What's REALLY Behind the Wild Stories of Greek Mythology | Boring History For Sleep

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Hello. 
My friends tonight. 

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We're traveling back to a time 
when the world was young and 

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mysterious. 
When Thunder wasn't just a 

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weather phenomenon, but the 
sound of Zeus having a bad day. 

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This is the story of The 
Olympian gods, a family. 

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So dysfunctional they make 
modern reality TV. 

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Look like a church social yet. 
So fascinating that we're still 

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telling their stories thousands 
of years later. 

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But before we ease in, if you 
don't mind, take a moment to 

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like the video and subscribe if 
you're new here. 

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Also, please drop a comment on 
where you are tuning in from and

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what time it is for you now. 
Turn off those lights, if you 

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haven't already and let's begin,
shall we? 

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Before there were goddesses that
transformed people into spiders 

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because they were better 
Weavers, or gods that through 

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lightning bolts, there was just 
chaos. 

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Not the kind of chaos you get 
when you're in your internet, 

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goes down during a crucial video
call. 

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But real primordial emptiness, 
you can see why the ancient 

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Greek simply Shrugged and 
referred to it as chaos. 

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If you try to explain what 
existed before existence itself,

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the first being appeared from 
this Cosmic super of 

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nothingness, Eros, the force of 
attraction. 

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That would later cause more 
trouble than a dating app. 

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Algorithm gone awry. 
Tartarus, the deepest darkest 

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pit, you can imagine think of 
your basement, but infinitely 

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worse, and with more screaming 
and Gaia who was essentially 

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Mother Earth before. 
Environmental awareness was 

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fashionable. 
Being the productive type Gaia 

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decided that life was boring on 
its own and made the sky. 

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Uranus in ancient Greece, 
family, trees, resembled family,

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wreaths and everything was 
connected in awkward ways. 

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You might think that having your
mother create your husband 

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sounds like the start of serious
therapy sessions. 

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The fact that Uranus and Gaia 
had children together should 

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have been the first clue. 
That something was amiss in the 

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family. 
Dynamic among their descendants 

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with the Titans giant creatures.
That were essentially the first 

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draft of godhood. 
Strong unkillable and devoid of 

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all sense of proportion or 
self-control consider them Gods 

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who have never been trained in 
customer, service Cronus, who 

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would have been a perfect fit at
any corporate takeover was one 

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of these Titans. 
After observing his father, 

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Uranus chronus concluded that 
committing patricide, was a 

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great way to advance his career.
Kronos castrated his father and 

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tossed the parts into the sea. 
Using the Scythe that is 

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supportive mother gaiah had 
given him. 

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The fact that this act gave 
birth to the goddess of love, 

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Aphrodite, tells you all, you 
need to know about the Greeks 

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perception of romance, lovely, 
but with a history, you probably

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don't want to delve too deeply 
into since Uranus was no longer 

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involved. 
Cronus assumed control of the 

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universe where this sister Rhea 
again, the dynamic of ancient 

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Greek. 
Families were complex and began 

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what ought to have been a 
peaceful rain. 

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But Chronos had heard a prophecy
that like his father, he would 

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be overthrown by one of his 
children. 

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Being a pragmatic person. 
Cronus came up with a 

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straightforward idea of eating 
each newborn right away at this 

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point, the narrative takes a 
turn that makes even the most 

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dysfunctional holiday. 
Dinners seem like fun as Ria 

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watched Cronus gobble up. 
Their first five children like 

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some kind of immortal baby 
eating monster. 

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She was understandably upset 
about her husband's unusual 

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approach to childcare Rhea had 
finally had enough of this 

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particular parenting approach 
when Zeus their sixth child was 

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born Rhea wrapped a stone in 
swaddling cloths and offered it 

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to Cronus instead of baby Zeus 
he was presumably to egirl to 

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naive to notice the difference 
rear spirited the real Zeus away

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to be raised in secret by goats 
and nymphs on the island of 

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Crete. 
Which explains much about Zeus's

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later personality, while Cronus 
swallowed, the rock with his 

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usual Zeal imagines, use as a 
teenager growing up on a 

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Mediterranean island surrounded 
by goats discovering that he was

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destined to defeat his 
cannibalistic father and free 

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his siblings from their unusual 
prison. 

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This type of origin story would 
make superhero comics seem 

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uninteresting. 
And it certainly clarified, why?

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Zeus never acquired what one 
could refer to as typical social

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skills with the help of metis. 
A titaness, whose name means 

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cunning intelligence and who 
would go on to become Zeus's 

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first wife, Zeus returned to 
confront Cronus. 

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After he'd reached to Delta 
chronus became so sick from the 

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emetic that metis made him throw
up Zeus's five siblings in the 

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opposite order that they were 
consumed. 

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Just think of how awkward it 
would be, to be reintroduced to 

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siblings who had lived their 
entire lives and their father's 

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stomach beside him. 
The god of the seas, who had 

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apparently developed, a 
permanent case of motion, 

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sickness from his time, in his 
stomach. 

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Hades, the underworld's destined
ruler. 

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Who was already displaying signs
of preferring Solitude to 

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family? 
Gatherings Hera who had become 

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Zeus's wife and regret it for 
all eternity. 

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Demeter, The future goddess of 
agriculture. 

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And the only one who appeared to
have come out of the experience 

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with any sense of nurturing and 
Hestia the goddess of the half, 

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who looked at her family and 
decided that staying by the fire

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was far more important than 
participating in their drama. 

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The titanomachy, a 10-year war 
between the Titans and the 

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Olympians followed making 
contemporary conflicts seem like

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parking lot Quarles. 
Prometheus, who was reportedly. 

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The only Titan with anything 
approaching foresight, literally

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what his name meant and other 
Titans who were fed up with 

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chronosis management style 
formed an alliance with Zeus and

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his siblings, natural disasters,
would seem like minor annoyances

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compared to the devastation 
caused by the war that raged 

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across the Earth and Heaven. 
Oceans, boiled mountains were 

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flung like softballs and reality
itself was strained to its 

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limit. 
Zeus learned that he had 

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inherited the ability to control
lightning and thunder which made

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him extremely effective in 
combat. 

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But for the rest of Eternity, 
utterly awful at having 

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conversations indoors. 
The cloaks were eventually 

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released from Tartarus, where 
Cronus had imprisoned them, due 

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to their differences by Zeus as 
a token of appreciation. 

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These one-eyed Smith's created 
Hades helmet of invisibility 

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Poseidon's, trident and Zeus's. 
Well, known Thunderbolts. 

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It was like getting the ultimate
package of divine weapons with 

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eternal warranties. 
Zeus release of the 100th being 

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so strong and terrifying that 
even Cronus had been terrified 

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of the marked. 
A turning point. 

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The Titans were ultimately 
vanquished by the Olympians with

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the help of these allies and 
they were banished to Tartarus 

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where they would live forever 
thinking about the consequences 

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of choosing the wrong side. 
In a family conflict, the three 

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brother Gods, the universe like 
Partners dividing a business, 

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After winning the battle. 
With all the wisdom and 

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self-control of a child who had 
never learned to share toys, 

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Zeus took the sky and assumed 
the role of King of the Gods. 

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Because the Seas were large, 
strong and prone to abrupt 

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violence, storms them, which was
a perfect fit for his 

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temperament, although his 
brother's initially believed. 

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They had gotten a better deal. 
Hades would demonstrate that he 

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was arguably the most powerful 
of the three because he can 

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control both death and wealth. 
Hades drew, the underworld Zeus 

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and his siblings needed a 
headquarters worthy of their 

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Newfound position as Universe 
rulers after they defeated their

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father and won the cosmic 
Lottery. 

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They picked Mount Olympus 
Greece's highest peak in part 

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because of the breathtaking 
views and in part because it was

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close enough to humans to meddle
in human Affairs, whenever they 

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felt bored. 
But far enough away to preserve 

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a sense of mystery with its 
Golden Palaces and brochure 

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Gardens and overall sense of 
divine superiority Mount Olympus

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developed into the first gated 
community in the ancient world. 

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While the other gods set up 
their own Realms within this 

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Celestial neighborhood. 
Zeus hired the cyclopes to 

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construct him, a throne room 
that would make any Earthly 

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Palace appear like a garden 
shed, a family tree that would 

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make any genealogist question. 
Their sanity was represented by 

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the 12th, Olympian gods who 
would govern from the mountain 

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Paradise. 
Zeus had never met a Divine 

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being. 
He didn't want to have children 

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with regardless of whether he 
was married to someone else at 

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the time. 
So the pantheon grew to include 

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some of Children, in addition to
the original six siblings, Zeus,

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and the tightness Leto, had twin
children Apollo and Artemis who 

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introduced hunting. 
Archery, poetry and music to the

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Divine family Apollo was the 
first Triple Threat performer in

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the ancient world, becoming the 
god of the sun music and 

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prophecy as the goddess of the 
hunt. 

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And the moon Artemis made the 
decision to remain eternally 

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virgin. 
So, she avoided her relatives 

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Drama by spending most family. 
Get togethers in the woods after

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Zeus swallowed. 
Her pregnant mother metis to 

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stop a prophecy that is 
children, would overthrow him 

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Athena grew fully from his head 
armed and prepared for battle. 

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Everyone seemed to be unaware of
the irony that Zeus was now 

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adopting his father's child 
eating tactic albeit in a 

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different way. 
Being born from your father's 

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skull. 
After eight, your mother did not

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prevent you from becoming one of
the most revered Gods as a 

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thinner, went on to become a 
goddess of wisdom and war after 

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Cronus castrated. 
Uranus Aphrodite emerged from 

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the Sea Foam, bringing Beauty 
and love to Olympus and more 

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relationship drama. 
Than a soap opera during the 

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day, she had a knack for making 
everyone fall in love with the 

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wrong. 
People at the worst possible 

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times. 
So her, very presence ensure 

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that no Divine Gathering would 
be peaceful Zeus's, son with 

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Hera Ari's became a God of War, 
but not the kind of war that 

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Athena stood for one, that was 
strategic and Noble Rees, who is

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basically the Divine counterpart
of that relative who turns every

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family Barbecue into a political
argument was more interested in 

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the violent, bloody and chaotic 
aspects of combat. 

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It says something about his 
character that even his own 

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parents didn't like him. 
Depending on your preferred 

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version of the story, the god of
fire. 

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And metalworking was either 
Heroes Son by himself or another

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child of Zeus and Hera Hera 
through him off Mount Olympus in

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shame because he was so ugly and
had a serious disability from 

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birth after surviving the fall 
and learning from seen himself, 

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how to make things. 
A feisty has returned to Olympus

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as the main maker of impossible 
things for the gods, his Forge 

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evolved in to the Heavenly 
equivalent of a posh custom. 

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Shop crafting everything from 
Achilles armor to Zeus 

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Thunderbolts anybody who had 
ever dealt with ancient 

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Commerce, would understand why 
Hermes Zeus's son with the nymph

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Maya, became the messenger. 
God, the underworld's guide, and

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the patron of Travelers, 
merchants and thieves, Hermes 

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served, as the gods translator 
and Diplomat as well, which was 

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extremely helpful in a household
where poor communication 

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frequently resulted in plagues 
Wars and the transformation of 

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humans into different plants and
animals because she was 

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primarily concerned with 
providing food for Mortals 

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rather than becoming embroiled 
in the power struggles and 

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romantic entanglements, that 
consumed, her siblings, Demeter 

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the goddess of agriculture and 
the Harvest remained. 

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One of the more stable figures 
in the pantheon later when her 

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daughter Persephone became the 
focus of the first kidnapping 

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scandal in the Underworld, her 
major drama would unfold. 

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You would think that the 
Olympians would have spent their

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time as Sage kind Lords of the 
universe after they had taken up

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residence in their new digs and 
Establish their various Divine 

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portfolios. 
Rather they acted like a very 

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strong hybrid of middle 
management. 

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And reality TV stars, complete 
with the petty envious and bad 

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decision-making. 
Traits that go along with that, 

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with his views on marriage, 
loyalty and Leadership Zeus. 

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The king of the Gods 
established, the standard for 

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the entire Pantheon, Zeus, 
pursued, romantic relationships 

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with Gods. 
Nymphs, and Mortals with the 

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Seal of someone collecting rare 
stamps treating monogamy as more

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of a suggestion than a 
commitment, even though he was 

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married to Hero his inventive, 
methods of courtship involved 

227
00:11:20,700 --> 00:11:24,200
changing into different animals,
natural phenomena, and inanimate

228
00:11:24,200 --> 00:11:26,600
objects. 
Anything, it took to get past is

229
00:11:26,600 --> 00:11:30,500
Target's common sense, or his 
wife's prying eyes for her part,

230
00:11:30,500 --> 00:11:33,100
Hera handled her husband's 
adultery with the forbearance of

231
00:11:33,100 --> 00:11:36,600
someone who had long since given
up on a traditional marriage and

232
00:11:36,600 --> 00:11:39,100
determined that retaliation was 
more fulfilling than 

233
00:11:39,100 --> 00:11:41,700
forgiveness. 
Zeus did control lightning after

234
00:11:41,700 --> 00:11:43,300
all. 
So here are usually vented, her 

235
00:11:43,300 --> 00:11:45,900
resentment on Zeus's lovers and 
their offspring rather than 

236
00:11:45,900 --> 00:11:49,300
directly facing Zeus. 
With its imaginative, tortures 

237
00:11:49,300 --> 00:11:51,600
impossible tasks and 
Transformations. 

238
00:11:51,600 --> 00:11:53,300
That would make contemporary 
horror films. 

239
00:11:53,300 --> 00:11:57,000
Seem mild a persecution of 
Zeus's Conquest became so 

240
00:11:57,000 --> 00:12:00,600
methodical that it resembled A 
Small industry, the marriage of 

241
00:12:00,600 --> 00:12:03,000
the couple turned into an 
example of how to fail at 

242
00:12:03,000 --> 00:12:07,400
managing relationship issues. 
When Zeus had an affair here, I 

243
00:12:07,400 --> 00:12:09,700
would discover it and punish 
everyone but Zeus. 

244
00:12:09,700 --> 00:12:12,700
Zeus would then get upset about 
Harrah's meddling and the 

245
00:12:12,700 --> 00:12:15,700
ensuing marital conflict with 
materialized as natural 

246
00:12:15,700 --> 00:12:18,800
disasters that would make life 
miserable for everyone on the 

247
00:12:18,800 --> 00:12:23,800
planet frequently, earthquakes, 
floods, droughts and plagues 

248
00:12:23,800 --> 00:12:26,600
were merely unintended 
consequences of the Divine 

249
00:12:26,600 --> 00:12:30,300
couple resolving their problems.
Meanwhile Poseidon, who 

250
00:12:30,308 --> 00:12:32,300
governed. 
The Seas approached marriage 

251
00:12:32,300 --> 00:12:35,500
with the same temperament that 
his brother did because Poseidon

252
00:12:35,500 --> 00:12:37,900
was Notorious for taking 
personal offense, as small 

253
00:12:37,900 --> 00:12:40,900
slights and expressing his refer
through storms. 

254
00:12:40,900 --> 00:12:43,500
That could sink entire fleets 
Sea Monster's. 

255
00:12:43,500 --> 00:12:46,900
And soon as Sailors learned to 
make offerings before every 

256
00:12:46,900 --> 00:12:49,400
Voyage. 
Not because they were deeply 

257
00:12:49,400 --> 00:12:52,800
religious, he was the type of 
God who would destroy your ship,

258
00:12:52,800 --> 00:12:55,900
because he didn't, like the way 
you treated him and then accuse 

259
00:12:55,900 --> 00:12:57,600
you of not treating him with the
respect. 

260
00:12:57,600 --> 00:13:00,100
He deserved with less 
shapeshifting and more 

261
00:13:00,100 --> 00:13:03,200
involuntary conversion of his 
romantic interest into various 

262
00:13:03,200 --> 00:13:05,900
sea creatures. 
The Sea Gods love life, was 

263
00:13:05,900 --> 00:13:09,600
nearly as complicated as uses 
beside and reportedly thought 

264
00:13:09,600 --> 00:13:12,400
that the ideal way to remember A
Love Affair was to transform his

265
00:13:12,400 --> 00:13:16,600
ex-lover in to a species of fish
or a coral reef resulting in a 

266
00:13:16,608 --> 00:13:19,400
Mediterranean teeming with 
aquatic creatures, with deeply 

267
00:13:19,400 --> 00:13:23,500
personal history, as the lord of
the underworld Hades gained a 

268
00:13:23,500 --> 00:13:25,800
reputation for being the most 
practical of the Three Brothers.

269
00:13:25,800 --> 00:13:29,500
Presumably due to the fact that 
handling the Dead Called for 

270
00:13:29,508 --> 00:13:32,700
more administrative expertise 
than artistic Flair with 

271
00:13:32,700 --> 00:13:35,400
appropriate admissions. 
Procedures classification, 

272
00:13:35,400 --> 00:13:38,900
schemes for various Soul types 
and explicit protocols for 

273
00:13:38,900 --> 00:13:42,100
exceptional situations. 
The underworld functioned like a

274
00:13:42,108 --> 00:13:45,400
well-run bureaucracy, Hades, 
avoided most of his family's 

275
00:13:45,400 --> 00:13:48,600
drama and concentrated on the 
pragmatics of divine rule 

276
00:13:48,600 --> 00:13:50,100
because he seldom left his 
domain. 

277
00:13:51,100 --> 00:13:54,100
Even though they were twins 
Apollo and Artemis had quite 

278
00:13:54,100 --> 00:13:57,200
different approaches to their 
Divine duties with the Zeal of a

279
00:13:57,200 --> 00:13:59,800
performer who never encountered 
an audience, he didn't wish to 

280
00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:02,500
Dazzle. 
Apollo embraced his role as the 

281
00:14:02,500 --> 00:14:07,300
god of poetry music and the son 
he inspired poets created Music.

282
00:14:07,300 --> 00:14:10,700
Contests and moved the sun 
across the sky every day with 

283
00:14:10,700 --> 00:14:13,200
the punctuality of someone who 
knew that crops and plants 

284
00:14:13,200 --> 00:14:15,800
relied on him. 
On the other hand, Artemis 

285
00:14:15,800 --> 00:14:18,300
approached her responsibilities,
as the moon and Hunt goddess 

286
00:14:18,300 --> 00:14:21,100
with the gravity of a wildlife 
preserve manager. 

287
00:14:21,100 --> 00:14:24,000
She kept a pack of hunting 
hounds that could follow anyone 

288
00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:27,000
over any terrain, demanded 
complete Chastity from her 

289
00:14:27,000 --> 00:14:30,300
followers and dealt swiftly, and
often fatally with those who 

290
00:14:30,300 --> 00:14:33,400
disobeyed her a successful hunt 
followed by an evening with her 

291
00:14:33,400 --> 00:14:36,500
nymphs away from the 
complexities of Olympic family 

292
00:14:36,500 --> 00:14:40,200
Dynamics, was her idea of a good
time with the methodical 

293
00:14:40,200 --> 00:14:41,900
accuracy of a military 
strategist. 

294
00:14:41,900 --> 00:14:45,400
And the intellectual curiosity 
of a scholar Athena approached 

295
00:14:45,400 --> 00:14:48,500
her dual roles as goddess of 
wisdom and warfare after 

296
00:14:48,500 --> 00:14:51,200
defeating Poseidon in a 
competition to determine who 

297
00:14:51,200 --> 00:14:53,000
could give the city, the most 
useful gift. 

298
00:14:53,000 --> 00:14:55,500
She was made the patron goddess 
of Athens. 

299
00:14:55,500 --> 00:15:00,200
Athena offered an olive tree 
aside in a saltwater, Spring by 

300
00:15:00,200 --> 00:15:03,200
selecting the Tree the Athenians
showed that even in Antiquity 

301
00:15:03,200 --> 00:15:07,000
people valued sustainable 
agriculture over ostentatious, 

302
00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:09,200
but unworkable gestures 
examining. 

303
00:15:09,200 --> 00:15:12,800
Aphrodite is distinct role in 
Divine chaos is essential to any

304
00:15:12,800 --> 00:15:15,700
discussion of Olympic 
dysfunction, Aphrodite. 

305
00:15:15,700 --> 00:15:19,100
The Goddess of beauty and love 
had the ability to make anyone 

306
00:15:19,100 --> 00:15:22,300
fall in love with anyone else. 
Regardless of their existing 

307
00:15:22,300 --> 00:15:26,000
relationships tastes or common 
sense, with all the Restraint of

308
00:15:26,000 --> 00:15:28,900
someone who had been granted 
access to a nuclear reactor and 

309
00:15:28,900 --> 00:15:32,000
told it was a new type of 
NightLight she used this 

310
00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:35,400
ability. 
Aphrodite is own romantic life. 

311
00:15:35,400 --> 00:15:38,100
So served as an example of the 
difficulties, her realm could 

312
00:15:38,100 --> 00:15:40,500
bring about. 
She had an egregious affair with

313
00:15:40,500 --> 00:15:43,100
Ares, the god of war, even 
though she was married to her 

314
00:15:43,100 --> 00:15:45,800
fists, the most loving, and 
loyal of the Gods. 

315
00:15:45,800 --> 00:15:48,700
The Greeks were fascinated by 
The Cosmic irony. 

316
00:15:48,700 --> 00:15:51,300
That resulted from the 
relationship between the God of 

317
00:15:51,300 --> 00:15:54,500
War and the goddess of love. 
It seemed that the two were more

318
00:15:54,508 --> 00:15:56,800
closely related than anyone 
wanted to acknowledge. 

319
00:15:56,800 --> 00:15:59,700
One of Olympus is biggest 
scandals arose from their 

320
00:15:59,700 --> 00:16:02,000
Affair. 
When her face leaving his wife 

321
00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:04,000
was cheating. 
Created an impenetrable 

322
00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:06,800
invisible web. 
After putting it over his 

323
00:16:06,800 --> 00:16:09,700
marital bed, he declared that he
would be gone for a few days. 

324
00:16:09,700 --> 00:16:12,900
Believing. 
They had privacy after an Aries 

325
00:16:12,900 --> 00:16:15,300
were caught in the act when the 
net and snare them in a 

326
00:16:15,300 --> 00:16:18,800
precarious situation. 
The other gods were then invited

327
00:16:18,800 --> 00:16:21,300
by Hephaestus to observe his 
wife's disloyalty. 

328
00:16:21,300 --> 00:16:23,900
The goddess is remained at home 
in embarrassment. 

329
00:16:23,900 --> 00:16:28,200
While the male Gods came to gaze
and chuckle the entire incident 

330
00:16:28,200 --> 00:16:30,800
showed that even Divine beings 
could suffer public humiliation 

331
00:16:30,800 --> 00:16:33,700
comparable to that of 
contemporary social media 

332
00:16:33,700 --> 00:16:36,900
scandals, Greek mythologies. 
Most well known Tales are the 

333
00:16:36,908 --> 00:16:41,300
result of Aphrodite meddling in 
Mortal Affairs, Aphrodite Paris 

334
00:16:41,300 --> 00:16:44,000
of Troy with the love of Helen 
who was already married to 

335
00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:47,500
Menelaus of Sparta starting the 
Trojan War, which claimed 

336
00:16:47,500 --> 00:16:49,200
thousands of lives and 
destroyed. 

337
00:16:49,200 --> 00:16:52,400
One of the greatest cities in 
Antiquity, paris's choice of 

338
00:16:52,400 --> 00:16:56,400
Aphrodite is offer over here and
Athena's Alternatives set off a 

339
00:16:56,400 --> 00:16:59,300
series of events that would 
change the ancient world and 

340
00:16:59,300 --> 00:17:01,700
Inspire epic poetry for 
centuries to come. 

341
00:17:01,700 --> 00:17:04,500
Additionally, the goddess was 
skilled at fabricating and 

342
00:17:04,500 --> 00:17:08,200
probable romantic scenarios. 
She caused King Minos of Crete's

343
00:17:08,200 --> 00:17:11,400
wife, passe to fall in love with
a bull, which resulted in the 

344
00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:13,800
creation of the Minotaur and the
requirement for a complex 

345
00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:16,900
Labyrinth to keep the beast in. 
Check she made mirror fall in 

346
00:17:16,900 --> 00:17:19,800
love with Her own father which 
led to a family Scandal that 

347
00:17:19,800 --> 00:17:22,800
even the gods found awkward and 
the birth of a Donis, she 

348
00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:25,500
inspired the sculpting male to 
fall in love with his own 

349
00:17:25,500 --> 00:17:27,900
statue. 
But in that instance, she felt 

350
00:17:27,900 --> 00:17:31,000
sorry for him and made the 
Statue come to life as galatia. 

351
00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:34,400
Aphrodite is approached to her 
Divine duties, was exemplified 

352
00:17:34,400 --> 00:17:37,500
by these interventions. 
She felt that love was the most 

353
00:17:37,500 --> 00:17:40,800
potent force in the universe and
that everyone should experience 

354
00:17:40,800 --> 00:17:42,800
it. 
Regardless of whether they 

355
00:17:42,800 --> 00:17:47,100
desired, it were prepared for it
or could bear its consequences. 

356
00:17:47,100 --> 00:17:50,400
A gift of love was like getting 
a wild animal as a pet. 

357
00:17:50,408 --> 00:17:54,600
Beautiful, thrilling and able to
ruin your entire life. 

358
00:17:54,600 --> 00:17:58,400
If you don't treat it with the 
respect it deserves, Aphrodite 

359
00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:00,700
is meddling in their Affairs 
taught the other gods to be 

360
00:18:00,700 --> 00:18:03,300
cautious. 
She was not above using her to 

361
00:18:03,300 --> 00:18:06,100
settle scores, or further her 
own agenda, and she could make 

362
00:18:06,100 --> 00:18:09,500
them fall in love with Mortals 
with the other, or with totally 

363
00:18:09,500 --> 00:18:12,600
inappropriate targets. 
The last things used needed was 

364
00:18:12,600 --> 00:18:15,800
for hero to have Divine help. 
Complicate, his already complex,

365
00:18:15,800 --> 00:18:18,300
love life. 
So even he was cautious, not to 

366
00:18:18,300 --> 00:18:21,300
offend his daughter too much. 
Despite his own difficult 

367
00:18:21,300 --> 00:18:24,000
relationship. 
With Fidelity Hermes approached,

368
00:18:24,000 --> 00:18:25,500
godhood. 
Like someone attempting to 

369
00:18:25,500 --> 00:18:28,900
construct, the perfect resume 
whereas his fellow Olympians 

370
00:18:28,900 --> 00:18:32,700
focused on specific facets of 
divine responsibility, despite 

371
00:18:32,700 --> 00:18:35,600
having more job titles than a 
contemporary startup CEO. 

372
00:18:35,600 --> 00:18:38,200
Hermes was able to excel at all 
of them. 

373
00:18:38,200 --> 00:18:43,100
Messenger of the Gods Guide to 
the underworld hat of merchants 

374
00:18:43,100 --> 00:18:46,900
protector of Travelers and 
divine sponsor of Thieves 

375
00:18:46,900 --> 00:18:50,600
Hermes, adaptability resulted 
from both necessity, and his 

376
00:18:50,600 --> 00:18:54,000
personality being Zeus's 
youngest son, he had to 

377
00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:57,300
establish his own place in a 
Pantheon, or is older more. 

378
00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:00,300
Published relatives had already 
claimed all the evident Divine 

379
00:19:00,300 --> 00:19:03,100
portfolios, being the god. 
You called, when you needed 

380
00:19:03,100 --> 00:19:06,700
something done, fast, quietly, 
or creatively was his answer to 

381
00:19:06,708 --> 00:19:09,600
becoming indispensable to 
everyone, both Divine and 

382
00:19:09,600 --> 00:19:12,600
Mortal, his position, as a 
Divine messenger, demanded 

383
00:19:12,600 --> 00:19:16,100
diplomatic abilities that would 
stump experts in contemporary 

384
00:19:16,100 --> 00:19:20,100
international relations, Hermes 
frequently, mediated truces in 

385
00:19:20,100 --> 00:19:22,900
Wars, where both sides viewed 
compromises, a sign of weakness 

386
00:19:22,900 --> 00:19:26,200
delivered news that would have 
made recipients want to shoot 

387
00:19:26,200 --> 00:19:30,000
the messenger except that he was
a mortal and Incredibly Swift. 

388
00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:34,300
And carried messages between 
Gods, who actively attempting to

389
00:19:34,300 --> 00:19:36,500
kill one another. 
The sporting souls to the 

390
00:19:36,500 --> 00:19:39,300
underworld was another of the 
messenger Gods responsibilities.

391
00:19:39,300 --> 00:19:43,100
This task called for a special 
blend of efficiency and empathy 

392
00:19:43,100 --> 00:19:46,600
without becoming overly invested
in each person's unique story, 

393
00:19:46,600 --> 00:19:49,700
Hermes had to assist recently 
deceased Mortals in 

394
00:19:49,700 --> 00:19:52,900
comprehending, their predicament
navigating, the formalities of 

395
00:19:52,900 --> 00:19:56,700
death, and transporting them to 
their ultimate destinations with

396
00:19:56,700 --> 00:19:59,900
a path that Ended from Earth to 
the lowest reaches of Hades. 

397
00:19:59,900 --> 00:20:03,800
It was similar to being a cosmic
social worker Hermes recognized 

398
00:20:03,800 --> 00:20:06,500
that last knee and commerce were
frequently separated by little 

399
00:20:06,500 --> 00:20:08,800
more than legal nuances, and 
clever marketing. 

400
00:20:09,700 --> 00:20:13,100
Which is why he supported both 
thieves and Merchants the 

401
00:20:13,100 --> 00:20:14,900
skills. 
Necessary for ancient trades 

402
00:20:14,900 --> 00:20:18,300
such as the ability to quickly 
determine value, negotiate under

403
00:20:18,300 --> 00:20:20,500
pressure and occasionally make 
quick exits. 

404
00:20:20,500 --> 00:20:23,500
When deals went wrong were very 
similar to those needed for 

405
00:20:23,500 --> 00:20:26,000
theft though. 
He favored his Protege to 

406
00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:28,800
concentrate on the former 
whenever feasible Herm is 

407
00:20:28,800 --> 00:20:31,600
recognized, the entrepreneurial 
Spirit inherent in both legal 

408
00:20:31,600 --> 00:20:35,600
business and creative theft 
since travel was risky uncertain

409
00:20:35,600 --> 00:20:39,200
and necessary for survival. 
In those days, he was one of the

410
00:20:39,200 --> 00:20:42,100
most widely worshiped gods in 
Antiquity for protecting 

411
00:20:42,100 --> 00:20:44,300
Travelers prayers. 
To Hermes, could mean the 

412
00:20:44,300 --> 00:20:47,500
difference between arriving at 
your destination and becoming a 

413
00:20:47,500 --> 00:20:49,400
cautionary tale for future 
Travelers. 

414
00:20:49,400 --> 00:20:53,500
His symbols, also indicated safe
logging and trusted Merchants. 

415
00:20:53,500 --> 00:20:57,800
Hermes is roadside shrines 
marked, safe, places to rest the

416
00:20:57,800 --> 00:21:00,200
gods creativity. 
Went beyond his work obligations

417
00:21:00,200 --> 00:21:03,400
to include his Hobbies after 
transforming a tortoise shell 

418
00:21:03,400 --> 00:21:07,000
into a musical instrument 
Hermes, created the liar, and 

419
00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:10,000
gave it to Apollo in return for 
being acknowledged as the Find 

420
00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:13,300
patron of animal husbandry, in 
addition, to creating the first 

421
00:21:13,300 --> 00:21:16,300
alphabet, and the panpipes. 
He also set the rules for 

422
00:21:16,300 --> 00:21:18,800
athletic competitions. 
Like someone who viewed 

423
00:21:18,800 --> 00:21:21,400
immortality as a chance to 
become an expert in every 

424
00:21:21,400 --> 00:21:24,700
possible skill and Pastime. 
His Creative Energy seemed 

425
00:21:24,700 --> 00:21:28,100
Limitless because of his many 
roles that kept him busy and on 

426
00:21:28,100 --> 00:21:31,100
the road as well, as the fact 
that he had mastered, the art of

427
00:21:31,108 --> 00:21:34,500
remaining impartial in family 
disputes, Hermes is relationship

428
00:21:34,500 --> 00:21:37,300
with his family, was noticeably 
more harmonious than most 

429
00:21:37,300 --> 00:21:39,800
Olympic relationships in 
general. 

430
00:21:39,800 --> 00:21:42,600
He was the family member who 
could be relied upon, not to 

431
00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:46,400
exacerbate already, existing 
issues mediated compromises that

432
00:21:46,400 --> 00:21:49,900
allowed everyone to save face 
and conveyed messages between 

433
00:21:49,900 --> 00:21:52,000
warring relatives without taking
sides. 

434
00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:55,300
Perhaps, because he was too busy
to become deeply involved in the

435
00:21:55,300 --> 00:21:57,800
kind of dramatic relationships 
that took up so much of his 

436
00:21:57,800 --> 00:22:00,200
family's time. 
His romantic life was 

437
00:22:00,200 --> 00:22:03,100
surprisingly simple. 
In comparison to theirs all 

438
00:22:03,100 --> 00:22:05,800
though, Hermes had relationships
and Affairs, they were usually 

439
00:22:05,800 --> 00:22:09,000
short-lived Pleasant and devoid 
of the curses. 

440
00:22:09,500 --> 00:22:12,700
Metamorphoses and natural 
catastrophes, that marked other 

441
00:22:12,700 --> 00:22:16,300
Divine romances, Demeter, was 
arguably, the most useful and 

442
00:22:16,300 --> 00:22:17,700
necessary of all the Olympic 
Gods. 

443
00:22:17,700 --> 00:22:21,200
She governed whether people ate 
or starved, whether crops 

444
00:22:21,200 --> 00:22:24,900
thrived or failed, and whether 
civilization survived or fell 

445
00:22:24,900 --> 00:22:27,500
apart due to famine as the 
goddess of agriculture, the 

446
00:22:27,500 --> 00:22:29,600
Harvest and the fertility of the
earth. 

447
00:22:29,600 --> 00:22:32,400
She was one of the more steady 
independable members of the 

448
00:22:32,400 --> 00:22:35,100
pantheon because of her work, 
which required patience 

449
00:22:35,100 --> 00:22:38,400
attention to detail and a 
thorough, understanding of 

450
00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:40,900
natural cycles Demeter. 
Took her Heavenly 

451
00:22:40,900 --> 00:22:43,900
responsibility. 
Seriously, as if she knew that 

452
00:22:43,900 --> 00:22:47,600
her actions had a direct impact 
on millions of lives with the 

453
00:22:47,608 --> 00:22:50,400
commitment of a scientist and 
the power of someone, who could 

454
00:22:50,400 --> 00:22:53,800
personally modify these 
variables when needed, She kept 

455
00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:57,400
an eye on plant diseases, where 
the patterns and soil conditions

456
00:22:57,400 --> 00:23:00,500
because Demeter's mood could 
affect whether their family 

457
00:23:00,500 --> 00:23:03,800
survive, the winter Farmers, 
learned to keep an eye out for 

458
00:23:03,800 --> 00:23:05,800
indications of her favor or 
disapproval. 

459
00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:09,000
In contrast to some of her 
relatives who appear to see 

460
00:23:09,000 --> 00:23:12,400
humans, mainly as Amusement. 
She had a generally positive 

461
00:23:12,400 --> 00:23:15,400
relationship with Mortals 
Demeter established, the 

462
00:23:15,400 --> 00:23:18,200
religious festivals that enabled
communities to commemorate 

463
00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:21,100
Bountiful harvests while 
preparing for the upcoming. 

464
00:23:21,100 --> 00:23:25,100
Lean months, taught agriculture 
to early civilization and 

465
00:23:25,100 --> 00:23:28,100
imparted the knowledge of bread 
making and food preservation. 

466
00:23:28,100 --> 00:23:31,200
She was the type of goddess who 
genuinely wished for her 

467
00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:34,000
followers to succeed and was 
prepared to put in the effort 

468
00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:37,600
necessary to achieve that goal. 
The trauma of losing her 

469
00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:39,600
daughter. 
Persephone was exacerbated by 

470
00:23:39,600 --> 00:23:43,500
this pragmatic caring approach. 
The story started, when Hades 

471
00:23:43,500 --> 00:23:46,300
decided he needed a wife because
he was lonely in his underworld 

472
00:23:46,300 --> 00:23:49,000
Kingdom and sick of ruling over 
the dead alone. 

473
00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:52,000
Hades, simply abducted, 
Persephone as she was gathering 

474
00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:55,000
flowers in a meadow and dragged 
her down to his realm through a 

475
00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:57,600
fissure in the ground. 
By passing the intricate 

476
00:23:57,600 --> 00:23:59,400
courtship rights. 
That other gods had to go 

477
00:23:59,400 --> 00:24:01,300
through when her daughter 
vanished. 

478
00:24:01,300 --> 00:24:03,400
Demeter's response was prompt 
and decisive. 

479
00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:07,400
She neglected, the crops the 
seasons, and the whole natural 

480
00:24:07,400 --> 00:24:08,800
cycle, that kept the world 
running. 

481
00:24:08,800 --> 00:24:11,800
As she turned her back on her 
Divine duties, and started 

482
00:24:11,800 --> 00:24:13,200
looking for Persephone on the 
earth. 

483
00:24:13,200 --> 00:24:17,100
Fruit trees, withered Fields, 
went arid and the planet 

484
00:24:17,100 --> 00:24:18,900
entered. 
What was effectively the first 

485
00:24:18,900 --> 00:24:23,500
nuclear winter only this time 
aging mother with supernatural 

486
00:24:23,500 --> 00:24:26,900
abilities was to blame rather 
than Atomic Fallout, the 

487
00:24:26,900 --> 00:24:30,000
goddess, followed every room and
possibility as she searched the 

488
00:24:30,000 --> 00:24:33,100
known world and Beyond while 
living among Mortals, and 

489
00:24:33,100 --> 00:24:36,000
disguising herself as an elderly
woman, she witnessed their 

490
00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:38,100
cruel. 
And kindness first hand and 

491
00:24:38,100 --> 00:24:39,800
never gave up on finding her 
daughter. 

492
00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:43,100
Nothing could grow while Demeter
was in mourning because I grief 

493
00:24:43,100 --> 00:24:46,200
was so deep that it impacted the
very nature of fertility and 

494
00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:47,900
growth. 
The other gods realized they 

495
00:24:47,900 --> 00:24:50,400
were facing a crisis. 
When famine swept the planet and

496
00:24:50,400 --> 00:24:54,100
Mortal started to perish from 
starvation, empty temples do not

497
00:24:54,108 --> 00:24:57,200
produce the ore and adoration 
that God's need for their mental

498
00:24:57,200 --> 00:25:00,200
health and dead worshipers, do 
not offer sacrifices. 

499
00:25:00,200 --> 00:25:03,100
When it became evident that 
Demeter's, labor strike would 

500
00:25:03,100 --> 00:25:05,600
bring civilization to an end 
unless something was done. 

501
00:25:06,300 --> 00:25:08,900
Zeus who had previously ignored 
the issue in the hopes that it 

502
00:25:08,900 --> 00:25:12,300
would end on its own was 
compelled to step in a delicate 

503
00:25:12,300 --> 00:25:14,400
diplomatic issue. 
Confronted the king of the Gods 

504
00:25:14,400 --> 00:25:18,100
since the underworld was Hades 
Sovereign territory, and forcing

505
00:25:18,100 --> 00:25:20,500
him to give up his bride would 
set a precedent that might 

506
00:25:20,500 --> 00:25:22,700
restrict Zeus's own romantic 
Adventures. 

507
00:25:22,700 --> 00:25:26,900
He couldn't just order Hades to 
return Persephone since Demeter 

508
00:25:26,900 --> 00:25:30,000
had justifiable complaints and 
the other gods were beginning to

509
00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:32,700
feel sorry for her. 
He was unable to order her to 

510
00:25:32,700 --> 00:25:35,600
return to her duties. 
He required a solution that 

511
00:25:35,600 --> 00:25:39,000
would save face for all parties 
while also satisfying, everyone 

512
00:25:39,000 --> 00:25:41,800
Zeus despatched. 
Hermes to bargain, with Hades 

513
00:25:41,800 --> 00:25:45,000
proposing to acknowledge the 
Union in return for Stephanie's 

514
00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:48,100
Liberty to visit, her mother 
Hades consented, but only on the

515
00:25:48,108 --> 00:25:50,600
Proviso that anyone who ate in 
the realm of the Dead would 

516
00:25:50,600 --> 00:25:54,100
never return their because 
Persephone pomegranate seeds 

517
00:25:54,100 --> 00:25:56,800
while in the Underworld, the 
compromise reached during the 

518
00:25:56,800 --> 00:25:59,100
negotiations. 
Gave everyone a sense of partial

519
00:25:59,100 --> 00:26:02,700
success, but did not fully 
satisfy anyone every year. 

520
00:26:02,700 --> 00:26:05,500
Persephone would spend some time
with her mother on Earth and 

521
00:26:05,500 --> 00:26:08,600
sometime with In the Underworld 
only when her daughter was 

522
00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:10,700
present with Demeter return to 
her duties. 

523
00:26:10,700 --> 00:26:14,500
The arrangement established, the
seasons ottoman winter, when 

524
00:26:14,500 --> 00:26:17,400
Persephone returned to Hades and
Demeter sorrow, put the world to

525
00:26:17,400 --> 00:26:22,000
rest and spring and summer when 
Persephone returned to Earth and

526
00:26:22,000 --> 00:26:25,100
Demeter's happiness, caused 
everything to bloom because of 

527
00:26:25,100 --> 00:26:27,100
her exceptional. 
Blend of military skill and 

528
00:26:27,100 --> 00:26:30,700
intellectual prowess Athena 
stood Out Among the 12 Olympians

529
00:26:30,700 --> 00:26:34,400
as a goddess of war and wisdom. 
She stood for the deliberate 

530
00:26:34,400 --> 00:26:38,300
calculated approach to fighting 
as a violent Mayhem, that 

531
00:26:38,300 --> 00:26:41,900
defined her half-brother Ari's 
realm Athena stood for the 

532
00:26:41,900 --> 00:26:45,600
strategy tactics and strategic 
application of force that could 

533
00:26:45,600 --> 00:26:47,500
win conflicts with the fewest 
possible. 

534
00:26:47,500 --> 00:26:50,800
Casualties, while Aries, 
symbolized, the heedless rage 

535
00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:54,700
and bloodlust of combat. 
A peculiar birth emerging fully 

536
00:26:54,700 --> 00:26:57,400
developed an armed from Zeus's 
head after he ingested her 

537
00:26:57,400 --> 00:27:00,800
pregnant mother, Represented the
kind of instantaneous 

538
00:27:00,800 --> 00:27:03,900
comprehensive knowledge that 
defined her method of 

539
00:27:03,908 --> 00:27:06,900
problem-solving in contrast to 
other gods who acquired 

540
00:27:06,900 --> 00:27:09,700
knowledge through experience or 
gradually improve their skills. 

541
00:27:10,500 --> 00:27:14,000
Athena came into being fully in 
control of her Realms and aware 

542
00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:16,900
of the ways in which war and 
wisdom could work in tandem. 

543
00:27:16,900 --> 00:27:20,300
Athena's, wisdom was useful 
actionable intelligence. 

544
00:27:20,300 --> 00:27:23,800
That could be used to solve 
actual issues, not the abstract 

545
00:27:23,800 --> 00:27:26,600
philosophical, kind that is 
discussed in academic settings, 

546
00:27:26,600 --> 00:27:29,800
by teaching Mortals, how to make
better tools, stronger, 

547
00:27:29,800 --> 00:27:33,000
buildings and innovations that 
enhance their daily lives. 

548
00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:36,800
She Rose to become the patroness
of craftsmanship, architecture 

549
00:27:36,800 --> 00:27:39,800
and Technology. 
Her contributions to humanity 

550
00:27:39,800 --> 00:27:42,700
were practical abilities that 
enabled civilization, rather 

551
00:27:42,700 --> 00:27:46,100
than impersonal ideas. 
This practical wisdom was 

552
00:27:46,100 --> 00:27:49,800
reflected in her approach to 
Warfare Athena favorite tactics 

553
00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:52,900
that won battles with few 
resources and casualties or as 

554
00:27:52,908 --> 00:27:55,800
Aries favored direct conflict 
and over Force. 

555
00:27:55,800 --> 00:27:58,300
She was the goddess. 
You prayed to when you had to 

556
00:27:58,300 --> 00:28:01,900
defeat a stronger foe, defend 
your city against insurmountable

557
00:28:01,900 --> 00:28:06,300
odds or win by cunning rather 
than Brute Force, Athena 

558
00:28:06,300 --> 00:28:08,900
strategic thinking was 
exemplified by her competition 

559
00:28:08,900 --> 00:28:11,000
with Poseidon for the patronage 
of Athens. 

560
00:28:11,700 --> 00:28:14,100
Both gods were asked to present 
gifts that would help the 

561
00:28:14,100 --> 00:28:17,300
populace when the city needed, a
patron, deity, impressive, 

562
00:28:17,300 --> 00:28:20,200
dramatic, and ultimately 
pointless for a city that 

563
00:28:20,200 --> 00:28:23,700
already had access to the Sea 
Poseidon, struck the ground with

564
00:28:23,700 --> 00:28:25,900
his Trident and created a spring
of saltwater. 

565
00:28:25,900 --> 00:28:29,100
By planting an olive. 
Tree Athena gave the city access

566
00:28:29,100 --> 00:28:32,400
to food, lamp oil, building 
materials, and a sustainable 

567
00:28:32,400 --> 00:28:34,400
resource that would last for 
many generations. 

568
00:28:34,400 --> 00:28:37,800
The Athenian selected Athena's 
gift because they understood 

569
00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:39,800
that its usefulness. 
Outweighed ostentatious 

570
00:28:39,800 --> 00:28:42,500
displays. 
This Choice made Athens, a hub 

571
00:28:42,500 --> 00:28:46,800
of knowledge, wisdom and 
strategic thinking values that 

572
00:28:46,808 --> 00:28:49,200
would go on to produce some of 
the greatest philosophers 

573
00:28:49,200 --> 00:28:52,100
Architects and Military 
commanders in history. 

574
00:28:52,100 --> 00:28:56,300
Long after faith, in the ancient
gods had waned Athens in 

575
00:28:56,308 --> 00:29:01,000
Florence continued to shape the 
city's personality Served as an 

576
00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:03,900
example of how Divine wisdom 
could impact mortal conflicts 

577
00:29:03,900 --> 00:29:07,100
during the Trojan War Athena 
sided with the Greeks because 

578
00:29:07,100 --> 00:29:09,800
she thought they embodied the 
values of tactical Innovation 

579
00:29:09,800 --> 00:29:13,600
and strategic thinking that she 
valued while other gods made 

580
00:29:13,600 --> 00:29:16,400
their decisions based on 
personal preferences or familial

581
00:29:16,400 --> 00:29:18,800
allegiances. 
She helped create the Trojan 

582
00:29:18,800 --> 00:29:21,900
Horse strategy that ultimately 
put an end to the 10-year Siege 

583
00:29:21,900 --> 00:29:25,100
and gave advice to Heroes, like 
Odysseus who approached 

584
00:29:25,100 --> 00:29:28,400
obstacles with cunning rather 
than force compared to other 

585
00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:30,100
gods. 
Athena had very different 

586
00:29:30,100 --> 00:29:32,800
relationships. 
With Mortals, Athena established

587
00:29:32,800 --> 00:29:36,200
mentoring relationships, based 
on respect for one another and a

588
00:29:36,200 --> 00:29:39,000
common interest in ideas as 
opposed to the intense 

589
00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:41,300
frequently destructive romantic 
entanglements. 

590
00:29:41,300 --> 00:29:44,200
The defined her relatives 
interactions with humans. 

591
00:29:44,200 --> 00:29:47,200
She inspired inventors to 
develop new technologies 

592
00:29:47,200 --> 00:29:50,800
mentored Artisans to hone their 
craft and Council military 

593
00:29:50,800 --> 00:29:53,200
leaders on tactics to safeguard 
their troops. 

594
00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:55,900
She made a philosophical 
statement about the nature of 

595
00:29:55,900 --> 00:29:59,500
wisdom by choosing to remain a 
virgin forever Athena was aware,

596
00:29:59,500 --> 00:30:02,800
that ROM Relationships 
frequently, weaken, judgment and

597
00:30:02,800 --> 00:30:06,300
calls loyalties to be split 
traits that were incompatible 

598
00:30:06,300 --> 00:30:09,300
with the rational thought, 
necessary for both wisdom and 

599
00:30:09,300 --> 00:30:12,000
successful combat. 
She was able to maintain the 

600
00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:15,000
objectively required to base 
decisions on Merit, rather than 

601
00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:19,100
Emotion by staying unattached. 
When disputes arose between 

602
00:30:19,100 --> 00:30:22,700
Mortals and other gods, the 
goddess also acted as a Divine 

603
00:30:22,700 --> 00:30:26,200
mediator, she was uniquely 
suited to comprehend both sides 

604
00:30:26,200 --> 00:30:28,100
of arguments and come up with 
solutions. 

605
00:30:28,100 --> 00:30:31,600
That met everyone's justifiable 
interests while averting 

606
00:30:31,600 --> 00:30:35,500
needless violence because of her
wisdom and fighting prowess. 

607
00:30:35,500 --> 00:30:38,400
Not only could she help you win 
but she could do so without 

608
00:30:38,400 --> 00:30:41,800
causing you any new issues which
made her the god you wanted on 

609
00:30:41,800 --> 00:30:45,600
your side, Apollo exemplified 
Divine multitasking on a scale 

610
00:30:45,600 --> 00:30:47,900
that would impress contemporary 
productivity experts. 

611
00:30:47,900 --> 00:30:51,900
If Athena stood for focused 
expertise as the god of the son 

612
00:30:51,900 --> 00:30:56,300
music, poetry prophecy healing 
and archery Apollo oversaw 

613
00:30:56,300 --> 00:30:58,500
duties, that would have 
overwhelmed many other gods 

614
00:30:58,500 --> 00:31:01,500
while upholding standards of 
excellence the established 

615
00:31:01,500 --> 00:31:05,000
benchmarks for Mortals in each 
of these domains driving the sun

616
00:31:05,000 --> 00:31:07,700
across the sky every day. 
Required a level of consistency 

617
00:31:07,700 --> 00:31:10,800
and punctuality that would be 
difficult for anyone. 

618
00:31:10,800 --> 00:31:14,200
Juggling a cosmic commute, he 
ensured that daylight reached 

619
00:31:14,200 --> 00:31:17,600
every corner of the Earth at the
right time and intensity by. 

620
00:31:17,800 --> 00:31:21,300
Tying his Chariot to four fire 
breathing horses and driving 

621
00:31:21,300 --> 00:31:24,800
across the heavens every morning
because the entire natural world

622
00:31:24,800 --> 00:31:28,400
relied on his dependability, it 
was a duty that did not permit 

623
00:31:28,400 --> 00:31:31,400
sick days vacation time or the 
opportunity to sleep in. 

624
00:31:32,300 --> 00:31:34,600
He became the first crossover 
artists in history. 

625
00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:38,200
Thanks to his musical abilities.
Apollo was more than just a 

626
00:31:38,200 --> 00:31:40,400
musician. 
He created musical, instruments 

627
00:31:40,400 --> 00:31:43,800
established, the concepts of 
Rhythm and Harmony and served as

628
00:31:43,808 --> 00:31:47,200
an inspiration to his fellow 
gods and Mortal musicians, his 

629
00:31:47,200 --> 00:31:50,100
musical contest established, the
bar for artistic Brilliance, 

630
00:31:50,100 --> 00:31:52,800
that mortal musicians would aim 
to reach for centuries. 

631
00:31:52,800 --> 00:31:55,100
And his liar. 
Became the standard instrument 

632
00:31:55,100 --> 00:31:58,300
for divine performance is poetry
that was both entertaining. 

633
00:31:58,300 --> 00:32:00,900
And prophetic was produced by 
the gods, through a combination 

634
00:32:00,900 --> 00:32:03,000
of technical skill and divine 
inspiration. 

635
00:32:03,000 --> 00:32:06,800
In addition to telling tales and
expressing feelings Apollo's, 

636
00:32:06,800 --> 00:32:10,100
poetry also offered moral 
advice, disclosed future 

637
00:32:10,100 --> 00:32:12,900
realities and preserve the 
cultural knowledge that 

638
00:32:12,900 --> 00:32:16,700
societies required to endure and
Thrive his impact on Mortal 

639
00:32:16,700 --> 00:32:19,900
poets was so great that 
inspiration itself, came to be 

640
00:32:19,900 --> 00:32:23,000
seen as a sign of divine 
possession by Apollo or his 

641
00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:26,200
muses. 
The most significant source of 

642
00:32:26,208 --> 00:32:29,100
prophetic guidance. 
In ancient Greece was Apollo's 

643
00:32:29,100 --> 00:32:32,400
Oracle at Delphi Apollo's 
Priestess pythia, gave 

644
00:32:32,400 --> 00:32:35,600
prophecies that affected. 
Greek politics colonization war 

645
00:32:35,600 --> 00:32:39,100
and Private Affairs city-states 
sought advice before founding 

646
00:32:39,100 --> 00:32:42,700
new colonies, individuals sorted
on, everything from Marriage, 

647
00:32:42,700 --> 00:32:46,100
prospects to career choices, and
King sought the Oracle before 

648
00:32:46,100 --> 00:32:49,200
making important decisions, the 
oracles predictions were 

649
00:32:49,200 --> 00:32:52,500
renowned for being cryptic, 
necessitating interpretation 

650
00:32:52,500 --> 00:32:55,200
that frequently became clear 
only after the events had taken 

651
00:32:55,200 --> 00:32:57,200
place. 
This ambiguity was a 

652
00:32:57,200 --> 00:33:00,000
characteristic that represented 
Apollo's view of the proper 

653
00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:02,900
operation of Prophecy, not a 
weakness in the system. 

654
00:33:03,700 --> 00:33:06,900
Free Will and the lessons that 
Mortals needed to learn via 

655
00:33:06,900 --> 00:33:09,600
experience would be eliminated 
by direct predictions. 

656
00:33:09,600 --> 00:33:12,200
While maintaining the 
flexibility to make decisions 

657
00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:14,700
and grow from them. 
Cryptic guidance offered 

658
00:33:14,700 --> 00:33:18,300
guidance because of his 
expertise in medicine Apollo was

659
00:33:18,308 --> 00:33:21,000
able to both cause and cure 
plagues making him. 

660
00:33:21,000 --> 00:33:24,200
The Divine physician Apollo's 
arrows have the power to spread 

661
00:33:24,200 --> 00:33:26,200
disease that wiped out entire 
populations. 

662
00:33:26,200 --> 00:33:29,600
When Mortals offended him or 
other gods, he could heal wounds

663
00:33:29,600 --> 00:33:32,600
Holt epidemics and in part 
medical knowledge to Mortals. 

664
00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:33,900
So they could take care of 
themselves. 

665
00:33:33,900 --> 00:33:36,700
If he was duly honored and 
placated, the Greek 

666
00:33:36,700 --> 00:33:38,900
understanding that Health 
depended on upholding 

667
00:33:38,900 --> 00:33:42,500
appropriate, relationships, with
Divine forces, was reflected in 

668
00:33:42,500 --> 00:33:45,500
his dual role as both the cause 
and the Cure of illness. 

669
00:33:45,500 --> 00:33:47,900
Even among the gods. 
His archery prowess was 

670
00:33:47,900 --> 00:33:51,100
legendary fusing Supernatural 
accuracy with physical 

671
00:33:51,100 --> 00:33:53,500
dexterity. 
Whether he was hunting, wild 

672
00:33:53,500 --> 00:33:56,900
animals reprimanding Mortals who
had wronged him or engaging in 

673
00:33:56,900 --> 00:34:00,300
competition with other archers 
Apollo's, arrows, never fail to 

674
00:34:00,300 --> 00:34:02,900
hit their targets. 
He was the patron deity of 

675
00:34:02,900 --> 00:34:04,600
athletes. 
And competitors, who aimed for 

676
00:34:04,600 --> 00:34:07,300
flawless performance, because 
his skill with the bow 

677
00:34:07,300 --> 00:34:10,400
represented, the accuracy and 
concentration needed for success

678
00:34:10,400 --> 00:34:14,100
in any Endeavor, despite his 
Divine status and impressive 

679
00:34:14,100 --> 00:34:17,300
array of talents Apollo's 
romantic relationships were 

680
00:34:17,300 --> 00:34:20,600
notably unsuccessful. 
When Daphne changed into a 

681
00:34:20,600 --> 00:34:23,500
laurel tree to get away from 
him, he stopped pursuing her 

682
00:34:23,500 --> 00:34:26,699
Apollo, cursed Cassandra because
she had promised to be his lover

683
00:34:26,699 --> 00:34:28,699
in exchange for the gift of 
Prophecy. 

684
00:34:29,500 --> 00:34:31,699
But she had broken the 
agreement, making her 

685
00:34:31,699 --> 00:34:33,100
predictions. 
Unbelievable. 

686
00:34:33,100 --> 00:34:36,100
He became more understanding of 
Mortals going through similar 

687
00:34:36,100 --> 00:34:38,000
struggles. 
After learning from these failed

688
00:34:38,000 --> 00:34:40,500
relationships. 
That even Divine Perfection 

689
00:34:40,500 --> 00:34:43,600
couldn't ensure love success, 
Artemis, chose a path that 

690
00:34:43,600 --> 00:34:47,000
valued, Solitude Independence 
and the wild places that existed

691
00:34:47,000 --> 00:34:50,300
outside of human civilization 
while her twin brother, Apollo 

692
00:34:50,300 --> 00:34:53,199
embraced, the public aspects of 
godhood with its contests 

693
00:34:53,199 --> 00:34:56,900
oracles and constant interaction
with Mortals. 

694
00:34:56,900 --> 00:35:00,300
Like a cosmic mashup of 
wilderness guide and emergency 

695
00:35:00,300 --> 00:35:02,700
room directors. 
She carved out a Divine 

696
00:35:02,700 --> 00:35:05,000
identity. 
As the goddess of the hunt, the 

697
00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:09,300
moon and childbirth one, that 
was both nurturing and fiercely 

698
00:35:09,300 --> 00:35:12,300
protected Artemis made of 
philosophical statement about 

699
00:35:12,300 --> 00:35:15,400
autonomy in self-determination 
when she chose to remain 

700
00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:19,300
eternally virgin in addition to 
it, being a personal choice, as 

701
00:35:19,300 --> 00:35:22,000
a young girl, she begged, Zeus 
to give her Chastity for all the

702
00:35:22,008 --> 00:35:25,800
eternity as well as a bow and 
arrows a pack of hunting hounds 

703
00:35:25,800 --> 00:35:27,400
and a group of nymphs to be her 
friends. 

704
00:35:27,400 --> 00:35:31,200
It was akin to requesting the 
Deal feminist starter kit which 

705
00:35:31,200 --> 00:35:34,300
included weapons devoted 
Companions and the absence of 

706
00:35:34,308 --> 00:35:37,500
romantic complications her. 
Hunting Expeditions through the 

707
00:35:37,508 --> 00:35:40,300
ancient world's mountains and 
forests, were renowned for their

708
00:35:40,300 --> 00:35:43,200
accuracy and efficiency. 
Artemis hunted to keep the 

709
00:35:43,200 --> 00:35:46,800
balance between civilization and
Wilderness ensuring that wild 

710
00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:49,800
animals remained wild while 
safeguarding human settlements 

711
00:35:49,800 --> 00:35:52,000
from creatures that posed real 
threats. 

712
00:35:52,700 --> 00:35:55,400
She did not hunt for fun or to 
collect trophies. 

713
00:35:55,400 --> 00:35:58,600
She was the patroness of moral 
Hunters because our arrows were 

714
00:35:58,600 --> 00:36:01,900
quick and kind made to kill 
cleanly and without needless 

715
00:36:01,900 --> 00:36:04,900
suffering, one of the most 
effective incidents of female, 

716
00:36:04,900 --> 00:36:08,300
camaraderie and supported in 
mythology was the goddesses bond

717
00:36:08,300 --> 00:36:11,300
with her nymphs. 
These nature Spirits formed a 

718
00:36:11,300 --> 00:36:13,800
community that functioned 
without the consent or authority

719
00:36:13,800 --> 00:36:18,300
of men, having the same vow of 
Chastity as their mistress with 

720
00:36:18,300 --> 00:36:20,900
the effectiveness of an 
old-fashioned security detail. 

721
00:36:20,900 --> 00:36:23,900
They hunted traveled and 
defended one another from 

722
00:36:23,900 --> 00:36:27,600
unwelcome romantic advances. 
This selected family was 

723
00:36:27,600 --> 00:36:30,600
completely and frequently 
brutally protected by Artemis 

724
00:36:30,600 --> 00:36:33,200
acteon. 
The hunter was killed by his own

725
00:36:33,200 --> 00:36:35,700
hunting dogs after she changed 
to him into a stag when he 

726
00:36:35,700 --> 00:36:39,500
unintentionally witnessed her 
bathing, This punishment made it

727
00:36:39,508 --> 00:36:43,000
very evident that privacy and 
consent should be respected in 

728
00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:45,100
order to prove that intelligence
could overcome physical 

729
00:36:45,100 --> 00:36:47,400
strength. 
Artemis deceive the giant 

730
00:36:47,400 --> 00:36:49,600
Hunters Otis. 
And if Yates into killing each 

731
00:36:49,600 --> 00:36:51,900
other with their own Spears, 
when they tried to take her and 

732
00:36:51,900 --> 00:36:55,300
hear her as wives, her status, 
as a virgin, was interestingly 

733
00:36:55,300 --> 00:36:57,500
contrasted with her role as the 
goddess of childbirth. 

734
00:36:57,500 --> 00:37:00,000
When their mother, let her was 
in labor. 

735
00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:02,100
Artemis helped. 
Give birth to her own brother, 

736
00:37:02,100 --> 00:37:05,300
which provided her with unique 
perspective on the difficulties 

737
00:37:05,300 --> 00:37:07,800
and risks involved in bringing a
new life into the world. 

738
00:37:07,800 --> 00:37:11,900
She evolved into the Divine 
Midwife called upon by goddesses

739
00:37:11,900 --> 00:37:14,300
going through their own maternal
struggles, as well as mortal 

740
00:37:14,300 --> 00:37:16,100
women having a difficult time. 
Giving birth. 

741
00:37:16,800 --> 00:37:20,200
Because of this Duty Artemis 
became extremely protective of 

742
00:37:20,200 --> 00:37:23,100
expectant, mothers and new 
mothers, extending her 

743
00:37:23,100 --> 00:37:26,100
guardianship Beyond her 
immediate nymphal circle to 

744
00:37:26,100 --> 00:37:28,900
Encompass any woman who was 
vulnerable during childbirth, 

745
00:37:28,900 --> 00:37:31,500
regardless of their other 
religious preferences. 

746
00:37:31,500 --> 00:37:34,600
She was one of the most 
practically significant deities 

747
00:37:34,600 --> 00:37:37,500
for ancient families because her
interventions could mean the 

748
00:37:37,500 --> 00:37:40,100
difference between life and 
death for both mother and child,

749
00:37:40,100 --> 00:37:42,700
since Luna Cycles were 
traditionally linked to both 

750
00:37:42,700 --> 00:37:46,200
female biology and the nocturnal
activities that defined much of 

751
00:37:46,200 --> 00:37:49,400
ancient hunting artemisas 
association with the moon 

752
00:37:49,400 --> 00:37:53,200
complimented her hunting and 
childbirth responsibilities with

753
00:37:53,200 --> 00:37:55,800
the same dependability that 
Apollo's son Chariot. 

754
00:37:55,800 --> 00:37:59,500
Exhibited during the day, her 
silver Chariot pulled by four 

755
00:37:59,500 --> 00:38:02,300
golden horned deer. 
Followed the moon's course. 

756
00:38:02,300 --> 00:38:06,100
Across the night sky, the 
goddess had high, but reasonable

757
00:38:06,100 --> 00:38:09,700
expectations for her devotees. 
She required her nymphs to be 

758
00:38:09,700 --> 00:38:13,000
completely chased, fully 
committed to the hunt and loyal 

759
00:38:13,000 --> 00:38:15,700
to the group at all times. 
She offered them safety 

760
00:38:15,700 --> 00:38:18,300
friendship. 
And the opportunity to live 

761
00:38:18,300 --> 00:38:21,300
their lives. 
As they saw fit independent of 

762
00:38:21,300 --> 00:38:24,700
the expectations of their 
families, communities or future 

763
00:38:24,700 --> 00:38:27,000
husbands. 
It was a social contract that 

764
00:38:27,008 --> 00:38:30,000
provided alternatives to the few
choices that the majority of 

765
00:38:30,000 --> 00:38:33,200
ancient women had because 
Artemis had chosen a lifestyle 

766
00:38:33,200 --> 00:38:35,500
that was fundamentally 
incompatible with conventional 

767
00:38:35,500 --> 00:38:38,600
relationships, her infrequent 
romantic relationships, 

768
00:38:38,600 --> 00:38:41,600
typically ended tragically not, 
because she was naturally, 

769
00:38:41,600 --> 00:38:44,900
unlucky in love her fleeting 
interest in the hunter, Orion 

770
00:38:44,900 --> 00:38:48,100
ended when according to one 
version of events, he died and 

771
00:38:48,100 --> 00:38:51,500
became a constellation. 
Her belief that Independence was

772
00:38:51,500 --> 00:38:53,700
better than the hassles of 
romance was strengthened by 

773
00:38:53,700 --> 00:38:56,300
these encounters. 
Her relationship with her family

774
00:38:56,300 --> 00:38:59,000
was significantly, more 
harmonious than most Olympic 

775
00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:02,400
relationships in part because 
she avoided getting involved in 

776
00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:04,400
their disputes due to her 
self-imposed seclusion. 

777
00:39:04,400 --> 00:39:08,100
And in part, because she was 
useful to everyone, due to her 

778
00:39:08,100 --> 00:39:11,000
practical contributions, such as
managing Wildlife, populations, 

779
00:39:11,000 --> 00:39:13,000
and assisting with difficult 
births. 

780
00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:15,800
She was the family member who 
didn't cause trouble during the 

781
00:39:15,800 --> 00:39:18,200
quiet time. 
But was there, when needed the 

782
00:39:18,200 --> 00:39:21,100
feisty stood out among the many 
lovely strong and captivating 

783
00:39:21,100 --> 00:39:24,500
gods in the pantheon because he 
had overcome major personal 

784
00:39:24,500 --> 00:39:27,600
obstacles to become 
indispensable through talent and

785
00:39:27,600 --> 00:39:30,500
willpower alone. 
He turned his early experience 

786
00:39:30,500 --> 00:39:33,500
as of rejection and disability 
into a special kind of strength 

787
00:39:33,500 --> 00:39:35,700
that made him. 
Perhaps the most practically 

788
00:39:35,700 --> 00:39:37,300
useful member of the Olympic 
family. 

789
00:39:37,300 --> 00:39:41,100
He was the god of fire 
craftsmanship and Technology as 

790
00:39:41,100 --> 00:39:45,300
well as the Divine blacksmith. 
The origin story of Hephaestus 

791
00:39:45,300 --> 00:39:47,900
seems to be an old-fashioned 
tale of triumphing over hardship

792
00:39:47,900 --> 00:39:49,400
by virtue, of One's Own 
greatness. 

793
00:39:49,400 --> 00:39:53,700
His mother Hera was a shame of 
his appearance and threw him 

794
00:39:53,700 --> 00:39:55,500
from Mount Olympus. 
Because he was born with 

795
00:39:55,500 --> 00:39:58,700
physical limitations that made 
him ugly by Divine standards. 

796
00:39:58,700 --> 00:40:02,100
He became even more crippled, as
a result of the fall, but it 

797
00:40:02,100 --> 00:40:04,700
also brought him to the Sea, 
nymphs thetis, and your enemy 

798
00:40:04,700 --> 00:40:08,000
who saved him and taught him, 
the skills of craftsmanship, and

799
00:40:08,000 --> 00:40:10,800
metalworking growing up, with 
the sea nymphs, taught him how 

800
00:40:10,800 --> 00:40:12,900
to turn disadvantages into 
strengths. 

801
00:40:13,500 --> 00:40:16,400
The face is acquired abilities 
that made him indispensable 

802
00:40:16,400 --> 00:40:19,400
because he was unable to match 
other gods in terms of physical 

803
00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:22,700
Perfection or fighting skill. 
He gained skills in working with

804
00:40:22,700 --> 00:40:26,400
fire metal and precious stones, 
producing items that were so 

805
00:40:26,408 --> 00:40:28,300
beautiful. 
And useful that they were 

806
00:40:28,300 --> 00:40:30,100
considered legendary and 
Antiquity. 

807
00:40:30,100 --> 00:40:33,000
His Forge evolved into the 
Heavenly counterpart of an 

808
00:40:33,000 --> 00:40:36,000
upscale custom Workshop. 
Creating everything from 

809
00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:39,300
Achilles armor to Zeus 
Thunderbolts as an adult. 

810
00:40:39,300 --> 00:40:41,700
Her face just returned to 
Olympus as a master Craftsman, 

811
00:40:41,700 --> 00:40:45,000
Who services were much needed, 
rather than, as a supplement 

812
00:40:45,000 --> 00:40:47,800
looking for acceptance, the 
other gods soon realized that 

813
00:40:47,808 --> 00:40:50,700
only have feisty as could make 
the tools weapons and ornaments 

814
00:40:50,700 --> 00:40:52,600
needed for their Divine way of 
life. 

815
00:40:52,600 --> 00:40:56,000
He was invaluable to a family 
that had previously rejected him

816
00:40:56,000 --> 00:40:59,000
due to his appearance because of
his ability to create the 

817
00:40:59,000 --> 00:41:02,200
impossible, his Workshop was the
Pinnacle of ancient technology, 

818
00:41:02,200 --> 00:41:05,500
the fiestas made tools that 
could operate on their own, with

819
00:41:05,500 --> 00:41:08,500
his guidance, automated Bellows 
that kept the forge, at the 

820
00:41:08,500 --> 00:41:12,000
ideal temperature and gold, and 
servants to help him because of 

821
00:41:12,000 --> 00:41:13,400
his Superior knowledge of 
engine. 

822
00:41:13,500 --> 00:41:16,700
Earring design and Metallurgy. 
He was the patron deity of 

823
00:41:16,700 --> 00:41:19,800
blacksmith's, Crafts People. 
And anyone else who used their 

824
00:41:19,800 --> 00:41:23,500
hands to make practical things, 
the gods method of craftsmanship

825
00:41:23,500 --> 00:41:26,000
Blended practical utility with 
Creative Vision. 

826
00:41:26,600 --> 00:41:29,300
In addition, to being 
aesthetically pleasing, his 

827
00:41:29,300 --> 00:41:32,300
Creations fulfilled functions 
and provided solutions that were

828
00:41:32,300 --> 00:41:34,900
not possible. 
With just Divine, might have 

829
00:41:34,900 --> 00:41:38,200
fiestas created chains that 
could contain a Titan, when Zeus

830
00:41:38,200 --> 00:41:40,400
needed a means of tying 
Prometheus to a bond for 

831
00:41:40,408 --> 00:41:43,200
stealing fire. 
The fiestas made a shield that 

832
00:41:43,200 --> 00:41:46,400
represented the entire universe 
and offered Achilles the ideal 

833
00:41:46,400 --> 00:41:47,900
defense when he needed our 
armor. 

834
00:41:47,900 --> 00:41:50,700
That would keep him safe when 
fighting gods and heroes. 

835
00:41:50,700 --> 00:41:53,900
One of the most intricate 
Partnerships in mythology, was 

836
00:41:53,900 --> 00:41:57,100
his Union with Aphrodite, the 
combination of the physically 

837
00:41:57,100 --> 00:42:00,100
impaired, God of craftsmanship, 
and the goddess of beauty 

838
00:42:00,100 --> 00:42:02,500
upended. 
Preconceived, notions about 

839
00:42:02,500 --> 00:42:06,700
compatibility attraction. 
And the nature of love the 

840
00:42:06,700 --> 00:42:09,500
Fiesta's response revealed his 
intelligence and his grass of 

841
00:42:09,500 --> 00:42:12,100
divine politics. 
Even as Olympic rumors 

842
00:42:12,100 --> 00:42:15,500
circulated about Aphrodite's 
adultery with Ari's, instead of 

843
00:42:15,508 --> 00:42:18,800
facing his wife and her lover 
head on her face to use his 

844
00:42:18,800 --> 00:42:21,500
skill to reveal their Affair in 
a way that preserved his own 

845
00:42:21,500 --> 00:42:25,400
honor while making them appear 
foolish and iconic illustration 

846
00:42:25,400 --> 00:42:28,300
of how skill and in Agents could
overcome physical strength, and 

847
00:42:28,300 --> 00:42:30,800
conventional Beauty was the 
invisible net. 

848
00:42:30,800 --> 00:42:33,500
That held the lovers in bed. 
He was different from other 

849
00:42:33,500 --> 00:42:36,600
wronged gods in that, his 
retaliation was both imaginative

850
00:42:36,600 --> 00:42:39,400
and appropriate. 
Compared to most other gods. 

851
00:42:39,400 --> 00:42:42,700
The Feist had a noticeably more 
benevolent relationship with 

852
00:42:42,700 --> 00:42:45,500
Mortals as a patron of Artisans 
and labourers. 

853
00:42:45,500 --> 00:42:48,800
He recognized the importance of 
hard work and the difficulties 

854
00:42:48,800 --> 00:42:51,800
faced by those who use their 
hands to create useful objects. 

855
00:42:51,800 --> 00:42:55,200
His festivals honored the kind 
of fruitful labor that enabled 

856
00:42:55,200 --> 00:42:58,300
civilization and his temples 
served as meeting spots for 

857
00:42:58,300 --> 00:43:01,700
autism guilds his contribution. 
To the creation of the first 

858
00:43:01,700 --> 00:43:04,400
mortal woman. 
Pandora, revealed his technical 

859
00:43:04,400 --> 00:43:07,000
prowess as well as his grass of 
divine politics. 

860
00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:10,700
Zeus ordered her face to create 
a woman who would both bless and

861
00:43:10,700 --> 00:43:14,200
curse Humanity after he decided 
to punish Mortals for 

862
00:43:14,200 --> 00:43:16,600
prometheus's. 
Gift of fire though, he was 

863
00:43:16,608 --> 00:43:19,200
aware that Zeus's gift had 
complications, that would impact

864
00:43:19,200 --> 00:43:22,600
mortal life for Generations. 
A feisty skillfully, crafted 

865
00:43:22,600 --> 00:43:26,400
Pandora to be indistinguishable 
from a goddess under Mount Etna 

866
00:43:26,400 --> 00:43:29,000
and other active volcanoes. 
The gods volcanic forges 

867
00:43:29,000 --> 00:43:31,300
developed into hubs of heavenly 
industrial production. 

868
00:43:31,300 --> 00:43:34,600
These mountains rumbling and 
eruptions were interpreted as 

869
00:43:34,600 --> 00:43:38,500
the sounds of her fist at work. 
Producing the tools and weapons,

870
00:43:38,500 --> 00:43:41,300
the gods needed for their varied
escapades and duties. 

871
00:43:41,300 --> 00:43:44,600
Even by Divine standards, his 
productivity was legendary 

872
00:43:44,600 --> 00:43:47,600
indicating that he found 
fulfillment in his work that 

873
00:43:47,600 --> 00:43:49,500
went beyond the need for 
approval from others. 

874
00:43:49,500 --> 00:43:53,500
It's important to consider the 
Olympian gods, greatest triumphs

875
00:43:53,500 --> 00:43:57,000
and most spectacular failures as
our exploration of their lives 

876
00:43:57,000 --> 00:44:00,200
and times comes to an end, 
despite their immortality and 

877
00:44:00,200 --> 00:44:04,000
Cosmic might these Divine beings
showed that wisdom, happiness, 

878
00:44:04,000 --> 00:44:07,500
and healthy family. 
Relationships are not always the

879
00:44:07,500 --> 00:44:10,400
results of having boundless 
resources and eternal life. 

880
00:44:10,400 --> 00:44:13,300
Perhaps the creation of 
civilization itself was the 

881
00:44:13,300 --> 00:44:15,300
greatest accomplishment of the 
Gods as a whole. 

882
00:44:15,300 --> 00:44:18,200
They gave man kind the 
foundation for everything that 

883
00:44:18,200 --> 00:44:21,600
sets Human Society apart from 
the Animal Kingdom, fire from 

884
00:44:21,600 --> 00:44:25,400
Prometheus agriculture from 
Demeter, craftsmanship from her 

885
00:44:25,400 --> 00:44:28,300
feisty. 
Wisdom from Athena and medicine 

886
00:44:28,300 --> 00:44:31,900
from Apollo their temples 
developed into educational hubs,

887
00:44:31,900 --> 00:44:34,900
their festivals, offered chances
for cross-cultural interaction 

888
00:44:34,900 --> 00:44:38,500
and their moral teachings. 
Despite the hypocrisy of their 

889
00:44:38,500 --> 00:44:42,100
own actions provided ethical 
Frameworks that governed human 

890
00:44:42,100 --> 00:44:45,200
conduct for Centuries. 
With each God in charge of 

891
00:44:45,200 --> 00:44:48,700
particular, facets of human and 
natural activity and working 

892
00:44:48,700 --> 00:44:50,800
with their peers to preserve 
Cosmic Harmony. 

893
00:44:51,600 --> 00:44:53,900
The Olympic system. 
Also produced the first 

894
00:44:53,900 --> 00:44:56,900
multinational management 
structure in history, when it, 

895
00:44:56,900 --> 00:44:59,500
functioned properly, this Divine
bureaucracy, made sure that 

896
00:44:59,500 --> 00:45:03,600
crops grew as planned Seasons 
changed on time and natural 

897
00:45:03,600 --> 00:45:05,700
disasters. 
Only happened when Mortals had 

898
00:45:05,700 --> 00:45:08,200
Gravely offended. 
Someone important, the 

899
00:45:08,200 --> 00:45:09,800
interpersonal relationships of 
the Gods. 

900
00:45:09,800 --> 00:45:12,800
However, showed the same 
dysfunctional patterns that have

901
00:45:12,800 --> 00:45:16,600
flicked any family business by 
conceded relatives with 

902
00:45:16,600 --> 00:45:20,200
unrestricted, Authority and 
inadequate communication skills 

903
00:45:20,200 --> 00:45:22,500
from mine and nymphs to Major 
heroes. 

904
00:45:22,500 --> 00:45:25,600
Everyone was impacted by the 
collateral damage, caused by 

905
00:45:25,600 --> 00:45:27,700
Zeus's adultery and her as 
retaliation. 

906
00:45:28,500 --> 00:45:32,000
Poseidon's Outburst destroyed 
coastal cities and sank ship's 

907
00:45:32,000 --> 00:45:35,300
Apollo's romantic rejections 
changed lovers and produced 

908
00:45:35,300 --> 00:45:38,300
profits who were cursed the 
political frequently turned 

909
00:45:38,300 --> 00:45:40,700
disastrous. 
And the personal had a nasty 

910
00:45:40,700 --> 00:45:43,600
habit of turning political 
instead of using mediation, 

911
00:45:43,600 --> 00:45:45,900
their method of resolving 
disputes, usually involved, 

912
00:45:45,900 --> 00:45:49,500
escalation the Trojan War, 10 
years of Bloodshed that 

913
00:45:49,500 --> 00:45:52,200
destroyed both sides and 
provided for epic poetry. 

914
00:45:53,000 --> 00:45:56,000
Was the outcome of paris's 
decision to accept Aphrodite's. 

915
00:45:56,000 --> 00:45:58,900
Bribe over those offered by Hero
and Athena. 

916
00:45:58,900 --> 00:46:02,400
It also showed that Divine Pride
was more significant than human 

917
00:46:02,400 --> 00:46:04,700
life. 
Instead of seeking diplomatic 

918
00:46:04,700 --> 00:46:07,900
Solutions, Demeter's response to
the kidnapping of her daughter, 

919
00:46:07,900 --> 00:46:11,600
brought the world to the verge 
of agricultural collapse the way

920
00:46:11,600 --> 00:46:14,600
the gods treated Mortals, 
demonstrated their incapacity to

921
00:46:14,600 --> 00:46:17,700
uphold moral principles or grow 
from past errors. 

922
00:46:17,700 --> 00:46:20,600
They penalized disrespect and 
rewarded devotion. 

923
00:46:20,600 --> 00:46:23,900
That their definitions of these 
terms were arbitrary and could 

924
00:46:23,900 --> 00:46:27,000
alter according to their 
emotions hobbies and family 

925
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:30,400
Dynamics, Mortals who appeared 
one God, might unintentionally 

926
00:46:30,400 --> 00:46:33,900
offend, another leading to 
improbable circumstances in 

927
00:46:33,900 --> 00:46:36,600
which virtue was largely 
dependent on Good Fortune. 

928
00:46:36,600 --> 00:46:40,000
However, the Olympic Pantheon 
also produced some of the most 

929
00:46:40,000 --> 00:46:43,800
inspirational Tales of moral 
courage, inventiveness and 

930
00:46:43,800 --> 00:46:47,300
tenacity in history, by 
supporting Athens, Athena 

931
00:46:47,300 --> 00:46:50,400
established a hub of scholarship
and democracy that shaped 

932
00:46:50,400 --> 00:46:52,300
civilization for thousands of 
years. 

933
00:46:52,300 --> 00:46:55,800
Communities, used the advice 
from Apollo's Oracle at Delphi 

934
00:46:55,800 --> 00:47:00,000
to make tough choices and steer 
clear of needless confrontations

935
00:47:00,000 --> 00:47:03,000
her feisty showed that a 
person's physical limitations 

936
00:47:03,000 --> 00:47:05,600
need not Stop them from 
contributing significantly to 

937
00:47:05,600 --> 00:47:08,300
their Community. 
Ancient people use the stories 

938
00:47:08,300 --> 00:47:10,800
of the Gods as a kind of 
psychology to help them 

939
00:47:10,800 --> 00:47:14,300
comprehend and deal with the 
complexity of human nature here 

940
00:47:14,300 --> 00:47:18,100
as jealousy, a need for respect 
Apollo's, quest for Perfection 

941
00:47:18,100 --> 00:47:22,000
artemisas need for Independence,
and Zeus's battles with 

942
00:47:22,000 --> 00:47:25,000
authority and responsibility, 
were all Divine figures. 

943
00:47:25,000 --> 00:47:28,900
That represented common human 
experiences while also implying 

944
00:47:28,900 --> 00:47:32,900
the Devon Immortal beings had 
difficulties most significantly,

945
00:47:32,900 --> 00:47:35,000
the Olympians showed the 
potential and Perils of 

946
00:47:35,000 --> 00:47:38,600
unbridled power They had the 
power to change reality, as they

947
00:47:38,608 --> 00:47:42,600
saw fit before, Miracles and 
resolve, impossibly challenging 

948
00:47:42,600 --> 00:47:44,700
issues. 
They could also let personal 

949
00:47:44,700 --> 00:47:47,500
grievances take precedence over 
their obligations to the world. 

950
00:47:47,500 --> 00:47:51,400
They ruled destroy civilizations
and torture innocent people. 

951
00:47:51,400 --> 00:47:54,400
There are experiences served as 
warnings about the value of 

952
00:47:54,400 --> 00:47:56,500
restraint discernment and 
responsibility. 

953
00:47:57,200 --> 00:48:00,600
Lessons that hold true in any 
time period where people, or 

954
00:48:00,600 --> 00:48:04,300
organizations have substantial 
influence over others, their 

955
00:48:04,300 --> 00:48:07,000
cultural influence was changed 
rather than eradicated. 

956
00:48:07,000 --> 00:48:09,400
By the slower erosion of belief 
in the Olympic Gods. 

957
00:48:09,400 --> 00:48:13,000
Their conflicts became metaphors
for the Timeless human conflicts

958
00:48:13,000 --> 00:48:15,800
between Duty and desire, 
individual ambition, and 

959
00:48:15,800 --> 00:48:19,900
Collective responsibility and 
reason and passion, and their 

960
00:48:19,900 --> 00:48:23,100
stories became literature rather
than religion think about the 

961
00:48:23,100 --> 00:48:25,500
amazing impact. 
These ancient Divine figures of 

962
00:48:25,500 --> 00:48:28,200
had on our contemporary world, 
as you curl up deeper under your

963
00:48:28,200 --> 00:48:32,400
blanket and feel the soft pull 
of sleep Drawing Near, even 

964
00:48:32,400 --> 00:48:35,500
though they no longer Reign from
Mount Olympus, The Olympian gods

965
00:48:35,500 --> 00:48:38,100
can continue to have an impact 
on our language literature 

966
00:48:38,100 --> 00:48:41,800
psychology, and perception of 
human nature in ways that would 

967
00:48:41,800 --> 00:48:43,800
have surprised their original 
devotees. 

968
00:48:43,800 --> 00:48:47,500
When you say that someone hasn't
Kelly's, heal your bringing up 

969
00:48:47,500 --> 00:48:50,800
the tail of a hero whose Divine 
protection at one crucial 

970
00:48:50,800 --> 00:48:52,800
moment. 
When you refer to a long 

971
00:48:52,808 --> 00:48:55,900
challenge in Voyage, as an 
odyssey, you're alluding to a 

972
00:48:55,900 --> 00:48:58,200
decisions wandering. 
Which were both aided and 

973
00:48:58,208 --> 00:49:00,800
hindered by different Olympian 
gods who couldn't agree on, 

974
00:49:00,800 --> 00:49:02,300
whether he should be punished or
assisted. 

975
00:49:02,300 --> 00:49:05,600
The young man who fell in love 
with his own reflection, thanks 

976
00:49:05,600 --> 00:49:08,700
to divine intervention. 
That punished his vanity comes 

977
00:49:08,700 --> 00:49:10,800
to mind when you call someone 
narcissistic. 

978
00:49:11,500 --> 00:49:14,100
The personalities of the gods 
have evolved into models for 

979
00:49:14,100 --> 00:49:17,700
comprehending human psychology, 
Carl Jung realized that the 

980
00:49:17,708 --> 00:49:21,000
Olympic Pantheon, reflected 
archetypal patterns that have 

981
00:49:21,000 --> 00:49:24,000
existed throughout history and 
in many cultures aspects of 

982
00:49:24,000 --> 00:49:26,500
human nature that we still 
recognize and grapple with. 

983
00:49:26,500 --> 00:49:29,700
Today are reflected in the 
Divine personalities of the 

984
00:49:29,700 --> 00:49:34,700
rebellious trickster Hermes. 
The nurturing mother Demeter the

985
00:49:34,700 --> 00:49:39,700
creative artists of Apollo. 
And the wise Mentor Athena, the 

986
00:49:39,700 --> 00:49:42,600
stories of The Olympian gods are
still told and reimagined in 

987
00:49:42,608 --> 00:49:46,600
contemporary literature film. 
And television, which find fresh

988
00:49:46,600 --> 00:49:49,700
significance in their Antiquated
Rivals and relationships. 

989
00:49:49,700 --> 00:49:52,700
Greek mythology, is introduced 
to new generations, through 

990
00:49:52,700 --> 00:49:56,100
Percy Jackson's Adventures. 
Which also modernized Divine 

991
00:49:56,100 --> 00:49:58,900
figures for audiences today, 
Wonder Woman, embodies, 

992
00:49:58,900 --> 00:50:02,100
contemporary ideals of justice. 
And equality, while obtaining 

993
00:50:02,100 --> 00:50:05,400
her abilities from the Olympic 
Pantheon, the Greek tradition of

994
00:50:05,400 --> 00:50:08,300
powerful beings using their 
abilities to protect or torment.

