How People Endured Nights in 1700s Taverns | Boring History For Sleep

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Your boots are wet. 
That is the first thing worth 

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knowing about this evening, not 
the cold, not the mud, just the 

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deep and heavy dampness of 1742.
You're finally inside the Green 

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Dragon Tavern. 
Fire is roaring. 

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It is a very good night to be 
indoors most nights in the 18th 

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century are not. 
History was a deeply 

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uncomfortable, place to be. 
That is why you were here in the

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present day. 
You're safe and warm in your own

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bed. 
You do not have to worry about 

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Highway robbers or drafty 
Windows. 

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If you enjoy escape the harsh, 
reality of the past from the 

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comfort of your modern mattress 
consider subscribing to the 

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channel. 
It costs you nothing. 

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It is. 
Certainly cheaper than renting a

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room at a coaching in leave a 
like if you're grateful for 

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indoor plumbing, Also, feel free
to let me know where you're 

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tuning in from, and what time is
for you. 

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Now, let's drive those boots, 
close your eyes. 

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Listen to the rain, against the 
glass, the road you've been 

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following is one of the old 
coaching routes that cuts 

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through the Midlands connecting 
Market towns that most people in

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London have never heard of and 
will never visit It is not a 

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glamorous Road. 
It is not a road. 

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Anyone would choose for the 
scenery it is a road people use 

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because it is there because the 
alternative is worse and because

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somewhere along it, there is 
supposed to be an inn You were 

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told about this in by a man. 
You met at a crossroad, sometime

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around midday He had the look of
someone who spent most of his 

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life Outdoors. 
Whether in the particular way 

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that English weathers people, 
which is to say thoroughly and 

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without apology. 
He pointed you down this 

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direction and said, the Inn was 
perhaps, four miles on. 

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That was four hours ago. 
Either the miles were longer 

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than he thought. 
Or you're walking more slowly 

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than you realized both seem 
possible, the light is going 

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fast. 
Now England in October, does not

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ease you gently into darkness, 
it simply withdrawals. 

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The light, the way someone pulls
a cloth off a table and suddenly

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the colors that were there a 
moment ago, the rust of the 

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Bracken, the pale gold of the 
last grass, the deep wet green 

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of the hedges are all just 
various shades of dim. 

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The road ahead of you becomes a 
suggestion rather than a 

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certainly puddles announced 
themselves only when you step 

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into them, your tired in the 
particular way that comes from a

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full day of walking with a pack 
on your back and nothing. 

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Especially interesting to think 
about your shoulders ache. 

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The back of your left knee is 
developed. 

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A small complaint that has been 
filing with you since mid after 

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noon. 
And you've been ignoring it and 

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it is not appreciated being 
ignored. 

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Your stomach has been making its
own opinions known for the last 

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hour and then you smell it. 
Before you see anything before 

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there is any light, or any shape
on the road ahead? 

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There is the smell. 
Would smoke first. 

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Not the thin Clean Smoke of an 
outdoor fire but something 

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heavier, denser, the smoke of a 
half that has been burning all 

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day in a low-ceiling room. 
Mixed into it. 

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The yeasty slightly sour smell 
of Ale. 

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Which is not a smell. 
Most people would describe as 

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beautiful, but which at this 
particular moment, after this 

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particular day, registers 
somewhere in your chest as 

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something very close to relief. 
And underneath all of that 

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faintly, the smell of animals 
horses, straw. 

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The Warman animal reality of a 
stable yard. 

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You round a bend in the road and
there it is. 

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The crown and wagons sits back 
from the road by perhaps 20 

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feet. 
With a low stone, wall marking 

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the boundary between the ins 
yard and the world Beyond it. 

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It is not a grand building, it 
is not meant to be, it is two 

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stories of dark Timber Framing 
and pale plaster with a roof 

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that sags very slightly in the 
middle in a way that suggests 

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great age, rather than 
structural failure, though the 

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difference between those two 
things is sometimes difficult to

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judge. 
The sign above the door, creaks 

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on its iron bracket in the dim 
light. 

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You can just make out the 
painted image of a wagon wheel. 

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Though, the paint has faded to 
the point where the crown in the

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name is entirely a matter of 
imagination. 

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Light comes through the windows 
and thin lines. 

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Pressing through shutters that 
do not quite close all the way. 

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The shutters are not a design 
floor, they other result of the 

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building having settled and 
shifted over its long life until

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nothing quite lines up the way, 
the original Builder intended. 

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This in, if the beams inside, 
any indication has been standing

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since roughly the 1500s. 
By 1743 at achieved a kind of 

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magnificent battle tested 
solidity. 

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It has survived bad Winter's and
good ones. it is survived fires,

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probably Floods. 
Almost certainly. 

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The endless traffic of coaches 
and horses and exhausted 

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Travelers has worn a smooth 
depression into the stone Step. 

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At the front door, a Halo that 
represents centuries of arrivals

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just like this one, you push, 
open the gate, the arbit, the 

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wall, and the indoor is unpaved,
and your boots, which had almost

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begun to approach something like
dry immediately sink into mud 

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again. 
A dog somewhere in the stable 

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yard registers your arrival with
a single deep bark decides, 

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you're not worth further 
investigation. 

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And returns to what ever it was 
doing there is the sound of 

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horse's shifting in their 
stalls. 

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The soft percussion of hooves 
on, straw covered Stone. 

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somewhere a shutter bangs once 
against its frame and is still 

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the door of the crown and wagon 
is heavy Oak. 

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Darkened by years of hands, 
pushing it open, it has a latch 

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rather than a handle, a simple 
iron mechanism, that requires a 

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specific angle of pressure to 
operate. 

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The kind of thing that regulars 
do without thinking and first 

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time visitors fumble within the 
dark. 

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You fumble with it. 
It takes a moment and then the 

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latch gives way the door swings 
inward. 

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And the N opens up around you 
like a held breath. 

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Finally, released the noise hits
first, then the heat, then the 

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smell, which is the smell you 
caught from the road. 

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But concentrated now Amplified 
turned up to a volume, that is 

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almost physical Ale and smoke 
and Tallow candles and wet wool.

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And the particular sharp edge of
too many people in a room 

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designed for somewhat fewer 
people. 

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A fire is burning at the far end
of the tap room, and it's Light 

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reaches across the low sealing 
in warm unsteady waves, casting 

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everything in Amber and Shadow. 
You're inside you stand in the 

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doorway from a moment and simply
exist in the fact of being out 

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of the dark and the wet behind 
you. 

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The night ahead of you all of 
this. 

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It is not elegant. 
It is not comfortable. 

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Exactly not yet. 
But it is lit and it is warm. 

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And the smell of whatever is 
cooking somewhere in the back of

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the building as enough to make 
your entire body, lean slightly 

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forward without any conscious 
instruction from your brain. 

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The Tap Room is long and low 
with sealing beams, so close to 

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the top of your head that taller
Travelers must have learned 

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through painful, education to 
pay attention. 

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Tables are arranged without any 
particular system along both 

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walls and in the center of the 
room, mismatched chairs, and 

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benches pulled up to them, in 
whatever configuration the 

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evening is produced. 
Table has a Tallow candle or a 

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rush light. 
And the combined effect of all 

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of them is a warm slightly Smoky
illumination that is almost 

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enough to read by. 
If reading was something you 

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felt inclined to do, which it is
not The room is perhaps half 

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full Travelers. 
Most of them. 

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With the look that Travelers, 
get after a day on the road. 

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The slightly inward expression 
of people who are present in 

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body that who's attention is 
mostly occupied with the project

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of recovering. 
A group of men near the fire for

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of them. 
A deep in a conversation that 

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appears to involve a great deal 
of gesturing at the road outside

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which suggests they're either 
arguing about the state of the 

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coaching route or telling a 
story about something that 

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happened on them. 
Both topics were endlessly 

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popular in coaching ins of this 
era. 

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As the historian, Peter Clarke, 
noted in his study of the 

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English ale house. 
The roads were terrible people, 

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never stopped talking about how 
terrible they were in this 

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sense. 
Nothing has changed near the 

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door. 
A woman of perhaps 50 is eating 

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something from a wooden bowl 
with the focused attention of 

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someone who is not eaten since 
morning. 

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She does not look up when you 
enter. 

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This is normal. 
In a coaching Inn arrivals are a

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constant of the evening. 
You're simply the latest in a 

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long series of people who have 
come through that door looking 

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more or less as you look now, 
which is to say tired and damp 

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and slightly hopeful you let the
door close behind you the latch 

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catches with a solid click and 
the sound of the road, the wind 

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the distant bark of a dog. 
All of it is cut off. 

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The warmth of the room begins to
reach you properly. 

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Now, moving through the wet 
fabric of your coat in slow, to 

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grease your fingers which had 
gone somewhat theoretical, 

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during the last hour of walking 
begin to remind you that they 

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exist. 
Far end of The Tap Room behind a

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heavy. 
Wooden counter, that has been 

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scored and stained by Decades of
use stands. 

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The landlord He is a broad man, 
not tall, but substantial with 

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the kind of build that suggests.
He has been lifting barrels and 

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adolescents and has never 
entirely stopped His apron is 

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the color of something that was 
probably once White. 

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He's currently occupied with 
drawing ale from a wooden, Cask 

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his attention on the stream of 
liquid, and the pot beneath it 

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with the careful, focus of 
someone who takes the operation.

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Seriously Which he does. 
The allay is in many ways, the 

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point of everything here. 
He becomes aware of you without 

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looking up. 
This is a skill that in Keepers 

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developed through long, 
professional practice. 

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This slight shift in the rooms 
Draft, when the door opens. 

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Particular sound of a new pair 
of boots on the flagstone floor.

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These things register After a 
moment, he does look up and his 

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expression is not warm exactly. 
But it is not unwelcoming 

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either. 
It is the expression of a man 

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whose assess several thousand 
Travelers across this counter 

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and complete you correctly or 
not within the first few 

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seconds. 
He sets down the pot of Ale in 

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front of its weighting owner 
without looking at it. 

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Then he looks at you. you've 
arrived at the crown and Wagon 

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on the evening of the 14th of 
October 1743 Your tired and wet 

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00:11:06,300 --> 00:11:09,300
and hungry. 
You need a meal, something to 

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drink and somewhere to sleep. 
What you do not yet know is what

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00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:18,000
that last item is going to cost.
You not just in money, he does 

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not smile at you. 
This is not rudeness. 

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00:11:21,200 --> 00:11:24,300
It is simply the professional 
expression of a man who has 

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learned through long experience 
that smiling at every person who

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00:11:28,200 --> 00:11:31,500
walks through the door is a 
waste of considerable energy. 

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He will smile if the situation 
calls for it. 

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00:11:35,500 --> 00:11:37,900
The situation has not yet called
for it. 

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00:11:38,500 --> 00:11:41,200
What he does instead is look at 
you with the particular 

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thoroughness of someone who is 
making several calculations at 

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once. 
He is noting your coat which 

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00:11:47,600 --> 00:11:51,000
tells him something about where 
you came from and roughly how 

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00:11:51,000 --> 00:11:55,300
much money you might have. 
He is noting your boots, which 

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tell him you've been walking 
since at least early after noon.

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00:11:59,000 --> 00:12:02,000
He's noting the pack on your 
back which tells him you were 

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traveling alone and on foot, 
rather than arriving, with a 

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coach party. 
He is noting the absence of a 

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servant walking behind you which
tells him a few more things 

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00:12:11,000 --> 00:12:13,800
still. 
All of this takes perhaps two 

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seconds, then he named his price
a bed for the night, supper 

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00:12:18,200 --> 00:12:20,200
included will cost. 
You one shilling. 

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00:12:20,200 --> 00:12:23,600
This seems on the surface like a
reasonable number. 

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00:12:23,600 --> 00:12:26,200
It is the kind of number that 
sounds fair. 

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00:12:26,200 --> 00:12:29,400
Until you begin to understand 
what it actually covers, which 

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is to say less than you are 
currently imagining and more 

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complicated than a simple 
transaction between yourself and

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a mattress. 
The historian John Sharpe 

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writing about the Golden Age of 
the British Inn noted that by 

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the early 1700s. 
There were somewhere between 

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6,000 and 7,000 ins operating in
England alone. 

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They range from Grand coaching 
establishments in Market towns 

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with stabling for 30 horses, to 
roadside operations that were 

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essentially someone's Farmhouse 
with a signed, nailed the door. 

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00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:03,500
Crown and wagon sit somewhere in
the middle of that range. 

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00:13:03,500 --> 00:13:07,500
Neither Grand nor entirely 
disreputable, which is honestly 

230
00:13:07,500 --> 00:13:09,700
about the best outcome, you 
could have hoped for on this 

231
00:13:09,700 --> 00:13:12,200
particular Road. 
One shilling. 

232
00:13:12,200 --> 00:13:16,300
Then what you do not yet know, 
is that the one shilling covers 

233
00:13:16,300 --> 00:13:21,200
a space in a bed? 
Not a bed, a space in one. 

234
00:13:22,100 --> 00:13:24,800
This is the part of the 
transaction that the landlord 

235
00:13:24,800 --> 00:13:28,700
delivers with the flat practice 
tone of a man, who was explained

236
00:13:28,700 --> 00:13:32,000
it many hundreds of times. 
And as long since stopped, 

237
00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:36,000
expecting anyone to be pleased 
about it, the in has four 

238
00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:39,800
sleeping rooms up stairs. 
One of those rooms the smaller 

239
00:13:39,800 --> 00:13:43,000
one at the back of the stable 
yard is reserved for guests to 

240
00:13:43,008 --> 00:13:45,200
pay more. 
Considerably more. 

241
00:13:46,200 --> 00:13:49,300
Something closer to three 
Schilling's which would also get

242
00:13:49,300 --> 00:13:52,700
you a fire in the great, a base 
of warm water in the morning. 

243
00:13:53,700 --> 00:13:56,100
And the theoretical guarantee 
that you would sleep alone, 

244
00:13:56,100 --> 00:13:58,200
though. 
Even this last point was not 

245
00:13:58,200 --> 00:14:01,100
always honored when the Inn was 
full and a wealthy traveler 

246
00:14:01,100 --> 00:14:03,500
arrived, late and tired, and 
willing to pay for the 

247
00:14:03,500 --> 00:14:06,000
inconvenience. 
The room you're being offered 

248
00:14:06,000 --> 00:14:07,900
for one shilling has three beds 
in it. 

249
00:14:07,900 --> 00:14:11,300
Each of those beds may contain 
at any given point in the 

250
00:14:11,300 --> 00:14:15,800
evening more than one person. 
You absorb this information, the

251
00:14:15,800 --> 00:14:18,900
landlord watches, you absorb it 
with the expression of a man who

252
00:14:18,900 --> 00:14:22,500
is seen every variety of this 
absorption from out, like in 

253
00:14:22,500 --> 00:14:25,700
diggnation to exhausted 
acceptance and who has developed

254
00:14:25,700 --> 00:14:28,600
over the years, a total immunity
to all of them. 

255
00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:33,300
According to travel accounts 
from this period. guess who 

256
00:14:33,300 --> 00:14:36,400
showed open displeasure at the 
prospect of sharing a bed where 

257
00:14:36,400 --> 00:14:39,700
occasionally described by 
inkeepers and other Travelers as

258
00:14:39,700 --> 00:14:44,100
of noxious and unreasonably 
fastidious Which is a way of 

259
00:14:44,100 --> 00:14:47,000
saying that bed sharing was 
simply a fact of traveling life 

260
00:14:47,000 --> 00:14:51,400
in 1743, and that finding it 
objectionable was considered a 

261
00:14:51,400 --> 00:14:54,800
personal failing, rather than a 
reasonable response to the 

262
00:14:54,800 --> 00:14:57,600
situation. 
It was not a new arrangement. 

263
00:14:58,600 --> 00:15:02,300
By the mid-1700s, the practice 
had been standing across English

264
00:15:02,300 --> 00:15:07,100
ins for at least two centuries. 
Poorer Travelers, shared beds as

265
00:15:07,100 --> 00:15:10,300
a matter of economics. splitting
the cost of the space between 

266
00:15:10,300 --> 00:15:13,500
two or three people and 
generating a certain amount of 

267
00:15:13,508 --> 00:15:17,400
warmth in the bargain, which was
not nothing in an October that 

268
00:15:17,400 --> 00:15:21,200
had turned cold Beds were 
charged by the space, not by the

269
00:15:21,200 --> 00:15:24,000
person. 
And a landlord who could fit 

270
00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:26,800
three paying bodies into one 
mattress, was a landlord who 

271
00:15:26,800 --> 00:15:28,900
understood the mathematics of 
hospitality. 

272
00:15:29,800 --> 00:15:33,600
You are not at this moment in a 
position to argue with the 

273
00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:36,800
mathematics of hospitality. 
You pay the Shilling. 

274
00:15:37,800 --> 00:15:40,800
The landlord takes it with the 
smooth efficiency of someone 

275
00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:45,200
conducting the same transaction 
for the 15th time to day. 

276
00:15:46,200 --> 00:15:48,900
Drops it into The Leather Pouch 
at his belt without looking at 

277
00:15:48,900 --> 00:15:52,400
it and turns to tear a piece 
from a loaf of bread, City on 

278
00:15:52,400 --> 00:15:56,400
the counter behind him. 
He hands you this along with a 

279
00:15:56,400 --> 00:15:58,600
pottery cup. 
That contains something warm and

280
00:15:58,600 --> 00:16:02,500
dark that turns out to be small 
beer, a very lightly fermented 

281
00:16:02,500 --> 00:16:05,600
brew that most people in this 
area drank instead of water. 

282
00:16:06,800 --> 00:16:10,400
The water was not always safe. 
The small beer, was almost 

283
00:16:10,400 --> 00:16:13,600
always fine. 
This was simply how hydration 

284
00:16:13,600 --> 00:16:18,000
worked in 1743. 
The bread is dense and slightly 

285
00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:21,900
sour made from a mix of wheat 
and rye, that is characteristic 

286
00:16:21,900 --> 00:16:25,400
of Midlands baking in this 
period and it is the best thing 

287
00:16:25,400 --> 00:16:28,500
you have eaten today. 
You do not say this aloud 

288
00:16:28,500 --> 00:16:30,000
because you're too busy eating 
it. 

289
00:16:30,800 --> 00:16:33,700
Supper proper will come later 
when the kitchen is finished 

290
00:16:33,700 --> 00:16:36,800
with the larger pots. 
Your pointed toward a bench 

291
00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:40,400
along, the right hand wall near 
enough to the fire to feel its 

292
00:16:40,400 --> 00:16:43,600
warmth, but far enough that you 
are not in the way of the men, 

293
00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:46,600
near the half who appear to have
established a kind of informal, 

294
00:16:46,600 --> 00:16:49,900
territorial claim over the best 
seats through these simple 

295
00:16:49,900 --> 00:16:53,400
mechanism of having arrived. 
First, you take the bench. 

296
00:16:53,400 --> 00:16:55,700
You set your pack down between 
your feet. 

297
00:16:56,700 --> 00:16:58,400
Partly. 
Because the floor is the logical

298
00:16:58,400 --> 00:17:01,500
place for it and partly because 
you have already had sufficient 

299
00:17:01,500 --> 00:17:04,599
time today to think about what 
happens if you put it down 

300
00:17:04,599 --> 00:17:08,500
somewhere and then it is not 
where you left it ins of this 

301
00:17:08,500 --> 00:17:11,500
period had a variable 
relationship with petty theft. 

302
00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:15,200
Not because in Keepers were 
inherently dishonest, though. 

303
00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:19,000
Some were But because the 
traffic of strangers passing 

304
00:17:19,000 --> 00:17:22,500
through a single building in a 
single night created, the kind 

305
00:17:22,500 --> 00:17:25,400
of anonymous conditions and 
which small things had a 

306
00:17:25,400 --> 00:17:29,000
tendency to disappear. 
The good landlord, police. 

307
00:17:29,000 --> 00:17:31,000
This not all landlords were 
good. 

308
00:17:32,200 --> 00:17:34,600
From this vantage point, the 
bench against the right wall, 

309
00:17:34,600 --> 00:17:36,700
you have a reasonable view of 
the whole Tap Room. 

310
00:17:36,708 --> 00:17:38,800
It is worth looking at 
carefully. 

311
00:17:39,800 --> 00:17:42,300
Sealing is low enough that the 
smoke from the fire and the 

312
00:17:42,308 --> 00:17:46,500
candles has nowhere to go except
outward can spreading slowly 

313
00:17:46,500 --> 00:17:50,400
across the upper part of the 
room in a thin Perpetual Haze it

314
00:17:50,400 --> 00:17:54,400
is not choking. 
It is simply present the way the

315
00:17:54,400 --> 00:17:57,600
smell of wood smoke gets into 
wool and stays there, so that 

316
00:17:57,600 --> 00:18:00,700
tomorrow morning your coat will 
carry tonight with it for some 

317
00:18:00,700 --> 00:18:04,100
miles down the road. 
The walls are plastered and 

318
00:18:04,100 --> 00:18:07,600
painted a darker that might have
once been something brighter. 

319
00:18:08,400 --> 00:18:11,100
There are three framed things on
the wall near the fireplace. 

320
00:18:11,100 --> 00:18:14,000
Two of them are printed notices 
of some kind. 

321
00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:18,000
The third is a painted image 
dark with agent search. 

322
00:18:18,000 --> 00:18:21,400
That might be a landscape or 
might be a scene from scripture.

323
00:18:21,400 --> 00:18:25,800
It is no longer possible to tell
the floor is Flagstone. 

324
00:18:25,800 --> 00:18:29,400
He covered in the center of the 
room with a scattering of fresh 

325
00:18:29,400 --> 00:18:32,200
straw. 
That serves the dual purpose of 

326
00:18:32,200 --> 00:18:34,800
absorbing. 
Whatever is spilled on it and 

327
00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:37,900
providing a slightly softer 
surface for anyone who ends up 

328
00:18:37,900 --> 00:18:40,800
sleeping on it. 
Because some people will. 

329
00:18:41,900 --> 00:18:44,400
On a busy night. 
When the beds upstairs are all 

330
00:18:44,400 --> 00:18:47,200
full and later, Rivals are still
coming through the door. 

331
00:18:47,900 --> 00:18:50,500
The floor of the Tap Room 
becomes sleeping space. 

332
00:18:51,300 --> 00:18:54,500
Not comfortable sleeping space, 
but sleeping space. 

333
00:18:55,400 --> 00:18:57,500
You're already ahead of some of 
the people who will walk through

334
00:18:57,508 --> 00:19:01,300
that door in the next few hours.
The landlord has returned to his

335
00:19:01,308 --> 00:19:05,600
position behind the counter. 
The young woman 16 or 17, 

336
00:19:05,600 --> 00:19:09,500
probably His Daughter by the 
resemblance is moving between 

337
00:19:09,500 --> 00:19:12,400
the tables with the tray that 
holds pewter pots of Ale. 

338
00:19:13,000 --> 00:19:15,400
Distributing them with the 
efficient economy of movement 

339
00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:19,300
that comes from doing the same 
circuit many hundreds of times. 

340
00:19:20,200 --> 00:19:23,000
She does not make eye contact 
with anyone in particular. 

341
00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:27,700
She does not need to she knows 
who needs a refill by some 

342
00:19:27,700 --> 00:19:31,200
combination of peripheral vision
and professional Instinct that 

343
00:19:31,200 --> 00:19:36,400
she will spend the next 30 Years
refining Around you, the room 

344
00:19:36,400 --> 00:19:39,500
continues its business. 
The conversation at the tables 

345
00:19:39,500 --> 00:19:43,500
is mostly low fragmented. 
The kind of talking that people 

346
00:19:43,500 --> 00:19:46,100
do when they are tired and 
warming up and not really 

347
00:19:46,100 --> 00:19:48,100
interested in saying anything 
substantial. 

348
00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:52,300
Someone near the door is reading
a newspaper or at least holding 

349
00:19:52,300 --> 00:19:55,800
one in the direction of a candle
and moving his eyes across it 

350
00:19:55,800 --> 00:19:58,300
with the expression of a man who
is either reading or doing a 

351
00:19:58,300 --> 00:19:59,800
very convincing impression of 
it. 

352
00:20:00,500 --> 00:20:03,200
The newspaper. 
If it is this week's edition. 

353
00:20:04,100 --> 00:20:07,000
Has travelled from London on the
coach and will have passed 

354
00:20:07,000 --> 00:20:09,800
through three or four other 
pairs of hands before arrived 

355
00:20:09,800 --> 00:20:13,300
here. 
News in 1743 moved at the speed 

356
00:20:13,300 --> 00:20:15,900
of horses, your small beer is 
finished. 

357
00:20:15,900 --> 00:20:18,700
Your bread is finished. 
Your boots are still wet. 

358
00:20:19,400 --> 00:20:22,400
But the fire is throwing its 
warmth across the room in Long 

359
00:20:22,400 --> 00:20:25,800
uneven waves and the worst of 
the chill is beginning to leave 

360
00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:28,600
your shoulders and somewhere in 
the back of the building. 

361
00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:32,600
There is something cooking that 
smells like onions and salt pork

362
00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:35,600
and the Rumor around. 
You is full of the low 

363
00:20:35,600 --> 00:20:38,300
unremarkable. 
Sounds of other people simply 

364
00:20:38,300 --> 00:20:41,700
existing in the same space It is
not luxury. 

365
00:20:41,700 --> 00:20:46,400
No one has ever described the 
crowd and as luxurious no one 

366
00:20:46,400 --> 00:20:49,500
ever will. 
But outside the October night is

367
00:20:49,500 --> 00:20:52,400
closed and completely. 
Now And the road you were 

368
00:20:52,400 --> 00:20:55,100
walking to hours ago, is dark 
and wet, and empty. 

369
00:20:55,100 --> 00:21:00,100
And you are here on a bench with
a fire, 12 feet away from you 

370
00:21:00,100 --> 00:21:05,300
and the promise of supper still 
to come The landlord's daughter 

371
00:21:05,300 --> 00:21:08,500
passes your bench and glances at
your empty cup with a quick 

372
00:21:08,508 --> 00:21:10,900
professional assessment. 
That means she will return with 

373
00:21:10,900 --> 00:21:12,700
a refill. 
Whether you are asked for one or

374
00:21:12,700 --> 00:21:16,900
not, the Shilling on reflection 
was not entirely wasted. 

375
00:21:16,900 --> 00:21:19,500
The announcement comes without 
ceremony. 

376
00:21:20,800 --> 00:21:23,600
The landlord's daughter appears 
from the back passage that leads

377
00:21:23,600 --> 00:21:27,500
to the kitchen carrying, nothing
at all and says something short 

378
00:21:27,500 --> 00:21:29,500
and flat in the direction of the
room. 

379
00:21:30,200 --> 00:21:34,500
You do not catch every word. 
You do not need to the effect 

380
00:21:34,508 --> 00:21:36,100
on. 
The tap room is immediate, 

381
00:21:36,100 --> 00:21:40,500
people begin to move benches. 
Scrape cups are set down. 

382
00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:44,800
The four men near the fire 
conclude, whatever argument they

383
00:21:44,800 --> 00:21:47,900
have been conducting. 
A stand-up with the resigned 

384
00:21:47,900 --> 00:21:51,400
practicality of people who have 
decided that food outranks, the 

385
00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:55,700
conversation at least for now. 
Supper is ready? 

386
00:21:55,700 --> 00:22:00,300
There is no menu. 
There has never been a menu at 

387
00:22:00,308 --> 00:22:03,200
the crown and wagon and there 
will not be one for another 

388
00:22:03,200 --> 00:22:06,500
Century roughly You eat what the
kitchen has made. 

389
00:22:07,500 --> 00:22:10,900
This is not a limitation so much
as a description of how Food 

390
00:22:10,900 --> 00:22:14,700
Works here. 
The cook a woman you have not 

391
00:22:14,700 --> 00:22:18,700
seen and will probably not see 
has been working over the open, 

392
00:22:18,700 --> 00:22:22,300
half in the back rooms since mid
after noon and what comes out of

393
00:22:22,300 --> 00:22:26,600
that process is what comes out 
of it. you will eat it and you 

394
00:22:26,600 --> 00:22:30,300
will be glad because you have 
been walking since before noon, 

395
00:22:30,300 --> 00:22:34,000
your body has been conducting an
increasingly urgent campaign for

396
00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:37,600
something. 
Solid since around 3:00 The 

397
00:22:37,600 --> 00:22:41,000
table where sufferers served is 
long and runs down the center of

398
00:22:41,008 --> 00:22:43,100
a side room. 
Just off the main Taproom. 

399
00:22:43,100 --> 00:22:45,600
A room, barely large enough to 
contain it. 

400
00:22:46,500 --> 00:22:49,200
There are no individual place 
settings in any meaningful 

401
00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:51,900
sense. 
There are wooden boards laid out

402
00:22:51,900 --> 00:22:56,000
as plates, pewter spoons and a 
two-pronged fork at each 

403
00:22:56,008 --> 00:22:59,300
position that looks as though it
has been in continuous and it's 

404
00:22:59,300 --> 00:23:00,900
approximately the reign of Queen
Anne. 

405
00:23:01,700 --> 00:23:04,400
The tablecloth is a length of 
rough linen that has been 

406
00:23:04,408 --> 00:23:07,700
laundered recently enough to be 
presentable and not recently 

407
00:23:07,700 --> 00:23:10,800
enough to be described as white,
this is fine. 

408
00:23:10,800 --> 00:23:14,100
Nobody here is expecting white. 
You sit? 

409
00:23:14,100 --> 00:23:17,300
Where there is space, this is 
the entirety of the seating 

410
00:23:17,300 --> 00:23:20,100
arrangement. 
The people settling in around 

411
00:23:20,100 --> 00:23:21,900
you are the same people. 
You have been sharing The 

412
00:23:21,900 --> 00:23:24,700
Taproom with for the last hour 
which means you already know 

413
00:23:24,700 --> 00:23:28,200
their faces without knowing 
anything else about the man 

414
00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:30,100
across from. 
You has the broad hands and 

415
00:23:30,100 --> 00:23:34,300
slightly stooped, shoulders of 
someone who works outdoors The 

416
00:23:34,300 --> 00:23:37,000
older woman, two seats down his 
traveling with the younger man 

417
00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:41,200
who is either her son or a hired
companion and she has the look 

418
00:23:41,200 --> 00:23:43,400
of someone who has been 
traveling for several days and 

419
00:23:43,400 --> 00:23:46,600
has arrived at the philosophical
stage of the journey where 

420
00:23:46,600 --> 00:23:49,400
discomfort is no longer 
registered because registering 

421
00:23:49,400 --> 00:23:52,908
it accomplishes, nothing. 
The man at the far end of the 

422
00:23:52,916 --> 00:23:56,500
table has a ledger book opened 
beside his board which suggests 

423
00:23:56,500 --> 00:23:59,100
he is, either a merchant or the 
kind of person who brings 

424
00:23:59,100 --> 00:24:02,100
paperwork to supper. 
And those two categories May 

425
00:24:02,100 --> 00:24:05,600
overlap considerably. 
Nobody introduces themselves. 

426
00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:10,300
This is normal. 
Traveling 1743 did not come with

427
00:24:10,300 --> 00:24:12,200
the social obligation of 
conversation. 

428
00:24:12,800 --> 00:24:17,000
People at communal in tables. 8 
occurred exchanged practical 

429
00:24:17,000 --> 00:24:20,200
information about the road ahead
and otherwise kept largely to 

430
00:24:20,200 --> 00:24:23,500
their own thoughts. 
The novelist Henry Fielding in 

431
00:24:23,500 --> 00:24:26,500
the same decade used English in 
common rooms as setting 

432
00:24:26,500 --> 00:24:29,600
precisely because they were 
places where people from 

433
00:24:29,600 --> 00:24:33,200
entirely different worlds, 
briefly occupied the same space 

434
00:24:33,200 --> 00:24:35,300
without any pretense of lasting 
connection. 

435
00:24:36,300 --> 00:24:38,200
You are all in some sense and 
Transit. 

436
00:24:38,200 --> 00:24:41,900
The table was temporary. 
The company was accidental. 

437
00:24:41,900 --> 00:24:46,300
The food arrives in stages Cared
by the landlord's daughter with 

438
00:24:46,300 --> 00:24:49,400
the systematic efficiency of 
someone managing more requests. 

439
00:24:49,400 --> 00:24:52,700
And she has hands for First 
bred. 

440
00:24:53,600 --> 00:24:56,000
A large round loaf, dense and 
dark. 

441
00:24:57,000 --> 00:24:59,400
Set in the middle of the table 
and left their for people to 

442
00:24:59,400 --> 00:25:03,000
pull apart as needed. 
The bread is the same wheat Rye 

443
00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:04,900
mix. 
You had a early and it is still 

444
00:25:04,900 --> 00:25:10,000
warm from the oven which is a 
small but genuine luxury You 

445
00:25:10,000 --> 00:25:13,200
therapies, and hold it for a 
moment before eating it partly 

446
00:25:13,200 --> 00:25:15,800
because it is hot and partly 
because it smells like 

447
00:25:15,800 --> 00:25:17,400
something. 
Your body has been waiting for 

448
00:25:17,400 --> 00:25:19,500
all day without knowing how to 
ask. 

449
00:25:20,300 --> 00:25:24,100
Then a bowl of pottage set down 
near your end of the table. 

450
00:25:25,100 --> 00:25:28,900
Pottage in 1743 is not the thin 
gray gruel that people 

451
00:25:28,900 --> 00:25:30,900
sometimes. 
Imagine when they hear the word 

452
00:25:31,700 --> 00:25:34,700
it is a thick heavily reduced, 
bro. 

453
00:25:35,300 --> 00:25:37,500
Built around, whatever 
vegetables, the kitchen had in 

454
00:25:37,508 --> 00:25:41,500
the Larder onions. 
Certainly probably turn it and 

455
00:25:41,500 --> 00:25:46,200
leak Thickened with grain and 
carrying pieces of salt pork 

456
00:25:46,200 --> 00:25:48,300
that have been simmering long 
enough to surrender. 

457
00:25:48,300 --> 00:25:50,100
Completely to the liquid around 
them. 

458
00:25:50,100 --> 00:25:53,800
It is not elegant. 
It is filling in the way that 

459
00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:57,500
only slow cooked things are 
filling the kind of warmth that 

460
00:25:57,500 --> 00:26:00,500
starts in your stomach and 
spread outward methodically 

461
00:26:00,500 --> 00:26:04,200
until even your wet boots. 
Seem less significant than they 

462
00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:07,800
did an hour ago. 
Travel Diaries from this period,

463
00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:12,100
including those of Celia Pierce 
who wrote through England in the

464
00:26:12,100 --> 00:26:16,600
1690s and John being who wrote 
extensively about his experience

465
00:26:16,600 --> 00:26:19,900
in the 1780s. 
Described meals at middling 

466
00:26:19,900 --> 00:26:22,800
English, ins, that ran 
consistently to the same core 

467
00:26:22,800 --> 00:26:25,600
elements. 
Bread and cheese appeared at 

468
00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:28,600
almost every table. 
Mutton was common salt. 

469
00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:33,200
Pork was ubiquitous On better 
evenings or a better supplied 

470
00:26:33,200 --> 00:26:35,100
ins, there might be roasted 
foul. 

471
00:26:35,700 --> 00:26:39,100
A piece of boiled beef or a 
fruit tart that had been keeping

472
00:26:39,100 --> 00:26:42,500
warm on the edge of the half. 
The quality of varied 

473
00:26:42,500 --> 00:26:45,400
considerably from one 
establishment to the next and 

474
00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:47,600
from one evening to the next at 
the same establishment, 

475
00:26:47,600 --> 00:26:50,908
depending on what the kitchen 
and source that week and what 

476
00:26:50,916 --> 00:26:54,600
mood the cook was in. 
Tonight, there is mutton it 

477
00:26:54,600 --> 00:26:57,900
arrives on a shallow dish 
braised, dark and falling off 

478
00:26:57,900 --> 00:27:00,900
the bone with a smell that as 
being drifting from the kitchen 

479
00:27:00,900 --> 00:27:04,700
for the last 40 minutes and has 
been responsible for a 

480
00:27:04,700 --> 00:27:06,600
significant portion of your 
anticipation. 

481
00:27:06,600 --> 00:27:09,100
It is not portioned 
individually. 

482
00:27:09,100 --> 00:27:12,800
It is placed in the middle of 
the table and people take what 

483
00:27:12,800 --> 00:27:16,000
they want. 
This is the cast of you take. 

484
00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:20,400
Some it is very good. 
You take slightly more than you 

485
00:27:20,400 --> 00:27:23,100
intended to, which is the 
universal experience of eating 

486
00:27:23,100 --> 00:27:25,000
braised. 
Mutter after a day of walking, 

487
00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:27,600
The allay flows steadily 
throughout. 

488
00:27:28,600 --> 00:27:31,800
The landlord manages this 
himself, move him between the 

489
00:27:31,800 --> 00:27:34,300
side room and The Taproom with 
the rhythm of a man who was 

490
00:27:34,300 --> 00:27:38,600
calibrated, exactly how often a 
table of tired Travelers needs 

491
00:27:38,600 --> 00:27:41,500
their cups refilled. 
And has decided, the answer is 

492
00:27:41,500 --> 00:27:43,900
frequently. 
The AIL at the crown. 

493
00:27:43,900 --> 00:27:47,100
And wagon is the house Brew made
on the premises from local 

494
00:27:47,100 --> 00:27:49,800
barley. 
And it is a deep amber color 

495
00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:51,900
that in the canal. 
Light looks almost like polished

496
00:27:51,900 --> 00:27:55,000
wood. 
Stronger than small beer, but 

497
00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:58,500
not aggressively. 
So, Kind of drink that loosens 

498
00:27:58,500 --> 00:28:01,000
the shoulders without removing 
your capacity for thought. 

499
00:28:02,500 --> 00:28:06,900
Quality of the ale is Not an 
Accident, England in the 1740s 

500
00:28:06,900 --> 00:28:10,300
maintained a system of Quality 
Inspection for precisely this 

501
00:28:10,300 --> 00:28:13,500
substance. 
Men called ale Connors had been 

502
00:28:13,508 --> 00:28:16,000
officially appointed to visit 
ins and Ale houses for 

503
00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:17,600
centuries. 
Yeah. 

504
00:28:17,600 --> 00:28:20,300
Tasting the product to ensure it
met acceptable, standards of 

505
00:28:20,308 --> 00:28:24,100
fermentation and strength. 
The role had grown somewhat 

506
00:28:24,100 --> 00:28:29,000
ceremonial by this era, but the 
principle behind it that bad ale

507
00:28:29,000 --> 00:28:31,800
was a public health matter and 
not merely an inconvenience 

508
00:28:31,800 --> 00:28:37,400
reflected a genuine reality. 
Badly, fermented, beer could 

509
00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:41,600
produce, botulism contaminated 
grain in a brew could cause 

510
00:28:41,600 --> 00:28:44,900
ergot poisoning. 
A condition whose symptoms 

511
00:28:44,900 --> 00:28:47,100
included hallucinations and 
convulsions. 

