3 never 

1910
01:46:33,300 --> 01:46:36,200
touched ground during this 
transfer always held by someone 

1911
01:46:36,200 --> 01:46:39,300
or leaning against something, 
their pointed bottoms, making 

1912
01:46:39,300 --> 01:46:43,200
them tip immediately for release
this instability is intentional.

1913
01:46:43,200 --> 01:46:46,900
It forces careful. 
Handling reducing the Casual 

1914
01:46:46,900 --> 01:46:50,400
roughness, that breaks 
containers and Spills valuable 

1915
01:46:50,400 --> 01:46:53,800
contents each and four are best 
stamps pressed into. 

1916
01:46:53,800 --> 01:46:58,000
Its clay handles before firing 
marks, identifying the producer,

1917
01:46:58,000 --> 01:47:01,600
the origin estate, and sometimes
even the specific year of 

1918
01:47:01,600 --> 01:47:04,200
pressing these stamps. 
Serve as quality. 

1919
01:47:04,200 --> 01:47:08,100
Guarantees reputation's 
distilled into small symbols 

1920
01:47:08,100 --> 01:47:11,100
that buyers learn to recognize 
and am four us. 

1921
01:47:11,100 --> 01:47:14,800
Stamped with certain marks 
commands premium prices because 

1922
01:47:14,800 --> 01:47:18,600
everyone knows those producers 
Harvest early press carefully 

1923
01:47:18,600 --> 01:47:22,800
and store properly. 
Other stamps indicate bulk oil 

1924
01:47:22,808 --> 01:47:25,800
suitable for lamps or soap 
making rather than direct 

1925
01:47:25,800 --> 01:47:29,400
consumption the entire system 
relies on reputation because 

1926
01:47:29,400 --> 01:47:33,600
there's no way to test oil 
quality before purchasing except

1927
01:47:33,600 --> 01:47:37,100
by trusting the stamps. 
You watch a merchant examining 

1928
01:47:37,100 --> 01:47:40,600
amp for a just unloaded from a 
ship that arrived from somewhere

1929
01:47:40,600 --> 01:47:43,400
in Greece. 
The merchant inspects seals on 

1930
01:47:43,400 --> 01:47:46,100
each vessel ensuring they 
haven't been broken during 

1931
01:47:46,100 --> 01:47:49,500
transport checking for cracks in
the clay that might indicate 

1932
01:47:49,500 --> 01:47:53,100
spoilage from sea water, 
infiltration one and four shows 

1933
01:47:53,100 --> 01:47:56,500
a small crack near the bottom 
and the merchant sets it aside 

1934
01:47:56,500 --> 01:47:59,900
for immediate use knowing it 
won't survive for the transport 

1935
01:47:59,900 --> 01:48:04,200
or extended Story. 
The oil inside remains good but 

1936
01:48:04,200 --> 01:48:07,200
the container has become a 
liability rather than an asset. 

1937
01:48:08,200 --> 01:48:11,100
Prices fluctuate, based on 
information that flows through 

1938
01:48:11,100 --> 01:48:14,900
the same shiping Lane's as the 
oil itself would arrives at the 

1939
01:48:14,900 --> 01:48:18,300
harvest fail, in one region and 
immediately and four from their 

1940
01:48:18,300 --> 01:48:21,700
area become more valuable. 
News of bumper crops elsewhere, 

1941
01:48:21,700 --> 01:48:24,200
suppresses prices for oil from 
successful. 

1942
01:48:24,200 --> 01:48:28,200
Region's pirates, captured a 
convoy last month and the lost 

1943
01:48:28,200 --> 01:48:31,600
cargo creates temporary scarcity
that drives up values. 

1944
01:48:32,500 --> 01:48:34,700
This price and stability means 
Merchants. 

1945
01:48:34,700 --> 01:48:37,300
Who can store oil safely through
lean periods. 

1946
01:48:37,300 --> 01:48:41,700
Make fortunes by selling when 
Supply Titans in a warehouse 

1947
01:48:41,700 --> 01:48:44,300
behind the docks. 
Thousands of amphora stand in 

1948
01:48:44,300 --> 01:48:47,900
organized rows, each marked with
information about contents, 

1949
01:48:47,900 --> 01:48:51,900
origin and arrival date the 
warehouse keeper maintains 

1950
01:48:51,900 --> 01:48:56,100
careful records knowing exactly.
Which oils are aging well and 

1951
01:48:56,100 --> 01:48:58,600
which should be sold quickly 
before they turn Rancid. 

1952
01:48:59,600 --> 01:49:02,800
Some oils improve with time, 
developing complexity, that 

1953
01:49:02,800 --> 01:49:06,200
young pressing lacks others Peak
immediately and decline 

1954
01:49:06,200 --> 01:49:09,000
steadily. 
The warehouse Keepers expertise 

1955
01:49:09,000 --> 01:49:12,000
lies in understanding these 
differences in knowing which 

1956
01:49:12,000 --> 01:49:15,900
amphi to hold and which to 
liquidate you follow a convoy of

1957
01:49:15,908 --> 01:49:18,900
carts loaded with them for a 
heading Inland from the port, 

1958
01:49:18,900 --> 01:49:23,100
the carts moves slowly drivers. 
Careful to avoid jolts that 

1959
01:49:23,100 --> 01:49:26,400
might crack clay vessels. 
The road itself is surprisingly 

1960
01:49:26,400 --> 01:49:29,500
smooth, maintaining trade routes
benefits everyone. 

1961
01:49:29,500 --> 01:49:33,000
So communities along major 
roads, dedicate substantial 

1962
01:49:33,000 --> 01:49:36,600
resources to repairs and 
improvements without good roads.

1963
01:49:36,600 --> 01:49:39,800
And for a transport becomes 
prohibitively expensive due to 

1964
01:49:39,800 --> 01:49:43,400
breakage so Road, quality 
directly affects olive oil 

1965
01:49:43,400 --> 01:49:46,700
prices in Inland markets, At a 
weigh station. 

1966
01:49:46,700 --> 01:49:50,300
You observe the careful process 
of unloading M3 for overnight 

1967
01:49:50,300 --> 01:49:52,600
storage. 
Each vessel gets checked for 

1968
01:49:52,600 --> 01:49:55,100
leaks. 
Then positioned upright in sand 

1969
01:49:55,100 --> 01:49:58,600
filled boxes that hold them 
steady the sand, absorbs any 

1970
01:49:58,600 --> 01:50:01,500
seepage while providing 
cushioning against accidental 

1971
01:50:01,500 --> 01:50:04,800
impacts this attention to detail
throughout the supply chain 

1972
01:50:04,800 --> 01:50:06,900
represents the difference 
between profitable and 

1973
01:50:06,900 --> 01:50:10,600
unprofitable trade Oil that 
reaches markets in good 

1974
01:50:10,608 --> 01:50:14,800
condition sells well oil that 
arrives rancid or leaked away 

1975
01:50:14,800 --> 01:50:18,500
represents pure loss, a merchant
your traveling, with explains 

1976
01:50:18,500 --> 01:50:22,500
the economics, an amphora of 
Premium oil, cost them 40, 

1977
01:50:22,500 --> 01:50:25,600
denarii at the port. 
Transport in land will cost 

1978
01:50:25,600 --> 01:50:29,700
another 10 if they reach the 
destination city without losses 

1979
01:50:29,700 --> 01:50:34,900
they can sell for 70, denarii a 
healthy but not excessive profit

1980
01:50:34,900 --> 01:50:37,800
that rewards the risk and effort
of moving goods from coast to 

1981
01:50:37,800 --> 01:50:40,300
Interior. 
But if half the amp for a break 

1982
01:50:40,300 --> 01:50:43,800
during transport, the profitable
Venture becomes a disaster. 

1983
01:50:44,900 --> 01:50:48,400
This calculation drives every 
decision about which roads to 

1984
01:50:48,400 --> 01:50:52,800
take how fast to travel and how 
much to pay for Quality carts 

1985
01:50:52,800 --> 01:50:56,000
and experienced drivers. 
He passed a broken amp for by 

1986
01:50:56,000 --> 01:50:58,800
the roadside is contents long 
since soaked into the Earth, 

1987
01:50:58,800 --> 01:51:02,900
leaving only Pottery shards and 
a dark stained the merchant 

1988
01:51:02,900 --> 01:51:04,400
points to it. 
As a cautionary tale. 

1989
01:51:04,400 --> 01:51:07,800
Someone tried to save money with
cheaper containers or fast to 

1990
01:51:07,800 --> 01:51:09,200
travel. 
And this is the result. 

1991
01:51:09,800 --> 01:51:12,700
The broken m4a, likely 
represented, someone's profit, 

1992
01:51:12,700 --> 01:51:16,000
margin for an entire shipment, 
the loss enough to make the 

1993
01:51:16,000 --> 01:51:19,700
difference between success and 
failure for a small Merchants 

1994
01:51:19,700 --> 01:51:22,800
yearly Ventures at a market in 
an inland City. 

1995
01:51:22,800 --> 01:51:26,900
You watch the final step of the 
journey and 4A being opened for 

1996
01:51:26,900 --> 01:51:28,600
the first time since sealing 
months. 

1997
01:51:28,600 --> 01:51:32,000
Earlier at Mediterranean 
Coastal, Estates a merchant 

1998
01:51:32,000 --> 01:51:35,700
breaks, the wax, seal carefully,
then extracts the clay stopper, 

1999
01:51:35,700 --> 01:51:38,700
immediately, smelling the 
contents to verify quality. 

2000
01:51:39,700 --> 01:51:42,900
Good oil, smells fruity and 
fresh despite its Journey. 

2001
01:51:42,900 --> 01:51:46,600
Poor oil reeks of rancidity, of 
oxidation. 

2002
01:51:46,600 --> 01:51:49,500
That's turned fats into 
compounds that tastes as bad as 

2003
01:51:49,500 --> 01:51:53,400
they smell. the merchants knows 
determines whether an amphora is

2004
01:51:53,400 --> 01:51:56,600
contents will be sold as food 
grade oil or diverted to 

2005
01:51:56,600 --> 01:52:00,300
Industrial uses some amphithere 
contain oil as traveled 

2006
01:52:00,300 --> 01:52:04,300
unbelievable distances from 
Groves in North Africa from 

2007
01:52:04,500 --> 01:52:07,000
State to Spain. 
And from Ireland, in the 

2008
01:52:07,000 --> 01:52:10,600
Eastern, Mediterranean each amp.
For a stamped tells a story of 

2009
01:52:10,600 --> 01:52:13,900
climate and soil and production,
methods, specific to its origin.

2010
01:52:13,900 --> 01:52:17,100
The diversity of available, in 
large City Markets would have 

2011
01:52:17,108 --> 01:52:19,300
been unimaginable, a few 
Generations early. 

2012
01:52:20,200 --> 01:52:23,100
Before Maritime trade. 
Networks integrated Olive 

2013
01:52:23,100 --> 01:52:25,400
producing regions into a single 
economy. 

2014
01:52:25,400 --> 01:52:29,400
Now, you can taste oil from a 
dozen different regions in a 

2015
01:52:29,400 --> 01:52:32,100
single afternoon. 
Comparing flavors that reflect 

2016
01:52:32,100 --> 01:52:35,700
telwa is distinctly, as wines 
were later, demonstrate the 

2017
01:52:35,700 --> 01:52:39,000
merchant who opened the amphora 
offers taste to potential buyers

2018
01:52:39,000 --> 01:52:41,500
pouring small amounts into clay 
cups. 

2019
01:52:42,300 --> 01:52:45,400
People taste thoughtfully 
letting the oil coat, their 

2020
01:52:45,400 --> 01:52:47,600
mouths paying attention to the 
finish. 

2021
01:52:47,600 --> 01:52:51,600
And after taste, some spit after
tasting, saving their appetite 

2022
01:52:51,600 --> 01:52:55,500
for food rather than consuming 
oil directly others swallow, 

2023
01:52:55,500 --> 01:52:58,700
appreciating oils that are good 
enough to enjoy By The Spoonful,

2024
01:52:58,700 --> 01:53:03,000
the tasting process resembles 
later, wine, cultures formality,

2025
01:53:03,800 --> 01:53:06,600
With its own vocabulary for 
describing qualities that 

2026
01:53:06,600 --> 01:53:08,900
separate. 
Excellent from merely adequate. 

2027
01:53:08,900 --> 01:53:11,900
You purchased an amp for of oil 
from someone you've never 

2028
01:53:11,900 --> 01:53:15,500
visited trusting the stamps and 
the merchants reputation. 

2029
01:53:15,500 --> 01:53:18,800
The pointed bottom means, you'll
need to find a stand to hold it 

2030
01:53:18,800 --> 01:53:22,900
upright in your home or sink it 
into sand in a storage room or 

2031
01:53:22,900 --> 01:53:24,800
lay it on its side. 
In a rack designed for that 

2032
01:53:24,808 --> 01:53:28,400
purpose, the awkward shape that 
may transport efficiency now 

2033
01:53:28,400 --> 01:53:31,700
becomes your problem, a puzzle 
to solve before you can access 

2034
01:53:31,700 --> 01:53:35,900
the contents but once solved 
this enfora will provide oil for

2035
01:53:35,900 --> 01:53:37,400
your household for weeks or 
months. 

2036
01:53:38,400 --> 01:53:41,600
Connection to distant Groves and
foreign hands that press these 

2037
01:53:41,600 --> 01:53:45,000
olives sealed. 
This container and sent it off 

2038
01:53:45,000 --> 01:53:48,700
on a journey that ends in your 
home, your standing in a temple 

2039
01:53:48,700 --> 01:53:52,600
where olive oils roll transcends
practical, utility entering the 

2040
01:53:52,608 --> 01:53:54,700
realm of the Sacred. 
Yes. 

2041
01:53:54,700 --> 01:53:58,600
Smells of burning oil from 
dozens of lamps, but also a 

2042
01:53:58,600 --> 01:54:01,100
fragrant oils prepared 
specifically, for religious 

2043
01:54:01,100 --> 01:54:04,500
purposes. 
Olive oil infused with myrrh, 

2044
01:54:04,500 --> 01:54:07,800
frankincense speaker, nard and 
other precious substances. 

2045
01:54:07,800 --> 01:54:13,100
That transform it from cooking 
fat to Holy pointment a priest 

2046
01:54:13,100 --> 01:54:16,300
prepares for evening, rituals 
checking that Eternal Flames, 

2047
01:54:16,300 --> 01:54:20,200
still burn the oil reserves 
remain sufficient and that the 

2048
01:54:20,200 --> 01:54:23,500
sacred objects require anointing
have received their regular 

2049
01:54:23,500 --> 01:54:27,200
applications, the Eternal Flame 
occupies, the temples Central 

2050
01:54:27,200 --> 01:54:30,500
position burning in a special 
lamp that's never allowed to 

2051
01:54:30,500 --> 01:54:33,200
extinguish this lamp holds the 
finest. 

2052
01:54:33,200 --> 01:54:36,100
Olive oil changed daily to 
ensure Purity. 

2053
01:54:36,100 --> 01:54:40,100
Tended by priests whose primary 
Duty as maintaining its Flame. 

2054
01:54:40,100 --> 01:54:44,800
The theological implications Run
Deep like itself represents 

2055
01:54:44,800 --> 01:54:49,900
divine presence and all of oil 
fuel that presents, making it a 

2056
01:54:49,900 --> 01:54:52,500
medium through which the sacred 
enters the physical world. 

2057
01:54:52,500 --> 01:54:56,300
When priests light lamps from 
the Eternal Flame, they're not 

2058
01:54:56,300 --> 01:54:59,400
just providing illumination. 
But propagating, Holiness, 

2059
01:54:59,400 --> 01:55:04,600
Through Fire fed by blessed oil.
Ceremony begins as a family 

2060
01:55:04,600 --> 01:55:06,700
arrives with their infant for 
dedication. 

2061
01:55:06,700 --> 01:55:10,600
Rituals the priest brings out a 
small golden vessel containing 

2062
01:55:10,600 --> 01:55:13,500
anointing oil. 
Olive oil blessed through 

2063
01:55:13,500 --> 01:55:16,800
prayers and mixed with aromatic 
compounds worth more per ounce 

2064
01:55:16,800 --> 01:55:20,100
than gold using a thumb. 
The priest marks, the infant 

2065
01:55:20,100 --> 01:55:23,400
forehead with these small, Cross
of oil, speaking words, that 

2066
01:55:23,400 --> 01:55:26,400
connect this child to 
generations of ancestors who 

2067
01:55:26,400 --> 01:55:30,400
received identical marks, the 
oil sits visibly on the Infant 

2068
01:55:30,400 --> 01:55:32,800
skin. 
Slowly absorbing carrying with 

2069
01:55:32,800 --> 01:55:36,300
it whatever properties. 
The blessing supposedly and 

2070
01:55:36,300 --> 01:55:39,800
parted you watch as the priest, 
anoints other objects, a new 

2071
01:55:39,808 --> 01:55:42,600
altar cloth a restored section 
of Temple wall. 

2072
01:55:42,600 --> 01:55:46,800
And a bronze Shield, dedicated 
by a successful, General each 

2073
01:55:46,800 --> 01:55:50,000
receives all applied with 
specific prayers, the liquid 

2074
01:55:50,000 --> 01:55:52,300
itself, becoming a vehicle from 
making common things. 

2075
01:55:52,300 --> 01:55:55,400
Holy the oil doesn't change 
physically from this treatment, 

2076
01:55:55,400 --> 01:55:58,200
but in every one's 
understanding, it changes 

2077
01:55:58,200 --> 01:56:02,500
essentially becoming something 
more than pressed olives even 

2078
01:56:02,500 --> 01:56:06,900
while Remaining exactly that. 
This dual nature simultaneously 

2079
01:56:06,900 --> 01:56:10,800
mundane and sacred makes olive 
oil uniquely suited for 

2080
01:56:10,800 --> 01:56:14,000
religious purposes. 
In a preparation room, you see 

2081
01:56:14,000 --> 01:56:15,700
the process of making sacred 
oil. 

2082
01:56:15,700 --> 01:56:19,800
The base is pure olive oil from 
the first pressing chosen for 

2083
01:56:19,808 --> 01:56:22,500
Quality that reflects the 
importance of its intended. 

2084
01:56:22,500 --> 01:56:27,000
Use to this base, priesthood 
ground, cinnamon, cassia myrrh, 

2085
01:56:27,000 --> 01:56:30,400
and other aromatic plants, 
mixing carefully, while reciting

2086
01:56:30,400 --> 01:56:32,700
prayers meant to infuse. 
The blend with spiritual 

2087
01:56:32,700 --> 01:56:35,100
properties. 
The resulting oil, smells 

2088
01:56:35,100 --> 01:56:38,300
overwhelming complex, unlike 
anything used in daily life, 

2089
01:56:38,300 --> 01:56:43,000
it's cost per liter would feed a
family for months, making lavish

2090
01:56:43,000 --> 01:56:46,800
use of it, a genuine sacrifice 
resources, directed toward 

2091
01:56:46,800 --> 01:56:49,200
Divine purposes, rather than 
human Comfort. 

2092
01:56:49,200 --> 01:56:53,500
A storage room holds amp for of 
sacred oil sealed and marked 

2093
01:56:53,500 --> 01:56:56,400
with symbols indicating their 
consecrated status. 

2094
01:56:56,400 --> 01:57:00,300
He's oils are never used for 
cooking or lamps or any mundane 

2095
01:57:00,300 --> 01:57:03,900
purpose to do. 
So would be blasphemy a mixing 

2096
01:57:03,900 --> 01:57:05,800
of categories that must remain 
separate. 

2097
01:57:06,600 --> 01:57:10,100
Yet they're still olive oil, 
chemically identical to what 

2098
01:57:10,100 --> 01:57:11,700
Phil's kitchen jars throughout 
the city. 

2099
01:57:11,700 --> 01:57:14,900
The difference exists in 
entirely in human intention and 

2100
01:57:14,900 --> 01:57:17,400
social agreement. 
No tests could distinguish. 

2101
01:57:17,400 --> 01:57:21,400
Sacred from profane oil. 
This fact bothers no one. 

2102
01:57:21,400 --> 01:57:25,600
The distinction feels as real as
the oil itself during a wedding 

2103
01:57:25,600 --> 01:57:28,500
ceremony you watch the priests 
use oil to bless the couple 

2104
01:57:28,500 --> 01:57:31,100
marking their hands with 
fragrant oil. 

2105
01:57:31,100 --> 01:57:34,500
While pronouncing them joined, 
the oils presence in this 

2106
01:57:34,500 --> 01:57:38,400
ceremony isn't decorative, it 
represents Prosperity Divine, 

2107
01:57:38,400 --> 01:57:41,900
favor, and the hope that their 
Union will prove as fruitful as 

2108
01:57:41,900 --> 01:57:46,100
olive trees and as enduring as 
Groves that outlive the humans, 

2109
01:57:46,100 --> 01:57:48,500
who plant them later, the couple
will take home. 

2110
01:57:48,500 --> 01:57:51,700
A small vessel of blessed oil, 
keeping it in their household, 

2111
01:57:51,700 --> 01:57:55,400
as protection and a reminder of 
vows spoken before, Witnesses 

2112
01:57:55,400 --> 01:57:59,700
human, and divine, a funeral 
procession arrives and olive oil

2113
01:57:59,700 --> 01:58:01,600
plays, yet another role in this 
transition. 

2114
01:58:02,500 --> 01:58:05,700
The body has been Anointed with 
oil as part of preparation for 

2115
01:58:05,700 --> 01:58:10,200
burial, the oil preserving the 
flesh while symbolizing care and

2116
01:58:10,200 --> 01:58:13,900
respect for the deceased. 
Oil soaked, cloths wrap the body

2117
01:58:13,900 --> 01:58:16,900
maintaining moisture and 
preventing The Accelerated 

2118
01:58:16,900 --> 01:58:20,600
decomposition that would occur 
in dry are some of these oils 

2119
01:58:20,600 --> 01:58:23,700
are expensive with family. 
Spending significant portions of

2120
01:58:23,700 --> 01:58:26,700
their savings to ensure proper 
treatment of their dead. 

2121
01:58:26,700 --> 01:58:30,400
The smell of aromatic oils mixed
with human death creates an 

2122
01:58:30,400 --> 01:58:34,000
odor, both Pleasant and 
disturbing Beauty, and Decay 

2123
01:58:34,000 --> 01:58:36,800
into mingles. 
In a private room, the priest 

2124
01:58:36,800 --> 01:58:40,200
teachers, and assist yet, how to
make sacred oils explaining 

2125
01:58:40,200 --> 01:58:42,800
proportions and prayers. 
That must accompany the work 

2126
01:58:42,800 --> 01:58:46,600
this knowledge passes through 
oral tradition, mastered to 

2127
01:58:46,600 --> 01:58:50,400
Stewart, creating lineages of 
specialist to understand both 

2128
01:58:50,400 --> 01:58:54,000
the Practical chemistry and 
ritual requirements of sacred 

2129
01:58:54,000 --> 01:58:56,700
oil production. 
The initiate watches carefully, 

2130
01:58:56,700 --> 01:59:00,700
memorizing not just what the 
priest does but how the specific

2131
01:59:00,700 --> 01:59:04,100
gestures and words that 
Positively transform mixing into

2132
01:59:04,100 --> 01:59:07,800
blessing years from now, this 
initiate will teach another and 

2133
01:59:07,800 --> 01:59:11,700
the traditional continue olive 
oil, linking Generations through

2134
01:59:11,700 --> 01:59:15,600
unbroken chains of practice. 
You notice how much olive oil. 

2135
01:59:15,600 --> 01:59:19,300
The temple consumes hundreds of 
liters monthly just for lamps, 

2136
01:59:19,300 --> 01:59:23,400
dozens more for anointing and 
blessing and special reserves 

2137
01:59:23,400 --> 01:59:26,500
for major ceremonies. 
Maintaining this consumption 

2138
01:59:26,500 --> 01:59:29,900
requires dedicated Olive. 
Groves Estates that exists 

2139
01:59:29,900 --> 01:59:32,400
solely to supply religious 
institutions. 

2140
01:59:32,400 --> 01:59:35,700
The sacred Groves are managed, 
no differently than commercial 

2141
01:59:35,700 --> 01:59:40,200
ones, they're pruned harvested 
and pressed using identical 

2142
01:59:40,200 --> 01:59:42,500
methods. 
Yet there are oil goes directly 

2143
01:59:42,500 --> 01:59:46,100
to Temples, never entering 
normal Commerce creating a 

2144
01:59:46,100 --> 01:59:49,200
parallel economy of divine 
provision that mirrors. 

2145
01:59:49,200 --> 01:59:52,700
But never touches the secular 
oil trade as evening prayers 

2146
01:59:52,700 --> 01:59:58,200
conclude pre-second lamps. 
Each flame representing a 

2147
01:59:58,208 --> 02:00:02,200
prayer, a hope and a connection 
between worshiper and divine. 

2148
02:00:02,400 --> 02:00:05,600
The practice creates a 
constellation of small lights, 

2149
02:00:05,600 --> 02:00:09,900
100s of flames, burning olive 
oil while people kneel or stand 

2150
02:00:09,900 --> 02:00:12,600
in prayer. 
The visual effect is powerful 

2151
02:00:12,600 --> 02:00:16,700
Darkness pushed back by 
Collective effort each lamp and 

2152
02:00:16,700 --> 02:00:20,400
individual contribution to 
communal brightness without all 

2153
02:00:20,400 --> 02:00:22,200
of oil. 
This display would be impossible

2154
02:00:22,200 --> 02:00:25,800
without all of Grove's. 
These temples would stand dark 

2155
02:00:25,800 --> 02:00:28,900
and silent. 
Walking home through Darkness 

2156
02:00:28,900 --> 02:00:31,400
held at Bay by oil. 
Lamps lining the streets. 

2157
02:00:31,400 --> 02:00:35,500
You reflect on how completely 
olive oil has woven itself into 

2158
02:00:35,500 --> 02:00:39,000
every aspect of life. 
It lights, your path, flavors 

2159
02:00:39,000 --> 02:00:42,900
your food, heals your injuries 
cleanses, your body connects 

2160
02:00:42,900 --> 02:00:46,000
distant regions through trade 
and links you to the Divine 

2161
02:00:46,000 --> 02:00:49,600
through sacred rituals. 
No, other substance touches so 

2162
02:00:49,600 --> 02:00:53,900
many domains serves so many 
purposes, and proved so 

2163
02:00:53,900 --> 02:00:57,300
essential while remaining. 
So humble, the Olive Tree 

2164
02:00:57,300 --> 02:01:01,500
itself, seems unremarkable, 
nulled slow-growing, and 

2165
02:01:01,500 --> 02:01:04,300
demanding little yet from its 
fruit flows. 

2166
02:01:04,300 --> 02:01:07,200
Civilization's golden thread 
Binding Together. 

2167
02:01:07,200 --> 02:01:10,300
All the separate elements that 
make human life more than mere 

2168
02:01:10,300 --> 02:01:13,600
survival, your standing in a 
Grove that's witnessed the rise 

2169
02:01:13,600 --> 02:01:14,900
and fall of entire 
civilizations. 

2170
02:01:14,900 --> 02:01:20,100
Its oldest trees planted so long
ago that no records document 

2171
02:01:20,100 --> 02:01:23,200
their Origins. 
These ancient olives of felt the

2172
02:01:23,200 --> 02:01:26,800
footsteps of people who spoke 
languages now, lost, who 

2173
02:01:26,800 --> 02:01:30,400
worship. to Gods whose names and
nobody remembers and who built 

2174
02:01:30,400 --> 02:01:33,500
cities that have eroded back in 
to the hillside they want 

2175
02:01:33,500 --> 02:01:37,700
crowned Trees remain still 
producing fruit in different to 

2176
02:01:37,700 --> 02:01:40,000
the human dramas that have 
played out beneath their 

2177
02:01:40,000 --> 02:01:43,300
branches, an archaeologist 
working nearby explains that 

2178
02:01:43,300 --> 02:01:47,100
Olive pits found in local 
excavations date back 8,000 

2179
02:01:47,100 --> 02:01:49,100
years. 
Meaning people have been 

2180
02:01:49,108 --> 02:01:52,900
harvesting these hillsides since
before Pottery before metal 

2181
02:01:52,900 --> 02:01:57,000
tools and before writing the 
relationship between humans and 

2182
02:01:57,000 --> 02:01:59,000
olives. 
Here, predates civilization 

2183
02:01:59,000 --> 02:02:03,100
itself existing in some form 
through every era of human 

2184
02:02:03,100 --> 02:02:06,800
development, from stone tools, 
to satellite imagery, The 

2185
02:02:06,800 --> 02:02:09,600
Groves, your standing in might 
not be that ancient, but they 

2186
02:02:09,600 --> 02:02:12,800
descend from those first 
cultivated trees in an unbroken 

2187
02:02:12,800 --> 02:02:17,200
chain of propagation that spans,
hundreds of generationals, you 

2188
02:02:17,200 --> 02:02:20,100
run your hand along bark. 
That feels like frozen time, 

2189
02:02:20,100 --> 02:02:23,900
ridges and valleys recording 
Decades of growth in patterns as

2190
02:02:23,900 --> 02:02:27,700
unique as fingerprints. 
This particular tree is old 

2191
02:02:27,700 --> 02:02:30,500
enough, that three people 
linking hands couldn't encircle 

2192
02:02:30,500 --> 02:02:32,900
its trunk. 
Its Hollow interior could 

2193
02:02:32,900 --> 02:02:34,100
shelter. 
Several children during 

2194
02:02:34,100 --> 02:02:38,500
rainstorms yet, it produces 
fruit as reliably as trees a 

2195
02:02:38,500 --> 02:02:42,400
tenth its age, olive trees don't
age like other plants, they 

2196
02:02:42,400 --> 02:02:45,900
don't gradually weaken and die 
but simply grow thicker more 

2197
02:02:45,900 --> 02:02:48,700
gnarled and more impossible 
looking while maintaining 

2198
02:02:48,700 --> 02:02:52,000
Vitality, that seems to 
contradict everything you 

2199
02:02:52,000 --> 02:02:55,100
understand about mortality, the 
archaeologists points out 

2200
02:02:55,100 --> 02:02:57,500
ancient stone. 
Terraces built to prevent soil 

2201
02:02:57,500 --> 02:03:01,000
erosion, their construction. 
So solid they still function 

2202
02:03:01,000 --> 02:03:04,600
centuries after the civilization
that built them vanished, these 

2203
02:03:04,600 --> 02:03:07,900
Terraces create level planting 
areas on slopes to steep 

2204
02:03:07,900 --> 02:03:11,900
agriculture catching rainwater 
and preserving topsoil, that 

2205
02:03:11,900 --> 02:03:14,500
would otherwise wash away during
winter storms. 

2206
02:03:14,500 --> 02:03:17,500
The labor involved in building 
them was enormous. 

2207
02:03:17,500 --> 02:03:22,000
Thousands of hours moving Stones
leveling ground and creating the

2208
02:03:22,000 --> 02:03:25,000
infrastructure necessary for 
Olive cultivation in challenging

2209
02:03:25,000 --> 02:03:27,400
Terrain. 
Yet the investment proved worth.

2210
02:03:27,400 --> 02:03:30,400
While over time frames that 
dwarf, human life spans. 

2211
02:03:30,400 --> 02:03:33,800
You notice evidence of ancient 
pressing operations. 

2212
02:03:33,800 --> 02:03:37,300
Circular depression's carved 
into Bedrock, where Millstone, 

2213
02:03:37,300 --> 02:03:40,700
once turned channels. 
That guide did oil from pressing

2214
02:03:40,700 --> 02:03:44,200
platforms to collection vessels 
and anchoring points for press 

2215
02:03:44,200 --> 02:03:46,700
beams. 
These installations function for

2216
02:03:46,700 --> 02:03:49,600
Generations before being 
abandoned when he economic 

2217
02:03:49,600 --> 02:03:52,100
condition, shifted or 
population's declined. 

2218
02:03:52,900 --> 02:03:56,400
Now they're covered with moss 
and leaves slowly eroding. 

2219
02:03:56,400 --> 02:04:00,400
Their purpose obvious only to 
trained observers The Groves, 

2220
02:04:00,400 --> 02:04:03,700
they served continue producing 
indifferent to whether humans 

2221
02:04:03,700 --> 02:04:06,900
still press their fruit or leave
it to fall and wrote climate 

2222
02:04:06,900 --> 02:04:09,900
patterns, recorded in ice cores 
and Lake sediments reveal. 

2223
02:04:09,900 --> 02:04:12,500
That this region has experienced
dramatic changes. 

2224
02:04:12,500 --> 02:04:15,900
During the olive Groves. 
Existence periods of extreme 

2225
02:04:15,900 --> 02:04:19,400
drought should have killed these
trees yet, somehow they endured 

2226
02:04:19,400 --> 02:04:22,700
a deep roots finding moisture, 
other plants, could not access 

2227
02:04:22,700 --> 02:04:26,300
Invasion. 
Swept through repeatedly, armies

2228
02:04:26,300 --> 02:04:30,400
burning farms and slaughtering 
populations but olive trees 

2229
02:04:30,400 --> 02:04:33,200
survived because their nearly 
impossible to kill completely. 

2230
02:04:33,200 --> 02:04:37,700
Even if trunk and branches 
burned to Ash Roots, send up New

2231
02:04:37,700 --> 02:04:40,100
Growth, rebuilding from below 
ground. 

2232
02:04:40,100 --> 02:04:44,300
With patients, that makes human 
urgency seem absurd an ancient 

2233
02:04:44,300 --> 02:04:47,400
Olive Tree nearby shows, clear, 
signs of having been cut down 

2234
02:04:47,400 --> 02:04:51,200
then a regrowing from the stump 
creating multiple new trunks 

2235
02:04:51,200 --> 02:04:54,800
that fuse together over time. 
The practice of copper sink 

2236
02:04:54,800 --> 02:04:56,900
olives for wood. 
While preserving their root 

2237
02:04:56,900 --> 02:04:59,900
systems allowed Farmers, to 
harvest the trees themselves 

2238
02:04:59,900 --> 02:05:04,200
without ending production. 
The regrown trunks might take 20

2239
02:05:04,200 --> 02:05:06,800
years to begin bearing fruit 
again, but in the olives 

2240
02:05:06,800 --> 02:05:10,100
timeline, 20 years is nothing 
barely worth noticing. 

2241
02:05:10,100 --> 02:05:13,900
This one tree is probably been 
cut and regrown five or six 

2242
02:05:13,900 --> 02:05:17,600
times over its existence. 
Each cycle producing Decades of 

2243
02:05:17,600 --> 02:05:20,000
firewood. 
While the roots waited patiently

2244
02:05:20,000 --> 02:05:23,800
for their chance to rebuild, you
sit beneath a massive Olive and 

2245
02:05:23,800 --> 02:05:27,800
try to imagine the lives its 
witnessed People of sat exactly 

2246
02:05:27,800 --> 02:05:31,400
here for centuries seeking shade
from Mediterranean heat. 

2247
02:05:31,400 --> 02:05:36,000
Perhaps eating olives, from this
very tree children, have climbed

2248
02:05:36,000 --> 02:05:39,700
its branches lovers of carved 
initials into bark that later 

2249
02:05:39,700 --> 02:05:43,200
grew over and obscured their 
declaration's battles. 

2250
02:05:43,200 --> 02:05:46,800
May have raged nearby while the 
tree simply continued its slow 

2251
02:05:46,800 --> 02:05:50,400
cycle of flowering and fruiting 
in different to human violence. 

2252
02:05:50,400 --> 02:05:54,000
The tree is probably lived 
through famines plagues Golden 

2253
02:05:54,000 --> 02:05:56,900
Ages, Dark Ages conquests and 
liberation's. 

2254
02:05:57,400 --> 02:05:59,500
All while doing nothing but 
being a tree. 

2255
02:05:59,500 --> 02:06:03,100
Yaki's mentioned that olive 
trees can affectively live 

2256
02:06:03,100 --> 02:06:07,000
forever through a process of 
continuous renewal As the 

2257
02:06:07,000 --> 02:06:10,300
central trunk ages and Hollows, 
the tree, sends up new shoots 

2258
02:06:10,300 --> 02:06:12,900
from its base. 
These shoots eventually become 

2259
02:06:12,900 --> 02:06:14,800
new trunks. 
While the old one gradually 

2260
02:06:14,800 --> 02:06:18,200
crumbles away. 
The root system remains unbroken

2261
02:06:18,200 --> 02:06:21,800
through this process, meaning 
the trees identity persists, 

2262
02:06:21,800 --> 02:06:25,100
even though none of its above 
ground Parts, might be original.

2263
02:06:25,100 --> 02:06:27,500
Some of the Groves in this 
region may have been 

2264
02:06:27,500 --> 02:06:30,200
continuously alive. 
Since before humans began 

2265
02:06:30,200 --> 02:06:33,800
writing down history, modern 
threats to these ancient Groves 

2266
02:06:33,800 --> 02:06:35,800
come not from the climate or 
diseases. 

2267
02:06:35,800 --> 02:06:39,300
That have always challenged, all
of cultivation but from economic

2268
02:06:39,300 --> 02:06:42,100
changes that make old trees less
valuable than the land. 

2269
02:06:42,100 --> 02:06:45,600
They occupy you've heard of 
developers cutting down thousand

2270
02:06:45,600 --> 02:06:47,300
year old olives to build 
Resorts. 

2271
02:06:47,300 --> 02:06:50,700
The ancient Grove's being 
replaced by crops that produce 

2272
02:06:50,700 --> 02:06:54,800
faster Returns the trees that 
survived every historical 

2273
02:06:54,800 --> 02:06:58,200
catastrophe. 
Now face chainsaws Guided by 

2274
02:06:58,200 --> 02:07:02,400
spreadsheets showing that quick,
profits from destruction exceed,

2275
02:07:02,400 --> 02:07:05,600
the patient income from 
preservation yet some Groves 

2276
02:07:05,600 --> 02:07:09,600
remain protected, recognized as 
cultural heritage, as important 

2277
02:07:09,600 --> 02:07:12,200
as a ancient buildings or 
archaeological sites. 

2278
02:07:12,200 --> 02:07:15,300
These protected Groves are 
maintained using traditional 

2279
02:07:15,300 --> 02:07:18,300
methods Pressed with equipment 
that would be familiar to 

2280
02:07:18,300 --> 02:07:22,200
Farmers from centuries past and 
producing oil marketed 

2281
02:07:22,200 --> 02:07:24,600
specifically as coming from 
ancient trees. 

2282
02:07:24,600 --> 02:07:27,700
Whether the oil actually tastes 
different is debatable. 

2283
02:07:28,600 --> 02:07:32,000
Customers pay premium prices for
the connection to history for 

2284
02:07:32,000 --> 02:07:33,700
fruit from trees that their 
great. 

2285
02:07:33,708 --> 02:07:35,300
Great great. 
Great grandparents might have 

2286
02:07:35,300 --> 02:07:38,900
harvested walking through these 
Groves as often like creates 

2287
02:07:38,900 --> 02:07:42,100
dramatic contrast between 
illuminated leaves and Deep 

2288
02:07:42,100 --> 02:07:44,600
Shadows. 
You feel estranged, temporal 

2289
02:07:44,600 --> 02:07:47,200
vertigo, everything around you 
looks timeless. 

2290
02:07:47,200 --> 02:07:50,600
It can be a scene from any 
Century in the past 2000 years. 

2291
02:07:50,600 --> 02:07:55,000
The trees have not changed, the 
hillside, haven't changed. 

2292
02:07:55,000 --> 02:07:59,500
If you squint slightly, you can 
imagine yourself in any era, the

2293
02:07:59,500 --> 02:08:03,000
present, just another moment in 
an endless chain of harvests and

2294
02:08:03,008 --> 02:08:07,800
pressing that it extends Beyond 
memory and both directions, the 

2295
02:08:07,800 --> 02:08:09,600
archaeological evidence 
scattered throughout these 

2296
02:08:09,600 --> 02:08:13,100
hillsides tells a story of 
continuous use despite political

2297
02:08:13,100 --> 02:08:15,700
chaos. 
When one Empire collapsed and 

2298
02:08:15,708 --> 02:08:19,200
the population fled within a 
generational, two new people 

2299
02:08:19,200 --> 02:08:22,500
arrived and resumed, harvesting 
the Grove's olive trees 

2300
02:08:22,500 --> 02:08:26,000
themselves, served as a track to
press their presence advertising

2301
02:08:26,000 --> 02:08:29,900
that this land could support 
human communities Abandon a 

2302
02:08:29,900 --> 02:08:32,600
grain field and within a year, 
it reverts to Wild grasses. 

2303
02:08:32,600 --> 02:08:35,500
But abandoned an Olive Grove and
decades later. 

2304
02:08:35,500 --> 02:08:39,500
It's still there still producing
still waiting for humans to 

2305
02:08:39,500 --> 02:08:41,300
return and resume the 
partnership. 

2306
02:08:41,300 --> 02:08:44,400
You collect a few olives from 
the ground examining them 

2307
02:08:44,400 --> 02:08:47,200
closely. 
They're the same size and shape 

2308
02:08:47,200 --> 02:08:49,900
as the preserved olives 
archaeologists find in ancient 

2309
02:08:49,900 --> 02:08:52,400
shipwrecks. 
And as the olives depicted in 

2310
02:08:52,400 --> 02:08:56,100
frescoes and mosaics from 
civilizations, that no longer 

2311
02:08:56,100 --> 02:09:00,100
exists, the genetic diversity 
and modern Olive cultivars is 

2312
02:09:00,100 --> 02:09:03,700
surprisingly narrow suggesting 
that most productive trees, 

2313
02:09:03,700 --> 02:09:06,900
descend from relatively few 
ancient parents that 

2314
02:09:06,900 --> 02:09:08,900
demonstrated Superior 
characteristics. 

2315
02:09:08,900 --> 02:09:12,600
The olive of your holding might 
be genetically, nearly identical

2316
02:09:12,600 --> 02:09:15,100
to olives that fed. 
Romans soldiers, Greek, 

2317
02:09:15,100 --> 02:09:18,700
philosophers, and Egyptian 
Traders all the way back to 

2318
02:09:18,700 --> 02:09:21,700
whoever first noticed that these
bitter fruits became delicious. 

2319
02:09:21,700 --> 02:09:24,700
After proper processing, your 
standing in a modern 

2320
02:09:24,708 --> 02:09:28,500
Supermarket, looking at a shelf 
displaying dozens of olive. 

2321
02:09:28,700 --> 02:09:32,500
All varieties each bottle 
promising, superior quality, 

2322
02:09:32,500 --> 02:09:35,500
health benefits or authentic 
tradition. 

2323
02:09:35,500 --> 02:09:38,000
The bottles are clear glass or 
dark green. 

2324
02:09:38,000 --> 02:09:41,500
Some with elaborate labels 
depicting Mediterranean scenes. 

2325
02:09:41,500 --> 02:09:46,200
Others with minimalist, designs 
suggesting sophistication Behind

2326
02:09:46,200 --> 02:09:49,400
These modern presentations lies 
the same substance that's 

2327
02:09:49,400 --> 02:09:51,400
flavored human civilization for 
millennia. 

2328
02:09:52,100 --> 02:09:55,100
Now, reduced a consumer Choice 
among competing Brands. 

2329
02:09:55,100 --> 02:09:59,500
You pick up a bottle, labeled 
extra virgin reading the fine 

2330
02:09:59,500 --> 02:10:03,000
print, that explains what this 
designation means. the oil 

2331
02:10:03,000 --> 02:10:07,000
inside was cold pressed without 
heat or chemicals from olives 

2332
02:10:07,000 --> 02:10:11,300
harvested at optimal ripeness 
and processed, within hours of 

2333
02:10:11,300 --> 02:10:15,200
picking these requirements, Echo
practices developed thousands of

2334
02:10:15,200 --> 02:10:18,300
years ago when presses learned 
through trial and error that 

2335
02:10:18,300 --> 02:10:22,100
speed care and temperature 
control, produced Superior oil, 

2336
02:10:22,900 --> 02:10:25,600
The terminology is modern, but 
the principles are ancient 

2337
02:10:25,600 --> 02:10:28,800
linking, your kitchen to those 
of people who live before 

2338
02:10:28,800 --> 02:10:32,400
philosophy or democracy existed 
the price range across. 

2339
02:10:32,400 --> 02:10:36,000
This shelf, is staggering some 
bottles cost as much per liter 

2340
02:10:36,000 --> 02:10:38,800
as an ancient worker earned. 
In a week, While others are 

2341
02:10:38,800 --> 02:10:42,300
cheap enough that oil has become
just another commodity, this 

2342
02:10:42,300 --> 02:10:45,900
democratization represents both 
Triumph and loss. 

2343
02:10:47,000 --> 02:10:49,700
More people can afford olive oil
than ever before in history. 

2344
02:10:49,700 --> 02:10:53,200
But the intimate relationship 
between consumers and producers 

2345
02:10:53,200 --> 02:10:56,000
has been severed. 
You don't know which growth 

2346
02:10:56,000 --> 02:10:59,700
produced this oil whose hands 
harvested these olives or how 

2347
02:10:59,700 --> 02:11:02,600
many generations their family 
has been pressing fruit from the

2348
02:11:02,600 --> 02:11:05,600
specific trees. 
The cooking show plays on a 

2349
02:11:05,608 --> 02:11:09,100
screen near the checkout. 
A chef drizzling olive oil over 

2350
02:11:09,100 --> 02:11:12,000
vegetables while explaining how 
it's healthier than butter or 

2351
02:11:12,000 --> 02:11:14,500
other facts, the health claims 
are accurate. 

2352
02:11:14,500 --> 02:11:18,700
Olive oil does contain mono and 
saturated fats that improve 

2353
02:11:18,700 --> 02:11:23,000
cardiovascular health Andy 
oxidants, that protect cells and

2354
02:11:23,000 --> 02:11:26,200
compounds that reduce 
inflammation that ancient people

2355
02:11:26,200 --> 02:11:28,200
who build their Cuisines around 
all of oil. 

2356
02:11:28,200 --> 02:11:31,900
Knew none of this using it, not 
because it was healthy but 

2357
02:11:31,900 --> 02:11:35,300
because it was available 
delicious and versatile. 

2358
02:11:35,300 --> 02:11:38,600
They stumbled into good health, 
through culinary tradition. 

2359
02:11:38,600 --> 02:11:42,200
Their body's benefiting from 
choices, made for entirely 

2360
02:11:42,200 --> 02:11:46,600
different reasons. 
You notice or options oil from 

2361
02:11:46,600 --> 02:11:51,100
olives grown without synthetic, 
pesticides, or fertilizers this 

2362
02:11:51,100 --> 02:11:53,400
marketing implies that 
non-organic methods are 

2363
02:11:53,400 --> 02:11:56,200
standard. 
Now representing, a fundamental 

2364
02:11:56,200 --> 02:11:59,400
shift from traditional Olive 
cultivation, that use no 

2365
02:11:59,400 --> 02:12:01,100
chemicals because they didn't 
exist. 

2366
02:12:01,100 --> 02:12:04,500
The modern organic movement is 
actually a return to ancient 

2367
02:12:04,500 --> 02:12:08,000
practices charging premium 
prices for what was once 

2368
02:12:08,000 --> 02:12:11,000
Universal. 
The irony seems lost on most 

2369
02:12:11,000 --> 02:12:13,100
Shoppers filling their carts 
without considering the 

2370
02:12:13,100 --> 02:12:15,800
historical Arc that brought 
these bottles to the Shelf. 

2371
02:12:16,700 --> 02:12:20,200
At home, you drizzle oil over a 
salad, the action. 

2372
02:12:20,200 --> 02:12:23,300
So casual that you don't pause 
to think about it yet. 

2373
02:12:23,300 --> 02:12:26,400
This simple gesture connects you
to every cook throughout history

2374
02:12:26,400 --> 02:12:30,300
who performed the same motion. 
The oil catches light streaming 

2375
02:12:30,300 --> 02:12:33,600
through your window. 
Exactly as it caught lamp light 

2376
02:12:33,600 --> 02:12:36,400
in ancient kitchens. 
It Coats the vegetables. 

2377
02:12:36,400 --> 02:12:38,700
With the same golden Sheen that 
made food. 

2378
02:12:38,700 --> 02:12:42,100
Look appetizing to people whose 
names, nobody remembers the 

2379
02:12:42,100 --> 02:12:45,000
chemistry of fat interacting 
with plants cells hasn't 

2380
02:12:45,000 --> 02:12:47,800
changed. 
Meaning the salad tastes similar

2381
02:12:47,800 --> 02:12:49,500
to versions. 
Eaten 2000 years ago. 

2382
02:12:49,500 --> 02:12:53,100
Your bathroom contained olive 
oil based soaps and cosmetics 

2383
02:12:53,100 --> 02:12:57,000
products marketed as natural 
alternatives to synthetic 

2384
02:12:57,000 --> 02:12:59,500
options. 
Soap itself was invented, 

2385
02:12:59,500 --> 02:13:02,400
partly, to replace the oil 
scraping method used in ancient 

2386
02:13:02,400 --> 02:13:05,500
bars yet. 
Now, olive oil soap represents a

2387
02:13:05,500 --> 02:13:07,000
return to more authentic 
cleansing. 

2388
02:13:07,000 --> 02:13:10,600
The circular motion of hygiene 
history, suggests that human 

2389
02:13:10,600 --> 02:13:13,900
needs remain constant while 
Technologies cycle between 

2390
02:13:13,900 --> 02:13:18,200
complexity and simplicity, each 
generation rediscovering 

2391
02:13:18,200 --> 02:13:20,800
benefits that previous 
generations took for granted. 

2392
02:13:20,800 --> 02:13:25,800
You like to can handle petroleum
wax with a cotton wick, creating

2393
02:13:25,800 --> 02:13:28,300
a flame without olive oil for 
the first time in human. 

2394
02:13:28,600 --> 02:13:31,300
Three candles existed in ancient
times. 

2395
02:13:31,300 --> 02:13:34,900
But oil, lamps, provided most 
illumination making olive oil, 

2396
02:13:34,900 --> 02:13:37,900
the primary medium through which
people pushed back Darkness. 

2397
02:13:38,700 --> 02:13:42,900
Shift from oil to candles to 
gas, to electricity represents 

2398
02:13:42,900 --> 02:13:46,200
increasing separation between 
light and its fuel source. 

2399
02:13:46,200 --> 02:13:49,700
Ancient peoples understood 
exactly what burned when they 

2400
02:13:49,700 --> 02:13:52,200
lit lamps. 
You flip a switch without 

2401
02:13:52,200 --> 02:13:55,300
thinking about the coal or 
natural gas, or nuclear reaction

2402
02:13:55,300 --> 02:13:58,800
generating your electricity a 
Mediterranean restaurant. 

2403
02:13:58,800 --> 02:14:00,900
Nearby advertisers authentic 
Cuisine. 

2404
02:14:00,900 --> 02:14:04,900
Its menu featuring dishes around
olive oil in ways that would be 

2405
02:14:04,900 --> 02:14:08,400
familiar to ancient diners. 
The ingredients are identical, 

2406
02:14:08,400 --> 02:14:11,000
the cooking methods unchanged in
Essentials. 

2407
02:14:11,000 --> 02:14:13,600
Yet the context is completely 
different. 

2408
02:14:14,600 --> 02:14:17,300
Ancient people ate these Foods 
because they were local and 

2409
02:14:17,300 --> 02:14:20,400
available not because they were 
exotic or healthy. 

2410
02:14:20,400 --> 02:14:24,400
The restaurant charges premium 
prices for authenticity that 

2411
02:14:24,400 --> 02:14:28,100
used to be called what we have 
transforming necessity into 

2412
02:14:28,100 --> 02:14:32,000
luxury through distance. 
Temporal distance separating us 

2413
02:14:32,000 --> 02:14:33,400
from when these Foods were 
ordinary. 

2414
02:14:33,400 --> 02:14:38,200
You read about olive oil, fraud 
about bottles labeled Italian or

2415
02:14:38,200 --> 02:14:42,200
Greek containing oil from North 
Africa or Spain, and about extra

2416
02:14:42,200 --> 02:14:46,300
virgin designations applied to 
oil, that doesn't meet technical

2417
02:14:46,300 --> 02:14:49,500
requirements. 
These deceptions Echo ancient 

2418
02:14:49,500 --> 02:14:53,500
problems Merchants, have always 
been tempted to dilute expensive

2419
02:14:53,500 --> 02:14:57,800
oil, with cheaper, alternatives 
to misrepresent Origins, and to 

2420
02:14:57,800 --> 02:15:00,800
sell last year's rancid oil. 
As this year's fresh pressing, 

2421
02:15:00,800 --> 02:15:04,000
the amphora stamps that 
guaranteed quality in ancient 

2422
02:15:04,000 --> 02:15:07,500
markets were responses to fraud 
that still exists. 

2423
02:15:08,200 --> 02:15:11,600
Human nature, remaining constant
across Millennia, a news 

2424
02:15:11,600 --> 02:15:14,300
article, discusses, how climate 
change threatens traditional 

2425
02:15:14,300 --> 02:15:17,900
Olive growing regions and how 
Rising temperatures and changing

2426
02:15:17,900 --> 02:15:21,100
rainfall patterns, might shift 
production to areas. 

2427
02:15:21,100 --> 02:15:24,100
That previously couldn't support
Olive's, the trees themselves 

2428
02:15:24,100 --> 02:15:27,600
can adapt, they've survived 
climate changes throughout 

2429
02:15:27,600 --> 02:15:30,900
history, but the cultural 
connection between specific 

2430
02:15:30,900 --> 02:15:35,000
regions and Olive cultivation, 
might break what happens to 

2431
02:15:35,000 --> 02:15:38,600
Greek or Spanish or Italian 
identity of Olives. 

2432
02:15:38,600 --> 02:15:41,800
No longer Thrive. 
There can tradition persist when

2433
02:15:41,800 --> 02:15:44,100
the material basis for 
traditional disappears. 

2434
02:15:44,100 --> 02:15:47,600
You notice how olive oil has 
become short-handed for healthy.

2435
02:15:47,600 --> 02:15:52,100
Eating the Mediterranean diet 
and lifestyle choices associated

2436
02:15:52,100 --> 02:15:57,100
with longevity and well-being. 
This Association isn't wrong but

2437
02:15:57,100 --> 02:16:00,500
it's incomplete ancient. 
People who consumed olive oil, 

2438
02:16:00,500 --> 02:16:04,300
daily also died young from 
infections and injuries, modern 

2439
02:16:04,300 --> 02:16:07,800
medicine prevents easily. 
The oil didn't make them healthy

2440
02:16:07,800 --> 02:16:11,200
in any comprehensive sense. 
They simply lacked Alternatives.

2441
02:16:11,200 --> 02:16:15,000
We take for granted separating 
olive oils, actual benefits from

2442
02:16:15,000 --> 02:16:17,900
romanticized, versions of 
Mediterranean life requires 

2443
02:16:17,900 --> 02:16:21,300
care, that marketing, 
departments, rarely provide in 

2444
02:16:21,300 --> 02:16:23,600
your pantry. 
A bottle of olive oil, sits next

2445
02:16:23,600 --> 02:16:27,600
to vegetable oil can no longer 
oil and coconut oil, each suited

2446
02:16:27,600 --> 02:16:31,100
for different purposes, 
different heat tolerances and 

2447
02:16:31,100 --> 02:16:34,299
different flavor profiles. 
This abundant would astonish 

2448
02:16:34,299 --> 02:16:37,400
ancient Cooks who used olive oil
for everything because it was 

2449
02:16:37,400 --> 02:16:40,200
the only fat they had in 
quantity, modern cooking, 

2450
02:16:40,200 --> 02:16:43,799
specialization this oil for 
sauteing that one for baking and

2451
02:16:43,799 --> 02:16:48,299
another for salads represents 
both sophistication and loss 

2452
02:16:48,299 --> 02:16:51,799
we've gained options, but 
sacrifice the intimate knowledge

2453
02:16:51,799 --> 02:16:54,900
that comes from using a single 
ingredient in every possible. 

2454
02:16:54,900 --> 02:16:57,400
Way. 
You cook dinner using olive oil,

2455
02:16:57,400 --> 02:17:00,799
clean up with all of oil soap 
and moisturize your hands. 