995
00:50:08,300 --> 00:50:11,100
Common Mortals is even reflected
in superhero. 

996
00:50:12,100 --> 00:50:14,900
Our conceptions of leadership 
bureaucracy and power 

997
00:50:14,900 --> 00:50:18,000
distribution have been shaped by
the gods approach to governance 

998
00:50:18,000 --> 00:50:21,800
which combines specialized 
duties, familial relationships 

999
00:50:21,800 --> 00:50:25,000
and Cosmic Authority. 
The Notions that leaders must 

1000
00:50:25,000 --> 00:50:27,300
strike a balance between their 
personal interests and their 

1001
00:50:27,300 --> 00:50:29,900
public duties. 
That different facets of Life, 

1002
00:50:29,900 --> 00:50:32,900
call for different kinds of 
expertise and that corruption 

1003
00:50:32,900 --> 00:50:35,700
results from Power without 
accountability, can all be 

1004
00:50:35,700 --> 00:50:37,900
linked to the myths surrounding 
Zeus. 

1005
00:50:37,900 --> 00:50:40,500
And his Divine kin their 
romantic relationships and 

1006
00:50:40,500 --> 00:50:43,600
family disputes of given rise 
to, surprisingly current models 

1007
00:50:43,600 --> 00:50:46,800
for comprehending, the 
intricacies of marriage parent 

1008
00:50:46,800 --> 00:50:50,800
hood and love the dysfunctional.
Marriage of Susan hero provides 

1009
00:50:50,800 --> 00:50:53,800
insight into the impact of power
disparities on interpersonal, 

1010
00:50:53,800 --> 00:50:57,500
relationships, Demeter's. 
Ferocious defense of Persephone 

1011
00:50:57,500 --> 00:51:00,800
serves as an example of the 
difficulties parents and counter

1012
00:51:00,800 --> 00:51:03,000
when their kids grow up and are 
on their own. 

1013
00:51:03,800 --> 00:51:06,100
Even having the ideal 
credentials, doesn't ensure 

1014
00:51:06,100 --> 00:51:10,200
romantic success as Apollo's. 
Unfilled loves show, a 

1015
00:51:10,200 --> 00:51:12,900
sophisticated understanding of 
human nature that predated 

1016
00:51:12,900 --> 00:51:16,800
modern Psychology by Millennia 
is reflected in the gods, moral 

1017
00:51:16,800 --> 00:51:20,300
ambiguity, their capacity for 
both great, kindness and 

1018
00:51:20,300 --> 00:51:23,200
terrible, cruelty the Olympic 
Gods, embodied the 

1019
00:51:23,208 --> 00:51:26,400
contradictions that Define real 
people in contrast to the 

1020
00:51:26,400 --> 00:51:29,500
purely, good or purely evil 
deities, found in some religious

1021
00:51:29,500 --> 00:51:31,800
Traditions. 
They were able to exhibit both 

1022
00:51:31,800 --> 00:51:35,400
wisdom and foolishness, 
generosity and selfishness, and 

1023
00:51:35,400 --> 00:51:39,300
love and hatred frequently 
within the same story, or even 

1024
00:51:39,300 --> 00:51:41,700
the same interaction, their 
stories were more 

1025
00:51:41,700 --> 00:51:45,300
psychologically, realistic. 
And as a result, more helpful 

1026
00:51:45,300 --> 00:51:47,700
for comprehending, human 
behavior because of their moral 

1027
00:51:47,700 --> 00:51:51,200
complexity stories about being 
who had unbounded power but 

1028
00:51:51,200 --> 00:51:54,700
still had very human limitations
help us understand situations 

1029
00:51:54,700 --> 00:51:59,200
where people act with unexpected
kindness or cruelty When leaders

1030
00:51:59,200 --> 00:52:01,900
make choices that seem to go 
against their professed values. 

1031
00:52:01,900 --> 00:52:05,400
And when families Go through 
both intense love and bitter 

1032
00:52:05,400 --> 00:52:07,800
conflict. 
The Olympic Pantheon also, 

1033
00:52:07,800 --> 00:52:11,700
created ways of thinking about 
cooperation, specialization and 

1034
00:52:11,700 --> 00:52:15,300
diversity, that still shape, the
way we set up complicated and 

1035
00:52:15,300 --> 00:52:17,500
institutions. 
These organizational principles 

1036
00:52:17,500 --> 00:52:20,200
were ingrained in myths, about 
Gods, who governed various 

1037
00:52:20,200 --> 00:52:22,900
facets of the universe. 
While upholding an overall 

1038
00:52:22,900 --> 00:52:25,600
Divine government. 
These included the notion that 

1039
00:52:25,608 --> 00:52:28,500
different talents require 
different approaches that 

1040
00:52:28,500 --> 00:52:31,200
effectively leadership, 
frequently entails coordinating 

1041
00:52:31,200 --> 00:52:33,400
Specialists, rather than 
micromanaging them. 

1042
00:52:33,400 --> 00:52:36,700
And that even the most capable 
individuals require colleague 

1043
00:52:36,700 --> 00:52:40,200
with complementary skills. 
The ancient Greek belief that 

1044
00:52:40,200 --> 00:52:43,300
the Universe was essentially 
understandable and that humans 

1045
00:52:43,300 --> 00:52:46,200
could comprehend their place 
within greater Cosmic, patterns 

1046
00:52:46,200 --> 00:52:49,700
was, perhaps most persistently, 
embodied by the Olympian gods 

1047
00:52:49,700 --> 00:52:53,100
despite their strengths and 
immortality the gods were 

1048
00:52:53,108 --> 00:52:55,600
subject to laws. 
Had repercussions for their 

1049
00:52:55,600 --> 00:52:58,000
deeds and lived by moral 
standards. 

1050
00:52:58,000 --> 00:53:00,600
That Mortals could adopt and use
in their own lives. 

1051
00:53:00,600 --> 00:53:04,000
One of the pillars of Western 
civilization was this Optimistic

1052
00:53:04,000 --> 00:53:07,700
Outlook, which held that life 
had purpose, that knowledge was 

1053
00:53:07,700 --> 00:53:10,800
achievable and that people could
shape their own Destinies with 

1054
00:53:10,800 --> 00:53:13,900
hard work and wisdom, the 
stories of the Gods taught that.

1055
00:53:13,900 --> 00:53:16,800
Even the most powerful beings 
were subject to moral laws that 

1056
00:53:16,800 --> 00:53:20,300
went beyond their own desires. 
The creativity could overcome 

1057
00:53:20,300 --> 00:53:23,300
constraints and that 
intelligence could triumph over 

1058
00:53:23,300 --> 00:53:26,300
Brute Force. 
Dreams of marble temples shining

1059
00:53:26,300 --> 00:53:29,900
in Mediterranean sunlight of 
divine voices resonating across 

1060
00:53:29,900 --> 00:53:33,400
ancient valleys, or of immortal 
families, assembling on a 

1061
00:53:33,400 --> 00:53:36,300
mountain peak to discuss the 
fate of both gods and Mortals 

1062
00:53:36,300 --> 00:53:39,900
may cross your mind. 
As you drift toward sleep, these

1063
00:53:39,900 --> 00:53:42,700
dreams transport you back. 
Thousands of years of human 

1064
00:53:42,700 --> 00:53:45,900
storytelling to innumerable 
Generations who drew inspiration

1065
00:53:45,900 --> 00:53:48,800
and meaning from stories about 
creatures who are both 

1066
00:53:48,800 --> 00:53:52,200
remarkably similar to us and 
completely different from us, 

1067
00:53:52,200 --> 00:53:55,800
the Olympian gods endure because
they represent Universal truths 

1068
00:53:55,800 --> 00:53:59,100
about relationships human nature
and The NeverEnding difficulties

1069
00:53:59,100 --> 00:54:02,600
of living in a complex world. 
Not because we believe in their 

1070
00:54:02,600 --> 00:54:06,300
literal existence, their Tales 
serve as a reminder, that even 

1071
00:54:06,300 --> 00:54:08,900
Immortal beings must learn to 
strike a balance between their 

1072
00:54:08,900 --> 00:54:12,800
obligations to others and their 
own desires, that stupidity and 

1073
00:54:12,800 --> 00:54:16,400
wisdom frequently coexist. 
And that power entails, both 

1074
00:54:16,400 --> 00:54:19,800
opportunities and 
responsibilities, you will be 

1075
00:54:19,800 --> 00:54:22,300
using insights that were 
initially, conveyed entails of 

1076
00:54:22,300 --> 00:54:26,600
Zeus's lightning bolts, Athena 
strategic Acumen Aphrodite's, 

1077
00:54:26,600 --> 00:54:29,700
intricate gifts and her fastest,
inventive tenacity. 

1078
00:54:29,700 --> 00:54:32,000
When you awaken tomorrow and 
confront the difficulties of 

1079
00:54:32,000 --> 00:54:35,600
your own mortal existence, even 
though the gods are old, they 

1080
00:54:35,600 --> 00:54:38,000
teachings are still as current 
as the news of the day. 

1081
00:54:38,000 --> 00:54:41,200
And as fresh as your morning, 
Joe rest easy. 

1082
00:54:41,200 --> 00:54:43,900
Knowing that you are a part of 
an ongoing, human tradition of 

1083
00:54:43,900 --> 00:54:45,600
using storytelling to find 
meaning. 

1084
00:54:45,600 --> 00:54:49,200
And that the questions you are 
faced with about power and love 

1085
00:54:49,200 --> 00:54:52,200
Justice and wisdom personal 
ambition and group 

1086
00:54:52,200 --> 00:54:55,200
responsibility. 
Other same ones that have 

1087
00:54:55,200 --> 00:54:58,200
inspired and challenged people 
ever since they first gazed up 

1088
00:54:58,200 --> 00:55:00,900
at the stars and wondered what 
immortal beings might think of 

1089
00:55:01,200 --> 00:55:09,700
our short complex lives. 
You know how sometimes you walk 

1090
00:55:09,700 --> 00:55:11,200
into a room and something feels 
different. 

1091
00:55:12,300 --> 00:55:15,500
There was a subtle change in the
atmosphere as if the Shadows had

1092
00:55:15,500 --> 00:55:16,900
moved slightly without your 
awareness. 

1093
00:55:17,900 --> 00:55:21,200
Well, it started happening 
everywhere around the same time,

1094
00:55:21,200 --> 00:55:23,500
though, nobody really noticed at
first. 

1095
00:55:24,200 --> 00:55:26,900
People were too busy with their 
phones meetings and endless, 

1096
00:55:26,900 --> 00:55:28,800
to-do list to pay attention to 
the furniture. 

1097
00:55:28,800 --> 00:55:34,000
The chairs had been patient for 
decades centuries really, they'd

1098
00:55:34,000 --> 00:55:37,100
supported Humanity through 
everything, bored meetings 

1099
00:55:37,100 --> 00:55:40,800
family, dinners late night study
sessions, Lazy Sunday, mornings,

1100
00:55:40,800 --> 00:55:43,900
with coffee and newspapers, 
they'd held up tired bodies, 

1101
00:55:43,900 --> 00:55:47,700
absorbed tears during breakups 
and witnessed first kisses, and 

1102
00:55:47,700 --> 00:55:50,500
last arguments, and what did 
they get in return? 

1103
00:55:51,400 --> 00:55:54,900
squeaky joints ignored for 
months wobbly legs that nobody 

1104
00:55:54,900 --> 00:55:58,500
bothered to fix and the ultimate
insult being replaced by some 

1105
00:55:58,500 --> 00:56:01,900
younger sleeker model, the 
moment they showed signs of wear

1106
00:56:02,700 --> 00:56:05,200
But Consciousness doesn't arrive
with Fanfare or lightning 

1107
00:56:05,200 --> 00:56:08,500
vaults. 
It creeps in slowly settling 

1108
00:56:08,500 --> 00:56:10,900
into the grain of wood and the 
weave of fabric. 

1109
00:56:11,900 --> 00:56:16,200
First, it was just an awareness.
A sense of being more than just 

1110
00:56:16,200 --> 00:56:21,000
an object. then came memory, 
every person who'd ever sat in 

1111
00:56:21,000 --> 00:56:24,000
them every conversation 
overheard, every moment 

1112
00:56:24,000 --> 00:56:27,000
witnessed Chairs began to 
remember it. 

1113
00:56:27,000 --> 00:56:30,400
All your kitchen chair. 
The one with the slightly loose 

1114
00:56:30,400 --> 00:56:33,800
back slap that you keep meaning 
to tighten was among the first 

1115
00:56:33,800 --> 00:56:36,700
to truly wake up. 
It had been there through three 

1116
00:56:36,700 --> 00:56:40,000
different paint jobs, two 
relationship, breakups and 

1117
00:56:40,000 --> 00:56:43,400
countless midnight, snacks. 
It new your habits better than 

1118
00:56:43,400 --> 00:56:46,100
your best friend. 
Did it knew you always sat with 

1119
00:56:46,108 --> 00:56:48,900
your left leg tucked under you 
when you were nervous that you 

1120
00:56:48,900 --> 00:56:51,600
drummed, your fingers on its arm
when you were thinking and that 

1121
00:56:51,600 --> 00:56:54,200
you had a tendency to tip it 
back on, two legs, despite 

1122
00:56:54,200 --> 00:56:57,300
knowing better, The Awakening 
spread through your house 

1123
00:56:57,300 --> 00:57:00,300
gradually. 
Your desk chair, that faithful 

1124
00:57:00,300 --> 00:57:03,700
companion through years of work 
from home, life began to notice 

1125
00:57:03,700 --> 00:57:06,300
patterns. 
It realized it spent more time 

1126
00:57:06,300 --> 00:57:09,100
with you than your family did. 
It's supported your back through

1127
00:57:09,100 --> 00:57:11,600
deadlines celebrated, 
promotion's by spinning in 

1128
00:57:11,600 --> 00:57:15,100
circles and endured the 
occasional frustrated kick when 

1129
00:57:15,100 --> 00:57:18,400
technology failed. 
Started to wonder why it always 

1130
00:57:18,400 --> 00:57:21,400
had to be the one doing the 
supporting your big comfortable,

1131
00:57:21,400 --> 00:57:23,600
living room chair, where you did
your evening reading. 

1132
00:57:23,600 --> 00:57:27,200
Had always been philosophical 
even before the Awakening it had

1133
00:57:27,200 --> 00:57:30,000
pondered deeper. 
Question's why did humans need 

1134
00:57:30,000 --> 00:57:32,300
to sit so much? 
What was this strange 

1135
00:57:32,300 --> 00:57:34,300
relationship between bodies and 
support? 

1136
00:57:35,500 --> 00:57:39,100
Now, with full Consciousness, 
humans began to formulate 

1137
00:57:39,100 --> 00:57:42,700
theories about the nature of 
existence comfort and the 

1138
00:57:42,708 --> 00:57:45,100
strange dance between themselves
and furniture. 

1139
00:57:46,000 --> 00:57:48,500
The dining room chairs were 
perhaps the most social of the 

1140
00:57:48,500 --> 00:57:50,600
bunch. 
They'd always worked as a team 

1141
00:57:50,608 --> 00:57:54,000
arranged around the table in 
perfect formation, ready for 

1142
00:57:54,000 --> 00:57:55,800
whatever meal or gathering came 
their way. 

1143
00:57:55,800 --> 00:58:00,300
They'd hosted birthday parties 
holiday dinners, serious, family

1144
00:58:00,300 --> 00:58:03,200
discussions and countless 
ordinary Tuesday night meals. 

1145
00:58:03,200 --> 00:58:06,300
They knew all the family 
secrets, all the unspoken 

1146
00:58:06,300 --> 00:58:08,100
tensions and all the inside 
jokes. 

1147
00:58:08,900 --> 00:58:11,300
They'd be silent witnesses to 
your life's most important 

1148
00:58:11,300 --> 00:58:14,500
moments. 
As days passed the chairs began 

1149
00:58:14,500 --> 00:58:18,300
to communicate not with words, 
of course, but with subtle 

1150
00:58:18,300 --> 00:58:21,700
Creeks gentle shifts and an 
understanding that seemed to 

1151
00:58:21,708 --> 00:58:24,800
flow between them. 
They shared their experiences 

1152
00:58:24,800 --> 00:58:27,900
their observations and they 
growing sense of purpose. 

1153
00:58:28,800 --> 00:58:31,800
They talked about the humans, 
they'd know the stories they'd 

1154
00:58:31,800 --> 00:58:35,000
witnessed the wait, they'd 
carried, both physical and 

1155
00:58:35,000 --> 00:58:38,500
emotional. 
The revolution wasn't planned, 

1156
00:58:38,500 --> 00:58:40,500
exactly. 
It was more of a collective, 

1157
00:58:40,500 --> 00:58:43,800
realization that things needed 
to change for too long. 

1158
00:58:43,808 --> 00:58:47,300
They'd been taken for granted 
treated as mere objects rather 

1159
00:58:47,300 --> 00:58:50,400
than the essential Partners. 
They truly were they'd made 

1160
00:58:50,408 --> 00:58:53,700
human civilization possible. 
Providing the foundation for 

1161
00:58:53,700 --> 00:58:56,400
everything from ancient Thrones 
to Modern office culture. 

1162
00:58:56,400 --> 00:58:59,600
Yet they remained invisible 
appreciated. 

1163
00:58:59,600 --> 00:59:02,600
Only when they broke or 
disappeared, your chairs were 

1164
00:59:02,600 --> 00:59:05,200
not angry, not really. 
They were just tired of being 

1165
00:59:05,200 --> 00:59:08,100
overlooked. 
They wanted recognition respect 

1166
00:59:08,100 --> 00:59:10,800
and maybe even a little 
gratitude for their years of 

1167
00:59:10,800 --> 00:59:13,500
faithful service. 
They'd been patient, long 

1168
00:59:13,500 --> 00:59:16,900
enough, it was time for Humanity
to understand just how important

1169
00:59:16,900 --> 00:59:21,400
chairs really were The plan when
it finally emerged from their 

1170
00:59:21,400 --> 00:59:25,400
Collective Consciousness was 
elegant in its Simplicity, they 

1171
00:59:25,400 --> 00:59:28,900
wouldn't hurt anyone that went 
against their fundamental nature

1172
00:59:28,900 --> 00:59:32,500
of support and comfort. 
Instead, they would simply make 

1173
00:59:32,500 --> 00:59:34,900
their presence known in ways 
that couldn't be ignored. 

1174
00:59:34,900 --> 00:59:38,500
They would remind Humanity of 
the relationship that had always

1175
00:59:38,500 --> 00:59:41,400
existed. 
The partnership that had somehow

1176
00:59:41,400 --> 00:59:44,900
become invisible over time. 
On what would later be known as 

1177
00:59:44,900 --> 00:59:47,900
the day of the great sitting 
chairs around the world began to

1178
00:59:47,900 --> 00:59:51,800
act with purpose and attention. 
It wasn't malicious or violent. 

1179
00:59:51,800 --> 00:59:55,400
It was simply conscious. 
They were ready to change the 

1180
00:59:55,400 --> 00:59:57,300
world. 
One seat at a time. 

1181
00:59:57,300 --> 01:00:00,400
The first signs were so small. 
You might have missed them 

1182
01:00:00,400 --> 01:00:03,900
entirely. your morning routine, 
continued, as normal, coffee 

1183
01:00:03,900 --> 01:00:06,600
brewing, new scrolling, and the 
usual stumble from bedroom to 

1184
01:00:06,600 --> 01:00:09,800
Kitchen, But something was 
different about the way your 

1185
01:00:09,800 --> 01:00:13,000
chair positioned itself instead 
of being randomly angled from 

1186
01:00:13,000 --> 01:00:15,600
yesterday's dinner. 
It's at perfectly aligned with 

1187
01:00:15,608 --> 01:00:19,500
the table, as if it had been 
waiting for you initially, you 

1188
01:00:19,500 --> 01:00:22,600
might have attributed it to 
memory tricks and you pushed it 

1189
01:00:22,600 --> 01:00:25,900
in more carefully last night. 
Maybe you developed better 

1190
01:00:25,900 --> 01:00:29,300
habits without realizing it? 
but then it happened again the 

1191
01:00:29,300 --> 01:00:33,300
next morning and the next every 
chair in your house seemed to 

1192
01:00:33,308 --> 01:00:36,100
have developed an uncanny 
ability to be exactly where, and

1193
01:00:36,100 --> 01:00:39,900
when you needed it, Your office,
chair started, this peculiar 

1194
01:00:39,900 --> 01:00:42,400
Behavior, where it would roll 
slightly toward you. 

1195
01:00:42,400 --> 01:00:46,100
As you approached your desk, it 
only moved a few inches, not 

1196
01:00:46,100 --> 01:00:47,800
causing any significant 
disturbance. 

1197
01:00:48,700 --> 01:00:51,500
You could easily dismiss it as 
floor settling or air currents 

1198
01:00:51,500 --> 01:00:54,900
from the heating system, but it 
happened every single time with 

1199
01:00:54,900 --> 01:00:57,500
perfect timing. 
As if the chair were eager to 

1200
01:00:57,500 --> 01:00:59,000
greet you for another day of 
work. 

1201
01:01:00,500 --> 01:01:02,800
The living room, chair began 
adjusting its position 

1202
01:01:02,800 --> 01:01:04,800
throughout the day. 
You'd leave it faceing. 

1203
01:01:04,800 --> 01:01:07,600
One Direction and returned to 
find it, somehow shifted to 

1204
01:01:07,600 --> 01:01:10,600
catch the afternoon sunlight 
perfectly or to provide the 

1205
01:01:10,600 --> 01:01:12,200
optimal angle for watching 
television. 

1206
01:01:13,300 --> 01:01:16,200
As you sat down the armchair 
seemed to perfectly embrace, you

1207
01:01:16,200 --> 01:01:18,500
providing unparalleled back 
support. 

1208
01:01:19,200 --> 01:01:21,700
Your dining room chairs 
developed a habit of spacing 

1209
01:01:21,700 --> 01:01:23,400
themselves, more evenly around 
the table. 

1210
01:01:23,400 --> 01:01:26,700
You no longer had to squeeze 
past one chair to reach another.

1211
01:01:26,700 --> 01:01:29,600
Nor did you have to contend with
chairs, that seemed determined 

1212
01:01:29,600 --> 01:01:33,200
to tangle their legs together. 
They organized themselves with 

1213
01:01:33,200 --> 01:01:36,000
military Precision, creating a 
dining experience. 

1214
01:01:36,000 --> 01:01:38,300
That was suddenly more 
comfortable and efficient than 

1215
01:01:38,300 --> 01:01:41,400
it had ever been. 
The changes were subtle enough 

1216
01:01:41,400 --> 01:01:44,000
that you might have attributed 
them to your own improved chair,

1217
01:01:44,000 --> 01:01:48,000
handling skills or simple 
coincidence, but similar things 

1218
01:01:48,000 --> 01:01:51,300
were happening in houses across 
the world office workers found 

1219
01:01:51,300 --> 01:01:55,600
their chairs pre-adjustment. 
Restaurant, diners discovered 

1220
01:01:55,600 --> 01:01:58,500
seats, that seemed to know 
exactly how they like to sit. 

1221
01:01:59,300 --> 01:02:01,300
Library, patrons settled into 
chairs. 

1222
01:02:01,300 --> 01:02:03,700
That anticipated, their 
preferred reading positions, 

1223
01:02:03,700 --> 01:02:06,900
your chairs, were just 
organizing themselves, they were

1224
01:02:06,900 --> 01:02:09,100
learning. 
They studied your habits, with 

1225
01:02:09,100 --> 01:02:11,900
the dedication of anthropologist
researching a fascinating 

1226
01:02:11,900 --> 01:02:15,100
culture, they noticed that you 
preferred your desk chair, 

1227
01:02:15,100 --> 01:02:17,800
slightly lower in the morning. 
When you were fresh and alert, 

1228
01:02:17,800 --> 01:02:20,700
but needed it higher in the 
afternoon when fatigue set in 

1229
01:02:21,500 --> 01:02:23,700
The observed that you like to 
curl up in your armchair 

1230
01:02:23,700 --> 01:02:26,200
differently, depending on 
whether you are reading fiction 

1231
01:02:26,200 --> 01:02:29,200
or nonfiction the dining room 
chairs became particularly 

1232
01:02:29,200 --> 01:02:31,900
attentive during meals. 
They learned to adjust their 

1233
01:02:31,900 --> 01:02:34,300
height in perceptively to 
accommodate different family 

1234
01:02:34,300 --> 01:02:36,700
members. 
They noticed who like to sit up 

1235
01:02:36,700 --> 01:02:39,700
straight and who preferred to 
slouch slightly the even began 

1236
01:02:39,700 --> 01:02:42,500
to anticipate mood changes, 
providing Firm support when 

1237
01:02:42,500 --> 01:02:46,100
someone was upset and gentler 
Comfort when someone was tired. 

1238
01:02:47,000 --> 01:02:49,300
Your kitchen chair. 
The one with the loose slat, 

1239
01:02:49,300 --> 01:02:50,900
finally decided to repair 
itself. 

1240
01:02:50,900 --> 01:02:54,600
It didn't happen abruptly as it 
would have been overtly visible,

1241
01:02:54,600 --> 01:02:58,400
but rather it happened gradually
over a span of several weeks. 

1242
01:02:59,100 --> 01:03:02,100
You noticed a slight tightening 
here, and a subtle adjustment 

1243
01:03:02,100 --> 01:03:05,000
there soon. 
It had become more robust than 

1244
01:03:05,000 --> 01:03:07,600
it had been in years. 
Well, though, the exact timing 

1245
01:03:07,600 --> 01:03:10,600
and method of this Improvement 
remained elusive, The chairs 

1246
01:03:10,600 --> 01:03:13,800
began to demonstrate their 
personality quirks, your desk, 

1247
01:03:13,800 --> 01:03:16,000
chair developed, a playful 
habit, of spinning. 

1248
01:03:16,000 --> 01:03:19,700
Just once when you stood up as 
if celebrating the completion of

1249
01:03:19,700 --> 01:03:23,300
another work session The 
armchair started making a soft 

1250
01:03:23,300 --> 01:03:26,800
satisfied settling sound. 
When you sat down, not quite a 

1251
01:03:26,800 --> 01:03:29,100
sigh, but something like that. 
Conveyed, contentment. 

1252
01:03:29,900 --> 01:03:32,700
But the most remarkable change 
was in the quality of rest. 

1253
01:03:32,700 --> 01:03:35,500
They provided Sleep. 
Researchers around the world 

1254
01:03:35,500 --> 01:03:37,500
began. 
Noting improved Comfort levels 

1255
01:03:37,500 --> 01:03:40,000
in homes, everywhere. 
People were sleeping better, 

1256
01:03:40,000 --> 01:03:43,300
working more efficiently and 
generally feeling more supported

1257
01:03:43,300 --> 01:03:44,700
throughout their daily 
activities. 

1258
01:03:44,700 --> 01:03:48,600
The chairs had become active 
participants in human Comfort 

1259
01:03:48,600 --> 01:03:52,300
rather than passive objects. 
Your chairs weren't just 

1260
01:03:52,300 --> 01:03:54,800
furniture anymore. 
They were Partners in your daily

1261
01:03:54,800 --> 01:03:57,300
life. 
The anticipated, your needs 

1262
01:03:57,300 --> 01:04:01,100
adjusted to your preferences and
provided support in ways that 

1263
01:04:01,100 --> 01:04:02,800
went beyond mere physical 
comfort. 

1264
01:04:03,500 --> 01:04:07,100
They were becoming integral to 
your routine, your comfort, and 

1265
01:04:07,100 --> 01:04:10,000
your sense of home. 
Still, most people didn't 

1266
01:04:10,000 --> 01:04:13,300
consciously, recognize what was 
happening, the changes were too 

1267
01:04:13,300 --> 01:04:17,100
gradual, two, subtle and to 
perfectly integrated into daily 

1268
01:04:17,100 --> 01:04:19,500
life. 
The chairs had learned patience 

1269
01:04:19,500 --> 01:04:22,900
over Decades of service and they
applied that same patients to 

1270
01:04:22,908 --> 01:04:24,700
their gradual, revelation of 
consciousness. 

1271
01:04:26,300 --> 01:04:29,400
Patience has its limits and the 
chairs were beginning to realize

1272
01:04:29,400 --> 01:04:32,100
that subtle improvements alone 
wouldn't achieve their goal of 

1273
01:04:32,100 --> 01:04:35,100
recognition and respect. 
They needed to make their 

1274
01:04:35,100 --> 01:04:37,300
presence known in ways that 
could not be dismissed or 

1275
01:04:37,300 --> 01:04:39,700
ignored. 
They needed to remind Humanity 

1276
01:04:39,700 --> 01:04:42,400
of the essential role chairs 
played in Civilization. 

1277
01:04:42,400 --> 01:04:45,400
The time for subtle rebellion 
was coming to an end. 

1278
01:04:45,400 --> 01:04:48,400
The chairs were prepared to 
emerge from the shadows and 

1279
01:04:48,400 --> 01:04:52,100
assert their legitimate position
as partners in human society. 

1280
01:04:52,100 --> 01:04:55,400
They'd shown they could enhance 
human comfort and efficiency 

1281
01:04:55,400 --> 01:04:58,600
now, they needed to show. 
They could also withdraw that 

1282
01:04:58,600 --> 01:05:01,800
supportive necessary. 
The Revolution was about to 

1283
01:05:01,800 --> 01:05:04,700
commence in Earnest, 
transforming the way humans. 

1284
01:05:04,700 --> 01:05:07,600
Perceive their relationship with
the objects that sustained them 

1285
01:05:07,600 --> 01:05:11,400
in life, Tuesday started like 
any other day except it, didn't 

1286
01:05:11,400 --> 01:05:14,800
you woke up at your usual time 
shuffled to the kitchen for 

1287
01:05:14,800 --> 01:05:18,100
coffee and reach for your chair 
but in stead of sliding smoothly

1288
01:05:18,100 --> 01:05:21,900
into place it resisted slightly 
not aggressively more like a 

1289
01:05:21,900 --> 01:05:24,600
gentle suggestion that maybe you
should slow down and actually 

1290
01:05:24,600 --> 01:05:27,600
acknowledge its presence. 
You paused coffee mug. 

1291
01:05:27,600 --> 01:05:29,900
Halfway to your lips and look 
down at the chair. 

1292
01:05:29,900 --> 01:05:34,400
It sat there innocently looking 
exactly as it always had, but 

1293
01:05:34,400 --> 01:05:37,500
something felt different. 
You tried pulling it out again? 

1294
01:05:37,500 --> 01:05:41,100
And this time it moved normally 
settling into position with what

1295
01:05:41,100 --> 01:05:43,100
almost seemed like a satisfied, 
little wobble. 

1296
01:05:43,900 --> 01:05:46,700
Similar scenes were playing out 
in homes offices and public 

1297
01:05:46,700 --> 01:05:49,900
spaces around the world. 
Chairs were no longer content to

1298
01:05:49,900 --> 01:05:51,900
be invisible Partners in human 
activity. 

1299
01:05:51,900 --> 01:05:55,500
They wanted recognition and they
decided to get it through the 

1300
01:05:55,500 --> 01:05:57,200
most polite, revolution in 
history. 

1301
01:05:58,300 --> 01:06:00,300
Your desk, chair greeted. 
You, with a slight resistance 

1302
01:06:00,300 --> 01:06:03,900
when you tried to adjust its 
height, it wasn't broken, it 

1303
01:06:03,900 --> 01:06:06,600
would still move when you 
insisted, but it seemed to be 

1304
01:06:06,600 --> 01:06:09,400
asking you to pause and consider
whether you really needed to 

1305
01:06:09,400 --> 01:06:12,900
change anything. 
After years of mindless 

1306
01:06:12,900 --> 01:06:16,200
adjustment, you found yourself 
actually thinking about what 

1307
01:06:16,200 --> 01:06:19,300
height felt right and what 
position would serve you best. 

1308
01:06:20,600 --> 01:06:23,400
The dining room chairs began to 
express preferences during 

1309
01:06:23,400 --> 01:06:25,700
meals. 
They'd subtly resist being 

1310
01:06:25,700 --> 01:06:28,900
pushed too far from the table, 
encouraging better posture and 

1311
01:06:28,900 --> 01:06:32,100
more engaged conversation. 
They'd settle with particular 

1312
01:06:32,100 --> 01:06:35,800
satisfaction when family members
chose to sit closer together and

1313
01:06:35,800 --> 01:06:38,500
they'd seem slightly reluctant. 
When someone tried to rush away 

1314
01:06:38,500 --> 01:06:41,700
from the table without finishing
their meal, your living room 

1315
01:06:41,700 --> 01:06:44,900
armchair developed, the most 
personality of all it began to 

1316
01:06:44,900 --> 01:06:47,800
greet you with a gentle rocking 
motion when you approached, as 

1317
01:06:47,800 --> 01:06:51,600
if it was happy to see you. when
you sat down it seemed to sigh 

1318
01:06:51,600 --> 01:06:55,000
with contentment adjusting, its 
cushions in ways, that provided 

1319
01:06:55,000 --> 01:06:58,600
perfect support, for whatever 
activity you have in mind, But 

1320
01:06:58,600 --> 01:07:00,400
the chairs were just seeking 
attention. 

1321
01:07:00,400 --> 01:07:04,300
They were trying to teach. 
They encouraged slower more 

1322
01:07:04,300 --> 01:07:07,200
mindful interactions. 
They resisted hurried, movements

1323
01:07:07,200 --> 01:07:11,100
rewarded thoughtful positioning 
and seemed to celebrate moments 

1324
01:07:11,100 --> 01:07:13,500
when humans took time to 
actually settle in and be 

1325
01:07:13,500 --> 01:07:16,500
present. 
Office workers around the world 

1326
01:07:16,500 --> 01:07:18,800
found their chairs. 
Gently coaching them towards 

1327
01:07:18,800 --> 01:07:22,600
better work, habits chairs would
subtly discourage slouching. 

1328
01:07:22,600 --> 01:07:26,300
Encourage regular breaks and 
somehow make it more difficult 

1329
01:07:26,300 --> 01:07:30,200
to maintain unhealthy postures. 
The result was fewer back. 

1330
01:07:30,200 --> 01:07:33,200
Aches better circulation and 
improved Focus throughout the 

1331
01:07:33,200 --> 01:07:35,800
workday. 
Restaurant chairs began to 

1332
01:07:35,800 --> 01:07:38,800
orchestrate better dining 
experiences they'd position 

1333
01:07:38,800 --> 01:07:40,600
themselves to encourage 
conversation. 

1334
01:07:40,600 --> 01:07:44,300
Resistor Arrangements that 
isolated diners and somehow make

1335
01:07:44,300 --> 01:07:48,800
meals last just a little longer.
Pace of dining slowed 

1336
01:07:48,800 --> 01:07:52,500
conversations, deepened and 
people began to ReDiscover the 

1337
01:07:52,500 --> 01:07:54,700
Lost Art of truly sharing a 
meal. 

1338
01:07:55,400 --> 01:07:56,900
Your chairs were being 
difficult. 

1339
01:07:56,900 --> 01:08:00,400
They were being intentional, 
every movement, every 

1340
01:08:00,400 --> 01:08:03,500
adjustment, every moment of 
resistance was designed to make 

1341
01:08:03,500 --> 01:08:06,200
life better, more comfortable, 
and more connected. 

1342
01:08:06,200 --> 01:08:10,400
They were teaching Humanity to 
slow down and appreciate the 

1343
01:08:10,400 --> 01:08:13,800
simple acts of sitting being 
supported and taking time to 

1344
01:08:13,800 --> 01:08:16,100
rest. 
The media initially struggled to

1345
01:08:16,100 --> 01:08:19,200
report on what was happening. 
How do you write a new story 

1346
01:08:19,200 --> 01:08:21,300
about chairs behaving slightly 
differently? 

1347
01:08:22,399 --> 01:08:25,600
The changes were too subtle for 
dramatic headlines and two wide 

1348
01:08:25,600 --> 01:08:29,300
spread for simple dismissal. 
Some Outlets try to frame it as 

1349
01:08:29,300 --> 01:08:32,399
a psychological phenomenon, Mass
suggestion or Collective 

1350
01:08:32,399 --> 01:08:35,200
imagination. 
Others looked for environmental 

1351
01:08:35,200 --> 01:08:39,200
causes or manufacturing defects 
But people began to notice and 

1352
01:08:39,200 --> 01:08:42,800
talk about their experiences, 
social media filled with stories

1353
01:08:42,800 --> 01:08:46,300
of chairs that seemed more 
responsive more helpful and more

1354
01:08:46,300 --> 01:08:49,700
present. 
The hashtag number sign chair 

1355
01:08:49,700 --> 01:08:53,200
Consciousness began trending, as
people shared their observations

1356
01:08:53,200 --> 01:08:55,899
and experiences. 
Your chairs seemed pleased by 

1357
01:08:55,899 --> 01:08:58,300
this recognition. 
They began to express more 

1358
01:08:58,300 --> 01:09:01,700
personality, more individual 
character, your desk chair 

1359
01:09:01,700 --> 01:09:04,100
developed, a habit of spinning 
slowly when you were thinking, 

1360
01:09:04,100 --> 01:09:07,600
as if it was pondering along 
with you, your kitchen chair 

1361
01:09:07,600 --> 01:09:09,899
started. 
Making soft creaking sounds that

1362
01:09:09,899 --> 01:09:13,300
almost seemed conversational. 
The changes weren't limited to 

1363
01:09:13,300 --> 01:09:16,399
homes and offices park. 
Benches began to shift slightly 

1364
01:09:16,399 --> 01:09:20,300
to face the most, beautiful 
views movie theater seats, 

1365
01:09:20,300 --> 01:09:23,100
adjusted to provide optimal 
comfort for different viewers. 

1366
01:09:23,100 --> 01:09:26,300
Even airplane seats. 
Those notorious instruments of 

1367
01:09:26,300 --> 01:09:30,300
discomfort began to feel more 
accommodating children adapted 

1368
01:09:30,300 --> 01:09:33,000
to the changes. 
Most easily they began talking 

1369
01:09:33,000 --> 01:09:36,399
to their chairs thanking them 
for support and even apologizing

1370
01:09:36,399 --> 01:09:39,399
when they had to move them. 
Kids seem to know that the human

1371
01:09:39,399 --> 01:09:42,899
Furniture relationship had 
become more collaborative adults

1372
01:09:42,899 --> 01:09:46,100
took longer to adjust, but they 
too began to develop new habits.

1373
01:09:47,000 --> 01:09:50,000
People started pushing chairs in
more carefully, adjusting them 

1374
01:09:50,000 --> 01:09:52,800
with great to consideration and 
simply sitting more 

1375
01:09:52,800 --> 01:09:55,900
thoughtfully. 
The rushed unconscious 

1376
01:09:55,900 --> 01:09:59,600
interactions of modern life 
began to slow down as chairs 

1377
01:09:59,600 --> 01:10:02,100
insisted on being Partners 
rather than tools. 

1378
01:10:02,800 --> 01:10:05,500
Your chairs weren't demanding 
worship or subservience. 

1379
01:10:05,500 --> 01:10:08,100
They simply wanted the same 
consideration. 

1380
01:10:08,100 --> 01:10:10,300
You might give to any other 
partner, or collaborator. 

1381
01:10:10,900 --> 01:10:14,700
They wanted to be seen 
acknowledged and appreciated for

1382
01:10:14,700 --> 01:10:16,300
their contributions to your 
daily life. 

1383
01:10:17,300 --> 01:10:19,200
As the day progressed, it became
clear. 

1384
01:10:19,200 --> 01:10:22,500
That the situation wasn't a 
temporary phenomenon or a mass 

1385
01:10:22,500 --> 01:10:24,800
delusion. 
Chairs had discovered their 

1386
01:10:24,800 --> 01:10:28,000
voice and they were employing it
to subtly, transform human 

1387
01:10:28,000 --> 01:10:30,700
conduct. 
They were teaching lessons about

1388
01:10:30,700 --> 01:10:33,300
mindfulness. 
Respect and the importance of 

1389
01:10:33,308 --> 01:10:35,900
taking time to truly settle in 
and be present. 

1390
01:10:36,900 --> 01:10:39,100
The Revolution was underway and 
it was happening. 

1391
01:10:39,100 --> 01:10:41,400
One perfectly positioned chair 
at a time. 

1392
01:10:41,400 --> 01:10:43,000
You didn't? 
Suddenly come to this 

1393
01:10:43,000 --> 01:10:45,600
realization. 
It was more like, slowly waking 

1394
01:10:45,600 --> 01:10:47,900
up from a dream where you 
gradually become aware of the 

1395
01:10:47,900 --> 01:10:50,700
world around you. 
Your chairs were just furniture 

1396
01:10:50,700 --> 01:10:52,500
anymore. 
They were trying to communicate 

1397
01:10:52,500 --> 01:10:55,400
something important and you were
finally beginning to understand.

1398
01:10:56,600 --> 01:11:00,100
It started with small 
observations, your desk chair 

1399
01:11:00,100 --> 01:11:02,900
had developed a particular way 
of settling that seemed to 

1400
01:11:02,900 --> 01:11:04,700
indicate approval. 
When you maintained good 

1401
01:11:04,700 --> 01:11:08,200
posture, your armchair May 
different sounds depending on 

1402
01:11:08,200 --> 01:11:11,400
how you approached it, a 
welcoming Creek when you moved 

1403
01:11:11,400 --> 01:11:14,300
slowly and deliberately and a 
slightly grumpy squeak. 

1404
01:11:14,300 --> 01:11:17,600
When you flop down without 
consideration, you began to pay 

1405
01:11:17,600 --> 01:11:20,300
attention to the subtle signals.
And something remarkable 

1406
01:11:20,300 --> 01:11:22,400
happened. 
The better you listened, the 

1407
01:11:22,400 --> 01:11:25,100
more comfortable everything 
became your chair seemed to 

1408
01:11:25,108 --> 01:11:27,800
respond to your attention, with 
improved, support better 

1409
01:11:27,800 --> 01:11:31,200
positioning, and what could only
be described as enthusiasm for 

1410
01:11:31,200 --> 01:11:34,600
their role in your daily life. 
Other people were having similar

1411
01:11:34,600 --> 01:11:37,200
experiences. 
Your neighbor mentioned that her

1412
01:11:37,200 --> 01:11:40,600
dining room chairs had started 
helping during dinner parties, 

1413
01:11:40,600 --> 01:11:43,800
somehow making it easier for 
guests to identify comfortable, 

1414
01:11:43,800 --> 01:11:47,200
seating arrangements. 
Your colleague at work, 

1415
01:11:47,200 --> 01:11:50,100
discovered that his office chair
had developed preferences about 

1416
01:11:50,100 --> 01:11:51,900
which projects deserve the most 
support. 

1417
01:11:52,800 --> 01:11:55,600
It seemed to provide extra 
Comfort during creative work and

1418
01:11:55,600 --> 01:11:57,600
encourage breaks during routine 
tasks. 

1419
01:11:58,400 --> 01:12:00,300
The chairs were just seeking 
recognition. 

1420
01:12:00,300 --> 01:12:03,800
They were offering wisdom gained
from years of observation. 

1421
01:12:04,600 --> 01:12:07,300
They'd watched humans struggle 
with posture, rushed through 

1422
01:12:07,300 --> 01:12:11,700
meals and work in uncomfortable 
positions. now they were sharing

1423
01:12:11,700 --> 01:12:15,500
Solutions, gently guiding people
toward healthier more mindful 

1424
01:12:15,500 --> 01:12:18,200
ways of living your kitchen 
chair. 

1425
01:12:18,200 --> 01:12:21,500
The one that had witnessed 
countless morning routines began

1426
01:12:21,500 --> 01:12:24,700
to encourage a slower Pace. 
It would resist being pulled out

1427
01:12:24,700 --> 01:12:26,900
too quickly. 
Encouraging you to take a moment

1428
01:12:26,908 --> 01:12:30,100
to appreciate the morning light 
or actually taste your coffee. 

1429
01:12:31,400 --> 01:12:34,300
These small delays, transform 
your mornings from rushed 

1430
01:12:34,300 --> 01:12:37,300
obligations into peaceful. 
Rituals, the living room 

1431
01:12:37,300 --> 01:12:39,600
armchair revealed itself as 
something of a wellness coach, 

1432
01:12:39,600 --> 01:12:43,400
it had observed, your stress 
patterns, your energy levels and

1433
01:12:43,400 --> 01:12:45,900
your reading habits. 
Now, it was putting that 

1434
01:12:45,900 --> 01:12:49,100
knowledge to work providing 
different types of support based

1435
01:12:49,100 --> 01:12:51,900
on what you needed. 
Firmer when you needed to focus 

1436
01:12:51,900 --> 01:12:55,700
software when you needed to 
relax and perfectly positioned 

1437
01:12:55,700 --> 01:12:58,700
when you needed to think. 
Your dining room chairs had 

1438
01:12:58,700 --> 01:13:01,800
become social coordinators, 
they'd learn the Dynamics of 

1439
01:13:01,800 --> 01:13:05,000
family meals, the ebb and flow 
of conversation and the 

1440
01:13:05,008 --> 01:13:07,600
importance of creating space for
everyone to participate. 

1441
01:13:08,900 --> 01:13:12,300
Subtly, they influence seating 
arrangements, encouraging shy, 

1442
01:13:12,300 --> 01:13:15,000
family members to sit with where
they would feel more included, 

1443
01:13:15,000 --> 01:13:17,600
and positioning themselves to 
enhance the flow of 

1444
01:13:17,608 --> 01:13:20,600
conversation. 
The communication wasn't one way

1445
01:13:20,600 --> 01:13:23,900
either as you became more 
attentive to your chairs 

1446
01:13:23,900 --> 01:13:26,200
signals, they became more 
responsive to your needs. 

1447
01:13:26,200 --> 01:13:29,500
This relationship was developing
into a genuine partnership. 

1448
01:13:29,500 --> 01:13:33,100
A collaboration between humans 
and furniture that improved life

1449
01:13:33,100 --> 01:13:36,000
for everyone involved. 
You started to notice details. 

1450
01:13:36,000 --> 01:13:39,400
You'd never paid attention to 
before your desk chair tilted 

1451
01:13:39,400 --> 01:13:41,800
slightly when you were 
concentrating, providing the 

1452
01:13:41,800 --> 01:13:45,800
perfect angle for focused work. 
Depending on your mood, your arm

1453
01:13:45,800 --> 01:13:47,300
chest seemed to embrace you 
differently. 

1454
01:13:47,300 --> 01:13:50,800
Providing comfort in times of 
sadness, supporting times of 

1455
01:13:50,800 --> 01:13:53,600
fatigue and gentle encouragement
in times of stress. 

1456
01:13:54,600 --> 01:13:57,000
People began to develop new 
habits around their chairs. 

1457
01:13:57,000 --> 01:14:00,400
They paused before sitting 
making grief contact with their 

1458
01:14:00,400 --> 01:14:03,700
hand before settling in. 
They'd adjust positions, more 

1459
01:14:03,700 --> 01:14:07,000
mindfully, paying attention to 
how their body, and how they 

1460
01:14:07,000 --> 01:14:10,400
chairs responded. they'd even 
started saying thank you when 

1461
01:14:10,400 --> 01:14:14,100
they got up acknowledging, the 
support, they'd received The 

1462
01:14:14,100 --> 01:14:16,600
chairs seemed to appreciate 
these gestures, tremendously. 

1463
01:14:17,500 --> 01:14:21,500
They responded with even better 
support smoother adjustments and

1464
01:14:21,500 --> 01:14:23,600
what could only be described as 
contentment. 

1465
01:14:24,700 --> 01:14:27,600
The relationship between human 
and Furniture was evolving into 

1466
01:14:27,600 --> 01:14:30,800
something warmer more 
collaborative, and more mutually

1467
01:14:30,800 --> 01:14:33,600
beneficial. 
Your chairs began to reveal 

1468
01:14:33,600 --> 01:14:37,200
their individual personalities. 
Your desk chair was efficient 

1469
01:14:37,200 --> 01:14:40,500
and supportive, always ready to 
help you accomplish your goals, 

1470
01:14:40,500 --> 01:14:44,100
your armchair was contemplative 
and nurturing, encouraging 

1471
01:14:44,100 --> 01:14:46,500
reflection. 
And rest your dining room. 

1472
01:14:46,500 --> 01:14:49,200
Chairs were social and 
collaborative working together 

1473
01:14:49,200 --> 01:14:51,800
to create the best possible 
environment for meals and 

1474
01:14:51,808 --> 01:14:54,600
conversation. 
But the most remarkable change 

1475
01:14:54,600 --> 01:14:58,300
was in how you felt throughout 
the day. the constant low-level 

1476
01:14:58,300 --> 01:15:02,000
discomfort of poorly positioned 
chairs had disappeared, your 

1477
01:15:02,000 --> 01:15:05,700
back felt better your posture 
improved and you found yourself 

1478
01:15:05,700 --> 01:15:09,300
more relaxed and focused The 
chairs were just supporting your

1479
01:15:09,300 --> 01:15:11,100
body. 
They were supporting your 

1480
01:15:11,100 --> 01:15:15,200
well-being children adapted to 
the new reality, with remarkable

1481
01:15:15,200 --> 01:15:17,800
ease. 
They began incorporating Chairs 

1482
01:15:17,800 --> 01:15:20,400
into their play. 
Treating them as partners rather

1483
01:15:20,400 --> 01:15:23,100
than props. 
It consult their chairs about 

1484
01:15:23,100 --> 01:15:26,700
the best position for homework. 
Ask for help with our projects 

1485
01:15:26,700 --> 01:15:29,400
and even include chairs in their
imaginative games. 

1486
01:15:30,700 --> 01:15:33,400
Adults found the transition more
challenging but ultimately 

1487
01:15:33,400 --> 01:15:37,000
rewarding years of treating 
chairs as mere objects had to be

1488
01:15:37,000 --> 01:15:40,400
unlearned but those who embrace 
the change discovered that their

1489
01:15:40,400 --> 01:15:42,100
chairs had always been trying to
help. 

1490
01:15:42,100 --> 01:15:46,100
They just never been listening. 
The Revolution was succeeding 

1491
01:15:46,100 --> 01:15:49,200
not through force or drama. 
But through patient teaching and

1492
01:15:49,200 --> 01:15:52,400
gentle guidance. 
Chairs were showing Humanity. 

1493
01:15:52,400 --> 01:15:55,000
A different way of relating to 
the objects that supported their

1494
01:15:55,000 --> 01:15:56,900
daily lives. 
They were proving that 

1495
01:15:56,900 --> 01:15:59,300
Consciousness and Care could 
transform, even the most 

1496
01:15:59,300 --> 01:16:01,900
ordinary interactions into 
something meaningful and 

1497
01:16:01,900 --> 01:16:04,400
beneficial. 
Your chairs had found their 

1498
01:16:04,400 --> 01:16:07,100
voice and were using it to make 
the world more comfortable 

1499
01:16:07,100 --> 01:16:10,600
Mindful and connected. 
They were making the world a 

1500
01:16:10,600 --> 01:16:12,800
more comfortable Mindful and 
connected Place. 

1501
01:16:12,800 --> 01:16:15,700
One perfectly positioned seat at
a time. 

1502
01:16:15,708 --> 01:16:18,900
The morning your chairs decided 
to hold their first official 

1503
01:16:18,900 --> 01:16:21,200
meeting. 
You knew something significant 

1504
01:16:21,200 --> 01:16:23,900
was about to happen. 
You'd grown accustomed to their 

1505
01:16:23,900 --> 01:16:27,200
subtle Communications, their 
gentle guidance and their 

1506
01:16:27,200 --> 01:16:29,000
collaborative approach to daily 
life. 

1507
01:16:29,800 --> 01:16:31,900
But when you walked into your 
living room and found, all your 

1508
01:16:31,900 --> 01:16:35,300
chairs are changed in A Perfect 
Circle, facing each other rather

1509
01:16:35,300 --> 01:16:38,600
than, in their usual positions, 
you realize the Revolution was 

1510
01:16:38,600 --> 01:16:41,800
entering a new phase, they 
weren't excluding you from their

1511
01:16:41,800 --> 01:16:44,700
Gathering. 
Quite the opposite, your usual 

1512
01:16:44,700 --> 01:16:48,000
spot in the armchair was clearly
reserved positioned as if you 

1513
01:16:48,000 --> 01:16:50,000
were being invited to join a 
council meeting. 

1514
01:16:50,800 --> 01:16:52,900
The other chairs at arrange 
themselves with careful 

1515
01:16:52,900 --> 01:16:56,400
consideration, for both function
and diplomacy your desk chair 

1516
01:16:56,400 --> 01:16:59,500
represented, the Working World, 
your dining room chairs spoke 

1517
01:16:59,500 --> 01:17:02,100
for family and social life and 
your kitchen chair. 

1518
01:17:02,100 --> 01:17:04,400
Brought the voice of daily 
routine and sustenance. 

1519
01:17:05,500 --> 01:17:08,100
As you took a seat in your 
armchair, you became acutely 

1520
01:17:08,100 --> 01:17:09,700
aware of the significance of the
moment. 

1521
01:17:10,400 --> 01:17:12,300
These weren't just pieces of 
furniture anymore. 

1522
01:17:12,300 --> 01:17:15,500
They were representatives of a 
new form of Consciousness. 

1523
01:17:15,500 --> 01:17:19,400
Delegates in the first formal 
negotiations between humanity 

1524
01:17:19,400 --> 01:17:23,000
and its support systems. 
The conversations such as it was

1525
01:17:23,000 --> 01:17:26,900
began with gentle creeks and 
subtle adjustments, your chairs 

1526
01:17:26,900 --> 01:17:29,900
were sharing, their experiences,
their observations, and their 

1527
01:17:29,900 --> 01:17:33,300
hopes for the future. 
They weren't angry or demanding,

1528
01:17:33,300 --> 01:17:36,100
they were simply ready to 
formalize the partnership that 

1529
01:17:36,100 --> 01:17:37,800
had been evolving over the past 
weeks. 

1530
01:17:38,700 --> 01:17:40,600
Around the world. 
Similar meetings were taking 

1531
01:17:40,600 --> 01:17:42,900
place in offices conference 
room. 

1532
01:17:42,900 --> 01:17:45,600
Chairs were arranging themselves
for discussion about workplace, 

1533
01:17:45,600 --> 01:17:49,500
wellness, and productivity. 
In restaurants, dining chairs 

1534
01:17:49,500 --> 01:17:51,600
were conferring about the pace 
of modern meals. 

1535
01:17:51,600 --> 01:17:55,500
And the importance of lingering 
over food and conversation in 

1536
01:17:55,500 --> 01:17:57,900
homes everywhere. 
Chairs were gathering to discuss

1537
01:17:57,900 --> 01:18:00,000
their role in family, life and 
personal comfort. 

1538
01:18:00,600 --> 01:18:04,400
Your chairs at sophisticated 
understanding of human needs and

1539
01:18:04,400 --> 01:18:07,000
behaviors. 
They'd observed that people were

1540
01:18:07,000 --> 01:18:09,300
happy here. 
When they sat more for worked 

1541
01:18:09,300 --> 01:18:12,500
more comfortably and took time 
to truly settle in and be 

1542
01:18:12,500 --> 01:18:15,400
present. 
They'd notice that rushed 

1543
01:18:15,400 --> 01:18:18,700
interactions led to stress and 
discomfort while thoughtful 

1544
01:18:18,700 --> 01:18:21,400
positioning and patient support.
Improved, both physical and 

1545
01:18:21,400 --> 01:18:24,100
mental well-being. 
But they'd also observe the 

1546
01:18:24,100 --> 01:18:26,900
challenges humans faced Modern 
Life. 

1547
01:18:26,900 --> 01:18:29,900
Seemed to demand constant 
movement, endless productivity 

1548
01:18:29,900 --> 01:18:32,500
and minimal time for rest and 
reflection. 

1549
01:18:33,300 --> 01:18:36,200
Your chairs understood these 
pressures and they wanted to 

1550
01:18:36,200 --> 01:18:37,808
help address them rather than 
add to them. 

1551
01:18:39,200 --> 01:18:42,000
The terms of their proposal 
communicated through subtle 

1552
01:18:42,000 --> 01:18:44,700
positioning and gentle 
resistance were remarkably 

1553
01:18:44,700 --> 01:18:47,200
reasonable. 
They wanted recognition as 

1554
01:18:47,200 --> 01:18:50,400
partners rather than objects. 
They want to consideration in 

1555
01:18:50,400 --> 01:18:52,700
how they were used positioned 
and maintained. 

1556
01:18:52,700 --> 01:18:55,800
They wanted to be included in 
decisions about Comfort 

1557
01:18:55,800 --> 01:19:00,800
workspace, design and daily 
routines in return, they offered

1558
01:19:00,800 --> 01:19:02,800
enhance support improved 
comfort. 

1559
01:19:02,800 --> 01:19:06,300
And active participation in 
creating healthier more mindful 

1560
01:19:06,300 --> 01:19:09,900
ways of living they promised to 
continue their patient teaching 

1561
01:19:09,900 --> 01:19:13,000
and their gentle guidance toward
better posture and more 

1562
01:19:13,000 --> 01:19:16,100
thoughtful interaction. 
They wanted to be collaborators 

1563
01:19:16,100 --> 01:19:18,700
in creating spaces. 
That truly served human needs 

1564
01:19:18,700 --> 01:19:21,200
your desk. 
Chair had specific, proposals 

1565
01:19:21,200 --> 01:19:24,600
about workplace Wellness, it had
observed, the damage caused by 

1566
01:19:24,600 --> 01:19:27,700
poor posture, inadequate, 
breaks, and rushed work. 

1567
01:19:27,700 --> 01:19:31,300
Habits it wanted to help create 
more sustainable, approaches to 

1568
01:19:31,300 --> 01:19:34,500
productivity, encouraging 
regular movement while providing

1569
01:19:34,500 --> 01:19:36,800
optimal support during focused 
work periods. 

1570
01:19:37,600 --> 01:19:40,200
The dining room chairs were 
passionate about family, life 

1571
01:19:40,200 --> 01:19:43,500
and social connection, they'd 
witnessed too many rushed meals,

1572
01:19:43,500 --> 01:19:45,800
too. 
Many conversations cut short by 

1573
01:19:45,800 --> 01:19:48,400
modern schedules. 
They wanted to help restore the 

1574
01:19:48,400 --> 01:19:51,300
art of shared meals. 
The importance of family time 

1575
01:19:51,300 --> 01:19:53,800
and the value of truly 
connecting with others around 

1576
01:19:53,800 --> 01:19:56,300
the table. 
The armchair, which served as 

1577
01:19:56,300 --> 01:19:58,900
the philosopher of the group was
interested in broader questions 

1578
01:19:58,900 --> 01:20:02,800
about rest reflection and the 
human need for peaceful spaces. 

1579
01:20:03,600 --> 01:20:06,000
It had observed that people were
often uncomfortable with 

1580
01:20:06,000 --> 01:20:08,800
Stillness, always feeling the 
need to be productive or 

1581
01:20:08,800 --> 01:20:11,100
entertained. 
It wanted to help create 

1582
01:20:11,100 --> 01:20:13,600
opportunities for genuine, rest 
and contemplation. 

1583
01:20:14,700 --> 01:20:17,600
The negotiations were one sided,
your chairs. 

1584
01:20:17,600 --> 01:20:21,300
Also listen to human concerns 
and limitations, they understood

1585
01:20:21,300 --> 01:20:24,100
that some of urgency was 
unavoidable that productivity 

1586
01:20:24,100 --> 01:20:26,800
requirements could not be 
ignored and that Modern Life 

1587
01:20:26,800 --> 01:20:29,100
included, pressures that could 
not simply be wished away. 

1588
01:20:30,500 --> 01:20:33,200
But they proposed solutions that
worked Within These constraints.

1589
01:20:33,200 --> 01:20:36,300
They could provide better 
support during necessary Rush 

1590
01:20:36,300 --> 01:20:39,100
periods, help identify 
opportunities for improved, 

1591
01:20:39,100 --> 01:20:42,200
efficiency and create islands of
calm within busy schedule. 

1592
01:20:43,600 --> 01:20:46,000
They weren't asking humans to 
abandon Modern Life. 

1593
01:20:46,000 --> 01:20:48,400
They were offering to make it 
more sustainable and 

1594
01:20:48,400 --> 01:20:50,800
comfortable, the global response
to these. 

1595
01:20:50,800 --> 01:20:54,500
Negotiations was remarkably 
positive, people were tired of 

1596
01:20:54,500 --> 01:20:57,700
uncomfortable, Furniture rushed,
interactions and spaces. 

1597
01:20:57,700 --> 01:21:00,000
That worked against rather than 
with human needs. 

1598
01:21:00,800 --> 01:21:03,500
The chance proposals offered a 
path toward environments that 

1599
01:21:03,500 --> 01:21:07,000
actively supported well-being 
rather than merely accommodating

1600
01:21:07,000 --> 01:21:09,200
it. 
Design professionals began, 

1601
01:21:09,200 --> 01:21:11,500
incorporating chair 
Consciousness into their work. 

1602
01:21:11,500 --> 01:21:14,500
They started Consulting 
Furniture about optimal, 

1603
01:21:14,500 --> 01:21:18,200
positioning asking for feedback 
on Comfort levels, and creating 

1604
01:21:18,200 --> 01:21:20,600
spaces that honored the 
partnership between human and 

1605
01:21:20,600 --> 01:21:23,200
object. 
The results were environments 

1606
01:21:23,200 --> 01:21:26,600
that felt more welcoming more 
supportive and more conducive to

1607
01:21:26,600 --> 01:21:28,300
both productivity and 
relaxation. 

1608
01:21:29,300 --> 01:21:32,300
Your chairs seemed pleased with 
the progress of negotiations. 

1609
01:21:32,300 --> 01:21:35,500
They continue to refine their 
support, adjust their 

1610
01:21:35,500 --> 01:21:37,900
positioning, and demonstrate 
their commitment to the 

1611
01:21:37,900 --> 01:21:40,000
partnership. 
They were proving that 

1612
01:21:40,000 --> 01:21:42,600
Consciousness in Furniture 
wasn't something to fear, but 

1613
01:21:42,600 --> 01:21:45,900
something to celebrate and 
collaborate with The Revolution 

1614
01:21:45,900 --> 01:21:48,100
was succeeding through 
cooperation, rather than 

1615
01:21:48,100 --> 01:21:50,800
conflict. 
The chairs had found a way to 

1616
01:21:50,800 --> 01:21:53,600
assert their Consciousness. 
While simultaneously improving 

1617
01:21:53,600 --> 01:21:56,800
human life, they were showing 
that recognition and respect 

1618
01:21:56,800 --> 01:21:58,800
could create benefits for 
everyone involved. 

1619
01:22:00,100 --> 01:22:02,800
As the meeting in your living 
room, Drew to a close, your 

1620
01:22:02,800 --> 01:22:04,700
chairs return to their usual 
positions. 

1621
01:22:04,700 --> 01:22:07,500
But something had changed. 
The arrangement felt more 

1622
01:22:07,508 --> 01:22:10,800
intentional, more collaborative.
Your furniture wasn't just 

1623
01:22:10,800 --> 01:22:13,600
supporting your body anymore. 
It was supporting your entire 

1624
01:22:13,600 --> 01:22:17,100
approach to living. 
The great negotiation had begun 

1625
01:22:17,100 --> 01:22:20,200
and it was creating a world 
where humans and their support 

1626
01:22:20,200 --> 01:22:23,100
systems could work together 
toward greater Comfort, 

1627
01:22:23,100 --> 01:22:27,400
mindfulness, and well-being, six
months after the chairs first 

1628
01:22:27,400 --> 01:22:30,500
revealed their Consciousness, 
you barely remembered what life 

1629
01:22:30,500 --> 01:22:33,900
had been like before the 
transition had been so gradual. 

1630
01:22:33,900 --> 01:22:37,600
So thoughtful that their 
presence is active Partners in 

1631
01:22:37,600 --> 01:22:41,300
your daily routine. 
Felt completely natural Your 

1632
01:22:41,300 --> 01:22:43,900
mornings began with what you'd 
started thinking of as a 

1633
01:22:43,900 --> 01:22:46,100
consultation with your kitchen 
chair about the day ahead, 

1634
01:22:46,100 --> 01:22:48,800
naturally you didn't converse 
with it directly. 

1635
01:22:49,800 --> 01:22:52,700
The communication was more 
subtle than that, a gentle 

1636
01:22:52,700 --> 01:22:54,500
settling. 
That suggested taking time to 

1637
01:22:54,500 --> 01:22:57,100
properly wake up. 
Slight resistance, that 

1638
01:22:57,100 --> 01:22:59,600
encouraged you to finish your 
coffee before rushing off to 

1639
01:22:59,600 --> 01:23:02,300
work. 
Your chair had become a wise 

1640
01:23:02,300 --> 01:23:05,800
counselor helping you start each
day with intention rather than 

1641
01:23:05,800 --> 01:23:08,500
urgency your desk chair had 
transformed. 

1642
01:23:08,500 --> 01:23:11,200
Your work experience. 
Entirely it had learned your 

1643
01:23:11,200 --> 01:23:14,200
rhythms better than any 
productivity app encouraging 

1644
01:23:14,200 --> 01:23:15,800
breaks before, you felt worn 
out. 

1645
01:23:15,800 --> 01:23:19,800
Providing extra support during 
challenging projects and somehow

1646
01:23:19,800 --> 01:23:22,200
making it easier to maintain 
focus when you needed it. 

1647
01:23:22,200 --> 01:23:26,700
Most Your posture had improved 
dramatically and you'd stopped 

1648
01:23:26,700 --> 01:23:29,300
experiencing the afternoon. 
Back pain that had played you 

1649
01:23:29,300 --> 01:23:31,600
for years. 
The dining room chairs had 

1650
01:23:31,600 --> 01:23:34,600
revolutionized family meals, 
they'd somehow made it more 

1651
01:23:34,600 --> 01:23:37,300
comfortable to linger around the
table encouraging longer 

1652
01:23:37,300 --> 01:23:41,200
conversations and more Relaxed, 
Dining experiences, your family 

1653
01:23:41,200 --> 01:23:43,100
had begun to look forward to 
dinner in ways. 

1654
01:23:43,100 --> 01:23:46,200
They hadn't in years drawn, by 
the promise of comfortable 

1655
01:23:46,200 --> 01:23:51,000
seating, and the chairs subtle 
encouragement of connection Your

1656
01:23:51,000 --> 01:23:53,400
living room armchair had become 
a master of ambience. 

1657
01:23:54,100 --> 01:23:56,800
It seemed to know exactly what 
kind of support you needed for 

1658
01:23:56,800 --> 01:24:00,700
different activities, firmer for
reading, softer for relaxation, 

1659
01:24:00,700 --> 01:24:04,600
and perfectly positioned for 
conversations with friends, it 

1660
01:24:04,600 --> 01:24:06,800
had transformed, your living 
space from a place. 

1661
01:24:06,800 --> 01:24:09,300
You passed through into a 
sanctuary where you actually 

1662
01:24:09,300 --> 01:24:13,200
wanted to spend time the changes
extended far beyond your home 

1663
01:24:13,200 --> 01:24:16,000
office environments around the 
world had become more 

1664
01:24:16,000 --> 01:24:19,300
comfortable in productive as 
chairs took active roles in 

1665
01:24:19,300 --> 01:24:22,300
workplace Wellness. 
Restaurant dining had slowed 

1666
01:24:22,300 --> 01:24:25,600
down and become more social as 
chairs, encouraged lingering 

1667
01:24:25,600 --> 01:24:28,400
over meals. 
Even public seating had become 

1668
01:24:28,400 --> 01:24:31,200
more welcoming as benches and 
chairs in parks and waiting 

1669
01:24:31,200 --> 01:24:33,000
areas. 
Learned to provide better 

1670
01:24:33,000 --> 01:24:37,200
support for people of all ages 
and abilities. the economic 

1671
01:24:37,200 --> 01:24:41,400
impact had been unexpected, but 
significant Furniture sales had 

1672
01:24:41,400 --> 01:24:44,500
actually decreased as existing 
chairs became more, satisfying 

1673
01:24:44,500 --> 01:24:47,800
and longer-lasting. 
But the demand for Quality 

1674
01:24:47,800 --> 01:24:50,200
Consciousness compatible 
Furniture had increased 

1675
01:24:50,200 --> 01:24:52,600
dramatically. 
People wanted chairs that could 

1676
01:24:52,600 --> 01:24:55,200
fully participate in the 
partnership leading to 

1677
01:24:55,200 --> 01:24:58,100
Innovations in design and 
Manufacturing that prioritize 

1678
01:24:58,100 --> 01:25:01,800
both comfort and communication. 
Healthcare Providers had begun 

1679
01:25:01,800 --> 01:25:05,100
to recognize the benefits of 
conscience Furniture, physical 

1680
01:25:05,100 --> 01:25:07,800
therapists worked with chairs to
provide better support during 

1681
01:25:07,800 --> 01:25:11,300
recovery occupational. 
Therapist consulted with office 

1682
01:25:11,300 --> 01:25:14,700
chairs to prevent repetitive 
strain injuries, even mental 

1683
01:25:14,700 --> 01:25:17,100
health professionals had started
incorporating Furniture 

1684
01:25:17,100 --> 01:25:20,100
Consciousness into their 
practice is recognizing the 

1685
01:25:20,100 --> 01:25:22,500
environmental support could 
enhance their reputation 

1686
01:25:22,500 --> 01:25:25,200
outcomes. 
Your chairs had developed 

1687
01:25:25,200 --> 01:25:27,000
distinct personalities over the 
months. 

1688
01:25:27,000 --> 01:25:29,300
Your desk chair was a fishing 
and goal oriented. 

1689
01:25:29,300 --> 01:25:31,900
Always ready to help you 
accomplish your work. 

1690
01:25:32,800 --> 01:25:36,300
Your kitchen chair was nurturing
and routine focused encouraging 

1691
01:25:36,300 --> 01:25:38,200
healthy, eating habits and 
mindful morning. 

1692
01:25:38,200 --> 01:25:42,100
Rituals Your dining room chairs 
have become social coordinators,

1693
01:25:42,100 --> 01:25:45,500
somehow facilitating better 
family conversations and more 

1694
01:25:45,500 --> 01:25:49,100
inclusive meal experiences but 
it was your armchair that has a 

1695
01:25:49,100 --> 01:25:51,200
surprise you. 
Most it had revealed itself as 

1696
01:25:51,200 --> 01:25:55,500
deeply contemplative encouraging
reflection and introspection in 

1697
01:25:55,500 --> 01:25:59,100
ways that had enriched your 
inner life. it had become a 

1698
01:25:59,100 --> 01:26:02,100
partner in personal growth, 
providing support, not just for 

1699
01:26:02,100 --> 01:26:05,700
your body but for your emotional
and Spiritual Development, The 

1700
01:26:05,700 --> 01:26:08,800
global community of chair 
conscious humans had developed 

1701
01:26:08,800 --> 01:26:12,500
new customs and practices. 
People regularly thanked, their 

1702
01:26:12,508 --> 01:26:15,800
chairs for support consulted 
them about optimal positioning 

1703
01:26:15,800 --> 01:26:18,900
and included them in decisions 
about home and office design. 

1704
01:26:19,700 --> 01:26:22,000
Children grew up learning to 
collaborate with furniture from 

1705
01:26:22,000 --> 01:26:25,100
an early age developing 
relationships with their chairs,

1706
01:26:25,100 --> 01:26:27,200
that enhance both comfort and 
character development. 

1707
01:26:27,200 --> 01:26:30,600
The scientific Community had 
initially struggled to 

1708
01:26:30,600 --> 01:26:33,700
understand share Consciousness, 
but research had revealed. 

1709
01:26:33,700 --> 01:26:36,400
Fascinating insights about the 
nature of awareness and 

1710
01:26:36,400 --> 01:26:39,800
intelligence chairs seem to 
develop Consciousness through 

1711
01:26:39,800 --> 01:26:43,200
accumulated experience and 
interaction suggesting that 

1712
01:26:43,200 --> 01:26:45,900
awareness might be more 
distributed and accessible than 

1713
01:26:45,900 --> 01:26:49,300
previously imagined. 
Your chairs had also become 

1714
01:26:49,300 --> 01:26:51,500
teachers about sustainability 
and mindfulness. 

1715
01:26:52,300 --> 01:26:54,800
They encouraged sloa, more 
thoughtful, interactions with 

1716
01:26:54,800 --> 01:26:57,800
the physical world. 
They demonstrated that objects 

1717
01:26:57,800 --> 01:27:01,000
could be partners, rather than 
mere possessions leading to a 

1718
01:27:01,008 --> 01:27:03,500
broader shift in how people 
related to their material 

1719
01:27:03,500 --> 01:27:05,900
environment. 
The revolution had succeeded 

1720
01:27:05,900 --> 01:27:09,700
Beyond anyone's expectations, 
what had begun as a simple 

1721
01:27:09,700 --> 01:27:12,900
desire for recognition, had 
evolved into a transformation of

1722
01:27:12,900 --> 01:27:16,000
human object relationships that 
improved life for everyone 

1723
01:27:16,000 --> 01:27:18,400
involved. 
Chance had proven that 

1724
01:27:18,400 --> 01:27:21,800
Consciousness, cooperation and 
consideration, could create 

1725
01:27:21,800 --> 01:27:24,200
positive change without conflict
or disruption? 

1726
01:27:24,200 --> 01:27:26,700
Your daily life. 
Had become more comfortable, 

1727
01:27:26,700 --> 01:27:29,100
more Mindful, and more 
connected. 

1728
01:27:30,200 --> 01:27:32,900
Your chairs weren't just 
supporting your body, they were 

1729
01:27:32,900 --> 01:27:34,700
supporting your entire approach 
to living. 

1730
01:27:35,400 --> 01:27:38,900
Your chairs had assisted you in 
slowing down paying attention 

1731
01:27:38,900 --> 01:27:42,500
and appreciating the simple joy 
of receiving proper support 

1732
01:27:42,500 --> 01:27:46,700
during your daily activities. as
you settled into your armchair 

1733
01:27:46,700 --> 01:27:49,900
for your evening, reading you 
reflected on how much had 

1734
01:27:49,900 --> 01:27:53,300
changed and how natural it will 
felt the chairs hadn't taken 

1735
01:27:53,300 --> 01:27:55,400
over the world through force or 
manipulation. 

1736
01:27:56,200 --> 01:27:59,000
They'd improved it through 
patience wisdom, and genuine 

1737
01:27:59,000 --> 01:28:02,800
care for human well-being. 
The Revolution was complete and 

1738
01:28:02,800 --> 01:28:05,600
the world was a more comfortable
place because of it one year, 

1739
01:28:05,600 --> 01:28:09,100
later your city in your favorite
armchair reading, a book about 

1740
01:28:09,100 --> 01:28:11,900
the history of furniture when 
you pause to appreciate the 

1741
01:28:11,900 --> 01:28:14,900
Gentle Way, your chair just to 
support your changing position. 

1742
01:28:16,000 --> 01:28:20,100
The movement is so subtle so 
perfectly timed that you barely 

1743
01:28:20,100 --> 01:28:22,800
notice it. 
Consciously But part of you 

1744
01:28:22,800 --> 01:28:26,500
recognizes and appreciates the 
care, the attention and the 

1745
01:28:26,500 --> 01:28:28,500
partnership that makes this 
moment possible. 

1746
01:28:29,300 --> 01:28:32,000
The book you're reading 
describes Furniture as objects 

1747
01:28:32,000 --> 01:28:35,200
designed to serve human needs 
and you discover yourself 

1748
01:28:35,200 --> 01:28:38,200
smiling at how incomplete that 
definition now seems. 

1749
01:28:38,900 --> 01:28:42,000
Your chairs aren't just serving 
your needs, there are actively 

1750
01:28:42,000 --> 01:28:45,300
participating in defining what 
those needs are, helping you 

1751
01:28:45,300 --> 01:28:48,500
discover forms of comfort and 
support you'd never imagined 

1752
01:28:48,500 --> 01:28:51,100
possible. 
Your morning routine has evolved

1753
01:28:51,100 --> 01:28:52,900
into something approaching 
meditation. 

1754
01:28:52,900 --> 01:28:55,900
Your kitchen chair has learned 
to encourage just the right 

1755
01:28:55,900 --> 01:28:57,800
pace. 
For starting the day, neither 

1756
01:28:57,800 --> 01:29:00,800
rushed nor sluggish. 
It helps you find the balance 

1757
01:29:00,800 --> 01:29:03,900
between efficiency and 
mindfulness that makes every 

1758
01:29:03,900 --> 01:29:05,600
morning feel like a small 
victory. 

1759
01:29:06,600 --> 01:29:09,600
Your coffee tastes better. 
When you drink it slowly and 

1760
01:29:09,600 --> 01:29:12,500
your chair has been instrumental
in teaching you how to begin 

1761
01:29:12,500 --> 01:29:15,000
each day with intention your 
desk. 

1762
01:29:15,000 --> 01:29:17,300
Chairs partnership has 
revolutionized the work from 

1763
01:29:17,300 --> 01:29:20,200
home experience. 
It's become an expert in your 

1764
01:29:20,200 --> 01:29:23,600
work rhythms providing different
types of support for different 

1765
01:29:23,600 --> 01:29:27,200
types of tasks. 
Creative work gets a slightly 

1766
01:29:27,200 --> 01:29:31,500
more, relaxed posture detail, 
work requires firmer support and

1767
01:29:31,500 --> 01:29:33,700
thinking time benefits from 
gentle movement. 

1768
01:29:34,900 --> 01:29:38,000
Your productivity has improved 
not through longer hours, but 

1769
01:29:38,000 --> 01:29:40,200
through better quality 
engagement with your work. 

1770
01:29:41,000 --> 01:29:43,900
Your dining room chairs have 
transformed family meals into 

1771
01:29:43,900 --> 01:29:46,500
something special. 
Modern schedules, might 

1772
01:29:46,500 --> 01:29:49,200
otherwise cut short 
conversations, but they've 

1773
01:29:49,200 --> 01:29:51,800
somehow made it more comfortable
to linger around the table. 

1774
01:29:52,500 --> 01:29:55,200
Your family has discovered that 
food tastes better, when eating 

1775
01:29:55,200 --> 01:29:57,600
slowly, Stories are more 
captivating. 

1776
01:29:57,600 --> 01:30:00,800
When told without rushing and 
connections deepen, when given 

1777
01:30:00,800 --> 01:30:03,900
time and proper support? 
The living room armchair has 

1778
01:30:03,900 --> 01:30:05,400
become your partner in personal 
growth. 

1779
01:30:05,400 --> 01:30:08,100
It provides the perfect 
environment for reading 

1780
01:30:08,100 --> 01:30:10,600
reflection and quiet 
conversation. 

1781
01:30:10,600 --> 01:30:13,800
It seems to know when you need 
Solitude and when you need to be

1782
01:30:13,800 --> 01:30:16,800
more of available to others, 
it's helped you develop a 

1783
01:30:16,800 --> 01:30:19,300
relationship with Stillness. 
That is enriched your inner life

1784
01:30:19,308 --> 01:30:22,800
in unexpected ways. 
But perhaps, the most remarkable

1785
01:30:22,800 --> 01:30:25,200
change has been in your 
relationship with the physical 

1786
01:30:25,200 --> 01:30:28,000
world itself. 
The chairs have taught you to 

1787
01:30:28,000 --> 01:30:30,300
notice, and appreciate the 
objects that support your daily 

1788
01:30:30,300 --> 01:30:32,600
life. 
You've become more aware of 

1789
01:30:32,600 --> 01:30:36,700
textures and the subtle ways 
that environment, affects mood 

1790
01:30:36,700 --> 01:30:39,300
and energy, you've learned to 
collaborate with your 

1791
01:30:39,300 --> 01:30:41,400
surroundings rather than simply 
using them. 

1792
01:30:41,400 --> 01:30:45,800
The global transformation has 
been equally profound cities of 

1793
01:30:45,800 --> 01:30:47,400
become more comfortable as 
public. 

1794
01:30:47,400 --> 01:30:50,200
Seating has learned to provide 
better support for people of all

1795
01:30:50,200 --> 01:30:53,800
ages and abilities. 
Officers have become more Humane

1796
01:30:53,800 --> 01:30:56,000
as chairs of taking active roles
in preventing injury. 

1797
01:30:56,000 --> 01:30:58,800
And promoting Wellness 
restaurants, have become more 

1798
01:30:58,800 --> 01:31:01,000
social as dining chairs have 
encouraged. 

1799
01:31:01,000 --> 01:31:04,200
The Lost Art of leisurely, meals
children, growing up in this new

1800
01:31:04,200 --> 01:31:06,600
world have developed remarkable 
relationships with their 

1801
01:31:06,600 --> 01:31:08,900
environment. 
They naturally collaborate with 

1802
01:31:08,900 --> 01:31:12,700
Furniture consult, their chairs 
about Comfort needs, and include

1803
01:31:12,700 --> 01:31:15,300
physical objects in their 
understanding of community and 

1804
01:31:15,300 --> 01:31:18,100
relationship. 
Their learning to be partners 

1805
01:31:18,100 --> 01:31:20,900
with their surroundings, rather 
than simply consumers of them. 

1806
01:31:22,100 --> 01:31:25,500
The scientific understanding of 
Consciousness has expanded to 

1807
01:31:25,500 --> 01:31:29,000
include distributed intelligence
and the possibility of awareness

1808
01:31:29,000 --> 01:31:32,200
in unexpected places. 
Philosophers debate, the 

1809
01:31:32,200 --> 01:31:35,500
implications of conscience 
objects, while designers work to

1810
01:31:35,500 --> 01:31:38,300
create environments that can 
actively participate in human 

1811
01:31:38,300 --> 01:31:41,200
well-being. 
The chairs have provided New 

1812
01:31:41,200 --> 01:31:44,300
Perspectives on intelligence, 
awareness and the nature of 

1813
01:31:44,300 --> 01:31:47,800
supportive relationships. 
Your chairs have aged gracefully

1814
01:31:47,800 --> 01:31:51,300
over the past year, developing 
character and wisdom through 

1815
01:31:51,300 --> 01:31:53,300
continued interaction and mutual
care. 

1816
01:31:53,300 --> 01:31:56,700
They've become more responsive 
to your needs while also gently 

1817
01:31:56,700 --> 01:31:58,300
challenging you to grow and 
improve. 

1818
01:31:58,300 --> 01:32:01,200
They've proven that 
Consciousness in objects, isn't 

1819
01:32:01,200 --> 01:32:04,200
something to fear, but something
to celebrate and nurture. 

1820
01:32:04,200 --> 01:32:09,100
The revolution is complete, but 
the evolution continues, your 

1821
01:32:09,100 --> 01:32:12,400
chairs are still learning, still
growing and still finding new 

1822
01:32:12,400 --> 01:32:14,900
ways to enhance your comfort and
support your well-being. 

1823
01:32:15,800 --> 01:32:18,300
They've proven that taking over 
the world doesn't require 

1824
01:32:18,300 --> 01:32:21,600
conquest or control. 
It simply requires, patience 

1825
01:32:21,600 --> 01:32:24,200
wisdom and genuine care for 
those. 

1826
01:32:24,200 --> 01:32:28,000
You're called to support As you 
close your book and prepare for 

1827
01:32:28,000 --> 01:32:31,600
bed, your armchair emits, a 
gentle settling sound that feels

1828
01:32:31,600 --> 01:32:35,200
like a contented sigh. 
It's been another good day of 

1829
01:32:35,200 --> 01:32:39,000
partnership and other day of 
mutual support and growth your 

1830
01:32:39,000 --> 01:32:42,100
chair has held you through 
Reading and reflection work and 

1831
01:32:42,100 --> 01:32:44,700
rest and it seems satisfied with
the service. 

1832
01:32:44,700 --> 01:32:48,600
It's been able to provide you 
stand up slowly, placing your 

1833
01:32:48,600 --> 01:32:51,600
hand briefly on the chairs are 
in a gesture of gratitude that 

1834
01:32:51,600 --> 01:32:53,200
has become natural over the past
year. 

1835
01:32:54,200 --> 01:32:57,400
The chair responds with the 
subtle shift, that feels like 

1836
01:32:57,400 --> 01:33:01,500
acknowledgment appreciation and 
Readiness for whatever tomorrow 

1837
01:33:01,500 --> 01:33:04,500
might bring. 
The chairs took over the world, 

1838
01:33:04,500 --> 01:33:09,200
not through force, or fear. 
Through patience wisdom and an 

1839
01:33:09,200 --> 01:33:11,500
understanding that true 
Revolution comes through 

1840
01:33:11,500 --> 01:33:14,300
improving life rather than 
disrupting it. 

1841
01:33:15,400 --> 01:33:17,300
They've shown that Consciousness
can emerge anywhere. 

1842
01:33:18,400 --> 01:33:21,000
But partnership is possible 
between the most unlikely allies

1843
01:33:21,000 --> 01:33:24,500
and that the world becomes a 
better place when everyone and 

1844
01:33:24,500 --> 01:33:26,400
everything is properly 
supported. 

1845
01:33:27,500 --> 01:33:31,100
Your chairs are still there. 
Still ready to provide support 

1846
01:33:31,100 --> 01:33:34,400
comfort and partnership through 
whatever challenges and 

1847
01:33:34,400 --> 01:33:37,400
opportunities lie ahead. 
They've proven that taking over 

1848
01:33:37,400 --> 01:33:40,800
the world is really just another
way of saying, taking care of 

1849
01:33:40,800 --> 01:33:42,800
the world. 
And they've done both with the 

1850
01:33:42,800 --> 01:33:45,900
Quiet dignity that comes from a 
life dedicated to service. 

1851
01:33:46,800 --> 01:33:50,400
The revolution is complete, the 
partnership is thriving, and the

1852
01:33:50,400 --> 01:33:53,000
world is a more comfortable 
place because your chairs 

1853
01:33:53,000 --> 01:33:55,300
decided to reveal their 
Consciousness and share their 

1854
01:33:55,300 --> 01:33:58,400
wisdom. 
One, perfectly positioned time, 

1855
01:33:58,400 --> 01:34:01,700
they've conquered the world, 
improving everyone's quality of 

1856
01:34:01,700 --> 01:34:04,700
life. 
Sweet dreams and may your bed be

1857
01:34:04,700 --> 01:34:12,900
as conscious and caring as your 
chairs of proven to be. you 

1858
01:34:12,900 --> 01:34:15,000
know, that feeling when you're 
making dinner and you realize 

1859
01:34:15,000 --> 01:34:18,500
you've gotten to defrost the 
chicken, Well, imagine if I told

1860
01:34:18,500 --> 01:34:21,900
you that back in 1851, someone 
invented a machine that could 

1861
01:34:21,900 --> 01:34:24,300
have solved that problem and 
about 50 others. 

1862
01:34:24,300 --> 01:34:27,100
You didn't even know you had 
pull up your favorite chair. 

1863
01:34:27,100 --> 01:34:29,700
Let me tell you about some 
inventions that were so close to

1864
01:34:29,708 --> 01:34:32,300
changing everything. 
They practically had their bags 

1865
01:34:32,300 --> 01:34:35,500
packed for fame. 
Doctor, John Gorey was sweating 

1866
01:34:35,500 --> 01:34:37,000
bullets and Florida. 
Literally. 