512
00:28:48,300 --> 00:28:52,600
The country ran on Ale in. 
It was drinkable was in the 

513
00:28:52,600 --> 00:28:55,700
estimation of the English 
government, a reasonable use of 

514
00:28:55,700 --> 00:28:59,600
official time and resources, 
Yale Connor at the crown and 

515
00:28:59,600 --> 00:29:01,700
wagon has presumably visited 
recently. 

516
00:29:02,700 --> 00:29:05,300
The Yale is fine around you the 
table. 

517
00:29:05,300 --> 00:29:07,900
Settles into the quieter 
register of people, who are 

518
00:29:07,900 --> 00:29:11,100
eating properly, The 
conversation that happens is 

519
00:29:11,100 --> 00:29:15,100
fragmented and functional. 
Someone ask someone else about 

520
00:29:15,100 --> 00:29:16,700
the state of the road north of 
here. 

521
00:29:16,700 --> 00:29:20,700
The answer is discouraging. 
Someone else mentions that the 

522
00:29:20,700 --> 00:29:22,600
coach from Birmingham came 
through three hours. 

523
00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:26,000
Late this afternoon, which has 
been known to happen, which 

524
00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:29,600
everyone acknowledges with the 
world weary not of people for 

525
00:29:29,600 --> 00:29:32,500
whom late, coaches are a 
recurring fact of existence, 

526
00:29:32,500 --> 00:29:36,200
rather than a surprise. 
You eat your mutton, you eat 

527
00:29:36,200 --> 00:29:38,800
more bread. 
The older woman two seats down 

528
00:29:38,800 --> 00:29:41,900
with the focused concentration 
of someone who has decided that 

529
00:29:41,900 --> 00:29:44,600
food is the only thing worth 
paying attention to right now 

530
00:29:44,600 --> 00:29:48,400
and you find this position 
entirely reasonable and mentally

531
00:29:48,400 --> 00:29:52,300
adopted yourself. 
The Tallow candles on the table 

532
00:29:52,300 --> 00:29:55,600
of burned down perhaps a quarter
of an inch since the gas and 

533
00:29:56,200 --> 00:29:59,200
They cast a soft slightly yellow
light over everything. 

534
00:30:00,400 --> 00:30:03,200
Kind of like that makes faces 
look warmer and more tired than 

535
00:30:03,200 --> 00:30:05,200
they might look in daylight 
though. 

536
00:30:05,200 --> 00:30:07,900
In this company, the tiredness 
requires no enhancement. 

537
00:30:08,800 --> 00:30:12,300
The Man With The Ledger book has
closed it, even the merchant or 

538
00:30:12,300 --> 00:30:15,200
whoever he is, the concluded 
that the accounts can. 

539
00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:17,600
Wait until there is better 
light, and a less distracting 

540
00:30:17,600 --> 00:30:21,400
smell coming from the braised. 
Martin dish, The meal does not 

541
00:30:21,408 --> 00:30:24,700
end so much as it disperses 
people finish at different 

542
00:30:24,700 --> 00:30:28,600
rates, some linger, over the 
last of their ale others, push 

543
00:30:28,600 --> 00:30:31,700
back from the table, with the 
careful movements of people who 

544
00:30:31,700 --> 00:30:35,100
have eaten significantly more 
than they planned and are now, 

545
00:30:35,100 --> 00:30:37,800
conducting a quiet internal 
assessment of the situation. 

546
00:30:39,000 --> 00:30:42,000
The landlord's daughter begins 
clearing the boards from one end

547
00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:45,300
of the table with the practice, 
deficiency of someone who has an

548
00:30:45,300 --> 00:30:49,000
exact number of tasks remaining 
in this evening, and is working 

549
00:30:49,000 --> 00:30:52,400
through the methodically. 
You stay at the table for a few 

550
00:30:52,408 --> 00:30:55,700
minutes after finishing not 
because there is anything left 

551
00:30:55,700 --> 00:30:57,200
to eat. 
But because the bench is 

552
00:30:57,200 --> 00:31:00,700
comfortable in the relative 
sense of that word, and the 

553
00:31:00,700 --> 00:31:04,100
prospect of moving has, not yet 
become more appealing than the 

554
00:31:04,100 --> 00:31:07,400
prospect of setting. 
Your pack is between your feet 

555
00:31:07,400 --> 00:31:10,700
where you left it. 
Can handle nearest, you gutters 

556
00:31:10,700 --> 00:31:14,600
briefly in a draft from 
somewhere and then steady The 

557
00:31:14,600 --> 00:31:16,300
Tap Room beyond the doorway is 
still going. 

558
00:31:17,100 --> 00:31:18,600
Someone has started playing a 
fiddle. 

559
00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:20,700
Not skillfully. 
Exactly. 

560
00:31:20,700 --> 00:31:23,700
Yeah, but with a kind of 
cheerful insistence that 

561
00:31:23,700 --> 00:31:26,400
suggests the player is enjoying 
himself regardless of what the 

562
00:31:26,408 --> 00:31:29,800
audience might think. 
The low sound of voice is has 

563
00:31:29,800 --> 00:31:33,000
over the course of the evening. 
Thickened slightly in the way 

564
00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:35,500
that voices do, when ail has 
been involved for a few hours, 

565
00:31:35,500 --> 00:31:39,100
not Rowdy, just looser more 
willing to take up space. 

566
00:31:39,100 --> 00:31:43,200
You're not going to sleep, yet. 
The night at in of this kind, 

567
00:31:43,200 --> 00:31:47,000
did not run on a fixed schedule,
but the general shape of, it was

568
00:31:47,000 --> 00:31:48,600
understood by everyone in the 
room. 

569
00:31:49,500 --> 00:31:52,000
Suppose the middle of the 
evening, not the end of it. 

570
00:31:52,900 --> 00:31:55,400
The Tap Room would keep going 
for another two or three hours 

571
00:31:55,400 --> 00:31:58,000
thin. 
In gradually, as people drifted 

572
00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:02,300
upstairs or found their corners,
Serious business of actually 

573
00:32:02,300 --> 00:32:05,500
sleeping was still somewhere 
off, but the mutton was good. 

574
00:32:06,500 --> 00:32:09,200
And the ale is done exactly what
Al is supposed to do. 

575
00:32:09,200 --> 00:32:13,000
After a long day on a wet Road 
and the fiddle for all its lack 

576
00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:15,500
of precision is playing 
something that bounces 

577
00:32:15,500 --> 00:32:18,700
pleasantly off the low. 
Beams and makes the room feel 

578
00:32:18,700 --> 00:32:22,600
briefly like a place, where 
being tired is not the worst 

579
00:32:22,600 --> 00:32:24,600
possible condition in which to 
find yourself. 

580
00:32:25,500 --> 00:32:28,400
You pick up your cup? 
You're not at this precise 

581
00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:30,000
moment. 
Unhappy. 

582
00:32:31,100 --> 00:32:35,200
The staircase is now for people 
who are not carrying as much as 

583
00:32:35,200 --> 00:32:38,400
you are carrying, and who did 
not expect Comfort to be part of

584
00:32:38,400 --> 00:32:41,200
the transaction. 
The steps are uneven. 

585
00:32:41,200 --> 00:32:45,200
Each one, a slightly different 
height from the last warns, 

586
00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:47,800
smooth in the center by two 
centuries of feet. 

587
00:32:47,800 --> 00:32:50,200
Going up and coming down, and 
going up again. 

588
00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:55,900
The wood creaks, not one step 
all of the each one, announces 

589
00:32:55,900 --> 00:32:58,500
your presence to anyone on the 
floor above with a different 

590
00:32:58,500 --> 00:33:01,400
note. 
So the sending the staircase of 

591
00:33:01,400 --> 00:33:05,200
the crown and Wagon in 1743 as a
kind of involuntary performance.

592
00:33:06,100 --> 00:33:08,800
Slow wooden scale played by your
own weight. 

593
00:33:09,500 --> 00:33:13,600
You carry a Tallow candle. 
The landlord's daughter, handed 

594
00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:15,100
it to you at the bottom of the 
stairs. 

595
00:33:15,100 --> 00:33:17,000
With a matter of fact, 
efficiency of someone 

596
00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:21,100
Distributing tools rather than 
gifts, It is a short stub of 

597
00:33:21,108 --> 00:33:25,200
rendered fat in a tin holder and
it produces a circle of warm. 

598
00:33:25,200 --> 00:33:27,600
Trembling light, roughly two 
feet in diameter. 

599
00:33:28,500 --> 00:33:31,200
Be on that Circle. 
The upstairs hallway is dark in 

600
00:33:31,200 --> 00:33:33,100
the way that old buildings are 
dark at night. 

601
00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:37,300
Which is not merely the absence 
of light, but a kind of active 

602
00:33:37,300 --> 00:33:41,600
Darkness, textured and close. 
The hallway of the top of the 

603
00:33:41,608 --> 00:33:46,500
stairs, 15 feet before ending at
a wall with a small shuttered, 

604
00:33:46,500 --> 00:33:51,300
window three doors open off it. 
The first door, the one at the 

605
00:33:51,300 --> 00:33:54,400
near end, I leads to the room 
you have been assigned. 

606
00:33:55,300 --> 00:33:58,400
You know, this because the 
landlord told you and because it

607
00:33:58,400 --> 00:34:01,300
is the only door standing 
slightly opened the others being

608
00:34:01,300 --> 00:34:04,300
pulled firmly shut in the 
universal language of occupied 

609
00:34:04,300 --> 00:34:08,000
rooms that do not want visitors.
You push it open. 

610
00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:12,100
The room is small, not 
aggressively small but small in 

611
00:34:12,100 --> 00:34:14,800
the honest way of a space that 
was designed to contain sleeping

612
00:34:14,800 --> 00:34:18,800
bodies and nothing else. 
Too low, wooden beds are visible

613
00:34:18,808 --> 00:34:22,699
in the candlelight and between 
them, a narrow gap of patch, 18 

614
00:34:22,699 --> 00:34:25,600
inches that serves as both 
passageway and the entirety of 

615
00:34:25,608 --> 00:34:29,300
the room circulation space. 
There is a third bed pushed 

616
00:34:29,300 --> 00:34:33,100
against the far wall lower than 
the other two its frame resting 

617
00:34:33,100 --> 00:34:34,699
almost directly on the 
floorboards. 

618
00:34:35,400 --> 00:34:38,300
A small table near the door, 
holds a basin empty. 

619
00:34:39,100 --> 00:34:42,000
The ceiling slopes sharply on 
one side, where the roofline 

620
00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:45,400
cuts into the room and the beam 
running across the center of, it

621
00:34:45,400 --> 00:34:47,900
is low enough that you'll need 
to remember it in the dark, 

622
00:34:47,900 --> 00:34:50,400
which you will not remember 
until you have already 

623
00:34:50,400 --> 00:34:54,400
remembered it the hard way. 
The window is shuttered and 

624
00:34:54,400 --> 00:34:57,500
latched. 
The room smells of Tallow old 

625
00:34:57,500 --> 00:35:02,300
and something else, something 
faintly animal, and warm, the 

626
00:35:02,300 --> 00:35:05,500
accumulated, breadth of everyone
who has sled in this room before

627
00:35:05,500 --> 00:35:08,600
you, which is a number, you 
could not begin to calculate and

628
00:35:08,600 --> 00:35:12,100
probably would not want to. 
One of the beds is already 

629
00:35:12,100 --> 00:35:14,800
occupied, a man is lying on his 
back. 

630
00:35:14,800 --> 00:35:18,400
In the bed, near the window 
still mostly dressed with his 

631
00:35:18,400 --> 00:35:20,800
coat. 
Folded beneath his head as an 

632
00:35:20,800 --> 00:35:23,000
additional pillow. 
He is not the sleep. 

633
00:35:23,700 --> 00:35:26,600
His eyes are open and aimed at 
the ceiling with the patient. 

634
00:35:27,600 --> 00:35:30,200
Slightly absent expression of 
someone conducting the early 

635
00:35:30,200 --> 00:35:32,300
stages of waiting for sleep to 
arrive. 

636
00:35:33,100 --> 00:35:36,700
He registers your entry with a 
brief sideways glance and then 

637
00:35:36,700 --> 00:35:38,700
Returns His attention to the 
ceiling. 

638
00:35:39,700 --> 00:35:42,700
This is the complete extent of 
your introduction to each other.

639
00:35:42,700 --> 00:35:45,600
It is under the circumstances 
entirely sufficient. 

640
00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:50,100
You set the candle on the small 
table and look at your options. 

641
00:35:50,100 --> 00:35:54,500
The remaining occupied bed is 
the middle one and you take it 

642
00:35:55,500 --> 00:35:58,800
The third bed, the low one 
against the far wall is either 

643
00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:01,500
claimed by someone not yet 
upstairs or available for a 

644
00:36:01,500 --> 00:36:02,800
third arrival later in the 
evening. 

645
00:36:03,800 --> 00:36:07,400
Both possibilities are equally 
likely you do not think about 

646
00:36:07,400 --> 00:36:10,300
this too hard. 
The bedstead is a simple. 

647
00:36:10,300 --> 00:36:14,100
Wooden frame, the Rope strung 
across it in a tight grid that 

648
00:36:14,100 --> 00:36:15,800
forms the base for everything 
above. 

649
00:36:16,700 --> 00:36:19,000
On top of the roads, it's a 
straw mattress. 

650
00:36:20,200 --> 00:36:23,900
A canvas bag packed with dried 
peaches and straw that has been 

651
00:36:23,900 --> 00:36:27,400
compressed by use in to 
something dense and lumpy than 

652
00:36:27,400 --> 00:36:30,300
it would have been. 
When you, On top of the straw 

653
00:36:30,300 --> 00:36:33,800
mattress is a second thinner 
layer of something that was 

654
00:36:33,800 --> 00:36:36,700
probably wool at some point in 
its history and is now best 

655
00:36:36,700 --> 00:36:41,000
described as compressed textile.
On top of that two blankets, 

656
00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:45,700
Ruffin heavy and a bolster 
stuffed with what feels when you

657
00:36:45,700 --> 00:36:48,600
press it. 
Like a combination of feathers 

658
00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:51,000
and something that is definitely
not feathers. 

659
00:36:51,900 --> 00:36:54,900
An 18th century bed of any 
quality was actually a layered 

660
00:36:54,900 --> 00:36:59,200
system as the historian. 
Jane nelander has described a 

661
00:36:59,200 --> 00:37:02,200
proper construction. 
Ran from a rope base up through 

662
00:37:02,200 --> 00:37:06,100
a straw under mattress and then 
a feather-filled top mattress 

663
00:37:06,100 --> 00:37:09,100
with pillows and bolsters and 
blankets of that. 

664
00:37:10,200 --> 00:37:13,000
The total weight of feathers 
alone in a, well stuffed upper 

665
00:37:13,000 --> 00:37:16,700
mattress could reach 90 pounds. 
What you're lying on is not a 

666
00:37:16,700 --> 00:37:19,700
well stuffed up a mattress, but 
is not bare boards either. 

667
00:37:19,700 --> 00:37:22,600
And after the day you have had 
the distinction between 

668
00:37:22,600 --> 00:37:25,000
comfortable and merely, 
horizontal has narrowed 

669
00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:28,400
considerably You sit on the edge
of the bed and pull off your 

670
00:37:28,400 --> 00:37:30,900
boots. 
This takes longer than it should

671
00:37:30,900 --> 00:37:33,900
because the boots are still 
faintly damp and have developed 

672
00:37:33,900 --> 00:37:37,300
opinions about being removed. 
You set them on the floor, 

673
00:37:37,300 --> 00:37:39,300
beside the bed and look at them 
for a moment. 

674
00:37:39,300 --> 00:37:42,500
They are objectively. 
The worst performing boots, you 

675
00:37:42,500 --> 00:37:46,600
own and you own two pairs. 
You make a mental note to do 

676
00:37:46,600 --> 00:37:50,300
something about this, which you 
will not do the man across the 

677
00:37:50,300 --> 00:37:52,800
room. 
Shifts slightly the ropes of his

678
00:37:52,800 --> 00:37:56,300
bedstead registering the 
movement with a slow resonant 

679
00:37:56,300 --> 00:38:00,200
Grove The sound settles the 
building makes its own. 

680
00:38:00,200 --> 00:38:04,000
Sounds beneath that the tick and
settle of old Timbers, adjusting

681
00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:08,100
to the cold outside, the faint 
of the sign on its bracket below

682
00:38:08,100 --> 00:38:10,800
the window, the muffled rise and
fall of voices. 

683
00:38:10,800 --> 00:38:13,800
From The Tap Room directly 
below, which is still going. 

684
00:38:14,500 --> 00:38:18,500
You lie down. the straw mattress
receives your weight with a long

685
00:38:18,500 --> 00:38:23,200
papery rustle, and then goes 
still The blankets are heavy in 

686
00:38:23,200 --> 00:38:26,600
the good way, the way of things 
that were made to do a specific 

687
00:38:26,600 --> 00:38:29,000
job and do it without any 
interest. 

688
00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:31,900
In being elegant about it, you 
pull them up. 

689
00:38:31,900 --> 00:38:35,200
The bolster under your head, 
smells of other people's hair, 

690
00:38:35,200 --> 00:38:38,700
which is a fact, you are aware 
of, and have decided to file 

691
00:38:38,700 --> 00:38:42,800
under things that are true, but 
not useful to dwell on now. 

692
00:38:44,100 --> 00:38:47,400
The bed bugs. 
There is no version of this 

693
00:38:47,400 --> 00:38:50,900
story that emits the bed bugs. 
Because there is no version of 

694
00:38:50,900 --> 00:38:53,600
sleeping in an English coaching 
Inn in 1743. 

695
00:38:53,600 --> 00:38:57,000
That does not include them. 
They were simply a feature of 

696
00:38:57,000 --> 00:39:00,200
the landscape as much a part of 
the experience, as the straw 

697
00:39:00,200 --> 00:39:03,600
mattress and the communal 
blankets, and the sound of the 

698
00:39:03,600 --> 00:39:06,600
man across the room. 
Breathing, the direst John 

699
00:39:06,600 --> 00:39:09,900
Evelyn traveling in an early as 
Century, once used a bed with 

700
00:39:09,900 --> 00:39:13,100
without changing the sheets out 
of exhaustion and wrote off 

701
00:39:13,100 --> 00:39:14,800
afterward. 
He had paid dearly for his 

702
00:39:14,800 --> 00:39:17,600
impatience. 
The consequence is he referred 

703
00:39:17,600 --> 00:39:19,200
to were significant and 
unpleasant? 

704
00:39:20,100 --> 00:39:23,400
Bed bugs in this era did not 
distinguish between humble ins 

705
00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:27,600
and find houses they favored. 
Warm dark spaces and organic 

706
00:39:27,600 --> 00:39:30,900
materials, which meant that 
feather mattresses and wool. 

707
00:39:30,900 --> 00:39:34,300
Blankets were from a bed bugs 
perspective, ideal real estate. 

708
00:39:34,300 --> 00:39:37,900
Many of the townhouses being 
built in London's fashionable 

709
00:39:37,900 --> 00:39:41,000
squares During the period, were 
reported to be infested before 

710
00:39:41,000 --> 00:39:42,800
their first residents even moved
in. 

711
00:39:44,200 --> 00:39:48,000
The bugs traveled in Furniture, 
in clothing, in the luggage of 

712
00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:50,800
guests who had no idea they were
carrying passengers. 

713
00:39:51,700 --> 00:39:54,600
A landlord who maintained 
reasonably clean beds was doing 

714
00:39:54,600 --> 00:39:57,700
better than many. 
A landlord who maintained 

715
00:39:57,700 --> 00:40:00,900
genuinely clean beds was doing 
something close to heroic. 

716
00:40:00,900 --> 00:40:04,200
Give them the tools available, 
you're not as you lie, there 

717
00:40:04,200 --> 00:40:06,200
conducting, an inventory of the 
mattress. 

718
00:40:06,200 --> 00:40:10,800
This is a deliberate Choice. 
What you're doing in stared is 

719
00:40:10,800 --> 00:40:13,700
listening, The Taproom below is 
thining. 

720
00:40:14,400 --> 00:40:17,100
You can tell this not from any 
single sound, but from the 

721
00:40:17,100 --> 00:40:20,700
gradual change, in the quality 
of the noise, the way a crowd 

722
00:40:20,700 --> 00:40:23,200
sound drops not all at once, but
in layers. 

723
00:40:24,300 --> 00:40:27,300
As individuals and small groups,
peel away from the general 

724
00:40:27,300 --> 00:40:31,000
warmth of company and begin the 
process of finding somewhere 

725
00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:34,700
horizontal. 
The fiddle stopped sometime in 

726
00:40:34,708 --> 00:40:38,200
the last hour. 
Someone somewhere on this floor 

727
00:40:38,200 --> 00:40:41,000
is already snoring with a 
thoroughness that suggests they 

728
00:40:41,000 --> 00:40:42,500
have been practicing for 
decades. 

729
00:40:43,700 --> 00:40:45,900
The candle on the small table is
burning down. 

730
00:40:45,900 --> 00:40:51,200
It has perhaps 20 minutes left 
in it, maybe less When it goes 

731
00:40:51,200 --> 00:40:54,700
out, the room will be fully dark
with only the faint line of the 

732
00:40:54,700 --> 00:40:57,000
window shutter to Mark the 
direction of outside. 

733
00:40:57,000 --> 00:41:00,100
The man near the window is 
stopped looking at the ceiling. 

734
00:41:00,100 --> 00:41:04,600
His breathing has changed deep 
and taken on the slow. 

735
00:41:04,600 --> 00:41:07,900
Slightly irregular rhythm of 
someone who has successfully 

736
00:41:07,900 --> 00:41:11,100
completed the transition. you 
listen to it for a moment 

737
00:41:11,100 --> 00:41:15,100
without meaning to there is 
something oddly settling about 

738
00:41:15,100 --> 00:41:17,400
the sound of another person 
already asleep. 

739
00:41:17,400 --> 00:41:22,500
It is a form of evidence. 
It establishes that sleep in 

740
00:41:22,500 --> 00:41:27,200
this room in this bed, on this 
particular evening is possible. 

741
00:41:27,200 --> 00:41:31,100
The rope's beneath your mattress
Creek, once as you shift your 

742
00:41:31,100 --> 00:41:33,700
weight, The building settles 
around you. 

743
00:41:33,700 --> 00:41:38,100
The voice is below of drop to 2,
then 1 then the particular 

744
00:41:38,100 --> 00:41:40,400
silence. 
That is not quite silent, but 

745
00:41:40,400 --> 00:41:44,600
the absence of conversation. 
The sound of a fire burning low 

746
00:41:44,600 --> 00:41:48,100
and a room emptying out. 
Your coat is draped, over the 

747
00:41:48,100 --> 00:41:51,300
end of the bed, doing its small 
best to add to the warmth. 

748
00:41:51,900 --> 00:41:55,000
Your boots are on the floor. 
Your package between the bed 

749
00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:57,200
frame and the wall where it will
stay until morning. 

750
00:41:57,200 --> 00:42:00,400
Your wet socks are draped over 
the bed frame and will be in the

751
00:42:00,408 --> 00:42:02,500
morning. 
Merely damp rather than wet. 

752
00:42:03,300 --> 00:42:06,100
Candle gutters holds gutters 
again. 

753
00:42:07,100 --> 00:42:10,500
The room goes dark, the darkness
is complete in the way that 

754
00:42:10,500 --> 00:42:13,800
Darkness without artificial. 
Light always is total and 

755
00:42:13,800 --> 00:42:16,800
immediate like something placed 
over the room rather than 

756
00:42:16,800 --> 00:42:18,400
something that arrived 
gradually. 

757
00:42:19,600 --> 00:42:21,900
The sounds of the building 
become more present without the 

758
00:42:21,900 --> 00:42:23,700
visual information to compete 
with them. 

759
00:42:24,500 --> 00:42:28,500
The snoring, from down the hall,
the creek of Timba, the faint 

760
00:42:28,500 --> 00:42:31,800
scratch of something. 
Small moving in the wall a 

761
00:42:31,800 --> 00:42:34,200
mouse. 
Almost certainly conducting its 

762
00:42:34,200 --> 00:42:36,700
own nighttime business with no 
interest in yours. 

763
00:42:36,700 --> 00:42:39,100
You're in a bed in a coaching, 
Inn in the English. 

764
00:42:39,100 --> 00:42:43,800
Midlands, it is October of 1743,
you're not comfortable in any 

765
00:42:43,800 --> 00:42:47,400
way that the word comfortable 
usually implies but you are warm

766
00:42:47,400 --> 00:42:51,500
and you are horizontal and the 
dark pressing down on the room, 

767
00:42:51,500 --> 00:42:54,400
has the particular weight of a 
night that has decided to take 

768
00:42:54,400 --> 00:42:57,100
its time. 
Your eyes are closed. 

769
00:42:57,100 --> 00:43:00,900
You wake up, not with the start,
not because anything particular 

770
00:43:00,900 --> 00:43:04,000
has happened. 
The room is dark and the 

771
00:43:04,008 --> 00:43:06,700
building is quiet and the man 
near the window is still 

772
00:43:06,700 --> 00:43:09,100
breathing in his slow unhurried 
Rhythm. 

773
00:43:09,100 --> 00:43:12,500
And there is no obvious reason 
for Consciousness to have 

774
00:43:12,500 --> 00:43:15,900
returned. 
But it has your eyes are open. 

775
00:43:15,900 --> 00:43:19,500
Your mind is present. 
You're awake in the complete 

776
00:43:19,500 --> 00:43:22,100
ungrady way. 
That feels nothing like the 

777
00:43:22,100 --> 00:43:24,500
waking up. 
You do at home when something 

778
00:43:24,500 --> 00:43:27,800
woke you that dragged and 
disoriented feeling. 

779
00:43:28,600 --> 00:43:31,400
This is different. 
This is simply awake. 

780
00:43:31,400 --> 00:43:35,000
It Is by rough estimation, 
somewhere near midnight. 

781
00:43:35,700 --> 00:43:39,200
Perhaps just passed it. 
This Is Not Unusual. 

782
00:43:39,200 --> 00:43:42,800
This is in fact exactly what 
sleep looked like for most 

783
00:43:42,800 --> 00:43:47,000
people in England in 1743, and 
for most people in most of the 

784
00:43:47,000 --> 00:43:50,000
Western World going back as far 
as anyone has been writing 

785
00:43:50,000 --> 00:43:53,500
things down. 
The historian Roger occurs spent

786
00:43:53,500 --> 00:43:57,100
16 years researching the night 
in pre-industrial Europe and 

787
00:43:57,100 --> 00:44:00,400
found more than 500 references, 
scattered across Diaries, 

788
00:44:00,400 --> 00:44:04,900
medical texts, court records and
literature to something called 

789
00:44:04,900 --> 00:44:07,900
the first sleep. 
And the second sleep, The 

790
00:44:07,900 --> 00:44:10,000
references were casual the kerch
noted. 

791
00:44:10,700 --> 00:44:13,100
Written in the tone of people 
describing something so 

792
00:44:13,100 --> 00:44:14,100
ordinary. 
It needed. 

793
00:44:14,100 --> 00:44:18,100
No explanation. 
Firstly, ran from shortly after 

794
00:44:18,100 --> 00:44:20,000
dark until sometime near 
midnight. 

795
00:44:20,700 --> 00:44:24,000
Then came a period of 
wakefulness an hour or more 

796
00:44:24,000 --> 00:44:28,800
which people called The Watch. 
And then the second sleep, which

797
00:44:28,800 --> 00:44:33,600
carried most people through to 
Dawn, nobody in 1743 considers 

798
00:44:33,600 --> 00:44:35,300
what you're doing right now to 
be insomnia. 

799
00:44:35,300 --> 00:44:39,500
It is simply the what watch the 
room has settled fully into its 

800
00:44:39,500 --> 00:44:42,300
nighttime state. 
Can handle stubborn burned out 

801
00:44:42,300 --> 00:44:44,800
hours ago. 
The shutter on the window. 

802
00:44:44,800 --> 00:44:48,500
Admits a thin line of cold, air,
and faintly, the light of what 

803
00:44:48,500 --> 00:44:52,000
ever moon is up to night, not 
enough to see by, but enough to 

804
00:44:52,008 --> 00:44:54,600
suggest that outside the 
building still exists. 

805
00:44:56,000 --> 00:44:58,600
The man near the window is 
shifted onto his side, at some 

806
00:44:58,600 --> 00:45:00,900
point. 
And the third bed, the low one 

807
00:45:00,900 --> 00:45:02,400
against the wall is now 
occupied. 

808
00:45:03,300 --> 00:45:06,900
You did not hear anyone come in 
the door, must have opened and 

809
00:45:06,900 --> 00:45:09,200
closed with enough care. 
That it did not reach you. 

810
00:45:09,200 --> 00:45:11,400
There is a shape in the third 
bed. 

811
00:45:11,400 --> 00:45:15,300
Coped, pulled up boots, still on
from what you can make out in 

812
00:45:15,300 --> 00:45:17,800
the dark, three strangers in one
room. 

813
00:45:17,800 --> 00:45:20,700
All of them somewhere in the 
hours, between first, sleep, and

814
00:45:20,708 --> 00:45:23,500
second two of them, still 
sleeping. 

815
00:45:24,600 --> 00:45:26,800
You lie on your back and look at
the ceiling. 

816
00:45:27,500 --> 00:45:30,200
Which you cannot see the 
darkness in. 

817
00:45:30,200 --> 00:45:33,600
The room is the same in every 
direction, total, and without 

818
00:45:33,600 --> 00:45:37,200
feature And after a moment of 
looking at it, your eyes, stop 

819
00:45:37,200 --> 00:45:39,400
trying to find something there 
and simply rest. 

820
00:45:40,300 --> 00:45:43,700
This is the particular quality 
of pre-industrial Darkness that 

821
00:45:43,700 --> 00:45:46,000
most modern people have never 
experienced. 

822
00:45:46,800 --> 00:45:49,500
The darkness that comes when 
there is no ambient light 

823
00:45:49,500 --> 00:45:53,400
anywhere, no Street, Lamp 
through a curtain, no standby 

824
00:45:53,400 --> 00:45:57,500
glow from anything, just dark. 
It has a weight to it that is 

825
00:45:57,500 --> 00:46:01,800
not unpleasant it presses down 
gently the way heavy blanket 

826
00:46:01,800 --> 00:46:04,500
presses. 
The building speaks in its own 

827
00:46:04,500 --> 00:46:08,400
language at this hour along low 
grown from somewhere in the wall

828
00:46:08,400 --> 00:46:10,700
to your right. 
The sound of a heavy Timber 

829
00:46:10,700 --> 00:46:14,200
Contracting in the cold then 
nothing for a while. 

830
00:46:14,900 --> 00:46:18,300
Then the Creak of a floorboard 
in the hallway, a single step 

831
00:46:18,300 --> 00:46:23,600
wait to place and removed. 
Someone else awake, someone else

832
00:46:23,600 --> 00:46:26,600
in the watch. 
Padding towards the small window

833
00:46:26,600 --> 00:46:29,500
at the end of the hall or the 
chamber pot tucked under their 

834
00:46:29,500 --> 00:46:32,300
bed, or simply standing in the 
dark for a minute. 

835
00:46:32,308 --> 00:46:35,600
The way people do when they wake
up midnight and need to confirm 

836
00:46:35,600 --> 00:46:37,900
that they are still in the world
below you. 

837
00:46:37,900 --> 00:46:43,000
The Taproom is silent now Fire 
down there has burned a coals. 

838
00:46:43,700 --> 00:46:46,300
You can feel the faint residual 
warmth of it, through the 

839
00:46:46,300 --> 00:46:49,900
floorboards, a ghost of the 
heat, that was there three hours

840
00:46:49,900 --> 00:46:53,500
ago and the smell of wood smoke.
Still moves through the building

841
00:46:53,500 --> 00:46:57,200
and thin currents whenever the 
draft shifts. the sign outside 

842
00:46:57,200 --> 00:47:01,400
creaks once on its bracket and 
is still People use this hour 

843
00:47:01,400 --> 00:47:04,100
for many things. 
He catches research. 

844
00:47:04,100 --> 00:47:08,100
Found references to prayer to 
quiet conversation with a bed 

845
00:47:08,100 --> 00:47:12,300
fellow, to get up and tending. 
A fire to sit and thinking in a 

846
00:47:12,300 --> 00:47:16,300
way that the Busy daylight hours
did not allow Some people use 

847
00:47:16,300 --> 00:47:19,800
the watch to write the night 
being quieter and more private 

848
00:47:19,800 --> 00:47:24,000
than anything the day offered. 
A 16th century, French physician

849
00:47:24,000 --> 00:47:26,700
recorded the opinion that the 
watch was the best time for 

850
00:47:26,700 --> 00:47:29,700
conception his reasoning. 
Being that people were arrested 

851
00:47:29,700 --> 00:47:33,300
from the first sleep and more 
present to the experience than 

852
00:47:33,300 --> 00:47:35,900
they would have been at the 
exhausted end of a working day. 

853
00:47:37,100 --> 00:47:40,100
This observational was passed 
along in popular medical manuals

854
00:47:40,100 --> 00:47:43,200
for more than a century which 
suggests that at least some 

855
00:47:43,200 --> 00:47:46,800
people found it useful. 
In an inn, the watch takes on a 

856
00:47:46,800 --> 00:47:49,600
different quality than it would 
at home at home. 

857
00:47:49,600 --> 00:47:54,700
What was private Here it exists.
Alongside the watches of perhaps

858
00:47:54,700 --> 00:47:58,500
a dozen other people sleeping in
rooms along this Hall and in the

859
00:47:58,508 --> 00:48:01,400
room above and in the kitchen 
passage where the landlord's 

860
00:48:01,400 --> 00:48:06,200
family beds down. 
You're all awake possibly or 

861
00:48:06,200 --> 00:48:09,900
some of you are each in your own
dark each, doing whatever people

862
00:48:09,900 --> 00:48:12,300
do when the night hands them and
unrequested hour of 

863
00:48:12,300 --> 00:48:14,400
Consciousness. 
With no particular instructions,

864
00:48:14,400 --> 00:48:16,100
you're not doing anything at 
all. 

865
00:48:16,100 --> 00:48:20,700
This is also fine on your back 
in a straw mattress in a room 

866
00:48:20,700 --> 00:48:24,100
that smells of old wool and 
Tallow residue and the 

867
00:48:24,100 --> 00:48:27,200
accumulated breath of strangers 
and you're thinking about 

868
00:48:27,200 --> 00:48:31,100
nothing specific or rather you 
are thinking about the 

869
00:48:31,100 --> 00:48:34,400
particular collection of small 
things that the Mind assembles 

870
00:48:34,400 --> 00:48:37,400
when it has been set loose at 
midnight without an agenda. 

871
00:48:38,100 --> 00:48:42,100
The road tomorrow, the state of 
your boots. the taste of the 

872
00:48:42,100 --> 00:48:45,500
mutton which was genuinely good 
and which your stomach is still 

873
00:48:45,500 --> 00:48:50,400
quietly, appreciating Sound the 
stairs made on the way up that 

874
00:48:50,400 --> 00:48:52,800
long wooden scale played by your
own weight. 

875
00:48:53,700 --> 00:48:55,300
The man near the window shifted 
again. 

876
00:48:56,200 --> 00:49:01,100
His rope's Creek, he resin 
changes for a few breaths and 

877
00:49:01,100 --> 00:49:06,000
then returns to its slow Rhythm.
He has gone back under The 

878
00:49:06,000 --> 00:49:09,300
transition was nearly 
imperceptible, the kind of easy 

879
00:49:09,300 --> 00:49:12,600
sliding back into sleep that 
people had before they started 

880
00:49:12,600 --> 00:49:14,900
worrying about whether they were
sleeping correctly. 

881
00:49:16,100 --> 00:49:18,500
The figure in the third bed has 
not moved at all. 

882
00:49:18,500 --> 00:49:22,600
Whoever came in late, came and 
tired enough that the watch has 

883
00:49:22,600 --> 00:49:25,400
either not arrived for them yet 
or past without register. 

884
00:49:26,500 --> 00:49:29,100
Cold has deepened slightly the 
way. 

885
00:49:29,100 --> 00:49:32,100
October cold deepens, after 
midnight, when the last of the 

886
00:49:32,100 --> 00:49:35,500
days, warmth has left the ground
and the air has nothing left to 

887
00:49:35,500 --> 00:49:38,300
do. 
But sharp and The blankets on 

888
00:49:38,300 --> 00:49:41,800
your bed are doing their job. 
The rough wool against your chin

889
00:49:41,800 --> 00:49:44,600
is scratchy in a way that you 
stopped noticing about 20 

890
00:49:44,600 --> 00:49:46,500
minutes ago. 
Your feet. 

891
00:49:47,400 --> 00:49:49,900
Which were the last part of you 
to fully warm have finally 

892
00:49:49,900 --> 00:49:54,000
conceded the mouse in the wall 
is back or it never left. 

893
00:49:54,800 --> 00:49:58,700
It moves with a quick purposeful
rustling, pausing moving again, 

894
00:49:58,700 --> 00:50:02,000
conducting its own entirely 
separate night, which runs 

895
00:50:02,000 --> 00:50:04,100
parallel to yours and intersects
with it. 

896
00:50:04,100 --> 00:50:07,700
Only in the matter of shared 
walls, you think about the road,

897
00:50:07,700 --> 00:50:12,200
you think about nothing, the 
ceiling you cannot see is simply

898
00:50:12,200 --> 00:50:15,000
there above you. 
The same ceiling that has been 

899
00:50:15,000 --> 00:50:17,700
above people lying in this room 
for the better part of two 

900
00:50:17,700 --> 00:50:21,200
centuries, the same old beam 
running across it, that you will

901
00:50:21,200 --> 00:50:24,100
hit tomorrow morning. 
If you stand up too quickly and 

902
00:50:24,100 --> 00:50:27,900
too far to the left, How many 
people have Lain here in the 

903
00:50:27,900 --> 00:50:30,200
watch and looked up at this 
Darkness? 

904
00:50:31,200 --> 00:50:34,600
Drovers and merchants and 
soldiers and men going to Market

905
00:50:34,600 --> 00:50:37,600
and men going to court and men 
going home and men going 

906
00:50:37,608 --> 00:50:39,500
somewhere. 
They would rather not be going 

907
00:50:39,500 --> 00:50:43,100
all of them passing through the 
crown and wagon the way water 

908
00:50:43,100 --> 00:50:46,900
passes through a channel 
arriving from the road sleeping 

909
00:50:46,900 --> 00:50:51,400
leaving again on the road. 
Yin does not change the road 

910
00:50:51,400 --> 00:50:54,200
does not change. 
Only the people moving through 

911
00:50:54,200 --> 00:50:57,000
it change and even they are 
largely interchangeable. 