2456
02:17:00,799 --> 02:17:03,900
With olive oil lotion. 
All while electric lights 

2457
02:17:03,900 --> 02:17:07,799
eliminate, any need for oil 
lamps Loyal persists in Modern 

2458
02:17:07,799 --> 02:17:11,799
Life, but its role is narrowed 
from essential to optional, from

2459
02:17:11,799 --> 02:17:14,500
Universal. 
To particular, you could survive

2460
02:17:14,500 --> 02:17:17,799
comfortably without it 
substituting other fats, and 

2461
02:17:17,799 --> 02:17:20,600
cooking other products for 
cleaning, and moisturizing, and 

2462
02:17:20,600 --> 02:17:24,400
other sources for illumination. 
This optionality represents, the

2463
02:17:24,400 --> 02:17:27,600
fundamental difference between 
your relationship with olive oil

2464
02:17:27,600 --> 02:17:31,500
and that of people for whom it 
was a replaceable yet walking 

2465
02:17:31,500 --> 02:17:34,400
through the supermarket or 
cooking dinner, you 

2466
02:17:34,400 --> 02:17:37,600
occasionally, feel a strange, 
temporal connection, a sense 

2467
02:17:37,600 --> 02:17:40,400
that your performing actions 
that link you to an unbroken 

2468
02:17:40,400 --> 02:17:43,799
chain of human activity. 
Stretching Back to Before 

2469
02:17:43,799 --> 02:17:47,799
recorded history, when you 
drizzle, all of oil over food, 

2470
02:17:47,799 --> 02:17:50,799
you're doing exactly what 
countless humans have done in 

2471
02:17:50,799 --> 02:17:53,799
the same way for the same 
reasons, the bottle is 

2472
02:17:53,799 --> 02:17:56,900
different, the kitchen is 
different and the context is 

2473
02:17:56,900 --> 02:18:00,799
different, but the action itself
is unchanged in this small 

2474
02:18:00,799 --> 02:18:04,700
gesture, you briefly touch the 
Deep passed performing a ritual.

2475
02:18:04,700 --> 02:18:09,900
So ancient that its orig To 
Ritual itself, the olive trees 

2476
02:18:09,900 --> 02:18:12,200
in distant Grove's, continue 
their patient work. 

2477
02:18:12,200 --> 02:18:16,600
Flowering each spring fruiting 
each Autumn and producing the 

2478
02:18:16,600 --> 02:18:20,500
same golden liquid that fueled 
civilizations now studied only 

2479
02:18:20,500 --> 02:18:24,000
by archaeologists Some of these 
trees might be the direct 

2480
02:18:24,000 --> 02:18:26,299
descendants. 
Literally through route, 

2481
02:18:26,299 --> 02:18:29,900
propagation of trees, that 
witnessed events recorded in 

2482
02:18:29,900 --> 02:18:32,400
histories. 
You've read, they connect past 

2483
02:18:32,400 --> 02:18:36,000
to present, through living 
continuity, biology preserving, 

2484
02:18:36,000 --> 02:18:40,700
what human memory cannot As long
as those trees survive as long 

2485
02:18:40,700 --> 02:18:44,000
as someone Harvest their fruit 
and presses it into oil, the 

2486
02:18:44,000 --> 02:18:46,000
ancient world isn't entirely 
lost. 

2487
02:18:46,799 --> 02:18:51,299
It flows forward year by year 
Harvest by Harvest, a golden 

2488
02:18:51,299 --> 02:19:00,299
thread that refuses to break. 
Candlelight flickers across 

2489
02:19:00,299 --> 02:19:04,100
Warren pages and a Philadelphia 
study sometime in the winter of 

2490
02:19:04,100 --> 02:19:07,500
1775. 
You can almost smell the leather

2491
02:19:07,500 --> 02:19:10,900
bindings and lamp oil. 
Feel the chill creeping through 

2492
02:19:10,900 --> 02:19:13,799
window panes despite the fire 
crackling in the half. 

2493
02:19:14,700 --> 02:19:18,799
In homes like this throughout 
the colonies educated men and 

2494
02:19:18,799 --> 02:19:22,100
more women than history often 
credits a reading themselves 

2495
02:19:22,100 --> 02:19:25,299
into Revolution and their 
favorite authors have been dead 

2496
02:19:25,299 --> 02:19:29,100
for nearly two millennia. 
You might find this curious at 

2497
02:19:29,100 --> 02:19:31,600
first. 
Here are people planing a 

2498
02:19:31,600 --> 02:19:34,700
government for a new world 
surrounded by Forest their 

2499
02:19:34,700 --> 02:19:37,799
European ancestors. 
Never imagined preparing to 

2500
02:19:37,799 --> 02:19:40,500
create something unprecedented 
in modern history. 

2501
02:19:41,799 --> 02:19:44,100
Yet, they're thumbing through 
Latin texts. 

2502
02:19:44,799 --> 02:19:48,500
Scribbling marginal notes beside
passages, about Roman consoles 

2503
02:19:48,500 --> 02:19:52,600
and tribunes and memorizing. 
The speeches Cicero delivered in

2504
02:19:52,608 --> 02:19:56,500
a forum that crumbled into ruins
centuries before Columbus, 

2505
02:19:56,500 --> 02:20:01,700
sailed Thing is Latin wasn't 
just some academic exercise for 

2506
02:20:01,708 --> 02:20:04,300
these colonists. 
It was their common language of 

2507
02:20:04,300 --> 02:20:07,000
learning. 
Key that unlocked, what they 

2508
02:20:07,000 --> 02:20:10,300
considered the greatest 
political wisdom ever recorded. 

2509
02:20:11,400 --> 02:20:14,800
Boys in colonial, grammar 
schools conjugated Latin verbs 

2510
02:20:14,800 --> 02:20:18,100
before they turn 10. 
By adolescents, they were 

2511
02:20:18,100 --> 02:20:22,200
translating, Virgil and Livi 
absorbing, not just grammar but 

2512
02:20:22,200 --> 02:20:26,200
entire world views. 
When John Adams wanted to insult

2513
02:20:26,200 --> 02:20:28,700
someone in his diary, he did it 
in Latin. 

2514
02:20:29,600 --> 02:20:33,500
When Thomas Jefferson designed 
Monticello, he sketched Roman 

2515
02:20:33,500 --> 02:20:36,800
proportions. 
The ancient world wasn't distant

2516
02:20:36,800 --> 02:20:39,500
these people. 
It was practically their second 

2517
02:20:39,500 --> 02:20:42,000
home. 
Consider what their library is 

2518
02:20:42,000 --> 02:20:45,400
actually contained. 
You'd find Pluto's lives. 

2519
02:20:45,400 --> 02:20:48,700
Those parallel, biographies. 
Comparing Greek and Roman Heroes

2520
02:20:48,700 --> 02:20:51,900
teaching moral lessons through 
historical example. 

2521
02:20:52,800 --> 02:20:55,200
You've discovered, polybius 
explaining Rome's, mixed 

2522
02:20:55,200 --> 02:20:59,600
Constitution tacitus, warning 
about Imperial corruption and 

2523
02:20:59,600 --> 02:21:02,100
Sallis. 
Describing how luxury destroyed.

2524
02:21:02,100 --> 02:21:05,600
Republican virtue, these weren't
decorative volumes Gathering 

2525
02:21:05,600 --> 02:21:08,700
dust. 
They were dog-eared, underlined 

2526
02:21:08,700 --> 02:21:12,800
quoted in letters and pamphlets,
and referenced in Tavern 

2527
02:21:12,800 --> 02:21:15,700
debates. 
The colonists read these works 

2528
02:21:15,700 --> 02:21:19,200
with a peculiar intensity. 
Because they recognized 

2529
02:21:19,200 --> 02:21:21,900
something in Rome story that 
resonated with their own 

2530
02:21:21,900 --> 02:21:25,800
situation. 
Romans started as a small city 

2531
02:21:25,800 --> 02:21:29,600
state overthrown, a king 
established a republic. 

2532
02:21:30,700 --> 02:21:33,400
His banded through a combination
of military prowess and 

2533
02:21:33,400 --> 02:21:36,600
political Innovation, then 
watched it all collapse into 

2534
02:21:36,600 --> 02:21:40,800
dictatorship. 
To their own world weren't 

2535
02:21:40,800 --> 02:21:42,900
subtle. 
Britain was their roam, 

2536
02:21:42,900 --> 02:21:46,700
powerful, far-reaching and 
increasingly tyrannical. 

2537
02:21:46,700 --> 02:21:50,500
They were trying to decide 
whether to remain province's, in

2538
02:21:50,500 --> 02:21:53,300
someone else's Empire, or Risk 
Everything to become a 

2539
02:21:53,308 --> 02:21:56,400
republican of Their Own. 
But here's where it gets 

2540
02:21:56,400 --> 02:21:59,000
interesting. 
Where the real depth of their 

2541
02:21:59,000 --> 02:22:02,500
classical education shows 
through, they didn't just cherry

2542
02:22:02,500 --> 02:22:06,400
pick the inspiring bits about 
Roman Glory, they started the 

2543
02:22:06,400 --> 02:22:10,900
failures with equal attention, 
perhaps even more, they wanted 

2544
02:22:10,900 --> 02:22:14,800
to understand exactly how a 
republic dies, what signs to 

2545
02:22:14,800 --> 02:22:17,000
watch for and which mistakes 
proof fatal. 

2546
02:22:17,900 --> 02:22:21,000
It's rather like studying plane 
crashes to learn how to fly 

2547
02:22:21,000 --> 02:22:25,200
safely, morbid, perhaps, but 
tremendously practical. 

2548
02:22:26,400 --> 02:22:30,600
Benjamin Franklin, Who Loved a 
good quip almost as much as he 

2549
02:22:30,600 --> 02:22:34,100
loved a good experiment. 
Once joked that the classical 

2550
02:22:34,100 --> 02:22:38,000
education, he received was the 
most useless and the most 

2551
02:22:38,000 --> 02:22:40,100
valuable thing he'd ever 
acquired. 

2552
02:22:41,000 --> 02:22:44,900
Useless for business, certainly,
no Roman ever needed to 

2553
02:22:44,900 --> 02:22:48,600
understand electrical current or
printing presses, but valuable 

2554
02:22:48,600 --> 02:22:52,800
for thinking about power, 
Liberty corruption and Human 

2555
02:22:52,800 --> 02:22:56,100
Nature. 
Those topics Franklin, noted 

2556
02:22:56,100 --> 02:22:57,800
didn't change much across the 
centuries. 

2557
02:22:57,800 --> 02:23:02,200
You can pick these Founders in 
their studies candles burning, 

2558
02:23:02,200 --> 02:23:06,000
low comparing notes between 
ancient texts and current 

2559
02:23:06,000 --> 02:23:10,600
newspapers, A passage from Cato 
about Land Reform, might sit 

2560
02:23:10,600 --> 02:23:14,600
beside a pamphlet about Colonial
taxation Cicero, warnings about 

2561
02:23:14,600 --> 02:23:17,000
demographics might be read 
alongside reports of 

2562
02:23:17,000 --> 02:23:19,600
parliament's. 
Latest overreach They were 

2563
02:23:19,600 --> 02:23:22,700
building a mental map. 
Charting the Territory between 

2564
02:23:22,700 --> 02:23:25,800
Liberty and tyranny using roam 
as their primary reference 

2565
02:23:25,800 --> 02:23:28,700
point. 
The women of this era deserve 

2566
02:23:28,700 --> 02:23:31,800
mention here, even though 
convention kept most of their 

2567
02:23:31,800 --> 02:23:35,300
learning private. 
Abigail Adams, read Virgil in 

2568
02:23:35,300 --> 02:23:39,500
Latin discussed Cato with her 
husband and peppered her letters

2569
02:23:39,500 --> 02:23:42,200
with classical references. 
Mercy. 

2570
02:23:42,200 --> 02:23:44,700
Otis Warren wrote plays 
satirizing. 

2571
02:23:44,700 --> 02:23:47,600
British officials using Roman 
historical parallels. 

2572
02:23:48,400 --> 02:23:52,600
These weren't anomalies educated
Colonial women had access to the

2573
02:23:52,600 --> 02:23:56,000
same classical texts as their 
fathers and brothers and they 

2574
02:23:56,008 --> 02:23:58,600
use that knowledge to 
participate in Revolutionary 

2575
02:23:58,600 --> 02:24:02,300
debates. 
If often from the margins What 

2576
02:24:02,300 --> 02:24:06,000
strikes you reading their 
correspondence is how naturally 

2577
02:24:06,000 --> 02:24:08,600
they move between ancient and 
modern examples. 

2578
02:24:09,400 --> 02:24:12,800
Jeffersson might mention Cicero 
and George the third in the same

2579
02:24:12,800 --> 02:24:16,000
sentence as if they were 
contemporaries atoms. 

2580
02:24:16,000 --> 02:24:19,000
Could compare the Massachusetts 
legislature to the Roman senate 

2581
02:24:19,000 --> 02:24:22,400
without a hint of irony. 
The past wasn't dead to them. 

2582
02:24:22,400 --> 02:24:26,700
It was a living resource a guide
book and a warning system. 

2583
02:24:27,700 --> 02:24:30,500
This classical Obsession also 
shaped how they saw themselves 

2584
02:24:30,500 --> 02:24:34,500
when they looked in the mirror, 
they didn't see merchants and 

2585
02:24:34,500 --> 02:24:36,600
farmers and lawyers playing at 
politics. 

2586
02:24:36,600 --> 02:24:41,000
They saw potential Cincinnati's 
figures citizens and soldiers 

2587
02:24:41,000 --> 02:24:44,400
who might leave their plows to 
save the Republic then returned 

2588
02:24:44,400 --> 02:24:47,900
to private life when Duty was 
done, They saw themselves as 

2589
02:24:47,900 --> 02:24:50,400
possible. 
Catos defending Liberty with 

2590
02:24:50,400 --> 02:24:52,600
Stern virtue. 
They worried. 

2591
02:24:52,600 --> 02:24:56,100
They might become Caesars 
seduced by power into tyranny. 

2592
02:24:57,100 --> 02:25:01,100
The classics gave them not just 
ideas, but identities roles to 

2593
02:25:01,100 --> 02:25:03,000
play in the drama. 
They were staging. 

2594
02:25:03,600 --> 02:25:06,800
And like any good actors, they'd
studied their parts thoroughly 

2595
02:25:06,800 --> 02:25:09,900
memorized. 
Their lines and learned from 

2596
02:25:09,900 --> 02:25:12,800
previous Productions. 
The difference was that this 

2597
02:25:12,800 --> 02:25:16,200
performance would be conducted 
with real muskets and genuine 

2598
02:25:16,200 --> 02:25:20,000
Bloodshed with actual Liberty 
hanging in the balance. 

2599
02:25:21,100 --> 02:25:24,900
As you drift deeper into this 
historical moment, imagine the 

2600
02:25:24,900 --> 02:25:28,400
weight of that responsibility. 
These weren't just scholars 

2601
02:25:28,400 --> 02:25:29,900
dabbling. 
In political theory for 

2602
02:25:29,900 --> 02:25:32,300
entertainment. 
They were preparing to bet 

2603
02:25:32,300 --> 02:25:36,700
everything their lives, their 
fortunes, their sacred honor as 

2604
02:25:36,700 --> 02:25:39,500
they later. 
Write on principles extracted 

2605
02:25:39,500 --> 02:25:42,900
from ancient books. 
If they got it wrong, they'd 

2606
02:25:42,900 --> 02:25:46,500
hang us, traitors if they got 
it, right, they might just 

2607
02:25:46,500 --> 02:25:49,000
create something worthy of 
comparison to Rome itself. 

2608
02:25:50,300 --> 02:25:53,900
The irony was not lost on them. 
They were rebelling against a 

2609
02:25:53,900 --> 02:25:57,000
king by studying a civilization 
that eventually embraced 

2610
02:25:57,000 --> 02:25:59,700
emperors. 
They were fighting for Liberty 

2611
02:25:59,700 --> 02:26:02,900
using examples from a society 
built on slavery. 

2612
02:26:03,700 --> 02:26:07,300
They were praising Roman virtue 
while reading about Roman Vice 

2613
02:26:07,300 --> 02:26:10,500
but perhaps that's exactly why 
their classical education 

2614
02:26:10,500 --> 02:26:13,200
proved. 
So valuable It taught them to 

2615
02:26:13,200 --> 02:26:17,700
think in paradoxes to recognize 
that human societies are complex

2616
02:26:17,700 --> 02:26:21,700
and contradictory and that good 
institutions can produce bad 

2617
02:26:21,700 --> 02:26:26,100
outcomes and vice versa. 
The concept of a republic meant 

2618
02:26:26,100 --> 02:26:29,900
something specific and almost 
sacred to the founders and they 

2619
02:26:29,900 --> 02:26:32,100
learned its definition from 
Rome's example. 

2620
02:26:33,000 --> 02:26:37,200
Not a democracy mind you, they 
distrusted pure democracy and 

2621
02:26:37,200 --> 02:26:40,300
considered it mob, ruled dressed
in philosophical cloths. 

2622
02:26:41,100 --> 02:26:44,800
A republic was different, more 
structured and more carefully 

2623
02:26:44,800 --> 02:26:47,900
balanced. 
It was government by law, rather

2624
02:26:47,900 --> 02:26:51,800
than by the whims of Kings or 
crowds and Rome had shown them 

2625
02:26:51,808 --> 02:26:54,000
exactly how such a system could 
function. 

2626
02:26:55,100 --> 02:26:58,600
Picture the Roman Forum in its 
Glory Days around the second 

2627
02:26:58,600 --> 02:27:02,400
century before Christ. 
You'd see magistrates conducting

2628
02:27:02,400 --> 02:27:06,100
business under open Colonnades 
citizens Gathering to hear 

2629
02:27:06,100 --> 02:27:10,400
debates and temples dedicated to
Civic virtues, like Concord and 

2630
02:27:10,400 --> 02:27:13,300
good faith. 
The physical space itself was 

2631
02:27:13,300 --> 02:27:16,500
designed to remind everyone that
public affairs mattered more 

2632
02:27:16,500 --> 02:27:19,300
than private interests. 
Founders. 

2633
02:27:19,300 --> 02:27:23,200
Loved this idea that 
architecture and urban planning 

2634
02:27:23,200 --> 02:27:25,300
could reinforce political 
values. 

2635
02:27:26,300 --> 02:27:29,100
When they imagine their own 
Republic, they saw something 

2636
02:27:29,100 --> 02:27:32,600
similar. 
Public buildings would be grand 

2637
02:27:32,600 --> 02:27:36,400
but not Gordy. 
Inspiring civic pride without 

2638
02:27:36,400 --> 02:27:40,800
descending into monarchical, 
ostentation The capital would 

2639
02:27:40,800 --> 02:27:44,800
sit on a hill like Roman 
temples, government offices 

2640
02:27:44,800 --> 02:27:47,700
would feature classical columns 
and Latin inscriptions. 

2641
02:27:47,700 --> 02:27:53,300
Even the names of new cities 
would Echo, Rome, Syracuse, Troy

2642
02:27:53,300 --> 02:27:56,800
and Rome itself scattered across
New York, State and Cincinnati 

2643
02:27:56,800 --> 02:27:59,800
in Ohio. 
But the substance mattered more 

2644
02:27:59,800 --> 02:28:02,700
than the symbols and hero 
offered them a detailed 

2645
02:28:02,700 --> 02:28:06,100
blueprint. 
The Roman Republic, featured 

2646
02:28:06,100 --> 02:28:09,600
elected magistrate, serving 
limited terms, a senate 

2647
02:28:09,600 --> 02:28:13,400
providing continuity and wisdom 
assemblies, giving citizens of 

2648
02:28:13,400 --> 02:28:17,300
voice and a system of checks and
showing no single personal group

2649
02:28:17,300 --> 02:28:20,600
could dominate it wasn't 
democracy in the Greek sentence,

2650
02:28:20,600 --> 02:28:24,100
where every citizen voted on 
every issue, it was 

2651
02:28:24,100 --> 02:28:27,800
representative government were 
citizens, chose leaders who then

2652
02:28:27,800 --> 02:28:31,700
made decisions on their behalf. 
This model appealed to the 

2653
02:28:31,700 --> 02:28:35,300
founders, for practical reasons,
they were governing territories 

2654
02:28:35,300 --> 02:28:37,900
far larger than any ancient city
state. 

2655
02:28:38,500 --> 02:28:41,800
Direct democracy across such 
distances was impossible with 

2656
02:28:41,800 --> 02:28:43,800
18th century, communication 
technology. 

2657
02:28:44,900 --> 02:28:47,700
But Rome had managed to govern a
massive Republic through 

2658
02:28:47,700 --> 02:28:49,700
representatives and they could 
do the same. 

2659
02:28:50,600 --> 02:28:54,700
Citizens would elect congressmen
and Senators who would meet in a

2660
02:28:54,700 --> 02:28:58,300
central location to deliberate 
and legislate just as Roman 

2661
02:28:58,300 --> 02:29:02,600
magistrates once gathered in the
Forum. the Roman concept of 

2662
02:29:02,600 --> 02:29:07,100
mixed government, particularly 
fascinated, the Polybius had 

2663
02:29:07,100 --> 02:29:10,100
described Rome's Constitution. 
As perfectly balanced between 

2664
02:29:10,100 --> 02:29:13,800
monarchical elements, the 
console's, aristocratic 

2665
02:29:13,800 --> 02:29:17,100
elements, the Senate and 
Democratic elements. 

2666
02:29:17,100 --> 02:29:20,000
The assemblies. 
Each checked the others 

2667
02:29:20,000 --> 02:29:22,300
preventing any from becoming 
tyrannical. 

2668
02:29:23,900 --> 02:29:27,000
The founders recognized genius 
in this Arrangement and tried to

2669
02:29:27,000 --> 02:29:29,900
recreate it. 
The presidents, he providing 

2670
02:29:29,900 --> 02:29:33,800
energy and decisive news, the 
Senate offering stability and 

2671
02:29:33,800 --> 02:29:37,800
long-term thinking and the House
of Representatives in popular 

2672
02:29:37,800 --> 02:29:40,800
control. 
They also borrowed Rome's, deep 

2673
02:29:40,800 --> 02:29:44,300
suspicion of concentrating power
in one person's hands. 

2674
02:29:45,100 --> 02:29:47,300
The Romans elected two consoles,
annually. 

2675
02:29:47,300 --> 02:29:51,700
Each able to veto the other 
ensuring no single leader could 

2676
02:29:51,700 --> 02:29:54,400
dominate. 
The founders couldn't quite 

2677
02:29:54,400 --> 02:29:58,600
stomach to presidents but they 
fragmented executive power in 

2678
02:29:58,600 --> 02:30:02,300
other ways, requiring, Senator 
approval for appointments and 

2679
02:30:02,300 --> 02:30:05,400
treaties, giving Congress 
control of the purse, strings 

2680
02:30:05,400 --> 02:30:08,000
and establishing an independent 
judiciary. 

2681
02:30:08,900 --> 02:30:11,900
Like the Romans, they assumed 
anyone given too much power. 

2682
02:30:11,900 --> 02:30:15,700
Would eventually abuse it? 
This assumption about human 

2683
02:30:15,700 --> 02:30:17,200
nature. 
Came straight from Roman 

2684
02:30:17,200 --> 02:30:21,300
historians. 
Reading salus or tacitus you 

2685
02:30:21,300 --> 02:30:23,300
encountered. 
A rather Bleak view of humanity,

2686
02:30:23,300 --> 02:30:26,700
people were ambitious greedy and
prone to corruption. 

2687
02:30:26,700 --> 02:30:30,200
Give them power without 
constraints and they turn into 

2688
02:30:30,200 --> 02:30:33,500
tyrants, give them wealth 
without responsibility and 

2689
02:30:33,500 --> 02:30:37,500
they'd grow decadent The only 
solution was institutional 

2690
02:30:37,500 --> 02:30:41,400
checks laws that operated 
independent of virtue. 

2691
02:30:42,200 --> 02:30:45,500
And systems that assumed the 
worst about human nature and 

2692
02:30:45,500 --> 02:30:48,000
plan accordingly. 
Yet paradoxically. 

2693
02:30:48,000 --> 02:30:51,900
The Romans also believed 
republics required virtue to 

2694
02:30:51,900 --> 02:30:54,500
survive. 
Laws alone weren't enough. 

2695
02:30:55,200 --> 02:30:59,100
Citizens needed to possess 
certain qualities, Devotion to 

2696
02:30:59,100 --> 02:31:00,900
the common. 
Good over private interests, 

2697
02:31:00,900 --> 02:31:05,600
willingness to sacrifice for the
Republic Stern self-discipline, 

2698
02:31:05,600 --> 02:31:10,000
and respect for Law and Custom. 
Without these virtues, the best 

2699
02:31:10,000 --> 02:31:11,900
constitutional would eventually 
fail. 

2700
02:31:12,700 --> 02:31:15,600
With them even in perfect 
systems could endure. 

2701
02:31:16,400 --> 02:31:19,200
The founders inherited this 
tension and never quite 

2702
02:31:19,200 --> 02:31:21,700
resolved. 
It they designed a government. 

2703
02:31:21,700 --> 02:31:25,200
Assuming people were Scoundrels,
then worried constantly about 

2704
02:31:25,200 --> 02:31:27,600
whether Americans possess of 
sufficient virtue. 

2705
02:31:27,600 --> 02:31:30,000
To make it work, they read roman
moralists. 

2706
02:31:30,000 --> 02:31:33,600
Lecturing about the decline of 
ancient values and they saw 

2707
02:31:33,600 --> 02:31:37,700
similar Decay around the luxury.
Imported from Britain, debt 

2708
02:31:37,700 --> 02:31:40,900
faction and the pursuit of 
private wealth over public 

2709
02:31:40,900 --> 02:31:43,400
service. 
Would America proved different 

2710
02:31:43,400 --> 02:31:46,600
or whether they doomed to 
repeat, Rome's, trajectory from 

2711
02:31:46,600 --> 02:31:49,900
Republic to Empire. 
This question, haunted them, 

2712
02:31:49,900 --> 02:31:53,500
kept them awake at night and 
filled their private letters 

2713
02:31:53,500 --> 02:31:56,800
with anxiety. 
But it also drove them to take 

2714
02:31:56,800 --> 02:32:00,500
the experiment seriously to 
study Roman presidents with 

2715
02:32:00,500 --> 02:32:04,100
obsessive attention to detail. 
They wanted to understand 

2716
02:32:04,100 --> 02:32:09,100
exactly what worked and what 
fail, which institutions, proved

2717
02:32:09,100 --> 02:32:12,900
resilient and which collapsed 
under pressure Take the Roman 

2718
02:32:12,900 --> 02:32:16,500
senate as an example. 
The founders admired its role as

2719
02:32:16,500 --> 02:32:20,300
a stabilizing force, a body of 
experienced men, providing 

2720
02:32:20,300 --> 02:32:24,300
continuity across Generations, 
but they also recognized its 

2721
02:32:24,300 --> 02:32:26,700
flaws. 
How it became increasingly 

2722
02:32:26,700 --> 02:32:30,700
dominated by wealthy families, 
how it eventually lost touch 

2723
02:32:30,700 --> 02:32:34,300
with ordinary citizens and how 
it proved unable to prevent 

2724
02:32:34,300 --> 02:32:36,600
Civil Wars. 
When ambitious, generals decided

2725
02:32:36,600 --> 02:32:41,100
to seize power So, they tried to
design a senate that captured 

2726
02:32:41,100 --> 02:32:43,200
the benefits, while avoiding the
pitfalls. 

2727
02:32:44,000 --> 02:32:47,900
Smaller than Rome's more 
directly connected to States and

2728
02:32:47,900 --> 02:32:50,200
balanced against a more 
democratic house. 

2729
02:32:51,400 --> 02:32:53,800
The Roman practice of limited 
terms. 

2730
02:32:53,800 --> 02:32:58,000
Also impressed them deeply. 
Consul served one year, then 

2731
02:32:58,000 --> 02:33:01,100
stepped aside. 
Dictators appointed during 

2732
02:33:01,100 --> 02:33:04,100
emergencies was supposed to 
relinquish power within six 

2733
02:33:04,100 --> 02:33:07,300
months. 
This constant circulation of 

2734
02:33:07,300 --> 02:33:10,400
leadership, prevented anyone 
from becoming indispensable and 

2735
02:33:10,400 --> 02:33:12,900
reminded officials. 
They were servants rather than 

2736
02:33:12,900 --> 02:33:15,700
Masters wash, in Washington's 
decision to retire. 

2737
02:33:15,700 --> 02:33:18,500
After two terms, consciously 
echoed this Roman tradition, 

2738
02:33:18,500 --> 02:33:22,400
particularly the legend of 
Cincinnati's leaving his plow to

2739
02:33:22,400 --> 02:33:26,100
save Rome, then returning to 
farming when the crisis passed. 

2740
02:33:27,200 --> 02:33:30,400
Yet, they also recognize that 
Rome's term limits eventually 

2741
02:33:30,400 --> 02:33:34,800
fail to prevent tyranny. 
Ambitious men simply accumulated

2742
02:33:34,800 --> 02:33:39,500
in formal power military, 
loyalty, popular support wealth 

2743
02:33:39,500 --> 02:33:42,600
that trumped formal 
constitutional constraints. 

2744
02:33:43,400 --> 02:33:46,400
Julius Caesar never needed to 
abolish the consulship. 

2745
02:33:46,400 --> 02:33:49,600
He just made it. 
Irrelevant by commanding Legions

2746
02:33:49,600 --> 02:33:51,100
personally. 
Loyal to him. 

2747
02:33:52,200 --> 02:33:55,300
The founders tried to prevent 
this by fragmenting military 

2748
02:33:55,300 --> 02:33:59,100
command making the president 
Commander in Chief but requiring

2749
02:33:59,100 --> 02:34:02,900
Congress to fund and regulate 
the military, hoping to avoid 

2750
02:34:02,900 --> 02:34:05,700
the Roman problem of generals 
becoming more powerful than 

2751
02:34:05,700 --> 02:34:08,400
governments. 
As you can consider these 

2752
02:34:08,400 --> 02:34:11,700
borrowings and adaptations, you 
might notice a pattern. 

2753
02:34:12,700 --> 02:34:16,300
Founders were simultaneously ORD
by Rome and terrified of 

2754
02:34:16,308 --> 02:34:17,400
repeating. 
Its mistakes. 

2755
02:34:17,400 --> 02:34:21,000
Every institution, they admired 
came with a cautionary, tale 

2756
02:34:21,000 --> 02:34:24,000
attached. 
The Senate brilliant, but 

2757
02:34:24,000 --> 02:34:28,200
oligarchic the console's 
energetic but potentially 

2758
02:34:28,200 --> 02:34:32,400
tyrannical, the assemblies 
Democratic but prone to 

2759
02:34:32,400 --> 02:34:35,700
demagoguery. 
Their solution was to take Roman

2760
02:34:35,700 --> 02:34:39,300
ideas and modify them hoping to 
preserve the good while 

2761
02:34:39,300 --> 02:34:42,500
preventing the bad. 
This required tremendous 

2762
02:34:42,500 --> 02:34:45,000
confidence and equally 
tremendous humility. 

2763
02:34:45,900 --> 02:34:49,300
Confidence, that they could 
improve on Rome, creating a 

2764
02:34:49,300 --> 02:34:51,300
republic that wouldn't Decay and
collapse. 

2765
02:34:51,900 --> 02:34:55,200
Humility that they needed Rome's
lessons at all that they 

2766
02:34:55,200 --> 02:34:57,700
couldn't simply invent good 
government from scratch. 

2767
02:34:57,700 --> 02:35:01,000
Using pure reason the 
combination produced something 

2768
02:35:01,000 --> 02:35:05,100
genuinely new. 
A republic consciously designed 

2769
02:35:05,100 --> 02:35:09,200
using historical precedent 
learning from failure, and 

2770
02:35:09,200 --> 02:35:11,900
trying to build institutions 
that could survive, human 

2771
02:35:11,900 --> 02:35:15,700
weakness and ambition. 
The word Senate itself comes 

2772
02:35:15,700 --> 02:35:20,100
directly from Latin. 
Senatus derived from Cenex, 

2773
02:35:20,100 --> 02:35:24,000
meaning old man or Elder. 
The Romans believed to wisdom 

2774
02:35:24,000 --> 02:35:28,100
came with age and experience and
that a body of older established

2775
02:35:28,100 --> 02:35:32,000
men, could provide judgment and 
stability that younger more 

2776
02:35:32,000 --> 02:35:33,800
passionate assemblies might 
lack. 

2777
02:35:34,800 --> 02:35:37,300
The American Founders generally 
agreed though. 

2778
02:35:37,300 --> 02:35:40,000
They worry about creating an 
aristocracy by accident. 

2779
02:35:41,400 --> 02:35:45,000
Walking through their thinking 
about the Senate you encounter, 

2780
02:35:45,000 --> 02:35:48,400
fascinating contradictions. 
They wanted it to be 

2781
02:35:48,408 --> 02:35:51,900
prestigious, but not 
aristocratic deliberative but 

2782
02:35:51,900 --> 02:35:56,700
not obstructionist stable, but 
not permanent and why is but not

2783
02:35:56,700 --> 02:35:59,500
detached from popular sentiment 
balancing. 

2784
02:35:59,500 --> 02:36:01,100
These tensions, required 
careful. 

2785
02:36:01,100 --> 02:36:04,900
Institutional design and they 
look to roam for guidance on 

2786
02:36:04,900 --> 02:36:09,800
what worked and what didn't The 
Roman senate began as an 

2787
02:36:09,800 --> 02:36:12,400
advisory to the Kings 
supposedly. 

2788
02:36:12,400 --> 02:36:16,400
Founded by Romulus himself. 
After the kings were expelled, 

2789
02:36:16,400 --> 02:36:20,400
the Senate became the Republic's
most powerful institution, not 

2790
02:36:20,400 --> 02:36:24,100
because it held direct legal 
authority over legislation which

2791
02:36:24,100 --> 02:36:27,300
technically rested with the 
assemblies, but because it 

2792
02:36:27,300 --> 02:36:31,300
commanded such prestigious 
respect that its recommendations

2793
02:36:31,300 --> 02:36:36,300
carried, the force of law. 
Senators, served for Life wore. 

2794
02:36:36,300 --> 02:36:39,600
Distinctive togas with purple 
borders and sat in a special 

2795
02:36:39,600 --> 02:36:44,500
section at public games. the 
phrase senatus popularity, 

2796
02:36:44,500 --> 02:36:49,000
Romanus the Senate and people of
Rome appeared on every military 

2797
02:36:49,000 --> 02:36:51,500
standard. 
Acknowledging the Senators, 

2798
02:36:51,500 --> 02:36:56,000
co-equal with the citizenry. 
this tremendous Prestige appeal 

2799
02:36:56,000 --> 02:37:00,000
to the founders, but also 
worried that They just fought a 

2800
02:37:00,000 --> 02:37:03,700
revolution against aristocracy 
creating a legislative body, 

2801
02:37:03,700 --> 02:37:06,500
that resembled the House of 
Lords seemed like backsliding 

2802
02:37:06,500 --> 02:37:10,100
toward monarchy. yet they also 
recognized that purely 

2803
02:37:10,100 --> 02:37:14,100
Democratic assemblies could be 
impulsive short, sighted and 

2804
02:37:14,100 --> 02:37:17,800
swayed by demagogues, Some 
counterbalancing Force seem 

2805
02:37:17,800 --> 02:37:21,200
necessary and the Roman senate 
offered a model for how to 

2806
02:37:21,200 --> 02:37:24,000
provide it without creating a 
formal aristocracy. 

2807
02:37:25,000 --> 02:37:28,000
Best solution was typically 
clever, make the Senate 

2808
02:37:28,000 --> 02:37:31,100
prestigious through its 
structure and Powers rather than

2809
02:37:31,100 --> 02:37:34,700
through hereditary membership. 
Senators would serve longer 

2810
02:37:34,700 --> 02:37:38,000
terms than Representatives 
giving them independence from 

2811
02:37:38,000 --> 02:37:41,600
momentary popular passions, 
they'd represent entire States, 

2812
02:37:41,600 --> 02:37:44,900
rather than local districts 
encouraging broader 

2813
02:37:44,900 --> 02:37:48,100
perspectives, they'd have 
exclusive Powers, over treaties 

2814
02:37:48,100 --> 02:37:51,200
and appointments, requiring 
judgment and discretion. 

2815
02:37:52,100 --> 02:37:56,100
But they'd also be elected 
removable and accountable to 

2816
02:37:56,100 --> 02:37:59,500
State legislatures, Prestige 
with without permanents. 

2817
02:38:00,300 --> 02:38:02,300
Dignity without hereditary 
privilege. 

2818
02:38:03,300 --> 02:38:06,900
The Roman practice of senatorial
debate, particularly influenced 

2819
02:38:06,900 --> 02:38:10,800
their thinking. 
Roman Senators discussed policy 

2820
02:38:10,800 --> 02:38:14,400
in an organized fashion. 
Senior members, speaking first 

2821
02:38:14,400 --> 02:38:18,100
Juniors, listening, and 
learning, and everyone expected 

2822
02:38:18,100 --> 02:38:20,800
to explain their reasoning in 
details. 

2823
02:38:20,800 --> 02:38:23,400
Weren't held until all who wish 
to speak a dancer. 

2824
02:38:24,200 --> 02:38:28,600
The process took time prevented 
rash decisions and force 

2825
02:38:28,600 --> 02:38:31,300
Senators to articulate 
principles rather than just 

2826
02:38:31,300 --> 02:38:34,500
expressing preferences. 
The founders love this 

2827
02:38:34,500 --> 02:38:38,300
deliberative quality and tried 
to recreate it through seven at 

2828
02:38:38,300 --> 02:38:40,700
rules, requiring extended 
debate. 

2829
02:38:41,800 --> 02:38:44,700
Of course, Roman senate debates 
could also be theatrical 

2830
02:38:44,700 --> 02:38:47,900
performance is Cato. 
The younger once filibustered by

2831
02:38:47,908 --> 02:38:51,500
talking until Nightfall, knowing
that Senate sessions ended at 

2832
02:38:51,500 --> 02:38:55,900
sunset, Cicero's speeches 
against Catalin became legendary

2833
02:38:55,900 --> 02:38:59,900
examples of political oratory. 
The line between deliberation 

2834
02:38:59,900 --> 02:39:03,300
and grandstanding was always 
fuzzy as it remains in modern 

2835
02:39:03,300 --> 02:39:06,000
Senate, but the founders 
considered, even the 

2836
02:39:06,000 --> 02:39:09,500
grandstanding useful better. 
That ambitious, politicians 

2837
02:39:09,500 --> 02:39:13,000
compete through eloquence rather
than violence that they seek 

2838
02:39:13,000 --> 02:39:15,400
Glory through persuasion rather 
than Force. 

2839
02:39:16,500 --> 02:39:19,200
The Roman Senate's role in 
foreign policy seemed 

2840
02:39:19,200 --> 02:39:23,400
particularly worth copying. 
Rome, Senate, managed diplomacy 

2841
02:39:23,400 --> 02:39:28,100
decided, questions of War, and 
Peace and ratified treaties with

2842
02:39:28,100 --> 02:39:31,300
other states. 
In individual magistrates, might

2843
02:39:31,300 --> 02:39:34,900
lead armies or conduct 
negotiations, but the Senate 

2844
02:39:34,900 --> 02:39:37,900
provided oversight An approved 
final agreements. 

2845
02:39:38,700 --> 02:39:41,800
This division of labor prevented
any single leader from 

2846
02:39:41,800 --> 02:39:45,300
committing Rome to foreign 
entanglements, without broader 

2847
02:39:45,300 --> 02:39:48,500
approval. 
The American Founders tried to 

2848
02:39:48,500 --> 02:39:51,900
recreate this rangement. 
The president would negotiate 

2849
02:39:51,900 --> 02:39:55,500
treaties and command military 
forces, but the Senate would 

2850
02:39:55,500 --> 02:39:58,000
prove treaties and Congress 
would declare war. 

2851
02:39:58,800 --> 02:40:02,300
No single person could drag the 
nation into conflict or 

2852
02:40:02,300 --> 02:40:04,100
commitment without legislative 
agreement. 

2853
02:40:04,100 --> 02:40:08,500
It was very Roman. 
Fragmenting power to prevent its

2854
02:40:08,500 --> 02:40:12,100
abuse requiring cooperation 
between institutions before 

2855
02:40:12,100 --> 02:40:16,100
major decisions became final. 
They also borrowed the Roman 

2856
02:40:16,100 --> 02:40:19,900
concept of senatorial advice and
consent for appointments. 

2857
02:40:20,800 --> 02:40:24,600
Roman consoles, nominated 
subordinate magistrates, but the

2858
02:40:24,608 --> 02:40:28,300
senate had to prove them. 
This gave the Senate influence 

2859
02:40:28,300 --> 02:40:31,900
over Administration without 
directly controlling it, and 

2860
02:40:31,900 --> 02:40:35,200
allowed them to check executive 
power without paralyzing 

2861
02:40:35,200 --> 02:40:38,200
government. 
The American Center received 

2862
02:40:38,200 --> 02:40:42,300
similar Powers confirming judges
and bastards and cabinet members

2863
02:40:42,300 --> 02:40:45,600
turning appointments into 
collaborative decisions between 

2864
02:40:45,600 --> 02:40:50,400
branches Yet they were acutely 
aware of Roman senate failures. 

2865
02:40:51,200 --> 02:40:54,200
By the late Republic, Rome 
senate, had become deeply 

2866
02:40:54,200 --> 02:40:57,800
corrupt with seats of 
effectively inherited by a few 

2867
02:40:57,808 --> 02:41:01,300
dozen families who treated 
government as private property. 

2868
02:41:02,400 --> 02:41:04,300
Senators ignored the common 
good. 

2869
02:41:04,900 --> 02:41:07,600
Pursuing family, interests and 
personal enrichment. 

2870
02:41:07,600 --> 02:41:12,100
In Stead, the Senate's, Prestige
remained but its legitimacy 

2871
02:41:12,100 --> 02:41:15,100
eroded setting. 
The stage for strong men who 

2872
02:41:15,100 --> 02:41:18,300
could claim to represent the 
people against a decadent 

2873
02:41:18,300 --> 02:41:23,700
aristocracy This possibility, 
terrified, the founders, they'd 

2874
02:41:23,700 --> 02:41:26,200
created a senate to provide 
stability and wisdom. 

2875
02:41:26,200 --> 02:41:30,100
What if it became an oligarchy, 
what if wealth and family 

2876
02:41:30,100 --> 02:41:32,200
connections mattered, more than 
Merit? 

2877
02:41:32,800 --> 02:41:35,600
What if Senators, forgot, they 
were Servants of the public and 

2878
02:41:35,600 --> 02:41:37,600
became a self-perpetuating 
elite. 

2879
02:41:38,200 --> 02:41:41,000
The Roman example, suggested 
these weren't hypothetical 

2880
02:41:41,000 --> 02:41:45,100
concerns but real dangers that 
had destroyed previous Republics

2881
02:41:46,000 --> 02:41:47,700
their main Safeguard was 
election. 

2882
02:41:48,500 --> 02:41:52,500
Unlike Roman Senators appointed 
for life and American Senators 

2883
02:41:52,500 --> 02:41:53,900
would face regular 
accountability. 

2884
02:41:55,000 --> 02:41:58,300
State legislatures could remove 
them ensuring they remained 

2885
02:41:58,300 --> 02:42:00,500
responsive to broader political 
currents. 

2886
02:42:00,500 --> 02:42:03,700
This wouldn't prevent and family
from mattering. 

2887
02:42:03,700 --> 02:42:06,700
The founders were realistic 
about political advantages. 

2888
02:42:07,600 --> 02:42:10,100
But it would prevent the Senate 
from becoming completely 

2889
02:42:10,100 --> 02:42:14,500
detached from popular control. 
They also designed the Senate to

2890
02:42:14,500 --> 02:42:18,100
be smaller than Rome's more 
manageable and less prone to 

2891
02:42:18,100 --> 02:42:21,600
factional chaos. 
Rome Senate of eventually, 

2892
02:42:21,600 --> 02:42:25,900
swelled to 600 members far too, 
large for genuine deliberation. 

2893
02:42:26,900 --> 02:42:29,700
And American Senators would 
number only two per state. 

2894
02:42:30,500 --> 02:42:34,600
Creating a body small enough for
real discussion and large enough

2895
02:42:34,600 --> 02:42:38,400
for diverse viewpoints. 
Every Senator would matter and 

2896
02:42:38,400 --> 02:42:42,100
every voice could potentially 
influence outcomes preventing 

2897
02:42:42,100 --> 02:42:46,100
the Domination by Inner Circle 
that plagued roams later Senate.

2898
02:42:47,300 --> 02:42:52,000
physical space of the Senate 
mattered to Roman Senators met 

2899
02:42:52,000 --> 02:42:55,300
in various buildings around the 
Forum, but most famously in The 

2900
02:42:55,300 --> 02:42:58,000
Courier. 
A relatively modest structure 

2901
02:42:58,000 --> 02:43:00,100
that emphasized equality among 
members. 

2902
02:43:00,900 --> 02:43:03,200
Know Senator sat higher than 
another. 

2903
02:43:03,200 --> 02:43:06,300
All were arranged in a 
semi-circle facing each other. 

2904
02:43:06,308 --> 02:43:09,300
The founders like this, a 
galatian Arrangement and 

2905
02:43:09,300 --> 02:43:11,700
rejected more higher Arc called 
designs. 

2906
02:43:12,500 --> 02:43:15,800
Senate chamber would facilitate 
discussion among equals not 

2907
02:43:15,800 --> 02:43:18,200
lectures from superiors to 
subordinates. 

2908
02:43:19,100 --> 02:43:21,600
As you picture, these early 
Senators gathering in their new 

2909
02:43:21,600 --> 02:43:25,500
chamber, imagine them conscious 
of playing roles in a drama that

2910
02:43:25,500 --> 02:43:29,400
had unfolded before. 
They dread about famous Roman 

2911
02:43:29,400 --> 02:43:33,000
Senators. 
Cato's integrity's eloquence and

2912
02:43:33,000 --> 02:43:36,400
scipios wisdom. 
They knew how the story of 

2913
02:43:36,400 --> 02:43:40,100
eventually ended with the Senate
becoming irrelevant as Emperors 

2914
02:43:40,100 --> 02:43:44,000
accumulated all real power. 
The challenge was to take the 

2915
02:43:44,000 --> 02:43:48,100
institutions best features while
avoiding its ultimate failure, 

2916
02:43:48,100 --> 02:43:51,700
to create a senate that could 
remain vital and legitimate for 

2917
02:43:51,700 --> 02:43:57,000
centuries rather than decades. 
The Romans had a term virtues 

2918
02:43:57,000 --> 02:43:59,700
that meant far more than our 
modern word Virtue. 

2919
02:43:59,700 --> 02:44:02,600
It encompassed. 
Courage Excellence. 

2920
02:44:02,600 --> 02:44:07,300
Manliness in the best sense, 
Devotion to duty and placing the

2921
02:44:07,300 --> 02:44:10,900
Republic's welfare above 
personal interests, Roman Heroes

2922
02:44:10,900 --> 02:44:14,200
were men who embodied virtues 
and Roman history was full of 

2923
02:44:14,208 --> 02:44:17,800
examples meant to inspire and 
instruct future Generations. 

2924
02:44:19,200 --> 02:44:21,300
Founders absorb these stories 
like gospel. 

2925
02:44:22,100 --> 02:44:24,500
They knew about horatius 
defending the bridge 

2926
02:44:24,500 --> 02:44:26,900
single-handedly against an otras
and army. 

2927
02:44:27,800 --> 02:44:31,300
They'd read how since a native 
left his plow to save Rome, then

2928
02:44:31,300 --> 02:44:33,600
returned to farming rather than 
seizing power. 

2929
02:44:34,600 --> 02:44:38,400
They memorized Cato speeches 
against corruption, Skippy owes 

2930
02:44:38,400 --> 02:44:42,200
magnanimity toward defeated 
enemies, and regular keeping his

2931
02:44:42,200 --> 02:44:44,100
word, even when it meant certain
death. 

2932
02:44:45,100 --> 02:44:46,900
He's not just entertaining 
Tales. 

2933
02:44:46,900 --> 02:44:50,500
They were blueprints for proper 
behavior examples of what 

2934
02:44:50,500 --> 02:44:55,100
citizenship should look like. 
This emphasis on virtue, created

2935
02:44:55,100 --> 02:44:57,800
a fundamental tension in 
American political thought. 

2936
02:44:58,600 --> 02:45:01,000
On one hand, the founders 
designed a government. 

2937
02:45:01,000 --> 02:45:04,700
Assuming people were selfish and
ambitious but institutions 

2938
02:45:04,700 --> 02:45:07,900
needed to channel, Vice toward 
productive ends through checks 

2939
02:45:07,900 --> 02:45:10,400
and balances. 
On the other hand, they believe 

2940
02:45:10,400 --> 02:45:13,800
no Republic could survive. 
Without virtuous citizens that 

2941
02:45:13,800 --> 02:45:15,700
laws alone. 
Couldn't sustain, free 

2942
02:45:15,700 --> 02:45:17,400
government. 
If people became thoroughly 

2943
02:45:17,400 --> 02:45:21,000
corrupt, The solution they hoped
for was education. 

2944
02:45:22,200 --> 02:45:26,100
If you taught citizens about 
Roman examples of virtue, if you

2945
02:45:26,100 --> 02:45:29,300
made the memorized Pluto's 
biographies and Cicero speeches 

2946
02:45:29,300 --> 02:45:32,900
if you surrounded them with 
classical architecture and Latin

2947
02:45:32,900 --> 02:45:36,200
inscriptions, maybe you could 
cultivate the Civic Spirit 

2948
02:45:36,200 --> 02:45:38,000
necessary for Republican 
government. 

2949
02:45:39,200 --> 02:45:42,500
Virtue you might not be natural 
but perhaps it could be learned 

2950
02:45:42,500 --> 02:45:44,700
and through the right 
combination of example and 

2951
02:45:44,700 --> 02:45:48,300
instruction. 
The Romans themselves at worried

2952
02:45:48,300 --> 02:45:52,100
constantly about declining 
virtue their historians blamed 

2953
02:45:52,100 --> 02:45:57,000
every political crisis on moral 
Decay, contrasting, degenerate 

2954
02:45:57,000 --> 02:46:00,900
modern, Romans with virtuous 
ancestors who supposedly lived 

2955
02:46:00,900 --> 02:46:05,200
simply fought bravely and cared 
only for Rome's Glory. 

2956
02:46:05,200 --> 02:46:09,000
This Narrative of decline, from 
a golden age appears again. 

2957
02:46:09,000 --> 02:46:13,100
And again in Roman literature, 
Salas lamenting luxuries 

2958
02:46:13,100 --> 02:46:15,900
corrupting influence, juvenile 
satirizing. 

2959
02:46:15,900 --> 02:46:19,500
Decadence and Cato, delivering 
Stern lectures about the good 

2960
02:46:19,500 --> 02:46:22,900
old days. 
Modern historians, suspect. 

2961
02:46:22,900 --> 02:46:25,100
These Golden Ages were largely 
mythical. 

2962
02:46:25,100 --> 02:46:28,700
That Romans were never quite as 
virtuous as their descendants 

2963
02:46:28,700 --> 02:46:31,500
imagined. 
But the myth itself mattered 

2964
02:46:31,500 --> 02:46:35,200
enormously it provided a 
standard against which to 

2965
02:46:35,200 --> 02:46:38,600
measure, current behavior, a 
constant reminder, that wealth 

2966
02:46:38,600 --> 02:46:41,900
and power could corrupt and that
citizens needed to actively 

2967
02:46:41,900 --> 02:46:45,200
resist, temptation, and maintain
Republican values. 

2968
02:46:46,500 --> 02:46:50,400
Founders inherited, this anxiety
about corruption and made its 

2969
02:46:50,400 --> 02:46:52,000
Central to their political 
thinking. 

2970
02:46:53,000 --> 02:46:56,300
They worried that America's were
already too commercial too 

2971
02:46:56,300 --> 02:47:00,200
focused on private gain, an 
insufficiently devoted to the 

2972
02:47:00,200 --> 02:47:03,300
common. 
Good They fretted about luxury 

2973
02:47:03,300 --> 02:47:07,200
goods, imported from Britain 
debt accumulation and the 

2974
02:47:07,200 --> 02:47:10,900
pursuit of fashion and Status. 
These seemed like symptoms of 

2975
02:47:10,900 --> 02:47:14,500
the same moral Decay that 
destroyed, Rome, warning signs 

2976
02:47:14,500 --> 02:47:16,600
that needed to be heated before 
it was too late. 

2977
02:47:18,200 --> 02:47:21,000
Benjamin Franklin captured. 
This concern in his famous. 

2978
02:47:21,000 --> 02:47:24,500
Observation that the 
Constitution created a republic.

2979
02:47:24,500 --> 02:47:27,700
If you can keep it, The 
implication was clear. 

2980
02:47:27,700 --> 02:47:30,000
Good institutions, weren't 
enough. 

2981
02:47:30,800 --> 02:47:34,600
Sustaining a republic, required 
constant vigilance, active 

2982
02:47:34,600 --> 02:47:38,500
virtue and citizens willing to 
sacrifice personal interest for 

2983
02:47:38,500 --> 02:47:41,900
public welfare. 
Without that Spirit the best 

2984
02:47:41,900 --> 02:47:44,100
designed government would 
eventually fail. 

2985
02:47:45,100 --> 02:47:47,600
What did civic virtue actually 
mean in practice? 

2986
02:47:48,500 --> 02:47:50,700
The Romans provided details 
examples. 

2987
02:47:50,700 --> 02:47:54,400
It meant serving in public 
office when called, even if 

2988
02:47:54,400 --> 02:47:55,900
you'd rather pursue Private 
Business. 

2989
02:47:55,900 --> 02:47:58,700
It meant speaking truth in 
political debates. 

2990
02:47:58,700 --> 02:48:02,400
Even when lies might be more 
profitable, it meant accepting 

2991
02:48:02,400 --> 02:48:05,200
election losses forcefully 
rather than tearing down the 

2992
02:48:05,200 --> 02:48:07,800
system. 
It meant paying taxes, honestly 

2993
02:48:07,800 --> 02:48:11,500
obeying laws you disagreed with 
and volunteering for military 

2994
02:48:11,500 --> 02:48:16,100
service during emergencies above
all it met, recognizing that you

2995
02:48:16,100 --> 02:48:20,100
are part of a larger Community 
with claims on your loyalty that

2996
02:48:20,100 --> 02:48:24,900
superseded individual desires. 
This was a demanding standard 

2997
02:48:24,900 --> 02:48:27,800
frankly, almost impossible to 
maintain consistently. 

2998
02:48:27,800 --> 02:48:32,000
The Romans themselves struggled 
with it, which is partly why 

2999
02:48:32,000 --> 02:48:33,900
their history fascinated. 
The founders. 

3000
02:48:34,900 --> 02:48:38,300
Roman literature is full of 
tension between private desire 

3001
02:48:38,300 --> 02:48:42,200
and public duty between personal
ambition and Republican 

3002
02:48:42,200 --> 02:48:45,200
obligation. 
Even their greatest heroes have 

3003
02:48:45,200 --> 02:48:48,300
flaws skip. 
Yo, Face corruption charges 

3004
02:48:48,300 --> 02:48:52,900
Cicero could be Vain and 
vacillating and Cato's rigidity 

3005
02:48:52,900 --> 02:48:57,600
sometimes made problems worse. 
But they tried and they're 

3006
02:48:57,600 --> 02:49:00,500
trying mattered. 
The founders particularly 

3007
02:49:00,500 --> 02:49:04,000
admired Romans who refused power
when they could have seized it 

3008
02:49:04,000 --> 02:49:06,700
since natas became their 
ultimate Model. 

3009
02:49:06,700 --> 02:49:10,300
A man given dictatorial 
Authority during an emergency, 

3010
02:49:10,300 --> 02:49:14,000
who used it effectively then 
voluntarily surrendered it and 

3011
02:49:14,000 --> 02:49:17,900
returned to private life. 
Washington consciously modeled 

3012
02:49:17,900 --> 02:49:21,700
himself on this example, 
retiring after two terms, when 

3013
02:49:21,700 --> 02:49:23,400
he could easily have served for 
life. 