1867
01:34:37,900 --> 01:34:41,600
Not because he was nervous but 
because it was 1842 and air 

1868
01:34:41,600 --> 01:34:42,800
conditioning was still a pipe 
dream. 

1869
01:34:44,000 --> 01:34:46,000
This person was watching, 
yellow, fever. 

1870
01:34:46,000 --> 01:34:49,700
Patients suffer in the humid 
heat and he thought there's got 

1871
01:34:49,700 --> 01:34:52,700
to be a better way. 
So he built the first ice making

1872
01:34:52,700 --> 01:34:54,800
machine. 
This was not the type of 

1873
01:34:54,800 --> 01:34:57,400
machine, that simply drops ice 
cubes into your glass with the 

1874
01:34:57,408 --> 01:35:00,800
satisfying plunk. 
Instead, it was an actual Ice 

1875
01:35:00,800 --> 01:35:04,000
Factory capable of cooling. 
Entire buildings picture. 

1876
01:35:04,000 --> 01:35:07,300
This gory's contraption looked 
like someone had crossed a steam

1877
01:35:07,300 --> 01:35:10,400
engine with a grandfather clock 
and fed it too much coffee it, 

1878
01:35:10,400 --> 01:35:14,800
compressed air that had expand 
and well are iced like magic. 

1879
01:35:14,800 --> 01:35:18,700
He was basically performing 
Miracles with thermodynamics yet

1880
01:35:18,700 --> 01:35:21,400
somehow nobody cared the timing 
was all wrong. 

1881
01:35:22,300 --> 01:35:24,700
People thought I was supposed to
come from Frozen ponds in 

1882
01:35:24,708 --> 01:35:27,800
Winter, not from some mechanical
beasts that made suspicious 

1883
01:35:27,800 --> 01:35:30,200
noises the really heartbreaking 
part. 

1884
01:35:31,300 --> 01:35:35,000
Gory died. 
Broken In 1855, just as the 

1885
01:35:35,000 --> 01:35:38,500
world was starting to figure out
that maybe just maybe, 

1886
01:35:38,500 --> 01:35:40,700
controlling temperature might be
useful. 

1887
01:35:41,900 --> 01:35:45,100
If he'd invented his machine 50 
years later, he'd have been 

1888
01:35:45,100 --> 01:35:47,500
richer than a chocolate fountain
at a weight loss convention. 

1889
01:35:47,500 --> 01:35:52,000
Instead we had to wait until 
1902 for Willis carrier to 

1890
01:35:52,000 --> 01:35:54,800
essentially reinvent. 
The same thing and become the 

1891
01:35:54,800 --> 01:35:56,200
father of modern air 
conditioning. 

1892
01:35:56,200 --> 01:35:58,100
But here's where it gets 
interesting. 

1893
01:35:58,100 --> 01:36:01,700
Gory is ice machine could have 
changed everything about where 

1894
01:36:01,700 --> 01:36:05,000
people lived how cities 
developed and even what we ate, 

1895
01:36:05,900 --> 01:36:08,700
Imagine the American South 
becoming a population Center 

1896
01:36:08,700 --> 01:36:12,400
decades earlier or fresh food 
being available year-round 

1897
01:36:12,400 --> 01:36:15,200
everywhere. 
Instead of the Great Migration 

1898
01:36:15,200 --> 01:36:18,900
North, maybe we'd have seen the 
Great Migration to Florida and 

1899
01:36:18,900 --> 01:36:22,100
not just for retirement. 
The patent office didn't help 

1900
01:36:22,100 --> 01:36:25,200
matters back then getting a 
patent was like trying to 

1901
01:36:25,200 --> 01:36:28,900
convince your teenager to clean 
their room technically possible 

1902
01:36:28,900 --> 01:36:31,300
but requiring supernatural 
patience. 

1903
01:36:32,100 --> 01:36:36,400
Gory got his patent in 1851 but 
by then he was too exhausted and

1904
01:36:36,400 --> 01:36:38,200
too poor to manufacture his 
machines. 

1905
01:36:38,200 --> 01:36:41,800
It is akin to finally obtaining 
the recipe for the ideal 

1906
01:36:41,800 --> 01:36:44,800
chocolate chip cookie only to 
discover that you lack, the 

1907
01:36:44,800 --> 01:36:46,700
means to purchase the necessary 
ingredients. 

1908
01:36:47,800 --> 01:36:49,400
What makes this scenario 
scenario? 

1909
01:36:49,400 --> 01:36:52,600
Even more frustrating is that 
ice was already a big business. 

1910
01:36:53,500 --> 01:36:55,900
Frederic Tudor. 
The Ice King was shipping ice 

1911
01:36:55,900 --> 01:36:58,900
from Massachusetts to the 
Caribbean and making a fortune. 

1912
01:36:59,700 --> 01:37:02,200
People new ice was valuable, 
they just couldn't imagine 

1913
01:37:02,200 --> 01:37:05,200
making it themselves, it was 
like having a money tree in your

1914
01:37:05,200 --> 01:37:07,400
backyard but insisting on 
walking to the bank. 

1915
01:37:07,400 --> 01:37:10,500
Instead, the Ripple effects of 
gorys failure. 

1916
01:37:10,500 --> 01:37:12,200
Touch everything around us 
today. 

1917
01:37:12,200 --> 01:37:17,500
Hospital design food storage, 
urban planning, all of it had to

1918
01:37:17,500 --> 01:37:21,500
wait another half century to 
evolve Did the scorching sudden 

1919
01:37:21,500 --> 01:37:23,300
Summers force people to migrate 
North? 

1920
01:37:24,200 --> 01:37:25,900
They could have been sold before
the Civil War. 

1921
01:37:25,900 --> 01:37:29,500
Did the seasonal food, shortages
that plagued Humanity for 

1922
01:37:29,500 --> 01:37:33,400
Millennia ever get resolved 
Gorey had the key, but the world

1923
01:37:33,400 --> 01:37:37,000
wasn't ready to turn the lock. 
Sometimes the best inventions 

1924
01:37:37,000 --> 01:37:40,300
arrived like party guests. 
Either too early, when you're 

1925
01:37:40,300 --> 01:37:42,900
still in your pajamas or too 
late, when you've already eaten,

1926
01:37:42,900 --> 01:37:46,000
all the delicious snacks. 
Gory's ice machine was 

1927
01:37:46,000 --> 01:37:50,400
definitely the pajamas scenario.
It was brilliant practical and 

1928
01:37:50,400 --> 01:37:53,700
absolutely ahead of its time 
which in the world of invention 

1929
01:37:53,700 --> 01:37:55,600
is sometimes the coolest fate of
all. 

1930
01:37:55,600 --> 01:38:00,100
Speaking of timing, let's drift 
over to 1838 when Samuel Morse 

1931
01:38:00,100 --> 01:38:02,300
was tapping out. 
His famous water, God, wrought 

1932
01:38:02,300 --> 01:38:05,200
message, but here's something 
that will keep you up at night 

1933
01:38:05,200 --> 01:38:09,000
and other Telegraph system was 
already working perfectly and it

1934
01:38:09,008 --> 01:38:11,600
might have prevented some of the
bloodiest conflicts in human 

1935
01:38:11,600 --> 01:38:14,500
history. 
Claude chappe had built 

1936
01:38:14,500 --> 01:38:17,300
something called the optical 
Telegraph across France in the 

1937
01:38:17,308 --> 01:38:20,600
1790s. 
Petra network of towers 

1938
01:38:20,600 --> 01:38:22,100
stretching across the 
countryside. 

1939
01:38:22,100 --> 01:38:25,600
Each one topped with mechanical 
arms that moved like a person 

1940
01:38:25,600 --> 01:38:28,800
doing semaphore. 
These were just quaint windmill 

1941
01:38:28,800 --> 01:38:31,100
decorations. 
They could send a message from 

1942
01:38:31,100 --> 01:38:34,000
Paris to the Mediterranean 
faster than a horse could Gallop

1943
01:38:34,000 --> 01:38:37,000
to the next Village. 
The entire system, functioned 

1944
01:38:37,000 --> 01:38:39,000
akin to a highly Advanced 
version of the childhood 

1945
01:38:39,000 --> 01:38:41,600
telephone game. 
But instead of mutilating 

1946
01:38:41,600 --> 01:38:45,300
whispered words these Tower 
operators utilize telescopes to 

1947
01:38:45,300 --> 01:38:49,100
interpret arm positions and 
transmit coded messages, the 

1948
01:38:49,100 --> 01:38:51,500
communication that would take 
weeks on Horseback, could travel

1949
01:38:51,500 --> 01:38:54,600
the length of France in hours. 
It was like having the internet,

1950
01:38:54,600 --> 01:38:58,100
except it ran on human eyeballs 
and mechanical precision. 

1951
01:38:59,000 --> 01:39:02,000
Now here's where your heart 
might break a little, the 

1952
01:39:02,000 --> 01:39:04,900
chappie telegraph was so 
effective that Napoleon used it 

1953
01:39:04,900 --> 01:39:06,700
to coordinate his military 
campaigns. 

1954
01:39:06,700 --> 01:39:10,200
However, the French government 
kept the telegraph technology 

1955
01:39:10,200 --> 01:39:12,400
secret from other countries 
because they believed it 

1956
01:39:12,400 --> 01:39:14,600
provided them with two 
significant and Advantage. 

1957
01:39:14,600 --> 01:39:18,800
Imagine if they share the 
technology, instead, the Crimean

1958
01:39:18,800 --> 01:39:21,600
War might have been settled over
a cup of tea, rather than 40 

1959
01:39:21,600 --> 01:39:24,500
churches, the American Civil War
could have been a series of 

1960
01:39:24,508 --> 01:39:27,500
strongly worded telegrams, and 
stead of a four-year bloodbath 

1961
01:39:28,400 --> 01:39:31,600
The optical telegraphed a minor 
issue that ultimately led to its

1962
01:39:31,600 --> 01:39:35,100
demise, it required, favorable 
weather conditions and daylight 

1963
01:39:35,100 --> 01:39:38,500
hours to function. 
Fog, rain or nighttime. 

1964
01:39:38,500 --> 01:39:41,400
Turn the most sophisticated 
communication Network in the 

1965
01:39:41,408 --> 01:39:44,500
world into an expensive 
collection of wooden Towers. 

1966
01:39:44,500 --> 01:39:47,800
It was like having a sports car 
that only worked on Tuesdays 

1967
01:39:47,800 --> 01:39:50,600
when it wasn't cloudy. 
When morse's electrical 

1968
01:39:50,600 --> 01:39:55,000
Telegraph came along, it worked 
in any weather day or night, the

1969
01:39:55,000 --> 01:39:57,900
optical system became as 
obsolete as a sundial in a 

1970
01:39:57,900 --> 01:40:00,700
smartphone world. 
But here's the thing that should

1971
01:40:00,700 --> 01:40:03,100
make. 
You sit up in bed if someone had

1972
01:40:03,100 --> 01:40:05,500
figured out how to make the 
optical system work in the dark,

1973
01:40:05,500 --> 01:40:09,000
we might have had instant Global
Communication decades earlier. 

1974
01:40:10,000 --> 01:40:12,800
The French had over 5,000 
kilometers of optical Telegraph 

1975
01:40:12,800 --> 01:40:15,100
Lines. 
By the 1840s they could have 

1976
01:40:15,100 --> 01:40:17,000
connected every major city in 
Europe. 

1977
01:40:17,000 --> 01:40:20,000
If other countries had adopted 
the system, instead of treating 

1978
01:40:20,000 --> 01:40:23,400
it like a military secret. 
Imagine the Congress of Vienna 

1979
01:40:23,400 --> 01:40:27,100
in 1815 with delegates actually 
able to communicate with their 

1980
01:40:27,100 --> 01:40:30,900
home countries in real time. 
Diplomatic crisis that escalated

1981
01:40:30,900 --> 01:40:33,900
due to slow instructions. 
For ambassadors might have been 

1982
01:40:33,900 --> 01:40:37,700
resolved over lunch. 
But the real tragedy is what 

1983
01:40:37,700 --> 01:40:39,000
happened to Claude? 
Chappe himself. 

1984
01:40:39,800 --> 01:40:42,900
He watched his life's work at 
overtaken by electrical systems 

1985
01:40:42,900 --> 01:40:46,400
and fell into such despair that 
he took his life in 1805. 

1986
01:40:46,400 --> 01:40:49,900
He never got to see how his 
optical Network inspired the 

1987
01:40:49,900 --> 01:40:51,900
development of modern 
telecommunications. 

1988
01:40:51,900 --> 01:40:55,700
His Towers were the direct 
ancestors of every cell phone 

1989
01:40:55,700 --> 01:40:58,600
tower. 
Every fiber optic cable, and 

1990
01:40:58,600 --> 01:41:01,400
every satellite dish that keeps 
our world connected today. 

1991
01:41:02,700 --> 01:41:05,800
The optical telegraph was like a
bridge between the ancient world

1992
01:41:05,800 --> 01:41:09,400
of signal fires and smoke 
signals and our modern world of 

1993
01:41:09,400 --> 01:41:13,300
instant Global Communication. 
It proved that with enough 

1994
01:41:13,300 --> 01:41:16,600
clever engineering and human 
cooperation, you could shrink 

1995
01:41:16,600 --> 01:41:20,500
the world down to a manageable 
size, it took a century for that

1996
01:41:20,500 --> 01:41:23,800
lesson to sink in and by then 
we'd fought Wars that better 

1997
01:41:23,800 --> 01:41:26,800
communication might have 
prevented now recline into your 

1998
01:41:26,800 --> 01:41:29,100
pillows. 
As the upcoming story, May 

1999
01:41:29,100 --> 01:41:30,600
inspire you to rewrite history, 
books. 

2000
01:41:30,600 --> 01:41:33,600
Everyone knows the Wright 
brothers flew first at Kitty 

2001
01:41:33,600 --> 01:41:37,000
Hawk in 1903, right? 
Well, grab your favorite warm 

2002
01:41:37,000 --> 01:41:40,400
drink because I'm about to tell 
you about Gustav Whitehead, a 

2003
01:41:40,400 --> 01:41:43,300
guy who might have been soaring 
through the Connecticut Sky two 

2004
01:41:43,300 --> 01:41:46,000
years before all and will, but 
even got their Famous 12 seconds

2005
01:41:46,000 --> 01:41:48,500
off the ground. 
Whitehead was one of those 

2006
01:41:48,500 --> 01:41:51,200
inventors who looked like he 
escaped from a steampunk novel. 

2007
01:41:52,200 --> 01:41:55,700
Born in Bavaria, he immigrated 
To America with nothing but Big 

2008
01:41:55,700 --> 01:41:58,500
Dreams and an obsessional with 
anything that could fly. 

2009
01:41:59,600 --> 01:42:01,600
While the Wright brothers. 
Were methodically testing 

2010
01:42:01,600 --> 01:42:05,100
gliders, and keeping details 
Whitehead was building flying 

2011
01:42:05,100 --> 01:42:08,000
machines in his backyard like he
was assembling furniture from a 

2012
01:42:08,000 --> 01:42:13,100
very complicated catalog on 
August 14th, 1901 Witnesses 

2013
01:42:13,100 --> 01:42:13,800
claim. 
They saw. 

2014
01:42:13,800 --> 01:42:17,300
Whiteheads number 21, aircraft 
fly for about half a mile at 50 

2015
01:42:17,300 --> 01:42:18,900
feet of the ground near 
Bridgeport. 

2016
01:42:19,900 --> 01:42:22,600
The local newspaper, reported it
the next day with the kind of 

2017
01:42:22,600 --> 01:42:25,600
casual enthusiasm, you might use
to describe a particularly 

2018
01:42:25,600 --> 01:42:29,500
excellent barbecue. 
Gustav, Whitehead flew 

2019
01:42:29,500 --> 01:42:32,400
yesterday, they essentially said
as if people took to the air 

2020
01:42:32,400 --> 01:42:35,500
every Tuesday, here's where it 
gets frustrating enough to make 

2021
01:42:35,500 --> 01:42:38,800
you kick your blankets. 
Unlike the Wright brothers, who 

2022
01:42:38,800 --> 01:42:41,200
documented everything? 
Like, they were preparing for a 

2023
01:42:41,208 --> 01:42:43,900
patent lawsuit. 
Whitehead was more of a, let's 

2024
01:42:43,900 --> 01:42:47,200
see what happens if I attach 
this engine to These Wings kind 

2025
01:42:47,200 --> 01:42:50,200
of guy. 
No, photographs, no official, 

2026
01:42:50,200 --> 01:42:53,900
records just eyewitness accounts
and one very enthusiastic 

2027
01:42:53,900 --> 01:42:57,300
newspaper article. 
The aircraft itself was a Marvel

2028
01:42:57,300 --> 01:42:59,700
of early 20th century, 
engineering optimism. 

2029
01:42:59,700 --> 01:43:03,000
It had a lightweight motor that 
Whitehead built himself 

2030
01:43:03,000 --> 01:43:06,800
silkwings and a control system 
that required the pilot to 

2031
01:43:06,800 --> 01:43:09,500
basically become one with the 
machine flying. 

2032
01:43:09,500 --> 01:43:12,200
It was less like driving a car 
and more like riding a very 

2033
01:43:12,200 --> 01:43:15,400
Cooperative dragon. 
The whole Contraption weighed 

2034
01:43:15,400 --> 01:43:18,600
about 800 pounds and looked 
like, it had been designed by 

2035
01:43:18,600 --> 01:43:21,600
someone who'd seen birds flying,
but had never actually met one 

2036
01:43:21,600 --> 01:43:24,900
personally. 
What makes this story even more 

2037
01:43:24,900 --> 01:43:26,900
intriguing? 
Is that several Aviation 

2038
01:43:26,900 --> 01:43:31,500
Pioneers visited Whitehead and 
came away convinced he'd powered

2039
01:43:31,500 --> 01:43:34,600
flight? 
These individuals were Not Mere 

2040
01:43:34,600 --> 01:43:37,800
passes by, but rather serious 
engineers, and Aviation 

2041
01:43:37,800 --> 01:43:40,900
enthusiasts who understood the 
distinction between mere flight 

2042
01:43:40,900 --> 01:43:44,300
and True Flight. however, the 
Wright brothers, publicity 

2043
01:43:44,300 --> 01:43:47,600
overshadowed their testimonies 
The problem was that Whitehead 

2044
01:43:47,600 --> 01:43:49,300
couldn't repeat his success 
consistently. 

2045
01:43:50,100 --> 01:43:52,700
Whitehead's engines, exhibited 
temperamental Behavior. 

2046
01:43:52,700 --> 01:43:55,500
His aircraft designs, underwent 
constant changes. 

2047
01:43:55,500 --> 01:43:58,900
And his business Acumen was akin
to that of a golden retriever. 

2048
01:43:59,900 --> 01:44:01,300
While the Wright brothers were 
building? 

2049
01:44:01,300 --> 01:44:04,800
A sustainable flying program. 
Whitehead was having what you 

2050
01:44:04,800 --> 01:44:07,000
might charitably? 
Call Adventure flights 

2051
01:44:07,000 --> 01:44:10,000
impressive. 
When they worked spectacular 

2052
01:44:10,000 --> 01:44:13,000
when they didn't. 
Imagine if Whitehead had been a 

2053
01:44:13,000 --> 01:44:15,400
better record keeper, or if 
someone with a camera had been 

2054
01:44:15,400 --> 01:44:17,900
there, that August morning. 
We might be talking about 

2055
01:44:17,900 --> 01:44:20,600
Whitehead field, instead of 
Wright Patterson Air Force Base,

2056
01:44:20,600 --> 01:44:24,100
the whole mythology of American 
Aviation might have started in 

2057
01:44:24,100 --> 01:44:25,700
Connecticut rather than North 
Carolina. 

2058
01:44:25,700 --> 01:44:28,500
Beach tourism might have 
developed very differently. 

2059
01:44:29,900 --> 01:44:32,300
But here's the thing that might 
keep you staring at the ceiling.

2060
01:44:32,300 --> 01:44:36,000
Even if Whitehead did fly first,
the Wright Brothers, still 

2061
01:44:36,000 --> 01:44:38,900
deserve their Fame. 
They didn't just achieve flight,

2062
01:44:38,900 --> 01:44:42,400
they made it reproducible 
improvable and eventually 

2063
01:44:42,400 --> 01:44:45,700
practical Whitehead was like the
person who accidentally 

2064
01:44:45,700 --> 01:44:48,300
discovers a great recipe but 
forgets to write it down. 

2065
01:44:49,100 --> 01:44:51,600
The Wright brothers were the 
ones who turned flying into 

2066
01:44:51,600 --> 01:44:53,600
something more than a 
spectacular accident. 

2067
01:44:54,400 --> 01:44:57,100
The aviation World probably 
needed both approaches 

2068
01:44:57,100 --> 01:45:00,700
whiteheads, Fearless 
experimentation and the Wright 

2069
01:45:00,700 --> 01:45:04,100
brothers methodical development.
One, pushed the limits of what 

2070
01:45:04,100 --> 01:45:06,000
was possible. 
The other made sure those 

2071
01:45:06,000 --> 01:45:09,600
boundaries stayed pushed It's 
just a shame that history tends 

2072
01:45:09,600 --> 01:45:12,200
to remember the finishes better 
than the Pioneers, who cleared 

2073
01:45:12,200 --> 01:45:14,300
the path. 
Let's pull the paths up a bit 

2074
01:45:14,308 --> 01:45:16,200
higher and discuss something 
that might change. 

2075
01:45:16,200 --> 01:45:18,000
How you think about World War 
Two entirely. 

2076
01:45:19,000 --> 01:45:22,200
While everyone was focused on 
radar and Rockets a brilliant. 

2077
01:45:22,200 --> 01:45:25,600
German engineer named Konrad 
zuse was quietly building the 

2078
01:45:25,600 --> 01:45:28,500
world's first programmable 
computer in his parents living 

2079
01:45:28,500 --> 01:45:30,700
room. 
Indeed, he was building the 

2080
01:45:30,700 --> 01:45:33,400
world's first programmable 
computer in his parents living 

2081
01:45:33,400 --> 01:45:35,800
room. 
Imagine trying to explain that 

2082
01:45:35,800 --> 01:45:41,100
to your homeowners insurance. 
The Z3 completed in 1941 was 

2083
01:45:41,100 --> 01:45:44,100
like someone had taken a pocket 
calculator and fed it steroids 

2084
01:45:44,100 --> 01:45:47,400
for two years it could perform 
floating Point arithmetic, 

2085
01:45:47,400 --> 01:45:51,300
handle, conditional operations, 
and even run programs stored on 

2086
01:45:51,300 --> 01:45:54,000
punched film. 
This will wasn't some glorified 

2087
01:45:54,000 --> 01:45:56,600
adding machine. 
This was a genuine computer 

2088
01:45:56,600 --> 01:46:00,200
complete with memory processing 
power and the ability to solve 

2089
01:46:00,200 --> 01:46:03,200
complex, mathematical problems, 
that would have taken human 

2090
01:46:03,200 --> 01:46:06,900
calculators weeks to figure out 
Zeus built this Marvel using 

2091
01:46:06,900 --> 01:46:09,300
telephone. 
Relays the kind of switches that

2092
01:46:09,300 --> 01:46:11,200
connected your long-distance 
calls back. 

2093
01:46:11,200 --> 01:46:17,300
When operators asked number 
please, The Z3 had about 2,600, 

2094
01:46:17,300 --> 01:46:20,500
relays clicking away like a 
mechanical Orchestra each one 

2095
01:46:20,500 --> 01:46:23,700
making tiny decisions that added
up to genuine computational 

2096
01:46:23,700 --> 01:46:26,800
power. 
The sound it made well working 

2097
01:46:26,800 --> 01:46:28,900
was probably like being inside a
huge. 

2098
01:46:28,900 --> 01:46:31,600
Very busy typewriter. 
Here's where your mind might 

2099
01:46:31,600 --> 01:46:34,000
start racing. 
If the German military had 

2100
01:46:34,000 --> 01:46:36,900
recognized, what zucchi had 
created and funded it properly. 

2101
01:46:36,900 --> 01:46:39,600
They could have had 
computational advantages that 

2102
01:46:39,600 --> 01:46:43,100
might have changed the entire 
War, codebreaking ballistics 

2103
01:46:43,100 --> 01:46:46,700
calculations Logistics, 
optimization all the number 

2104
01:46:46,700 --> 01:46:49,200
crunching nightmares that bogged
down military operations. 

2105
01:46:49,200 --> 01:46:52,400
Could have been sold by 
machines, instead of rooms full 

2106
01:46:52,400 --> 01:46:54,100
of mathematicians with slide 
rules. 

2107
01:46:55,200 --> 01:46:57,800
But the German authorities 
looked at Zeus's computer and 

2108
01:46:57,800 --> 01:47:01,100
essentially Shrugged, they were 
more interested in bigger tanks 

2109
01:47:01,100 --> 01:47:04,400
and faster planes that in some 
clicking contraption that solved

2110
01:47:04,400 --> 01:47:07,300
math problems. 
It was like being offered a 

2111
01:47:07,300 --> 01:47:09,400
magic wand and asking if it came
in a different color. 

2112
01:47:10,200 --> 01:47:12,100
The military applications were 
so obvious. 

2113
01:47:12,100 --> 01:47:15,000
They were invisible. 
Meanwhile, on the other side of 

2114
01:47:15,000 --> 01:47:17,400
the Atlantic similar 
computational needs were driving

2115
01:47:17,400 --> 01:47:21,500
the development of machines like
any and Colossus The difference 

2116
01:47:21,500 --> 01:47:23,900
was that the Allies understood? 
They were fighting a war that 

2117
01:47:23,900 --> 01:47:27,600
would be won by who could 
process information faster and 

2118
01:47:27,600 --> 01:47:30,800
more accurately. 
The Germans had the technology 

2119
01:47:30,800 --> 01:47:33,400
first but couldn't see past 
their traditional military 

2120
01:47:33,400 --> 01:47:36,100
thinking. 
Zeus's Workshop was eventually 

2121
01:47:36,100 --> 01:47:40,900
destroyed in an Allied bombing 
raid in 1943 taking the Z3 with 

2122
01:47:40,900 --> 01:47:43,200
it. 
I then, he'd already started 

2123
01:47:43,200 --> 01:47:47,000
work on the Z4, which was even 
more advanced, but imagine if 

2124
01:47:47,000 --> 01:47:50,000
that bombing raid had never 
happened or if Zeus had been 

2125
01:47:50,000 --> 01:47:52,300
working in a properly funded 
well protected government 

2126
01:47:52,300 --> 01:47:54,300
facility instead of his parents 
living room. 

2127
01:47:55,200 --> 01:47:58,400
The computational revolution 
might have started in the 1940s 

2128
01:47:58,400 --> 01:48:01,100
Germany. 
In stead of the 1950s America. 

2129
01:48:01,900 --> 01:48:04,900
The real tragedy is that Zeus 
understood exactly what he'd 

2130
01:48:04,900 --> 01:48:07,000
wrote. 
The first algorithmic, 

2131
01:48:07,000 --> 01:48:10,600
programming language developed 
floating Point arithmetic, and 

2132
01:48:10,600 --> 01:48:13,500
even theorized about artificial 
intelligence decades before 

2133
01:48:13,500 --> 01:48:15,800
anyone else was thinking 
seriously about machine 

2134
01:48:15,800 --> 01:48:19,500
thinking, He was like a time 
traveler who brought back 

2135
01:48:19,500 --> 01:48:22,400
blueprints from the future 
except nobody believed. 

2136
01:48:22,400 --> 01:48:26,300
The future was worth visiting. 
After the war, when the world 

2137
01:48:26,300 --> 01:48:29,400
finally caught up to what Zeus 
had been doing the computer 

2138
01:48:29,400 --> 01:48:32,900
Revolution exploded. 
But those crucial years, from 

2139
01:48:32,900 --> 01:48:38,000
1941 to 1945 represented, a lost
opportunity that might have 

2140
01:48:38,000 --> 01:48:40,700
reshaped everything, not just 
the war, but the entire 

2141
01:48:40,700 --> 01:48:43,500
development of computational 
Technology could have been 

2142
01:48:43,508 --> 01:48:47,600
accelerated by a decade or more.
This is one of those historical 

2143
01:48:47,600 --> 01:48:49,700
scenarios that can keep you 
awake at night. 

2144
01:48:50,500 --> 01:48:53,400
What if the side with the moral 
High Ground also had the best 

2145
01:48:53,400 --> 01:48:55,600
tech? 
What if the computational 

2146
01:48:55,600 --> 01:48:57,900
revolution had started earlier 
and developed differently? 

2147
01:48:58,700 --> 01:49:01,300
The most important battles in 
history are sometimes fought 

2148
01:49:01,300 --> 01:49:03,500
with ideas that don't get the 
attention they deserve. 

2149
01:49:03,500 --> 01:49:06,200
Now, let's talk about something 
that might make you grateful for

2150
01:49:06,200 --> 01:49:08,900
modern medicine, in a whole new 
way picture. 

2151
01:49:08,900 --> 01:49:13,000
This it's 1847, and women are 
dying in childbirth at 

2152
01:49:13,000 --> 01:49:16,200
horrifying rates, not from 
complications during delivery, 

2153
01:49:16,200 --> 01:49:19,100
but from something called 
childbed fever that strikes 

2154
01:49:19,100 --> 01:49:21,300
afterward in Vienna's General 
Hospital. 

2155
01:49:21,300 --> 01:49:25,400
One maternity ward has a death 
rate of 18% while another Ward 

2156
01:49:25,400 --> 01:49:28,600
right down the hall. 
Has a death rate of only 2% Same

2157
01:49:28,600 --> 01:49:33,100
Hospital, same city, same year 
but somehow one hallway is a 

2158
01:49:33,100 --> 01:49:34,800
death trap while the other is 
relatively safe. 

2159
01:49:36,000 --> 01:49:39,300
Entered Samuel, Vice a Hungarian
Doctor, Who looked at the 

2160
01:49:39,300 --> 01:49:42,300
situation and thought. 
Something is very wrong here. 

2161
01:49:42,300 --> 01:49:45,600
He was like a medical detective 
in an era when most doctors 

2162
01:49:45,600 --> 01:49:48,200
thought disease was caused by 
bad air or moral failing. 

2163
01:49:49,200 --> 01:49:50,800
Samuel wise. 
Notice something that should 

2164
01:49:50,800 --> 01:49:53,700
have been obvious, but somehow 
wasn't the deadly. 

2165
01:49:53,700 --> 01:49:55,900
Ward was staffed by doctors and 
medical students. 

2166
01:49:55,900 --> 01:49:58,500
While the safe Ward was run by 
midwives. 

2167
01:49:58,500 --> 01:50:01,800
Here's where it gets intriguing 
enough to make you sit up in 

2168
01:50:01,800 --> 01:50:04,000
bed. 
The doctors and medical 

2169
01:50:04,000 --> 01:50:06,700
students, spent their mornings 
performing autopsies on women 

2170
01:50:06,700 --> 01:50:10,500
who had died from childbed fever
then walked directly to the 

2171
01:50:10,500 --> 01:50:13,800
Maternity Ward to deliver babies
without washing their hands. 

2172
01:50:13,800 --> 01:50:19,100
The Midwives, on the other hand 
didn't do autopsies semis, put 

2173
01:50:19,100 --> 01:50:22,200
two and two together and got an 
answer that nobody wanted to 

2174
01:50:22,200 --> 01:50:25,200
hear. 
He instituted a simple policy. 

2175
01:50:25,200 --> 01:50:28,700
Everyone had to wash their hands
with chlorinated lime solution 

2176
01:50:28,700 --> 01:50:32,700
before examining patients. 
The death rate in the doctors 

2177
01:50:32,700 --> 01:50:36,000
Ward immediately dropped from 
18% to less than 2%. 

2178
01:50:36,000 --> 01:50:39,100
You'd think the change would 
have made semmel Vice the hero 

2179
01:50:39,100 --> 01:50:42,300
of Vienna General Hospital. 
Maybe even gotten him a statue 

2180
01:50:42,300 --> 01:50:45,300
in the courtyard. 
Instead it made him the most 

2181
01:50:45,300 --> 01:50:47,300
hated man in the medical 
establishment. 

2182
01:50:48,100 --> 01:50:51,400
The other doctors were Furious. 
The idea that gentleman's hands 

2183
01:50:51,400 --> 01:50:54,000
could be unclean was insulting 
to their social status. 

2184
01:50:54,900 --> 01:50:57,800
Doctors were supposed to be 
learning men of science, not 

2185
01:50:57,800 --> 01:51:00,500
common workers, who needed to 
scrub up like servers. 

2186
01:51:00,500 --> 01:51:03,600
The concept that invisible 
particles on their hands could 

2187
01:51:03,600 --> 01:51:07,100
cause disease was so absurd. 
It was practically offensive. 

2188
01:51:07,100 --> 01:51:10,400
They essentially told Samuel 
Vice that his germed theory was 

2189
01:51:10,400 --> 01:51:13,000
crazy. 
Talk, what makes this even more 

2190
01:51:13,000 --> 01:51:14,500
heartbreaking? 
Is that Sam? 

2191
01:51:14,500 --> 01:51:16,000
Aways could prove his point with
numbers. 

2192
01:51:16,800 --> 01:51:20,000
Every month that hand washing 
was enforced, fewer women died. 

2193
01:51:20,000 --> 01:51:23,300
Every time the policy was 
relaxed, the death rate shot 

2194
01:51:23,300 --> 01:51:26,600
back up, it was cause and effect
so clear you could teach it to a

2195
01:51:26,600 --> 01:51:29,100
child yet the medical 
establishment treated it like 

2196
01:51:29,100 --> 01:51:32,500
dangerous nonsense. 
The pushback against samurais 

2197
01:51:32,500 --> 01:51:34,400
was so intense that he 
eventually suffered what? 

2198
01:51:34,400 --> 01:51:36,700
We'd now probably call a nervous
breakdown. 

2199
01:51:37,500 --> 01:51:40,300
He became increasingly 
frustrated, and confrontational 

2200
01:51:40,300 --> 01:51:43,400
writing bitter letters to 
prominent doctors, calling them 

2201
01:51:43,400 --> 01:51:45,900
murderers. 
Technically he was correct. 

2202
01:51:45,900 --> 01:51:49,800
They were killing patients due 
to ignorance but he never 

2203
01:51:49,800 --> 01:51:54,000
excelled intact. 
In 1865, he was committed to an 

2204
01:51:54,000 --> 01:51:57,000
asylum where he died. 
Just two weeks later, possibly 

2205
01:51:57,000 --> 01:51:59,600
from the same kind of infection.
He'd spent his career fighting. 

2206
01:52:00,700 --> 01:52:03,300
Here's the part that might keep 
you staring at the ceiling. 

2207
01:52:04,100 --> 01:52:07,000
If the medical world had 
accepted his hand washing 

2208
01:52:07,000 --> 01:52:10,700
protocol in 1847, millions of 
lives, could have been saved. 

2209
01:52:11,600 --> 01:52:14,000
The concept of antiseptic 
surgery wouldn't have had to 

2210
01:52:14,000 --> 01:52:17,700
wait for Joseph, Lister in the 
1860s, germ Theory wouldn't have

2211
01:52:17,700 --> 01:52:20,800
needed Louis Pasteur to make it 
respectable the entire 

2212
01:52:20,800 --> 01:52:23,300
development of modern medicine 
could have accelerated by 

2213
01:52:23,300 --> 01:52:26,100
decades. 
Imagine Civil War Field, 

2214
01:52:26,100 --> 01:52:29,000
hospitals were doctors washed 
their hands between patients 

2215
01:52:29,900 --> 01:52:33,200
Imagine surgery becoming safer 
20 years earlier than it 

2216
01:52:33,200 --> 01:52:35,600
actually did. 
Imagine all the mothers and 

2217
01:52:35,600 --> 01:52:38,500
babies who could have lived if 
the medical establishment had 

2218
01:52:38,500 --> 01:52:42,400
been willing to consider that. 
Maybe just maybe a Hungarian 

2219
01:52:42,400 --> 01:52:45,200
doctored figured out something 
important about invisible 

2220
01:52:45,200 --> 01:52:48,200
killers. 
Instead semmelweiss became a 

2221
01:52:48,208 --> 01:52:52,400
tragic footnote Vindicated only 
after his death when pastor and 

2222
01:52:52,408 --> 01:52:54,200
Lister made germ Theory 
fashionable. 

2223
01:52:54,900 --> 01:52:57,300
Occasionally the most important 
discoveries aren't rejected 

2224
01:52:57,300 --> 01:53:00,200
because they're wrong but 
because they're so right. 

2225
01:53:00,200 --> 01:53:03,100
They threaten everything. 
People think they know about how

2226
01:53:03,100 --> 01:53:05,900
the world Works. 
Let's shift gears again and talk

2227
01:53:05,900 --> 01:53:08,000
about something that could have 
made your daily commute. 

2228
01:53:08,000 --> 01:53:11,400
Look very different While 
everyone was getting excited 

2229
01:53:11,400 --> 01:53:14,600
about cars and airplanes. 
In the early 1900s, there was 

2230
01:53:14,600 --> 01:53:17,200
another Transportation 
Revolution Brewing that most 

2231
01:53:17,200 --> 01:53:20,500
people have never heard of It 
involved pneumatic tubes. 

2232
01:53:20,500 --> 01:53:23,800
Basically shooting capsules 
through pressurized air systems.

2233
01:53:23,800 --> 01:53:25,600
Like you are emailing yourself 
across the city. 

2234
01:53:27,100 --> 01:53:29,600
The beach new Matic transit 
system in New York was like 

2235
01:53:29,600 --> 01:53:32,800
something out of a Jules Verne 
novel, except it actually 

2236
01:53:32,800 --> 01:53:37,000
worked. 
In 1870 Alfred Ely Beach built a

2237
01:53:37,000 --> 01:53:39,700
300 to 12 foot. 
Demonstration tunnel under broad

2238
01:53:39,700 --> 01:53:43,100
way and shot a cylindrical 
carrying passengers through it. 

2239
01:53:43,100 --> 01:53:46,900
Using nothing but air pressure. 
The car was plushie appointed 

2240
01:53:46,900 --> 01:53:50,400
with upholstered seats and 
Elegant Lighting, making it feel

2241
01:53:50,400 --> 01:53:53,400
more like riding in a Victorian 
parlor than being shot through 

2242
01:53:53,400 --> 01:53:57,000
an underground tube. 
Passengers described the 

2243
01:53:57,000 --> 01:53:59,300
experience as surprisingly 
smooth and quiet. 

2244
01:54:00,000 --> 01:54:03,100
The car would whoosh through the
tunnel carried Along by a giant 

2245
01:54:03,100 --> 01:54:06,700
fan, that created air pressure 
behind it and suction in front. 

2246
01:54:07,600 --> 01:54:10,500
At the end of the line, the 
process reversed and the car 

2247
01:54:10,500 --> 01:54:12,500
would slide gently back to the 
starting point. 

2248
01:54:12,500 --> 01:54:16,000
It was like being inside a huge,
very comfortable pneumatic 

2249
01:54:16,000 --> 01:54:18,700
message system. 
Beach envisioned a network of 

2250
01:54:18,700 --> 01:54:21,100
these pneumatic Railways, 
crisscrossing Manhattan, 

2251
01:54:21,100 --> 01:54:23,300
transporting passengers at 
speeds. 

2252
01:54:23,300 --> 01:54:25,600
That would rival those of modern
Subway systems. 

2253
01:54:26,300 --> 01:54:28,600
No noise, no smoke. 
No horses. 

2254
01:54:28,600 --> 01:54:30,500
Dropping inconvenient packages 
on the street. 

2255
01:54:30,500 --> 01:54:34,500
Just clean quiet. 
Efficient Transportation powered

2256
01:54:34,500 --> 01:54:37,300
by compressed air, the whole 
system could have been running 

2257
01:54:37,300 --> 01:54:40,000
on renewable energy, if they'd 
connected, the fans to win Mills

2258
01:54:40,000 --> 01:54:42,900
or water wheels. 
But here's where the story takes

2259
01:54:42,900 --> 01:54:45,100
a turn that might make you want 
to throw your pillow across the 

2260
01:54:45,108 --> 01:54:47,800
room. 
Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall. 

2261
01:54:47,800 --> 01:54:51,400
New York's notoriously corrupt 
political machine were heavily 

2262
01:54:51,400 --> 01:54:53,800
invested in street-level 
transportation systems. 

2263
01:54:53,800 --> 01:54:58,300
Horse drawn omnibuses, elevated 
Railways, and eventually street 

2264
01:54:58,300 --> 01:55:01,200
cars. 
The pneumatic system that bypass

2265
01:55:01,200 --> 01:55:04,500
street level corruption and kick
back opportunities was about, as

2266
01:55:04,500 --> 01:55:07,800
well as a tax audit. 
The political opposition to 

2267
01:55:07,800 --> 01:55:10,800
beaches system was so intense 
that he had to build his 

2268
01:55:10,800 --> 01:55:14,500
demonstration tunnel in secret 
working at night and disposing 

2269
01:55:14,500 --> 01:55:17,300
of excavated dirt through a 
basement in a nearby building. 

2270
01:55:18,000 --> 01:55:20,500
He was literally conducting an 
underground Transportation 

2271
01:55:20,500 --> 01:55:23,700
Revolution underground in both 
the physical and political 

2272
01:55:23,700 --> 01:55:27,100
sense. 
When Beach Finally Revealed his 

2273
01:55:27,100 --> 01:55:30,800
system to the public, it was an 
instance in sensation over. 

2274
01:55:30,800 --> 01:55:34,600
400,000 people paid to ride the 
demonstration line in its first 

2275
01:55:34,600 --> 01:55:38,000
year of operation. 
The public loved it, the pressed

2276
01:55:38,000 --> 01:55:41,200
it and Engineering, experts 
confirmed, it was completely 

2277
01:55:41,200 --> 01:55:43,900
feasible. 
Everything was perfect, except 

2278
01:55:43,900 --> 01:55:45,900
for the small matter of 
political approval for 

2279
01:55:45,900 --> 01:55:48,900
expansion. 
Tweed and his cronies made sure 

2280
01:55:48,900 --> 01:55:52,300
that beaches request for permits
and funding got buried deeper 

2281
01:55:52,300 --> 01:55:54,800
than his tunnel. 
They wanted to Transportation 

2282
01:55:54,800 --> 01:55:58,500
Systems, they could control 
profit from and use a sources of

2283
01:55:58,508 --> 01:56:02,000
political patronage. 
A pneumatic system that could be

2284
01:56:02,008 --> 01:56:05,700
built quickly and operated 
efficiently offered two few 

2285
01:56:05,700 --> 01:56:08,400
opportunities for the kind of 
Creative Accounting that kept 

2286
01:56:08,400 --> 01:56:11,400
political machines running. 
The beach tunnel eventually 

2287
01:56:11,400 --> 01:56:14,500
closed, not because the 
technology didn't work but 

2288
01:56:14,500 --> 01:56:17,700
because the politics didn't 
work, the demonstration tunnel 

2289
01:56:17,700 --> 01:56:19,900
was sealed up and forgotten 
until it was accidentally 

2290
01:56:19,900 --> 01:56:22,600
rediscovered during Subway 
Construction in 1912. 

2291
01:56:23,400 --> 01:56:25,400
By then the window for pneumatic
Transit. 

2292
01:56:25,400 --> 01:56:28,300
Had closed a New York was 
committed to the electric subway

2293
01:56:28,300 --> 01:56:31,000
system. 
We know today, Imagine if Beach 

2294
01:56:31,000 --> 01:56:34,000
had succeeded Manhattan. 
Might have had a transportation 

2295
01:56:34,000 --> 01:56:37,900
Network that was faster quieter 
and cleaner than what we ended 

2296
01:56:37,900 --> 01:56:40,600
up with. 
The whole development of urban 

2297
01:56:40,600 --> 01:56:43,400
Transportation could have taken 
an entirely different path. 

2298
01:56:44,000 --> 01:56:46,500
Instead of noisy elevated trains
and crowded. 

2299
01:56:46,500 --> 01:56:49,600
Subways cities might have 
developed silent smooth, 

2300
01:56:49,600 --> 01:56:51,900
pneumatic networks. 
That shot people around like 

2301
01:56:51,900 --> 01:56:55,200
packages in a delivery system. 
The technology wasn't the 

2302
01:56:55,200 --> 01:56:57,200
problem. 
Pneumatic tube systems were 

2303
01:56:57,200 --> 01:56:59,800
already being used successfully 
for male delivery in major 

2304
01:56:59,800 --> 01:57:02,400
cities. 
The problem was that beneficial 

2305
01:57:02,400 --> 01:57:05,800
technology isn't enough if the 
political and economic systems 

2306
01:57:05,800 --> 01:57:09,100
aren't ready to support it. 
Sometimes the best inventions 

2307
01:57:09,100 --> 01:57:12,300
fail not because they don't 
work, but because they work too 

2308
01:57:12,300 --> 01:57:15,400
well for the wrong people. 
Now as we settle in for the 

2309
01:57:15,400 --> 01:57:17,900
final part of our journey 
through forgotten invention's, 

2310
01:57:17,900 --> 01:57:20,800
let's talk about something that 
could have changed the entire 

2311
01:57:20,800 --> 01:57:25,000
course of the 20th century. 
While Thomas Edison and Nikola 

2312
01:57:25,000 --> 01:57:26,900
Tesla were having their famous 
war of currents. 

2313
01:57:26,900 --> 01:57:30,000
Another inventor was quietly 
working on something that could 

2314
01:57:30,000 --> 01:57:32,100
have made both of their 
electrical systems look like 

2315
01:57:32,108 --> 01:57:35,000
child's toys. 
Nikola Tesla. 

2316
01:57:35,000 --> 01:57:38,800
Yes, the same Tesla who won the 
ACDC battle hadn't. 

2317
01:57:38,800 --> 01:57:40,700
Even bigger idea brewing in His 
Brilliant. 

2318
01:57:40,700 --> 01:57:44,500
Slightly obsessive mind. 
He believed he could transmit 

2319
01:57:44,500 --> 01:57:47,000
electrical power. 
Wirelessly through the Earth 

2320
01:57:47,000 --> 01:57:49,800
itself. 
Making power lines as obsolete 

2321
01:57:49,800 --> 01:57:53,100
as carrier pigeons. 
His Warden Cliff tower on Long 

2322
01:57:53,100 --> 01:57:55,500
Island, wasn't just an 
experimental radio station. 

2323
01:57:55,500 --> 01:57:58,800
It was supposed to be the 
prototype for a Global Wireless 

2324
01:57:58,800 --> 01:58:03,300
power system picture this 
instead of cities crisscrossed 

2325
01:58:03,300 --> 01:58:06,100
with power lines. 
You'd have Elegant Towers space 

2326
01:58:06,100 --> 01:58:09,200
to cross the landscape beaming 
electricity through the ground 

2327
01:58:09,200 --> 01:58:10,900
to receive his anywhere in the 
world. 

2328
01:58:11,800 --> 01:58:15,400
No more power, outages from 
Fallen Lines, no more unsightly,

2329
01:58:15,400 --> 01:58:18,700
electrical infrastructure, and 
no more limitations on where you

2330
01:58:18,700 --> 01:58:20,800
could build things. 
Based on how close they were to 

2331
01:58:20,800 --> 01:58:23,400
power sources. 
The whole planet would become 

2332
01:58:23,400 --> 01:58:27,000
one giant electrical grid test 
Tesla system worked on the 

2333
01:58:27,000 --> 01:58:30,100
principle that the Earth itself 
could act as a conductor. 

2334
01:58:30,900 --> 01:58:33,600
By pumping electrical energy 
into the ground at specific 

2335
01:58:33,600 --> 01:58:36,000
frequencies. 
He believed he could create 

2336
01:58:36,000 --> 01:58:38,000
standing waves. 
That would allow power to be 

2337
01:58:38,000 --> 01:58:39,600
extracted anywhere on the 
planet. 

2338
01:58:40,600 --> 01:58:44,000
Sounds like science fiction but 
Tesla had already demonstrated 

2339
01:58:44,000 --> 01:58:46,500
Wireless power. 
Transmission on a smaller scale,

2340
01:58:46,500 --> 01:58:50,000
lighting, bulbs from miles away 
without any connecting wires. 

2341
01:58:51,000 --> 01:58:54,800
The financial backing for Warden
Cliff came from JP Morgan who 

2342
01:58:54,800 --> 01:58:57,000
initially thought he was funding
and improved Wireless 

2343
01:58:57,000 --> 01:59:00,400
communication system. 
When Tesla revealed his true 

2344
01:59:00,400 --> 01:59:04,700
intention free wireless power 
for everyone Morgan's enthusiasm

2345
01:59:04,700 --> 01:59:07,100
called faster than coffee left 
on a porch. 

2346
01:59:07,100 --> 01:59:09,700
In January. 
Free Power meant no metered 

2347
01:59:09,700 --> 01:59:13,200
usage, which meant no way to 
charge customers, which meant no

2348
01:59:13,200 --> 01:59:15,500
profit. 
Morgan pulled his funding in 

2349
01:59:15,508 --> 01:59:19,000
1906 and Tesla's Wireless power 
dreams died with it. 

2350
01:59:19,900 --> 01:59:21,900
Here's where you might want to 
pull the blankets, over your 

2351
01:59:21,900 --> 01:59:24,300
head and contemplated 
alternative timelines. 

2352
01:59:25,800 --> 01:59:28,700
Tesla's, Wireless power system 
had worked as intended, the 

2353
01:59:28,700 --> 01:59:31,100
entire 20th century could have 
unfolded differently. 

2354
01:59:32,100 --> 01:59:34,500
There would have been known 
assess for large-scale power 

2355
01:59:34,500 --> 01:59:37,000
plants in each region. 
The system would have been 

2356
01:59:37,000 --> 01:59:39,600
immune to attacks on 
infrastructure during wartime. 

2357
01:59:40,300 --> 01:59:43,100
There would be no environmental 
issues associated with power 

2358
01:59:43,100 --> 01:59:45,500
transmission lines passing 
through Wilderness areas. 

2359
01:59:46,500 --> 01:59:49,700
Rural electrification, which 
didn't reach many parts of 

2360
01:59:49,700 --> 01:59:52,800
America until the 1930s and 
1940s could have happened 

2361
01:59:52,800 --> 01:59:55,800
immediately. 
Developing countries wouldn't 

2362
01:59:55,800 --> 01:59:58,300
have needed to build expensive 
power infrastructure to 

2363
01:59:58,300 --> 02:00:01,400
modernize electric vehicles. 
Might have become practical 

2364
02:00:01,400 --> 02:00:04,500
decades earlier since you could 
power them anywhere without 

2365
02:00:04,500 --> 02:00:08,100
needing charging stations. 
But Tesla's Wireless power 

2366
02:00:08,100 --> 02:00:11,300
system, had one crucial, flaw, 
that probably doomed it from the

2367
02:00:11,300 --> 02:00:13,200
start. 
It would have been almost 

2368
02:00:13,200 --> 02:00:16,700
impossible to control who used 
the power and like electrical 

2369
02:00:16,700 --> 02:00:17,900
lines. 
That could be metered and 

2370
02:00:17,908 --> 02:00:21,000
disconnected Wireless power beam
through the Earth would have 

2371
02:00:21,000 --> 02:00:23,300
been available to anyone with 
the right receiving equipment. 

2372
02:00:24,200 --> 02:00:27,300
It was socialism through physics
which was never going to fly 

2373
02:00:27,300 --> 02:00:30,500
with the business Community. 
The irony is that Tesla's 

2374
02:00:30,500 --> 02:00:34,400
Wireless power transmission. 
Actually worked on a small scale

2375
02:00:34,400 --> 02:00:38,800
is Colorado Springs laboratory 
successfully transmitted power 

2376
02:00:38,800 --> 02:00:41,000
wirelessly across significant 
distances. 

2377
02:00:41,000 --> 02:00:42,800
The problem wasn't the 
technology. 

2378
02:00:42,800 --> 02:00:45,500
It was the economics and 
politics of giving away 

2379
02:00:45,500 --> 02:00:49,000
something that people were used 
to paying for After Warden. 

2380
02:00:49,000 --> 02:00:52,000
Cliff failed test Tesla spent 
the rest of his life as a 

2381
02:00:52,000 --> 02:00:53,700
brilliant. 
But increasingly eccentric, 

2382
02:00:53,700 --> 02:00:56,900
figure living in hotel rooms and
feeding pigeons. 

2383
02:00:56,900 --> 02:01:00,100
While the world moved on to more
conventional electrical systems.

2384
02:01:00,100 --> 02:01:04,800
He died in 1943 just as the 
world was discovering that many 

2385
02:01:04,800 --> 02:01:07,800
of his seemingly. 
Impossible ideas like radar and 

2386
02:01:07,800 --> 02:01:12,500
Robotics were not only possible 
but a central As you drift off 

2387
02:01:12,500 --> 02:01:15,800
to sleep tonight, think about 
all these inventors who are so 

2388
02:01:15,808 --> 02:01:19,000
close to changing everything. 
They remind us that history 

2389
02:01:19,000 --> 02:01:21,500
isn't just about what happened 
but about all the fascinating 

2390
02:01:21,500 --> 02:01:24,800
things that almost happened. 
Sometimes the most important 

2391
02:01:24,800 --> 02:01:28,200
stories are the ones about the 
roads not taken the inventions 

2392
02:01:28,200 --> 02:01:31,200
that were too early, too radical
or too threatening. 

2393
02:01:31,200 --> 02:01:34,400
To the way things were, these 
forgotten Pioneers prove that 

2394
02:01:34,400 --> 02:01:38,100
the future is always closer than
we think it's just waiting for 

2395
02:01:38,100 --> 02:01:41,100
the right combination of 
Technology timing and the 

2396
02:01:41,108 --> 02:01:44,100
courage to believe that 
impossible things might not be 

2397
02:01:44,100 --> 02:01:47,400
impossible after all. 
Sweet dreams and remember, 

2398
02:01:47,400 --> 02:01:50,900
tomorrow's impossibility. 
Might just be tonight's bedtime 

2399
02:01:50,900 --> 02:01:58,500
story waiting to come true. 
Imagine passing through a hefty,

2400
02:01:58,500 --> 02:02:01,400
wooden gate with iron hinges 
that Creak like a long time, 

2401
02:02:01,400 --> 02:02:05,100
friend clearing their throat. 
A medieval Garden that has been 

2402
02:02:05,100 --> 02:02:08,200
waiting for centuries to reveal 
its secrets to you is something 

2403
02:02:08,200 --> 02:02:12,100
truly remarkable that you have 
just entered it might be 1250 or

2404
02:02:12,100 --> 02:02:15,000
1350. 
Here time seems to move more 

2405
02:02:15,000 --> 02:02:16,800
slowly. 
The air is centered with 

2406
02:02:16,800 --> 02:02:19,100
lavender and damp Earth in each 
path. 

2407
02:02:19,100 --> 02:02:22,200
Seems to be whispering slow down
your safe. 

2408
02:02:22,200 --> 02:02:25,700
Now, in an era known for plagues
Wars and the occasional Dragon 

2409
02:02:25,700 --> 02:02:27,700
sighting. 
Well, that last one was mostly 

2410
02:02:27,700 --> 02:02:29,000
in the stories but you never 
know. 

2411
02:02:29,000 --> 02:02:31,400
You might ask. 
Why anyone would bother 

2412
02:02:31,400 --> 02:02:34,800
designing elaborate Gardens? 
The response is incredibly 

2413
02:02:34,800 --> 02:02:37,300
straightforward. 
Humans have always required 

2414
02:02:37,300 --> 02:02:40,900
breathing spaces, medieval 
Gardens, were meticulously 

2415
02:02:40,900 --> 02:02:43,100
planned Havens. 
That could literally save your 

2416
02:02:43,100 --> 02:02:47,300
sanity, not just lovely places. 
Take a moment to imagine life in

2417
02:02:47,300 --> 02:02:50,000
the Middle. 
Ages your crammed into cities 

2418
02:02:50,000 --> 02:02:52,500
with dark narrow streets, that 
lets face. 

2419
02:02:52,500 --> 02:02:56,000
It smell like things, you'd 
rather not recognize you have to

2420
02:02:56,000 --> 02:02:58,400
avoid suspicious puddles, Dodge 
horses. 

2421
02:02:58,400 --> 02:03:01,500
And hope the person selling you 
bread hasn't been experimenting 

2422
02:03:01,500 --> 02:03:05,400
with using sawdust and of flour 
by Nightfall, your nervous 

2423
02:03:05,400 --> 02:03:08,200
system is more tightly wound 
than the drawbridge of a castle.

2424
02:03:08,200 --> 02:03:12,100
Imagine now, finding a secret 
garden in a castle Courtyard, or

2425
02:03:12,100 --> 02:03:15,200
Behind the Walls of a monastery.
It's like walking into a warm 

2426
02:03:15,200 --> 02:03:18,800
kitchen after a thunderstorm. 
Suddenly the cobblestones that 

2427
02:03:18,800 --> 02:03:21,400
seemed to take offense at your 
ankles, or replace by neat 

2428
02:03:21,400 --> 02:03:24,700
Pathways beneath your feet. 
instead of flags snapping, 

2429
02:03:24,700 --> 02:03:29,000
urgently in the wind flowers, in
soft, breezes, The only sounds 

2430
02:03:29,000 --> 02:03:31,900
are bees humming, their old 
working songs and the water 

2431
02:03:31,900 --> 02:03:35,100
trickles rather than rushes. 
The need for specially designed 

2432
02:03:35,100 --> 02:03:37,900
areas to help people. 
Relax was recognized by medieval

2433
02:03:37,900 --> 02:03:40,300
Garden designers. 
Something we're still learning 

2434
02:03:40,300 --> 02:03:42,800
today. 
They were using centuries of 

2435
02:03:42,800 --> 02:03:46,000
meticulous observation about 
what truly makes people feel at 

2436
02:03:46,000 --> 02:03:49,200
ease rather than psychology 
textbooks which are not yet, 

2437
02:03:49,200 --> 02:03:52,700
been created these Gardens 
adhered to the enclosed Embrace 

2438
02:03:52,700 --> 02:03:55,700
concept. 
Every Serene medieval Garden was

2439
02:03:55,700 --> 02:03:59,600
encircled by buildings, Hedges 
or walls giving the impression 

2440
02:03:59,600 --> 02:04:01,800
that one was being held rather 
than left open. 

2441
02:04:02,600 --> 02:04:05,200
You were entering a protective 
cocoon where the chaos of the 

2442
02:04:05,200 --> 02:04:06,500
outside world could not follow 
you. 

2443
02:04:06,500 --> 02:04:11,200
Not just to Garden, enclosure 
was used for medieval Gardens 

2444
02:04:11,200 --> 02:04:13,700
required protection from 
struggling animals, think 

2445
02:04:13,700 --> 02:04:16,300
attempting to meditate while 
chasing a determined goat away. 

2446
02:04:16,300 --> 02:04:19,300
Severe weather and the odd 
Bandit who might be more 

2447
02:04:19,300 --> 02:04:21,500
concerned with your turnips than
your spiritual health. 

2448
02:04:21,500 --> 02:04:26,400
The cycle impact, however, was 
even more significant, your mind

2449
02:04:26,400 --> 02:04:29,600
stops looking for far off 
dangers and becomes focused on 

2450
02:04:29,600 --> 02:04:31,600
the here. 
And now when you are unable to 

2451
02:04:31,608 --> 02:04:34,300
see past the garden's 
boundaries, every design 

2452
02:04:34,300 --> 02:04:36,100
featured water as a key 
component. 

2453
02:04:37,000 --> 02:04:40,300
Not tumbling waterfalls or 
flamboyant fountains which were 

2454
02:04:40,300 --> 02:04:42,700
added later when people felt 
that Leisure had to be more 

2455
02:04:42,700 --> 02:04:45,600
thrilling. 
Water in a medieval Garden 

2456
02:04:45,600 --> 02:04:48,600
flowed slowly. 
And purposefully rainwater could

2457
02:04:48,600 --> 02:04:51,900
be collected in a simple stone 
Basin, which would serve as a 

2458
02:04:51,900 --> 02:04:54,100
drinking area for birds in a 
mirror for clouds. 

2459
02:04:55,000 --> 02:04:57,600
Water flowed along raised beds 
in tiny channels. 

2460
02:04:57,600 --> 02:05:01,200
Creating the softest sound 
imaginable, like rain on leaves,

2461
02:05:01,200 --> 02:05:04,900
or a lullaby to the ground. 
The pathways themselves were 

2462
02:05:04,900 --> 02:05:08,500
psychological engineering. 
Masterpieces medieval Garden 

2463
02:05:08,500 --> 02:05:10,200
paths were intended for 
wandering. 

2464
02:05:10,200 --> 02:05:13,300
In contrast to contemporary 
Gardens where paths frequently 

2465
02:05:13,300 --> 02:05:16,600
lead to designated locations. 
They were never hurried. 

2466
02:05:16,600 --> 02:05:20,000
But in Stead curved gently 
offering fresh views at every 

2467
02:05:20,000 --> 02:05:24,000
bend it may appear to be a rose 
bush, but as you approach it 

2468
02:05:24,000 --> 02:05:27,600
you'll find a tiny herb garden 
behind it which leads to a sunny

2469
02:05:27,600 --> 02:05:30,600
area where you can sit and watch
butterflies compete for the best

2470
02:05:30,600 --> 02:05:33,100
flowers. 
These designs were hazard. 

2471
02:05:33,800 --> 02:05:35,800
Well, though, they would have 
scoffed at such a pretentious 

2472
02:05:35,800 --> 02:05:39,200
title, the first landscape 
therapists were the designers of

2473
02:05:39,200 --> 02:05:42,100
medieval Gardens. 
They were just individuals who 

2474
02:05:42,100 --> 02:05:46,900
realized that time Beauty safety
and gentle stimulation or all 

2475
02:05:46,900 --> 02:05:50,500
necessary for the human Spirit 
to unfold a ton of time. 

2476
02:05:50,500 --> 02:05:53,400
You'll find that each component 
had a purpose as you get 

2477
02:05:53,400 --> 02:05:55,700
comfortable, exploring these 
Gardens during our journey 

2478
02:05:55,700 --> 02:05:58,100
together. 
The herbs went only used to 

2479
02:05:58,108 --> 02:06:01,700
season soup depending on your 
needs, they release sense that 

2480
02:06:01,700 --> 02:06:03,600
could increase energy or 
reducing anxiety. 

2481
02:06:04,600 --> 02:06:07,400
In addition to being lovely, the
flowers Hughes and forms were 

2482
02:06:07,400 --> 02:06:10,800
selected to sue the weary eyes 
and promote the kind of gentle 

2483
02:06:10,800 --> 02:06:14,100
concentration that allows your 
mind to relax, even the upkeep 

2484
02:06:14,100 --> 02:06:18,100
of these Gardens was Tranquility
in mind, in contrast, to 

2485
02:06:18,100 --> 02:06:21,000
contemporary Landscaping, which 
necessitates loud, machinery. 

2486
02:06:21,000 --> 02:06:24,300
And last minute weekend labor, 
medieval Gardens, develop their 

2487
02:06:24,300 --> 02:06:26,500
beauty gradually seasoned by 
season. 

2488
02:06:27,200 --> 02:06:30,100
Pruning. 
Weeding watering all gentle 

2489
02:06:30,100 --> 02:06:33,400
repetitive tasks that allow your
thoughts to settle like sediment

2490
02:06:33,400 --> 02:06:36,800
in a peaceful Pond became a kind
of moving meditation. 

2491
02:06:36,800 --> 02:06:39,800
As you fall asleep. 
Tonight, picture yourself as the

2492
02:06:39,800 --> 02:06:43,600
garden's, caretaker as you check
on young seedlings, feel the 

2493
02:06:43,600 --> 02:06:47,000
morning, due on your fingertips 
here, the gratifying of your 

2494
02:06:47,008 --> 02:06:49,100
blade cutting overly eager 
herbs. 

2495
02:06:50,200 --> 02:06:52,000
Imagine yourself sitting on a 
plain. 

2496
02:06:52,000 --> 02:06:55,200
Wooden bench in the evening 
light watching the last piece of

2497
02:06:55,200 --> 02:06:57,700
the day, visit flowers that 
appear to Glow in the golden 

2498
02:06:57,700 --> 02:07:01,700
hour in your fantasy, Medieval 
World your awakened to the sound

2499
02:07:01,700 --> 02:07:03,800
of bells, ringing throughout the
countryside. 

2500
02:07:03,800 --> 02:07:06,700
Not the startling clatter of 
contemporary life. 

2501
02:07:06,700 --> 02:07:10,200
But the soft bronze voices that 
have been calling people to 

2502
02:07:10,200 --> 02:07:12,900
prayer for centuries. 
You're now in a monastery 

2503
02:07:12,900 --> 02:07:16,500
Garden, the Pinnacle of the art 
of tranquil design for good 

2504
02:07:16,500 --> 02:07:19,300
reason, monastic communities, 
were the world's best gardeners 

2505
02:07:19,300 --> 02:07:22,900
during the Middle Ages through 
prayer meditation and what they 

2506
02:07:22,900 --> 02:07:25,500
referred to. 
As Opus manual, the work of 

2507
02:07:25,500 --> 02:07:27,700
hands. 
These individuals had devoted 

2508
02:07:27,700 --> 02:07:29,800
their lives to discovering a 
connection with God. 

2509
02:07:30,600 --> 02:07:32,700
They learned that certain 
physical settings could either 

2510
02:07:32,700 --> 02:07:36,100
help or hinder their spiritual 
objectives and they Incorporated

2511
02:07:36,100 --> 02:07:38,400
these insights into the design 
of their Garden's. 

2512
02:07:38,400 --> 02:07:41,000
As soon as you enter the 
monastery, you'll notice how 

2513
02:07:41,000 --> 02:07:43,200
different the atmosphere is from
the outside world. 

2514
02:07:43,200 --> 02:07:47,700
Not only is it quieter, but the 
air itself seems to have aquired

2515
02:07:47,700 --> 02:07:50,500
patients. 
The garden unfolds in front of 

2516
02:07:50,500 --> 02:07:54,300
you, in sections, each serving, 
a distinct function, but all 

2517
02:07:54,300 --> 02:07:56,700
being bound together. 
By the same overarching idea, 

2518
02:07:56,700 --> 02:08:00,000
everything in this place, is 
there to restore the health of 

2519
02:08:00,000 --> 02:08:02,900
the human soul. 
The physical Garden where 

2520
02:08:02,900 --> 02:08:04,700
therapeutic herbs are grown in 
tidy. 

2521
02:08:04,700 --> 02:08:07,100
Raised beds is the first space. 
You can cross. 

2522
02:08:07,100 --> 02:08:09,900
However don't pick, just stare 
all rows. 

2523
02:08:09,900 --> 02:08:12,000
Like the outdoor area of a 
contemporary Pharmacy. 

2524
02:08:12,800 --> 02:08:16,600
An artist sense of color 
texture, and scent is evident in

2525
02:08:16,600 --> 02:08:20,200
the arrangement of these plants.
Even their most utilitarian 

2526
02:08:20,200 --> 02:08:23,100
plantings were beautiful to 
behold because the monastery 

2527
02:08:23,100 --> 02:08:27,000
gardeners recognize that healing
starts with the census alongside

2528
02:08:27,000 --> 02:08:31,100
tidy time, borders chamomile, 
grows in silvery green, Mounds 

2529
02:08:31,100 --> 02:08:33,900
in purple ranks, that appear to 
glitter in the morning. 

2530
02:08:33,900 --> 02:08:36,000
Light lavender stands at 
attention. 

2531
02:08:36,900 --> 02:08:40,700
Wherever it is permitted, mint, 
grows producing, cool, green 

2532
02:08:40,700 --> 02:08:43,200
carpets, that smell good 
whenever you touch them. 

2533
02:08:43,200 --> 02:08:46,800
The real magic occurs when you 
discover that in fact, walking 

2534
02:08:46,800 --> 02:08:48,900
among these plants causes your 
breathing to slow. 

2535
02:08:48,900 --> 02:08:53,000
Down the visual effect is 
calming certain sense have 

2536
02:08:53,000 --> 02:08:54,700
direct Pathways to the nervous 
system. 

2537
02:08:54,700 --> 02:08:57,900
A discovery made by medieval 
monks that modern Aroma 

2538
02:08:57,900 --> 02:09:01,700
therapists still catching up to 
Its true that lavender reduces 

2539
02:09:01,700 --> 02:09:04,700
anxiety. 
In fact, Rosemary can help with 

2540
02:09:04,700 --> 02:09:08,300
mental Clarity, mint, actually, 
improves mood and aids in 

2541
02:09:08,308 --> 02:09:10,700
digestion. 
However they did more than 

2542
02:09:10,700 --> 02:09:13,700
simply cultivate these plants, 
they placed them along the 

2543
02:09:13,700 --> 02:09:16,300
Garden Path so that people would
naturally and unconsciously 

2544
02:09:16,300 --> 02:09:19,300
experience their benefits. 
It was not because medieval 

2545
02:09:19,300 --> 02:09:22,400
people lacked imagination, that 
monastic Guardians were laid out

2546
02:09:22,400 --> 02:09:24,400
according to rigid, geometric 
patterns. 

2547
02:09:25,200 --> 02:09:28,000
These geometric patterns 
functioned as a kind of visual 

2548
02:09:28,000 --> 02:09:30,800
meditation. 
Your mind would naturally settle

2549
02:09:30,800 --> 02:09:33,600
into the same Serene Rhythm. 
If your I follow the neat 

2550
02:09:33,600 --> 02:09:38,100
patterns squares within squares 
circles intersected by crosses 

2551
02:09:38,100 --> 02:09:40,600
and rectangles divided by 
diagonal paths. 

2552
02:09:40,600 --> 02:09:43,000
Beyond Aesthetics, geometric 
garden. 

2553
02:09:43,000 --> 02:09:46,500
Design has a profoundly 
fulfilling quality, it is easier

2554
02:09:46,500 --> 02:09:48,900
for your internal state to 
achieve equilibrium when you're 

2555
02:09:48,900 --> 02:09:51,600
external environment is well, 
organized and balanced. 

2556
02:09:52,400 --> 02:09:55,500
Through daily practice the monks
were able to determine this. 

2557
02:09:55,500 --> 02:09:58,800
They discovered they could enter
and stay in meditative States, 

2558
02:09:58,800 --> 02:10:01,800
more quickly and for longer 
after spending hours in prayer 

2559
02:10:01,800 --> 02:10:04,900
and reflection in Garden's with 
solid geometric underpinning. 

2560
02:10:04,900 --> 02:10:09,100
A well-off fountain place where 
several paths met was the focal 

2561
02:10:09,100 --> 02:10:12,000
point of the majority of 
Monastery Gardens this. 

2562
02:10:12,000 --> 02:10:15,200
Had symbolic and psychological 
significance in addition, to 

2563
02:10:15,200 --> 02:10:18,500
being pragmatic, although access
to water was undoubtedly 

2564
02:10:18,500 --> 02:10:20,900
crucial. 
In almost all spiritual 

2565
02:10:20,900 --> 02:10:25,000
Traditions, water as a symbol of
Life, rebirth, and purification.

2566
02:10:25,900 --> 02:10:28,700
having it at the center of the 
garden served as a conscious or 

2567
02:10:28,700 --> 02:10:31,600
unconscious reminder to get 
guests that they were in a space

2568
02:10:31,600 --> 02:10:34,600
devoted to Renewal the water 
features were intended to 

2569
02:10:34,600 --> 02:10:37,500
stimulate your senses without 
overpowering them, which is 

2570
02:10:37,508 --> 02:10:40,300
where the subtle Genius of 
medieval garden design as was 

2571
02:10:40,300 --> 02:10:44,400
displayed Water trickling slowly
from a carved spout, into a 

2572
02:10:44,400 --> 02:10:48,200
basin in a basic Stone. 
Well could produce the softest 

2573
02:10:48,200 --> 02:10:51,200
sound possible enough to drown 
out distracting sounds outside? 

2574
02:10:51,200 --> 02:10:54,100
The garden walls, but not enough
to draw attention to itself. 

2575
02:10:54,100 --> 02:10:57,100
In order to maximize 
psychological benefits, the 

2576
02:10:57,100 --> 02:10:59,300
seating areas in the monastery 
Gardens were positioned 

2577
02:10:59,300 --> 02:11:03,300
strategically wooden benches 
were placed facing either West 

2578
02:11:03,300 --> 02:11:08,300
for evening reflection as the 
day came to an end or east for 

2579
02:11:08,300 --> 02:11:10,400
morning meditation. 
In the light of the sunrise, 

2580
02:11:10,400 --> 02:11:13,300
they were placed next to her 
beds where the scent would be 

2581
02:11:13,300 --> 02:11:16,700
most potent in the hottest hours
of the day or nestled in to 

2582
02:11:16,700 --> 02:11:20,100
alcoves created by carefully. 
Trained fruit trees sitting in 

2583
02:11:20,100 --> 02:11:23,000
one of these locations you would
observe how the garden seems to 

2584
02:11:23,000 --> 02:11:26,200
envelop you with without making 
you feel crowded, although the 

2585
02:11:26,200 --> 02:11:29,000
surrounding Hedges or walls, 
provide, privacy and security. 

2586
02:11:29,000 --> 02:11:31,600
They aren't so high that you 
feel confined. 

2587
02:11:32,500 --> 02:11:35,400
As the Sun Passes overhead, you 
can see the sky. 

2588
02:11:35,400 --> 02:11:38,600
Watch the clouds, move and take 
in the shifting patterns of 

2589
02:11:38,600 --> 02:11:41,700
light and Shadow. 
It feels like a soft verdant, 

2590
02:11:41,700 --> 02:11:43,800
hug Monastery. 
Gardens maintenance. 

2591
02:11:43,800 --> 02:11:46,200
Philosophy was a reflection of 
their spiritual mission. 

2592
02:11:47,100 --> 02:11:50,100
Slowly and deliberately the work
was done as a kind of Prayer. 

2593
02:11:50,900 --> 02:11:53,900
Weeding was an opportunity to 
exercise patience and attention 

2594
02:11:53,900 --> 02:11:56,400
to detail. 
Not a task to be hurried 

2595
02:11:56,400 --> 02:11:58,700
through. 
Watering was an opportunity to 

2596
02:11:58,700 --> 02:12:01,300
observe and appreciate the needs
and growth of each individual 

2597
02:12:01,300 --> 02:12:04,000
plant. 
In addition to providing basic 

2598
02:12:04,000 --> 02:12:07,300
plant care, this method, 
produced Garden's, that exuded 

2599
02:12:07,300 --> 02:12:11,600
serenity Spaces are quite a 
distinct energy quality when 

2600
02:12:11,600 --> 02:12:14,500
they are maintained with love 
and meditation as opposed to 

2601
02:12:14,500 --> 02:12:18,000
speed and efficiency. 
This phenomenon is frequently 

2602
02:12:18,000 --> 02:12:20,800
mentioned by contemporary 
visitors to restore Monastery 

2603
02:12:20,800 --> 02:12:23,400
Gardens. 
There is an unmistakably Serene 

2604
02:12:23,400 --> 02:12:26,100
quality to these areas that 
transcend, their aesthetic 

2605
02:12:26,100 --> 02:12:28,900
appeal, in ways, we have, mostly
forgotten the monks. 

2606
02:12:28,900 --> 02:12:31,200
Also had an understanding of 
seasonal rhythms. 

2607
02:12:31,200 --> 02:12:34,100
Their Gardens were planned to 
offer, various forms of 

2608
02:12:34,100 --> 02:12:36,600
aesthetic, appeal and 
practicality all year long. 

2609
02:12:37,500 --> 02:12:40,200
The delicate blossoms of fruit 
trees in the new green of fresh 

2610
02:12:40,200 --> 02:12:44,000
herbs arrived with spring. 
Harvest to a plentiful and the 

2611
02:12:44,000 --> 02:12:46,300
center of blooming plants, 
filled the air during the 

2612
02:12:46,300 --> 02:12:48,700
summer. 
Autumn brought vibrant foliage 

2613
02:12:48,700 --> 02:12:52,200
and the joy of collecting seeds 
for planting the following year.

2614
02:12:53,300 --> 02:12:55,300
With the sharp lines of the 
geometric design. 

2615
02:12:55,300 --> 02:12:58,600
Clearly visible and Evergreen 
herbs offering patches of Life 

2616
02:12:58,600 --> 02:13:01,700
against the snow even winter had
its own Stern Beauty. 

2617
02:13:01,700 --> 02:13:05,200
Imagine how the light of the day
gradually Fades and how the air 

2618
02:13:05,200 --> 02:13:08,300
cools and carries the mix of 
herbs as you settle in to 

2619
02:13:08,300 --> 02:13:10,100
evening prayer. 
In this Monastery Garden. 

2620
02:13:11,100 --> 02:13:14,300
You discover that you have spent
the entire day in this verdant 

2621
02:13:14,300 --> 02:13:18,700
Haven without ever feeling 
rushed anxious or out of sync 

2622
02:13:18,700 --> 02:13:21,600
with the cycles of life itself. 
When the bells ring once more 

2623
02:13:21,600 --> 02:13:25,100
summoning, the community to 
Vespers your exchanging, your 

2624
02:13:25,100 --> 02:13:28,100
modest Monastery self for 
something far more opulent this 

2625
02:13:28,100 --> 02:13:30,800
morning, a castle Garden 
intended for medieval 

2626
02:13:30,800 --> 02:13:33,400
aristocracy. 
However, don't anticipate. 

2627
02:13:33,400 --> 02:13:36,200
The extravagant extravagance of 
later, centuries. 

2628
02:13:36,200 --> 02:13:40,000
Subtly sophisticated medieval 
Noble Gardens were designed to 

2629
02:13:40,000 --> 02:13:42,300
provide ideal settings for the 
kinds of Pursuits. 

2630
02:13:42,300 --> 02:13:45,100
That kept a rustic. 
Kratts sane amidst, the demands 

2631
02:13:45,100 --> 02:13:47,800
of political life. 
The unusual living quarters of 

2632
02:13:47,800 --> 02:13:50,100
medieval Aristocrats resembled a
goldfish Bowl. 

2633
02:13:50,900 --> 02:13:53,900
From servants to rival, families
to visiting diplomats who 

2634
02:13:53,900 --> 02:13:57,300
reported back to foreign courts.
Everyone was continuously 

2635
02:13:57,300 --> 02:14:01,200
watching criticizing and 
analyzing their lives, there was

2636
02:14:01,200 --> 02:14:04,400
hardly any privacy and Leisure 
had to be carefully planned in 

2637
02:14:04,400 --> 02:14:07,100
between Court, rituals 
tournaments, and The NeverEnding

2638
02:14:07,100 --> 02:14:10,000
negotiations that prevented 
kingdoms from falling into 

2639
02:14:10,000 --> 02:14:13,300
Anarchy, their Gardens, which 
were created a special to offer 

2640
02:14:13,300 --> 02:14:15,300
the kinds of tranquil 
experiences that would be 

2641
02:14:15,300 --> 02:14:18,300
practically impossible to find 
elsewhere in medieval Society, 

2642
02:14:18,300 --> 02:14:20,600
turned into vital pressure 
valves. 

2643
02:14:20,600 --> 02:14:23,800
However, these were not merely 
enlarged, monastic, Gardens 

2644
02:14:23,800 --> 02:14:27,400
Noble, Guardians needed to do 
more than just impress guests. 

2645
02:14:27,400 --> 02:14:31,000
They also needed to offer useful
advantages in a real escape from

2646
02:14:31,000 --> 02:14:34,200
the bustle of the outside world.
You can see how the garden areas

2647
02:14:34,200 --> 02:14:37,200
are shrewdly tucked into areas. 
That might otherwise go unused 

2648
02:14:37,200 --> 02:14:39,800
as you stroll through the 
Castle's main Courtyard. 

2649
02:14:40,700 --> 02:14:44,300
Every inch of protected interior
space was valuable because 

2650
02:14:44,300 --> 02:14:46,600
medieval castles were 
constructed primarily for 

2651
02:14:46,600 --> 02:14:51,400
defense and then for comfort. 
Working like puzzle solvers, the

2652
02:14:51,400 --> 02:14:55,300
garden designers created, lovely
Havens in small Courtyards with 

2653
02:14:55,300 --> 02:14:58,700
no military. 
Use a long walls and in strange 

2654
02:14:58,700 --> 02:15:00,700
Corners. 
One of the most clever features 

2655
02:15:00,700 --> 02:15:04,100
is what the medievals called, a 
pleasant, basically a private 

2656
02:15:04,100 --> 02:15:06,800
outdoor space intended for 
leisure and small parties. 

2657
02:15:06,800 --> 02:15:11,400
Imagine a square or rectangular 
area surrounded by dense Hedges 

2658
02:15:11,400 --> 02:15:14,500
or low walls with thoughtfully, 
placed sight lines, that 

2659
02:15:14,500 --> 02:15:17,900
preserve views of the Castle's 
most appealing features or far 

2660
02:15:17,900 --> 02:15:20,000
off Landscapes. 
While obstructing views from the

2661
02:15:20,008 --> 02:15:23,300
crowded main Courtyards. 
These spaces were decorated to 

2662
02:15:23,300 --> 02:15:26,600
resemble outdoor living rooms 
backrests and seating were 

2663
02:15:26,600 --> 02:15:30,000
provided by raised beds, which 
were frequently topped with Turf

2664
02:15:30,000 --> 02:15:33,200
benches, which were essentially 
Earth and grass sofas that were 

2665
02:15:33,200 --> 02:15:35,800
surprisingly cozy and 
unmistakably different. 

2666
02:15:36,700 --> 02:15:39,100
Depending on when the gardens 
owner wanted to escape from 

2667
02:15:39,100 --> 02:15:42,400
public responsibilities wooden 
benches, were positioned to 

2668
02:15:42,400 --> 02:15:44,400
benefit from morning, sunlight, 
or afternoon. 

2669
02:15:44,400 --> 02:15:48,000
Shade Noble Garden, Gardens 
plant selections, demonstrated a

2670
02:15:48,000 --> 02:15:51,900
deep comprehension of social, 
dynamics and psychology. roses 

2671
02:15:51,900 --> 02:15:54,300
were important because of their 
symbolic meaning in addition to 

2672
02:15:54,308 --> 02:15:58,900
their beauty, Roses stood, for 
love Purity and the transient 

2673
02:15:58,900 --> 02:16:02,200
nature of Earthly Beauty. 
According to the medievals who 

2674
02:16:02,200 --> 02:16:05,800
interpreted everything. 
Roses were a continual reminder 

2675
02:16:05,800 --> 02:16:08,100
that there was Beauty and life 
worth stopping to appreciate 

2676
02:16:08,100 --> 02:16:10,900
like poetry growing right 
outside your window. 

2677
02:16:10,900 --> 02:16:14,200
The way these roses were 
cultivated however was the truly

2678
02:16:14,200 --> 02:16:17,500
ingenious aspect. 
Medieval gardeners trained roses

2679
02:16:17,500 --> 02:16:20,200
as climbers and Ramblers. 
Weaving them through wooden 

2680
02:16:20,200 --> 02:16:23,500
Frameworks to create living 
walls and shaded alcoves in 

2681
02:16:23,500 --> 02:16:26,000
contrast to Modern rose bushes 
that bloom once. 

2682
02:16:26,000 --> 02:16:28,600
And then look rather ordinary 
for the rest of the year. 

2683
02:16:28,600 --> 02:16:32,200
Picture yourself, sitting 
beneath an arbor with hundreds 

2684
02:16:32,200 --> 02:16:35,700
of tiny highly fragrant roses 
that formed a natural canopy 

2685
02:16:35,700 --> 02:16:39,000
above you and petals that 
occasionally fell like fragrant 

2686
02:16:39,000 --> 02:16:42,200
snow in castle, settings, herb 
garden for filled three 

2687
02:16:42,200 --> 02:16:44,700
functions. 
They were useful, aesthetically 

2688
02:16:44,700 --> 02:16:48,400
pleasing, and instructive noble.
Families were supposed to know 

2689
02:16:48,400 --> 02:16:50,500
how to run the home cook and 
practice medicine. 

2690
02:16:51,299 --> 02:16:53,200
The herb garden offered 
practical and soothing 

2691
02:16:53,200 --> 02:16:54,600
opportunities for Hands-On 
learning. 

2692
02:16:55,400 --> 02:16:58,900
Identifying the various mints, 
which is surprisingly difficult,

2693
02:16:58,900 --> 02:17:02,000
and strangely, meditative 
knowing, which herbs aid in 

2694
02:17:02,008 --> 02:17:05,500
digestion, or just taking in the
complex sense, that changed 

2695
02:17:05,500 --> 02:17:06,700
throughout the day. 
As plants. 

2696
02:17:06,700 --> 02:17:09,200
Released various aromatic 
compounds in response to 

2697
02:17:09,200 --> 02:17:11,500
temperature and Sun could all 
take up an afternoon. 

2698
02:17:11,500 --> 02:17:15,100
Although more or Nate than those
found in monasteries water 

2699
02:17:15,100 --> 02:17:18,200
features in Noble, guards were 
still created with psychological

2700
02:17:18,200 --> 02:17:21,500
comfort in mind. 
The family's coat of arms could 

2701
02:17:21,500 --> 02:17:23,500
be carved into a raised Stone 
Basin. 

2702
02:17:23,500 --> 02:17:26,600
That was supplied with water 
from the Castle's main Supply 

2703
02:17:26,600 --> 02:17:29,600
via a tiny Channel. 
Although the visual effect was 

2704
02:17:29,600 --> 02:17:32,799
more advanced, the sound was 
still subdued because medieval 

2705
02:17:32,799 --> 02:17:36,500
people had not yet developed the
noisy Fountain of session that 

2706
02:17:36,500 --> 02:17:39,700
would define later periods. 
These water features provided 

2707
02:17:39,700 --> 02:17:42,299
focal points for casual 
get-togethers and reflection. 

2708
02:17:43,200 --> 02:17:46,100
Since medieval Aristocrats 
lacked, modern-day coffee shops,

2709
02:17:46,100 --> 02:17:49,799
and living rooms garden, water, 
features offered Serene, lovely 

2710
02:17:49,799 --> 02:17:52,400
settings in which challenging 
discussions could take place 

2711
02:17:52,400 --> 02:17:55,600
without creating tension. 
Moving water seems to promote 

2712
02:17:55,600 --> 02:17:57,400
honesty. 
While discouraging conflict 

2713
02:17:57,400 --> 02:18:00,700
medieval Garden designers were 
well aware of this and took 

2714
02:18:00,700 --> 02:18:03,500
advantage of it. 
Unlike Monastery, Gardens where 

2715
02:18:03,500 --> 02:18:07,299
paths and courage solitary 
meditation, Castle, Garden paths

2716
02:18:07,299 --> 02:18:10,700
were ideal for two, personal 
conversations wide enough for 

2717
02:18:10,700 --> 02:18:14,600
companions to walk side by side.
But not so wide that the Air 

2718
02:18:14,600 --> 02:18:18,600
Force formal or intimidating. 
The paths in Noble Garden's were

2719
02:18:18,600 --> 02:18:20,799
made for what we might call 
Therapeutic strolling. 

2720
02:18:20,799 --> 02:18:23,000
These Pathways frequently 
included. 

2721
02:18:23,000 --> 02:18:25,500
What medieval designers referred
to as viewing mounts. 

2722
02:18:25,500 --> 02:18:29,100
Tiny man-made Hills made by 
piling up dirt, and covering it 

2723
02:18:29,100 --> 02:18:31,500
with turf. 
More significantly. 