912
00:50:57,000 --> 00:51:00,600
One tired, traveler exchangeable
for another the mattress. 

913
00:51:00,600 --> 00:51:03,600
Receiving each new weight, and 
releasing it again with the same

914
00:51:03,600 --> 00:51:07,300
patient in different. 
This thought is not melancholy, 

915
00:51:07,300 --> 00:51:11,200
just true and the watch is a 
good time for truth things. 

916
00:51:12,200 --> 00:51:14,600
Somewhere in the building, a 
door, opens and closes. 

917
00:51:14,600 --> 00:51:18,000
Very Softly. 
Outside the dock in the stable 

918
00:51:18,000 --> 00:51:22,000
yard stirs, he's makes a single 
low sound that might be a 

919
00:51:22,000 --> 00:51:24,100
barking to change its mind and 
goes quiet. 

920
00:51:25,200 --> 00:51:29,100
A horse shifts in its stall, the
leather Creek of tack hanging on

921
00:51:29,100 --> 00:51:33,000
a nail you're not sure exactly. 
When the watch ends that is one 

922
00:51:33,000 --> 00:51:35,800
of its properties. 
It does not have a conclusion. 

923
00:51:35,800 --> 00:51:40,200
So much as a dissolving The 
thoughts become less sequential.

924
00:51:40,900 --> 00:51:44,000
the sounds of the building move 
from foreground to background 

925
00:51:44,000 --> 00:51:48,900
and then to somewhere further 
back still The darkness stops 

926
00:51:48,900 --> 00:51:50,900
being a thing. 
You are looking at and become 

927
00:51:50,900 --> 00:51:54,300
simply Where You Are. 
Straw mattress is the same as it

928
00:51:54,300 --> 00:51:57,400
was an hour ago. 
The blankets of the same, the 

929
00:51:57,400 --> 00:51:59,500
rumors the same. 
You are different. 

930
00:51:59,500 --> 00:52:02,800
The way you are always different
at the far edge of the watch, 

931
00:52:02,800 --> 00:52:07,300
softer at the edges less, 
insistent about the particulars 

932
00:52:07,300 --> 00:52:09,800
of Consciousness. 
The second sleep is not 

933
00:52:09,800 --> 00:52:13,500
something you decide on. 
It is something that decides on 

934
00:52:13,500 --> 00:52:15,000
you. 
And it comes. 

935
00:52:15,000 --> 00:52:18,300
Now, the way it always comes in 
October at some point. 

936
00:52:18,300 --> 00:52:20,900
Passed midnight, unhurried and 
thorough. 

937
00:52:20,900 --> 00:52:24,100
Moving in from the edges of the 
dark, until there is nothing 

938
00:52:24,100 --> 00:52:26,300
left but the long slow drop of 
it. 

939
00:52:27,300 --> 00:52:31,200
The building settles once. 
The mouse is gone or quiet, the 

940
00:52:31,200 --> 00:52:35,800
road outside holds, no one the 
latch gives without warning the 

941
00:52:35,800 --> 00:52:38,400
hinges and outs themselves the 
door. 

942
00:52:38,400 --> 00:52:41,500
Swings wide enough to let in a 
rectangle of slightly less dark 

943
00:52:41,500 --> 00:52:44,300
from the hallway, which is not 
much light, but enough to 

944
00:52:44,300 --> 00:52:47,500
destroy what ever quality of 
Darkness has been in the room 

945
00:52:47,500 --> 00:52:51,300
for the last several hours. 
The person pushing it has had a 

946
00:52:51,300 --> 00:52:54,600
long day followed by a long 
evening and is used up whatever 

947
00:52:54,600 --> 00:52:57,400
reserves of delicacy. 
They started with some time 

948
00:52:57,400 --> 00:52:59,400
around the second or third hour 
in The Tap Room. 

949
00:53:00,100 --> 00:53:04,000
You are awake. 
So is the man near the window or

950
00:53:04,000 --> 00:53:07,600
from the sound of it, the ropes 
of his bed, register, a shift of

951
00:53:07,600 --> 00:53:11,800
weight, a Sharp Creek, and then 
the particular Stillness of 

952
00:53:11,808 --> 00:53:14,800
someone who has decided that the
most dignified response to this 

953
00:53:14,800 --> 00:53:17,000
situation is to pretend, they 
are still asleep. 

954
00:53:17,900 --> 00:53:20,400
In the doorway is male large 
enough. 

955
00:53:20,400 --> 00:53:23,500
That is shoulders nearly fill 
the frame and carrying something

956
00:53:23,500 --> 00:53:26,300
a pack or a coat bundled under 
one arm. 

957
00:53:27,400 --> 00:53:30,000
He holds the candle stop. 
He was giving down stairs in his

958
00:53:30,000 --> 00:53:33,400
other hand and its light moves 
with him as he crosses the room 

959
00:53:33,400 --> 00:53:36,600
catching and brief flashes. 
The low beam you marked earlier,

960
00:53:36,600 --> 00:53:41,500
which he does not Mark and does 
not hit, which seems unfair give

961
00:53:41,500 --> 00:53:44,300
in the evening, he appears to 
have had, he takes the edge of 

962
00:53:44,300 --> 00:53:49,400
your bed, not aggressively not 
maliciously, Simply because it 

963
00:53:49,400 --> 00:53:52,900
is the nearest horizontal 
surface and he needs to sit on 

964
00:53:52,900 --> 00:53:54,500
something while he removes his 
boots. 

965
00:53:55,500 --> 00:53:58,400
And in the spatial economy of 
this room, there are not a great

966
00:53:58,400 --> 00:54:01,800
many options. 
You feel the mattress tilt under

967
00:54:01,800 --> 00:54:06,800
his weight, the ropes shifting 
with a long resonant protest and

968
00:54:06,800 --> 00:54:10,200
then the sounds of a man working
his boots off with the Grim 

969
00:54:10,200 --> 00:54:13,000
determination of someone who has
been wanting to do this for 

970
00:54:13,000 --> 00:54:16,000
hours. 
The boots Hit the Floor, one 

971
00:54:16,000 --> 00:54:18,700
after the other. 
Candle is set on the small 

972
00:54:18,700 --> 00:54:22,100
table. 
He looks at it for a moment, a 

973
00:54:22,100 --> 00:54:25,900
man considering whether to blow 
it out and then blows it out. 

974
00:54:26,700 --> 00:54:29,900
The room returns to its proper 
Darkness though, with a new 

975
00:54:29,900 --> 00:54:32,600
element. 
Now, a smell of Tallow smoke and

976
00:54:32,600 --> 00:54:36,000
outdoor air and the particular 
warmth of another body added to 

977
00:54:36,000 --> 00:54:39,500
the existing arrangement of 
bodies. the traveling doctor, 

978
00:54:39,500 --> 00:54:44,200
Alexander Hamilton writing in 
the 1740s about his journeys, 

979
00:54:44,200 --> 00:54:48,400
through Colonial, ins described 
Knights exactly like this one, 

980
00:54:49,300 --> 00:54:52,200
Grooms Were Strangers arrived at
all hours and settled 

981
00:54:52,200 --> 00:54:54,600
themselves, into whatever space 
remained with the minimal 

982
00:54:54,600 --> 00:54:58,800
ceremony that traveled demands. 
It was not comfortable, it was 

983
00:54:58,800 --> 00:55:01,900
not private. 
Hamilton recorded lying, awake 

984
00:55:01,900 --> 00:55:05,500
for hours after later, arrivals 
the noise and presents of other 

985
00:55:05,500 --> 00:55:07,400
people refusing, to let sleep 
return. 

986
00:55:08,300 --> 00:55:11,400
He wrote about it with the dry 
resignation of someone who had 

987
00:55:11,400 --> 00:55:13,800
accepted that this was simply 
what travel looked like. 

988
00:55:13,800 --> 00:55:16,700
And that finding it. 
Objectionable was a private 

989
00:55:16,700 --> 00:55:20,100
problem with no available 
solution, the large man in your 

990
00:55:20,108 --> 00:55:21,900
bed, is a sleep within four 
minutes. 

991
00:55:21,900 --> 00:55:26,400
This is its own kind of 
impressive, his breathing fills 

992
00:55:26,400 --> 00:55:30,000
the room from the first not 
delicate breathing, the 

993
00:55:30,000 --> 00:55:32,600
breathing of a man who weighs 
what he weighs and has done what

994
00:55:32,600 --> 00:55:35,700
he has done today and is now 
horizontal and finished with 

995
00:55:35,700 --> 00:55:37,700
Consciousness for the 
foreseeable future. 

996
00:55:38,700 --> 00:55:40,500
The man near the window makes a 
sound. 

997
00:55:40,500 --> 00:55:43,800
That might be a sigh. 
The figure in the third bed, has

998
00:55:43,800 --> 00:55:46,800
not moved since you last 
registered them which was hours 

999
00:55:46,800 --> 00:55:49,200
ago. 
Now, you lie in the dark and 

1000
00:55:49,200 --> 00:55:52,700
consider the situation. 
The situation is that you are 

1001
00:55:52,700 --> 00:55:54,700
sharing a bed with a stranger in
a room. 

1002
00:55:54,700 --> 00:55:57,800
Containing two other strangers. 
In a building that has been 

1003
00:55:57,800 --> 00:56:02,100
doing exactly this to travel as 
for 200 years, and will continue

1004
00:56:02,100 --> 00:56:04,200
doing it long. 
After everyone, currently in 

1005
00:56:04,200 --> 00:56:07,200
this room has become the kind of
history that nobody writes down.

1006
00:56:07,200 --> 00:56:10,800
The straw mattress is 
redistributed itself around the 

1007
00:56:10,800 --> 00:56:14,800
new weight distribution, The 
blankets are still yours or 

1008
00:56:14,800 --> 00:56:18,000
mostly yours because you were 
here first and have a reasonable

1009
00:56:18,000 --> 00:56:20,300
grip on them. 
And the large man arrived with 

1010
00:56:20,308 --> 00:56:22,500
his coat and does not appear to 
require them. 

1011
00:56:23,300 --> 00:56:25,400
The cold outside, the blankets 
is real. 

1012
00:56:26,200 --> 00:56:29,100
October in the Midlands at 2:00 
in the morning is not forgiving.

1013
00:56:29,900 --> 00:56:32,600
The window shutter has developed
a faint whistle in the last 

1014
00:56:32,608 --> 00:56:35,400
hour. 
A thin sound that comes and goes

1015
00:56:35,400 --> 00:56:37,000
with the movement of air 
outside. 

1016
00:56:37,000 --> 00:56:40,500
Not enough to be genuinely 
disruptive but enough to be 

1017
00:56:40,500 --> 00:56:43,000
present one more thread in the 
texture of the night. 

1018
00:56:43,000 --> 00:56:45,800
You are tired. 
You are tired. 

1019
00:56:45,800 --> 00:56:48,000
Before the door opened, you're 
still tired. 

1020
00:56:48,000 --> 00:56:52,500
Now, The second sleep which the 
watch should be moving you 

1021
00:56:52,500 --> 00:56:55,200
toward when the interruption 
came is still available. 

1022
00:56:56,200 --> 00:56:58,900
It is simply a matter of 
returning to the conditions that

1023
00:56:58,900 --> 00:57:02,100
made it possible, which are not 
significantly different from the

1024
00:57:02,100 --> 00:57:06,100
conditions that exist right now.
Minus one sleeping stranger, 

1025
00:57:06,100 --> 00:57:10,500
which you cannot do anything 
about you, close your eyes, the 

1026
00:57:10,500 --> 00:57:15,300
large man, breathes, the shutter
whistles somewhere below the 

1027
00:57:15,300 --> 00:57:17,200
remains of the fire settle in 
the Great. 

1028
00:57:18,100 --> 00:57:21,100
A soft collapse of Ash and 
cooling coal. 

1029
00:57:21,100 --> 00:57:24,300
That sends one brief pulse of 
heat up through the floorboards 

1030
00:57:24,300 --> 00:57:28,000
and then is still the building 
is at its quietest. 

1031
00:57:28,000 --> 00:57:32,100
Now, this hour passed to when he
even The Last of The Taproom 

1032
00:57:32,100 --> 00:57:35,900
conversation has long since 
ended and the road outside holds

1033
00:57:35,900 --> 00:57:40,400
nothing moving. know coaches on 
this road at this hour, no 

1034
00:57:40,400 --> 00:57:44,400
horses, just the October dark, 
and whatever the wind is doing 

1035
00:57:44,400 --> 00:57:47,400
to the trees along the Hedge 
rows, which you cannot hear from

1036
00:57:47,400 --> 00:57:50,900
here, but can imagine the way 
the mind of this, our fills, in 

1037
00:57:50,900 --> 00:57:54,900
the things, it cannot directly 
perceive sleep comes back in 

1038
00:57:54,900 --> 00:57:58,600
layers, the body surrenders 
first, then the surface of the 

1039
00:57:58,600 --> 00:58:01,700
Mind. 
And finally, whatever deeper 

1040
00:58:01,700 --> 00:58:04,500
part of you has been noting the 
sounds of the room and 

1041
00:58:04,500 --> 00:58:06,900
cataloging the weight 
distribution of the mattress, 

1042
00:58:06,900 --> 00:58:10,100
and monitoring the situation 
with the faint anxiety. 

1043
00:58:10,100 --> 00:58:13,400
Of someone's sleeping among 
strangers in an unfamiliar 

1044
00:58:13,400 --> 00:58:16,500
buildings. 
That part takes longest. 

1045
00:58:17,400 --> 00:58:21,900
But it goes to eventually. 
The night moves through its last

1046
00:58:21,900 --> 00:58:26,900
hours without further incident. 
The large man sleeps, man near 

1047
00:58:26,900 --> 00:58:30,800
the window sleeves. the figure 
in the third bed has not moved 

1048
00:58:30,800 --> 00:58:33,700
in so long that you have stopped
thinking about them as a 

1049
00:58:33,700 --> 00:58:37,200
separate concern and absorbed 
them into the general settled 

1050
00:58:37,200 --> 00:58:40,800
fact of the room, the mouse in 
the wall is either gone or 

1051
00:58:40,800 --> 00:58:44,800
finally asleep itself. 
A shutter whistle Fades as the 

1052
00:58:44,800 --> 00:58:48,600
wind drops sometime before Dawn.
He is and the room settles into 

1053
00:58:48,600 --> 00:58:52,400
a quiet, that is not the Silence
of emptiness, but the Silence of

1054
00:58:52,400 --> 00:58:54,600
things that have finished their 
business for the night. 

1055
00:58:55,700 --> 00:58:59,000
Something has shifted in the 
window shutter, the line of 

1056
00:58:59,000 --> 00:59:01,000
outside that has been absolute 
black. 

1057
00:59:01,000 --> 00:59:03,400
For most of the night is no 
longer quite that. 

1058
00:59:04,200 --> 00:59:07,500
The change is so gradual, there 
is no moment you can identify 

1059
00:59:08,800 --> 00:59:12,700
Ceiling beam is faintly visible.
The bed stared at the foot of 

1060
00:59:12,708 --> 00:59:14,700
the mattress resolves out of the
dark. 

1061
00:59:15,400 --> 00:59:18,300
Dawn is arriving, with the 
particular reluctance of an 

1062
00:59:18,300 --> 00:59:21,400
English October Dawn, which is 
to say, without any of the 

1063
00:59:21,408 --> 00:59:24,600
dramatic lighting effects that 
Dawn performs in other seasons 

1064
00:59:24,600 --> 00:59:28,300
and latitudes. 
It simply gets less dark. 

1065
00:59:29,400 --> 00:59:32,600
Slowly. 
Over the course of a long, gray 

1066
00:59:32,600 --> 00:59:35,500
ambiguous half hour, the room 
becomes a room again. 

1067
00:59:36,200 --> 00:59:38,400
The stable yard wakes before the
indoors. 

1068
00:59:39,100 --> 00:59:42,800
The sound's come up through the 
walls and floor the muffled, but

1069
00:59:42,800 --> 00:59:45,500
present. 
A horse then two. 

1070
00:59:46,400 --> 00:59:48,200
Percussion of hooves shifting on
Stone. 

1071
00:59:48,200 --> 00:59:50,800
The Creak of a stable door being
pushed open. 

1072
00:59:51,700 --> 00:59:55,000
And a man's voice low and 
unhurried saying, something to 

1073
00:59:55,000 --> 00:59:57,700
the horses in the tone that 
people use with animals at this 

1074
00:59:57,700 --> 01:00:01,200
hour, not quite words, just 
presents and sound. 

1075
01:00:02,300 --> 01:00:05,000
The dog that barked when you 
arrived is awake somewhere. 

1076
01:00:05,000 --> 01:00:07,800
Moving around. 
The yard with its claws ticking 

1077
01:00:07,800 --> 01:00:10,100
on the cobblestones circling, 
whatever. 

1078
01:00:10,100 --> 01:00:12,800
Morning tasks dogs, assign 
themselves before the day 

1079
01:00:12,800 --> 01:00:16,100
properly Begins. 
The large man is still asleep. 

1080
01:00:16,100 --> 01:00:19,000
You're probably continue to be 
asleep for some time. 

1081
01:00:19,000 --> 01:00:21,500
His breathing has not changed in
hours. 

1082
01:00:21,500 --> 01:00:25,000
He arrived at unconsciousness, 
like a man who had been planning

1083
01:00:25,000 --> 01:00:28,400
to do it for a long time and 
intends to get full value from 

1084
01:00:28,400 --> 01:00:32,100
the experience. 
You are awake, not the sharp 

1085
01:00:32,100 --> 01:00:34,100
unclear waking of the middle of 
the night. 

1086
01:00:34,900 --> 01:00:37,500
Not the watch with its strange 
spacious quality. 

1087
01:00:38,400 --> 01:00:42,200
This is morning waking which is 
a different thing entirely Edge 

1088
01:00:42,200 --> 01:00:44,900
and practical already thinking 
about the road. 

1089
01:00:46,000 --> 01:00:49,000
Your body has done what body's 
do over the course of a night on

1090
01:00:49,000 --> 01:00:53,300
a straw mattress which is to 
identify every pre-existing, a 

1091
01:00:53,300 --> 01:00:55,500
can minor complaint and file 
them. 

1092
01:00:55,500 --> 01:00:59,100
All as urgent correspondents to 
be dealt with immediately upon 

1093
01:00:59,100 --> 01:01:04,800
achieving Consciousness, your 
back, your left knee, which had 

1094
01:01:04,800 --> 01:01:07,400
opinions yesterday and has 
refined them overnight. 

1095
01:01:07,400 --> 01:01:11,400
This slight persistent headache 
that lives behind your left eye 

1096
01:01:11,400 --> 01:01:14,100
and appears whenever you sleep 
in a room with a Tallow candle 

1097
01:01:14,100 --> 01:01:16,700
burning. 
You lie still for another few 

1098
01:01:16,700 --> 01:01:19,600
minutes. 
This is not reluctance, exactly.

1099
01:01:20,500 --> 01:01:23,900
It is the calculation that the 
room is cold in the specific way

1100
01:01:23,900 --> 01:01:26,600
that rooms are cold at first 
light when the fire downstairs 

1101
01:01:26,600 --> 01:01:29,800
has been out for hours and that 
your coat is at the foot of the 

1102
01:01:29,800 --> 01:01:32,600
bed and that the coat is warmer 
than the air. 

1103
01:01:32,600 --> 01:01:34,500
You're going to have to move 
through to reach it. 

1104
01:01:35,400 --> 01:01:38,500
Your performing the ancient 
arithmetic of mourning which is 

1105
01:01:38,508 --> 01:01:42,100
not changed in any meaningful 
way, since the first person woke

1106
01:01:42,100 --> 01:01:45,400
up cold and had to decide 
whether getting up was worth it.

1107
01:01:45,400 --> 01:01:51,300
It is worth it, it is always 
worth it. the body knows this, 

1108
01:01:51,300 --> 01:01:54,700
even when the mind is still 
arguing, You push back the 

1109
01:01:54,700 --> 01:01:58,500
blankets and the cold air takes 
you immediately efficiently with

1110
01:01:58,500 --> 01:02:02,900
no period of adjustment offered.
Floorboards are exactly as cold 

1111
01:02:02,900 --> 01:02:05,300
as you expected. 
Your socks. 

1112
01:02:05,300 --> 01:02:09,700
Still draped over the bed frame.
A damp in the way that socks 

1113
01:02:09,700 --> 01:02:12,300
straight over bed frames in 
October, a damp, which is to say

1114
01:02:12,300 --> 01:02:15,500
thoroughly, you, put them on any
way because the alternative is 

1115
01:02:15,500 --> 01:02:17,600
bare feet on these boards for 
longer than you want to 

1116
01:02:17,600 --> 01:02:19,300
contemplate. 
Your boots. 

1117
01:02:19,300 --> 01:02:21,800
Are you left them? 
There are so still Damned. 

1118
01:02:22,500 --> 01:02:24,700
You sit on the edge of the 
mattress and work them on, with 

1119
01:02:24,700 --> 01:02:28,600
the same focused grimness, with 
which the, large man removed his

1120
01:02:28,600 --> 01:02:31,900
last night, which is the 
universal experience of boots 

1121
01:02:31,900 --> 01:02:35,400
and October going on. 
And coming off both requiring 

1122
01:02:35,400 --> 01:02:37,300
more effort and seems strictly 
necessary. 

1123
01:02:39,100 --> 01:02:42,700
A large man does not stir the 
man near the window has turned 

1124
01:02:42,700 --> 01:02:45,400
to face the wall. 
The room looks different in 

1125
01:02:45,400 --> 01:02:47,000
morning gray than it did last 
night. 

1126
01:02:47,900 --> 01:02:49,000
Smaller. 
Mostly. 

1127
01:02:50,200 --> 01:02:53,200
The things that Candlelight made
warm and Amber just Brown and 

1128
01:02:53,208 --> 01:02:56,000
gray. 
Now, the walls, the floorboards 

1129
01:02:56,800 --> 01:03:00,700
The rough wool of the blankets. 
The Basin on the small table is 

1130
01:03:00,700 --> 01:03:03,400
empty. 
The spent Candle Star is a small

1131
01:03:03,408 --> 01:03:07,000
white lump on the tin holder. 
Through the Gap in the shutter, 

1132
01:03:07,000 --> 01:03:11,700
the skies, the color of old 
pewter flattened even with no 

1133
01:03:11,700 --> 01:03:14,900
particular promise about it. 
You pick up your pack? 

1134
01:03:15,600 --> 01:03:17,100
It is heavier than it felt last 
night. 

1135
01:03:17,100 --> 01:03:20,000
The way packs are always heavier
in the morning than they were 

1136
01:03:20,000 --> 01:03:23,000
the evening before. 
You settle it onto your back and

1137
01:03:23,000 --> 01:03:25,100
stand from a moment in the 
center of the room. 

1138
01:03:25,100 --> 01:03:28,700
Taking a last, look at the three
sleeping shapes, you are leaving

1139
01:03:28,700 --> 01:03:33,700
behind three strangers who spent
the night in the same room in 

1140
01:03:33,700 --> 01:03:37,800
the same are under the same old 
roof and who will scatter in 

1141
01:03:37,800 --> 01:03:40,900
three directions this morning 
without exchanging more than the

1142
01:03:40,900 --> 01:03:44,700
minimum number of words required
by basic courtesy if that many 

1143
01:03:45,600 --> 01:03:47,800
The crown and wagon received you
last night. 

1144
01:03:47,800 --> 01:03:50,700
The way it has received everyone
who has ever pushed through that

1145
01:03:50,700 --> 01:03:53,200
door without warmth. 
Exactly. 

1146
01:03:53,200 --> 01:03:57,700
But without cruelty with the 
flat professional competence of 

1147
01:03:57,708 --> 01:04:00,800
a building that has been in the 
business of Sheltering people 

1148
01:04:00,800 --> 01:04:04,400
for longer than anyone currently
alive, can remember, it gave you

1149
01:04:04,400 --> 01:04:06,800
a fire and a meal and a bed and 
a roof. 

1150
01:04:06,800 --> 01:04:09,900
And the company of strangers, 
which is all it ever promised 

1151
01:04:09,900 --> 01:04:14,900
and all it has ever delivered. 
You ease the door, open careful 

1152
01:04:14,900 --> 01:04:17,200
with the latch. 
Up into the hallway. 

1153
01:04:19,000 --> 01:04:21,200
Stairs descend in their long 
uneven. 

1154
01:04:21,200 --> 01:04:24,000
Scale. 
Each step announcing you on the 

1155
01:04:24,000 --> 01:04:26,000
way down as it announced on the 
way up. 

1156
01:04:26,900 --> 01:04:29,600
Same creaking, inventory of the 
building's age. 

1157
01:04:30,900 --> 01:04:34,300
The Tap Room at the bottom is 
cool and dim the fire long dead,

1158
01:04:34,300 --> 01:04:36,900
the tables. 
Bear the benches. 

1159
01:04:36,900 --> 01:04:40,800
Pushed back against the walls, 
the smell of loss night is still

1160
01:04:40,800 --> 01:04:44,000
here would smoke and Ale and the
Ghost of the button. 

1161
01:04:44,900 --> 01:04:48,000
Buttoned now stripped of the 
warmth that gave its particular 

1162
01:04:48,000 --> 01:04:50,900
character. 
Aruma after a party is always 

1163
01:04:50,900 --> 01:04:54,000
smaller than the party. 
Made it seem the front door is 

1164
01:04:54,000 --> 01:04:57,500
unlocked. 
You step out into the yard, the 

1165
01:04:57,500 --> 01:05:00,800
morning air hits, you clean and 
cold, carrying the smell of wet 

1166
01:05:00,800 --> 01:05:04,000
Earth and horse. 
And the particular shops of an 

1167
01:05:04,000 --> 01:05:07,400
October morning that has been 
doing its work since before you 

1168
01:05:07,400 --> 01:05:09,900
were awake. 
The sky to the east. 

1169
01:05:09,900 --> 01:05:12,400
Has a faint paleness to it. 
That will eventually become 

1170
01:05:12,400 --> 01:05:14,800
Sunrise, though. 
It is taking its time. 

1171
01:05:15,600 --> 01:05:18,100
The road beyond the low stone 
wall is visible. 

1172
01:05:18,100 --> 01:05:20,900
Now running away in both 
directions, through the 

1173
01:05:20,900 --> 01:05:25,000
hedgerows brown and wet exactly 
as you left it. 

1174
01:05:25,900 --> 01:05:29,200
Your boots, find the mud of the 
yard immediately, the gate is 

1175
01:05:29,200 --> 01:05:32,400
stiff on its hinges. 
You lift, it slightly as you 

1176
01:05:32,408 --> 01:05:35,800
pull it, open the way you notice
the landlord doing last evening 

1177
01:05:35,800 --> 01:05:38,200
and it swings free without 
protest. 

1178
01:05:39,100 --> 01:05:41,200
The road accepts you without 
ceremony. 

1179
01:05:42,200 --> 01:05:45,500
The inner seeds behind you. 
It's signs still on the bracket,

1180
01:05:45,500 --> 01:05:49,100
it shutters still closed on the 
rooms where the large man, and 

1181
01:05:49,100 --> 01:05:52,000
the man near the window and the 
figure in the third bed are 

1182
01:05:52,000 --> 01:05:54,400
still sleeping. 
Or perhaps waking. 

1183
01:05:54,400 --> 01:05:58,100
Now each of them beginning their
own version of the calculation 

1184
01:05:58,100 --> 01:06:02,800
you just completed. 
Behind you the crowd and wagons 

1185
01:06:02,800 --> 01:06:06,300
sits in the gray morning. 
The way it has always sat the 

1186
01:06:06,300 --> 01:06:07,700
way. 
It will sit long after this 

1187
01:06:07,700 --> 01:06:11,400
particular October. 
Solid and slightly sagging and 

1188
01:06:11,400 --> 01:06:14,400
indifferent to the specific 
comings and goings of any 

1189
01:06:14,400 --> 01:06:17,200
individual Traveler. 
You walk. 

1190
01:06:18,200 --> 01:06:21,800
The road is wet and the skies 
the color of old pewter and your

1191
01:06:21,800 --> 01:06:24,900
boots are damp and your pack is 
heavy and somewhere ahead of you

1192
01:06:24,900 --> 01:06:28,000
at the distance, the 
characterizes, every next 

1193
01:06:28,000 --> 01:06:30,200
destination. 
There is another town. 

1194
01:06:30,200 --> 01:06:33,100
Another road, another evening 
coming. 

1195
01:06:33,100 --> 01:06:36,100
Your left knee has resumed. 
Its correspondence. 

1196
01:06:36,100 --> 01:06:41,300
You ignore it, as you ignored it
yesterday and begin to walk. 

1197
01:06:42,100 --> 01:06:45,400
A crow is making noise somewhere
past the tree line. 

1198
01:06:46,100 --> 01:06:49,400
That is the first thing. 
The Hedge rows are doing their 

1199
01:06:49,400 --> 01:06:52,300
own quiet thing, and the cold is
doing its thing. 

1200
01:06:52,300 --> 01:06:56,000
And the road stretches out ahead
of Youth through the wet gray of

1201
01:06:56,000 --> 01:06:58,300
an October morning with nobody 
on it. 

1202
01:06:58,300 --> 01:07:02,300
But you and a crow somewhere to 
the left with strong feelings 

1203
01:07:02,300 --> 01:07:05,800
about the door. 
And 200 yards back give or take 

1204
01:07:05,800 --> 01:07:08,100
the crown and wagons sits in his
yard. 

1205
01:07:08,100 --> 01:07:13,000
You have not looked back. but if
you did look back, the sign 

1206
01:07:13,000 --> 01:07:15,600
would still be turning on its 
bracket in the cold morning air 

1207
01:07:16,600 --> 01:07:17,900
The shutters would still be 
closed. 

1208
01:07:17,900 --> 01:07:21,700
Smoke would be starting from the
kitchen chimney by now, the 

1209
01:07:21,700 --> 01:07:24,600
cooking, the process of whatever
breakfast, the morning will 

1210
01:07:24,600 --> 01:07:26,100
produce. 
Fire. 

1211
01:07:26,100 --> 01:07:28,900
That never fully went out. 
Being brought back to something 

1212
01:07:28,900 --> 01:07:31,700
more purposeful. 
The stable yard would be 

1213
01:07:31,700 --> 01:07:34,400
properly awake. 
The Osler moving between the 

1214
01:07:34,400 --> 01:07:36,500
Stalls with the efficient 
unhurried. 

1215
01:07:36,500 --> 01:07:39,400
Rhythm of someone who's morning 
started, two hours before yours.

1216
01:07:39,400 --> 01:07:44,200
The horses fed the yard swept, 
the Cobblestone still dark with 

1217
01:07:44,200 --> 01:07:47,200
the Knights damp. 
Up stairs and the room. 

1218
01:07:47,200 --> 01:07:50,400
You just left three. 
Men are at various stages of 

1219
01:07:50,400 --> 01:07:53,900
waking or still sleeping. 
The large man who arrived late 

1220
01:07:53,900 --> 01:07:56,700
has not moved. 
The man near the window is 

1221
01:07:56,700 --> 01:07:59,500
sitting on the edge of his bed. 
Doing the same calculation, you 

1222
01:07:59,500 --> 01:08:02,900
did an hour ago, Looking at his 
boots with the expression of 

1223
01:08:02,900 --> 01:08:05,700
someone who has made a decision 
but has not yet acted on it. 

1224
01:08:06,800 --> 01:08:11,000
Figure in the third bed, the you
never clearly saw her alive 

1225
01:08:11,000 --> 01:08:14,100
after dark and will leave before
you learn anything about them is

1226
01:08:14,100 --> 01:08:16,200
pulling their coat on. 
Three people. 

1227
01:08:16,200 --> 01:08:19,000
You spend a night alongside and 
will never see again. 

1228
01:08:19,899 --> 01:08:22,700
This is the texture of travel in
1743. 

1229
01:08:23,600 --> 01:08:27,200
The historian Peter Clarke 
writing about the English ale 

1230
01:08:27,200 --> 01:08:29,300
house and its role in 18th 
century. 

1231
01:08:29,300 --> 01:08:32,000
Life described the inner, 
something between a public 

1232
01:08:32,000 --> 01:08:36,800
institution and a private house.
A space that existed outside the

1233
01:08:36,800 --> 01:08:40,700
normal categories of belonging. 
You are not a guest in any 

1234
01:08:40,700 --> 01:08:44,600
meaningful social sense, you are
not accustomed customer in any 

1235
01:08:44,600 --> 01:08:49,700
transactional sense, you are a 
body in transit gas, temporarily

1236
01:08:49,700 --> 01:08:52,800
occupying, a room in a building 
whose entire purpose was to 

1237
01:08:52,800 --> 01:08:55,500
absorb bodies in transit and 
released them. 

1238
01:08:55,500 --> 01:09:00,399
Again, the next morning, 
Refreshed or not rested or not. 

1239
01:09:01,300 --> 01:09:04,300
Changed only in the specific 
ways that a night away from 

1240
01:09:04,308 --> 01:09:06,600
home. 
Changes a person which are 

1241
01:09:06,600 --> 01:09:08,200
subtle and not always easy to 
name. 

1242
01:09:09,100 --> 01:09:12,399
The road bends Around The Oaks, 
on the other side of the bend. 

1243
01:09:12,399 --> 01:09:15,100
The Midlands open up in front of
you Fields. 

1244
01:09:15,100 --> 01:09:18,700
Running back to a low grey 
Horizon a church Tower in the 

1245
01:09:18,700 --> 01:09:21,700
middle distance with its 
Weathervane just visible the 

1246
01:09:21,700 --> 01:09:25,300
whole flat damp October 
landscape doing what it does 

1247
01:09:25,300 --> 01:09:29,600
which is to Simply Be their 
patient and entirely indifferent

1248
01:09:29,600 --> 01:09:32,899
to how long you've been walking 
through it Your boots are wet 

1249
01:09:32,899 --> 01:09:35,600
again. 
The puddle responsible announced

1250
01:09:35,600 --> 01:09:38,100
itself. 
Too late to a puddles always do 

1251
01:09:38,100 --> 01:09:41,300
on this kind of Road. 
And now the left boot has that 

1252
01:09:41,300 --> 01:09:43,300
particular cold seat working 
through it. 

1253
01:09:43,300 --> 01:09:47,000
That will not improve before 
noon, you walk. there is a 

1254
01:09:47,008 --> 01:09:50,000
particular quality to walk in 
the early morning after a night 

1255
01:09:50,008 --> 01:09:53,600
in Your body has the stiffness 
of a straw mattress. 

1256
01:09:53,600 --> 01:09:57,100
The specific complaints of 
having slept on something that 

1257
01:09:57,100 --> 01:09:59,600
did not conform to the shape, 
you preferred. 

1258
01:09:59,600 --> 01:10:02,700
And yet underneath the 
stiffness, there is the simple 

1259
01:10:02,700 --> 01:10:06,300
fact of having been horizontal 
for several hours, which is 

1260
01:10:06,300 --> 01:10:08,100
better than not having been 
horizontal. 

1261
01:10:08,100 --> 01:10:10,800
The second sleep carried you 
somewhere. 

1262
01:10:10,800 --> 01:10:14,500
Not far. 
Maybe not deep but somewhere 

1263
01:10:16,100 --> 01:10:18,600
You're not the same person who 
stood in The Taproom. 

1264
01:10:18,600 --> 01:10:22,200
Doorway last night, unable to 
feel their fingers and looking 

1265
01:10:22,200 --> 01:10:25,000
at the fire with something close
to religious feeling. 

1266
01:10:25,000 --> 01:10:29,600
You are most likely A person who
will reach the next town, and 

1267
01:10:29,600 --> 01:10:31,500
eat something, and feel more, or
less functional. 

1268
01:10:32,200 --> 01:10:35,700
This is what the crown and wagon
gave you not comfort. 

1269
01:10:36,900 --> 01:10:40,200
The word Comfort is doing too 
much work, if you apply it to a 

1270
01:10:40,200 --> 01:10:43,100
straw mattress, shared with 
stranger in a room that smelled 

1271
01:10:43,100 --> 01:10:46,200
of old wool and tall, and the 
breadth of everyone who had 

1272
01:10:46,200 --> 01:10:49,500
slept there before you, Not 
luxury, not privacy. 

1273
01:10:49,500 --> 01:10:53,200
Not the particular ease of a 
bed, you know, in a room, you 

1274
01:10:53,200 --> 01:10:56,800
recognize the specific pleasure 
of knowing where the window is 

1275
01:10:56,800 --> 01:10:58,100
without having to think about 
it. 

1276
01:10:58,100 --> 01:11:01,600
And having the blankets behave, 
the way you expect blankets to 

1277
01:11:01,600 --> 01:11:04,900
behave. 
What the engage you was the 

1278
01:11:04,900 --> 01:11:07,800
minimum necessary distance 
between you and the night 

1279
01:11:07,800 --> 01:11:12,400
outside and on a road like this 
one in a knock to like this one 

1280
01:11:12,400 --> 01:11:15,000
that distance is not a small 
thing. 

1281
01:11:16,600 --> 01:11:20,400
In 1743. 
On a road that connects towns. 

1282
01:11:20,400 --> 01:11:23,900
Most people have never heard of 
on a cold October night with the

1283
01:11:23,900 --> 01:11:27,200
hedro's dark and the puddles 
invisible and the distance to 

1284
01:11:27,200 --> 01:11:30,700
the next Shell. 
Shelter on the minimum necessary

1285
01:11:30,700 --> 01:11:34,100
distance between you and the 
night outside is exactly the 

1286
01:11:34,100 --> 01:11:37,900
difference between a difficult 
journey and an impossible one, 

1287
01:11:37,900 --> 01:11:41,900
the crown on wagon understood 
this because ins of this era 

1288
01:11:41,900 --> 01:11:45,400
were built around this 
understanding Their entire 

1289
01:11:45,400 --> 01:11:49,100
existence was predicated on the 
fact that the road was long and 

1290
01:11:49,100 --> 01:11:52,300
the night was cold, and that 
human bodies had a limited 

1291
01:11:52,300 --> 01:11:56,200
tolerance for both before they 
needed something horizontal, and

1292
01:11:56,200 --> 01:11:58,100
something warm and something to 
eat. 

1293
01:11:58,800 --> 01:12:02,400
This is why they lasted not 
because they were comfortable, 

1294
01:12:02,400 --> 01:12:04,900
not because they were welcoming 
in the way. 

1295
01:12:04,900 --> 01:12:07,500
We now use that word because 
they were there. 