3014
02:49:24,300 --> 02:49:27,600
The message was that truly 
virtuous leaders didn't cling to

3015
02:49:27,600 --> 02:49:30,800
power that Republican 
government, required people 

3016
02:49:30,800 --> 02:49:35,100
capable of stepping aside? 
Yet, the founders were all so 

3017
02:49:35,100 --> 02:49:38,900
realistic about human nature in 
ways that complicated their 

3018
02:49:38,900 --> 02:49:42,700
virtue rhetoric. 
They knew most people, most of 

3019
02:49:42,700 --> 02:49:44,600
the time would pursue 
self-interest. 

3020
02:49:45,900 --> 02:49:49,000
They designed a government 
officials would be ambitious, 

3021
02:49:49,000 --> 02:49:52,600
citizens would be selfish and 
factions would compete for 

3022
02:49:52,600 --> 02:49:55,900
Advantage. 
The Constitution's Genius, Like 

3023
02:49:55,900 --> 02:49:59,800
partly in harnessing these vices
making ambition, check ambition 

3024
02:49:59,800 --> 02:50:03,600
as Mattson wrote, forcing 
self-interested groups, to 

3025
02:50:03,600 --> 02:50:08,500
negotiate and compromise rather 
than dominate This created an 

3026
02:50:08,500 --> 02:50:11,800
odd system that simultaneously 
assumed the worst about people 

3027
02:50:11,800 --> 02:50:16,300
and demanded the best from them.
The structures assumed Vice but 

3028
02:50:16,300 --> 02:50:18,600
the system survival required 
virtue. 

3029
02:50:19,300 --> 02:50:22,800
If everyone behaved purely, 
selfishly the Constitutional 

3030
02:50:22,800 --> 02:50:25,200
Machinery. 
Might function mechanically but 

3031
02:50:25,200 --> 02:50:27,500
wouldn't sustain, genuine 
Republican government. 

3032
02:50:28,400 --> 02:50:31,500
Some critical mass of citizens 
needed to care about the common,

3033
02:50:31,500 --> 02:50:34,600
good to vote for the nation's 
welfare rather than just their 

3034
02:50:34,600 --> 02:50:38,000
own and to honor laws and Norms.
Even when breaking them might be

3035
02:50:38,000 --> 02:50:40,800
profitable. 
The Romans provided numerous 

3036
02:50:40,800 --> 02:50:43,500
warnings about what happened 
when virtue disappeared entirely

3037
02:50:43,500 --> 02:50:46,600
the late Republic, descended 
into chaos, partly. 

3038
02:50:46,600 --> 02:50:50,100
Because ambitious, men stopped 
respecting constitutional norms.

3039
02:50:50,800 --> 02:50:54,400
Started using bribery and 
violence to gain advantage, and 

3040
02:50:54,400 --> 02:50:57,400
put personal and factional 
interests of Rome's welfare. 

3041
02:50:58,300 --> 02:51:02,600
Men like Marius and solar broke 
presidents, marched armies on 

3042
02:51:02,600 --> 02:51:06,400
Rome and purged opponents. 
They succeeded because enough 

3043
02:51:06,400 --> 02:51:09,700
citizens had stopped caring 
about the Republic had become 

3044
02:51:09,700 --> 02:51:12,800
cynical about politics and were 
willing to support whoever 

3045
02:51:12,800 --> 02:51:16,200
promised them benefits. 
This cycle terrified, the 

3046
02:51:16,200 --> 02:51:18,500
founders because it seemed 
nearly inevitable. 

3047
02:51:19,700 --> 02:51:23,600
Prosperity led to luxury luxury 
to soft living and Corruption 

3048
02:51:23,600 --> 02:51:28,700
corruption to political Decay. 
Political Decay to Civil War and

3049
02:51:28,700 --> 02:51:32,900
eventually tyranny. 
Rome had followed this path. 

3050
02:51:33,600 --> 02:51:37,600
Greece before Rome had traced 
similar trajectories Was America

3051
02:51:37,600 --> 02:51:41,200
doomed to repeat the pattern or 
could knowledge of History, help

3052
02:51:41,200 --> 02:51:44,500
them avoid it. 
Their hopefully partly in 

3053
02:51:44,500 --> 02:51:48,000
America's circumstances, Rome 
grew Rich through Conquest, 

3054
02:51:48,000 --> 02:51:51,800
accumulating vast wealth, that 
corrupted citizens and created 

3055
02:51:51,800 --> 02:51:56,900
enormous inequality. 
America had land instead enough 

3056
02:51:56,900 --> 02:52:00,200
that most white men could own 
property and Achieve economic 

3057
02:52:00,200 --> 02:52:03,000
independence. 
Maybe widespread property 

3058
02:52:03,000 --> 02:52:06,600
ownership would sustain virtue 
by giving citizens a stake in 

3059
02:52:06,600 --> 02:52:09,100
societies. 
Welfare preventing the 

3060
02:52:09,100 --> 02:52:11,500
concentration of wealth that 
destroyed Rome. 

3061
02:52:12,300 --> 02:52:16,500
This Vision was optimistic, 
perhaps two optimistic, and it 

3062
02:52:16,500 --> 02:52:20,100
ignored obvious problems. 
What about people, without 

3063
02:52:20,100 --> 02:52:21,900
property? 
What about slaves? 

3064
02:52:21,900 --> 02:52:25,000
And what about women? 
But it gave the founders hope 

3065
02:52:25,000 --> 02:52:29,200
that America might escape room 
to fate that Republican virtue, 

3066
02:52:29,200 --> 02:52:31,300
might prove sustainable under 
the right conditions. 

3067
02:52:32,600 --> 02:52:35,100
Clung to this hope while 
simultaneously designing 

3068
02:52:35,100 --> 02:52:37,300
institutions, that assumed it 
might fail. 

3069
02:52:38,200 --> 02:52:42,200
If the Roman Republic's rise 
inspired, the founders its full 

3070
02:52:42,200 --> 02:52:45,700
haunted them, they studied the 
collapse with the intensity of 

3071
02:52:45,708 --> 02:52:47,800
detectives examining a crime 
scene. 

3072
02:52:47,800 --> 02:52:52,000
Looking for the exact moment, 
things went wrong, the precise 

3073
02:52:52,000 --> 02:52:55,000
mistakes that could have been 
avoided and the warnings. 

3074
02:52:55,000 --> 02:52:56,700
They needed to heed in their 
Republic. 

3075
02:52:57,800 --> 02:52:59,800
The story. 
They constructed went something 

3076
02:52:59,800 --> 02:53:03,200
like this. 
Rome began as a small but 

3077
02:53:03,200 --> 02:53:07,200
virtuous city-state. 
Expelled its Kings and 

3078
02:53:07,200 --> 02:53:10,900
established a republic based on 
Law and civic virtue. 

3079
02:53:11,700 --> 02:53:16,100
Through discipline and courage, 
Rome expanded across Italy, then

3080
02:53:16,100 --> 02:53:19,200
the Mediterranean becoming the 
ancient world's dominant power. 

3081
02:53:20,000 --> 02:53:24,400
But success, bread problems, 
Conquest brought wealth, brought

3082
02:53:24,400 --> 02:53:28,800
luxury luxury, corrupted virtue 
corruption, undermined 

3083
02:53:28,800 --> 02:53:32,400
Republican institutions and 
eventually ambitious, strong men

3084
02:53:32,400 --> 02:53:35,800
seized power transforming the 
Republic into an Empire. 

3085
02:53:37,100 --> 02:53:39,500
Modern historians would 
complicate this narrative 

3086
02:53:39,500 --> 02:53:43,400
considerably pointing out that 
Rome's Republic was never quite 

3087
02:53:43,400 --> 02:53:47,200
as virtuous as later Romans 
imagined That the seeds of 

3088
02:53:47,200 --> 02:53:49,400
Imperial power existed from the 
beginning. 

3089
02:53:49,400 --> 02:53:53,800
And that the Republic's collapse
involved, complex, economic and 

3090
02:53:53,800 --> 02:53:57,900
social forces, Beyond Simple, 
moral decay. but the founders 

3091
02:53:57,900 --> 02:54:03,000
worked with Roman sources, 
sallust Livi, Pluto can tacitus 

3092
02:54:03,000 --> 02:54:07,300
who told him morality tale about
virtue, lost and tyranny gained 

3093
02:54:08,200 --> 02:54:10,600
One lesson they drew was about 
military power. 

3094
02:54:11,400 --> 02:54:14,500
Rome's armies, initially 
consisted of citizens, soldiers 

3095
02:54:14,500 --> 02:54:17,500
farmers who fought for the 
Republic during campaigning 

3096
02:54:17,500 --> 02:54:19,800
season then returned to their 
fields. 

3097
02:54:19,800 --> 02:54:24,000
These men supposedly had real 
stakes in Rome's welfare for 

3098
02:54:24,000 --> 02:54:27,700
home and family rather than 
plunder and returned peacefully 

3099
02:54:27,700 --> 02:54:31,200
to civilian life after Wars. 
Ended The system worked 

3100
02:54:31,200 --> 02:54:35,000
brilliantly for local, Italian 
conflicts, but proved inadequate

3101
02:54:35,000 --> 02:54:39,100
for distant conquests, requiring
years, long campaigns the 

3102
02:54:39,100 --> 02:54:42,200
solution was professional. 
Armies soldiers, who made 

3103
02:54:42,200 --> 02:54:45,900
military service, their career 
spending years away from Italy 

3104
02:54:45,900 --> 02:54:49,900
and places, like Gaul or Syria 
becoming more loyal to generals,

3105
02:54:49,900 --> 02:54:52,100
who paid them to the Senate back
in Rome. 

3106
02:54:52,900 --> 02:54:54,700
This military 
professionalization of 

3107
02:54:54,700 --> 02:54:57,100
eventually destroyed the 
Republic because generals 

3108
02:54:57,100 --> 02:55:00,800
commanded personal armies 
capable of marching on Rome 

3109
02:55:00,800 --> 02:55:03,500
itself. 
Marius did it solar? 

3110
02:55:03,500 --> 02:55:06,600
Did it and eventually sees 
across the Rubicon with his 

3111
02:55:06,600 --> 02:55:10,600
Legions and the Republic of 
effectively ended The founders 

3112
02:55:10,600 --> 02:55:12,000
tried hard to prevent this 
scenario. 

3113
02:55:12,000 --> 02:55:16,500
They distrusted standing armies 
referring citizen militias 

3114
02:55:16,500 --> 02:55:18,500
serving temporarily during 
emergencies. 

3115
02:55:18,500 --> 02:55:21,400
They made the president 
Commander in Chief to prevent 

3116
02:55:21,400 --> 02:55:24,100
generals from Gaining 
independent political power. 

3117
02:55:24,100 --> 02:55:28,000
They required Congress to 
approve military, funding giving

3118
02:55:28,000 --> 02:55:31,000
civilian authorities, control 
over Armed Forces. 

3119
02:55:32,000 --> 02:55:35,000
They tried to recreate Rome's, 
early military system while 

3120
02:55:35,000 --> 02:55:39,200
avoiding its later corruption. 
Another warning came from Rome's

3121
02:55:39,200 --> 02:55:42,500
treatment of allies and 
provinces as Roman expanded. 

3122
02:55:42,500 --> 02:55:45,700
It accumulated territories 
governed by pro-consul and 

3123
02:55:45,700 --> 02:55:49,800
Promises who served far from 
Rome with minimal oversight. 

3124
02:55:50,700 --> 02:55:53,100
These Governors often behave 
like tyrants in their 

3125
02:55:53,100 --> 02:55:56,100
province's. 
Extracting well through taxation

3126
02:55:56,100 --> 02:55:59,000
and Corruption and governing 
through Force rather than 

3127
02:55:59,000 --> 02:56:02,100
consent. 
The province is in Rich Rome but

3128
02:56:02,100 --> 02:56:05,700
also corrupted its Politics as 
well for flowed, back to thunder

3129
02:56:05,700 --> 02:56:07,800
electoral campaigns and bride 
voters. 

3130
02:56:09,100 --> 02:56:11,700
The founders saw Britain. 
Treating American colonies 

3131
02:56:11,700 --> 02:56:15,800
exactly this way as territories 
to be exploited for the mother 

3132
02:56:15,800 --> 02:56:19,200
countries benefit governed by 
officials appointed from London 

3133
02:56:19,200 --> 02:56:21,000
and taxed without 
representation. 

3134
02:56:22,400 --> 02:56:26,300
They'd experienced provincial 
status and hated it, which made 

3135
02:56:26,300 --> 02:56:29,500
them suspicious of Empire and 
territorial expansion. 

3136
02:56:30,300 --> 02:56:33,600
The Republican ideals suggested 
that free government required 

3137
02:56:33,600 --> 02:56:36,600
relatively compact territories, 
where citizens could 

3138
02:56:36,600 --> 02:56:40,600
participate, meaningfully in 
politics, not vast Empires 

3139
02:56:40,600 --> 02:56:44,800
governed from distant capitals, 
Yet they also recognized 

3140
02:56:44,800 --> 02:56:46,800
practical problems with this 
ideal. 

3141
02:56:48,100 --> 02:56:50,300
America was already too large 
for classical. 

3142
02:56:50,300 --> 02:56:54,200
Republican models and it would 
only grow larger How could you 

3143
02:56:54,208 --> 02:56:57,700
maintain a Republican government
across Continental distances? 

3144
02:56:58,700 --> 02:57:03,100
The Romans had tried and failed.
There were public worked for a 

3145
02:57:03,100 --> 02:57:05,500
city-state, but collapsed under 
Imperial expansion. 

3146
02:57:05,500 --> 02:57:10,400
Could America avoid the same 
fate was Geographic size, simply

3147
02:57:10,400 --> 02:57:12,200
incompatible with Republican 
government. 

3148
02:57:13,600 --> 02:57:16,500
The rise of demagogues in late 
Republican, Rome provided 

3149
02:57:16,500 --> 02:57:20,100
another cautionary Tale. 
As Rome's political system 

3150
02:57:20,100 --> 02:57:23,100
became more competitive and 
corrupt, and ambitious, 

3151
02:57:23,100 --> 02:57:25,200
politicians. 
Learned, they could gain power 

3152
02:57:25,200 --> 02:57:28,700
by appealing directly to common 
sense of the heads of the Senate

3153
02:57:28,700 --> 02:57:33,100
and established authorities. 
The grassy Brothers pioneered, 

3154
02:57:33,100 --> 02:57:37,200
this approach proposing Land 
Reform and grain subsidies that 

3155
02:57:37,200 --> 02:57:39,000
made them popular with ordinary 
Romans. 

3156
02:57:39,000 --> 02:57:43,900
But threatened, wealthy 
landowners, Their careers ended 

3157
02:57:43,900 --> 02:57:46,500
in violence. 
Both were killed by political 

3158
02:57:46,500 --> 02:57:50,200
opponents but they established a
template for future politicians 

3159
02:57:50,200 --> 02:57:55,600
later figures like Claudius and 
eventually Caesar himself used 

3160
02:57:55,600 --> 02:57:59,200
similar tactics positioning 
themselves as champions of the 

3161
02:57:59,200 --> 02:58:02,600
people against a corrupt 
aristocracy They weren't 

3162
02:58:02,600 --> 02:58:05,900
entirely wrong. 
The senate had become oligarchic

3163
02:58:05,900 --> 02:58:09,500
and self-serving, but their 
Solutions led to mob violence 

3164
02:58:09,500 --> 02:58:14,600
constitutional breakdown and 
eventually dictatorship. the 

3165
02:58:14,600 --> 02:58:17,200
pattern suggested that 
demagogues thrived when 

3166
02:58:17,200 --> 02:58:20,100
political systems became 
unresponsive to legitimate 

3167
02:58:20,100 --> 02:58:23,600
grievances that populism 
flourished in failed, Republics 

3168
02:58:24,700 --> 02:58:27,300
The founders tried to prevent 
demagoguery through several 

3169
02:58:27,300 --> 02:58:29,800
mechanisms. 
The Electoral College would 

3170
02:58:29,800 --> 02:58:33,200
filter, popular passions through
educated into media areas. 

3171
02:58:34,100 --> 02:58:37,400
Senators, chosen by state 
legislatures, rather than direct

3172
02:58:37,400 --> 02:58:41,400
election would be insulated from
momentary popular pressures. 

3173
02:58:42,500 --> 02:58:46,300
Long-terms for presidents and 
Senators would give officials 

3174
02:58:46,300 --> 02:58:48,800
independence from day to day, 
political winds. 

3175
02:58:49,800 --> 02:58:53,400
The goal was to create space for
deliberation preventing pure 

3176
02:58:53,400 --> 02:58:55,600
democracy from descending into 
mob rule. 

3177
02:58:56,500 --> 02:58:59,500
Yeah, they also recognize that 
filtering popular will to 

3178
02:58:59,500 --> 02:59:02,600
effectively could recreate the 
Roman Senate's Detachment from 

3179
02:59:02,600 --> 02:59:06,100
ordinary citizens. 
Potentially generating, the same

3180
02:59:06,100 --> 02:59:08,700
resentment that empowered 
demagogues in the first place. 

3181
02:59:08,700 --> 02:59:12,600
The balance was delicate 
responsive enough to prevent 

3182
02:59:12,600 --> 02:59:15,900
alienation filtered enough to 
prevent demagoguery. 

3183
02:59:16,500 --> 02:59:18,200
They weren't sure they gotten 
it, right? 

3184
02:59:19,000 --> 02:59:22,600
The role of wealth in corrupting
politics particularly worried 

3185
02:59:22,600 --> 02:59:25,500
them late. 
Republican Rome saw enormous 

3186
02:59:25,500 --> 02:59:28,300
fortunes accumulated through 
conquest and provincial 

3187
02:59:28,300 --> 02:59:31,800
exploitation. 
Wealthy men, like Crassus could 

3188
02:59:31,800 --> 02:59:35,600
literally buy elections funding 
candidates, who would serve 

3189
02:59:35,600 --> 02:59:38,600
their interests? 
Cicero's letters reveal. 

3190
02:59:38,600 --> 02:59:42,600
How expensive Roman politics had
become, how much it cost to 

3191
02:59:42,600 --> 02:59:47,200
bribe voters higher gangs to 
intimidate opponents and Stage 

3192
02:59:47,200 --> 02:59:52,300
lavish games to win popularity. 
Politics became a Pursuit for 

3193
02:59:52,300 --> 02:59:55,700
the very rich, all these willing
to go deeply into debt. 

3194
02:59:56,400 --> 02:59:59,600
This obviously undermined 
Republican ideals. 

3195
02:59:59,600 --> 03:00:03,500
If only the wealthy could 
compete for office if elections 

3196
03:00:03,500 --> 03:00:07,200
were essentially auctions rather
than genuine choices, then 

3197
03:00:07,200 --> 03:00:09,200
popular sovereignty would become
a fiction. 

3198
03:00:10,000 --> 03:00:12,700
The founders tried to prevent 
this, through various means, 

3199
03:00:12,700 --> 03:00:15,800
relatively modest salaries for 
office holders. 

3200
03:00:15,800 --> 03:00:19,300
Short-terms, limiting the 
benefits of corruption, and 

3201
03:00:19,300 --> 03:00:22,700
geographic distribution of 
power, making it harder to buy 

3202
03:00:22,700 --> 03:00:27,200
elections everywhere 
simultaneously. but they knew 

3203
03:00:27,200 --> 03:00:30,900
wealth would always influence 
politics and worried, whether 

3204
03:00:30,900 --> 03:00:35,100
the safeguards would prove 
sufficient Personality cult 

3205
03:00:35,100 --> 03:00:38,800
around Julius Caesar provided, 
perhaps the most sobering 

3206
03:00:38,800 --> 03:00:41,000
warning. 
Caesar was brilliant. 

3207
03:00:41,000 --> 03:00:46,400
A Gifted General talented writer
and charismatic politician. 

3208
03:00:47,700 --> 03:00:51,000
But he also destroyed the 
Republic by refusing to accept 

3209
03:00:51,000 --> 03:00:53,100
constitutional limits on his 
ambition. 

3210
03:00:54,300 --> 03:00:57,900
When the Senate ordered him to 
disband his armies and returned 

3211
03:00:57,900 --> 03:01:01,500
to Rome as a private citizen, he
crossed the Rubicon with his 

3212
03:01:01,500 --> 03:01:04,200
Legions instead starting a civil
war. 

3213
03:01:05,100 --> 03:01:08,500
His justification was that his 
enemies were corrupt and that he

3214
03:01:08,500 --> 03:01:11,200
was defending the people against
aristocratic oppression. 

3215
03:01:11,200 --> 03:01:16,000
Maybe he even believed it. 
But the result was dictatorship.

3216
03:01:16,000 --> 03:01:21,000
However, benevolent sees aim to 
be the Republic of effectively 

3217
03:01:21,000 --> 03:01:24,400
died when Caesar's armies 
entered Rome even though the 

3218
03:01:24,400 --> 03:01:28,500
forms of Republican government 
continued for decades The lesson

3219
03:01:28,500 --> 03:01:32,000
was clear, even talented, 
popular leaders could destroy 

3220
03:01:32,000 --> 03:01:35,000
free government, if they 
prioritized personal power over 

3221
03:01:35,000 --> 03:01:39,500
constitutional order. 
No amount of Charisma or claimed

3222
03:01:39,500 --> 03:01:42,000
good intentions. 
Justified breaking the rules. 

3223
03:01:42,700 --> 03:01:45,600
Washington understood this 
perfectly, which is why his 

3224
03:01:45,600 --> 03:01:49,300
voluntary retirement matters, so
much He could have become 

3225
03:01:49,300 --> 03:01:52,200
America's Caesar staying in 
power until death. 

3226
03:01:52,800 --> 03:01:56,800
Instead he consciously chose the
Cincinnati's model stepping 

3227
03:01:56,800 --> 03:01:59,900
aside to prove that Republican 
government didn't depend on any 

3228
03:01:59,900 --> 03:02:02,700
individual. 
That institutions mattered more 

3229
03:02:02,700 --> 03:02:05,500
than personalities. 
It was a deliberately anti 

3230
03:02:05,500 --> 03:02:09,400
caesarian gesture meant to 
establish precedent for peaceful

3231
03:02:09,400 --> 03:02:14,100
transitions of power. 
The founders also noticed how 

3232
03:02:14,100 --> 03:02:16,800
quickly roam transitioned from 
Republic to Empire. 

3233
03:02:16,800 --> 03:02:21,100
Once the Press were broken. 
Season assassination, didn't 

3234
03:02:21,100 --> 03:02:24,300
restore the Republic. 
It led to more Civil Wars, 

3235
03:02:24,300 --> 03:02:28,200
eventually won by his adopted 
son, Augustus, who established 

3236
03:02:28,200 --> 03:02:31,600
himself as Emperor while 
maintaining Republican forms. 

3237
03:02:33,000 --> 03:02:35,500
Or gustus was careful to 
preserve the appearance of 

3238
03:02:35,500 --> 03:02:37,800
Republican. 
Government claiming to be merely

3239
03:02:37,800 --> 03:02:40,000
the first citizen rather than a 
monarch. 

3240
03:02:41,000 --> 03:02:44,800
But everyone knew the reality 
real power lay with the emperor,

3241
03:02:44,800 --> 03:02:49,000
the Senate became decorative and
elections became meaningless. 

3242
03:02:49,700 --> 03:02:53,100
This suggested to the founders 
that constitutional breakdowns 

3243
03:02:53,100 --> 03:02:56,600
might be irreversible. 
Once Norms were violated 

3244
03:02:56,600 --> 03:03:00,700
precedence broken and power sees
through Force rather than law 

3245
03:03:00,700 --> 03:03:04,100
restoring genuine Republican 
government might prove 

3246
03:03:04,100 --> 03:03:06,800
impossible. 
The surviving institutions would

3247
03:03:06,808 --> 03:03:10,500
be Hollow shells maintained for 
appearance while real Authority.

3248
03:03:10,500 --> 03:03:14,000
Resided elsewhere, It's better 
to prevent the initial 

3249
03:03:14,000 --> 03:03:16,100
breakdown, the try to recover 
afterward. 

3250
03:03:16,900 --> 03:03:19,000
You might think symbols are just
decoration. 

3251
03:03:19,000 --> 03:03:22,400
Pleasant aesthetic choices 
without deeper significance. 

3252
03:03:23,200 --> 03:03:26,200
The founders thought otherwise 
and roam taught them that visual

3253
03:03:26,200 --> 03:03:29,600
language could reinforce 
political principles and that 

3254
03:03:29,600 --> 03:03:33,200
architecture and imagery could 
shape how citizens understood 

3255
03:03:33,200 --> 03:03:37,400
their government in themselves. 
Walk through Washington DC and 

3256
03:03:37,400 --> 03:03:41,000
you're essentially touring a 
Roman theme park Capital 

3257
03:03:41,000 --> 03:03:44,300
building sits on a hill. 
Echoing the placement of Roman 

3258
03:03:44,300 --> 03:03:48,400
temples on the capitoline its 
Dome recalls, the pantheon 

3259
03:03:48,400 --> 03:03:53,500
columns, everywhere Doric Ionic 
and Corinthian reproduce Roman 

3260
03:03:53,500 --> 03:03:57,200
proportions, the Supreme Court 
looks like a temple to Justice. 

3261
03:03:57,200 --> 03:04:00,500
The Lincoln Memorial positions, 
America's great emancipator. 

3262
03:04:00,500 --> 03:04:04,600
As a seated figure resembling 
Jupiter surrounded by the 

3263
03:04:04,600 --> 03:04:07,600
language of his speeches carved 
into marble like Roman 

3264
03:04:07,600 --> 03:04:11,400
inscription. 
None of this was accidental. 

3265
03:04:12,500 --> 03:04:14,900
The founders and their 
successors deliberately chose 

3266
03:04:14,900 --> 03:04:17,400
classical architecture to make 
political statements. 

3267
03:04:18,400 --> 03:04:21,600
They wanted buildings that 
conveyed, Republican virtue, 

3268
03:04:21,600 --> 03:04:25,200
Civic dignity and Democratic 
participation in governance. 

3269
03:04:26,200 --> 03:04:30,200
Roman architecture seemed 
perfect for this purpose Grand 

3270
03:04:30,200 --> 03:04:33,100
without being monarchical 
impressive, without being 

3271
03:04:33,100 --> 03:04:36,900
oppressive, and suggesting 
permanence and stability without

3272
03:04:36,900 --> 03:04:40,600
hereditary privilege. 
Thomas Jefferson LED. 

3273
03:04:40,600 --> 03:04:44,200
This architectural Revolution 
designing Monticello and the 

3274
03:04:44,200 --> 03:04:47,300
University of Virginia using 
strict classical proportions, 

3275
03:04:47,300 --> 03:04:51,200
promoting Roman Revival style 
for public building's. 

3276
03:04:51,200 --> 03:04:54,600
An arguing that architecture 
should educate citizens about 

3277
03:04:54,600 --> 03:04:57,500
Republican values. 
He believed that living and 

3278
03:04:57,500 --> 03:05:00,800
working in classically inspired.
Buildings, would remind 

3279
03:05:00,800 --> 03:05:05,000
Americans of their connection to
ancient Republican ideals and 

3280
03:05:05,000 --> 03:05:07,200
that beauty could serve 
political purposes. 

3281
03:05:08,300 --> 03:05:11,400
The Roman practice of putting 
Civic buildings around public 

3282
03:05:11,400 --> 03:05:14,100
spaces all so influenced, 
American herb and planning. 

3283
03:05:15,000 --> 03:05:19,000
The Forum had been Rome's 
political and Commercial heart a

3284
03:05:19,000 --> 03:05:21,400
space, where citizens gathered 
to conduct business. 

3285
03:05:21,400 --> 03:05:26,700
Here speeches witness, trials, 
and participate in public life. 

3286
03:05:27,800 --> 03:05:32,100
Jefferson imagined, similar 
spaces in American cities greens

3287
03:05:32,100 --> 03:05:34,100
or squares. 
Surrounded by government 

3288
03:05:34,100 --> 03:05:38,500
buildings markets and churches, 
creating architectural 

3289
03:05:38,500 --> 03:05:40,000
encouragement for civic 
engagement. 

3290
03:05:41,200 --> 03:05:43,800
State capitals. 
Copy this model placing 

3291
03:05:43,800 --> 03:05:47,600
legislative Chambers executive 
officers and courts around 

3292
03:05:47,600 --> 03:05:51,400
central squares or Lawns making 
government, literally visible 

3293
03:05:51,400 --> 03:05:55,700
and accessible to citizens. the 
symbolism was deliberate 

3294
03:05:55,700 --> 03:06:00,100
government existed, among the 
people not above them, and the 

3295
03:06:00,100 --> 03:06:03,900
architecture should reflect that
principle, even town halls in 

3296
03:06:03,900 --> 03:06:06,800
small communities, often, 
featured columns and classical 

3297
03:06:06,800 --> 03:06:10,100
details, connecting, local 
governments, to broader, 

3298
03:06:10,100 --> 03:06:13,800
Republican traditions, The 
imagery on American current 

3299
03:06:13,800 --> 03:06:16,100
currency in seals Drew heavily 
from Roman sources. 

3300
03:06:17,000 --> 03:06:20,500
The Great Seal features, an 
eagle Rome, sacred bird 

3301
03:06:20,500 --> 03:06:23,600
clutching arrows and an olive 
branch like Roman military 

3302
03:06:23,600 --> 03:06:26,300
standards. 
He Pluribus Unum. 

3303
03:06:26,300 --> 03:06:29,800
Out of many one comes from 
Aladdin phrase. 

3304
03:06:29,800 --> 03:06:33,600
Early coins, featured classical 
profiles and Roman lettering 

3305
03:06:33,600 --> 03:06:36,900
deliberately evoking ancient 
precedence for the new 

3306
03:06:36,900 --> 03:06:40,700
Republic's legitimacy. 
This borrowing extended to 

3307
03:06:40,700 --> 03:06:45,300
naming practices, the Senate, 
obviously, the Capitol building.

3308
03:06:46,400 --> 03:06:49,700
Fact that government buildings 
house Chambers where 

3309
03:06:49,700 --> 03:06:53,200
Representatives meet all Roman 
terminology. 

3310
03:06:54,100 --> 03:06:57,800
Even the title president derives
from the Latin crazy dare 

3311
03:06:57,800 --> 03:07:02,300
meaning to sit before or preside
over suggesting leadership 

3312
03:07:02,300 --> 03:07:05,900
without monarchical pretension 
they could have chosen Governor 

3313
03:07:05,900 --> 03:07:09,500
or director or invented 
something entirely new but 

3314
03:07:09,500 --> 03:07:12,400
president carried the right 
classical connotations. 

3315
03:07:13,400 --> 03:07:16,900
Roman military symbolism 
appeared everywhere, the eagle 

3316
03:07:16,900 --> 03:07:20,300
became America's national bird 
just as it had been Rome's. 

3317
03:07:21,100 --> 03:07:25,300
The phrase semper fidelis always
faithful became the Marine Corps

3318
03:07:25,300 --> 03:07:28,400
motto directly lifted from Roman
legionary standards. 

3319
03:07:29,200 --> 03:07:33,000
Military decorations featured, 
Roman imagery, wreaths, Eagles 

3320
03:07:33,000 --> 03:07:36,300
and classical figures 
representing Victory or Liberty.

3321
03:07:37,300 --> 03:07:40,300
The message was that American 
military forces fought for 

3322
03:07:40,300 --> 03:07:43,800
Republican, ideals. 
Not for conquest or imperial 

3323
03:07:43,800 --> 03:07:47,000
expansion? 
But the founders weren't just 

3324
03:07:47,000 --> 03:07:51,200
copying Roman Aesthetics 
mindlessly. they were adapting 

3325
03:07:51,200 --> 03:07:54,700
and modifying taking elements 
that supported Republican values

3326
03:07:54,700 --> 03:07:58,000
while rejecting those that 
suggested Empire or tyranny, 

3327
03:07:59,100 --> 03:08:02,100
They admired Roman temples, but 
built churches, instead 

3328
03:08:02,100 --> 03:08:04,700
separating religious and Civic 
architecture. 

3329
03:08:04,700 --> 03:08:08,600
They appreciated Roman triumphal
arches, but generally avoided 

3330
03:08:08,600 --> 03:08:11,800
building them not wanting to 
glorify military conquest. 

3331
03:08:12,600 --> 03:08:15,800
They liked Roman portraiture, 
but rejected the cult of 

3332
03:08:15,800 --> 03:08:19,300
personality that developed 
around emperors. the Roman 

3333
03:08:19,300 --> 03:08:23,300
practice of erecting statues of 
great citizens in public spaces,

3334
03:08:23,300 --> 03:08:28,400
did appeal to them though, with 
modifications, Roamed its forums

3335
03:08:28,400 --> 03:08:31,400
with bronze and marble figures 
of distinguished, Senators. 

3336
03:08:31,400 --> 03:08:35,400
Generals and magistrates 
creating a gallery of worthy 

3337
03:08:35,400 --> 03:08:38,700
examples. 
The founders saw educational 

3338
03:08:38,700 --> 03:08:42,300
value in this. 
Surrounding citizens with visual

3339
03:08:42,300 --> 03:08:46,600
reminders of virtuous Behavior. 
Making Heroes literally prison 

3340
03:08:46,600 --> 03:08:49,800
in public space. 
So they started commissioning 

3341
03:08:49,800 --> 03:08:53,000
statues and monuments to 
revolutionary Heroes and early 

3342
03:08:53,000 --> 03:08:56,100
presidents. 
But they tried to avoid the 

3343
03:08:56,100 --> 03:08:59,000
excessive veneration that 
characterized Roman Imperial 

3344
03:08:59,000 --> 03:09:01,900
cults. 
Washington, got his monuments, 

3345
03:09:01,900 --> 03:09:04,600
but they emphasized his 
voluntary retirement. 

3346
03:09:04,600 --> 03:09:08,300
Rather than his military 
victories, his Republican virtue

3347
03:09:08,300 --> 03:09:11,800
rather than personal Glory. 
The sculptures presented him as 

3348
03:09:11,800 --> 03:09:14,900
a citizen leader. 
Not a god emperor. interior 

3349
03:09:14,900 --> 03:09:17,700
decoration of government 
buildings, reinforced classical 

3350
03:09:17,700 --> 03:09:21,700
themes, murals depicted scenes 
from Roman history, alongside 

3351
03:09:21,700 --> 03:09:26,300
American Events drawing 
explicit, parallels cornucopias 

3352
03:09:26,300 --> 03:09:30,700
symbolizing abundance, faces 
representing Authority and 

3353
03:09:30,700 --> 03:09:35,400
liberty caps modeled on these 
given to Freed Roman slaves, all

3354
03:09:35,400 --> 03:09:37,900
appeared in government, 
buildings decorative schemes, 

3355
03:09:37,900 --> 03:09:41,700
creating visual vocabularies 
connecting American and Roman 

3356
03:09:41,700 --> 03:09:45,500
republicanism Even the practice 
of delivering speeches from 

3357
03:09:45,500 --> 03:09:49,600
elevated platforms, echoed, 
Roman oratory Traditions, the 

3358
03:09:49,600 --> 03:09:53,100
Rostrum in the Forum decorated 
with ships Prouds from Naval. 

3359
03:09:53,100 --> 03:09:56,700
Victories gave its name to 
Modern roster's and podiums 

3360
03:09:56,700 --> 03:10:00,300
speakers addressing Congress or 
state legislatures stood at 

3361
03:10:00,300 --> 03:10:04,100
elevated positions. 
Just as Roman orators want to 

3362
03:10:04,100 --> 03:10:07,600
address citizens from the forums
rostra, the arrangement 

3363
03:10:07,600 --> 03:10:10,900
suggesting that eloquence and 
persuasion should determine 

3364
03:10:10,900 --> 03:10:15,900
political outcomes rather than 
violence or manipulation The 

3365
03:10:15,900 --> 03:10:19,400
founders also appreciated Roman 
attention to Civic ritual and 

3366
03:10:19,400 --> 03:10:22,200
ceremony. 
Rome had elaborate procedures 

3367
03:10:22,200 --> 03:10:26,100
for inaugurating magistrates 
opening, legislative sessions 

3368
03:10:26,100 --> 03:10:29,900
and conducting public business. 
These rituals served practical 

3369
03:10:29,900 --> 03:10:34,200
purposes, establishing order 
solemnizing, important occasions

3370
03:10:34,200 --> 03:10:38,200
and reminding participants of 
their responsibilities. the 

3371
03:10:38,200 --> 03:10:42,000
American government adopted 
similar practices, creating an 

3372
03:10:42,000 --> 03:10:45,500
inauguration, ceremonies formal 
procedures, for legislative 

3373
03:10:45,500 --> 03:10:49,300
sessions and ritualized ways of 
conducting public business, 

3374
03:10:50,400 --> 03:10:54,300
These were empty formalities 
they were pedagogical tools 

3375
03:10:54,300 --> 03:10:57,900
teaching citizens and officials 
how to behave in a republic. 

3376
03:10:57,900 --> 03:11:01,700
What values mattered and what 
traditions deserved respect. 

3377
03:11:01,700 --> 03:11:05,400
When a president placed, his 
hand on a Bible and sort of 

3378
03:11:05,400 --> 03:11:08,900
preserve protect and defend. 
The Constitution, the ritual 

3379
03:11:08,900 --> 03:11:12,600
connected him to predecessors, 
and successors embedding him in 

3380
03:11:12,600 --> 03:11:15,100
an ongoing traditional larger 
than any individual. 

3381
03:11:17,500 --> 03:11:20,200
The language of American 
political discourse borrowed, 

3382
03:11:20,200 --> 03:11:22,500
Roman rhetorical techniques and 
imagery. 

3383
03:11:23,400 --> 03:11:26,600
Politicians reference to 
classical examples in speeches. 

3384
03:11:26,600 --> 03:11:30,400
Assumed audiences would 
understand Illusions to Cato or 

3385
03:11:30,400 --> 03:11:34,400
since senator's and used Latin 
phrases to convey Authority and 

3386
03:11:34,400 --> 03:11:36,700
learning. 
This wasn't just showing off. 

3387
03:11:36,700 --> 03:11:40,200
It was creating a common 
cultural vocabulary shared 

3388
03:11:40,200 --> 03:11:43,500
reference points that 
facilitated political debate and

3389
03:11:43,500 --> 03:11:47,300
gave it intellectual depth. 
You can see this most clearly in

3390
03:11:47,300 --> 03:11:50,800
The Federalist Papers, where 
Hamilton Madison and Jay wrote 

3391
03:11:50,800 --> 03:11:53,600
Under the pseudonym Couples name
themselves. 

3392
03:11:53,600 --> 03:11:57,200
After one of Rome's, founders. 
Their arguments reference 

3393
03:11:57,200 --> 03:12:00,700
classical precedence. 
Constantly assuming readers were

3394
03:12:00,700 --> 03:12:03,700
familiar with Roman history and 
political Theory the entire 

3395
03:12:03,700 --> 03:12:06,700
project of ratifying, the 
Constitution was conducted in 

3396
03:12:06,700 --> 03:12:09,900
language saturated with 
classical imagery and examples. 

3397
03:12:11,000 --> 03:12:13,900
Roman law represented, one of 
civilization's, great, 

3398
03:12:13,900 --> 03:12:17,200
intellectual achievements. 
A systematic written legal 

3399
03:12:17,200 --> 03:12:18,800
codes. 
That attempted to govern 

3400
03:12:18,800 --> 03:12:21,600
Behavior, through reason, and 
precedent rather than arbitrary 

3401
03:12:21,600 --> 03:12:24,800
power. 
The founders, many of them 

3402
03:12:24,800 --> 03:12:28,900
lawyers studied Roman legal 
principles, intensively, and 

3403
03:12:28,900 --> 03:12:32,200
Incorporated numerous Concepts 
in to American jurisprudence. 

3404
03:12:33,400 --> 03:12:36,700
the Roman's distinguish between 
different types of law in ways, 

3405
03:12:36,700 --> 03:12:41,400
that influenced, American legal 
thinking, natural law, principal

3406
03:12:41,400 --> 03:12:45,200
supposedly Universal and eternal
discoverable through reason. 

3407
03:12:46,300 --> 03:12:49,300
Civil law. 
Rules specific to particular 

3408
03:12:49,300 --> 03:12:52,900
societies varying, by location 
and culture. 

3409
03:12:53,600 --> 03:12:57,600
The law of Nations principles, 
governing interactions between 

3410
03:12:57,600 --> 03:13:00,900
different peoples, American 
legal, Theory, borrowed this 

3411
03:13:00,900 --> 03:13:04,000
framework, particularly the 
notion that some writes, 

3412
03:13:04,000 --> 03:13:06,100
existed, independent of 
government creation. 

3413
03:13:06,100 --> 03:13:09,600
And that natural law, superseded
human legislation. 

3414
03:13:10,700 --> 03:13:13,400
This became crucial for 
revolutionary justification. 

3415
03:13:13,400 --> 03:13:16,800
When the colonists declared 
independence, they needed to 

3416
03:13:16,800 --> 03:13:19,400
explain why they could 
legitimately rebel against their

3417
03:13:19,400 --> 03:13:22,300
lawful government. 
The answer came partly from 

3418
03:13:22,300 --> 03:13:25,800
natural law, theory, derived 
from Roman sources certain 

3419
03:13:25,800 --> 03:13:29,500
rights were inherent and in 
alienable Governments that 

3420
03:13:29,500 --> 03:13:33,500
violated those rights lost 
legitimacy and citizens 

3421
03:13:33,500 --> 03:13:37,200
possessed the right to alter or 
abolish tyrannical governments. 

3422
03:13:37,900 --> 03:13:41,000
Natural law, provided the 
philosophical foundation for 

3423
03:13:41,000 --> 03:13:44,100
revolution. 
The Roman concept of written 

3424
03:13:44,100 --> 03:13:48,100
law, particularly appealed to 
the founders, the foreign codes 

3425
03:13:48,100 --> 03:13:52,400
law had existed as custom and 
tradition known to priests and 

3426
03:13:52,400 --> 03:13:55,700
Aristocrats but often mysterious
to ordinary citizens. 

3427
03:13:55,700 --> 03:14:01,900
The 12 tables posted in the 
Forum around 450 BC, made Roman 

3428
03:14:01,900 --> 03:14:05,700
Law, Public accessible allowing 
citizens to know what rules 

3429
03:14:05,700 --> 03:14:08,800
govern them. 
This transparency seemed 

3430
03:14:08,800 --> 03:14:10,300
essential for Republican 
government. 

3431
03:14:11,200 --> 03:14:14,500
How could citizens obey laws? 
They didn't know or hold 

3432
03:14:14,500 --> 03:14:16,800
officials accountable for 
enforcing laws. 

3433
03:14:16,800 --> 03:14:20,600
They couldn't understand. 
The American Constitution and 

3434
03:14:20,600 --> 03:14:24,500
Bill of Rights, follow this 
principle written public and 

3435
03:14:24,500 --> 03:14:28,800
accessible to anyone who could 
read, these were Roman ideals 

3436
03:14:28,800 --> 03:14:30,600
applied to American 
circumstances. 

3437
03:14:31,300 --> 03:14:34,500
The Constitutional wasn't secret
knowledge held by a ruling 

3438
03:14:34,500 --> 03:14:38,400
class, but a public document 
that any citizen could consult 

3439
03:14:38,400 --> 03:14:43,600
understand and invoke. 
Making law visible made it 

3440
03:14:43,600 --> 03:14:46,900
enforceable by popular opinion. 
Not just official action. 

3441
03:14:48,000 --> 03:14:51,300
Roman legal procedures, also 
influenced American practice. 

3442
03:14:52,100 --> 03:14:56,100
The right to face your accuser 
to present, a defense to have 

3443
03:14:56,100 --> 03:15:00,100
charges proved rather than 
assumed these came from Roman 

3444
03:15:00,100 --> 03:15:02,700
legal Traditions. 
The Romans developed 

3445
03:15:02,700 --> 03:15:06,300
sophisticated procedures for 
trials, distinguishing between 

3446
03:15:06,300 --> 03:15:09,700
different types of cases, 
establishing Rules of Evidence 

3447
03:15:09,700 --> 03:15:14,400
and creating appeals processes. 
Their legal system wasn't 

3448
03:15:14,400 --> 03:15:16,700
perfect. 
It discriminated between 

3449
03:15:16,700 --> 03:15:20,900
citizens and non-citizens, free,
and enslaved, and male and 

3450
03:15:20,900 --> 03:15:23,900
female. 
But it represented a serious 

3451
03:15:23,900 --> 03:15:26,200
attempt to govern through law, 
rather than whim. 

3452
03:15:27,000 --> 03:15:30,300
The Roman distinction between 
public and private law helped 

3453
03:15:30,300 --> 03:15:34,400
shape American legal categories.
Public Law, governed relations 

3454
03:15:34,400 --> 03:15:39,000
between citizens and the state 
criminal law, constitutional law

3455
03:15:39,000 --> 03:15:43,700
and administrative regulations. 
Private law, governed relations 

3456
03:15:43,700 --> 03:15:48,600
between citizens, contracts, 
property, inheritance and talks.

3457
03:15:49,600 --> 03:15:52,800
Roman Juris Prudence had 
developed sophisticated theories

3458
03:15:52,800 --> 03:15:55,700
about both domains. 
Which influenced how American 

3459
03:15:55,700 --> 03:15:58,800
lawyers and judges, thought 
about legal problems, the 

3460
03:15:58,800 --> 03:16:01,700
concept of legal press and also 
had Roman roots. 

3461
03:16:01,700 --> 03:16:04,800
Roman jurisprudence believed 
that previous decision should 

3462
03:16:04,800 --> 03:16:08,400
guide current ones that 
consistently mattered in legal 

3463
03:16:08,400 --> 03:16:11,900
interpretation and that the law 
should develop organically 

3464
03:16:11,900 --> 03:16:15,100
through accumulated wisdom 
rather than constant Revolution.

3465
03:16:16,200 --> 03:16:19,700
The common law tradition. 
Which Americans inherited from 

3466
03:16:19,700 --> 03:16:24,700
Britain which itself drawn Roman
sources made in central to Legal

3467
03:16:24,700 --> 03:16:27,300
reasoning. 
Court should decide similar 

3468
03:16:27,300 --> 03:16:29,600
cases. 
Similarly, building a coherent 

3469
03:16:29,600 --> 03:16:33,500
body of Laura over time This 
created tension with another 

3470
03:16:33,500 --> 03:16:37,300
Roman principle that laws should
adapt to changing circumstances.

3471
03:16:37,300 --> 03:16:41,500
The Romans developed flexible 
interpretation techniques. 

3472
03:16:41,500 --> 03:16:45,400
Allowing ancient laws to remain 
relevant in new situations. 

3473
03:16:46,600 --> 03:16:50,600
They distinguished between the 
letter and spirit of law between

3474
03:16:50,600 --> 03:16:52,900
strict construction and 
Equitable. 

3475
03:16:52,900 --> 03:16:56,600
Interpretation American legal 
thought, inherited this tension 

3476
03:16:56,600 --> 03:16:59,800
between stability and 
flexibility between following 

3477
03:16:59,800 --> 03:17:01,900
precedent and adapting to 
change. 

3478
03:17:03,000 --> 03:17:06,300
Founders were particularly 
impressed by Roman attention to 

3479
03:17:06,300 --> 03:17:08,100
limiting government, power 
through law. 

3480
03:17:09,200 --> 03:17:12,900
Roman magistrates, possessed 
considerable Authority, but they

3481
03:17:12,900 --> 03:17:15,200
exercise it under legal 
constraints. 

3482
03:17:16,100 --> 03:17:18,100
Consoles. 
Couldn't execute citizens 

3483
03:17:18,100 --> 03:17:21,500
without trial. 
Tribunes could veto legislation 

3484
03:17:21,500 --> 03:17:24,100
but only through established 
procedures. 

3485
03:17:24,100 --> 03:17:28,500
Even dictators appointed during 
emergencies operated under legal

3486
03:17:28,500 --> 03:17:32,900
limitations, six months, terms 
specific, mandates and 

3487
03:17:32,900 --> 03:17:34,800
accountability after their terms
ended. 

3488
03:17:35,900 --> 03:17:37,800
The principal was that law 
governed. 

3489
03:17:37,800 --> 03:17:42,700
Everyone, including those who 
made an enforced it No one stood

3490
03:17:42,700 --> 03:17:45,900
Above the Law, not magistrates, 
not generals, not even the 

3491
03:17:45,900 --> 03:17:48,600
Senate. 
This ideal often fail in 

3492
03:17:48,600 --> 03:17:52,200
practice, especially during the 
late Republic, when powerful 

3493
03:17:52,200 --> 03:17:55,900
individuals increasingly ignored
legal constraints, but the 

3494
03:17:55,900 --> 03:17:59,400
principal remained important, 
and the founders tried to embody

3495
03:17:59,400 --> 03:18:02,800
it in American 
constitutionalism. they created 

3496
03:18:02,800 --> 03:18:07,000
numerous mechanisms to ensure 
law, bounded power, written 

3497
03:18:07,000 --> 03:18:10,400
constitutions established 
fundamental rules that ordinary 

3498
03:18:10,400 --> 03:18:14,200
legislation could not override 
separation of powers, prevented 

3499
03:18:14,200 --> 03:18:17,200
any single institution from 
controlling laws creation 

3500
03:18:17,200 --> 03:18:22,300
interpretation and enforcement 
Judicial review allowed courts 

3501
03:18:22,300 --> 03:18:24,800
to strike down unconstitutional 
actions. 

3502
03:18:24,800 --> 03:18:28,900
Regular elections, gave citizens
the power to remove officials 

3503
03:18:28,900 --> 03:18:33,000
who violated legal Norms, 
impeachment provided a mechanism

3504
03:18:33,000 --> 03:18:35,700
for removing officials who 
committed serious legal 

3505
03:18:35,700 --> 03:18:39,000
violations. 
All of these Drew inspiration 

3506
03:18:39,000 --> 03:18:41,300
from Roman examples and Roman 
failures. 

3507
03:18:42,500 --> 03:18:45,200
The Romans had tried to limit 
power through law, but 

3508
03:18:45,200 --> 03:18:48,000
ultimately fail to prevent 
ambitious individuals from 

3509
03:18:48,000 --> 03:18:51,600
seasoning dictatorial, 
Authority, the founders studied 

3510
03:18:51,600 --> 03:18:54,300
those failures and tried to 
design systems that would prove 

3511
03:18:54,300 --> 03:18:57,600
more resilient that wouldn't 
depend entirely on virtuous 

3512
03:18:57,600 --> 03:18:59,900
Behavior. 
But would create structures 

3513
03:18:59,900 --> 03:19:02,100
making tyranny difficult to 
achieve and maintain. 

3514
03:19:03,500 --> 03:19:07,000
The Roman practice of codifying 
laws or influenced, American 

3515
03:19:07,000 --> 03:19:09,700
legal development. 
The Romans of eventually 

3516
03:19:09,700 --> 03:19:13,000
compiled their accumulated legal
wisdom in to comprehensive 

3517
03:19:13,000 --> 03:19:17,600
codes, most famously, the Corpus
Juris, civilis compiled under 

3518
03:19:17,600 --> 03:19:22,400
Justinian in the 6th Century, ad
long after the republics fall. 

3519
03:19:23,400 --> 03:19:25,100
While too late to directly 
influence. 

3520
03:19:25,100 --> 03:19:28,400
Republican Rome, these 
compilations preserved, Roman 

3521
03:19:28,400 --> 03:19:32,200
legal principles for later, 
civilizations and demonstrated 

3522
03:19:32,200 --> 03:19:34,600
the value of systemic legal 
organization. 

3523
03:19:35,400 --> 03:19:38,600
American states began codifying,
their laws following similar 

3524
03:19:38,600 --> 03:19:42,500
principles Gathering scattered 
legislation into organized 

3525
03:19:42,500 --> 03:19:46,200
codes, making legal, research, 
easier, and ensuring 

3526
03:19:46,200 --> 03:19:49,800
consistency, and Clarity the 
process, reflected Roman 

3527
03:19:49,800 --> 03:19:51,300
influence. 
Both in the goal of 

3528
03:19:51,300 --> 03:19:55,700
systematization, and in specific
legal Concepts, borrowed from 

3529
03:19:55,700 --> 03:19:58,600
Roman sources, The Romans 
created. 

3530
03:19:58,600 --> 03:20:02,400
A sophisticated concept of 
citizenship that profoundly 

3531
03:20:02,400 --> 03:20:04,100
influenced. 
How the founders thought about 

3532
03:20:04,100 --> 03:20:05,900
membership in a political 
community. 

3533
03:20:06,800 --> 03:20:10,700
Roman citizenship wasn't simply 
residents in a territory or 

3534
03:20:10,700 --> 03:20:14,100
subjection to a ruler. 
It was illegal status, carrying 

3535
03:20:14,100 --> 03:20:16,200
specific rights and 
responsibilities. 

3536
03:20:16,200 --> 03:20:21,600
Something that could be earned 
granted or inherited, but always

3537
03:20:21,600 --> 03:20:26,000
meaningful and consequential. 
Citizens in Rome possessed the 

3538
03:20:26,000 --> 03:20:30,300
right to vote in assemblies to 
hold public office to make legal

3539
03:20:30,300 --> 03:20:32,500
contracts to marry other 
citizens. 

3540
03:20:32,500 --> 03:20:37,300
And to appeal, magistrate to 
decision, They also bore 

3541
03:20:37,300 --> 03:20:40,700
responsibilities military 
service jury duty obeying laws 

3542
03:20:40,700 --> 03:20:44,400
and paying taxes, citizenship 
created, a reciprocal 

3543
03:20:44,400 --> 03:20:46,600
relationship between individual 
and Republic. 

3544
03:20:46,600 --> 03:20:50,500
A bundle of Privileges and 
obligations that defined what it

3545
03:20:50,500 --> 03:20:53,800
meant to be Roman. 
This framework appealed to the 

3546
03:20:53,808 --> 03:20:57,600
founders because it suggested 
citizenship could be active and 

3547
03:20:57,600 --> 03:21:01,100
participatory rather than 
passive and subject-based. 

3548
03:21:02,000 --> 03:21:05,800
British subjects Oda Legions to 
the crown receiving protection 

3549
03:21:05,800 --> 03:21:09,400
in return, but possessing 
limited rights to participate in

3550
03:21:09,400 --> 03:21:12,900
governance. 
Romans citizens were active 

3551
03:21:12,900 --> 03:21:16,500
members of a political Community
with recognized roles in his 

3552
03:21:16,500 --> 03:21:19,700
operational. 
The difference seemed crucial 

3553
03:21:19,700 --> 03:21:23,400
for Republican government, the 
Roman practice of extending 

3554
03:21:23,400 --> 03:21:27,100
citizenship to Concord people's 
particularly interested the 

3555
03:21:27,100 --> 03:21:31,200
founders Rome's expansion and 
succeeded partly because it 

3556
03:21:31,200 --> 03:21:35,200
offered citizenship to allies 
and former enemies incorporating

3557
03:21:35,200 --> 03:21:38,300
them into the Republic rather 
than simply ruling them as 

3558
03:21:38,300 --> 03:21:41,000
subjects. 
This allowed Rome to tap into 

3559
03:21:41,000 --> 03:21:44,400
vast Human Resources while 
creating loyalty among diverse 

3560
03:21:44,400 --> 03:21:47,500
populations. 
By the late Republic citizenship

3561
03:21:47,500 --> 03:21:51,600
had spread far beyond the city 
of Rome itself in compassing 

3562
03:21:51,600 --> 03:21:55,100
Italy and eventually territories
throughout the Mediterranean. 

3563
03:21:56,000 --> 03:21:59,200
The founders face similar 
questions about expansion and 

3564
03:21:59,208 --> 03:22:03,000
inclusion. 
As America grew, who would count

3565
03:22:03,000 --> 03:22:06,000
as American. 
How would new territories be 

3566
03:22:06,000 --> 03:22:09,300
incorporated? 
The Roman example, suggested 

3567
03:22:09,300 --> 03:22:12,600
that Republican government could
extend across large territories 

3568
03:22:12,600 --> 03:22:16,500
if citizenship expanded along 
with territory, if new 

3569
03:22:16,500 --> 03:22:19,700
populations received genuine 
incorporation rather than 

3570
03:22:19,700 --> 03:22:23,900
Colonial, subordination this 
influenced decisions to create 

3571
03:22:23,900 --> 03:22:27,300
processes for territories to 
become States, and for new 

3572
03:22:27,300 --> 03:22:31,000
states to enter the Union as 
equals rather than dependencies,

3573
03:22:32,000 --> 03:22:35,600
of course, both Romans and 
Americans excluded, many people 

3574
03:22:35,600 --> 03:22:39,200
from citizens ship. 
Roamed denied, it to slaves, to 

3575
03:22:39,208 --> 03:22:42,100
most women, and to barbarians 
Beyond its borders. 