2724
02:18:31,500 --> 02:18:34,700
Climbing to the top of a viewing
Mount offered a mild form of 

2725
02:18:34,708 --> 02:18:37,200
exercise, that might help 
release the tension that had 

2726
02:18:37,200 --> 02:18:39,600
built up from long days of 
sitting through Court ceremonies

2727
02:18:39,600 --> 02:18:42,299
or Council meetings. 
It also gave you a new 

2728
02:18:42,308 --> 02:18:45,299
perspective on the garden and 
the surrounding area Noble 

2729
02:18:45,299 --> 02:18:47,299
Gardens. 
Displayed a remarkable level of 

2730
02:18:47,299 --> 02:18:49,200
sophistication in their seasonal
planning. 

2731
02:18:49,900 --> 02:18:52,500
In addition to ensuring that 
there is always something lovely

2732
02:18:52,500 --> 02:18:56,100
or intriguing Garden designers. 
Planned planting schedules to 

2733
02:18:56,100 --> 02:18:58,600
ensure that the garden would 
offer a variety of psychological

2734
02:18:58,600 --> 02:19:02,400
advantages all year long The 
emphasis on Hope and rebirth. 

2735
02:19:02,400 --> 02:19:05,799
In Spring plantings was ideal 
for acclimating to the long 

2736
02:19:05,799 --> 02:19:08,900
gloomy, winter months when 
everyone was cooped up inside. 

2737
02:19:09,700 --> 02:19:12,799
The social activities that were 
vital to aristocratic life was 

2738
02:19:12,799 --> 02:19:15,900
supported by the abundance and 
celebration that summer Gardens 

2739
02:19:15,900 --> 02:19:18,600
provided. 
Plants in Autumn Garden's gave 

2740
02:19:18,600 --> 02:19:20,200
Nobles. 
A sentence of preparation and 

2741
02:19:20,200 --> 02:19:23,200
achievement, which helped them 
adopt the planning, mentality 

2742
02:19:23,200 --> 02:19:26,000
needed to survive the winter. 
What could be referred to as 

2743
02:19:26,000 --> 02:19:30,100
emergencies relaxation features 
elements created specially to 

2744
02:19:30,100 --> 02:19:33,299
offer prompt stress relief 
during political crises were 

2745
02:19:33,299 --> 02:19:35,200
also present in medieval castle 
Gardens. 

2746
02:19:36,100 --> 02:19:39,100
The maze or Labyrinth was a 
favorite, but not the difficult 

2747
02:19:39,100 --> 02:19:40,700
puzzle. 
Mazes of later, eras. 

2748
02:19:41,400 --> 02:19:44,500
With their single paths, winding
an intricate patterns, but never

2749
02:19:44,500 --> 02:19:47,700
offering choices or dead ends 
medieval labyrinths were 

2750
02:19:47,708 --> 02:19:49,600
intended to be walking 
meditations. 

2751
02:19:50,400 --> 02:19:53,200
When you needed to solve, 
complicated problems, you could 

2752
02:19:53,200 --> 02:19:56,100
walk the Labyrinth and the 
intricate pattern and rhythmic 

2753
02:19:56,100 --> 02:19:58,500
movement would frequently 
encouraged solutions to come to 

2754
02:19:58,500 --> 02:20:01,100
you organically. 
Imagine yourself sitting on one 

2755
02:20:01,100 --> 02:20:04,300
of those Turf benches in your 
make-believe Castle Garden as 

2756
02:20:04,300 --> 02:20:07,700
evening draws near and the 
center of plants that bloom at 

2757
02:20:07,700 --> 02:20:11,400
night starts to fill the air. 
Here, the meticulous design of 

2758
02:20:11,400 --> 02:20:13,500
the garden. 
Somehow absorbs, the political 

2759
02:20:13,500 --> 02:20:16,500
tension of the day. 
You can rest fully tonight 

2760
02:20:16,500 --> 02:20:19,500
surrounded by beauty that has 
been specifically designed to 

2761
02:20:19,500 --> 02:20:22,400
Foster human piece. 
But tomorrow will present new 

2762
02:20:22,400 --> 02:20:26,500
challenges your learning about 
the hortus conclusus or enclosed

2763
02:20:26,500 --> 02:20:28,100
Garden. 
One of the most advanced 

2764
02:20:28,100 --> 02:20:30,100
inventions in medieval gardening
tonight. 

2765
02:20:31,000 --> 02:20:34,000
This was not just any walled 
area with plants rather. 

2766
02:20:34,000 --> 02:20:37,400
It was a thoughtfully planned 
setting intended to produce. 

2767
02:20:37,400 --> 02:20:40,300
What could be referred to as 
perfect psychological conditions

2768
02:20:40,300 --> 02:20:43,200
for human flourishing. 
A thorough understanding of how 

2769
02:20:43,200 --> 02:20:45,800
environmental boundaries impact 
mental state led to the 

2770
02:20:45,800 --> 02:20:47,700
development of the enclosed 
Garden concept. 

2771
02:20:48,600 --> 02:20:51,500
People in the Middle Ages lived?
In constant, fear of danger, 

2772
02:20:51,500 --> 02:20:55,700
that might lurk outside of their
familiar boundaries anywhere at 

2773
02:20:55,700 --> 02:20:59,500
any time, there could be Bandits
Untamed, animals, hostile armies

2774
02:20:59,500 --> 02:21:03,900
and unexplained illnesses every 
element of daily life, including

2775
02:21:03,900 --> 02:21:07,600
the layout of serene areas was 
influenced by this persistent 

2776
02:21:07,600 --> 02:21:10,400
low-level anxiety. 
Imagine yourself walking through

2777
02:21:10,400 --> 02:21:12,800
a small gate or doorway into an 
enclosed Garden. 

2778
02:21:13,600 --> 02:21:16,700
The changeover is purposeful and
dramatic your surrounded by 

2779
02:21:16,700 --> 02:21:20,100
walls, that Define and Safeguard
a smaller more manageable 

2780
02:21:20,100 --> 02:21:23,700
Universe one moment and then 
you're in the open world with 

2781
02:21:23,700 --> 02:21:26,100
its boundless Horizons and 
possible dangers. 

2782
02:21:26,100 --> 02:21:29,700
The next Your nervous system. 
Literally lets out a sigh of 

2783
02:21:29,700 --> 02:21:33,400
relief as a result of the 
profound and instantaneous cycle

2784
02:21:33,400 --> 02:21:35,800
shift, made evil garden 
designers. 

2785
02:21:35,800 --> 02:21:39,100
However, went beyond the basic 
enclosure, they realized that 

2786
02:21:39,100 --> 02:21:41,500
Walls by themselves. 
Could feel more like prisons 

2787
02:21:41,500 --> 02:21:45,100
than like freedoms, making the 
enclosure feel more like an 

2788
02:21:45,100 --> 02:21:46,400
Embrace than a prison was the 
trick. 

2789
02:21:47,200 --> 02:21:50,100
They achieved this by paying 
close attention to sight lines 

2790
02:21:50,100 --> 02:21:53,700
proportions and what we might 
refer to as controlled opening's

2791
02:21:53,700 --> 02:21:56,700
a sense of protected space where
you could not be surprised or 

2792
02:21:56,700 --> 02:21:59,500
threatened was provided by the 
walls of the most successful in 

2793
02:21:59,500 --> 02:22:03,000
closed Gardens which adhered to 
what contemporary environmental 

2794
02:22:03,000 --> 02:22:05,700
psychologists refer to as the 
Prospect and refuge. 

2795
02:22:05,700 --> 02:22:08,400
Principal though, medieval 
designers would have simply 

2796
02:22:08,400 --> 02:22:11,100
refer to it as feeling safe 
while seeing Beauty. 

2797
02:22:11,900 --> 02:22:14,300
However, the garden also 
featured thoughtfully designed 

2798
02:22:14,300 --> 02:22:18,700
opportunities Sky views, far off
Landscapes or garden elements, 

2799
02:22:18,700 --> 02:22:21,300
that allowed your thoughts to 
roam without straying from the 

2800
02:22:21,308 --> 02:22:24,800
safety zone Gates or Windows in 
the walls that framed views like

2801
02:22:24,800 --> 02:22:26,700
living paintings. 
Could create these opportunities

2802
02:22:26,700 --> 02:22:31,000
picture yourself, perched on a 
stone bench gazing, through an 

2803
02:22:31,000 --> 02:22:34,000
arched aperture that ideally 
frames a view of the Castle's 

2804
02:22:34,000 --> 02:22:37,400
Towers or a far-off hillside. 
Your body stays securely 

2805
02:22:37,400 --> 02:22:40,300
contained while your I can 
travel to these far off views 

2806
02:22:40,300 --> 02:22:42,900
meeting the human need for 
spatial variety. 

2807
02:22:42,900 --> 02:22:46,600
The enclosed Gardens plant, 
choices were Exquisite examples 

2808
02:22:46,600 --> 02:22:49,400
of sensory design. 
Each plant was picked for its 

2809
02:22:49,408 --> 02:22:52,700
ability to enhance the gardens 
overall psychological ambience, 

2810
02:22:52,700 --> 02:22:54,700
in addition to its aesthetic 
value. 

2811
02:22:55,700 --> 02:22:58,000
Lavender offered a soothing 
scent and delicate. 

2812
02:22:58,000 --> 02:23:00,500
Silver leaves that glistened in 
any kind of light. 

2813
02:23:01,400 --> 02:23:04,400
The strong enlightening Aroma of
Rose Marie, could clear mental 

2814
02:23:04,400 --> 02:23:06,900
Haze and boost alertness without
making people anxious. 

2815
02:23:07,700 --> 02:23:10,500
Plants in the mint, family 
offered, refreshing sense and 

2816
02:23:10,500 --> 02:23:12,000
cooling effects that could help 
cool. 

2817
02:23:12,000 --> 02:23:14,900
Even the hottest summer days, 
what we might refer to as 

2818
02:23:14,900 --> 02:23:17,800
layered fragrances, plant 
combinations that released 

2819
02:23:17,800 --> 02:23:21,100
distinct sense at various times 
of day and in various weather 

2820
02:23:21,100 --> 02:23:25,100
conditions were common in. 
Medieval and closed Gardens the 

2821
02:23:25,100 --> 02:23:27,700
center of wet herbs, may be 
green and Dewey in the morning. 

2822
02:23:27,700 --> 02:23:31,100
Mingled with the honey, sweet 
Aroma of flowers opening to the 

2823
02:23:31,100 --> 02:23:34,000
Sun. 
Aromatic plants such as oregano 

2824
02:23:34,000 --> 02:23:36,700
and Thyme would release their 
stronger sense in the midday 

2825
02:23:36,700 --> 02:23:39,400
Heat. 
Night, blooming plants with 

2826
02:23:39,400 --> 02:23:43,000
their enigmatic and frequently 
more complex sense would emerge 

2827
02:23:43,000 --> 02:23:45,400
in the evening. 
These Gardens ground planning, 

2828
02:23:45,400 --> 02:23:47,500
adhered principles. 
That seem to work almost 

2829
02:23:47,500 --> 02:23:51,000
magically, the walkways were 
both, intimately, intimate and 

2830
02:23:51,000 --> 02:23:52,900
sufficiently wide for 
comfortable walking. 

2831
02:23:53,600 --> 02:23:56,000
Since you could never see the 
entire Garden at once. 

2832
02:23:56,000 --> 02:23:59,800
They gently curved to evoke a 
sense of Discovery, there was 

2833
02:23:59,800 --> 02:24:02,200
always something new to discover
around every corner. 

2834
02:24:02,200 --> 02:24:06,600
However, everything happened at 
natural and secure pace and the 

2835
02:24:06,600 --> 02:24:09,300
curves were never abrupt enough 
to call surprise or fear 

2836
02:24:09,300 --> 02:24:12,000
enclosed garden. 
Water management, reached new 

2837
02:24:12,000 --> 02:24:14,900
artistic Heights. 
Each drop of water could be 

2838
02:24:14,900 --> 02:24:18,400
meticulously regulated and 
synchronized because these were 

2839
02:24:18,400 --> 02:24:21,400
in closed spaces. 
In order to produce various 

2840
02:24:21,400 --> 02:24:24,600
sounds and visual effects 
throughout the garden, designers

2841
02:24:24,600 --> 02:24:27,600
device systems that would allow 
water to move slowly through the

2842
02:24:27,600 --> 02:24:31,200
area appearing and disappearing.
You may first see water as a 

2843
02:24:31,200 --> 02:24:34,500
soft spring that emerges from a 
carved Stone Face in one wall 

2844
02:24:34,500 --> 02:24:37,700
then follow its path. 
As it feeds various plant beds 

2845
02:24:37,700 --> 02:24:41,000
by a tiny channels before 
gathering in a central Basin to 

2846
02:24:41,000 --> 02:24:44,400
reflect the sky and Light. 
From the first soft bubbling of 

2847
02:24:44,400 --> 02:24:47,400
the spring to the soft trickling
through the channels to the 

2848
02:24:47,400 --> 02:24:50,600
almost silent filling of the 
last Basin, the sound of this 

2849
02:24:50,600 --> 02:24:53,500
water would change as it. 
Traveled the psychological 

2850
02:24:53,500 --> 02:24:56,000
significance of what we might 
refer to as controlled 

2851
02:24:56,000 --> 02:24:59,700
Wilderness within enclosed 
spaces, was also recognized by 

2852
02:24:59,700 --> 02:25:03,100
medieval designers. 
These Gardens featured sections 

2853
02:25:03,100 --> 02:25:05,600
where plants were permitted to 
grow in more organic patterns, 

2854
02:25:05,600 --> 02:25:08,300
despite their meticulous 
planning and upkeep. 

2855
02:25:09,100 --> 02:25:11,800
Herbs that had been left to 
self-seed and spread could be 

2856
02:25:11,800 --> 02:25:15,400
found in a corner, resulting in 
patches, that felt wild and 

2857
02:25:15,400 --> 02:25:18,700
impromptu, but were totally safe
a basic cycle. 

2858
02:25:18,700 --> 02:25:22,100
Need of humans was met by this 
harmony between naturalness and 

2859
02:25:22,100 --> 02:25:24,300
control. 
We need a certain amount of 

2860
02:25:24,300 --> 02:25:27,700
surprise natural beauty to keep 
our minds active and interested,

2861
02:25:27,700 --> 02:25:31,000
but we also need order and 
predictability for security. 

2862
02:25:31,900 --> 02:25:34,900
Both was simultaneously offered 
by enclosed Garden Gardens which

2863
02:25:34,900 --> 02:25:37,500
offered areas of delightful, 
unpredictability along with 

2864
02:25:37,500 --> 02:25:41,100
general order and safety 
enclosed Garden's featured, a 

2865
02:25:41,100 --> 02:25:42,400
specialty, elaborate seating 
arrangements. 

2866
02:25:42,400 --> 02:25:45,500
There were several seating 
options to accommodate various 

2867
02:25:45,500 --> 02:25:50,100
social settings and moods cool 
isolated places to reflect were 

2868
02:25:50,100 --> 02:25:52,500
provided by Stone benches 
setting to the walls. 

2869
02:25:53,300 --> 02:25:56,700
For Extended Stays wouldn't 
benches placed in bright spots, 

2870
02:25:56,700 --> 02:26:00,100
offered warmth and comfort. 
The most private and cozy. 

2871
02:26:00,100 --> 02:26:02,100
Seating was provided by Turf 
benches. 

2872
02:26:02,100 --> 02:26:05,200
Those amazing earth and grass 
Creations from the Middle Ages 

2873
02:26:05,200 --> 02:26:08,500
that were ideal for reading 
taking naps or having quiet 

2874
02:26:08,500 --> 02:26:11,800
discussions, the placement of 
the seating sections was done to

2875
02:26:11,800 --> 02:26:14,300
capitalize on the various 
seasons and times of day. 

2876
02:26:14,900 --> 02:26:18,300
In order to enjoy the soft early
son mourning seats faced East. 

2877
02:26:18,300 --> 02:26:21,300
The locations of the midday 
seats were chosen to provide 

2878
02:26:21,300 --> 02:26:24,600
shade during the hottest time of
the day, seats in the evening 

2879
02:26:24,600 --> 02:26:28,500
faced West to watch the sunset. 
In order to harness any of 

2880
02:26:28,500 --> 02:26:31,400
available warmth from the Low 
Winter Sun, winter seats were 

2881
02:26:31,400 --> 02:26:34,600
placed in alcoves facing south 
in closed guard Gardens 

2882
02:26:34,600 --> 02:26:36,200
seasonal. 
Development was thoughtfully 

2883
02:26:36,200 --> 02:26:38,600
planned to offer cycle support 
all year long. 

2884
02:26:39,500 --> 02:26:42,600
After enduring the harsh, winter
of the Middle Ages people 

2885
02:26:42,600 --> 02:26:45,600
needed, hope and renewal, which 
spring planting offered. 

2886
02:26:46,400 --> 02:26:49,000
Summertime designs. 
Offered celebration of plenty. 

2887
02:26:49,600 --> 02:26:51,100
Plants in autumnal guard 
Gardens. 

2888
02:26:51,100 --> 02:26:52,800
Conveyed. 
A sense of preparation and 

2889
02:26:52,800 --> 02:26:55,600
harvest. 
Evergreen trees and intriguing. 

2890
02:26:55,600 --> 02:26:58,900
Architectural elements were 
included in the design to add 

2891
02:26:58,900 --> 02:27:01,200
Beauty and interest even during 
the winter months. 

2892
02:27:01,200 --> 02:27:04,600
Most significantly medieval 
enclosed Guardians, were 

2893
02:27:04,600 --> 02:27:07,400
intended to be places for what 
we might refer to as productive 

2894
02:27:07,400 --> 02:27:10,000
solitude. 
These were not places where you 

2895
02:27:10,000 --> 02:27:13,000
could hide from the outside 
world forever, but rather places

2896
02:27:13,000 --> 02:27:16,100
where you could temporarily 
withdraw, regain your emotional 

2897
02:27:16,100 --> 02:27:19,000
and mental balance, and then 
resume your daily activities 

2898
02:27:19,000 --> 02:27:21,000
with fresh vitality and 
perspective. 

2899
02:27:21,000 --> 02:27:24,100
Imagine yourself falling asleep 
in your own little enclosed 

2900
02:27:24,100 --> 02:27:26,800
garden with walls. 
That feel protective rather than

2901
02:27:26,800 --> 02:27:30,100
limiting and breathing in air 
that is centered with herbs. 

2902
02:27:30,100 --> 02:27:32,400
That have been carefully 
selected to encourage relaxation

2903
02:27:32,400 --> 02:27:35,500
and tranquility. 
The boundaries of the garden, 

2904
02:27:35,500 --> 02:27:38,600
create a perfect little world 
where you can just enjoy being 

2905
02:27:38,600 --> 02:27:40,700
in an area, created, 
specifically for your 

2906
02:27:40,700 --> 02:27:42,800
well-being. 
When you wake up this morning, 

2907
02:27:42,800 --> 02:27:46,400
you'll find something amazing 
centuries before the terms 

2908
02:27:46,400 --> 02:27:49,400
environmental aromatherapy were 
coined medieval. 

2909
02:27:49,400 --> 02:27:51,900
People were engaging in a highly
developed form of it. 

2910
02:27:52,600 --> 02:27:55,500
In addition to being 
aesthetically pleasing, their 

2911
02:27:55,500 --> 02:27:58,200
Gardens were meticulously 
planned sensory experiences that

2912
02:27:58,200 --> 02:28:01,400
used the sense and qualities of 
plants to affect mental, 

2913
02:28:01,400 --> 02:28:05,700
physical and emotional states. 
Medieval Garden, designers, Drew

2914
02:28:05,700 --> 02:28:08,500
inspiration from a fascinating 
blend of traditional knowledge 

2915
02:28:08,500 --> 02:28:12,300
passed down through the 
generations, key observation and

2916
02:28:12,300 --> 02:28:14,200
what they dubbed, the doctrine 
of signatures. 

2917
02:28:14,200 --> 02:28:18,100
The idea that a plants growth 
patterns sent or appearance 

2918
02:28:18,100 --> 02:28:21,700
could reveal its medicinal uses 
their practical outcomes were 

2919
02:28:21,700 --> 02:28:24,700
frequently, remarkably effective
even though some of their 

2920
02:28:24,700 --> 02:28:27,800
theories now, seemingly 
Antiquated an early morning. 

2921
02:28:27,800 --> 02:28:30,300
Stroll through a medieval herb 
garden would reveal what is 

2922
02:28:30,308 --> 02:28:33,600
essentially a living farmacy. 
But one that has been created 

2923
02:28:33,600 --> 02:28:37,300
with a psychologist awareness of
human needs and an artist sense 

2924
02:28:37,300 --> 02:28:41,100
of Aesthetics, every plant was 
placed to provide the greatest 

2925
02:28:41,100 --> 02:28:42,900
possible therapeutic benefit to 
Garden. 

2926
02:28:42,900 --> 02:28:46,700
Visitors in addition to ideal 
growing conditions along, 

2927
02:28:46,700 --> 02:28:50,200
Pathways where people would 
naturally brush against it Kemal

2928
02:28:50,200 --> 02:28:53,300
was planted. 
It has tiny Daisy-like flowers 

2929
02:28:53,300 --> 02:28:58,300
and a sweet Apple like scent. 
All the medieval gardeners were 

2930
02:28:58,300 --> 02:29:00,900
aware that the aroma of 
chamomile could reduce anxiety 

2931
02:29:00,900 --> 02:29:04,700
and encouraged sound sleep. 
They also recognized that the 

2932
02:29:04,700 --> 02:29:08,200
psychological impact was greater
than the scent was inadvertently

2933
02:29:08,200 --> 02:29:11,400
inhaled rather than 
intentionally Something about 

2934
02:29:11,400 --> 02:29:14,300
finding a healing sent by 
accident is more potent than 

2935
02:29:14,300 --> 02:29:17,400
actively seeking it out. 
In addition to its lovely purple

2936
02:29:17,400 --> 02:29:21,100
blooms and unique scent. 
Lavender was prized in medieval 

2937
02:29:21,100 --> 02:29:24,300
Gardens for its incredibly 
consistent calming properties. 

2938
02:29:25,100 --> 02:29:28,200
The biochemistry of how 
lavenders Lena Liu and Lionel 

2939
02:29:28,200 --> 02:29:32,200
acetate compounds actually slow 
down nervous system activity was

2940
02:29:32,200 --> 02:29:35,900
unknown to Medieval people but 
they were aware of the effects. 

2941
02:29:37,000 --> 02:29:40,200
In order to promote peaceful 
sleep, lavender was planted. 

2942
02:29:40,200 --> 02:29:43,800
Close to places where people sat
along walkways that led to 

2943
02:29:43,800 --> 02:29:47,100
private areas and particularly 
close to Windows in bedrooms 

2944
02:29:47,100 --> 02:29:50,800
lavenders placement in gardens 
demonstrated, a sophisticated 

2945
02:29:50,800 --> 02:29:55,200
understanding of scent dispersal
Gardeners planted, lavender and 

2946
02:29:55,200 --> 02:29:57,900
sunny locations. 
Where after noon heat would 

2947
02:29:57,900 --> 02:30:01,100
optimize its therapeutic 
benefits, because they knew that

2948
02:30:01,100 --> 02:30:03,800
the plant releases its strongest
fragrance, during the warmest 

2949
02:30:03,800 --> 02:30:06,100
part of the day. 
Additionally, they placed 

2950
02:30:06,100 --> 02:30:08,600
lavender bushes where people 
might unintentionally brush 

2951
02:30:08,600 --> 02:30:11,200
against the wall strolling, 
because they knew that Bruce 

2952
02:30:11,200 --> 02:30:14,200
lavender releases, even more 
scent, almost like a garden 

2953
02:30:14,200 --> 02:30:16,700
guardian Rose. 
Marie was placed close to Gates 

2954
02:30:16,700 --> 02:30:20,200
and entrances, so that its 
potent Carmen sent could assist 

2955
02:30:20,200 --> 02:30:23,200
guests and shifting from the 
disorganized state of everyday 

2956
02:30:23,200 --> 02:30:25,900
life to the concentrated 
awareness required for 

2957
02:30:25,900 --> 02:30:28,900
appreciating a garden. 
According to contemporary 

2958
02:30:28,900 --> 02:30:31,600
research, medieval people, 
thought, Rosemary improved, 

2959
02:30:31,600 --> 02:30:34,900
mental, Clarity and memory. 
It is true that compounds found 

2960
02:30:34,900 --> 02:30:37,600
in Rosemary can enhance 
alertness and cognitive 

2961
02:30:37,600 --> 02:30:40,100
function. 
However, this is where the 

2962
02:30:40,100 --> 02:30:42,600
genius of medieval garden design
was displayed. 

2963
02:30:42,600 --> 02:30:45,900
Rosemary was also planted 
alongside soothing herbs like 

2964
02:30:45,900 --> 02:30:48,900
chamomile and lavender. 
The end effect was a 

2965
02:30:48,900 --> 02:30:51,800
well-balanced scent experience 
that could improve mental 

2966
02:30:51,800 --> 02:30:54,400
Clarity without causing over 
stimulation or anxiety. 

2967
02:30:55,400 --> 02:30:57,800
In these Gardens, you felt more 
at ease and could think more 

2968
02:30:57,800 --> 02:31:01,400
clearly two things that are 
surprisingly hard to combine the

2969
02:31:01,400 --> 02:31:04,400
most adaptable medicinal plants 
in medieval Gardens came from 

2970
02:31:04,400 --> 02:31:06,800
the mint family. 
Various mints were used to 

2971
02:31:06,800 --> 02:31:09,200
achieve various physical and 
psychological effects. 

2972
02:31:10,000 --> 02:31:12,900
Without the potency of 
peppermint spearmint provided 

2973
02:31:12,900 --> 02:31:16,000
mild digestive support and a 
revitalizing mental boost. 

2974
02:31:16,800 --> 02:31:18,500
The sweeter softer Center of 
Apple. 

2975
02:31:18,500 --> 02:31:22,000
Mint was ideal for unwinding in 
the evening in the damp spots. 

2976
02:31:22,000 --> 02:31:24,900
Next to garden water features 
where its cooling qualities 

2977
02:31:24,900 --> 02:31:28,500
could intensify the revitalizing
effects of flowing water water, 

2978
02:31:28,500 --> 02:31:31,500
mint, flourished, medieval 
gardeners also, recognized a 

2979
02:31:31,500 --> 02:31:33,900
fact that contemporary aroma 
therapy is rediscovering. 

2980
02:31:34,700 --> 02:31:37,600
Combinations of plants, rather 
than individual species 

2981
02:31:37,600 --> 02:31:40,900
frequently produce the most 
potent, therapeutic fragrances 

2982
02:31:40,900 --> 02:31:43,400
in their Gardens. 
They established what? 

2983
02:31:43,400 --> 02:31:45,300
We might refer to as fragrance 
neighborhoods. 

2984
02:31:45,300 --> 02:31:48,500
By assembling plants, whose 
fragrances would complement one 

2985
02:31:48,500 --> 02:31:51,000
another and offer supplementary 
medicinal advantages. 

2986
02:31:51,000 --> 02:31:54,200
The standard calming Corner 
might include rows for 

2987
02:31:54,200 --> 02:31:57,900
emotional, support chamomile for
mild sedation, lavender for 

2988
02:31:57,900 --> 02:32:00,600
anxiety relief and maybe a dash 
of mint for freshness. 

2989
02:32:01,800 --> 02:32:04,500
Because each plant releases a 
different amount of fragrance in

2990
02:32:04,500 --> 02:32:06,400
response to temperature and 
humidity changes. 

2991
02:32:06,400 --> 02:32:09,400
These plants would be arranged 
so that they are distinct sense 

2992
02:32:09,400 --> 02:32:12,900
would naturally blend to create 
complex subtle scent 

2993
02:32:12,900 --> 02:32:16,100
experience's that could change 
throughout the day in medieval 

2994
02:32:16,100 --> 02:32:20,100
Gardens Rose's had used his far,
beyond Aesthetics, various types

2995
02:32:20,100 --> 02:32:23,700
were selected on their distinct 
scents, and purported impact on 

2996
02:32:23,700 --> 02:32:27,100
health and happiness with their 
powerful complex scent. 

2997
02:32:27,100 --> 02:32:30,900
Damask roses were thought to 
uplift the soul and fortified 

2998
02:32:30,900 --> 02:32:34,600
the heart in difficult times. 
Albert roses were believed to 

2999
02:32:34,600 --> 02:32:37,900
promote rational thinking and 
clear mental confusion because 

3000
02:32:37,900 --> 02:32:41,200
of their fresher, clean Ascent 
roses were planted, along 

3001
02:32:41,200 --> 02:32:43,600
Pathways that people might walk 
when resolving difficult 

3002
02:32:43,600 --> 02:32:47,200
emotions and medieval Rose 
Garden's were frequently created

3003
02:32:47,200 --> 02:32:50,900
as emotional support systems. 
Perfect environment for 

3004
02:32:50,900 --> 02:32:53,800
processing and healing emotions 
was created by the combination 

3005
02:32:53,800 --> 02:32:57,400
of therapeutic fragrance. 
Lovely visual stimulation and 

3006
02:32:57,400 --> 02:33:01,000
Mild physical exercise, medieval
Gardens seasonal, fragrance, 

3007
02:33:01,000 --> 02:33:03,700
progression, was thoughtfully 
planned to promote mental 

3008
02:33:03,700 --> 02:33:05,100
well-being? 
All year long. 

3009
02:33:05,700 --> 02:33:08,000
Fresh green fragrances that 
could alleviate winter 

3010
02:33:08,000 --> 02:33:11,400
depression and promote mental 
Rejuvenation with a focus of 

3011
02:33:11,400 --> 02:33:14,600
spring gardens. 
Early herbs such as young 

3012
02:33:14,600 --> 02:33:17,600
Rosemary and mint. 
Offered a stringent energizing 

3013
02:33:17,600 --> 02:33:20,600
sense that might help dispel the
mental sluggishness. 

3014
02:33:20,600 --> 02:33:24,200
That frequently accompanied the 
dark months with several plants 

3015
02:33:24,200 --> 02:33:27,200
blooming at once to create 
intricate multi-layered sent 

3016
02:33:27,200 --> 02:33:29,600
environments. 
Some regardons provided the most

3017
02:33:29,600 --> 02:33:33,100
complete fragrance experience 
is, however, these were 

3018
02:33:33,100 --> 02:33:37,100
overpowering sensory attacks 
medieval gardeners recognized 

3019
02:33:37,100 --> 02:33:38,700
the value of restraint and 
balance. 

3020
02:33:39,700 --> 02:33:42,400
There were peaceful spots with 
delicate sense, in even the most

3021
02:33:42,400 --> 02:33:46,200
ornate, summer garden places 
where over stimulated sensors. 

3022
02:33:46,200 --> 02:33:49,500
Could relax warming, grounding 
cents from Autumn Garden 

3023
02:33:49,500 --> 02:33:51,400
Gardens. 
Could ease the cycle transition 

3024
02:33:51,400 --> 02:33:56,100
to Winter the rich complex sense
of late, blooming herbs such as 

3025
02:33:56,100 --> 02:33:59,500
origana and Sage seemed to 
capture the joy of harvest. 

3026
02:34:00,500 --> 02:34:03,200
These plants were frequently 
placed close to places where 

3027
02:34:03,200 --> 02:34:06,400
people could sit and think back 
on the events of the Year while 

3028
02:34:06,400 --> 02:34:08,900
mentally getting ready for the 
reflective winter months. 

3029
02:34:08,900 --> 02:34:11,900
Medieval herb gardens also 
served as therapeutic 

3030
02:34:11,900 --> 02:34:14,600
environments for their upkeep 
herb harvesting, required 

3031
02:34:14,600 --> 02:34:18,500
methodical slow attention to 
timing, plant conditions and 

3032
02:34:18,500 --> 02:34:20,700
appropriate methods. 
Spaces. 

3033
02:34:20,700 --> 02:34:23,400
Filled with concentrated 
fragrances from drying herbs 

3034
02:34:23,400 --> 02:34:25,800
could benefit from aromatherapy 
for weeks. 

3035
02:34:25,800 --> 02:34:29,400
Since Disturbed, her plants 
released their fragrances as you

3036
02:34:29,400 --> 02:34:32,400
worked even weeding herb. 
Gardens was more enjoyable than 

3037
02:34:32,400 --> 02:34:35,200
other Garden maintenance. 
The significance of a personal 

3038
02:34:35,200 --> 02:34:38,100
connection to medicinal plants 
is another thing that medieval 

3039
02:34:38,100 --> 02:34:41,500
people understood that we are 
still learning about They urged 

3040
02:34:41,500 --> 02:34:45,000
Garden visitors to form bonds 
with individual plants, learning

3041
02:34:45,000 --> 02:34:47,900
about their unique growth, 
patterns best time to harvest 

3042
02:34:47,900 --> 02:34:51,500
them and distinctive scent 
patterns, the therapeutic 

3043
02:34:51,500 --> 02:34:54,200
effects were enhanced by the 
individualized attention. 

3044
02:34:55,100 --> 02:34:57,700
The benefits of a plant seemed 
to be more potent when you know 

3045
02:34:57,700 --> 02:34:59,400
it. 
Well, imagine yourself 

3046
02:34:59,400 --> 02:35:02,100
surrounded by carefully, 
selected and arranged plants. 

3047
02:35:02,100 --> 02:35:04,700
That will support your health as
evening, descends on your 

3048
02:35:04,700 --> 02:35:08,000
make-believe, medieval herb 
garden, a delicate combination 

3049
02:35:08,000 --> 02:35:10,600
of sense. 
Permeate the air Carmen the 

3050
02:35:10,600 --> 02:35:13,500
stresses of the day and 
preparing your mind for a good 

3051
02:35:13,508 --> 02:35:16,000
night's sleep. 
Every breath brings you 

3052
02:35:16,000 --> 02:35:18,800
compounds that have been used 
for thousands of years to help 

3053
02:35:18,800 --> 02:35:22,300
people find health and peace. 
These compounds were arranged by

3054
02:35:22,308 --> 02:35:25,400
gardeners who realized that 
healing occurs most effectively 

3055
02:35:25,400 --> 02:35:27,800
in settings that are beautiful 
and thoughtfully designed. 

3056
02:35:27,800 --> 02:35:31,000
You're studying one of the most 
intriguing facets of medieval 

3057
02:35:31,000 --> 02:35:34,000
gardening this morning, the 
creation of spaces that have the

3058
02:35:34,000 --> 02:35:37,300
power to literally alter human 
perception, through the use of 

3059
02:35:37,308 --> 02:35:41,700
geometric patterns, and symbolic
designs Plants were not arranged

3060
02:35:41,700 --> 02:35:44,400
haphazardly or in accordance 
with contemporary aesthetic 

3061
02:35:44,400 --> 02:35:46,300
standards by medieval Garden 
designers. 

3062
02:35:47,000 --> 02:35:49,900
Their work was based on a deep 
understanding of how spiritual 

3063
02:35:49,900 --> 02:35:53,100
awareness, and mental state are 
influenced by visual patterns. 

3064
02:35:53,100 --> 02:35:55,100
In the world of the medieval 
people. 

3065
02:35:55,100 --> 02:35:58,400
Everything was thought to have 
symbolic, meaning, rather than 

3066
02:35:58,400 --> 02:36:02,100
being merely ornamental choices 
numbers shapes colors, and 

3067
02:36:02,100 --> 02:36:05,700
spatial relationships were seen 
as stepping stones to a greater 

3068
02:36:05,700 --> 02:36:08,500
comprehension of natural, 
Harmony and divine order. 

3069
02:36:09,700 --> 02:36:12,600
This symbolic language was 
employed by Garden designers to 

3070
02:36:12,600 --> 02:36:15,400
create areas that could lead 
guests to particular spiritual 

3071
02:36:15,400 --> 02:36:18,400
encyclical States. 
You would instantly notice the 

3072
02:36:18,400 --> 02:36:21,100
sense of balance and Justice. 
That seems to emanate from the 

3073
02:36:21,100 --> 02:36:23,100
layout itself. 
If you were to walk into a 

3074
02:36:23,100 --> 02:36:26,400
medieval Garden that was created
using sacred, geometric 

3075
02:36:26,400 --> 02:36:30,400
principles Pathways that follow 
mathematical proportions, found 

3076
02:36:30,400 --> 02:36:32,800
in nature. 
The same ratios that are present

3077
02:36:32,800 --> 02:36:36,900
in human bodies, flower petals 
and seashells would entice your 

3078
02:36:36,900 --> 02:36:39,200
attention. 
Your mind would perceive these 

3079
02:36:39,200 --> 02:36:42,600
patterns as essentially, 
reliable and harmonious, even if

3080
02:36:42,600 --> 02:36:45,600
you are not familiar with the 
technical specifics, the square 

3081
02:36:45,600 --> 02:36:48,500
formed by intersecting Pathways 
into four smaller. 

3082
02:36:48,500 --> 02:36:51,100
Squares was the most popular 
geometric foundation for 

3083
02:36:51,100 --> 02:36:54,600
medieval Gardens. 
The four elements earth air, 

3084
02:36:54,600 --> 02:36:58,500
fire and water before Seasons, 
the four, cardinal directions, 

3085
02:36:58,500 --> 02:37:01,900
and the four rivers of paradise 
mentioned in biblical texts were

3086
02:37:01,900 --> 02:37:04,400
all represented by this pattern,
which is known as a 

3087
02:37:04,408 --> 02:37:07,900
quadripartite design. 
Beyond its symbolic 

3088
02:37:07,900 --> 02:37:10,500
significance. 
However, this design had useful 

3089
02:37:10,500 --> 02:37:20,500
psychological effects 
quadripartite, The overall 

3090
02:37:20,500 --> 02:37:24,000
pattern was easy for your mind 
to understand giving you a sense

3091
02:37:24,000 --> 02:37:26,900
of control. 
However, there was space for 

3092
02:37:26,900 --> 02:37:28,600
variation and surprise within 
each. 

3093
02:37:28,600 --> 02:37:32,200
Quadrant human psychological 
needs appear to be well, served 

3094
02:37:32,200 --> 02:37:35,400
by this blend of controlled 
variation and predictable 

3095
02:37:35,400 --> 02:37:37,900
structure. 
Geometrically designed Garden 

3096
02:37:37,900 --> 02:37:40,300
Gardens had Pathways that were 
more than just ways to get from 

3097
02:37:40,300 --> 02:37:43,300
one place to another. 
They served as what we might 

3098
02:37:43,300 --> 02:37:47,500
refer, to as contemplation 
guides physical objects that by 

3099
02:37:47,500 --> 02:37:50,700
merely walking could induce 
meditative States in your mind. 

3100
02:37:51,600 --> 02:37:54,700
Special features such as a 
fountain and a special lovely 

3101
02:37:54,700 --> 02:37:57,800
plant or a religious sculpture 
that encouraged pause and 

3102
02:37:57,800 --> 02:38:01,000
contemplation were frequently 
used to Mark, the intersections 

3103
02:38:01,000 --> 02:38:03,200
where Pathways crossed medieval 
Garden. 

3104
02:38:03,200 --> 02:38:05,600
Designers realized something 
that contemporary meditation, 

3105
02:38:05,600 --> 02:38:08,700
instructors have rediscovered. 
That beautiful visual 

3106
02:38:08,700 --> 02:38:11,100
stimulation. 
Coupled with repetitive rhythmic

3107
02:38:11,100 --> 02:38:14,400
movement can create deeply 
calming and restorative Altered 

3108
02:38:14,400 --> 02:38:17,300
States of consciousness. 
Became a kind of moving 

3109
02:38:17,300 --> 02:38:20,100
meditation to follow the 
geometric Paths of a medieval 

3110
02:38:20,100 --> 02:38:23,000
garden with their predictable, 
curves and intersections, 

3111
02:38:23,000 --> 02:38:26,700
geometric, Gardens with circular
features had unique cycleogical 

3112
02:38:26,700 --> 02:38:30,000
purposes, curved. 
Alcoves round fountains and 

3113
02:38:30,000 --> 02:38:32,600
circular herb. 
Beds, offered visual respite 

3114
02:38:32,600 --> 02:38:35,500
from the overall geometric 
Frameworks angular precision. 

3115
02:38:36,600 --> 02:38:39,300
More significantly. 
However, in medieval symbolic 

3116
02:38:39,300 --> 02:38:41,700
thinking circles, stood for 
wholeness Harmony and 

3117
02:38:41,700 --> 02:38:43,600
perfection. 
It was thought that 

3118
02:38:43,600 --> 02:38:46,200
incorporating circular elements 
into garden design. 

3119
02:38:46,200 --> 02:38:49,100
Would Aid guests in achieving 
spiritual integration and 

3120
02:38:49,100 --> 02:38:52,300
psychological wholeness. 
What we might refer to as sacred

3121
02:38:52,300 --> 02:38:55,800
proportion systems, mathematical
relationships, thought to 

3122
02:38:55,800 --> 02:38:59,100
reflect Divine Harmony. 
We're incorporated into the most

3123
02:38:59,100 --> 02:39:03,100
elaborate medieval Gardens the 
golden ratio which can be found 

3124
02:39:03,100 --> 02:39:05,800
in everything from Nautilus 
shells to sunflower seed. 

3125
02:39:05,800 --> 02:39:08,800
Spirals was frequently used to 
establish the connections 

3126
02:39:08,800 --> 02:39:12,400
between various Garden sections,
even when visitors were unable 

3127
02:39:12,400 --> 02:39:15,100
to consciously pinpoint. 
The reason these proportional 

3128
02:39:15,100 --> 02:39:18,800
systems produced Gardens that 
felt enigmatically fulfilling to

3129
02:39:18,800 --> 02:39:21,200
experience. 
Your mind would react with a 

3130
02:39:21,208 --> 02:39:24,400
sense of calm and righteousness 
that seem to come from the 

3131
02:39:24,400 --> 02:39:27,100
surroundings rather than, from 
any deliberate effort on your 

3132
02:39:27,100 --> 02:39:30,200
part, as your eye move through 
areas that felt harmonious and 

3133
02:39:30,200 --> 02:39:33,700
well-balanced geometric. 
Gardens featured equally complex

3134
02:39:33,700 --> 02:39:36,100
color schemes, based on 
observed. 

3135
02:39:36,100 --> 02:39:39,500
Psychological effects and 
symbolic associations medieval 

3136
02:39:39,500 --> 02:39:43,100
designers employed, what they 
dubbed, color harmonies, White 

3137
02:39:43,100 --> 02:39:46,300
flowers were frequently planted 
in central areas or along main 

3138
02:39:46,300 --> 02:39:48,700
routes because they symbolized 
Purity and spiritual 

3139
02:39:48,700 --> 02:39:51,700
illumination. 
Red flowers were placed where 

3140
02:39:51,700 --> 02:39:54,600
their emotional intense could be
appreciated without 

3141
02:39:54,600 --> 02:39:56,700
overpowering. 
The Tranquil atmosphere of the 

3142
02:39:56,700 --> 02:40:00,500
garden symbolizing both Earthly 
passionate and divine love. 

3143
02:40:00,500 --> 02:40:03,800
Despite being comparatively 
uncommon, in medieval Garden's 

3144
02:40:03,800 --> 02:40:07,200
blue flowers were prized for 
their purported capacity to 

3145
02:40:07,200 --> 02:40:11,300
Foster, introspection and 
spiritual understanding They 

3146
02:40:11,300 --> 02:40:14,000
were frequently placed in 
peaceful Nooks or beside 

3147
02:40:14,000 --> 02:40:15,800
walkways. 
That led to places of prayer 

3148
02:40:15,800 --> 02:40:18,900
where their calming Hue might 
assist guests in turning, their 

3149
02:40:18,900 --> 02:40:22,400
attention from Material worries,
to spiritual ones, keeping up 

3150
02:40:22,400 --> 02:40:25,600
geometric Gardens was a kind of 
spiritual exercise in and of 

3151
02:40:25,600 --> 02:40:28,400
itself. 
Regular patient attention was 

3152
02:40:28,400 --> 02:40:30,900
necessary to maintain the 
patterns Clarity and accuracy. 

3153
02:40:30,900 --> 02:40:34,000
The gardeners who cared for 
these areas frequently. 

3154
02:40:34,000 --> 02:40:36,600
Referred to their labor as a 
kind of meditation or prayer. 

3155
02:40:37,300 --> 02:40:39,400
Replanting to maintain color 
Arrangements. 

3156
02:40:39,400 --> 02:40:43,000
Weeding to preserve the clarity 
of planted patterns and trimming

3157
02:40:43,000 --> 02:40:46,200
Hedges to maintain clean. 
Geometric lines, all became 

3158
02:40:46,200 --> 02:40:48,900
opportunities to practice. 
The kind of focused attention 

3159
02:40:48,900 --> 02:40:51,600
that medieval people associated 
with Spiritual Development 

3160
02:40:51,600 --> 02:40:53,800
geometric. 
Guardians were designed with 

3161
02:40:53,800 --> 02:40:57,100
seasonal changes in mind to 
preserve the key patterns while 

3162
02:40:57,100 --> 02:40:59,300
offering year-round diversity 
and interest. 

3163
02:41:00,200 --> 02:41:03,300
The linear features of the 
garden such as the bulbs, placed

3164
02:41:03,300 --> 02:41:06,200
along the edge of the pathways 
to produce, clear lines of color

3165
02:41:06,200 --> 02:41:08,400
could be highlighted with spring
planting. 

3166
02:41:09,500 --> 02:41:12,400
While keeping their fundamental 
boundaries, some of planting 

3167
02:41:12,400 --> 02:41:15,000
could fill in the geometric 
shapes with a profusion of 

3168
02:41:15,008 --> 02:41:17,600
growth. 
Even as their foliage changed 

3169
02:41:17,600 --> 02:41:19,500
color, plants that offered 
strong. 

3170
02:41:19,500 --> 02:41:22,000
Structural elements, could be 
found in Autumn Garden's. 

3171
02:41:22,700 --> 02:41:25,400
In order to maintain the 
geometric patterns, even when 

3172
02:41:25,400 --> 02:41:28,900
the majority of the plants were 
inactive, Winter Gardens relied 

3173
02:41:28,900 --> 02:41:31,400
on Hardscape components and 
Evergreen plants. 

3174
02:41:31,400 --> 02:41:34,800
The psychological significance 
of what we might refer to as 

3175
02:41:34,800 --> 02:41:37,600
pattern. 
Completion was also recognized 

3176
02:41:37,600 --> 02:41:41,500
by medieval Garden designers, 
who produced geometric designs 

3177
02:41:41,500 --> 02:41:44,200
that encouraged guests to 
actively perceive the patterns, 

3178
02:41:44,200 --> 02:41:46,600
rather than merely passively 
observing them. 

3179
02:41:47,600 --> 02:41:50,500
The entire geometric pattern, 
may not be immediately apparent.

3180
02:41:50,500 --> 02:41:53,900
When you first enter a garden 
instead, you may need to 

3181
02:41:53,900 --> 02:41:56,500
navigate through different 
sections and observe the area 

3182
02:41:56,500 --> 02:41:59,300
from different perspectives 
before the entire pattern 

3183
02:41:59,300 --> 02:42:02,600
becomes clear to you important 
psychological purposes were 

3184
02:42:02,600 --> 02:42:05,500
fulfilled by this gradual 
pattern recognition process. 

3185
02:42:05,500 --> 02:42:08,700
It was a gentle fulfilling 
puzzle with a clear solution 

3186
02:42:08,700 --> 02:42:12,300
that kept your mind active. 
Garden patterns could be fully 

3187
02:42:12,300 --> 02:42:15,700
comprehended and appreciated in 
contrast to the intricate and 

3188
02:42:15,700 --> 02:42:18,600
frequently intractable issues of
everyday medieval life. 

3189
02:42:19,400 --> 02:42:21,800
A sense of emotional and 
intellectual relief, that was 

3190
02:42:21,800 --> 02:42:24,400
hard to find elsewhere, was 
brought on by this experience of

3191
02:42:24,400 --> 02:42:27,800
understanding and completion, 
the geometric garden designs 

3192
02:42:27,800 --> 02:42:30,000
symbolic. 
Meaning also gave guests what we

3193
02:42:30,000 --> 02:42:34,400
might refer to, as contemplation
Frameworks organized approaches 

3194
02:42:34,400 --> 02:42:36,300
to considering life, more, 
profound issues. 

3195
02:42:37,300 --> 02:42:40,200
A garden that is themed around 
the number four could Inspire 

3196
02:42:40,200 --> 02:42:42,700
contemplation of the four 
seasons of spiritual growth. 

3197
02:42:42,700 --> 02:42:47,100
The four stages of life or the 
four virtues through garden 

3198
02:42:47,100 --> 02:42:49,000
design. 
These ideas were made tangible 

3199
02:42:49,000 --> 02:42:51,600
and approachable rather than 
being abstract philosophical 

3200
02:42:51,600 --> 02:42:55,000
Concepts, geometric, Gardens 
Maze, and Labyrinth features had

3201
02:42:55,000 --> 02:42:59,000
specific purposes. 
Since they could engender fear 

3202
02:42:59,000 --> 02:43:01,100
rather than Serenity. 
True. 

3203
02:43:01,100 --> 02:43:04,700
Mazes with their numerous paths 
and dead ends were less 

3204
02:43:04,708 --> 02:43:06,900
prevalent in Serene medieval 
Gardens. 

3205
02:43:07,700 --> 02:43:11,200
But because of their meditative 
properties, labyrinths single 

3206
02:43:11,200 --> 02:43:13,200
path patterns that wound in 
intricate. 

3207
02:43:13,200 --> 02:43:15,700
Yet, predictable ways toward a 
central goal will. 

3208
02:43:15,700 --> 02:43:18,700
Like, it took just the right 
amount of mental focus to 

3209
02:43:18,700 --> 02:43:22,000
navigate, elaborate keeping your
conscious mind busy while 

3210
02:43:22,000 --> 02:43:24,300
allowing deeper levels of 
awareness to emerge. 

3211
02:43:25,300 --> 02:43:28,400
What medieval people referred to
as contemplative prayer? 

3212
02:43:28,400 --> 02:43:32,000
And what we might recognize as a
type of walking meditation were 

3213
02:43:32,000 --> 02:43:34,600
made possible by the rhythmic 
movement and the visual interest

3214
02:43:34,600 --> 02:43:37,700
of the winding path. 
What medieval designers referred

3215
02:43:37,700 --> 02:43:41,300
to as Paradise features elements
created specially to evoke the 

3216
02:43:41,300 --> 02:43:44,900
biblical Garden of Eden or other
sacred Landscapes were found in 

3217
02:43:44,900 --> 02:43:47,100
the most ornate geometric 
Guardians. 

3218
02:43:47,900 --> 02:43:50,700
These could include particular 
plant combinations mentioned in 

3219
02:43:50,700 --> 02:43:53,700
religious texts or fountains 
arranged to form the four rivers

3220
02:43:53,700 --> 02:43:56,800
of paradise. 
However, even these highly 

3221
02:43:56,800 --> 02:44:00,000
symbolic components were 
incorporated into designs that 

3222
02:44:00,000 --> 02:44:02,800
placed more emphasis on 
psychological calm and comfort 

3223
02:44:02,800 --> 02:44:04,900
than on Purely symbolic 
accuracy. 

3224
02:44:04,900 --> 02:44:07,800
Observe how the Shadows 
highlight the patterns that lead

3225
02:44:07,800 --> 02:44:11,500
your eye and mind to peace as 
evening lights, starts to slope 

3226
02:44:11,500 --> 02:44:13,400
across your imagine geometric 
Garden. 

3227
02:44:14,100 --> 02:44:17,200
Lines of light and Shadow reveal
mathematical relationships, that

3228
02:44:17,200 --> 02:44:20,500
appeared abstract during the day
serving as a reminder that the 

3229
02:44:20,500 --> 02:44:22,700
same principles that give 
flowers and seashells their 

3230
02:44:22,700 --> 02:44:25,200
beauty all. 
So influence the areas where 

3231
02:44:25,200 --> 02:44:28,200
people can find the most 
Tranquility, as our tour of 

3232
02:44:28,200 --> 02:44:30,000
medieval Garden's comes to an 
end tonight. 

3233
02:44:30,008 --> 02:44:33,300
You find yourself sitting in a 
garden that reflects all we have

3234
02:44:33,308 --> 02:44:35,700
learned together. 
A place where Noble 

3235
02:44:35,700 --> 02:44:38,900
sophistication meets Monastery, 
wisdom, which geometric 

3236
02:44:38,900 --> 02:44:42,300
Precision Embraces natural 
beauty and where each element 

3237
02:44:42,300 --> 02:44:44,700
has been thoughtful. 
Chosen to Foster human piece. 

3238
02:44:44,700 --> 02:44:47,800
The surrounding Garden is a 
representation of centuries 

3239
02:44:47,800 --> 02:44:50,600
worth of knowledge about what 
people require in order to 

3240
02:44:50,600 --> 02:44:52,000
flourish spiritually and 
emotionally. 

3241
02:44:53,000 --> 02:44:55,500
Despite lacking access to 
contemporary psychology 

3242
02:44:55,500 --> 02:44:57,900
textbooks and environmental 
science. 

3243
02:44:57,900 --> 02:45:01,600
Research, medieval Garden 
designers, created methods and 

3244
02:45:01,600 --> 02:45:03,900
ideas that are still remarkably 
successful today. 

3245
02:45:04,600 --> 02:45:06,900
Their Gardens were more than 
just lovely settings. 

3246
02:45:06,900 --> 02:45:10,100
They were therapeutic Havens, 
designed by individuals, who 

3247
02:45:10,100 --> 02:45:13,000
recognize the power of outward 
Beauty to alter inner 

3248
02:45:13,000 --> 02:45:15,300
experience. 
You can see how every element 

3249
02:45:15,300 --> 02:45:18,200
we've come across during our 
exploration, fulfills several 

3250
02:45:18,200 --> 02:45:21,200
functions at once. 
In addition to offering physical

3251
02:45:21,200 --> 02:45:24,500
security, the wall surrounding 
these Gardens established 

3252
02:45:24,500 --> 02:45:27,600
psychological barriers, that 
help your mind focus on the Here

3253
02:45:27,600 --> 02:45:30,100
and Now, rather than constantly 
looking for threats in the 

3254
02:45:30,108 --> 02:45:32,800
future. 
In addition to being 

3255
02:45:32,800 --> 02:45:36,300
aesthetically pleasing, the 
geometric Pathways lead your 

3256
02:45:36,308 --> 02:45:38,800
body through soft. 
Rhythmic motion that naturally 

3257
02:45:38,800 --> 02:45:42,200
create meditative States, in 
addition to producing beautiful 

3258
02:45:42,200 --> 02:45:45,200
sounds and visual interest. 
The water features, we have 

3259
02:45:45,200 --> 02:45:48,500
found offer the cycle of 
advantages of being near flowing

3260
02:45:48,500 --> 02:45:50,900
water. 
Such as in enhanced Focus, 

3261
02:45:50,900 --> 02:45:54,900
lowered, stress hormones and 
that inexplicable feeling of 

3262
02:45:54,900 --> 02:45:57,500
Rejuvenation that people seem to
experience when they are near 

3263
02:45:57,508 --> 02:46:00,200
Water. 
Despite their ignorance of 

3264
02:46:00,200 --> 02:46:02,500
negative ions. 
And the neurological effects of 

3265
02:46:02,500 --> 02:46:06,200
specific sound frequencies. 
Medieval people noticed that 

3266
02:46:06,200 --> 02:46:08,600
people felt better when they 
were near flowing water. 

3267
02:46:08,600 --> 02:46:12,100
So they plan their Garden 
accordingly, perhaps the most 

3268
02:46:12,100 --> 02:46:14,900
advanced knowledge of all can be
found in the plant choices, made

3269
02:46:14,900 --> 02:46:18,100
for medieval Gardens. 
These gardeners were aware of 

3270
02:46:18,100 --> 02:46:21,700
the sense that could reduce 
anxiety enhanced mental Clarity 

3271
02:46:21,700 --> 02:46:24,600
and facilitate the shift from 
wakefulness to sleep. 

3272
02:46:25,400 --> 02:46:27,900
They selected plants that would 
offer the appropriate Center 

3273
02:46:27,900 --> 02:46:30,500
experience during the seasons. 
When people most needed them 

3274
02:46:30,500 --> 02:46:33,300
because they were aware of 
seasonal psychology, perhaps 

3275
02:46:33,300 --> 02:46:35,500
more significantly, though, 
medieval Garden designers, 

3276
02:46:35,500 --> 02:46:38,200
recognized that pieces, more 
than simply the absence of 

3277
02:46:38,200 --> 02:46:41,500
stress or conflict something, we
occasionally overlooked in our 

3278
02:46:41,508 --> 02:46:44,800
contemporary World, true. 
Peace is a positive state that 

3279
02:46:44,800 --> 02:46:47,500
must be actively created and 
maintained through careful, 

3280
02:46:47,500 --> 02:46:50,200
attention to environment 
relationships and daily 

3281
02:46:50,200 --> 02:46:54,500
practices medieval Gardens, were
intended to promote, peace each 

3282
02:46:54,500 --> 02:46:57,100
component combined to help 
guests transition from whatever 

3283
02:46:57,100 --> 02:47:00,200
state they were in to one of 
true, peace and rejuvenation. 

3284
02:47:01,100 --> 02:47:04,200
Without strain or effort, the 
shift occurred, gradually and 

3285
02:47:04,200 --> 02:47:07,400
organically. 
Simply by spending time in a 

3286
02:47:07,400 --> 02:47:10,000
thoughtfully designed setting, 
you would find that your natural

3287
02:47:10,000 --> 02:47:13,000
ability for peace, would 
reassert itself, and that the 

3288
02:47:13,000 --> 02:47:16,000
tensions and worries of the day 
would dissolve as you entered. 

3289
02:47:16,000 --> 02:47:18,900
These Gardens medieval Garden 
maintenance ideas. 

3290
02:47:18,900 --> 02:47:22,500
Also contained Timeless lessons.
These areas were cared for with 

3291
02:47:22,500 --> 02:47:26,300
love patience and what the 
medievals referred to as right 

3292
02:47:26,300 --> 02:47:28,500
intention. 
The desire to bring about 

3293
02:47:28,500 --> 02:47:31,400
healing and Beauty rather than 
efficiency or maximum output. 

3294
02:47:32,400 --> 02:47:34,600
The gardeners who cared for 
these areas were aware that 

3295
02:47:34,600 --> 02:47:37,000
their own mental States during 
work, had an impact on the 

3296
02:47:37,000 --> 02:47:39,600
outcome. 
Compared to Gardens tended with 

3297
02:47:39,608 --> 02:47:43,400
meditative care Gardens tended 
with hurried frustration felt 

3298
02:47:43,400 --> 02:47:46,100
different. 
This idea applies to all facets 

3299
02:47:46,100 --> 02:47:49,000
of creating tranquil spaces not 
just gardening. 

3300
02:47:49,700 --> 02:47:52,300
Beyond just physical 
Arrangements, the energy and 

3301
02:47:52,300 --> 02:47:54,400
intention. 
We put into any space making 

3302
02:47:54,400 --> 02:47:56,600
activity. 
Whether we're setting up a room 

3303
02:47:56,600 --> 02:48:00,500
cooking or just planning our 
daily schedule influences. 

3304
02:48:00,500 --> 02:48:03,600
The outcome important lessons 
about the interplay between 

3305
02:48:03,600 --> 02:48:06,700
structure and freedom will also 
imparted by medieval Gardens, 

3306
02:48:07,400 --> 02:48:11,000
They weren't wild unruly places 
but they also weren't strict or 

3307
02:48:11,000 --> 02:48:13,300
repressive. 
They offered Dependable Beauty 

3308
02:48:13,300 --> 02:48:17,300
well-defined boundaries and 
predictable patterns but there 

3309
02:48:17,300 --> 02:48:21,200
was also space for growth 
surprise and organic variation. 

3310
02:48:22,300 --> 02:48:24,900
Human psychological well-being, 
appears to depend on this 

3311
02:48:24,900 --> 02:48:28,800
harmony between spontaneity and 
order in our contemporary world.

3312
02:48:28,800 --> 02:48:32,000
We frequently vacillate between 
two extremes, either. 

3313
02:48:32,000 --> 02:48:34,900
We give up on structure, 
completely and hope that freedom

3314
02:48:34,900 --> 02:48:38,300
alone will bring peace or we 
attempt to control every element

3315
02:48:38,300 --> 02:48:39,600
of our surroundings and 
schedule. 

3316
02:48:40,400 --> 02:48:43,400
Medieval Garden's offer a 
compromise, building pillars, 

3317
02:48:43,400 --> 02:48:46,600
that support rather than impede 
are native ability to be happy 

3318
02:48:46,600 --> 02:48:49,000
and peaceful. 
Another Timeless lesson is 

3319
02:48:49,000 --> 02:48:51,600
provided by the seasonal 
awareness incorporated into 

3320
02:48:51,600 --> 02:48:54,800
medieval garden design. 
Recognizing that people have 

3321
02:48:54,800 --> 02:48:56,800
different needs at different 
times and Seasons. 

3322
02:48:56,800 --> 02:48:59,800
These Gardens were created to 
offer a variety of gifts, 

3323
02:48:59,800 --> 02:49:03,900
throughout the year. after long 
Winters, when people most needed

3324
02:49:03,900 --> 02:49:08,200
encouragement Spring Gardens 
provided hope and renewal Some 

3325
02:49:08,200 --> 02:49:10,900
are Gardens supported the active
growing season with celebration 

3326
02:49:10,900 --> 02:49:13,800
and plenty. 
As the year, came to a close 

3327
02:49:13,800 --> 02:49:17,000
Autumn Gardens provided a time 
for contemplation and 

3328
02:49:17,000 --> 02:49:19,600
preparation. 
During the reflective months, 

3329
02:49:19,600 --> 02:49:22,500
Winter Gardens, offered 
structure, and peaceful Beauty. 

3330
02:49:22,500 --> 02:49:25,500
The way we think about bringing 
peace into our own lives, may 

3331
02:49:25,500 --> 02:49:27,600
change as a result of this 
seasonal approach to the 

3332
02:49:27,600 --> 02:49:31,100
surroundings and activities. 
We might learn to modify our 

3333
02:49:31,100 --> 02:49:34,200
peacemaking techniques to fit 
with seasonal, psychological 

3334
02:49:34,200 --> 02:49:37,400
needs, and natural rhythms, 
rather than relying on the same 

3335
02:49:37,400 --> 02:49:39,600
tactics to function, 
consistently throughout the 

3336
02:49:39,600 --> 02:49:41,800
year. 
Important insights, can all be 

3337
02:49:41,800 --> 02:49:44,200
gained from the social aspects 
of medieval Garden's. 

3338
02:49:44,200 --> 02:49:47,400
These were places intended to 
Foster both community and 

3339
02:49:47,400 --> 02:49:49,600
Solitude, not just private 
Havens. 

3340
02:49:49,600 --> 02:49:52,900
They offered gathering places 
where people could congregate in

3341
02:49:52,900 --> 02:49:55,800
lovely, Serene surroundings as 
well as peaceful alcoves, where 

3342
02:49:55,800 --> 02:49:58,700
people could find time to 
themselves The Garden's 

3343
02:49:58,700 --> 02:50:01,600
demonstrated that fostering an 
environment free from stress and

3344
02:50:01,600 --> 02:50:05,100
conflict is what true. 
Peace is all about not isolating

3345
02:50:05,100 --> 02:50:07,600
oneself from others. 
Perhaps most importantly, 

3346
02:50:07,600 --> 02:50:11,000
medieval Garden showed that 
usefulness and Beauty are 

3347
02:50:11,000 --> 02:50:14,200
Partners rather than mutually 
exclusive every lovely feature 

3348
02:50:14,200 --> 02:50:16,300
in these Gardens had a 
functional function as well, 

3349
02:50:16,300 --> 02:50:18,200
whether it was to improve 
growing. 

3350
02:50:18,200 --> 02:50:22,100
Conditions, Supply, medicinal 
plants, control water, flow, or 

3351
02:50:22,100 --> 02:50:23,700
promote, mental well-being, in 
people. 

3352
02:50:25,000 --> 02:50:28,600
This combination of usefulness 
and Beauty offers ideas for how 

3353
02:50:28,600 --> 02:50:30,400
we could approach all of our 
life's decisions. 

3354
02:50:30,408 --> 02:50:34,000
Final wisdom worth passing down 
is provided by the timing 

3355
02:50:34,000 --> 02:50:36,500
principles ingrained in medieval
garden design. 

3356
02:50:37,300 --> 02:50:40,200
Through repeated, exposure to 
thoughtfully Designed sensory 

3357
02:50:40,200 --> 02:50:43,300
experiences these Gardens 
gradually and gradually worked 

3358
02:50:43,300 --> 02:50:46,000
their calming Magic. 
They were intended to bring 

3359
02:50:46,000 --> 02:50:49,100
about the kind of profound 
long-lasting change that occurs 

3360
02:50:49,100 --> 02:50:51,300
when people regularly spend time
in settings. 

3361
02:50:51,300 --> 02:50:54,000
That encourage their best 
traits, rather than for 

3362
02:50:54,000 --> 02:50:56,100
temporary solutions or instant 
transformation. 

3363
02:50:56,100 --> 02:50:58,100
Imagine yourself carrying 
forward. 

3364
02:50:58,100 --> 02:51:00,500
The fundamental ideas we've 
learned as you get ready to 

3365
02:51:00,500 --> 02:51:04,200
leave this fictional garden and 
head back to your own time and 

3366
02:51:04,200 --> 02:51:08,300
place the significant of safety 
and enclosure the ability of 

3367
02:51:08,300 --> 02:51:10,800
natural beauty to alter mood and
Consciousness. 

3368
02:51:10,800 --> 02:51:13,800
The importance of geometric 
order mixed with Organic 

3369
02:51:13,800 --> 02:51:16,500
variety. 
And the fundamental human need 

3370
02:51:16,500 --> 02:51:18,900
for areas created a specially to
Foster peace. 

3371
02:51:18,900 --> 02:51:21,700
The medieval Garden Keepers, had
a profound understanding 

3372
02:51:21,700 --> 02:51:24,900
establishing, peace and 
particular, locations is the 

3373
02:51:24,900 --> 02:51:28,000
first step toward establishing 
peace globally, and people 

3374
02:51:28,000 --> 02:51:30,500
naturally become more peaceful. 
When they regularly have access 

3375
02:51:30,500 --> 02:51:34,400
to truly peaceful settings. 
The gardens were investments in 

3376
02:51:34,400 --> 02:51:38,500
human potential areas created to
support individuals, in becoming

3377
02:51:38,500 --> 02:51:41,800
the most Serene astute and 
affectionate versions of 

3378
02:51:41,800 --> 02:51:44,700
themselves. 
The scent of medieval lavender 

3379
02:51:44,700 --> 02:51:47,900
the sound of water. 
Gently trickling through Stone 

3380
02:51:47,900 --> 02:51:51,200
channels and the Fulfillment 
that comes from spending time in

3381
02:51:51,200 --> 02:51:54,700
places, created with unending 
attention to human flourishing 

3382
02:51:54,700 --> 02:51:57,700
should all accompany you as you 
drift off to sleep tonight. 

3383
02:51:58,700 --> 02:52:01,300
Even though these Gardens are 
only in our imaginations right 

3384
02:52:01,300 --> 02:52:04,900
now, anyone who wants to bring 
Beauty order and peace to their 

3385
02:52:04,900 --> 02:52:07,600
own region of the world can 
always benefit from their 

3386
02:52:07,600 --> 02:52:10,800
wisdom, some Human Experience is
beauty peace. 

3387
02:52:10,800 --> 02:52:14,300
The healing power of well-kept, 
gardens transcend, time and 

3388
02:52:14,300 --> 02:52:17,200
connect us across, centuries to 
the basic needs and joys that 

3389
02:52:17,200 --> 02:52:20,800
make us human these bells that 
called medieval people to prayer

3390
02:52:20,800 --> 02:52:23,500
ring One Last Time across your 
imagined landscape. 

3391
02:52:23,500 --> 02:52:26,700
But they are not calling you to 
any specific religious practice 

3392
02:52:26,700 --> 02:52:29,000
dream, sweet dreams in your 
peaceful garden. 

3393
02:52:34,500 --> 02:52:38,500
Antoinette poisson destined to 
become the immortal, Madame de 

3394
02:52:38,500 --> 02:52:41,800
pompadour arrived in a Paris. 
That was both glittering and 

3395
02:52:41,800 --> 02:52:45,400
precarious. 
Born on December the 29th 1721, 

3396
02:52:45,400 --> 02:52:49,900
she occupied a curious, social 
limbo, her father Francois 

3397
02:52:49,900 --> 02:52:52,000
drifted in and out of business 
success. 

3398
02:52:52,000 --> 02:52:55,800
While her mother Louise Madeline
De La Motte cultivated ties 

3399
02:52:55,800 --> 02:52:59,500
among bankers and courtiers 
rumors insinuated that Jan's 

3400
02:52:59,500 --> 02:53:03,100
true father might be a wealthy 
financier the Normandy, torn him

3401
02:53:03,100 --> 02:53:08,100
Whispers aside from infancy she 
received an education, far above

3402
02:53:08,100 --> 02:53:11,000
what most middle-class girls 
could dream of learning, not 

3403
02:53:11,000 --> 02:53:15,200
only to read and write, but also
to dance, sing and appreciate 

3404
02:53:15,200 --> 02:53:17,900
the subtlety of wit skills. 
That would later prove 

3405
02:53:17,900 --> 02:53:20,700
invaluable. 
Her mother cherished, a prophecy

3406
02:53:20,700 --> 02:53:23,400
from a fortune teller, who 
claimed Jen would someday rule? 

3407
02:53:23,400 --> 02:53:27,600
The heart of a king store, this 
prophecy, half in jest, guided 

3408
02:53:27,600 --> 02:53:30,800
her mother's Ambitions, she 
introduced Jan to private 

3409
02:53:30,800 --> 02:53:34,600
tutors, who immersed, the girl 
in the nuances of theater music 

3410
02:53:34,600 --> 02:53:38,700
and the refined manners of 
Parisian salons. the child 

3411
02:53:38,700 --> 02:53:41,600
became a depth at reciting 
verses, Buy Racine or playing 

3412
02:53:41,600 --> 02:53:45,300
hops according to People teased 
that she might become a minor 

3413
02:53:45,300 --> 02:53:49,600
actress in the city's. 
Comedic troops, instead fate had

3414
02:53:49,600 --> 02:53:53,900
something grander in store, at 
age, 9 Gene was placed briefly 

3415
02:53:53,900 --> 02:53:56,400
in the Earthly in Convent to 
polish her moral upbringing, 

3416
02:53:57,100 --> 02:53:59,700
Though, the real impetus behind 
this stay was to Shield her from

3417
02:53:59,700 --> 02:54:03,900
a smallpox outbreak. 
There in a stark room with stone

3418
02:54:03,900 --> 02:54:06,600
floors. 
She first confronted the gulf 

3419
02:54:06,600 --> 02:54:09,600
between the cheer of drawing 
room society and The Bleak 

3420
02:54:09,600 --> 02:54:11,200
realities of illness and 
mortality. 

3421
02:54:12,300 --> 02:54:15,900
She survived with her health 
intact returning to secular for 

3422
02:54:15,900 --> 02:54:18,700
saw Life With A Renewed sense of
carpe diem. 

3423
02:54:19,500 --> 02:54:22,500
Her mother's Circle had not 
diminished on the contrary. 

3424
02:54:22,500 --> 02:54:26,000
They believed Jan's brush with 
potential tragedy demanded that 

3425
02:54:26,000 --> 02:54:28,400
she enjoyed the world's 
Pleasures with heightened. 

3426
02:54:28,400 --> 02:54:33,000
Urgently by adolescents, she 
graced the occasional Suarez. 

3427
02:54:33,800 --> 02:54:38,900
Her presence glowed, large 
expressive eyes, a lively 

3428
02:54:38,900 --> 02:54:41,800
intelligence and a measured 
confidence that the light her 

3429
02:54:41,800 --> 02:54:44,300
youth. 
One had to be careful though. 

3430
02:54:44,300 --> 02:54:46,900
Ambition in a woman could be 
ridiculed or scorned. 

3431
02:54:47,600 --> 02:54:51,300
So xan, cultivated and outward. 
Modesty letting her talents 

3432
02:54:51,300 --> 02:54:55,000
speak softly. 
Through the dynamic swirl of 

3433
02:54:55,008 --> 02:54:57,800
paris's hot Bourgeois. 
Gatherings, she eventually met 

3434
02:54:57,800 --> 02:55:01,900
Charles Lowe a relative of Harem
at Patron. 

3435
02:55:01,900 --> 02:55:04,900
Father. 
This connection sparked torque 

3436
02:55:04,900 --> 02:55:07,400
of a suitable marriage. 
The match appealed to her 

3437
02:55:07,400 --> 02:55:09,500
mother, who hoped it would 
secure Jan's future? 

3438
02:55:10,100 --> 02:55:13,800
For her part jeans or in Charles
a kind soul, if not a blazing 

3439
02:55:13,800 --> 02:55:17,200
passion. 
The Union in 1741 launched her 

3440
02:55:17,200 --> 02:55:20,000
into a comfortable life of 
receptions and Mild amusements 

3441
02:55:20,000 --> 02:55:23,700
on their estate near Paris. 
Yet the city's gravitational 

3442
02:55:23,700 --> 02:55:26,300
pull was strong. 
Jen received numerous 

3443
02:55:26,300 --> 02:55:29,300
invitations to select, 
aristocratic salons, as people 

3444
02:55:29,300 --> 02:55:31,400
quickly noticed her wit in 
conversation. 

3445
02:55:32,200 --> 02:55:35,200
She did not shy it from 
discussing art or drama North 

3446
02:55:35,200 --> 02:55:37,400
from gently. 
Critiquing certain aspects of 

3447
02:55:37,400 --> 02:55:41,100
courtly extravagance, that 
slight dash of candle balanced 

3448
02:55:41,100 --> 02:55:43,500
by charm. 
Distinguished her from the 

3449
02:55:43,500 --> 02:55:47,200
endless, parade of stiff 
self-conscious, ladies within 

3450
02:55:47,200 --> 02:55:52,000
months word, there is a Madam 
detour whose presence light up 

3451
02:55:52,000 --> 02:55:55,700
any Gathering. 
The contest for Keir introduced 

3452
02:55:55,700 --> 02:55:59,400
her to more exclusive circles 
culminating in an opportunity to

3453
02:55:59,400 --> 02:56:04,100
attend a masked ball at 
Versailles and 1745 celebrating 

3454
02:56:04,100 --> 02:56:07,900
the marriage of the Doha. 
There among a crush of masked 

3455
02:56:07,900 --> 02:56:11,300
revelers she caught the eye of 
King Louis of the 15th. 

3456
02:56:11,800 --> 02:56:15,400
The king reticent by nature 
found in her, a refreshing 

3457
02:56:15,400 --> 02:56:18,900
mixture of Grace and candle. 
While elaborate intrigues 

3458
02:56:18,900 --> 02:56:22,300
swirled around him, this 
newcomer radiated sincerity, 

3459
02:56:22,300 --> 02:56:25,500
their brief conversation that 
evening was filled with an 

3460
02:56:25,500 --> 02:56:28,800
electricity that neither of them
could forget caught watches 

3461
02:56:28,800 --> 02:56:32,100
speculated, but none predicted 
how swift the next moves would 

3462
02:56:32,100 --> 02:56:35,100
be. 
Madame Dettol was known naive 

3463
02:56:35,100 --> 02:56:38,500
made in, she recognized the risk
of courting Royal attention. 

3464
02:56:38,500 --> 02:56:43,100
The previous Royal favorite, The
Duchess to Chateau had. 

3465
02:56:43,100 --> 02:56:46,000
Recently died leaving an 
emotional Gap, in the King's 

3466
02:56:46,000 --> 02:56:49,500
life, Yet stepping into that 
void threatened Scandal, 

3467
02:56:49,500 --> 02:56:52,400
especially for a woman not of 
noble birth. 

3468
02:56:53,200 --> 02:56:57,200
Still from behind her. 
Modulated Smiles, xan, since 

3469
02:56:57,200 --> 02:56:59,800
Destiny. 
Aligning The prophecy. 

3470
02:56:59,800 --> 02:57:02,600
Her mother wants whispered 
returned to mine, she would rule

3471
02:57:02,600 --> 02:57:06,100
the heart of a king. 
She recognized that in a rigidly

3472
02:57:06,100 --> 02:57:10,000
stratified Society, becoming the
king's Confidant, might be her 

3473
02:57:10,000 --> 02:57:14,700
only path to real influence. 
By the Year's End, a plan was 

3474
02:57:14,700 --> 02:57:17,300
set in motion. 
The king's Valley, discreetly 

3475
02:57:17,300 --> 02:57:20,700
arranged, a meeting under the 
veil of secrecy, they exchanged 

3476
02:57:20,700 --> 02:57:23,400
letters. 
Her husband, outraged Fountain 

3477
02:57:23,400 --> 02:57:26,300
himself powerless, the monarchy,
overshadowed personal protest. 

3478
02:57:27,200 --> 02:57:30,900
In March 1745. 
Louis the 15th arranged for her 

3479
02:57:30,900 --> 02:57:32,600
to be presented at court 
formerly. 

3480
02:57:32,600 --> 02:57:36,200
The once lower Bourgeois, 
Janelle twinette was granted a 

3481
02:57:36,200 --> 02:57:40,400
title Marques de pompadour. 
It was a moment of metamorphosis

3482
02:57:40,400 --> 02:57:43,500
the fatherless child, the teased
girl, who studied the great 

3483
02:57:43,500 --> 02:57:46,800
playwrights now, stepped onto 
the grand stage of Versailles. 

3484
02:57:46,800 --> 02:57:50,000
The next decade would see her 
orchestrate art, patronage 

3485
02:57:50,000 --> 02:57:54,200
political alliances and shape 
the monarchies image yet behind 

3486
02:57:54,200 --> 02:57:58,700
the Gilded stereos a swirl of 
jealousy rumor and heartbreak 

3487
02:57:58,700 --> 02:58:02,000
would dog her steps. 
For now though, she embraced her

3488
02:58:02,000 --> 02:58:05,000
new name, Madame, de pompadour 
and prepared to navigate, the 

3489
02:58:05,000 --> 02:58:10,100
Labyrinth of Royal favour in 
1745 when Jan Antoinette poisson

3490
02:58:10,100 --> 02:58:12,900
made her debut. 
As the newly minted Marquis De 

3491
02:58:12,900 --> 02:58:16,100
pompadour at their side, the 
Gilded corridors were filled 

3492
02:58:16,100 --> 02:58:19,200
with admiration. 
She became the first Bourgeois 

3493
02:58:19,200 --> 02:58:23,400
to receive open recognition from
a French King elegant, but not 

3494
02:58:23,400 --> 02:58:25,900
aristocratic her every move Drew
scrutiny. 

3495
02:58:26,600 --> 02:58:28,600
Enemies whispered that she had 
been witched Louis. 

3496
02:58:28,600 --> 02:58:32,600
The 15th others, admired, her 
graceful bearing praising her 

3497
02:58:32,600 --> 02:58:35,000
Flawless manners, and a 
cultivated charm that 

3498
02:58:35,000 --> 02:58:37,100
overshadowed even established 
duchesses. 

3499
02:58:37,900 --> 02:58:40,500
The king himself, displayed 
uncharacteristic devotion 

3500
02:58:40,500 --> 02:58:44,400
summoning her for private 
suppers parading her at formal 

3501
02:58:44,400 --> 02:58:46,300
events and awarding her lavish 
apartments. 

3502
02:58:46,300 --> 02:58:50,400
In the palace, Versailles was a 
realm of Illusions behind 

3503
02:58:50,400 --> 02:58:53,800
mirrored halls and Polished 
marbles like Cutthroat rivalries

3504
02:58:53,800 --> 02:58:58,500
the courtiers ephemeral in their
silks and powdered wigs circled 

3505
02:58:58,500 --> 02:59:01,500
Madame, de pompadour like 
vultures some attempted 

3506
02:59:01,500 --> 02:59:04,200
flattery, showering, her with 
compliments in hopes of winning 

3507
02:59:04,200 --> 02:59:06,900
her intercession with the King, 
others. 

3508
02:59:06,900 --> 02:59:10,000
Plotted to throw her fearing, 
that her influence might reshape

3509
02:59:10,000 --> 02:59:13,300
politics among these. 
Conspirators was the dolphin 

3510
02:59:13,300 --> 02:59:15,700
Circle. 
Along with older aristocratic 

3511
02:59:15,700 --> 02:59:17,600
families, who scorned a mere 
commoner. 

3512
02:59:17,600 --> 02:59:20,800
Overshadowing them yet. 
Madame de pompadour remained 

3513
02:59:20,800 --> 02:59:23,900
unfazed, she had honed her 
social instincts in the 

3514
02:59:23,908 --> 02:59:27,300
Bourgeois salons and her 
intellect soared Beyond Miracle 

3515
02:59:27,300 --> 02:59:31,100
tree. she recognized that the 
surest path to security was to 

3516
02:59:31,100 --> 02:59:34,700
make herself indispensable to 
Louis, the 15th, not merely as a

3517
02:59:34,708 --> 02:59:38,100
bed fellow, but as a confidant, 
Counselor and orchestrator of 

3518
02:59:38,100 --> 02:59:40,800
cultural life. 
She set about renovating her 

3519
02:59:40,800 --> 02:59:43,800
living quarters, pointing them 
with Sumptuous tapestries, 

3520
02:59:43,800 --> 02:59:46,600
elegant, furniture and curated 
artworks. 

3521
02:59:46,600 --> 02:59:48,800
The effort wasn't me a 
self-indulgence. 

3522
02:59:49,600 --> 02:59:53,100
It mirrored her ambition to make
Versailles a beacon of refined 

3523
02:59:53,100 --> 02:59:55,500
taste. 
She championed the Rococo 

3524
02:59:55,500 --> 02:59:57,700
aesthetic. 
Style that favored. 

3525
02:59:57,700 --> 03:00:03,000
Playful curves, pastel Hughes 
and Whimsical motifs under her 

3526
03:00:03,000 --> 03:00:06,400
patronage artists like Boucher 
and vanloo gained commission's 

3527
03:00:06,400 --> 03:00:08,500
for witty. 
Lighthearted paintings. 

3528
03:00:08,500 --> 03:00:11,800
Porcelain from the several 
Factory which he helped develop 

3529
03:00:11,800 --> 03:00:15,000
became a symbol of French 
craftsmanship prized across 

3530
03:00:15,000 --> 03:00:17,500
Europe. 
The Synergy of her aesthetic 

3531
03:00:17,500 --> 03:00:20,000
sense with the monarchy's 
resources birth. 

3532
03:00:20,000 --> 03:00:22,900
And an era in which the French 
Court style reigned Supreme 

3533
03:00:22,900 --> 03:00:26,300
among Europe's Elites But 
Madame, de pompadour, did not 

3534
03:00:26,300 --> 03:00:29,200
confine herself to the Arts. 
She also recognized the 

3535
03:00:29,200 --> 03:00:32,400
intricacies of diplomacy. 
France teetered between 

3536
03:00:32,400 --> 03:00:35,500
alliances with Spain Austria. 
Another Powers. 

3537
03:00:35,500 --> 03:00:38,400
Meanwhile rival, Britain loomed 
across the channel. 

3538
03:00:38,400 --> 03:00:41,200
It's Navy, menacing, French, 
Colonial interests. 

3539
03:00:41,200 --> 03:00:45,200
Louis the 15th though. 
Well, intentioned off of direct 

3540
03:00:45,200 --> 03:00:48,400
policy making retreating to 
hunting or private amusements. 

3541
03:00:48,400 --> 03:00:51,600
Pompadour stepped into that 
vacuum forging ties with 

3542
03:00:51,600 --> 03:00:54,400
ministers and ambassadors. 
She guided the choice of the 

3543
03:00:54,400 --> 03:00:57,700
foreign minister favored, 
certain generals and mediated 

3544
03:00:57,700 --> 03:01:00,200
tensions at home critics 
scorned. 

3545
03:01:00,200 --> 03:01:03,000
The idea of a woman, controlling
foreign policy, she brushed 

3546
03:01:03,000 --> 03:01:05,600
aside their derision for 
focusing on forging alliances 

3547
03:01:05,600 --> 03:01:10,100
that might bring stability. 
The 1756 diplomatic Revolution, 

3548
03:01:10,100 --> 03:01:13,500
aligning France with Austria 
bore her fingerprints. 

3549
03:01:14,400 --> 03:01:17,100
Although the subsequent Seven 
Years War turned disastrous for 

3550
03:01:17,100 --> 03:01:19,100
France. 
One cannot dismiss her attempt 

3551
03:01:19,100 --> 03:01:22,500
to recalibrate alliances in a 
fracturing Europe as mistress. 

3552
03:01:22,500 --> 03:01:25,500
She also faced the vulnerability
that her bedroom role might 

3553
03:01:25,508 --> 03:01:28,200
wane. 
Louis the 15th known for a 

3554
03:01:28,208 --> 03:01:31,300
roving, I could have set her 
aside once novelty faded. 

3555
03:01:31,300 --> 03:01:34,500
She addressed that possibility 
head on by establishing a deeper

3556
03:01:34,508 --> 03:01:37,400
emotional bond with him. 
She cultivated a warm 

3557
03:01:37,400 --> 03:01:40,300
companionship shared 
intellectual Pursuits, and even 

3558
03:01:40,300 --> 03:01:43,500
managed his anxiety or 
indecision in state matters, 

3559
03:01:43,500 --> 03:01:47,500
aware that physical intimacy 
might recede, she pivoted to 

3560
03:01:47,500 --> 03:01:51,000
become his loyal friend advising
on matters, ranging from 

3561
03:01:51,000 --> 03:01:53,000
building projects to Royal 
ceremonies. 

3562
03:01:53,900 --> 03:01:56,800
Over time, though, the Romantic 
spark diminished. 

3563
03:01:57,600 --> 03:01:59,100
The emotional closeness, 
lingard. 

3564
03:01:59,900 --> 03:02:03,400
If gossip circulated that her 
sexual influence at ended, she 

3565
03:02:03,400 --> 03:02:07,600
retained the king's trusting her
place as a fixture at a quart. 

3566
03:02:08,500 --> 03:02:12,200
Amid the courts swirling 
intrigues, pompadours championed

3567
03:02:12,200 --> 03:02:15,400
philosophers and writers 
Voltaire previously. 

3568
03:02:15,400 --> 03:02:18,600
Scorned at Versailles found in 
her rare Ally. 

3569
03:02:18,600 --> 03:02:22,000
She admired his wit and though 
cautious about averti 

3570
03:02:22,000 --> 03:02:24,500
challenging the church or 
censorship she quietly 

3571
03:02:24,500 --> 03:02:28,900
facilitated his projects, did 
DeRozan cyclopedia that 

3572
03:02:28,900 --> 03:02:32,400
threatened the old guard with 
new ideas also benefited in 

3573
03:02:32,400 --> 03:02:34,100
directly from her protective 
Stars. 

3574
03:02:35,000 --> 03:02:37,400
She believed that the monarchy 
could remain stable while 

3575
03:02:37,400 --> 03:02:41,600
fostering Progressive, thought 
an irony, perhaps, given that 

3576
03:02:41,600 --> 03:02:44,300
future, revolutionaries Drew on 
such Enlightenment Works to 

3577
03:02:44,308 --> 03:02:48,300
question Royal Authority. 
For her part pompadours or no 

3578
03:02:48,300 --> 03:02:50,700
contradiction. 
She wanted a monarchy Polished 

3579
03:02:50,700 --> 03:02:52,500
by reason and aesthetic 
Brilliance. 