1296
01:12:08,300 --> 01:12:12,100
Because they could be found. 
Because the sign on the bracket 

1297
01:12:12,100 --> 01:12:14,600
turned in the wind and the light
came through the shutter gaps 

1298
01:12:14,600 --> 01:12:17,200
and the smell of wood smoke. 
Reached you at the bend in the 

1299
01:12:17,200 --> 01:12:19,900
road before? 
Anything else did and your body 

1300
01:12:19,900 --> 01:12:22,700
knew what that meant before your
mind had finished processing it.

1301
01:12:23,400 --> 01:12:28,400
6000 to 7000 in England, at the 
start of the 1700s according to 

1302
01:12:28,400 --> 01:12:31,300
John Sharpe. 
Spread along every coaching 

1303
01:12:31,300 --> 01:12:34,600
route space at the intervals, 
that horses and human legs 

1304
01:12:34,600 --> 01:12:37,000
demanded. 
Each one of absorbing the same 

1305
01:12:37,000 --> 01:12:40,800
traffic of tired people, and 
releasing them each morning onto

1306
01:12:40,800 --> 01:12:43,500
the same roads. 
Most of those in gone. 

1307
01:12:43,500 --> 01:12:47,500
Now, the roads they sat along 
are either tarmac or footpath or

1308
01:12:47,500 --> 01:12:50,600
field. 
The signs that turned on their 

1309
01:12:50,600 --> 01:12:52,500
iron. 
Brackets are in museums or 

1310
01:12:52,500 --> 01:12:54,500
rotted to nothing, or simply 
lost. 

1311
01:12:55,500 --> 01:12:58,300
The rooms where people shared 
beds, with strangers are divided

1312
01:12:58,300 --> 01:13:02,100
up into different configurations
or demolished entirely or 

1313
01:13:02,100 --> 01:13:04,500
converted into the kind of 
accommodation, where you do not 

1314
01:13:04,500 --> 01:13:07,900
share a bed with anyone and the 
mattress conforms to your shape.

1315
01:13:07,900 --> 01:13:10,700
And there is hot water from a 
tap whenever you want it. 

1316
01:13:11,500 --> 01:13:14,100
The crown and wagon will stand 
for another 40 years. 

1317
01:13:14,100 --> 01:13:17,400
After this October morning 
before a fire, takes the north 

1318
01:13:17,400 --> 01:13:19,700
wing. 
And the rebuilding changes it 

1319
01:13:19,700 --> 01:13:22,500
into something slightly 
different slightly more, modern 

1320
01:13:22,500 --> 01:13:26,900
slightly less itself. 
By 1850, it will be 

1321
01:13:26,900 --> 01:13:30,900
unrecognizable by 1920. 
It will be a memory in a local 

1322
01:13:30,900 --> 01:13:32,900
history, pamphlet that three 
people have read. 

1323
01:13:33,700 --> 01:13:35,300
But this morning it is still 
standing. 

1324
01:13:35,300 --> 01:13:39,600
The sign is still turning. 
The cooks fire is building in 

1325
01:13:39,608 --> 01:13:42,900
the kitchen and the Osler is 
still moving between the Stalls 

1326
01:13:42,900 --> 01:13:46,400
and somewhere upstairs, the 
large man is finally stirring. 

1327
01:13:47,100 --> 01:13:50,600
Sitting up in the bed, you just 
vacated looking at the gray 

1328
01:13:50,600 --> 01:13:54,100
light coming through the shutter
with the particular expression 

1329
01:13:54,100 --> 01:13:57,900
of a man who drank more than he 
meant to and slept less than he 

1330
01:13:57,900 --> 01:14:00,300
needed. 
And he has a long road ahead of 

1331
01:14:00,300 --> 01:14:02,500
him. 
He is you. 

1332
01:14:03,400 --> 01:14:06,500
He is also the man near the 
window and the figure in the 

1333
01:14:06,500 --> 01:14:10,000
third bed and every other body 
that passed through that room 

1334
01:14:10,000 --> 01:14:12,700
last night and every night 
before it going back to 

1335
01:14:12,700 --> 01:14:16,000
centuries. 
He is the drover and the 

1336
01:14:16,000 --> 01:14:20,600
merchants and the soldier and 
the man going to Market, and the

1337
01:14:20,600 --> 01:14:24,300
man going home. 
He's everyone, whoever paid a 

1338
01:14:24,300 --> 01:14:27,400
shilling for a space in a bed 
and lay down in the dark among 

1339
01:14:27,400 --> 01:14:30,600
strangers and listen to the 
building settle and smelled the 

1340
01:14:30,608 --> 01:14:33,300
old wool and the Tallow. 
And thought about the road 

1341
01:14:33,300 --> 01:14:36,200
tomorrow. 
The road always comes morning, 

1342
01:14:36,200 --> 01:14:39,900
always finds the empty by 
degrees, its guests peeling 

1343
01:14:39,900 --> 01:14:43,100
away, one by one, onto the 
roads, that brought them until 

1344
01:14:43,100 --> 01:14:45,600
the landlord, and his daughter, 
and the cook of the only ones 

1345
01:14:45,600 --> 01:14:50,100
left moving through the tap room
with mops and cloths, resetting 

1346
01:14:50,100 --> 01:14:54,300
the tables banking, the fire for
the evening, beginning, the long

1347
01:14:54,300 --> 01:14:57,800
preparation, for the next 
arrival, and the one after that.

1348
01:14:57,800 --> 01:15:01,600
And the one after that, the 
endless patient Business of 

1349
01:15:01,600 --> 01:15:03,600
Being a place where the road 
stops for the night. 

1350
01:15:04,500 --> 01:15:08,400
Your left knee has gone quiet. 
it does this sometimes on Long 

1351
01:15:08,400 --> 01:15:12,700
roads after the first half mile,
when the body is warmed up 

1352
01:15:12,708 --> 01:15:15,100
enough to stop filing its 
complaints and gotten on with 

1353
01:15:15,108 --> 01:15:17,800
the business of walking, you're 
not going to thank it. 

1354
01:15:17,800 --> 01:15:20,000
It will start again by 
mid-morning. 

1355
01:15:21,200 --> 01:15:25,300
But right now, it is quiet. 
And the road ahead is visible 

1356
01:15:25,300 --> 01:15:29,500
all the way to the next Bend and
the sky is move from pewter to 

1357
01:15:29,500 --> 01:15:33,700
something fractionally lighter, 
a gray with a suggestion of 

1358
01:15:33,700 --> 01:15:36,800
direction to it and the crow in 
the field. 

1359
01:15:36,800 --> 01:15:39,800
Beyond the tree line is found 
something more interesting to do

1360
01:15:39,800 --> 01:15:42,300
than announces its opinions. 
You walk. 

1361
01:15:42,300 --> 01:15:44,900
The Inn is behind you. 
The road is ahead. 

1362
01:15:44,900 --> 01:15:48,000
This is how it always ends and 
how it always begins. 

1363
01:15:49,000 --> 01:15:53,900
Same road, the same cold, the 
same forward motion that travel 

1364
01:15:53,900 --> 01:15:56,700
requires of a person, the 
refusal to stop. 

1365
01:15:56,700 --> 01:15:58,900
And look, back. 
Even when looking back, might 

1366
01:15:58,900 --> 01:16:03,000
tell you something, the puddles 
are cold, the hedgehogs are wet.

1367
01:16:03,700 --> 01:16:05,200
The next town is somewhere 
ahead. 

1368
01:16:06,200 --> 01:16:09,300
At the distance that all next 
towns occupy which is always 

1369
01:16:09,300 --> 01:16:12,000
slightly further than you 
thought and slightly closer than

1370
01:16:12,000 --> 01:16:15,500
you feared. 
You walk and the morning opens 

1371
01:16:15,500 --> 01:16:19,000
around you slow and gray and 
entirely indifferent to the 

1372
01:16:19,008 --> 01:16:21,200
night. 
You just had which was not 

1373
01:16:21,200 --> 01:16:25,000
comfortable and not elegant and 
not private but was real in the 

1374
01:16:25,000 --> 01:16:27,300
way that things are real. 
When you have no choice but to 

1375
01:16:27,300 --> 01:16:32,300
be present for them, the crown 
and wagon a sign on a bracket, a

1376
01:16:32,300 --> 01:16:35,500
door with a difficult latch, a 
shilling a bed. 

1377
01:16:36,300 --> 01:16:40,500
Good night, my potatoes. 
And until next time sleep well, 

1378
01:16:47,700 --> 01:16:49,800
So you think you'd like to live 
ancient Greece? 

1379
01:16:49,800 --> 01:16:53,000
You've seen the white marble 
columns the gleaming statues, 

1380
01:16:53,000 --> 01:16:56,100
the philosophers strolling 
through sunlit Gardens with 

1381
01:16:56,100 --> 01:16:59,400
their robes flowing behind them.
Like, they've got nowhere to be 

1382
01:16:59,400 --> 01:17:03,800
and all the time in the world. 
It looks peaceful, it looks 

1383
01:17:03,800 --> 01:17:07,100
civilized, it looks like the 
kind of place where you'd spend 

1384
01:17:07,100 --> 01:17:10,500
your afternoon sipping wine 
discussing the meaning of life 

1385
01:17:10,500 --> 01:17:15,700
gazing out at a turquoise sea. 
And honestly some of that is 

1386
01:17:15,700 --> 01:17:19,600
true, but the rest of it, the 
parts they leave out of the 

1387
01:17:19,600 --> 01:17:22,300
textbooks and the museum 
exhibits would catch. 

1388
01:17:22,300 --> 01:17:26,300
You completely off guard. 
Because daily life, in ancient 

1389
01:17:26,300 --> 01:17:30,100
Greece was messy, strange, 
occasionally. 

1390
01:17:30,100 --> 01:17:32,500
Brilliant. 
And full of details. 

1391
01:17:32,500 --> 01:17:33,800
That would make your modern 
brain. 

1392
01:17:33,800 --> 01:17:36,200
Do a slow. 
Confused, blink. 

1393
01:17:37,200 --> 01:17:40,200
Tonight we're going to walk 
through what it actually felt 

1394
01:17:40,200 --> 01:17:43,400
like to live there. 
Not the version with the epic 

1395
01:17:43,400 --> 01:17:48,000
battles and the marble jawed 
Heroes, the real version, the 

1396
01:17:48,000 --> 01:17:51,400
one with the questionable 
hygiene the noisy, neighbors the

1397
01:17:51,400 --> 01:17:53,200
bread. 
That could crack a tooth and the

1398
01:17:53,200 --> 01:17:57,000
genuine everyday weirdness of 
being a regular person in one of

1399
01:17:57,000 --> 01:17:59,700
the most celebrated 
civilizations in human history. 

1400
01:18:00,800 --> 01:18:05,200
Settle in get comfortable. 
This is going to be a long slow 

1401
01:18:05,200 --> 01:18:09,200
wander through the streets homes
and habits of a world that 

1402
01:18:09,200 --> 01:18:12,900
shaped almost everything, you 
know, even though you'd barely 

1403
01:18:12,900 --> 01:18:17,100
recognize it. 
If you saw it up close Let's 

1404
01:18:17,100 --> 01:18:20,300
start with the morning because 
that's where everything begins. 

1405
01:18:20,300 --> 01:18:23,100
And in ancient Greece, the 
morning began early. 

1406
01:18:23,700 --> 01:18:26,100
Really early. 
There were no alarm clocks 

1407
01:18:26,100 --> 01:18:28,400
obviously but there was a 
rooster somewhere in your 

1408
01:18:28,400 --> 01:18:32,000
neighborhood and that rooster 
had absolutely no respect for 

1409
01:18:32,000 --> 01:18:35,100
your sleep schedule. 
The moment the sky started 

1410
01:18:35,100 --> 01:18:38,900
shifting from black to that thin
pale gray Before Dawn. 

1411
01:18:38,900 --> 01:18:42,900
The rooster would lose its mind 
and so would every other rooster

1412
01:18:42,900 --> 01:18:46,400
within airshot they'd set each 
other off like a chain of small,

1413
01:18:46,400 --> 01:18:50,100
feather emergencies, you'd wake 
up on something that by modern 

1414
01:18:50,100 --> 01:18:52,200
standards barely qualifies as a 
bed. 

1415
01:18:53,000 --> 01:18:55,700
If you were reasonably 
comfortable, not wealthy, just 

1416
01:18:55,700 --> 01:18:59,200
getting by, you'd have a wooden 
frame with a lattice of rope or 

1417
01:18:59,200 --> 01:19:02,508
leather straps cross it. 
And on top of that, A stuffed 

1418
01:19:02,516 --> 01:19:04,800
mattress. 
Stuffed with what you are. 

1419
01:19:04,800 --> 01:19:08,900
If you were lucky, tried grass 
or leave. 

1420
01:19:08,900 --> 01:19:11,900
If you were not The pillow 
situation was similar. 

1421
01:19:11,900 --> 01:19:15,400
It was a cloth sack filled with 
whatever soft material was 

1422
01:19:15,400 --> 01:19:18,500
available. 
And by Soft were using that word

1423
01:19:18,500 --> 01:19:22,100
generously. 
Your bedroom, if you could call 

1424
01:19:22,100 --> 01:19:26,300
it, that was small and dark. 
Greek houses weren't designed 

1425
01:19:26,300 --> 01:19:28,600
around. 
The idea of large Airy bedrooms 

1426
01:19:28,600 --> 01:19:31,500
with good lighting. 
They were designed around a 

1427
01:19:31,500 --> 01:19:34,500
central Courtyard and everything
else sort of clustered around 

1428
01:19:34,500 --> 01:19:36,100
it. 
Like baby ducks following their 

1429
01:19:36,100 --> 01:19:40,700
mother, The rooms along the 
edges were often windowless or 

1430
01:19:40,700 --> 01:19:42,800
had only tiny openings near the 
ceiling. 

1431
01:19:42,800 --> 01:19:45,700
Privacy was a luxury and most 
families. 

1432
01:19:45,700 --> 01:19:49,000
Slept in close quarters. 
You'd hear your family members 

1433
01:19:49,000 --> 01:19:52,000
breathing turning over and 
occasionally mumbling in their 

1434
01:19:52,000 --> 01:19:55,200
sleep and that was just the 
background noise of your life. 

1435
01:19:55,900 --> 01:19:58,900
The first thing you do after 
dragging yourself, upright was 

1436
01:19:58,900 --> 01:20:02,600
wash your face. 
Water came from a baseman filled

1437
01:20:02,600 --> 01:20:05,700
the night before, and it was 
cold, there was no Plumbing in 

1438
01:20:05,700 --> 01:20:08,900
the way you'd understand it. 
Wealthy home's might have a 

1439
01:20:08,908 --> 01:20:11,600
simple water channel that fed 
from a nearby spring or 

1440
01:20:11,600 --> 01:20:14,700
Aqueduct, but most people relied
on public fountains. 

1441
01:20:14,700 --> 01:20:19,300
So your morning wash was brisk. 
Functional Not the kind of 

1442
01:20:19,308 --> 01:20:21,500
thing. 
You'd linger over getting water.

1443
01:20:21,500 --> 01:20:24,100
In fact, was one of those chores
that structured, the entire 

1444
01:20:24,100 --> 01:20:27,100
Rhythm of the household. 
Some had to go to the public 

1445
01:20:27,100 --> 01:20:29,700
Fountain every day. 
Sometimes, more than once 

1446
01:20:29,700 --> 01:20:34,300
carrying large clay vessels 
called hydria, I that were heavy

1447
01:20:34,300 --> 01:20:36,700
even when empty and 
significantly heavier. 

1448
01:20:36,700 --> 01:20:40,300
When full this task, usually 
fell to the women and slaved 

1449
01:20:40,300 --> 01:20:43,400
members of the household and it 
was physically demanding work. 

1450
01:20:44,400 --> 01:20:47,600
The Fountains were also social 
hubs places where people 

1451
01:20:47,600 --> 01:20:51,000
gathered Exchange News and kept 
an eye on one another's 

1452
01:20:51,000 --> 01:20:53,900
business. 
So fetching water was never just

1453
01:20:53,900 --> 01:20:56,200
fetching water. 
It was also catching up on 

1454
01:20:56,200 --> 01:20:57,900
everything that had happened 
since yesterday. 

1455
01:20:58,900 --> 01:21:02,900
Now breakfast. 
This is where ancient Greece 

1456
01:21:02,900 --> 01:21:05,300
starts to diverge, sharply from 
what you're used to. 

1457
01:21:06,100 --> 01:21:09,100
Breakfast, wasn't really a meal.
It was more of an afterthought. 

1458
01:21:10,200 --> 01:21:13,500
You'd have a piece of bread and 
we need to talk about that bread

1459
01:21:13,500 --> 01:21:16,700
because it was nothing like the 
soft pillowy loaves, you know. 

1460
01:21:17,800 --> 01:21:21,700
Greek bread was dense. 
Heavy often made from barley 

1461
01:21:21,700 --> 01:21:24,300
rather than wheat because wheat 
was more expensive. 

1462
01:21:25,400 --> 01:21:28,100
But Ali bread had the texture of
something that had already given

1463
01:21:28,100 --> 01:21:32,600
up on being food. 
It was course flat and about as 

1464
01:21:32,600 --> 01:21:36,500
exciting as chewing a sandal but
it kept you going and that was 

1465
01:21:36,500 --> 01:21:38,400
the point. 
You might dip that bread and 

1466
01:21:38,400 --> 01:21:40,800
some wine. 
Not the kind of wine, you're 

1467
01:21:40,800 --> 01:21:45,300
imagining nobody was pouring a 
nice Merlot at sunrise, this was

1468
01:21:45,300 --> 01:21:46,400
a rough. 
Young wine. 

1469
01:21:46,400 --> 01:21:48,400
Often diluted heavily with 
water. 

1470
01:21:49,300 --> 01:21:52,700
Drinking undiluted wine was 
considered barbaric, which is 

1471
01:21:52,708 --> 01:21:55,600
one of those fascinating. 
Little cultural details that 

1472
01:21:55,600 --> 01:21:57,900
tells you a lot about how the 
Greek saw themselves. 

1473
01:21:58,800 --> 01:22:02,100
They believe that mixing wine 
with water was what? 

1474
01:22:02,100 --> 01:22:04,300
Separated civilized people from 
everyone else. 

1475
01:22:05,200 --> 01:22:09,200
So you'd have your bread, your 
watered-down wine, maybe a few 

1476
01:22:09,200 --> 01:22:12,200
olives or a handful of figs and 
that was breakfast. 

1477
01:22:12,200 --> 01:22:16,700
The whole Affair took about five
minutes, the Greeks didn't 

1478
01:22:16,700 --> 01:22:19,600
believe in lingering over the 
morning meal, there was too much

1479
01:22:19,608 --> 01:22:24,000
to do Speaking of things to do, 
let's talk about what your 

1480
01:22:24,000 --> 01:22:27,700
actual day looked like, and this
depended enormously on who you 

1481
01:22:27,700 --> 01:22:31,300
were because ancient Greece, for
all its talk, about democracy 

1482
01:22:31,300 --> 01:22:34,300
and philosophy, and the pursuit 
of the good life was not what 

1483
01:22:34,300 --> 01:22:36,500
you'd call an equal opportunity 
Society. 

1484
01:22:37,600 --> 01:22:40,900
If you were a free male Citizen 
and that's a very specific 

1485
01:22:40,900 --> 01:22:45,100
category, your day had a certain
shape to it, you might head to 

1486
01:22:45,100 --> 01:22:48,100
the Agora which was the central 
Marketplace and public, 

1487
01:22:48,100 --> 01:22:50,900
Gatherings space think of it as 
the Town Square. 

1488
01:22:50,900 --> 01:22:53,700
The shopping mall, the court 
house, and the coffee shop. 

1489
01:22:53,700 --> 01:22:56,500
All rolled in to one. 
Dusty noisy. 

1490
01:22:56,500 --> 01:22:59,800
Open airspace. 
The Agora was where business 

1491
01:22:59,800 --> 01:23:04,200
happened, where gossip traveled,
where deals were struck and 

1492
01:23:04,200 --> 01:23:06,700
where you could bump into a 
philosopher who would corner you

1493
01:23:06,708 --> 01:23:10,300
with a question about whether 
Justice is real or just a word 

1494
01:23:10,300 --> 01:23:11,500
people use when they want 
something. 

1495
01:23:12,700 --> 01:23:15,300
The Agora smelled like 100 
things at once. 

1496
01:23:15,300 --> 01:23:19,800
Fresh fish, from the mornings 
catch laid out on stone, slabs 

1497
01:23:19,800 --> 01:23:23,200
with flies already circling 
leather, from the Tanner stall, 

1498
01:23:23,200 --> 01:23:27,700
which had a sharp chemical bite 
to it garlic and onions from the

1499
01:23:27,700 --> 01:23:31,700
vegetable sellers, olive oil 
always olive oil because olive 

1500
01:23:31,700 --> 01:23:33,100
oil was to ancient Greece. 
What? 

1501
01:23:33,100 --> 01:23:36,400
Electricity is to the modern 
world It was everywhere in 

1502
01:23:36,400 --> 01:23:40,500
everything and life without it 
was nearly Unthinkable, you 

1503
01:23:40,500 --> 01:23:43,500
cooked with it, cleaned with it,
rubbed it on your skin. 

1504
01:23:43,500 --> 01:23:47,600
Used it in your lamps, offered 
it to the gods and traded it for

1505
01:23:47,600 --> 01:23:51,500
just about anything you needed. 
If ancient Greece had a smell, 

1506
01:23:51,500 --> 01:23:53,700
it would be olive oil would 
smoke. 

1507
01:23:53,700 --> 01:23:57,800
And the faintly sour Tang of 
bodies that hadn't seen a proper

1508
01:23:57,808 --> 01:24:00,900
bath in a while you do your 
shopping, catch up with people, 

1509
01:24:00,900 --> 01:24:04,800
you need and here the latest 
news which travelled slowly and 

1510
01:24:04,800 --> 01:24:06,700
got more distorted with every 
retelling. 

1511
01:24:06,700 --> 01:24:09,900
Like a game of telephone played 
across an entire city. 

1512
01:24:11,000 --> 01:24:13,900
Someone might mention that a 
fleet of ships, had been spotted

1513
01:24:13,900 --> 01:24:16,800
near the coast and by the time 
that information reached the 

1514
01:24:16,800 --> 01:24:20,300
other side of the Agora, the 
Fleetwood in size and was 

1515
01:24:20,300 --> 01:24:23,800
carrying an army of Giant's 
information, in the ancient 

1516
01:24:23,800 --> 01:24:26,300
world was unreliable at best and
people knew it. 

1517
01:24:27,000 --> 01:24:29,500
But they repeated things anyway 
because that's what people do. 

1518
01:24:29,500 --> 01:24:34,600
If you had a trade Potter, 
blacksmith cobbler Merchant, 

1519
01:24:34,600 --> 01:24:38,900
you'd spend your working hours 
at it Greek, Craftsman was 

1520
01:24:38,900 --> 01:24:42,000
skilled, and many of them took 
genuine pride in their work. 

1521
01:24:42,500 --> 01:24:45,600
A good Potter might spend years 
mastering the techniques needed 

1522
01:24:45,600 --> 01:24:48,400
to produce the elegant 
thin-walled vessels that. 

1523
01:24:48,400 --> 01:24:52,300
We now see behind glass and 
museums What you don't see 

1524
01:24:52,300 --> 01:24:55,900
behind that glass is The 
Potter's Workshop, a cramped, 

1525
01:24:55,900 --> 01:25:00,600
Hot Space near the kiln. 
Clay dust coating every surface.

1526
01:25:01,900 --> 01:25:05,500
Otters hands cracked and stained
from years of contact with wet 

1527
01:25:05,500 --> 01:25:08,900
Earth and Fire. 
Beautiful things came from 

1528
01:25:08,900 --> 01:25:12,900
unglamorous places. 
Other trades were equally 

1529
01:25:12,900 --> 01:25:15,700
demanding. 
The blacksmith worked near an 

1530
01:25:15,708 --> 01:25:20,000
open Forge shaping bronze and 
iron in heat that made the 

1531
01:25:20,000 --> 01:25:23,800
surrounding Ash Shimmer Tanners 
soaked animal hides in Vats of 

1532
01:25:23,808 --> 01:25:26,700
urine and plant Drive chemicals 
a process. 

1533
01:25:26,700 --> 01:25:29,700
That smelled exactly as bad as 
your imagining and possibly 

1534
01:25:29,700 --> 01:25:33,700
worse, their workshops were 
typically located on the 

1535
01:25:33,708 --> 01:25:37,600
outskirts of the city downwind 
from everything else because 

1536
01:25:37,600 --> 01:25:42,400
nobody wanted to live next to a 
Tannery Weavers mostly women 

1537
01:25:42,400 --> 01:25:45,800
working at home. 
Spent hours at upright, looms 

1538
01:25:45,800 --> 01:25:48,700
producing the cloth that dressed
the entire household. 

1539
01:25:49,900 --> 01:25:53,900
Single garment represented days 
of Labor from spinning, the raw 

1540
01:25:53,900 --> 01:25:57,100
wool or flax into thread to the 
final weaving. 

1541
01:25:57,900 --> 01:26:00,500
When you put on a heightened, 
you were wearing someone's 

1542
01:26:00,500 --> 01:26:04,100
patient repetitive physically 
tiring work. 

1543
01:26:05,000 --> 01:26:07,908
Now, here's where we need to 
address something that a lot of 

1544
01:26:07,916 --> 01:26:11,800
people gloss over. if you were a
woman in ancient Greece, 

1545
01:26:11,800 --> 01:26:15,400
particularly in Athens, which 
was supposedly the Cradle of 

1546
01:26:15,408 --> 01:26:20,100
democracy, your daily life was 
dramatically different and not 

1547
01:26:20,100 --> 01:26:22,100
in ways that would make you feel
good about it. 

1548
01:26:23,100 --> 01:26:26,300
The Indian women at least those 
from respectable families were 

1549
01:26:26,300 --> 01:26:30,100
expected to stay home. 
Not in the Casual comfortable 

1550
01:26:30,100 --> 01:26:33,900
way that implies a choice. 
In the structured and forced way

1551
01:26:33,900 --> 01:26:36,600
that meant your world was 
largely bounded by the walls of 

1552
01:26:36,600 --> 01:26:39,400
your house. 
You manage the household which 

1553
01:26:39,400 --> 01:26:42,700
was a significant job, 
overseeing food, preparation, 

1554
01:26:42,700 --> 01:26:46,700
textile production, the care of 
children and the management of 

1555
01:26:46,700 --> 01:26:48,900
any enslaved. 
Workers the household owned. 

1556
01:26:49,600 --> 01:26:52,300
You were in Practical terms. 
The engine that kept the 

1557
01:26:52,300 --> 01:26:55,900
domestic World running. 
But your contributions were 

1558
01:26:55,900 --> 01:26:58,200
largely invisible to the public 
World outside. 

1559
01:26:58,200 --> 01:27:02,800
You rarely went to the Agora 
yourself shopping for food, was 

1560
01:27:02,800 --> 01:27:05,800
usually done by enslaved members
of the household or buy your 

1561
01:27:05,800 --> 01:27:08,300
husband. 
If you did leave the house it 

1562
01:27:08,300 --> 01:27:11,300
was typically for religious 
festivals or to visit other 

1563
01:27:11,300 --> 01:27:14,000
women. 
And even then you were expected 

1564
01:27:14,000 --> 01:27:16,700
to be accompanied. 
The idea of a respectable 

1565
01:27:16,700 --> 01:27:19,100
Athenian woman walking alone 
through the city streets. 

1566
01:27:19,100 --> 01:27:21,300
Would have raised eyebrows and 
set tongues wagging. 

1567
01:27:22,300 --> 01:27:26,400
Marriage was arranged usually by
the girls' father, and typically

1568
01:27:26,400 --> 01:27:28,400
happened when she was around 14 
or 15. 

1569
01:27:29,500 --> 01:27:33,100
Her husband was often. 
Significantly older a man in his

1570
01:27:33,100 --> 01:27:35,200
thirties. 
Was a common match for a teenage

1571
01:27:35,200 --> 01:27:39,100
bride. 
The marriage was in legal terms,

1572
01:27:39,100 --> 01:27:42,400
a transaction between the 
bride's father and the groom. 

1573
01:27:43,200 --> 01:27:47,000
The bride consent while perhaps 
desired was not required. 

1574
01:27:47,800 --> 01:27:50,800
She brought a dowry with her 
which remained technically her 

1575
01:27:50,800 --> 01:27:52,800
property, but was managed by her
husband. 

1576
01:27:52,800 --> 01:27:56,900
If the marriage dissolved, the 
Dowry went back to her family. 

1577
01:27:58,000 --> 01:28:00,700
Child birth was one of the most 
dangerous events in a woman's 

1578
01:28:00,700 --> 01:28:03,000
life. 
Without modern medicine 

1579
01:28:03,000 --> 01:28:05,200
complications, that are now 
routine. 

1580
01:28:05,200 --> 01:28:08,900
Emergencies were often fatal. 
Women gave birth at home 

1581
01:28:08,900 --> 01:28:13,300
attended by midwives and female 
relatives with limited recourse 

1582
01:28:13,300 --> 01:28:16,900
of something went wrong. 
Infant mortality was high and 

1583
01:28:16,900 --> 01:28:19,300
the grief of losing a child was 
a familiar. 

1584
01:28:19,300 --> 01:28:21,900
Recurring presence in many 
women's lives. 

1585
01:28:22,800 --> 01:28:26,100
The emotional weight of this, 
the constant awareness, that 

1586
01:28:26,100 --> 01:28:29,800
pregnancy could take your life 
or your babies is something that

1587
01:28:29,800 --> 01:28:33,100
rarely makes it into the 
Glamorous version of Greek 

1588
01:28:33,100 --> 01:28:36,000
history. 
But it was as much a part of 

1589
01:28:36,000 --> 01:28:38,900
daily reality as the sunshine 
and the olive Groves. 

1590
01:28:40,200 --> 01:28:42,600
This wasn't Universal across all
of Greece, though. 

1591
01:28:42,600 --> 01:28:45,800
In Sparta things were remarkably
different. 

1592
01:28:46,800 --> 01:28:50,000
It's Barton, women had more 
freedom, or physical training 

1593
01:28:50,000 --> 01:28:52,900
and more public presence than 
their Athenian counterparts. 

1594
01:28:52,900 --> 01:28:57,400
The exorcised outdoors owned 
property and were generally 

1595
01:28:57,408 --> 01:29:02,200
expected to be strong outspoken 
and capable of managing a state 

1596
01:29:02,200 --> 01:29:06,800
while the men were away which 
gives military Obsession was 

1597
01:29:06,800 --> 01:29:10,100
most of the time. 
Spartan women could inherit 

1598
01:29:10,100 --> 01:29:12,600
land. 
And by some estimates, they 

1599
01:29:12,600 --> 01:29:15,400
eventually controlled 
significant portion of spot as 

1600
01:29:15,400 --> 01:29:18,000
well. 
The contrast between Athens and 

1601
01:29:18,000 --> 01:29:19,600
Sparta on. 
This point is one of those 

1602
01:29:19,600 --> 01:29:23,100
reminders that ancient Greece 
wasn't a single monolithic 

1603
01:29:23,100 --> 01:29:27,400
culture, it was a patchwork of 
city-states each with its own 

1604
01:29:27,400 --> 01:29:30,400
Customs laws and ideas about how
life should be lived. 

1605
01:29:31,700 --> 01:29:34,400
Let's talk about the house 
itself because the Greek home 

1606
01:29:34,400 --> 01:29:36,700
was a fascinating strange, 
little world. 

1607
01:29:36,700 --> 01:29:40,100
If you are somewhere in the 
middle class and using that term

1608
01:29:40,100 --> 01:29:43,300
loosely because the economic 
structures were quite different 

1609
01:29:43,300 --> 01:29:47,200
from what we'd recognize your 
house was built from mud brick 

1610
01:29:47,200 --> 01:29:51,400
and Timber with a tile or 
thatched roof. from the outside,

1611
01:29:51,400 --> 01:29:55,300
it wasn't much to look at, Greek
homes didn't advertise their 

1612
01:29:55,300 --> 01:29:59,500
Interiors. 
Stereo walls were plain often 

1613
01:29:59,500 --> 01:30:03,400
windowless at street level and 
the front door opened in to an 

1614
01:30:03,400 --> 01:30:05,000
arrow hallway that led to the 
courtyard. 

1615
01:30:06,000 --> 01:30:08,000
The courtyard was the heart of 
the home. 

1616
01:30:08,800 --> 01:30:12,600
Open to the sky, it let in light
and air and it served as the 

1617
01:30:12,600 --> 01:30:15,800
main Gathering space, you might 
have a small altar there for 

1618
01:30:15,800 --> 01:30:19,400
household religious observances.
The Greeks were remarkably 

1619
01:30:19,400 --> 01:30:23,200
devout in their domestic lives, 
making regular offerings to 

1620
01:30:23,200 --> 01:30:27,300
household gods and spirits. 
A little splash of wine poured 

1621
01:30:27,300 --> 01:30:30,400
on the altar. 
A pinch of incense, a murdered 

1622
01:30:30,400 --> 01:30:33,600
prayer. 
These were not Grand ceremonial 

1623
01:30:33,600 --> 01:30:36,300
occasions. 
They were woven into the fabric 

1624
01:30:36,300 --> 01:30:40,400
of daily routine as habitual and
unremarkable as brushing your 

1625
01:30:40,400 --> 01:30:44,000
teeth is to you, the floors were
usually packed Earth. 

1626
01:30:44,600 --> 01:30:48,200
The wealthier homes might have 
stone or even simple mosaics. 

1627
01:30:49,000 --> 01:30:51,100
Furniture was minimal by your 
standards. 

1628
01:30:51,100 --> 01:30:55,100
A few wooden, chairs, or stools,
a table storage chests. 

1629
01:30:55,100 --> 01:30:58,900
And the beds we've already 
discussed There were no, closets

1630
01:30:58,900 --> 01:31:03,600
your clothes and you didn't own 
many were kept in chests or hung

1631
01:31:03,600 --> 01:31:05,400
on pegs. 
The kitchen. 

1632
01:31:05,400 --> 01:31:08,200
If you could call it, that was 
often just a corner of the 

1633
01:31:08,200 --> 01:31:11,800
courtyard with a portable clay, 
Brazier for cooking chimneys 

1634
01:31:11,800 --> 01:31:15,000
didn't exist in most homes. 
So smoke just drifted up and out

1635
01:31:15,000 --> 01:31:18,600
through the open courtyard, or 
Seeped through gaps in the roof.

1636
01:31:19,400 --> 01:31:22,400
On still days, the interior 
could get hazy in your eyes with

1637
01:31:22,400 --> 01:31:24,900
sting. 
One thing that might surprise 

1638
01:31:24,900 --> 01:31:27,500
you is how dark the interior 
rooms were. 

1639
01:31:28,400 --> 01:31:31,500
Without glass windows. 
They used wooden shutters or oil

1640
01:31:31,500 --> 01:31:35,300
cloth covering at best the rooms
off the courtyard were dim. 

1641
01:31:35,300 --> 01:31:38,900
Even during the day at night, 
the only light came from oil 

1642
01:31:38,900 --> 01:31:42,800
lamps which was small ceramic 
dishes with a wick floating in 

1643
01:31:42,800 --> 01:31:45,700
all of oil. 
They gave off a soft warm glow 

1644
01:31:45,700 --> 01:31:48,900
but not much of it. 
The corners of rooms stayed in 

1645
01:31:48,900 --> 01:31:51,500
Shadow. 
Reading by Lamplight was 

1646
01:31:51,500 --> 01:31:55,100
possible, but not comfortable 
and it's worth noting that most 

1647
01:31:55,100 --> 01:31:59,000
people didn't read anywhere. 
Literacy wasn't as widespread as

1648
01:31:59,000 --> 01:32:01,700
we sometimes. 
Imagine a working-class Greek 

1649
01:32:01,700 --> 01:32:05,600
might recognize some letters and
manage basic inscriptions, but 

1650
01:32:05,600 --> 01:32:08,700
sitting down with the scroll of 
homo was a pleasure reserved for

1651
01:32:08,708 --> 01:32:12,400
the educated few. 
The bathroom situation deserves 

1652
01:32:12,400 --> 01:32:14,800
its own moment. 
You should probably brace 

1653
01:32:14,800 --> 01:32:17,500
yourself. 
Indoor plumbing in any 

1654
01:32:17,500 --> 01:32:19,700
meaningful sense didn't exist 
for ordinary people? 

1655
01:32:19,700 --> 01:32:24,000
If your home had a latrine, it 
was usually a simple pit in a 

1656
01:32:24,000 --> 01:32:26,400
corner of the property. 
Sometimes screened by a low 

1657
01:32:26,408 --> 01:32:30,800
wall. there was no flushing 
mechanism waste was dealt with 

1658
01:32:30,800 --> 01:32:35,900
manually, often carried out and 
dumped Public latrines existed 

1659
01:32:35,900 --> 01:32:37,900
in some cities and were communal
Affairs. 

1660
01:32:37,900 --> 01:32:42,500
Long Stone benches with holes, 
cut into them lined up side by 

1661
01:32:42,500 --> 01:32:46,300
side with no partitions. 
You'd sit there doing your 

1662
01:32:46,300 --> 01:32:49,600
business right next to your 
neighbor who might be doing the 

1663
01:32:49,600 --> 01:32:52,200
same while carrying on a 
perfectly casual conversation 

1664
01:32:52,200 --> 01:32:56,500
about the olive Harvest privacy 
as a concept attached to bodily 

1665
01:32:56,500 --> 01:32:59,100
functions, simply wasn't part of
the cultural vocabulary. 

1666
01:32:59,100 --> 01:33:03,900
And speaking of hygiene more, 
broadly bathing was valued but 

1667
01:33:03,900 --> 01:33:06,500
the infrastructure for it was 
limited for most of Greek 

1668
01:33:06,500 --> 01:33:09,700
history. 
Public bath houses became more 

1669
01:33:09,700 --> 01:33:13,500
common over time, but for much 
of the Classical period, a bath 

1670
01:33:13,500 --> 01:33:17,200
meant heating water over a fire 
and pouring it into a tub or 

1671
01:33:17,200 --> 01:33:20,200
simply washing at A Basin. 
The wealthy might have a 

1672
01:33:20,208 --> 01:33:23,200
dedicated bathing room. 
Everyone else may do. 

1673
01:33:23,900 --> 01:33:26,100
Soap, as you know, it didn't 
exist. 

1674
01:33:27,100 --> 01:33:30,100
The Greeks cleaned themselves 
with olive oil, and the struggle

1675
01:33:30,100 --> 01:33:33,300
that curved scraping tool will 
talk about more later. 