3576
03:22:42,100 --> 03:22:46,500
America restricted citizenship 
based on race and slaving 

3577
03:22:46,500 --> 03:22:49,300
Millions while proclaiming 
Liberty and denying rights to 

3578
03:22:49,300 --> 03:22:52,400
women indigenous peoples, and 
various immigrant groups. 

3579
03:22:53,400 --> 03:22:56,500
The gap between Republican 
ideals and actual practice was 

3580
03:22:56,500 --> 03:22:59,700
enormous. 
In both societies, the ideal 

3581
03:22:59,700 --> 03:23:03,600
mattered creating pressure for 
expansion of Rights over time. 

3582
03:23:04,600 --> 03:23:08,700
Roman, citizenship, gradually 
expanded eventually encompassing

3583
03:23:08,700 --> 03:23:12,000
nearly everyone within the 
Empire by the third Century ad. 

3584
03:23:13,000 --> 03:23:17,100
American citizenship, followed a
similar trajectory initially 

3585
03:23:17,100 --> 03:23:21,000
restricted to white men, slowly 
expanding through Constitutional

3586
03:23:21,000 --> 03:23:25,200
Amendments and legislation to 
include previously excluded 

3587
03:23:25,200 --> 03:23:28,500
groups. 
The process continues showing 

3588
03:23:28,500 --> 03:23:31,900
that Republican ideals contain 
within themselves, pressure 

3589
03:23:31,900 --> 03:23:36,100
toward greater inclusion. 
The Roman concept of civic duty,

3590
03:23:36,100 --> 03:23:38,300
particularly influenced the 
founders. 

3591
03:23:39,000 --> 03:23:42,400
Romans believe citizens owed 
active service to The Republic 

3592
03:23:42,400 --> 03:23:46,800
whether through military service
holding office serving on juries

3593
03:23:46,800 --> 03:23:49,000
or simply participating in 
public life. 

3594
03:23:49,000 --> 03:23:53,100
Citizenship wasn't just writes 
to be enjoyed but responsibility

3595
03:23:53,100 --> 03:23:56,500
to be fulfilled. 
A good citizen, didn't just vote

3596
03:23:56,500 --> 03:24:01,100
when convenient they stayed 
informed participated in debates

3597
03:24:01,100 --> 03:24:05,100
served when called and 
prioritized the public good. 

3598
03:24:06,300 --> 03:24:09,300
This created tension with 
emerging commercial Society, 

3599
03:24:09,300 --> 03:24:13,300
where private Pursuits often 
conflicted with public service. 

3600
03:24:14,200 --> 03:24:17,100
The Romans had faced this 
problem as their society became 

3601
03:24:17,100 --> 03:24:21,500
wealthier, and more complex. 
Early, Roman supposedly dropped 

3602
03:24:21,500 --> 03:24:23,800
everything to serve the Republic
when needed. 

3603
03:24:24,700 --> 03:24:28,500
Cincinnatus leaving his plow 
became the archetype later. 

3604
03:24:28,500 --> 03:24:31,400
Romans increasingly hired 
substitutes for military 

3605
03:24:31,400 --> 03:24:35,900
service, avoided jury duty and 
treated Politics as a spectator 

3606
03:24:35,900 --> 03:24:38,500
sport rather than a 
participatory activity. 

3607
03:24:39,600 --> 03:24:42,000
The founders worried America 
would follow this trajectory 

3608
03:24:42,000 --> 03:24:46,500
that Prosperity would undermine 
civic participation and that 

3609
03:24:46,508 --> 03:24:49,600
citizens would become passive 
consumers of government rather 

3610
03:24:49,600 --> 03:24:52,500
than active participants, they 
tried to encourage 

3611
03:24:52,500 --> 03:24:56,800
participation, through various 
means relatively easy access to 

3612
03:24:56,800 --> 03:25:00,800
voting frequent elections, local
governments, giving citizens, 

3613
03:25:00,800 --> 03:25:05,700
regular opportunities, to engage
and civic education, emphasizing

3614
03:25:05,700 --> 03:25:09,800
responsibilities alongside 
rights, the Roman practice of 

3615
03:25:09,800 --> 03:25:13,300
ostracism exiling citizens 
deemed dangerous to The 

3616
03:25:13,300 --> 03:25:16,000
Republic. 
Sparked debate among the 

3617
03:25:16,000 --> 03:25:19,000
founders. 
Was this a useful tool for 

3618
03:25:19,000 --> 03:25:22,300
protecting democracy? 
Allowing citizens to remove 

3619
03:25:22,300 --> 03:25:24,500
potential Tyrant Before They 
seized power? 

3620
03:25:25,300 --> 03:25:27,100
What was it? 
Dangerous majority in his 

3621
03:25:27,100 --> 03:25:30,600
allowing crowds to punish 
unpopular individuals without 

3622
03:25:30,600 --> 03:25:34,400
due process? 
Founders generally rejected, 

3623
03:25:34,400 --> 03:25:38,600
ostracism American adoption 
preferring legal mechanisms for 

3624
03:25:38,600 --> 03:25:40,100
dealing with dangerous 
officials. 

3625
03:25:40,100 --> 03:25:44,100
But the Roman example showed how
seriously ancient Republicans 

3626
03:25:44,100 --> 03:25:47,500
took threats to their government
They did embrace the. 

3627
03:25:47,500 --> 03:25:51,300
Roman idea that citizenship 
required, education, Romans 

3628
03:25:51,300 --> 03:25:54,300
believe, citizens needed 
training to fulfill Civic roles 

3629
03:25:54,300 --> 03:25:58,800
competently, understanding law, 
rhetoric history and philosophy.

3630
03:25:59,700 --> 03:26:03,200
Without education citizens, 
couldn't judge political claims 

3631
03:26:03,200 --> 03:26:07,000
recognized, demagoguery or make 
informed decisions. 

3632
03:26:08,200 --> 03:26:12,100
The founders agreed promoting 
public education as a central 

3633
03:26:12,100 --> 03:26:15,600
for Republican government. 
Arguing that ignorant citizens 

3634
03:26:15,600 --> 03:26:17,800
could not sustain free 
institutions. 

3635
03:26:18,900 --> 03:26:21,700
This commitment to civic. 
Education explains their 

3636
03:26:21,700 --> 03:26:25,900
emphasis on classical learning. 
studying Roman history taught 

3637
03:26:25,900 --> 03:26:30,000
citizenships requirements, 
provided examples of good and 

3638
03:26:30,000 --> 03:26:33,600
bad Civic behavior, and 
Illustrated how republics 

3639
03:26:33,600 --> 03:26:39,200
succeeded Latin instruction 
trained in logical thinking and 

3640
03:26:39,200 --> 03:26:43,200
precise expression. 
Reading classical texts exposed 

3641
03:26:43,200 --> 03:26:46,200
students to sophisticated 
political arguments and moral 

3642
03:26:46,200 --> 03:26:48,500
reasoning. 
The whole classical curriculum. 

3643
03:26:48,500 --> 03:26:52,200
Served, Republican purposes, 
creating educated citizens, 

3644
03:26:52,200 --> 03:26:56,400
capable of self-governance The 
Roman practice of public debate 

3645
03:26:56,400 --> 03:26:59,000
and oratory also shaped, 
American Civic culture. 

3646
03:27:00,000 --> 03:27:03,900
Romans expected, citizens to 
speak publicly to argue 

3647
03:27:03,900 --> 03:27:06,800
political positions and to 
participate in deliberative 

3648
03:27:06,800 --> 03:27:09,800
processes. 
The Forum wasn't just, where 

3649
03:27:09,800 --> 03:27:13,300
magistrate spoke it was where 
citizens gathered to debate. 

3650
03:27:14,200 --> 03:27:18,300
Persuade, and be persuaded. 
Eloquence mattered. 

3651
03:27:19,100 --> 03:27:21,800
Because Republic's operated 
through persuasion rather than 

3652
03:27:21,800 --> 03:27:25,000
Force. 
Changing Minds through argument 

3653
03:27:25,000 --> 03:27:27,400
was how free societies made 
decisions. 

3654
03:27:28,300 --> 03:27:31,400
American Town, meetings and 
legislative debates borrowed 

3655
03:27:31,400 --> 03:27:34,700
this Roman tradition. 
Citizens were supposed to speak 

3656
03:27:34,700 --> 03:27:39,100
up, make their case, listen to a
posing views and reach 

3657
03:27:39,100 --> 03:27:42,700
conclusions through discussion 
rather than dictation this 

3658
03:27:42,700 --> 03:27:46,600
required courage, preparation, 
and willingness to engage 

3659
03:27:46,600 --> 03:27:47,800
across. 
Disagreements. 

3660
03:27:47,800 --> 03:27:52,000
Exactly the virtues Roman had 
cultivated through rhetorical 

3661
03:27:52,000 --> 03:27:54,200
education and public 
participation. 

3662
03:27:56,700 --> 03:28:00,300
While the founders Drew heavily 
from Roman examples, they were 

3663
03:28:00,300 --> 03:28:04,100
not mindless copyists. 
They adapted Roman ideas to 

3664
03:28:04,100 --> 03:28:07,600
American circumstances, 
combining classical presidents 

3665
03:28:07,600 --> 03:28:10,400
with Enlightenment, philosophy, 
British constitutional 

3666
03:28:10,400 --> 03:28:13,200
traditions, and their own 
political Innovations. 

3667
03:28:14,000 --> 03:28:17,000
Understanding how they modified 
Roman models reveals their 

3668
03:28:17,008 --> 03:28:21,100
creativity and Independence. 
The most obvious adaptation was 

3669
03:28:21,100 --> 03:28:24,600
federalism. 
Rome had no equivalent to the 

3670
03:28:24,608 --> 03:28:28,000
American system of divided 
sovereignty between National and

3671
03:28:28,000 --> 03:28:31,500
state governments. 
The Roman Republic was unitary 

3672
03:28:31,500 --> 03:28:35,900
all power, theoretically flowed 
from Rome even as it granted 

3673
03:28:35,900 --> 03:28:39,500
considerable autonomy to allies 
and provinces the founders 

3674
03:28:39,500 --> 03:28:42,700
created something different. 
A government where power was 

3675
03:28:42,700 --> 03:28:46,600
genuinely divided between 
levels, where States retained 

3676
03:28:46,600 --> 03:28:49,600
sovereignty while seeding 
specific powers to the national 

3677
03:28:49,600 --> 03:28:52,700
government This Innovation 
addressed a problem. 

3678
03:28:52,700 --> 03:28:56,300
The Roman's never sold how to 
govern large territories while 

3679
03:28:56,300 --> 03:28:57,800
maintaining Republican 
government. 

3680
03:28:58,800 --> 03:29:00,900
Rome solution was initially 
informal. 

3681
03:29:00,900 --> 03:29:03,700
Alliance's later, provincial 
Administration. 

3682
03:29:03,700 --> 03:29:07,000
By appointed governors. 
Neither model preserved. 

3683
03:29:07,000 --> 03:29:09,000
Republican principles across 
expansion. 

3684
03:29:09,800 --> 03:29:13,400
American federalism, try to 
square the circle by creating 

3685
03:29:13,400 --> 03:29:15,900
Mal Republican. 
Governments at different levels,

3686
03:29:15,900 --> 03:29:18,700
each handling appropriate, scale
of governments. 

3687
03:29:19,500 --> 03:29:22,000
The Electoral College 
represented another innovation 

3688
03:29:22,000 --> 03:29:26,600
without direct Roman president. 
The Romans elected magistrates 

3689
03:29:26,600 --> 03:29:30,500
through assemblies with various 
systems for organizing votes and

3690
03:29:30,500 --> 03:29:32,900
Counting ballots. 
None. 

3691
03:29:32,900 --> 03:29:36,300
Resembled the American system of
electors chosen by states to 

3692
03:29:36,308 --> 03:29:39,600
select the president, the 
founders created this mechanism 

3693
03:29:39,600 --> 03:29:43,100
partly from Federalist 
principles States, choosing the 

3694
03:29:43,100 --> 03:29:46,600
president, rather than a 
national popular vote and partly

3695
03:29:46,600 --> 03:29:49,200
from Republican distrust of pure
democracy. 

3696
03:29:50,200 --> 03:29:53,500
The explicit separation of 
powers also differed from Roman 

3697
03:29:53,500 --> 03:29:57,100
practice. 
Rome separated functions to some

3698
03:29:57,100 --> 03:30:00,900
degree. 
Magistrates executed laws, the 

3699
03:30:00,900 --> 03:30:04,500
Senate advised on policy and 
assemblies legislated. 

3700
03:30:05,400 --> 03:30:07,700
But these weren't truly 
independent branches with 

3701
03:30:07,700 --> 03:30:09,900
constitutional authority to 
check each other. 

3702
03:30:10,900 --> 03:30:13,200
Roman officials. 
Derived power from the same 

3703
03:30:13,200 --> 03:30:17,000
Source, the Roman people. 
And ultimately the system 

3704
03:30:17,000 --> 03:30:20,300
depended on Norms and Customs 
rather than explicit 

3705
03:30:20,300 --> 03:30:24,700
institutional barriers The 
American Constitution created, 

3706
03:30:24,700 --> 03:30:28,600
something more rigid and formal.
Three genuinely independent 

3707
03:30:28,600 --> 03:30:31,900
branches, each with 
constitutional authority over 

3708
03:30:31,900 --> 03:30:34,400
its domain. 
Each able to check the others 

3709
03:30:34,400 --> 03:30:38,200
through specified mechanisms. 
This was montesquieu's influence

3710
03:30:38,200 --> 03:30:41,200
combined with Roman 
inspirational, taking the 

3711
03:30:41,200 --> 03:30:44,900
principle of divided, power and 
systematizing it beyond 

3712
03:30:44,900 --> 03:30:49,400
anything, ROM attempted. 
Judicial review, the power of 

3713
03:30:49,400 --> 03:30:52,000
Courts to strike down 
unconstitutional, legislation 

3714
03:30:52,000 --> 03:30:57,500
had no roman equivalent. 
Roman courts existed but didn't 

3715
03:30:57,500 --> 03:31:00,000
possess the authority to 
invalidate laws. 

3716
03:31:00,900 --> 03:31:04,700
The founders created judicial 
review as an additional check on

3717
03:31:04,700 --> 03:31:08,600
legislative and executive power 
reasoning, that someone needed 

3718
03:31:08,600 --> 03:31:11,800
to police constitutional 
boundaries, the court seemed 

3719
03:31:11,800 --> 03:31:15,000
like logical choices, 
independent trained in legal 

3720
03:31:15,000 --> 03:31:18,300
interpretation and removed from 
direct political pressures. 

3721
03:31:19,200 --> 03:31:23,000
This Innovation proved hugely, 
consequential eventually making 

3722
03:31:23,000 --> 03:31:25,300
courts Central to American 
governance in ways. 

3723
03:31:25,300 --> 03:31:27,300
The founders might not have 
fully anticipated. 

3724
03:31:28,200 --> 03:31:30,700
But it reflected their 
willingness to go beyond Roman 

3725
03:31:30,700 --> 03:31:34,100
president and they saw the need 
for additional safeguards 

3726
03:31:34,100 --> 03:31:37,100
against tyranny. 
The Bill of Rights or 

3727
03:31:37,100 --> 03:31:39,700
represented in Innovation Beyond
Roman prison. 

3728
03:31:39,700 --> 03:31:43,600
In Rome had no equivalent 
document explicitly listing 

3729
03:31:43,600 --> 03:31:46,600
protected rights and 
prohibiting, the government from

3730
03:31:46,600 --> 03:31:49,700
violating them. 
Romans believed in certain 

3731
03:31:49,700 --> 03:31:54,400
Liberties, but these existed as 
customs and precedents rather 

3732
03:31:54,400 --> 03:31:58,600
than written guarantees, the 
American decision to enumerate 

3733
03:31:58,600 --> 03:32:01,200
rights and Constitutional 
Amendments reflected in 

3734
03:32:01,200 --> 03:32:04,300
lightning influence and distrust
of implicit protections. 

3735
03:32:05,300 --> 03:32:08,100
The founders approach to 
military organization combined, 

3736
03:32:08,100 --> 03:32:10,700
Roman ideals with practical 
adaptations. 

3737
03:32:11,400 --> 03:32:14,800
They wanted citizen soldiers 
like early Rome but recognize 

3738
03:32:14,800 --> 03:32:17,800
that Modern Warfare sometimes 
required professional forces. 

3739
03:32:18,700 --> 03:32:21,900
Their solution was a small 
standing army, supplemented by 

3740
03:32:21,900 --> 03:32:26,200
state, militias attempting to 
get Roman benefits of Citizen 

3741
03:32:26,200 --> 03:32:29,200
military service, while 
maintaining capability for 

3742
03:32:29,200 --> 03:32:32,700
National Defense. 
This compromised didn't fully 

3743
03:32:32,700 --> 03:32:36,800
satisfy anyone but represented a
creative adaptation of classical

3744
03:32:36,800 --> 03:32:38,400
principles to Modern 
circumstances. 

3745
03:32:40,000 --> 03:32:42,600
They also modified Roman 
approaches to territorial 

3746
03:32:42,600 --> 03:32:44,800
expansion. 
Roman expanded, through 

3747
03:32:44,800 --> 03:32:48,600
Conquest, incorporating new 
territories, as provinces with 

3748
03:32:48,600 --> 03:32:52,900
varying degrees of autonomy. 
The founders created a process 

3749
03:32:52,900 --> 03:32:54,900
for territories to become equal 
States. 

3750
03:32:55,700 --> 03:32:58,900
Ensuring expansion wouldn't 
create a two-tier system, of 

3751
03:32:58,900 --> 03:33:01,000
course States and peripheral 
colonies. 

3752
03:33:02,000 --> 03:33:04,800
This preserved Republican 
equality across Geographic 

3753
03:33:04,800 --> 03:33:06,800
growth in Waze Rome. 
Never managed. 

3754
03:33:07,700 --> 03:33:11,100
The American approach to slavery
reveals both Roman influence and

3755
03:33:11,100 --> 03:33:13,500
significant differences. 
Rome's. 

3756
03:33:13,500 --> 03:33:17,500
Economy depended heavily on 
slave labor and Roman Lord 

3757
03:33:17,500 --> 03:33:19,400
developed sophisticated 
regulations. 

3758
03:33:19,400 --> 03:33:22,800
Governing slavery while never 
seriously questioning the 

3759
03:33:22,800 --> 03:33:28,000
institutions legitimacy Founders
inherited similar dependence and

3760
03:33:28,000 --> 03:33:31,900
similar legal Frameworks, yet 
many also felt deep discomfort 

3761
03:33:31,900 --> 03:33:34,800
with slavery's contradiction of 
Republican principles. 

3762
03:33:35,900 --> 03:33:39,400
The resulting compromises were 
morally indefensible, but 

3763
03:33:39,400 --> 03:33:42,700
reflected genuine tension 
between inherited practices and 

3764
03:33:42,700 --> 03:33:46,300
professed ideals. 
The process for amending, the 

3765
03:33:46,300 --> 03:33:50,100
Constitution represented, 
another Innovation, the Romans 

3766
03:33:50,100 --> 03:33:53,000
modified their constitutional 
order through precedent and 

3767
03:33:53,000 --> 03:33:57,500
practice occasionally through 
explicit legislation but had no 

3768
03:33:57,500 --> 03:34:00,900
formal amendment process 
allowing systemic constitutional

3769
03:34:00,900 --> 03:34:03,900
change while maintaining legal 
continuity. 

3770
03:34:05,300 --> 03:34:08,300
The founders created, our 
article fives Amendment 

3771
03:34:08,300 --> 03:34:12,100
mechanism precisely to allow 
peaceful constitutional 

3772
03:34:12,100 --> 03:34:14,200
Evolution preventing the 
breakdown. 

3773
03:34:14,200 --> 03:34:18,800
The Roman constitutional order 
became too rigid to adapt 

3774
03:34:18,800 --> 03:34:20,800
peacefully to change 
circumstances. 

3775
03:34:22,600 --> 03:34:25,500
They also formalized much that 
Romans left in formal. 

3776
03:34:26,300 --> 03:34:29,600
Roman political practices, often
depended on custom and tradition

3777
03:34:29,600 --> 03:34:33,000
what the Romans called Moss 
mayor of the way of the 

3778
03:34:33,000 --> 03:34:35,700
ancestors. 
This worked while people 

3779
03:34:35,700 --> 03:34:39,000
respected those Customs but 
provided no defense, when 

3780
03:34:39,000 --> 03:34:41,700
ambitious individuals decided to
ignore tradition. 

3781
03:34:41,700 --> 03:34:45,200
The founders tried to formalize 
as much as possible in written 

3782
03:34:45,200 --> 03:34:48,700
law, reducing dependence on 
informal norms and creating 

3783
03:34:48,700 --> 03:34:52,300
enforceable rules. 
Yet they recognize that written 

3784
03:34:52,300 --> 03:34:55,700
law couldn't govern everything 
that republics would always 

3785
03:34:55,700 --> 03:34:58,300
depend partly on Unwritten norms
and conventions. 

3786
03:34:59,700 --> 03:35:02,900
Washington's retirement, set a 
precedent for peaceful power 

3787
03:35:02,900 --> 03:35:06,300
transitions even in the absence 
of legal requirements. 

3788
03:35:07,200 --> 03:35:10,200
The development of political 
parties not mentioned in the 

3789
03:35:10,200 --> 03:35:13,900
Constitution became Central to 
governance through practice. 

3790
03:35:14,900 --> 03:35:18,700
American constitutionalism, 
combined written law with 

3791
03:35:18,700 --> 03:35:22,100
Unwritten convention. 
Trying to get the benefits of 

3792
03:35:22,100 --> 03:35:25,400
both Roman approaches. 
The founders willingness to 

3793
03:35:25,400 --> 03:35:28,300
innovate while drawing from 
tradition shows, sophisticated 

3794
03:35:28,300 --> 03:35:32,000
political thinking they were 
antiquarians trying to recreate 

3795
03:35:32,000 --> 03:35:34,900
in America. 
They were Republicans learning 

3796
03:35:34,900 --> 03:35:37,900
from Rome's successes and 
failures taking useful 

3797
03:35:37,900 --> 03:35:40,000
principles. 
While adapting them to different

3798
03:35:40,000 --> 03:35:43,600
circumstances and combining 
classical wisdom with modern 

3799
03:35:43,600 --> 03:35:45,800
Innovation. 
The result was something 

3800
03:35:45,800 --> 03:35:50,100
genuinely new. 
And explicitly designed Republic

3801
03:35:50,100 --> 03:35:54,700
learning from history, trying to
avoid historical patterns of 

3802
03:35:54,700 --> 03:35:57,900
Decay while preserving 
time-tested principles. 

3803
03:35:59,700 --> 03:36:01,600
As you begin drifting towards 
sleep. 

3804
03:36:01,600 --> 03:36:03,800
Consider what? 
Endured? 

3805
03:36:03,800 --> 03:36:05,500
From this Roman American 
connection. 

3806
03:36:06,700 --> 03:36:09,700
Founders, Classical Obsession 
shaped American political 

3807
03:36:09,700 --> 03:36:11,900
culture in ways that persists 
centuries later. 

3808
03:36:12,800 --> 03:36:15,000
You can still see it in the 
architecture of government 

3809
03:36:15,000 --> 03:36:19,200
buildings here at in political 
rhetoric and find it embedded in

3810
03:36:19,200 --> 03:36:21,900
constitutional structures and 
legal principles. 

3811
03:36:22,800 --> 03:36:26,000
The idea that citizens should be
educated about history and 

3812
03:36:26,000 --> 03:36:27,600
government to participate 
competently. 

3813
03:36:27,600 --> 03:36:30,800
That's a Roman inheritance via 
the founders. 

3814
03:36:30,800 --> 03:36:34,300
The belief that virtue matters 
for Republican government. 

3815
03:36:34,300 --> 03:36:38,500
That free societies require 
certain character qualities from

3816
03:36:38,500 --> 03:36:42,800
citizens, Roman filtered through
American Experience. 

3817
03:36:43,800 --> 03:36:48,000
Founders, try to embody and 
practice the Roman ideals of no 

3818
03:36:48,000 --> 03:36:51,300
one being above the law, and the
need for constitutional limits 

3819
03:36:51,300 --> 03:36:55,200
on power. 
Even the anxiety is a Roman 

3820
03:36:55,200 --> 03:36:58,500
worries about corruption 
declining of Civic. 

3821
03:36:58,500 --> 03:37:03,400
Spirit concentration of wealth 
undermining, equality, military,

3822
03:37:03,400 --> 03:37:07,100
power, threatening, civilian 
control and demagogues 

3823
03:37:07,100 --> 03:37:11,800
manipulating public opinion. 
The founders inherited these 

3824
03:37:11,800 --> 03:37:15,400
concerns from Roman sources and 
passed them down to later 

3825
03:37:15,400 --> 03:37:18,700
generations. 
Americans, still debate the same

3826
03:37:18,700 --> 03:37:20,700
tensions between Liberty and 
Order. 

3827
03:37:21,400 --> 03:37:24,700
Between individual rights and 
common good, and between 

3828
03:37:24,700 --> 03:37:28,100
stability and change that 
preoccupied, both Romans and the

3829
03:37:28,100 --> 03:37:31,900
founding generation. 
The architectural Legacy remains

3830
03:37:31,900 --> 03:37:36,000
perhaps the most visible walk 
through any American city and 

3831
03:37:36,000 --> 03:37:38,200
you'll encounter Roman Revival 
buildings. 

3832
03:37:38,200 --> 03:37:41,500
Housing, government offices, 
libraries museums, and Banks. 

3833
03:37:42,300 --> 03:37:44,800
The style became America's 
unofficial official 

3834
03:37:44,800 --> 03:37:47,400
architecture. 
Expressing Republican 

3835
03:37:47,400 --> 03:37:52,000
aspirations in marble and Stone.
It's so ubiquitous that you 

3836
03:37:52,000 --> 03:37:55,100
barely notice it, but that 
pervasive nurse reflects, How 

3837
03:37:55,100 --> 03:37:58,300
Deeply Roman Aesthetics 
penetrated, American political 

3838
03:37:58,300 --> 03:38:01,500
culture. 
The legal Legacy runs deeper 

3839
03:38:01,500 --> 03:38:04,500
less visibly. 
American law school. 

3840
03:38:04,500 --> 03:38:06,600
Students. 
Still learn Latin terms. 

3841
03:38:06,600 --> 03:38:10,900
Habeas, corpus stared, a ceases 
and a micas curious. 

3842
03:38:12,000 --> 03:38:15,200
These aren't just decorative 
phrases but concept Central to 

3843
03:38:15,200 --> 03:38:19,400
American jurisprudence imported 
from Roman law through centuries

3844
03:38:19,400 --> 03:38:23,000
of European development. the 
entire structure of legal 

3845
03:38:23,000 --> 03:38:27,300
reasoning precedent, appeals 
rules of Edwards owes debts to 

3846
03:38:27,300 --> 03:38:30,100
Roman jurist programs that the 
founders recognized and 

3847
03:38:30,100 --> 03:38:34,200
preserved Political language 
remains saturated with Roman 

3848
03:38:34,200 --> 03:38:36,600
imagery and examples, 
politicians. 

3849
03:38:36,600 --> 03:38:40,300
Still invoke since a natus when 
praising leaders who voluntarily

3850
03:38:40,300 --> 03:38:44,100
relinquish power. 
Warnings about caesarism appear 

3851
03:38:44,100 --> 03:38:46,700
whenever people worry about 
presidential overreach. 

3852
03:38:47,500 --> 03:38:50,500
The Senate's name alone 
constantly reminds Americans of 

3853
03:38:50,508 --> 03:38:52,900
classical connections. 
Even though most Senators 

3854
03:38:52,900 --> 03:38:54,800
probably couldn't quote Cicero 
these days. 

3855
03:38:56,000 --> 03:38:59,200
The founders faith in education,
as a foundation for citizenship 

3856
03:38:59,200 --> 03:39:01,200
persists. 
Even if the classical 

3857
03:39:01,200 --> 03:39:03,800
curriculum, they championed as 
largely disappeared. 

3858
03:39:03,800 --> 03:39:07,300
Few Americans. 
Now read Pluto or study Latin 

3859
03:39:07,300 --> 03:39:11,600
but the principle that informed 
citizens are necessary for free 

3860
03:39:11,600 --> 03:39:13,500
government remained. 
Widely accepted. 

3861
03:39:14,700 --> 03:39:18,700
The specific content changed, 
civic's classes, replaced 

3862
03:39:18,700 --> 03:39:21,800
Classical Languages, but the 
underlying commitment to 

3863
03:39:21,800 --> 03:39:24,600
Preparing, citizens for 
self-governance continues. 

3864
03:39:25,500 --> 03:39:27,900
The tension between optimism and
anxiety. 

3865
03:39:27,900 --> 03:39:30,400
That characterized the founders 
relationship with Roman 

3866
03:39:30,400 --> 03:39:33,300
President. 
Also endures Americans remain 

3867
03:39:33,300 --> 03:39:36,800
simultaneously confident in 
their Republic strength and 

3868
03:39:36,800 --> 03:39:39,700
worry about its fragility 
believing in American 

3869
03:39:39,700 --> 03:39:42,300
exceptionalism while fearing 
American declined. 

3870
03:39:43,100 --> 03:39:46,700
This productive anxiety 
inherited from Roman historical,

3871
03:39:46,700 --> 03:39:51,000
consciousness keeps questions of
civic virtue and constitutional 

3872
03:39:51,000 --> 03:39:54,400
stability perpetually relevant 
rather than comfortably settled.

3873
03:39:55,300 --> 03:39:58,600
Perhaps most significantly, the 
founders established the 

3874
03:39:58,600 --> 03:40:01,800
principle that political system 
should learn from history. 

3875
03:40:01,800 --> 03:40:05,500
And the institutional design 
could incorporate lessons from 

3876
03:40:05,500 --> 03:40:10,300
past failures and successes, 
This sounds obvious but wasn't 

3877
03:40:10,300 --> 03:40:13,300
inevitable. 
They could have believed each 

3878
03:40:13,300 --> 03:40:16,100
Society must discover political 
truths for itself. 

3879
03:40:16,100 --> 03:40:19,300
That historical examples were 
irrelevant to Modern 

3880
03:40:19,300 --> 03:40:23,000
circumstances in Stead, they 
demonstrated that thoughtful 

3881
03:40:23,000 --> 03:40:25,800
engagement with history. 
Could inform political practice 

3882
03:40:25,800 --> 03:40:30,600
that studying how previous 
republics succeeded could help 

3883
03:40:30,600 --> 03:40:32,800
new republics avoid similar 
mistakes. 

3884
03:40:33,900 --> 03:40:36,600
This historical consciousness 
shape to American political 

3885
03:40:36,600 --> 03:40:41,000
development in countless ways. 
When later generations faced 

3886
03:40:41,000 --> 03:40:44,700
constitutional crisis, they 
looked to the founders just as 

3887
03:40:44,700 --> 03:40:48,800
the founders looked to Rome. 
When arguments arose about 

3888
03:40:48,800 --> 03:40:52,500
constitutional interpretation, 
both sides claim to understand 

3889
03:40:52,500 --> 03:40:56,600
the founders original intention 
much as Roman to understand 

3890
03:40:56,600 --> 03:41:00,400
their ancestors customs. 
The layering of historical 

3891
03:41:00,400 --> 03:41:03,600
reference upon reference, 
created a political culture, 

3892
03:41:03,600 --> 03:41:08,300
obsessed with precedent and 
continuity, even while adapting 

3893
03:41:08,300 --> 03:41:12,100
to constant change. 
The irony of course is that 

3894
03:41:12,100 --> 03:41:14,800
Rome's Republic. 
Eventually failed and 

3895
03:41:14,800 --> 03:41:18,700
transformed into an Empire. 
Founders knew this. 

3896
03:41:19,400 --> 03:41:22,500
Feared it and designed their 
system to prevent it. 

3897
03:41:22,500 --> 03:41:24,700
Yet couldn't eliminate the 
possibility. 

3898
03:41:24,700 --> 03:41:28,100
America's subsequent history 
included Imperial expansion, 

3899
03:41:28,100 --> 03:41:32,800
massive growth, and executive 
power development of a permanent

3900
03:41:32,800 --> 03:41:36,500
military establishment and a 
storm as wealth inequality. 

3901
03:41:37,300 --> 03:41:40,300
Precisely the developments that 
undermined Rome's Republic. 

3902
03:41:41,700 --> 03:41:45,100
Whether these represent American
exceptionalism successfully 

3903
03:41:45,100 --> 03:41:48,700
adapting, Republican government 
to Modern circumstances or 

3904
03:41:48,700 --> 03:41:51,800
gradual decline toward Roman 
patterns remains debated. 

3905
03:41:52,900 --> 03:41:55,400
But the fact that Americans 
still debate, these questions 

3906
03:41:55,400 --> 03:41:59,100
still reference Rome and the 
founders, and still worried 

3907
03:41:59,100 --> 03:42:02,200
about virtue and Corruption and 
suggest the intellectual Legacy 

3908
03:42:02,200 --> 03:42:05,300
endures. 
The founders gave American not 

3909
03:42:05,300 --> 03:42:08,600
just a constitution, but a way 
of thinking about politics, 

3910
03:42:08,600 --> 03:42:11,300
grounded in historical, 
awareness, and Republican 

3911
03:42:11,300 --> 03:42:14,600
ideals. 
That inheritance for better and 

3912
03:42:14,600 --> 03:42:17,800
worse shapes American, political
culture to this day. 

3913
03:42:19,200 --> 03:42:22,200
As your eyes grow heavy, you 
might reflect that this 

3914
03:42:22,200 --> 03:42:25,900
conversation between ancient and
modern between Roman America 

3915
03:42:25,900 --> 03:42:28,000
continues. 
Every generation. 

3916
03:42:28,000 --> 03:42:31,100
Inherits the founders questions 
about how to sustain free 

3917
03:42:31,100 --> 03:42:33,700
government. 
Maintain civic, virtue, and 

3918
03:42:33,700 --> 03:42:38,000
balance, Liberty and Order. 
Every generation must answer a 

3919
03:42:38,000 --> 03:42:41,900
new drawing on historical wisdom
while adapting to contemporary 

3920
03:42:41,900 --> 03:42:44,500
circumstances. 
That's the pattern, the founders

3921
03:42:44,500 --> 03:42:47,600
established learning from the 
past while creating something 

3922
03:42:47,600 --> 03:42:52,000
new, respecting press resident, 
while innovating freely The 

3923
03:42:52,000 --> 03:42:54,800
Roman influence on American 
founding wasn't about slavery 

3924
03:42:54,800 --> 03:42:59,100
imitation, but creative 
adaptation taking time-tested 

3925
03:42:59,100 --> 03:43:01,800
principles and modifying them 
for new contexts. 

3926
03:43:03,000 --> 03:43:05,900
The founders studied Rome 
intensively not to recreate it, 

3927
03:43:05,900 --> 03:43:10,000
but to learn from it, to 
understand what worked and what 

3928
03:43:10,000 --> 03:43:13,800
failed and to avoid its mistakes
while preserving its wisdom, 

3929
03:43:13,800 --> 03:43:16,200
that balance between learning 
from history. 

3930
03:43:16,200 --> 03:43:19,700
And transcending it represents 
their greatest achievement 

3931
03:43:20,500 --> 03:43:24,000
Creating something genuinely 
novel while remaining grounded 

3932
03:43:24,000 --> 03:43:28,400
in accumulated political wisdom.
so when you see a government 

3933
03:43:28,400 --> 03:43:32,500
building with classical columns,
or hear about senatorial debates

3934
03:43:32,500 --> 03:43:37,000
or encounter Latin phrases in 
legal documents, Remember your 

3935
03:43:37,000 --> 03:43:39,800
witnessing, the Founders 
Classical inheritance, still 

3936
03:43:39,800 --> 03:43:45,400
shaping American Life. 
Rome fell 2000 years ago but its

3937
03:43:45,400 --> 03:43:47,000
influence on American political 
culture. 

3938
03:43:47,000 --> 03:43:50,000
Persists through the founders 
deep engagement with classical 

3939
03:43:50,000 --> 03:43:52,300
precedent. 
They built a bridge between 

3940
03:43:52,300 --> 03:43:55,900
ancient and modern creating a 
republic that Drew inspiration 

3941
03:43:55,900 --> 03:43:59,000
from Rome's Glory, while 
learning from its tragedy and 

3942
03:43:59,000 --> 03:44:02,300
that bridge remained standing 
connecting past and present in 

3943
03:44:02,300 --> 03:44:12,800
ongoing political conversation. 
Think about how cool it would be

3944
03:44:12,800 --> 03:44:14,600
to where all of your savings on 
your wrist. 

3945
03:44:15,300 --> 03:44:18,500
This is not a smartwatch that 
displays your bank balance, but 

3946
03:44:18,500 --> 03:44:21,400
rather real money transformed 
into something beautiful, that 

3947
03:44:21,400 --> 03:44:24,500
complements any outfit for more 
than a thousand years. 

3948
03:44:24,500 --> 03:44:28,100
Such jewelry wasn't a fantasy, 
it was the everyday life of 

3949
03:44:28,100 --> 03:44:33,000
millions of people in Africa and
Beyond Bracelet money, which had

3950
03:44:33,000 --> 03:44:36,100
different names in different 
cultures was precisely what it 

3951
03:44:36,108 --> 03:44:39,000
sounds like money that you could
wear. 

3952
03:44:39,000 --> 03:44:42,400
These were carefully, crafted 
metal bands, they were 

3953
03:44:42,400 --> 03:44:44,200
carefully. 
Made piece of functional art. 

3954
03:44:44,200 --> 03:44:46,400
Each one representing a 
different value. 

3955
03:44:46,400 --> 03:44:49,600
Each one was designed to catch 
the light as you moved your arm,

3956
03:44:49,600 --> 03:44:52,300
and they were all Heavy enough 
that you could feel well with 

3957
03:44:52,300 --> 03:44:55,700
every gesture. 
We're used to paper bills and 

3958
03:44:55,700 --> 03:44:59,900
plastic cards so the idea may 
seem strange to us but bracelet 

3959
03:44:59,900 --> 03:45:02,400
money solved, many problems that
would be hard for any ancient 

3960
03:45:02,400 --> 03:45:05,700
economy to deal with first. 
It was portable in a way that 

3961
03:45:05,700 --> 03:45:09,300
made sense for societies where 
people move frequently Traders 

3962
03:45:09,300 --> 03:45:12,700
herders and seasonal farmers, 
who needed to carry their wealth

3963
03:45:12,700 --> 03:45:15,600
with them second, it was 
valuable in and of itself 

3964
03:45:15,600 --> 03:45:18,200
because it was made of metals 
that were worth more than just 

3965
03:45:18,200 --> 03:45:19,900
their money value. 
Third. 

3966
03:45:19,900 --> 03:45:23,300
And maybe the smartest thing, it
was both useful and lovely 

3967
03:45:23,300 --> 03:45:25,900
working as both money and 
decoration. 

3968
03:45:26,700 --> 03:45:29,900
These bracelets came in many 
different shapes and sizes with 

3969
03:45:29,900 --> 03:45:33,600
the area, making its own unique 
style, and rules some with thick

3970
03:45:33,600 --> 03:45:35,800
and heavy and wearing. 
A lot of them would make a 

3971
03:45:35,800 --> 03:45:38,200
satisfying metallic sound. 
With every movement. 

3972
03:45:38,200 --> 03:45:42,000
Some were fragile and 
complicated made to fit nicely 

3973
03:45:42,000 --> 03:45:45,400
on a forearm copper and bronze, 
both valuable and easy to work 

3974
03:45:45,400 --> 03:45:48,600
with the most common. 
However, some special pieces 

3975
03:45:48,600 --> 03:45:52,500
used iron brass or even precious
metals for transactions that 

3976
03:45:52,500 --> 03:45:55,500
were very valuable. 
The weight of the bracelet money

3977
03:45:55,500 --> 03:45:58,500
was crucial to how it worked in 
contrast to Modern currency 

3978
03:45:58,500 --> 03:46:01,500
where the physical object has 
little to do with its stated 

3979
03:46:01,500 --> 03:46:03,500
value. 
The value of bracelet money was 

3980
03:46:03,500 --> 03:46:05,700
directly related to how much 
metal it had. 

3981
03:46:05,700 --> 03:46:08,700
This meant, that a heavy, a 
bracelet was worth more than a 

3982
03:46:08,700 --> 03:46:11,600
lighter one, which made it very 
difficult to fake or lower, the 

3983
03:46:11,600 --> 03:46:14,300
value of the money. 
You couldn't just print more 

3984
03:46:14,300 --> 03:46:17,700
money when you needed it, you 
had to mine the metal melt it 

3985
03:46:17,700 --> 03:46:19,500
down and shape it into the right
shape. 

3986
03:46:19,500 --> 03:46:22,500
What was intelligent about 
bracelet money was how it solved

3987
03:46:22,500 --> 03:46:25,700
the problem of making change. 
You could break up big bracelets

3988
03:46:25,700 --> 03:46:29,000
into smaller pieces for smaller 
purchases and when you needed 

3989
03:46:29,000 --> 03:46:31,300
to, you could melt down the 
smaller pieces and make them 

3990
03:46:31,300 --> 03:46:33,800
into bigger ones, it was a 
flexible system that could 

3991
03:46:33,800 --> 03:46:35,900
handle any size transaction, you
needed to make. 

3992
03:46:35,900 --> 03:46:39,400
However, if you needed to break 
your money to buy groceries, you

3993
03:46:39,400 --> 03:46:42,600
would have had to plan ahead. 
The bracelets luxurious 

3994
03:46:42,600 --> 03:46:45,300
appearance, played a significant
role in its functioning. 

3995
03:46:45,300 --> 03:46:49,100
People were more likely to trade
beautiful things except the 

3996
03:46:49,100 --> 03:46:52,300
cross cultural lines and not 
melt them down for their raw 

3997
03:46:52,300 --> 03:46:55,000
materials. 
A Trader coming to a foreign 

3998
03:46:55,000 --> 03:46:58,300
market with a bunch of nice 
bracelets was easy to spot as 

3999
03:46:58,300 --> 03:47:02,000
someone with money and style. 
These characteristics open doors

4000
03:47:02,000 --> 03:47:04,500
that might have stayed closed 
for someone carrying shapeless, 

4001
03:47:04,500 --> 03:47:07,200
lumps of metal. 
It was interesting and 

4002
03:47:07,200 --> 03:47:09,000
complicated, how wearing your 
wealth? 

4003
03:47:09,000 --> 03:47:11,800
Affected your social life, one 
aspect of bracelet money. 

4004
03:47:11,800 --> 03:47:14,000
Safety was its physical 
attachment to your body. 

4005
03:47:14,000 --> 03:47:17,500
Making it difficult for thieves 
to steal on the other hand, 

4006
03:47:17,500 --> 03:47:20,400
wearing your wealth made it 
clear to everyone around you how

4007
03:47:20,400 --> 03:47:22,900
rich you were. 
You couldn't hide your wealth or

4008
03:47:22,900 --> 03:47:24,500
poverty. 
When your bank account was on 

4009
03:47:24,500 --> 03:47:27,900
display, this visibility made 
for some intriguing social 

4010
03:47:27,900 --> 03:47:31,900
situations rich people might 
wear dozens of bracelets which 

4011
03:47:31,900 --> 03:47:34,600
would make music every time they
moved and let people know. 

4012
03:47:34,600 --> 03:47:37,300
They were Rich from a distance, 
you could hear a rich person 

4013
03:47:37,300 --> 03:47:40,600
coming before you saw them and 
the soft clinking of metal on 

4014
03:47:40,600 --> 03:47:42,600
metal served as a kind of status
soundtrack. 

4015
03:47:43,600 --> 03:47:46,800
In many ancient societies, women
didn't have much Financial 

4016
03:47:46,800 --> 03:47:48,800
Freedom but bracelet money gave 
them. 

4017
03:47:48,800 --> 03:47:51,800
Some you could better track your
money when your jewelry was your

4018
03:47:51,800 --> 03:47:54,200
wealth. 
And with other currencies, a 

4019
03:47:54,200 --> 03:47:56,800
woman could earn bracelet money 
through her own work, or trade 

4020
03:47:56,800 --> 03:47:59,400
where it has jewelry and keep it
even. 

4021
03:47:59,400 --> 03:48:02,300
After she got married, the 
practice was a practical and 

4022
03:48:02,300 --> 03:48:05,800
empowering way to have Financial
Security making good bracelet, 

4023
03:48:05,800 --> 03:48:08,000
money required. 
A lot of skill which turn 

4024
03:48:08,000 --> 03:48:10,900
metalworking from a simple trade
into a complex art for 

4025
03:48:10,900 --> 03:48:14,200
mastercraftsman made bracelets 
that were both pretty and useful

4026
03:48:14,200 --> 03:48:17,000
as currently. 
They used twisting braiding and 

4027
03:48:17,000 --> 03:48:19,400
hammering to make unique 
patterns and textures. 

4028
03:48:20,400 --> 03:48:23,400
People often kept these methods 
of secret passing them down 

4029
03:48:23,400 --> 03:48:27,000
through families or guilds. 
This is why some areas are known

4030
03:48:27,000 --> 03:48:29,000
for the beauty and quality of 
their Fine Jewelry. 

4031
03:48:29,600 --> 03:48:32,400
Another big plus was that 
bracelet money lasted a long 

4032
03:48:32,408 --> 03:48:34,600
time. 
Paper money can be ruined by 

4033
03:48:34,600 --> 03:48:38,200
water fire or just normal wear 
and tear conversely. 

4034
03:48:38,200 --> 03:48:41,000
If properly cared, for metal, 
bracelets can endure for 

4035
03:48:41,000 --> 03:48:43,500
Generations because they lasted 
so long. 

4036
03:48:43,500 --> 03:48:45,500
They were excellent. 
Stores of value. 

4037
03:48:45,500 --> 03:48:47,900
That could keep wealth for 
decades or even centuries. 

4038
03:48:47,900 --> 03:48:50,900
Archaeological sites in Africa. 
And other parts of the world 

4039
03:48:50,900 --> 03:48:54,300
still show examples of bracelet 
money which shows how long they 

4040
03:48:54,300 --> 03:48:56,200
last and how wide they were 
used. 

4041
03:48:56,900 --> 03:48:59,900
Think of the first metal worker 
who saw copper as a useful 

4042
03:48:59,900 --> 03:49:03,900
material, rather than just raw 
material, Somewhere In The Mists

4043
03:49:03,900 --> 03:49:07,100
of, prehistory like an a small 
Workshop filled with the Warm 

4044
03:49:07,100 --> 03:49:10,000
Glow of Forge fires, and the 
rhythmic sound of hammering. 

4045
03:49:10,000 --> 03:49:13,500
Someone made the creative 
transition from crafting tools 

4046
03:49:13,500 --> 03:49:16,400
to crafting money. 
It wasn't just Metallurgy. 

4047
03:49:16,400 --> 03:49:19,800
It was economic philosophy that 
had been hammered into shape 

4048
03:49:20,700 --> 03:49:23,000
Bracelet money has been around 
for thousands of years. 

4049
03:49:23,000 --> 03:49:26,900
It started in different parts of
Africa on its own and spread 

4050
03:49:26,900 --> 03:49:29,700
through trade networks, that 
connected far away communities 

4051
03:49:29,700 --> 03:49:32,600
long before Europeans ever 
thought about going around the 

4052
03:49:32,600 --> 03:49:35,000
world. 
The oldest examples we have are 

4053
03:49:35,000 --> 03:49:37,900
from around 500 CE, but the 
practice was probably much 

4054
03:49:37,900 --> 03:49:40,100
older. 
These weren't simple attempts at

4055
03:49:40,108 --> 03:49:42,600
making money. 
They were smart ways to solve 

4056
03:49:42,600 --> 03:49:45,900
challenging economic problems 
made by societies that new more 

4057
03:49:45,900 --> 03:49:49,700
about trade value and human 
psychology than most people, 

4058
03:49:49,700 --> 03:49:52,600
give them credit for 
archaeological evidence points 

4059
03:49:52,600 --> 03:49:54,900
to the Copper rich areas of what
is now. 

4060
03:49:54,900 --> 03:49:56,600
The Democratic Republic of 
Congo. 

4061
03:49:56,600 --> 03:50:00,500
As the place where the practice 
began there, there were many raw

4062
03:50:00,500 --> 03:50:03,600
materials, and a lot of advanced
metallurgical knowledge, for 

4063
03:50:03,600 --> 03:50:06,400
thousands of years, ancient 
African societies worked with 

4064
03:50:06,400 --> 03:50:10,100
metals and came up with mining 
smelting and shaping methods 

4065
03:50:10,100 --> 03:50:13,100
that were as effective as or 
better than those used anywhere 

4066
03:50:13,100 --> 03:50:15,800
else in the world. 
These societies needed a way to 

4067
03:50:15,800 --> 03:50:18,400
trade over long distances, so 
they naturally turned to their 

4068
03:50:18,400 --> 03:50:21,700
strongest technology. 
The change from Trading goods 

4069
03:50:21,700 --> 03:50:25,400
for money to using bracelets as 
money, probably took hundreds of

4070
03:50:25,408 --> 03:50:28,100
years to fully happen rather 
than a curing. 

4071
03:50:28,100 --> 03:50:31,800
All at once early versions were 
just Twisted copper rods, which 

4072
03:50:31,800 --> 03:50:34,800
were worth more for the metal 
than for their quality as time 

4073
03:50:34,800 --> 03:50:38,200
went on and the system proved 
itself artists and started to 

4074
03:50:38,200 --> 03:50:41,200
add decorative elements to the 
basic design to make the 

4075
03:50:41,200 --> 03:50:44,800
bracelets more appealing. 
And as a result easier to trade 

4076
03:50:45,700 --> 03:50:48,000
There was a reason why most 
bracelet money was made of 

4077
03:50:48,000 --> 03:50:51,300
copper and bronze. 
These Metals had all the right 

4078
03:50:51,300 --> 03:50:52,600
properties for a monetary 
system. 

4079
03:50:52,600 --> 03:50:55,800
They were valuable enough to 
give the money worth yet. 

4080
03:50:55,800 --> 03:50:59,000
Common enough to allow small 
purchases, they could be used at

4081
03:50:59,000 --> 03:51:02,900
relatively low temperatures, so 
local blacksmiths could make and

4082
03:51:02,900 --> 03:51:04,800
change them without needing 
Advanced industrial 

4083
03:51:04,800 --> 03:51:07,100
infrastructure. 
They were also resistant to 

4084
03:51:07,100 --> 03:51:09,500
rust, so your money wouldn't 
literally disappear in your 

4085
03:51:09,508 --> 03:51:13,100
hands. 
When iron was used for bracelet 

4086
03:51:13,100 --> 03:51:14,600
money, it changed the way things
work. 

4087
03:51:14,600 --> 03:51:17,700
I am bracelets were often worth 
more than copper ones because 

4088
03:51:17,700 --> 03:51:20,800
iron was harder to work with and
because people always needed 

4089
03:51:20,800 --> 03:51:24,300
iron tools and weapons. 
And iron bracelet was a sign of 

4090
03:51:24,300 --> 03:51:26,800
wealth that could be turned into
useful things. 

4091
03:51:26,800 --> 03:51:29,100
When needed. 
For example, your money could 

4092
03:51:29,100 --> 03:51:31,500
become a spear point or a hoe 
blade if you needed it to. 

4093
03:51:32,300 --> 03:51:35,100
Standardizing bracelet money was
a big step forward in early 

4094
03:51:35,100 --> 03:51:38,600
economics communities across 
large areas somehow came up with

4095
03:51:38,600 --> 03:51:41,700
consistent standards for waiting
Purity that made their 

4096
03:51:41,700 --> 03:51:43,200
currencies acceptable to each 
other. 

4097
03:51:43,200 --> 03:51:46,100
Even though there were no 
Central Banking systems or 

4098
03:51:46,100 --> 03:51:48,800
government, oversight, this 
indicates a degree of 

4099
03:51:48,800 --> 03:51:52,400
intercommunity communication and
collaboration that contests 

4100
03:51:52,400 --> 03:51:56,400
simplistic perception of ancient
African societies as isolated or

4101
03:51:56,400 --> 03:51:59,200
primitive. 
The different styles of bracelet

4102
03:51:59,200 --> 03:52:02,800
money in different regions, tell
fascinating stories about trade 

4103
03:52:02,800 --> 03:52:05,600
relationships, and cultural 
identity in some areas. 

4104
03:52:05,600 --> 03:52:08,600
People like thick heavy 
bracelets that showed how rich 

4105
03:52:08,600 --> 03:52:11,100
they were. 
Some people liked delicate 

4106
03:52:11,100 --> 03:52:13,800
detailed designs that showed off
the skill of the people who made

4107
03:52:13,800 --> 03:52:15,800
them. 
Some people even made unique 

4108
03:52:15,800 --> 03:52:18,300
twisting patterns or Surface 
decorations that made their 

4109
03:52:18,300 --> 03:52:20,600
bracelets easy to spot and far 
off markets. 

4110
03:52:21,500 --> 03:52:24,100
The religious and spiritual 
aspects of bracelet money gave 

4111
03:52:24,100 --> 03:52:25,700
it a lot more. 
Meaning than just money. 

4112
03:52:25,700 --> 03:52:29,200
Many African cultures thought 
that Metals had spiritual powers

4113
03:52:29,200 --> 03:52:31,900
and wearing metal bracelets. 
Could have protective or 

4114
03:52:31,900 --> 03:52:34,400
ceremonial purposes. 
In addition to being valuable 

4115
03:52:34,400 --> 03:52:38,000
this spiritual aspect helped 
bracelet money become a big part

4116
03:52:38,000 --> 03:52:41,500
of cultural practices making it 
more than just a way to trade 

4117
03:52:41,500 --> 03:52:43,600
it. 
Became a part of Social and 

4118
03:52:43,600 --> 03:52:46,900
religious life. 
Making successful bracelet money

4119
03:52:46,900 --> 03:52:48,700
required. 
A lot of specialized knowledge. 

4120
03:52:48,700 --> 03:52:51,700
Smith's needed to know more than
just the basics of metal. 

4121
03:52:51,700 --> 03:52:54,600
Urgently needed to know what 
their money system needed. 

4122
03:52:54,600 --> 03:52:58,000
They needed to know the right 
weight, ratios, how to make sure

4123
03:52:58,000 --> 03:53:01,200
their products were always pure 
and what decorative style would 

4124
03:53:01,200 --> 03:53:03,800
make them acceptable. 
In different markets, those who 

4125
03:53:03,800 --> 03:53:07,200
had this knowledge often kept it
to themselves leading to the 

4126
03:53:07,200 --> 03:53:09,100
formation of specialized 
communities. 

4127
03:53:09,100 --> 03:53:11,000
That were the mint Master's of 
their areas. 

4128
03:53:11,800 --> 03:53:14,400
Making bracelet money had a big 
effect on the environment 

4129
03:53:14,400 --> 03:53:18,000
because it needed a lot of 
Mining and fuel for smelting. 

4130
03:53:18,000 --> 03:53:21,000
This made the economic ties 
between mining towns, 

4131
03:53:21,000 --> 03:53:23,400
metalworking centers and trading
networks. 

4132
03:53:23,400 --> 03:53:26,800
Very complicated. 
The need for bracelet money, led

4133
03:53:26,800 --> 03:53:29,100
to the search for and 
development of mineral resources

4134
03:53:29,100 --> 03:53:32,200
all over Africa. 
Such developments helped mining 

4135
03:53:32,200 --> 03:53:35,200
Technologies and trade routes 
grow which would have a big 

4136
03:53:35,200 --> 03:53:37,700
impact on the continent's 
economy for hundreds of years. 

4137
03:53:39,100 --> 03:53:42,400
In of government rules quality 
control in the making of 

4138
03:53:42,400 --> 03:53:45,400
bracelet money was based on 
community standards and 

4139
03:53:45,400 --> 03:53:48,000
reputation. 
Smiths, who consistently made 

4140
03:53:48,000 --> 03:53:49,600
bracelets? 
That were the right weight and 

4141
03:53:49,600 --> 03:53:53,300
Purity would build reputation 
that let them charge high prices

4142
03:53:53,300 --> 03:53:57,000
for their work individuals, who 
compromise quality or violated, 

4143
03:53:57,000 --> 03:53:59,900
standards faced immediate 
exclusion from trade networks. 