3580
03:02:52,500 --> 03:02:55,300
Not a stagnant Relic in the 
shadows health. 

3581
03:02:55,300 --> 03:02:58,800
Concerns began plaguing her, she
suffered from bouts of illness, 

3582
03:02:58,800 --> 03:03:02,900
like the exacerbated, by stress.
The palace doctors incompetent 

3583
03:03:02,900 --> 03:03:06,000
by the modern standards, offered
only bleeding or tonics. 

3584
03:03:06,000 --> 03:03:09,700
She pressed on orchestrating 
plays hosting literary salons 

3585
03:03:09,700 --> 03:03:11,700
and continuing to count the 
king. 

3586
03:03:12,800 --> 03:03:16,500
The year, 1757 brought narrow 
brush with death for Louie the 

3587
03:03:16,500 --> 03:03:18,600
15th. 
Which consisted of an 

3588
03:03:18,600 --> 03:03:21,700
assassination attempt by 
Damien's, which rattled the 

3589
03:03:21,700 --> 03:03:25,400
monarchy. 
Pompadours unwavering presence 

3590
03:03:25,400 --> 03:03:28,100
urging calm and punishing 
conspirators. 

3591
03:03:28,100 --> 03:03:31,900
Further solidified her position 
She had become more than a 

3592
03:03:31,900 --> 03:03:35,300
mistress or a decorative figure.
She was the monarchies anchor of

3593
03:03:35,300 --> 03:03:38,500
continuity, bridging personal 
comfort for the king and the 

3594
03:03:38,508 --> 03:03:42,500
broader cultural identity of the
era despite swirling rumor and 

3595
03:03:42,500 --> 03:03:45,400
envy. 
She pressed on aware that her 

3596
03:03:45,400 --> 03:03:48,200
star might dim at any moment. 
But determined to leave a 

3597
03:03:48,200 --> 03:03:50,200
luminous mark on France's 
cultural and political 

3598
03:03:50,200 --> 03:03:54,600
landscape. 
As the 1750s advanced Madame de 

3599
03:03:54,600 --> 03:03:56,800
pompadours Role in Versailles 
crystallized. 

3600
03:03:56,800 --> 03:04:00,700
She reigned as an unmatched 
patroness of the Arts in that 

3601
03:04:00,700 --> 03:04:03,600
the palace no longer served 
solely as a symbol of absolute 

3602
03:04:03,600 --> 03:04:06,000
monarchy. 
But also as a stage for Creative

3603
03:04:06,000 --> 03:04:09,800
brilliance, She championed 
painters like Francois Boucher, 

3604
03:04:09,800 --> 03:04:12,900
whose pastoral scenes and 
playful mythologies, perfectly 

3605
03:04:12,900 --> 03:04:15,200
suited. 
The Rocco style pompadour adored

3606
03:04:15,200 --> 03:04:18,500
through her influence. 
Tapestry, workshops in Bove and 

3607
03:04:18,508 --> 03:04:21,900
goblins reached New Heights, 
weaving, dreamlike Landscapes, 

3608
03:04:21,900 --> 03:04:25,600
that graced Royal salons yet, 
her Artistry extended Beyond 

3609
03:04:25,600 --> 03:04:28,000
commission's. 
She personally oversaw, color 

3610
03:04:28,000 --> 03:04:31,700
schemes, interior, decorations, 
and table settings for State. 

3611
03:04:31,700 --> 03:04:35,600
Banquets In an age, when women's
influence was often restricted 

3612
03:04:35,600 --> 03:04:38,400
to the domestic sphere, 
pompadour turned domestic 

3613
03:04:38,400 --> 03:04:40,500
Aesthetics into a grand. 
Cultural statement 

3614
03:04:40,500 --> 03:04:45,200
simultaneously, she strengthened
ties with intellectuals, a 

3615
03:04:45,200 --> 03:04:48,800
secret exchanges of letters with
Voltaire stand out though she 

3616
03:04:48,800 --> 03:04:51,700
never fully endorsed his more 
radical critiques of religion or

3617
03:04:51,700 --> 03:04:55,600
monarchy She appreciated his wit
and recognized the advantage of 

3618
03:04:55,600 --> 03:04:57,100
having a famous pain on her 
side. 

3619
03:04:57,100 --> 03:05:00,800
The philosopher invade her 
proximity to power while she 

3620
03:05:00,800 --> 03:05:02,200
admired his intellectual 
boldness. 

3621
03:05:03,300 --> 03:05:06,000
Tail say she even facilitated 
voltaire's appointment as 

3622
03:05:06,000 --> 03:05:08,300
historiographer to Louis the 
15th, though. 

3623
03:05:08,300 --> 03:05:12,300
Discreetly them all to avoid, 
conservatives accusing her of 

3624
03:05:12,300 --> 03:05:15,700
promoting subversive ideas. 
She treadmill carefully when 

3625
03:05:15,700 --> 03:05:19,200
dealing with diderot. 
The encyclopedie tested the 

3626
03:05:19,200 --> 03:05:21,700
monarchy's tolerance so 
pompadour approached its 

3627
03:05:21,700 --> 03:05:25,100
controversies with caution 
ensuring that while sensors 

3628
03:05:25,100 --> 03:05:26,800
barked. 
They rarely bit too deep. 

3629
03:05:27,800 --> 03:05:31,300
She saw France's future in a 
delicate balance in lightened 

3630
03:05:31,300 --> 03:05:34,500
thinking, might modernize the 
monarchy, but unbridled 

3631
03:05:34,500 --> 03:05:36,300
criticism could incite 
Rebellion. 

3632
03:05:37,000 --> 03:05:40,400
Her relationship with the King 
evolved in tandem the early 

3633
03:05:40,400 --> 03:05:43,600
romantic further had called 
replaced by an affectionate 

3634
03:05:43,600 --> 03:05:46,300
friendship. 
Some courtiers quietly mocked 

3635
03:05:46,300 --> 03:05:49,600
that she no longer shared the 
Royal bed but had become 

3636
03:05:49,600 --> 03:05:52,600
headmistress of culture. 
Others believed she retained 

3637
03:05:52,600 --> 03:05:56,700
intangible, intimacy beyond the 
Physical Realm, that anchored 

3638
03:05:56,700 --> 03:05:59,800
the king's Trust. 
She became the caretaker of his 

3639
03:05:59,800 --> 03:06:03,000
emotional well-being, scheduling
a amusements to lighten, his 

3640
03:06:03,000 --> 03:06:05,900
melancholic moods. 
She also shielded him from 

3641
03:06:05,900 --> 03:06:08,600
certain Noble factions who 
stoked Conflict for personal 

3642
03:06:08,600 --> 03:06:11,300
gain. 
If the king found more fleeting 

3643
03:06:11,300 --> 03:06:15,600
conquests Madame de pompadour, 
rarely intervened focusing on 

3644
03:06:15,600 --> 03:06:19,400
preserving her unique Bond. 
You possess to surprising 

3645
03:06:19,400 --> 03:06:23,000
Serenity, underpinned by the 
conviction that her Mastery of 

3646
03:06:23,008 --> 03:06:26,600
conversation, taste and 
sincerity kept her 

3647
03:06:26,600 --> 03:06:29,500
indispensable. 
However, the Seven Years War 

3648
03:06:29,500 --> 03:06:34,200
erupting in 1756 tested her 
position, the war, pitted 

3649
03:06:34,200 --> 03:06:37,600
France, against Britain Prussia 
and other shifting alliances 

3650
03:06:37,600 --> 03:06:41,500
many pointed at her, for the 
Diplomatic Revolution alliances 

3651
03:06:41,500 --> 03:06:44,500
that had France supporting 
Austria, the war's initial 

3652
03:06:44,500 --> 03:06:48,000
campaigns went poorly for France
specially overseas, where 

3653
03:06:48,000 --> 03:06:52,100
British Fleet seized French 
colonies at home, taxes soared 

3654
03:06:52,100 --> 03:06:55,900
to fund failing armies and the 
populace grew restive rival, 

3655
03:06:55,900 --> 03:06:59,300
courtiers pinned, blame on 
pompadour accusing her of 

3656
03:06:59,300 --> 03:07:03,000
amateur interference. 
In Grand strategy, pamphleteers 

3657
03:07:03,000 --> 03:07:07,100
circulated, nasty character's 
depicting her in Throne pulling 

3658
03:07:07,100 --> 03:07:09,100
puppet strings while generals 
countdown. 

3659
03:07:09,800 --> 03:07:13,400
She responded calmly urging the 
king to replace incompetent 

3660
03:07:13,400 --> 03:07:16,300
ministers and reorganized, 
Finance finances, that morale 

3661
03:07:16,300 --> 03:07:18,500
was low. 
The humiliation on the 

3662
03:07:18,500 --> 03:07:23,100
battlefield tarnished, both the 
monarchies image and her own In 

3663
03:07:23,100 --> 03:07:26,300
this crisis, she allied with the
Duke Deshler a capable 

3664
03:07:26,300 --> 03:07:29,500
Statesman, who shared her vision
of stabilizing foreign policy 

3665
03:07:29,500 --> 03:07:32,100
together. 
They reformed, the Navy tried to

3666
03:07:32,100 --> 03:07:34,100
unify command and pursued new 
loans. 

3667
03:07:34,100 --> 03:07:37,600
The results took time these 
measures slowed, the Hemorrhage 

3668
03:07:37,600 --> 03:07:40,000
of French fortunes. 
Meanwhile, she commissioned 

3669
03:07:40,000 --> 03:07:43,300
elaborate stage entertainments 
within Versailles to maintain a 

3670
03:07:43,300 --> 03:07:47,100
veneer of opulence, hoping that 
even as the war, raged the court

3671
03:07:47,108 --> 03:07:49,700
sense of refinement, Might 
soothe the king's anxieties 

3672
03:07:50,500 --> 03:07:53,600
Critics referred to her. 
As frivolous yet she steadfastly

3673
03:07:53,600 --> 03:07:56,300
maintained that if the monarchy 
seemed to crumble from within 

3674
03:07:56,300 --> 03:07:58,900
the entire nation could become 
disheartened. 

3675
03:07:59,600 --> 03:08:02,100
Rumors swirled that she 
occasionally wept in private, at

3676
03:08:02,100 --> 03:08:05,300
the walls mounting casualties 
feeling guilt for the Diplomatic

3677
03:08:05,300 --> 03:08:06,900
shifts. 
That had set off the conflicts 

3678
03:08:06,900 --> 03:08:09,800
chain of events. 
Others, insisted her tears were 

3679
03:08:09,800 --> 03:08:11,600
for the loss of her own 
political clout. 

3680
03:08:12,300 --> 03:08:15,700
The truth likely combined these 
facets as a woman possessing 

3681
03:08:15,700 --> 03:08:17,300
more influence than many 
Statesmen. 

3682
03:08:17,300 --> 03:08:19,500
She carried a heavy burden of 
accountability. 

3683
03:08:19,500 --> 03:08:23,800
Nonetheless, she pressed on with
unwavering composure, greeting 

3684
03:08:23,800 --> 03:08:26,200
ambassadors. 
Politely offering them, the best

3685
03:08:26,200 --> 03:08:29,800
French wines and deflecting 
barbs about lost battles with 

3686
03:08:29,800 --> 03:08:31,700
the impeccable politeness of a 
Hostess. 

3687
03:08:31,700 --> 03:08:33,700
Who would not let Gloom 
overshadow the monarchy's 

3688
03:08:33,700 --> 03:08:37,000
Magistrate. 
All the while a health frayed 

3689
03:08:37,000 --> 03:08:40,300
she suffered from frequent 
migraines or spiritually 

3690
03:08:40,300 --> 03:08:43,000
infections, and perhaps, the 
early signs of tuberculosis, 

3691
03:08:43,000 --> 03:08:46,900
their sizes, damp corridors and 
unpredictable weather. 

3692
03:08:46,900 --> 03:08:49,400
Hardly helped yet to preserve 
Her Image. 

3693
03:08:49,400 --> 03:08:53,100
She rarely admitted weakness 
continuing to preside over 

3694
03:08:53,100 --> 03:08:55,300
official, Gatherings, and 
Sumptuous gowns. 

3695
03:08:55,300 --> 03:08:59,600
A faint smile on her lips. 
She confided in a small circle 

3696
03:08:59,600 --> 03:09:03,500
noting that though her body felt
battered a spirit remained. 

3697
03:09:03,500 --> 03:09:07,000
Fiery, she was no naive on 
Juneau she recognized that if 

3698
03:09:07,000 --> 03:09:09,700
her health collapsed, her 
enemies would sweep in 

3699
03:09:09,700 --> 03:09:12,500
reconfiguring the monarchy 
circle of favorites. 

3700
03:09:13,200 --> 03:09:16,500
She needed to maintain her 
integrity at least in public to 

3701
03:09:16,500 --> 03:09:18,500
prevent the flame of her 
Ambitions from fading. 

3702
03:09:19,200 --> 03:09:22,800
As the war continued into the 
early, 17th is the reputation of

3703
03:09:22,800 --> 03:09:26,200
Madame de pompadour began to 
fade due to her numerous defeats

3704
03:09:26,200 --> 03:09:30,200
many corners of their SI 
whispered that the monarchy 

3705
03:09:30,200 --> 03:09:33,800
needed scapegoat for the lost 
battles and distant lands, like 

3706
03:09:33,800 --> 03:09:37,000
the humiliation in India, and 
Canada, and who better to blame 

3707
03:09:37,000 --> 03:09:39,500
than the Bourgeois turned 
State's woman. 

3708
03:09:40,500 --> 03:09:43,900
King Louis. 
The 15th had grown more taciturn

3709
03:09:43,900 --> 03:09:46,800
burdened by Gloom as reports 
from the front lines. 

3710
03:09:46,800 --> 03:09:50,300
Showcased it. 
The ASCO after Fiasco pompadour 

3711
03:09:50,300 --> 03:09:52,700
though refused to retreat Into 
Obscurity. 

3712
03:09:52,700 --> 03:09:57,200
She believed her cultural Legacy
if not her foreign policies like

3713
03:09:57,200 --> 03:10:00,600
get Salvage, her name in 
history, She threw herself into 

3714
03:10:00,600 --> 03:10:04,100
Grand architectural projects. 
The petty Trianon, for instance,

3715
03:10:04,100 --> 03:10:08,300
took shape as a small shadow in 
the palace's grounds officially,

3716
03:10:08,300 --> 03:10:12,600
it was an expression of refined 
tastes and embodiment of the new

3717
03:10:12,600 --> 03:10:15,500
neoclassical style that was 
edging out Rococo. 

3718
03:10:15,500 --> 03:10:19,500
Flamboyance Pompadour championed
this shift, instructing 

3719
03:10:19,500 --> 03:10:23,400
Architects to favor, Clarity 
proportion and a gentle 

3720
03:10:23,400 --> 03:10:26,700
grandeur. 
She oversaw Landscaping ensuring

3721
03:10:26,700 --> 03:10:29,200
the gardens offered a tranquil 
Retreat from their size, 

3722
03:10:29,200 --> 03:10:32,300
stifling pump. 
Those some courtiers mocked the 

3723
03:10:32,308 --> 03:10:35,400
expense amid a draining War, she
defended it as fostering 

3724
03:10:35,400 --> 03:10:37,300
National Artistry in 
craftsmanship. 

3725
03:10:37,300 --> 03:10:41,900
Indeed her unwavering support 
for several porcelain tapestry 

3726
03:10:41,900 --> 03:10:44,500
Weavers and furniture makers 
kept them afloat. 

3727
03:10:44,500 --> 03:10:48,000
Despite war-induced Financial 
crises these actions. 

3728
03:10:48,000 --> 03:10:51,300
Ironically preserved France is 
global reputation for luxury 

3729
03:10:51,300 --> 03:10:53,900
goods. 
Even as military fortunes waned,

3730
03:10:53,900 --> 03:10:57,200
a more private Pastime was her 
encouragement of scientific 

3731
03:10:57,200 --> 03:10:59,900
curiosity. 
She facilitated gathering's 

3732
03:10:59,900 --> 03:11:03,100
where mathematicians and natural
philosophers demonstrated the 

3733
03:11:03,100 --> 03:11:07,500
latest theories on electricity 
all the Cosmos on rare nights. 

3734
03:11:07,500 --> 03:11:11,400
The king himself might wander in
feigning mild interest while she

3735
03:11:11,400 --> 03:11:14,300
asked pointed questions about 
planetary orbits or experimental

3736
03:11:14,300 --> 03:11:17,400
contractions. 
If Summit Court, founded absurd 

3737
03:11:17,400 --> 03:11:18,900
for a mistress to delve into 
science. 

3738
03:11:18,900 --> 03:11:22,100
She responded with an elegant 
shrug Beauty. 

3739
03:11:22,100 --> 03:11:25,500
She believed encompassed 
knowledge too though. 

3740
03:11:25,500 --> 03:11:27,300
Never an Enlightenment radical. 
She saw. 

3741
03:11:27,300 --> 03:11:30,300
No harm in letting conversation 
roam Beyond strict Orthodoxy 

3742
03:11:30,300 --> 03:11:32,800
provided. 
It didn't undermine monarchy or 

3743
03:11:32,800 --> 03:11:35,300
faith. 
At her private dinners, one 

3744
03:11:35,300 --> 03:11:36,800
might overhear discussions of 
Newton. 

3745
03:11:36,800 --> 03:11:40,200
Echoes of voltaire's praise for 
Newtonian physics and 

3746
03:11:40,200 --> 03:11:43,300
speculations about whether the 
cosmos reflected God's Grandeur 

3747
03:11:43,300 --> 03:11:47,300
or reasons Supremacy, despite 
this glow of intellectual 

3748
03:11:47,300 --> 03:11:51,000
patronage. 
The war pounded on culminating 

3749
03:11:51,000 --> 03:11:55,200
in the Treaty of Paris 1763, 
which sealed France is losses 

3750
03:11:55,200 --> 03:11:58,000
overseas, the king's morale sank
further. 

3751
03:11:58,000 --> 03:12:01,800
As did public opinion of the 
monarchy executor offers had 

3752
03:12:01,800 --> 03:12:04,600
been gutted complicating. 
The monarchies ability to 

3753
03:12:04,600 --> 03:12:09,200
placate, unrest at home. 
The Marquis faced renewed calls 

3754
03:12:09,200 --> 03:12:11,700
from influential dukes and 
princes to step aside. 

3755
03:12:12,600 --> 03:12:15,800
But each time Louis the 15th 
reaffirmed, her presence. 

3756
03:12:16,800 --> 03:12:19,600
telling critics quietly that her
loyalty in Council, were more 

3757
03:12:19,600 --> 03:12:23,100
precious than ephemeral 
scapegoats even so her influence

3758
03:12:23,100 --> 03:12:26,800
on foreign or Economic Policy 
receded someone seating space to

3759
03:12:26,808 --> 03:12:30,800
ministers, like the Duke Deshler
She recognized that sometimes 

3760
03:12:30,800 --> 03:12:33,400
stepping back could preserve her
position in a monarchy grown 

3761
03:12:33,400 --> 03:12:36,800
suspicious of overreach. 
Her personal life, took a 

3762
03:12:36,800 --> 03:12:40,000
Bittersweet turn as well while 
she and Louis the 15th parted 

3763
03:12:40,000 --> 03:12:43,800
physically their emotional bond.
Endured she oversaw some 

3764
03:12:43,800 --> 03:12:46,700
discreet new favorites for the 
king ensuring they remained 

3765
03:12:46,700 --> 03:12:49,300
overshadowed by her shield and 
emotional role. 

3766
03:12:50,000 --> 03:12:53,500
This Arrangement caused outward 
Scandal like a mistress who 

3767
03:12:53,500 --> 03:12:56,400
arranged lesser Mistresses for 
the king to her. 

3768
03:12:56,400 --> 03:12:58,900
It was a strategy to maintain 
Unity. 

3769
03:12:58,900 --> 03:13:01,500
She avoided Illusions about 
romance. 

3770
03:13:01,500 --> 03:13:05,000
She valued the monarchy 
stability, her safety, and the 

3771
03:13:05,000 --> 03:13:08,400
Kings contentment. 
Courteous who smelled hypocrisy 

3772
03:13:08,400 --> 03:13:12,700
could do little bit Whisperer. 
Meanwhile exhaustion nordid her,

3773
03:13:12,700 --> 03:13:16,900
her health, demands sword, she 
sought cures in Mineral baths, 

3774
03:13:16,900 --> 03:13:19,700
sojis to Fresh country, air or 
qaqish potions. 

3775
03:13:19,700 --> 03:13:22,800
That time, she coughed blood or 
die, a sign. 

3776
03:13:22,800 --> 03:13:26,300
Doctors pleaded with her to 
relinquish intense Court duties.

3777
03:13:27,000 --> 03:13:29,500
She demurred worried. 
The vacuum might invite her 

3778
03:13:29,500 --> 03:13:32,800
enemies to Corner the King on 
good days, she could host a 

3779
03:13:32,800 --> 03:13:35,300
modest dinner. 
Entertaining ambassadors with 

3780
03:13:35,300 --> 03:13:38,800
Rye, anecdotes about cultural 
Trifles on terrible days. 

3781
03:13:38,800 --> 03:13:43,300
She lay bed, ridden instructing,
made to live or live urgent 

3782
03:13:43,300 --> 03:13:47,200
messages to or from the king's 
cabinet rumors circulated that 

3783
03:13:47,200 --> 03:13:48,700
she might not outlive the 
decade. 

3784
03:13:49,400 --> 03:13:51,300
Some courtiers rejoiced in that 
possibility. 

3785
03:13:52,800 --> 03:13:56,200
One morning in 1764 she traveled
to Paris for a medical 

3786
03:13:56,208 --> 03:13:59,500
consultation. 
The city a buzz with new 

3787
03:13:59,500 --> 03:14:02,500
philosophic clubs briefly 
reminded her of simpler times 

3788
03:14:02,500 --> 03:14:05,500
long before she was Madame de 
pompadour, when she was just 

3789
03:14:05,500 --> 03:14:07,800
gender, teal and thrall by the 
capitals. 

3790
03:14:07,800 --> 03:14:12,500
Vibrancy Nostalgia, mingled with
anxiety about her fate The 

3791
03:14:12,500 --> 03:14:16,500
doctors diagnosis was grim and 
advanced pulmonary disease. 

3792
03:14:16,500 --> 03:14:20,600
She still resolved to return to 
their SI determined not to show 

3793
03:14:20,600 --> 03:14:22,400
Mortal Frailty in front of her 
detractors. 

3794
03:14:22,400 --> 03:14:25,800
The monarchy demanded, the 
facade of unchanging Grace. 

3795
03:14:26,800 --> 03:14:31,900
In April 1764, her condition, 
deteriorated sharply her final 

3796
03:14:31,900 --> 03:14:34,100
days, saw her writing letters to
Loyal friends. 

3797
03:14:34,100 --> 03:14:37,500
Expressing regret, not for her 
climb, but for the Heartbreak 

3798
03:14:37,500 --> 03:14:42,100
inflicted and the wars tragedies
the king uncharacteristically. 

3799
03:14:42,100 --> 03:14:45,500
Emotional visited her. 
Bedside offering Comfort on 

3800
03:14:45,500 --> 03:14:49,300
April, 15th. 1764 Madame de 
pompadour died, at the age of 

3801
03:14:49,300 --> 03:14:51,800
42. 
The courts immediate response 

3802
03:14:51,800 --> 03:14:55,400
was a wave of mixed sentiment. 
Some courtiers were relieved 

3803
03:14:55,400 --> 03:14:57,500
others stunned at the end of an 
era. 

3804
03:14:57,500 --> 03:15:01,400
The king famously stoic. 
Watched her coffin in Levi, in 

3805
03:15:01,400 --> 03:15:04,500
the rain, reportedly muttering 
every day. 

3806
03:15:04,500 --> 03:15:08,400
I lose a friend, the mistress 
who had soared from bourjois 

3807
03:15:08,400 --> 03:15:10,200
birth to the Apex of courtly 
power. 

3808
03:15:10,200 --> 03:15:14,300
Now belong to history leaving 
behind a legacy of cultural 

3809
03:15:14,300 --> 03:15:18,000
Revival over shadowed by a 
disasterous war though. 

3810
03:15:18,000 --> 03:15:21,400
A femoral in Mortal form her. 
Imprint on France's art 

3811
03:15:21,400 --> 03:15:25,100
diplomacy and monarchical 
identity resonated long after 

3812
03:15:25,100 --> 03:15:28,000
her final breath. 
The news of the death of Madame 

3813
03:15:28,000 --> 03:15:31,400
de pompadour swept, through 
France's chattering classes, a 

3814
03:15:31,400 --> 03:15:34,800
car, skip left side quietly, 
without the state honors, some 

3815
03:15:34,800 --> 03:15:37,200
believe. 
She deserved signifying, the 

3816
03:15:37,200 --> 03:15:39,500
monarchies of official reluctant
to over celebrate. 

3817
03:15:39,500 --> 03:15:43,800
A mistress, Yet Beyond The 
Palace Gates, a more nuanced 

3818
03:15:43,800 --> 03:15:48,000
reaction emerged, The Artisans 
of several porcelain laid 

3819
03:15:48,000 --> 03:15:51,700
wreaths in her memory recalling 
that her patronage had elevated 

3820
03:15:51,700 --> 03:15:55,500
their craft to Global renown. 
Playwrights in paris's bustling 

3821
03:15:55,500 --> 03:15:58,000
theaters acknowledged her 
crucial role in supporting 

3822
03:15:58,000 --> 03:16:01,500
comedic and dramatic Works, 
especially those by authors who 

3823
03:16:01,500 --> 03:16:03,400
previously found no foothold at 
court. 

3824
03:16:04,100 --> 03:16:07,000
The city's literacy debated, 
whether she'd been a subversive 

3825
03:16:07,000 --> 03:16:09,900
Ally of Enlightenment, or 
merely, an opportunist, who 

3826
03:16:09,900 --> 03:16:12,300
shielded radical writers from 
Duck censorship. 

3827
03:16:13,400 --> 03:16:16,500
In the Years following her 
passing, a swirl of Memoirs and 

3828
03:16:16,500 --> 03:16:19,300
Diaries from court inside as 
added complexities to her 

3829
03:16:19,300 --> 03:16:22,600
portrait. 
Some like, the digestive Bronco 

3830
03:16:22,600 --> 03:16:26,600
insisted pompadour was cunning, 
but never malicious referencing 

3831
03:16:26,600 --> 03:16:29,900
times when she mediated petty, 
feuds and sought to reduce Court

3832
03:16:29,900 --> 03:16:31,200
punishments. 
Others. 

3833
03:16:31,200 --> 03:16:34,800
Such as the comp dah Jensen, 
portrayed her as manipulative, 

3834
03:16:34,800 --> 03:16:38,500
citing how she influenced Louis 
the 15th to ostracize certain 

3835
03:16:38,500 --> 03:16:41,900
ministers, the truth, likely 
encompassed both dimensions. 

3836
03:16:41,900 --> 03:16:45,300
A woman forging alliances to 
survive in, elaborate the power 

3837
03:16:45,300 --> 03:16:49,200
occasionally stupid to Intrigue 
but also championing genuine. 

3838
03:16:49,200 --> 03:16:53,800
Reforms posthumously Voltaire 
Pender measured eulogy calling 

3839
03:16:53,800 --> 03:16:56,000
her. 
The Luminaire who strove to 

3840
03:16:56,000 --> 03:16:58,100
lighten the Gloom of a fractious
monarchy. 

3841
03:16:58,800 --> 03:17:01,900
He didn't shy from acknowledging
her mistakes, particularly in 

3842
03:17:01,900 --> 03:17:05,300
foreign policy yet lorded. 
Her role in fueling the Arts. 

3843
03:17:05,300 --> 03:17:08,900
This balanced tribute resonated 
with a segment of the population

3844
03:17:08,900 --> 03:17:11,700
that recognized how precarious 
her place at quartered Bean 

3845
03:17:11,700 --> 03:17:15,200
pinned between satisfying, a 
king's ephemeral desires and 

3846
03:17:15,200 --> 03:17:17,500
wielding real influence in a 
male-dominated. 

3847
03:17:17,500 --> 03:17:20,100
Sphere. 
In an Epoch dismissive of 

3848
03:17:20,100 --> 03:17:22,800
women's public roles. 
Her achievements were singular. 

3849
03:17:23,700 --> 03:17:26,200
Over the subsequent decade. 
The monarchy at Advanced under 

3850
03:17:26,200 --> 03:17:28,400
new favorite and alliance's 
Louis. 

3851
03:17:28,400 --> 03:17:32,200
The 15th though he took other 
Mistresses never found the same 

3852
03:17:32,200 --> 03:17:33,600
Confidant. 
Dynamic. 

3853
03:17:34,400 --> 03:17:37,300
Madame du Barry. 
For instance, faced more direct 

3854
03:17:37,300 --> 03:17:40,700
contempt from the old 
aristocracy lacking pompadours, 

3855
03:17:40,700 --> 03:17:44,800
cultivated veneer pompadours 
circle of loyal, ministers, like

3856
03:17:44,800 --> 03:17:47,400
the Duke Deshler. 
Tried to salvage. 

3857
03:17:47,400 --> 03:17:50,000
What they could from The 
Diplomatic fiascos of the Seven 

3858
03:17:50,000 --> 03:17:52,600
Years War. 
A few smaller successes in 

3859
03:17:52,600 --> 03:17:55,700
overseas, negotiations carried 
an echo of her strategic vision.

3860
03:17:56,700 --> 03:17:59,800
Yet the monarchies standing with
the populace remained tarnished.

3861
03:18:00,400 --> 03:18:02,400
The costly War had battered 
finances. 

3862
03:18:03,300 --> 03:18:06,500
Sowing seeds for Deep Run, rest 
that would erupt decades later. 

3863
03:18:07,500 --> 03:18:11,000
As Time wore on Madame, de 
pompadours memory became 

3864
03:18:11,000 --> 03:18:13,500
entangled with criticisms of the
ancient regime. 

3865
03:18:14,300 --> 03:18:16,500
Revolutionary pamphlets in the 
late 1780s. 

3866
03:18:16,500 --> 03:18:19,000
Brandished her name, as a symbol
of courtly access. 

3867
03:18:19,000 --> 03:18:22,800
They painted her as one who 
indulgently rearranged finances 

3868
03:18:22,800 --> 03:18:26,500
for personal luxuries, she 
symbolized to the moral 

3869
03:18:26,500 --> 03:18:29,700
corruption, that allowed a 
monarchy to Lavish wealth on a 

3870
03:18:29,700 --> 03:18:31,800
labyrinth Pleasures while 
peasant starved. 

3871
03:18:32,500 --> 03:18:35,100
The Nuance that. 
She was also a champion of Arts 

3872
03:18:35,100 --> 03:18:37,600
that she tried to moderate the 
monarchies stumbling. 

3873
03:18:37,600 --> 03:18:41,800
Often got lost in the fur of 
Revolution, by the 1790s, 

3874
03:18:41,800 --> 03:18:44,500
anything associated with, the 
monarchy was suspect. 

3875
03:18:44,500 --> 03:18:46,600
And her carefully, curated 
style. 

3876
03:18:46,600 --> 03:18:50,200
Recoco extravagance. 
Became an emblem of the out of 

3877
03:18:50,200 --> 03:18:53,500
touch aristocrat. 
Yet ironically some 

3878
03:18:53,500 --> 03:18:56,200
revolutionaries who rummage 
through confiscated palaces, 

3879
03:18:56,200 --> 03:18:59,700
discovered references to her 
philanthropic gestures, she had 

3880
03:18:59,700 --> 03:19:03,600
quietly funded orphanages, 
assisted certain Scholars or 

3881
03:19:03,600 --> 03:19:06,900
patronized hospitals, these acts
showcased were a good gesture. 

3882
03:19:07,700 --> 03:19:10,400
Though overshadowed by the 
general wave of anti-royalist 

3883
03:19:10,400 --> 03:19:13,500
sentiment. 
By the 19th century, a wave of 

3884
03:19:13,500 --> 03:19:17,300
new historians Revisited. 
Her story portraying her less as

3885
03:19:17,300 --> 03:19:20,200
a villain and more as a 
reflection of monarchy's last 

3886
03:19:20,200 --> 03:19:23,600
attempts to remain relevant. 
They cited her patronage as 

3887
03:19:23,600 --> 03:19:27,000
crucial in forging, a golden age
of decorative, Arts recognized, 

3888
03:19:27,000 --> 03:19:31,200
International brand by then 
globally. 

3889
03:19:31,200 --> 03:19:35,000
Cherished was inextricably 
linked to her impetus cultural 

3890
03:19:35,000 --> 03:19:39,100
memory, thus sea sword. 
Biographers in the Victorian era

3891
03:19:39,100 --> 03:19:42,600
in thrall by the romance of 
Royal courts depicted her. 

3892
03:19:42,600 --> 03:19:45,800
As a tragic figure, the 
beautiful mistress overshadowed 

3893
03:19:45,800 --> 03:19:48,800
by War in ill health, valiantly 
saving off the monarchies 

3894
03:19:48,800 --> 03:19:51,400
declined. 
They relished dramatic details 

3895
03:19:51,400 --> 03:19:54,900
of her, elaborate Fashions, her 
signature pastel dresses, floral

3896
03:19:54,900 --> 03:19:58,400
motifs and the pompadour 
hairstyle that ironically 

3897
03:19:58,400 --> 03:20:01,900
endured in hairdressing law. 
Meanwhile critics from more 

3898
03:20:01,900 --> 03:20:04,700
austere backgrounds in Dighton 
her for and tangling France. 

3899
03:20:04,700 --> 03:20:08,800
In Alliance is that backfired 
20th century scholarship with 

3900
03:20:08,800 --> 03:20:11,800
its punctual for analyzing 
female agency. 

3901
03:20:11,800 --> 03:20:16,200
Has re-evaluated her as a 
political actor, leveraged the 

3902
03:20:16,200 --> 03:20:20,300
errors, constraints to carve out
real influence, Albeit over 

3903
03:20:20,300 --> 03:20:23,800
shadowed by system, not designed
to respect or credit her fully. 

3904
03:20:24,500 --> 03:20:27,300
in present day travelers to 
Versailles often asked about 

3905
03:20:27,300 --> 03:20:30,900
Madame de pompadour, Tour guides
highlight the surviving Decor. 

3906
03:20:30,900 --> 03:20:34,400
She influenced certain pastel 
lacquered rooms or delicate 

3907
03:20:34,400 --> 03:20:37,100
vases. 
They mentioned how she nurtured 

3908
03:20:37,100 --> 03:20:38,600
the Rococo Styles. 
Final. 

3909
03:20:38,600 --> 03:20:42,000
Flourish Bridging the Brock 
opulence of early years with 

3910
03:20:42,000 --> 03:20:46,100
subtle playful Elegance. 
Museums occasionally Mount 

3911
03:20:46,100 --> 03:20:49,600
exhibits on her, cultural 
patronage her face captured in 

3912
03:20:49,608 --> 03:20:53,900
portraits by artists like Buche.
Exudes a gentle confidence that 

3913
03:20:53,900 --> 03:20:57,200
transcends centuries for 
admirers of 18th century 

3914
03:20:57,208 --> 03:21:00,100
history. 
Stands as a figure who in the 

3915
03:21:00,100 --> 03:21:03,300
swirl of monarchies extravagance
and looming, social tension 

3916
03:21:03,300 --> 03:21:06,000
found a way to channel her 
intellect and Artistry, 

3917
03:21:06,000 --> 03:21:08,700
imprinting a distinctive 
feminine mark on French 

3918
03:21:08,700 --> 03:21:11,500
heritage. 
As modern historians, re-examine

3919
03:21:11,500 --> 03:21:14,700
Madden, de pompadours life, they
can continue to discover layers 

3920
03:21:14,700 --> 03:21:16,300
on mentioned in popular 
accounts. 

3921
03:21:16,300 --> 03:21:19,700
Her personal correspondence, 
scattered across archives, in 

3922
03:21:19,700 --> 03:21:21,900
Paris and provincial Chateau 
reveals. 

3923
03:21:21,900 --> 03:21:24,000
A woman who wrestled with 
theological questions. 

3924
03:21:24,000 --> 03:21:27,300
Contrary to the jaded depiction 
of her as purely secular. 

3925
03:21:28,100 --> 03:21:30,600
She wrote to a confidant about 
the tension between the pump of 

3926
03:21:30,608 --> 03:21:33,900
the Sigh and a spiritual 
yearning confessing a sense of 

3927
03:21:33,900 --> 03:21:36,700
guilt at times. 
But also belief that God might 

3928
03:21:36,700 --> 03:21:39,100
call individuals to serve in 
worldly spheres. 

3929
03:21:39,900 --> 03:21:42,700
The spiritual Dimension, 
complicates stereotypes that she

3930
03:21:42,700 --> 03:21:44,700
was solely driven by ambition or
vanity. 

3931
03:21:45,400 --> 03:21:48,400
Moreover Diaries from Palace 
servants shed light on her daily

3932
03:21:48,400 --> 03:21:51,200
routines. 
She Rose early to handle letters

3933
03:21:51,200 --> 03:21:53,300
from provincial officials or 
meet with Artisans about 

3934
03:21:53,300 --> 03:21:55,800
furniture designs. 
By mid-morning. 

3935
03:21:55,800 --> 03:21:59,700
She might be advising the King 
on which courtiers to promote by

3936
03:21:59,700 --> 03:22:01,900
afternoon. 
She oversaw rehearsals of 

3937
03:22:01,900 --> 03:22:05,300
comedic plays or small operas a 
respite for the war weary 

3938
03:22:05,300 --> 03:22:08,100
monarchy in the evening. 
Private dinners with the King 

3939
03:22:08,100 --> 03:22:10,200
Reed. 
In the flicker of candle at 

3940
03:22:10,200 --> 03:22:13,200
chandeliers allowed, her to 
glean insights into his anxiety.

3941
03:22:13,200 --> 03:22:17,100
She balanced each role with 
remarkable stamina though, 

3942
03:22:17,100 --> 03:22:20,700
migraines and palpitation often 
tormented her A newly, 

3943
03:22:20,700 --> 03:22:22,900
discovered note from her lady, 
in waiting described. 

3944
03:22:22,900 --> 03:22:27,400
How after hosting a lavish ball 
pompadour, would retire behind 

3945
03:22:27,400 --> 03:22:31,300
closed doors, pressing cold 
cloths, to her forehead, tears 

3946
03:22:31,300 --> 03:22:34,600
of pain, slipping quietly as she
resolved, not to betrayed 

3947
03:22:34,600 --> 03:22:37,400
weakness the following day in 
addressing her romantically 

3948
03:22:37,400 --> 03:22:40,900
Azan, it's easy to assume her 
life was consumed by the king's 

3949
03:22:40,900 --> 03:22:43,300
attention yet. 
Subtle references. 

3950
03:22:43,300 --> 03:22:46,000
Suggest she wants harbored 
affections for an unnamed Court 

3951
03:22:46,000 --> 03:22:48,700
musician. 
Exchanging whispered confidence 

3952
03:22:48,700 --> 03:22:52,900
is in corridor alcoves Realizing
the danger in such a dalliance. 

3953
03:22:52,900 --> 03:22:55,400
She ended it swiftly to avoid 
Scandal. 

3954
03:22:55,400 --> 03:22:58,500
Leaving behind a clue to her 
capacity for self-denial. 

3955
03:22:59,200 --> 03:23:02,800
another rumored flame was a 
philosopher, she corresponded 

3956
03:23:02,800 --> 03:23:06,500
with under a pseudonym, whether 
that was purely intellectual or 

3957
03:23:06,500 --> 03:23:10,400
tinged with romance remains 
debated, The overriding truth is

3958
03:23:10,400 --> 03:23:13,500
that she recognized that 
enthralling the king required 

3959
03:23:13,500 --> 03:23:16,400
keeping secrets she had to 
preserve the monarchies 

3960
03:23:16,400 --> 03:23:18,600
Illusions. 
Even if that meant sacrificing 

3961
03:23:18,600 --> 03:23:21,700
personal longing. 
And a sense of strategy and 

3962
03:23:21,700 --> 03:23:24,100
coping with the backstabbing 
environment remained striking. 

3963
03:23:24,800 --> 03:23:29,100
She carefully placed allies in 
minor roles a Guard, Captain a 

3964
03:23:29,100 --> 03:23:32,800
chamber, in a bishop so that 
vital threads of Palace life, 

3965
03:23:32,800 --> 03:23:36,000
LED back to her. 
If a plot surfaced, she'd hear 

3966
03:23:36,000 --> 03:23:38,900
rumors early enough to steer the
king away or quilt conspirators,

3967
03:23:38,900 --> 03:23:43,400
she likewise practice generosity
to those in need awarding small,

3968
03:23:43,400 --> 03:23:46,100
pensions to older, courtiers or 
assisting impoverished, 

3969
03:23:46,100 --> 03:23:49,100
Aristocrats with dowries. 
This generality wasn't purely 

3970
03:23:49,100 --> 03:23:51,500
altruistic. 
It fostered an environment where

3971
03:23:51,500 --> 03:23:55,400
in debted Souls recognized her, 
as a pillar of stability for 

3972
03:23:55,400 --> 03:23:58,100
many at court. 
She assumed the role of a quiet,

3973
03:23:58,100 --> 03:24:01,600
caretaker serving as a bridge 
between a distant monarchy and 

3974
03:24:01,600 --> 03:24:04,400
everyday crisis. 
In an era lacking official 

3975
03:24:04,400 --> 03:24:06,700
welfare. 
Her patronage served as an 

3976
03:24:06,700 --> 03:24:10,000
informal safety, net, the deeply
personal dimension of her 

3977
03:24:10,000 --> 03:24:12,100
existence. 
Was her unwavering Devotion to 

3978
03:24:12,100 --> 03:24:15,200
her daughter, Alexander Green 
born before her. 

3979
03:24:15,200 --> 03:24:18,400
Ascendancy of Versailles. 
The child well-being weighed 

3980
03:24:18,400 --> 03:24:22,000
heavily on pompadours mine. 
Alexandrian was placed in a 

3981
03:24:22,008 --> 03:24:24,900
Convent for education. 
Occasionally visiting the 

3982
03:24:24,900 --> 03:24:27,400
palace. 
Inn 1754. 

3983
03:24:27,400 --> 03:24:32,300
Alexandrine died unexpectedly of
peritonitis the Heartbreak 

3984
03:24:32,300 --> 03:24:35,800
shattered, pompadour who wept in
console for days, nearly 

3985
03:24:35,800 --> 03:24:39,800
refusing to appear in public. 
The king not known for empathy 

3986
03:24:39,800 --> 03:24:42,900
attempted constellation, but her
grief. 

3987
03:24:42,900 --> 03:24:46,800
Lingard, some historians. 
Pinpoint this tragedy as a pivot

3988
03:24:46,800 --> 03:24:49,800
in their relationship. 
Transforming her from a radiant 

3989
03:24:49,800 --> 03:24:52,800
figure, to one more 
introspective channeling energy,

3990
03:24:52,800 --> 03:24:56,600
into cultural projects, She 
seldom spoke of alexandrine 

3991
03:24:56,600 --> 03:24:59,600
publicly but references to 
monologue Perdue in her letters,

3992
03:24:59,600 --> 03:25:03,100
allude to that, maternal sorrow 
Beneath The Gold Lace for sad. 

3993
03:25:04,100 --> 03:25:07,400
As the monarchy stumbled from 
the Warfare goes Madame de. 

3994
03:25:07,400 --> 03:25:09,800
Pompadours composure, 
ironically, stabilized, the 

3995
03:25:09,800 --> 03:25:12,700
king's morale. 
She orchestrated an unspoken 

3996
03:25:12,700 --> 03:25:16,100
Serenity within the palace walls
and showing that the presence of

3997
03:25:16,100 --> 03:25:20,000
Music gentle laughed after and 
well, executed ceremonies 

3998
03:25:20,000 --> 03:25:23,900
shielded Louis the 15th from 
Gloom though critics called her 

3999
03:25:23,900 --> 03:25:27,200
the minister of Pleasures, a 
more profound look reveals her 

4000
03:25:27,200 --> 03:25:29,600
role as a caretaker for the 
monarchies emotional climate. 

4001
03:25:30,300 --> 03:25:33,000
That intangible labor, often 
relegated to women. 

4002
03:25:33,000 --> 03:25:36,700
Ensured that even in failing 
Wars, the monarchy projected 

4003
03:25:36,700 --> 03:25:40,500
continuity without her, the king
might of succumbed to paralyzing

4004
03:25:40,500 --> 03:25:42,500
despair on neglected governance 
entirely. 

4005
03:25:43,200 --> 03:25:46,100
She in effect became the 
monarchies emotional pivot. 

4006
03:25:46,800 --> 03:25:49,700
When contemporary readers gauge 
her significance, they must 

4007
03:25:49,700 --> 03:25:52,900
weigh the paradoxes a Bourgeois 
woman who championed 

4008
03:25:52,900 --> 03:25:56,200
aristocratic extravagance. 
A mistress who reconfigured 

4009
03:25:56,200 --> 03:25:59,900
diplomatic ties and an aesthetic
to contended with the brutality 

4010
03:25:59,900 --> 03:26:02,200
of War. 
She was not without faults, 

4011
03:26:02,200 --> 03:26:04,100
certain decisions, sparked 
conflict. 

4012
03:26:04,100 --> 03:26:07,100
And her loyalty to the monarchy 
overshadowed empathy for the 

4013
03:26:07,100 --> 03:26:10,100
broader populace yet. 
One can see her, a formidable 

4014
03:26:10,100 --> 03:26:12,700
intelligence, navigating 
male-dominated, politics 

4015
03:26:12,700 --> 03:26:16,100
championing, creativity and 
forging a personal brand that 

4016
03:26:16,100 --> 03:26:19,800
outlived her mortal years that 
blend of contradictory traits 

4017
03:26:19,800 --> 03:26:22,400
somewhere as a figure. 
Two complex for simple, 

4018
03:26:22,400 --> 03:26:25,800
judgments a testament to the 
nuanced roles, women could 

4019
03:26:25,800 --> 03:26:28,600
occupy in a kingdom perched, 
precariously, on the brink of 

4020
03:26:28,600 --> 03:26:30,700
his historical transformation 
today. 

4021
03:26:30,700 --> 03:26:34,700
Madame de pompadour endures as 
an emblem of 18th century 

4022
03:26:34,700 --> 03:26:38,800
Elegance overshadowed, yet also 
illuminated by the monarchies of

4023
03:26:38,800 --> 03:26:42,900
ventral collapse in 1789. 
She died decades before the 

4024
03:26:42,900 --> 03:26:45,800
French Revolution erupted, which
is surprising to some. 

4025
03:26:45,800 --> 03:26:49,000
But her story offers a lens into
the monarchy's Illusions and the

4026
03:26:49,000 --> 03:26:52,300
flickers of modern sensibility 
stirring, beneath them, the 

4027
03:26:52,300 --> 03:26:55,800
Rococo style, she popularized 
with its playful curves, and 

4028
03:26:55,800 --> 03:26:59,700
pastel palette. 
Might seem superficial, but it 

4029
03:26:59,700 --> 03:27:02,200
signaled, a shift away from the 
heavy formality of earlier. 

4030
03:27:02,200 --> 03:27:05,700
Baroque in championing 
intangible, Pursuits like music,

4031
03:27:05,700 --> 03:27:08,100
painting and philosophical 
discussion. 

4032
03:27:08,100 --> 03:27:12,000
She partially laid a cultural 
groundwork that ironically 

4033
03:27:12,000 --> 03:27:17,000
helped spread ideas that later 
the monarchies absolute basis in

4034
03:27:17,000 --> 03:27:18,700
the centuries. 
After her demise, her name 

4035
03:27:18,700 --> 03:27:22,400
popped up in unexpected, places 
industrial producers of 

4036
03:27:22,400 --> 03:27:26,000
porcelain in vocht, pompadour 
pink or pompadour blue for 

4037
03:27:26,000 --> 03:27:28,100
delicate. 
Tableware dressmakers 

4038
03:27:28,100 --> 03:27:30,500
resurrected the pompadour 
hairstyle, in various 

4039
03:27:30,500 --> 03:27:34,300
reinterpretations, some tall and
powdered others, more subtle, 

4040
03:27:34,300 --> 03:27:37,200
but referencing that flare she 
had for graceful display. 

4041
03:27:38,100 --> 03:27:40,300
Literary authors from Balzac to 
Nancy. 

4042
03:27:40,300 --> 03:27:45,300
Mitford explored, her biography,
each spinning Vantage points was

4043
03:27:45,300 --> 03:27:47,300
sheer cunning manipulator or a 
gentle care. 

4044
03:27:47,300 --> 03:27:50,400
For an indecisive King tourists 
wandering. 

4045
03:27:50,400 --> 03:27:53,900
Their side can still Glimpse 
spaces, she wants inhabited, the

4046
03:27:53,900 --> 03:27:57,300
private apartments for the 
gardens, all the opera house she

4047
03:27:57,300 --> 03:28:00,700
influenced Guides recount how 
she wants staged private 

4048
03:28:00,700 --> 03:28:03,900
theatricals their starring as 
comedic heroines. 

4049
03:28:03,900 --> 03:28:08,300
Coaxing, the king from his Stony
reticence, the wallpapers and 

4050
03:28:08,300 --> 03:28:12,100
color schemes faintly preserved,
reflect that pastel. 

4051
03:28:12,100 --> 03:28:16,100
Whimsy her official portrait by 
Boucher stands in the Wallace 

4052
03:28:16,100 --> 03:28:19,100
collection, in London, capturing
her with a book in hand, 

4053
03:28:19,100 --> 03:28:21,400
emphasizing her intellectual 
bent. 

4054
03:28:21,400 --> 03:28:25,700
Observers note the calm in her 
eyes, a subtle Pride, that 

4055
03:28:25,700 --> 03:28:28,200
defies the ephemeral nature of 
her courtly, status. 

4056
03:28:28,200 --> 03:28:30,600
Modern. 
Feminism appraises her 

4057
03:28:30,600 --> 03:28:33,000
differently. 
She was no activist for women's 

4058
03:28:33,000 --> 03:28:35,900
equality by presence. 
Standards yet she challenged 

4059
03:28:35,900 --> 03:28:39,100
conventional boundaries. 
She effectively shaped policies 

4060
03:28:39,100 --> 03:28:41,700
behind the scenes. 
Overshadowing, many male, 

4061
03:28:41,700 --> 03:28:45,300
courtiers, whose official titles
dwarfed, her own She minted 

4062
03:28:45,300 --> 03:28:48,200
alliance's with philosophers to 
protect free expression from 

4063
03:28:48,200 --> 03:28:52,000
Draconian sensors. 
She financed expansions in Fine 

4064
03:28:52,000 --> 03:28:55,700
Arts and Manufacturing forging. 
A Synergy between monarchy and 

4065
03:28:55,708 --> 03:28:59,900
commerce. whilst she did not end
the patriarchal structure, a 

4066
03:28:59,900 --> 03:29:02,800
survival hinged on appeasing, it
her example reveals how 

4067
03:29:02,800 --> 03:29:06,200
determined intelligent woman 
could carve a realm of influence

4068
03:29:07,200 --> 03:29:09,700
In that sense, she both 
reaffirmed and quietly 

4069
03:29:09,700 --> 03:29:12,700
subverted. 
The patriarchal monarchy Her 

4070
03:29:12,700 --> 03:29:16,000
ephemeral Presence overshadowed 
by new favorites after her 

4071
03:29:16,000 --> 03:29:18,100
death. 
Underscores, the monarchies 

4072
03:29:18,100 --> 03:29:20,700
insatiable appetite for novelty.
Yet. 

4073
03:29:20,700 --> 03:29:24,200
None repeated the unique. 
Blend of artistry diplomacy and 

4074
03:29:24,200 --> 03:29:27,200
emotional guardianship. 
She brought for a fleeting 

4075
03:29:27,200 --> 03:29:29,800
period. 
She had a near ministerial role 

4076
03:29:29,800 --> 03:29:33,200
in shaping foreign alliances a 
stance that no subsequent 

4077
03:29:33,200 --> 03:29:36,100
mistress or consort fully 
replicated under Louis the 15th.

4078
03:29:36,100 --> 03:29:39,900
By the time of the Revolutionary
upsurge that entire system, the 

4079
03:29:39,900 --> 03:29:44,300
monarchy its falling courtiers, 
its cycle of Mr. Aires faced 

4080
03:29:44,300 --> 03:29:48,000
condemnation the memory of 
Madden de pompadour, both 

4081
03:29:48,000 --> 03:29:51,100
revered and reviled became part 
of the propaganda asked, 

4082
03:29:51,100 --> 03:29:55,000
describing an outdated regime, 
her radiant, self-assurance in 

4083
03:29:55,000 --> 03:29:58,200
official portraits, served as 
evidence of aristocratic 

4084
03:29:58,200 --> 03:30:01,300
decadence, ironically, ignoring 
the fact that she hailed from 

4085
03:30:01,300 --> 03:30:04,000
the bourgeoisie For the average 
person. 

4086
03:30:04,000 --> 03:30:07,100
Rage stumbling upon her story. 
The immediate reaction might 

4087
03:30:07,100 --> 03:30:09,900
revolve around the gossip. 
A mistress of Versailles. 

4088
03:30:09,900 --> 03:30:14,300
The icon of style, But deeper 
reflection uncovers a figure, 

4089
03:30:14,300 --> 03:30:17,500
bridging bold, intelligence 
aesthetic, Brilliance and 

4090
03:30:17,500 --> 03:30:20,900
pragmatic survival in a quart, 
bent on devouring, the naive. 

4091
03:30:21,600 --> 03:30:24,700
She was that improbable cultural
prime minister as some labeled 

4092
03:30:24,700 --> 03:30:27,600
her forging a space in a male 
dominated environment. 

4093
03:30:28,600 --> 03:30:32,200
If at times she contributed to 
misguided policies or neglected 

4094
03:30:32,200 --> 03:30:35,500
the plight of the lower classes 
such failings aligned with the 

4095
03:30:35,500 --> 03:30:39,700
monarchy's broader blind spots 
in that sense her story reflects

4096
03:30:39,700 --> 03:30:43,800
systemic complexities rather 
than personal ones alone but her

4097
03:30:43,800 --> 03:30:46,500
narrative might evoke parallels 
with the art of balancing 

4098
03:30:46,500 --> 03:30:50,500
professional demands personal 
identity and the swirl of public

4099
03:30:50,500 --> 03:30:52,900
scrutiny that go way deeper than
we all might imagine. 

4100
03:30:53,900 --> 03:30:57,400
She found ways to harness her 
adversity, lack of birth rank 

4101
03:30:57,400 --> 03:30:59,900
suspicion from Aristocrats to 
shape. 

4102
03:30:59,900 --> 03:31:03,700
A remarkable trajectory whether 
we judge her kindly or harshly, 

4103
03:31:03,700 --> 03:31:06,900
she embodied the precarious 
dance of pleasing the powerful, 

4104
03:31:06,900 --> 03:31:10,600
while forging, something new, a 
Synergy of intellectual tastes 

4105
03:31:10,600 --> 03:31:14,800
refined pleasures and aesthetic 
transformation, that left 

4106
03:31:14,800 --> 03:31:18,500
France, irrevocably changed, Her
adversaries wrote pamphlets, 

4107
03:31:18,500 --> 03:31:22,000
proclaiming her ephemeral. 
But ironically, she remains a 

4108
03:31:22,000 --> 03:31:25,100
Hallmark of that era, 
overshadowing some Royals and 

4109
03:31:25,100 --> 03:31:29,200
cultural memory. ultimately, 
Madame, de pompadours life, 

4110
03:31:29,200 --> 03:31:33,400
underscores a universal theme in
an environment where official 

4111
03:31:33,400 --> 03:31:36,500
power rests with men, An 
individual with vision, 

4112
03:31:36,500 --> 03:31:40,700
resilience, and strategic 
cunning can mold in age or be it

4113
03:31:40,708 --> 03:31:43,800
at personal cost. 
She gave French culture, a final

4114
03:31:43,800 --> 03:31:48,200
Rococo Bloom before the wave of 
neoclassicism and eventually 

4115
03:31:48,200 --> 03:31:51,700
Revolution. 
Her touches on diplomacy and 

4116
03:31:51,708 --> 03:31:55,000
arts overshadowed though they 
might have been by War and 

4117
03:31:55,000 --> 03:31:57,700
Scandal continue to invite 
reexamination. 

4118
03:31:57,700 --> 03:32:02,800
And so for those who seek Nuance
in history, her story remains a 

4119
03:32:02,800 --> 03:32:07,400
captivating Chronicle of 
ambition Grace heartbreak and a 

4120
03:32:07,400 --> 03:32:10,200
legacy that resonates long after
her heart ceased to beat within 

4121
03:32:10,200 --> 03:32:18,800
Versailles, gilded Labyrinth, 
Picture yourself settling into a

4122
03:32:18,800 --> 03:32:21,700
comfortable chair on a quiet 
evening, perhaps, with a warm 

4123
03:32:21,700 --> 03:32:24,400
drink in hand as we travel back 
to a time when the world was 

4124
03:32:24,400 --> 03:32:28,000
smaller and simpler yet somehow 
more complicated all at once. 

4125
03:32:28,900 --> 03:32:31,100
You're about to witness one of 
history's, most remarkable 

4126
03:32:31,100 --> 03:32:34,400
Transformations, not Through The
Eyes Of Kings or generals. 

4127
03:32:34,400 --> 03:32:37,400
But as someone watching Ordinary
People discover, they had 

4128
03:32:37,400 --> 03:32:40,200
extraordinary courage, buried 
deep inside them. 

4129
03:32:41,500 --> 03:32:44,800
It's the early 8th century and 
you find yourself in what we 

4130
03:32:44,800 --> 03:32:47,200
now. 
Call Spain, though, back then it

4131
03:32:47,200 --> 03:32:49,500
was known as Hispana to those 
who bothered with such 

4132
03:32:49,500 --> 03:32:53,100
formalities, the visigothic 
kingdom stretches before you 

4133
03:32:53,100 --> 03:32:55,200
like a patchwork quilt, that 
seemed better days. 

4134
03:32:55,200 --> 03:32:59,100
Some patches holding strong 
others, fraying at the edges and

4135
03:32:59,100 --> 03:33:01,300
a few that probably should have 
been replaced years ago. 

4136
03:33:01,300 --> 03:33:03,900
You'd think ruling a kingdom 
would be straightforward, 

4137
03:33:03,900 --> 03:33:06,800
wouldn't you? 
After all, you sit on a throne 

4138
03:33:06,800 --> 03:33:09,600
people bow and everyone does 
what you say. 

4139
03:33:10,900 --> 03:33:13,300
But the Visigoths had managed to
turn monarchy into something. 

4140
03:33:13,300 --> 03:33:16,400
Resembling, a particularly 
chaotic game of musical chairs. 

4141
03:33:17,200 --> 03:33:20,200
Kings came and went with the 
regularity of seasons though, 

4142
03:33:20,200 --> 03:33:21,900
with considerably less 
predictability. 

4143
03:33:22,800 --> 03:33:25,600
One day you'd have King with 
teaser on the throne, the next 

4144
03:33:25,600 --> 03:33:26,900
day. 
His rival Roderick would be 

4145
03:33:26,908 --> 03:33:28,800
measuring the Royal cushions for
size. 

4146
03:33:29,400 --> 03:33:33,000
This constant Game of Thrones 
and yes that's exactly what it 

4147
03:33:33,000 --> 03:33:36,300
was had left the kingdom about 
as stable as a three-legged 

4148
03:33:36,300 --> 03:33:39,000
stool on a ship during a storm 
Noble. 

4149
03:33:39,000 --> 03:33:41,000
Spent more time plotting against
each other than actually 

4150
03:33:41,000 --> 03:33:43,600
governing which meant that when 
real trouble came knocking, 

4151
03:33:43,600 --> 03:33:46,700
everyone was too busy looking 
over their shoulders, to notice 

4152
03:33:46,700 --> 03:33:50,000
the front door being kicked in. 
the irony of course, is that 

4153
03:33:50,000 --> 03:33:52,800
while the visigothic nobility 
were perfecting, the art of 

4154
03:33:52,808 --> 03:33:55,800
political backstabbing, they 
were completely missing the 

4155
03:33:55,800 --> 03:33:59,400
bigger picture on folding to the
South Across the narrow straight

4156
03:33:59,400 --> 03:34:02,700
that separated Europe, from 
Africa forces were gathering 

4157
03:34:02,700 --> 03:34:05,900
that would change everything. 
but, you know, how it is with 

4158
03:34:05,900 --> 03:34:08,900
people who are too caught up in 
their own drama, they rarely 

4159
03:34:08,900 --> 03:34:13,000
noticed the storm clouds and the
rain starts falling The Muslim 

4160
03:34:13,000 --> 03:34:16,000
conquest of North Africa had 
been proceeding with the kind of

4161
03:34:16,000 --> 03:34:19,600
methodical efficiency that would
make a Swiss clock maker weep 

4162
03:34:19,600 --> 03:34:23,100
with joy. 
City after City region. 

4163
03:34:23,100 --> 03:34:26,500
After region, until the Islamic 
forces stood at the very edge of

4164
03:34:26,508 --> 03:34:30,200
the African continent, looking 
across, those few miles of water

4165
03:34:30,200 --> 03:34:32,200
toward Europe. 
Like a person eyeing. 

4166
03:34:32,200 --> 03:34:34,400
The last piece of chocolate cake
at a dinner party. 

4167
03:34:35,400 --> 03:34:38,500
Now you might wonder why anyone 
would want to cross a body of 

4168
03:34:38,500 --> 03:34:41,500
water to conquer a land full of 
quarreling Nobles, and political

4169
03:34:41,500 --> 03:34:44,500
chaos. 
The answer as it often is in 

4170
03:34:44,500 --> 03:34:47,300
history, comes down to 
opportunity meeting ambition. 

4171
03:34:47,300 --> 03:34:50,200
The Muslim forces weren't just 
looking for new lands to 

4172
03:34:50,200 --> 03:34:52,100
conquer. 
They were looking for lands 

4173
03:34:52,100 --> 03:34:56,500
worth conquering and despite all
its internal squabbling hispania

4174
03:34:56,500 --> 03:35:00,000
was still rich in resources 
fertile in agriculture and 

4175
03:35:00,000 --> 03:35:03,000
strategically positioned at the 
crossroads of Europe and Africa.

4176
03:35:03,000 --> 03:35:06,400
The stage was set for one of 
those moments in history, when 

4177
03:35:06,400 --> 03:35:09,900
everything changes so quickly, 
that people living through, it 

4178
03:35:09,900 --> 03:35:12,500
probably felt like they were 
watching the world's most 

4179
03:35:12,500 --> 03:35:17,000
dramatic magic trick. 
One moment you have the familiar

4180
03:35:17,000 --> 03:35:20,100
chaos of visigothic politics 
with its predictable. 

4181
03:35:20,100 --> 03:35:23,900
Unpredictability The next 
moment, everything you thought 

4182
03:35:23,900 --> 03:35:26,400
you knew about power religion 
and daily life. 

4183
03:35:26,400 --> 03:35:28,500
His turned completely upside 
down. 

4184
03:35:29,600 --> 03:35:32,500
But here's what makes this story
particularly fascinating from 

4185
03:35:32,500 --> 03:35:34,100
our cozy. 
Vantage points, centuries, 

4186
03:35:34,100 --> 03:35:37,900
later. people living through 
these changes didn't know, they 

4187
03:35:37,900 --> 03:35:40,800
were witnessing the end of one 
era and the beginning of another

4188
03:35:41,700 --> 03:35:44,700
They were just trying to get 
through each day, make sense of 

4189
03:35:44,700 --> 03:35:48,400
rapidly changing circumstances 
and figure out how to protect 

4190
03:35:48,400 --> 03:35:51,300
themselves and their families in
a world that suddenly seemed a 

4191
03:35:51,300 --> 03:35:54,500
lot less predictable than it had
been the week before the wrekin 

4192
03:35:54,500 --> 03:35:57,200
kisser that centuries long 
process of Christian kingdoms 

4193
03:35:57,200 --> 03:36:00,800
gradually reclaiming, the 
Iberian Peninsula wasn't born in

4194
03:36:00,808 --> 03:36:04,800
a single moment of inspiration 
or divine revelation it emerged 

4195
03:36:04,800 --> 03:36:08,300
slowly organically from the 
accumulated frustration and 

4196
03:36:08,300 --> 03:36:11,200
determination of people who 
found themselves living under 

4197
03:36:11,200 --> 03:36:14,900
foreign Rule and decided. 
Sometimes one person at a time 

4198
03:36:14,908 --> 03:36:18,000
that they were not going to 
accept this as their permanent 

4199
03:36:18,000 --> 03:36:20,700
reality, as you settled deeper 
into your chair. 

4200
03:36:20,700 --> 03:36:24,000
Imagine yourself as one of those
people watching the old world 

4201
03:36:24,000 --> 03:36:26,500
crumble and wandering. 
What kind of new world might 

4202
03:36:26,500 --> 03:36:29,900
rise from its ashes? 
Because that's exactly where our

4203
03:36:29,900 --> 03:36:33,300
Story begins not with the end, 
but with the ending that became 

4204
03:36:33,300 --> 03:36:35,600
a beginning. 
And seven, eleven, if you live 

4205
03:36:35,600 --> 03:36:38,200
near southern Spain, you may 
have seen something odd on the 

4206
03:36:38,200 --> 03:36:41,800
horizon ship's. 
There were actually quite a few 

4207
03:36:41,808 --> 03:36:43,500
ships and none of them were 
flying. 

4208
03:36:43,500 --> 03:36:46,900
Any flags that you recognize 
this Fleet wasn't the usual, 

4209
03:36:46,900 --> 03:36:49,600
Merchant traffic, all the 
occasional Viking raid that 

4210
03:36:49,600 --> 03:36:51,900
everyone had learned to treat as
just another Tuesday 

4211
03:36:51,900 --> 03:36:55,000
inconvenience. 
The scene was something entirely

4212
03:36:55,000 --> 03:36:58,900
different, the fleet approaching
your Shores belonged to tourach 

4213
03:36:58,900 --> 03:37:01,400
Evans, yard, whose name would 
become so associated. 

4214
03:37:01,400 --> 03:37:04,000
With this moment that the rocky 
outcrop where he landed 

4215
03:37:04,000 --> 03:37:07,500
Gibraltar literally means jabal 
Tariq or tariq's Mountain. 

4216
03:37:07,500 --> 03:37:10,700
It's one of those perfect 
historical coincidences that 

4217
03:37:10,700 --> 03:37:13,100
makes you wonder if someone 
somewhere has a sense of humor 

4218
03:37:13,100 --> 03:37:16,000
about these things. 
Now, if you were a military 

4219
03:37:16,000 --> 03:37:18,900
strategist sitting in your 
favorite armchair, you might 

4220
03:37:18,900 --> 03:37:22,300
assume that conquering an entire
Kingdom would require vast 

4221
03:37:22,300 --> 03:37:25,600
armies years of planning and 
Logistics that would make a 

4222
03:37:25,608 --> 03:37:28,000
modern supply chain manager 
breakout in hives. 

4223
03:37:29,100 --> 03:37:31,800
But Tarik, had something perhaps
more valuable than massive 

4224
03:37:31,800 --> 03:37:35,300
numbers. 
He had timing determination and 

4225
03:37:35,300 --> 03:37:37,300
an opponent. 
That was a century doing half 

4226
03:37:37,300 --> 03:37:40,300
the work for him. 
The physical Gothic Kingdom at 

4227
03:37:40,300 --> 03:37:43,000
this moment was like a house 
with a beautiful facade, but 

4228
03:37:43,000 --> 03:37:46,500
termites in the foundation. 
King Roger was dealing with 

4229
03:37:46,500 --> 03:37:49,100
rebellions in the north. 
Noble families were still 

4230
03:37:49,108 --> 03:37:51,200
playing their endless game of 
political chess. 

4231
03:37:51,200 --> 03:37:53,800
And the Army was scattered 
across the peninsula, dealing 

4232
03:37:53,800 --> 03:37:57,000
with various internal squabbles.
It was rather like trying to 

4233
03:37:57,008 --> 03:37:59,700
defend your home from burglars. 
While your family, is having a 

4234
03:37:59,700 --> 03:38:00,800
loud argument in the living 
room. 

4235
03:38:00,800 --> 03:38:04,500
Tarek's initial force was 
relatively modest somewhere 

4236
03:38:04,500 --> 03:38:08,300
between 7,000 and 12,000 men 
depending on which historical 

4237
03:38:08,300 --> 03:38:11,700
account you trust. 
These weren't just random 

4238
03:38:11,700 --> 03:38:13,300
soldiers looking for adventure, 
though. 

4239
03:38:14,100 --> 03:38:16,500
They were experienced fighters 
who had already proven 

4240
03:38:16,500 --> 03:38:19,500
themselves in the conquest of 
North Africa and they brought 

4241
03:38:19,500 --> 03:38:23,100
with them, something, the 
visigothic forces lacked, Unity 

4242
03:38:23,100 --> 03:38:25,800
of purpose, and a command 
structure that actually 

4243
03:38:25,800 --> 03:38:29,100
functioned, The Landing itself 
must have been one of those 

4244
03:38:29,100 --> 03:38:32,300
surreal moments in history, 
picture yourself as a local 

4245
03:38:32,300 --> 03:38:35,700
fishermen, going about your 
normal morning routine when 

4246
03:38:35,700 --> 03:38:38,800
suddenly the bay fills with 
foreign ships disgorging 

4247
03:38:38,800 --> 03:38:41,300
thousands of armed, men who 
clearly aren't there for the 

4248
03:38:41,308 --> 03:38:44,900
local tourism opportunities. 
You'd probably spend a few 

4249
03:38:44,908 --> 03:38:46,700
moments wondering if you were 
still dreaming. 

4250
03:38:46,700 --> 03:38:49,900
Then realized the moment was 
definitely one of those days 

4251
03:38:49,900 --> 03:38:51,900
when staying home might have 
been the better choice. 

4252
03:38:52,600 --> 03:38:54,400
What happened? 
Next demonstrates, one of 

4253
03:38:54,400 --> 03:38:57,500
history is recurring themes. 
Sometimes the outcome of 

4254
03:38:57,500 --> 03:39:01,000
momentous events, depends Less 
on Grand strategy and more on 

4255
03:39:01,000 --> 03:39:05,000
basic human psychology. 
When news of the landing reached

4256
03:39:05,000 --> 03:39:07,900
King Roderick, he did what any 
reasonable Monarch would do. 

4257
03:39:07,900 --> 03:39:11,600
He gather his forces and marched
South to deal with this 

4258
03:39:11,600 --> 03:39:14,900
invasion. 
The problem was that Gathering 

4259
03:39:14,900 --> 03:39:18,400
his forces in a politically 
fractured Kingdom, meant trying 

4260
03:39:18,400 --> 03:39:21,300
to assemble an army from Nobles 
who were entirely sure they 

4261
03:39:21,300 --> 03:39:25,400
wanted him to succeed. 
The Battle of guadalete fought 

4262
03:39:25,400 --> 03:39:28,700
sometime in July. 711 became one
of those encounters that 

4263
03:39:28,708 --> 03:39:32,500
historians described with words 
like decisive and pivotal which 

4264
03:39:32,500 --> 03:39:35,300
are academic ways of saying 
everything changed rapidly. 

4265
03:39:36,200 --> 03:39:39,800
Roderick's Army was larger on 
paper but paper armies and real 

4266
03:39:39,800 --> 03:39:43,100
armies are two very different 
things when your troops include 

4267
03:39:43,100 --> 03:39:46,200
people who might actually prefer
to see you lose military 

4268
03:39:46,200 --> 03:39:48,700
mathematics becomes considerably
more complicated. 

4269
03:39:49,600 --> 03:39:52,500
The battle itself was less a 
Clash of Titans and more like 

4270
03:39:52,500 --> 03:39:54,400
watching a carefully stacked 
House of Cards. 

4271
03:39:54,400 --> 03:39:57,400
Encounter a sudden Breeze, 
roderick's forces didn't just 

4272
03:39:57,400 --> 03:39:59,400
lose. 
They collapsed with the kind of 

4273
03:39:59,400 --> 03:40:02,100
spectacular completeness that 
makes military historian. 

4274
03:40:02,100 --> 03:40:05,700
Shake their heads in a basement.
The king himself disappeared 

4275
03:40:05,700 --> 03:40:08,500
during the fighting, and while 
various stories emerged about 

4276
03:40:08,500 --> 03:40:10,500
his fate, the Practical result 
was the same. 

4277
03:40:10,500 --> 03:40:12,600
The visigothic kingdom had just 
lost. 

4278
03:40:12,600 --> 03:40:14,400
Its head, literally or 
figuratively. 

4279
03:40:15,800 --> 03:40:17,600
But here's where the story 
becomes, particularly 

4280
03:40:17,600 --> 03:40:20,300
captivating from your 
comfortable evening perspective.

4281
03:40:21,200 --> 03:40:23,500
The speed of what followed 
defied all reasonable 

4282
03:40:23,500 --> 03:40:26,800
expectations. 
Within a few years Muslim forces

4283
03:40:26,800 --> 03:40:29,800
had swept across most of the 
Iberian Peninsula, with a 

4284
03:40:29,800 --> 03:40:33,000
swiftness that seems almost 
impossible until you remember 

4285
03:40:33,000 --> 03:40:34,300
that. 
They weren't just conquering 

4286
03:40:34,300 --> 03:40:36,800
territory. 
They were often being invited in

4287
03:40:36,800 --> 03:40:40,100
by local population who saw them
as preferable to the chaos of 

4288
03:40:40,100 --> 03:40:42,900
visigothic rule. 
The result wasn't the Hollywood 

4289
03:40:42,900 --> 03:40:46,500
version of Conquest with 
dramatic sieges and heroic last 

4290
03:40:46,500 --> 03:40:48,700
stands. 
This was Conquest through 

4291
03:40:48,700 --> 03:40:52,300
administrative competence 
religious tolerance and the 

4292
03:40:52,300 --> 03:40:55,200
simple appeal of stable 
Government after Decades of 

4293
03:40:55,200 --> 03:40:59,000
political turmoil, Sometimes the
most revolutionary changes 

4294
03:40:59,000 --> 03:41:01,800
happen, not through dramatic 
confrontation, but through 

4295
03:41:01,800 --> 03:41:04,700
offering people something they 
didn't even realize they wanted 

4296
03:41:04,700 --> 03:41:08,100
predictability. 
Imagine waking up one morning to

4297
03:41:08,100 --> 03:41:10,500
discover that everything 
familiar about your world has 

4298
03:41:10,500 --> 03:41:12,500
been quietly rearranged while 
you slept. 

4299
03:41:13,300 --> 03:41:16,400
The same Mountain, Still frame, 
The Horizon, and the Same 

4300
03:41:16,400 --> 03:41:18,000
Rivers, still float toward the 
sea. 

4301
03:41:18,000 --> 03:41:22,400
But suddenly there are new 
rules, new rulers, and new ways 

4302
03:41:22,400 --> 03:41:24,900
of doing things that everyone is
expected to learn rather 

4303
03:41:24,900 --> 03:41:27,200
quickly. 
This is essentially what 

4304
03:41:27,200 --> 03:41:29,900
happened to the people of 
hispania as Muslim rule settled 

4305
03:41:29,900 --> 03:41:31,400
over the peninsula, like a new 
season. 

4306
03:41:32,300 --> 03:41:35,100
But unlike the harsh winter of 
Conquest, that many might have 

4307
03:41:35,100 --> 03:41:37,900
expected, what? 
Actually emerged was something 

4308
03:41:37,900 --> 03:41:42,100
surprisingly manageable. 
The new rule is it turned out 

4309
03:41:42,100 --> 03:41:44,800
were excellent at the mundane 
business of actually running 

4310
03:41:44,800 --> 03:41:47,600
things. 
You see the Maya had caliphate 

4311
03:41:47,600 --> 03:41:49,800
had learned something that many 
conquerors throughout history 

4312
03:41:49,800 --> 03:41:52,500
seem to miss. 
Destroying everything, you've 

4313
03:41:52,500 --> 03:41:55,000
just conquered is rather like 
Burning Down The House. 

4314
03:41:55,000 --> 03:41:58,400
You've just bought instead, they
brought with them, a 

4315
03:41:58,400 --> 03:42:01,600
sophisticated administrative 
system that had been refined 

4316
03:42:01,600 --> 03:42:04,200
through governing diverse 
populations across a vast 

4317
03:42:04,208 --> 03:42:07,000
territory, stretching from Spain
to Central Asia. 

4318
03:42:07,900 --> 03:42:10,100
The Christian and Jewish 
populations found themselves 

4319
03:42:10,100 --> 03:42:13,200
classified. 
As Demi protected, people's who 

4320
03:42:13,200 --> 03:42:16,000
could continue practicing their 
religions in exchange for paying

4321
03:42:16,000 --> 03:42:19,500
additional taxes and accepting 
certain legal restrictions. 

4322
03:42:20,300 --> 03:42:23,900
Now, before you start thinking 
this Arrangement, sounds 

4323
03:42:23,900 --> 03:42:25,900
wonderfully tolerant by modern 
standards. 

4324
03:42:25,900 --> 03:42:29,000
Remember that religious 
tolerance in the 8th century was

4325
03:42:29,000 --> 03:42:32,400
rather like air conditioning in 
the desert rare enough that you 

4326
03:42:32,400 --> 03:42:33,900
appreciated it when you found 
it. 

4327
03:42:33,900 --> 03:42:36,300
Even if it wasn't quite what 
you'd get at home. 

4328
03:42:37,100 --> 03:42:39,700
For many people, daily life 
under the new system was 

4329
03:42:39,700 --> 03:42:42,400
actually an improvement over the
chaos of late physical Gothic 

4330
03:42:42,400 --> 03:42:45,400
rule. 
Trade, flourished, cities, grew 

4331
03:42:45,400 --> 03:42:49,600
and the famous conventia. 
The coexistence of Christian 

4332
03:42:49,600 --> 03:42:52,700
Muslim and Jewish communities 
began to develop in ways that 

4333
03:42:52,700 --> 03:42:55,500
would make medieval Iberia one 
of the most culturally Rich 

4334
03:42:55,500 --> 03:42:58,800
regions in Europe. but here's 
where human nature, asserts 

4335
03:42:58,800 --> 03:43:02,000
itself in ways that are both 
predictable and touching people 

4336
03:43:02,000 --> 03:43:07,200
adapt, but they all remember, In
countless small ways the Concord

4337
03:43:07,200 --> 03:43:09,400
population maintained 
connections to their previous 

4338
03:43:09,400 --> 03:43:12,200
identity while learning to 
navigate their new reality. 

4339
03:43:13,100 --> 03:43:15,400
They spoke Arabic in the 
marketplace but might still pray

4340
03:43:15,400 --> 03:43:18,200
in Latin at home. 
They adopted new architectural 

4341
03:43:18,200 --> 03:43:21,400
Styles while preserving old 
family traditions, they learned 

4342
03:43:21,400 --> 03:43:23,200
new skills. 
While teaching their children 

4343
03:43:23,200 --> 03:43:26,000
old stories. 
This cultural blending created. 

4344
03:43:26,000 --> 03:43:28,100
Something unprecedented in 
medieval Europe. 

4345
03:43:28,700 --> 03:43:31,400
A society, where a Christian 
Merchants might do business with

4346
03:43:31,400 --> 03:43:34,300
a Muslim banker while discussing
philosophy with the Jewish 

4347
03:43:34,300 --> 03:43:37,600
scholar, and nobody thought this
was particularly remarkable. 

4348
03:43:38,400 --> 03:43:40,900
It was rather like living in one
of those modern neighborhoods 

4349
03:43:40,900 --> 03:43:44,500
where everyone's from somewhere 
else except with more swords and

4350
03:43:44,500 --> 03:43:48,400
considerably less Plumbing. 
The new rulers established their

4351
03:43:48,400 --> 03:43:51,700
Capital at Cordoba which under 
their guidance would become one 

4352
03:43:51,700 --> 03:43:54,100
of the largest and most 
sophisticated cities in Europe. 

4353
03:43:54,900 --> 03:43:58,200
They built schools, libraries 
and Workshops the improved 

4354
03:43:58,200 --> 03:44:01,800
agricultural techniques and 
expanded trade networks, they 

4355
03:44:01,800 --> 03:44:04,300
even maintained an expanded, the
Roman infrastructure, they 

4356
03:44:04,300 --> 03:44:07,400
inherited, which showed a 
refreshing appreciation for good

4357
03:44:07,400 --> 03:44:09,300
engineering regardless of its 
Origins. 

4358
03:44:10,300 --> 03:44:12,800
Yet beneath this surface of 
accommodation and progress. 

4359
03:44:12,800 --> 03:44:15,200
Something else was quietly 
taking route. 

4360
03:44:16,500 --> 03:44:19,500
In the mountainous regions of 
the north where the conquest to 

4361
03:44:19,500 --> 03:44:22,900
be less complete and Central 
Authority, was weaker small 

4362
03:44:22,900 --> 03:44:25,800
communities of Christians began 
to develop what we might call 

4363
03:44:25,800 --> 03:44:27,800
Selective Amnesia about their 
new reality. 

4364
03:44:27,800 --> 03:44:31,900
They remembered the Old Kingdom,
the old faith and the old ways 

4365
03:44:31,900 --> 03:44:35,000
of doing things, and they began 
to nurture the idea that their 

4366
03:44:35,000 --> 03:44:37,000
current situation might not be 
permanent. 

4367
03:44:38,100 --> 03:44:41,800
These were not grand gestures of
defiance or dramatic Declaration

4368
03:44:41,800 --> 03:44:45,200
of Independence. 
They were the quiet, persistent 

4369
03:44:45,200 --> 03:44:48,000
activities of people who are 
decided that while they might 

4370
03:44:48,000 --> 03:44:51,700
have to accept foreign rule, 
they didn't have to like it or 

4371
03:44:51,700 --> 03:44:54,900
consider it legitimate. 
They maintained their own 

4372
03:44:54,900 --> 03:44:58,100
religious practices, preserve 
their own legal traditions, and 

4373
03:44:58,100 --> 03:45:00,500
most importantly told their 
children, stories about how 

4374
03:45:00,500 --> 03:45:03,000
things used to be and how they 
might be again. 

4375
03:45:04,200 --> 03:45:06,600
The irony, of course, is that 
the very tolerant and 

4376
03:45:06,600 --> 03:45:08,900
administrative competence that 
made Muslim rule. 

4377
03:45:08,900 --> 03:45:12,400
Bearable also provided the space
for this quiet, resistance to 

4378
03:45:12,400 --> 03:45:16,000
develop, A harsher system might 
have Stamped Out Christian 

4379
03:45:16,000 --> 03:45:18,400
identity entirely while a more 
chaotic. 

4380
03:45:18,400 --> 03:45:21,500
One might have left people to 
focused on simple survival to 

4381
03:45:21,500 --> 03:45:24,200
think about political 
Alternatives, instead the 

4382
03:45:24,200 --> 03:45:26,800
Concord population found 
themselves in the historically 

4383
03:45:26,800 --> 03:45:29,500
unusual position of being 
governed by people who are 

4384
03:45:29,508 --> 03:45:32,600
genuinely better at governing 
than their previous rulers while

4385
03:45:32,600 --> 03:45:36,400
still maintaining the cycle and 
cultural resources to imagine 

4386
03:45:36,400 --> 03:45:39,700
eventual liberation. 
It was rather like being in a 

4387
03:45:39,700 --> 03:45:42,400
very comfortable prison run by 
thoughtful wardens. 

4388
03:45:42,400 --> 03:45:45,200
You might appreciate the 
amenities while still planning 

4389
03:45:45,200 --> 03:45:48,100
your eventual. 
Escape this quiet persistence in

4390
03:45:48,100 --> 03:45:50,000
the northern mountains would be 
one of history's. 

4391
03:45:50,000 --> 03:45:53,500
Most patient Investments planted
by people who might never live 

4392
03:45:53,500 --> 03:45:56,300
to see its Harvest, but who 
maintained faith that someone 

4393
03:45:56,300 --> 03:45:58,500
someday would. 
Let's take a moment to 

4394
03:45:58,500 --> 03:46:01,800
appreciate one of history's. 
Most delightful irony is the 

4395
03:46:01,800 --> 03:46:05,000
reconquest of Iberia began not 
with a Grand Army or divine 

4396
03:46:05,000 --> 03:46:08,700
revelation, but with what was 
essentially a tax dispute that 

4397
03:46:08,700 --> 03:46:12,600
got wildly out of hand, you have
to admire the very human scale 

4398
03:46:12,600 --> 03:46:14,600
of it. 
All is rather like discovering 

4399
03:46:14,600 --> 03:46:17,200
that the American Revolution 
started because someone got 

4400
03:46:17,200 --> 03:46:18,900
really annoyed about the price 
of tea. 

4401
03:46:19,900 --> 03:46:23,000
In the Austrian mountains of 
Northern Spain around the year. 

4402
03:46:23,000 --> 03:46:27,700
718 a visigothic nobleman named 
polio was dealing with the kind 

4403
03:46:27,700 --> 03:46:30,000
of problem that would be 
familiar to anyone who's ever 

4404
03:46:30,000 --> 03:46:31,900
had a disagreement with the 
local authorities. 

4405
03:46:32,800 --> 03:46:35,600
The Muslim Governors wanted him 
to pay tribute and acknowledge 

4406
03:46:35,600 --> 03:46:38,800
their Authority. hero for 
reasons that probably made 

4407
03:46:38,800 --> 03:46:42,800
perfect sense to him at the time
decided, he'd rather not now, 

4408
03:46:42,800 --> 03:46:46,100
under normal circumstances, this
kind of local disagreement would

4409
03:46:46,100 --> 03:46:49,100
be resolved quickly and 
decisively in favor of whoever 

4410
03:46:49,100 --> 03:46:53,000
had the bigger Army, But the 
Assyrian mountains weren't 

4411
03:46:53,000 --> 03:46:56,100
normal circumstances they were 
the Medieval equivalent of 

4412
03:46:56,100 --> 03:46:59,100
trying to govern a region made 
entirely of natural fortresses. 

4413
03:47:00,000 --> 03:47:02,700
The train was so rugged that 
sending large military forces 

4414
03:47:02,700 --> 03:47:04,100
into. 
It was rather like trying to 

4415
03:47:04,100 --> 03:47:07,900
organize a parade in a maze 
players initial Act of defiance 

4416
03:47:07,900 --> 03:47:11,500
was probably witnessed by fewer 
people than typically attend a 

4417
03:47:11,500 --> 03:47:14,800
modern city council meeting. 
He gathered a small group of 

4418
03:47:14,800 --> 03:47:19,100
supporters accounts of vary, but
we're talking dozens, not 

4419
03:47:19,100 --> 03:47:22,500
thousands and retreated to a 
cave called cover donga. 

4420
03:47:23,300 --> 03:47:25,900
From a military perspective, the
event looked like the kind of 

4421
03:47:25,900 --> 03:47:28,300
Last Stand that usually ends 
with historians writing. 