1676
01:33:34,100 --> 01:33:36,500
Which was effective but not 
exactly luxurious. 

1677
01:33:36,500 --> 01:33:39,700
The result was that people 
smelled like people. 

1678
01:33:39,700 --> 01:33:43,600
And the ambient scent of any 
crowded space was earthier and 

1679
01:33:43,600 --> 01:33:46,100
more human than anything. 
You'd encounter in a modern 

1680
01:33:46,100 --> 01:33:49,600
city, unless you wondered in to 
a packed subway car in August, 

1681
01:33:51,000 --> 01:33:53,400
Now, let's step outside your 
home and into the streets 

1682
01:33:53,400 --> 01:33:56,500
because the Greek city was its 
own sensory experience. 

1683
01:33:56,500 --> 01:33:59,800
The streets were narrow and 
unpaved in most neighborhoods 

1684
01:33:59,800 --> 01:34:04,200
after a rain, they turned to mud
in the dry months, they were 

1685
01:34:04,200 --> 01:34:08,400
Dusty and baked hard by the Sun.
There were no streetlights, no 

1686
01:34:08,400 --> 01:34:12,600
sidewalks and no traffic laws, 
donkeys, carts. 

1687
01:34:12,600 --> 01:34:16,000
Pedestrians and the occasional 
herd of goats all shared the 

1688
01:34:16,000 --> 01:34:19,500
same cramped lanes, and the 
negotiation of right-of-way, was

1689
01:34:19,500 --> 01:34:21,900
an informal sometimes loud 
affair. 

1690
01:34:22,900 --> 01:34:24,200
Smell of the streets is 
something. 

1691
01:34:24,200 --> 01:34:25,900
The history books tend to skip 
over. 

1692
01:34:26,700 --> 01:34:30,400
Animal dung was everywhere. 
Household wastes sometimes ended

1693
01:34:30,400 --> 01:34:33,500
up in the street too. 
Despite regulations that tried 

1694
01:34:33,500 --> 01:34:37,800
to prevent it tanneries, die 
works and fish, curing 

1695
01:34:37,800 --> 01:34:40,700
operations added their own 
pungent contributions to the 

1696
01:34:40,700 --> 01:34:43,800
air. 
On a hot afternoon walking 

1697
01:34:43,800 --> 01:34:47,200
through certain neighborhoods, 
required a strong stomach and a 

1698
01:34:47,200 --> 01:34:49,600
short memory. 
But the streets were all so 

1699
01:34:49,600 --> 01:34:52,100
alive and a way that's hard to 
capture in writing. 

1700
01:34:52,800 --> 01:34:56,100
People called out to each other.
From doorways vendors shouted 

1701
01:34:56,100 --> 01:34:59,200
about their Wares children. 
Darted between legs playing 

1702
01:34:59,200 --> 01:35:04,000
games with stones or Hoops. 
Music, drifted from somewhere, a

1703
01:35:04,000 --> 01:35:06,800
liar, being plucked. 
Someone practicing a melody. 

1704
01:35:07,600 --> 01:35:09,600
Dogg's. 
There were always dogs. 

1705
01:35:09,600 --> 01:35:13,100
Trotted along, looking 
opportunistic and slightly under

1706
01:35:13,100 --> 01:35:16,200
fed. 
The Greek city was loud chaotic 

1707
01:35:16,200 --> 01:35:19,400
and deeply human. 
If you needed to get somewhere 

1708
01:35:19,400 --> 01:35:21,800
in a hurry, you walked. 
There was no public 

1709
01:35:21,800 --> 01:35:25,000
transportation wealthy. 
People might ride a horse or use

1710
01:35:25,000 --> 01:35:29,200
a donkey, but most movement was 
on foot and the distance is 

1711
01:35:29,200 --> 01:35:30,800
within a Greek city were 
manageable. 

1712
01:35:31,600 --> 01:35:37,500
Athens at its peak was a city of
perhaps 250,000 people. 

1713
01:35:38,500 --> 01:35:41,700
Large by ancient standards, but 
compact Buy hours. 

1714
01:35:41,700 --> 01:35:45,300
You could walk from one end to 
the other in under an hour and 

1715
01:35:45,300 --> 01:35:48,000
most people's daily lives played
out within a much smaller 

1716
01:35:48,000 --> 01:35:51,200
radius. 
The city also had its quieter 

1717
01:35:51,200 --> 01:35:55,700
Corners Gardens and sacred 
Groves provided patches of green

1718
01:35:55,700 --> 01:35:59,400
within the urban landscape. 
The area around a temple might 

1719
01:35:59,400 --> 01:36:02,200
be planted with trees and 
maintained as a kind of Park. 

1720
01:36:03,000 --> 01:36:07,200
The academy where Plato taught 
was set in a Grove of Olive and 

1721
01:36:07,200 --> 01:36:10,200
plain trees. 
Outside the city walls, a shady 

1722
01:36:10,200 --> 01:36:13,300
Pleasant spot where the 
conversation could unfold at its

1723
01:36:13,300 --> 01:36:16,200
own pace away from the noise of 
the Agora. 

1724
01:36:17,600 --> 01:36:20,700
There was something about the 
combination of shade moving air 

1725
01:36:20,700 --> 01:36:24,200
in the center of warmer, that 
seemed to loosen people's 

1726
01:36:24,200 --> 01:36:27,200
tongues and sharp and their 
minds, or at least the Greeks 

1727
01:36:27,200 --> 01:36:29,800
thought. 
So, Let's Circle back to food 

1728
01:36:29,800 --> 01:36:32,900
because meals are one of those 
things were you really feel the 

1729
01:36:32,900 --> 01:36:35,900
distance between then. 
And now the Greek diet was 

1730
01:36:35,900 --> 01:36:39,400
simple by simple. 
I mean that most people ate the 

1731
01:36:39,400 --> 01:36:42,500
same handful of things day after
day with relatively little 

1732
01:36:42,500 --> 01:36:45,400
variation. 
Bread was the foundation. 

1733
01:36:46,300 --> 01:36:49,700
Barley bread for ordinary folks.
Wheat bread for those who could 

1734
01:36:49,700 --> 01:36:52,600
afford it. 
On top of that, you'd have what 

1735
01:36:52,600 --> 01:36:56,100
the Greeks called, opsin, the 
stuff you ate with your bread. 

1736
01:36:56,700 --> 01:37:00,600
This was usually something like 
cheese, olives, onions, garlic, 

1737
01:37:00,600 --> 01:37:05,200
or beans, if you live near the 
coast, you might get fish, which

1738
01:37:05,200 --> 01:37:08,800
was a treat. 
Meat was rare in the daily diet,

1739
01:37:08,800 --> 01:37:13,100
it was expensive and most of the
meat that Ordinary People ate 

1740
01:37:13,100 --> 01:37:16,200
came from religious. 
Sacrifices animals were killed, 

1741
01:37:16,200 --> 01:37:20,100
at temples, the choice parts 
were offered to the gods burned 

1742
01:37:20,100 --> 01:37:22,400
on the altar with the smoke 
rising up to heaven. 

1743
01:37:22,400 --> 01:37:25,200
And the rest was distributed to 
the community. 

1744
01:37:26,900 --> 01:37:30,300
So eating meat was often, a 
communal semi-religious 

1745
01:37:30,300 --> 01:37:33,300
experience rather than a Tuesday
night dinner. 

1746
01:37:33,300 --> 01:37:39,100
Lentil soup was a staple thick 
hearty flavored with herbs and 

1747
01:37:39,100 --> 01:37:41,300
olive oil. 
It was the kind of food that 

1748
01:37:41,300 --> 01:37:43,600
stuck to your ribs and didn't 
ask much of your wallet. 

1749
01:37:44,500 --> 01:37:49,500
The Greeks ate a lot of figs, 
both fresh and dried Grapes of 

1750
01:37:49,500 --> 01:37:52,700
the apples. 
Pears and pomegranates when they

1751
01:37:52,700 --> 01:37:56,800
were in season, Honey was the 
primary sweetener sugar wouldn't

1752
01:37:56,800 --> 01:38:00,200
arrive in the Mediterranean for 
centuries and the Greeks used in

1753
01:38:00,200 --> 01:38:02,200
everything from cakes to 
Medicine. 

1754
01:38:03,100 --> 01:38:06,000
Cheese was important, too. 
Particularly go to and sheep 

1755
01:38:06,000 --> 01:38:09,900
cheese, which was sharper and 
Tangier than the mild cow's milk

1756
01:38:09,908 --> 01:38:12,700
cheeses. 
Most people eat today cheese 

1757
01:38:12,700 --> 01:38:16,300
could be stored transported and 
eaten without much preparation. 

1758
01:38:16,300 --> 01:38:21,500
Making it an ideal food for 
travelers soldiers and anyone 

1759
01:38:21,500 --> 01:38:25,500
who didn't have time to cook. 
Chunk of cheese, A Fistful of 

1760
01:38:25,508 --> 01:38:27,200
olives, and a piece of barley 
bread. 

1761
01:38:27,900 --> 01:38:29,800
That was a meal. 
You could eat with one hand 

1762
01:38:29,800 --> 01:38:33,700
while walking to the next town. 
One thing that might strike you 

1763
01:38:33,700 --> 01:38:35,500
about the Greek diet is what was
missing? 

1764
01:38:35,500 --> 01:38:38,900
No tomatoes. 
Those came from the Americas 

1765
01:38:38,900 --> 01:38:41,700
thousands of years later. 
No potatoes. 

1766
01:38:41,700 --> 01:38:45,700
No corn, no Peppers. 
No citrus fruits, which wouldn't

1767
01:38:45,700 --> 01:38:48,200
become common in the 
Mediterranean and until the 

1768
01:38:48,200 --> 01:38:50,800
Arabic expansion centuries after
the Classical period. 

1769
01:38:50,800 --> 01:38:54,800
No rice, no. 
Pastor in its modern form, no 

1770
01:38:54,800 --> 01:38:59,900
chocolate, no coffee, no tea. 
The flavor palette was narrower 

1771
01:38:59,900 --> 01:39:03,700
than what you're used to built 
from olive oil vinegar, honey, 

1772
01:39:03,700 --> 01:39:07,300
garlic herbs, like oregano and 
Thyme. 

1773
01:39:07,300 --> 01:39:10,600
And a fermented fish sauce 
called Garros. 

1774
01:39:10,600 --> 01:39:13,700
That was pungent, salty and 
apparently addictive. 

1775
01:39:13,700 --> 01:39:16,900
Once you required the taste, 
Think of it as the Greek 

1776
01:39:16,900 --> 01:39:21,700
equivalent of ketchup, it showed
up on everything and people had 

1777
01:39:21,700 --> 01:39:24,100
strong opinions about which 
version was best. 

1778
01:39:25,800 --> 01:39:29,600
Dinner was the main meal eating 
in the evening after the day's 

1779
01:39:29,600 --> 01:39:32,600
work was done. 
For men, this could mean a 

1780
01:39:32,600 --> 01:39:36,700
symposium a drinking party that 
was part social Gathering part 

1781
01:39:36,700 --> 01:39:39,900
intellectual salon and part 
excuse to get thoroughly drunk. 

1782
01:39:41,300 --> 01:39:45,200
The Symposium had rules and 
rituals guests reclined on 

1783
01:39:45,200 --> 01:39:46,800
couches arranged around the 
room. 

1784
01:39:46,800 --> 01:39:51,000
Food was served on small tables 
and wine was mixed in a large 

1785
01:39:51,000 --> 01:39:56,000
communal Bowl called a crater. 
A symposium Ark, essentially a 

1786
01:39:56,000 --> 01:39:59,800
Master of Ceremonies decided the
ratio of water to wine and set 

1787
01:39:59,800 --> 01:40:02,600
the pace of drinking. 
The conversation could range 

1788
01:40:02,600 --> 01:40:06,300
from philosophy to poetry to 
gossip to absolutely nothing of 

1789
01:40:06,300 --> 01:40:09,200
substance. 
Pending on how far into the 

1790
01:40:09,200 --> 01:40:12,800
evening things had gotten. 
Women with a few, notably 

1791
01:40:12,800 --> 01:40:17,000
exceptions were not part of the 
Symposium their dinner was eaten

1792
01:40:17,000 --> 01:40:18,800
separately in the domestic 
quarter's. 

1793
01:40:19,500 --> 01:40:23,000
This separation of social space,
was one of the defining features

1794
01:40:23,000 --> 01:40:26,400
of Greek household life. 
And it shaped the way men and 

1795
01:40:26,400 --> 01:40:29,400
women experience the world in 
fundamentally different ways. 

1796
01:40:30,400 --> 01:40:35,100
Now, religion, this is an area 
where Modern assumptions can 

1797
01:40:35,100 --> 01:40:38,300
really Lead You astray. 
The Greeks didn't experience, 

1798
01:40:38,300 --> 01:40:40,100
religion the way most people do 
today. 

1799
01:40:40,100 --> 01:40:44,500
There was no holy book, no 
Central Church know, weekly 

1800
01:40:44,500 --> 01:40:47,300
service where everyone gathered 
to hear a sermon about proper 

1801
01:40:47,300 --> 01:40:50,700
behavior. 
Greek religion was woven into 

1802
01:40:50,700 --> 01:40:54,000
every corner of daily life in 
ways that were both more casual 

1803
01:40:54,000 --> 01:40:56,600
and more pervasive than what 
you're probably used to. 

1804
01:40:56,600 --> 01:41:00,300
The gods were everywhere. 
Not metaphorically. 

1805
01:41:00,300 --> 01:41:02,500
The Greeks. 
Genuinely believed that Divine 

1806
01:41:02,500 --> 01:41:06,400
beings inhabited the landscape. 
Every Spring had its nymph. 

1807
01:41:06,400 --> 01:41:11,600
Every Grove might shelter a god,
The sea belonged to Poseidon the

1808
01:41:11,600 --> 01:41:14,100
sky to Zeus and the underworld 
to Hades. 

1809
01:41:15,200 --> 01:41:19,000
When you pour a little wine on 
the ground before, drinking you 

1810
01:41:19,000 --> 01:41:20,700
are offering a libation to the 
Gods. 

1811
01:41:21,600 --> 01:41:24,700
When you sneeze and someone 
said, the equivalent of bless 

1812
01:41:24,700 --> 01:41:27,100
you. 
There was a real sense that 

1813
01:41:27,100 --> 01:41:28,600
something spiritual had 
happened. 

1814
01:41:29,800 --> 01:41:33,400
When a thunderstorm rolled in 
that wasn't just, whether that 

1815
01:41:33,400 --> 01:41:37,100
was Zeus making a point. 
Temples were the most visible 

1816
01:41:37,100 --> 01:41:40,600
expression of religious life and
they were genuinely impressive. 

1817
01:41:41,900 --> 01:41:45,000
But here's something that 
surprises, a lot of people, you 

1818
01:41:45,000 --> 01:41:48,800
didn't go inside the temple to 
worship the temple was the God's

1819
01:41:48,800 --> 01:41:52,600
house literally. the statue of 
the deity lived inside and 

1820
01:41:52,600 --> 01:41:56,800
ordinary people generally stayed
outside Sacrifices and prayers 

1821
01:41:56,800 --> 01:42:00,000
happened at altars in front of 
the temple in the open air. 

1822
01:42:00,700 --> 01:42:03,500
The temple interior was 
off-limits to most people, most 

1823
01:42:03,500 --> 01:42:07,100
of the time, tended by priests 
and priestesses who managed the 

1824
01:42:07,100 --> 01:42:10,800
God's Property and Affairs. 
And those statues the ones we 

1825
01:42:10,800 --> 01:42:15,000
picture as elegant White marble.
Well, actually painted brightly 

1826
01:42:15,000 --> 01:42:18,900
painted the austere pale 
sculptures we see in museums of 

1827
01:42:18,900 --> 01:42:22,300
Simply lost their color over the
centuries in their original 

1828
01:42:22,300 --> 01:42:25,000
state. 
They were Vivid sometimes almost

1829
01:42:25,000 --> 01:42:30,100
garish with painted eyes, red 
and lips, gilded accessories, 

1830
01:42:30,100 --> 01:42:34,600
and colored garments. 
Walking into a greek temple, 

1831
01:42:34,600 --> 01:42:37,100
wouldn't have felt like walking 
into a minimalist Art Gallery. 

1832
01:42:37,100 --> 01:42:39,900
It would have felt more like 
stepping into a space. 

1833
01:42:39,900 --> 01:42:43,100
That was deliberately 
overwhelming designed to make 

1834
01:42:43,100 --> 01:42:46,400
you feel the presence of 
something far larger and more 

1835
01:42:46,400 --> 01:42:49,600
powerful than yourself. 
And the gods themselves. 

1836
01:42:49,600 --> 01:42:54,400
This is important. 
We're not moral exemplars. 

1837
01:42:55,100 --> 01:42:58,000
They didn't represent goodness 
or virtue in any straightforward

1838
01:42:58,000 --> 01:43:01,100
sense. 
They were powerful capricious 

1839
01:43:01,100 --> 01:43:06,000
jealous lustful Petty and 
occasionally generous, they 

1840
01:43:06,000 --> 01:43:09,600
played favorites, they held 
grudges, they fell in love with 

1841
01:43:09,600 --> 01:43:14,000
Mortals and then abandoned them 
The relationship between humans 

1842
01:43:14,000 --> 01:43:17,200
and gods in Greek, religion was 
less about faith and obedience 

1843
01:43:17,200 --> 01:43:21,300
and more about negotiation. 
And appeasement, you made 

1844
01:43:21,300 --> 01:43:24,100
sacrifices and offerings because
you wanted the gods to look 

1845
01:43:24,100 --> 01:43:26,600
kindly on you or at least to 
leave you alone. 

1846
01:43:26,600 --> 01:43:30,100
It was in its own way of very 
practical arrangement. 

1847
01:43:30,800 --> 01:43:33,800
Superstition, Randy. 
And it went far beyond the 

1848
01:43:33,800 --> 01:43:37,800
official Olympic Gods, people 
will amulets and charms to ward 

1849
01:43:37,800 --> 01:43:41,000
off the evil eye. 
They consulted oracles before 

1850
01:43:41,000 --> 01:43:45,200
making important decisions, a 
paid attention to Omens the 

1851
01:43:45,200 --> 01:43:48,200
flight of birds, the behavior of
animals and unusual weather 

1852
01:43:48,200 --> 01:43:51,900
patterns, and interpreted them 
as messages from the divine. 

1853
01:43:52,700 --> 01:43:56,000
Before a journey you might 
sacrifice a small animal and 

1854
01:43:56,000 --> 01:43:57,700
examine. 
Its entrails for signs of 

1855
01:43:57,708 --> 01:44:01,900
favorable or unfavorable 
outcomes, this wasn't considered

1856
01:44:01,900 --> 01:44:04,800
strange or backward. 
It was just how you get 

1857
01:44:04,800 --> 01:44:07,800
information about the future. 
The way you might check a 

1858
01:44:07,800 --> 01:44:09,400
weather forecast before a road 
trip. 

1859
01:44:10,600 --> 01:44:14,300
Festivals with a high points of 
the religious calendar and they 

1860
01:44:14,300 --> 01:44:16,900
were also the closest thing the 
Greeks had to holidays. 

1861
01:44:17,700 --> 01:44:21,900
Every city had its own cycle of 
festivals, Athens alone had over

1862
01:44:21,900 --> 01:44:25,000
120 days of religious observance
each year. 

1863
01:44:25,800 --> 01:44:29,100
These ranged from solemn 
processions to boisterous. 

1864
01:44:29,100 --> 01:44:32,400
Wine soaked celebrations that 
went on for days. 

1865
01:44:33,600 --> 01:44:38,400
The dionysia honoring, the god 
Dionysus included, theatrical 

1866
01:44:38,400 --> 01:44:41,300
performances, which is how Greek
drama was born? 

1867
01:44:42,200 --> 01:44:45,200
Not as entertainment for its own
sake, but as a form of worship, 

1868
01:44:45,200 --> 01:44:49,400
when you went to see a play by 
Sophocles, or euripides, you 

1869
01:44:49,400 --> 01:44:52,600
want just going to the theater, 
you were participating in a 

1870
01:44:52,600 --> 01:44:55,600
religious Act. 
The two things were inseparable 

1871
01:44:55,600 --> 01:44:58,800
and that blend of the Sacred. 
And the artistic was one of the 

1872
01:44:58,800 --> 01:45:00,900
most distinctive qualities of 
Greek culture. 

1873
01:45:02,100 --> 01:45:05,200
Hannah, the Great Festival of 
Athens, honoring the goddess 

1874
01:45:05,200 --> 01:45:07,400
Athena was a specialty Grand 
affair. 

1875
01:45:08,200 --> 01:45:10,900
Held every four years in its 
most elaborate form. 

1876
01:45:10,900 --> 01:45:14,400
It featured athletic 
competitions, musical, contests 

1877
01:45:14,400 --> 01:45:17,700
and a magnificent procession 
that wound through the city and 

1878
01:45:17,700 --> 01:45:22,000
up to the Acropolis. 
Citizens foreign residents and 

1879
01:45:22,000 --> 01:45:25,200
even freed enslaved, people all 
participated. 

1880
01:45:26,000 --> 01:45:29,900
Animals were sacrificed on a 
massive scale and the meat was 

1881
01:45:29,900 --> 01:45:34,900
distributed to the entire city. 
It was in the truest sense, a 

1882
01:45:34,900 --> 01:45:38,000
community event. 
One of the rare occasions when 

1883
01:45:38,000 --> 01:45:42,200
the divisions of class and 
Status were, if not erased at 

1884
01:45:42,200 --> 01:45:45,100
least temporarily softened by 
the shared experience of 

1885
01:45:45,108 --> 01:45:48,700
Celebration. 
Let's talk about something that 

1886
01:45:48,700 --> 01:45:51,800
made the ancient Greek world go 
round in ways that are deeply 

1887
01:45:51,800 --> 01:45:54,400
uncomfortable to think about 
slavery. 

1888
01:45:55,400 --> 01:45:58,500
It's impossible to paint an 
honest, picture of daily life in

1889
01:45:58,500 --> 01:46:02,200
Greece without confronting this,
and it needs to be said plainly.

1890
01:46:03,200 --> 01:46:06,700
The Greek economy, the Greek 
household, and Greek society. 

1891
01:46:06,700 --> 01:46:10,800
As a whole depended on the labor
of enslaved, people estimates 

1892
01:46:10,800 --> 01:46:14,300
vary, but in Athens during its 
golden age somewhere between a 

1893
01:46:14,300 --> 01:46:16,400
quarter and a third of the 
population may have been 

1894
01:46:16,400 --> 01:46:19,600
enslaved. 
They worked in homes in 

1895
01:46:19,600 --> 01:46:24,400
workshops in Minds on farms and 
in public services. 

1896
01:46:25,300 --> 01:46:28,600
Some were prisoners captured 
through conflict, others were 

1897
01:46:28,600 --> 01:46:32,100
born into enslavement, some were
purchased from traders who Moved

1898
01:46:32,100 --> 01:46:34,300
human beings around the 
Mediterranean the way other 

1899
01:46:34,300 --> 01:46:36,200
Merchants moved Pottery or 
grain. 

1900
01:46:37,000 --> 01:46:39,500
The conditions of enslavement 
varied enormously. 

1901
01:46:40,500 --> 01:46:43,100
A household worker in a 
wealthier theory and home might 

1902
01:46:43,100 --> 01:46:44,700
live in reasonable physical 
Comfort. 

1903
01:46:44,700 --> 01:46:48,400
While a laborer in the Silver 
Mines at Lorien worked in brutal

1904
01:46:48,400 --> 01:46:49,700
life. 
Shortening conditions 

1905
01:46:49,700 --> 01:46:53,300
Underground. 
Some enslaved people in Athens 

1906
01:46:53,300 --> 01:46:56,500
were given a degree of autonomy.
They might run a shop or 

1907
01:46:56,500 --> 01:46:58,500
workshop on their masters 
behalf. 

1908
01:46:59,100 --> 01:47:02,700
Keep a portion of their earnings
and eventually purchase their 

1909
01:47:02,700 --> 01:47:06,000
freedom. 
Others had no such opportunity. 

1910
01:47:06,700 --> 01:47:09,700
What makes this particularly 
difficult to reconcile? 

1911
01:47:09,700 --> 01:47:13,800
Is that the same society that 
produced democracy? 

1912
01:47:13,800 --> 01:47:18,400
Philosophy And some of the most 
enduring ideas about human, 

1913
01:47:18,400 --> 01:47:21,700
freedom and dignity. 
All so ran on the labor of 

1914
01:47:21,700 --> 01:47:24,100
people who were denied, all of 
those things. 

1915
01:47:24,100 --> 01:47:29,100
The Philosopher's new about this
tension Aristotle, famously 

1916
01:47:29,100 --> 01:47:32,200
tried to justify slavery by 
arguing, that some people were 

1917
01:47:32,200 --> 01:47:35,400
naturally suited to it and 
argument that tells you more 

1918
01:47:35,400 --> 01:47:38,100
about the limits of even 
Brilliant Minds than it does 

1919
01:47:38,100 --> 01:47:39,600
about the nature of human 
beings. 

1920
01:47:40,500 --> 01:47:44,900
Others to their credit question.
The praktis request questioning 

1921
01:47:44,900 --> 01:47:48,300
didn't lead to abolition, the 
institutional persisted 

1922
01:47:48,300 --> 01:47:50,400
throughout the entire span of 
Greek civilization. 

1923
01:47:51,800 --> 01:47:55,300
It's worth sitting with that 
discomfort because it tells you 

1924
01:47:55,300 --> 01:47:59,200
something true about how complex
and contradictory human 

1925
01:47:59,200 --> 01:48:02,500
societies can be. 
The Greeks gave the world 

1926
01:48:02,500 --> 01:48:05,900
extraordinary gift of thought 
and art and governance. 

1927
01:48:06,600 --> 01:48:08,900
They also kept human beings in 
Chains. 

1928
01:48:09,700 --> 01:48:12,700
Both things are true and neither
one cancels out the other. 

1929
01:48:13,600 --> 01:48:15,800
Now, let's shift to something 
lighter. 

1930
01:48:16,600 --> 01:48:19,200
Let's talk about how people 
spent their leisure time because

1931
01:48:19,200 --> 01:48:21,500
the Greeks absolutely valued 
leisure. 

1932
01:48:21,500 --> 01:48:25,900
In fact, the Greek word for 
leisure soul is where we get the

1933
01:48:25,900 --> 01:48:28,600
English words school. 
Which tells you something about 

1934
01:48:28,600 --> 01:48:31,200
how the Greeks understood the 
purpose of free time? 

1935
01:48:31,800 --> 01:48:34,300
It wasn't about relaxation in 
the way, you might think of it. 

1936
01:48:34,300 --> 01:48:37,800
It was about using your 
unoccupied hours for activities 

1937
01:48:37,800 --> 01:48:39,300
that developed the mind and 
body. 

1938
01:48:39,300 --> 01:48:41,900
Leisure was supposed to make you
a better person. 

1939
01:48:41,900 --> 01:48:45,300
Physical exercise was a central 
part of Greek life. 

1940
01:48:46,100 --> 01:48:50,700
Specially for men, the gymnasium
gymnos meaning naked because 

1941
01:48:50,700 --> 01:48:54,900
that's exactly how they exercise
was a public institution found 

1942
01:48:54,900 --> 01:48:59,300
in every city of any size. 
Men and boys went there to run 

1943
01:48:59,300 --> 01:49:03,200
wrestle throw the discus and 
Javelin and practice various 

1944
01:49:03,200 --> 01:49:06,600
other athletic activities. 
They did all of this without 

1945
01:49:06,600 --> 01:49:09,400
clothing, which was simply the 
norm and carried. 

1946
01:49:09,400 --> 01:49:11,500
None of the awkwardness, it 
would in a modern gym. 

1947
01:49:12,400 --> 01:49:15,700
They oiled their bodies before. 
Exercise and scrape the oil 

1948
01:49:15,700 --> 01:49:20,400
sweat and dirt off afterward. 
Using a curved metal tool called

1949
01:49:20,400 --> 01:49:24,000
astral. 
The scrapings interestingly were

1950
01:49:24,000 --> 01:49:27,000
sometimes collected and sold as 
a folk remedy for various 

1951
01:49:27,000 --> 01:49:29,500
ailments. 
Whether it actually cured 

1952
01:49:29,500 --> 01:49:32,600
anything, is another question 
entirely, but people bought it 

1953
01:49:32,600 --> 01:49:35,800
which tells you something about 
the state of ancient medicine. 

1954
01:49:36,600 --> 01:49:39,100
The gymnasium was also a place 
for intellectual activity. 

1955
01:49:40,100 --> 01:49:43,100
Philosophers often held their 
discussions in or near gymnasia 

1956
01:49:43,100 --> 01:49:47,500
Plato's Academy and Aristotle's 
lyceum were both associated with

1957
01:49:47,500 --> 01:49:50,200
gymnasia. 
So the space where you went to 

1958
01:49:50,200 --> 01:49:53,300
get sweaty and wrestle, someone 
to the ground was also the space

1959
01:49:53,300 --> 01:49:55,600
where someone might ask you, 
whether the soul is immortal, 

1960
01:49:56,500 --> 01:49:59,500
The Greeks didn't draw a sharp 
line between physical and mental

1961
01:49:59,500 --> 01:50:01,800
cultivation. 
The way modern cultures 

1962
01:50:01,800 --> 01:50:04,900
sometimes does. 
A well-rounded person was 

1963
01:50:04,900 --> 01:50:08,600
expected to train both. 
The great athletic festivals, 

1964
01:50:08,600 --> 01:50:12,600
the Olympics, the pythian games,
the neon games, and the esmehan 

1965
01:50:12,600 --> 01:50:14,900
games were highlights of the 
Greek calendar. 

1966
01:50:14,900 --> 01:50:18,700
The Olympics held every four 
years at Olympia, Drew 

1967
01:50:18,700 --> 01:50:21,600
competitors, and Spectators from
across the Greek world. 

1968
01:50:22,800 --> 01:50:27,100
During the games, a sacred truce
was declared and participating 

1969
01:50:27,100 --> 01:50:30,400
city-states were expected to 
cease any ongoing conflicts. 

1970
01:50:31,100 --> 01:50:34,500
Athletes competed for honor and 
Glory, not cash prizes. 

1971
01:50:35,300 --> 01:50:38,900
The reward was an olive wreath 
and the knowledge that your name

1972
01:50:38,908 --> 01:50:42,900
would be remembered. 
And it was remembered Victor, 

1973
01:50:42,900 --> 01:50:47,700
became celebrities celebrated in
poetry and song, Sometimes 

1974
01:50:47,700 --> 01:50:50,300
granted free meals for Life by 
their home cities. 

1975
01:50:51,800 --> 01:50:54,600
Athletic glory in ancient 
Greece, wasn't just Personal 

1976
01:50:54,600 --> 01:50:57,900
Achievement. 
It was civic, pride made flesh. 

1977
01:50:59,000 --> 01:51:02,500
Board games were popular too. 
The Greeks played various games 

1978
01:51:02,500 --> 01:51:05,500
with dice counters and Boards 
though. 

1979
01:51:05,500 --> 01:51:08,000
The exact rules of, most of 
these games have been lost. 

1980
01:51:09,100 --> 01:51:12,100
They also played a game that 
involved flicking wine drinks at

1981
01:51:12,100 --> 01:51:14,800
Target. 
A symposium party game called 

1982
01:51:14,800 --> 01:51:19,000
Kota boss, the combined drinking
with competitive aim, it was 

1983
01:51:19,008 --> 01:51:23,000
messy loud, and apparently 
endlessly, entertaining after 

1984
01:51:23,000 --> 01:51:26,800
several cups of mixed wine. 
The stains on the walls and 

1985
01:51:26,800 --> 01:51:29,500
Furniture afterwards were 
considered an acceptable cost. 

1986
01:51:30,500 --> 01:51:32,800
Music, was deeply embedded in 
Greek life. 

1987
01:51:33,700 --> 01:51:37,400
The liar and the Outlaws a 
double readed pipe that produced

1988
01:51:37,400 --> 01:51:41,700
a rich sometimes haunting sound.
With the most common 

1989
01:51:41,700 --> 01:51:44,900
instruments. 
Music accompanied religious 

1990
01:51:44,900 --> 01:51:49,400
ceremonies drinking parties, 
athletic events and theatrical 

1991
01:51:49,400 --> 01:51:52,800
performances. 
Children learned music as part 

1992
01:51:52,800 --> 01:51:56,300
of their education and the 
ability to sing or play was 

1993
01:51:56,300 --> 01:51:59,100
considered in the central. 
Social skill, not specialized 

1994
01:51:59,100 --> 01:52:01,600
Talent. 
Imagine a world where being 

1995
01:52:01,600 --> 01:52:04,700
unable to carry a tune was 
roughly as embarrassing as being

1996
01:52:04,700 --> 01:52:07,600
unable to read an email list 
today and you'll get the idea 

1997
01:52:08,400 --> 01:52:10,300
Education. 
Since we've touched on it 

1998
01:52:10,300 --> 01:52:13,400
deserves a closer look. 
If you're a boy from a family 

1999
01:52:13,400 --> 01:52:16,200
with even modest resources, 
you'd begin some form of 

2000
01:52:16,200 --> 01:52:19,400
schooling around age seven, 
you'd learn Reading Writing 

2001
01:52:19,400 --> 01:52:23,400
arithmetic, music and physical 
training, your teacher, the 

2002
01:52:23,400 --> 01:52:26,300
grammar testers for reading and 
writing was usually not well 

2003
01:52:26,300 --> 01:52:30,100
paid or highly respected. 
Teaching was not a prestigious 

2004
01:52:30,100 --> 01:52:33,300
profession. 
It was in fact, sometimes viewed

2005
01:52:33,300 --> 01:52:36,300
as the kind of job you ended up 
in when you couldn't do anything

2006
01:52:36,300 --> 01:52:39,400
more impressive. 
Writing meant learning to form 

2007
01:52:39,400 --> 01:52:42,500
letters on wax tablets using a 
pointed stylus. 

2008
01:52:43,100 --> 01:52:46,000
You'd scratch your letters and 
to the soft wax surface. 

2009
01:52:46,000 --> 01:52:49,400
And when the tablet was full, 
you'd smooth the wax flat and 

2010
01:52:49,400 --> 01:52:53,100
start over, it was the ancient 
equivalent of an erasable 

2011
01:52:53,100 --> 01:52:55,200
whiteboard and it worked well 
enough. 

2012
01:52:56,200 --> 01:52:59,600
For more permanent writing, 
you'd use income Papyrus, but 

2013
01:52:59,600 --> 01:53:03,200
Papyrus was expensive and not 
wasted on a child's homework. 

2014
01:53:04,000 --> 01:53:07,200
Mathematics education covered 
basic arithmetic and some 

2015
01:53:07,208 --> 01:53:09,600
geometry. 
The Greeks had a complex 

2016
01:53:09,600 --> 01:53:12,400
relationship with mathematics on
one hand. 

2017
01:53:12,400 --> 01:53:15,600
They revered it as a path to 
understanding the fundamental 

2018
01:53:15,600 --> 01:53:19,300
structure of reality. 
Plato reportedly had a sign over

2019
01:53:19,300 --> 01:53:23,400
the door of his Academy Reading.
Something to the effect of let, 

2020
01:53:23,400 --> 01:53:26,800
no one ignorant of geometry. 
Enter on the other hand 

2021
01:53:26,800 --> 01:53:31,900
practical mathematics accounting
measurement, the kind of math 

2022
01:53:31,900 --> 01:53:35,700
used in Daily commerce was 
considered beneath the Dignity 

2023
01:53:35,700 --> 01:53:39,800
of a true intellectual. 
The Greeks, love the beauty of 

2024
01:53:39,800 --> 01:53:43,600
abstract, mathematical proof. 
But weren't always interested in

2025
01:53:43,600 --> 01:53:45,700
using math to build things or 
count money. 

2026
01:53:46,800 --> 01:53:49,400
That distinction between the 
theoretical and the Practical 

2027
01:53:49,400 --> 01:53:53,500
ran through, a lot of Greek 
thought and it explained why a 

2028
01:53:53,500 --> 01:53:56,000
civilization that could produce 
brilliant, geometers. 

2029
01:53:56,000 --> 01:53:59,800
All so struggled with basic 
engineering problems, that the 

2030
01:53:59,800 --> 01:54:02,800
more practically minded Romans 
would later solve without 

2031
01:54:02,800 --> 01:54:06,900
breaking a sweat. 
Girls in most Greek cities 

2032
01:54:06,900 --> 01:54:10,600
received little or no formal 
education outside the home. 

2033
01:54:10,600 --> 01:54:14,200
They learned domestic skills 
from their mothers, weaving 

2034
01:54:14,200 --> 01:54:15,900
cooking and household 
management. 

2035
01:54:15,900 --> 01:54:21,100
And any literacy they acquired 
was usually informal Sparta once

2036
01:54:21,100 --> 01:54:24,600
again was the exception where 
girls received physical training

2037
01:54:24,600 --> 01:54:28,100
alongside boys, though, the 
specifics of their intellectual 

2038
01:54:28,100 --> 01:54:31,900
education are less clear. 
Higher education for those who 

2039
01:54:31,900 --> 01:54:34,300
pursued. 
It was a matter of attaching 

2040
01:54:34,300 --> 01:54:37,100
yourself to a philosopher or a 
school of rhetoric. 

2041
01:54:37,700 --> 01:54:41,600
If you wanted to learn to argue 
persuasively and essential skill

2042
01:54:41,600 --> 01:54:44,700
in Democratic Athens, where 
citizens, had to speak for 

2043
01:54:44,700 --> 01:54:47,900
themselves in court. 
And in the assembly, you'd study

2044
01:54:47,900 --> 01:54:51,700
with a rhetorician. if you 
wanted to explore deeper 

2045
01:54:51,700 --> 01:54:55,600
questions about the nature of 
reality knowledge, and the good 

2046
01:54:55,600 --> 01:54:58,100
life, You might seek out a 
philosopher. 

2047
01:54:59,000 --> 01:55:01,800
He won't formal institutions 
with admissions officers and 

2048
01:55:01,800 --> 01:55:04,800
graduation ceremonies. 
They were more like a princess 

2049
01:55:04,800 --> 01:55:09,200
ship on personal relationships 
between teacher and student and 

2050
01:55:09,200 --> 01:55:12,100
the quality of what you got 
depended entirely on who you 

2051
01:55:12,100 --> 01:55:15,700
started with. 
Metzen in ancient Greece was a 

2052
01:55:15,700 --> 01:55:19,900
peculiar mix of genuine insight 
and spectacular wrongness. 

2053
01:55:20,700 --> 01:55:23,200
On one hand, the Greeks produced
hip hop tees. 