4144
03:53:59,900 --> 03:54:01,700
That depended on, trust and 
dependability. 

4145
03:54:02,800 --> 03:54:05,700
Because a lot of ancient African
economic activity was seasonal 

4146
03:54:05,700 --> 03:54:09,300
bracelet, money had to do many 
different things throughout the 

4147
03:54:09,300 --> 03:54:11,500
year. 
Farmers, might trade bracelets 

4148
03:54:11,500 --> 03:54:13,500
for seeds, or tools during 
planting season. 

4149
03:54:13,500 --> 03:54:16,600
They could obtain bracelets 
during the Harvest by selling 

4150
03:54:16,600 --> 03:54:19,400
extra crops. 
When it was dry and travel was 

4151
03:54:19,400 --> 03:54:22,000
easier, they might have used 
their savings to trade with 

4152
03:54:22,000 --> 03:54:25,900
people far away this cyclical. 
Use pattern necessitated, a 

4153
03:54:25,900 --> 03:54:28,900
monetary system, capable of 
maintaining value over time and 

4154
03:54:28,900 --> 03:54:32,700
facilitating easy changes. 
When necessary Picture. 

4155
03:54:32,700 --> 03:54:35,200
The sound of a caravan getting 
ready to leave in the early 

4156
03:54:35,200 --> 03:54:37,800
morning. 
Mist the soft lowing of cows, 

4157
03:54:37,800 --> 03:54:40,600
the soft conversations of 
Traders, checking their goods 

4158
03:54:40,600 --> 03:54:43,200
and the musical. 
Chiming of hundreds of metal 

4159
03:54:43,200 --> 03:54:45,700
bracelets as their wearers. 
Moved around getting ready. 

4160
03:54:45,700 --> 03:54:48,800
Were all part of the scene for 
hundreds of years. 

4161
03:54:48,800 --> 03:54:51,100
This was the music that played 
in African markets. 

4162
03:54:51,100 --> 03:54:54,300
Bracelet money was both the 
instrument and the symphony. 

4163
03:54:54,900 --> 03:54:57,300
The major trade routes of 
medieval Africa were like the 

4164
03:54:57,300 --> 03:55:00,100
internet of their time. 
They were invisible networks, 

4165
03:55:00,100 --> 03:55:03,500
that linked far off communities 
and let people trade goods ideas

4166
03:55:03,500 --> 03:55:06,900
and cultures on a scale that 
would have impressed any modern 

4167
03:55:06,900 --> 03:55:09,900
Logistics manager. 
The famous Silk Road receives 

4168
03:55:09,900 --> 03:55:11,300
most of the historical 
attention. 

4169
03:55:11,300 --> 03:55:14,500
But African trade routes were 
often fluid and seasonal 

4170
03:55:14,500 --> 03:55:17,500
changing with the weather 
politics and business 

4171
03:55:17,500 --> 03:55:21,200
opportunities. 
Bracelet money was a perfect fit

4172
03:55:21,200 --> 03:55:24,400
for this fast-paced trading 
World bracelets could go 

4173
03:55:24,400 --> 03:55:26,500
anywhere. 
Whereas could go unlike big 

4174
03:55:26,500 --> 03:55:29,800
items or items that could spoil,
they didn't need special 

4175
03:55:29,800 --> 03:55:32,000
storage. 
They couldn't spoil or break 

4176
03:55:32,000 --> 03:55:35,100
easily, and their values stayed 
the same regardless of what the 

4177
03:55:35,100 --> 03:55:37,800
market was like in the area. 
A Trader could go from the 

4178
03:55:37,800 --> 03:55:41,100
copper mines and katanga to the 
goldfields in Zimbabwe to the 

4179
03:55:41,100 --> 03:55:44,400
Ivory markets in East Africa and
their bracelet money would be 

4180
03:55:44,400 --> 03:55:46,500
accepted and recognized all 
along the way. 

4181
03:55:47,300 --> 03:55:50,800
Along with other types of money 
bracelet money was widely used 

4182
03:55:50,800 --> 03:55:52,800
on the trans-saharan trade 
routes that connected 

4183
03:55:52,800 --> 03:55:54,700
sub-Saharan Africa to North 
Africa. 

4184
03:55:54,700 --> 03:55:58,300
And the Mediterranean World, 
these routes were like highways 

4185
03:55:58,300 --> 03:56:00,000
through one of the hardest 
places on Earth. 

4186
03:56:00,600 --> 03:56:03,500
And to get through them, you 
needed to plan ahead have a lot 

4187
03:56:03,508 --> 03:56:06,700
of resources and work well with 
people from other communities 

4188
03:56:06,700 --> 03:56:10,000
bracelet, money helped, these 
Partnerships by giving people a 

4189
03:56:10,000 --> 03:56:12,600
way to trade that was accepted 
across cultures and languages. 

4190
03:56:13,600 --> 03:56:16,200
Because a lot of African trade 
happened only at certain times 

4191
03:56:16,200 --> 03:56:18,900
the year. 
Traders needed a type of money 

4192
03:56:18,900 --> 03:56:21,800
that could hold value. 
Even when they were not working,

4193
03:56:21,800 --> 03:56:25,800
when it rained, travel, became 
hard or impossible and trade 

4194
03:56:25,800 --> 03:56:29,300
would stop for months at a time.
Bracelet, money was perfect for 

4195
03:56:29,300 --> 03:56:32,000
these times because it didn't go
bad, while it was being stored, 

4196
03:56:32,000 --> 03:56:35,400
it didn't need any upkeep and it
was ready to use right away. 

4197
03:56:35,400 --> 03:56:39,200
When trading season started 
again, Using bracelet money was 

4198
03:56:39,200 --> 03:56:42,600
different along river routes the
along the Niger Congo and 

4199
03:56:42,600 --> 03:56:45,900
Zambezi River systems, River 
trade made it possible to move 

4200
03:56:45,900 --> 03:56:48,600
heavier goods and more money but
it also needed different 

4201
03:56:48,600 --> 03:56:52,200
security, measures canoe Traders
devised ways to wear and store 

4202
03:56:52,200 --> 03:56:54,900
their bracelet money so it 
wouldn't get wet and was easy to

4203
03:56:54,900 --> 03:56:57,900
access. 
The spread of bracelet money 

4204
03:56:57,900 --> 03:57:00,200
along trade routes wasn't just 
about making money. 

4205
03:57:00,200 --> 03:57:04,000
It was also about passing on and
adapting culture as Traders, 

4206
03:57:04,000 --> 03:57:05,400
brought their money to new 
places. 

4207
03:57:05,400 --> 03:57:08,500
Local Craftsmen would watch how 
they made things and slowly 

4208
03:57:08,500 --> 03:57:10,900
change them to fit, local tastes
and materials. 

4209
03:57:10,900 --> 03:57:14,300
This process led to differences 
between regions that show how 

4210
03:57:14,300 --> 03:57:18,200
cultures and Technologies spread
across medieval Africa Different

4211
03:57:18,200 --> 03:57:21,100
mining areas had their own 
unique ways of using bracelet 

4212
03:57:21,100 --> 03:57:23,800
money communities. 
Close to copper mines, often 

4213
03:57:23,800 --> 03:57:26,100
became specialized centers for 
making bracelets. 

4214
03:57:26,800 --> 03:57:29,400
They use their access to raw 
materials to build Advanced 

4215
03:57:29,400 --> 03:57:32,400
metalworking Industries. 
These centers were then send 

4216
03:57:32,400 --> 03:57:35,700
finish bracelet money, along 
trade routes making economic 

4217
03:57:35,700 --> 03:57:38,700
Ties That linked mining 
communities to far off markets 

4218
03:57:38,700 --> 03:57:43,000
in complicated webs of 
interdependence that bracelet 

4219
03:57:43,000 --> 03:57:46,000
money had the same weight in 
different parts of Africa. 

4220
03:57:46,000 --> 03:57:48,700
Is a great example of how 
advanced African trade networks 

4221
03:57:48,700 --> 03:57:52,000
Were Somehow, even though there 
was no Central Authority or 

4222
03:57:52,000 --> 03:57:55,400
modern communication systems. 
Community's overlarge areas were

4223
03:57:55,400 --> 03:57:58,500
able to agree on and keep 
consistent standards that made 

4224
03:57:58,500 --> 03:58:01,200
their currencies acceptable. 
To each other traders, who are 

4225
03:58:01,200 --> 03:58:03,900
always on the move and acted as 
living repositories of Market, 

4226
03:58:03,900 --> 03:58:06,700
information and standards, 
likely helped make this 

4227
03:58:06,700 --> 03:58:10,400
standardization happen. 
Bracelet money was used a lot on

4228
03:58:10,400 --> 03:58:13,600
salt routes, especially those 
that connected the Sahara. 

4229
03:58:13,600 --> 03:58:16,400
Assault Minds to markets in 
sub-Saharan Africa. 

4230
03:58:16,400 --> 03:58:19,500
Salt was very important for 
keeping food fresh and staying 

4231
03:58:19,500 --> 03:58:21,900
healthy in tropical climates. 
This made it. 

4232
03:58:21,908 --> 03:58:25,000
One of the most important trait 
Goods, in medieval Africa, the 

4233
03:58:25,000 --> 03:58:27,400
salt trade needed, currency 
systems that could handle both 

4234
03:58:27,400 --> 03:58:29,800
big wholesale deals and smaller 
retail sales. 

4235
03:58:29,800 --> 03:58:32,800
Bracelet money was perfect for 
these different business needs 

4236
03:58:32,800 --> 03:58:35,000
because it could be used in many
different ways. 

4237
03:58:35,000 --> 03:58:38,500
Pastoralist communities moved 
around a lot during the seasons 

4238
03:58:38,500 --> 03:58:41,800
which created mobile markets 
that bracelet money was perfect 

4239
03:58:41,800 --> 03:58:45,400
for as heard as moved their cows
sheep and goats around looking 

4240
03:58:45,400 --> 03:58:47,900
for food and water. 
They made temporary trading 

4241
03:58:47,900 --> 03:58:50,800
spots, wherever they stopped 
these communities could trade 

4242
03:58:50,800 --> 03:58:53,300
with each other using bracelet 
money, which was easier than 

4243
03:58:53,300 --> 03:58:55,800
using barter systems, or 
carrying a lot of other types of

4244
03:58:55,800 --> 03:58:58,400
money. 
Trade fairs and markets that 

4245
03:58:58,400 --> 03:59:01,100
sprang up at key points along 
major routes became places, 

4246
03:59:01,100 --> 03:59:04,400
where people could see different
regionals of bracelet money. 

4247
03:59:04,400 --> 03:59:07,600
These meetings gave Traders a 
chance to compare currencies 

4248
03:59:07,600 --> 03:59:10,400
from different areas, sharing 
information about market 

4249
03:59:10,400 --> 03:59:13,000
conditions and build the 
relationships that would make 

4250
03:59:13,000 --> 03:59:15,900
future trade easier. 
These markets have a wide range 

4251
03:59:15,900 --> 03:59:18,800
of bracelets Styles which would 
have been like looking through a

4252
03:59:18,800 --> 03:59:21,400
physical catalog of African 
metal working traditions. 

4253
03:59:22,200 --> 03:59:24,800
Taxes paid in bracelet money 
were often used to pay for the 

4254
03:59:24,808 --> 03:59:28,000
protection of trade routes in 
exchange for tribute payments 

4255
03:59:28,000 --> 03:59:30,700
which were often made in the 
form of metal bracelets. 

4256
03:59:30,700 --> 03:59:33,600
Local rulers, would protect 
traders who passed through their

4257
03:59:33,600 --> 03:59:36,000
lands. 
This set up systems of rewards 

4258
03:59:36,000 --> 03:59:39,000
that encourage people to keep 
trade peaceful and build things 

4259
03:59:39,000 --> 03:59:41,300
like Wells, rest stops and 
storage spaces. 

4260
03:59:42,200 --> 03:59:44,000
Imagine walking through a busy 
Market. 

4261
03:59:44,000 --> 03:59:47,200
In medieval Timbuktu with 
several pounds of carefully, 

4262
03:59:47,200 --> 03:59:50,400
made copper bracelets on your 
arms that jingle softly, with 

4263
03:59:50,400 --> 03:59:53,100
each step the air in the morning
smells like spices. 

4264
03:59:53,100 --> 03:59:56,600
Leather and wood smoke from many
cooking fires vendors. 

4265
03:59:56,600 --> 03:59:59,600
Shout out their goods in many 
languages and soon you'll see 

4266
03:59:59,600 --> 04:00:01,300
how useful it was to wear your 
money. 

4267
04:00:02,000 --> 04:00:05,000
Using bracelet money every day. 
Made shopping both more personal

4268
04:00:05,000 --> 04:00:07,100
and more difficult than 
anything. 

4269
04:00:07,100 --> 04:00:10,100
We're used to today. 
Every transaction was a physical

4270
04:00:10,100 --> 04:00:13,000
experience, you could feel the 
weight of your money, leaving 

4271
04:00:13,000 --> 04:00:14,500
your arms as you may put 
purchases. 

4272
04:00:14,500 --> 04:00:17,400
This made you aware of how much 
you were spending right away 

4273
04:00:17,400 --> 04:00:21,000
which is something that modern 
digital transactions don't do at

4274
04:00:21,000 --> 04:00:24,000
all. 
In medieval Africa, people often

4275
04:00:24,000 --> 04:00:25,800
use bracelet money to pay for 
groceries. 

4276
04:00:25,800 --> 04:00:29,000
A farmer who brought Millet or 
sorghum to Market, might take 

4277
04:00:29,000 --> 04:00:30,700
small copper bracelets as 
payment. 

4278
04:00:30,700 --> 04:00:34,000
They would weigh the bracelets 
carefully, to make sure they got

4279
04:00:34,000 --> 04:00:37,200
a fair price for their grain. 
Making change often meant 

4280
04:00:37,200 --> 04:00:39,900
breaking up larger bracelets 
into smaller pieces, which 

4281
04:00:39,900 --> 04:00:43,100
required both skill and trust. 
You couldn't just give the exact

4282
04:00:43,100 --> 04:00:46,100
amount of money you have to talk
about how to break it into the 

4283
04:00:46,100 --> 04:00:48,900
right size pieces. 
Buying clothes was one of the 

4284
04:00:48,900 --> 04:00:50,700
most interesting ways to use 
bracelet money. 

4285
04:00:50,700 --> 04:00:53,000
In many parts of medieval 
Africa. 

4286
04:00:53,000 --> 04:00:55,600
Textile production was a very 
Advanced field. 

4287
04:00:55,600 --> 04:00:58,500
They had elaborate cotton 
weaving traditions and 

4288
04:00:58,500 --> 04:01:01,900
complicated dying methods that 
made Fabrics that were as good 

4289
04:01:01,900 --> 04:01:04,000
as anything made anywhere else 
in the world. 

4290
04:01:04,000 --> 04:01:06,900
A piece of high-quality cloth 
could cost several heavy 

4291
04:01:06,900 --> 04:01:09,900
bracelets so you would have to 
be very careful when talking 

4292
04:01:09,900 --> 04:01:12,900
about weights and Purity, there 
was ironic that you were using 

4293
04:01:12,900 --> 04:01:15,100
jewelry to buy things to make 
other kinds of jewelry. 

4294
04:01:16,100 --> 04:01:19,000
Food vendors in busy markets, 
became very good at dealing with

4295
04:01:19,000 --> 04:01:21,900
bracelet money transactions 
while they were cooking and 

4296
04:01:21,900 --> 04:01:24,200
serving customers. 
They had to be able to quickly 

4297
04:01:24,200 --> 04:01:26,300
figure out how much different 
bracelets were worth. 

4298
04:01:27,300 --> 04:01:31,000
A bowl of Stew, could cost one 
small bracelet but a full meal 

4299
04:01:31,000 --> 04:01:34,100
with meat and vegetables could 
cost several these vendors 

4300
04:01:34,100 --> 04:01:36,500
probably had very strong arms 
because they were lifting 

4301
04:01:36,500 --> 04:01:38,100
weights all day as part of their
job. 

4302
04:01:38,900 --> 04:01:41,400
Buying and selling, livestock 
was one of the most valuable 

4303
04:01:41,400 --> 04:01:43,800
ways to use bracelet money in 
everyday business. 

4304
04:01:43,800 --> 04:01:47,800
A cow could be worth dozens of 
heavy bracelets while a goat or 

4305
04:01:47,800 --> 04:01:49,500
sheep could be worth a few 
smaller ones. 

4306
04:01:49,500 --> 04:01:52,200
These deals often had a 
ceremonial feel to them. 

4307
04:01:52,208 --> 04:01:55,300
For example, the buyer would 
show off their wealth by wearing

4308
04:01:55,300 --> 04:01:58,000
all the payment bracelets at 
once before giving them to the 

4309
04:01:58,000 --> 04:02:00,300
seller. 
Picture how impressive it would 

4310
04:02:00,300 --> 04:02:02,100
be to see someone walking 
through a market. 

4311
04:02:02,100 --> 04:02:04,100
With enough, metal coins to buy 
a cow. 

4312
04:02:04,108 --> 04:02:07,200
They would have sounded like a 
one-person percussion section. 

4313
04:02:08,000 --> 04:02:10,600
People who bought crafts, 
basically traded their skills 

4314
04:02:10,600 --> 04:02:13,900
for money that they could wear. 
The skilled Potter might trade a

4315
04:02:13,900 --> 04:02:16,700
set of cooking pots for a few 
bracelets, which they could wear

4316
04:02:16,700 --> 04:02:18,300
until they needed to buy more 
things. 

4317
04:02:18,300 --> 04:02:21,500
This led to some interesting 
situations where successful 

4318
04:02:21,500 --> 04:02:23,300
artists could become very 
wealthy. 

4319
04:02:24,000 --> 04:02:26,100
The shown by the heavy bracelets
on their arms. 

4320
04:02:26,900 --> 04:02:28,700
In traditional African 
societies. 

4321
04:02:28,700 --> 04:02:31,700
People often paid for medical 
services with bracelet money. 

4322
04:02:31,700 --> 04:02:34,600
This made for interesting 
relationships between healers 

4323
04:02:34,600 --> 04:02:37,700
and their patients. 
Pending on how complicated the 

4324
04:02:37,700 --> 04:02:40,400
treatment was a traditional 
healer might charge different 

4325
04:02:40,400 --> 04:02:44,000
amounts, for example, serious 
illnesses, might need a lot of 

4326
04:02:44,000 --> 04:02:46,500
money and heavy bracelets 
because their income was 

4327
04:02:46,500 --> 04:02:48,800
directly tied to how well they 
treated patients. 

4328
04:02:48,800 --> 04:02:52,400
This system gave healers reasons
to keep their reputations and 

4329
04:02:52,400 --> 04:02:55,100
Effectiveness up. 
Bracelet money payments were 

4330
04:02:55,100 --> 04:02:58,100
often used to pay for school, 
especially for specialized 

4331
04:02:58,100 --> 04:03:01,300
training in trades or crafts. 
A young person learning 

4332
04:03:01,300 --> 04:03:04,100
metalworking weaving or other 
useful skills might pay their 

4333
04:03:04,100 --> 04:03:06,400
teacher with bracelets. 
That their family has collected 

4334
04:03:06,400 --> 04:03:08,300
over time. 
This led to investment 

4335
04:03:08,300 --> 04:03:10,900
relationships where families 
would literally wear their 

4336
04:03:10,900 --> 04:03:14,100
children's educational savings 
on their arms until it was time 

4337
04:03:14,100 --> 04:03:17,500
to pay for school. 
In the past, when people had 

4338
04:03:17,500 --> 04:03:20,000
different ideas about property 
ownership, how housing 

4339
04:03:20,000 --> 04:03:23,700
transactions, sometimes involved
bracelet money, you could use 

4340
04:03:23,700 --> 04:03:25,800
metal bracelets to pay for 
building materials, 

4341
04:03:25,800 --> 04:03:27,900
construction, work and rental 
agreements. 

4342
04:03:27,900 --> 04:03:31,700
However, because you needed so 
many of them, you often had to 

4343
04:03:31,700 --> 04:03:34,100
melt them down and make them 
into more useful shapes. 

4344
04:03:35,100 --> 04:03:37,800
The social aspects of buying 
things with bracelet money gave 

4345
04:03:37,800 --> 04:03:40,700
each purchase more meaning. 
When you took off your bracelets

4346
04:03:40,700 --> 04:03:43,100
to pay for something, you were 
telling the world about your 

4347
04:03:43,100 --> 04:03:44,900
wealth and what was important to
you. 

4348
04:03:44,900 --> 04:03:47,900
This visibility puts social 
pressure on people to spend 

4349
04:03:47,900 --> 04:03:51,000
wisely and show off their wealth
in a way that was appropriate 

4350
04:03:51,000 --> 04:03:54,400
for their social status. 
People started to shop at 

4351
04:03:54,400 --> 04:03:57,200
certain times of the year 
because of the way farming and 

4352
04:03:57,200 --> 04:04:00,200
trade worked in Cycles. 
Farmers would turn their crops 

4353
04:04:00,200 --> 04:04:03,200
into wearable wealth during 
Harvest Seasons which would lead

4354
04:04:03,200 --> 04:04:06,200
to more bracelet money. 
Circulating in markets during 

4355
04:04:06,200 --> 04:04:08,900
planting Seasons, the flow would
change as people turn their 

4356
04:04:08,900 --> 04:04:12,500
stored bracelet wealth, back 
into seeds, tools and other 

4357
04:04:12,500 --> 04:04:14,500
things they needed for the next 
growing season. 

4358
04:04:15,400 --> 04:04:18,700
Taking care of and maintaining 
bracelet money made its own mini

4359
04:04:18,700 --> 04:04:22,200
economy of services. 
Metal workers cleaned, fixed and

4360
04:04:22,200 --> 04:04:24,400
changed worn out or broken 
bracelets. 

4361
04:04:24,400 --> 04:04:27,400
They could also make larger 
bracelets out of smaller, ones 

4362
04:04:27,400 --> 04:04:30,200
or break larger bracelets into 
smaller ones as needed. 

4363
04:04:30,200 --> 04:04:33,500
These Services were necessary to
keep the currency system working

4364
04:04:33,500 --> 04:04:36,900
and gave skilled Craftsmen. 
A steady income different 

4365
04:04:36,900 --> 04:04:39,800
strategies were needed to store 
and protect bracelet money than 

4366
04:04:39,800 --> 04:04:41,200
modern money. 
Rich. 

4367
04:04:41,200 --> 04:04:43,500
People might have special boxes 
or cloths to keep their 

4368
04:04:43,500 --> 04:04:46,500
bracelets when they were wearing
them, but the safest place to 

4369
04:04:46,500 --> 04:04:48,200
keep them was usually on their 
own arms. 

4370
04:04:48,200 --> 04:04:51,600
This made for interesting, 
sleeping Arrangements going to 

4371
04:04:51,600 --> 04:04:53,600
bed with a lot of money on. 
You probably made for some 

4372
04:04:53,600 --> 04:04:56,600
uncomfortable nights but it was 
usually the safest Choice. 

4373
04:04:56,600 --> 04:04:59,800
Get even more comfortable. 
And picture the steady rhythm of

4374
04:04:59,800 --> 04:05:02,800
feet on Old Paths. 
The slow, plodding of pack 

4375
04:05:02,800 --> 04:05:06,800
animals and the soft metallic 
music of thousands of bracelets,

4376
04:05:06,800 --> 04:05:09,300
moving with their wearers, along
trade routes, that crossed the 

4377
04:05:09,308 --> 04:05:11,800
whole continent. 
These were random wandering. 

4378
04:05:11,800 --> 04:05:15,100
They were the arteries of a 
sophisticated economic system 

4379
04:05:15,100 --> 04:05:18,700
that Moved Goods ideas and 
bracelet money across distances 

4380
04:05:18,700 --> 04:05:21,000
that were challenged modern 
logistics companies. 

4381
04:05:21,000 --> 04:05:24,100
The spread of bracelet money 
along established trade routes 

4382
04:05:24,100 --> 04:05:26,200
happen. 
Naturally like water flowing 

4383
04:05:26,200 --> 04:05:29,400
along the path of least 
resistance traders, who are 

4384
04:05:29,408 --> 04:05:32,500
always practical quickly saw the
benefits of a currency, that was

4385
04:05:32,500 --> 04:05:35,500
easy to carry store and keep its
value across cultures. 

4386
04:05:35,500 --> 04:05:38,400
They not only carry their own 
bracelet wealth along their 

4387
04:05:38,400 --> 04:05:41,800
usual paths, but they also 
brought the idea of wearable 

4388
04:05:41,800 --> 04:05:45,500
money to new communities. 
The Swahili Coast with its 

4389
04:05:45,500 --> 04:05:48,300
advanced cities and large 
networks of Maritime trade 

4390
04:05:48,300 --> 04:05:51,700
became an important center for 
the flow of bracelet money. 

4391
04:05:51,700 --> 04:05:54,800
Indian Ocean trade brought 
together, Merchants from Arabia 

4392
04:05:54,800 --> 04:05:59,500
Persia, India and China. 
This made Cosmopolitan markets, 

4393
04:05:59,500 --> 04:06:02,200
where bracelet money competed 
with and worked well with other 

4394
04:06:02,200 --> 04:06:04,600
currency systems. 
The fact that bracelet money 

4395
04:06:04,600 --> 04:06:07,000
could be used in these 
Multicultural settings, showed 

4396
04:06:07,000 --> 04:06:10,000
that it was a good way to trade 
Coastal communities. 

4397
04:06:10,000 --> 04:06:12,300
Made their own versions of 
bracelet money that showed how 

4398
04:06:12,300 --> 04:06:15,200
much they cared about the sea. 
These Coastal versions were 

4399
04:06:15,200 --> 04:06:17,600
often made from Alloys that were
less likely to corrode. 

4400
04:06:17,600 --> 04:06:20,900
In salt are their design, 
sometimes included patterns 

4401
04:06:20,900 --> 04:06:23,100
related to sea life or Maritime 
activities. 

4402
04:06:23,100 --> 04:06:26,000
A Trader coming from the 
interior with regular copper 

4403
04:06:26,000 --> 04:06:28,700
bracelets might trade them for 
the special Coastal ones before 

4404
04:06:28,700 --> 04:06:32,300
doing business at sea. 
Bracelet money was widely used 

4405
04:06:32,300 --> 04:06:35,000
in the Great Lakes region of 
East Africa because Lakes 

4406
04:06:35,000 --> 04:06:38,800
Victoria Tanganyika and others 
made it easy to move Goods by 

4407
04:06:38,800 --> 04:06:41,800
water canoe base trade, 
networks, brought bracelet 

4408
04:06:41,800 --> 04:06:45,600
money, Ivory iron goods and 
agricultural Goods to places 

4409
04:06:45,600 --> 04:06:49,100
where people fished farmed and 
traded these networks linked 

4410
04:06:49,100 --> 04:06:51,900
fishing communities with farming
areas and trading centers. 

4411
04:06:51,900 --> 04:06:55,100
Local Merchants must have been 
happy to see a loaded canoe. 

4412
04:06:55,100 --> 04:06:58,300
Pull up to a Lakeside Market 
with its passengers wearing the 

4413
04:06:58,300 --> 04:07:00,300
musical forth of many trading 
trips. 

4414
04:07:01,100 --> 04:07:03,900
In mining areas. 
People had special relationships

4415
04:07:03,900 --> 04:07:07,100
with bracelet money that went 
beyond, just using it as money. 

4416
04:07:07,100 --> 04:07:10,200
People who live near iron 
deposits often made Iron 

4417
04:07:10,200 --> 04:07:11,900
bracelets. 
That could be used for two 

4418
04:07:11,900 --> 04:07:15,700
things as money, when worn. 
And as tools, or weapons were 

4419
04:07:15,700 --> 04:07:18,600
needed, iron, bracelets were, 
especially useful in Frontier 

4420
04:07:18,600 --> 04:07:21,400
areas, where useful tools were 
just as important as money. 

4421
04:07:22,200 --> 04:07:25,000
The spread of Islam along trade 
routes made it interesting to 

4422
04:07:25,000 --> 04:07:28,700
use bracelet money, Islamic law,
had stricter rules about usury 

4423
04:07:28,700 --> 04:07:30,800
and money exchange. 
That didn't always match up with

4424
04:07:30,800 --> 04:07:32,600
How African currencies were 
usually used. 

4425
04:07:32,600 --> 04:07:36,400
But bracelet money is intrinsic 
value, and ability to be both a 

4426
04:07:36,400 --> 04:07:38,800
commodity and a current 
currency, made it more adaptable

4427
04:07:38,800 --> 04:07:41,600
to Islamic commercial law than 
purely symbolic. 

4428
04:07:41,600 --> 04:07:45,400
Currents. 
In agricultural areas people 

4429
04:07:45,400 --> 04:07:48,500
used bracelet money in ways that
matched the seasons of their 

4430
04:07:48,500 --> 04:07:51,600
farming Farmers would turn, 
stored bracelet, wealth into 

4431
04:07:51,600 --> 04:07:54,200
seeds, tools and labor, during 
planting Seasons. 

4432
04:07:54,200 --> 04:07:57,100
They would gather bracelets by 
selling extra crops during the 

4433
04:07:57,100 --> 04:07:59,600
Harvest traders who had been 
doing this for a while. 

4434
04:07:59,600 --> 04:08:02,600
And to expect and take advantage
of these predictable flows of 

4435
04:08:02,608 --> 04:08:05,400
money. 
Setting up permanent markets at 

4436
04:08:05,400 --> 04:08:08,500
key points along trade routes 
created places where people 

4437
04:08:08,500 --> 04:08:12,000
could trade bracelet money, 
which was almost like modern 

4438
04:08:12,000 --> 04:08:15,400
foreign exchange markets, these 
markets let Traders switch 

4439
04:08:15,400 --> 04:08:17,700
between different Regional 
styles of bracelet money. 

4440
04:08:17,700 --> 04:08:20,600
Making sure that their money 
would be accepted no matter 

4441
04:08:20,600 --> 04:08:23,200
where they went next. 
The exchange rates between 

4442
04:08:23,200 --> 04:08:26,100
different types of bracelets 
were based on complicated math, 

4443
04:08:26,100 --> 04:08:29,100
that took into account, the 
quality of the metal, the 

4444
04:08:29,100 --> 04:08:32,000
quality of the craftsmanship and
the preferences of the region. 

4445
04:08:33,000 --> 04:08:36,008
Royal courts along major trade 
routes often got a lot of 

4446
04:08:36,016 --> 04:08:39,100
bracelet money from tribute 
taxes and trade these 

4447
04:08:39,100 --> 04:08:42,300
collections had many uses. 
They were stores of wealth 

4448
04:08:42,300 --> 04:08:45,700
symbols of power and practical 
reserves that could be used to 

4449
04:08:45,700 --> 04:08:49,100
pay for military campaigns or 
Public Works projects seeing 

4450
04:08:49,100 --> 04:08:51,300
Royal regalia. 
With hundreds of expensive 

4451
04:08:51,300 --> 04:08:54,000
bracelets would have shown off 
both and cultural sophistication

4452
04:08:54,000 --> 04:08:57,500
in a big way. 
The use of bracelet money to 

4453
04:08:57,500 --> 04:09:00,400
create credit system showed how 
advanced African business, 

4454
04:09:00,400 --> 04:09:03,500
practices, were trusted trade 
Traders, could often get Goods 

4455
04:09:03,500 --> 04:09:05,500
by promising to pay in bracelets
at a later date. 

4456
04:09:06,200 --> 04:09:09,100
This created debt relationships 
that made it easier to trade 

4457
04:09:09,100 --> 04:09:12,000
over long distances. 
These credit Arrangements needed

4458
04:09:12,000 --> 04:09:14,900
a level of knowledge about 
market conditions, trade, a 

4459
04:09:14,900 --> 04:09:18,200
reputations and currency values 
that was on par with what you 

4460
04:09:18,200 --> 04:09:21,000
would find in modern European or
middle eastern business centers.

4461
04:09:21,000 --> 04:09:24,900
There was a lot of bracelet 
money going around on pilgrimage

4462
04:09:24,900 --> 04:09:27,300
routes, especially those used, 
by Muslims, going to, and from 

4463
04:09:27,308 --> 04:09:30,300
Mecca, pilgrims needed money 
that they could carry with them.

4464
04:09:30,300 --> 04:09:33,600
And that would keep its value 
while they traveled bracelet. 

4465
04:09:33,600 --> 04:09:36,500
Money was perfect for this 
during certain times of the 

4466
04:09:36,500 --> 04:09:37,800
year. 
A lot of pilgrims would come 

4467
04:09:37,800 --> 04:09:40,400
together and this would create 
temporary markets, where 

4468
04:09:40,400 --> 04:09:43,300
bracelet money from all over the
world would be shown and traded 

4469
04:09:44,100 --> 04:09:46,500
The use of bracelet money in 
diplomacy gave it a new 

4470
04:09:46,508 --> 04:09:50,300
dimension as it spread along 
trade routes to start or keep 

4471
04:09:50,300 --> 04:09:52,800
political relationships. 
Rulers often sent each other 

4472
04:09:52,800 --> 04:09:56,500
elaborate bracelets as gifts. 
These diplomatic gifts helped 

4473
04:09:56,500 --> 04:09:59,100
make designs and values more 
consistent to cross different 

4474
04:09:59,100 --> 04:10:01,100
areas. 
A very beautiful set of 

4475
04:10:01,108 --> 04:10:04,000
diplomatic bracelets could set 
design trends that would last 

4476
04:10:04,000 --> 04:10:06,200
for generations and affect local
Craftsmen. 

4477
04:10:07,100 --> 04:10:09,300
In many cases, the borders 
between different political 

4478
04:10:09,300 --> 04:10:12,000
groups, became places where 
people could trade and change 

4479
04:10:12,000 --> 04:10:15,800
bracelet money in this place. 
Bracelets from one area could be

4480
04:10:15,800 --> 04:10:18,200
melted down and made into style 
that were more popular. 

4481
04:10:18,200 --> 04:10:20,900
In nearby areas. 
These border markets were places

4482
04:10:20,900 --> 04:10:23,400
where different cultures and 
economies could mix and share 

4483
04:10:23,400 --> 04:10:25,900
ideas about how to design use 
bracelet money. 

4484
04:10:26,900 --> 04:10:30,100
Get ready for a more thoughtful 
part of our story, by pouring 

4485
04:10:30,100 --> 04:10:33,600
yourself, another cup of tea, 
every currency system, no matter

4486
04:10:33,608 --> 04:10:37,000
how well it works or how well it
fits will eventually run into 

4487
04:10:37,000 --> 04:10:40,600
problems that test its strength.
The era of bracelet money was no

4488
04:10:40,600 --> 04:10:43,800
different and the factors that 
caused its slow decline reveal 

4489
04:10:43,800 --> 04:10:47,100
as much about the evolving 
nature of African societies as 

4490
04:10:47,100 --> 04:10:50,200
its emergent illustrates their 
historical sophistication. 

4491
04:10:51,000 --> 04:10:53,500
The end of bracelet money wasn't
sudden or terrible. 

4492
04:10:53,500 --> 04:10:56,000
It was more like watching a tide
slowly. 

4493
04:10:56,000 --> 04:10:59,700
Go out leaving behind signs of 
its presence while slowly giving

4494
04:10:59,700 --> 04:11:03,000
way to New Economic realities. 
This change happened over the 

4495
04:11:03,000 --> 04:11:07,400
course of several centuries from
the 1400s to the 1800s. 

4496
04:11:07,400 --> 04:11:11,000
It was caused by a complicated 
mix of technological advances, 

4497
04:11:11,000 --> 04:11:14,700
political changes and outside 
forces that changed African 

4498
04:11:14,700 --> 04:11:17,600
economies. 
European contact with Africa, 

4499
04:11:17,600 --> 04:11:21,500
started in the 1400s along the 
coasts and brought new types of 

4500
04:11:21,500 --> 04:11:23,300
money. 
That competed with older 

4501
04:11:23,300 --> 04:11:26,700
systems, European Traders, 
brought, silver coins, gold 

4502
04:11:26,700 --> 04:11:29,800
pieces, and later things that 
were made by people that could 

4503
04:11:29,800 --> 04:11:32,600
be used as trade goods. 
These new currencies were 

4504
04:11:32,600 --> 04:11:35,000
better. 
In some situations, for example,

4505
04:11:35,000 --> 04:11:37,500
they were often lighter than 
bracelet money for the same 

4506
04:11:37,500 --> 04:11:41,000
value and they were easy to use 
in global markets that African 

4507
04:11:41,000 --> 04:11:44,500
Traders were becoming more 
interested in, The Atlantic 

4508
04:11:44,500 --> 04:11:48,200
slave trade, which was very sad.
Also messed up traditional 

4509
04:11:48,200 --> 04:11:51,300
currency systems by making 
people want different kinds of 

4510
04:11:51,300 --> 04:11:53,900
trade goods. 
European slave Traders, often 

4511
04:11:53,900 --> 04:11:57,000
like to trade in things that 
were made like textiles guns and

4512
04:11:57,000 --> 04:11:59,300
alcohol. 
Instead of traditional African 

4513
04:11:59,300 --> 04:12:01,700
currencies. 
This change in trade pattern, 

4514
04:12:01,700 --> 04:12:05,100
slowly made bracelet money, less
useful, in coastal areas where 

4515
04:12:05,100 --> 04:12:09,000
Europeans had the most contact. 
Changes in technology and 

4516
04:12:09,000 --> 04:12:11,600
Metallurgy and Manufacturing 
started to have an effect on the

4517
04:12:11,608 --> 04:12:13,200
economics of making bracelet 
money. 

4518
04:12:13,200 --> 04:12:15,900
As European industrial methods 
became available. 

4519
04:12:15,900 --> 04:12:18,500
The cost of advantage of 
traditional African metal, 

4520
04:12:18,500 --> 04:12:22,000
working started to go away. 
Handmade bracelets often cost 

4521
04:12:22,000 --> 04:12:23,700
more than mass-produced Metal 
Goods. 

4522
04:12:23,700 --> 04:12:26,400
So bracelet money wasn't as good
of a store of value. 

4523
04:12:27,400 --> 04:12:30,500
In many parts of Africa, 
centralized political systems 

4524
04:12:30,500 --> 04:12:33,800
grew, which made people want 
more standard currency systems 

4525
04:12:33,800 --> 04:12:36,700
when kingdoms and Empires were 
trying to strengthen their 

4526
04:12:36,700 --> 04:12:38,800
power. 
They often like to currencies 

4527
04:12:38,800 --> 04:12:41,600
that they could control and 
regulate more easily, than the 

4528
04:12:41,600 --> 04:12:44,100
traditional bracelet money 
systems that had grown up 

4529
04:12:44,100 --> 04:12:47,200
naturally through trade. 
Networks rulers, had more direct

4530
04:12:47,200 --> 04:12:49,900
control over their economies 
when they used government money,

4531
04:12:50,600 --> 04:12:53,300
Changes in religion, like the 
spread of Christianity, through 

4532
04:12:53,300 --> 04:12:56,700
missionary work sometimes, put 
cultural pressure on people to 

4533
04:12:56,700 --> 04:12:59,400
stop doing things like using 
bracelet money. 

4534
04:12:59,400 --> 04:13:02,300
Some missionaries were wary of 
traditional African practices 

4535
04:13:02,300 --> 04:13:05,400
and urged their converts to 
adopt European style economic 

4536
04:13:05,400 --> 04:13:08,500
practices, including the use of 
European currency. 

4537
04:13:09,600 --> 04:13:12,400
As African economies became part
of global trade networks. 

4538
04:13:12,400 --> 04:13:16,200
There was a need for currencies.
That could easily be exchanged 

4539
04:13:16,200 --> 04:13:18,400
in international markets 
bracelet. 

4540
04:13:18,400 --> 04:13:21,400
Money worked, well for trade 
between African countries, but 

4541
04:13:21,400 --> 04:13:23,400
it wasn't as useful. 
For trade between countries 

4542
04:13:23,400 --> 04:13:24,800
where European and Middle 
Eastern. 

4543
04:13:24,800 --> 04:13:27,600
Currencies were becoming 
standard people who wanted to 

4544
04:13:27,608 --> 04:13:29,600
trade in global markets needed 
money. 

4545
04:13:29,600 --> 04:13:32,300
That would be accepted in London
Paris or Cairo. 

4546
04:13:32,300 --> 04:13:34,700
A city grew in many parts of 
Africa. 

4547
04:13:34,700 --> 04:13:38,100
The economy changed in ways that
weren't as good for bracelet 

4548
04:13:38,100 --> 04:13:41,200
money in cities with a lot of 
people where people worked in 

4549
04:13:41,200 --> 04:13:44,100
more specialized jobs and didn't
have as much direct contact with

4550
04:13:44,100 --> 04:13:47,600
farming Cycles, the seasonal 
patterns of bracelet, money used

4551
04:13:47,600 --> 04:13:51,000
became less important people who
lived in cities, often like to 

4552
04:13:51,000 --> 04:13:53,800
currencies that were easier to 
store and move around in small 

4553
04:13:53,800 --> 04:13:56,800
spaces. 
As Banking and Credit Systems 

4554
04:13:56,800 --> 04:14:00,200
based on European models. 
Grew they slowly took over some 

4555
04:14:00,200 --> 04:14:03,300
of the jobs that bracelet money 
used to do these new Banks, 

4556
04:14:03,300 --> 04:14:06,000
could give out loans. 
Keep money safe and make it 

4557
04:14:06,000 --> 04:14:09,700
easier to do business over long 
distance, which was often better

4558
04:14:09,700 --> 04:14:12,800
than the old bracelet money 
systems specially for big 

4559
04:14:12,800 --> 04:14:15,500
businesses. 
When colonial governments came 

4560
04:14:15,500 --> 04:14:19,400
to different parts of Africa, 
the actively tried to get rid of

4561
04:14:19,400 --> 04:14:22,800
traditional currency systems in 
favor of colonial currencies 

4562
04:14:22,800 --> 04:14:24,500
that were easier to control and 
attacks. 

4563
04:14:24,500 --> 04:14:27,200
Colonial governments had strong 
reasons to get rid of 

4564
04:14:27,200 --> 04:14:30,000
traditional currencies that they
didn't directly supervise or 

4565
04:14:30,000 --> 04:14:32,300
control. 
The drop wasn't the same in 

4566
04:14:32,300 --> 04:14:36,600
every area or Community people 
in rural areas, places with few 

4567
04:14:36,600 --> 04:14:39,500
European contacts and places 
where traditional political 

4568
04:14:39,500 --> 04:14:43,000
systems were still strong. 
Often used bracelet money long 

4569
04:14:43,000 --> 04:14:45,100
after it disappeared from 
coastal cities. 

4570
04:14:45,100 --> 04:14:47,500
Some communities kept two types 
of money. 

4571
04:14:48,300 --> 04:14:51,100
Bracelet money for everyday 
transactions and newer 

4572
04:14:51,100 --> 04:14:52,800
currencies for trading with 
other markets. 

4573
04:14:53,400 --> 04:14:55,700
The same durability that made 
bracelet money. 

4574
04:14:55,700 --> 04:14:59,100
Such a good currency. 
Also meant that examples kept 

4575
04:14:59,100 --> 04:15:02,600
going around long after new. 
One stopped being made for 

4576
04:15:02,600 --> 04:15:04,700
decades after they stopped being
made as money. 

4577
04:15:04,700 --> 04:15:07,700
People could reuse meltdown or 
passed down old bracelets. 

4578
04:15:07,700 --> 04:15:11,000
This made the bracelet money 
systems useful for a long time. 

4579
04:15:11,000 --> 04:15:14,300
After they stopped being made, 
it wasn't always easy or welcome

4580
04:15:14,300 --> 04:15:17,500
to stop using bracelet money. 
A lot of communities had strong 

4581
04:15:17,500 --> 04:15:21,200
cultural ties to their old money
systems and the loss of bracelet

4582
04:15:21,200 --> 04:15:23,400
money was more than just a 
change in the economy. 

4583
04:15:23,400 --> 04:15:26,800
It was the loss of traditions 
that had linked communities to 

4584
04:15:26,800 --> 04:15:28,200
their ancestors and to each 
other. 

4585
04:15:28,200 --> 04:15:31,200
There was often harder to find a
replacement for bracelet money, 

4586
04:15:31,200 --> 04:15:34,400
social and ceremonial uses than 
for its purely economic ones. 

4587
04:15:35,200 --> 04:15:37,900
Some groups tried to keep 
bracelet money systems going by 

4588
04:15:37,900 --> 04:15:39,800
making changes to fit new 
situations. 

4589
04:15:39,800 --> 04:15:43,100
They could keep making bracelets
for ceremonial use while 

4590
04:15:43,100 --> 04:15:46,100
switching to new occurrences for
everyday business or they could 

4591
04:15:46,108 --> 04:15:49,100
change traditional designs to 
use new materials or techniques 

4592
04:15:49,100 --> 04:15:52,100
that made them more competitive 
with imported options as demand 

4593
04:15:52,100 --> 04:15:54,900
for Quality bracelet money. 
Went down the skills and 

4594
04:15:54,900 --> 04:15:57,100
knowledge needed to make. 
It started to fade away. 

4595
04:15:57,100 --> 04:16:00,200
Master craftsmen who had spent 
their whole lives, perfecting 

4596
04:16:00,200 --> 04:16:03,400
traditional skills, found it 
harder to find apprentices who 

4597
04:16:03,400 --> 04:16:06,100
wanted to learn skills that 
seemed to be going out of style.

4598
04:16:06,100 --> 04:16:08,400
This loss of technical 
knowledge, was a kind of 

4599
04:16:08,400 --> 04:16:10,600
cultural loss that went far 
beyond just money. 

4600
04:16:11,500 --> 04:16:14,300
As you sit your bedtime drink 
and maybe look at the jewelry on

4601
04:16:14,300 --> 04:16:15,800
your wrists. 
Think about this. 

4602
04:16:15,800 --> 04:16:19,700
Amazing fact the traditions and 
new ideas that led to bracelet 

4603
04:16:19,700 --> 04:16:22,600
money didn't just go away when 
the currency itself stopped 

4604
04:16:22,600 --> 04:16:25,900
being used like all truly 
important human invention's 

4605
04:16:25,900 --> 04:16:29,000
bracelet money left behind marks
that still have an impact on 

4606
04:16:29,000 --> 04:16:32,200
African society and Global 
culture in ways that may 

4607
04:16:32,200 --> 04:16:34,900
surprise you. 
The metalworking Traditions that

4608
04:16:34,900 --> 04:16:36,600
made bracelet money didn't die 
out. 

4609
04:16:36,600 --> 04:16:40,600
They changed and grew. 
Many of the methods used to make

4610
04:16:40,600 --> 04:16:43,200
currency bracelets, were also 
used to make decorative jewelry 

4611
04:16:43,200 --> 04:16:45,900
ceremonial items and works of 
art. 

4612
04:16:45,900 --> 04:16:49,200
Modern African metalsmiths still
used techniques that can be 

4613
04:16:49,200 --> 04:16:51,800
traced back to the artists who 
made jewelry that medieval 

4614
04:16:51,800 --> 04:16:55,200
Traders could wear as well. 
There are clear links between 

4615
04:16:55,200 --> 04:16:58,600
modern African jewelry Styles 
and old bracelet money Styles. 

4616
04:16:58,600 --> 04:17:02,000
Many African cultures today. 
Prefer big meaningful jewelry. 

4617
04:17:02,700 --> 04:17:04,900
This is because jewelry and 
wealth used to be the same 

4618
04:17:04,900 --> 04:17:07,500
thing. 
The heavy Bangles, fancy armlets

4619
04:17:07,500 --> 04:17:09,600
and big necklaces that are 
popular all over Africa. 

4620
04:17:09,600 --> 04:17:13,100
Today a similar to the design 
ideas that made bracelet money, 

4621
04:17:13,100 --> 04:17:17,500
both useful and pretty in modern
Africa, where the economy is 

4622
04:17:17,508 --> 04:17:19,400
unstable and there aren't many 
banks. 

4623
04:17:19,400 --> 04:17:21,700
The idea of portable wealth is 
still important. 

4624
04:17:21,700 --> 04:17:25,000
Traditional Western Financial 
systems aren't as reliable. 

4625
04:17:25,800 --> 04:17:28,400
Many African communities still, 
like to keep their money in 

4626
04:17:28,400 --> 04:17:32,000
forms, that are easy to move 
last a long time and keep their 

4627
04:17:32,000 --> 04:17:33,700
value. 
Even when the economy or 

4628
04:17:33,700 --> 04:17:37,900
politics change, for example, 
gold jewelry today, does many of

4629
04:17:37,900 --> 04:17:40,600
the same things that bracelet 
money did hundreds of years ago.

4630
04:17:41,500 --> 04:17:43,200
Many cultural ceremonies in 
Africa. 

4631
04:17:43,200 --> 04:17:45,500
Include things that are clearly 
based on bracelet money. 

4632
04:17:45,500 --> 04:17:49,200
Traditions people often wear or 
give away big metal jewelry at 

4633
04:17:49,200 --> 04:17:52,200
weddings Coming of Age ceremony 
and religious celebrations. 

4634
04:17:52,200 --> 04:17:55,900
This jewelry has symbolic 
meaning is related to wealth 

4635
04:17:55,900 --> 04:17:58,300
status and being part of a 
community. 

4636
04:17:58,300 --> 04:18:01,500
These Traditions, keep the 
social and ceremonial roles that

4637
04:18:01,500 --> 04:18:03,600
bracelet money used to have in 
African cultures. 

4638
04:18:04,600 --> 04:18:07,200
With more people interested in 
traditional African culture, 

4639
04:18:07,200 --> 04:18:10,700
bracelet money, is once again 
being appreciated as both a 

4640
04:18:10,700 --> 04:18:14,500
historical artifact and an 
artistic inspiration modern 

4641
04:18:14,500 --> 04:18:17,200
African artists often use 
bracelet money designs in their 

4642
04:18:17,200 --> 04:18:20,000
jewelry making pieces that 
connect whereas to their 

4643
04:18:20,000 --> 04:18:23,200
cultural heritage. 
While also looking good museums 

4644
04:18:23,200 --> 04:18:25,900
all over Africa in the world. 
Now, see bracelet money as 

4645
04:18:25,900 --> 04:18:29,500
important cultural objects, that
should be preserved and studied.

4646
04:18:30,600 --> 04:18:33,700
When creating alternatives to 
traditional banking, some 

4647
04:18:33,700 --> 04:18:36,400
economic development programs, 
in modern Africa, look to 

4648
04:18:36,400 --> 04:18:39,100
traditional systems like 
bracelet money for ideas 

4649
04:18:39,100 --> 04:18:42,600
microfinance programs Community 
Savings groups and local 

4650
04:18:42,600 --> 04:18:45,200
currency initiatives frequently.
Embodied principles of 

4651
04:18:45,200 --> 04:18:49,200
portability Community governance
and intrinsic value, that 

4652
04:18:49,200 --> 04:18:52,800
defined effective traditional 
currencies systems The 

4653
04:18:52,800 --> 04:18:56,200
archaeological examination of 
bracelet money sites as yielded 

4654
04:18:56,200 --> 04:18:58,800
significant insights into 
African economic history and 

4655
04:18:58,800 --> 04:19:01,600
technological advancement. 
These Studies have shown that 

4656
04:19:01,600 --> 04:19:04,300
African societies and their 
economies were more advanced 

4657
04:19:04,300 --> 04:19:07,500
than previously thought. 
Going against the idea that 

4658
04:19:07,500 --> 04:19:09,300
Africa was economically 
primitive. 

4659
04:19:09,300 --> 04:19:12,600
Before Europeans came into 
contact with it bracelet, money 

4660
04:19:12,600 --> 04:19:15,300
is proof of how smart and 
creative Africans are when it 

4661
04:19:15,300 --> 04:19:18,400
comes to business. 
As part of a larger effort to 

4662
04:19:18,400 --> 04:19:21,700
connect young people with their 
cultural heritage schools, all 

4663
04:19:21,700 --> 04:19:23,700
over Africa. 
Now, teach about bracelet, money

4664
04:19:23,700 --> 04:19:26,700
students, learn to appreciate 
the depth and complexity of 

4665
04:19:26,700 --> 04:19:30,100
African civilizations and 
develop pride in their cultural 

4666
04:19:30,100 --> 04:19:33,200
heritage when they learn about 
traditional economic systems. 

4667
04:19:33,200 --> 04:19:36,400
These programs often, let you 
try out traditional metalworking

4668
04:19:36,400 --> 04:19:39,500
techniques for yourself. 
In many parts of Africa 

4669
04:19:39,500 --> 04:19:41,800
bracelet, money. 
History is now a part of 

4670
04:19:41,808 --> 04:19:45,100
cultural heritage tours. 
While buying modern copies of 

4671
04:19:45,100 --> 04:19:48,400
old bracelet money designs 
visitors can learn about how 

4672
04:19:48,400 --> 04:19:50,400
traditional African economies 
worked. 

4673
04:19:50,400 --> 04:19:53,500
This kind of Tourism helps, 
local artists, and lets people 

4674
04:19:53,500 --> 04:19:55,600
all over the world, learn about 
African culture. 

4675
04:19:56,700 --> 04:19:58,600
Academic research on bracelet, 
money. 

4676
04:19:58,600 --> 04:20:01,300
Has enhanced the comprehension 
of the evolution and operation 

4677
04:20:01,300 --> 04:20:04,900
of currency systems economists 
and anthropologists examined. 

4678
04:20:04,900 --> 04:20:07,800
Bracelet money as a case study 
of how societies can establish 

4679
04:20:07,800 --> 04:20:11,600
complex Financial systems devoid
of centralized Authority or 

4680
04:20:11,600 --> 04:20:14,400
governmental oversight. 
These studies offer, insights 

4681
04:20:14,400 --> 04:20:17,400
pertinent to current dialogues, 
regarding alternative currencies

4682
04:20:17,400 --> 04:20:19,300
and decentralized financial 
systems. 

4683
04:20:20,200 --> 04:20:22,600
When creating programs for 
communities that don't have 

4684
04:20:22,600 --> 04:20:25,400
access to regular banks in 
international development 

4685
04:20:25,400 --> 04:20:28,700
organizations have looked at 
traditional African currency 

4686
04:20:28,700 --> 04:20:31,700
systems like bracelet money. 
Development workers can make 

4687
04:20:31,700 --> 04:20:34,700
programs that are more likely to
work by learning how traditional

4688
04:20:34,700 --> 04:20:38,000
systems worked in stead of just 
using Western Finance natural 

4689
04:20:38,000 --> 04:20:40,700
models. 
Bracelet money has an aesthetic 

4690
04:20:40,700 --> 04:20:44,400
impact, that goes beyond Africa 
because African people live all 

4691
04:20:44,400 --> 04:20:46,000
over the world and people all 
over the world. 

4692
04:20:46,000 --> 04:20:47,800
Appreciate African art and 
design. 

4693
04:20:47,800 --> 04:20:50,200
Modern jewelry designers all 
over the world. 

4694
04:20:50,200 --> 04:20:53,000
Get ideas from traditional 
African metalwork like bracelet 

4695
04:20:53,000 --> 04:20:55,600
money designs. 
They make modern pieces that 

4696
04:20:55,600 --> 04:20:58,900
keep the old Styles alive. 
Some of the new technologies in 

4697
04:20:58,900 --> 04:21:00,400
Africa. 
Today are based on the same 

4698
04:21:00,400 --> 04:21:03,800
ideas that made bracelet money. 
Work mobile money, systems, for 

4699
04:21:03,800 --> 04:21:06,500
instance, share bracelet, 
money's, focus on being easy to 

4700
04:21:06,500 --> 04:21:10,500
carry giving users control and 
not relying on a central banking

4701
04:21:10,500 --> 04:21:12,500
system. 
Even though the technology is 

4702
04:21:12,500 --> 04:21:15,500
very different, the ideas behind
user empowerment and 

4703
04:21:15,500 --> 04:21:18,400
decentralized control. 
A similar to the Democratic 

4704
04:21:18,400 --> 04:21:20,500
nature of traditional bracelet 
money systems. 