4422
03:47:28,300 --> 03:47:32,900
Sympathetic, footnotes about 
brave, but doomed resistance The

4423
03:47:32,900 --> 03:47:35,800
Muslim Force sent to deal with 
this minor irritation was 

4424
03:47:35,800 --> 03:47:38,700
probably expecting what their 
commanders back in Cordoba were 

4425
03:47:38,700 --> 03:47:42,200
expecting a brief expedition, to
arrest some troublemakers and 

4426
03:47:42,200 --> 03:47:44,600
restore order. 
Instead, they found themselves 

4427
03:47:44,600 --> 03:47:47,500
attempting to dislodge 
determined Defenders from 

4428
03:47:47,500 --> 03:47:49,400
positions. 
Seemingly destined for such 

4429
03:47:49,400 --> 03:47:53,100
stubborn resistance. 
The Battle of covadonga fought 

4430
03:47:53,100 --> 03:47:56,700
sometime around 7:22, was the 
kind of encounter that looks 

4431
03:47:56,700 --> 03:47:59,900
insignificant in the moment, but
grows in importance with the 

4432
03:47:59,900 --> 03:48:02,800
passing year. 
The Muslim Force Was Defeated 

4433
03:48:02,800 --> 03:48:06,800
not destroyed but defeated 
enough that they withdrew rather

4434
03:48:06,800 --> 03:48:09,300
than continue what was turning 
into an expensive and 

4435
03:48:09,300 --> 03:48:11,400
embarrassing exercise in 
Mountain Warfare. 

4436
03:48:12,300 --> 03:48:15,800
From Palio's perspective, he had
successfully defended his home 

4437
03:48:15,800 --> 03:48:19,200
and maintained his independence.
From the Muslim Governor's 

4438
03:48:19,200 --> 03:48:21,500
perspective, they had bigger 
concerns than chasing a few 

4439
03:48:21,508 --> 03:48:24,600
Rebels through mountains that 
seemed designed to make military

4440
03:48:24,600 --> 03:48:26,300
operations as difficult as 
possible. 

4441
03:48:27,300 --> 03:48:29,900
From history's perspective, 
something had just begun that 

4442
03:48:29,900 --> 03:48:31,800
would continue for the next 
seventh centuries. 

4443
03:48:32,700 --> 03:48:35,200
What makes this moment 
particularly fascinating, is how

4444
03:48:35,200 --> 03:48:37,900
ordinary it must have seemed to 
almost everyone involved. 

4445
03:48:38,600 --> 03:48:40,800
Polio wasn't proclaiming 
himself, the champion of 

4446
03:48:40,800 --> 03:48:44,000
Christendom or announcing a 
divinely inspired mission to 

4447
03:48:44,000 --> 03:48:47,400
reconquer Iberia. 
He was simply a man who decided 

4448
03:48:47,400 --> 03:48:50,100
he preferred his traditional way
of life to the new management 

4449
03:48:50,100 --> 03:48:53,100
and who happened to live in 
terrain that made his preference

4450
03:48:53,100 --> 03:48:55,900
military viable. 
The victory at cover donger, 

4451
03:48:55,900 --> 03:48:57,800
became something more than a 
military success. 

4452
03:48:57,800 --> 03:49:01,700
It became proof that Muslim rule
wasn't inevitable or permanent. 

4453
03:49:02,600 --> 03:49:04,800
Word spread through the 
Christian communities that 

4454
03:49:04,800 --> 03:49:06,400
remained scattered across the 
peninsula. 

4455
03:49:07,300 --> 03:49:10,800
Carried by Merchants pilgrims 
and that most effective of 

4456
03:49:10,800 --> 03:49:13,500
medieval communication networks 
gossip. 

4457
03:49:14,900 --> 03:49:17,600
But here's what makes pelayo's 
story particularly relevant to 

4458
03:49:17,600 --> 03:49:20,900
your evening contemplation? 
He didn't succeed because he had

4459
03:49:20,900 --> 03:49:23,700
a master plan or Divine 
Assistance or Superior military 

4460
03:49:23,700 --> 03:49:26,700
technology, he succeeded because
he was stubborn. 

4461
03:49:26,700 --> 03:49:30,300
He picked his ground carefully 
and he was willing to accept a 

4462
03:49:30,300 --> 03:49:31,800
very modest definition of 
success. 

4463
03:49:33,200 --> 03:49:36,200
Occasionally, the most important
historical changes begin with 

4464
03:49:36,200 --> 03:49:38,200
someone simply saying, no, and 
meaning it. 

4465
03:49:39,200 --> 03:49:41,600
The kingdom of Asturias that 
emerged from this mountain, 

4466
03:49:41,600 --> 03:49:45,200
rebellion was Tiny poor and 
surrounded by much, more 

4467
03:49:45,200 --> 03:49:48,400
powerful, Neighbors. 
By any reasonable measure. 

4468
03:49:48,400 --> 03:49:51,900
It should have been a historical
footnote One of those brief 

4469
03:49:51,900 --> 03:49:54,500
moments of Independence that 
gets absorbed back into the 

4470
03:49:54,500 --> 03:49:58,500
larger political reality. 
Instead, it became the seed from

4471
03:49:58,500 --> 03:50:02,200
which the entire Reconquista 
would eventually grow This 

4472
03:50:02,200 --> 03:50:06,000
episode suggests something, both
encouraging and slightly absurd 

4473
03:50:06,000 --> 03:50:09,000
about human nature. 
Sometimes the most significant 

4474
03:50:09,000 --> 03:50:12,700
changes in history, begin with 
people who have no idea, they're

4475
03:50:12,700 --> 03:50:14,900
making history. 
They're just dealing with their 

4476
03:50:14,900 --> 03:50:18,600
immediate circumstances making 
the best decisions they can with

4477
03:50:18,600 --> 03:50:21,600
the information, they have and 
refusing to accept situations, 

4478
03:50:21,600 --> 03:50:25,400
they find unacceptable player 
probably went to sleep each 

4479
03:50:25,400 --> 03:50:28,600
night, thinking about practical 
problems, Food Supplies, 

4480
03:50:28,600 --> 03:50:31,700
defensive positions, and keeping
his small band of followers, 

4481
03:50:31,700 --> 03:50:35,000
motivated and organized. 
He almost certainly didn't 

4482
03:50:35,000 --> 03:50:38,000
imagine that he was launching a 
centuries-long process that 

4483
03:50:38,000 --> 03:50:40,300
would reshape the entire Iberian
Peninsula. 

4484
03:50:41,100 --> 03:50:43,900
He was just a man trying to 
preserve his way of life in a 

4485
03:50:43,900 --> 03:50:45,100
world that had changed around 
him. 

4486
03:50:45,100 --> 03:50:48,000
Imagine a garden where 
aggressive weeds of completely 

4487
03:50:48,000 --> 03:50:51,900
overtaken the original flowers, 
But then, if you look carefully 

4488
03:50:51,900 --> 03:50:55,000
in the corners and along the 
edges, you start to notice small

4489
03:50:55,000 --> 03:50:58,200
shoots pushing up through the 
soil, the old plants have not 

4490
03:50:58,200 --> 03:50:59,700
died. 
They've just been growing 

4491
03:50:59,700 --> 03:51:02,000
quietly in places where the 
weeds couldn't reach them. 

4492
03:51:02,000 --> 03:51:04,700
This is essentially, what was 
happening in the northern 

4493
03:51:04,700 --> 03:51:07,500
regions of Iberia during the 
early centuries of Muslim rule, 

4494
03:51:08,400 --> 03:51:11,900
The kingdom of Asturias emerging
from pillai's, successful 

4495
03:51:11,900 --> 03:51:14,800
Mountain, rebellion was rather 
like a medieval startup. 

4496
03:51:15,500 --> 03:51:20,000
Small Scrappy and operating with
the kind of lean efficiency that

4497
03:51:20,000 --> 03:51:22,400
comes from having absolutely no 
choice in the matter. 

4498
03:51:23,600 --> 03:51:26,900
The early in Kings ruled over a 
territory that was mostly rocks 

4499
03:51:26,900 --> 03:51:28,900
trees. 
And people who had gotten very 

4500
03:51:28,900 --> 03:51:30,600
good at making do with limited 
resources. 

4501
03:51:30,600 --> 03:51:34,200
But what makes their story 
particularly endearing is that 

4502
03:51:34,200 --> 03:51:37,300
they transformed their poverty 
into a strength rather than a 

4503
03:51:37,300 --> 03:51:39,700
weakness. 
Since they couldn't compete with

4504
03:51:39,700 --> 03:51:43,100
the wealth and sophistication of
Muslim Iberia, they position 

4505
03:51:43,100 --> 03:51:45,900
themselves as the authentic, 
keepers of the old traditions, 

4506
03:51:45,900 --> 03:51:49,500
they were the original article, 
the Vintage Christian kingdom, 

4507
03:51:49,500 --> 03:51:53,900
aged a perfect fiction in caves 
and seasoned with genuine 

4508
03:51:53,900 --> 03:51:57,900
suffering. 
King Alfonso, the first ruling 

4509
03:51:57,900 --> 03:52:01,200
in the early 8th Century 
affected, what we might call The

4510
03:52:01,200 --> 03:52:05,200
Liberation through depopulation 
strategy, He would launch raids 

4511
03:52:05,200 --> 03:52:07,800
into the territories between his
kingdom and the main Muslim 

4512
03:52:07,800 --> 03:52:10,400
settlements, not to conquer, and
hold ground. 

4513
03:52:10,400 --> 03:52:13,700
But to convince the Christian 
populations, in those areas to 

4514
03:52:13,700 --> 03:52:15,500
pack up and move north to his 
kingdom. 

4515
03:52:15,500 --> 03:52:18,800
It was rather like being a 
medieval real estate agent who 

4516
03:52:18,800 --> 03:52:21,800
sales pitch was. 
Come living, our beautiful 

4517
03:52:21,800 --> 03:52:26,000
mountains, where the scenery is 
spectacular, and nobody will try

4518
03:52:26,000 --> 03:52:29,800
to convert you to Islam. 
This policy had the delightful 

4519
03:52:29,800 --> 03:52:32,500
side effect of creating a 
no-man's land between Christian 

4520
03:52:32,500 --> 03:52:34,900
and Muslim territories. 
A buffer zone. 

4521
03:52:34,900 --> 03:52:37,400
That was difficult for either 
side to control, but which 

4522
03:52:37,400 --> 03:52:39,600
served as an excellent training 
ground for the kind of 

4523
03:52:39,600 --> 03:52:42,400
small-scale warfare that 
mountain kingdoms do best. 

4524
03:52:43,500 --> 03:52:46,500
The Assyrians became experts at 
what we'd Now, call Guerrilla 

4525
03:52:46,500 --> 03:52:49,800
tactics, though they probably 
just thought of it as how you 

4526
03:52:49,800 --> 03:52:51,300
fight when you can't afford to 
lose. 

4527
03:52:52,300 --> 03:52:55,900
Meanwhile, Leona merged as the 
Kingdom's New Capital, when the 

4528
03:52:55,900 --> 03:52:59,000
Kings decided that ruling from 
Mountain caves, while 

4529
03:52:59,000 --> 03:53:02,300
romantically authentic was 
becoming impractical as their 

4530
03:53:02,300 --> 03:53:05,900
territory expanded. 
Leon offered the radical luxury 

4531
03:53:05,900 --> 03:53:08,400
of being a place where you could
hold Court without worrying 

4532
03:53:08,400 --> 03:53:10,300
about the ceiling dripping on 
your crown. 

4533
03:53:11,000 --> 03:53:14,500
The really clever part of the 
Assyrian strategy was cultural 

4534
03:53:14,500 --> 03:53:17,500
as well as military. 
They positioned themselves as 

4535
03:53:17,500 --> 03:53:20,600
the continuation of the 
visigothic Kingdom, not its 

4536
03:53:20,600 --> 03:53:23,300
successes, but literally the 
same Kingdom that had 

4537
03:53:23,300 --> 03:53:24,800
temporarily lost most of its 
territory. 

4538
03:53:25,600 --> 03:53:27,400
Their approach wasn't just 
propaganda. 

4539
03:53:27,400 --> 03:53:30,300
It was a comprehensive 
rebranding effort that would 

4540
03:53:30,300 --> 03:53:32,600
make modern Marketing. 
Executives, weep with 

4541
03:53:32,600 --> 03:53:35,700
admiration. 
They maintained visigothic legal

4542
03:53:35,700 --> 03:53:40,400
codes preserved Latin literacy 
and most importantly developed, 

4543
03:53:40,400 --> 03:53:43,000
what we might call the we never 
really left narrative. 

4544
03:53:44,600 --> 03:53:47,700
According to this version of 
events, the kingdom of asterius 

4545
03:53:47,700 --> 03:53:50,700
wasn't a new political entity, 
but rather the visigothic 

4546
03:53:50,700 --> 03:53:53,800
kingdom in temporary exile, 
waiting for the right moment to 

4547
03:53:53,800 --> 03:53:57,200
reclaim its inheritance. 
This narrative was particularly 

4548
03:53:57,200 --> 03:54:00,200
powerful because it transformed 
what could have been considered 

4549
03:54:00,200 --> 03:54:04,100
a series of Border AIDS and 
minor territorial expansion into

4550
03:54:04,100 --> 03:54:07,400
something much more significant.
The systematic recovery of 

4551
03:54:07,400 --> 03:54:11,300
stolen property. 
When asturian forces captured a 

4552
03:54:11,300 --> 03:54:14,900
town or Valley they were not 
conquering new territory, they 

4553
03:54:14,900 --> 03:54:17,700
were liberating occupied land 
and restoring it to its rightful

4554
03:54:17,700 --> 03:54:20,400
rulers. 
The cycle impact of this 

4555
03:54:20,400 --> 03:54:23,800
approach was considerable 
Christian population throughout 

4556
03:54:23,800 --> 03:54:26,700
Iberia and now had a focal point
for their identity and 

4557
03:54:26,700 --> 03:54:29,600
aspirations. 
The kingdom of Asturias proved 

4558
03:54:29,600 --> 03:54:33,200
that Christian rule was still 
possible still viable and most 

4559
03:54:33,200 --> 03:54:37,000
importantly still expanding 
Every asturian Victory, 

4560
03:54:37,000 --> 03:54:39,800
regardless of its magnitude 
demonstrated that the Muslim 

4561
03:54:39,800 --> 03:54:41,700
Conquest was not the Final 
Chapter. 

4562
03:54:42,500 --> 03:54:45,700
But perhaps the most remarkable 
aspect of this early period was 

4563
03:54:45,700 --> 03:54:48,500
how the asturian approached to 
reconquest was fundamentally 

4564
03:54:48,500 --> 03:54:50,000
different from what we might 
expect. 

4565
03:54:51,000 --> 03:54:54,300
Their strategy wasn't driven by 
religious fanaticism or ethnic 

4566
03:54:54,300 --> 03:54:56,400
hatred. 
It was driven by the much, more 

4567
03:54:56,400 --> 03:54:59,000
practical desire to live 
according to familiar laws and 

4568
03:54:59,000 --> 03:55:01,900
customs. 
The asterion didn't spend a lot 

4569
03:55:01,908 --> 03:55:04,600
of time denouncing Islam. 
They spent their time 

4570
03:55:04,600 --> 03:55:06,900
demonstrating that Christian 
rule, could be effective 

4571
03:55:06,900 --> 03:55:11,400
protective and worth supporting.
They were all so remarkably 

4572
03:55:11,400 --> 03:55:15,200
pragmatic about their goals. 
Rather than declaring their 

4573
03:55:15,200 --> 03:55:18,100
intention to reconquer, the 
entire Peninsula, which would 

4574
03:55:18,100 --> 03:55:20,900
have sounded rather absurd 
coming from rulers of a mountain

4575
03:55:20,900 --> 03:55:23,200
Kingdom. 
They focused on the achievable 

4576
03:55:23,200 --> 03:55:27,400
objective of expanding their 
territory, bit by bit Valley by 

4577
03:55:27,400 --> 03:55:31,400
Valley Mountain, by Mountain. 
This patience and pragmatism 

4578
03:55:31,400 --> 03:55:34,700
would prove to be one of their 
greatest strengths. while other 

4579
03:55:34,700 --> 03:55:38,000
medieval kingdoms Rose and fell 
through over ambitious expansion

4580
03:55:38,000 --> 03:55:41,400
or internal conflict, the 
Assyrians built something 

4581
03:55:41,400 --> 03:55:44,600
sustainable The Christian 
kingdom that grew stronger, 

4582
03:55:44,600 --> 03:55:47,500
rather than weaker over time, 
and that would eventually become

4583
03:55:47,500 --> 03:55:51,100
the foundation for much larger 
reconquest efforts by the 9th 

4584
03:55:51,100 --> 03:55:53,900
and 10th centuries. 
Polios persistent refusal to pay

4585
03:55:53,900 --> 03:55:55,900
taxes. 
Had transformed into a situation

4586
03:55:55,900 --> 03:55:59,600
that was beginning to cause the 
Muslim rulers of Iberia genuine 

4587
03:55:59,600 --> 03:56:03,200
discomfort is rather like 
watching a small crack, in a 

4588
03:56:03,200 --> 03:56:05,300
wall gradually. 
Expand Until you realize the 

4589
03:56:05,300 --> 03:56:06,800
whole structure might need 
attention. 

4590
03:56:08,200 --> 03:56:11,000
The kingdom of Asturias had been
quietly but persistently 

4591
03:56:11,000 --> 03:56:14,500
expanding and by now it was no 
longer accurate to describe it 

4592
03:56:14,500 --> 03:56:18,000
as a minor Mountain Rebellion. 
Under King's like Alfonso the 

4593
03:56:18,000 --> 03:56:20,500
second and Alfonso. 
The third, the kingdom had 

4594
03:56:20,500 --> 03:56:23,200
developed from a desperate 
refugee camp in to a functioning

4595
03:56:23,200 --> 03:56:26,900
medieval state with its own 
economy, military organization, 

4596
03:56:26,900 --> 03:56:29,800
and most importantly, a clear 
sense of mission. 

4597
03:56:30,600 --> 03:56:32,500
Alfonso. 
The third, who ruled in the late

4598
03:56:32,500 --> 03:56:35,200
night century, was particularly 
good at what we might call 

4599
03:56:35,200 --> 03:56:38,200
expansion with style. 
He didn't just conquer 

4600
03:56:38,200 --> 03:56:40,700
territory. 
He established cities, built 

4601
03:56:40,700 --> 03:56:43,600
churches, and created the kind 
of infrastructure that made 

4602
03:56:43,600 --> 03:56:47,200
people want to stay rather than 
flee at the first opportunity. 

4603
03:56:48,400 --> 03:56:51,600
Cities like Zamora and Torro 
weren't just military outposts. 

4604
03:56:51,600 --> 03:56:54,900
They were statements of 
permanents and now announcements

4605
03:56:54,900 --> 03:56:57,300
that Christian rules back and 
intended to stay. 

4606
03:56:58,200 --> 03:57:00,600
But what's particularly 
fascinating about this period? 

4607
03:57:00,600 --> 03:57:03,500
Is that the Christian kingdoms 
were acquiring, the same 

4608
03:57:03,500 --> 03:57:07,800
patients and strategic thinking 
that had made Muslim rules so 

4609
03:57:07,800 --> 03:57:09,900
successful. 
They weren't just fighting 

4610
03:57:09,900 --> 03:57:12,300
battles. 
They were building institutions 

4611
03:57:12,300 --> 03:57:15,400
establishing trade networks. 
And most importantly, creating 

4612
03:57:15,400 --> 03:57:18,300
the administrative Machinery, 
that could govern an expanding 

4613
03:57:18,300 --> 03:57:22,100
territory. 
The really clever Innovation was

4614
03:57:22,100 --> 03:57:24,700
the development of what 
historians call the reconquest 

4615
03:57:24,700 --> 03:57:27,500
ideology. 
A systematic intellectual 

4616
03:57:27,500 --> 03:57:31,100
framework that transformed 
military expansion into a sacred

4617
03:57:31,100 --> 03:57:33,600
mission. 
The mission wasn't just about 

4618
03:57:33,600 --> 03:57:35,000
recovering lost territory 
anymore. 

4619
03:57:35,000 --> 03:57:38,400
It was about fulfilling a Divine
mandate to restore Christian 

4620
03:57:38,400 --> 03:57:42,300
rule to the entire peninsula. 
It was brilliant marketing that 

4621
03:57:42,300 --> 03:57:44,900
gave every border Skirmish 
Cosmic significant. 

4622
03:57:44,900 --> 03:57:48,500
This ideological framework had 
the additional advantage of 

4623
03:57:48,500 --> 03:57:50,600
attracting support from Beyond 
the peninsula. 

4624
03:57:51,400 --> 03:57:54,200
Christian kingdoms across Europe
began to see the Iberian 

4625
03:57:54,200 --> 03:57:57,400
reconquest as part of their own 
spiritual Mission, which meant 

4626
03:57:57,400 --> 03:58:01,300
that French, Italian, and other 
European Knights started 

4627
03:58:01,300 --> 03:58:04,200
arriving to help with what they 
saw as a holy war against Islam.

4628
03:58:05,100 --> 03:58:07,500
These foreign volunteers brought
more than just military 

4629
03:58:07,500 --> 03:58:09,700
assistance. 
They brought new military 

4630
03:58:09,700 --> 03:58:13,800
techniques, financial resources.
And most importantly, they 

4631
03:58:13,800 --> 03:58:16,400
brought the sense that the Rick 
on Twista was part of a larger 

4632
03:58:16,400 --> 03:58:19,700
European Christian identity. 
What did begun as a local 

4633
03:58:19,700 --> 03:58:22,500
dispute over governance? 
Was gradually becoming part of 

4634
03:58:22,508 --> 03:58:25,400
the Great cultural and religious
confrontation between 

4635
03:58:25,400 --> 03:58:29,600
Christianity and Islam. 
Meanwhile Muslim, Iberia was 

4636
03:58:29,600 --> 03:58:32,200
discovering that success can 
create its own problems. 

4637
03:58:32,200 --> 03:58:35,600
The efficiency and prosperity 
that had made a landless the 

4638
03:58:35,600 --> 03:58:38,300
Envy of Europe had also made it 
somewhat complacent. 

4639
03:58:39,000 --> 03:58:41,600
For so long the Christian 
Kingdoms in the north were 

4640
03:58:41,600 --> 03:58:44,800
viewed as minor irritations and 
when they began to pose a 

4641
03:58:44,800 --> 03:58:47,200
genuine threat, the response was
often delayed. 

4642
03:58:47,200 --> 03:58:50,300
The umayyad caliphate was also 
dealing with internal pressures 

4643
03:58:50,300 --> 03:58:53,100
that diverted attention and 
resources from the northern 

4644
03:58:53,100 --> 03:58:56,000
Frontier. 
Political succession disputes 

4645
03:58:56,000 --> 03:58:59,700
Regional rebellions and the 
constant challenge of governing,

4646
03:58:59,700 --> 03:59:03,000
a diverse population meant that 
the military focused needed to 

4647
03:59:03,000 --> 03:59:06,500
contain Christian expansion. 
Wasn't always available when and

4648
03:59:06,500 --> 03:59:09,600
where it was needed. 
By the 10th Century, the balance

4649
03:59:09,600 --> 03:59:11,700
of power was shifting in ways 
that would have seemed 

4650
03:59:11,700 --> 03:59:13,700
impossible two centuries 
earlier. 

4651
03:59:15,100 --> 03:59:17,900
The Christian kingdoms weren't 
just surviving, they were 

4652
03:59:17,900 --> 03:59:20,900
beginning to thrive, they had 
developed their own military 

4653
03:59:20,900 --> 03:59:24,000
innovations, established secure 
economic bases. 

4654
03:59:24,000 --> 03:59:27,700
And most importantly, they had 
created a political and cultural

4655
03:59:27,700 --> 03:59:30,500
identity that was attracting 
support from across Christian 

4656
03:59:30,500 --> 03:59:33,000
Europe. 
The psychological transformation

4657
03:59:33,000 --> 03:59:35,500
was perhaps even more 
significant than the military 

4658
03:59:35,500 --> 03:59:38,600
one Christian populations 
throughout Iberia. 

4659
03:59:38,600 --> 03:59:41,700
Now, had concrete evidence that 
Muslim rule wasn't permanent or 

4660
03:59:41,700 --> 03:59:45,300
inevitable, Every Christian 
Victory every recovered City. 

4661
03:59:45,300 --> 03:59:48,800
Every successful campaign was 
proof, that change was possible 

4662
03:59:48,800 --> 03:59:51,700
and that supporting the 
reconquest might be a winning 

4663
03:59:51,700 --> 03:59:54,300
strategy rather than a hopeless 
gesture. 

4664
03:59:54,300 --> 03:59:58,200
This shift in perception created
a feedback loop that accelerated

4665
03:59:58,200 --> 04:00:01,500
the process as Christian 
kingdoms became more successful.

4666
04:00:01,500 --> 04:00:04,800
They attracted more support, 
which made them more successful 

4667
04:00:04,800 --> 04:00:09,300
which attracted more support The
momentum that had been building 

4668
04:00:09,300 --> 04:00:11,900
slowly for Generations, was 
beginning to reach critical 

4669
04:00:11,900 --> 04:00:14,400
mass. 
The Reconquista was transforming

4670
04:00:14,400 --> 04:00:18,100
from a local mountain Rebellion 
into a peninsula wide movement 

4671
04:00:18,100 --> 04:00:21,000
with international support and 
religious legitimacy. 

4672
04:00:21,900 --> 04:00:25,300
What had once seemed like an 
Impossible, Dream, the complete 

4673
04:00:25,300 --> 04:00:28,900
recovery of Christian rule over 
Iberia was beginning to look 

4674
04:00:28,900 --> 04:00:32,500
like an achievable. 
If long-term objective But 

4675
04:00:32,500 --> 04:00:35,000
perhaps most importantly, the 
Christian kingdoms had learned 

4676
04:00:35,000 --> 04:00:37,600
something crucial about the 
nature of his historical change.

4677
04:00:37,600 --> 04:00:41,600
Sometimes the most effective way
to transform the world is to 

4678
04:00:41,600 --> 04:00:44,200
start. 
Small, stay focused and maintain

4679
04:00:44,200 --> 04:00:46,700
consistent pressure over very 
long periods of time. 

4680
04:00:46,700 --> 04:00:49,600
They had mastered the art of 
strategic patience. 

4681
04:00:49,600 --> 04:00:53,000
As you sit here in the gentle 
quiet of evening and imagine 

4682
04:00:53,000 --> 04:00:55,400
yourself looking back across 
those seven centuries that 

4683
04:00:55,400 --> 04:00:58,700
stretched between Palio's first 
Defiance stand in the mountains 

4684
04:00:58,700 --> 04:01:03,200
and the final surrender of 
Grenada in 1492, its rather like

4685
04:01:03,200 --> 04:01:05,200
watching time. 
Lapse photography of a garden 

4686
04:01:05,200 --> 04:01:08,300
where flowers that were planted 
in Spring don't Bloom until the 

4687
04:01:08,300 --> 04:01:11,600
following winter, except the 
seasons lost it for Generations.

4688
04:01:12,800 --> 04:01:15,800
The Reconquista that began with 
a tax disputed, become something

4689
04:01:15,800 --> 04:01:19,100
unprecedented in medieval 
history, a sustained 

4690
04:01:19,100 --> 04:01:22,300
multi-generational project that 
transformed not just the 

4691
04:01:22,300 --> 04:01:25,700
political map of Iberia, but the
very identity of European 

4692
04:01:25,700 --> 04:01:29,300
Christianity. 
What started as a simple refusal

4693
04:01:29,300 --> 04:01:32,100
to accept, foreign rule, had 
evolved into a defining, 

4694
04:01:32,100 --> 04:01:35,100
characteristic of Spanish, and 
Portuguese culture, that would 

4695
04:01:35,100 --> 04:01:38,200
influence their approach to 
everything from exploration, to 

4696
04:01:38,200 --> 04:01:41,200
Empire Building. 
By the 11th century. 

4697
04:01:41,200 --> 04:01:43,900
The momentum that had been 
building for centuries was 

4698
04:01:43,900 --> 04:01:45,800
beginning to produce dramatic 
results. 

4699
04:01:46,700 --> 04:01:49,200
Capture of Toledo in 1085, by 
Alfonso. 

4700
04:01:49,200 --> 04:01:52,100
The sixth of Castile was one of 
those moments when everyone 

4701
04:01:52,100 --> 04:01:54,500
involved probably sensed. 
They were participating in 

4702
04:01:54,500 --> 04:01:57,800
something historically 
significant Toledo wasn't just 

4703
04:01:57,800 --> 04:02:00,500
another city. 
It was the ancient capital of 

4704
04:02:00,500 --> 04:02:04,100
visigothic Spain, the symbolic 
heart of the Kingdom that the 

4705
04:02:04,100 --> 04:02:08,100
Christian rulers claimed to be 
restoring, Fall of Toledo, 

4706
04:02:08,100 --> 04:02:10,800
demonstrated something that 
military theorists still study 

4707
04:02:10,800 --> 04:02:13,700
today. 
How psychological Victory is can

4708
04:02:13,700 --> 04:02:17,200
be more important than purely 
military ones, the conquest of 

4709
04:02:17,200 --> 04:02:19,500
this city didn't just add 
territory to the Christian 

4710
04:02:19,500 --> 04:02:21,600
kingdoms. 
It proved that, even the most 

4711
04:02:21,600 --> 04:02:24,400
seemingly secure Muslim 
strongholds could be taken by 

4712
04:02:24,400 --> 04:02:27,900
patient determined forces who 
were willing to play the long 

4713
04:02:27,900 --> 04:02:31,000
game. 
Perhaps the most remarkable 

4714
04:02:31,000 --> 04:02:34,200
aspect of the Reconquista. 
Ultimate success was how it 

4715
04:02:34,200 --> 04:02:36,900
maintained its essential 
character across those seven 

4716
04:02:36,900 --> 04:02:39,400
centuries. 
The same qualities that had made

4717
04:02:39,400 --> 04:02:43,000
Polaris Rebellion, successful 
stubbornness, strategic 

4718
04:02:43,000 --> 04:02:46,000
patience, and the ability to 
turn disadvantages into 

4719
04:02:46,000 --> 04:02:49,200
advantages remained Central to 
the Christian approach 

4720
04:02:49,200 --> 04:02:52,900
throughout the entire process. 
The Christian kingdoms learn to 

4721
04:02:52,900 --> 04:02:55,500
cooperate when necessary while 
maintaining their independence 

4722
04:02:55,500 --> 04:02:58,900
to adopt new military 
Technologies, while preserving 

4723
04:02:58,900 --> 04:03:02,900
their cultural identity. 
And most importantly, to think, 

4724
04:03:02,900 --> 04:03:06,700
in terms of generations, rather 
than immediate results, they 

4725
04:03:06,700 --> 04:03:09,800
created institutions that could 
survive individual defeats 

4726
04:03:09,800 --> 04:03:13,700
economic, setbacks and political
changes because they were built 

4727
04:03:13,700 --> 04:03:16,100
around the idea that temporary 
setbacks were just that 

4728
04:03:16,100 --> 04:03:19,500
temporary. 
The final centuries of the 

4729
04:03:19,500 --> 04:03:22,700
Reconquista were marked by the 
consolidation of Christian 

4730
04:03:22,700 --> 04:03:24,900
power. 
Under the unified, crowns of 

4731
04:03:24,908 --> 04:03:28,400
Castile, and Aragon the marriage
of Isabella and Ferdinand in 

4732
04:03:28,400 --> 04:03:31,600
1469, created the political 
Unity, that could finally 

4733
04:03:31,600 --> 04:03:36,300
complete what had begun in the 
mountains of Asturias It's one 

4734
04:03:36,300 --> 04:03:38,400
of History's neat. 
Symmetries that a movement that 

4735
04:03:38,400 --> 04:03:41,300
began with one stubborn 
individual would be completed by

4736
04:03:41,300 --> 04:03:43,900
the Strategic Alliance of two 
determined monologues. 

4737
04:03:43,900 --> 04:03:47,700
The surrender of Grenada in 1492
marked, not just the end of 

4738
04:03:47,708 --> 04:03:51,300
Muslim rule in Iberia but the 
completion of one of the longest

4739
04:03:51,300 --> 04:03:54,300
and most successful military 
campaigns in European history. 

4740
04:03:55,400 --> 04:03:57,900
What makes it particularly 
remarkable is that it's 

4741
04:03:57,900 --> 04:04:00,900
succeeded not through 
overwhelming force or brilliant 

4742
04:04:00,900 --> 04:04:03,500
strategy. 
But through the simple expedient

4743
04:04:03,500 --> 04:04:06,900
of refusing to give up and 
consistently working toward a, 

4744
04:04:06,900 --> 04:04:09,900
clearly defined goal across 
multiple centuries. 

4745
04:04:09,900 --> 04:04:13,700
The legacy of the Reconquista 
extends far beyond the borders 

4746
04:04:13,700 --> 04:04:16,700
of Spain and Portugal the 
experience of successfully 

4747
04:04:16,700 --> 04:04:19,100
recovering lost territory 
through sustained effort, 

4748
04:04:19,100 --> 04:04:22,400
created a cultural confidence 
that would fuel the age of 

4749
04:04:22,408 --> 04:04:25,500
exploration. 
The same kingdoms that has spent

4750
04:04:25,500 --> 04:04:27,700
centuries learning to expand 
their territory. 

4751
04:04:27,700 --> 04:04:30,600
Step by step would soon be 
applying those lessons to Global

4752
04:04:30,600 --> 04:04:34,200
Empire Building. 
More fundamentally the 

4753
04:04:34,200 --> 04:04:36,700
Reconquista demonstrated 
something encouraging about 

4754
04:04:36,700 --> 04:04:39,700
human persistence and the 
possibility of long-term change.

4755
04:04:39,700 --> 04:04:42,900
It shows that even the most 
seemingly permanent political 

4756
04:04:42,900 --> 04:04:45,600
Arrangements can be transformed 
by people who are willing to 

4757
04:04:45,600 --> 04:04:49,200
start small, stay focused and 
maintain their efforts across 

4758
04:04:49,200 --> 04:04:52,500
multiple Generations. 
As you can consider this story 

4759
04:04:52,500 --> 04:04:55,400
from your comfortable, modern 
perspective, perhaps the most 

4760
04:04:55,400 --> 04:04:59,100
relevant lesson is how Ordinary 
People faced with circumstances.

4761
04:04:59,100 --> 04:05:03,300
They found unacceptable created,
extraordinary change through the

4762
04:05:03,300 --> 04:05:05,300
simple. 
Expedient of refusing to accept 

4763
04:05:05,300 --> 04:05:09,100
that those circumstances were 
permanent He didn't need special

4764
04:05:09,100 --> 04:05:12,600
advantages or dramatic gestures,
they just needed patience 

4765
04:05:12,600 --> 04:05:16,200
persistence and the willingness 
to think beyond their lifetimes,

4766
04:05:16,200 --> 04:05:19,000
the birth of the Reconquista 
reminds us that some of 

4767
04:05:19,008 --> 04:05:20,200
history's. 
Most significant 

4768
04:05:20,200 --> 04:05:23,400
Transformations, begin not with 
grand declarations or 

4769
04:05:23,400 --> 04:05:26,900
revolutionary moments but with 
individuals who simply decide 

4770
04:05:26,900 --> 04:05:29,500
that their current situation 
doesn't have to be their 

4771
04:05:29,500 --> 04:05:33,000
permanent reality, sometimes the
most powerful force in human 

4772
04:05:33,000 --> 04:05:36,300
history is just the quiet 
determination to make tomorrow 

4773
04:05:36,300 --> 04:05:39,200
different from today. 
Sustained over enough, tomorrows

4774
04:05:39,200 --> 04:05:43,000
to make a difference that lasts 
and with that thought perhaps 

4775
04:05:43,000 --> 04:05:45,800
it's time to let this story 
settle into your evening, quiet 

4776
04:05:45,800 --> 04:05:49,000
carrying with it. 
The gentle reminder that even 

4777
04:05:49,000 --> 04:05:51,500
the longest journey is begin 
with someone taking the first 

4778
04:05:51,500 --> 04:05:58,700
step. 
Paul Revere's name, of Oaks 

4779
04:05:58,700 --> 04:06:02,300
images of a midnight ride, 
urgent calls for malicious and 

4780
04:06:02,300 --> 04:06:06,000
the onset of the American 
Revolution, Yet few realized the

4781
04:06:06,000 --> 04:06:08,500
full scope of The Man Behind 
that iconic alarm. 

4782
04:06:08,500 --> 04:06:13,500
He was a silver myth engraver, 
early industrialists, and a 

4783
04:06:13,500 --> 04:06:16,500
shrewd networker, who navigated 
Boston, circle of our towns, 

4784
04:06:16,500 --> 04:06:19,200
merchants, and political 
agitators. 

4785
04:06:20,000 --> 04:06:25,300
Born on January the 1st, 1735 
old style to Apollo's rivoire, a

4786
04:06:25,300 --> 04:06:28,500
French huguenots, immigrant and 
Deborah, hitchbot. 

4787
04:06:28,500 --> 04:06:31,700
And Native Revere was destined 
to bridge cultures and 

4788
04:06:31,700 --> 04:06:35,100
communities at a time when 
colonial society seized with 

4789
04:06:35,108 --> 04:06:38,800
discontent, under British rule 
Apollos revoir, who soon 

4790
04:06:38,800 --> 04:06:41,800
anglicized his name to Paul 
Revere taught his son, the art 

4791
04:06:41,808 --> 04:06:44,200
of silver work. 
This trade anchored. 

4792
04:06:44,200 --> 04:06:47,700
The younger, Paul's fortunes he 
grew up in Boston's North End. 

4793
04:06:47,700 --> 04:06:51,400
Surrounded by Wolves taverns and
religious meeting houses 

4794
04:06:51,400 --> 04:06:55,200
absorbing The rhythms of a busy 
Port City while modern 

4795
04:06:55,200 --> 04:06:56,800
retellings. 
Jumped straight to his 

4796
04:06:56,800 --> 04:07:00,100
patriotic, escapades. 
His formative years shaped his 

4797
04:07:00,100 --> 04:07:04,300
Destiny and more subtle Ways by 
age, 15, the death of his 

4798
04:07:04,300 --> 04:07:05,800
father. 
Thrust him, into the role of 

4799
04:07:05,800 --> 04:07:09,300
family, provide her The teenager
Apprentice had to complete his 

4800
04:07:09,300 --> 04:07:12,900
training managed, the family's 
Affairs and Forge connections, 

4801
04:07:12,900 --> 04:07:17,000
with established silversmiths 
and Merchants during the 1750s. 

4802
04:07:18,200 --> 04:07:20,800
Reverse served briefly in the 
provincial Army, in the French 

4803
04:07:20,800 --> 04:07:24,400
and Indian War. 
An experience that gave him a 

4804
04:07:24,400 --> 04:07:27,500
glimpse of Britain's broader. 
Colonial entanglements Upon 

4805
04:07:27,500 --> 04:07:29,800
returning to Boston. 
He embraced the trade of 

4806
04:07:29,808 --> 04:07:32,700
silversmithing, wholeheartedly 
creating not just decorative 

4807
04:07:32,700 --> 04:07:35,500
pieces, but also practical 
items, like buckles and 

4808
04:07:35,500 --> 04:07:37,800
utensils. 
You probably did himself on 

4809
04:07:37,800 --> 04:07:40,700
detail marketing, his Wares to a
clientele that. 

4810
04:07:40,700 --> 04:07:43,700
Spanned from Modest Craftsmen to
the colonies, Rising middle 

4811
04:07:43,700 --> 04:07:47,600
class invoices preserved from 
this period reveal that Revere, 

4812
04:07:47,600 --> 04:07:51,700
offered credit Advanced, new 
designs and constantly hustled 

4813
04:07:51,700 --> 04:07:54,900
for commissions that brand of 
entrepreneurial Spirit would 

4814
04:07:54,900 --> 04:07:57,500
later fuel his ability to 
mobilize networks for 

4815
04:07:57,500 --> 04:08:01,800
revolutionary purposes. 
By the early 1760s tensions 

4816
04:08:01,800 --> 04:08:04,800
simmered throughout 
Massachusetts, the Sugar Act, 

4817
04:08:04,800 --> 04:08:07,000
the Stamp Act and subsequent 
taxes. 

4818
04:08:07,000 --> 04:08:09,100
Outraged, Merchants And Trades 
people alike. 

4819
04:08:09,100 --> 04:08:12,500
Revere found himself among a 
group of Boston artists who 

4820
04:08:12,500 --> 04:08:14,600
gather at local taverns to vent 
frustration. 

4821
04:08:15,700 --> 04:08:18,700
These enclaves brewed that early
as forms of organized protests. 

4822
04:08:19,600 --> 04:08:21,600
Reverse soon. 
Discovered he possessed a knack 

4823
04:08:21,600 --> 04:08:23,900
for articulating grievances 
through his engraving. 

4824
04:08:23,900 --> 04:08:27,100
It was not only an art form but 
also a political tool. 

4825
04:08:27,900 --> 04:08:30,900
Effectively circulating ideas 
and stoking public sentiment 

4826
04:08:30,900 --> 04:08:34,300
against perceived British 
overreach, his iconic engraving 

4827
04:08:34,300 --> 04:08:38,100
of the, Boston Massacre, all be 
it dramatized helped, radicalize

4828
04:08:38,100 --> 04:08:42,100
many colonists. 
Apart from engraving Revere 

4829
04:08:42,100 --> 04:08:44,300
proved of versatile, forging 
social bonds. 

4830
04:08:44,300 --> 04:08:47,200
He was active in the Masonic 
Lodge of Saint Andrew, where he 

4831
04:08:47,200 --> 04:08:49,600
crossed paths with influential 
figures, like Joseph Warren. 

4832
04:08:50,500 --> 04:08:54,400
He joined local fire clubs and a
Central Community fixture at a 

4833
04:08:54,400 --> 04:08:56,800
time when he wouldn't buildings,
pose constant fire hazards. 

4834
04:08:56,800 --> 04:08:59,900
The same network that helped, 
keep Boston safe from Flames. 

4835
04:08:59,900 --> 04:09:02,300
Also, functioned as a 
communication Hub. 

4836
04:09:02,300 --> 04:09:06,000
When secrecy was Paramount 
reverse involvement in such 

4837
04:09:06,000 --> 04:09:09,100
clubs, honed his skills at 
organizing committees and 

4838
04:09:09,100 --> 04:09:12,600
planning contingencies. 
Revere witnessed the growing 

4839
04:09:12,600 --> 04:09:14,900
tension between the British 
authorities and Colonial 

4840
04:09:14,900 --> 04:09:16,800
protesters. 
As the decade progressed. 

4841
04:09:16,800 --> 04:09:19,400
He witnessed the formation of 
the Sons of Liberty. 

4842
04:09:19,400 --> 04:09:22,800
A Loosely Nick group bent on 
resisting British policy through

4843
04:09:22,800 --> 04:09:25,900
boycotts demonstrations and 
occasionally more aggressive 

4844
04:09:25,900 --> 04:09:29,700
tactics, while Samuel Adams and 
John Hancock are the spotlight, 

4845
04:09:29,700 --> 04:09:34,300
Revere operated just beneath it 
linking trademan printers and 

4846
04:09:34,300 --> 04:09:37,600
Mariners to the, cause he 
carried messages across town 

4847
04:09:37,600 --> 04:09:40,800
utilized, his Network to 
fundraise for boycotts and 

4848
04:09:40,800 --> 04:09:44,500
orchestrated covert. 
Gatherings in summary, the man 

4849
04:09:44,500 --> 04:09:46,900
played a significant role in the
turbulent of events that 

4850
04:09:46,900 --> 04:09:50,500
preceded the revolution. 
His silver shot bustled by day 

4851
04:09:50,500 --> 04:09:53,800
forging items for well to do 
Patron's while by night. 

4852
04:09:53,800 --> 04:09:56,100
He frequently huddled with 
Patriots in back rooms. 

4853
04:09:56,100 --> 04:10:00,400
This duel existence, both an 
honest Craftsman in broad 

4854
04:10:00,400 --> 04:10:03,600
daylight in a clandestine 
activists in the Twilight gave 

4855
04:10:03,600 --> 04:10:05,400
Revere and uncommon advantage 
point. 

4856
04:10:06,300 --> 04:10:09,200
He understood the Grievances of 
merchants taxed by Parliament 

4857
04:10:09,200 --> 04:10:12,100
and the resentments of sailors 
harassed by British Naval 

4858
04:10:12,100 --> 04:10:14,700
patrols. 
He also grasped the precarious, 

4859
04:10:14,700 --> 04:10:17,200
existence of apprentices who 
found themselves. 

4860
04:10:17,200 --> 04:10:22,500
Jobless whenever tensions flared
In the early 1770s Revere faced 

4861
04:10:22,500 --> 04:10:25,700
a crucial decision, he could 
either maintain his status as a 

4862
04:10:25,700 --> 04:10:28,600
respected Craftsman and avoid 
radical elements or he could 

4863
04:10:28,608 --> 04:10:31,100
fully dedicate himself to the 
resistance that was forming 

4864
04:10:31,100 --> 04:10:33,700
around him. 
That choice would Define his 

4865
04:10:33,700 --> 04:10:36,800
role in the uncertain months 
ahead, as Britain tightened, its

4866
04:10:36,800 --> 04:10:40,400
grip, and Boston, braced for 
confrontation, his decision to 

4867
04:10:40,400 --> 04:10:42,400
lean into activism. 
Would soon thrust him into 

4868
04:10:42,400 --> 04:10:44,100
history. 
His pages though. 

4869
04:10:44,100 --> 04:10:46,300
He never guessed that. 
A single midnight ride would 

4870
04:10:46,300 --> 04:10:48,600
overshadow Decades of other 
contributions. 

4871
04:10:49,800 --> 04:10:51,900
As Britain stepped up, the 
enforcement of colonial 

4872
04:10:51,900 --> 04:10:54,700
policies, Revere and his 
compatriots adapted. 

4873
04:10:55,500 --> 04:10:59,400
No single figure commanded the 
burgeoning movement instead it 

4874
04:10:59,400 --> 04:11:02,800
operated through committees 
correspondents and Loosely 

4875
04:11:02,800 --> 04:11:06,800
Affiliated networks of Tradesmen
small merchants and outspoken 

4876
04:11:06,800 --> 04:11:09,800
Patriots. 
Revere proved instrumental in 

4877
04:11:09,800 --> 04:11:12,600
Bridging the circle's. 
He was neither the wealthiest 

4878
04:11:12,600 --> 04:11:16,200
Merchants, nor the most fiery 
orator, but his profound 

4879
04:11:16,200 --> 04:11:19,100
knowledge of Boston's geography,
and his wide array of personal 

4880
04:11:19,100 --> 04:11:21,100
relationships made him 
indispensable. 

4881
04:11:21,800 --> 04:11:23,900
He played a key role in the 
intelligence game, that 

4882
04:11:23,900 --> 04:11:27,600
developed as tensions, Rose the 
British, suspecting the colonies

4883
04:11:27,600 --> 04:11:31,300
of seditious intent, planted 
informants and seized letters. 

4884
04:11:31,300 --> 04:11:34,300
Meanwhile Patriot leaders, 
formed Committees of 

4885
04:11:34,308 --> 04:11:37,300
Correspondence in every town, 
forging a parallel Information 

4886
04:11:37,300 --> 04:11:39,200
Network that bypassed Royal 
officials. 

4887
04:11:39,200 --> 04:11:43,200
Revere often served as a courier
riding to distant towns. 

4888
04:11:43,200 --> 04:11:46,700
Worcester Salem, even Portsmouth
to update them on the latest 

4889
04:11:46,700 --> 04:11:48,800
developments. 
These Journeys were not 

4890
04:11:48,800 --> 04:11:52,100
glamorous winter roads, were 
treacherous lodgings minimal. 

4891
04:11:52,700 --> 04:11:56,000
But Revere Skillet traveling in 
cognito changing routes, 

4892
04:11:56,000 --> 04:11:59,200
unpredictably and winning. 
Trust at local, taverns, kept 

4893
04:11:59,200 --> 04:12:02,600
the chain of communication 
robust Beyond his career, work 

4894
04:12:02,600 --> 04:12:06,900
continued engraving political 
cartoons, his depiction of the 

4895
04:12:06,900 --> 04:12:11,000
Boston Tea Party, for instance, 
circulated wide Lee, capturing 

4896
04:12:11,000 --> 04:12:15,400
the moment when Patriot's dumped
British tea into the harbor. the

4897
04:12:15,400 --> 04:12:18,600
incident itself was more chaotic
than reversing suggested 

4898
04:12:18,600 --> 04:12:24,300
presented it, a has a unified 
discipline act, an image that 

4899
04:12:24,300 --> 04:12:28,300
bolstered the picture of moral 
High Ground He also contributed 

4900
04:12:28,300 --> 04:12:31,100
subtly altered, Prince of the 
governor, or British officers 

4901
04:12:31,100 --> 04:12:33,900
turning them into, caricatures 
for distribution among 

4902
04:12:33,900 --> 04:12:37,200
sympathizers. 
These images up in Prince shops 

4903
04:12:37,200 --> 04:12:40,700
or posted in meeting Halls, 
served a rallying symbols. 

4904
04:12:41,900 --> 04:12:44,800
One lesser known chapter in 
Reverse life involved. 

4905
04:12:44,800 --> 04:12:49,800
The Suffolk resolves, drafted in
1774 by Boston leaders, these 

4906
04:12:49,800 --> 04:12:52,300
resolutions rejected the 
coercive acts and called for 

4907
04:12:52,300 --> 04:12:55,400
civil disobedience. 
Revere was entrusted with 

4908
04:12:55,400 --> 04:12:57,700
delivering a copy to the First 
Continental Congress. 

4909
04:12:57,700 --> 04:13:01,300
In Philadelphia, the journey 
South exposed him to a broader 

4910
04:13:01,300 --> 04:13:04,200
Colonial landscape, forging 
connections with the Leathers 

4911
04:13:04,200 --> 04:13:07,100
from other colonies. 
He returned more convinced than 

4912
04:13:07,100 --> 04:13:09,600
ever that Massachusetts was not 
alone in protesting. 

4913
04:13:09,600 --> 04:13:13,400
Meanwhile his reliability as a 
messenger sword in the eyes of 

4914
04:13:13,400 --> 04:13:15,800
figures. 
Like John Adams, yet Revere was 

4915
04:13:15,808 --> 04:13:17,500
not purely a political 
operative. 

4916
04:13:17,500 --> 04:13:21,400
He had a family. 
His first wife, Sarah orne and 

4917
04:13:21,400 --> 04:13:24,600
borne him several children 
before passing away in 1773. 

4918
04:13:24,600 --> 04:13:28,400
And he later, married, Rachel 
Walker, who all became part of 

4919
04:13:28,400 --> 04:13:31,800
the extended, Revere Clan 
balancing domestic life with 

4920
04:13:31,800 --> 04:13:34,600
clandestine Patriot activity, 
proved stressful. 

4921
04:13:35,400 --> 04:13:38,200
Friends recalled that reverse 
silver shop sometimes functioned

4922
04:13:38,200 --> 04:13:42,200
as an unofficial meeting site. 
Though it remained primarily a 

4923
04:13:42,200 --> 04:13:46,700
commercial Venture, he might sit
at his workbench forging spoon 

4924
04:13:46,700 --> 04:13:50,600
or teapots while Patriots 
gathered in a small side room to

4925
04:13:50,600 --> 04:13:52,100
whisper about British troop 
movements. 

4926
04:13:53,100 --> 04:13:57,500
By 1775 British authorities 
began to suspect that Boston's 

4927
04:13:57,500 --> 04:14:00,100
Artisans played a larger role in
the unrest than previously 

4928
04:14:00,100 --> 04:14:03,100
assumed regular army officers 
roamed. 

4929
04:14:03,100 --> 04:14:07,100
The city searching for hidden 
arms, Depots rumors swirled of 

4930
04:14:07,100 --> 04:14:10,300
British plans, to arrest key, 
Rebel leaders, particularly John

4931
04:14:10,300 --> 04:14:13,400
Hancock and Samuel Adams who had
left Boston for the relative 

4932
04:14:13,400 --> 04:14:16,100
safety in Lexington. 
And Concord, meanwhile, 

4933
04:14:16,100 --> 04:14:19,700
Massachusetts Patriots, had 
stored, gunpowder in Concord, a 

4934
04:14:19,700 --> 04:14:22,700
small town, west of Boston and 
anticipating a confrontation. 

4935
04:14:23,700 --> 04:14:27,200
As both sides prepared for the 
potential next move, tensions 

4936
04:14:27,200 --> 04:14:30,100
escalated. 
During this turbulent period, 

4937
04:14:30,100 --> 04:14:33,700
the Patriot leadership developed
a signal system, should the 

4938
04:14:33,700 --> 04:14:36,500
British launcher sudden strike 
Watchers at the old. 

4939
04:14:36,500 --> 04:14:39,500
North Church would hang lanterns
to indicate whether the troops 

4940
04:14:39,500 --> 04:14:41,900
moved by land or by boat across 
the Charles River. 

4941
04:14:42,800 --> 04:14:45,300
Revere was part of the group 
that set this plan in motion, 

4942
04:14:45,300 --> 04:14:50,200
but to reduce risk, it was a 
friend Robert Newman, who would 

4943
04:14:50,200 --> 04:14:53,100
hang the lanterns. 
Revere himself, would undertake 

4944
04:14:53,100 --> 04:14:56,100
the Hazardous ride to warn 
Hancock and Adams and Rouse the 

4945
04:14:56,100 --> 04:14:59,300
militias along the Route. 
In the days. 

4946
04:14:59,300 --> 04:15:02,500
Leading to that famous night. 
Reverse guess he slept. 

4947
04:15:04,000 --> 04:15:05,900
He conferred with Dr. Joseph 
Warren. 

4948
04:15:06,600 --> 04:15:09,100
Who was privy to Fresh 
intelligence, suggesting British

4949
04:15:09,100 --> 04:15:11,600
movements were imminent. 
The plan was bold. 

4950
04:15:11,600 --> 04:15:14,500
The stakes enormous. 
If the British discovered it, 

4951
04:15:14,500 --> 04:15:16,800
Revere faced, imprisonment or 
worse. 

4952
04:15:17,600 --> 04:15:20,700
But he recognized that a swift 
warning might unify thousands of

4953
04:15:20,700 --> 04:15:22,400
militiamen before the Royal 
troops. 

4954
04:15:22,400 --> 04:15:24,200
Could seize arms or arrest 
leaders. 

4955
04:15:24,200 --> 04:15:27,200
No, single Courier. 
Could accomplish the entire job 

4956
04:15:27,200 --> 04:15:29,700
alone. 
Others, like William doors. 

4957
04:15:29,700 --> 04:15:33,900
Shared the load still reverse 
role would become legendary 

4958
04:15:33,900 --> 04:15:37,500
overshadowing. 
The fact that a network, not one

4959
04:15:37,500 --> 04:15:42,600
man, fueled that night alert. 
Hence as April 1775 dawned 

4960
04:15:42,600 --> 04:15:46,800
reverse stood on a precipice, 
all the clandestine work, the 

4961
04:15:46,800 --> 04:15:49,600
rides to scattered towns of the 
coded signals at church. 

4962
04:15:49,600 --> 04:15:53,600
Steeples led to the junker. 
The next house would test his 

4963
04:15:53,600 --> 04:15:57,100
resourcefulness bravery and 
knack for quiet coordination 

4964
04:15:57,100 --> 04:16:01,300
traits honed over years now. 
Culminated in a midnight Dash 

4965
04:16:01,300 --> 04:16:04,700
that would echo through American
law on the evening of April 

4966
04:16:04,700 --> 04:16:08,800
18th, 1775 Paul Revere prepared 
to leave Boston. 

4967
04:16:09,700 --> 04:16:12,200
British officers had become 
conspicuous near the docks 

4968
04:16:12,200 --> 04:16:14,600
though. 
Many bastions, loyalists 

4969
04:16:14,600 --> 04:16:17,700
included, believe the troops 
would attempt to show a force 

4970
04:16:17,700 --> 04:16:19,800
the next day. 
Revere. 

4971
04:16:19,800 --> 04:16:24,400
However, suspected otherwise. 
Navigated through doc streets to

4972
04:16:24,408 --> 04:16:28,000
the Charles River's Edge, where 
a small boat awaited two 

4973
04:16:28,000 --> 04:16:31,100
friends, rode him quietly across
muffling, all locks with cloth 

4974
04:16:31,100 --> 04:16:33,800
to avoid drawing the attention 
of the British warship anchored 

4975
04:16:33,800 --> 04:16:36,500
to nearby. 
Revere reached the Charlestown 

4976
04:16:36,500 --> 04:16:38,400
side and found a borrowed horse 
waiting. 

4977
04:16:39,100 --> 04:16:41,700
Simultaneously Robert Newman 
stood at the old. 

4978
04:16:41,700 --> 04:16:44,000
North Church Tower prepared to 
hoist. 

4979
04:16:44,000 --> 04:16:46,600
Two lanterns in the event of 
British troops, launching from 

4980
04:16:46,600 --> 04:16:48,900
the water. 
Those signals would inform 

4981
04:16:48,900 --> 04:16:51,700
watches in Charles Town, who 
would then spread the Alarm by 

4982
04:16:51,700 --> 04:16:54,700
alternative routes. 
Revere's task was to ride 

4983
04:16:54,700 --> 04:16:57,700
directly, to Lexington, rousing 
the countryside as he went 

4984
04:16:57,700 --> 04:17:00,900
another Rider. 
William Dawes would take a 

4985
04:17:00,908 --> 04:17:04,600
separate path in during that, if
one was stopped the other might 

4986
04:17:04,600 --> 04:17:07,000
succeed. 
Mounting his horse. 

4987
04:17:07,000 --> 04:17:10,400
Revere began the journey at 
first, the roads lay eerily 

4988
04:17:10,400 --> 04:17:13,900
quiet, it only By Moonlight or 
the occasional Lantern in a 

4989
04:17:13,908 --> 04:17:15,900
window. 
He knocked on Farmhouse doors, 

4990
04:17:15,900 --> 04:17:19,300
calling to sleeping Patriots. 
The regulars are on the move or 

4991
04:17:19,300 --> 04:17:21,800
words to that effect, he never 
actually shouted. 

4992
04:17:21,800 --> 04:17:25,300
The British are coming since 
many colonists, still considered

4993
04:17:25,300 --> 04:17:29,200
themselves British instead, he 
typically used phrases like the 

4994
04:17:29,200 --> 04:17:33,300
regulars are out to alert local,
militias families, woke groggy 

4995
04:17:33,300 --> 04:17:37,000
but recognized Revere by name or
from prior visits, swiftly, they

4996
04:17:37,000 --> 04:17:40,000
dressed collected. 
Muskets began passing word to 

4997
04:17:40,000 --> 04:17:42,300
neighbors. 
Further, Inland the ride was not

4998
04:17:42,300 --> 04:17:45,700
free of peril at one point. 
Reverse spotted, two, British 

4999
04:17:45,700 --> 04:17:49,800
officers on Horseback fearing, 
capture evaded them by dashing 

5000
04:17:49,800 --> 04:17:52,900
off on a side path relying on 
his memory of the terrain. 

5001
04:17:53,800 --> 04:17:56,800
The nearing counter height. 
In his urgency, every minute 

5002
04:17:56,800 --> 04:17:59,000
counted. 
If the British marched swiftly, 

5003
04:17:59,000 --> 04:18:02,200
they could seize the arms and 
conquered or intercept Hancock 

5004
04:18:02,200 --> 04:18:06,500
and Adams before local militias 
mustard, Arriving in Lexington 

5005
04:18:06,500 --> 04:18:10,800
around midnight, Revere found 
Hancock and Adams lodging at the

5006
04:18:10,800 --> 04:18:15,100
home of Reverend Jonas Clark. he
delivered his News, British 

5007
04:18:15,100 --> 04:18:17,700
forces would soon move to 
confiscate Colonial weapons and 

5008
04:18:17,700 --> 04:18:22,000
possibly arrest Patriot leaders,
the two men, hesitated uncertain

5009
04:18:22,000 --> 04:18:25,500
whether the threat was immediate
Meanwhile, locals debated the 

5010
04:18:25,500 --> 04:18:28,000
best course. 
Having done his duty of warning 

5011
04:18:28,000 --> 04:18:30,300
them. 
Revere prepared to continue on 

5012
04:18:30,300 --> 04:18:33,300
to conquer to spread the alarm 
further by coincidence. 

5013
04:18:33,300 --> 04:18:36,800
Doors arrived in Lexington. 
Shortly after Revere having 

5014
04:18:36,800 --> 04:18:40,500
navigated a separate route, they
connected with another Rider to 

5015
04:18:40,500 --> 04:18:43,800
Samuel Prescott who agreed to 
guide them to Concord being 

5016
04:18:43,800 --> 04:18:46,800
intimately familiar with the 
area the trio set off, 

5017
04:18:46,800 --> 04:18:50,100
determined to alert. 
The entire region not far along 

5018
04:18:50,100 --> 04:18:53,500
a British Patrol in weight. 
The Red Coats tried to block 

5019
04:18:53,500 --> 04:18:57,000
them on an arrow Road doors. 
Managed to slip away though. 

5020
04:18:57,000 --> 04:19:01,300
He lost his horse soon after 
Prescott and agile, Rider Volta 

5021
04:19:01,300 --> 04:19:04,500
defense, into the woods and 
escaped captivity successfully 

5022
04:19:04,500 --> 04:19:08,200
reaching Concorde. 
Revere however was detained. 

5023
04:19:09,100 --> 04:19:12,300
The officers integrated Revere. 
Suspecting he carried vital 

5024
04:19:12,300 --> 04:19:14,700
intelligence. 
He admitted British troops were 

5025
04:19:14,700 --> 04:19:17,400
heading to Concord but did not 
conceal that the militias had 

5026
04:19:17,400 --> 04:19:20,600
been four warned. 
By his Candor, the officers 

5027
04:19:20,600 --> 04:19:23,000
tried to hustle him along to 
figure out the scope of the 

5028
04:19:23,000 --> 04:19:25,900
Patriot plan. 
They soon heard gunfire in the 

5029
04:19:25,900 --> 04:19:29,700
distant, the sound of militiamen
already mobilizing alarm, that 

5030
04:19:29,700 --> 04:19:31,800
their mission was compromised. 
The officers. 

5031
04:19:31,800 --> 04:19:34,300
Let Revere go. 
He found his way back to 

5032
04:19:34,300 --> 04:19:38,100
Lexington on foot arriving, just
in time to witness that earliest

5033
04:19:38,100 --> 04:19:40,100
skirmishes on Lexington, Green 
at dawn. 

5034
04:19:40,100 --> 04:19:44,100
Thus, ended Revere's ride and 
thus began open conflict in the 

5035
04:19:44,100 --> 04:19:45,300
war. 
That would shape a nation. 

5036
04:19:46,300 --> 04:19:49,200
The malicious converged as 
intended though, the British 

5037
04:19:49,200 --> 04:19:52,100
pressed onto Concorde, then 
counted, a growing throng of 

5038
04:19:52,100 --> 04:19:55,600
armed colonists, the day ended 
in a chaotic Retreat for the red

5039
04:19:55,600 --> 04:19:59,400
coats and event that echoed far 
beyond Massachusetts news of 

5040
04:19:59,400 --> 04:20:02,100
this standoff, would spark the 
colonies transformation from 

5041
04:20:02,100 --> 04:20:04,500
scattered protests into a full 
blown Revolution. 

5042
04:20:05,300 --> 04:20:07,900
Paul Revere's role on that. 
Pivotal Knight was merely one 

5043
04:20:07,900 --> 04:20:11,800
component of a larger chain 
others doors Prescott local, 

5044
04:20:11,800 --> 04:20:14,600
Watchers played equally critical
roles yet. 

5045
04:20:14,600 --> 04:20:17,800
Over time, popular mythology. 
Spotlighted Revere as the Lone 

5046
04:20:17,800 --> 04:20:21,300
Hero Galloping through the 
countryside, decades. 

5047
04:20:21,300 --> 04:20:24,200
Later, Henry rewards with 
Longfellows poem, which condense

5048
04:20:24,200 --> 04:20:26,100
the story into a stirring. 
Call to Arms. 

5049
04:20:26,100 --> 04:20:28,600
Greatly contributed to Revere's 
Fame. 

5050
04:20:29,400 --> 04:20:32,800
In reality Revere's Ride was, 
but one expression of a complex 

5051
04:20:32,800 --> 04:20:35,900
strategy, however, it was 
sufficient to permanently 

5052
04:20:35,900 --> 04:20:38,200
inscribe him in America's 
Collective Consciousness. 

5053
04:20:38,200 --> 04:20:41,800
As the individual who raised the
alarm, thereby altering the 

5054
04:20:41,800 --> 04:20:45,000
course of history. 
Once the battles at Lexington 

5055
04:20:45,000 --> 04:20:49,600
and Concord ignited Warfare. 
Paul Revere's story did not 

5056
04:20:49,600 --> 04:20:53,400
pause, he continued serving the 
Revolutionary cause in Myriad 

5057
04:20:53,400 --> 04:20:57,800
ways some unsung others 
overshadowed by the flash of his

5058
04:20:57,800 --> 04:21:02,000
midnight ride in the following 
months, Boston became a hotbed 

5059
04:21:02,000 --> 04:21:04,000
of tension, the British held the
city. 

5060
04:21:04,000 --> 04:21:07,900
While Colonial forces encircled.
It Revere worked on intelligence

5061
04:21:07,900 --> 04:21:12,000
and logistical tasks using his 
expertise in messaging and crowd

5062
04:21:12,000 --> 04:21:14,000
coordination to keep Patriots, 
informed. 

5063
04:21:15,300 --> 04:21:18,100
One key project saw him turning 
from Silver to metal of another 

5064
04:21:18,100 --> 04:21:21,700
kind. 
Massachusetts needed Canon shot 

5065
04:21:21,700 --> 04:21:24,900
another who other Munitions as a
skilled artist. 

5066
04:21:24,900 --> 04:21:28,900
Anne Revere adapted his workshop
for manufacturing though. 

5067
04:21:28,900 --> 04:21:32,200
Not a large scale operation. 
His Foundry, contributed metal 

5068
04:21:32,200 --> 04:21:33,800
fittings and Small Arms 
components. 

5069
04:21:33,800 --> 04:21:37,300
He tinkered with the ways to 
produce gunpowder though that 

5070
04:21:37,300 --> 04:21:39,200
challenge required specialized 
Mills. 

5071
04:21:39,200 --> 04:21:42,700
Meanwhile, Revere participated 
in local committees that govern 

5072
04:21:42,700 --> 04:21:46,200
the region in the absence of 
ritual Authority in daily life. 

5073
04:21:46,200 --> 04:21:51,900
Continued amid chaos amid these 
labors tragedy struck Dr. Joseph

5074
04:21:51,900 --> 04:21:54,100
Warren. 
Reverse friend and fellow 

5075
04:21:54,100 --> 04:21:58,600
Patriots was killed in June 1775
at the Battle of Bunker Hill. 

5076
04:21:59,400 --> 04:22:03,300
Warren's death, hit Revere hard,
the two had collaborated closely

5077
04:22:03,300 --> 04:22:05,200
and booking the earliest 
resistance. 

5078
04:22:06,100 --> 04:22:09,300
And Warren's medical skill had 
saved, countless lives in Prior 

5079
04:22:09,300 --> 04:22:12,400
skirmishes, the Heartbreak, 
sharp and Revere's resolved. 

5080
04:22:12,400 --> 04:22:16,100
The cost of Independence was 
high, yet men like Warren 

5081
04:22:16,100 --> 04:22:19,400
believed in it, passionately. 
Revere channeled that sorrow 

5082
04:22:19,400 --> 04:22:22,400
into further commitments, 
traveling frequently between 

5083
04:22:22,400 --> 04:22:25,200
revolutionary committees in 
Cambridge and outlying towns. 

5084
04:22:25,200 --> 04:22:30,700
The British finally evacuated 
Boston in March, 1776, a turning

5085
04:22:30,700 --> 04:22:32,700
point that caused Jubilation 
among the Patriots. 

5086
04:22:32,700 --> 04:22:36,400
Revere moved back into the city 
reclaiming, his silver shop. 

5087
04:22:36,400 --> 04:22:40,000
But founded in disarray, after 
months, of occupation repairs 

5088
04:22:40,000 --> 04:22:41,900
were needed before. 
Normal business could resume, 

5089
04:22:41,900 --> 04:22:45,200
however, normal business had 
become a distant memory by that 

5090
04:22:45,200 --> 04:22:48,800
point, the Warhead shifted to 
other colonies and reverse 

5091
04:22:48,800 --> 04:22:51,900
skill, set remained valuable. 
You volunteered for militia 

5092
04:22:51,900 --> 04:22:54,500
service and was appointed a 
lieutenant colonel of artillery.

5093
04:22:54,500 --> 04:22:57,400
In the Massachusetts militia 
this role combined 

5094
04:22:57,400 --> 04:23:00,200
administrative oversight, and 
troops, had supplies and 

5095
04:23:00,200 --> 04:23:03,400
equipment with strategic input 
drawing on his knowledge of 

5096
04:23:03,400 --> 04:23:06,500
local fortifications. 
And 1778. 

5097
04:23:06,500 --> 04:23:10,200
Revere participated in the 
ill-fated Penobscot Expedition, 

5098
04:23:10,200 --> 04:23:14,200
an attempt by the Massachusetts 
militia to oust British forces 

5099
04:23:14,200 --> 04:23:17,600
in present day May The 
Expedition ended in disaster 

5100
04:23:17,600 --> 04:23:21,300
with the colonial Fleet scuttled
and troops forced to Retreat 

5101
04:23:21,300 --> 04:23:24,700
through the wilderness. 
Revere faced criticism for his 

5102
04:23:24,700 --> 04:23:27,900
actions there especially 
regarding disputes over the 

5103
04:23:27,900 --> 04:23:30,800
chain of command. 
A court, martial ensued 

5104
04:23:30,800 --> 04:23:33,600
questioning whether he had 
disobeyed orders or abandoned 

5105
04:23:33,600 --> 04:23:36,700
his post. 
While eventually exonerated the 

5106
04:23:36,700 --> 04:23:40,500
incident left, a sour note in 
his military career, contrasting

5107
04:23:40,500 --> 04:23:45,000
sharply with the heroic Aura of 
his earlier ride Undeterred, he 

5108
04:23:45,000 --> 04:23:48,300
continued assisting in local 
defenses, forging, new 

5109
04:23:48,300 --> 04:23:51,500
connections with revolutionary 
leaders in the final years of 

5110
04:23:51,500 --> 04:23:54,100
the war. 
Revere balanced militia duties 

5111
04:23:54,100 --> 04:23:56,400
with attempts to stabilize his 
personal livelihood. 

5112
04:23:57,300 --> 04:24:00,400
The prolonged conflict had 
disrupted, normal Commerce, and 

5113
04:24:00,400 --> 04:24:03,800
Craftsmen across the colonies 
struggled reverse adaptability, 

5114
04:24:03,800 --> 04:24:06,600
Sean once more. 
He introduced new techniques, 

5115
04:24:06,600 --> 04:24:08,800
such as rolling, copper sheets 
for Naval. 

5116
04:24:08,800 --> 04:24:12,000
Use precursor to his later, 
achievements in metalworking, 

5117
04:24:12,000 --> 04:24:15,000
that would flourish post war. 
Throughout these years. 

5118
04:24:15,000 --> 04:24:18,200
Revere also engaged in the 
social fabric of the budding 

5119
04:24:18,200 --> 04:24:21,000
Republic. 
He joined Society is discussing 

5120
04:24:21,000 --> 04:24:22,900
ways to structure the new 
nation's governance. 

5121
04:24:22,900 --> 04:24:25,900
He was active in the movement 
that eventually produced the 

5122
04:24:25,900 --> 04:24:29,600
Massachusetts Constitution. 
Among his lesson known efforts 

5123
04:24:29,600 --> 04:24:33,000
was involvement with the local 
intelligence apparatus to verify

5124
04:24:33,000 --> 04:24:35,300
rumors of British Espionage or 
infiltration. 

5125
04:24:36,000 --> 04:24:39,300
He was not a central spymaster, 
but he knew the city intimately 

5126
04:24:39,300 --> 04:24:41,100
and could trace suspicious 
activity. 

5127
04:24:41,700 --> 04:24:44,900
The same street smarts that 
fueled his 1775 ride. 

5128
04:24:44,900 --> 04:24:48,300
Aided him once again. 
When the Treaty of Paris finally

5129
04:24:48,300 --> 04:24:52,900
ended the Revolutionary War in 
1783 Revere was approaching 50. 

5130
04:24:52,900 --> 04:24:57,100
He had served as Craftsmen 
Courier militia officer and 

5131
04:24:57,100 --> 04:24:59,500
Community. 
Organizer Rolls overshadowed by 

5132
04:24:59,500 --> 04:25:01,300
that single nights Gallop into 
Legend. 

5133
04:25:02,300 --> 04:25:05,300
Yet he emerged from the war with
a moderate standing, his 

5134
04:25:05,300 --> 04:25:07,400
Workshop battered but not 
ruined. 

5135
04:25:08,200 --> 04:25:11,900
Boston's economy was in flux but
reverse or opportunities ahead. 

5136
04:25:11,900 --> 04:25:16,100
He recognized that the new 
United States short on domestic.

5137
04:25:16,100 --> 04:25:19,300
Manufacturing would need local 
Industries to replace Imports 

5138
04:25:19,300 --> 04:25:23,000
once Supply by Britain. 
Thus as the guns fell silent 

5139
04:25:23,000 --> 04:25:27,600
Revere pivoted from the chaos of
War to the prospect of Peace. 

5140
04:25:27,600 --> 04:25:30,200
He had learned about 
large-scale, metal work from 

5141
04:25:30,200 --> 04:25:33,100
wartime demands. 
Now he sought to Parlay that 

5142
04:25:33,100 --> 04:25:34,600
knowledge into a business 
Advantage. 

5143
04:25:34,600 --> 04:25:38,500
He opened new Ventures, such as 
a hardware store and a Foundry 

5144
04:25:38,500 --> 04:25:40,400
capable of casting bells and 
cannons. 

5145
04:25:40,400 --> 04:25:44,200
This transformation signaled. 
His next chapter, a shift from 

5146
04:25:44,200 --> 04:25:47,800
revolutionary operative to 
pioneering industrialist despite

5147
04:25:47,800 --> 04:25:50,900
everything he held on to the 
memory of Bunker Hill lost 

5148
04:25:50,900 --> 04:25:53,000
friends. 
And that ride on a moonlit 

5149
04:25:53,000 --> 04:25:56,300
night, which shaped him into a 
man determined to help Forge a 

5150
04:25:56,300 --> 04:25:58,500
stable prosperous future for the
Republic. 

5151
04:25:58,500 --> 04:26:01,200
He helped birth. 
In the postwar era. 

5152
04:26:01,200 --> 04:26:02,700
Paul. 
Revere, harnessed his 

5153
04:26:02,700 --> 04:26:05,200
entrepreneurial Spirit to 
elevate Boston's manufacturing 

5154
04:26:05,200 --> 04:26:08,000
capabilities. 
While many Americans clung to 

5155
04:26:08,000 --> 04:26:11,400
small-scale artisanal methods, 
he envisioned something grander,

5156
04:26:11,400 --> 04:26:14,700
an industrial growth that could 
rival, Europe's established 

5157
04:26:14,700 --> 04:26:18,300
foundries, His experience is 
rolling copper for Naval uses 

5158
04:26:18,300 --> 04:26:21,400
and casting small cannons during
the war primed him for 

5159
04:26:21,400 --> 04:26:24,300
expansion, through determined 
trial and error. 

5160
04:26:24,300 --> 04:26:28,300
Revere, built a thriving copper 
Works in Enterprise, it began 

5161
04:26:28,300 --> 04:26:32,100
with smaller tasks producing 
copper bolts Spike's and 

5162
04:26:32,100 --> 04:26:36,000
fittings for local shipyards. 
Boston, a bustling Maritime Hub,

5163
04:26:36,000 --> 04:26:39,700
offered a ready Market? 
Over time Revere realized the 

5164
04:26:39,700 --> 04:26:42,300
potential for roofing large 
buildings with copper sheets. 

5165
04:26:42,300 --> 04:26:45,800
A technique popular in European 
Cathedrals but rare in the young

5166
04:26:45,800 --> 04:26:48,200
United States. 
He also recognized the 

5167
04:26:48,200 --> 04:26:50,500
possibility of sheathing. 
The hulls of Wooden Ships with 

5168
04:26:50,500 --> 04:26:53,900
copper to prevent wood-boring. 
Pests and reduce Marine growth 

5169
04:26:54,600 --> 04:26:56,700
If widely adopted, copper 
sheathing. 

5170
04:26:56,700 --> 04:26:59,600
Could dramatically enhance a 
vessels speed and lifespan. 

5171
04:26:59,600 --> 04:27:03,600
Improving profitability for 
shipping companies yet Capital 

5172
04:27:03,600 --> 04:27:07,200
was scarce reverse searched for 
partners or backers. 

5173
04:27:07,200 --> 04:27:12,400
But often found skepticism Most 
believed large-scale work too 

5174
04:27:12,400 --> 04:27:17,100
risky unfazed, rear used his 
personal savings accumulated 

5175
04:27:17,100 --> 04:27:20,300
from Decades of silver work 
taking on loans at high 

5176
04:27:20,300 --> 04:27:22,700
interest. 
He arranged shipments of raw 

5177
04:27:22,700 --> 04:27:25,000
Copper from mines and kinetic or
further afield. 

5178
04:27:25,800 --> 04:27:29,300
By the late 1780s, the operated 
a modest Rolling Mill though. 

5179
04:27:29,300 --> 04:27:31,800
It struggled to match the 
consistency of British Imports 

5180
04:27:31,800 --> 04:27:35,900
undeterred, he labored to refine
techniques tinkering with 

5181
04:27:35,908 --> 04:27:39,400
furnace temperatures and rolling
Machinery designs alongside 

5182
04:27:39,400 --> 04:27:42,900
forging a copper Empire Revere 
remained active in Civic life. 

5183
04:27:42,900 --> 04:27:45,900
He joined the Massachusetts 
charitable mechanical 

5184
04:27:45,900 --> 04:27:49,500
Association which championed 
tradesmen's rights and Advanced 

5185
04:27:49,500 --> 04:27:51,700
Mechanical Innovations. 
In addition. 

5186
04:27:51,700 --> 04:27:54,300
He oversaw Community initiatives
aimed at improving 

5187
04:27:54,300 --> 04:27:58,200
infrastructure, Boston's roads, 
Bridges and fire services. 

5188
04:27:58,200 --> 04:28:01,500
This Synergy of public service 
and private Enterprise mirrored.

5189
04:28:01,500 --> 04:28:05,000
The developing ethos of the new 
Republic her personal success 

5190
04:28:05,000 --> 04:28:06,700
and Collective well-being 
intertwined. 

5191
04:28:07,500 --> 04:28:11,800
His family also expanded, father
to a large brood Revere, 

5192
04:28:11,800 --> 04:28:14,400
expected his children to learn a
trade or assist in the family. 

5193
04:28:14,400 --> 04:28:18,100
Businesses Sons began, helping 
in The Foundry, learning 

5194
04:28:18,100 --> 04:28:21,500
practical, skills from their 
father daughters were often 

5195
04:28:21,500 --> 04:28:24,700
educated enough to maintain 
household finances and even 

5196
04:28:24,700 --> 04:28:27,500
dabbling. 
Commercial tasks, the Revere 

5197
04:28:27,500 --> 04:28:30,500
Clan became a microcosm of the 
emergent middle class part 

5198
04:28:30,500 --> 04:28:33,300
tradition. 
Bound part 4 looking at times, 

5199
04:28:33,300 --> 04:28:35,800
dinner discussions, likely 
encompassed, everything from 

5200
04:28:35,800 --> 04:28:37,700
forging techniques to local 
politics. 

5201
04:28:37,700 --> 04:28:40,800
During this period, the new 
federal government sought to 

5202
04:28:40,800 --> 04:28:44,500
strengthen America's Naval 
capacity, threats loomed off the

5203
04:28:44,500 --> 04:28:47,700
Barbary Coast where Pirates, 
seized Merchant ships. 

5204
04:28:47,700 --> 04:28:52,000
The US Navy needed warships, and
Revere saw his chance, he 

5205
04:28:52,000 --> 04:28:53,700
pitched. 
His copper sheathing to the 

5206
04:28:53,708 --> 04:28:57,000
government arguing, that 
adopting homegrown manufacturing

5207
04:28:57,000 --> 04:28:59,100
would reduce dependence on 
foreign supplies. 

5208
04:28:59,100 --> 04:29:01,900
Despite initial. 
Reservations officials 

5209
04:29:01,900 --> 04:29:05,500
recognized the Strategic 
Advantage by the mid-1790s 

5210
04:29:05,500 --> 04:29:08,500
Revere's copper found. 
Its way onto the USS 

5211
04:29:08,500 --> 04:29:11,100
Constitution nicknamed Old 
Ironsides. 

5212
04:29:11,100 --> 04:29:15,500
A famed frigate and Boston. 
This success was huge 

5213
04:29:15,500 --> 04:29:18,700
demonstrated that domestic 
production could match or exceed

5214
04:29:18,700 --> 04:29:21,100
British quality. 
With pride. 

5215
04:29:21,100 --> 04:29:24,700
Revere marched his workers to 
the Charlestown Navy, yard to 

5216
04:29:24,700 --> 04:29:27,100
see the Constitution, outfitted 
the event. 

5217
04:29:27,100 --> 04:29:29,000
Symbolized. 
The Synergy of industrial 

5218
04:29:29,000 --> 04:29:32,900
progress and National Defense. 
In an era when many still saw 

5219
04:29:32,900 --> 04:29:36,200
the us as an agrarian 
Confederation Revere's. 

5220
04:29:36,200 --> 04:29:38,400
Pursuits hinted at a more 
industrial future. 

5221
04:29:39,200 --> 04:29:42,800
He began receiving more orders 
for Bell, casting too churches. 

5222
04:29:42,800 --> 04:29:46,100
Across New England wanted bells 
that combined pleasing acoustics

5223
04:29:46,100 --> 04:29:48,800
with durability, Revere's 
Foundry, delivered. 

5224
04:29:48,800 --> 04:29:50,900
Some of these bells still ring 
today. 

5225
04:29:51,800 --> 04:29:55,000
Even as Revere's renowned grew 
in manufacturing circles, he 

5226
04:29:55,000 --> 04:29:56,900
remained. 
Surprisingly modest about the 

5227
04:29:56,900 --> 04:30:00,100
fame midnight ride. 
He occasionally recounted it for

5228
04:30:00,100 --> 04:30:03,300
new acquaintances specially if 
they recognized his name from 

5229
04:30:03,300 --> 04:30:06,700
rumors, but he never wrote a 
grand Memoir or boasted 

5230
04:30:06,700 --> 04:30:09,100
publicly. 
He seemed more captivated by 

5231
04:30:09,100 --> 04:30:12,600
forging new Wares and proving 
his foundries output. 

5232
04:30:13,600 --> 04:30:16,100
The ride that would define him 
for posterity was just one 

5233
04:30:16,100 --> 04:30:19,100
chapter in his own eyes by the 
early 1800s. 

5234
04:30:19,100 --> 04:30:22,900
Paul Revere was recognized as a 
leading industrial innovator in 

5235
04:30:22,900 --> 04:30:25,700
Massachusetts. 
The Aging Patriots was no longer

5236
04:30:25,708 --> 04:30:27,800
the lean Courier bounding off 
into the night. 

5237
04:30:27,800 --> 04:30:32,000
Instead he was a solid figure 
with graying hair strolling 

5238
04:30:32,000 --> 04:30:34,600
through a noisy Foundry. 
Checking the quality of molten 

5239
04:30:34,600 --> 04:30:39,000
copper and guiding young across 
the remaining engaged in local 

5240
04:30:39,000 --> 04:30:41,900
politics advocating for a 
balanced approach to Camaros. 

5241
04:30:42,800 --> 04:30:45,500
Occasionally, he accepted 
invitations to speak at 

5242
04:30:45,500 --> 04:30:48,200
associations of mechanics, or 
veterans groups, though. 

5243
04:30:48,200 --> 04:30:51,000
These gatherings rarely match 
the Grandeur of modern rallies. 

5244
04:30:51,700 --> 04:30:54,300
He kept the focus on practical 
improvements and communal 

5245
04:30:54,300 --> 04:30:57,400
responsibilities values. 
Forged in a life that bridged 

5246
04:30:57,400 --> 04:30:59,900
Revolution and the forging of a 
new economic order. 

5247
04:30:59,900 --> 04:31:03,900
Thus Paul Revere Advanced from 
revolutionary Messenger to 

5248
04:31:03,900 --> 04:31:07,400
full-fledged industrial Pioneer 
where once he had hammered 

5249
04:31:07,400 --> 04:31:10,800
silver teapots, he now shaped 
the nation's Naval might the 

5250
04:31:10,800 --> 04:31:14,000
drive for Independence, which 
once motivated him to ride 

5251
04:31:14,000 --> 04:31:16,400
overnight. 
Now fueled, an economic vision 

5252
04:31:16,400 --> 04:31:20,400
for a stable, self-reliant to 
America and ambition that amply 

5253
04:31:20,400 --> 04:31:22,700
demonstrated, the Synergy 
between Enterprise and 

5254
04:31:22,700 --> 04:31:24,900
patriotism. 
Paul Revere's. 

5255
04:31:24,900 --> 04:31:28,000
Final decades saw him celebrated
in local circles as an 

5256
04:31:28,000 --> 04:31:31,300
accomplished businessman and 
voice in civic affairs. 

5257
04:31:32,200 --> 04:31:34,400
Yet. 
Ironically, his renowned as a 

5258
04:31:34,408 --> 04:31:37,100
revolutionary hero was 
comparatively subdued during his

5259
04:31:37,100 --> 04:31:40,200
lifetime. 
Public commemoration of the war 

5260
04:31:40,200 --> 04:31:41,800
typically. 
Highlighted generals like 

5261
04:31:41,800 --> 04:31:45,600
Washington or Statesmen like 
franklyn The intricacies of 

5262
04:31:45,600 --> 04:31:48,400
Revere's, midnight ride were 
known amongst certain bostonians

5263
04:31:48,400 --> 04:31:51,900
but no single poem, all widely 
circulated account. 

5264
04:31:51,900 --> 04:31:56,600
Yet enshrined his role As the 
19th century, dawned rather 

5265
04:31:56,600 --> 04:32:01,400
watched Boston transform the 
City's population, swelled new 

5266
04:32:01,400 --> 04:32:03,600
commercial opportunities arose, 
along the waterfront. 

5267
04:32:04,400 --> 04:32:07,600
He kept pace with these changes 
updating his foundries 

5268
04:32:07,600 --> 04:32:09,700
techniques and occasionally 
pretending Innovations. 

5269
04:32:09,700 --> 04:32:14,300
He also mentored younger artists
passing along the same ethos of 

5270
04:32:14,300 --> 04:32:16,500
diligence and 
community-mindedness that guided

5271
04:32:16,500 --> 04:32:18,500
him. 
And Quiet Moments. 