2054
01:55:23,200 --> 01:55:26,700
Who is justly credentialed with 
helping to move medical thinking

2055
01:55:26,700 --> 01:55:30,800
away from purely Supernatural 
explanations, toward observation

2056
01:55:30,800 --> 01:55:33,800
bass practice. 
The Hippocratic tradition 

2057
01:55:33,800 --> 01:55:37,700
emphasized, careful examination 
of the patient detailed 

2058
01:55:37,700 --> 01:55:41,800
record-keeping and a recognition
that diseases had natural causes

2059
01:55:41,800 --> 01:55:44,300
rather than being punishments 
from Angry gods. 

2060
01:55:45,200 --> 01:55:49,000
On the other hand, the dominant 
medical theory for centuries was

2061
01:55:49,000 --> 01:55:54,000
the idea of the four humors, 
blood phlegm yellow, bile and 

2062
01:55:54,000 --> 01:55:58,300
black bile Health depended on 
keeping these four substances in

2063
01:55:58,300 --> 01:56:01,400
balance and illness was the 
result of an imbalance. 

2064
01:56:01,400 --> 01:56:03,700
The treatments that flowed from 
this Theory. 

2065
01:56:03,700 --> 01:56:09,100
Included bleeding, purging 
special diets and various Herbal

2066
01:56:09,100 --> 01:56:12,500
Remedies some of which were 
helpful and many of which were 

2067
01:56:12,500 --> 01:56:16,100
not If you went to a Greek 
doctor with a headache, you 

2068
01:56:16,100 --> 01:56:18,700
might receive sensible advice 
about, rest and diet. 

2069
01:56:18,700 --> 01:56:22,800
Well, you might be told that 
your black bile was dominant and

2070
01:56:22,800 --> 01:56:25,700
that The Cure involved drinking 
a mixture that would make the 

2071
01:56:25,700 --> 01:56:28,800
headaches seem like a minor 
inconvenience compared to what 

2072
01:56:28,800 --> 01:56:32,100
happened in next. 
Surgery existed, but was 

2073
01:56:32,100 --> 01:56:35,000
limited. 
Greek surgeons could set broken,

2074
01:56:35,000 --> 01:56:38,400
bones drain abscesses and 
perform basic wound care. 

2075
01:56:39,200 --> 01:56:41,900
The understood the importance of
cleanliness to some degree, 

2076
01:56:41,900 --> 01:56:44,400
though. 
The German theory of disease was

2077
01:56:44,400 --> 01:56:48,100
Millennia in the future. 
Honest thesia was a cup of 

2078
01:56:48,108 --> 01:56:50,600
strong wine and a leather strap 
to bite on. 

2079
01:56:51,300 --> 01:56:55,500
Pain management was to put it 
gently, underdeveloped Dentistry

2080
01:56:55,500 --> 01:56:59,400
was rudimentary toothaches. 
Were treated with herbal, pastes

2081
01:56:59,400 --> 01:57:04,100
an extraction was a last resort 
performed with iron forceps, the

2082
01:57:04,100 --> 01:57:07,100
Greek diet, which was relatively
low in refined sugar. 

2083
01:57:07,100 --> 01:57:10,600
Meant that tooth decay was less 
common than it would become in 

2084
01:57:10,600 --> 01:57:12,700
later centuries, but it still 
happened. 

2085
01:57:12,700 --> 01:57:14,700
And when it did the options were
limited. 

2086
01:57:15,800 --> 01:57:18,800
Mental health was understood in 
terms of the same humeral 

2087
01:57:18,800 --> 01:57:21,500
framework. 
Depression was a tributed to an 

2088
01:57:21,500 --> 01:57:24,800
excess of black bile. 
The word Melancholy literally 

2089
01:57:24,800 --> 01:57:27,100
comes from the Greek words for 
black bile. 

2090
01:57:27,800 --> 01:57:31,700
Treatment might include changes 
in diet, exercise music therapy,

2091
01:57:31,700 --> 01:57:35,400
which was actually quite a 
sophisticated idea or travel. 

2092
01:57:36,400 --> 01:57:39,000
The Greeks recognized that 
environment and lifestyle 

2093
01:57:39,000 --> 01:57:42,600
affected mental well-being, 
which was genuine Insight. 

2094
01:57:42,600 --> 01:57:46,500
Even if their explanations for, 
why were built on a foundation, 

2095
01:57:46,500 --> 01:57:48,700
that wouldn't survive? 
Modern scrutiny. 

2096
01:57:48,700 --> 01:57:51,700
There was a tradition of healing
temples. 

2097
01:57:51,700 --> 01:57:56,100
Most notably those dedicated to 
asclepius God of Medicine. 

2098
01:57:57,300 --> 01:58:00,200
People who are ill would travel 
to these sanctuaries and undergo

2099
01:58:00,200 --> 01:58:03,500
a ritual called incubation. 
Sleeping overnight in the 

2100
01:58:03,508 --> 01:58:05,100
temple. 
In the hope that the God would 

2101
01:58:05,100 --> 01:58:07,000
visit them in a dream and reveal
a cure. 

2102
01:58:07,700 --> 01:58:09,700
Whether the cures worked is 
debatable. 

2103
01:58:10,800 --> 01:58:15,500
Sibo effect is powerful and the 
combination of rest, clean air, 

2104
01:58:15,500 --> 01:58:18,600
a change of scenery. 
And the genuine belief that 

2105
01:58:18,600 --> 01:58:21,300
Divine help was at hand, 
probably did more good than some

2106
01:58:21,300 --> 01:58:23,400
of the medications being 
prescribed elsewhere. 

2107
01:58:24,100 --> 01:58:27,600
Sometimes the best medicine is 
simply being in a place that 

2108
01:58:27,600 --> 01:58:32,600
makes you feel like things might
get better. let's talk about 

2109
01:58:32,600 --> 01:58:35,400
something, the Greeks excelled 
at in ways that still 

2110
01:58:35,400 --> 01:58:38,300
reverberate today, The life of 
the Mind. 

2111
01:58:39,300 --> 01:58:42,200
Because what ever else you can 
say about ancient Greece and you

2112
01:58:42,208 --> 01:58:44,500
can say, plenty both good and 
bad. 

2113
01:58:44,500 --> 01:58:48,900
The intellectual culture was 
extraordinary Athens in 

2114
01:58:48,900 --> 01:58:52,000
particular during the 5th and 
4th centuries before the Common 

2115
01:58:52,000 --> 01:58:54,600
Era. 
Produced a concentration of 

2116
01:58:54,600 --> 01:58:58,300
brilliant thinkers, that is 
almost impossible to explain. 

2117
01:58:59,300 --> 01:59:02,900
Socrates who never wrote a word 
but change philosophy forever 

2118
01:59:02,900 --> 01:59:06,300
through the simple Relentless 
Act of asking questions. 

2119
01:59:07,300 --> 01:59:10,100
Plato, his student wrote 
dialogues, that are still read 

2120
01:59:10,100 --> 01:59:12,800
and argued about today. 
Aristotle. 

2121
01:59:12,800 --> 01:59:15,300
Plato student who turned his 
attention to everything. 

2122
01:59:15,300 --> 01:59:21,500
Biology logic, ethics politics, 
physics and poetry, and produced

2123
01:59:21,500 --> 01:59:25,100
a body of work. 
So vast and so influential that 

2124
01:59:25,100 --> 01:59:28,300
it dominated Western thought for
nearly 2000 years. 

2125
01:59:29,400 --> 01:59:32,200
But philosophy wasn't just an 
activity for professionals. 

2126
01:59:32,200 --> 01:59:36,700
It was part of the cultural are 
ordinary Athenians were exposed 

2127
01:59:36,700 --> 01:59:39,700
to philosophical ideas through 
the theater, through public 

2128
01:59:39,700 --> 01:59:43,600
speeches and through 
conversations in the Agora, The 

2129
01:59:43,608 --> 01:59:47,300
big questions, what is Justice, 
what is the good life? 

2130
01:59:47,300 --> 01:59:50,700
What do we owe each other? 
How should a city be governed 

2131
01:59:50,700 --> 01:59:52,800
weren't confined to the lecture 
hall? 

2132
01:59:53,800 --> 01:59:55,400
They were topic of public 
debate. 

2133
01:59:56,300 --> 02:00:00,000
By citizens who had a direct 
stake in the answers because 

2134
02:00:00,000 --> 02:00:01,700
they were the ones making the 
decision. 

2135
02:00:03,200 --> 02:00:07,000
The Indian democracy for all its
limitations, gave ordinary men 

2136
02:00:07,000 --> 02:00:11,100
and only men, and only citizens,
which was a small fraction of 

2137
02:00:11,100 --> 02:00:14,800
the total population of a reason
to think carefully about 

2138
02:00:14,800 --> 02:00:18,500
political and ethical questions.
Because those questions had 

2139
02:00:18,500 --> 02:00:23,500
immediate practical consequences
The theater was another arena 

2140
02:00:23,500 --> 02:00:25,600
for intellectual and emotional 
exploration. 

2141
02:00:26,400 --> 02:00:29,200
Greek tragedies tackled the 
biggest themes imaginable. 

2142
02:00:30,000 --> 02:00:35,200
Fate Duty love suffering, the 
relationship between humans and 

2143
02:00:35,200 --> 02:00:38,500
gods and they did. 
So with a power and complexity 

2144
02:00:38,500 --> 02:00:43,000
that still resonates when you 
watched a tragedy by aeschylus 

2145
02:00:43,000 --> 02:00:45,600
or Sophocles, you weren't just 
being entertained. 

2146
02:00:45,600 --> 02:00:50,100
You were being asked to sit with
difficult unresolvable questions

2147
02:00:50,100 --> 02:00:52,900
about what it means to be human 
and you were doing this 

2148
02:00:52,900 --> 02:00:55,000
alongside thousands of your 
fellow citizens. 

2149
02:00:55,000 --> 02:00:59,200
All of you experienced in the 
same emotions together in the 

2150
02:00:59,200 --> 02:01:02,500
same space under the same Open 
Sky. 

2151
02:01:03,300 --> 02:01:05,500
Comedy meanwhile was the release
valve. 

2152
02:01:06,300 --> 02:01:08,300
Ariston is wrote plays that were
rude. 

2153
02:01:08,300 --> 02:01:12,100
Political absurd and absolutely 
hilarious. 

2154
02:01:13,000 --> 02:01:16,700
Nothing and nobody was off 
limits politicians philosophers 

2155
02:01:16,700 --> 02:01:21,300
Gods, the audience themselves. 
If tragedy asked you to feel 

2156
02:01:21,300 --> 02:01:25,200
deeply comedy, asked you to 
laugh at everything including 

2157
02:01:25,200 --> 02:01:28,400
yourself. 
The combination of the two, the 

2158
02:01:28,400 --> 02:01:31,900
serious, and the ridiculous, the
profound, and the profane was 

2159
02:01:31,900 --> 02:01:35,700
quintessentially, Greek. 
Let's slow down for a moment and

2160
02:01:35,700 --> 02:01:39,000
think about what it felt like to
experience the natural world as 

2161
02:01:39,000 --> 02:01:42,000
an ancient Greek. 
Because this is one of those 

2162
02:01:42,000 --> 02:01:45,100
areas where the gap between 
then, and now is both enormous 

2163
02:01:45,100 --> 02:01:48,700
and quietly beautiful. 
You lived in a world without 

2164
02:01:48,700 --> 02:01:51,900
artificial light pollution. 
When the sun went down and the 

2165
02:01:51,900 --> 02:01:55,400
oil lamps were extinguished, the
darkness was complete. 

2166
02:01:56,200 --> 02:02:00,000
And in that Darkness the sky put
on a show that almost no living 

2167
02:02:00,000 --> 02:02:05,000
person in the developed world 
has ever truly seen. the Milky 

2168
02:02:05,000 --> 02:02:08,100
Way, wasn't a faint smudge, you 
could barely make out from a 

2169
02:02:08,100 --> 02:02:12,300
dark campsite It was a River of 
Light pouring across the sky, so

2170
02:02:12,300 --> 02:02:14,400
bright and dense that it looked 
almost solid. 

2171
02:02:15,500 --> 02:02:19,200
The Greeks called it galaxies, 
the Milky Circle. 

2172
02:02:19,200 --> 02:02:21,700
And from that word, we get 
Galaxy. 

2173
02:02:22,600 --> 02:02:24,700
Every night. 
If the sky was clear, you could 

2174
02:02:24,700 --> 02:02:28,200
look up and see thousands of 
stars with your naked eye, each 

2175
02:02:28,200 --> 02:02:32,300
one, sharp and distinct. 
The constellation so vivid that 

2176
02:02:32,300 --> 02:02:35,000
it was, no wonder people saw 
figures and stories written in 

2177
02:02:35,008 --> 02:02:38,000
them. 
The Greeks mapped those Stars, 

2178
02:02:38,000 --> 02:02:42,200
they named the constellation's, 
they tracked, the movements of 

2179
02:02:42,200 --> 02:02:45,500
the planets which they called 
wandering stars, because they 

2180
02:02:45,500 --> 02:02:48,800
moved against the fixed 
background of the night sky, in 

2181
02:02:48,800 --> 02:02:51,300
ways that seem purposeful and 
mysterious. 

2182
02:02:52,200 --> 02:02:55,800
They built sophisticated models 
of celestial motion, some of 

2183
02:02:55,808 --> 02:03:00,000
which were remarkably accurate. 
Aristarchus of Samos even 

2184
02:03:00,000 --> 02:03:04,000
proposed that the Earth orbited,
the sun nearly 2000 years before

2185
02:03:04,000 --> 02:03:07,200
Copernicus. 
He was largely ignored because 

2186
02:03:07,200 --> 02:03:10,500
the idea seemed counterintuitive
and the available evidence 

2187
02:03:10,500 --> 02:03:12,800
wasn't strong enough to overcome
common sense. 

2188
02:03:12,800 --> 02:03:15,600
That the fact that someone 
arrived at that, conclusion 

2189
02:03:15,600 --> 02:03:18,800
through observation and 
reasoning alone is quietly 

2190
02:03:18,800 --> 02:03:22,300
astonishing. 
The seasons mattered in a way 

2191
02:03:22,300 --> 02:03:25,700
that's hard to appreciate if you
live in a climate controlled 

2192
02:03:25,700 --> 02:03:28,200
world. 
Suffering, Greece was hot, 

2193
02:03:28,200 --> 02:03:33,100
genuinely aggressively hot and 
the pace of Life, adjusted 

2194
02:03:33,100 --> 02:03:36,500
accordingly. 
People Rose early rested during 

2195
02:03:36,500 --> 02:03:38,900
the hottest part of the 
afternoon and did this 

2196
02:03:38,900 --> 02:03:40,900
socializing in the cooler 
evening hours. 

2197
02:03:42,000 --> 02:03:46,500
Winter brought cold rain shorter
days and the occasional Frost. 

2198
02:03:47,400 --> 02:03:50,200
Particularly in the Northern and
mountainous regions. 

2199
02:03:50,900 --> 02:03:53,800
The agricultural calendar 
dictated the rhythm of the year.

2200
02:03:54,700 --> 02:03:58,800
Plowing and Autumn sowing in 
late fall, the anxious weight 

2201
02:03:58,800 --> 02:04:02,000
through winter, and the Harvest 
in late spring and summer. 

2202
02:04:03,200 --> 02:04:08,000
A good harvest meant comfort and
security, a bad one, meant 

2203
02:04:08,000 --> 02:04:12,200
hunger and worry. 
The margin between plenty and 

2204
02:04:12,200 --> 02:04:14,800
scarcity, was thinner than most 
modern people can easily 

2205
02:04:14,800 --> 02:04:17,300
imagine. 
The relationship with the sea 

2206
02:04:17,300 --> 02:04:19,600
was another defining feature of 
Greek life. 

2207
02:04:20,400 --> 02:04:23,800
Greece is a country of 
coastlines islands and harbors. 

2208
02:04:23,800 --> 02:04:29,300
The sea was a highway, a food 
source, a boundary and a source 

2209
02:04:29,300 --> 02:04:33,700
of constant low-level anxiety. 
Sailing in the ancient world was

2210
02:04:33,700 --> 02:04:37,500
dangerous. 
Ships was small navigation, was 

2211
02:04:37,500 --> 02:04:41,000
imprecise and storms could 
appear with little warning, 

2212
02:04:41,000 --> 02:04:43,300
every family with ties to the 
Sea. 

2213
02:04:43,300 --> 02:04:47,000
Knew someone who hadn't come 
home, The sea gave generously 

2214
02:04:47,000 --> 02:04:49,800
and took without warning and the
Greeks respected, it 

2215
02:04:49,800 --> 02:04:52,600
accordingly. 
Decide and wasn't just a 

2216
02:04:52,600 --> 02:04:55,700
character in a myth. 
He was the force that decided 

2217
02:04:55,700 --> 02:04:58,600
whether your husband, your 
father, or your son, made it 

2218
02:04:58,600 --> 02:05:02,300
back alive. 
The landscape itself, Rocky 

2219
02:05:02,300 --> 02:05:07,000
mountainous dotted with olive, 
Groves and Vineyards, cut 

2220
02:05:07,000 --> 02:05:10,600
through with narrow. 
Valleys shaped everything about 

2221
02:05:10,600 --> 02:05:14,100
Greek civilization. 
The mountains made Overland 

2222
02:05:14,100 --> 02:05:17,500
travel difficult, which is why 
the city states developed as 

2223
02:05:17,500 --> 02:05:20,700
independent entities, rather 
than uniting into a single 

2224
02:05:20,700 --> 02:05:24,000
nation. 
Each Valley each coastal, plain 

2225
02:05:24,000 --> 02:05:28,900
each island became its own small
world, with its own government, 

2226
02:05:28,900 --> 02:05:33,100
its own customs, and its own 
fear sense of identity. 

2227
02:05:34,400 --> 02:05:46,800
When an Athenian. 
Let's talk about clothing 

2228
02:05:46,800 --> 02:05:50,000
because this is one of those 
areas where Simplicity doesn't 

2229
02:05:50,000 --> 02:05:53,300
mean what you think it means. 
Greek clothing was on the 

2230
02:05:53,308 --> 02:05:57,400
surface uncomplicated. 
The basic garment was the Titan,

2231
02:05:57,400 --> 02:06:01,900
a rectangular piece of cloth, 
usually linen or wool draped 

2232
02:06:01,900 --> 02:06:04,600
around the body and fastened at 
the shoulders with pins or 

2233
02:06:04,600 --> 02:06:07,400
brooches. 
Over this, you might wear a 

2234
02:06:07,400 --> 02:06:10,600
hermitian, a larger piece of 
cloth that served as an outer 

2235
02:06:10,600 --> 02:06:12,000
wrap. 
Something like a cloak. 

2236
02:06:12,000 --> 02:06:15,700
That was essentially it, no 
buttons, no, zippers know, 

2237
02:06:15,700 --> 02:06:19,500
tailored seams just fabric 
folded and pinned. 

2238
02:06:20,700 --> 02:06:23,600
But within this Simplicity, 
there was enormous variation. 

2239
02:06:24,500 --> 02:06:26,500
Quality of the cloth matted 
immensely. 

2240
02:06:27,300 --> 02:06:32,500
Finally in soft and light died 
in Rich, colors, saffron, 

2241
02:06:32,500 --> 02:06:36,700
yellow, deep Crimson, Tyrion 
purple announced wealth and 

2242
02:06:36,700 --> 02:06:39,300
status as clearly as any modern 
design label. 

2243
02:06:40,100 --> 02:06:43,900
Ordinary people wore undyed or 
simply died cloth in muted tones

2244
02:06:43,900 --> 02:06:47,200
the way you drape, your high 
mation communicated, something 

2245
02:06:47,200 --> 02:06:48,900
about your character and social 
position. 

2246
02:06:49,900 --> 02:06:52,500
The carefully arranged drapes 
suggested refinement. 

2247
02:06:53,300 --> 02:06:56,800
A carelessly thrown High Mason 
suggested either poverty or 

2248
02:06:56,800 --> 02:06:58,300
deliberate. 
Indifference to social 

2249
02:06:58,300 --> 02:07:01,800
convention, which in certain 
philosophical circles, was 

2250
02:07:01,800 --> 02:07:05,800
actually a point of pride. 
Shoes were leather sandals for 

2251
02:07:05,800 --> 02:07:08,000
outdoor wear. 
And many people went Barefoot 

2252
02:07:08,000 --> 02:07:11,400
indoors. 
Socrates famously went Barefoot 

2253
02:07:11,400 --> 02:07:15,200
everywhere in all weather, which
is contemporary found eccentric.

2254
02:07:15,200 --> 02:07:19,500
But also some admirable in the 
way that people sometimes admire

2255
02:07:19,500 --> 02:07:22,500
discomforts they themselves 
would never volunteer for 

2256
02:07:23,500 --> 02:07:27,200
Laundry was a genuine labor 
clothing was washed by hand, 

2257
02:07:27,200 --> 02:07:31,900
Often by trampling it in water. 
Mixed with a cleaning agent that

2258
02:07:31,900 --> 02:07:34,000
cleaning. 
Agent was sometimes lie, 

2259
02:07:34,000 --> 02:07:36,800
sometimes a type of clay called 
Fuller's earth. 

2260
02:07:37,900 --> 02:07:41,300
And sometimes, and this is one 
of those details that make you 

2261
02:07:41,300 --> 02:07:45,400
paused during which was an 
effective source of ammonia. 

2262
02:07:46,200 --> 02:07:49,200
During was collected for this 
purpose, and if you think that 

2263
02:07:49,200 --> 02:07:53,100
sounds unpleasant you'd be 
right, but it worked and 

2264
02:07:53,100 --> 02:07:55,500
practicality. 
As always been more persuasive 

2265
02:07:55,500 --> 02:07:59,300
than squeamishness. 
Jewelry was worn by both men and

2266
02:07:59,308 --> 02:08:01,500
women though, women wore more of
it. 

2267
02:08:02,200 --> 02:08:06,000
Rings bracelet, earrings 
necklaces and brooches were made

2268
02:08:06,000 --> 02:08:08,700
from gold. 
Silver bronze. 

2269
02:08:08,700 --> 02:08:12,500
And semi-precious stones. 
Greek goldsmiths, were 

2270
02:08:12,508 --> 02:08:17,100
remarkably skilled producing 
delicate, filigree work, tiny 

2271
02:08:17,100 --> 02:08:20,600
animal figurines and intricate 
patterns that still look 

2272
02:08:20,600 --> 02:08:22,600
impressive. 
Under a magnifying glass today. 

2273
02:08:24,100 --> 02:08:26,300
Jewelry served as personal 
adornment. 

2274
02:08:27,100 --> 02:08:30,700
As a marker of status and as 
portable wealth. 

2275
02:08:31,500 --> 02:08:34,700
In a world without banks wearing
your savings had a practical 

2276
02:08:34,700 --> 02:08:38,300
logic to it. 
Let's ease into the evening now,

2277
02:08:38,300 --> 02:08:41,400
because the way a Greek day 
wound down, had its own 

2278
02:08:41,400 --> 02:08:45,300
particular rhythm. 
As the sun dropped toward the 

2279
02:08:45,300 --> 02:08:49,900
Horizon, the pace of the city, 
began to slow shots closed the 

2280
02:08:49,900 --> 02:08:53,400
Agora emptied. 
The heat of the afternoon and 

2281
02:08:53,400 --> 02:08:55,400
Greek Summers could be brutally 
hot. 

2282
02:08:55,400 --> 02:08:58,500
The kind of heat that pressed 
down on you like a wool blanket 

2283
02:08:58,500 --> 02:09:03,200
began to loosen its grip. 
This was the time for the main 

2284
02:09:03,200 --> 02:09:06,800
meal of the day. 
In a modest household dinner 

2285
02:09:06,800 --> 02:09:09,100
might be that lentil soup. 
We mentioned or bread with 

2286
02:09:09,100 --> 02:09:12,800
cheese and olives, eating around
a low table in the courtyard as 

2287
02:09:12,800 --> 02:09:15,100
the sky turned from gold to Deep
Blue. 

2288
02:09:16,500 --> 02:09:20,300
The family ate together, though 
the social dynamics of who sat, 

2289
02:09:20,300 --> 02:09:24,400
where and who was served first 
reflected, the hierarchies that 

2290
02:09:24,400 --> 02:09:28,700
structured Greek domestic life. 
If you were a man of some means 

2291
02:09:28,700 --> 02:09:32,300
and social standing, the evening
might bring an invitation to a 

2292
02:09:32,300 --> 02:09:34,900
symposium. 
You'd head to the hosts home, 

2293
02:09:34,900 --> 02:09:37,900
where the andron, the men's 
dining room, typically the most 

2294
02:09:37,900 --> 02:09:41,400
decorated room in the house 
would be prepared with couches, 

2295
02:09:41,400 --> 02:09:43,500
low tables and garlands of 
flowers. 

2296
02:09:44,300 --> 02:09:46,000
You'd remove your sandals. 
At the door. 

2297
02:09:46,000 --> 02:09:48,400
Wash your hands and recline on a
couch. 

2298
02:09:48,400 --> 02:09:52,600
Leaning on your left elbow. 
The first part of the evening 

2299
02:09:52,600 --> 02:09:56,500
was devoted to food, not a 
lavish, Feast, usually, but 

2300
02:09:56,500 --> 02:09:58,000
something more than the daily 
fare. 

2301
02:09:59,000 --> 02:10:03,600
Fish perhaps or roasted meat 
accompanied by Bread vegetables 

2302
02:10:03,600 --> 02:10:07,500
and sauces. 
Then the tables were cleared and

2303
02:10:07,500 --> 02:10:11,400
the drinking began. 
The crater was filled the 

2304
02:10:11,400 --> 02:10:15,900
Symposium set the water to wine 
ratio and the evening unfolded 

2305
02:10:15,900 --> 02:10:19,900
at its own pace. 
There might be entertainment a 

2306
02:10:19,900 --> 02:10:23,908
musician, a poet, reciting 
versus a guest who had a good 

2307
02:10:23,916 --> 02:10:26,600
story to tell. 
There might be intellectual 

2308
02:10:26,600 --> 02:10:29,000
discussion. 
The kind that started with an 

2309
02:10:29,000 --> 02:10:31,500
interesting question and ended 
up somewhere. 

2310
02:10:31,500 --> 02:10:35,300
Nobody expected. 
There might also be competitive 

2311
02:10:35,300 --> 02:10:39,000
drinking, increasingly loud, 
singing and the sort of 

2312
02:10:39,008 --> 02:10:42,300
behaviour that in the clear, 
light of mourning you'd prefer 

2313
02:10:42,300 --> 02:10:46,800
not to remember in detail. 
The Symposium was in its best 

2314
02:10:46,800 --> 02:10:50,500
form, one of the great social 
institutions of the ancient 

2315
02:10:50,500 --> 02:10:55,000
world, a space, where ideas 
circulated freely, where 

2316
02:10:55,000 --> 02:10:58,200
friendships were formed and 
tested and where the Greek love 

2317
02:10:58,200 --> 02:11:01,100
of conversation and argument 
found its fullest expression. 

2318
02:11:02,200 --> 02:11:05,000
In its less elevated form. 
It was a bunch of men getting 

2319
02:11:05,000 --> 02:11:08,200
drunk and making a mess. 
Both versions happened 

2320
02:11:08,200 --> 02:11:10,500
regularly, sometimes in the same
evening. 

2321
02:11:11,400 --> 02:11:14,100
Now, let's think about what it 
was like to grow old in ancient 

2322
02:11:14,100 --> 02:11:17,500
Greece because aging like, so 
many aspects of Greek. 

2323
02:11:17,500 --> 02:11:21,200
Life was a complicated 
experience shape by factors that

2324
02:11:21,200 --> 02:11:24,600
were partly Universal and partly
specific to the culture. 

2325
02:11:25,700 --> 02:11:29,300
Life expectancy was shorter than
what we were used to though. 

2326
02:11:29,300 --> 02:11:33,100
The numbers can be misleading. 
The average life expectancy was 

2327
02:11:33,100 --> 02:11:37,400
somewhere around 35 to 40 years 
but that figure is heavily 

2328
02:11:37,400 --> 02:11:41,600
skewed by infant and child 
mortality. if you survived 

2329
02:11:41,600 --> 02:11:45,700
childhood and that was a 
significant, if You had a 

2330
02:11:45,700 --> 02:11:49,400
reasonable chance of living into
your 60s or even 70s. 

2331
02:11:50,500 --> 02:11:54,500
The Greeks recognized old age as
a distinct phase of life and had

2332
02:11:54,500 --> 02:11:58,200
mixed feelings about it. 
On one hand, age brought 

2333
02:11:58,200 --> 02:12:02,900
experience, wisdom and a certain
Authority within the family and 

2334
02:12:02,900 --> 02:12:06,200
Community Elders were respected.
There are opinions. 

2335
02:12:06,200 --> 02:12:09,700
Carried weight. 
On the other hand, the Greeks 

2336
02:12:09,700 --> 02:12:12,500
were keenly aware of the 
physical toll of aging and they 

2337
02:12:12,508 --> 02:12:16,300
didn't romanticize it. 
Greek poetry is full of laments 

2338
02:12:16,300 --> 02:12:19,300
about the loss of Youth Beauty 
and strength. 

2339
02:12:20,300 --> 02:12:23,800
The culture placed enormous 
value on the physical body, on 

2340
02:12:23,800 --> 02:12:28,800
Beauty on athletic prowess on 
the Vitality of Youth and 

2341
02:12:28,800 --> 02:12:32,400
watching those things fade was 
experienced as a genuine loss, 

2342
02:12:32,400 --> 02:12:37,100
not just a minor inconvenience. 
Growing old in a culture that 

2343
02:12:37,100 --> 02:12:40,200
worshiped Youth and Beauty 
required a certain kind of 

2344
02:12:40,200 --> 02:12:43,800
resilience a willingness to find
meaning and purpose and 

2345
02:12:43,800 --> 02:12:46,800
qualities, that didn't depend on
strong legs, and smooth. 

2346
02:12:46,800 --> 02:12:49,100
Skin family was the primary 
safety. 

2347
02:12:49,100 --> 02:12:51,900
Net for the elderly. 
There were no pensions, no 

2348
02:12:51,900 --> 02:12:54,600
retirement homes, and no social 
security system. 

2349
02:12:55,500 --> 02:12:58,100
If you could no longer work, you
depended on your children, 

2350
02:12:58,100 --> 02:13:00,600
particularly your sons to 
support you. 

2351
02:13:01,600 --> 02:13:05,100
This was both a social 
expectation and in Athens at 

2352
02:13:05,100 --> 02:13:09,300
least a legal obligation. 
Children were required by law to

2353
02:13:09,300 --> 02:13:13,500
care for their aging parents. 
In return, parents had the 

2354
02:13:13,500 --> 02:13:16,600
satisfaction of knowing that the
family they built and maintained

2355
02:13:16,600 --> 02:13:19,200
would carry them through their 
final years. 

2356
02:13:20,300 --> 02:13:25,000
Death when it came, was met with
the elaborate ritual. the body 

2357
02:13:25,000 --> 02:13:27,900
was washed and dressed usually 
by the women of the household 

2358
02:13:27,900 --> 02:13:31,000
and laid out on a beer for a 
period of mourning called the 

2359
02:13:31,000 --> 02:13:34,600
processes friends and family 
came to pay their respects. 

2360
02:13:34,600 --> 02:13:38,800
And there was wailing and 
lamentation public expressions 

2361
02:13:38,800 --> 02:13:41,200
of grief that were both genuine 
and formalized. 

2362
02:13:42,700 --> 02:13:47,200
The funeral procession or ec4a, 
carry the body to the burial 

2363
02:13:47,200 --> 02:13:50,700
site before Dawn. 
Burial and cremation were both 

2364
02:13:50,708 --> 02:13:53,800
practiced depending on the 
period and the region. 

2365
02:13:54,800 --> 02:13:57,700
Grave Goods. 
Pottery jewelry and personal 

2366
02:13:57,700 --> 02:14:01,000
items were placed with the 
deceased intended, to accompany 

2367
02:14:01,000 --> 02:14:03,400
them into the Afterlife, the 
Greek afterlife. 

2368
02:14:03,400 --> 02:14:07,700
It should be said, was not an, 
especially cheerful Prospect. 

2369
02:14:08,600 --> 02:14:13,600
The underworld ruled by Hades 
was imagined as a dim shadowy 

2370
02:14:13,600 --> 02:14:17,100
place where the dead existed as 
pale reflections of their former

2371
02:14:17,100 --> 02:14:20,500
selves. 
The Great Hero Achilles. 

2372
02:14:21,200 --> 02:14:23,000
Seeking from the underworld in 
Homer's Odyssey. 

2373
02:14:23,000 --> 02:14:26,600
Reportedly said he'd rather be a
living laborer than the king of 

2374
02:14:26,600 --> 02:14:28,700
all the dead. 
It wasn't punishment. 

2375
02:14:28,700 --> 02:14:31,800
Exactly the Greeks Reserve true 
punishment for exceptional 

2376
02:14:31,800 --> 02:14:34,300
wrongdoers but it wasn't 
Paradise either. 

2377
02:14:34,300 --> 02:14:38,500
It was just a diminished version
of existence going on. 

2378
02:14:38,500 --> 02:14:42,600
And on in the half-light, The 
Greeks faced death not with the 

2379
02:14:42,600 --> 02:14:46,000
promise of Eternal reward but 
with the understanding that life

2380
02:14:46,000 --> 02:14:50,100
for all its difficulties was the
main event and everything after 

2381
02:14:50,100 --> 02:14:53,500
was an afterthought. 
Before we begin to wind down, 

2382
02:14:53,500 --> 02:14:57,300
there's one more thing worth 
talking about and that's the 

2383
02:14:57,300 --> 02:15:00,900
Greek relationship with the 
concept of Zinnia hospitality. 

2384
02:15:02,000 --> 02:15:03,800
Because this was more than just 
good manners. 

2385
02:15:03,800 --> 02:15:07,800
It was a sacred obligation in 
force by Zeus himself in his 

2386
02:15:07,800 --> 02:15:10,000
role as the protector of guests 
and travelers. 

2387
02:15:10,900 --> 02:15:16,300
If a stranger showed up at your 
door, Dusty tired hungry, you 

2388
02:15:16,300 --> 02:15:19,600
were expected to welcome. 
The main feed them, give them a 

2389
02:15:19,600 --> 02:15:23,700
place to wash and rest and only 
then once they were comfortable,

2390
02:15:23,700 --> 02:15:28,000
asked, who they were and where 
they were going Asking too soon 

2391
02:15:28,000 --> 02:15:30,900
was rude. 
Turning someone away was worse 

2392
02:15:30,900 --> 02:15:33,200
than rude. 
It was an offense Against The 

2393
02:15:33,200 --> 02:15:36,100
Gods. 
The logic behind this was partly

2394
02:15:36,100 --> 02:15:38,900
practical in a world without 
hotels or reliable. 

2395
02:15:38,900 --> 02:15:42,900
Ins Travelers depended on the 
hospitality of strangers and 

2396
02:15:42,900 --> 02:15:46,500
partly moral the Greeks believed
that how you treated the 

2397
02:15:46,500 --> 02:15:48,600
powerless said something 
fundamental about your 

2398
02:15:48,600 --> 02:15:50,600
character. 
In return. 

2399
02:15:50,600 --> 02:15:53,800
Guests are expected to behave 
with gratitude and restraint. 

2400
02:15:53,800 --> 02:15:55,700
Don't overstay. 
Your welcome. 

2401
02:15:55,700 --> 02:15:58,900
Don't make a mess. 
Don't try to seduce your host 

2402
02:15:58,900 --> 02:16:01,800
spouse. 
He's expectations were codified.

2403
02:16:01,800 --> 02:16:05,900
Not in law but in Custer and 
vice and could bring serious 

2404
02:16:05,900 --> 02:16:09,800
social consequences and 
supposedly divine retribution. 

2405
02:16:10,600 --> 02:16:14,100
The whole system only worked 
because both parties held up 

2406
02:16:14,100 --> 02:16:17,400
their end of the arrangement. 
And for the most part they did, 

2407
02:16:18,400 --> 02:16:21,700
Zinnia was one of the invisible 
threads that held Greek society 

2408
02:16:21,700 --> 02:16:24,600
together. 
Shared understanding that human 

2409
02:16:24,600 --> 02:16:26,600
beings. 
Each other something simply by 

2410
02:16:26,600 --> 02:16:30,500
virtue of Being Human. 
It's a lovely idea and it worked

2411
02:16:30,500 --> 02:16:33,600
about as well as any system 
based on trust and Goodwill ever

2412
02:16:33,600 --> 02:16:36,500
does. 
Which is to say in perfectly, 

2413
02:16:36,500 --> 02:16:38,900
but better than having nothing 
at all. 

2414
02:16:41,700 --> 02:16:44,900
Let's take a final, walk through
the city as the night deepens, 

2415
02:16:44,900 --> 02:16:47,799
the streets are quiet now or 
nearly. 

2416
02:16:47,799 --> 02:16:51,500
So most of the oil lamps have 
been extinguished and the city 

2417
02:16:51,508 --> 02:16:55,000
is settled into darkness. 
A dog barks somewhere. 

2418
02:16:55,000 --> 02:16:58,299
Probably at nothing. 
The sound of the sea, if you're 

2419
02:16:58,299 --> 02:17:01,299
near the coast provides, a low 
steady pulse beneath everything 

2420
02:17:01,299 --> 02:17:05,900
else up above the stars are 
doing their ancient unhurried 

2421
02:17:05,900 --> 02:17:08,799
thing. 
The same constellations that you

2422
02:17:08,799 --> 02:17:12,700
can see from your bedroom window
or could if the streetlights 

2423
02:17:12,700 --> 02:17:17,100
were in the way, a hanging there
in the Greek Sky, impossibly 

2424
02:17:17,100 --> 02:17:20,500
bright Orion is striding across 
the heavens. 

2425
02:17:21,600 --> 02:17:23,900
The player dies are clustered 
together, like a handful of 

2426
02:17:23,907 --> 02:17:27,200
scattered seeds. 
The Greeks looked at the same 

2427
02:17:27,200 --> 02:17:30,299
stars and saw Hunters Bears, 
Heroes and gods. 

2428
02:17:30,299 --> 02:17:33,400
They told stories about them 
that have survived for nearly 

2429
02:17:33,400 --> 02:17:37,500
3,000 years, which is a kind of 
immortality that even Achilles 

2430
02:17:37,500 --> 02:17:42,400
might have ended In the house, 
the family settling in for the 

2431
02:17:42,400 --> 02:17:45,900
night, the children have been 
put to bed the small bodies 

2432
02:17:45,900 --> 02:17:50,400
curled on the simple mattresses.
Fire in the courtyard has burned

2433
02:17:50,400 --> 02:17:54,299
down to Embers giving off a 
faint warmth and a soft reddish 

2434
02:17:54,299 --> 02:17:56,400
glow. 
Someone has placed a blanket 

2435
02:17:56,400 --> 02:17:59,600
over the Old Clay Brazier to 
bank the coals for more morning.