4705
04:21:21,300 --> 04:21:24,500
Modern African fashion is using 
more and more elements from 

4706
04:21:24,500 --> 04:21:27,900
traditional bracelet. 
Money designs fastened designers

4707
04:21:27,900 --> 04:21:30,500
all over the continent, make 
clothes and accessories that are

4708
04:21:30,500 --> 04:21:34,000
inspired by the geometric 
patterns metallic finishes and 

4709
04:21:34,000 --> 04:21:36,600
big shapes that were common on 
Old currency bracelets. 

4710
04:21:36,600 --> 04:21:40,000
This fashion movement helps keep
traditional Styles alive in 

4711
04:21:40,000 --> 04:21:42,500
today's world. 
While also making new ways for 

4712
04:21:42,500 --> 04:21:46,300
people to express themselves 
culturally The examination of 

4713
04:21:46,300 --> 04:21:49,500
bracelet money has shaped 
contemporary comprehension of 

4714
04:21:49,500 --> 04:21:52,900
African economic history, 
contributing to a more precise 

4715
04:21:52,900 --> 04:21:56,100
depiction of the continents 
commercial sophistication prior 

4716
04:21:56,100 --> 04:21:59,400
to European colonization. 
This scholarship has been very 

4717
04:21:59,400 --> 04:22:02,500
important in fighting racist 
stories about what Africans can 

4718
04:22:02,500 --> 04:22:04,900
do and have done. 
It has shown that Africans have 

4719
04:22:04,908 --> 04:22:08,300
come up with new ways to do 
business, work with metals and 

4720
04:22:08,300 --> 04:22:12,500
trade over long distances. 
When making modern institutions 

4721
04:22:12,500 --> 04:22:15,900
Community groups in Africa, 
sometimes use symbolic parts 

4722
04:22:15,900 --> 04:22:18,700
from bracelet money. 
Traditions Credit Unions 

4723
04:22:18,700 --> 04:22:21,400
Cooperative societies and 
Community Development groups, 

4724
04:22:21,400 --> 04:22:24,800
may use images or ceremonies 
that refer to old ways of 

4725
04:22:24,800 --> 04:22:28,000
organizing the economy and 
communities linking their modern

4726
04:22:28,000 --> 04:22:31,700
goals to those of the past. 
The environmental lessons of 

4727
04:22:31,700 --> 04:22:34,800
bracelet, money are still 
important when talking about how

4728
04:22:34,800 --> 04:22:37,300
to grow the economy in a way 
that is good for the 

4729
04:22:37,300 --> 04:22:39,700
environment. 
Modern disposable consumer 

4730
04:22:39,700 --> 04:22:42,400
culture is very different from 
traditional African currency 

4731
04:22:42,400 --> 04:22:45,900
systems, which focused on 
durability recyclability. 

4732
04:22:45,900 --> 04:22:50,300
And using local materials, these
historical instances serve as a 

4733
04:22:50,308 --> 04:22:53,100
catalyst for modern initiatives 
aimed at fostering more 

4734
04:22:53,100 --> 04:22:57,000
sustainable economic practices. 
As your evening becomes more 

4735
04:22:57,000 --> 04:23:00,000
peaceful and your body adjusts 
to the soothing rhythms of 

4736
04:23:00,000 --> 04:23:02,600
sleep. 
Let's look into the deep meaning

4737
04:23:02,600 --> 04:23:06,000
of bracelet money that go beyond
just buying and selling this old

4738
04:23:06,000 --> 04:23:07,800
system of money. 
Gives us a look into human 

4739
04:23:07,800 --> 04:23:11,700
nature, how societies are set up
and the link between Beauty and 

4740
04:23:11,700 --> 04:23:14,200
usefulness. 
That is still as true today, as 

4741
04:23:14,200 --> 04:23:17,700
it was 1,000 years ago. 
Bracelet money is a 

4742
04:23:17,700 --> 04:23:20,800
fundamentally different way of 
Designing currency than what we 

4743
04:23:20,800 --> 04:23:23,700
are used to today. 
It combines aesthetic Beauty 

4744
04:23:23,700 --> 04:23:26,900
with practical function. 
Modern money is only a symbol. 

4745
04:23:26,900 --> 04:23:29,300
It's physical. 
Form, has nothing to do with its

4746
04:23:29,300 --> 04:23:31,100
value. 
Bracelet money. 

4747
04:23:31,100 --> 04:23:34,300
On the other hand showed its 
worth in both its material form 

4748
04:23:34,300 --> 04:23:37,400
and its artistic achievement 
this integration implies 

4749
04:23:37,400 --> 04:23:40,400
societies that a steamed Beauty 
as fundamental rather than 

4750
04:23:40,400 --> 04:23:43,400
Superfluous where you 
utilitarian items were 

4751
04:23:43,400 --> 04:23:46,400
anticipated to be aesthetically 
pleasing in addition to 

4752
04:23:46,400 --> 04:23:50,800
fulfilling their purpose. 
The bracelet money, that made 

4753
04:23:50,800 --> 04:23:54,200
wealth visible to others had 
complicated effects on people's 

4754
04:23:54,200 --> 04:23:56,300
minds and behavior bracelet 
money. 

4755
04:23:56,300 --> 04:23:59,000
Made it clear to everyone in the
community what their economic 

4756
04:23:59,000 --> 04:24:01,800
status was. 
Modern banking systems. 

4757
04:24:01,800 --> 04:24:04,500
On the other hand can hide 
economic inequality, behind 

4758
04:24:04,500 --> 04:24:06,800
privacy laws and complicated 
financial instruments. 

4759
04:24:06,800 --> 04:24:10,100
This openness could put social 
pressure on people, to be both 

4760
04:24:10,100 --> 04:24:13,000
generous and responsible. 
It was hard to ignore poverty 

4761
04:24:13,000 --> 04:24:16,200
when wealth was literally on 
display and it was just as hard 

4762
04:24:16,200 --> 04:24:19,200
to get rich without taking on 
social obligations to share it. 

4763
04:24:20,100 --> 04:24:23,100
The physical link between people
and their money that bracelet 

4764
04:24:23,100 --> 04:24:26,000
money needed made people have 
different relationships with 

4765
04:24:26,000 --> 04:24:29,300
money than abstract Financial 
systems did when your money had 

4766
04:24:29,300 --> 04:24:33,600
weight texture and temperature. 
When you could feel it move with

4767
04:24:33,600 --> 04:24:37,100
your body and hear it chime with
your gestures money, became a 

4768
04:24:37,100 --> 04:24:39,900
more physical experience than 
the numbers on bank statements 

4769
04:24:39,900 --> 04:24:43,200
or digital displays that show 
how much money you have now. 

4770
04:24:44,200 --> 04:24:47,300
Bracelet money systems are 
democratic, which goes against 

4771
04:24:47,300 --> 04:24:49,900
what, most people think about, 
how currencies grow and work. 

4772
04:24:49,900 --> 04:24:53,300
African communities made their 
own money systems that worked 

4773
04:24:53,300 --> 04:24:54,900
across large areas and different
cultures. 

4774
04:24:54,900 --> 04:24:57,800
Even though there were no 
central banks, government 

4775
04:24:57,800 --> 04:25:00,600
oversight or standard minting 
facilities. 

4776
04:25:00,600 --> 04:25:03,500
This success shows that 
Grassroots cooperation and 

4777
04:25:03,500 --> 04:25:07,200
shared cultural values can lead 
to effective, monetary systems, 

4778
04:25:07,200 --> 04:25:09,700
not just top-down institutional 
control. 

4779
04:25:10,600 --> 04:25:13,900
Crosman ship was important in 
making bracelet money because it

4780
04:25:13,900 --> 04:25:16,400
turned currently production into
an art form. 

4781
04:25:16,400 --> 04:25:19,600
People who are proud of their 
skills and reputation made each 

4782
04:25:19,600 --> 04:25:23,000
bracelet as a way to trade. 
And as a work of art, this link 

4783
04:25:23,000 --> 04:25:26,000
between art and money led to 
economic systems where aesthetic

4784
04:25:26,000 --> 04:25:28,600
value and monetary value worked 
together in stead of against 

4785
04:25:28,600 --> 04:25:31,600
each other. 
The way people used bracelet 

4786
04:25:31,600 --> 04:25:33,300
money in different seasons and 
Cycles. 

4787
04:25:33,300 --> 04:25:36,000
Showed that the economy was 
closely linked to Natural 

4788
04:25:36,000 --> 04:25:39,200
rhythms and farming Cycles. 
Modern economies try to keep 

4789
04:25:39,200 --> 04:25:42,200
growth and activity going. 
All the time, no matter what 

4790
04:25:42,200 --> 04:25:45,400
natural patterns are happening 
in contrast, bracelet money 

4791
04:25:45,400 --> 04:25:48,400
systems worked with an adapted 
to the changing seasons of 

4792
04:25:48,408 --> 04:25:50,100
farming, trading, and social 
life. 

4793
04:25:50,700 --> 04:25:53,100
The fact that wearing your 
wealth could make you less safe 

4794
04:25:53,100 --> 04:25:56,100
may trust community and personal
safety more complicated 

4795
04:25:56,100 --> 04:25:59,000
bracelet. 
Money systems could only work in

4796
04:25:59,000 --> 04:26:01,800
societies where people were 
close to each other and safe 

4797
04:26:01,800 --> 04:26:05,200
enough to where valuable things 
without fear this implies that 

4798
04:26:05,200 --> 04:26:08,100
the effective utilization of 
bracelet money was both a result

4799
04:26:08,100 --> 04:26:10,800
of an effector in the stability 
and functionality of 

4800
04:26:10,800 --> 04:26:14,600
communities. 
The gender Dynamics surrounding 

4801
04:26:14,600 --> 04:26:17,600
the use of bracelet money, 
differ amongst Society, is yet 

4802
04:26:17,600 --> 04:26:20,700
it frequently afforded women 
economic independence, and 

4803
04:26:20,700 --> 04:26:23,000
security that were less 
successful in all alternative 

4804
04:26:23,000 --> 04:26:26,700
currency systems when women wore
and controlled jewelry as a form

4805
04:26:26,700 --> 04:26:29,900
of wealth, it opened up chances 
for women to be involved in the 

4806
04:26:29,908 --> 04:26:32,900
economy that may not have been 
possible with other types of 

4807
04:26:32,900 --> 04:26:36,100
money. 
The transfer of wealth between 

4808
04:26:36,100 --> 04:26:39,600
Generations, through bracelet 
money, led to different ways of 

4809
04:26:39,600 --> 04:26:41,800
inheriting and family economic 
relationships. 

4810
04:26:41,800 --> 04:26:44,400
And those seen insistence, that 
only use abstract money 

4811
04:26:44,400 --> 04:26:47,500
families, could pass down 
bracelet money, as both useful 

4812
04:26:47,500 --> 04:26:50,400
items and meaningful items that 
linked generations to their 

4813
04:26:50,400 --> 04:26:51,900
ancestors and cultural 
traditions. 

4814
04:26:53,200 --> 04:26:56,000
Bracelet, money's ability to 
resist inflation and debasement 

4815
04:26:56,000 --> 04:26:59,400
showed that its currency systems
were very different from today's

4816
04:26:59,400 --> 04:27:01,500
Fiat. 
Currencies authorities, couldn't

4817
04:27:01,500 --> 04:27:04,200
change the value of bracelet 
money for political reasons 

4818
04:27:04,200 --> 04:27:07,000
because it was based on the 
materials and work that went 

4819
04:27:07,000 --> 04:27:09,800
into making it. 
The cultural integration of 

4820
04:27:09,800 --> 04:27:13,400
bracelet money into religious 
ceremonial and social practices 

4821
04:27:13,400 --> 04:27:16,900
resulted in currency systems 
that transcended mere economic 

4822
04:27:16,900 --> 04:27:19,100
instruments. 
They were important parts of 

4823
04:27:19,108 --> 04:27:22,700
cultural identity spiritual 
practice and social 

4824
04:27:22,700 --> 04:27:25,600
organization. 
In ways that modern currencies, 

4825
04:27:25,600 --> 04:27:27,600
that only serve a purpose, 
cannot match. 

4826
04:27:29,000 --> 04:27:32,200
The technological needs of 
making bracelet money led to the

4827
04:27:32,200 --> 04:27:35,000
growth and upkeep of advanced 
metallurgical knowledge. 

4828
04:27:35,000 --> 04:27:38,000
That was useful for more than 
just making money, people who 

4829
04:27:38,000 --> 04:27:40,600
made bracelet money were usually
also good at making tools, 

4830
04:27:40,600 --> 04:27:43,900
weapons and other kinds of metal
work that were useful for both 

4831
04:27:43,900 --> 04:27:47,800
everyday life and War. 
The trading relationships made 

4832
04:27:47,800 --> 04:27:50,600
possible by bracelet money, 
built networks of trust and 

4833
04:27:50,600 --> 04:27:53,400
cooperation that went well 
beyond just buying and selling 

4834
04:27:53,408 --> 04:27:56,200
these networks. 
Laid the groundwork for cultural

4835
04:27:56,200 --> 04:28:01,000
exchange diplomatic ties and 
mutual Aid during crises which 

4836
04:28:01,000 --> 04:28:04,200
made African societies stronger.
In ways that economic analysis 

4837
04:28:04,200 --> 04:28:08,400
alone cannot fully explain As we
get ready for the last chapter 

4838
04:28:08,400 --> 04:28:10,800
of our journey through the world
of bracelet money. 

4839
04:28:10,800 --> 04:28:14,200
Take a moment to think about how
this old way of making money 

4840
04:28:14,200 --> 04:28:16,800
might help us understand today's
economic problems. 

4841
04:28:16,800 --> 04:28:19,600
The ideas that made bracelet 
money work for hundreds of 

4842
04:28:19,608 --> 04:28:23,000
years, still apply today, even 
though we now do most of our 

4843
04:28:23,000 --> 04:28:26,100
transactions online and the 
world of Finance is much more 

4844
04:28:26,100 --> 04:28:29,100
complicated. 
Bracelet money was based on 

4845
04:28:29,100 --> 04:28:32,900
intrinsic value, which is very 
different from Modern currency 

4846
04:28:32,900 --> 04:28:35,500
systems that are based only on 
faith and government support. 

4847
04:28:35,500 --> 04:28:38,800
In a time when inflation can 
make money worth less without 

4848
04:28:38,800 --> 04:28:42,700
anyone noticing and financial 
crises can wipe out Savings in a

4849
04:28:42,700 --> 04:28:45,900
Flash, the idea of currency that
keeps its value through its 

4850
04:28:45,900 --> 04:28:47,900
physical substance as become 
more appealing. 

4851
04:28:47,900 --> 04:28:51,000
Although it is improbable that 
we will revert to wearing our 

4852
04:28:51,000 --> 04:28:53,100
wealth. 
The concept of underpinning 

4853
04:28:53,100 --> 04:28:56,300
currently with tangible value, 
instead of mere promises 

4854
04:28:56,300 --> 04:28:59,600
warrants examination, The 
Democratic and decentralized 

4855
04:28:59,600 --> 04:29:03,100
nature of bracelet. 
Money systems provides insights 

4856
04:29:03,100 --> 04:29:05,700
for current dialogues, regarding
alternative, current currencies,

4857
04:29:05,700 --> 04:29:08,500
and financial autonomy, people 
who are interested in 

4858
04:29:08,500 --> 04:29:10,600
cryptocurrencies. 
Often want to bring back the 

4859
04:29:10,600 --> 04:29:13,400
peer-to-peer government 
independent features that 

4860
04:29:13,400 --> 04:29:16,700
traditional African currency 
systems had by working together.

4861
04:29:16,700 --> 04:29:20,300
And following the same rules, 
the success of bracelet money 

4862
04:29:20,300 --> 04:29:22,700
shows that currencies can work. 
Well, when they come from the 

4863
04:29:22,708 --> 04:29:26,600
ground up, instead of from 
institutions, The combination of

4864
04:29:26,608 --> 04:29:29,500
beauty and function that 
bracelet money had goes against 

4865
04:29:29,500 --> 04:29:32,700
what we think we know about 
efficiency and specialization 

4866
04:29:32,700 --> 04:29:34,700
today. 
In today's world, we often 

4867
04:29:34,700 --> 04:29:37,000
separate aesthetic concerns from
practical ones. 

4868
04:29:37,000 --> 04:29:40,100
This leads to the creation of 
objects, that are only useful 

4869
04:29:40,100 --> 04:29:43,700
and don't provide any sensory. 
Pleasure bracelet money says 

4870
04:29:43,700 --> 04:29:46,300
that this separation isn't 
needed and might even be harmful

4871
04:29:46,300 --> 04:29:48,500
things that are both beautiful 
and useful. 

4872
04:29:48,500 --> 04:29:51,800
Might work better because people
take better care of beautiful 

4873
04:29:51,800 --> 04:29:55,800
things. 
The seasonal and cyclical 

4874
04:29:55,800 --> 04:29:58,500
patterns of bracelet money. 
Use can help us understand how 

4875
04:29:58,500 --> 04:30:01,500
to build a long-term economy. 
Modern economies that expect 

4876
04:30:01,500 --> 04:30:04,400
growth all the time no matter 
what the natural cycles are 

4877
04:30:04,400 --> 04:30:07,100
often caused social and 
environmental problems. 

4878
04:30:07,100 --> 04:30:10,200
That traditional systems, didn't
the capacity of bracelet money 

4879
04:30:10,200 --> 04:30:12,800
systems to integrate natural. 
Rhythms, while preserving 

4880
04:30:12,800 --> 04:30:16,500
economic functionality, 
indicates potential avenues, for

4881
04:30:16,500 --> 04:30:19,100
cultivating more sustainable 
methods of economic 

4882
04:30:19,100 --> 04:30:23,800
organization. 
The social openness of bracelet 

4883
04:30:23,800 --> 04:30:27,600
money wealth goes against modern
ideas about financial privacy on

4884
04:30:27,600 --> 04:30:29,800
its benefits. 
It is clear that privacy and 

4885
04:30:29,800 --> 04:30:33,400
financial matters is important. 
But the visibility of in 

4886
04:30:33,400 --> 04:30:36,600
bracelet money systems may have 
led to more responsible and 

4887
04:30:36,600 --> 04:30:39,600
socially conscious economic 
behavior than our current 

4888
04:30:39,600 --> 04:30:43,100
systems of hidden wealth, and 
Anonymous transactions. 

4889
04:30:45,100 --> 04:30:47,600
The connection between 
craftsmanship and currency that 

4890
04:30:47,600 --> 04:30:50,000
bracelet. 
Money represented shows how 

4891
04:30:50,000 --> 04:30:53,200
modern economies could better 
combined artistic expression 

4892
04:30:53,200 --> 04:30:56,500
with practical production, the 
tradition of bracelet money, 

4893
04:30:56,500 --> 04:31:00,000
reminds us that in a time of 
mass production and automated 

4894
04:31:00,000 --> 04:31:02,300
manufacturing. 
It's important to connect 

4895
04:31:02,300 --> 04:31:05,300
individual skill and creativity 
to making useful things. 

4896
04:31:06,400 --> 04:31:09,200
The community-based standards 
that made bracelet money work in

4897
04:31:09,208 --> 04:31:11,800
different parts of the world 
show that International 

4898
04:31:11,800 --> 04:31:14,500
cooperation is possible. 
Without formal institutional 

4899
04:31:14,500 --> 04:31:17,500
Frameworks, in this time of 
complicated International, 

4900
04:31:17,500 --> 04:31:19,700
negotiations and bureaucratic 
trade deals. 

4901
04:31:19,700 --> 04:31:22,300
The fact that African 
communities came up with 

4902
04:31:22,300 --> 04:31:25,800
compatible currently standards 
on their own shows that 

4903
04:31:25,800 --> 04:31:28,700
Grassroots cooperation can 
sometimes do what formal 

4904
04:31:28,700 --> 04:31:31,600
diplomacy? 
Can't the long-lasting and 

4905
04:31:31,600 --> 04:31:34,200
durable nature of bracelet, 
money, teaches us about how to 

4906
04:31:34,200 --> 04:31:36,100
make and use things in a way, 
that is good for the 

4907
04:31:36,108 --> 04:31:38,800
environment. 
Modern disposable culture makes 

4908
04:31:38,800 --> 04:31:40,400
a lot of trash on hurts the 
environment. 

4909
04:31:40,400 --> 04:31:44,000
But older systems avoided, this 
by focusing on making things 

4910
04:31:44,000 --> 04:31:47,300
that last and can be used again.
We can't go back to the way 

4911
04:31:47,300 --> 04:31:50,800
bracelets were made in the past,
but the ideas of durability and 

4912
04:31:50,800 --> 04:31:53,800
longevity that guided their 
creation are still useful. 

4913
04:31:55,400 --> 04:31:58,600
The educational aspects of 
bracelet money systems, where 

4914
04:31:58,600 --> 04:32:01,000
successful participation 
required, understanding 

4915
04:32:01,000 --> 04:32:04,700
Metallurgy, trade routes and 
market conditions, suggest ways 

4916
04:32:04,700 --> 04:32:07,600
that economic systems can serve 
educational functions beyond 

4917
04:32:07,600 --> 04:32:10,700
their primary purposes. 
Contemporary financial literacy 

4918
04:32:10,700 --> 04:32:13,300
initiatives could gain from 
comprehending how conventional 

4919
04:32:13,300 --> 04:32:16,400
systems integrated economic 
education into everyday 

4920
04:32:16,400 --> 04:32:19,000
practices. 
The conflict resolution 

4921
04:32:19,000 --> 04:32:22,300
mechanisms that enabled bracelet
money systems to operate, across

4922
04:32:22,300 --> 04:32:25,700
cultural and linguistic divides,
provide valuable insights for 

4923
04:32:25,700 --> 04:32:28,800
modern international relations. 
These traditional systems 

4924
04:32:28,800 --> 04:32:31,700
fostered, cooperation through 
mutual practical advantages, 

4925
04:32:31,700 --> 04:32:35,100
rather than formal treaties or 
institutional structures, 

4926
04:32:35,100 --> 04:32:38,900
indicating alternative methods 
for cultivating trust and 

4927
04:32:38,900 --> 04:32:40,700
collaboration among diverse 
groups. 

4928
04:32:42,900 --> 04:32:46,300
The function of bracelet money, 
and safeguarding conveying 

4929
04:32:46,300 --> 04:32:49,300
cultural values illustrates that
economic systems, can fulfill 

4930
04:32:49,300 --> 04:32:52,800
objectives Beyond mere 
efficiency in our globalized 

4931
04:32:52,800 --> 04:32:55,700
world where local cultures are 
pressured to become more alike. 

4932
04:32:55,700 --> 04:32:58,900
Example of currency systems that
strengthened rather than 

4933
04:32:58,900 --> 04:33:02,000
weakened, cultural identity 
shows that there are ways to 

4934
04:33:02,000 --> 04:33:05,300
develop the economy that support
rather than undermine local 

4935
04:33:05,300 --> 04:33:07,700
Traditions. 
The flexibility that allowed 

4936
04:33:07,700 --> 04:33:10,900
bracelet money systems to change
and grow, while keeping their 

4937
04:33:10,900 --> 04:33:13,599
basic features can teach us a 
lot about how to design 

4938
04:33:13,599 --> 04:33:16,300
institutions. 
Modern organizations often have 

4939
04:33:16,300 --> 04:33:18,800
trouble finding the right 
balance between stability and 

4940
04:33:18,800 --> 04:33:22,200
adaptability. 
However, bracelet money systems 

4941
04:33:22,200 --> 04:33:24,900
were able to keep their core 
functions while adapting to new 

4942
04:33:24,900 --> 04:33:28,000
technologies, political changes 
and market conditions. 

4943
04:33:29,200 --> 04:33:31,300
As we come to the end of our 
journey, through the world of 

4944
04:33:31,300 --> 04:33:34,400
bracelet money. 
Let this story is gentle weight,

4945
04:33:34,400 --> 04:33:36,900
settle in your mind like 
well-made bracelet on your 

4946
04:33:36,908 --> 04:33:39,400
wrist. 
Travel through centuries of 

4947
04:33:39,400 --> 04:33:41,599
African creativity, Invasion and
business. 

4948
04:33:41,599 --> 04:33:45,099
Savvy learning how our ancestors
dealt with problems that we 

4949
04:33:45,108 --> 04:33:50,400
still have today, but in 
different ways, Story of 

4950
04:33:50,400 --> 04:33:52,599
bracelet. 
Money is really about how smart 

4951
04:33:52,599 --> 04:33:55,400
people are and how creative they
are when it comes to making 

4952
04:33:55,400 --> 04:33:58,800
systems that are fair work. 
Well, and look beneficial for 

4953
04:33:58,800 --> 04:34:02,099
organizing their economic lives.
It serves as a reminder that our

4954
04:34:02,099 --> 04:34:05,400
current Financial systems like 
bracelet money, a subject to 

4955
04:34:05,400 --> 04:34:09,099
change Improvement and 
replacement when they no longer 

4956
04:34:09,108 --> 04:34:12,599
meet people's needs, When you 
wake up tomorrow, and view your 

4957
04:34:12,599 --> 04:34:16,099
bank balance on your phone or 
Tapper plastic card to pay for 

4958
04:34:16,108 --> 04:34:19,400
your coffee, take a moment to 
remember, the soft musical 

4959
04:34:19,400 --> 04:34:22,000
chiming of copper bracelets in 
an old African Market. 

4960
04:34:22,000 --> 04:34:25,300
Keep in mind, that money is just
a tool that people make to help 

4961
04:34:25,308 --> 04:34:28,599
them work together and trade the
best money systems are the ones 

4962
04:34:28,599 --> 04:34:31,200
that help people thrive instead 
of forcing them to work for 

4963
04:34:31,200 --> 04:34:33,700
them. 
The Artisans who hammered copper

4964
04:34:33,700 --> 04:34:37,500
into beautiful useful. 
Bracelets 1000 years ago, were 

4965
04:34:37,500 --> 04:34:39,900
dealing with the same basic 
problems that Financial 

4966
04:34:39,900 --> 04:34:41,500
innovators are dealing with 
today. 

4967
04:34:41,500 --> 04:34:45,700
How to store, value safely, how 
to make trade easier between 

4968
04:34:45,700 --> 04:34:48,700
people from different cultures 
and distance is how to make 

4969
04:34:48,700 --> 04:34:52,000
economic systems available to 
everyone who needs them and how 

4970
04:34:52,000 --> 04:34:55,400
to make currencies that people 
trust and want to use. 

4971
04:34:57,300 --> 04:34:59,800
The most important thing to 
learn from bracelet money is the

4972
04:34:59,800 --> 04:35:02,500
economies work best when they 
are part of and help human 

4973
04:35:02,500 --> 04:35:04,900
communities. 
In stead of being separate from 

4974
04:35:04,900 --> 04:35:07,599
them, the bracelets worked 
because they linked people to 

4975
04:35:07,599 --> 04:35:10,800
their wealth, in direct physical
ways, and linked communities to 

4976
04:35:10,800 --> 04:35:13,000
each other through shared 
standards and recognition. 

4977
04:35:14,000 --> 04:35:16,400
In our time of Evermore, 
abstract and complicated 

4978
04:35:16,400 --> 04:35:19,200
Financial systems. 
It's smart to remember the 

4979
04:35:19,200 --> 04:35:21,800
simple beauty of money that you 
could wear money. 

4980
04:35:21,800 --> 04:35:24,800
That was pleasing to look at and
touch and wealth. 

4981
04:35:24,800 --> 04:35:27,599
That linked you to Skilled 
Craftsmen and old traditions and

4982
04:35:27,599 --> 04:35:30,800
said of far off companies and 
unknown algorithms. 

4983
04:35:32,200 --> 04:35:35,900
The slow pace of bracelet, 
money, transactions carefully, 

4984
04:35:35,900 --> 04:35:38,300
weighing feeling the quality, 
and talking to each other. 

4985
04:35:38,300 --> 04:35:41,900
During each exchange, made 
economic systems that were more 

4986
04:35:41,900 --> 04:35:44,300
community-oriented and human 
scale than what. 

4987
04:35:44,300 --> 04:35:47,099
We usually see today, we should 
not try to bring back the 

4988
04:35:47,099 --> 04:35:50,300
economies of medieval Africa, 
but we can learn from how they 

4989
04:35:50,300 --> 04:35:53,900
value, personal relationships 
Community standards and 

4990
04:35:53,900 --> 04:35:55,700
combining Beauty with 
usefulness. 

4991
04:35:56,700 --> 04:35:59,900
As you drift off to sleep. 
Remember that your part of the 

4992
04:35:59,900 --> 04:36:03,000
same ongoing story of people, 
coming up, with new ideas, 

4993
04:36:03,000 --> 04:36:07,099
changing to fit, new situations 
and working together, the need 

4994
04:36:07,099 --> 04:36:11,000
for portable wealth, reliable, 
standards and systems that work 

4995
04:36:11,000 --> 04:36:14,300
across cultural boundaries are 
problems that every generation 

4996
04:36:14,300 --> 04:36:18,400
has to confront in its own way. 
The sound of bracelet money may 

4997
04:36:18,400 --> 04:36:21,800
be gone from African markets. 
The people are still coming up 

4998
04:36:21,800 --> 04:36:25,200
with new ways to work together 
and be creative the spirit of 

4999
04:36:25,200 --> 04:36:27,700
bracelet money lives on. 
Every time someone comes up 

5000
04:36:27,700 --> 04:36:31,000
with, a new way to solve an old 
problem, every time communities 

5001
04:36:31,000 --> 04:36:33,400
work together to make something 
useful and beautiful. 

5002
04:36:33,400 --> 04:36:36,700
And every time people find ways 
to trade and share that make 

5003
04:36:36,700 --> 04:36:41,000
their relationships stronger in 
stead of weaker, Rest easy 

5004
04:36:41,000 --> 04:36:43,700
knowing you are part of a long 
line of people who have run 

5005
04:36:43,700 --> 04:36:46,000
their businesses according to 
their values and goals. 

5006
04:36:46,000 --> 04:36:48,500
The story of bracelet money is 
also yours. 

5007
04:36:48,500 --> 04:36:51,500
It shows that people have always
been smart enough to change the 

5008
04:36:51,500 --> 04:36:53,700
systems. 
They need when they do and maybe

5009
04:36:53,700 --> 04:36:57,000
tonight in your dreams, you'll 
hear the distant sound of metal 

5010
04:36:57,000 --> 04:37:00,700
hitting metal, the soft beat of 
prosperity, moving through old 

5011
04:37:00,700 --> 04:37:04,700
markets, bringing with it, the 
hopes dreams, and practical 

5012
04:37:04,700 --> 04:37:07,599
advice of people who knew how to
make their money as beautiful as

5013
04:37:07,599 --> 04:37:16,599
their lives. 
Picture this. you'll see in your

5014
04:37:16,599 --> 04:37:20,000
favorite armchair, maybe with a 
cup of tea getting cold on the 

5015
04:37:20,008 --> 04:37:23,300
side table, and someone asks you
to name the richest person who 

5016
04:37:23,300 --> 04:37:27,500
ever lived you might consider 
Bezos or musk particularly on a 

5017
04:37:27,500 --> 04:37:29,700
positive day. 
When Tesla stock isn't 

5018
04:37:29,700 --> 04:37:33,099
experiencing significant 
fluctuations but you'd be wrong,

5019
04:37:33,099 --> 04:37:35,400
the richest human being in 
recorded. 

5020
04:37:35,400 --> 04:37:38,500
History was a man, most people 
of never heard of and here's the

5021
04:37:38,500 --> 04:37:41,900
kicker he disappeared. 
So completely that for centuries

5022
04:37:41,900 --> 04:37:45,400
individuals, wondered, if he'd 
ever existed at all, his name 

5023
04:37:45,400 --> 04:37:48,500
was Mansa Musa and calling him 
wealthy as like calling the 

5024
04:37:48,500 --> 04:37:51,800
ocean Dam. 
This guy had so much gold that 

5025
04:37:51,800 --> 04:37:56,300
when he went on vacation or 
pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324, he 

5026
04:37:56,300 --> 04:37:58,500
accidentally crashed the 
Egyptian economy for a decade. 

5027
04:37:58,500 --> 04:38:00,900
This was not an intentional 
action. 

5028
04:38:00,900 --> 04:38:04,300
He was just being generous 
tossing around gold, like, you 

5029
04:38:04,300 --> 04:38:06,200
might toss breadcrumbs to ducks 
at the park. 

5030
04:38:07,200 --> 04:38:09,700
The only difference was that his
bread crumbs were actual gold 

5031
04:38:09,700 --> 04:38:11,599
bars, and the Ducks were entire 
cities. 

5032
04:38:12,599 --> 04:38:15,700
But here's where our story gets 
intriguing in that deliciously 

5033
04:38:15,700 --> 04:38:18,400
mysterious way that makes you 
want to pull the blankets up a 

5034
04:38:18,400 --> 04:38:21,400
little higher. 
Mansa Musa ruled the Mali Empire

5035
04:38:21,400 --> 04:38:25,500
in West Africa exerting control 
over an abundance of gold mines.

5036
04:38:26,400 --> 04:38:29,700
Mansa, musa's Empire spanned an 
area larger than Western Europe,

5037
04:38:29,700 --> 04:38:33,599
requiring, every gold dust that 
emerged from those mines to 

5038
04:38:33,599 --> 04:38:37,099
submit to him first. 
Imagine having a monopoly on the

5039
04:38:37,099 --> 04:38:38,599
thing. 
Everyone wanted most in the 

5040
04:38:38,599 --> 04:38:41,900
medieval world, it's like owning
all the coffee shops and Wi-Fi 

5041
04:38:41,900 --> 04:38:45,300
passwords simultaneously. 
The thing about Musa that made 

5042
04:38:45,300 --> 04:38:48,099
him different from your average,
billionaire wasn't just the mind

5043
04:38:48,099 --> 04:38:50,099
boggling. 
Well, it was what he did with 

5044
04:38:50,099 --> 04:38:52,200
it. 
While other rulers horde their 

5045
04:38:52,200 --> 04:38:55,900
riches like Dragon sleeping on 
Treasure piles, Musa built 

5046
04:38:55,900 --> 04:39:00,500
University's libraries and Moss.
He turned Timbuktu in to the 

5047
04:39:00,508 --> 04:39:03,500
intellectual Hub of the world, a
place, where Scholars from 

5048
04:39:03,500 --> 04:39:06,200
across Africa Europe in the 
Middle East, came to study in 

5049
04:39:06,200 --> 04:39:09,200
debate. 
Picture Oxford or Harvard, but 

5050
04:39:09,200 --> 04:39:11,200
with better weather and more 
gold leaf on everything. 

5051
04:39:12,000 --> 04:39:14,300
Now you might be wondering why 
you've never heard of this guy 

5052
04:39:14,300 --> 04:39:16,300
in school. 
Well that's partly because 

5053
04:39:16,300 --> 04:39:18,500
Medieval Europe was still 
figuring out that the World 

5054
04:39:18,500 --> 04:39:21,700
extended beyond their backyards 
and partly because what happened

5055
04:39:21,700 --> 04:39:24,500
next was so strange that 
Chronicles didn't quite know how

5056
04:39:24,500 --> 04:39:28,700
to write it down. 
See Mansa Musa didn't just fade 

5057
04:39:28,700 --> 04:39:30,300
away like most historical 
figures. 

5058
04:39:30,300 --> 04:39:33,800
He didn't die in battle or 
succumb to somebody evil plague.

5059
04:39:33,800 --> 04:39:36,800
He didn't even retire to a 
luxurious Palace somewhere to 

5060
04:39:36,800 --> 04:39:41,800
count his gold coins. 
He vanished completely It seemed

5061
04:39:41,800 --> 04:39:45,700
as though the Earth had opened 
up engulfing him, his family, 

5062
04:39:45,700 --> 04:39:49,400
his court and nearly half of his
Empire's gold reserves. 

5063
04:39:50,600 --> 04:39:53,600
One day, he was there running 
the most prosperous kingdom in 

5064
04:39:53,600 --> 04:39:57,900
the world and the next day. 
Nothing not a trace. 

5065
04:39:57,908 --> 04:40:01,500
There was not even a whisper 
there was not even a strongly 

5066
04:40:01,500 --> 04:40:05,600
worded letter of resignation. 
The last reliable sighting of 

5067
04:40:05,600 --> 04:40:09,500
Manson muta was in 1337. 
When he was supposedly preparing

5068
04:40:09,500 --> 04:40:13,100
for another grand Expedition, 
some claim that Manson was 

5069
04:40:13,100 --> 04:40:16,100
planning to sail across the 
Atlantic, the move that occurred

5070
04:40:16,100 --> 04:40:19,400
more than 150 years before 
Columbus lost his way in search 

5071
04:40:19,400 --> 04:40:21,500
of India. 
Others claiming he was 

5072
04:40:21,508 --> 04:40:23,600
organizing a massive trade 
mission to China. 

5073
04:40:24,500 --> 04:40:27,300
Few whispered that he discovered
something in the deepest minds 

5074
04:40:27,300 --> 04:40:30,600
of his Empire, Something that 
made even his legendary wealth 

5075
04:40:30,600 --> 04:40:33,800
seemed in significant. 
But then silents. 

5076
04:40:34,900 --> 04:40:37,900
The silence was so profound that
it prompted you to double, check

5077
04:40:37,900 --> 04:40:41,300
the functionality of your phone.
His advisors claimed, he'd gone 

5078
04:40:41,300 --> 04:40:44,400
into seclusion for religious 
contemplation, his enemies 

5079
04:40:44,400 --> 04:40:46,600
assumed he died and were 
preparing their armies 

5080
04:40:46,600 --> 04:40:49,100
accordingly. 
His people waited for 

5081
04:40:49,100 --> 04:40:52,700
announcements that never came it
was as if the richest man in 

5082
04:40:52,700 --> 04:40:56,000
history had simply decided that 
being unimaginably wealthy was 

5083
04:40:56,000 --> 04:40:58,500
overrated and had gone off to 
try something else entirely. 

5084
04:41:00,100 --> 04:41:02,400
What makes this disappearance 
even more puzzling. 

5085
04:41:02,400 --> 04:41:04,800
Is that Musa wasn't just any 
ruler. 

5086
04:41:04,800 --> 04:41:08,800
He was obsessively organized. 
This was a man who planted his 

5087
04:41:08,800 --> 04:41:11,900
famous pilgrimage down to the 
last camel load of Provisions. 

5088
04:41:11,900 --> 04:41:16,000
He didn't do anything on a whim 
yet somehow he managed to vanish

5089
04:41:16,000 --> 04:41:19,200
without leaving behind a single 
clue about where he'd gone or 

5090
04:41:19,200 --> 04:41:21,900
why, you know, that feeling when
you're looking for your keys. 

5091
04:41:21,900 --> 04:41:24,900
And you've checked everywhere 
twice but they've somehow 

5092
04:41:24,900 --> 04:41:27,700
vanished into that mysterious 
Dimension where lost socks. 

5093
04:41:27,700 --> 04:41:31,400
Go to Party. 
Well, imagine that feeling, but 

5094
04:41:31,400 --> 04:41:35,200
instead of keys, it's the 
world's richest man in his head 

5095
04:41:35,200 --> 04:41:36,700
of your house. 
It's an Empire. 

5096
04:41:36,700 --> 04:41:40,200
The size of Western Europe 
that's precisely what happened 

5097
04:41:40,200 --> 04:41:44,000
to the Mali Empire in 1337. 
The Mali Empire wasn't just 

5098
04:41:44,000 --> 04:41:46,900
wellthy. 
It was stupid wealthy, the kind 

5099
04:41:46,900 --> 04:41:49,200
of wealthy that makes lottery 
winners look like their counting

5100
04:41:49,200 --> 04:41:52,700
pocket chain. 
The Empire sat on top of the 

5101
04:41:52,700 --> 04:41:55,700
largest gold deposits in the 
known world and Mansa Musa, 

5102
04:41:55,700 --> 04:41:59,600
controlled every out of it. 
But gold wasn't even his only 

5103
04:41:59,600 --> 04:42:01,800
trick. 
He also controlled the salt 

5104
04:42:01,800 --> 04:42:05,500
mines and if you think salt is 
an exciting you've never lived 

5105
04:42:05,500 --> 04:42:07,000
in a world without 
Refrigeration. 

5106
04:42:07,800 --> 04:42:10,900
Salt was literally worth its 
weight in gold, which was 

5107
04:42:10,900 --> 04:42:13,300
convenient. 
Since Musa had plenty of both 

5108
04:42:13,300 --> 04:42:15,700
picture. 
The empire was a massive spider 

5109
04:42:15,700 --> 04:42:18,900
web with Musa sitting at the 
center and every strand 

5110
04:42:18,900 --> 04:42:23,000
representing a trade route. 
Caravans loaded with gold salt 

5111
04:42:23,000 --> 04:42:26,600
Ivory and slaves, moved along 
these routes like blood through 

5112
04:42:26,600 --> 04:42:29,400
arteries. 
The Empire's Capital Cities, 

5113
04:42:29,400 --> 04:42:34,500
niani Timbuktu and Jenny were 
Medieval Las Vegas but instead 

5114
04:42:34,500 --> 04:42:37,500
of losing money, everyone was 
making it hand over fist. 

5115
04:42:37,500 --> 04:42:41,100
Merchants from as far away as 
Venice and Cairo would make the 

5116
04:42:41,100 --> 04:42:43,700
dangerous journey across the 
Sahara just to get a piece of 

5117
04:42:43,700 --> 04:42:46,600
the action. 
But here's where things get as 

5118
04:42:46,600 --> 04:42:50,200
Twisted as a pretzel factory, 
the Mali Empire Had A peculiar 

5119
04:42:50,200 --> 04:42:52,100
system of succession, that would
make. 

5120
04:42:52,100 --> 04:42:55,000
Even the most complicated family
reunion looks straightforward. 

5121
04:42:55,000 --> 04:42:58,100
The crown didn't automatically 
pass from father to son. 

5122
04:42:58,100 --> 04:43:02,200
Instead, it went to the previous
rulers brother then to his son, 

5123
04:43:02,200 --> 04:43:06,100
then to the next brother and so 
on, like a royal game of musical

5124
04:43:06,100 --> 04:43:07,700
chairs that could last for 
Generations. 

5125
04:43:08,800 --> 04:43:11,200
This system had worked 
beautifully for centuries, 

5126
04:43:11,200 --> 04:43:14,800
mainly because there was so much
wealth to go around that even 

5127
04:43:14,800 --> 04:43:18,600
the distant cousins lived better
than most European Kings when 

5128
04:43:18,600 --> 04:43:21,800
months of disappeared, this 
orderly system suddenly looked 

5129
04:43:21,800 --> 04:43:23,300
like a house of cards and a 
windstorm. 

5130
04:43:23,300 --> 04:43:27,500
Nobody knew if he was dead alive
or just taking a really long 

5131
04:43:27,500 --> 04:43:30,300
bathroom break. 
His designated Heir. 

5132
04:43:30,300 --> 04:43:34,100
A nephew named McGann stepped up
to fill the void but ruling an 

5133
04:43:34,100 --> 04:43:36,200
Empire isn't like how sitting 
for a friend. 

5134
04:43:36,200 --> 04:43:38,900
You can't just water the plants 
and collect the mail. 

5135
04:43:39,900 --> 04:43:42,300
Meghan, found himself trying to 
hold together a massive 

5136
04:43:42,300 --> 04:43:45,400
political and economic machine 
without the instruction manual. 

5137
04:43:46,100 --> 04:43:48,400
The first sign that something 
was seriously wrong came from 

5138
04:43:48,400 --> 04:43:51,300
the gold mines. 
The miners who had worked for 

5139
04:43:51,300 --> 04:43:53,800
Generations under the watchful 
eye of musa's appointed 

5140
04:43:53,800 --> 04:43:57,000
Governors suddenly found 
themselves with no clear chain 

5141
04:43:57,000 --> 04:43:59,700
of command. 
Some mines shut down entirely 

5142
04:43:59,700 --> 04:44:02,400
when local Chiefs couldn't agree
on who had the authority to keep

5143
04:44:02,400 --> 04:44:05,100
them running. 
Others kept operating, but with 

5144
04:44:05,100 --> 04:44:07,600
no one to report to about 
production levels or security, 

5145
04:44:07,600 --> 04:44:10,800
it was like having an ATM that 
kept spitting out money, but 

5146
04:44:10,800 --> 04:44:14,100
with no Bank behind it. 
The confusion spread like 

5147
04:44:14,100 --> 04:44:15,900
spilled coffee on a white 
tablecloth. 

5148
04:44:16,700 --> 04:44:19,400
Trade routes that had operated 
smoothly for decades suddenly 

5149
04:44:19,400 --> 04:44:23,300
became hazardous as local rulers
sentencing opportunity. 

5150
04:44:23,300 --> 04:44:26,500
Started demanding their own 
tribute from passing Caravan. 

5151
04:44:27,500 --> 04:44:30,700
Some Caravans simply stopped 
coming which was catastrophic 

5152
04:44:30,700 --> 04:44:33,700
for cities, that depended on 
trade like fish depend on water.

5153
04:44:34,500 --> 04:44:37,100
Timbuktu, which had been the 
intellectual capital of the 

5154
04:44:37,108 --> 04:44:40,300
world, found its University's 
struggling to pay Scholars as 

5155
04:44:40,300 --> 04:44:43,500
funding dried up. 
What made the situation even 

5156
04:44:43,500 --> 04:44:46,500
more bizarre was the complete 
absence of any explanation. 

5157
04:44:47,300 --> 04:44:49,900
In medieval times when a ruler 
died, there were ceremonies 

5158
04:44:49,900 --> 04:44:53,500
announcements and usually quite 
a bit of dramatic whaling. 

5159
04:44:54,100 --> 04:44:57,200
When they went missing search 
parties, were organized rewards 

5160
04:44:57,200 --> 04:44:58,800
were offered and generally 
speaking. 

5161
04:44:58,800 --> 04:45:02,000
Someone made a fuss. 
But in musa's case, there was 

5162
04:45:02,000 --> 04:45:05,100
nothing no official statement, 
No search efforts. 

5163
04:45:05,100 --> 04:45:07,400
No, leaked gossip from Palace 
servants. 

5164
04:45:08,100 --> 04:45:11,400
It was as if the entire Imperial
Court had collectively decided 

5165
04:45:11,400 --> 04:45:14,600
to pretend nothing had happened.
The neighboring kingdoms, 

5166
04:45:14,600 --> 04:45:17,600
meanwhile, were watching this 
unfold like spectators at a 

5167
04:45:17,600 --> 04:45:20,100
tennis match. 
The kingdom of Songhai to the 

5168
04:45:20,100 --> 04:45:22,600
East and the Moroccan 
Consultants to the North had 

5169
04:45:22,600 --> 04:45:25,100
spent decades being politely 
envious of mali's. 

5170
04:45:25,100 --> 04:45:28,000
Wealth, while maintaining 
careful diplomatic relations. 

5171
04:45:28,800 --> 04:45:30,900
Now, they found themselves 
wondering if they should send 

5172
04:45:30,900 --> 04:45:33,800
condolence gifts, 
congratulations cards or 

5173
04:45:33,800 --> 04:45:37,500
Invasion armies. 
The uncertainty was driving 

5174
04:45:37,500 --> 04:45:38,700
everyone. 
A little crazy. 

5175
04:45:39,600 --> 04:45:42,400
Some historians believe that 
Muses disappearance was actually

5176
04:45:42,400 --> 04:45:45,400
part of an elaborate plan 
possibly connected to 

5177
04:45:45,400 --> 04:45:47,500
information. 
He'd received about Portuguese 

5178
04:45:47,500 --> 04:45:50,700
explorers who were beginning to 
probe the West African Coast, 

5179
04:45:50,700 --> 04:45:53,700
others suggest that he 
discovered something in his 

5180
04:45:53,700 --> 04:45:56,800
Empire's archives or mines that 
required immediate and secret 

5181
04:45:56,800 --> 04:45:59,900
action. 
A few romantic Souls, like to 

5182
04:45:59,900 --> 04:46:02,700
imagine that he'd simply grown 
tired of being the richest man 

5183
04:46:02,700 --> 04:46:06,100
alive, and had decided to try 
being anonymous for a while. 

5184
04:46:06,100 --> 04:46:08,800
Let's take a step back and talk 
about the last time. 

5185
04:46:08,800 --> 04:46:12,000
Anyone was absolutely 
positively, sure they knew where

5186
04:46:12,000 --> 04:46:14,600
Mansa Musa was and boy, did they
know where he was? 

5187
04:46:15,700 --> 04:46:18,600
It was 1324 and Musa had 
decided. 

5188
04:46:18,600 --> 04:46:21,000
It was time to fulfill his 
religious duty of making the 

5189
04:46:21,000 --> 04:46:24,000
Hajj to Mecca. 
Now, when most people go on 

5190
04:46:24,000 --> 04:46:27,400
pilgrimage, they packed light. 
Maybe bring a few snacks for the

5191
04:46:27,408 --> 04:46:29,700
road and try not to spend too 
much money. 

5192
04:46:30,600 --> 04:46:33,200
Moster approached his pilgrimage
the way some people approach. 

5193
04:46:33,200 --> 04:46:36,500
Black Friday, shopping with 
overwhelming force and a 

5194
04:46:36,500 --> 04:46:38,200
complete disregard for Economic 
Consequences. 

5195
04:46:38,200 --> 04:46:42,300
Imagine a caravan so vast that 
it resembled a bustling small 

5196
04:46:42,300 --> 04:46:45,100
City. 
We're referring to a caravan of 

5197
04:46:45,108 --> 04:46:49,000
60,000 individuals. 
Comprising soldiers servants, 

5198
04:46:49,000 --> 04:46:53,300
Merchants Scholars, and likely a
few individuals who merely wish 

5199
04:46:53,300 --> 04:46:57,300
to observe the excitement. 
The most significant aspect is 

5200
04:46:57,300 --> 04:47:01,100
that Musa brought 80 camels. 
Each of which carried 300 pounds

5201
04:47:01,100 --> 04:47:03,200
of gold. 
This mounts to approximately 

5202
04:47:03,200 --> 04:47:06,800
24,000 pounds of gold which 
Musso casually carried across 

5203
04:47:06,808 --> 04:47:08,900
the desert to as if it were a 
routine tasks. 

5204
04:47:09,900 --> 04:47:12,800
To put the situation in 
perspective, that's more gold 

5205
04:47:12,800 --> 04:47:15,500
than most countries had in their
entire National treasuries. 

5206
04:47:16,600 --> 04:47:19,300
Caravan moved across North 
Africa, like a slow motion 

5207
04:47:19,300 --> 04:47:22,300
parade of abundance. 
Every city, they passed through 

5208
04:47:22,300 --> 04:47:25,000
became temporarily the richest 
place on Earth. 

5209
04:47:25,800 --> 04:47:29,700
Musa didn't just travel. 
He celebrated He threw parties 

5210
04:47:29,700 --> 04:47:31,200
that would make modern 
billionaires. 

5211
04:47:31,200 --> 04:47:33,200
Birthday bashes look like modest
potluck dinners. 

5212
04:47:33,200 --> 04:47:38,000
The employed local musicians 
occupied entire marketplaces and

5213
04:47:38,000 --> 04:47:41,600
lavishly distributed gold as if 
it were a fashion statement but 

5214
04:47:41,600 --> 04:47:43,700
the real fireworks happened in 
Cairo. 

5215
04:47:43,700 --> 04:47:46,700
The city was already one of the 
great trading hubs of the 

5216
04:47:46,708 --> 04:47:49,300
Medieval World. 
A place where Merchants from 

5217
04:47:49,300 --> 04:47:53,300
Europe Asia and Africa came to 
make deals and exchange Not Just

5218
04:47:53,300 --> 04:47:57,400
Goods but gossip When Musa 
rolled into town, with his 

5219
04:47:57,400 --> 04:48:00,700
golden Caravan, it was like a 
celebrity walking into a Small 

5220
04:48:00,700 --> 04:48:03,400
Town Diner. 
Every conversation stopped. 

5221
04:48:03,400 --> 04:48:07,000
Every I turned every hand 
extended in greeting. 

5222
04:48:08,000 --> 04:48:09,900
Musa stayed in Cairo for three 
months. 

5223
04:48:09,900 --> 04:48:13,100
And during that time, he 
single-handedly redefined the 

5224
04:48:13,100 --> 04:48:16,300
concept of generous spending. 
He bought everything that caught

5225
04:48:16,300 --> 04:48:19,900
his eye tipped servants with 
chunks of gold and made 

5226
04:48:19,900 --> 04:48:23,000
donations to local mosques that 
left the religious leaders speak

5227
04:48:23,000 --> 04:48:27,500
less One chronicler wrote that 
Musa gave away so much gold that

5228
04:48:27,500 --> 04:48:31,000
its value didn't recover for 10 
years, 10 years. 

5229
04:48:32,000 --> 04:48:36,000
This behavior is not generosity.
It resembles economic Warfare 

5230
04:48:36,000 --> 04:48:39,100
disguised as kindness. 
The Egyptian merchants and 

5231
04:48:39,100 --> 04:48:41,700
government officials found 
themselves in a complex and 

5232
04:48:41,700 --> 04:48:44,800
challenging situation. 
On one hand, they were making 

5233
04:48:44,800 --> 04:48:46,500
more money than they'd ever 
dreamed. 

5234
04:48:46,500 --> 04:48:48,600
Of. 
On the other hand, they were 

5235
04:48:48,608 --> 04:48:50,300
watching their entire monetary 
system. 

5236
04:48:50,300 --> 04:48:54,000
Collapse in real time when gold 
becomes as common as sand 

5237
04:48:54,000 --> 04:48:57,100
suddenly your life-saving, don't
seem quite as substantial. 

5238
04:48:58,000 --> 04:49:00,500
Some clever merchants started, 
trading their gold for silver 

5239
04:49:00,500 --> 04:49:03,100
and other Goods, essentially 
playing the medieval equivalent 

5240
04:49:03,100 --> 04:49:06,900
of currency speculation. 
However, this is where the story

5241
04:49:06,900 --> 04:49:10,300
becomes particularly intriguing 
as it prompts one to consider. 

5242
04:49:10,300 --> 04:49:12,800
Whether medieval people were 
inherently, more skilled at 

5243
04:49:12,800 --> 04:49:16,200
drama than we are today. 
Moose's display of wealth wasn't

5244
04:49:16,200 --> 04:49:19,200
just about showing off. 
It was a carefully, calculated 

5245
04:49:19,200 --> 04:49:22,500
diplomatic move, it was 
announcing to the world that 

5246
04:49:22,500 --> 04:49:24,200
Molly wasn't just some distant 
Kingdom. 

5247
04:49:24,200 --> 04:49:27,600
That happened to have gold. 
Mine's It was a major power that

5248
04:49:27,600 --> 04:49:31,000
could afford to destabilize 
entire economies casually just 

5249
04:49:31,000 --> 04:49:34,100
by being generous. 
The news of Moose's pilgrimage 

5250
04:49:34,100 --> 04:49:37,700
swiftly disseminated throughout 
the Medieval World, akin to a 

5251
04:49:37,700 --> 04:49:41,200
lively conversation at a family 
gathering European map makers 

5252
04:49:41,200 --> 04:49:45,000
who had previously labeled most 
of Africa as here be dragons or 

5253
04:49:45,000 --> 04:49:47,400
just left it blank. 
Suddenly started drawing 

5254
04:49:47,400 --> 04:49:49,400
details. 
Pictures of a king holding a 

5255
04:49:49,400 --> 04:49:54,000
massive gold nugget. 
The famous Catalan atlas of 1375

5256
04:49:54,000 --> 04:49:57,900
shows Musa, sitting on his 
throne crown on his head gold. 

5257
04:49:57,900 --> 04:50:00,200
Orb, in his hand with the 
caption describing him as the 

5258
04:50:00,200 --> 04:50:03,600
richest king in the world. 
But perhaps the most telling 

5259
04:50:03,600 --> 04:50:06,300
detail about musa's pilgrimage 
was, what happened on the way 

5260
04:50:06,300 --> 04:50:08,800
back. 
By the time he reached Cairo 

5261
04:50:08,800 --> 04:50:11,300
again, the gold market still 
haven't recovered from his 

5262
04:50:11,300 --> 04:50:14,300
previous visit. 
The irony wasn't lost on anyone.

5263
04:50:14,300 --> 04:50:16,400
The man who had crashed the gold
market. 

5264
04:50:16,400 --> 04:50:19,000
Now found himself in the unusual
position of having to borrow 

5265
04:50:19,000 --> 04:50:21,600
money. 
Yes, the richest man in the 

5266
04:50:21,600 --> 04:50:22,800
world. 
Took out a loan. 