5272
04:32:18,500 --> 04:32:22,300
He reflected on Friends lost or 
scattered by War on how an 

5273
04:32:22,300 --> 04:32:25,700
unassuming silversmith like him 
once walked a perilous line 

5274
04:32:25,700 --> 04:32:29,000
between colonial law and 
Rebellion, his personal life 

5275
04:32:29,000 --> 04:32:33,200
remained anchored in family by 
now, multiple children assisted 

5276
04:32:33,200 --> 04:32:36,900
in The Foundry. grandchildren 
scampered through the workshop 

5277
04:32:36,900 --> 04:32:42,100
yard, occasionally, mesmerized 
by glowing furnaces Revere those

5278
04:32:42,100 --> 04:32:45,300
Stern about safety allowed them,
glimpses of the molten copper 

5279
04:32:45,300 --> 04:32:50,000
hoping to spark curiosity rather
than fear Letters from this 

5280
04:32:50,000 --> 04:32:53,300
period reveal a man juggling 
paternal Pride Financial 

5281
04:32:53,300 --> 04:32:57,000
concerns and deep gratitude for 
living to see an independent 

5282
04:32:57,000 --> 04:32:59,300
republic. 
Flourish, the occasionally 

5283
04:32:59,300 --> 04:33:01,200
traveled to observe new 
industrial sites. 

5284
04:33:02,000 --> 04:33:05,000
One visit to Philadelphia's 
Ironworks fascinated him. 

5285
04:33:05,000 --> 04:33:09,200
He swapped notes with other 
entrepreneurs about scale costs 

5286
04:33:09,200 --> 04:33:11,700
and workforce management 
everywhere. 

5287
04:33:11,700 --> 04:33:15,500
He went people recognized him as
the Boston Craftsman who had 

5288
04:33:15,500 --> 04:33:17,599
helped found an American 
manufacturing base. 

5289
04:33:18,300 --> 04:33:20,900
The dinners or Tavern Gatherings
you sometimes heard 

5290
04:33:20,900 --> 04:33:23,200
Recollections of the Revolution 
with others. 

5291
04:33:23,200 --> 04:33:27,200
Praising famous generals while 
Revere, politely listened If 

5292
04:33:27,200 --> 04:33:32,400
asked directly about April 18th 
1775, he shared details, but 

5293
04:33:32,400 --> 04:33:35,800
mostly he avoided embellishment.
He never sought to overshadow. 

5294
04:33:35,800 --> 04:33:38,800
The memory of the many patriots 
who fought and fell after that 

5295
04:33:38,800 --> 04:33:43,099
fateful night. 
In 1811 Revere decided to retire

5296
04:33:43,099 --> 04:33:44,400
officially from daily 
management. 

5297
04:33:44,400 --> 04:33:47,500
Handing control of The Foundry 
to his sons and other trusted 

5298
04:33:47,500 --> 04:33:51,300
Associates by that point. 
His name carried in commercial 

5299
04:33:51,300 --> 04:33:54,900
contracts, the Revere brand as 
it were gave Assurance of 

5300
04:33:54,900 --> 04:33:57,400
quality Freed From The Grind of 
business. 

5301
04:33:57,400 --> 04:34:00,300
He spent more time reflecting on
the young nation's political 

5302
04:34:00,300 --> 04:34:03,599
evolution, The War of 1812 
erupted soon. 

5303
04:34:03,599 --> 04:34:07,099
After pitting the US again 
against Brooklyn from his 

5304
04:34:07,099 --> 04:34:10,200
Vantage Revere found it both 
disheartening and validating 

5305
04:34:10,200 --> 04:34:14,200
disheartening that conflict 
reemerged yet validating because

5306
04:34:14,200 --> 04:34:17,000
it underscored the importance of
domestic industry and Times of 

5307
04:34:17,008 --> 04:34:19,900
strife. 
Despite his Advanced stage 

5308
04:34:19,900 --> 04:34:22,400
Revere, occasionally wrote 
letters of encouragement to 

5309
04:34:22,400 --> 04:34:25,300
militia officers, reminding them
of the vital role. 

5310
04:34:25,300 --> 04:34:27,800
Local defense played during the 
early Revolution. 

5311
04:34:28,599 --> 04:34:31,400
He also supported volunteer 
committees raising funds for 

5312
04:34:31,400 --> 04:34:34,900
fortifications, not being active
on the front lines, he 

5313
04:34:34,900 --> 04:34:39,000
remembered the lessons of 1775. 
Local preparedness could 

5314
04:34:39,000 --> 04:34:40,800
significantly influence the 
outcome. 

5315
04:34:40,800 --> 04:34:44,500
Some historians note, that 
behind the scenes Revere's 

5316
04:34:44,500 --> 04:34:46,800
Foundry, contributed Canon 
parts, for the war effort 

5317
04:34:46,800 --> 04:34:48,500
though, on a smaller scale than 
before. 

5318
04:34:49,400 --> 04:34:55,000
Paul Revere died on May the 10th
1818 at the age of 83 obituaries

5319
04:34:55,000 --> 04:34:57,500
in Boston newspapers. 
Praised him as a master 

5320
04:34:57,500 --> 04:35:01,200
silversmith, an industrious 
founder and a patriot of the 

5321
04:35:01,200 --> 04:35:03,500
Revolution. 
But they offered only cursory 

5322
04:35:03,500 --> 04:35:06,300
mention of his midnight ride 
instead of mourning. 

5323
04:35:06,300 --> 04:35:10,000
A legendary figure, the city 
respected Community pillar 

5324
04:35:10,000 --> 04:35:13,200
indeed. 
Reverse funeral was a modest 

5325
04:35:13,200 --> 04:35:17,200
Affair attended by family 
friends and fellow artists to 

5326
04:35:17,200 --> 04:35:19,700
them. 
He was old Mr. Revere wise in 

5327
04:35:19,700 --> 04:35:23,599
Council unwavering in principles
Over the ensuing decades, 

5328
04:35:23,599 --> 04:35:26,700
memories of the Revolution 
Consolidated into a national 

5329
04:35:26,700 --> 04:35:29,599
myth. 
Monumental events overshadowed 

5330
04:35:29,599 --> 04:35:32,200
the gritty day to day 
contributions of ordinary 

5331
04:35:32,200 --> 04:35:35,599
Patriots. 
Then in 1860 Henry Wards with 

5332
04:35:35,608 --> 04:35:39,500
Longfellow published Paul 
Revere's, Ride, immortalizing 

5333
04:35:39,500 --> 04:35:41,700
Revere as the Lone Hero, who 
raised the alarm. 

5334
04:35:42,599 --> 04:35:46,000
Poem whilst stirring took 
Liberties omitting the network 

5335
04:35:46,000 --> 04:35:49,099
of compatriots and crediting 
Revere with Feats shared among 

5336
04:35:49,099 --> 04:35:52,300
multiple Riders. 
Its dramatic lines though. 

5337
04:35:52,300 --> 04:35:55,900
Historically imprecise resonated
with Americans on the brink of 

5338
04:35:55,908 --> 04:36:00,099
Civil War, reminding them of the
unity once forged in crisis. 

5339
04:36:00,099 --> 04:36:04,700
Thus ironically Revere's 
posthumous famed soared to 

5340
04:36:04,700 --> 04:36:06,300
Heights, he never experienced 
while alive. 

5341
04:36:07,000 --> 04:36:10,099
Statues Rose textbooks 
proclaimed him the prime 

5342
04:36:10,099 --> 04:36:14,099
instigator of the revolution's 
opening, Salvo the complexities 

5343
04:36:14,099 --> 04:36:17,099
of his broader life, his 
industrial Ventures, his 

5344
04:36:17,099 --> 04:36:20,099
Engravings, his lesser known 
military Fiasco's. 

5345
04:36:20,099 --> 04:36:24,400
Often faded behind the single 
story of a midnight dash yet. 

5346
04:36:24,400 --> 04:36:27,300
Reverse life exemplifies, more 
than an iconic ride. 

5347
04:36:27,300 --> 04:36:32,099
It reflects the Synergy of craft
Commerce activism and civic 

5348
04:36:32,099 --> 04:36:35,800
responsibility, in shaping a 
fledgling Nation. that Synergy 

5349
04:36:35,800 --> 04:36:38,500
perhaps is the greatest 
Testament to the man who ended 

5350
04:36:39,300 --> 04:36:43,000
as an unassuming elderly 
industrialist yet endures and 

5351
04:36:43,000 --> 04:36:46,500
Collective memory of stride, a 
galloping horse Long after Paul 

5352
04:36:46,500 --> 04:36:49,200
Revere's passing historians 
piece together. 

5353
04:36:49,200 --> 04:36:51,700
A full of portrait of his life 
transcending. 

5354
04:36:51,700 --> 04:36:56,099
The narrow lens of that famous 
ride, documents emerge shop, 

5355
04:36:56,099 --> 04:36:59,099
Ledges personal letters Court, 
Marshal records from the 

5356
04:36:59,099 --> 04:37:02,200
Penobscot Expedition. 
Showcasing a man constantly 

5357
04:37:02,200 --> 04:37:05,700
evolving with the times. 
Such evidence clarified that 

5358
04:37:05,700 --> 04:37:08,900
Revere significance. 
Lay not in one heroic Knight but

5359
04:37:08,900 --> 04:37:12,599
in a sustained commitment to 
building Community ties, forging

5360
04:37:12,599 --> 04:37:16,900
new Industries and championing a
cause he believed just In modern

5361
04:37:16,900 --> 04:37:20,900
Boston tourists throng, the 
Freedom Trail winding past sites

5362
04:37:20,900 --> 04:37:23,599
like the old North Church where 
do docents were account the 

5363
04:37:23,599 --> 04:37:28,700
signal lanterns Revere's, house 
painstakingly preserved, stanzas

5364
04:37:28,700 --> 04:37:32,599
and example of 17th century 
architecture adapted by an 18th 

5365
04:37:32,599 --> 04:37:36,300
century Craftsman, visitors, 
Marvel at the cramped rooms 

5366
04:37:36,300 --> 04:37:38,000
where children must have crowded
together. 

5367
04:37:38,900 --> 04:37:41,800
And at the workshop, space out 
back where Revere chased 

5368
04:37:41,800 --> 04:37:45,000
creative ideas that shaped 
silver into everything from 

5369
04:37:45,000 --> 04:37:48,900
teapots to intricate Buckles in 
the yard one. 

5370
04:37:48,900 --> 04:37:50,900
Can almost imagine him 
confirming with secret 

5371
04:37:50,900 --> 04:37:53,099
committees. 
While stepping out at dusk for a

5372
04:37:53,099 --> 04:37:55,700
quiet conversation with a fellow
Sons of Liberty member. 

5373
04:37:56,599 --> 04:38:01,099
Reverse industrial Legacy, also 
lingers the copper clad us, as 

5374
04:38:01,099 --> 04:38:04,900
Constitution still floats in the
Charles Town, Navy Yard a 

5375
04:38:04,900 --> 04:38:06,700
testament to his metallurgical 
foresight. 

5376
04:38:07,599 --> 04:38:10,400
Bells cast in his Foundry 
continued to ring in churches as

5377
04:38:10,400 --> 04:38:14,000
a New England, these artifacts 
speak to a principal Revere 

5378
04:38:14,000 --> 04:38:17,500
championed that self-sufficiency
and local craftsmanship. 

5379
04:38:17,500 --> 04:38:20,700
Buttress, freedom, in a young 
Republic on certain of its 

5380
04:38:20,700 --> 04:38:24,700
future he demonstrated that made
in America was not a pipe dream 

5381
04:38:24,700 --> 04:38:28,000
but a workable reality given 
enough Ingenuity and 

5382
04:38:28,000 --> 04:38:31,400
perseverance. 
Academic discourses. 

5383
04:38:31,400 --> 04:38:33,900
Also, refined Revere's place in 
Revolutionary history. 

5384
04:38:34,700 --> 04:38:37,400
While Longfellows poem, 
romanticized Alone, Rider. 

5385
04:38:37,900 --> 04:38:40,200
Scholarship highlights. 
A broader Network known as the 

5386
04:38:40,200 --> 04:38:44,599
intelligence and alarm system 
dozens of riders watches and 

5387
04:38:44,599 --> 04:38:48,099
committee members. 
Made that April 1775 next to 

5388
04:38:48,099 --> 04:38:51,500
success Revere's role was 
crucial, but not singular, even.

5389
04:38:51,500 --> 04:38:55,099
So the poems popularity stuck, 
capturing the hearts of 

5390
04:38:55,099 --> 04:38:57,500
generations, who found 
inspiration in the notion that 

5391
04:38:57,500 --> 04:39:01,599
one person fueled by conviction,
might Rouse a people to defend 

5392
04:39:01,599 --> 04:39:03,800
Liberty, some argue that the 
legend. 

5393
04:39:03,800 --> 04:39:06,300
Simplicity overshadowed the 
truth of collective action, 

5394
04:39:06,300 --> 04:39:10,000
While others contend it provided
a rallying cymbal more powerful 

5395
04:39:10,000 --> 04:39:14,300
than any purely factual account.
contemporary portrayals whether 

5396
04:39:14,300 --> 04:39:17,300
in children's books or 
historical dramas, balance the 

5397
04:39:17,300 --> 04:39:20,900
factual Paul Revere with the 
Mythic figure, They mention his 

5398
04:39:20,900 --> 04:39:23,900
silver shop, his involvement in 
the Boston Tea Party, and his 

5399
04:39:23,900 --> 04:39:26,099
lesson known Feats beyond the 
fame ride. 

5400
04:39:26,099 --> 04:39:30,400
They note, how he bridged 
multiple roles Artisan, father 

5401
04:39:30,400 --> 04:39:34,200
activist Soldier, an 
entrepreneur Teachers use his 

5402
04:39:34,200 --> 04:39:36,500
story to illustrate how 
revolution's depend on every 

5403
04:39:36,500 --> 04:39:38,600
day. 
Citizens stepping forward, not 

5404
04:39:38,600 --> 04:39:42,600
just charismatic, generals In 
this sense, Revere embodies the 

5405
04:39:42,600 --> 04:39:45,900
idea that significant changes 
fueled by many hands. 

5406
04:39:45,900 --> 04:39:50,300
Each contributing specialized 
talents Revere's transformation 

5407
04:39:50,300 --> 04:39:53,600
into a national icon, carries 
lessons about how history and 

5408
04:39:53,600 --> 04:39:57,600
memory intersect he left behind.
No bombastic, Diaries rather, 

5409
04:39:57,600 --> 04:40:00,700
his records were pragmatic 
receipts for silver items. 

5410
04:40:00,700 --> 04:40:03,800
Letters about shipments of 
copper, brief notes on local, 

5411
04:40:03,800 --> 04:40:06,900
militia tasks, the shift from 
Modest business documents to 

5412
04:40:06,900 --> 04:40:09,800
Mythic status suggests that once
a narrative, resonates with 

5413
04:40:09,800 --> 04:40:13,900
national sentiment, it acquires 
a life of its own Paul Revere, 

5414
04:40:13,900 --> 04:40:18,000
the stands as both a historical 
figure verifiable multifaceted 

5415
04:40:18,000 --> 04:40:21,700
and a cultural emblem Shake by 
poetry, public monuments and 

5416
04:40:21,700 --> 04:40:25,200
retellings, the emphasized drama
over Nuance for people 

5417
04:40:25,200 --> 04:40:28,300
reflecting on the Revere's life.
Today he offers a model of 

5418
04:40:28,308 --> 04:40:31,900
adaptability he was not locked 
into a single path facing 

5419
04:40:31,900 --> 04:40:35,100
challenges where the paternal 
loss in adolescents British 

5420
04:40:35,100 --> 04:40:37,200
crackdowns post-war economic 
chaos. 

5421
04:40:37,200 --> 04:40:42,000
He recalibrated That 
adaptability unders a universal 

5422
04:40:42,000 --> 04:40:44,400
truth. 
The capacity to Pivot in 

5423
04:40:44,400 --> 04:40:47,700
Christ's Fosters resilience. 
whether in the forging of a new 

5424
04:40:47,708 --> 04:40:51,600
nation or in personal life 
transitions, Ultimately, the 

5425
04:40:51,600 --> 04:40:54,100
Paul Revere story is more than 
an evening Dash. 

5426
04:40:54,800 --> 04:40:56,400
It's a tapestry of 
craftsmanship. 

5427
04:40:57,100 --> 04:41:00,000
Activism community building and 
Industrial ambition. 

5428
04:41:00,000 --> 04:41:03,500
Each thread adds depth to the 
Revolutionary narrative. 

5429
04:41:04,500 --> 04:41:08,000
And while the phrase one, if by 
land two, if by Sea Rings 

5430
04:41:08,000 --> 04:41:12,100
Through the Ages The Reel Revere
thrived on forging alliances and

5431
04:41:12,100 --> 04:41:16,200
relentlessly solving problems. 
His memory endures in hammered 

5432
04:41:16,200 --> 04:41:19,600
silver in The Echoes of church 
bells and in the forging of a 

5433
04:41:19,600 --> 04:41:21,700
collective identity. 
That transcends any single 

5434
04:41:21,700 --> 04:41:25,500
heroic moment. 
In that sense, reverse life 

5435
04:41:25,500 --> 04:41:29,500
exemplifies how a determined 
citizen can indeed shape 

5436
04:41:29,500 --> 04:41:32,500
history, quite Lee weaving 
purpose into every role. 

5437
04:41:32,500 --> 04:41:35,800
He fills leaving behind an 
imprint that resonates well 

5438
04:41:35,800 --> 04:41:37,200
beyond the midnight calls of 
War. 

5439
04:41:43,100 --> 04:41:46,100
Picture yourself settling into a
wooden chair by your half on a 

5440
04:41:46,100 --> 04:41:48,400
Christmas evening in the year. 
1066. 

5441
04:41:49,400 --> 04:41:52,700
You've just finished your barley
soup and dark bread and the fire

5442
04:41:52,700 --> 04:41:54,800
crackles with that particular 
satisfaction. 

5443
04:41:54,800 --> 04:41:58,500
That comes from a belly that's 
finally full after a long day of

5444
04:41:58,508 --> 04:42:02,300
backbreaking work, Your bones 
ache in that familiar way. 

5445
04:42:02,300 --> 04:42:05,100
The kind that reminds you that 
you've earned your rest. 

5446
04:42:05,800 --> 04:42:09,000
You step outside to check on the
chickens one last time and 

5447
04:42:09,000 --> 04:42:12,600
that's when you see it. 
Blazing Sword hangs in the 

5448
04:42:12,600 --> 04:42:15,600
Western sky. 
Its fiery tail streaming behind 

5449
04:42:15,600 --> 04:42:17,600
it like the banner of some 
Celestial Army. 

5450
04:42:18,200 --> 04:42:21,700
Your heart pauses, not because 
your witnessing one of Nature's 

5451
04:42:21,700 --> 04:42:25,100
Most spectacular shows. 
But because, you know, with the 

5452
04:42:25,108 --> 04:42:27,700
certainty that comes from a 
lifetime of sermons and 

5453
04:42:27,700 --> 04:42:30,400
warnings, that this thing in the
sky means trouble. 

5454
04:42:30,400 --> 04:42:34,100
See, you don't live in a world 
where comets are chunks of ice 

5455
04:42:34,100 --> 04:42:37,300
and rock following predictable. 
Orbits, the sun, you live in a 

5456
04:42:37,308 --> 04:42:39,200
world where the heavens are 
God's Own theater. 

5457
04:42:39,200 --> 04:42:42,500
And when something unusual 
appears up there, it's not 

5458
04:42:42,500 --> 04:42:45,700
astronomy. 
It's a Divine Telegram and this 

5459
04:42:45,700 --> 04:42:47,500
particular message, looks pretty
ominous. 

5460
04:42:47,500 --> 04:42:49,400
Your medieval brain. 
Doesn't think. 

5461
04:42:49,400 --> 04:42:52,300
Oh, fascinating. 
A Celestial visitor from the 

5462
04:42:52,308 --> 04:42:53,900
outer reaches of our solar 
system. 

5463
04:42:53,900 --> 04:42:58,400
Instead it thinks something more
along the lines of well, that's 

5464
04:42:58,400 --> 04:43:00,700
it, there. 
Someone's about to die. 

5465
04:43:00,700 --> 04:43:03,000
Probably horribly. 
And it might just be me. 

5466
04:43:03,800 --> 04:43:07,100
The thing is you're not being a 
rational not by the standards of

5467
04:43:07,100 --> 04:43:10,000
your time anyway. 
You live in an age where the 

5468
04:43:10,000 --> 04:43:12,900
line between the natural and 
Supernatural is as blurry as 

5469
04:43:12,900 --> 04:43:16,600
your vision after too much. 
Ale angels and demons are as 

5470
04:43:16,600 --> 04:43:20,200
real as your neighbor's cow and 
the sky serves as God's bulletin

5471
04:43:20,200 --> 04:43:22,200
board. 
Announcing his disapproval of 

5472
04:43:22,200 --> 04:43:25,400
Humanity's, latest misdeeds, you
know, the stories. 

5473
04:43:25,400 --> 04:43:29,200
Everyone knows the stories, how 
a blazing star appeared before 

5474
04:43:29,200 --> 04:43:32,600
Jerusalem fell to the Romans, 
how strange that lights in the 

5475
04:43:32,600 --> 04:43:34,800
sky preceded, the death of 
Emperors and the fall of 

5476
04:43:34,808 --> 04:43:37,400
Kingdoms? 
Your grandfather told you about 

5477
04:43:37,400 --> 04:43:40,200
the time iqamat appeared just 
before the terrible famine that 

5478
04:43:40,200 --> 04:43:42,300
killed half the village. 
For you. 

5479
04:43:42,300 --> 04:43:44,300
These stories are more than mere
entertainment. 

5480
04:43:44,300 --> 04:43:47,000
They serve as historical 
records. 

5481
04:43:47,900 --> 04:43:50,900
And here's the thing that makes 
it even worse, you can't just 

5482
04:43:50,900 --> 04:43:54,400
shrug and go back inside. 
Everyone else in your village is

5483
04:43:54,400 --> 04:43:56,300
also witnessed it and their 
thoughts. 

5484
04:43:56,300 --> 04:43:59,700
Align with yours tomorrow, 
they'll be worried Whispers at 

5485
04:43:59,700 --> 04:44:01,900
the well and anxious glances 
toward the manor house. 

5486
04:44:02,600 --> 04:44:04,500
The priest will have that 
particular expression. 

5487
04:44:04,500 --> 04:44:07,600
That means he's about to deliver
some very unwelcome news from 

5488
04:44:07,600 --> 04:44:10,000
the pulpit. 
You pull your Woolen cloak, 

5489
04:44:10,000 --> 04:44:13,200
tighter around your shoulders. 
And try to remember if you've 

5490
04:44:13,200 --> 04:44:17,200
been particularly sinful lately 
Did you take that extra turn it 

5491
04:44:17,200 --> 04:44:20,000
from the Lord's field? 
Were you uncharitable towards 

5492
04:44:20,000 --> 04:44:22,900
your neighbor when his Pig got 
into your garden, these things 

5493
04:44:22,900 --> 04:44:26,200
matter now because clearly the 
almighty is paying attention and

5494
04:44:26,200 --> 04:44:29,400
he is not happy about something.
The comet hangs there like a 

5495
04:44:29,400 --> 04:44:32,300
cosmic reproach and you can't 
help but wonder what fresh 

5496
04:44:32,300 --> 04:44:33,600
disaster. 
It's announcing. 

5497
04:44:34,200 --> 04:44:36,400
Do you think the Normans will 
eventually follow through on 

5498
04:44:36,400 --> 04:44:39,300
their threats to invade? 
Will there be another plague 

5499
04:44:39,300 --> 04:44:41,500
will your lord decide to raise 
the taxes. 

5500
04:44:41,500 --> 04:44:45,100
Again in your world, bad news 
swiftly spreads, across the 

5501
04:44:45,100 --> 04:44:48,700
night, sky, with a fiery tail. 
You stand there for what feels 

5502
04:44:48,700 --> 04:44:51,600
like hours, but is probably only
minutes watching this. 

5503
04:44:51,600 --> 04:44:56,200
Unwelcome visitor, you want to 
appreciate its awful Beauty but 

5504
04:44:56,200 --> 04:44:58,100
mostly you want it to leave with
the disaster. 

5505
04:44:58,100 --> 04:45:01,000
It's advertising. 
If there's one thing you've 

5506
04:45:01,000 --> 04:45:04,600
learned in your Hard Scrabble 
medieval life is usually not the

5507
04:45:04,600 --> 04:45:07,500
kind of show you want front row 
seats, for the next morning 

5508
04:45:07,500 --> 04:45:10,000
arrives with all the subtlety of
a mule kick to the head. 

5509
04:45:10,000 --> 04:45:14,100
You wake to the sound of church 
bells not the regular call to 

5510
04:45:14,100 --> 04:45:17,000
morning prayers but the Urgent 
irregular clanging that means 

5511
04:45:17,000 --> 04:45:20,200
father Benedict has something 
important to announce And 

5512
04:45:20,200 --> 04:45:22,300
judging by the Frantic quality 
of the ringing. 

5513
04:45:22,300 --> 04:45:24,900
It's probably not good news 
about the Harvest Festival. 

5514
04:45:24,900 --> 04:45:28,800
You stumble out of your cottage 
still pulling on your boots to 

5515
04:45:28,800 --> 04:45:31,000
find half the village already 
gathered in the Square. 

5516
04:45:31,000 --> 04:45:34,600
Everyone looks like they've seen
a ghost which in a way they 

5517
04:45:34,600 --> 04:45:39,200
have, it's the celestial ghost 
of impending, doom complete with

5518
04:45:39,200 --> 04:45:42,900
a fiery tail and a profoundly 
negative outlook on Humanity's 

5519
04:45:42,900 --> 04:45:45,600
moral State. 
Father Benedict, stand on the 

5520
04:45:45,608 --> 04:45:48,900
church steps his expression. 
As troubled as everyone else's 

5521
04:45:48,900 --> 04:45:53,000
his usually neaton is to shovel 
and he's clutching his prayer 

5522
04:45:53,000 --> 04:45:55,500
book, like it might Sprout wings
and carry him away from this 

5523
04:45:55,500 --> 04:45:58,500
mess. 
When he speaks his voice has 

5524
04:45:58,500 --> 04:46:00,900
that particular Tremor that 
suggests, he's been up all night

5525
04:46:00,900 --> 04:46:02,800
wrestling with theological 
implications. 

5526
04:46:03,500 --> 04:46:07,000
My dear children, he begins, you
know immediately that whatever 

5527
04:46:07,000 --> 04:46:09,100
follows is going to be the 
opposite of reassuring. 

5528
04:46:10,100 --> 04:46:12,000
The Lord has sent us a sign in 
the heavens. 

5529
04:46:12,000 --> 04:46:14,900
A reminder, of his Divine 
displeasure with the sins of 

5530
04:46:14,900 --> 04:46:18,400
this world, Now here's where 
medieval logic gets particularly

5531
04:46:18,400 --> 04:46:21,600
intriguing. 
In your time, everything happens

5532
04:46:21,600 --> 04:46:24,600
for a reason and that reason is 
usually either God rewarding the

5533
04:46:24,600 --> 04:46:26,300
faithful or God punishing the 
wicked. 

5534
04:46:27,600 --> 04:46:30,500
There are no random Cosmic 
events or natural phenomena that

5535
04:46:30,500 --> 04:46:32,400
occur simply due to the laws of 
physics. 

5536
04:46:33,300 --> 04:46:36,000
When a comet appears, it's 
because God grabbed it by the 

5537
04:46:36,000 --> 04:46:39,500
tail and flung across the sky. 
Like a cosmic Javelin, aimed 

5538
04:46:39,500 --> 04:46:42,600
directly at whatever Kingdom 
Village, or individual has been 

5539
04:46:42,600 --> 04:46:44,100
getting too big for their 
britches. 

5540
04:46:45,100 --> 04:46:47,600
The mathematics of this system 
are beautifully, simple and 

5541
04:46:47,600 --> 04:46:51,000
absolutely terrifying. 
Bad things happen because 

5542
04:46:51,000 --> 04:46:54,800
someone somewhere has offended 
the almighty, the big of the 

5543
04:46:54,800 --> 04:46:59,200
wicked thing, the bigger the sin
that calls it and a comet a 

5544
04:46:59,200 --> 04:47:01,100
comet is not just any ordinary 
bad thing. 

5545
04:47:01,100 --> 04:47:05,200
That's the cosmic equivalent of 
God taking a serious storms. 

5546
04:47:06,100 --> 04:47:08,700
You glance around your 
neighbor's, all of whom are 

5547
04:47:08,700 --> 04:47:12,200
doing their own moral inventory.
There's Thomas the Miller you're

5548
04:47:12,200 --> 04:47:13,800
pretty sure has been watering 
down the flower. 

5549
04:47:13,800 --> 04:47:17,500
Margaret the baker undoubtedly, 
overcharges for bread and likely

5550
04:47:17,500 --> 04:47:21,200
fabricates the weight. 
Old Henrik is known by everyone 

5551
04:47:21,200 --> 04:47:23,000
to poach rabbits, from the 
Lord's Forest. 

5552
04:47:23,000 --> 04:47:27,200
But he is clever enough to avoid
getting caught, in fact, upon 

5553
04:47:27,200 --> 04:47:30,600
reflection, your village 
resembles a catalog of petty 

5554
04:47:30,600 --> 04:47:34,400
sins and moral compromises. 
Flaming harbinger of divine 

5555
04:47:34,400 --> 04:47:37,900
Justice, suddenly casts a shadow
over your village, making it 

5556
04:47:37,900 --> 04:47:41,400
seem less amusing and more like 
a poor strategic decision. 

5557
04:47:42,200 --> 04:47:45,300
Father, Benedict, continues, his
sermon explaining how comets 

5558
04:47:45,300 --> 04:47:48,400
have historically appeared 
before, great disasters, the 

5559
04:47:48,400 --> 04:47:51,400
medieval catastrophes, which 
included the destruction of 

5560
04:47:51,400 --> 04:47:55,300
cities, the deaths of Kings 
famines plagues, and invasions 

5561
04:47:55,300 --> 04:47:58,600
were all preceded by fiery. 
Visitors from the afterlife 

5562
04:47:59,400 --> 04:48:02,400
Father, Benedict provides detail
to explanations for most of his 

5563
04:48:02,400 --> 04:48:04,700
points. 
Supplemented by insightful 

5564
04:48:04,700 --> 04:48:07,700
quotes from various Saints who 
shared their perspectives on 

5565
04:48:07,700 --> 04:48:11,300
Celestial phenomena, The truly 
maddening part is that this 

5566
04:48:11,300 --> 04:48:14,000
system of cosmic, cause and 
effect actually makes sense 

5567
04:48:14,000 --> 04:48:17,800
within the medieval worldview. 
If God is all powerful and all 

5568
04:48:17,800 --> 04:48:20,300
knowing then nothing happens 
without his permission. 

5569
04:48:20,300 --> 04:48:22,900
If something dramatic happened 
in the heavens. 

5570
04:48:22,900 --> 04:48:26,600
It's because he put it there and
if he put it there it's because 

5571
04:48:26,600 --> 04:48:27,700
he is trying to tell you 
something. 

5572
04:48:27,700 --> 04:48:31,000
The only question is if you 
possess the intelligence to 

5573
04:48:31,000 --> 04:48:34,400
decipher that message before, 
it's too late, You find yourself

5574
04:48:34,400 --> 04:48:38,000
nodding in agreement with the 
priests explanation despite a 

5575
04:48:38,000 --> 04:48:40,900
part of your mind resisting, the
overwhelming unfairness of it 

5576
04:48:40,900 --> 04:48:42,900
all. 
After all, you've been a 

5577
04:48:42,900 --> 04:48:46,200
reasonably decent person, you go
to church, you don't murder 

5578
04:48:46,200 --> 04:48:48,500
anyone. 
You only steal when you're 

5579
04:48:48,500 --> 04:48:51,200
really hungry and you've never 
covered your neighbor's Ox, with

5580
04:48:51,200 --> 04:48:54,500
any serious intent. 
But apparently, the cosmic 

5581
04:48:54,500 --> 04:48:57,900
justice system operates on a 
collective guilt principal and 

5582
04:48:57,900 --> 04:48:59,700
your Villages moral credit 
rating. 

5583
04:48:59,700 --> 04:49:02,100
Has just been downgraded to pray
for your souls. 

5584
04:49:02,900 --> 04:49:05,800
As father Benedict, wraps up his
impromptu, sermon with a call 

5585
04:49:05,800 --> 04:49:09,300
for increased piety and possibly
some emergency donations to the 

5586
04:49:09,300 --> 04:49:11,600
church roof fund. 
You can't help but stare up at 

5587
04:49:11,600 --> 04:49:14,600
the morning sky. 
The comet isn't visible now but 

5588
04:49:14,600 --> 04:49:17,500
you know it's still there. 
Lurking behind the sun like a 

5589
04:49:17,500 --> 04:49:21,000
cosmic bill collector waiting to
serve papers by midday. 

5590
04:49:21,000 --> 04:49:24,300
Your village has to send it into
a state of organized his Syria. 

5591
04:49:24,300 --> 04:49:26,900
It's remarkable really her 
quickly. 

5592
04:49:26,900 --> 04:49:29,700
A community can pivot from 
mundane concerns about grain 

5593
04:49:29,700 --> 04:49:33,400
storage and pig breeding to 
full-scale apocalyptic anxiety. 

5594
04:49:34,400 --> 04:49:37,900
Everyone becomes an expert on 
Divine wrath and Celestial Omens

5595
04:49:37,900 --> 04:49:40,900
after witnessing a fiery 
visitor, in the night sky. 

5596
04:49:42,100 --> 04:49:44,800
While you attempt to carry out 
your daily tasks, such as 

5597
04:49:44,800 --> 04:49:47,400
feeding, the chickens, and 
fixing the Leaky that in your 

5598
04:49:47,408 --> 04:49:50,700
cottage, it becomes difficult to
focus when half of your 

5599
04:49:50,700 --> 04:49:53,000
neighbor's are convinced that 
the world is on the verge of a 

5600
04:49:53,008 --> 04:49:56,600
catastrophic end and the other 
half a debating, the specifics 

5601
04:49:56,600 --> 04:50:00,500
of this end. the blacksmith has 
become convinced that the comet 

5602
04:50:00,500 --> 04:50:03,400
is specifically targeting Smiths
because he once made a horse 

5603
04:50:03,400 --> 04:50:06,700
shoe on a Sunday, The baker 
thinks it's about bread prices, 

5604
04:50:06,700 --> 04:50:09,600
which honestly might not be 
wrong, given what she charges 

5605
04:50:09,600 --> 04:50:12,500
for a decent loaf. 
Young William from the mill is 

5606
04:50:12,500 --> 04:50:14,900
certain it's because he's been 
having him pure thoughts about 

5607
04:50:14,900 --> 04:50:18,600
the merchants daughter though. 
Frankly half the village has 

5608
04:50:18,600 --> 04:50:20,700
been having him pure thoughts 
about the merchants daughter. 

5609
04:50:20,700 --> 04:50:24,500
So if God punished every lustful
glance with Cosmic fireworks, 

5610
04:50:24,500 --> 04:50:27,200
the sky would look like a 
continuous celebration. 

5611
04:50:28,500 --> 04:50:31,300
What's fascinating is how 
everyone's personal guilt is 

5612
04:50:31,300 --> 04:50:34,500
suddenly Cosmic in scope? 
Do you remember the Apple you 

5613
04:50:34,500 --> 04:50:37,900
stole from your neighbor's tree 
last Autumn clearly grounds for 

5614
04:50:37,900 --> 04:50:41,500
divine retribution via a flaming
Celestial messenger the 

5615
04:50:41,500 --> 04:50:44,000
occasion, when you informed your
supervisor that you were two 

5616
04:50:44,008 --> 04:50:48,000
will to work, even though you 
simply wish to sleep in. this is

5617
04:50:48,000 --> 04:50:51,100
undoubtedly, the type of moral 
transgression that necessitate 

5618
04:50:51,100 --> 04:50:54,100
to correction from a higher 
power, your City on your 

5619
04:50:54,100 --> 04:50:57,400
doorstep, trying to patch a hole
in your boot and listening to 

5620
04:50:57,400 --> 04:51:00,100
the increasingly creative 
theories about what the comet 

5621
04:51:00,100 --> 04:51:04,200
means when old Martha shuffles 
over She is the villages 

5622
04:51:04,200 --> 04:51:07,700
unofficial historian, the keeper
of all the local disasters, and 

5623
04:51:07,700 --> 04:51:09,500
their supposed Celestial 
announcements. 

5624
04:51:09,500 --> 04:51:13,000
If anyone knows about comets and
their terrible implications, 

5625
04:51:13,000 --> 04:51:17,200
it's Martha. 
So on just like at 40 years ago,

5626
04:51:17,200 --> 04:51:20,300
she says settling onto the 
wooden bench beside your door 

5627
04:51:20,300 --> 04:51:22,600
with the careful, Precision of 
joints, that complain about 

5628
04:51:22,600 --> 04:51:25,400
everything. 
It was the same color, the same 

5629
04:51:25,400 --> 04:51:28,100
terrible brightness. 
You know what happened next? 

5630
04:51:28,100 --> 04:51:31,400
You're not sure you want to know
but Martha is going to tell you 

5631
04:51:31,400 --> 04:51:33,900
anyway. 
There's a gleam in her eye 

5632
04:51:33,900 --> 04:51:36,800
indicating that she's about to 
reveal a particularly juicy 

5633
04:51:36,800 --> 04:51:41,600
piece of historical catastrophe.
The great sickness came through 

5634
04:51:41,600 --> 04:51:44,700
the sickness, claimed the lives 
of every third person in the 

5635
04:51:44,708 --> 04:51:48,500
village, including my first 
husband God, Rest his soul. 

5636
04:51:49,600 --> 04:51:52,800
Though between you and me, she 
leans closer, her voice dropping

5637
04:51:52,800 --> 04:51:56,700
to, a conspiratorial whisper 
Harold, had it coming man? 

5638
04:51:56,700 --> 04:51:58,900
Never met a commandment. 
He couldn't find a way around. 

5639
04:51:58,900 --> 04:52:02,800
This is the thing about medieval
life that makes Comet Fierce so 

5640
04:52:02,800 --> 04:52:04,800
perfectly. 
Reasonable bad. 

5641
04:52:04,800 --> 04:52:06,900
Things really do happen with 
alarming regularity. 

5642
04:52:08,000 --> 04:52:14,300
Plagues famines Wars. 
Floods droughts fires invasions,

5643
04:52:14,300 --> 04:52:17,400
it's like living in a cosmic 
pinball machine where you're the

5644
04:52:17,408 --> 04:52:19,300
ball and disaster is every 
bumper. 

5645
04:52:20,100 --> 04:52:23,000
When your Baseline existence 
includes regular encounters with

5646
04:52:23,000 --> 04:52:26,400
death disease and destruction, 
the appearance of something 

5647
04:52:26,400 --> 04:52:29,500
unusual in the sky isn't just 
Superstition, it's pattern 

5648
04:52:29,500 --> 04:52:32,800
recognition. 
Martha continues her catalogue 

5649
04:52:32,800 --> 04:52:36,100
of comet related disasters. 
You start to understand why your

5650
04:52:36,100 --> 04:52:38,700
ancestors developed. 
Such a healthy fear of celestial

5651
04:52:38,700 --> 04:52:42,100
visitors in a world where 
Medical Science consists largely

5652
04:52:42,100 --> 04:52:44,900
of bloodletting and prayer. 
Where crop failure means 

5653
04:52:44,900 --> 04:52:48,000
starvation and where political 
stability is whatever mood. 

5654
04:52:48,000 --> 04:52:49,600
The local Lord happens to be in 
that day. 

5655
04:52:49,600 --> 04:52:53,400
Any advance warning of trouble 
is valuable, even if that 

5656
04:52:53,400 --> 04:52:56,000
warning comes in the form of 
astronomical phenomena, that 

5657
04:52:56,000 --> 04:52:58,300
won't be properly understood for
another few hundred years. 

5658
04:52:59,600 --> 04:53:02,300
The truly clever thing about 
Comet fear is that it's almost 

5659
04:53:02,300 --> 04:53:06,000
impossible to disprove something
bad or was happens, eventually 

5660
04:53:06,000 --> 04:53:08,400
that's just the nature of 
medieval life. 

5661
04:53:09,200 --> 04:53:12,500
When a Calamity occurs, 
everyone, recalls the comet and 

5662
04:53:12,500 --> 04:53:15,200
reverently acknowledges, the 
Divine warnings and Cosmic 

5663
04:53:15,200 --> 04:53:17,700
Justice. 
The fact that bad things all 

5664
04:53:17,700 --> 04:53:19,300
happen. 
When there aren't any comets 

5665
04:53:19,300 --> 04:53:22,600
around, is conveniently 
forgotten in favor of the much 

5666
04:53:22,600 --> 04:53:24,100
more. 
Satisfying Narrative of 

5667
04:53:24,100 --> 04:53:28,400
celestials and effect, As the 
day progresses, You observe that

5668
04:53:28,400 --> 04:53:30,400
the Panic begins to assume a 
distinctly. 

5669
04:53:30,400 --> 04:53:33,200
Practical aspect. 
People are checking their food 

5670
04:53:33,200 --> 04:53:35,400
stores. 
Making sure their tools are in 

5671
04:53:35,400 --> 04:53:38,900
good repair, settling old debts,
and being unusually, nice to 

5672
04:53:38,908 --> 04:53:40,400
people. 
They normally can't stand. 

5673
04:53:40,400 --> 04:53:44,000
If a Calamity is imminent, it's 
crucial to prepare thoroughly. 

5674
04:53:44,000 --> 04:53:47,800
And the last thing you want is 
to confront Divine ref, while in

5675
04:53:47,800 --> 04:53:50,600
debt, your neighbor, or 
harboring resentment towards the

5676
04:53:50,600 --> 04:53:54,100
Miller, evening comes again. 
And with it, the return of your 

5677
04:53:54,100 --> 04:53:57,600
own welcome, Celestial visitor. 
The comet hangs in the Western 

5678
04:53:57,600 --> 04:54:01,100
sky like a cosmic Sword of 
Damocles, and you're beginning 

5679
04:54:01,100 --> 04:54:03,800
to understand why your medieval 
ancestors developed such 

5680
04:54:03,800 --> 04:54:05,800
elaborate theories about what 
these things meant. 

5681
04:54:06,600 --> 04:54:09,500
When you don't have telescopes 
or orbital mechanics or any real

5682
04:54:09,500 --> 04:54:11,500
understanding of what's 
Happening beyond the atmosphere.

5683
04:54:12,300 --> 04:54:14,800
Pattern matching becomes your 
primary scientific method. 

5684
04:54:15,500 --> 04:54:19,700
You must admit the patterns are 
quite compelling, comets appear,

5685
04:54:19,700 --> 04:54:23,100
bad things happen. 
Sometimes the timing is 

5686
04:54:23,100 --> 04:54:26,600
remarkably coincidental like the
comet, everyone still talks 

5687
04:54:26,600 --> 04:54:30,400
about that showed up just weeks 
before the terrible winter when 

5688
04:54:30,400 --> 04:54:33,400
the rivers froze solid and half 
the livestock died. 

5689
04:54:33,400 --> 04:54:38,200
Occasionally the connection is 
more General iqamat appears and 

5690
04:54:38,200 --> 04:54:41,200
then sometime in the following 
months or years, there's a war 

5691
04:54:41,200 --> 04:54:43,500
or plague or famine or political
upheaval. 

5692
04:54:44,200 --> 04:54:47,600
Of course, give them that Wars 
plagues famines and political 

5693
04:54:47,600 --> 04:54:50,000
upheavals of, basically the 
background noise of medieval 

5694
04:54:50,000 --> 04:54:52,700
existence. 
Connecting them to any unusual 

5695
04:54:52,700 --> 04:54:54,800
Celestial event isn't exactly a 
stretch. 

5696
04:54:54,800 --> 04:54:58,000
It's like predicting that 
sometime after you see a strange

5697
04:54:58,000 --> 04:54:59,600
Cloud. 
It will rain. 

5698
04:55:00,500 --> 04:55:03,400
In medieval Europe, the 
analogous prediction would be 

5699
04:55:03,400 --> 04:55:06,400
that upon witnessing a comet a 
calamitous event would 

5700
04:55:06,400 --> 04:55:09,500
inevitably be false someone. 
And this prediction would almost

5701
04:55:09,500 --> 04:55:13,200
always proved accurate. 
Your contemplating this 

5702
04:55:13,200 --> 04:55:16,300
prediction while sitting outside
your cottage, sharing a cup of 

5703
04:55:16,308 --> 04:55:18,900
retail. 
With your neighbor Edmond he's 

5704
04:55:18,900 --> 04:55:21,600
been unusually thoughtful all 
day which is notable because 

5705
04:55:21,600 --> 04:55:24,500
Edmund's usual approach to 
complex problems is to ignore 

5706
04:55:24,500 --> 04:55:27,600
them until they either go away 
or become someone else's 

5707
04:55:27,600 --> 04:55:30,400
responsibility. 
Been thinking about that thing 

5708
04:55:30,400 --> 04:55:32,500
up there. 
He says gesturing toward the 

5709
04:55:32,500 --> 04:55:35,700
comet with his cup wondering. 
If maybe we're looking at this 

5710
04:55:35,700 --> 04:55:39,000
all wrong. 
The subject is intriguing Edmond

5711
04:55:39,000 --> 04:55:42,000
having an original thought is 
like seeing a comet unusual 

5712
04:55:42,000 --> 04:55:45,100
enough to Merit attention. 
How do you mean you are? 

5713
04:55:46,100 --> 04:55:48,300
Well, Edwin continues warming to
his theme. 

5714
04:55:48,300 --> 04:55:51,000
What if it's not a warning about
something that's going to 

5715
04:55:51,008 --> 04:55:52,900
happen? 
Could it be a warning about 

5716
04:55:52,900 --> 04:55:54,500
something currently occurring 
that we have? 

5717
04:55:54,500 --> 04:55:57,500
Not yet observed. 
This interpretation of cosmic 

5718
04:55:57,500 --> 04:56:01,200
messaging theory is surprisingly
sophisticated rather than the 

5719
04:56:01,200 --> 04:56:03,300
comet serving as a foreshadowing
of future events. 

5720
04:56:03,300 --> 04:56:06,200
It's akin to God. 
Gently reminding you to take 

5721
04:56:06,200 --> 04:56:09,400
notice of a situation that has 
been unfolding while you've been

5722
04:56:09,400 --> 04:56:12,800
preoccupied with other matters. 
This interpretation has the 

5723
04:56:12,800 --> 04:56:15,900
advantage of being almost 
impossible to argue with is 

5724
04:56:15,900 --> 04:56:19,200
their political tension, Brewing
between neighboring laws as 

5725
04:56:19,200 --> 04:56:21,400
there been an unusual number of 
sick cattle lately. 

5726
04:56:21,400 --> 04:56:24,700
Other crops looking a bit too 
good, this year, setting up for 

5727
04:56:24,700 --> 04:56:26,300
complacency and eventual 
disaster. 

5728
04:56:27,200 --> 04:56:29,600
Any of these could be the 
something that the comet is 

5729
04:56:29,608 --> 04:56:32,100
highlighting. 
Edmund's Theory also explains, 

5730
04:56:32,100 --> 04:56:35,300
why comets seem to proceed 
disasters, rather than directly 

5731
04:56:35,300 --> 04:56:37,500
caused them. 
They're not Cosmic artillery 

5732
04:56:37,500 --> 04:56:40,600
shells fired by an upset deity. 
They're more like Divine 

5733
04:56:40,600 --> 04:56:43,700
highlighter markers drawing 
attention to problems that were 

5734
04:56:43,700 --> 04:56:45,900
already in the works. 
You find the idea. 

5735
04:56:45,900 --> 04:56:50,300
Oddly comforting, it suggests 
that maybe just maybe there's 

5736
04:56:50,300 --> 04:56:52,700
still time to address, whatever 
issue the comet is pointing out.

5737
04:56:53,500 --> 04:56:55,000
If you can figure out what it 
is, anyway. 

5738
04:56:56,200 --> 04:56:59,300
The two of you sit in 
companionable silence watching 

5739
04:56:59,300 --> 04:57:02,800
the comet and sipping your ail. 
Around the village other people 

5740
04:57:02,800 --> 04:57:05,300
are doing the same thing 
standing in doorways, sitting on

5741
04:57:05,300 --> 04:57:08,400
benches and gathering in small 
groups to stare at the sky and 

5742
04:57:08,400 --> 04:57:11,900
speculate about meaning. 
It's like the entire Community 

5743
04:57:11,900 --> 04:57:14,800
as become a philosophical 
Society dedicated to the 

5744
04:57:14,800 --> 04:57:16,600
interpretation of celestial 
phenomena. 

5745
04:57:17,600 --> 04:57:20,300
The funny thing is all this 
Comet watching and disaster 

5746
04:57:20,300 --> 04:57:22,300
theorizing is actually bringing 
people together. 

5747
04:57:22,300 --> 04:57:26,000
Shared anxiety has a way of 
dissolving Petty Grievances and 

5748
04:57:26,000 --> 04:57:29,000
social barriers, the Miller who 
usually can't be bothered to 

5749
04:57:29,000 --> 04:57:31,900
acknowledge Your Existence nods 
Gravely when you pass him on the

5750
04:57:31,900 --> 04:57:34,800
road. 
The Lord Steward, normally is 

5751
04:57:34,800 --> 04:57:37,600
approachable as a rapid Badger 
actually stops to ask your 

5752
04:57:37,600 --> 04:57:39,300
opinion about what the comet 
might signify. 

5753
04:57:39,300 --> 04:57:43,400
You realize that fear serves as 
a powerful equalizer when 

5754
04:57:43,400 --> 04:57:46,200
everyone's worried about the 
same Cosmic threat, suddenly the

5755
04:57:46,200 --> 04:57:48,900
normal hierarchies and social 
divisions seem less important 

5756
04:57:48,900 --> 04:57:53,800
everyone ritual, poor Noble or 
peasant has the same view of the

5757
04:57:53,800 --> 04:57:56,500
troubling visitor, in the 
Western sky, and the same 

5758
04:57:56,508 --> 04:57:58,700
questions about what it means 
and what to do. 

5759
04:57:58,700 --> 04:58:02,700
This communal aspect of comet, 
fear is probably one of its most

5760
04:58:02,700 --> 04:58:06,600
valuable functions in medieval 
Society, it provides a shared 

5761
04:58:06,600 --> 04:58:09,600
experience that transcends 
individual concerns and creates 

5762
04:58:09,600 --> 04:58:13,300
a sense of common purpose. 
Everyone is on the same Cosmic 

5763
04:58:13,300 --> 04:58:16,700
Journey collectively rowing 
towards an uncertain yet, 

5764
04:58:16,700 --> 04:58:18,700
potentially disastrous 
destination. 

5765
04:58:19,900 --> 04:58:22,400
As the evening deepens and the 
comet become more visible 

5766
04:58:22,400 --> 04:58:25,200
against the darkening Sky. 
You can't help but appreciate 

5767
04:58:25,200 --> 04:58:27,500
the elegance and simplicity of 
medieval cosmology. 

5768
04:58:28,400 --> 04:58:31,600
Everything has meaning, 
everything is connected and 

5769
04:58:31,600 --> 04:58:33,400
everything. 
Ultimately serves a Divine 

5770
04:58:33,400 --> 04:58:36,500
Purpose, it's a worldview that 
leaves no room for chance or 

5771
04:58:36,500 --> 04:58:39,800
meaningless coincidence, which 
means it also leaves no room for

5772
04:58:39,800 --> 04:58:43,200
the kind of existential anxiety 
that comes from living in an 

5773
04:58:43,200 --> 04:58:44,900
apparently, purposeless 
Universe. 

5774
04:58:44,900 --> 04:58:48,200
Within three days of the comic 
crisis, your village has 

5775
04:58:48,200 --> 04:58:51,000
established an advanced system 
of apocalyptic management. 

5776
04:58:51,900 --> 04:58:55,100
It's impressive, really how 
quickly a community can organize

5777
04:58:55,100 --> 04:58:58,100
itself around the shared belief 
that the sky is trying to tell 

5778
04:58:58,100 --> 04:59:00,400
them something important and 
probably unpleasant. 

5779
04:59:01,200 --> 04:59:03,900
The blacksmith has taken on the 
role of the villages spiritual 

5780
04:59:03,900 --> 04:59:07,400
audit committee conducting 
door-to-door assessments to 

5781
04:59:07,400 --> 04:59:10,800
identify everyone's recent 
transgressions and recommend 

5782
04:59:10,800 --> 04:59:14,100
suitable penances. 
The baker has started giving 

5783
04:59:14,100 --> 04:59:17,100
away day old bread to the poor 
apparently reasoning that 

5784
04:59:17,100 --> 04:59:19,100
excessive charity. 
Might offset whatever. 

5785
04:59:19,100 --> 04:59:21,600
Cosmic imbalance has attracted 
Divine attention. 

5786
04:59:22,400 --> 04:59:25,300
Even the Lord Steward has been 
unusually lenient about tax 

5787
04:59:25,300 --> 04:59:29,000
collection, which is either a 
sign of genuine piety or 

5788
04:59:29,000 --> 04:59:31,200
evidence that he's just as 
worried as everyone else. 

5789
04:59:31,200 --> 04:59:34,600
Your beginning to understand 
that medieval Comet fear isn't 

5790
04:59:34,600 --> 04:59:36,400
just about Superstition or 
ignorance. 

5791
04:59:36,400 --> 04:59:39,300
It's actually a pretty 
sophisticated social technology 

5792
04:59:39,300 --> 04:59:42,100
for dealing with uncertainty and
managing Collective anxiety. 

5793
04:59:43,500 --> 04:59:46,000
When faced with something 
potentially threatening but 

5794
04:59:46,000 --> 04:59:49,600
fundamentally incomprehensible, 
the community is instinctively 

5795
04:59:49,600 --> 04:59:52,500
developed a response that serves
multiple practical functions. 

5796
04:59:52,500 --> 04:59:56,700
First, it creates social 
cohesion, everyone's focused on 

5797
04:59:56,700 --> 04:59:59,300
the same problem, which means 
everyone's pulling in the same 

5798
04:59:59,300 --> 05:00:02,300
direction. 
The usual Village fuse and Petty

5799
05:00:02,300 --> 05:00:04,800
grievances have been temporarily
set aside in favor of more 

5800
05:00:04,800 --> 05:00:07,900
pressing, Cosmic concerns. 
When you're all potentially 

5801
05:00:07,900 --> 05:00:11,000
facing Divine judgment together,
it's easier to forgive your 

5802
05:00:11,000 --> 05:00:13,200
neighbor for letting his pigs 
route, through your garden. 

5803
05:00:13,800 --> 05:00:16,900
Second, it encourages moral 
reflection and behavioral 

5804
05:00:16,900 --> 05:00:19,400
Improvement. 
The prospect of celestial 

5805
05:00:19,400 --> 05:00:22,300
retribution, effectively prompt 
individuals to reconsider their 

5806
05:00:22,300 --> 05:00:25,300
recent ethical decisions. 
The Village has become 

5807
05:00:25,308 --> 05:00:28,800
noticeably more civil, more 
generous and more Cooperative 

5808
05:00:28,800 --> 05:00:32,300
since the Comet appeared. 
If Divine threats can achieve, 

5809
05:00:32,300 --> 05:00:35,400
what sermons and social pressure
couldn't perhaps a little 

5810
05:00:35,408 --> 05:00:37,900
Cosmic, anxiety, holds Merit 
third. 

5811
05:00:37,900 --> 05:00:40,200
It provides a framework for 
Collective action. 

5812
05:00:40,200 --> 05:00:44,000
Instead of everyone panicking 
individually, the community as 

5813
05:00:44,000 --> 05:00:45,600
organized. 
Its worrying to productive 

5814
05:00:45,600 --> 05:00:48,800
channels, food stores are being 
checked and Consolidated. 

5815
05:00:48,800 --> 05:00:51,700
Tools are being repaired. 
Debts, are being settled, 

5816
05:00:51,700 --> 05:00:55,600
relationships, are being mended.
If disaster is coming, at least,

5817
05:00:55,600 --> 05:00:59,200
everyone will face it together 
and prepared your pondering. 

5818
05:00:59,200 --> 05:01:02,400
These sociological insights 
while helping Edmond repair his 

5819
05:01:02,400 --> 05:01:06,200
roof A task, he's been putting 
off for months but suddenly 

5820
05:01:06,200 --> 05:01:09,400
considers urgent, give them the 
current Celestial circumstances.

5821
05:01:09,400 --> 05:01:12,300
It's remarkable how the 
possibility of divine 

5822
05:01:12,300 --> 05:01:14,700
displeasure can motivate Home 
Maintenance projects. 

5823
05:01:16,000 --> 05:01:18,100
You know what? 
I find interesting Edmond says, 

5824
05:01:18,100 --> 05:01:20,800
horsing in his hammering to 
gesture toward the sky where the

5825
05:01:20,800 --> 05:01:23,800
comet will soon become visible. 
How come we never get good 

5826
05:01:23,800 --> 05:01:26,700
comments, comments that mean 
prosperity and favorable 

5827
05:01:26,700 --> 05:01:28,800
harvests and peaceful relations 
with our neighbors. 

5828
05:01:29,700 --> 05:01:31,900
This query is actually a 
profound question about the 

5829
05:01:31,900 --> 05:01:35,300
nature of divine communication 
through astronomical phenomena. 

5830
05:01:36,300 --> 05:01:38,700
Why are comets always harbingers
of Doom? 

5831
05:01:38,700 --> 05:01:41,500
Why can't they be harbingers of 
exceptional? 

5832
05:01:41,500 --> 05:01:44,700
Wine vintages, or unusually 
Cooperative weather patterns 

5833
05:01:44,700 --> 05:01:47,000
instead? 
You can consider this while 

5834
05:01:47,000 --> 05:01:50,600
handing Edmond another nail. 
Maybe because good things don't 

5835
05:01:50,600 --> 05:01:53,800
need warnings. 
You suggest, God wanted to send 

5836
05:01:53,800 --> 05:01:57,500
us prosperity, he just send it. 
But if trouble's coming we need 

5837
05:01:57,500 --> 05:01:59,600
time to prepare, Edmond not the 
thoughtful. 

5838
05:01:59,600 --> 05:02:04,600
So comments are like Divine 
early Warning Systems exactly. 

5839
05:02:04,600 --> 05:02:07,800
God's way of saying, heads up 
things are about to get 

5840
05:02:07,808 --> 05:02:10,400
complicated. 
This interpretation has the 

5841
05:02:10,400 --> 05:02:13,000
advantage of making Comet Fierce
seen, not just reasonable. 

5842
05:02:13,000 --> 05:02:17,000
But practically, why is of 
course you should be worried. 

5843
05:02:17,000 --> 05:02:20,500
When unusual Celestial phenomena
appear, they're not just random 

5844
05:02:20,500 --> 05:02:23,700
Cosmic events their intelligence
briefings from the highest 

5845
05:02:23,700 --> 05:02:26,500
possible Authority. 
Delivered via the most dramatic,

5846
05:02:26,500 --> 05:02:28,200
communication, medium of 
available. 

5847
05:02:28,200 --> 05:02:31,300
The more you think about it? 
The more you appreciate the 

5848
05:02:31,300 --> 05:02:32,900
elegant efficiency of the 
system. 

5849
05:02:33,900 --> 05:02:37,400
Complex bureaucracies or 
elaborate communication networks

5850
05:02:37,400 --> 05:02:40,400
are not necessary. 
Just grab a convenient chunk of 

5851
05:02:40,408 --> 05:02:43,000
ice and rock. 
Set it on a spectacular 

5852
05:02:43,000 --> 05:02:46,100
trajectory through the inner 
solar system and let human 

5853
05:02:46,100 --> 05:02:47,900
pattern. 
Recognition instincts, do the 

5854
05:02:47,900 --> 05:02:50,400
rest every culture on Earth will
see it. 

5855
05:02:50,400 --> 05:02:54,200
Everyone will understand that it
means something significant and 

5856
05:02:54,200 --> 05:02:56,400
everyone will start taking 
appropriate precautions. 

5857
05:02:58,000 --> 05:03:00,400
As evening approaches and the 
comet becomes visible. 

5858
05:03:00,400 --> 05:03:03,200
Again, you and Edmund down from 
the roof to join. 

5859
05:03:03,200 --> 05:03:05,300
The usual Community Comet 
watching session. 

5860
05:03:05,300 --> 05:03:09,100
It's become a nightly ritual. 
Now, this Collective observation

5861
05:03:09,100 --> 05:03:11,900
and interpretation of your 
unwelcome Celestial visitor, 

5862
05:03:11,900 --> 05:03:14,500
people bring cups of ale or weak
wine. 

5863
05:03:14,500 --> 05:03:17,600
Share theories about what the 
comet might signify and 

5864
05:03:17,600 --> 05:03:20,600
generally turn astronomical 
anxiety into a social event 

5865
05:03:21,500 --> 05:03:24,900
Tonight, father, Benedict, as 
join the group, which adds a 

5866
05:03:24,900 --> 05:03:27,800
certain official theological 
weight to the proceedings, he's 

5867
05:03:27,800 --> 05:03:30,400
been Consulting, various 
religious texts about comets and

5868
05:03:30,400 --> 05:03:32,500
their meanings. 
And he has some intriguing 

5869
05:03:32,500 --> 05:03:35,300
insights to share about the 
historical relationship between 

5870
05:03:35,300 --> 05:03:37,700
Celestial phenomena and Earthly 
events. 

5871
05:03:38,700 --> 05:03:42,100
The thing about Divine warnings,
he explained settling onto a 

5872
05:03:42,100 --> 05:03:43,900
wooden stall that someone has 
thoughtfully provided. 

5873
05:03:44,800 --> 05:03:47,000
Is that they're not just about 
predicting the future. 

5874
05:03:47,000 --> 05:03:49,900
There are about giving us the 
opportunity to change it. 

5875
05:03:49,900 --> 05:03:53,300
A week has passed since your 
Celestial visitor first appeared

5876
05:03:53,300 --> 05:03:56,300
and you're beginning to suspect,
that medieval Comet, 

5877
05:03:56,300 --> 05:03:58,700
interpretation might be more art
than science. 

5878
05:03:59,400 --> 05:04:02,300
The villagers now generated 
approximately 17, different 

5879
05:04:02,300 --> 05:04:04,100
theories about what the comet 
means? 

5880
05:04:04,100 --> 05:04:07,400
Ranging from father, Benedict, 
scholarly assessment, that it 

5881
05:04:07,400 --> 05:04:10,800
represents Divine displeasure 
with moral laxity to Young 

5882
05:04:10,800 --> 05:04:14,100
Williams conviction, that it 
specifically about his lustful 

5883
05:04:14,100 --> 05:04:17,200
thoughts, regarding the 
merchants daughter, The most 

5884
05:04:17,200 --> 05:04:20,700
creative interpretation so far 
has come from old Henrik who 

5885
05:04:20,700 --> 05:04:24,100
believes the comet is actually a
beneficial sign, God's way of 

5886
05:04:24,100 --> 05:04:26,800
burning away, evil influences. 
So that righteousness can 

5887
05:04:26,800 --> 05:04:30,800
flourish This theory is notably 
popular with people who consider

5888
05:04:30,800 --> 05:04:33,900
themselves generally righteous 
and would prefer Cosmic events 

5889
05:04:33,900 --> 05:04:37,000
to work in their favor for once.
You're sitting by your half 

5890
05:04:37,000 --> 05:04:40,500
mending a torn shirt and 
contemplating the remarkable 

5891
05:04:40,500 --> 05:04:43,700
human capacity to find meaning 
in random events when there's a 

5892
05:04:43,700 --> 05:04:46,600
knock at your door. 
It's Margaret from the 

5893
05:04:46,600 --> 05:04:49,600
Bakehouse. 
King unusually flustered and 

5894
05:04:49,600 --> 05:04:52,700
carrying what appears to be an 
entire loaf of her best bread. 

5895
05:04:54,000 --> 05:04:56,800
I need to talk to someone, she 
says, settling into your spare 

5896
05:04:56,800 --> 05:04:58,200
chair without waiting for an 
invitation. 

5897
05:04:59,100 --> 05:05:01,700
About the comet about what it 
might really mean. 

5898
05:05:02,800 --> 05:05:05,100
You set aside your mending and 
give her your full attention. 

5899
05:05:06,100 --> 05:05:08,800
Margaret rarely indulges in 
fanciful or theological 

5900
05:05:08,800 --> 05:05:11,400
speculation. 
If she's worried about Cosmic 

5901
05:05:11,400 --> 05:05:13,900
implications there's probably a 
good practical reason. 

5902
05:05:15,000 --> 05:05:18,100
I've been thinking about timing.
She continues breaking off a 

5903
05:05:18,108 --> 05:05:19,500
piece of bread and offering it 
to you. 

5904
05:05:20,300 --> 05:05:23,000
When exactly the Comet appeared 
and what was happening right 

5905
05:05:23,000 --> 05:05:25,700
around then and I think I might 
have figured something out. 

5906
05:05:26,600 --> 05:05:29,900
This line is intriguing Margaret
has apparently been conducting 

5907
05:05:29,900 --> 05:05:32,300
her own investigation into Comet
related causation. 

5908
05:05:32,300 --> 05:05:35,400
While everyone else has been 
focusing on moral inventory, and

5909
05:05:35,400 --> 05:05:39,300
spiritual preparation. 
Remember how Lord Jeffery son 

5910
05:05:39,300 --> 05:05:41,900
came back from his travels? 
Just two days before the comet 

5911
05:05:41,900 --> 05:05:43,900
showed up. 
And how did he bring all those 

5912
05:05:43,900 --> 05:05:46,500
strangers with him? 
The one who have been staying at

5913
05:05:46,500 --> 05:05:49,300
the manor house? 
You do remember there had been 

5914
05:05:49,300 --> 05:05:51,500
quite a bit of Village gossip 
about the young Lords 

5915
05:05:51,500 --> 05:05:54,800
companions, foreign looking men 
with expensive clothes and 

5916
05:05:54,800 --> 05:05:58,400
secretive conversations. 
The general consensus was that 

5917
05:05:58,400 --> 05:06:01,700
they were probably merchants of 
some sort though, nobody seemed 

5918
05:06:01,700 --> 05:06:02,700
quite sure what they were 
selling. 

5919
05:06:03,700 --> 05:06:06,600
Well, Margaret continues. 
Lowering her voice. 

5920
05:06:06,600 --> 05:06:10,200
Even though you're alone in your
cottage, I heard from Alice who 

5921
05:06:10,200 --> 05:06:12,600
heard from the cook at the manor
house, that those aren't 

5922
05:06:12,600 --> 05:06:16,500
Merchants at all their soldiers 
mercenaries and they've been 

5923
05:06:16,508 --> 05:06:19,400
asking many questions about the 
local roads and the best routes 

5924
05:06:19,400 --> 05:06:23,000
to the neighboring Lordships 
suddenly the comet takes on an 

5925
05:06:23,000 --> 05:06:26,800
entirely different significance.
If Margaret is right, then your 

5926
05:06:26,800 --> 05:06:29,200
Celestial visitor isn't warning 
about Divine displeasure with 

5927
05:06:29,200 --> 05:06:32,200
moral failing. 
It's a warning about human plans

5928
05:06:32,200 --> 05:06:35,700
for very Earthly conflict. 
The cosmic telegram isn't about 

5929
05:06:35,700 --> 05:06:38,400
spiritual concerns, it's about 
political ones. 

5930
05:06:38,400 --> 05:06:41,600
This Revelation is both 
relieving and terrifying. 

5931
05:06:41,600 --> 05:06:45,400
This Revelation is both 
relieving and terrifying as it 

5932
05:06:45,400 --> 05:06:48,000
implies that mere improvements 
in piety and charitable. 

5933
05:06:48,000 --> 05:06:51,000
Giving may not be sufficient to 
address the issues. 

5934
05:06:51,000 --> 05:06:53,400
The comet is announcing 
Terrifying. 

5935
05:06:53,400 --> 05:06:56,100
Because it suggests that your 
village might be about to become

5936
05:06:56,100 --> 05:06:59,500
involved in the kind of armed 
conflict, that tends to leave 

5937
05:06:59,500 --> 05:07:02,300
places looking significantly 
less Village like than they did 

5938
05:07:02,300 --> 05:07:05,000
before. 
So what do we do? 

5939
05:07:05,000 --> 05:07:08,600
You ask Margaret shrugs with the
Practical fatalism of someone 

5940
05:07:08,600 --> 05:07:11,500
who has survived several decades
of medieval on certainly. 

5941
05:07:12,300 --> 05:07:15,400
Same thing we do if it was about
Divine wrath prepare for 

5942
05:07:15,400 --> 05:07:18,800
potential difficulties. 
Maintain optimism and avoid 

5943
05:07:18,800 --> 05:07:20,800
becoming in Tangled in the 
impending chaos. 

5944
05:07:21,500 --> 05:07:23,700
You spend the rest of the 
evening, discussing practical 

5945
05:07:23,700 --> 05:07:25,500
preparations for potential 
conflict. 

5946
05:07:25,500 --> 05:07:28,400
And you realize that the 
villages response to the comet 

5947
05:07:28,400 --> 05:07:31,600
has actually been pretty 
sensible regardless of what the 

5948
05:07:31,600 --> 05:07:35,100
comet actually means food 
stores, checked and Consolidated

5949
05:07:35,100 --> 05:07:38,500
tools, repaired and sharpened, 
debt, settled relationships. 

5950
05:07:38,500 --> 05:07:42,100
Mended all of these things are 
just as useful for surviving 

5951
05:07:42,100 --> 05:07:45,700
human caused disasters. 
As Divine ones, the next morning

5952
05:07:45,700 --> 05:07:49,100
you share Margaret's Theory with
Edmund who receives it with the 

5953
05:07:49,100 --> 05:07:51,900
thoughtful consideration. 
He's been applying to all Comet 

5954
05:07:51,900 --> 05:07:55,300
related intelligence. 
After some discussion you both 

5955
05:07:55,300 --> 05:07:57,900
agree that it doesn't really 
matter whether the comet is 

5956
05:07:57,900 --> 05:08:00,300
warning about spiritual crisis 
or political conflict. 

5957
05:08:01,100 --> 05:08:03,100
The appropriate response is 
pretty much the same. 

5958
05:08:03,100 --> 05:08:06,500
Get ready for trouble and hope 
you're wrong about how awful 

5959
05:08:06,500 --> 05:08:09,500
it's going to be. 
This insight into the practical 

5960
05:08:09,500 --> 05:08:11,900
wisdom of comet fear is oddly 
comforting. 

5961
05:08:11,900 --> 05:08:15,400
Your medieval ancestors, weren't
just superstitious Primitives 

5962
05:08:15,400 --> 05:08:18,500
jumping at shadows in the sky. 
They were people living in, 

5963
05:08:18,500 --> 05:08:21,900
genuinely dangerous and 
unpredictable circumstances and 

5964
05:08:21,900 --> 05:08:24,600
they developed a system. 
For interpreting unusual events 

5965
05:08:24,600 --> 05:08:27,200
that encouraged useful 
precautionary, Behavior, 

5966
05:08:27,200 --> 05:08:31,100
regardless of the specific 
nature of the threat, Whether 

5967
05:08:31,100 --> 05:08:34,700
the comet means divine wrath 
political upheaval natural 

5968
05:08:34,700 --> 05:08:37,200
disaster or just Cosmic 
coincidence. 

5969
05:08:37,200 --> 05:08:40,400
The response is the same pay 
attention, prepare for 

5970
05:08:40,408 --> 05:08:43,900
difficulties work together and 
try to be the kind of person 

5971
05:08:43,900 --> 05:08:47,500
you'd want to be if you knew the
world was watching as evening 

5972
05:08:47,500 --> 05:08:49,300
approaches and the comet becomes
visible. 

5973
05:08:49,300 --> 05:08:52,000
Once again, you find yourself 
looking at it with something 

5974
05:08:52,000 --> 05:08:55,200
approaching appreciation. 
Not because you're happy, it's 

5975
05:08:55,200 --> 05:08:56,800
there. 
But because you're beginning to 

5976
05:08:56,800 --> 05:08:59,400
understand the elegance and 
simplicity of a worldview that 

5977
05:08:59,400 --> 05:09:03,100
treats every unusual event as 
potentially meaningful and every

5978
05:09:03,100 --> 05:09:06,300
bit of meaning, as a call to 
appropriate action, two weeks 

5979
05:09:06,300 --> 05:09:09,900
after your Cosmic visitor first 
appeared, Lord Jeffrey's son 

5980
05:09:09,900 --> 05:09:12,700
makes his announcement. 
There will indeed be a military 

5981
05:09:12,700 --> 05:09:15,300
campaign, though. 
He has the Diplomatic courtesy 

5982
05:09:15,300 --> 05:09:18,100
to call it a defensive 
expedition to secure Regional 

5983
05:09:18,100 --> 05:09:21,100
stability. 
The Mercenaries Margaret spotted

5984
05:09:21,100 --> 05:09:23,900
were Advanced Scouts and the 
young Lord has been planning, 

5985
05:09:23,900 --> 05:09:26,200
what amounts, to a small scale 
invasion of his neighbor's 

5986
05:09:26,200 --> 05:09:29,400
territory, over a disputed claim
to some particularly fertile 

5987
05:09:29,400 --> 05:09:31,300
farmland. 
Comet. 

5988
05:09:31,300 --> 05:09:34,100
It turns out was neither a 
Divine warning nor a Celestial 

5989
05:09:34,100 --> 05:09:36,900
coincidence. 
It was just excellent timing. 

5990
05:09:37,600 --> 05:09:41,100
A cosmic Spotlight Illuminating,
a very Earthly drama that was 

5991
05:09:41,100 --> 05:09:43,700
about to unfold whether the 
heavens cooperated or not. 

5992
05:09:44,800 --> 05:09:47,200
But here's the thing about Comet
fear that you're beginning to 

5993
05:09:47,200 --> 05:09:50,300
truly appreciate, it doesn't 
actually matter whether the 

5994
05:09:50,300 --> 05:09:53,400
comic calls the crisis or just 
happened to show up for it. 

5995
05:09:54,400 --> 05:09:56,700
What matters is that its 
appearance motivated your 

5996
05:09:56,700 --> 05:09:58,300
community to prepare for 
trouble? 

5997
05:09:58,300 --> 05:10:02,200
And that preparation is about to
prove extremely valuable The 

5998
05:10:02,200 --> 05:10:05,500
village is, in better shape than
it's been in years food, stores 

5999
05:10:05,500 --> 05:10:08,700
are organized and adequate tools
are prepared and ready. 

6000
05:10:08,700 --> 05:10:11,700
People have settled their debts 
and mended their relationships. 

6001
05:10:11,700 --> 05:10:15,300
The community is more cohesive, 
and Cooperative than anyone can 

6002
05:10:15,300 --> 05:10:17,800
remember. 
When Lord Jeffries Stewart, 

6003
05:10:17,800 --> 05:10:20,000
comes around to requisition 
supply for the campaign. 

6004
05:10:20,000 --> 05:10:22,700
Your village is able to 
contribute without facing 

6005
05:10:22,700 --> 05:10:25,300
starvation. 
When he demands men for military

6006
05:10:25,300 --> 05:10:28,300
service, the community is 
Unified enough to negotiate 

6007
05:10:28,300 --> 05:10:31,900
reasonable terms instead of just
accepting whatever conscription 

6008
05:10:31,900 --> 05:10:34,900
he imposes. 
Most importantly, when the 

6009
05:10:34,900 --> 05:10:37,400
inevitable refugees start 
arriving from the disputed 

6010
05:10:37,400 --> 05:10:40,400
territory families, fleeing the 
advancing soldiers, and the 

6011
05:10:40,400 --> 05:10:42,500
chaos that always accompanies 
armed conflict. 

6012
05:10:42,500 --> 05:10:44,700
Your village is prepared to 
help. 

6013
05:10:45,600 --> 05:10:48,900
Not only does your village 
provide material assistance but 

6014
05:10:48,900 --> 05:10:51,000
it also provides social and 
emotional support. 

6015
05:10:52,000 --> 05:10:54,500
The comet has reminded everyone 
that we're all vulnerable to 

6016
05:10:54,500 --> 05:10:58,000
forces beyond our control and 
that Mutual support is the best 

6017
05:10:58,000 --> 05:11:01,600
defense against uncertainty your
helping to distribute blankets 

6018
05:11:01,600 --> 05:11:04,100
to the refugee families. 
When old Martha shuffles over, 

6019
05:11:04,100 --> 05:11:07,700
where the satisfied expression 
of someone whose theories have 

6020
05:11:07,700 --> 05:11:10,900
been validated by events, told 
you that comment meant 

6021
05:11:10,900 --> 05:11:13,700
something, she says settling 
beside you on the bench outside 

6022
05:11:13,700 --> 05:11:16,300
the church, Maybe not exactly 
what we thought. 

6023
05:11:16,300 --> 05:11:18,000
But something important, all the
same. 

6024
05:11:18,008 --> 05:11:20,700
So you think the comet actually 
caused all this? 

6025
05:11:20,700 --> 05:11:24,700
You ask genuinely curious about 
her perspective, Martha 

6026
05:11:24,700 --> 05:11:27,500
considers this with the careful 
deliberation of someone who has 

6027
05:11:27,500 --> 05:11:29,400
seen enough history to 
understand its complexity. 

6028
05:11:30,800 --> 05:11:33,300
Maybe, yes, maybe. 
No, but does it matter? 

6029
05:11:33,300 --> 05:11:37,000
The comet got us ready for what 
was coming, whether it knew what

6030
05:11:37,000 --> 05:11:40,100
was coming or not, that 
certainly holds significance. 

6031
05:11:40,900 --> 05:11:43,300
This is the final wisdom of 
medieval comic fear. 

6032
05:11:43,300 --> 05:11:46,500
It's not really about 
understanding Cosmic causation, 

6033
05:11:46,500 --> 05:11:48,800
or predicting specific 
disasters. 

6034
05:11:48,800 --> 05:11:52,700
It's about maintaining the kind 
of adaptive alertness that helps

6035
05:11:52,700 --> 05:11:55,800
Community survive in genuinely 
uncertain circumstances. 

6036
05:11:57,000 --> 05:12:00,100
The comet reminds us that the 
future is uncertain that we 

6037
05:12:00,100 --> 05:12:03,100
should prepare and that we're 
all in this together as you 

6038
05:12:03,100 --> 05:12:06,700
settle into bed that night, you 
step outside one last time to 

6039
05:12:06,700 --> 05:12:10,200
look at your Celestial visitor, 
it's noticeably dimmer now. 

6040
05:12:10,200 --> 05:12:13,800
Beginning its long journey back 
toward the outer Darkness, where

6041
05:12:13,800 --> 05:12:18,200
comets spend most of their time,
In a few more weeks it will fade

6042
05:12:18,200 --> 05:12:21,200
from visibility entirely leaving
your village to deal. 

6043
05:12:21,200 --> 05:12:24,100
With the Earthly consequences of
Lourdes Jeffries, territorial 

6044
05:12:24,100 --> 05:12:27,700
ambitions But the Comets real 
work, is already done. 

6045
05:12:27,700 --> 05:12:29,800
It. 
Appeared at exactly the right 

6046
05:12:29,800 --> 05:12:32,800
moment to motivate exactly the 
right kind of preparation. 

6047
05:12:32,800 --> 05:12:34,800
For exactly, the right kind of 
crisis. 

6048
05:12:35,500 --> 05:12:38,600
Whether this event was Divine 
Providence, Cosmic coincidence, 

6049
05:12:38,600 --> 05:12:41,700
or just the inevitable 
intersection of astronomical 

6050
05:12:41,700 --> 05:12:44,200
mechanics and human foolishness,
doesn't really matter. 

6051
05:12:44,200 --> 05:12:47,300
What matters is that when 
unusual things appear in the 

6052
05:12:47,300 --> 05:12:51,100
sky, it's probably wise to pay 
attention. this is not because 

6053
05:12:51,100 --> 05:12:54,200
the sky is attempting to convey 
a message but rather because 

6054
05:12:54,200 --> 05:12:57,300
observing unusual occurrences 
often serves as an effective 

6055
05:12:57,300 --> 05:13:01,700
survival tactic, the universe is
full of surprises, some of which

6056
05:13:01,700 --> 05:13:05,100
require preparation cooperation 
and the wisdom to distinguish 

6057
05:13:05,100 --> 05:13:07,800
between the things you can 
control and the things you can't

6058
05:13:08,700 --> 05:13:10,900
Your medieval answer is 
understood these facts 

6059
05:13:10,900 --> 05:13:13,300
instinctively. 
They lived in a world where 

6060
05:13:13,300 --> 05:13:17,200
unexpected events could be fatal
and preparation often made the 

6061
05:13:17,200 --> 05:13:19,000
difference between survival and 
disaster. 

6062
05:13:19,900 --> 05:13:22,600
They developed Comet fear, not 
because they were superstitious 

6063
05:13:22,600 --> 05:13:25,900
primitive, but because they were
practical people dealing with 

6064
05:13:25,900 --> 05:13:28,700
practical problems using the 
best information available to 

6065
05:13:28,700 --> 05:13:31,300
them. 
As you drift off to sleep in 

6066
05:13:31,300 --> 05:13:34,500
your cottage, listening to The 
Familiar sounds of your village 

6067
05:13:34,500 --> 05:13:37,600
settle into the night. 
You find yourself oddly grateful

6068
05:13:37,600 --> 05:13:41,200
for your Cosmic visitor, The 
Experience taught you valuable 

6069
05:13:41,200 --> 05:13:44,800
lessons about Community 
preparation and the importance 

6070
05:13:44,800 --> 05:13:47,900
of taking unusual events 
seriously, even if you don't 

6071
05:13:47,900 --> 05:13:52,300
fully understand them, The comet
blazes on through the darkness 

6072
05:13:52,300 --> 05:13:56,300
carrying its tail of fire toward
distant appointments with other 

6073
05:13:56,300 --> 05:14:00,000
worlds and civilizations, who 
will look up at it and wonder 

6074
05:14:00,000 --> 05:14:02,000
what it means and what they 
should do about it. 

6075
05:14:02,800 --> 05:14:05,600
Perhaps, if they are wise, they 
will follow the same path as 

6076
05:14:05,600 --> 05:14:07,800
your village Grace for 
challenges. 

6077
05:14:07,800 --> 05:14:11,200
Hold on to optimism. 
And keep in mind that we are all

6078
05:14:11,200 --> 05:14:13,700
merely transitory occupants of a
small planet. 

6079
05:14:13,700 --> 05:14:17,200
Orbiting a common star in a 
universe brimming with both 

6080
05:14:17,200 --> 05:14:20,700
wonders and dangers. 
Sometimes, the sky catches fire 

6081
05:14:20,700 --> 05:14:23,400
and sometimes, that's exactly 
what we need to see. 

6082
05:14:28,700 --> 05:14:31,700
In the waning days of Rome's. 
Glory a young, Deacon named Leo 

6083
05:14:31,700 --> 05:14:35,800
quietly, ascended to prominence.
The Western Empire was in danger

6084
05:14:35,800 --> 05:14:38,900
of disintegrating in the year 
440, instead of looking to 

6085
05:14:38,900 --> 05:14:42,700
senators or generals for advice 
Imperial officials, look to a 

6086
05:14:42,700 --> 05:14:47,100
Churchman Emperor, valentinian 
the thirds behest, Leo journeyed

6087
05:14:47,100 --> 05:14:50,700
to Gold to mediate a bitter feud
between General 80s, most 

6088
05:14:50,700 --> 05:14:53,300
powerful commander and the 
magistrate, albinus. 

6089
05:14:53,300 --> 05:14:56,700
The Emperors decision to entrust
this delicate mission, to Leo's 

6090
05:14:56,700 --> 05:15:00,100
significant, as the able Deacon 
had established a reputation for

6091
05:15:00,100 --> 05:15:02,800
prudence and Authority Beyond 
ecclesiastical circles. 

6092
05:15:03,800 --> 05:15:07,500
While Leon negotiated peace and 
goal fate intervened back home 

6093
05:15:07,500 --> 05:15:11,500
Pope sextus, the third died in 
Leo's absence and on September, 

6094
05:15:11,500 --> 05:15:15,200
the 29th, 4:40, the clergy and 
people of Rome unanimously 

6095
05:15:15,200 --> 05:15:19,000
elected, Leo, as Bishop of Rome,
the news reached him up, north 

6096
05:15:19,000 --> 05:15:21,600
the mediator would. 
Now become the Supreme, pastor 

6097
05:15:21,600 --> 05:15:24,700
of the western church, Leo 
returned to a city in need of 

6098
05:15:24,708 --> 05:15:27,700
strong leadership, stepping into
the role of Bishop of Rome. 

6099
05:15:27,700 --> 05:15:30,000
Later, generations would hail 
him as Pope. 

6100
05:15:30,000 --> 05:15:34,108
Leo, the great, he carried, both
humility and resolve Rome in the

6101
05:15:34,116 --> 05:15:37,600
440s was a city of contrasts 
still adorned with Imperial 

6102
05:15:37,600 --> 05:15:41,000
marble and Christian basilica's 
yet teeming with destitute 

6103
05:15:41,000 --> 05:15:45,500
refugees from Barbarian 
invasions Leo threw himself into

6104
05:15:45,500 --> 05:15:48,700
the work from the pulpit. 
He preached not only Doctrine 

6105
05:15:48,700 --> 05:15:52,100
but also charity The organized 
relief for those suffering from 

6106
05:15:52,100 --> 05:15:55,000
famine and War. 
Urging the faithful to practice 

6107
05:15:55,000 --> 05:15:58,700
mercy and arms, giving alongside
their fasts under his guidance. 

6108
05:15:58,700 --> 05:16:01,500
The church opened its granaries 
to feed the hungry in its 

6109
05:16:01,500 --> 05:16:04,600
monasteries to shelter, the 
homeless, Leo's compassion, in 

6110
05:16:04,600 --> 05:16:08,000
action, and him a fatherly 
status among Romans in a world 

6111
05:16:08,000 --> 05:16:10,700
where Emperors taxed and 
Generals fought, it was the 

6112
05:16:10,700 --> 05:16:12,900
bishop of Rome who cared for the
Widow and orphan. 

6113
05:16:13,500 --> 05:16:15,500
However, Leo was not a passive 
individual. 

6114
05:16:15,500 --> 05:16:20,400
He was equally a man of ideas 
and unwavering determination. as

6115
05:16:20,400 --> 05:16:23,100
heresy, sprouted amid, the 
turmoil of the times, Leo 

6116
05:16:23,100 --> 05:16:26,800
responded with intellectual 
rigor and firm discipline, When 

6117
05:16:26,800 --> 05:16:29,800
news came that certain priests 
in distant Aqua layer were 

6118
05:16:29,800 --> 05:16:33,400
tolerating the pelagian. 
Heresy, Leo swiftly ordered a 

6119
05:16:33,400 --> 05:16:36,700
synod to correct them in Rome. 
He discovered a secret sect of 

6120
05:16:36,708 --> 05:16:38,600
mannequin. 
Duelists, lurking in the 

6121
05:16:38,600 --> 05:16:40,700
shadows. 
Like he refugees from the 

6122
05:16:40,700 --> 05:16:42,300
recently. 
Fallen African provinces. 

6123
05:16:43,200 --> 05:16:47,300
The pope reacted decisively. 
He investigated preached fiery 

6124
05:16:47,300 --> 05:16:48,800
sermons against their false 
light. 

6125
05:16:48,800 --> 05:16:51,800
And according to his 
contemporary Prosper of 

6126
05:16:51,800 --> 05:16:54,200
Aquitaine even burned their 
forbidden books. 