2436
02:18:00,299 --> 02:18:03,900
The house smells like wood, 
smoke olive oil and the faintly 

2437
02:18:03,900 --> 02:18:08,200
sweet scent of dried figs stored
in a basket near the kitchen. 

2438
02:18:09,100 --> 02:18:12,500
You lie down on your bed. 
The Rope frame bed with the wool

2439
02:18:12,500 --> 02:18:15,700
stuffed mattress and pull a 
Woolen blanket over yourself. 

2440
02:18:16,500 --> 02:18:19,700
It's not the most comfortable 
Arrangement you can imagine but 

2441
02:18:19,700 --> 02:18:22,700
it's warm enough. 
And after a long day of work and

2442
02:18:22,700 --> 02:18:27,200
conversation and walking through
the dusty streets, your body is 

2443
02:18:27,200 --> 02:18:30,299
ready for rest. 
The will is slightly scratchy 

2444
02:18:30,299 --> 02:18:34,600
against your skin but in a 
familiar way the kind of minor 

2445
02:18:34,600 --> 02:18:37,000
discomfort. 
You stopped noticing years ago 

2446
02:18:37,000 --> 02:18:40,299
the way you stop hearing the 
ticking of a clock that's been 

2447
02:18:40,299 --> 02:18:42,700
on your wall. 
Long enough, the house creaks 

2448
02:18:42,700 --> 02:18:45,900
wants the wood Contracting as 
the night air cools and then 

2449
02:18:45,900 --> 02:18:48,900
it's quiet. 
Tomorrow will look a lot like 

2450
02:18:48,900 --> 02:18:51,900
today. 
The rooster will cro the bread 

2451
02:18:51,900 --> 02:18:54,900
will be dense. 
The Agora will hum with Commerce

2452
02:18:54,900 --> 02:18:57,299
and gossip. 
The philosophers will ask their 

2453
02:18:57,299 --> 02:19:00,299
unanswerable questions. 
The gods will watch from their 

2454
02:19:00,299 --> 02:19:03,200
high places in scrutable and 
unpredictable as ever. 

2455
02:19:03,200 --> 02:19:07,200
The sea will Sparkle in the 
Morning, Light, beautiful, and 

2456
02:19:07,200 --> 02:19:11,100
dangerous in equal measure and 
you'll get up and do it all over

2457
02:19:11,100 --> 02:19:13,299
again because that's what life 
is. 

2458
02:19:13,299 --> 02:19:17,799
Not the grand, dramatic version 
that gets carved into marble and

2459
02:19:17,799 --> 02:19:21,900
preserved for posterity. 
But the small daily version 

2460
02:19:21,900 --> 02:19:26,200
that's made up of meals and 
conversations and tired feet and

2461
02:19:26,200 --> 02:19:30,900
familiar faces the version that 
nobody writes epic poems about, 

2462
02:19:30,900 --> 02:19:34,000
but that matters more than 
anything else because it's the 

2463
02:19:34,000 --> 02:19:38,600
version that's actually real. 
The Greeks understood this even 

2464
02:19:38,600 --> 02:19:40,200
if they didn't always say it out
loud. 

2465
02:19:40,900 --> 02:19:44,200
For all their love of Heroes and
gods and Grand Ambitions. 

2466
02:19:44,200 --> 02:19:49,200
They all know that the good life
Truly good life was built from 

2467
02:19:49,200 --> 02:19:53,900
ordinary materials. 
A well-tended household, a 

2468
02:19:53,900 --> 02:19:57,400
conversation with a friend, a 
cup of wine at the end of a long

2469
02:19:57,400 --> 02:20:00,300
day. 
Sound of your children sleeping 

2470
02:20:00,300 --> 02:20:03,300
in the Next Room. 
The smell of bread baking in the

2471
02:20:03,308 --> 02:20:05,900
early morning, even if that 
bread was going to be dense, 

2472
02:20:05,900 --> 02:20:09,300
enough to use as a doorstop. 
These are not the things that 

2473
02:20:09,300 --> 02:20:12,300
make it into the history books, 
but they are the things that 

2474
02:20:12,300 --> 02:20:16,100
made ancient Greece. 
A real place inhabited by real 

2475
02:20:16,100 --> 02:20:19,000
people who worry about the same 
things you worry about. 

2476
02:20:20,000 --> 02:20:22,800
Whether the Harvest would be 
good, whether they their 

2477
02:20:22,800 --> 02:20:25,900
children would be, all right. 
Whether they were living the way

2478
02:20:25,900 --> 02:20:30,100
they were supposed to be living.
And on that, quiet note with the

2479
02:20:30,100 --> 02:20:34,500
Stars turning slowly overhead 
and the Mediterranean Breeze, 

2480
02:20:34,500 --> 02:20:38,500
moving through the courtyard. 
The ancient Greek day comes to 

2481
02:20:38,500 --> 02:20:42,400
its end. 
The oil lamp flickers once twice

2482
02:20:42,400 --> 02:20:45,800
and then goes dark. 
You close your eyes. 

2483
02:20:46,700 --> 02:20:49,800
The world is old and strange and
full of things. 

2484
02:20:49,800 --> 02:20:52,800
You'll never fully understand. 
But for now. 

2485
02:20:53,500 --> 02:20:57,000
In this small house in this 
small City. 

2486
02:20:58,000 --> 02:21:01,000
In this brief window of time 
between one mystery and the 

2487
02:21:01,000 --> 02:21:03,800
next. 
Everything is exactly as it 

2488
02:21:03,800 --> 02:21:06,800
should be. 
Sleep well and there you have 

2489
02:21:06,800 --> 02:21:09,200
it. 
A day in the life of someone who

2490
02:21:09,200 --> 02:21:12,400
actually lived in ancient 
Greece, not the polished museum 

2491
02:21:12,400 --> 02:21:16,200
display version but the real one
with all its dust and oil and 

2492
02:21:16,200 --> 02:21:20,400
noise and beauty. 
A world that was alien in so 

2493
02:21:20,400 --> 02:21:23,500
many ways. 
And yet in the ways that matter,

2494
02:21:23,500 --> 02:21:27,200
most not so different from your 
own, the bread was terrible. 

2495
02:21:27,200 --> 02:21:30,800
The beds were hard. 
The street smelled like exactly 

2496
02:21:30,800 --> 02:21:33,500
what you'd expect streets 
without a sanitation department 

2497
02:21:33,500 --> 02:21:36,300
to smell. 
Like Sky was magnificent. 

2498
02:21:37,200 --> 02:21:40,200
The conversation will worth 
having and the olive oil was 

2499
02:21:40,200 --> 02:21:43,900
exceptional. 
The Greeks something remarkable,

2500
02:21:43,900 --> 02:21:47,300
not just the temples and 
theatres and the philosophical 

2501
02:21:47,300 --> 02:21:51,000
traditions but a way of being in
the world that took the raw 

2502
02:21:51,000 --> 02:21:55,400
material of human experience and
tried with genuine effort and 

2503
02:21:55,400 --> 02:21:59,400
imperfect results to make 
something meaningful out of it. 

2504
02:22:00,300 --> 02:22:03,400
They didn't always succeed. 
They were wrong about a lot of 

2505
02:22:03,400 --> 02:22:06,300
things and some of the things 
they were wrong about caused 

2506
02:22:06,300 --> 02:22:09,800
real harm to real people, but 
they tried, they asked the big 

2507
02:22:09,800 --> 02:22:13,800
questions they looked up at the 
stars and wondered and thousands

2508
02:22:13,800 --> 02:22:16,200
of years later under the same 
Stars. 

2509
02:22:16,200 --> 02:22:20,200
You're still wondering too, 
which is when you think about 

2510
02:22:20,200 --> 02:22:22,700
it, one of the nicest things 
anyone has ever inherited. 

2511
02:22:23,500 --> 02:22:32,300
Good night. 
Off the southern coast of Korea.

2512
02:22:32,300 --> 02:22:36,700
Where black volcanic rocks meet 
turquoise Waters generations of 

2513
02:22:36,708 --> 02:22:40,000
women have descended into the 
ocean with nothing but their 

2514
02:22:40,000 --> 02:22:43,700
breath and their will. 
This is the story of the Henry, 

2515
02:22:43,700 --> 02:22:48,500
the sea women of Jeju Island, 
whose lives were shaped by tides

2516
02:22:48,500 --> 02:22:50,900
and Seasons by the rhythm of 
breathing. 

2517
02:22:50,900 --> 02:22:55,600
And the ancient of the deep You 
wait before Dawn on Jeju Island 

2518
02:22:55,600 --> 02:22:59,500
in the spring of 1958. 
The room is cool and dark 

2519
02:22:59,500 --> 02:23:02,700
outside your window. 
The wind moves through the 

2520
02:23:02,700 --> 02:23:06,300
Twisted branches of Tangerine 
trees, you can hear the ocean 

2521
02:23:06,300 --> 02:23:08,800
already. 
It never really stops making 

2522
02:23:08,800 --> 02:23:12,100
noise on this island. 
Even when the surface looks 

2523
02:23:12,100 --> 02:23:14,300
calm, there is always the sound 
of water. 

2524
02:23:14,300 --> 02:23:17,900
Meeting Stone, your grandmother 
is already awakened. 

2525
02:23:17,900 --> 02:23:20,300
The kitchen, you can smell the 
barley tea. 

2526
02:23:20,300 --> 02:23:24,500
She's Brewing, the scent mingles
with the Salt Air that seeps 

2527
02:23:24,500 --> 02:23:26,500
through. 
Every Gap in the stone walls. 

2528
02:23:26,500 --> 02:23:30,800
This house has stood here for 
three generations, your 

2529
02:23:30,800 --> 02:23:34,500
grandmother Dove these Waters 
your mother dose these Waters. 

2530
02:23:34,500 --> 02:23:38,800
Now you are learning your 16 
years old and your finger still 

2531
02:23:38,800 --> 02:23:42,600
ache from yesterday's work. 
The calluses are forming slowly 

2532
02:23:42,600 --> 02:23:45,400
on your palms. 
Each day, in the water, makes 

2533
02:23:45,400 --> 02:23:48,200
them a little thicker. 
Your mother says this is good. 

2534
02:23:48,200 --> 02:23:52,000
She says soft hands cannot grip.
The slippery rocks, where the 

2535
02:23:52,000 --> 02:23:55,300
Abalone hide? 
She says the ocean teaches your 

2536
02:23:55,300 --> 02:23:58,100
skin to be strong before it 
teaches your lungs. 

2537
02:23:58,800 --> 02:24:01,000
You dress in layers even though 
it is spring. 

2538
02:24:01,000 --> 02:24:04,400
The water is always colder than 
you expect. 

2539
02:24:05,400 --> 02:24:08,000
You pull on Cotton 
undergarments, then the loose 

2540
02:24:08,000 --> 02:24:09,800
work clothes that you will dive 
in today. 

2541
02:24:10,600 --> 02:24:13,800
Later at the beach, you will add
the thin wetsuit. 

2542
02:24:13,800 --> 02:24:18,600
It is made of rubber and smells 
like the sea and like the sun. 

2543
02:24:18,600 --> 02:24:24,200
It's smells like every Henry who
has ever worn it before you Your

2544
02:24:24,200 --> 02:24:27,100
grandmother brings you a bowl of
warm soup milk. 

2545
02:24:28,000 --> 02:24:30,300
Seaweed soup made from the 
wakeema that your mother 

2546
02:24:30,300 --> 02:24:35,200
harvested last week. 
The broth is Rich and salty, you

2547
02:24:35,200 --> 02:24:38,700
eat slowly feeling the warmth, 
spread through your chest. 

2548
02:24:38,700 --> 02:24:42,700
This is important. 
You learned early that a warm 

2549
02:24:42,700 --> 02:24:44,700
body holds its heat longer in 
cold water. 

2550
02:24:44,700 --> 02:24:48,600
Your mother appears in the 
doorway her face is weathered 

2551
02:24:48,600 --> 02:24:53,100
from Decades of sun and salt. 
Her hair still black despite her

2552
02:24:53,100 --> 02:24:56,100
40 years is already tied back in
preparation. 

2553
02:24:57,000 --> 02:25:00,300
She looks at your bowl and nods.
She does not need to speak. 

2554
02:25:00,300 --> 02:25:02,100
You have been doing this long 
enough. 

2555
02:25:02,100 --> 02:25:05,100
Now to know the routine, you 
finish your soup and rinse, the 

2556
02:25:05,108 --> 02:25:08,300
bowl, your grandmother packs, 
rice balls wrapped in dried 

2557
02:25:08,300 --> 02:25:10,200
seaweed. 
These will be your lunch. 

2558
02:25:11,200 --> 02:25:16,400
On the Rocks between Dives, she 
adds dried squid and pickled 

2559
02:25:16,400 --> 02:25:21,100
radish. she moves slowly, but 
with certainly She is packed 

2560
02:25:21,100 --> 02:25:25,600
these same Foods 1000 times 
before the sky is turning gray. 

2561
02:25:25,600 --> 02:25:30,000
When you step out side, not the 
gray of storms but the soft gray

2562
02:25:30,000 --> 02:25:34,800
that comes before Sunrise, the 
stars of fading To the east, 

2563
02:25:34,800 --> 02:25:38,700
over the ocean, The Horizon 
glows with the promise of light.

2564
02:25:39,300 --> 02:25:42,400
You Walk With Your Mother Down 
The Narrow Path toward the sea. 

2565
02:25:42,400 --> 02:25:47,100
No one speaks much at this hour,
the work, no one speaks much at 

2566
02:25:47,100 --> 02:25:50,100
this hour, the work ahead 
requires Focus. 

2567
02:25:50,100 --> 02:25:55,300
The beach is not Sandy instead 
black rocks slope down into the 

2568
02:25:55,300 --> 02:25:58,100
water. 
They are smooth in places where 

2569
02:25:58,100 --> 02:26:01,500
the waves of warm them down. 
In other places, they are sharp 

2570
02:26:01,500 --> 02:26:04,300
and Jagged. 
You learn to read these rocks. 

2571
02:26:04,300 --> 02:26:07,300
When you were small, you learned
which ones will hold your weight

2572
02:26:07,300 --> 02:26:09,300
and which ones will shift 
beneath your feet. 

2573
02:26:10,100 --> 02:26:11,900
Your mother's Bullock is already
there. 

2574
02:26:12,700 --> 02:26:15,800
This is the shared Stone 
shelter, where the hen you 

2575
02:26:15,800 --> 02:26:18,400
change clothes and warm 
themselves between Dives? 

2576
02:26:19,300 --> 02:26:21,700
Smoke rises from the fire pit in
the center. 

2577
02:26:21,700 --> 02:26:24,200
Some of the older women have 
already arrived. 

2578
02:26:24,200 --> 02:26:26,800
They tend the fire and prepare 
their equipment. 

2579
02:26:26,800 --> 02:26:30,400
You bout the elders, they nod in
return. 

2580
02:26:30,400 --> 02:26:33,100
One of them a woman named 
grandmother. 

2581
02:26:33,100 --> 02:26:37,700
Kang has been diving for 60 
years, her hands and nulled like

2582
02:26:37,700 --> 02:26:40,700
Driftwood, but they moved with 
precision as she checks, her net

2583
02:26:40,700 --> 02:26:43,000
bag. 
She has pulled more out alone 

2584
02:26:43,000 --> 02:26:45,000
from these Waters than anyone 
can count. 

2585
02:26:45,700 --> 02:26:47,800
Your mother helps you with your 
diving suit. 

2586
02:26:48,500 --> 02:26:50,400
The rubber is stiff from the 
cold night air. 

2587
02:26:50,400 --> 02:26:53,900
You work your legs into it. 
Then your arms, the seal around 

2588
02:26:53,900 --> 02:26:57,600
your neck is tight, it has to be
even a small Gap. 

2589
02:26:57,600 --> 02:26:59,700
Will let the cold water rush in 
against your skin. 

2590
02:26:59,700 --> 02:27:02,300
You strap the tuac to your 
waist. 

2591
02:27:02,300 --> 02:27:07,600
This is your flotation device 
around orange buoy made of gourd

2592
02:27:07,600 --> 02:27:11,100
and net, it will float on the 
surface while you dive below. 

2593
02:27:11,100 --> 02:27:13,400
Your Harvest bag will hang from 
it. 

2594
02:27:13,400 --> 02:27:16,800
When you need to rest, you will 
hold on to it and breathe. 

2595
02:27:17,500 --> 02:27:20,300
Your mother hands. 
You your bitch. this is your 

2596
02:27:20,300 --> 02:27:24,600
diving tool, a flat Metal Blade 
attached to a short wooden 

2597
02:27:24,600 --> 02:27:28,600
handle It looks simple but it is
everything with this tool. 

2598
02:27:28,600 --> 02:27:32,200
You will pry Abalone from rocks.
You will cut sea, cucumbers, 

2599
02:27:32,200 --> 02:27:34,600
free. 
You will dig for octopus in the 

2600
02:27:34,608 --> 02:27:37,300
crevices where they hide the 
other women are ready. 

2601
02:27:37,308 --> 02:27:39,400
Now, there are 12 of you this 
morning. 

2602
02:27:39,400 --> 02:27:43,400
Three are grandmothers women in 
their 60s and 70s who still die 

2603
02:27:43,400 --> 02:27:48,000
every day. for in their middle 
years, like your mother Three 

2604
02:27:48,000 --> 02:27:50,000
young women in their 20s and 
30s. 

2605
02:27:50,000 --> 02:27:53,000
And then there are you. 
And one other girl, both still 

2606
02:27:53,000 --> 02:27:56,200
learning the depths. 
Grandmother Kang walks to the 

2607
02:27:56,200 --> 02:27:58,500
Waters Edge. 
She bows to the ocean. 

2608
02:27:58,500 --> 02:28:02,100
This is not a religious gesture.
Exactly, though. 

2609
02:28:02,100 --> 02:28:05,100
There is reverence in it. 
It is more like a greeting 

2610
02:28:05,100 --> 02:28:09,800
between old acquaintances, the 
ocean gives and the ocean takes 

2611
02:28:09,800 --> 02:28:12,100
today. 
You hope it will give more than 

2612
02:28:12,100 --> 02:28:14,400
it. 
Takes you wade into the water 

2613
02:28:14,400 --> 02:28:17,400
behind your mother. 
The cold hits your feet first. 

2614
02:28:17,400 --> 02:28:21,300
Then your calves even through 
the rubber suit, you feel it. 

2615
02:28:21,300 --> 02:28:24,700
The shock of it makes you want 
to gasp, but you learned not to 

2616
02:28:24,700 --> 02:28:28,200
do that, you breathe slowly and 
evenly you. 

2617
02:28:28,200 --> 02:28:31,500
Let your body adjust and the 
water reaches, your waist. 

2618
02:28:31,500 --> 02:28:35,500
You push off and begin to swim. 
The telak trails behind you. 

2619
02:28:35,500 --> 02:28:38,300
Bobbing on the surface around 
you. 

2620
02:28:38,300 --> 02:28:40,000
The other women are swimming 
too. 

2621
02:28:40,000 --> 02:28:43,500
You spread out across the rocky 
shallows each heading to her 

2622
02:28:43,500 --> 02:28:46,900
preferred, diving spot, your 
mother has been working the same

2623
02:28:46,900 --> 02:28:50,500
area for 20 years. 
She knows every rock formation, 

2624
02:28:50,500 --> 02:28:54,700
every underwater cave, every 
place where the current runs 

2625
02:28:54,700 --> 02:28:57,700
strong or weak. 
She knows where the Abalone 

2626
02:28:57,700 --> 02:29:00,500
cluster in summer and where they
move in winter. 

2627
02:29:01,300 --> 02:29:03,300
This knowledge cannot be written
down. 

2628
02:29:03,300 --> 02:29:08,400
It can only be learned by diving
again and again, until the ocean

2629
02:29:08,400 --> 02:29:10,900
floor becomes as familiar as 
your own kitchen. 

2630
02:29:11,800 --> 02:29:15,200
You follow her to a spot about 
30, metres from Shore. 

2631
02:29:15,900 --> 02:29:18,100
The water here is about 5 meters
deep. 

2632
02:29:18,100 --> 02:29:22,300
This is where you will start. 
Later, when you are more 

2633
02:29:22,300 --> 02:29:27,800
experienced, you will dive to 
eight meters, then 10 then 12. 

2634
02:29:28,900 --> 02:29:33,900
Grandmother can still Dives to 
50 meters at the age of 73, but 

2635
02:29:33,900 --> 02:29:38,100
that will come with time. 
Your mother takes 3D breaths on 

2636
02:29:38,100 --> 02:29:41,000
the third breath. 
She fills her lungs completely 

2637
02:29:41,000 --> 02:29:44,800
and ducts beneath the surface. 
You watch her legs kick once 

2638
02:29:44,800 --> 02:29:49,000
twice and then she is gone into 
the green water you counting 

2639
02:29:49,000 --> 02:29:51,500
your head. 
She'll be down for about 90 

2640
02:29:51,500 --> 02:29:53,700
seconds. 
You float on the surface, 

2641
02:29:53,700 --> 02:29:56,900
holding your tear whack, the sun
is rising. 

2642
02:29:56,900 --> 02:30:01,400
Now the light slanted across the
water, turning it from Gray to 

2643
02:30:01,400 --> 02:30:05,800
green to blue you can see the 
Rocks below covered in seaweed 

2644
02:30:05,800 --> 02:30:09,600
that sways with the current 
small fish Dart between the 

2645
02:30:09,600 --> 02:30:13,100
stones, your mother's surfaces 
with a burst of breath. 

2646
02:30:13,900 --> 02:30:18,000
This is the sound all henya make
when they resurface some bit. 

2647
02:30:18,900 --> 02:30:21,300
It is a low whistle a controlled
exhale. 

2648
02:30:21,300 --> 02:30:24,700
That signals the release of held
are It sounds almost like a 

2649
02:30:24,700 --> 02:30:28,700
sigh, almost like relief. 
You hear it echoing across the 

2650
02:30:28,700 --> 02:30:32,800
water as the other women surface
and Dives surface and dive. 

2651
02:30:32,800 --> 02:30:37,000
She opens her net bag and drops 
in two sea urchins not a big, 

2652
02:30:37,008 --> 02:30:39,700
catch for a first dive but his 
early yet. 

2653
02:30:40,500 --> 02:30:43,200
The good finds will come later 
when you settle into the Rhythm.

2654
02:30:43,200 --> 02:30:47,500
Now, it is your turn. 
You take your three breaths on 

2655
02:30:47,500 --> 02:30:49,400
the third. 
You fill your lungs until they 

2656
02:30:49,400 --> 02:30:52,900
press against your ribs. 
You bend at the waist and kick 

2657
02:30:52,900 --> 02:30:57,600
down the water closes over your 
head, the sound of the world 

2658
02:30:57,600 --> 02:31:02,300
changes instantly Above the 
surface, there is wind and waves

2659
02:31:02,300 --> 02:31:04,900
and the calls of seabirds. 
Below. 

2660
02:31:04,900 --> 02:31:07,900
There is only the muffled sound 
of water and your own heartbeat 

2661
02:31:07,900 --> 02:31:11,600
in your ears, you kick downward 
following the angle of the 

2662
02:31:11,600 --> 02:31:14,300
Rocks, the pressure builds in 
your ears. 

2663
02:31:14,300 --> 02:31:18,700
You learn to equalize this 
pressure by swallowing by just 

2664
02:31:18,700 --> 02:31:22,300
adjusting the air in your head. 
Becomes automatic after a while,

2665
02:31:22,300 --> 02:31:26,700
the bottom is close to the new 
expected, your hands touch the 

2666
02:31:26,700 --> 02:31:31,500
rocks, and you steady yourself. 
Current here is gentle this 

2667
02:31:31,500 --> 02:31:33,600
morning. 
You can feel it pushing at your 

2668
02:31:33,608 --> 02:31:37,800
back but not strongly. 
You look around the underwater. 

2669
02:31:37,800 --> 02:31:41,700
Landscape is covered in life, 
green and brown seaweed. 

2670
02:31:41,700 --> 02:31:46,700
Forests sway like trees in Wind.
Pink Coraline algae, clings to 

2671
02:31:46,700 --> 02:31:48,700
the Rocks. 
Small crabs. 

2672
02:31:48,700 --> 02:31:50,500
Scuttle. 
Sideways into crevices. 

2673
02:31:50,500 --> 02:31:53,200
This is a garden. 
That no one plants. 

2674
02:31:53,200 --> 02:31:57,100
But everyone tends you spot a 
sea cucumber wedged between two 

2675
02:31:57,100 --> 02:32:00,000
rocks. 
It is fat and brown and covered 

2676
02:32:00,000 --> 02:32:02,700
in soft. 
Spines you work your bitch 

2677
02:32:02,700 --> 02:32:06,900
underneath it and pry, it Loose 
it comes free with a gentle tug.

2678
02:32:06,900 --> 02:32:10,700
You tuck it into your waist bag 
and keep searching your lungs. 

2679
02:32:10,700 --> 02:32:14,300
Are beginning to feel the strain
now not paying yet, but 

2680
02:32:14,300 --> 02:32:17,400
awareness. 
You've been down for about 40 

2681
02:32:17,400 --> 02:32:20,600
seconds. 
You have another 30, maybe 40 

2682
02:32:20,600 --> 02:32:22,200
seconds before, you need to 
surface. 

2683
02:32:22,200 --> 02:32:26,500
You see movement in a shadowed 
crack, something, dark and 

2684
02:32:26,500 --> 02:32:29,100
round, you reached toward it 
carefully. 

2685
02:32:30,000 --> 02:32:33,700
Octopus can be tricky. 
They can squeeze into impossibly

2686
02:32:33,700 --> 02:32:36,200
small spaces. 
They can also grip with 

2687
02:32:36,200 --> 02:32:40,400
surprising strength, but this is
not an octopus, it is a large 

2688
02:32:40,400 --> 02:32:45,700
turban shell, it spiral surface 
and crusted with small Barnacles

2689
02:32:45,700 --> 02:32:50,200
this is a good fine turban 
shells are prized for their 

2690
02:32:50,200 --> 02:32:54,100
sweet meat You work it free from
the rocks and add it to your 

2691
02:32:54,100 --> 02:32:56,500
bag. 
Your chest is tightening. 

2692
02:32:56,500 --> 02:33:00,500
Now, it is time. 
You push off from the bottom and

2693
02:33:00,500 --> 02:33:03,900
kick toward the light. 
The surface seems farther away 

2694
02:33:03,900 --> 02:33:06,900
than it should be. 
This is the trick of diving 

2695
02:33:06,900 --> 02:33:10,200
going down. 
Feels quick coming up or always 

2696
02:33:10,200 --> 02:33:12,900
feel slower. 
You break through into air and 

2697
02:33:12,900 --> 02:33:17,300
exhale some bit. 
The sound comes naturally. 

2698
02:33:17,300 --> 02:33:20,500
Now though, you remember how 
strange it felt when you first 

2699
02:33:20,500 --> 02:33:24,100
learned it? 
You Gulpin fresh are feeling 

2700
02:33:24,100 --> 02:33:25,800
your lungs. 
Expand fully again. 

2701
02:33:26,500 --> 02:33:28,300
The oxygen feels like cool 
water. 

2702
02:33:28,300 --> 02:33:32,800
After a long thirst, you hold 
onto your work and rest, this is

2703
02:33:32,800 --> 02:33:35,500
important. 
You learned not to rush from 

2704
02:33:35,500 --> 02:33:38,700
dive to dive the body needs time
to recover. 

2705
02:33:38,700 --> 02:33:42,100
The blood needs time to carry 
oxygen back to the muscles, 

2706
02:33:42,100 --> 02:33:46,300
rushing leads to mistakes. 
Mistakes in the ocean can be 

2707
02:33:46,300 --> 02:33:48,400
dangerous. 
Your mother. 

2708
02:33:48,400 --> 02:33:51,900
Surface is a few meters away. 
She is caught an abalone. 

2709
02:33:52,800 --> 02:33:55,900
You can see its dark shell 
glistening in our hand before 

2710
02:33:55,900 --> 02:33:59,800
she drops it into a net bag. 
Abalone other most valuable 

2711
02:33:59,800 --> 02:34:02,500
catch. 
They're also the hardest to find

2712
02:34:02,500 --> 02:34:06,100
and the hardest to harvest. 
They cling to rocks with a 

2713
02:34:06,100 --> 02:34:09,800
powerful muscular foot. 
You need strengthen skill to pry

2714
02:34:09,800 --> 02:34:13,900
them free without damaging them,
you dive again and again and 

2715
02:34:13,900 --> 02:34:19,300
again, the Rhythm becomes 
everything, breathe dive search 

2716
02:34:19,300 --> 02:34:25,900
surface rest, breathe dive 
search surface rest. 

2717
02:34:25,900 --> 02:34:29,300
Your body Finds Its Own timing, 
your lungs, learn. 

2718
02:34:29,300 --> 02:34:32,100
How much are they can? 
Hold your muscles, learn how to 

2719
02:34:32,100 --> 02:34:35,800
move efficiently in the water, 
the sun, climbs higher the 

2720
02:34:35,800 --> 02:34:37,100
water. 
Warm slightly though. 

2721
02:34:37,100 --> 02:34:41,000
It is never truly warm here. 
Even in summer, the ocean 

2722
02:34:41,000 --> 02:34:42,700
around. 
Juju Island stays cool. 

2723
02:34:42,700 --> 02:34:47,000
The current spring cold water up
from the depths This is why the 

2724
02:34:47,000 --> 02:34:50,800
sea life is so rich. 
The cold water carries nutrients

2725
02:34:50,800 --> 02:34:54,500
that feed the algae, which feed 
the small creatures, which feed 

2726
02:34:54,500 --> 02:34:58,800
the larger ones by mid-morning, 
your catch bag is getting heavy,

2727
02:34:58,800 --> 02:35:02,900
you've collected a dozen sea 
urchins five, turban, shells, 

2728
02:35:02,900 --> 02:35:05,900
three sea, cucumbers and one 
small abalone. 

2729
02:35:06,700 --> 02:35:10,300
Your mother has caught twice as 
much, but you are learning each 

2730
02:35:10,300 --> 02:35:13,800
day, you get a little faster, a 
little more efficient, a little 

2731
02:35:13,808 --> 02:35:16,600
better at spotting, The Telltale
shapes among the rocks. 

2732
02:35:17,300 --> 02:35:19,900
You notice grandmother Kang 
swimming towards Shore. 

2733
02:35:19,900 --> 02:35:23,700
This is the signal it is time 
for the mid-morning break. 

2734
02:35:23,700 --> 02:35:27,500
The other women begin to follow 
you swim back with your mother, 

2735
02:35:27,500 --> 02:35:29,700
Towing your tiwa and it's heavy 
load. 

2736
02:35:30,700 --> 02:35:33,300
On the beach. 
The fire in the Baltic is 

2737
02:35:33,308 --> 02:35:36,400
burning hot. 
Someone has added fresh wood. 

2738
02:35:36,400 --> 02:35:39,100
While you were diving, the heat 
feels glorious. 

2739
02:35:39,100 --> 02:35:42,600
After hours in the cold water 
you peel off your diving suit 

2740
02:35:42,600 --> 02:35:45,800
and hang it to dry. 
The air on your skin feels 

2741
02:35:45,800 --> 02:35:49,800
strange after being sealed in 
rubber so long, the women gather

2742
02:35:49,800 --> 02:35:53,000
around the fire, they compare 
catches and share news. 

2743
02:35:54,200 --> 02:35:56,700
One of the younger women has 
found a particularly large 

2744
02:35:56,700 --> 02:35:59,700
abalone. 
She is praised for her sharp 

2745
02:35:59,700 --> 02:36:03,600
eyes and Other Woman warns about
a strong current on the east 

2746
02:36:03,600 --> 02:36:07,200
side of the diving grounds 
everyone nods and makes note of 

2747
02:36:07,208 --> 02:36:09,800
this. 
Information about the ocean is 

2748
02:36:09,800 --> 02:36:13,700
shared freely among the Henry. 
Your success does not diminish 

2749
02:36:13,700 --> 02:36:16,600
mine. 
The sea is vast enough for all 

2750
02:36:16,600 --> 02:36:20,700
your grandmother has sent lunch 
and you unwrap your rice balls. 

2751
02:36:20,700 --> 02:36:24,900
The seaweed wrapper is slightly 
damp from The Salted, rice. 

2752
02:36:24,900 --> 02:36:28,400
Inside is still warm somehow you
do not question this magic. 

2753
02:36:28,400 --> 02:36:31,500
You simply eat grateful for the 
fuel. 

2754
02:36:33,000 --> 02:36:34,800
The women tell stories is they 
eat. 

2755
02:36:35,700 --> 02:36:37,400
Grandmother can talks about the 
time. 

2756
02:36:37,400 --> 02:36:41,800
She saw a sea turtle, huge and 
ancient gliding through the 

2757
02:36:41,800 --> 02:36:46,300
water, like a dream. 
Another woman describes finding 

2758
02:36:46,300 --> 02:36:48,400
a ceramic jar on the ocean 
floor. 

2759
02:36:48,400 --> 02:36:51,100
Probably lost from a fishing 
boat decades ago. 

2760
02:36:52,200 --> 02:36:54,000
These stories are part of the 
tradition. 

2761
02:36:54,900 --> 02:36:56,600
They are how knowledge is passed
down. 

2762
02:36:57,300 --> 02:36:59,900
There, how the young learn what 
to watch for and what to wonder 

2763
02:36:59,900 --> 02:37:02,300
at? 
Someone makes a joke about a 

2764
02:37:02,300 --> 02:37:05,600
lazy husband who sleeps. 
While his wife works, the women 

2765
02:37:05,600 --> 02:37:10,000
laugh, the laugh after his warm 
and knowing on Jeju Island, the 

2766
02:37:10,000 --> 02:37:13,200
women of always worked the sea 
while the men worked the land or

2767
02:37:13,900 --> 02:37:17,500
fished with Nets from boats, 
this created, a unique social 

2768
02:37:17,500 --> 02:37:21,800
structure, women and money. 
Women made decisions women held 

2769
02:37:21,800 --> 02:37:24,800
power in ways that were unusual 
in traditional Korean Society. 

2770
02:37:25,800 --> 02:37:28,900
Your mother is quiet during the 
laughter, she's been a widow for

2771
02:37:28,908 --> 02:37:31,900
five years now. 
Your father died in a fishing 

2772
02:37:31,900 --> 02:37:35,500
accident when his boat capsized 
in a sudden storm, you remember 

2773
02:37:35,500 --> 02:37:37,500
the day? 
The news came, you remember, 

2774
02:37:37,500 --> 02:37:40,000
your mother's face still and 
Silent a stone. 

2775
02:37:40,000 --> 02:37:44,200
She went diving the next day. 
And the day after that, the 

2776
02:37:44,200 --> 02:37:46,500
ocean took your father, but it 
also feeds you. 

2777
02:37:46,500 --> 02:37:49,400
This is the bargain. 
After lunch. 

2778
02:37:49,400 --> 02:37:53,000
You rest in the sun, your body 
is tired in a good way. 

2779
02:37:53,000 --> 02:37:55,700
Your muscles. 
Ache from swimming and Diving 

2780
02:37:55,700 --> 02:37:58,700
your skin tingles from the salt 
in the sun. 

2781
02:37:58,700 --> 02:38:02,700
You close your eyes and listen 
to the women, talking, their 

2782
02:38:02,700 --> 02:38:04,900
voices, mixing with the sound of
the ways. 

2783
02:38:05,600 --> 02:38:08,500
But the rest is short, there are
still worked to do. 

2784
02:38:09,400 --> 02:38:12,000
The Tide is changing. 
And the afternoon, diving will 

2785
02:38:12,000 --> 02:38:14,800
be different from the morning. 
Different currents mean, 

2786
02:38:14,800 --> 02:38:18,200
different, diving spots, the 
Henry, read the ocean, like 

2787
02:38:18,200 --> 02:38:21,300
Farmers with the sky. 
You pull your diving suit back 

2788
02:38:21,300 --> 02:38:23,600
on. 
It is dry now and easier to 

2789
02:38:23,600 --> 02:38:25,700
manage you. 
Check your bitch Ang to make 

2790
02:38:25,700 --> 02:38:29,100
sure the blade is still sharp. 
You retire your net bag to your 

2791
02:38:29,100 --> 02:38:31,600
tail whack. 
Everything must be ready before 

2792
02:38:31,600 --> 02:38:34,400
you enter the water. 
Again, the afternoon session is 

2793
02:38:34,400 --> 02:38:36,900
harder. 
Your lungs are tired from the 

2794
02:38:36,900 --> 02:38:39,500
morning. 
Dives, your muscles are slow to 

2795
02:38:39,500 --> 02:38:42,400
respond. 
But this is when you learn 

2796
02:38:42,400 --> 02:38:46,400
endurance, this is when you 
learn that, the body can do more

2797
02:38:46,400 --> 02:38:50,200
than the Mind thinks it can. 
You dive to a new area. 

2798
02:38:50,200 --> 02:38:52,200
Following your mother to deeper 
water. 

2799
02:38:52,200 --> 02:38:56,400
Hear the bottom is 7 meters 
down, the pressure is greater 

2800
02:38:56,400 --> 02:38:59,600
the time. 
You can stay down a shorter that

2801
02:38:59,600 --> 02:39:03,500
the rewards are better, too. 
Larger Abalone live in deeper 

2802
02:39:03,500 --> 02:39:07,300
water. 
Cucumbers, cluster in the darker

2803
02:39:07,300 --> 02:39:10,500
crevasses, on your 5th, dive of 
the afternoon. 

2804
02:39:10,500 --> 02:39:12,200
You see. 
Something that makes your heart 

2805
02:39:12,200 --> 02:39:15,600
race. 
An octopus big and rust colored 

2806
02:39:15,600 --> 02:39:17,600
stretching its tentacles across 
a rock. 

2807
02:39:18,300 --> 02:39:20,100
It is the largest one you have 
ever seen. 

2808
02:39:20,100 --> 02:39:24,100
It must wait four or five 
kilograms at least you know you 

2809
02:39:24,100 --> 02:39:27,500
should not try to catch it 
alone, octopus a strong and 

2810
02:39:27,500 --> 02:39:31,100
smart, they can fight back. 
They can wrap their tentacles 

2811
02:39:31,100 --> 02:39:32,800
around your arm and refused to 
let go. 

2812
02:39:34,200 --> 02:39:36,800
But the desire to prove yourself
is strong. 