5267
04:50:22,800 --> 04:50:25,800
He needed, Egyptian gold to fund
the remainder of his journey 

5268
04:50:25,800 --> 04:50:27,800
home. 
Promising to pay it back with 

5269
04:50:27,800 --> 04:50:32,000
interest once he reached his own
gold, mine's This little detail 

5270
04:50:32,000 --> 04:50:34,500
tells us something important 
about musa's character. 

5271
04:50:34,500 --> 04:50:37,800
He wasn't just well he was 
practical. 

5272
04:50:37,800 --> 04:50:42,200
He understood that wealth was a 
tool, not a trophy, he was 

5273
04:50:42,200 --> 04:50:44,500
willing to go into debt, 
temporarily to maintain his 

5274
04:50:44,500 --> 04:50:47,400
Expeditions momentum. 
Confident that he could easily 

5275
04:50:47,400 --> 04:50:49,500
repay the loan once he returned 
to his Empire. 

5276
04:50:51,100 --> 04:50:53,600
It's the kind of financial 
flexibility that comes from 

5277
04:50:53,600 --> 04:50:55,300
owning most of the world's gold 
Supply. 

5278
04:50:55,300 --> 04:50:58,500
The pilgrimage also revealed 
something else about Musa. 

5279
04:50:58,500 --> 04:51:01,900
He was genuinely curious about 
the world Beyond his Empire. 

5280
04:51:01,900 --> 04:51:05,500
He spent time in cairo's 
library's met with Scholars, and

5281
04:51:05,508 --> 04:51:07,800
religious leaders, and generally
acted. 

5282
04:51:07,800 --> 04:51:10,400
Like a man who understood that 
knowledge was as valuable as 

5283
04:51:10,400 --> 04:51:13,400
gold. 
Some historians believe that it 

5284
04:51:13,400 --> 04:51:16,100
was during this pilgrimage that.
He first heard rumors about 

5285
04:51:16,100 --> 04:51:18,600
lands Across the Western Ocean 
rumors. 

5286
04:51:18,600 --> 04:51:21,100
That would later play a crucial 
role in his mysterious 

5287
04:51:21,100 --> 04:51:23,400
disappearance. 
You know, how some people have a

5288
04:51:23,400 --> 04:51:25,900
lucky penny or maybe a special 
coffee mug that just makes their

5289
04:51:25,900 --> 04:51:28,600
day better. 
Well, Mansa Musa had entire 

5290
04:51:28,600 --> 04:51:30,800
mountains. 
That did that for him, except 

5291
04:51:30,800 --> 04:51:34,300
instead of luck or caffeine, 
they provided literally tons of 

5292
04:51:34,300 --> 04:51:38,200
gold, the Bamba can beer 
goldfields weren't just minds. 

5293
04:51:38,200 --> 04:51:41,000
They were the economic 
foundation of the Medieval World

5294
04:51:41,000 --> 04:51:43,400
and most a controlled them, like
a medieval oil. 

5295
04:51:43,400 --> 04:51:45,100
Shake with a really shiny 
product. 

5296
04:51:46,400 --> 04:51:48,800
The nature of gold mining in, 
medieval Africa, differed. 

5297
04:51:48,800 --> 04:51:51,800
Significantly from the typical 
guy with a pickaxe and a dream 

5298
04:51:51,808 --> 04:51:54,200
operation. 
These were sophisticated 

5299
04:51:54,200 --> 04:51:57,200
Enterprise's that have been 
running for Centuries with 

5300
04:51:57,200 --> 04:52:00,400
techniques passed down through 
generations like family recipes.

5301
04:52:01,200 --> 04:52:04,000
The miners used to combination 
of surface panning and deep 

5302
04:52:04,000 --> 04:52:06,200
shaft mining. 
That would have impressed Roman 

5303
04:52:06,200 --> 04:52:09,000
Engineers. 
They diverted Rivers built a 

5304
04:52:09,000 --> 04:52:12,000
labor at Water Systems and 
created mining communities that 

5305
04:52:12,000 --> 04:52:13,500
were basically underground 
cities. 

5306
04:52:14,300 --> 04:52:16,300
But here's where it gets 
intriguing in that makes you 

5307
04:52:16,300 --> 04:52:20,500
want to dig deeper sort of way. 
The exact locations of these 

5308
04:52:20,500 --> 04:52:23,000
mines were States secrets of the
highest order. 

5309
04:52:23,900 --> 04:52:26,900
Musa didn't just control the 
gold, he can control the 

5310
04:52:26,900 --> 04:52:29,800
knowledge of where it came from 
foreign Merchants. 

5311
04:52:29,800 --> 04:52:31,900
Could buy all the goal they 
wanted in the markets of 

5312
04:52:31,900 --> 04:52:35,000
Timbuktu or Jenny but they were 
never allowed near the actual 

5313
04:52:35,000 --> 04:52:37,500
mines. 
It was like having the world's 

5314
04:52:37,500 --> 04:52:40,800
most exclusive Club except of a 
Velvet Rope. 

5315
04:52:40,800 --> 04:52:43,800
There were armed guards and a 
policy of permanent membership 

5316
04:52:43,800 --> 04:52:47,000
denial for Outsiders. 
The secrecy wasn't just about 

5317
04:52:47,000 --> 04:52:49,500
protecting the gold. 
It was about protecting the 

5318
04:52:49,500 --> 04:52:53,100
entire economic system. 
If word got out about the exact 

5319
04:52:53,100 --> 04:52:56,400
location and scale of the minds,
every ambitious King from 

5320
04:52:56,400 --> 04:52:58,900
Morocco, to Egypt would have 
started planning Invasion 

5321
04:52:58,900 --> 04:53:01,300
routes. 
So, Musa, created layers of 

5322
04:53:01,300 --> 04:53:04,900
security that would make modern 
intelligence agencies jealous. 

5323
04:53:05,800 --> 04:53:08,800
The gold was mined in one 
location, processed in another 

5324
04:53:08,800 --> 04:53:11,600
and transported through a 
network of routes that changed 

5325
04:53:11,600 --> 04:53:14,100
regularly. 
The mine is themselves, were 

5326
04:53:14,100 --> 04:53:16,700
Bound by Oaths, that were more 
serious than modern 

5327
04:53:16,700 --> 04:53:20,000
non-disclosure agreements. 
They were just employees. 

5328
04:53:20,000 --> 04:53:23,000
They were part of a secret 
society that understood their 

5329
04:53:23,000 --> 04:53:25,000
work was the foundation of an 
entire civilization. 

5330
04:53:26,200 --> 04:53:28,700
Many of them lived their entire 
lives within the mining 

5331
04:53:28,700 --> 04:53:32,200
communities, rarely venturing 
into the outside world, they 

5332
04:53:32,200 --> 04:53:35,000
develop their own Customs, their
dialects and their ways of 

5333
04:53:35,000 --> 04:53:38,000
talking about their work that 
outside is couldn't understand. 

5334
04:53:39,500 --> 04:53:43,000
What made the situation even 
more remarkable was the scale of

5335
04:53:43,000 --> 04:53:45,900
production conservative 
estimates suggest that during 

5336
04:53:45,900 --> 04:53:49,000
musa's Reign the Mali Empire 
produced more gold than the rest

5337
04:53:49,000 --> 04:53:51,800
of the world combined. 
We're talking about thousands of

5338
04:53:51,800 --> 04:53:55,100
pounds of gold per year, flowing
out of the earth like water from

5339
04:53:55,100 --> 04:53:58,200
a spring. 
This wasn't just mining, it was 

5340
04:53:58,200 --> 04:54:01,800
geological Magic on an 
industrial scale but gold wasn't

5341
04:54:01,800 --> 04:54:04,000
the only secret hiding in mali's
Minds. 

5342
04:54:05,200 --> 04:54:07,800
The same geological formations 
that produced gold. 

5343
04:54:07,800 --> 04:54:12,500
All contained other valuable 
minerals, silver copper and most

5344
04:54:12,500 --> 04:54:14,100
importantly. 
Salt. 

5345
04:54:15,100 --> 04:54:18,500
The salt mines of Taja were 
almost as valuable as the gold 

5346
04:54:18,500 --> 04:54:20,900
mine's and they were even more 
carefully guarded. 

5347
04:54:21,900 --> 04:54:26,000
In a world without Refrigeration
salt was a crucial commodity and

5348
04:54:26,000 --> 04:54:29,100
managing its Supply was akin to 
managing the entire food chain. 

5349
04:54:29,100 --> 04:54:32,400
The relationship between moose 
and his miners was complex, 

5350
04:54:32,400 --> 04:54:35,700
almost like a marriage between 
practical necessity and mutual 

5351
04:54:35,700 --> 04:54:38,100
respect. 
He provided protection 

5352
04:54:38,100 --> 04:54:42,200
infrastructure and fair 
compensation while they provided

5353
04:54:42,200 --> 04:54:43,900
the foundation of his Empire's 
wealth. 

5354
04:54:43,900 --> 04:54:47,700
It was not exactly feudalism nor
was it modern capitalism. 

5355
04:54:47,700 --> 04:54:51,500
It was something uniquely 
African A system that balanced 

5356
04:54:51,500 --> 04:54:54,100
individual skill with Collective
responsibility. 

5357
04:54:54,800 --> 04:54:57,700
Some historians believe that 
Muses disappearance was directly

5358
04:54:57,700 --> 04:55:00,700
connected to something 
discovered in the mines, maybe 

5359
04:55:00,700 --> 04:55:03,500
it was a new deposit, so vast 
that it required complete 

5360
04:55:03,500 --> 04:55:07,200
secrecy to exploit safely. 
Maybe it was the discovery of 

5361
04:55:07,200 --> 04:55:11,700
other materials precious stones 
rare metals or even written 

5362
04:55:11,700 --> 04:55:13,700
records from previous 
civilizations. 

5363
04:55:14,500 --> 04:55:18,100
The mines had been worked for 
centuries Before musa's Time and

5364
04:55:18,100 --> 04:55:20,900
its entirely possible that they 
contained archaeological. 

5365
04:55:20,900 --> 04:55:22,900
Treasures, along with geological
ones. 

5366
04:55:23,700 --> 04:55:25,900
There's all the Intriguing 
possibility that Musa 

5367
04:55:25,900 --> 04:55:28,800
discovered, the mines were 
running out, medieval mining 

5368
04:55:28,800 --> 04:55:32,300
techniques while sophisticated 
were limited by the technology 

5369
04:55:32,300 --> 04:55:35,200
of the time. 
If geological surveys had 

5370
04:55:35,200 --> 04:55:37,300
suggested that the gold deposits
were finite. 

5371
04:55:37,300 --> 04:55:40,800
Mussa might have realized that 
his Empires Foundation was less 

5372
04:55:40,800 --> 04:55:44,500
permanent than everyone assumed 
that kind of information would 

5373
04:55:44,500 --> 04:55:47,900
have required immediate and 
secret action to protect mali's 

5374
04:55:47,900 --> 04:55:51,200
future The transportation of 
gold from the mines. 

5375
04:55:51,200 --> 04:55:53,800
To the markets was itself, a 
masterpiece of logistics. 

5376
04:55:54,700 --> 04:55:58,100
Caravan's moved in carefully, 
planned sequences with decoy 

5377
04:55:58,100 --> 04:56:00,500
route. 
False destinations and security 

5378
04:56:00,500 --> 04:56:01,900
measures. 
That would have impressed, 

5379
04:56:01,900 --> 04:56:05,600
modern, armored car companies. 
The gold was discovered to 

5380
04:56:05,600 --> 04:56:08,800
divide it among multiple 
Caravans, and transported along,

5381
04:56:08,800 --> 04:56:11,100
Route routes that changed with 
the seasons and the political 

5382
04:56:11,100 --> 04:56:15,000
climate But perhaps the most 
important secret about the mines

5383
04:56:15,000 --> 04:56:17,200
was something that Musa took 
with him when he vanished. 

5384
04:56:17,900 --> 04:56:20,000
The knowledge of how to find new
deposits. 

5385
04:56:20,800 --> 04:56:23,300
Medieval African Prospectors had
techniques for reading the 

5386
04:56:23,300 --> 04:56:26,700
landscape, understanding 
geological formations and 

5387
04:56:26,700 --> 04:56:29,400
predicting, where gold might be 
found that were far more 

5388
04:56:29,408 --> 04:56:33,500
advanced than anything Europeans
possessed when Musa disappeared.

5389
04:56:33,500 --> 04:56:36,700
He took not just his knowledge, 
but the entire institutional 

5390
04:56:36,700 --> 04:56:38,900
memory of the Empire's 
geological expertise. 

5391
04:56:38,900 --> 04:56:42,400
Here's where our story takes a 
term that Stranger Than Anything

5392
04:56:42,400 --> 04:56:46,100
Hollywood could dream up. 
Setting in his Palace in the 

5393
04:56:46,100 --> 04:56:48,900
Army surrounded by more gold 
than most people can imagine 

5394
04:56:48,900 --> 04:56:51,400
Mansa. 
Musa became obsessed with 

5395
04:56:51,400 --> 04:56:54,200
something that should have been 
completely irrelevant to the 

5396
04:56:54,200 --> 04:56:57,800
world's richest man. 
The Western Ocean, not the 

5397
04:56:57,800 --> 04:56:59,900
Mediterranean which was 
basically medieval 

5398
04:56:59,900 --> 04:57:03,200
civilization's highway but the 
Atlantic which most people 

5399
04:57:03,200 --> 04:57:05,900
considered the edge of the world
where dragons lived and ships 

5400
04:57:05,900 --> 04:57:09,700
went to die. 
Now, you might be thinking, why 

5401
04:57:09,700 --> 04:57:12,300
would someone who can control 
half of Africa's wealth care 

5402
04:57:12,300 --> 04:57:15,800
about a bunch of water? 
Well, it turns out that Musa 

5403
04:57:15,800 --> 04:57:19,300
wasn't just wealthy. 
He was curious and in medieval 

5404
04:57:19,300 --> 04:57:22,600
times curiosity about the 
unknown was often the first step

5405
04:57:22,600 --> 04:57:24,600
toward doing something 
completely insane. 

5406
04:57:25,500 --> 04:57:28,500
According to several Arab 
historians Musa had become 

5407
04:57:28,500 --> 04:57:31,800
convinced that there were Lands 
Beyond the Western Ocean lands, 

5408
04:57:31,800 --> 04:57:34,200
that might contain riches, that 
would make even his legendary 

5409
04:57:34,200 --> 04:57:37,800
wealthy modest. 
The Story Goes, that Muses 

5410
04:57:37,800 --> 04:57:40,500
predecessor. 
A ruler named abubakari. 

5411
04:57:40,500 --> 04:57:43,500
The second had become so 
obsessed with exploring the 

5412
04:57:43,500 --> 04:57:46,600
Atlantic that he'd abdicated, 
his throne to lead, a naval 

5413
04:57:46,608 --> 04:57:50,100
Expedition himself, indeed a 
medieval African king 

5414
04:57:50,100 --> 04:57:52,500
relinquished, his crown to 
embark on a voyage into the 

5415
04:57:52,500 --> 04:57:57,400
unknown. abubakari had assembled
a fleet of 2000 ships, loaded 

5416
04:57:57,400 --> 04:58:01,900
them with supplies and sailed 
West in 1311, only one ship 

5417
04:58:01,900 --> 04:58:04,600
returned and its Captain 
reported that the others had 

5418
04:58:04,600 --> 04:58:08,100
been swallowed by the ocean. 
Most reasonable people would 

5419
04:58:08,100 --> 04:58:10,900
have taken the incident as a 
sign that maybe the Atlantic was

5420
04:58:10,900 --> 04:58:13,600
not worth the trouble, but Musa 
wasn't most people. 

5421
04:58:13,600 --> 04:58:16,600
Musa was a man who saw a 
business opportunity and a 

5422
04:58:16,608 --> 04:58:20,000
collapsed Golden Market. 
The Disappearance of abubakari 

5423
04:58:20,000 --> 04:58:22,900
Fleet didn't discourage him, it 
challenged him. 

5424
04:58:22,900 --> 04:58:26,100
He began planning an expedition 
that would make his predecessors

5425
04:58:26,100 --> 04:58:27,600
attempt to look like a pleasure 
Cruise. 

5426
04:58:28,600 --> 04:58:31,500
Multiple sources provide 
evidence of musa's Ambitions in 

5427
04:58:31,500 --> 04:58:34,500
the Atlantic revealing a man who
was Thinking Beyond the 

5428
04:58:34,500 --> 04:58:36,100
conventional boundaries of his 
time? 

5429
04:58:36,100 --> 04:58:39,200
He commissioned the construction
of ships that were larger and 

5430
04:58:39,200 --> 04:58:41,900
more advanced that anything 
Africa had ever seen. 

5431
04:58:42,800 --> 04:58:46,200
These were not merely trading 
vessels but exploration vessels 

5432
04:58:46,200 --> 04:58:50,200
built to transport month's worth
of supplies and outfitted with 

5433
04:58:50,200 --> 04:58:52,500
navigational equipment, that 
would have been fitting for 

5434
04:58:52,500 --> 04:58:55,700
European ship for Century later,
but here's where it gets even 

5435
04:58:55,700 --> 04:58:58,500
more interesting in that makes 
you want to check your history 

5436
04:58:58,500 --> 04:59:01,500
books, sort of way. 
Historians. 

5437
04:59:01,500 --> 04:59:04,300
Hold the belief that Moose's 
ship successfully traversed. 

5438
04:59:04,300 --> 04:59:06,300
The Atlantic long before 
Columbus. 

5439
04:59:06,300 --> 04:59:09,900
Lost his way in search of India.
There are tantalizing hints 

5440
04:59:09,900 --> 04:59:12,400
linguistic. 
Similarities between West 

5441
04:59:12,400 --> 04:59:14,900
African languages and certain 
Native American dialects 

5442
04:59:14,900 --> 04:59:17,600
archaeological evidence of 
African presence in 

5443
04:59:17,600 --> 04:59:21,300
pre-columbian America and most 
intriguingly references in 

5444
04:59:21,300 --> 04:59:25,200
Mayan, and Aztecs to dark skin. 
Visitors from the Eastern Sea. 

5445
04:59:26,000 --> 04:59:28,700
The preparation for musa's. 
Atlantic expedition was 

5446
04:59:28,700 --> 04:59:31,800
typically thorough. 
Moussa didn't simply assemble a 

5447
04:59:31,800 --> 04:59:35,200
fleet of boats and rely on luck.
He spent years studying, ocean 

5448
04:59:35,200 --> 04:59:37,900
currents, wind patterns, and 
navigation, techniques. 

5449
04:59:37,900 --> 04:59:41,300
He consulted Arab Sailors who 
had experienced with 

5450
04:59:41,300 --> 04:59:44,700
long-distance Ocean Travel and 
he even brought in experts from 

5451
04:59:44,700 --> 04:59:49,000
as far away as China and India. 
His voyage was going to be a 

5452
04:59:49,008 --> 04:59:52,700
scientific Expedition. 
Not a medieval equivalent of a 

5453
04:59:52,700 --> 04:59:54,800
road trip. 
The ships themselves were 

5454
04:59:54,800 --> 04:59:59,000
marvels of medieval engineering.
Based on descriptions from Arab,

5455
04:59:59,000 --> 05:00:00,900
chroniclers, they were massive 
vessels. 

5456
05:00:00,900 --> 05:00:05,400
Some over 200 feet long with 
multiple decks sophisticated 

5457
05:00:05,400 --> 05:00:08,900
steering systems and storage 
capacity for months of supplies.

5458
05:00:09,800 --> 05:00:12,200
They were built using techniques
that combined traditional 

5459
05:00:12,200 --> 05:00:15,600
African shipbuilding with 
Innovations borrowed from Arab 

5460
05:00:15,600 --> 05:00:18,200
and possibly even Chinese 
Maritime technology. 

5461
05:00:19,200 --> 05:00:22,200
But perhaps the most telling 
detail about Moose's, Atlantic 

5462
05:00:22,200 --> 05:00:24,400
preparations, was the secrecy 
surrounding them. 

5463
05:00:25,200 --> 05:00:28,700
Muscat, the Atlantic Expedition 
quiet, unlike his famous 

5464
05:00:28,700 --> 05:00:31,200
pilgrimage that aimed to impress
the world with mali's. 

5465
05:00:31,200 --> 05:00:33,700
Wealth. 
Ships were built in remote 

5466
05:00:33,700 --> 05:00:37,100
locations, supplies were 
gathered, discreetly and crew 

5467
05:00:37,100 --> 05:00:41,200
members were sworn to secrecy. 
This Mission wasn't about 

5468
05:00:41,200 --> 05:00:43,500
showing off. 
This was about to achieving 

5469
05:00:43,500 --> 05:00:44,800
something that would change the 
world. 

5470
05:00:45,800 --> 05:00:48,600
Many historians can conclude 
that Musa didn't vanish at all. 

5471
05:00:48,600 --> 05:00:52,200
He sailed specially give them 
the timing of his disappearance 

5472
05:00:52,200 --> 05:00:55,100
just as these preparations were 
reaching completion. 

5473
05:00:56,400 --> 05:00:59,200
The theory goes that Musa, 
perhaps inspired by his 

5474
05:00:59,200 --> 05:01:02,000
predecessors failure and armed 
with better ships. 

5475
05:01:02,000 --> 05:01:05,000
And more knowledge decided to 
lead the Expedition himself. 

5476
05:01:06,100 --> 05:01:07,600
It would explain why he 
disappeared. 

5477
05:01:07,600 --> 05:01:11,800
So completely why, there were no
remains or obvious successes and

5478
05:01:11,800 --> 05:01:14,500
why the preparations for the 
Atlantic Voyage stopped so 

5479
05:01:14,500 --> 05:01:18,300
abruptly. 
If Musa did sale West, it raises

5480
05:01:18,300 --> 05:01:20,800
fascinating questions about what
he might have found. 

5481
05:01:21,700 --> 05:01:24,300
The Atlantic currents that flow 
from West Africa to the 

5482
05:01:24,300 --> 05:01:25,800
Americas. 
Would have carried his ships 

5483
05:01:25,800 --> 05:01:29,100
directly to the Caribbean or the
coast of South America. 

5484
05:01:30,100 --> 05:01:33,300
Given the sophistication of his 
preparation and the resources 

5485
05:01:33,300 --> 05:01:36,300
that is disposal. 
It's entirely possible that he 

5486
05:01:36,300 --> 05:01:39,400
not only survived the journey, 
but also established contact 

5487
05:01:39,400 --> 05:01:41,400
with Native American 
civilizations. 

5488
05:01:42,100 --> 05:01:45,700
The idea of Mansa Musa the 
richest man in medieval history.

5489
05:01:45,700 --> 05:01:49,800
Encountering the Inca or Maya 
Empires decades before European 

5490
05:01:49,800 --> 05:01:51,900
contact, is the kind of 
historical. 

5491
05:01:51,900 --> 05:01:54,700
What if that makes you wonder 
how different the world might 

5492
05:01:54,700 --> 05:01:58,300
have been the meeting of two 
incredibly wealthy and 

5493
05:01:58,300 --> 05:02:01,700
sophisticated civilizations 
occurred, not through Conquest 

5494
05:02:01,700 --> 05:02:05,400
but through exploration and 
trade It's a tantalizing 

5495
05:02:05,400 --> 05:02:07,500
possibility that history has 
large forgotten. 

5496
05:02:07,500 --> 05:02:10,400
You know that Eerie feeling you 
get when you're in a house in 

5497
05:02:10,400 --> 05:02:13,200
the air conditioning suddenly 
shuts off and you realize there 

5498
05:02:13,200 --> 05:02:16,100
was the constant background hum 
that you'd completely gotten 

5499
05:02:16,100 --> 05:02:19,000
used to. 
That's exactly what happened to 

5500
05:02:19,000 --> 05:02:22,300
the Medieval World after Mansa, 
Musa, vanished. the constant 

5501
05:02:22,300 --> 05:02:25,300
Buzz of news trade updates and 
diplomatic messages from the 

5502
05:02:25,300 --> 05:02:29,700
Mali Empire just stopped. 
And the silence was deafening. 

5503
05:02:30,400 --> 05:02:33,000
The immediate aftermath of 
musa's disappearance was like 

5504
05:02:33,000 --> 05:02:36,900
watching dominoes fall in slow 
motion, his nephew Meghan had 

5505
05:02:36,900 --> 05:02:39,000
been left in charge, tried to 
maintain the illusion that 

5506
05:02:39,000 --> 05:02:42,208
everything was normal Royal 
proclamations continued to be 

5507
05:02:42,216 --> 05:02:44,800
issued trade. 
Agreements were honored in the 

5508
05:02:44,808 --> 05:02:46,400
Machinery of government kept 
running. 

5509
05:02:47,400 --> 05:02:49,400
But anyone paying attention 
could see that something 

5510
05:02:49,400 --> 05:02:52,700
fundamental a change. 
It was like watching an 

5511
05:02:52,700 --> 05:02:55,600
orchestra continue playing after
the conductor at left the stage.

5512
05:02:56,400 --> 05:02:59,700
the first people to notice were 
the merchants, these Merchants 

5513
05:02:59,700 --> 05:03:02,500
akin to International 
businessmen from the Medieval 

5514
05:03:02,500 --> 05:03:05,700
Era possessed a keen awareness 
of political instability. 

5515
05:03:06,700 --> 05:03:10,000
Caravan routes which have been 
stable for decades, suddenly 

5516
05:03:10,000 --> 05:03:13,200
lost their reliability. 
Traders who had made Regular 

5517
05:03:13,200 --> 05:03:15,800
trips to mali's. 
Market started reporting delays 

5518
05:03:15,800 --> 05:03:19,800
confusion and a general sense 
that nobody was quite sure who 

5519
05:03:19,800 --> 05:03:22,500
was in charge of what. 
It was like trying to do 

5520
05:03:22,500 --> 05:03:24,800
business with a company where 
all the phones kept going to 

5521
05:03:24,800 --> 05:03:29,000
voicemail within a year. 
Rumors began to circulate as 

5522
05:03:29,000 --> 05:03:31,800
whispered in the Cairo markets 
that jealous relatives had 

5523
05:03:31,800 --> 05:03:35,200
assassinated Musa. 
Sailors in the ports of Morocco 

5524
05:03:35,200 --> 05:03:37,400
asserted that Christian 
Crusaders had captured him. 

5525
05:03:38,300 --> 05:03:41,400
European courts, many of which 
had never heard of Marley until 

5526
05:03:41,408 --> 05:03:43,800
musa's famous pilgrimage, 
suddenly found themselves, 

5527
05:03:43,800 --> 05:03:47,600
fascinated by reports of 
succession crises and civil wars

5528
05:03:47,600 --> 05:03:51,200
in the mysterious Golden Empire.
Perhaps the most intriguing 

5529
05:03:51,200 --> 05:03:53,100
theories Came From Within Mali 
itself. 

5530
05:03:53,900 --> 05:03:57,100
Palace servants spoke in hushed 
tones About musa's final days. 

5531
05:03:57,100 --> 05:03:59,900
Claiming he had been spending 
long hours in the Royal Library 

5532
05:03:59,900 --> 05:04:03,000
studying ancient texts and 
Consulting Scholars about 

5533
05:04:03,000 --> 05:04:04,700
subjects that nobody else 
understood. 

5534
05:04:05,600 --> 05:04:08,200
Some said, he'd become obsessed 
with prophecies about the end of

5535
05:04:08,208 --> 05:04:10,600
the world. 
Others claimed, he discovered 

5536
05:04:10,600 --> 05:04:13,200
something in the deepest, mines 
that had convinced him to 

5537
05:04:13,200 --> 05:04:16,500
abandon his throne. 
He Atlantic Expedition Theory 

5538
05:04:16,500 --> 05:04:20,500
gained tracks and slowly mainly 
because it sounded so completely

5539
05:04:20,500 --> 05:04:23,900
insane that it took a while for 
people to consider it seriously.

5540
05:04:25,200 --> 05:04:28,800
But as the months passed and no 
trace of Musa appeared anywhere 

5541
05:04:28,800 --> 05:04:31,200
in Africa. 
All the Middle East the idea 

5542
05:04:31,200 --> 05:04:35,300
that he'd into the Western Ocean
started to seem less crazy and 

5543
05:04:35,300 --> 05:04:38,000
more like the kind of thing that
someone with unlimited resources

5544
05:04:38,000 --> 05:04:40,900
and a serious case of Wanderlust
might actually do. 

5545
05:04:42,000 --> 05:04:45,000
What made the Atlantic Theory, 
particularly compelling was the 

5546
05:04:45,008 --> 05:04:47,100
discovery of musa's personal 
effects? 

5547
05:04:47,700 --> 05:04:50,100
It's more accurate to say that 
there was no discovery made. 

5548
05:04:50,900 --> 05:04:53,800
When medieval rulers died, they 
left behind distinctive, 

5549
05:04:53,800 --> 05:04:58,800
personal items, crowns SEPTA's, 
religious artifacts and personal

5550
05:04:58,800 --> 05:05:01,300
jewelry. 
These items were usually 

5551
05:05:01,300 --> 05:05:05,000
displayed buried with the ruler 
or passed down to successes. 

5552
05:05:05,800 --> 05:05:08,900
But none of musa's personal 
effects were ever found his 

5553
05:05:08,900 --> 05:05:12,900
crown, his famous, golden star, 
and his personal copies of the 

5554
05:05:12,900 --> 05:05:16,200
Quran all gone. 
It was, as if he'd packed for a 

5555
05:05:16,208 --> 05:05:19,100
very long trip, the economic 
impact of Moose's. 

5556
05:05:19,100 --> 05:05:22,100
Disappearance rippled outward 
like waves from a stone dropped 

5557
05:05:22,100 --> 05:05:25,000
in Stillwater. 
The gold market which had been 

5558
05:05:25,008 --> 05:05:28,100
stable for decades under his 
careful management began to 

5559
05:05:28,100 --> 05:05:31,900
fluctuate, wildly some mines, 
shut down entirely. 

5560
05:05:31,900 --> 05:05:34,200
When local managers could not 
get clear direction from the 

5561
05:05:34,200 --> 05:05:36,900
central government. 
Others kept operating but with 

5562
05:05:36,900 --> 05:05:40,600
reduced security, leading to the
first recorded, gold, thefts in 

5563
05:05:40,608 --> 05:05:44,500
mali's history. 
Meanwhile, neighboring kingdoms,

5564
05:05:44,500 --> 05:05:47,100
watch these developments with 
the mixture of concern and 

5565
05:05:47,100 --> 05:05:49,800
opportunity that medieval rulers
were famous for. 

5566
05:05:50,900 --> 05:05:53,700
The Moroccan Sultans who had 
spent years being politely 

5567
05:05:53,700 --> 05:05:56,600
envious of mali's. 
Wealth began making subtle 

5568
05:05:56,600 --> 05:06:00,200
diplomatic overtures to mali's, 
border, provinces, the kingdom 

5569
05:06:00,200 --> 05:06:02,100
of Songhai, which had been 
mali's. 

5570
05:06:02,100 --> 05:06:05,500
Respectful Eastern, neighbor 
started expanding its influence 

5571
05:06:05,500 --> 05:06:08,100
into territories that had 
previously been under Marley's 

5572
05:06:08,100 --> 05:06:11,300
control. 
Perhaps the most poignant aspect

5573
05:06:11,300 --> 05:06:14,200
of musa's disappearance was its 
effect on the people of Mali 

5574
05:06:14,200 --> 05:06:17,300
itself. 
At stake wasn't just the loss of

5575
05:06:17,300 --> 05:06:19,600
a ruler. 
It was the loss of a symbol. 

5576
05:06:20,400 --> 05:06:24,100
Musa had represented, not just 
wealth and power, but the idea 

5577
05:06:24,100 --> 05:06:27,000
that African civilizations could
compete with anyone in the 

5578
05:06:27,000 --> 05:06:30,400
world, his pilgrimage had firmly
established Marley on the 

5579
05:06:30,408 --> 05:06:33,000
medieval map, both literally and
figuratively. 

5580
05:06:34,000 --> 05:06:36,500
His disappearance left to 
psychological void, that was a 

5581
05:06:36,508 --> 05:06:38,100
significant as the political 
one. 

5582
05:06:39,000 --> 05:06:42,600
The scholars of Timbuktu who had
enjoyed generous Royal patronage

5583
05:06:42,600 --> 05:06:45,100
on the moose's rule found 
themselves in a particularly 

5584
05:06:45,100 --> 05:06:48,100
difficult position. 
The library's in universe is 

5585
05:06:48,100 --> 05:06:50,300
that made the city the 
intellectual center of the 

5586
05:06:50,300 --> 05:06:53,300
Medieval World, suddenly faced 
funding cuts and uncertain 

5587
05:06:53,300 --> 05:06:55,800
futures. 
Some Scholars packed up their 

5588
05:06:55,800 --> 05:06:59,400
books and headed for Cairo or 
Baghdad where patronage was more

5589
05:06:59,408 --> 05:07:02,600
reliable. 
Others stayed hoping that Musa 

5590
05:07:02,600 --> 05:07:04,800
would return or that, his 
successors would continue his 

5591
05:07:04,800 --> 05:07:08,300
educational Investments as 
months turned into years, the 

5592
05:07:08,300 --> 05:07:10,300
theories about musus 
disappearance became more 

5593
05:07:10,300 --> 05:07:12,500
elaborate and frankly more 
entertaining. 

5594
05:07:13,200 --> 05:07:15,500
Some claimed he'd been 
transformed into a spirit and 

5595
05:07:15,500 --> 05:07:18,000
was wandering. 
The desert protecting Travelers 

5596
05:07:18,000 --> 05:07:20,100
and Merchants others. 
Insisted. 

5597
05:07:20,100 --> 05:07:23,800
He discovered a secret Valley 
where gold grew on trees and was

5598
05:07:23,800 --> 05:07:27,700
living there in Paradise. 
A few romantic Souls maintain 

5599
05:07:27,700 --> 05:07:30,400
that he'd fallen in love with 
the mysterious princess from a 

5600
05:07:30,400 --> 05:07:33,100
distant land and had abandoned 
his throne for love. 

5601
05:07:33,800 --> 05:07:36,200
Perhaps the most persistent 
theory was also the most 

5602
05:07:36,200 --> 05:07:39,100
practical both medieval and 
modern historians. 

5603
05:07:39,100 --> 05:07:41,600
Hold the belief that Musa 
meticulously planned, and 

5604
05:07:41,600 --> 05:07:43,900
carried out his disappearance as
a political strategy. 

5605
05:07:44,900 --> 05:07:47,500
The idea is that he'd identified
threats to his Empire. 

5606
05:07:48,300 --> 05:07:51,400
Perhaps, Portuguese exploration 
of the African Coast or internal

5607
05:07:51,400 --> 05:07:54,500
political challenges and had 
decided that the best way to 

5608
05:07:54,500 --> 05:07:57,300
protect Molly, was to make 
himself unavailable for capture 

5609
05:07:57,300 --> 05:08:00,800
or assassination while secretly 
managing the Empire's transition

5610
05:08:00,800 --> 05:08:03,200
to new leadership. 
You may be wondering what 

5611
05:08:03,200 --> 05:08:05,600
happened to the gold. 
The theory is, and how this 

5612
05:08:05,600 --> 05:08:07,500
relates to your life in the 21st
century. 

5613
05:08:08,400 --> 05:08:11,900
Well, pour yourself another cup 
of tea because the ending of 

5614
05:08:11,908 --> 05:08:15,200
this story is both more and less
satisfying than you might expect

5615
05:08:15,200 --> 05:08:19,200
in that wonderful human way that
real history defies, our need 

5616
05:08:19,200 --> 05:08:22,700
for Unique conclusions. 
The truth is nobody knows what 

5617
05:08:22,700 --> 05:08:25,500
happened to Mansa Musa. 
Despite centuries of 

5618
05:08:25,500 --> 05:08:29,300
Investigation speculation and 
the occasional treasure hunter 

5619
05:08:29,300 --> 05:08:32,600
with more enthusiasm and sense. 
His fate remains one of 

5620
05:08:32,608 --> 05:08:34,500
history's most compelling 
Mysteries. 

5621
05:08:35,300 --> 05:08:39,000
No convenient diary detailing. 
His plans was left behind no 

5622
05:08:39,000 --> 05:08:41,000
loyal servant pended details 
Memoir. 

5623
05:08:41,000 --> 05:08:44,000
And no archaeological. 
Discovery has yielded to finish 

5624
05:08:44,000 --> 05:08:46,600
of answers. 
He simply vanished was 

5625
05:08:46,600 --> 05:08:48,700
completely as if he'd never 
existed at all. 

5626
05:08:50,200 --> 05:08:51,800
But here's the thing about 
Mysteries. 

5627
05:08:51,800 --> 05:08:55,000
Sometimes the not knowing is 
more important than the knowing.

5628
05:08:55,600 --> 05:08:58,700
Musa's disappearance created a 
legend that has lost it longer 

5629
05:08:58,700 --> 05:09:02,000
than most medieval kingdoms, 
which had clear and documented 

5630
05:09:02,000 --> 05:09:04,100
endings. 
While other rulers are 

5631
05:09:04,100 --> 05:09:07,300
remembered for their deaths, 
their defeats or their boring, 

5632
05:09:07,300 --> 05:09:10,200
administrative achievements 
Musso has remembered for his 

5633
05:09:10,200 --> 05:09:14,600
ultimate mystery. 
He became in effect Immortal 

5634
05:09:14,600 --> 05:09:17,400
through absence, the Mali Empire
itself. 

5635
05:09:17,400 --> 05:09:20,600
Limped along for another Century
or so after Muses disappearance.

5636
05:09:20,600 --> 05:09:23,200
But it was never the same 
observing. 

5637
05:09:23,200 --> 05:09:26,100
The Mali Empire after the 
departure of his lead, singer is

5638
05:09:26,100 --> 05:09:29,100
a kin to witnessing a band 
attempt to carry on despite the 

5639
05:09:29,100 --> 05:09:31,900
absence of the unique element 
that contributed to its magic. 

5640
05:09:32,700 --> 05:09:36,000
The gold mines continued to 
produce wealth, the trade routes

5641
05:09:36,000 --> 05:09:38,500
remained profitable, and the 
cities maintained their 

5642
05:09:38,500 --> 05:09:40,600
importance. 
But the Empire gradually 

5643
05:09:40,600 --> 05:09:44,300
fragmented into smaller kingdoms
that were easier to manage, but 

5644
05:09:44,300 --> 05:09:47,900
less impressive to contemplate. 
What's fascinating is how most 

5645
05:09:47,900 --> 05:09:50,500
of story was forgotten, and then
rediscovered. 

5646
05:09:51,400 --> 05:09:54,800
For centuries after mali's 
declined European historians 

5647
05:09:54,800 --> 05:09:57,700
dismissed stories about the 
golden African king as myths. 

5648
05:09:58,200 --> 05:10:00,900
Presumably because they couldn't
imagine that medieval Africa, 

5649
05:10:00,900 --> 05:10:03,300
had produced someone wealthier 
than any European ruler. 

5650
05:10:04,000 --> 05:10:06,500
It wasn't until the 20th 
century, that serious, 

5651
05:10:06,500 --> 05:10:10,600
historical research, confirmed 
that yes, there really had been 

5652
05:10:10,600 --> 05:10:13,900
a man who controlled most of the
world's gold Supply and who had 

5653
05:10:13,900 --> 05:10:16,500
casually crashed the Egyptian 
economy just by being generous. 

5654
05:10:17,300 --> 05:10:20,500
Today Mansa, Musa is finally 
getting his due recognition. 

5655
05:10:20,500 --> 05:10:23,800
He regularly appears on lists of
the wealthiest people in 

5656
05:10:23,808 --> 05:10:26,700
history, adjusted for inflation,
and purchasing power. 

5657
05:10:27,600 --> 05:10:30,800
Modern estimates, put his wealth
at somewhere between 400 billion

5658
05:10:30,800 --> 05:10:35,100
dollars and 600 billion dollars.
In today's money, making him 

5659
05:10:35,100 --> 05:10:38,000
roughly four times wealthier 
than the current richest person 

5660
05:10:38,000 --> 05:10:40,800
alive. 
This is impressive, considering 

5661
05:10:40,800 --> 05:10:44,400
he has been deceased for seventh
centuries but musa's real Legacy

5662
05:10:44,400 --> 05:10:47,400
isn't just about money. 
It's about imagination. 

5663
05:10:48,200 --> 05:10:51,100
He embodies the Innovative 
mindset of the Medieval World 

5664
05:10:51,100 --> 05:10:54,700
advocating for the use of wealth
and power for exploration 

5665
05:10:54,700 --> 05:10:57,800
education. 
And genuine curiosity about the 

5666
05:10:57,800 --> 05:11:00,500
world. 
His pilgrimage was not solely 

5667
05:11:00,500 --> 05:11:04,300
motivated by religious duty, but
also by the desire to map his 

5668
05:11:04,300 --> 05:11:07,400
kingdom and established 
diplomatic relations with the 

5669
05:11:07,400 --> 05:11:11,300
global Community his possible. 
Atlantic Expedition, wasn't just

5670
05:11:11,300 --> 05:11:13,700
about Conquest, it was about to 
Discovery. 

5671
05:11:14,800 --> 05:11:17,600
In our modern world, where we're
constantly told that the Age of 

5672
05:11:17,600 --> 05:11:20,200
Exploration is over and that 
everything has been discovered. 

5673
05:11:20,200 --> 05:11:24,000
Musa's story serves as a 
reminder that human curiosity 

5674
05:11:24,000 --> 05:11:26,000
and ambition can take us to 
places. 

5675
05:11:26,000 --> 05:11:29,200
We never imagined. 
He looked at notion that 

5676
05:11:29,200 --> 05:11:31,500
everyone else, considered 
impossible and saw an 

5677
05:11:31,500 --> 05:11:33,600
opportunity. 
He looked at wealth that 

5678
05:11:33,600 --> 05:11:36,400
everyone else would have hoarded
and saw a tool for building 

5679
05:11:36,400 --> 05:11:40,300
something greater The mystery of
his disappearance also speaks to

5680
05:11:40,300 --> 05:11:43,200
something, deeply human about 
our relationship with success 

5681
05:11:43,200 --> 05:11:46,000
and achievement. 
Here was a man who had 

5682
05:11:46,000 --> 05:11:50,500
everything, literally everything
and he chose to walk away from 

5683
05:11:50,500 --> 05:11:54,300
it. whether he sailed into the 
Atlantic retreated to a secret 

5684
05:11:54,300 --> 05:11:57,500
location or simply decided that 
being the richest man in the 

5685
05:11:57,500 --> 05:12:01,600
world was overrated, he made a 
choice that prioritize mystery 

5686
05:12:01,600 --> 05:12:06,300
over, certainly an adventure 
over security Maybe that's why 

5687
05:12:06,300 --> 05:12:09,500
musa's story resonates. 
So strongly today, in a world 

5688
05:12:09,500 --> 05:12:12,300
where we're constantly tracking 
monitoring and documenting 

5689
05:12:12,300 --> 05:12:14,100
everything. 
There's something appealing 

5690
05:12:14,100 --> 05:12:15,800
about someone who managed to 
disappear. 

5691
05:12:15,800 --> 05:12:20,000
So completely he reminds us that
even in our hyper-connected age,

5692
05:12:20,000 --> 05:12:23,500
there are still Mysteries 
unknowns and places where the 

5693
05:12:23,500 --> 05:12:26,200
human Spirit can go that 
surveillance cameras and GPS 

5694
05:12:26,200 --> 05:12:29,000
tracking can't. 
So the next time you're feeling 

5695
05:12:29,008 --> 05:12:32,500
overwhelmed by the demands of 
Modern Life remember Mansa Musa.

5696
05:12:32,500 --> 05:12:34,800
Remember that? 
The richest man in history, 

5697
05:12:34,800 --> 05:12:38,900
chose mystery over certainty 
Adventure over security and the 

5698
05:12:38,900 --> 05:12:42,200
unknown over the comfortable. 
He reminds us that sometimes the

5699
05:12:42,200 --> 05:12:45,200
most important Journeys are the 
ones that take us beyond the 

5700
05:12:45,200 --> 05:12:48,600
map, beyond the known, beyond 
the places where we think we're 

5701
05:12:48,600 --> 05:12:50,900
supposed to be. 
And if you ever find yourself, 

5702
05:12:50,900 --> 05:12:52,700
wondering, what happened to all 
that gold? 

5703
05:12:52,700 --> 05:12:55,400
Well, maybe it's still out there
somewhere. 

5704
05:12:55,400 --> 05:12:58,300
Waiting for someone curious 
enough to go looking for it. 

5705
05:12:58,300 --> 05:13:02,100
After all the world is still 
full of mysteries and some of 

5706
05:13:02,100 --> 05:13:04,200
the best stories are the ones 
that never really end. 

5707
05:13:04,200 --> 05:13:08,000
Remember, sometimes the most 
valuable Treasures are the ones 

5708
05:13:08,000 --> 05:13:10,900
that remain hidden waiting for 
the right person to discover 

5709
05:13:10,900 --> 05:13:15,000
them just like monster himself. 
Some things are worth more when 

5710
05:13:15,000 --> 05:13:17,200
they remain wonderfully 
mysteriously unknown. 

5711
05:13:22,500 --> 05:13:24,900
Imagine yourself carrying 
everything you own on your back.

5712
05:13:24,900 --> 05:13:28,200
While you slog, through another 
muddy Valley, your goat skin 

5713
05:13:28,200 --> 05:13:32,500
booting with each step once 
more, you'll stomach rumbles 

5714
05:13:32,500 --> 05:13:35,700
your shoulders hurt and to be 
honest, who growing weary of 

5715
05:13:35,700 --> 05:13:37,900
living anomatic lifestyle. 
Does that sound familiar? 

5716
05:13:38,700 --> 05:13:41,800
Perhaps not precisely but your 
distant ancestors were 

5717
05:13:41,800 --> 05:13:44,900
conversing with themselves. 
About 9,000 years ago you see 

5718
05:13:44,900 --> 05:13:48,200
people have been perfectly happy
to roam around like Perpetual 

5719
05:13:48,200 --> 05:13:51,000
tourists without guidebooks for 
thousands of years. 

5720
05:13:51,900 --> 05:13:54,700
They would hunt anything, that 
didn't hunt them back, pick 

5721
05:13:54,700 --> 05:13:58,400
berries, follow the herds and 
generally take each day as it 

5722
05:13:58,400 --> 05:14:00,700
came, yes, it was easy but it 
was also tiring. 

5723
05:14:00,700 --> 05:14:04,500
Imagine never being able to say,
honey, I'm home because your 

5724
05:14:04,500 --> 05:14:06,000
home was wherever you collapse 
that evening. 

5725
05:14:07,200 --> 05:14:10,300
Then something magical occurred 
in what is now known as the 

5726
05:14:10,300 --> 05:14:13,400
Fertile Crescent though? 
No one was referring to it as 

5727
05:14:13,400 --> 05:14:16,300
such at the time because, well, 
no one had yet. 

5728
05:14:16,300 --> 05:14:18,300
Come up with appropriate names 
for Region's. 

5729
05:14:18,300 --> 05:14:21,700
It would all change when a 
clever human named Bob because 

5730
05:14:21,700 --> 05:14:24,300
every good story needs a bob 
discovered that plants could be 

5731
05:14:24,300 --> 05:14:27,600
trained, not trained in the 
sense that if you planted seeds 

5732
05:14:27,600 --> 05:14:30,200
in the same spot and gave them 
proper care, they would grow 

5733
05:14:30,200 --> 05:14:33,300
there year after year, but not 
trained in the same way as your 

5734
05:14:33,300 --> 05:14:36,100
neighbor's overly eager. 
Golden retriever really 

5735
05:14:36,100 --> 05:14:39,900
revolutionary stuff. 
Bob most likely thought, well, 

5736
05:14:39,900 --> 05:14:43,700
this changes everything as he 
stood there gazing at his first 

5737
05:14:43,700 --> 05:14:46,100
successful wheat patch. 
And it did. 

5738
05:14:47,100 --> 05:14:49,800
Because a funny thing happened 
when Bob realized he could grow 

5739
05:14:49,800 --> 05:14:53,100
his own food rather than chasing
it around the countryside, he 

5740
05:14:53,100 --> 05:14:58,300
became lethargic lazy but in a 
good way, like, you know what? 

5741
05:14:59,400 --> 05:15:03,600
I'm tired of walking everywhere.
What if I just stayed here? 

5742
05:15:04,700 --> 05:15:07,800
Bob, thus constructed a small 
shelter for himself, it was 

5743
05:15:07,808 --> 05:15:10,500
simple and likely. 
Resembled a Beaver Dam created 

5744
05:15:10,500 --> 05:15:13,900
by someone who had never seen a 
beaver in person, however it 

5745
05:15:13,900 --> 05:15:17,100
belonged to him. 
Additionally, when other roving 

5746
05:15:17,100 --> 05:15:20,400
humans discovered Bob set up, 
they experienced what scientists

5747
05:15:20,400 --> 05:15:23,100
refer to as a light bulb moment 
though. 

5748
05:15:23,100 --> 05:15:26,100
It was more of a flickering 
torch moment because light bulbs

5749
05:15:26,100 --> 05:15:29,000
wouldn't be invented for another
8,900 years. 

5750
05:15:29,900 --> 05:15:32,900
Since truly good tools, had not 
yet been created these early, 

5751
05:15:32,900 --> 05:15:36,000
settlers went the sharpest tools
in the shed but they knew when 

5752
05:15:36,000 --> 05:15:39,600
something was good Bob soon. 
Had neighbors, then there were 

5753
05:15:39,600 --> 05:15:42,100
neighbors for Bob's neighbors. 
They had themselves a real 

5754
05:15:42,108 --> 05:15:44,600
settlement before anyone really 
understood what was going on. 

5755
05:15:45,500 --> 05:15:47,900
You would be mistaken to believe
that the earliest permanent 

5756
05:15:47,900 --> 05:15:50,500
settlements were all sunshine 
and rainbows from prehistory. 

5757
05:15:50,500 --> 05:15:53,400
There were difficulties 
associated with permanent 

5758
05:15:53,400 --> 05:15:55,900
residents, that no one had 
considered when they were 

5759
05:15:55,900 --> 05:15:59,700
traveling such as how to dispose
of trash garbage. 

5760
05:15:59,700 --> 05:16:02,300
Just simple, when you're on your
own magic, you simply leave it 

5761
05:16:02,300 --> 05:16:04,200
behind and let nature take care 
of it. 

5762
05:16:04,200 --> 05:16:07,900
However, when you remain in one 
place, the fish bones of 

5763
05:16:07,900 --> 05:16:10,100
yesterday, turning into a pest 
problem of today. 

5764
05:16:11,000 --> 05:16:14,400
Then there was the whole 
personal space problem, it takes

5765
05:16:14,400 --> 05:16:17,100
some getting used to being 
within spitting distance of your

5766
05:16:17,100 --> 05:16:19,800
neighbor when you're used to 
having the whole Wilderness as 

5767
05:16:19,800 --> 05:16:23,200
your backyard. 
It's likely that prehistoric HOA

5768
05:16:23,200 --> 05:16:27,000
conflicts began earlier than you
might imagine however, something

5769
05:16:27,000 --> 05:16:29,700
amazing was taking place in 
spite of these growing. 

5770
05:16:29,700 --> 05:16:33,000
Pains people had enough 
stability for the first time in 

5771
05:16:33,000 --> 05:16:36,500
human history, to begin planning
for the coming week, the coming 

5772
05:16:36,500 --> 05:16:40,800
season, and even tomorrow. 
They could plan store food, and 

5773
05:16:40,800 --> 05:16:43,300
start creating the kinds of 
innovations that only occur, 

5774
05:16:43,300 --> 05:16:45,800
when you're not always concerned
with where you're going to eat 

5775
05:16:45,800 --> 05:16:49,100
next or how you're not going to 
become someone else's next meal.

5776
05:16:50,000 --> 05:16:52,400
Creating civilization as we 
know, it was not the goal of the

5777
05:16:52,408 --> 05:16:53,300
first city. 
Builders. 

5778
05:16:53,300 --> 05:16:57,000
They simply wanted to stop 
walking so much and perhaps grow

5779
05:16:57,000 --> 05:16:58,800
their own lunch because they 
were exhausted. 

5780
05:16:59,600 --> 05:17:01,900
Unbeknownst to them. 
They were establishing the 

5781
05:17:01,900 --> 05:17:03,800
foundation for everything that 
would come after. 

5782
05:17:04,700 --> 05:17:09,500
Philosophy literature art and 
eventually drive through coffee 

5783
05:17:09,500 --> 05:17:12,000
shops. 
But one muddy brick at a time, 

5784
05:17:12,008 --> 05:17:15,800
that's precisely what they did. 
Now that you're a part of Bob's 

5785
05:17:15,800 --> 05:17:18,800
expanding Community, your 
beginning to understand that the

5786
05:17:18,800 --> 05:17:22,800
whole staying in one place thing
is more difficult than anyone 

5787
05:17:22,800 --> 05:17:25,800
thought. 
You no longer have to bear the 

5788
05:17:25,800 --> 05:17:28,700
burden of your life. 
You now face new challenges that

5789
05:17:28,700 --> 05:17:30,400
you're nomadic forebears did not
face. 

5790
05:17:30,400 --> 05:17:34,300
For example, when 30 families 
decide they must share a water 

5791
05:17:34,300 --> 05:17:37,400
source or when all crops are 
ready at the same time and you 

5792
05:17:37,408 --> 05:17:40,500
find yourself with more grain 
than you can use the first 

5793
05:17:40,500 --> 05:17:43,000
actual city builders were 
essentially making it up as they

5794
05:17:43,000 --> 05:17:45,000
went along. 
And we're talking about places 

5795
05:17:45,000 --> 05:17:48,100
like shuttle Jolla. 
In modern day, Turkey Circa, 

5796
05:17:48,100 --> 05:17:52,900
7500 BCE Imagine attempting to 
resolve issues that have never 

5797
05:17:52,900 --> 05:17:54,800
been encountered before. 
Without the aid of Google 

5798
05:17:54,800 --> 05:17:58,500
instruction manuals or even a 
rudimentary knowledge of terms, 

5799
05:17:58,500 --> 05:18:02,100
like, urban planning, or Waste 
Management, consider housing, 

5800
05:18:02,100 --> 05:18:05,200
your home is whatever, makeshift
shelter, you can improvise when 

5801
05:18:05,200 --> 05:18:07,800
you're on the Move, however, 
long-term housing. 

5802
05:18:07,800 --> 05:18:11,500
It had never been done before 
the residents of Chattahoochee 

5803
05:18:11,500 --> 05:18:13,900
device to solution that would 
confound contemporary city 

5804
05:18:13,900 --> 05:18:16,200
planners. 
They constructed their homes in 

5805
05:18:16,200 --> 05:18:18,900
a way that resembled a massive 
prehistoric, apartment, complex.

5806
05:18:18,900 --> 05:18:21,500
And then, and this is the best 
part. 

5807
05:18:21,500 --> 05:18:23,700
They turned the roof tops into 
streets. 

5808
05:18:23,700 --> 05:18:27,800
Yes, exactly. 
It seems that front doors were 

5809
05:18:27,800 --> 05:18:29,900
overpriced to visit your 
neighbor. 

5810
05:18:29,900 --> 05:18:33,600
You had to ascend to your roof 
cross, a number of other roofs 

5811
05:18:33,600 --> 05:18:35,400
and then descend through their 
ceiling. 

5812
05:18:35,400 --> 05:18:39,200
It may sound crazy, but it 
actually fixed multiple issues 

5813
05:18:39,200 --> 05:18:42,000
at once. 
Long before germs were a thing. 

5814
05:18:42,008 --> 05:18:44,200
There was built in Social 
distancing. 

5815
05:18:44,200 --> 05:18:48,700
No wasted space on streets and 
easy defense against Intruders, 

5816
05:18:48,700 --> 05:18:51,900
try attacking a city when the 
only way in is through someone 

5817
05:18:51,900 --> 05:18:54,300
Skylight. 
Of course, there were problems 

5818
05:18:54,300 --> 05:18:56,500
with this system. 
Have you forgotten anything at 

5819
05:18:56,500 --> 05:18:59,600
home to go back and retrieve? 
It would require a lot of roof 

5820
05:18:59,600 --> 05:19:03,700
climbing, the throwing a party. 
I hope the dozens of people 

5821
05:19:03,700 --> 05:19:05,000
tramping, across your 
downstairs. 