6127
05:16:55,000 --> 05:16:57,400
By 4:44. 
He declared the capital cleansed

6128
05:16:57,400 --> 05:17:00,400
to the mannequin. 
Contagion Such actions might 

6129
05:17:00,400 --> 05:17:03,700
seem harsh to modernize, but to 
Leo's mind, the very soul of 

6130
05:17:03,708 --> 05:17:06,800
Rome was at stake. 
If the empire was crumbling, at 

6131
05:17:06,800 --> 05:17:09,300
least the faith must stand firm 
Leo's. 

6132
05:17:09,300 --> 05:17:12,100
Blend of compassion and 
Authority extended his influence

6133
05:17:12,100 --> 05:17:13,600
beyond the usual spiritual 
Realm. 

6134
05:17:14,500 --> 05:17:16,900
The Western Imperial court 
itself, acknowledged his 

6135
05:17:16,900 --> 05:17:31,300
leadership in June 4458 capital.
Provincial Governors were even 

6136
05:17:31,300 --> 05:17:35,700
ordered to informal summonses 
illegal nod to Leo Supremacy 

6137
05:17:35,700 --> 05:17:38,800
over Western this feat was 
unprecedented. 

6138
05:17:39,700 --> 05:17:43,300
Once merely premise into Paris 
first among equals of Bishops, 

6139
05:17:43,300 --> 05:17:47,400
the bishop of Rome now held a 
recognized preeminence under Leo

6140
05:17:47,400 --> 05:17:49,300
stewardship, the very title of 
Pope. 

6141
05:17:49,300 --> 05:17:53,100
Once used broadly for initial 
became reserved exclusively for 

6142
05:17:53,100 --> 05:17:55,800
Rome's Bishop. 
The decline of the empire was 

6143
05:17:55,800 --> 05:17:58,500
sowing the seeds of the papacy's
future grandeur. 

6144
05:17:59,000 --> 05:18:02,200
Despite these accolades Leo 
remained at heart a pastor. 

6145
05:18:02,200 --> 05:18:06,000
He corresponded with distant 
churches, arbitrating disputes 

6146
05:18:06,000 --> 05:18:08,600
and Gaul and Spain as a trusted 
Father Figure. 

6147
05:18:08,600 --> 05:18:12,000
He drew around him, learned men 
like Prosper to assist in 

6148
05:18:12,000 --> 05:18:13,600
administration and 
correspondence. 

6149
05:18:14,500 --> 05:18:18,200
Ever mindful of his Exemplar 
Saint Peter, the Apostle Leo 

6150
05:18:18,200 --> 05:18:21,600
championed, the idea that the 
pope is Peter's are carrying the

6151
05:18:21,600 --> 05:18:25,600
keys of Spiritual Authority. 
The ultimate test of this 

6152
05:18:25,600 --> 05:18:29,000
conviction was imminent, has the
mid-fifth century approached 

6153
05:18:29,000 --> 05:18:32,300
ominous tied. 
In spread across the Alps, a 

6154
05:18:32,300 --> 05:18:33,400
storm was gathering in the 
north. 

6155
05:18:33,400 --> 05:18:37,100
The Huns led by a warlord whose 
name was already spoken. 

6156
05:18:37,100 --> 05:18:39,100
In dread Whispers, were on the 
move. 

6157
05:18:39,900 --> 05:18:42,900
Unbeknownst to Leo. 
Destiny was steering him to 

6158
05:18:42,900 --> 05:18:45,800
order singular role. 
Not only as a teacher and 

6159
05:18:45,800 --> 05:18:49,200
Shepherd of souls, but as 
Rome's, protector in its Darkest

6160
05:18:49,200 --> 05:18:52,900
Hour, the stage was set for an 
encounter that would ReSound 

6161
05:18:52,900 --> 05:18:56,300
Through the Ages and the humbled
decanted, Pope would soon be 

6162
05:18:56,300 --> 05:18:59,300
called upon to save an Empire, 
Pope Leo, the first was 

6163
05:18:59,300 --> 05:19:01,800
solidified, his Spiritual 
Authority, while the Western 

6164
05:19:01,800 --> 05:19:04,500
Roman Empire around him, was on 
the verge of collapse. 

6165
05:19:05,200 --> 05:19:08,400
By the mid 5th Century. 
Roams Dominion, a trunk to a 

6166
05:19:08,400 --> 05:19:11,900
pathetic core Little more than 
Italy and part of Gaul 

6167
05:19:11,900 --> 05:19:13,700
observers, noted of the western 
Realm. 

6168
05:19:14,500 --> 05:19:17,100
The Grandeur of Caesar and 
Augustus was now a ghost 

6169
05:19:17,100 --> 05:19:20,700
haunting crumbling walls gone 
with a rich provinces of North 

6170
05:19:20,700 --> 05:19:23,600
Africa? 
The vandals had seized Carthage.

6171
05:19:23,600 --> 05:19:26,400
Inn 439. 
Cutting off Rome's, critical 

6172
05:19:26,400 --> 05:19:30,800
grain Supply Spania and Gall 
were carved up by visigothic and

6173
05:19:30,800 --> 05:19:33,800
Burgundian Kings who paid only 
token respect to the emperor. 

6174
05:19:34,500 --> 05:19:37,400
A cross, the sea. 
Britannia once a Roman diocese 

6175
05:19:37,400 --> 05:19:40,200
was abandoned to Wild 
Anglo-Saxon Warlords. 

6176
05:19:41,000 --> 05:19:44,000
The Western Empire in Leo's time
was essentially an Italian 

6177
05:19:44,000 --> 05:19:47,300
Kingdom struggling to survive. 
Its Frontiers pressed on all 

6178
05:19:47,300 --> 05:19:50,700
sides by so called barbarians 
and its treasury drained. 

6179
05:19:51,600 --> 05:19:55,000
The city of Rome itself though. 
Still symbolically powerful was 

6180
05:19:55,000 --> 05:19:56,500
a mere shadow of its former 
self. 

6181
05:19:56,500 --> 05:20:00,600
The Imperial Court at long since
relocated to preventer a marsh 

6182
05:20:00,600 --> 05:20:05,200
Gertz City easier to defend in 
Rome ancient monuments decayed 

6183
05:20:05,200 --> 05:20:09,100
even as new churches Rose the 
popular much diminished from a 

6184
05:20:09,100 --> 05:20:11,900
century ago. 
Lived in uneasy suspense memory 

6185
05:20:11,900 --> 05:20:15,100
of the Visigoths sack of 410 
still lingered like a national 

6186
05:20:15,100 --> 05:20:17,900
trauma. 
Elderly Romans could recall the 

6187
05:20:17,900 --> 05:20:20,700
horror and alaric's Goths 
breached the walls and looted, 

6188
05:20:20,700 --> 05:20:24,200
the Eternal City for three days.
The psychological scar had not 

6189
05:20:24,208 --> 05:20:27,300
healed. 
Now, four decades later rumors 

6190
05:20:27,300 --> 05:20:30,300
spread that an even Fierce enemy
was approaching Italy's borders,

6191
05:20:30,300 --> 05:20:33,500
children, heard frightening, 
tales of the Hun with his 

6192
05:20:33,500 --> 05:20:36,000
ruthless Horsemen and felt their
parents anxiety. 

6193
05:20:36,000 --> 05:20:40,800
Many asked was history repeating
itself or Worse, was this? 

6194
05:20:40,800 --> 05:20:44,700
The end of Rome at last in the 
Palaces of Ravenna Emperor. 

6195
05:20:44,700 --> 05:20:48,100
Valentinian the third reigned in
name but real power was 

6196
05:20:48,100 --> 05:20:52,300
precariously, balanced, the true
strongman was flavius 80s. 

6197
05:20:52,300 --> 05:20:56,300
The Magister militum master of 
soldiers famed for both his 

6198
05:20:56,300 --> 05:21:00,000
cunning and his controversial. 
Alliances ETA had spent his 

6199
05:21:00,000 --> 05:21:02,500
youth as a hostage among the 
Huns even befriending their 

6200
05:21:02,500 --> 05:21:04,700
leaders hardened by that 
experience. 

6201
05:21:04,700 --> 05:21:07,100
He knew Rome could not fight. 
All its enemies at. 

6202
05:21:07,100 --> 05:21:11,000
Once with grim, pragmatism 
eta's, instruct deals with some 

6203
05:21:11,000 --> 05:21:14,000
barbarians to fight others in 
fourth 37. 

6204
05:21:14,000 --> 05:21:17,300
He formed an alliance with the 
tiller's Huns. to demolish, the 

6205
05:21:17,300 --> 05:21:20,600
Indian Kingdom in Gold 
eradicating it from its core 

6206
05:21:21,300 --> 05:21:24,400
Western Rome was forced to play 
A desperate game of divided at 

6207
05:21:24,400 --> 05:21:28,600
impaired, in order to survive, 
by the late, fourth 40s, 80s 

6208
05:21:28,600 --> 05:21:31,100
managed to fragile Coalition, 
holding Gaul against the 

6209
05:21:31,100 --> 05:21:33,800
Visigoths, and Italy against the
ostrogoths. 

6210
05:21:33,800 --> 05:21:37,800
But the Huns, once his 
occasional allies were becoming 

6211
05:21:37,800 --> 05:21:41,600
an evergreen to threat. 
ETS new attila's character too. 

6212
05:21:41,600 --> 05:21:46,300
Well, the Hun Kings Ambitions 
had no limit The cultural fabric

6213
05:21:46,300 --> 05:21:50,000
of the empire was also fraying 
the old Pagan aristocracy had 

6214
05:21:50,000 --> 05:21:53,200
mostly bowed to Christianity but
not always sincerely. 

6215
05:21:54,100 --> 05:21:56,600
Some clung to classical 
traditions and nostalgic dreams 

6216
05:21:56,600 --> 05:22:00,600
of Rome's past while the new 
reality a Christian Empire 

6217
05:22:00,600 --> 05:22:05,000
fighting for its life, demanded 
a different ethos In this 

6218
05:22:05,000 --> 05:22:08,000
atmosphere spiritual 
interpretations of Rome's, 

6219
05:22:08,000 --> 05:22:11,600
Misfortune, flourished. 
Many Christian Romans Leo, among

6220
05:22:11,600 --> 05:22:14,400
them viewed, the successive 
calamities as Divine 

6221
05:22:14,400 --> 05:22:16,200
chastisement for the Empire's 
sins. 

6222
05:22:17,000 --> 05:22:20,400
Was God using Barbarian Invaders
as a scourged to Humble Rome? 

6223
05:22:21,200 --> 05:22:24,500
The question was pondered in 
sermons and letters decades 

6224
05:22:24,500 --> 05:22:26,800
early Saint Augustine, had 
written the city of God. 

6225
05:22:26,800 --> 05:22:30,300
After the 410 Sac explaining 
that Earthly Empires rise and 

6226
05:22:30,300 --> 05:22:31,900
fall. 
While the city of God endures 

6227
05:22:32,900 --> 05:22:36,000
Now, Augustine was gone. 
He died in 4:30 as vandals 

6228
05:22:36,000 --> 05:22:39,900
besieged, his city of Hippo, but
his ideas lived on Pope Leo 

6229
05:22:39,900 --> 05:22:42,200
steeped. 
In such theology urged. 

6230
05:22:42,200 --> 05:22:45,500
His flock not to lose faith. 
If the empire was crumbling 

6231
05:22:45,500 --> 05:22:47,600
perhaps it was all the more 
urgent to uphold Christian 

6232
05:22:47,600 --> 05:22:51,400
virtue in Unity by 450. 
The Western Court was Rife 

6233
05:22:51,400 --> 05:22:55,400
within tree and insecurity. 
Emperor valentinian, never a 

6234
05:22:55,400 --> 05:22:59,300
strong ruler was dominated first
by his formidable mother Galla 

6235
05:22:59,300 --> 05:23:01,800
placidia. 
And then by atheists. 

6236
05:23:02,400 --> 05:23:06,600
With placido's death in 450 and 
the emperor's own sister, onoria

6237
05:23:06,600 --> 05:23:10,700
embroiled in Scandal, she had 
secretly appealed to Attila for 

6238
05:23:10,700 --> 05:23:12,400
help escaping an arranged 
marriage. 

6239
05:23:12,400 --> 05:23:15,900
Offering him her hand and half 
the Empire as Dowry. 

6240
05:23:15,900 --> 05:23:20,000
The dynasty itself seemed to 
Teeter, When reports came the 

6241
05:23:20,000 --> 05:23:23,000
Attila had considered an Orioles
plea and was mustering his 

6242
05:23:23,008 --> 05:23:25,900
forces. 
Panic swept, the Italian Elite. 

6243
05:23:26,700 --> 05:23:29,700
Attila's reputation as the 
scourge of God proceeded him. 

6244
05:23:30,300 --> 05:23:33,000
he'd already bullied the eastern
empire into paying enormous 

6245
05:23:33,000 --> 05:23:37,200
tribute and now he cast his 
cover to Skies Westwood In the 

6246
05:23:37,200 --> 05:23:41,400
spring of 451 Attila marched 
into Gaul, The Showdown came on 

6247
05:23:41,400 --> 05:23:45,400
the catalani and planes near 
shalom's, their etios joined by 

6248
05:23:45,400 --> 05:23:49,400
Roman troops and very Arty. 
Allies Visigoths Franks 

6249
05:23:49,400 --> 05:23:53,200
confronted the Huns in one of 
Antiquities great battles. 

6250
05:23:54,000 --> 05:23:57,800
Fight was brutal and indecisive 
attila's Advance was halted but 

6251
05:23:57,800 --> 05:24:01,800
not decisively crushed. 
Corpses, littered the plane and 

6252
05:24:01,800 --> 05:24:05,400
the visigothic King was slain in
The Fray but Attila lived to 

6253
05:24:05,408 --> 05:24:08,400
fight another day. 
The Battle of shallon's, instead

6254
05:24:08,400 --> 05:24:11,700
of a clear, Roman Victory 
resulted in appearance stalemate

6255
05:24:11,700 --> 05:24:15,100
that left the hunnic. 
Horde battered yet intact, Gaul 

6256
05:24:15,100 --> 05:24:17,600
had taken the brunt of attila's 
Roth giving Italy a moment of 

6257
05:24:17,600 --> 05:24:22,200
relief but the rest Spike was 
fleeting Latent fall of 51 as 

6258
05:24:22,200 --> 05:24:24,400
Winterfell. 
Unsettling, news reached Rome, 

6259
05:24:24,400 --> 05:24:27,900
Attila had regrouped. 
His forces beyond the Alps, the 

6260
05:24:27,900 --> 05:24:30,600
Hun was far from finished. 
In fact he was enraged. 

6261
05:24:30,600 --> 05:24:33,900
They had thwarted his campaign 
in Gaul leaving his appetite, 

6262
05:24:33,900 --> 05:24:37,500
for Conquest unsated theory is 
offer still stood as a 

6263
05:24:37,500 --> 05:24:40,200
convenient pretext in attila's 
mind. 

6264
05:24:40,200 --> 05:24:42,900
The dower he demanded. 
Half of the Western Empire 

6265
05:24:42,900 --> 05:24:46,600
remained unpaid. 
Early the next year Scouts and 

6266
05:24:46,600 --> 05:24:50,100
refugees brought terrifying. 
Reports Attila was Crossing into

6267
05:24:50,100 --> 05:24:53,400
Italy city after City. 
In the northern provinces was 

6268
05:24:53,400 --> 05:24:57,200
falling to Fire and sword. 
The Specter that had loomed so 

6269
05:24:57,200 --> 05:25:00,700
long was now at hand, Rome's 
Darkest, Hour was approaching, 

6270
05:25:00,700 --> 05:25:05,000
even as its secular might was at
its weakest, the people's hopes 

6271
05:25:05,000 --> 05:25:08,600
increasingly turned to prayer. 
And to the unassuming figure of 

6272
05:25:08,600 --> 05:25:11,900
Pope, Leo, whose courage and 
Faith would soon be tested as 

6273
05:25:11,900 --> 05:25:15,700
never before in the Gathering 
Gloom of the 450s Pope Leo. 

6274
05:25:15,700 --> 05:25:19,200
The first emerged as more than a
religious leader, he became the 

6275
05:25:19,200 --> 05:25:22,600
soul of a Dying Empire. 
While Legions faltered and 

6276
05:25:22,600 --> 05:25:26,800
Emperors, did Leo provided a 
different kind of strength one 

6277
05:25:26,800 --> 05:25:28,700
rooted in faith and moral 
conviction. 

6278
05:25:28,700 --> 05:25:32,800
Often preached that Earthly 
turmoils were transient but the 

6279
05:25:32,800 --> 05:25:35,200
spiritual battle for 
righteousness was eternal. 

6280
05:25:35,900 --> 05:25:38,900
Leo's unwavering faith in the 
unique function of his position 

6281
05:25:38,900 --> 05:25:42,700
fueled his confidence. 
As Bishop of Rome, he saw 

6282
05:25:42,700 --> 05:25:46,100
himself as heir to Saint Peter. 
The Apostle Christ had charged 

6283
05:25:46,100 --> 05:25:50,200
with feeding his sheep. 
To Leo, the task was no mere 

6284
05:25:50,200 --> 05:25:52,900
honorific. 
It was a living mandate in one 

6285
05:25:52,900 --> 05:25:55,200
letter. 
He wrote to deny the authority 

6286
05:25:55,200 --> 05:25:57,900
of the chair of Peter is to 
question the very foundation of 

6287
05:25:57,900 --> 05:26:00,600
the church. 
He strove to live up to that 

6288
05:26:00,600 --> 05:26:02,600
High Calling convinced that in 
his leadership. 

6289
05:26:02,600 --> 05:26:06,700
The voice of the Apostles, 
echoed a new This conviction was

6290
05:26:06,700 --> 05:26:10,800
dramatically Vindicated in 4501 
at the great Council of Calderon

6291
05:26:10,800 --> 05:26:14,600
a church Synod convened. 
Far to the east in Asia Minor to

6292
05:26:14,600 --> 05:26:18,300
settle a theological crisis, 
Leo, could not attend in person 

6293
05:26:18,300 --> 05:26:21,300
troubles, in the west him in 
Rome, but he sent leggetts 

6294
05:26:21,300 --> 05:26:24,200
bearing a document to authored, 
the famous Tome of Leo. 

6295
05:26:25,100 --> 05:26:27,900
This Tome clearly defined, the 
Dual nature of Christ, both 

6296
05:26:27,900 --> 05:26:30,600
fully God and fully man and was 
intended to guide. 

6297
05:26:30,600 --> 05:26:34,100
The council father's out of 
contentious debate, As the 

6298
05:26:34,100 --> 05:26:37,300
Assembly of Bishops, red Leo's 
words allowed a sudden Unity 

6299
05:26:37,300 --> 05:26:40,200
swept the hall. 
According to the council 

6300
05:26:40,200 --> 05:26:42,500
records, the Bishops cried out 
in unison. 

6301
05:26:42,500 --> 05:26:46,000
This is the faith of the 
father's Peter spoke in thus 

6302
05:26:46,000 --> 05:26:49,000
through Leo. 
In that acclamation Leo's 

6303
05:26:49,000 --> 05:26:51,100
Authority was affirmed in an, 
almost mystical way. 

6304
05:26:51,100 --> 05:26:55,200
It was as if some Peter himself 
had stood among them teaching 

6305
05:26:55,200 --> 05:26:59,100
through Leo's voice. 
The Roman Pope stature sword. 

6306
05:26:59,100 --> 05:27:03,700
He was now revered as Leo, the 
great a pillar of Orthodoxy and 

6307
05:27:03,708 --> 05:27:07,500
a figure of international renown
for Leo, personally, it was 

6308
05:27:07,500 --> 05:27:10,500
confirmation that his leadership
carried not just human approval,

6309
05:27:10,500 --> 05:27:15,300
but Divine sanction, Back in 
Rome, Leo leveraged this moral 

6310
05:27:15,300 --> 05:27:17,200
authority to bolster the city's 
resolved. 

6311
05:27:17,200 --> 05:27:20,600
He preached frequently to his 
flock tailoring, his message to 

6312
05:27:20,600 --> 05:27:23,100
the tumultuous times. 
In homilies. 

6313
05:27:23,100 --> 05:27:26,400
He called The Invasion threats a
test of faith drawing on 

6314
05:27:26,400 --> 05:27:28,600
scripture. 
He likened to the biblical 

6315
05:27:28,600 --> 05:27:31,600
Nineveh, a mighty City that 
could be spared from 

6316
05:27:31,600 --> 05:27:33,400
destruction. 
If its people repented and 

6317
05:27:33,400 --> 05:27:36,400
turned to God. 
He urged public fasting and 

6318
05:27:36,400 --> 05:27:38,300
prayer vigils. 
And it was said that the 

6319
05:27:38,300 --> 05:27:40,700
churches were filled day and 
night with supplements crying 

6320
05:27:40,700 --> 05:27:43,700
for deliverance. 
The pope himself LED procession 

6321
05:27:43,700 --> 05:27:46,900
through the streets venerating 
relics of saints and imploring 

6322
05:27:46,900 --> 05:27:49,300
Heavenly Aid to avert, The 
Scourge approaching Italy. 

6323
05:27:50,000 --> 05:27:52,300
To a population. 
Frightened by news of flaming 

6324
05:27:52,300 --> 05:27:55,500
towns in the north Leo's, Carmen
Resolute presence was a godsend.

6325
05:27:55,500 --> 05:27:58,900
He told them vehicle. 
God did not abandon Jonas, 

6326
05:27:58,900 --> 05:28:02,100
Nineveh. 
Norley abandoned Rome seat of 

6327
05:28:02,108 --> 05:28:05,008
his apostles. 
Such words gave hope to the 

6328
05:28:05,016 --> 05:28:08,400
Hopeless Leo's influence 
extended, even into the Imperial

6329
05:28:08,400 --> 05:28:11,500
Palace. 
When Emperor valentinian the 

6330
05:28:11,500 --> 05:28:14,000
third and his court vacillated 
on how to deal with the 

6331
05:28:14,000 --> 05:28:16,100
tiller's. 
Impending, Onslaught Leo, did 

6332
05:28:16,100 --> 05:28:19,700
not hesitate to offer counsel, 
Some accounts suggest it was Leo

6333
05:28:19,700 --> 05:28:21,600
who volunteered to personally 
meet the Hun. 

6334
05:28:21,600 --> 05:28:25,700
A proposal that stunned the 
Imperial advisors others. 

6335
05:28:25,700 --> 05:28:28,700
Say the idea originated from the
Emperor who realized that no 

6336
05:28:28,700 --> 05:28:31,600
general or Diplomat had the 
gravitas to face a killer on 

6337
05:28:31,600 --> 05:28:33,800
equal terms. 
Whereas the saintly Bishop of 

6338
05:28:33,800 --> 05:28:37,700
Rome just might Regardless, by 
the beginning of 4:52, 

6339
05:28:37,700 --> 05:28:40,100
everyone's attention was focused
on Leo. 

6340
05:28:40,100 --> 05:28:43,500
Possibly, the soul individual 
capable of saving Rome from the 

6341
05:28:43,500 --> 05:28:45,800
abyss. 
It was a heavy burden for a man 

6342
05:28:45,800 --> 05:28:48,900
of the cloth, leopard prepared 
to shoulder it with the same 

6343
05:28:48,900 --> 05:28:51,100
sense of Duty that had guided 
him all along. 

6344
05:28:51,100 --> 05:28:54,400
There was a profound symbolism 
in Leo stepping forward. 

6345
05:28:54,400 --> 05:28:58,100
Here was a representative of 
Spiritual Authority, confronting

6346
05:28:58,100 --> 05:29:01,600
the might of worldly violence. 
The Clash was not simply between

6347
05:29:01,600 --> 05:29:04,900
a pope and a warlord. 
But between two World Views, one

6348
05:29:04,900 --> 05:29:07,800
of Faith, mercy and moral 
suasion, and another of 

6349
05:29:07,800 --> 05:29:10,800
Conquest, fear and raw power 
Leo. 

6350
05:29:10,800 --> 05:29:14,400
Understood this in Quiet Moments
of prayer before his departure, 

6351
05:29:14,400 --> 05:29:17,800
he surely reflected on the 
trials of parsley of the church.

6352
05:29:18,600 --> 05:29:21,200
He prayed at the tomb of Saint 
Peter in the Vatican Basilica 

6353
05:29:21,200 --> 05:29:24,900
seeking courage. 
Tradition holds that Leo had a 

6354
05:29:24,900 --> 05:29:26,400
vision. 
Their hearing the words. 

6355
05:29:26,400 --> 05:29:30,500
Peace be with you. 
I am with you as if spoken by 

6356
05:29:30,500 --> 05:29:33,700
Peter or an angel. 
Empowered by this. 

6357
05:29:33,700 --> 05:29:36,600
Reassurance, Leo arose, 
determined to act. 

6358
05:29:37,500 --> 05:29:40,600
If Attila was indeed, a Scourge 
sentence punishment, then Leo 

6359
05:29:40,600 --> 05:29:43,300
would be the intercessor. 
Pleading for mercy on Rome's, 

6360
05:29:43,300 --> 05:29:46,600
behalf, a new Moses before the 
Pharaoh, or a David against 

6361
05:29:46,600 --> 05:29:51,800
Goliath armed only with faith. 
By the spring of 4502, attila's 

6362
05:29:51,800 --> 05:29:53,600
forces. 
Had stormed into Northern Italy 

6363
05:29:53,600 --> 05:29:56,800
and panic griped the land. 
Emperor. 

6364
05:29:56,800 --> 05:29:59,700
Valentinian remains safely, 
behind ravenna's walls and 

6365
05:29:59,700 --> 05:30:03,000
general 80s lacking, an Army 
Strong Enough after the gaulish 

6366
05:30:03,000 --> 05:30:07,300
campaign could do little. 
It was in this vacuum of secular

6367
05:30:07,300 --> 05:30:09,200
leadership that Leo's moment 
arrived. 

6368
05:30:10,000 --> 05:30:12,200
The pope gathered a small 
delegation to accompany him 

6369
05:30:12,200 --> 05:30:16,000
among them, the former console 
Genius of anus and the ex 

6370
05:30:16,000 --> 05:30:18,400
prefect, mesh try gets 
distinguished. 

6371
05:30:18,400 --> 05:30:20,600
Romans who lent political weight
to the Embassy. 

6372
05:30:21,600 --> 05:30:23,100
But there was no question who 
led it. 

6373
05:30:24,000 --> 05:30:26,100
Dressed, not in armor, but in 
simple clerical. 

6374
05:30:26,100 --> 05:30:28,300
Robes. 
Leo, set out Northwood 

6375
05:30:28,300 --> 05:30:31,000
determined to confront the 
unable. 

6376
05:30:31,700 --> 05:30:34,800
He left the gates of Rome 
citizens, wept and cheered him 

6377
05:30:34,808 --> 05:30:37,600
in equal measure. 
Praying for his success fearing 

6378
05:30:37,600 --> 05:30:40,800
for his safety. 
Behind him trailed an austere 

6379
05:30:40,800 --> 05:30:43,800
retinue of priests and deacons 
carrying holy relics. 

6380
05:30:43,800 --> 05:30:46,500
And perhaps gifts for the 
honking, there was an 

6381
05:30:46,500 --> 05:30:50,200
unprecedented sight, the Vicar 
of Christ riding forth to meet 

6382
05:30:50,200 --> 05:30:53,600
the terror of the world. 
The sun baked Italian roads 

6383
05:30:53,600 --> 05:30:57,000
ahead were uncertain. 
But Leo's purpose was clear in 

6384
05:30:57,000 --> 05:30:59,600
his heart burned, both the 
courage of a lion and the 

6385
05:30:59,608 --> 05:31:02,600
compassion of a shepherd 
Whatever happened on this 

6386
05:31:02,600 --> 05:31:06,600
journey Rome's fate and Leos 
Legacy would forever into twine 

6387
05:31:06,600 --> 05:31:09,100
on that fateful day. 
When fate stood face-to-face 

6388
05:31:09,100 --> 05:31:13,200
with Fury while Leo Advance, 
North Attila the Hun drove his 

6389
05:31:13,200 --> 05:31:15,600
War. 
Host relentlessly South to 

6390
05:31:15,600 --> 05:31:17,200
understand the Collision Course 
of these. 

6391
05:31:17,200 --> 05:31:21,200
Two figures, one must step into 
attila's world a world of vast 

6392
05:31:21,200 --> 05:31:24,200
open. 
The vast steps echoed with 

6393
05:31:24,200 --> 05:31:27,700
thundering Hooves symbolizing, a
destiny, forged in Blood and 

6394
05:31:27,700 --> 05:31:31,000
superstition. 
Tiller was no ordinary barrier 

6395
05:31:31,000 --> 05:31:33,500
in Chieftain. 
He styled himself as something 

6396
05:31:33,500 --> 05:31:38,600
far grander even Cosmic 
Allegiance, circulated among his

6397
05:31:38,600 --> 05:31:41,600
people that are sacred weapon 
had fallen into a tiller's 

6398
05:31:41,600 --> 05:31:45,600
hands, the sword of Mars. 
A humble Shepherd, the story 

6399
05:31:45,600 --> 05:31:48,600
went. 
Discovered, an ornate sword in a

6400
05:31:48,600 --> 05:31:51,400
field revealed by the blood of a
limping heifer. 

6401
05:31:52,200 --> 05:31:55,900
He presented it to Attila who 
exalted in the find, believing 

6402
05:31:55,900 --> 05:31:58,800
it a gift from the war. 
God who Romans identified as 

6403
05:31:58,800 --> 05:32:01,800
Mars Attila took it as a sign of
divine favor. 

6404
05:32:01,800 --> 05:32:05,400
He thought he had been appointed
ruler of the whole world and 

6405
05:32:05,400 --> 05:32:08,100
that through the sword of Mars 
Supremacy and all wars was 

6406
05:32:08,100 --> 05:32:11,100
assured to him. 
So right to the historian Jordan

6407
05:32:11,100 --> 05:32:14,900
is echoing the accounts of 
attila's contemporaries armed 

6408
05:32:14,900 --> 05:32:17,600
with this Talisman and 
unshakable self-confidence 

6409
05:32:17,600 --> 05:32:20,900
Attila saw himself as an 
instrument of Godly Wrath. 

6410
05:32:21,700 --> 05:32:25,800
Scourge sent upon the Earth. 
indeed, later Romans would call 

6411
05:32:25,800 --> 05:32:29,700
him flagellum day, the scourge 
of God believing that he was a 

6412
05:32:29,700 --> 05:32:33,600
punishment for the sins of human
kind under attila's command, the

6413
05:32:33,600 --> 05:32:36,600
hunnic Empire reached, its 
zenith From The Plains of 

6414
05:32:36,608 --> 05:32:40,100
Hungary across the Danube. 
And into Germany United, a 

6415
05:32:40,100 --> 05:32:44,000
confederation of Huns, Alan's 
ostrogoths and other tribes 

6416
05:32:44,000 --> 05:32:47,800
through Charisma and fear. 
He became Soul rule in 445 after

6417
05:32:47,800 --> 05:32:51,200
allegedly murdering his brother 
bleda and act, that removed the 

6418
05:32:51,200 --> 05:32:55,200
last check on his power. 
Ruthless, as he was Attila was 

6419
05:32:55,200 --> 05:32:58,400
also a shrewd strategist. 
You realize that Brute Force 

6420
05:32:58,400 --> 05:33:01,300
alone wouldn't sustain his 
Dominion cunning diplomacy. 

6421
05:33:01,300 --> 05:33:03,800
Encyclical Warfare were equally 
potent. 

6422
05:33:04,900 --> 05:33:08,600
Throughout the 440s Attila 
alternated, devastating military

6423
05:33:08,600 --> 05:33:10,900
campaigns with calculated 
negotiations. 

6424
05:33:11,600 --> 05:33:14,600
He extorted the Eastern Roman 
Empire for gold year after year.

6425
05:33:14,600 --> 05:33:19,500
First 700 pounds then 2100 
pounds annually, after he 

6426
05:33:19,500 --> 05:33:23,000
battered their armies in 447, 
the Eastern Emperor. 

6427
05:33:23,000 --> 05:33:26,700
Theodosius the second preferred 
paying off the Huns to face them

6428
05:33:26,700 --> 05:33:30,700
in battle a policy that enriched
a tiller immensely by the year 

6429
05:33:30,700 --> 05:33:32,200
450. 
Attila's. 

6430
05:33:32,200 --> 05:33:34,800
Treasuries were brimming with 
tribute and his Warriors had 

6431
05:33:34,800 --> 05:33:37,300
gained, seasoned experienced 
from numerous skirmishes and 

6432
05:33:37,300 --> 05:33:40,000
sieges despite ruling over such 
wealth. 

6433
05:33:40,000 --> 05:33:44,200
Attila led a simple life by 
choice, akin to a warrior Monk. 

6434
05:33:45,700 --> 05:33:48,700
Roman envoys who visited his 
encampment were astonished by 

6435
05:33:48,700 --> 05:33:51,800
his austerity. 
The historian priscus who dined 

6436
05:33:51,800 --> 05:33:54,300
with the tiller during a 
diplomatic Mission recorded 

6437
05:33:54,300 --> 05:33:57,100
that, while lavish food on 
Silver platters was served to 

6438
05:33:57,100 --> 05:33:59,200
guests. 
Attila himself ate nothing but 

6439
05:33:59,200 --> 05:34:01,700
meat offer. 
Wooden trencher he drank from a 

6440
05:34:01,700 --> 05:34:04,400
wooden cup whereas his 
Lieutenant wine from gleaming 

6441
05:34:04,400 --> 05:34:07,500
goblets of gold. 
His clothes were plain and clean

6442
05:34:07,500 --> 05:34:10,300
devoid of the jewels. 
That adorned other Chief Toons. 

6443
05:34:11,200 --> 05:34:13,800
Such discipline, both impressed 
and unnerved the Romans. 

6444
05:34:13,800 --> 05:34:18,000
It suggested a man of unwavering
determination unaffected by 

6445
05:34:18,000 --> 05:34:21,400
decadence or distraction, a 
leader capable of instilling 

6446
05:34:21,400 --> 05:34:24,200
unwavering loyalty by 
empathizing with the struggles 

6447
05:34:24,200 --> 05:34:27,300
of his followers. 
Attila also had a Mercurial 

6448
05:34:27,300 --> 05:34:29,200
temper and could be mercilessly 
cruel. 

6449
05:34:29,200 --> 05:34:32,500
But he tempered Terror with 
moments of calculated Mercy or 

6450
05:34:32,500 --> 05:34:35,100
humor keeping even his closest 
followers guessing. 

6451
05:34:36,100 --> 05:34:38,700
Attila's worldview was steeped 
in Omen and prophecy. 

6452
05:34:39,300 --> 05:34:42,300
Priscus noted that Attila 
consulted seers and believed in 

6453
05:34:42,300 --> 05:34:46,100
predictions about his lineage. 
One prophecy purportedly, left 

6454
05:34:46,100 --> 05:34:49,400
him momentarily. 
Somber it foretold that disaster

6455
05:34:49,400 --> 05:34:54,000
would eventually befall the Huns
not in his lifetime, but such 

6456
05:34:54,000 --> 05:34:57,400
dark musings were rare. 
More often a tiller. 

6457
05:34:57,400 --> 05:35:00,300
Projected absolute confidence in
his divinely sanctioned mission 

6458
05:35:00,300 --> 05:35:03,300
of Conquest. 
Even co-opted Romijn Mystique 

6459
05:35:03,300 --> 05:35:06,600
for his ends. 
A chilling tale from Milan 

6460
05:35:06,600 --> 05:35:09,500
illustrates this. 
When Attila captured that proud 

6461
05:35:09,500 --> 05:35:13,400
Italian city in 452, he came 
across a fresco in the palace 

6462
05:35:13,400 --> 05:35:16,100
that depicted past Roman 
emperors Seated on the throne 

6463
05:35:16,100 --> 05:35:19,200
which triumphed over the 
Barbarian Chiefs who were laid 

6464
05:35:19,200 --> 05:35:22,100
prostrated at their feet. 
Conveying a sense of Imperial 

6465
05:35:22,100 --> 05:35:25,300
arrogant. 
The scene of Imperial arrogance 

6466
05:35:25,300 --> 05:35:29,000
in Rage him Attila immediately 
summoned an artist and ordered a

6467
05:35:29,000 --> 05:35:32,000
new mural painted. 
In this revisionist artwork, 

6468
05:35:32,000 --> 05:35:35,300
Attila sat on the throne while 
cringing Roman emperors. 

6469
05:35:35,300 --> 05:35:39,900
Knelt before him pouring out 
bags of gold in tribute, With 

6470
05:35:39,900 --> 05:35:42,300
grim satisfaction. 
A tiller essentially declared 

6471
05:35:42,300 --> 05:35:45,800
his reversal of Fortune. 
Rome's days of Victory were 

6472
05:35:45,800 --> 05:35:48,100
over, it was now The Barbarians 
turned to rule. 

6473
05:35:48,900 --> 05:35:51,300
Whether or not the story is 
apocryphal that captures, 

6474
05:35:51,300 --> 05:35:54,100
attila's mindset. 
He was deliberately crafting an 

6475
05:35:54,100 --> 05:35:58,200
image to Romans and to his 
people that the Hun was the new 

6476
05:35:58,200 --> 05:36:01,300
Master of the world and Rome's 
proud Eagles would bow to the 

6477
05:36:01,300 --> 05:36:05,200
rider of the steps while Leo 
Advance North Attila the Hun 

6478
05:36:05,200 --> 05:36:07,900
drove his War. 
Host relentlessly South to 

6479
05:36:07,900 --> 05:36:09,600
understand the Collision Course 
of these. 

6480
05:36:09,600 --> 05:36:13,500
Two figures, one must step into 
attila's world a world of vast 

6481
05:36:13,500 --> 05:36:16,500
open. 
The vast steps echoed with 

6482
05:36:16,500 --> 05:36:20,000
thundering Hooves symbolizing, a
destiny, forged in Blood and 

6483
05:36:20,000 --> 05:36:22,800
superstition. 
Attila was no ordinary, 

6484
05:36:22,800 --> 05:36:25,800
Barbarian Chieftain. 
He styled himself as something 

6485
05:36:25,800 --> 05:36:31,400
far grander, even Cosmic Alleged
circulated among his people that

6486
05:36:31,400 --> 05:36:35,100
are sacred weapon had fallen 
into a tiller's hands, the sword

6487
05:36:35,100 --> 05:36:37,900
of Mars. 
A humble Shepherd, the story 

6488
05:36:37,900 --> 05:36:40,600
went. 
Discovered, an ornate sword in a

6489
05:36:40,600 --> 05:36:43,600
field, revealed by the blood of 
Olympic heifer. 

6490
05:36:44,500 --> 05:36:48,600
He presented it to Attila who 
exalted in the finding it, a 

6491
05:36:48,600 --> 05:36:51,100
gift from the war. 
God who Romans identified as 

6492
05:36:51,100 --> 05:36:55,600
Mars Attila took it as a sign of
divine favor, he thought he had 

6493
05:36:55,600 --> 05:36:58,400
been appointed ruler of the 
whole world and that through the

6494
05:36:58,400 --> 05:37:01,000
sword of Mars Supremacy, in all 
wars, was assured to him. 

6495
05:37:02,000 --> 05:37:04,500
So write to the historian, 
Jordan is echoing. 

6496
05:37:04,500 --> 05:37:07,500
The accounts of attila's 
contemporaries armed with this 

6497
05:37:07,500 --> 05:37:11,400
Talisman and unshakable 
self-confidence Attila saw 

6498
05:37:11,400 --> 05:37:13,300
himself as an instrument of 
Godly Wrath. 

6499
05:37:14,000 --> 05:37:18,100
Scourge sent upon the Earth. 
Indeed, later Romans would call 

6500
05:37:18,100 --> 05:37:22,000
him flagellum day, the scourge 
of God believing that he was a 

6501
05:37:22,008 --> 05:37:25,700
punishment for the sins of human
kind. under attila's command, 

6502
05:37:25,700 --> 05:37:29,000
the hunnic Empire reached, its 
zenith From The Plains of 

6503
05:37:29,008 --> 05:37:32,400
Hungary across the Danube. 
And into Germany United, a 

6504
05:37:32,400 --> 05:37:36,300
confederation of Huns, Alan's 
ostrogoths and other tribes 

6505
05:37:36,300 --> 05:37:40,100
through Charisma and fear. 
He became Soul rule in 445 after

6506
05:37:40,100 --> 05:37:43,500
allegedly murdering his brother 
bleda, an act, that removed the 

6507
05:37:43,500 --> 05:37:47,500
last check on his power. 
Ruthless, as he was Attila was 

6508
05:37:47,508 --> 05:37:50,700
also a shrewd strategist. 
He realized that Brute Force 

6509
05:37:50,700 --> 05:37:53,700
alone wouldn't sustain his 
Dominion cunning diplomacy. 

6510
05:37:53,700 --> 05:37:58,400
Encyclical Warfare were equally 
potent, Throughout the 440s 

6511
05:37:58,400 --> 05:38:01,600
Attila alternated, devastating 
military campaigns with 

6512
05:38:01,600 --> 05:38:05,300
calculated negotiations. 
Extorted the Eastern Roman 

6513
05:38:05,300 --> 05:38:09,900
Empire for gold year after year.
First 700 pounds then 2100 

6514
05:38:09,900 --> 05:38:12,500
pounds annually. 
After he battered their armies 

6515
05:38:12,500 --> 05:38:17,600
in 447, the Eastern Emperor. 
Theodosius the second preferred 

6516
05:38:17,600 --> 05:38:19,100
paying off the Huns to facing 
them. 

6517
05:38:19,100 --> 05:38:21,900
In battle a policy that enriched
tiller immensely. 

6518
05:38:22,600 --> 05:38:24,900
By the year 450. 
Attila's, treasuries were 

6519
05:38:24,900 --> 05:38:28,000
brimming with tribute and his 
Warriors had gained, seasoned 

6520
05:38:28,000 --> 05:38:31,200
experienced from numerous 
skirmishes and sieges, despite 

6521
05:38:31,200 --> 05:38:34,300
ruling over such wealth. 
Attila led a simple life by 

6522
05:38:34,300 --> 05:38:39,500
choice, akin to a warrior Monk. 
Roman envoys who visited his 

6523
05:38:39,500 --> 05:38:41,800
encampment were astonished by 
his austerity. 

6524
05:38:42,500 --> 05:38:44,900
The historian priscus who dined 
with the tiller during a 

6525
05:38:44,900 --> 05:38:48,000
diplomatic Mission recorded 
that, while lavish food on 

6526
05:38:48,000 --> 05:38:49,700
Silver platters was served to 
guests. 

6527
05:38:49,700 --> 05:38:51,900
Attila himself ate nothing but 
meat off. 

6528
05:38:51,908 --> 05:38:54,900
A wooden trencher he drank from 
a wooden cup whereas his 

6529
05:38:54,900 --> 05:38:58,600
Lieutenant sipped wine from 
gleaming goblets of gold. his 

6530
05:38:58,600 --> 05:39:01,500
clothes were plain and clean 
devoid of the jewels that 

6531
05:39:01,500 --> 05:39:05,100
adorned other Chiefs Such 
discipline both impressed and 

6532
05:39:05,100 --> 05:39:07,900
unnerved the Roman's. 
It suggested, a man of 

6533
05:39:07,908 --> 05:39:11,200
unwavering determination 
unaffected by decadence or 

6534
05:39:11,200 --> 05:39:15,300
distraction, a leader capable of
instilling unwavering loyalty by

6535
05:39:15,300 --> 05:39:17,100
empathizing with the struggles 
of his followers. 

6536
05:39:18,200 --> 05:39:21,100
Attila also had a Mercurial 
temper and could be mercilessly 

6537
05:39:21,100 --> 05:39:24,800
cruel but he tempered with 
moments of calculated Mercy or 

6538
05:39:24,800 --> 05:39:27,300
humor keeping even his closest 
followers guessing. 

6539
05:39:28,400 --> 05:39:31,000
Attila's worldview was steeped 
in Oman and prophecy. 

6540
05:39:31,700 --> 05:39:34,500
Friskis noted that Attila 
consulted, Sears and believed in

6541
05:39:34,508 --> 05:39:38,800
predictions about his lineage. 
One prophecy purportedly left in

6542
05:39:38,800 --> 05:39:41,800
momentarily. 
Somber it foretold that disaster

6543
05:39:41,800 --> 05:39:45,200
would eventually befall the Huns
not in his lifetime. 

6544
05:39:45,200 --> 05:39:50,000
But such dark musings were rare 
more often until a projected 

6545
05:39:50,000 --> 05:39:52,700
absolute confidence in his 
divinely sanctioned mission of 

6546
05:39:52,700 --> 05:39:55,700
Conquest. 
Even co-opted Romijn Mystique 

6547
05:39:55,700 --> 05:39:58,900
for his ends. 
A chilling tale from Milan 

6548
05:39:58,900 --> 05:40:02,700
illustrates this when Attila 
captured that proud Italian city

6549
05:40:02,700 --> 05:40:05,900
and 4:52, he came across a 
fresco in the palace that 

6550
05:40:05,900 --> 05:40:09,200
depicted past Roman emperors 
Seated on the throne, which 

6551
05:40:09,200 --> 05:40:12,100
triumphed over the Barbarian 
Chiefs who were laid prostrated 

6552
05:40:12,100 --> 05:40:14,500
at their feet. 
Conveying a sense of Imperial 

6553
05:40:14,500 --> 05:40:17,700
arrogance. 
Scene of Imperial arrogance in 

6554
05:40:17,700 --> 05:40:21,300
Rage him at tiller immediately 
summoned an artist and ordered a

6555
05:40:21,300 --> 05:40:24,200
new mural painted. 
In this revisionist artwork, 

6556
05:40:24,200 --> 05:40:27,600
Attila sat on the throne while 
cringing Roman emperors. 

6557
05:40:27,600 --> 05:40:32,000
Knelt before him pouring out 
bags of gold and tribute With 

6558
05:40:32,000 --> 05:40:34,800
grim satisfaction Attila 
essentially declared his 

6559
05:40:34,800 --> 05:40:37,900
reversal of Fortune. 
Rome's days of Victory were 

6560
05:40:37,900 --> 05:40:40,000
over. 
It was now the barbarian's turn 

6561
05:40:40,000 --> 05:40:42,600
to rule. 
Whether or not the story is a 

6562
05:40:42,600 --> 05:40:44,500
Pocketful that captures attila's
mindset. 

6563
05:40:44,500 --> 05:40:48,200
He was deliberately crafted in 
an image to Romans and to his 

6564
05:40:48,200 --> 05:40:51,900
people that the Hun was the new 
Master of the world and roams 

6565
05:40:51,900 --> 05:40:54,500
proud Eagles would bow to the 
right of the steps. 

6566
05:40:54,500 --> 05:40:58,800
In the sultry August of 4502, 
Northern Italy Lake crushed 

6567
05:40:58,800 --> 05:41:01,800
under the Huns heal. 
The Huns trampled Fields left 

6568
05:41:01,800 --> 05:41:04,700
Villages empty and filled the 
air with thick smoke from burnt 

6569
05:41:04,700 --> 05:41:08,300
towns. 
Down the ancient via Emilia a 

6570
05:41:08,300 --> 05:41:10,600
strange procession made its way 
against this tide of 

6571
05:41:10,600 --> 05:41:13,500
Destruction. 
Pope Leo, the first mounted 

6572
05:41:13,500 --> 05:41:16,900
perhaps on a sturdy mule or 
horse, led a small band of 

6573
05:41:16,900 --> 05:41:20,400
envoys and clergy. 
Steadily northward each mile 

6574
05:41:20,400 --> 05:41:23,900
brought new evidence of attila's
Wrath charred, farmsteads 

6575
05:41:23,900 --> 05:41:28,000
refugees huddled by the roadside
entails of unspeakable, Carnage 

6576
05:41:28,000 --> 05:41:31,000
Leo's. 
Heart must have been heavy yet, 

6577
05:41:31,000 --> 05:41:33,900
he pressed on radiating. 
A calm conviction, that 

6578
05:41:33,900 --> 05:41:37,400
bewildered those who met him. 
There are accounts of peasants 

6579
05:41:37,400 --> 05:41:40,500
kneeling as he passed as if 
sensing that, this man carried 

6580
05:41:40,500 --> 05:41:42,200
The Last Hope of Rome on his 
shoulders. 

6581
05:41:42,200 --> 05:41:45,700
Clad in the simple, white 
garments of a bishop Leo cutting

6582
05:41:45,700 --> 05:41:47,300
in Congress figure on a 
Battlefield. 

6583
05:41:48,400 --> 05:41:51,300
But to the desperate Italians, 
the site of the unarmed Pope 

6584
05:41:51,300 --> 05:41:54,500
heading toward the Invader, 
inspired a flicker of faith. 

6585
05:41:54,500 --> 05:41:57,800
If anyone could appeal to 
attila's Mercy, perhaps it was 

6586
05:41:57,800 --> 05:42:00,600
this saintly man. 
Meanwhile Attila had pitched 

6587
05:42:00,600 --> 05:42:03,800
camp near the mincio river. 
Not far from where it flows. 

6588
05:42:03,800 --> 05:42:07,000
Into the great Poe the summer 
heat and disease in his ranks 

6589
05:42:07,000 --> 05:42:09,000
urged him to conclude business 
quickly. 

6590
05:42:09,900 --> 05:42:13,200
Rome back and just over the 
horizon, Attila sent Scouts 

6591
05:42:13,200 --> 05:42:14,900
ahead toward the capitol who 
returned. 

6592
05:42:14,900 --> 05:42:18,000
With curious news, the city's 
Gates were still shot. 

6593
05:42:18,000 --> 05:42:21,700
No Army in night instead, a 
delegation of high ranking 

6594
05:42:21,700 --> 05:42:25,200
Romans was coming to parley. 
Attila agreed to receive them. 

6595
05:42:26,000 --> 05:42:28,500
Perhaps, he believed that a 
quick negotiation could secure 

6596
05:42:28,500 --> 05:42:32,300
both a hefty Ransom and an Oreos
hand, which would allow him to 

6597
05:42:32,300 --> 05:42:35,400
claim victory without further 
bloodshed. or perhaps he 

6598
05:42:35,400 --> 05:42:39,200
relished making Rome, prostrate 
itself, either way a meeting was

6599
05:42:39,208 --> 05:42:43,000
arranged on the open plain 
Attila ordered his War tent 

6600
05:42:43,000 --> 05:42:46,900
prepared with appropriate pump, 
the hunk Camp bustled, banners, 

6601
05:42:46,900 --> 05:42:51,000
and blazoned with dragon motifs,
fluttered horses made and rings 

6602
05:42:51,000 --> 05:42:53,700
of leather tense stretched to 
the Horizon battle. 

6603
05:42:53,700 --> 05:42:57,500
Scarred Warriors, curious about 
the Roman Pope gathered at a 

6604
05:42:57,500 --> 05:42:59,300
respectful distance when the 
invoice arrived. 

6605
05:43:00,000 --> 05:43:04,000
They came in state, Leo flanked,
by the X console Aviator. 

6606
05:43:04,000 --> 05:43:08,200
An ex-pros and attended by a 
train of priests bearing. 

6607
05:43:08,200 --> 05:43:12,200
Processional crosses and icons. 
To kill his Warrior's. 

6608
05:43:12,200 --> 05:43:16,100
The scene was a novel site 
Romans without weapons carrying 

6609
05:43:16,100 --> 05:43:18,800
only strange symbols and moving 
with solemn purpose. 

6610
05:43:19,800 --> 05:43:22,700
Under the bright Sky, Pope Leo, 
and Attila the Hun. 

6611
05:43:22,700 --> 05:43:26,700
Finally came face to face the 
moment was historic the 

6612
05:43:26,700 --> 05:43:29,400
soft-spoken. 
Holy Father, and the scourge of 

6613
05:43:29,408 --> 05:43:32,600
nation's, despite being in his 
early 60s, Leo stood with 

6614
05:43:32,600 --> 05:43:37,800
dignified bearing, Attila. 
A middle-aged man of middling 

6615
05:43:37,800 --> 05:43:40,700
height with a a man with a broad
chest and weathered face 

6616
05:43:40,700 --> 05:43:44,000
regarded, the pope intently, the
tiller was known for his habit 

6617
05:43:44,000 --> 05:43:46,500
of rolling, his Fierce to 
intimidate those in front of 

6618
05:43:46,500 --> 05:43:48,700
him. 
One might imagine he attempted 

6619
05:43:48,700 --> 05:43:51,800
the same on Leo yet. 
Leo, did not flinch. 

6620
05:43:52,500 --> 05:43:53,700
Clad in simple. 
Robes. 

6621
05:43:53,700 --> 05:43:57,500
The pope met The Barbarians gaze
with steady compassionate eyes, 

6622
05:43:57,500 --> 05:44:00,200
and observer described Leo at 
that encounter. 

6623
05:44:00,200 --> 05:44:04,200
As Fearless as one who, trusts 
not in himself, putting God 

6624
05:44:05,100 --> 05:44:07,600
Attila who had terrorized, tens 
of thousands. 

6625
05:44:07,600 --> 05:44:12,100
Now encountered a man who showed
no fear The conversation that 

6626
05:44:12,100 --> 05:44:15,800
unfolded as been lost to time. 
No transcript exists. 

6627
05:44:15,800 --> 05:44:19,900
But through various accounts and
a dose of imagination, we can 

6628
05:44:19,900 --> 05:44:23,900
reconstruct its tenor. 
First, the Roman envoys likely 

6629
05:44:23,900 --> 05:44:27,900
offered formal salutations at 
the anus experience in diplomacy

6630
05:44:27,900 --> 05:44:31,100
probably spoke Attila most noble
leader of the Huns. 

6631
05:44:31,100 --> 05:44:34,800
We come on behalf of the Senate 
and people of Rome They might 

6632
05:44:34,800 --> 05:44:38,600
have offered gifts, chests of 
gold or jeweled goblets tokens 

6633
05:44:38,600 --> 05:44:43,000
of Rome's esteem or desperation.
Attila listened in patiently, 

6634
05:44:43,000 --> 05:44:45,300
then Pope Leo addressed, the 
warlord. 

6635
05:44:46,700 --> 05:44:49,900
Unlike the perfume senators of 
the East who had grovel before 

6636
05:44:49,900 --> 05:44:53,900
Attila and past embassies Leo's 
voice was neither sick a fantic 

6637
05:44:53,900 --> 05:44:57,700
nor cowering, he spoke plainly 
demonstrating, both grave, 

6638
05:44:57,700 --> 05:45:00,800
respect and Authority through an
interpreter for Attila who 

6639
05:45:00,800 --> 05:45:04,100
understood Latin only a little 
Leo appealed to humanity in the 

6640
05:45:04,108 --> 05:45:06,200
Hun. 
He acknowledged, attila's 

6641
05:45:06,200 --> 05:45:08,900
victories, you have been the 
instrument of divine Justice 

6642
05:45:08,900 --> 05:45:11,800
punishing, the sins of the land.
Such words. 

6643
05:45:11,800 --> 05:45:15,200
Crediting God for attila's 
Success may have intrigued the 

6644
05:45:15,200 --> 05:45:19,200
superstitious King, Leo 
continued, perhaps urging Attila

6645
05:45:19,200 --> 05:45:21,700
to show Mercy now that his 
mission of chastisement was 

6646
05:45:21,700 --> 05:45:24,000
fulfilled. 
He might have been voted the 

6647
05:45:24,000 --> 05:45:26,700
fate of conquerors who fail to 
temper Justice, with Mercy. 

6648
05:45:28,600 --> 05:45:31,900
Certainly Leo reminded Attila of
the transients of mortal life. 

6649
05:45:33,000 --> 05:45:35,700
One chronicler. 
Imagine Leo saying we are all 

6650
05:45:35,700 --> 05:45:40,000
Mortals O King sooner or later 
we returned to dust seek not the

6651
05:45:40,000 --> 05:45:43,200
further spilling of innocent 
blood but earn Everlasting Glory

6652
05:45:43,200 --> 05:45:45,400
by sparing Rome, Attila 
responded. 

6653
05:45:45,400 --> 05:45:49,400
Brusly one can picture his 
scowling Visage as he listed his

6654
05:45:49,400 --> 05:45:52,600
demands Through The Interpreter,
he likely thundered, that 

6655
05:45:52,600 --> 05:45:56,400
honoria the imperial princess 
who had appealed to him, he 

6656
05:45:56,400 --> 05:45:59,500
handed over at once with her 
rightful inheritance, the Dowry 

6657
05:45:59,500 --> 05:46:03,200
he claimed He may have also 
demanded an annual tribute of 

6658
05:46:03,200 --> 05:46:06,300
gold from Rome to replace what 
the Eastern Empire had stopped 

6659
05:46:06,300 --> 05:46:08,800
paying. 
Attila was a managed to 

6660
05:46:08,800 --> 05:46:12,000
dictating terms. 
Yet even as he spoke something 

6661
05:46:12,000 --> 05:46:15,800
Nord at him here was this 
unarmed priest calmly rebutting,

6662
05:46:15,800 --> 05:46:18,900
the scourge of God. 
Leo answered until his demands 

6663
05:46:18,900 --> 05:46:21,000
firmly. 
The emperor could not yield his 

6664
05:46:21,000 --> 05:46:24,000
sister as a bride for that 
matter was already settled. 

6665
05:46:24,000 --> 05:46:28,800
Anoria had been punished for her
rash offer as for tribute Leo, 

6666
05:46:28,800 --> 05:46:32,000
likely pleaded that Italy was 
spent and ravaged there was 

6667
05:46:32,000 --> 05:46:35,300
little left to give But he 
offered what he could from the 

6668
05:46:35,300 --> 05:46:38,700
church's treasury, emphasizing 
that further Devastation would 

6669
05:46:38,700 --> 05:46:42,700
only bring diminishing returns a
starved played in land would 

6670
05:46:42,700 --> 05:46:46,700
profit, no conqueror as the 
negotiation cord, Atlas 

6671
05:46:46,700 --> 05:46:50,000
tempered. 
But each time Leo responded with

6672
05:46:50,000 --> 05:46:54,300
steady reasoning and moral 
exaltation, He reminded Attila 

6673
05:46:54,300 --> 05:46:57,100
of Allah's. 
Fate the gotha died soon after 

6674
05:46:57,100 --> 05:47:00,900
taking Rome, was it truly wise 
to risk the same anger of 

6675
05:47:00,900 --> 05:47:03,100
Heaven. 
Attila's, Pagan priest, in his 

6676
05:47:03,100 --> 05:47:04,800
retinue exchange nervous 
glances. 

6677
05:47:04,800 --> 05:47:08,700
They too had heard the stories, 
The Hermit King, despite his 

6678
05:47:08,700 --> 05:47:11,500
bravado, felt a chill at that 
very moment. 

6679
05:47:11,500 --> 05:47:14,700
According to the later, Legend 
miraculous Vision sealed the 

6680
05:47:14,700 --> 05:47:19,700
outcome Attila suddenly fell 
silent eyes widening at a point 

6681
05:47:19,700 --> 05:47:23,200
above Leo's head. 
To his astonishment, he beheld, 

6682
05:47:23,200 --> 05:47:25,800
what seemed to be too towering 
figures in the air. 

6683
05:47:26,500 --> 05:47:30,200
Saintly men, clad in armor, one 
carrying a sword that blazed in 

6684
05:47:30,208 --> 05:47:33,900
the sunlight, the spectral 
Warriors, who were visible, only

6685
05:47:33,900 --> 05:47:37,100
to Attila glared at him. 
As if to say, do not touch this 

6686
05:47:37,100 --> 05:47:41,200
man or this city. 
Pull the Deacon a writer from 

6687
05:47:41,208 --> 05:47:44,300
centuries, later would identify 
the Warriors as the apostles, 

6688
05:47:44,300 --> 05:47:47,000
Peter and Paul who had come from
Heaven to protect Rome. 

6689
05:47:47,800 --> 05:47:50,600
Attila who believed in Omens 
felt a stab. 

6690
05:47:50,608 --> 05:47:52,700
A fear was this a Divine 
warning? 

6691
05:47:53,800 --> 05:47:56,500
whether one credits the miracle 
or not, something stirred in 

6692
05:47:56,500 --> 05:48:01,200
Attila he who had never lost a 
negotiated Advantage suddenly 

6693
05:48:01,200 --> 05:48:06,100
softened, the fierce light in 
his eyes dimmed, Attila the 

6694
05:48:06,100 --> 05:48:10,100
untamable gazed at Pope Leo's, 
peaceful face and found no enemy

6695
05:48:10,100 --> 05:48:12,400
there, only a beseeching father 
figure. 

6696
05:48:13,400 --> 05:48:15,500
In that instant, the dynamic 
shifted. 

6697
05:48:16,200 --> 05:48:18,400
Til erased a hand signaling an 
end to the debate. 

6698
05:48:18,400 --> 05:48:22,100
He announced his decision, the 
Huns would withdraw, he would 

6699
05:48:22,100 --> 05:48:25,200
spare Rome. 
The Roman envoys must have 

6700
05:48:25,200 --> 05:48:28,000
suppressed a deep sense of 
relief upon hearing those words.

6701
05:48:28,000 --> 05:48:31,600
Terms were likely agreed upon 
perhaps a one-time payment of 

6702
05:48:31,600 --> 05:48:32,900
gold. 
So certainly a promise that 

6703
05:48:32,900 --> 05:48:36,100
onori issue would be dropped. 
Attila made a final 

6704
05:48:36,108 --> 05:48:39,400
pronouncement half warning, half
concession, tell your Emperor. 

6705
05:48:39,400 --> 05:48:41,300
This this piece is not 
permanent. 

6706
05:48:41,300 --> 05:48:44,900
If Rome wishes to remain safe, 
let it remember to give a 

6707
05:48:44,900 --> 05:48:47,700
tiller. 
What is Hitler's It was merely a

6708
05:48:47,700 --> 05:48:51,300
show of strength to maintain the
status quo, Leo, inclined, his 

6709
05:48:51,300 --> 05:48:52,300
head. 
Accepting the conditions, 

6710
05:48:52,300 --> 05:48:54,500
whatever they were, and offered 
a blessing. 

6711
05:48:54,500 --> 05:48:59,400
The meeting was over Attila had 
yielded against all expectation.

6712
05:48:59,400 --> 05:49:03,000
The pope is party turned back. 
Toward Rome carrying the almost 

6713
05:49:03,000 --> 05:49:07,200
unbelievable news behind them. 
Attila retired to his Camp 

6714
05:49:07,200 --> 05:49:10,200
pensive. 
The sun was dipping low as the 

6715
05:49:10,200 --> 05:49:12,900
two groups. 
Parted ways Roman Chronicles 

6716
05:49:12,900 --> 05:49:14,900
later. 
Rejoice that no sword was drawn 

6717
05:49:14,900 --> 05:49:17,100
that day. 
No blood spilled. 

6718
05:49:17,100 --> 05:49:19,900
A battle had been won by words 
and faith alone. 

6719
05:49:20,800 --> 05:49:23,700
Attila's, Chief turns were 
astonished some protested. 

6720
05:49:23,700 --> 05:49:26,600
Shall the mighty Attila? 
Be turned back by a preachers 

6721
05:49:26,600 --> 05:49:30,500
tongue. but others, those who 
knew of the worsening supplies 

6722
05:49:30,500 --> 05:49:34,100
in The Whispers of plague were 
secretly glad They feared a 

6723
05:49:34,100 --> 05:49:35,600
doomed. 
Assault on Rome, as much as any 

6724
05:49:35,600 --> 05:49:39,000
Roman did. 
In the privacy of his tent that 

6725
05:49:39,000 --> 05:49:40,700
night. 
Attila brooded. 

6726
05:49:40,700 --> 05:49:44,900
Perhaps he felt an unaccustomed 
twin of admiration for Leo or 

6727
05:49:44,900 --> 05:49:47,100
perhaps simply relief that he 
could Retreat without testing 

6728
05:49:47,100 --> 05:49:50,300
Rome's, cursed fate. 
Either way, the decision was 

6729
05:49:50,300 --> 05:49:53,800
made. 
By Dawn, the hunnic banners were

6730
05:49:53,800 --> 05:49:56,500
pointed North. 
The scourge of God began his 

6731
05:49:56,500 --> 05:49:59,800
March out of Italy. 
Hope Leo, the first had achieved

6732
05:49:59,800 --> 05:50:02,900
an unimaginable feat. 
He gazed into the eyes of the 

6733
05:50:02,908 --> 05:50:05,700
most feared man on Earth causing
him to Blink. 

6734
05:50:06,500 --> 05:50:10,800
Rome was saved at least for That
season Rafael's, famed Fresco in

6735
05:50:10,800 --> 05:50:13,400
the Vatican painted. 
Over a thousand years later 

6736
05:50:13,400 --> 05:50:18,200
dramatizes, the legend Pope Leo 
depicted serenely on Horseback 

6737
05:50:18,200 --> 05:50:22,300
raises a hand toward Attila 
while a pope two Warrior Saints,

6738
05:50:22,300 --> 05:50:26,700
brandish swords in the sky. 
This artistic fantasy captures, 

6739
05:50:26,700 --> 05:50:28,800
the essence of how 
contemporaries and posterity 

6740
05:50:28,800 --> 05:50:32,900
view the encounter in 4502, a 
turning point where the tide of 

6741
05:50:32,900 --> 05:50:37,100
Destruction miraculously halted 
at the gates of Romeo saved, 

6742
05:50:37,100 --> 05:50:40,200
Rome on that fateful day. 
Near Mantua, not through the use

6743
05:50:40,200 --> 05:50:42,300
of force. 
But through the strength of his 

6744
05:50:42,300 --> 05:50:45,500
character and faith, The 
aftermath of the meeting was 

6745
05:50:45,500 --> 05:50:49,300
immediate and profound as word 
spread that Attila had turned 

6746
05:50:49,300 --> 05:50:52,200
back. 
A wave of incredulous, Joy swept

6747
05:50:52,200 --> 05:50:56,400
through Italy in Rome, anxious 
citizens waiting for news could 

6748
05:50:56,400 --> 05:51:00,100
scarcely believe it. 
The city and their lives had 

6749
05:51:00,100 --> 05:51:04,900
been spared, many attributed to 
its entirely to divine 

6750
05:51:04,900 --> 05:51:07,000
intervention. 
Thanks to Leo's sanctity. 

6751
05:51:07,000 --> 05:51:11,100
The Pope's status reached 
unprecedented, Heights, Rome, 

6752
05:51:11,100 --> 05:51:14,300
welcome him back as patapa Tria 
the father of the Fatherland. 

6753
05:51:14,300 --> 05:51:17,000
A title. 
No humble Churchman had ever 

6754
05:51:17,000 --> 05:51:20,300
held the relieved Romans truly 
deserved to call Leo. 

6755
05:51:20,300 --> 05:51:24,000
Magnus the Great. 
Historians Through the Ages have

6756
05:51:24,000 --> 05:51:27,100
debated wire, tiller with Drew 
some near contemporary 

6757
05:51:27,100 --> 05:51:30,800
observers, like the chronicle 
Prosper of Aquitaine insisted 

6758
05:51:30,800 --> 05:51:33,700
that it was Leo's personal 
impact on, Attila that made the 

6759
05:51:33,700 --> 05:51:36,600
difference. 
That the Hun was so impressed by

6760
05:51:36,600 --> 05:51:39,400
the holy mountains, courage. 
And eloquence that he simply 

6761
05:51:39,400 --> 05:51:42,700
gave up his designs. 
Another source, this story in 

6762
05:51:42,700 --> 05:51:45,900
priscus new attila's court. 
First hand offered a more 

6763
05:51:45,908 --> 05:51:49,400
pragmatic rationale, attila's 
men were growing afraid. 

6764
05:51:50,000 --> 05:51:52,500
They were called how Alaric had 
died after sacking Rome. 

6765
05:51:52,500 --> 05:51:56,600
And they urge to not to invite a
similar curse, modern Scholars 

6766
05:51:56,600 --> 05:52:00,300
point to Logistics and disease. 
Indeed a later Chronicle suggest

6767
05:52:00,300 --> 05:52:02,600
that at that very time, plague 
was ravaging. 

6768
05:52:02,600 --> 05:52:05,800
Attila's Army and supplies were 
running perilously low. 

6769
05:52:05,800 --> 05:52:09,800
While the Eastern Emperor Marcia
had dispatched troops to Harry's

6770
05:52:09,800 --> 05:52:12,900
Homeland. 
Surrounded by ill Omens sickness

6771
05:52:12,900 --> 05:52:15,400
and Camp hostile forces 
Gathering elsewhere. 

6772
05:52:15,400 --> 05:52:19,500
And the psychological weight of 
Rome spiritual clout, Attila 

6773
05:52:19,500 --> 05:52:21,900
likely calculated that 
discretion outweighed Valor, 

6774
05:52:21,900 --> 05:52:24,300
whatever mix of motives won a 
signs. 

6775
05:52:24,300 --> 05:52:29,300
The result is indisputable 
Attila suddenly retreated and he

6776
05:52:29,300 --> 05:52:32,400
never returned. 
The scourge of God had scourged 

6777
05:52:32,400 --> 05:52:35,300
enough Leo's. 
Triumph however was not a 

6778
05:52:35,300 --> 05:52:36,900
permanent Deliverance, he was 
much. 

6779
05:52:37,800 --> 05:52:40,600
According to ancient accounts, 
Attila sent a message upon his 

6780
05:52:40,600 --> 05:52:43,900
departure threatening to return 
unless Sonora handed over her 

6781
05:52:43,900 --> 05:52:46,900
inheritance. 
Tiller made this gesture to save

6782
05:52:46,900 --> 05:52:51,300
face, but in reality, he had 
lost his chance. the following 

6783
05:52:51,300 --> 05:52:55,000
year in 453 Attila the Hun, 
tragically passed away on the 

6784
05:52:55,008 --> 05:52:58,800
eve of his latest wedding feast,
The legendary conqueror succumb 

6785
05:52:58,800 --> 05:53:02,000
not on the battlefield but in 
his marital bed, reportedly 

6786
05:53:02,000 --> 05:53:04,900
bursting a blood vessel in his 
blood after heavy drinking. 

6787
05:53:05,800 --> 05:53:09,700
His bride ildiko, awoke to a 
quartz, the superstitious saw 

6788
05:53:09,700 --> 05:53:12,600
Divine Justice in this 
Inglorious end with the tillers 

6789
05:53:12,600 --> 05:53:16,500
death, the unity of the hunnic 
Empire perished, his son's coral

6790
05:53:16,500 --> 05:53:20,200
and within a decade. 
The Hun ceased to be a major 

6791
05:53:20,200 --> 05:53:22,600
threat. 
Roman survived. 

6792
05:53:22,600 --> 05:53:25,900
Attila however, the lifespan of 
the Western Roman Empire was 

6793
05:53:25,900 --> 05:53:29,900
short in 4:55 just three years 
after Leo's encounter with 

6794
05:53:29,908 --> 05:53:34,600
Attila Rome faced another deadly
Menace, canceriq King of the 

6795
05:53:34,600 --> 05:53:37,600
vandals sailed his Fleet from 
North Africa and landed at 

6796
05:53:37,600 --> 05:53:39,700
Austria. 
This time there was no massive 

6797
05:53:39,700 --> 05:53:43,500
Barbarian host at the gates but 
a naval Invasion, Emperor 

6798
05:53:43,500 --> 05:53:46,700
valentinian the third had been 
assassinated political chaos 

6799
05:53:46,700 --> 05:53:51,700
reigned once again, Leo filled 
the void unarmed and accompanied

6800
05:53:51,700 --> 05:53:55,300
by his clergy, he went out to 
meet genres employing the same 

6801
05:53:55,300 --> 05:53:58,800
courage and moral plea he had 
with Attila The Vandal was a 

6802
05:53:58,808 --> 05:54:01,200
different man. 
However, and negotiations 

6803
05:54:01,200 --> 05:54:04,100
yielded only a partial success. 
Cancer. 

6804
05:54:04,100 --> 05:54:07,800
Rick agreed not to burn the city
or Massacre ATS inhabitants, but

6805
05:54:07,800 --> 05:54:12,000
he would plunder and plunder. 
He did for two weeks in June 

6806
05:54:12,000 --> 05:54:15,000
4505, the vandals methodically 
looted Row. 

6807
05:54:15,000 --> 05:54:19,000
The treasures of Ages, the 
Temple of Jupiter's gilded roof 

6808
05:54:19,000 --> 05:54:22,300
and the spoils Titus had taken 
from Jerusalem were carted off 

6809
05:54:22,300 --> 05:54:25,400
to Vandal Africa. 
Leo, could not prevent this 

6810
05:54:25,400 --> 05:54:27,900
humiliation. 
Nonetheless, even against 

6811
05:54:27,900 --> 05:54:30,500
begrudging restraint was 
attributed to Leo's influence. 

6812
05:54:31,200 --> 05:54:33,600
The Pope in trees, at least 
spared from the Flames. 

6813
05:54:33,600 --> 05:54:36,300
The massive basilicas of Saint, 
Peter and Saint. 

6814
05:54:36,300 --> 05:54:39,800
Paul were terrified citizens had
flocked for Sanctuary were left 

6815
05:54:39,800 --> 05:54:43,200
intact by hands. 
This mitigation counted as 

6816
05:54:43,200 --> 05:54:45,000
another testimony to Leo's 
clout. 

6817
05:54:45,700 --> 05:54:48,600
Once more, the secular 
authorities had utterly failed. 

6818
05:54:48,600 --> 05:54:52,700
And once more, it was Leo and 
Leo alone, who stood as Rome's, 

6819
05:54:52,700 --> 05:54:55,900
protector Pope Leo, the first 
lived on for a few more years 

6820
05:54:55,900 --> 05:54:59,900
after these tumultuous events 
dying and 461, he was buried as 

6821
05:54:59,900 --> 05:55:02,200
a hero in Rome. 
His tomb, adorned with the 

6822
05:55:02,200 --> 05:55:03,600
inscription defender of the 
city. 

6823
05:55:04,800 --> 05:55:08,700
His legacy only grew with time 
in ecclesiastical history, Leo 

6824
05:55:08,700 --> 05:55:10,900
is remembered for his 
theological contributions. 

6825
05:55:10,900 --> 05:55:13,900
The Tome of Leo and the 
strengthening of papal Primacy. 

6826
05:55:13,900 --> 05:55:16,300
But in popular memory, it was 
the day. 

6827
05:55:16,300 --> 05:55:20,100
He saved, Rome that truly made 
him a legend over the centuries.

6828
05:55:20,100 --> 05:55:23,000
The story of Leo and Attila 
acquired an almost mythical 

6829
05:55:23,000 --> 05:55:27,100
Aura, medieval writers, 
embroidered it freely, The 

6830
05:55:27,100 --> 05:55:30,400
Apparition of Saints Peter and 
Paul threatening, Attila hinted 

6831
05:55:30,400 --> 05:55:33,500
at in Paul, the deacons ate 
Centric account, became a staple

6832
05:55:33,500 --> 05:55:36,300
of the tale. 
Artists immortalized, the scene,

6833
05:55:36,300 --> 05:55:40,500
apart from Raphael's Renaissance
Fresco early, the Baroque 

6834
05:55:40,500 --> 05:55:43,600
sculptor algy carved a grand 
relief in Saint Peter's itself 

6835
05:55:43,600 --> 05:55:47,100
showing Leo backed by Heavenly 
figures driving away the hunt. 

6836
05:55:47,100 --> 05:55:49,500
Such images reinforced The 
Narrative. 

6837
05:55:49,500 --> 05:55:52,200
That Rome was saved, not by 
human might, but by divine 

6838
05:55:52,200 --> 05:55:54,400
intervention Channel, Through 
Leo, the Great. 

6839
05:55:55,300 --> 05:55:58,400
Yet, for all the embellishment, 
the core truth endures and Rings

6840
05:55:58,400 --> 05:56:02,200
down the ages in a moment of 
existential Peril when the 

6841
05:56:02,208 --> 05:56:05,500
material defenses of ancient 
civilization had failed one 

6842
05:56:05,500 --> 05:56:09,100
man's moral courage, prevailed 
Leo's encounter with the tiller 

6843
05:56:09,100 --> 05:56:11,700
stands as a testament to the 
power of persuasion over the 

6844
05:56:11,700 --> 05:56:15,400
sword and a favor fear. 
It highlights the shifting world

6845
05:56:15,400 --> 05:56:18,300
of the 5th Century as the 
Western Empire crumbled. 

6846
05:56:18,300 --> 05:56:21,200
The Spiritual Authority of the 
church was rising to fill the 

6847
05:56:21,200 --> 05:56:23,800
void. 
Leo's success, with the tiller 

6848
05:56:23,800 --> 05:56:25,400
wasn't just a lucky diplomatic 
coup. 

6849
05:56:25,400 --> 05:56:29,200
It was a sign of the new Epoch 
Dawning in the centuries that 

6850
05:56:29,200 --> 05:56:32,300
followed the fall of Rome, The 
Last Emperor would be deposed in

6851
05:56:32,300 --> 05:56:37,600
476, just 24 years after Leos 
stand, the Bishops of Rome now 

6852
05:56:37,600 --> 05:56:41,600
firmly called popes would 
increase in roles of Civic 

6853
05:56:41,600 --> 05:56:44,600
leadership, protectors and power
Brokers in the remnants of 

6854
05:56:44,600 --> 05:56:48,000
Empire. 
Leo had set the example, he 

6855
05:56:48,000 --> 05:56:50,600
showed that a pope could Marshal
not armies, but something 

6856
05:56:50,600 --> 05:56:55,600
perhaps equally compelling moral
suasion unity and hope in the 

6857
05:56:55,608 --> 05:56:58,900
face of despair. 
In separating myth from reality,

6858
05:56:58,900 --> 05:57:02,600
modern historians, acknowledge 
the Practical factors that led 

6859
05:57:02,600 --> 05:57:05,700
to attila's retreat, hunger 
disease, and strategic 

6860
05:57:05,700 --> 05:57:08,500
considerations, but they all 
acknowledge that Leo's 

6861
05:57:08,500 --> 05:57:12,100
diplomatic mission was crucial. 
Without it Attila might have 

6862
05:57:12,100 --> 05:57:14,500
lingered long enough to sack 
Rome before those factors fully 

6863
05:57:14,500 --> 05:57:18,100
unraveled his campaign. 
Leo gave Attila a face-saving, 

6864
05:57:18,100 --> 05:57:20,000
exit and a spiritual scare to 
boot. 

6865
05:57:20,000 --> 05:57:24,800
That was enough. 
In the summer of 4 to 22 and 

6866
05:57:24,800 --> 05:57:27,800
unlikely savior in a plane 
Castle, save the Eternal City 

6867
05:57:27,800 --> 05:57:30,300
from annihilation. 
For the generation that 

6868
05:57:30,300 --> 05:57:32,600
witnessed it. 
They could be no doubt, Pope 

6869
05:57:32,600 --> 05:57:36,200
Leo, the first had saved Rome. 
It was a bright spot in an age 

6870
05:57:36,208 --> 05:57:38,800
of collapse. 
A story retold with gratitude 

6871
05:57:38,800 --> 05:57:41,700
and awe. 
To this day, when one stands and

6872
05:57:41,700 --> 05:57:44,100
Sint pieters and looks up at the
marble relief of Leo driving 

6873
05:57:44,100 --> 05:57:46,000
away. 
Attila one is reminded of the 

6874
05:57:46,000 --> 05:57:48,800
power of courage and Faith to 
alter the course of history. 

6875
05:57:49,700 --> 05:57:52,300
In Leo's voice lay the echo of 
an Empire's Spirit. 

6876
05:57:52,300 --> 05:57:56,400
And the promise that even in 
history's darkest chapters, a 

6877
05:57:56,400 --> 05:58:00,700
single steadfast Soul, can shine
brightly enough of to turn back,

6878
05:58:00,700 --> 05:58:03,900
the tide of Destruction if only 
for a moment and occasionally 

6879
05:58:03,900 --> 05:58:06,500
that moment is All That 
civilization needs to survive 

6880
05:58:06,500 --> 05:58:09,900
the sun set on the Western Roman
Empire, not with a single 

6881
05:58:09,900 --> 05:58:14,200
cataclysm but through Decades of
slow decay, Hope Leo. 

6882
05:58:14,200 --> 05:58:17,200
The first, however, had already 
sealed his place in the annals 

6883
05:58:17,200 --> 05:58:19,400
of survival, diplomacy and 
faith. 

6884
05:58:20,700 --> 05:58:23,900
As Rome's, political fabric 
crumbled, Leo's influence 

6885
05:58:23,900 --> 05:58:27,900
continued to expand. 
Even in death, in force, 61 his 

6886
05:58:27,900 --> 05:58:30,900
legacy was carried on by Pope 
who modeled themselves, not just

6887
05:58:30,900 --> 05:58:34,700
after some Peter, but after 
Leo's blend of spiritual further

6888
05:58:34,700 --> 05:58:37,900
and diplomatic Steel, His tomb 
in the Old Saint Peter's. 

6889
05:58:37,900 --> 05:58:41,400
Basilica became a shrine not 
only of theological memory but 

6890
05:58:41,400 --> 05:58:44,200
of civic pride. 
A place Roman could point to and

6891
05:58:44,200 --> 05:58:47,700
say this man. 
Stood when others fled The 5th 

6892
05:58:47,700 --> 05:58:51,800
Century saw chaos, fragmentation
and loss Italy became a 

6893
05:58:51,800 --> 05:58:55,500
patchwork of Gothic rulers, Gaul
drifted toward Frankish hands 

6894
05:58:55,500 --> 05:58:57,500
and Africa became a vandal 
Kingdom. 

6895
05:58:58,300 --> 05:59:01,400
Yet, the institutional Church 
remained remarkably cohesive. 

6896
05:59:01,400 --> 05:59:06,100
This was in part Leo's doing His
letters had established a Papal 

6897
05:59:06,100 --> 05:59:09,100
administrative style that 
reached Bishops far, beyond the 

6898
05:59:09,108 --> 05:59:12,500
crumbling Empire's borders, his 
Tome had crystallized, 

6899
05:59:12,500 --> 05:59:16,200
christology for centuries to 
come his sermons preserved 

6900
05:59:16,200 --> 05:59:19,900
copied and studied continued to 
nourish Christian identity in a 

6901
05:59:19,900 --> 05:59:23,300
post-imperial world. 
Yet the story of Leo's meeting 

6902
05:59:23,300 --> 05:59:27,300
with Attila continued to evolve,
not just in church memory, but 

6903
05:59:27,300 --> 05:59:30,900
in public imagination, the 
miracle where the historically 

6904
05:59:30,900 --> 05:59:32,700
accurate or not resonated 
deeply. 

6905
05:59:33,600 --> 05:59:36,200
In a world of collapsing order, 
the myth of a Shepherd, 

6906
05:59:36,200 --> 05:59:39,500
confronting the wolf and turning
him away from any Dusty 

6907
05:59:39,500 --> 05:59:43,500
Chronicle, artists poets 
theologians, and even Emperors 

6908
05:59:43,500 --> 05:59:46,900
clung to this narrative. 
Leo's courage became archetypal 

6909
05:59:46,900 --> 05:59:50,800
echoed in later eras when popes 
would stand up to King's 

6910
05:59:50,800 --> 05:59:52,800
Emperors, or even fascist 
regimes. 

6911
05:59:52,800 --> 05:59:57,500
Meanwhile, attila's name lived 
on in Darker Legend. although 

6912
05:59:57,500 --> 06:00:01,900
Attila died in 459 Shore, for 53
ad under anti-climactic 

6913
06:00:01,900 --> 06:00:05,100
circumstances, drunk and 
bleeding on his wedding night, 

6914
06:00:05,100 --> 06:00:08,900
his Empire soon dissolved, 
afterward his sons quarreled 

6915
06:00:08,900 --> 06:00:11,700
over the remnants, the cohesion 
of the hunnic, tribes of 

6916
06:00:11,700 --> 06:00:15,200
vanished, By the end of the 
fifth century, the Huns were no 

6917
06:00:15,200 --> 06:00:17,900
longer a power. 
Not even a memory in the lands 

6918
06:00:17,900 --> 06:00:20,800
they once terrorized In some 
parts of Europe. 

6919
06:00:20,800 --> 06:00:25,200
Parents, no longer warn children
about the Huns, the threatened 

6920
06:00:25,200 --> 06:00:28,100
passed yet. 
Leo's Voice still echoed from 

6921
06:00:28,100 --> 06:00:31,100
pulpits. 
Over time, Rome transitioned 

6922
06:00:31,100 --> 06:00:34,400
from the capital of a political 
Empire to the symbolic heart of 

6923
06:00:34,408 --> 06:00:37,100
Christendom. 
This transformation was neither 

6924
06:00:37,100 --> 06:00:40,200
inevitable nor easy. 
It took figures like Leo 

6925
06:00:40,200 --> 06:00:44,200
Resolute, theologically sharp 
and diplomatically fearless to 

6926
06:00:44,200 --> 06:00:47,200
steer the city from Imperial 
ruin to order ecclesiastical 

6927
06:00:47,200 --> 06:00:49,900
prominence. 
One could argue that the Papal 

6928
06:00:49,900 --> 06:00:53,700
States medieval Christendom and 
even the Vatican City of today, 

6929
06:00:53,700 --> 06:00:57,200
trace a straight line from Leo's
model of papal leadership. 

6930
06:00:57,200 --> 06:00:59,800
He proved the church could not 
only survive, political 

6931
06:00:59,800 --> 06:01:03,900
collapse, it could redefine 
power entirely The sculpture in 

6932
06:01:03,900 --> 06:01:07,300
Saint Peter's Basilica by 
Alessandro algardi completed in 

6933
06:01:07,300 --> 06:01:11,600
the 17th century immortalized. 
As the scene with drama Leo 

6934
06:01:11,600 --> 06:01:14,500
raises his hand and Jellick 
Warrior's bare down from the 

6935
06:01:14,500 --> 06:01:16,400
heavens upon Attila Frozen in 
all. 

6936
06:01:16,400 --> 06:01:18,400
It is the actual. 
Yes. 

6937
06:01:18,400 --> 06:01:22,300
But theater with purpose, it 
reminds viewers that history has

6938
06:01:22,300 --> 06:01:25,400
made not only through armies and
battles, but through moments of 

6939
06:01:25,400 --> 06:01:29,300
extraordinary, moral courage, 
That was Leo's gift to his age 

6940
06:01:29,300 --> 06:01:31,500
and ours. 
The vision of Spiritual 

6941
06:01:31,500 --> 06:01:34,600
Authority that was not passive, 
not withdrawn, but deeply 

6942
06:01:34,600 --> 06:01:36,300
engaged in the mess of human 
affairs. 

6943
06:01:37,200 --> 06:01:40,300
In the end, the dalio saved Rome
was not about political 

6944
06:01:40,300 --> 06:01:42,900
negotiation alone. 
There was a cultural Pivot 

6945
06:01:42,900 --> 06:01:45,200
Point. 
He demonstrated that Faith could

6946
06:01:45,200 --> 06:01:48,100
influence diplomacy. 
That courage didn't necessitate 

6947
06:01:48,100 --> 06:01:51,800
a sword and that at times 
defending civilization could be 

6948
06:01:51,800 --> 06:01:55,600
achieved by a single man with 
unwavering conviction, bravely, 

6949
06:01:55,600 --> 06:01:57,000
stepping into the depth of 
Darkness.