5822
05:19:05,000 --> 05:19:06,300
Neighbors ceiling, won't bother 
them. 

5823
05:19:06,300 --> 05:19:08,300
And don't even consider what 
happened. 

5824
05:19:08,300 --> 05:19:11,300
When someone had to make their 
way home across a dozen slick 

5825
05:19:11,300 --> 05:19:13,600
rooftops in the dark after 
consuming too much. 

5826
05:19:13,608 --> 05:19:17,800
Fermented grain beverage. 
Even though their inventions may

5827
05:19:17,800 --> 05:19:21,100
seem strange to us, the truly 
amazing thing about these early 

5828
05:19:21,100 --> 05:19:22,600
city. 
Builders is that they were 

5829
05:19:22,600 --> 05:19:26,100
highly practical innovators, 
they discovered ways to keep 

5830
05:19:26,100 --> 05:19:28,200
their communities clean enough 
to prevent disease. 

5831
05:19:28,200 --> 05:19:31,700
How to store grain without it, 
going bad and how to divide up 

5832
05:19:31,700 --> 05:19:33,300
labor. 
So that not everyone had to work

5833
05:19:33,300 --> 05:19:36,400
on the land all the time. 
This final section was enormous.

5834
05:19:37,200 --> 05:19:40,200
Having Dependable food storage 
allows some people to focus on 

5835
05:19:40,200 --> 05:19:42,600
other things. 
Instead of worrying about what 

5836
05:19:42,600 --> 05:19:45,700
to eat for dinner the following 
week, such as developing better,

5837
05:19:45,700 --> 05:19:49,000
tools producing art or 
determining more effective 

5838
05:19:49,000 --> 05:19:53,200
methods for building homes. 
The first true economy emerged 

5839
05:19:53,200 --> 05:19:57,200
along with specialization around
this time you most likely began 

5840
05:19:57,200 --> 05:20:00,800
to see the first prehistoric 
business people someone who was 

5841
05:20:00,800 --> 05:20:03,300
very skilled at making Stone 
axes discovered that he could 

5842
05:20:03,300 --> 05:20:06,900
exchange them for pottery grain 
or anything else you needed. 

5843
05:20:07,600 --> 05:20:09,900
Someone else became the first 
unofficial mayor of the 

5844
05:20:09,900 --> 05:20:12,900
settlement after realizing they 
had a talent for planning 

5845
05:20:12,900 --> 05:20:16,300
Community projects. 
Congratulations, you've just 

5846
05:20:16,300 --> 05:20:19,900
created accounting. 
Someone else proved to be very 

5847
05:20:19,900 --> 05:20:22,200
Adept at keeping track of who 
owed what to whom. 

5848
05:20:22,200 --> 05:20:26,100
However, specialization brought 
with it, new social dynamics for

5849
05:20:26,100 --> 05:20:29,900
which no one was ready. 
In a hunter-gatherer Society. 

5850
05:20:29,900 --> 05:20:34,100
Everyone is essentially on an 
equal footing everyone is doing 

5851
05:20:34,100 --> 05:20:37,200
about the same thing even though
some people may be better 

5852
05:20:37,200 --> 05:20:40,500
hunters or gatherers than 
others, however, social 

5853
05:20:40,500 --> 05:20:43,900
stratification occurs when Ugg 
controls the grain Supply and 

5854
05:20:43,900 --> 05:20:46,100
rock produces the best pottery 
in town. 

5855
05:20:46,100 --> 05:20:49,200
In fact, the archaeological 
evidence indicates that these 

5856
05:20:49,200 --> 05:20:51,200
early settlements manage this 
quite effectively. 

5857
05:20:52,200 --> 05:20:55,400
Places like Chateau, York, lack 
Grand palaces and over 

5858
05:20:55,400 --> 05:20:57,000
syndications of extreme 
inequality. 

5859
05:20:58,000 --> 05:21:00,000
People appeared to have an 
innate understanding that 

5860
05:21:00,000 --> 05:21:03,000
everyone was participating in 
this experiment together, and 

5861
05:21:03,000 --> 05:21:05,300
that maintaining relative 
equality was better for 

5862
05:21:05,300 --> 05:21:07,600
everyone. 
Survival You can still picture 

5863
05:21:07,600 --> 05:21:09,600
the conversations, around the 
communal fire. 

5864
05:21:10,400 --> 05:21:12,400
But I worked just as hard 
Gathering berries. 

5865
05:21:12,400 --> 05:21:15,200
Yes. 
But anyone can gather berries, 

5866
05:21:15,200 --> 05:21:19,600
not everyone can make pots that 
don't fall apart so because good

5867
05:21:19,600 --> 05:21:21,200
pots are hard to make and we 
need them. 

5868
05:21:21,200 --> 05:21:24,400
Why does grot get extra grain? 
Just because his pots, don't 

5869
05:21:24,400 --> 05:21:27,100
leak. 
Thus began the first labor 

5870
05:21:27,100 --> 05:21:30,100
disputes which were likely 
resolved by the most diplomatic 

5871
05:21:30,100 --> 05:21:33,300
person who could persuade 
everyone to stop fighting and 

5872
05:21:33,300 --> 05:21:34,400
come up with a reasonable 
solution. 

5873
05:21:35,900 --> 05:21:38,600
The seeds of group decision 
making were undoubtedly being 

5874
05:21:38,600 --> 05:21:41,800
sown, even though democracy was 
still thousands of years away. 

5875
05:21:42,800 --> 05:21:45,800
Now that your truly getting used
to City Life, you'll learning 

5876
05:21:45,800 --> 05:21:48,200
that sharing living quarters 
with hundreds of other people 

5877
05:21:48,200 --> 05:21:51,000
presents difficulties, that 
would make any contemporary 

5878
05:21:51,000 --> 05:21:52,800
urban planner crying to their 
coffee. 

5879
05:21:52,800 --> 05:21:55,700
These were people who were 
figuring out civilization from 

5880
05:21:55,700 --> 05:21:58,800
scratch, one or awkward neighbor
interaction at a time. 

5881
05:21:58,808 --> 05:22:02,600
Keep in mind that they worked 
with an understanding of ideas 

5882
05:22:02,600 --> 05:22:05,200
like shared resources or 
Community standards. 

5883
05:22:06,100 --> 05:22:07,700
Let's discuss. 
What transpired after 

5884
05:22:07,700 --> 05:22:10,400
settlements grew past the point 
of, which everyone knows 

5885
05:22:10,400 --> 05:22:14,100
everyone else's business. 
Social pressure is a good way to

5886
05:22:14,100 --> 05:22:17,400
keep people in line in a small 
group when everyone else can see

5887
05:22:17,400 --> 05:22:18,700
exactly what you're doing all 
day. 

5888
05:22:18,700 --> 05:22:21,500
Nobody wants to be the one who 
doesn't do their share. 

5889
05:22:21,500 --> 05:22:24,900
However, anonymity begins to 
creep in when your settlement 

5890
05:22:24,900 --> 05:22:27,300
reaches several hundred 
residents and the first 

5891
05:22:27,300 --> 05:22:29,200
freeloaders arrived along with 
anonymity. 

5892
05:22:29,200 --> 05:22:32,800
You know, the kind the archaic 
counterpart of your neighbor who

5893
05:22:32,800 --> 05:22:34,500
takes your lawnmower and never 
gives it back. 

5894
05:22:34,500 --> 05:22:38,400
However, in this instance, it's 
more akin to the individual who 

5895
05:22:38,400 --> 05:22:41,400
consumes food from the communal 
Grain Stores, but never helps 

5896
05:22:41,400 --> 05:22:44,300
with the Harvest. 
Modern HR departments would be 

5897
05:22:44,300 --> 05:22:46,200
proud of the accountability 
systems. 

5898
05:22:46,200 --> 05:22:47,800
These early cities had to 
devise. 

5899
05:22:48,500 --> 05:22:52,100
By 8,000 BCE settlements were 
facing problems. 

5900
05:22:52,100 --> 05:22:53,800
That seem surprisingly 
contemporary. 

5901
05:22:53,800 --> 05:22:56,700
According to archaeological 
evidence from sight, like 

5902
05:22:56,700 --> 05:23:00,400
Jericho, one of the oldest 
continuously inhabited cities in

5903
05:23:00,400 --> 05:23:03,400
the world. 
For example, property disputes. 

5904
05:23:04,300 --> 05:23:07,100
People start to care a lot about
who owns what when land becomes 

5905
05:23:07,100 --> 05:23:10,300
valuable due to its fertility or
advantageous location. 

5906
05:23:11,400 --> 05:23:13,900
Neighbors, attempting to 
determine precisely where one 

5907
05:23:13,900 --> 05:23:17,100
family's plot ended and 
another's began like conducted 

5908
05:23:17,100 --> 05:23:20,000
the initial surveying rather 
than experts with sophisticated 

5909
05:23:20,000 --> 05:23:22,900
equipment. 
Then there is the Intriguing 

5910
05:23:22,900 --> 05:23:25,400
evolution of the first Public 
Works initiatives. 

5911
05:23:25,400 --> 05:23:28,400
You live in a settlement that 
has gotten so big that 

5912
05:23:28,400 --> 05:23:30,700
individual families are no 
longer able to keep up the 

5913
05:23:30,700 --> 05:23:34,100
infrastructure. 
A well that supplies water to 50

5914
05:23:34,100 --> 05:23:37,300
people requires different upkeep
than one that supplies water to 

5915
05:23:37,300 --> 05:23:39,800
five families. 
All of a sudden you have to plan

5916
05:23:39,800 --> 05:23:42,500
coordinate and get ready. 
Pay your first taxes. 

5917
05:23:43,500 --> 05:23:45,600
The complaints likely 
reverberated throughout the 

5918
05:23:45,600 --> 05:23:48,700
settlement for weeks, imagine 
having to stand up at the 

5919
05:23:48,700 --> 05:23:52,100
community meeting and say so 
folks we need everyone to 

5920
05:23:52,100 --> 05:23:54,700
contribute extra grain this 
season because we're going to 

5921
05:23:54,708 --> 05:23:56,900
hire grock and his sons to spend
the next month. 

5922
05:23:56,900 --> 05:24:01,000
Fixing the irrigation channels 
instead of farming However, 

5923
05:24:01,000 --> 05:24:03,300
these early Urban dwellers 
managed to figure it out, 

5924
05:24:03,300 --> 05:24:06,800
somehow, they likely created 
more complex collective decision

5925
05:24:06,800 --> 05:24:10,300
making systems than we realized.
According to recent 

5926
05:24:10,300 --> 05:24:13,900
archaeological findings, many 
early settlements had places set

5927
05:24:13,900 --> 05:24:17,000
aside for Community meetings, 
which other precursors of city 

5928
05:24:17,000 --> 05:24:20,700
councils and town halls. 
Naturally things did not go as 

5929
05:24:20,700 --> 05:24:24,200
player and the first wave of 
crime will occur when hundreds 

5930
05:24:24,200 --> 05:24:26,800
of people are brought together 
and give them the first taste of

5931
05:24:26,808 --> 05:24:28,700
material prosperity in human 
history. 

5932
05:24:28,700 --> 05:24:32,700
Definitely theft but not 
necessarily violent crime. 

5933
05:24:32,700 --> 05:24:35,900
Temptation becomes quite a 
luring when you know exactly 

5934
05:24:35,900 --> 05:24:38,300
where your neighbor keeps. 
Their exceptionally well-made 

5935
05:24:38,300 --> 05:24:40,700
tools or a beautiful collection 
of pottery. 

5936
05:24:41,600 --> 05:24:44,600
Usually the response to this was
imaginative and focused on the 

5937
05:24:44,600 --> 05:24:47,400
community. 
Most settlements relied on what 

5938
05:24:47,400 --> 05:24:51,500
we might call restorative 
justice, making the wrongdoer 

5939
05:24:51,500 --> 05:24:54,300
make amends with the person they
wronged and the community at 

5940
05:24:54,300 --> 05:24:57,400
large, instead of creating 
intricate legal systems right 

5941
05:24:57,400 --> 05:24:59,600
away. 
You may end up working someone 

5942
05:24:59,600 --> 05:25:02,500
else's fields for a season in 
addition to your own, if you 

5943
05:25:02,500 --> 05:25:04,900
steal their grain. 
The speed at which these 

5944
05:25:04,900 --> 05:25:06,800
settlements. 
Establish networks of trade is 

5945
05:25:06,800 --> 05:25:11,300
truly amazing by 7,000 BCE 
seashells from the Mediterranean

5946
05:25:11,300 --> 05:25:14,800
are beginning to appear in 
Inland communities, and obsidian

5947
05:25:14,800 --> 05:25:17,700
from Turkey is beginning to 
appear in settlements, hundreds 

5948
05:25:17,700 --> 05:25:21,100
of miles away. this was a 
systematic exchange, that 

5949
05:25:21,100 --> 05:25:25,100
required standardization trust 
and most likely, the earliest 

5950
05:25:25,100 --> 05:25:28,800
Credit Systems, it was not 
merely sporadic trading consider

5951
05:25:28,800 --> 05:25:32,300
this Without written contracts, 
without legal enforcement. 

5952
05:25:32,300 --> 05:25:35,700
Without any of the systems we 
take for granted these early 

5953
05:25:35,700 --> 05:25:37,800
cities developed International 
Commerce. 

5954
05:25:37,800 --> 05:25:41,700
Someone in your settlement is 
trusted by people days away to 

5955
05:25:41,700 --> 05:25:43,200
show up with a cart full of 
grain. 

5956
05:25:43,200 --> 05:25:45,700
And say I'll take those of 
sidian blades. 

5957
05:25:45,700 --> 05:25:48,600
Now my cousin will be by next 
month with the pottery. 

5958
05:25:48,600 --> 05:25:52,500
We owe you Most astonishingly 
though, they were beginning to 

5959
05:25:52,500 --> 05:25:56,800
create culture, not just a means
of survival, but real art music 

5960
05:25:56,800 --> 05:26:00,400
and narrative. 
Archaeologists discover musical 

5961
05:26:00,400 --> 05:26:04,100
instruments decorated pottery 
and carved figurines when 

5962
05:26:04,100 --> 05:26:05,500
Excavating these early 
settlements. 

5963
05:26:06,400 --> 05:26:09,000
Individuals who had only been 
living hand-to-mouth for a few 

5964
05:26:09,008 --> 05:26:11,900
Generations were investing time 
and money and expression, 

5965
05:26:11,900 --> 05:26:15,900
creativity and beauty. 
Even though you are probably 

5966
05:26:15,900 --> 05:26:18,100
unaware of it. 
At the time you were seeing the 

5967
05:26:18,100 --> 05:26:21,400
beginning of civilization, you 
believed that you were merely 

5968
05:26:21,400 --> 05:26:24,000
attempting to find a peaceful 
way to co-exist with your 

5969
05:26:24,000 --> 05:26:27,400
growing number of Neighbors. 
Living in the first real cities 

5970
05:26:27,400 --> 05:26:30,200
in human history, required, the 
acquisition of skills that were 

5971
05:26:30,200 --> 05:26:33,200
never necessary. 
For a nomadic lifestyle, such as

5972
05:26:33,200 --> 05:26:36,700
how to coexist with people, you 
didn't want to be around how to 

5973
05:26:36,700 --> 05:26:39,600
settle conflicts, without just 
relocating to a different area 

5974
05:26:39,600 --> 05:26:43,500
and how to organize activities, 
among hundreds of people who all

5975
05:26:43,500 --> 05:26:45,700
had different opinions about how
things should be done. 

5976
05:26:46,700 --> 05:26:49,300
It felt like the first and most 
important group project in 

5977
05:26:49,300 --> 05:26:52,200
history and no one had ever 
worked on a group project 

5978
05:26:52,200 --> 05:26:57,000
before. settlements in 
locations, like to tell you at a

5979
05:26:57,000 --> 05:27:01,400
accommodate, several thousand 
people by approximately 6,500 

5980
05:27:01,400 --> 05:27:05,500
BC, To put that into 
perspective, these early City 

5981
05:27:05,500 --> 05:27:07,800
dwellers were in charge of 
population's that were bigger 

5982
05:27:07,800 --> 05:27:11,000
than those of many small towns 
in the modern era but they 

5983
05:27:11,000 --> 05:27:14,100
lacked the social legal and 
governmental Frameworks that we 

5984
05:27:14,100 --> 05:27:16,800
take for granted. 
They were making it up as they 

5985
05:27:16,800 --> 05:27:18,900
went along and it was working 
somehow. 

5986
05:27:19,900 --> 05:27:23,400
Just think of the logistics, 
organizing the production and 

5987
05:27:23,400 --> 05:27:25,300
distribution of food. 
For thousands of people 

5988
05:27:25,300 --> 05:27:29,400
controlling Water Supplies, 
disposing of waste, and 

5989
05:27:29,400 --> 05:27:32,000
preserving the types of 
specialized crafts that were 

5990
05:27:32,000 --> 05:27:34,600
transforming these settlements 
into thriving commercial, hubs 

5991
05:27:35,400 --> 05:27:38,300
to address these issues 
contemporary city planners rely 

5992
05:27:38,300 --> 05:27:41,800
on Decades of urban Theory and 
computer models, Common Sense, 

5993
05:27:41,800 --> 05:27:44,900
trial and error. 
And most likely a great deal of 

5994
05:27:44,900 --> 05:27:47,100
intense Community. 
Meetings were employed by your 

5995
05:27:47,100 --> 05:27:50,900
ancestors. the idea of communal 
work parties was one of the most

5996
05:27:50,900 --> 05:27:54,408
Creative Solutions, these early 
cities came up with Do you need 

5997
05:27:54,416 --> 05:27:57,400
the walls of the settlement? 
Repairs for a few days? 

5998
05:27:57,400 --> 05:28:00,500
Everyone helps out. 
Is it Harvest Time to 

5999
05:28:00,500 --> 05:28:02,600
efficiently Harvest? 
Everyone's crops the entire 

6000
05:28:02,600 --> 05:28:06,700
Community pitches in large-scale
building project to boost 

6001
05:28:06,700 --> 05:28:10,000
Spirits, turn it into a social 
Gathering that combines a work 

6002
05:28:10,000 --> 05:28:13,900
party with food music and most 
likely some sort of fermented 

6003
05:28:13,900 --> 05:28:16,700
beverage. 
These were the best examples of 

6004
05:28:16,700 --> 05:28:18,900
social engineering, not just 
workable. 

6005
05:28:18,900 --> 05:28:23,000
Fixes, these early cities, 
strengthen social ties gave 

6006
05:28:23,000 --> 05:28:25,800
people a stake and shared 
infrastructure and provided 

6007
05:28:25,800 --> 05:28:28,600
opportunities for various 
families and craft experts, to 

6008
05:28:28,600 --> 05:28:31,500
collaborate and exchange 
knowledge by making major 

6009
05:28:31,500 --> 05:28:35,100
projects community events. 
But since things undoubtedly 

6010
05:28:35,100 --> 05:28:37,800
went wrong, in any Community 
with a population of several 

6011
05:28:37,800 --> 05:28:41,200
thousand, let's discuss what 
transpired when things went 

6012
05:28:41,200 --> 05:28:45,100
wrong property disputes disputes
over the distribution of 

6013
05:28:45,100 --> 05:28:48,800
resources disputes between 
various craft experts and the 

6014
05:28:48,800 --> 05:28:50,500
occasional Outburst of 
animosity. 

6015
05:28:51,500 --> 05:28:54,200
These early cities had to find 
innovative ways to resolve 

6016
05:28:54,200 --> 05:28:57,100
disputes because they lacked 
police departments Judicial 

6017
05:28:57,100 --> 05:28:59,400
Systems and established legal 
precedents. 

6018
05:29:00,200 --> 05:29:01,900
Archaeological evidence 
indicates. 

6019
05:29:01,900 --> 05:29:03,500
They became highly skilled at 
it. 

6020
05:29:04,200 --> 05:29:06,500
The majority of early 
settlements appeared to have 

6021
05:29:06,500 --> 05:29:09,300
preferred strategies that 
focused on community Harmony and

6022
05:29:09,300 --> 05:29:13,400
restoration over the development
of punitive Justice systems as 

6023
05:29:13,400 --> 05:29:16,300
someone ruined your property, 
they fix it, and give you a 

6024
05:29:16,300 --> 05:29:19,200
little extra to make up for the 
trouble to someone in to fear 

6025
05:29:19,200 --> 05:29:22,700
with community service projects.
To show their dedication to the 

6026
05:29:22,700 --> 05:29:24,300
group, they take on additional 
responsibilities. 

6027
05:29:24,300 --> 05:29:28,800
The way these communities dealt 
with repeated offenders, those 

6028
05:29:28,800 --> 05:29:31,800
who simply could not or wouldn't
adjust a city, life is a 

6029
05:29:31,800 --> 05:29:35,100
specially intriguing. 
The majority of settlements 

6030
05:29:35,100 --> 05:29:37,600
appear to have employed 
banishment as a last resort 

6031
05:29:37,600 --> 05:29:39,800
rather than execution or 
permanent imprisonment. 

6032
05:29:40,600 --> 05:29:42,600
Which would have required. 
A significant amount of 

6033
05:29:42,600 --> 05:29:44,600
resources and possibly caused 
instability. 

6034
05:29:45,600 --> 05:29:49,100
In essence, you are free to 
return to the nomadic lifestyle 

6035
05:29:49,100 --> 05:29:51,400
if you are unable to learn how 
to coexist with others. 

6036
05:29:52,300 --> 05:29:55,300
Although this may sound harsh, 
it was surprisingly effective 

6037
05:29:55,300 --> 05:29:58,500
and Humane for its time people 
were typically sufficiently 

6038
05:29:58,500 --> 05:30:01,400
motivated to resolve their 
differences by the prospect of 

6039
05:30:01,400 --> 05:30:04,900
losing the safety wealth. 
And social ties that came with 

6040
05:30:04,900 --> 05:30:08,600
living in a city. 
First true economic systems were

6041
05:30:08,600 --> 05:30:11,000
being developed in these early 
cities at the same time. 

6042
05:30:11,800 --> 05:30:15,200
Real market economies with 
standardized weights measures, 

6043
05:30:15,200 --> 05:30:18,800
and most likely early forms of 
currency existed in addition to 

6044
05:30:18,800 --> 05:30:23,100
trading and bartering by 6,000, 
BCE, according to archaeological

6045
05:30:23,100 --> 05:30:26,200
evidence some societies were 
representing different 

6046
05:30:26,200 --> 05:30:29,600
quantities of different Goods 
with standardized clay tokens. 

6047
05:30:29,600 --> 05:30:32,800
These were essentially the 
earliest accounting systems. 

6048
05:30:32,800 --> 05:30:35,700
Some intriguing social 
developments resulted from this.

6049
05:30:35,700 --> 05:30:39,000
Well could be a masked and 
preserved in ways other than 

6050
05:30:39,000 --> 05:30:41,800
immediate material belonging for
the first time in human history,

6051
05:30:41,800 --> 05:30:44,900
someone who is a specially 
skilled at arranging. 

6052
05:30:44,900 --> 05:30:46,600
Trade. 
Relations could become not just 

6053
05:30:46,600 --> 05:30:51,300
well fed, but truly prosperous 
due to skill in genuity and hard

6054
05:30:51,300 --> 05:30:54,200
work rather than luck or 
physical prowess, your children 

6055
05:30:54,200 --> 05:30:55,700
may have a better life than you 
did. 

6056
05:30:57,200 --> 05:30:59,900
This is the first instance of 
true social Mobility. 

6057
05:30:59,900 --> 05:31:04,300
However, Prosperity also brought
with it new difficulties when 

6058
05:31:04,300 --> 05:31:08,500
there is a real substantial item
to inherit, how do you handle 

6059
05:31:08,500 --> 05:31:11,000
it? 
what occurs, when a family's 

6060
05:31:11,000 --> 05:31:14,400
wealth, surpasses, that of their
neighbors, when some people have

6061
05:31:14,400 --> 05:31:17,700
more resources than others, how 
can Community, cohesion be 

6062
05:31:17,700 --> 05:31:20,800
preserved, These early city 
builders demonstrated 

6063
05:31:20,800 --> 05:31:23,900
extraordinary sophistication in 
navigating these difficulties 

6064
05:31:23,900 --> 05:31:27,200
the majority of settlements 
established robust Customs 

6065
05:31:27,200 --> 05:31:29,000
whereby affluent. 
Families assumed more 

6066
05:31:29,000 --> 05:31:31,300
responsibility for the 
well-being of the community by 

6067
05:31:31,300 --> 05:31:35,000
organizing celebrations making 
larger contributions to Public 

6068
05:31:35,000 --> 05:31:38,500
Works projects and generally 
allocating their resources in 

6069
05:31:38,500 --> 05:31:40,100
ways that were advantageous to 
all. 

6070
05:31:40,900 --> 05:31:44,400
It was unlike self-interest. 
The best way to safeguard your 

6071
05:31:44,400 --> 05:31:47,600
own Prosperity was to maintain 
the stability and prosperity of 

6072
05:31:47,600 --> 05:31:52,200
the entire community. 
One resolved issue at a time you

6073
05:31:52,200 --> 05:31:54,100
witnessed the development of 
civilization. 

6074
05:31:54,800 --> 05:31:57,700
When the first person chose to 
stop wandering and sow some 

6075
05:31:57,700 --> 05:32:01,200
seeds, your little experimental 
settlement grew into something 

6076
05:32:01,200 --> 05:32:03,400
that no one could have predicted
at that time. 

6077
05:32:04,300 --> 05:32:07,100
Something amazing as a cured in 
your community of several 

6078
05:32:07,100 --> 05:32:10,000
thousand people. 
Not everyone must spend their 

6079
05:32:10,008 --> 05:32:13,300
days worrying about the 
necessities of life for the 

6080
05:32:13,300 --> 05:32:16,600
first time in human history. 
There is enough food surplus and

6081
05:32:16,600 --> 05:32:19,300
stability for people to focus on
mastering particular skills. 

6082
05:32:19,300 --> 05:32:22,100
Your ancestors are intentionally
created. 

6083
05:32:22,100 --> 05:32:25,000
What is now known as the 
division of labor here and 

6084
05:32:25,000 --> 05:32:27,700
believe me, when I say that it 
was revolutionary and ways that 

6085
05:32:27,700 --> 05:32:31,300
a difficult for us to understand
from a modern standpoint, nobody

6086
05:32:31,300 --> 05:32:34,100
can be truly good at one thing 
when everyone must be a 

6087
05:32:34,100 --> 05:32:37,900
generalist hunting Gathering 
making their own tools building,

6088
05:32:37,900 --> 05:32:42,300
their own shelters Etc, However,
Crocs Pottery becomes wonderful 

6089
05:32:42,300 --> 05:32:44,000
when he is able to spend every 
day. 

6090
05:32:44,000 --> 05:32:46,700
Creating Pottery while someone 
else grows his food and builds 

6091
05:32:46,700 --> 05:32:52,200
his home and buy amazing. 
I mean it Around 6,000 BCE 

6092
05:32:52,200 --> 05:32:54,500
settlements like Chateau 
Holyoke. 

6093
05:32:54,500 --> 05:32:58,400
Produced, Pottery tools textiles
and artwork that were so 

6094
05:32:58,400 --> 05:33:00,800
Advanced that they would have 
made contemporary Crafts People 

6095
05:33:00,800 --> 05:33:03,200
jealous. 
These were not people who made 

6096
05:33:03,200 --> 05:33:05,400
rudimentary practical things to 
make ends meet. 

6097
05:33:05,400 --> 05:33:09,200
These were mastercrafts people 
and artists who had the time and

6098
05:33:09,200 --> 05:33:11,900
financial means to hone their 
craft and Advance it. 

6099
05:33:12,700 --> 05:33:16,000
However, specialization brought 
about issues that no one had 

6100
05:33:16,000 --> 05:33:20,500
foreseen leadership is typically
situational and informal when 

6101
05:33:20,500 --> 05:33:22,000
everyone knows how to do 
everything. 

6102
05:33:22,000 --> 05:33:24,800
The personal with the most 
knowledge of the current issue 

6103
05:33:24,800 --> 05:33:28,300
assumes leadership, Who is in 
charge of what when there are 

6104
05:33:28,308 --> 05:33:32,300
Master Potters skilled Farmers, 
skilled, Builders talented, 

6105
05:33:32,300 --> 05:33:35,700
Traders, and gifted organizers. 
All residing in the same place 

6106
05:33:35,700 --> 05:33:38,900
more significantly. 
How do you organize all these 

6107
05:33:38,900 --> 05:33:40,700
experts? 
So they collaborate rather than 

6108
05:33:40,700 --> 05:33:44,000
just follow their own interests.
Your ancestors had to invent 

6109
05:33:44,000 --> 05:33:46,200
Management in this situation and
they did. 

6110
05:33:46,200 --> 05:33:48,600
So, without the aid of 
leadership, seminars or Business

6111
05:33:48,600 --> 05:33:51,600
Schools, they discovered via 
trial, and error. 

6112
05:33:51,600 --> 05:33:53,600
That different kinds of 
decisions required. 

6113
05:33:53,600 --> 05:33:57,500
Different kinds of expertise. 
Organizing the Harvest, pay 

6114
05:33:57,500 --> 05:34:00,300
attention to the farmers putting
together a large-scale 

6115
05:34:00,300 --> 05:34:03,100
construction project, the 
builders are knowledgeable 

6116
05:34:03,100 --> 05:34:06,300
engaging in negotiations, with 
alternative settlements. 

6117
05:34:07,000 --> 05:34:09,300
It's time to speak with your 
top, diplomats and Traders. 

6118
05:34:09,300 --> 05:34:12,100
The result was likely the 
earliest incidents of 

6119
05:34:12,100 --> 05:34:14,400
Representative decision-making 
in human history. 

6120
05:34:15,300 --> 05:34:18,400
It would be more akin to a 
council of experts with various 

6121
05:34:18,400 --> 05:34:21,200
experts, leading decisions in 
their respective Fields, rather 

6122
05:34:21,200 --> 05:34:23,700
than democracy. 
As we know it, it was realistic 

6123
05:34:23,700 --> 05:34:27,500
adaptable and surprisingly 
successful at handling intricate

6124
05:34:27,500 --> 05:34:30,800
communities naturally. 
The first true class divisions 

6125
05:34:30,800 --> 05:34:33,900
in human society were so brought
about by this explosion of 

6126
05:34:33,900 --> 05:34:37,300
specialization Certain 
specializations were more 

6127
05:34:37,300 --> 05:34:40,100
valuable than others. 
Some required more training or 

6128
05:34:40,100 --> 05:34:42,700
skill and some allowed 
individuals to have a greater 

6129
05:34:42,700 --> 05:34:45,400
say in decisions. 
Made in the community, someone 

6130
05:34:45,400 --> 05:34:49,300
whose job it was to carry water 
or clean communal areas was in a

6131
05:34:49,300 --> 05:34:51,800
different social position than 
the person who could make the 

6132
05:34:51,800 --> 05:34:54,400
obsidian blades that everyone 
needed for harvesting. 

6133
05:34:54,400 --> 05:34:57,500
The Intriguing thing is that 
according to archaeological 

6134
05:34:57,500 --> 05:35:00,500
evidence, these early cities, 
maintained, comparatively, 

6135
05:35:00,500 --> 05:35:04,400
egalitarian values, even a 
social stratification emerged. 

6136
05:35:05,000 --> 05:35:08,200
For example, the size and 
construction of the homes in 

6137
05:35:08,200 --> 05:35:10,000
Satellite are remarkably 
consistent. 

6138
05:35:10,800 --> 05:35:13,700
While others lived in hovels, 
even those with the most 

6139
05:35:13,700 --> 05:35:16,900
valuable skills did not live in 
palaces, it was acknowledged 

6140
05:35:16,900 --> 05:35:20,300
that for anyone to succeed. 
The community is a whole had to 

6141
05:35:20,308 --> 05:35:23,100
prosper. 
Additionally, trade networks, 

6142
05:35:23,100 --> 05:35:25,400
truly took off. 
At this time, you have the 

6143
05:35:25,400 --> 05:35:27,500
foundation for long-term trading
relationships. 

6144
05:35:27,500 --> 05:35:30,800
When your community produces the
best pottery in the area, your 

6145
05:35:30,800 --> 05:35:33,600
neighbor makes the best stone 
tools and the settlement across 

6146
05:35:33,600 --> 05:35:35,400
the valley has learned how to 
work metal. 

6147
05:35:36,200 --> 05:35:38,500
Good to a transported. 
Hundreds of miles between 

6148
05:35:38,500 --> 05:35:41,200
settlements according to 
archaeological evidence 

6149
05:35:41,200 --> 05:35:44,700
indicating that people were 
traveling farther, communicating

6150
05:35:44,700 --> 05:35:47,900
more and gaining a more complex 
understanding of the World At 

6151
05:35:47,900 --> 05:35:50,800
Large. 
Normally these networks of trade

6152
05:35:50,800 --> 05:35:53,800
limited to the sale of goods, 
they served as channels for 

6153
05:35:53,800 --> 05:35:55,800
Concepts methods and 
advancements. 

6154
05:35:56,500 --> 05:35:59,600
A new Pottery firing technique 
created in one Community would 

6155
05:35:59,600 --> 05:36:02,300
spread to others. 
Innovations, in agriculture, 

6156
05:36:02,300 --> 05:36:04,300
building methods and Artistic 
Styles. 

6157
05:36:04,300 --> 05:36:08,500
All followed the same routes 
that brought grain textiles and 

6158
05:36:08,500 --> 05:36:10,700
obsidian. 
Though it was happening at 

6159
05:36:10,700 --> 05:36:13,700
walking speed of light speed, 
you were living through the 

6160
05:36:13,700 --> 05:36:15,600
first information age in human 
history. 

6161
05:36:16,500 --> 05:36:20,200
Knowledge and Innovation could 
for the first time spread more 

6162
05:36:20,200 --> 05:36:22,400
quickly than the rate of 
cultural change in human 

6163
05:36:22,400 --> 05:36:24,700
migration. 
Instead of taking a few 

6164
05:36:24,700 --> 05:36:27,800
Generations, a breakthrough in 
one settlement could reach 

6165
05:36:27,800 --> 05:36:30,400
community's of Miles Away in a 
matter of seasons. 

6166
05:36:31,400 --> 05:36:34,400
Most astonishing of all though, 
these early cities were creating

6167
05:36:34,400 --> 05:36:37,600
the first Educational Systems, 
you need to find ways to 

6168
05:36:37,600 --> 05:36:39,600
transfer skills to Next 
Generation. 

6169
05:36:39,600 --> 05:36:42,000
When they become, specialized 
and valuable. 

6170
05:36:42,700 --> 05:36:45,500
This was the beginning of 
informal schools, mentoring 

6171
05:36:45,500 --> 05:36:47,200
relationships, and 
apprenticeships. 

6172
05:36:47,900 --> 05:36:50,800
The first meritocratic 
institutions in human history 

6173
05:36:50,800 --> 05:36:53,900
were established when parents 
who were skilled Artisans began 

6174
05:36:53,900 --> 05:36:56,200
to accept students from outside 
their own families. 

6175
05:36:56,200 --> 05:37:00,300
Your kids May acquire abilities.
You never had pursue careers 

6176
05:37:00,300 --> 05:37:03,300
that didn't exist when you were 
a kid and reach levels of 

6177
05:37:03,300 --> 05:37:06,200
proficiency, that would have 
been Unthinkable in the nomadic 

6178
05:37:06,200 --> 05:37:09,100
Society or Grandparents were 
accustomed to one 

6179
05:37:09,100 --> 05:37:11,800
apprenticeship. 
At a time, social Mobility was 

6180
05:37:11,800 --> 05:37:14,400
being created. 
There you are surrounded by 

6181
05:37:14,400 --> 05:37:18,000
thousands of people, intricate 
social structures, sophisticated

6182
05:37:18,000 --> 05:37:20,700
crafts and a degree of 
prosperity that would have 

6183
05:37:20,708 --> 05:37:23,600
seemed Unthinkable to your 
nomadic great-grandparents and 

6184
05:37:23,600 --> 05:37:25,900
you are living in what has 
evolved into a true City. 

6185
05:37:25,900 --> 05:37:28,600
However your city is no longer 
alone. 

6186
05:37:29,500 --> 05:37:31,900
Similar Urban living experiments
are spreading throughout the 

6187
05:37:31,900 --> 05:37:35,200
Fertile Crescent and 
increasingly other parts of the 

6188
05:37:35,200 --> 05:37:37,300
world. 
And eventually these cities 

6189
05:37:37,300 --> 05:37:40,200
begin to take notice of one 
another contact between 

6190
05:37:40,200 --> 05:37:42,800
settlements was most likely 
unintentional at first. 

6191
05:37:43,600 --> 05:37:46,300
Groups of refugees from 
abandoned settlements seeking 

6192
05:37:46,300 --> 05:37:49,700
new homes Traders venturing. 
Father, the new pursuit of new 

6193
05:37:49,700 --> 05:37:52,700
prospects or inquisitive 
adventurers seeking to see what 

6194
05:37:52,700 --> 05:37:54,100
labor on the next mountain 
range. 

6195
05:37:55,000 --> 05:37:58,000
However, systematic and 
sophisticated City to City. 

6196
05:37:58,000 --> 05:38:01,800
Communication was emerging by 
5,500 BC. 

6197
05:38:01,800 --> 05:38:05,100
This led to challenges and 
opportunities, no one had 

6198
05:38:05,108 --> 05:38:07,200
foreseen. 
There were a ton of 

6199
05:38:07,208 --> 05:38:10,200
opportunities for trade 
information, sharing and 

6200
05:38:10,200 --> 05:38:14,200
cross-cultural interaction, 
while a city 100 miles away, had

6201
05:38:14,200 --> 05:38:16,500
perfected weaving. 
But was unable to effectively 

6202
05:38:16,500 --> 05:38:20,100
work, copper your city may excel
at metalworking, but struggle 

6203
05:38:20,100 --> 05:38:24,100
with textile production. 
All of a sudden specialization 

6204
05:38:24,100 --> 05:38:26,400
could occur between cities as 
well as within them. 

6205
05:38:26,400 --> 05:38:29,300
However, these opportunities 
also brought with them, the 

6206
05:38:29,300 --> 05:38:32,200
first genuine risk of organized 
conflict between human 

6207
05:38:32,200 --> 05:38:34,900
settlements. 
When everyone lived on the Move 

6208
05:38:34,900 --> 05:38:38,400
conflicts were typically, minor 
and could be settled by simply 

6209
05:38:38,400 --> 05:38:39,900
staying out of each other's 
territory. 

6210
05:38:40,700 --> 05:38:43,500
But when cities disagree with 
their neighbors, they can't just

6211
05:38:43,500 --> 05:38:46,200
up and leave. 
Violence becomes a possibility 

6212
05:38:46,200 --> 05:38:48,300
if they are unable to resolve 
their differences. 

6213
05:38:48,300 --> 05:38:51,000
Amicably. 
Your ancestors, most likely 

6214
05:38:51,000 --> 05:38:53,800
created the first official 
diplomatic Protocols of this 

6215
05:38:53,800 --> 05:38:57,800
time establishing territorial 
boundaries, negotiating trade 

6216
05:38:57,800 --> 05:39:01,000
agreements, communicating 
between cities and resolving 

6217
05:39:01,000 --> 05:39:04,100
conflicts without using Force 
earlier Urban centers. 

6218
05:39:04,100 --> 05:39:08,000
Exhibited remarkable diplomatic 
sophistication as evidence by 

6219
05:39:08,000 --> 05:39:10,400
the use of standardized weights 
and measures that were 

6220
05:39:10,400 --> 05:39:13,300
recognized by several 
settlements shared, Artistic 

6221
05:39:13,300 --> 05:39:16,500
Styles and symbols that alluded 
to cross cultural interactions 

6222
05:39:16,500 --> 05:39:19,000
and trade goods that travel 
traveled, great distances 

6223
05:39:19,000 --> 05:39:20,900
through networks of connected 
cities. 

6224
05:39:20,900 --> 05:39:25,100
But since diplomacy did 
regrettably occasionally fail, 

6225
05:39:25,100 --> 05:39:27,200
let's just discuss what 
transpired? 

6226
05:39:28,200 --> 05:39:31,600
Contrary to popular belief. 
The first city to City conflicts

6227
05:39:31,600 --> 05:39:34,600
were most likely very different 
These were more like very 

6228
05:39:34,600 --> 05:39:37,300
serious neighborhood disputes 
that went out of control than 

6229
05:39:37,300 --> 05:39:39,000
great armies. 
Fighting on battlefields 

6230
05:39:39,000 --> 05:39:42,300
disputes that turned into 
organized violence over trade. 

6231
05:39:42,300 --> 05:39:45,500
Relations, territorial claims or
water rights. 

6232
05:39:45,500 --> 05:39:49,100
It's interesting to note how 
rapidly cities realize that war 

6233
05:39:49,100 --> 05:39:51,000
was generally. 
Detrimental to all parties 

6234
05:39:51,000 --> 05:39:55,500
disputes between neighbors, 
cause instability disrupt trade,

6235
05:39:55,500 --> 05:39:59,100
and waste resources, that could 
be used more effectively, all of

6236
05:39:59,100 --> 05:40:02,500
which reduced prosperity for 
all. even though they were able 

6237
05:40:02,500 --> 05:40:05,900
to win battles by force, the 
majority of early cities appear 

6238
05:40:05,900 --> 05:40:08,300
to have developed strong 
preferences for negotiated 

6239
05:40:08,300 --> 05:40:11,700
Solutions, some intriguing 
advancements in conflict, 

6240
05:40:11,700 --> 05:40:15,800
resolution resulted from this, 
many early cities, according to 

6241
05:40:15,800 --> 05:40:18,900
archaeological evidence, 
established complex procedures 

6242
05:40:18,900 --> 05:40:21,500
for competitive displays, that 
could result conflicts, with 

6243
05:40:21,500 --> 05:40:24,700
without resorting to physical 
violence, Consider them the 

6244
05:40:24,700 --> 05:40:28,000
ancient counterparts of trade 
exhibitions or sporting contests

6245
05:40:28,000 --> 05:40:31,400
allowing cities to Showcase 
their wealth prowess and 

6246
05:40:31,400 --> 05:40:33,700
strength without resorting to 
physical combat. 

6247
05:40:34,400 --> 05:40:37,100
These competitive, exhibitions 
frequently took the shape of 

6248
05:40:37,100 --> 05:40:40,400
festivals or get togethers a 
various cities, would present 

6249
05:40:40,400 --> 05:40:43,800
their best crafts, most 
accomplished Crafts People and 

6250
05:40:43,800 --> 05:40:46,500
most remarkable accomplishments 
in later. 

6251
05:40:46,500 --> 05:40:49,200
Negotiation as the city that 
produced the most intricate 

6252
05:40:49,200 --> 05:40:53,300
textiles, the sharpest tools 
while the most Exquisite Pottery

6253
05:40:53,300 --> 05:40:55,700
gained Prestige and probably 
better terms. 

6254
05:40:56,500 --> 05:40:59,800
Instead of striking each other 
with clubs, it was a far more 

6255
05:40:59,800 --> 05:41:02,000
civilized form of diplomacy 
through the display of 

6256
05:41:02,000 --> 05:41:05,000
Excellence. 
Naturally, the first defensive 

6257
05:41:05,000 --> 05:41:07,500
tactics and Military 
Technologies were also developed

6258
05:41:07,500 --> 05:41:10,500
during this time. 
Around this time, the 

6259
05:41:10,500 --> 05:41:13,100
archaeological record reveals 
increasingly complex, 

6260
05:41:13,100 --> 05:41:16,400
fortification systems 
demonstrating that even peaceful

6261
05:41:16,400 --> 05:41:18,700
cities needed ways to defend 
themselves against less 

6262
05:41:18,700 --> 05:41:22,100
diplomatic Neighbors. 
It's interesting to note though 

6263
05:41:22,100 --> 05:41:24,800
that these defenses appear to 
have been built more for 

6264
05:41:24,800 --> 05:41:26,400
deterrence than for prolonged 
combat. 

6265
05:41:27,300 --> 05:41:30,200
We can defend ourselves if 
necessary but we'd rather work 

6266
05:41:30,200 --> 05:41:31,800
things out peacefully was the 
message. 

6267
05:41:32,800 --> 05:41:34,700
Speed at which early cities 
established, what? 

6268
05:41:34,700 --> 05:41:36,700
We might refer to as 
international law. 

6269
05:41:36,700 --> 05:41:38,900
An official. 
But generally accepted 

6270
05:41:38,900 --> 05:41:41,900
guidelines for how cities ought 
to relate to one another is 

6271
05:41:41,900 --> 05:41:44,800
truly amazing. 
Principles such as standard 

6272
05:41:44,800 --> 05:41:47,500
dispute. 
Resolution processes diplomatic 

6273
05:41:47,500 --> 05:41:50,700
immunity for trade invoice and 
even the earliest extradition 

6274
05:41:50,700 --> 05:41:53,300
agreements for criminals who 
committed crimes in one city and

6275
05:41:53,300 --> 05:41:56,600
fled to another Naturally, these
were not written laws because 

6276
05:41:56,600 --> 05:41:57,900
writing was still being 
developed. 

6277
05:41:57,900 --> 05:42:01,900
But they were generally accepted
and well understood Customs that

6278
05:42:01,900 --> 05:42:04,200
enabled and facilitated 
productive Intercity 

6279
05:42:04,200 --> 05:42:07,000
interactions. 
They were upheld out of mutual 

6280
05:42:07,000 --> 05:42:09,200
self-interest rather than by any
higher authority. 

6281
05:42:10,200 --> 05:42:11,500
Cities. 
That disregarded these 

6282
05:42:11,500 --> 05:42:14,300
agreements were cut off from 
diplomatic ties and trade 

6283
05:42:14,300 --> 05:42:17,100
networks which were becoming 
vital for security and 

6284
05:42:17,100 --> 05:42:19,200
prosperity. 
As you watched your species, 

6285
05:42:19,200 --> 05:42:22,400
learn how to structure, complex 
societies and get them to 

6286
05:42:22,400 --> 05:42:24,900
cooperate rather than just 
compete with one another. 

6287
05:42:24,900 --> 05:42:28,000
You are witnessing the beginning
of international relations, 

6288
05:42:28,000 --> 05:42:30,800
despite its messiness and 
occasional violence. 

6289
05:42:30,800 --> 05:42:34,300
Civilization was eventually able
to flourish and spread, you have

6290
05:42:34,308 --> 05:42:36,800
contributed to the creation of 
something completely 

6291
05:42:36,800 --> 05:42:39,000
unprecedented in the history of 
life on Earth. 

6292
05:42:39,600 --> 05:42:42,700
Thousands of years after those 
initial hesitant attempts at 

6293
05:42:42,708 --> 05:42:46,200
staying put and cultivating your
own food, your part of an 

6294
05:42:46,200 --> 05:42:48,500
economic and social system. 
That is so intricate. 

6295
05:42:48,500 --> 05:42:51,800
That no one could possibly 
comprehend all that, manages to 

6296
05:42:51,800 --> 05:42:54,000
function. 
Despite the fact that you're 

6297
05:42:54,000 --> 05:42:57,000
living in a true Urban 
civilization, that is linked to 

6298
05:42:57,000 --> 05:43:00,400
a network of similar cities. 
Over great distance is the most 

6299
05:43:00,400 --> 05:43:03,200
amazing thing though, is that 
you and your fellow city, 

6300
05:43:03,200 --> 05:43:06,600
builders have unintentionally, 
created the foundation for 

6301
05:43:06,600 --> 05:43:08,900
almost every significant 
advancement in human 

6302
05:43:08,900 --> 05:43:13,200
civilization, that has come 
since science, philosophy and 

6303
05:43:13,200 --> 05:43:16,400
Technology will eventually 
follow from the specialization 

6304
05:43:16,400 --> 05:43:19,000
of Labor. 
You have developed Your created 

6305
05:43:19,000 --> 05:43:22,200
trade networks, will serve as 
the main thoroughfares for the 

6306
05:43:22,200 --> 05:43:25,500
dissemination of Concepts, 
invention's, and cultural 

6307
05:43:25,500 --> 05:43:28,600
advancements. 
The legal and political systems 

6308
05:43:28,600 --> 05:43:31,000
that currently govern. 
Human societies, will develop 

6309
05:43:31,000 --> 05:43:33,700
from The Diplomatic and conflict
resolution mechanisms. 

6310
05:43:33,700 --> 05:43:37,000
You have established In ways 
that previous generations, could

6311
05:43:37,000 --> 05:43:40,500
not have predicted the writing 
systems that are just starting 

6312
05:43:40,500 --> 05:43:43,700
to emerge in some cities will 
preserve and transmit knowledge 

6313
05:43:43,700 --> 05:43:45,900
in ways that will accelerate 
human development. 

6314
05:43:46,800 --> 05:43:50,000
First schools, libraries and 
universities will be created by 

6315
05:43:50,000 --> 05:43:51,900
the educational Traditions, you 
have established. 

6316
05:43:52,800 --> 05:43:54,900
The basic issues that humans 
Society. 

6317
05:43:54,900 --> 05:43:57,900
Still face today include how to 
preserve Community. 

6318
05:43:57,900 --> 05:44:01,200
Cohesion in large. 
Populations strike a balance 

6319
05:44:01,200 --> 05:44:04,500
between individual success and 
the welfare of the group and 

6320
05:44:04,500 --> 05:44:08,100
manage resources sustainably. 
It's interesting to note that 

6321
05:44:08,100 --> 05:44:11,100
you most likely did not consider
yourself to be revolutionaries 

6322
05:44:11,100 --> 05:44:14,800
or Builders of civilization. 
You are merely individuals 

6323
05:44:14,800 --> 05:44:17,300
attempting to find solutions to 
Everyday issues. 

6324
05:44:17,300 --> 05:44:20,500
Such as how to ensure that your 
children had a better life than 

6325
05:44:20,500 --> 05:44:22,400
you did. 
How to live in harmony with your

6326
05:44:22,400 --> 05:44:25,500
neighbor's, how to have enough 
food and how to stay safe. 

6327
05:44:26,900 --> 05:44:30,100
But in the process of resolving,
these common issues, you created

6328
05:44:30,100 --> 05:44:32,800
civilization, not just any 
civilization. 

6329
05:44:32,800 --> 05:44:36,000
But one that was extraordinarily
resilient and flexible. 

6330
05:44:37,000 --> 05:44:39,500
You contributed to the 
development of the fundamental 

6331
05:44:39,500 --> 05:44:42,400
Urban model which spread 
throughout the world due to its 

6332
05:44:42,400 --> 05:44:44,500
success. 
This model included permanent 

6333
05:44:44,500 --> 05:44:48,100
settlements specialized labor, 
trade networks and social 

6334
05:44:48,100 --> 05:44:50,500
institutions for cooperation and
conflict resolution. 

6335
05:44:51,700 --> 05:44:53,500
From New York to Tokyo to 
Mumbai. 

6336
05:44:53,500 --> 05:44:56,900
Every modern city is essentially
based on ideas that you and your

6337
05:44:56,900 --> 05:44:59,300
fellow early city. 
Builders discovered, via trial 

6338
05:44:59,300 --> 05:45:01,800
and error. 
Thousands of years ago, like any

6339
05:45:01,800 --> 05:45:05,300
physical technology, the social 
Technologies you created were 

6340
05:45:05,300 --> 05:45:08,800
revolutionary Innovations as 
important as agriculture 

6341
05:45:08,800 --> 05:45:12,900
metalworking or writing included
learning how to manage the 

6342
05:45:12,900 --> 05:45:16,600
activities of thousands of 
people, how to make decisions as

6343
05:45:16,600 --> 05:45:20,700
a group, how to settle dispute 
amicably and how to preserve 

6344
05:45:20,700 --> 05:45:24,600
social cohesive nests among 
various populations. everything 

6345
05:45:24,600 --> 05:45:28,400
else was made possible by the 
most astonishing of all you 

6346
05:45:28,400 --> 05:45:30,700
accomplished, all of this while 
upholding essentially 

6347
05:45:30,700 --> 05:45:34,300
egalitarian, and Cooperative 
principles The early cities 

6348
05:45:34,300 --> 05:45:37,200
continued to be places where 
everyone was responsible for the

6349
05:45:37,200 --> 05:45:40,600
welfare of the community, where 
Innovation and achievement were 

6350
05:45:40,600 --> 05:45:44,200
valued, but not at the expense 
of social stability and where 

6351
05:45:44,200 --> 05:45:46,300
individual success was 
understood to depend on 

6352
05:45:46,308 --> 05:45:49,400
Collective Prosperity, even in 
the face of growing social 

6353
05:45:49,400 --> 05:45:52,100
stratification and economic 
inequality. 

6354
05:45:53,100 --> 05:45:57,900
Crime conflict inequality, and 
all the other issues that arise 

6355
05:45:57,900 --> 05:46:00,900
when a lot of people are crammed
into a small area, made this 

6356
05:46:00,900 --> 05:46:05,200
place anything but utopian. 
However, you developed 

6357
05:46:05,200 --> 05:46:09,600
sophisticated compassionate and 
successful systems for handling 

6358
05:46:09,600 --> 05:46:13,700
these issues you demonstrated 
that people could coexist and 

6359
05:46:13,700 --> 05:46:17,000
expansive, intricate societies 
without losing their essential 

6360
05:46:17,000 --> 05:46:19,700
Humanity. 
According to the archaeological 

6361
05:46:19,700 --> 05:46:22,800
record, most people found life 
in these early cities to be 

6362
05:46:22,800 --> 05:46:26,900
safer and more, culturally 
diverse than anything they had 

6363
05:46:26,900 --> 05:46:31,000
ever known in early Generations.
They created amazing art and 

6364
05:46:31,008 --> 05:46:33,700
crafts. 
Had more varied diets, lived, 

6365
05:46:33,700 --> 05:46:37,300
longer and established the first
official Educational Systems, 

6366
05:46:38,100 --> 05:46:40,900
They were the first people in 
history to have a legitimate 

6367
05:46:40,900 --> 05:46:43,600
expectation, that their 
offspring would live better 

6368
05:46:43,600 --> 05:46:47,000
lives than they did. the problem
is that you carry out all of 

6369
05:46:47,000 --> 05:46:50,800
this without a plan without any 
examples to follow and without 

6370
05:46:50,800 --> 05:46:54,400
any idea of where it might go, 
As you went along, you were 

6371
05:46:54,400 --> 05:46:57,300
forming civilization based 
solely on human decency and 

6372
05:46:57,300 --> 05:46:59,600
practical necessity. 
It's amazing. 

6373
05:46:59,600 --> 05:47:02,300
It worked at all. 
It is truly miraculous that it 

6374
05:47:02,308 --> 05:47:04,600
functions. 
So well that it served as the 

6375
05:47:04,600 --> 05:47:06,400
basis for all later human 
development. 

6376
05:47:06,400 --> 05:47:10,100
Therefore keep in mind that you 
are a part of an experiment that

6377
05:47:10,100 --> 05:47:13,500
started with people just like 
you trying to figure out how to 

6378
05:47:13,500 --> 05:47:16,500
live together peacefully and 
prosperously the next time you 

6379
05:47:16,500 --> 05:47:19,700
are frustrated with bureaucracy 
stuck in traffic in a modern 

6380
05:47:19,700 --> 05:47:21,900
city or irritated with your 
neighbors. 

6381
05:47:22,700 --> 05:47:25,300
They demonstrated that people 
can build societies that are 

6382
05:47:25,300 --> 05:47:27,600
greater than the sum of their 
individual Parts. 

6383
05:47:27,600 --> 05:47:30,300
Even though neither, they nor we
have all the answers. 

6384
05:47:31,000 --> 05:47:34,700
Heroes Visionaries or superhuman
beings were not the first people

6385
05:47:34,700 --> 05:47:38,000
to build cities, they were 
regular people who accomplished 

6386
05:47:38,000 --> 05:47:40,800
something extraordinary they 
figured out how to start from 

6387
05:47:40,800 --> 05:47:44,100
scratch and build a civilization
and they did it so well that we 

6388
05:47:44,100 --> 05:47:45,600
are still living in the world 
they made. 

6389
05:47:46,900 --> 05:47:49,300
It's not bad for those who 
simply wanted to avoid spending 

6390
05:47:49,300 --> 05:47:51,600
the rest of their lives, 
carrying everything, they owned.