2813
02:39:37,600 --> 02:39:39,400
You want to surface with this 
catch? 

2814
02:39:40,200 --> 02:39:44,800
You want the other women to see?
You approach slowly the octopus 

2815
02:39:44,800 --> 02:39:48,500
sees you and begins to change 
color darkening to match the 

2816
02:39:48,500 --> 02:39:50,500
Rocks. 
You reach out with your 

2817
02:39:50,500 --> 02:39:52,600
bitching. 
Trying to hook it and pull it 

2818
02:39:52,608 --> 02:39:54,400
free. 
The octopus. 

2819
02:39:54,400 --> 02:39:56,200
Grabs. 
The blade with two tentacles. 

2820
02:39:56,200 --> 02:39:58,300
You pull it. 
Pulls back. 

2821
02:39:58,300 --> 02:40:00,400
Your lungs are starting to burn 
now. 

2822
02:40:00,400 --> 02:40:03,500
You have been down for almost a 
minute but you do not want to 

2823
02:40:03,500 --> 02:40:05,700
give up You. 
Yank hard on the bitch. 

2824
02:40:05,700 --> 02:40:10,000
Ang The octopus comes loose from
The Rock, but it does not let go

2825
02:40:10,000 --> 02:40:14,300
of your tool, instead it climbs 
up the handle toward your hand. 

2826
02:40:15,200 --> 02:40:18,500
This is when you realize your 
mistake, you're running out of 

2827
02:40:18,500 --> 02:40:20,600
air and you are Tangled with an 
angry octopus. 

2828
02:40:21,600 --> 02:40:24,700
The tentacles, reach your wrist,
then your forearm, the suckers 

2829
02:40:24,700 --> 02:40:27,000
grip your skin. 
It does not hurt. 

2830
02:40:27,000 --> 02:40:30,000
Exactly, but the sensation is 
alarming. 

2831
02:40:30,000 --> 02:40:32,700
You do. 
The only thing you can do, you 

2832
02:40:32,700 --> 02:40:36,200
let go of the stitching and kick
hard for the surface, your 

2833
02:40:36,200 --> 02:40:39,300
octopus, keeps your tool and 
sinks back to the Rocks. 

2834
02:40:39,300 --> 02:40:42,600
You break through into where 
gasping your heart, pounding 

2835
02:40:42,600 --> 02:40:47,300
your mother's surfaces nearby. 
She's seen everything Her eyes 

2836
02:40:47,300 --> 02:40:49,500
are Stern, but there is 
something else there too 

2837
02:40:49,500 --> 02:40:54,300
understanding may be or memory. 
She probably did something 

2838
02:40:54,300 --> 02:40:57,700
similar when she was your age. 
She Dives down and retrieves 

2839
02:40:57,700 --> 02:41:01,100
your bitching, the octopus has a
band and it and retreated into a

2840
02:41:01,108 --> 02:41:03,900
crevice. 
When she surfaces, she hands you

2841
02:41:03,900 --> 02:41:07,700
the tool without a word, but her
expression says, what words do 

2842
02:41:07,700 --> 02:41:12,000
not need to learn from this the 
ocean teachers through 

2843
02:41:12,000 --> 02:41:15,500
experience. 
Sometimes those lessons are 

2844
02:41:15,500 --> 02:41:19,100
gentle, sometimes they are not 
you dive again. 

2845
02:41:19,100 --> 02:41:22,700
More carefully now. 
Your pride is bruised, but your 

2846
02:41:22,700 --> 02:41:26,400
body is fine. 
The octopus incident has taught 

2847
02:41:26,400 --> 02:41:29,800
you something valuable. 
Patience, is more important than

2848
02:41:29,800 --> 02:41:32,100
boldness. 
Wisdom matters more than 

2849
02:41:32,108 --> 02:41:35,000
courage. 
The afternoon wears on. 

2850
02:41:35,600 --> 02:41:38,500
The sun begins its descent 
toward the Western Horizon. 

2851
02:41:39,400 --> 02:41:42,100
The light changes becoming 
golden and soft. 

2852
02:41:42,900 --> 02:41:46,900
The water takes on new colors. 
Shifting from blue to Amber. 

2853
02:41:48,100 --> 02:41:52,200
Grandmother Kang is the first to
call it a day, she's strong, but

2854
02:41:52,200 --> 02:41:56,400
she's also wise, she knows when 
her body has had enough, the 

2855
02:41:56,400 --> 02:41:59,600
others follow gradually. 
You and your mother are among 

2856
02:41:59,600 --> 02:42:02,500
the last to leave the water back
at the boltok. 

2857
02:42:02,500 --> 02:42:07,100
You count your catch for the 
day. 18 sea, urchin 7 turban 

2858
02:42:07,100 --> 02:42:10,200
shells. 
Five CQ cumbers and two abalone.

2859
02:42:10,900 --> 02:42:14,000
It is not as much as your mother
caught but it is more than 

2860
02:42:14,000 --> 02:42:17,000
yesterday. 
Progresses measured in small 

2861
02:42:17,000 --> 02:42:19,600
increments the women prepared to
go home. 

2862
02:42:19,600 --> 02:42:22,400
They load their catchers into 
baskets Nets. 

2863
02:42:23,100 --> 02:42:25,100
Some will sell their Harvest at 
the market tomorrow. 

2864
02:42:25,100 --> 02:42:27,300
Others will trade with 
neighbors. 

2865
02:42:28,000 --> 02:42:30,500
Sum will keep the best pieces 
for their own families. 

2866
02:42:31,400 --> 02:42:33,700
You walk home with your mother 
as the sun sets. 

2867
02:42:33,700 --> 02:42:37,500
Your legs are heavy. 
Your arms are tired, but there 

2868
02:42:37,500 --> 02:42:39,700
is satisfaction in this 
exhaustion. 

2869
02:42:39,700 --> 02:42:43,100
It is the tiredness that comes 
from honest work. 

2870
02:42:43,900 --> 02:42:46,500
From a day, spent in Pursuit Of 
Something Real. 

2871
02:42:47,300 --> 02:42:51,700
At home, your grandmother has 
prepared dinner, more soup this 

2872
02:42:51,700 --> 02:42:56,200
time with fish and vegetables, 
you eat hungrily tasting, the 

2873
02:42:56,200 --> 02:42:59,900
food, your body needs fuel and 
you give it what it asks for. 

2874
02:43:00,800 --> 02:43:02,600
After dinner, you help your 
mother. 

2875
02:43:02,600 --> 02:43:05,800
Prepare tomorrow's equipment, 
you check the diving suit for 

2876
02:43:05,800 --> 02:43:08,200
Tears. 
You sharpen the bich on a wet 

2877
02:43:08,200 --> 02:43:10,100
stone. 
You Mend, a small hole in the 

2878
02:43:10,100 --> 02:43:12,600
net bag. 
These evening tasks are as much 

2879
02:43:12,600 --> 02:43:14,600
a part of diving as the diving 
itself. 

2880
02:43:15,300 --> 02:43:17,700
Your mother teaches you how to 
test the Rubber seal on your 

2881
02:43:17,708 --> 02:43:20,300
suit. 
She shows you how to feel for 

2882
02:43:20,300 --> 02:43:22,100
weak spots that might let water 
in. 

2883
02:43:23,000 --> 02:43:25,700
She demonstrates the proper 
angle for sharpening the blade. 

2884
02:43:25,700 --> 02:43:28,300
These lessons are details and 
specific. 

2885
02:43:28,300 --> 02:43:32,600
They are the accumulated 
knowledge of generations, when 

2886
02:43:32,600 --> 02:43:35,100
the work is done. 
You sit with your grandmother, 

2887
02:43:35,100 --> 02:43:39,200
by the kitchen fire. 
She's old now too old to die but

2888
02:43:39,200 --> 02:43:42,700
a mind is sharp would make your 
teeth chatter so hard. 

2889
02:43:42,700 --> 02:43:44,300
You would make your teeth 
chatter so hard. 

2890
02:43:44,300 --> 02:43:48,000
You thought they might break. 
She tells you about diving 

2891
02:43:48,000 --> 02:43:51,900
through winter storms, when the 
waves were so high that even 

2892
02:43:51,900 --> 02:43:53,700
reaching the diving Grounds was 
dangerous. 

2893
02:43:54,700 --> 02:43:57,700
She speaks of the years of 
Japanese Occupation, when the 

2894
02:43:57,700 --> 02:44:00,200
hen you were forced to give up 
much of their catch to feed the 

2895
02:44:00,208 --> 02:44:03,900
colonial Administration. 
But she also tells you about the

2896
02:44:03,900 --> 02:44:06,200
beauty. 
She has seen the underwater 

2897
02:44:06,200 --> 02:44:10,500
caves filled with dancing light.
The days when the water was so 

2898
02:44:10,500 --> 02:44:13,400
clear, you could see 30 meters 
in any direction. 

2899
02:44:14,400 --> 02:44:18,000
The time she swam alongside a 
dolphin that seemed curious 

2900
02:44:18,000 --> 02:44:19,600
about this strange. 
Diving woman. 

2901
02:44:20,400 --> 02:44:23,400
These stories fill you with a 
strange mixture of feelings 

2902
02:44:23,400 --> 02:44:27,300
pride in this tradition your 
joining or at the strength of 

2903
02:44:27,300 --> 02:44:30,400
these women uncertainty about 
whether you can live up to their

2904
02:44:30,400 --> 02:44:35,000
example but mostly beneath all 
the quiet determination to try. 

2905
02:44:36,100 --> 02:44:39,200
You fall asleep that night with 
the sound of waves in your ears 

2906
02:44:39,200 --> 02:44:43,600
in your dreams, your underwater.
But instead of struggling for 

2907
02:44:43,600 --> 02:44:46,200
breath, you find that you can 
breathe the sea. 

2908
02:44:46,200 --> 02:44:50,400
Like are you swim deeper than 
you have ever gone down to 

2909
02:44:50,400 --> 02:44:52,900
places where the light Fades to 
Blue Darkness? 

2910
02:44:53,900 --> 02:44:56,600
Strange fish swim past, paying 
your own mind. 

2911
02:44:56,600 --> 02:45:00,900
The ocean floor is carpeted with
treasures, waiting to be 

2912
02:45:00,900 --> 02:45:04,300
discovered. 
When you wake it is dark again 

2913
02:45:04,300 --> 02:45:08,900
another day of diving awaits. 
Your muscles are stiff from 

2914
02:45:08,900 --> 02:45:11,700
yesterday's work, but they will 
loosen once you're in the water.

2915
02:45:12,500 --> 02:45:14,300
This is the rhythm of your life 
now. 

2916
02:45:15,000 --> 02:45:19,000
Sleep and wake dive and surface 
work and rest. 

2917
02:45:19,900 --> 02:45:23,300
It is a simple pattern but 
within that Simplicity there is 

2918
02:45:23,300 --> 02:45:27,100
room for Mastery the seasons 
turn and you turn with them. 

2919
02:45:28,000 --> 02:45:31,200
summer arrives with heat that 
makes the volcanic rock Shimmer 

2920
02:45:31,900 --> 02:45:34,900
the water warms to temperatures 
that would feel merely cool 

2921
02:45:34,900 --> 02:45:38,300
instead of cold. 
The diving gets easier in some 

2922
02:45:38,300 --> 02:45:41,700
ways and harder in others. 
Your body does not Tire as 

2923
02:45:41,700 --> 02:45:45,300
quickly from fighting the chill 
but the summer brings tourists 

2924
02:45:45,300 --> 02:45:48,900
and boats and distractions. 
Japanese tourists. 

2925
02:45:48,900 --> 02:45:52,700
Come to Jeju Island to watch the
hen you dive they stand on the 

2926
02:45:52,708 --> 02:45:54,300
shore with cameras and 
notebooks. 

2927
02:45:54,300 --> 02:45:57,800
They are fascinated by these 
women who descend into the sea 

2928
02:45:57,800 --> 02:46:01,800
with such casual Mastery some of
the older Henry perform for them

2929
02:46:01,800 --> 02:46:05,600
making exaggerated some bits 
sounds and holding up their 

2930
02:46:05,600 --> 02:46:08,900
catches for photographs the 
tourist pay for this 

2931
02:46:08,900 --> 02:46:10,700
entertainment and the money is 
welcome. 

2932
02:46:11,500 --> 02:46:15,000
But you and your mother do not 
die for tourists you dive in the

2933
02:46:15,008 --> 02:46:18,400
early morning before they arrive
or in the evening after they 

2934
02:46:18,400 --> 02:46:22,200
have returned to their hotels. 
The work is the same where that 

2935
02:46:22,200 --> 02:46:25,100
anyone watches or not your 
skills improve through the 

2936
02:46:25,100 --> 02:46:27,500
summer. 
You can now hold your breath for

2937
02:46:27,500 --> 02:46:29,900
two minutes. 
If the dive is shallow and calm,

2938
02:46:29,900 --> 02:46:32,600
you have learned to move 
efficiently, underwater 

2939
02:46:32,600 --> 02:46:37,100
conserving, energy and are you 
can spot Abalone from meters 

2940
02:46:37,100 --> 02:46:39,600
away by the slight difference in
texture on the rocks. 

2941
02:46:40,400 --> 02:46:43,100
One morning in July, your mother
tells you it is time to try 

2942
02:46:43,100 --> 02:46:46,200
deeper water 8 meters. 
Instead of seven. 

2943
02:46:46,200 --> 02:46:49,900
This might not sound like much 
difference, but each additional 

2944
02:46:49,900 --> 02:46:53,500
meter changes everything. 
The pressure increases the 

2945
02:46:53,500 --> 02:46:57,500
darkness increases the time. 
You can stay down decreases. 

2946
02:46:57,500 --> 02:47:01,300
You follow her to a new diving 
spot, father, from Shore than 

2947
02:47:01,300 --> 02:47:05,500
you have ever worked before. 
The water here is a deeper blue 

2948
02:47:05,500 --> 02:47:07,400
almost purple in the early 
light. 

2949
02:47:07,400 --> 02:47:11,200
You can see the bottom, but it 
looks distant and somehow more 

2950
02:47:11,200 --> 02:47:12,900
serious. 
Your mother. 

2951
02:47:12,908 --> 02:47:15,000
Dives first showing you the 
technique. 

2952
02:47:15,800 --> 02:47:18,300
She does not kick frantically 
instead. 

2953
02:47:18,300 --> 02:47:23,200
She uses long smooth Strokes. 
She descends at an angle, 

2954
02:47:23,200 --> 02:47:25,200
following the slope of the 
Rocks. 

2955
02:47:25,200 --> 02:47:30,200
This conserves energy when she 
surfaces, she is caught a large 

2956
02:47:30,200 --> 02:47:32,800
abalone. 
She shows it to you before 

2957
02:47:32,800 --> 02:47:35,900
putting it in her bag. 
The shell is as big as your 

2958
02:47:35,900 --> 02:47:38,500
hand. 
This is what weights in deeper 

2959
02:47:38,500 --> 02:47:40,400
water for those brave enough to 
seek it. 

2960
02:47:41,200 --> 02:47:45,100
You take your breaths and dive 
The Descent feels longer than 

2961
02:47:45,100 --> 02:47:47,400
usual. 
Your ears protest at the 

2962
02:47:47,408 --> 02:47:50,600
pressure and you have to 
equalize three times before 

2963
02:47:50,600 --> 02:47:53,500
reaching the bottom Current is 
stronger down here. 

2964
02:47:53,500 --> 02:47:56,300
You can feel it pushing at you, 
trying to move you. 

2965
02:47:56,300 --> 02:48:00,000
Off course, you search the Rocks
working quickly because you 

2966
02:48:00,000 --> 02:48:03,600
know, your air will not last as 
long at this depth. the Abalone 

2967
02:48:03,600 --> 02:48:08,000
here, a larger just as your 
mother promised but they all so 

2968
02:48:08,000 --> 02:48:11,800
fewer and harder to spot. 
You work your way along a rock 

2969
02:48:11,800 --> 02:48:13,900
face peering into shadows and 
crevices. 

2970
02:48:13,900 --> 02:48:19,200
Then you see it a massive 
Abalone bigger than any you have

2971
02:48:19,200 --> 02:48:22,200
caught before its shell, is dark
green. 

2972
02:48:22,200 --> 02:48:26,500
And encrusted with pink algae. 
It clings to an overhanging rock

2973
02:48:26,500 --> 02:48:28,400
and a position that makes it 
difficult to reach. 

2974
02:48:29,400 --> 02:48:32,100
You wedge your bitching under 
its shell and pry. 

2975
02:48:32,700 --> 02:48:37,100
The Abalone holds tight. 
You pry harder using both hands?

2976
02:48:37,100 --> 02:48:41,100
Now your lungs are starting to 
burn, you have been down for 

2977
02:48:41,100 --> 02:48:45,200
about 90 seconds. 
You should surface Abalone is 

2978
02:48:45,200 --> 02:48:49,500
right there. 
So close you give one final Yang

2979
02:48:49,500 --> 02:48:53,400
and the Abalone comes free. 
Sudden release throws, you 

2980
02:48:53,400 --> 02:48:57,000
slightly off balance you kick to
stabilize yourself and then head

2981
02:48:57,000 --> 02:48:59,500
for the surface. 
The Abalone clutched in your 

2982
02:48:59,508 --> 02:49:02,300
hand. 
When you break through into, are

2983
02:49:02,300 --> 02:49:04,200
you make the loudest some bit of
your life? 

2984
02:49:05,000 --> 02:49:07,100
The relief of breathing again is
overwhelming. 

2985
02:49:08,100 --> 02:49:12,100
So is the Triumph you hold up 
your catch and your mother nods 

2986
02:49:12,100 --> 02:49:14,200
are approval. 
This is a turning point. 

2987
02:49:14,200 --> 02:49:18,100
After this, dive the deeper 
waters, become your regulatory 

2988
02:49:18,100 --> 02:49:21,400
each week. 
You push a little deeper a 

2989
02:49:21,400 --> 02:49:24,900
little longer By the end of 
summer, your regularly diving to

2990
02:49:24,900 --> 02:49:29,600
nine meters, 10 is Within Reach.
The catch gets better as your 

2991
02:49:29,600 --> 02:49:32,900
skills improve some days, you 
bring home enough to fill two 

2992
02:49:32,900 --> 02:49:36,300
baskets, your grandmother sells 
the Surplus at the market and 

2993
02:49:36,300 --> 02:49:39,800
the money helped by rice and 
barley and cooking oil your 

2994
02:49:39,800 --> 02:49:42,400
contributing to the household. 
Now, in real measurable ways, 

2995
02:49:42,400 --> 02:49:45,600
but some are also brings storms 
typhoon. 

2996
02:49:45,600 --> 02:49:50,300
Sweep up from the south churning
the ocean into chaos On these 

2997
02:49:50,300 --> 02:49:54,500
days, no one Dives the women 
gather in the bulletin Nets 

2998
02:49:54,500 --> 02:49:56,900
repair equipment. 
Tell stories. 

2999
02:49:57,700 --> 02:49:59,900
Forced rest is frustrating but 
necessary. 

3000
02:49:59,900 --> 02:50:03,800
The ocean demands, respect and 
typhoon's are her way of 

3001
02:50:03,808 --> 02:50:07,900
reminding you who is in charge. 
During one particularly Fierce 

3002
02:50:07,900 --> 02:50:10,700
storm, you watch the waves, 
crash against the black rocks 

3003
02:50:10,700 --> 02:50:14,500
with terrifying. 
Force water explodes upward in 

3004
02:50:14,500 --> 02:50:17,200
white spray that reaches higher 
than the roofs of houses. 

3005
02:50:18,000 --> 02:50:20,600
The wind howls like something 
alive and angry. 

3006
02:50:21,500 --> 02:50:23,600
You think about what would 
happen to a dive? 

3007
02:50:23,600 --> 02:50:25,800
A court. 
In this, the thought makes your 

3008
02:50:25,800 --> 02:50:29,100
stomach tight with fear your 
grandmother watches. 

3009
02:50:29,100 --> 02:50:31,800
You watching the storm. 
She says something, you will 

3010
02:50:31,800 --> 02:50:33,200
remember for the rest of your 
life. 

3011
02:50:33,200 --> 02:50:37,800
The ocean is not cruel, and it 
is not kind, it simply. 

3012
02:50:37,800 --> 02:50:41,600
Is you can work with it or you 
can work against it. 

3013
02:50:41,600 --> 02:50:44,000
One of these choices leads to a 
long life. 

3014
02:50:44,000 --> 02:50:48,100
Autumn arrives with cooler air 
and migrating fish, the water 

3015
02:50:48,100 --> 02:50:50,000
temperature drops. 
And you go back to where in 

3016
02:50:50,000 --> 02:50:54,100
thicker other suits the tourists
leave the island returns to its 

3017
02:50:54,100 --> 02:50:57,500
quieter to rhythms. 
This is when the hen you harvest

3018
02:50:57,500 --> 02:51:00,100
sea weed. 
The Autumn growth is thick and 

3019
02:51:00,100 --> 02:51:02,800
healthy. 
You learn to cut wakame and kelp

3020
02:51:02,800 --> 02:51:05,100
leaving enough behind so it will
grow back next year. 

3021
02:51:06,000 --> 02:51:08,800
This is the sustainable practice
that has kept these Waters 

3022
02:51:08,800 --> 02:51:11,600
productive for centuries. 
Take what you need, but 

3023
02:51:11,600 --> 02:51:13,900
Nevermore, leave seed for 
tomorrow. 

3024
02:51:15,200 --> 02:51:18,100
The work changes your body, in 
ways, you notice, gradually, 

3025
02:51:18,100 --> 02:51:21,800
your shoulders, broaden from the
swimming, your legs become 

3026
02:51:21,800 --> 02:51:23,800
powerful muscled from all the 
kicking. 

3027
02:51:23,800 --> 02:51:26,600
Your hands. 
Develop calluses so thick that 

3028
02:51:26,600 --> 02:51:30,200
you barely feel the sharp edge 
of rocks anymore. you're 

3029
02:51:30,200 --> 02:51:34,300
becoming a henya not just in 
skill, but in form, the other 

3030
02:51:34,300 --> 02:51:35,900
young divers, watch your 
progress. 

3031
02:51:35,900 --> 02:51:38,700
Some are jealous. 
Some are encouraging. 

3032
02:51:38,700 --> 02:51:41,700
One girl named. 
Sunja becomes a friend and 

3033
02:51:41,700 --> 02:51:44,700
informal rival. 
You push each other to dive 

3034
02:51:44,700 --> 02:51:47,600
deeper. 
Stay down longer catch more. 

3035
02:51:48,400 --> 02:51:51,500
This competition makes both of 
you better soon. 

3036
02:51:51,500 --> 02:51:54,800
Joe is fearless in ways that 
sometimes worry, you, she takes 

3037
02:51:54,800 --> 02:51:58,800
risks that seemed unnecessary 
She Dives in rough conditions 

3038
02:51:58,800 --> 02:52:02,500
when others stay ashore. 
She chases octopus with Reckless

3039
02:52:02,500 --> 02:52:05,800
determination but she is also 
generous and funny. 

3040
02:52:06,600 --> 02:52:09,400
She makes the work feel less 
like labor and more like 

3041
02:52:09,400 --> 02:52:11,800
Adventure. 
One afternoon. 

3042
02:52:11,800 --> 02:52:14,900
Soon jar challenges you to a 
diving contest. 

3043
02:52:14,900 --> 02:52:17,800
You can catch the most sea in 
one hour. 

3044
02:52:18,800 --> 02:52:22,000
The older women laugh at this 
youthful competition, but they 

3045
02:52:22,000 --> 02:52:25,800
do not discourage it. 
They remember being young, they 

3046
02:52:25,800 --> 02:52:28,400
remember the need to test 
themselves, you accept the 

3047
02:52:28,400 --> 02:52:32,200
challenge the hour passes in a 
blur of diving and surfacing. 

3048
02:52:32,200 --> 02:52:35,800
You lose count of how many times
you go down your arms. 

3049
02:52:35,800 --> 02:52:39,400
Ache from the repetitive motion.
Your lungs burn from the 

3050
02:52:39,400 --> 02:52:42,800
constant breath-holding, but you
do not want to quit because soon

3051
02:52:42,800 --> 02:52:46,500
Joe shows no signs of quitting 
when the our ends you count. 

3052
02:52:46,500 --> 02:52:49,700
Your caches sooner has 63 sea 
urchins. 

3053
02:52:49,700 --> 02:52:55,600
You have 61, she wins, but 
barely You're both too exhausted

3054
02:52:55,600 --> 02:52:58,400
to care much on the Rocks, 
laughing at your own 

3055
02:52:58,400 --> 02:53:01,200
foolishness. 
The older women shake their 

3056
02:53:01,200 --> 02:53:03,100
heads but you can see them 
smiling, too. 

3057
02:53:04,000 --> 02:53:07,200
As winter approaches, the diving
becomes truly difficult again. 

3058
02:53:07,900 --> 02:53:11,500
The water temperature drops 
below, 10 degrees Celsius, even 

3059
02:53:11,500 --> 02:53:15,900
with thick suits, the cold seeps
into your bones, the winter, 

3060
02:53:15,900 --> 02:53:18,900
Dives are shorter because your 
body cannot maintain heat for 

3061
02:53:18,900 --> 02:53:21,500
long. 
But winter also brings the best 

3062
02:53:21,500 --> 02:53:24,900
abalone season. 
Cold water, makes them grow 

3063
02:53:24,900 --> 02:53:27,200
larger and their meat becomes 
sweeter. 

3064
02:53:27,200 --> 02:53:30,500
The market price goes up the 
hen. 

3065
02:53:30,500 --> 02:53:33,500
You who Brave the winter Waters?
Can earn significant money. 

3066
02:53:34,600 --> 02:53:37,000
Your mother decides your ready 
for winter diving? 

3067
02:53:37,000 --> 02:53:41,700
This is both an honor and test. 
Winter separates the committed 

3068
02:53:41,700 --> 02:53:44,400
from the Casual. 
Many younger divers stop. 

3069
02:53:44,400 --> 02:53:48,000
When the water gets this cold. 
They wait for spring but you 

3070
02:53:48,008 --> 02:53:52,500
have come too far to stop now. 
First winter dive is shocked 

3071
02:53:52,500 --> 02:53:56,000
beyond anything. 
You expected the cold hits, you 

3072
02:53:56,000 --> 02:53:59,800
like a physical blow, your 
muscles sees your breath 

3073
02:53:59,800 --> 02:54:02,800
catches. 
For a moment, you can consider 

3074
02:54:02,800 --> 02:54:04,600
swimming back to Shore and 
giving up. 

3075
02:54:05,400 --> 02:54:07,600
But then you see your mother 
diving beside you. 

3076
02:54:07,600 --> 02:54:11,600
Calm and steady as always. 
If she can do this. 

3077
02:54:11,600 --> 02:54:15,300
So can you you force yourself to
take control of breaths? 

3078
02:54:16,000 --> 02:54:19,100
You make yourself relax into the
cold instead of fighting it. 

3079
02:54:19,900 --> 02:54:24,100
Gradually your body, adjusts it.
Never becomes comfortable, but 

3080
02:54:24,100 --> 02:54:27,700
it becomes bearable, you learn 
tricks for managing the winter 

3081
02:54:27,700 --> 02:54:31,700
cold, you eat more food before, 
diving to fuel, your internal 

3082
02:54:31,700 --> 02:54:34,100
heat. 
You spend longer warming by the 

3083
02:54:34,100 --> 02:54:38,200
fire between Dives you move more
slowly underwater to conserve 

3084
02:54:38,200 --> 02:54:40,700
energy. 
These small adjustments, make 

3085
02:54:40,700 --> 02:54:43,200
the difference between success 
and suffering. 

3086
02:54:44,400 --> 02:54:47,300
One morning in December, you 
surface from a dive to find 

3087
02:54:47,300 --> 02:54:51,000
snowfall white flakes, drift 
down onto the Dark Water, 

3088
02:54:51,000 --> 02:54:53,700
dissolving the moment, they 
touch the surface. 

3089
02:54:54,700 --> 02:54:57,000
The contrast is beautiful and 
surreal. 

3090
02:54:57,700 --> 02:55:00,800
In the ocean in Winter, while 
snow falls from the sky. 

3091
02:55:00,800 --> 02:55:05,700
This is your life now. by the 
end of your first year as a 

3092
02:55:05,708 --> 02:55:08,800
working henya, you have changed 
in ways that go beyond the 

3093
02:55:08,808 --> 02:55:12,500
physical you carry yourself 
differently, you Sleep with more

3094
02:55:12,500 --> 02:55:15,600
confidence, you have found a 
kind of strength that does not 

3095
02:55:15,600 --> 02:55:19,600
announce itself but simply 
exists quiet and sure. 

3096
02:55:20,500 --> 02:55:24,200
Your grandmother sees this 
change and approves your mother 

3097
02:55:24,200 --> 02:55:28,000
sees it and says nothing. 
But a silence is have always 

3098
02:55:28,008 --> 02:55:29,800
been her way of expressing 
Pride. 

3099
02:55:30,600 --> 02:55:33,400
You see it yourself when you 
catch your reflection and still 

3100
02:55:33,408 --> 02:55:36,900
water. 
The girl who started diving last

3101
02:55:36,900 --> 02:55:40,400
spring is not the same person 
looking back at you now years 

3102
02:55:40,400 --> 02:55:43,400
pass in the rhythm of Tides your
20. 

3103
02:55:43,400 --> 02:55:48,300
Now then 25, then 30. 
Passage of time is marked not by

3104
02:55:48,300 --> 02:55:52,900
calendars, but by Seasons, By 
The Return of my grating fish, 

3105
02:55:52,900 --> 02:55:56,200
each Spring, by the first 
typhoon of Summer by the 

3106
02:55:56,200 --> 02:55:59,600
changing colors of seaweed in 
Autumn by the bite of winter 

3107
02:55:59,600 --> 02:56:03,800
cold, you have become one of the
strong divers, not the strongest

3108
02:56:03,800 --> 02:56:07,900
yet, but reliable and skilled. 
You can dive to 12 meters now 

3109
02:56:07,900 --> 02:56:09,500
and stay down to two and a half 
minutes. 

3110
02:56:09,500 --> 02:56:11,800
Your catchers are consistently 
good. 

3111
02:56:12,900 --> 02:56:15,500
Other younger women look to you 
for guidance, the way you want 

3112
02:56:15,500 --> 02:56:18,600
to look to your mother. 
Soon, jar is still your friend 

3113
02:56:18,600 --> 02:56:21,600
and rival. 
She married two years ago and 

3114
02:56:21,600 --> 02:56:25,200
now has a baby daughter. 
But she still Dives nearly every

3115
02:56:25,200 --> 02:56:28,300
day leaving the child with her 
mother while she works. 

3116
02:56:28,300 --> 02:56:32,100
This is the way of JeJu, 
grandmother's raised children, 

3117
02:56:32,100 --> 02:56:36,800
while mothers, dive the pattern 
repeats across Generations, your

3118
02:56:36,800 --> 02:56:40,100
own mother is in her 50s now, 
she still Dives but not as 

3119
02:56:40,100 --> 02:56:42,700
deeply or as long. 
She has earned the right to 

3120
02:56:42,700 --> 02:56:46,800
easier work she focuses on the 
shallower waters Gathering 

3121
02:56:46,800 --> 02:56:50,800
seaweed and sea urchins. 
She leaves the Deep Abalone 

3122
02:56:50,800 --> 02:56:53,800
hunting to young women. 
Like you grandmother King. 

3123
02:56:53,800 --> 02:56:56,700
Finally, retired from diving 
last year at the age of 80. 

3124
02:56:57,500 --> 02:57:00,500
The departure from the sea was 
marked with a small ceremony at 

3125
02:57:00,500 --> 02:57:03,400
the bulldog. 
The women gave her gifts and 

3126
02:57:03,400 --> 02:57:05,700
shared stories about her 
legendary catches. 

3127
02:57:05,700 --> 02:57:08,200
She cried, which surprised 
everyone. 

3128
02:57:08,200 --> 02:57:11,200
She said she was not crying from
sadness. 

3129
02:57:11,200 --> 02:57:14,800
But from gratitude, the ocean 
had given her a good life. 

3130
02:57:15,500 --> 02:57:19,000
Now on the beach, each morning 
you were sometimes the one who 

3131
02:57:19,000 --> 02:57:23,100
bows to the water first. 
This informal leadership emerged

3132
02:57:23,100 --> 02:57:27,300
naturally. the older women are 
still respected but they looked 

3133
02:57:27,300 --> 02:57:30,600
to the middle generation to set 
the pace and make decisions 

3134
02:57:30,600 --> 02:57:34,400
about where to dive, and when to
call breaks, You have also 

3135
02:57:34,400 --> 02:57:37,600
become a teacher. 
Several teenage girls are 

3136
02:57:37,600 --> 02:57:39,100
learning to dive and you help 
train them. 

3137
02:57:39,100 --> 02:57:43,100
You show them how to breathe, 
how to equalize pressure, how to

3138
02:57:43,100 --> 02:57:46,300
read the underwater landscape, 
you pass down the knowledge. 

3139
02:57:46,300 --> 02:57:49,500
That was passed to you. 
Adding your own insights gained 

3140
02:57:49,500 --> 02:57:53,000
from years of experience. 
One of your students is 

3141
02:57:53,000 --> 02:57:58,000
particularly promising, her name
is mysonne and she's 15 years 

3142
02:57:58,000 --> 02:58:00,200
old. 
She reminds you of yourself at 

3143
02:58:00,200 --> 02:58:05,400
that age, eager but uncertain 
strong, but untested your 

3144
02:58:05,400 --> 02:58:08,000
patient with her mistakes, 
because you remember making the 

3145
02:58:08,000 --> 02:58:10,800
same ones. 
Mason struggles with her 

3146
02:58:10,800 --> 02:58:13,500
breathing technique. 
She surfaces too quickly. 

3147
02:58:13,500 --> 02:58:16,200
Wasting are you spend an entire 
morning? 

3148
02:58:16,200 --> 02:58:17,900
Teaching her? 
The principal of controlled 

3149
02:58:17,900 --> 02:58:21,500
Ascent you show her how to 
measure her breath, how to rise 

3150
02:58:21,500 --> 02:58:25,100
slowly enough to conserve oxygen
but quickly enough to reach are 

3151
02:58:25,100 --> 02:58:28,100
before she needs. 
It desperately She does not get 

3152
02:58:28,100 --> 02:58:32,700
it right for many days but then 
on a sunny morning in April she 

3153
02:58:32,700 --> 02:58:37,300
surfaces after a long dive with 
a perfect sunbit and a smile of 

3154
02:58:37,300 --> 02:58:40,300
Triumph. 
She is caught three Abalone in 

3155
02:58:40,300 --> 02:58:45,800
one dive, you praise her. 
And she glows with pride, This 

3156
02:58:45,800 --> 02:58:49,700
is how the tradition continues. 
Student becomes teacher becomes 

3157
02:58:49,700 --> 02:58:52,900
student again. 
The henya community is changing 

3158
02:58:52,900 --> 02:58:57,100
in small but significant ways. 
Some younger women are choosing 

3159
02:58:57,100 --> 02:58:59,700
other work. 
Factory jobs on the mainland, 

3160
02:58:59,700 --> 02:59:03,100
pay steady wages and do not 
require daily battles with cold 

3161
02:59:03,100 --> 02:59:06,400
water. 
A population of active divers is

3162
02:59:06,400 --> 02:59:09,600
slowly declining. 
The government has noticed this 

3163
02:59:09,600 --> 02:59:13,700
trend officials come to Jeju to 
study the Henry tradition. 

3164
02:59:13,700 --> 02:59:16,800
They take photographs and 
conduct interviews. 

3165
02:59:16,800 --> 02:59:19,900
They talk about cultural 
preservation and Heritage 

3166
02:59:19,900 --> 02:59:22,800
tourism. 
Some of this attention is 

3167
02:59:22,800 --> 02:59:28,000
wellcome, some fills, intrusive.
A researcher from Souls spent. 

3168
02:59:28,000 --> 02:59:31,000
Three months on the island, 
studying the diving practices. 

3169
02:59:32,000 --> 02:59:34,500
She is young and educated and 
full of questions. 

3170
02:59:34,500 --> 02:59:38,300
She asks about sustainability 
and harvest rates and economic 

3171
02:59:38,300 --> 02:59:41,100
models. 
You answer a questions polite, 

3172
02:59:41,100 --> 02:59:45,000
but you wonder what all her 
charts and graphs could possibly

3173
02:59:45,000 --> 02:59:48,200
capture about what it feels like
to be underwater. 

3174
02:59:48,200 --> 02:59:51,800
Holding your breath searching 
for food in the din. 

3175
02:59:51,800 --> 02:59:55,900
Greenlight still some good comes
from the attention. 

3176
02:59:55,900 --> 02:59:59,400
The government establishes 
protected zones were commercial 

3177
02:59:59,400 --> 03:00:03,000
fishing boats, cannot operate. 
This gives the sea life room to 

3178
03:00:03,000 --> 03:00:06,500
recover from over harvesting, 
The hen you appreciate this. 

3179
03:00:07,300 --> 03:00:09,800
You have always practiced 
restraint, but not everyone 

3180
03:00:09,800 --> 03:00:12,600
does. 
The protected zones help ensure 

3181
03:00:12,600 --> 03:00:15,900
there will be Abalone and sea 
urchins for future Generations. 

3182
03:00:16,700 --> 03:00:19,100
Your life settles into patterns 
that feel like they could 

3183
03:00:19,100 --> 03:00:22,900
continue forever. 
Wake Before Dawn dive until 

3184
03:00:22,900 --> 03:00:25,600
midday rest and repair 
equipment. 

3185
03:00:26,500 --> 03:00:29,400
Dive again in the afternoon. 
Return home. 

3186
03:00:29,400 --> 03:00:33,300
Prepare for tomorrow. 
Sleep and repeat. 

3187
03:00:34,600 --> 03:00:38,500
But nothing continues forever. 
Your Mother Falls ill in the 

3188
03:00:38,500 --> 03:00:41,700
winter of your 30. 
Second year, it starts as a 

3189
03:00:41,700 --> 03:00:43,600
cough that she dismisses as 
nothing. 

3190
03:00:44,600 --> 03:00:48,000
A cough persists and grows worse
by Spring. 

3191
03:00:48,000 --> 03:00:52,100
She's too weak to die by Summer.
She is too weak to leave the 

3192
03:00:52,100 --> 03:00:54,300
house. 
The doctor says it is something 

3193
03:00:54,300 --> 03:00:58,900
in her lungs. years of breathing
cold Sierra and Diving deep of 

3194
03:00:58,900 --> 03:01:04,000
taking their toll, her body has 
given all it can give Now, it is

3195
03:01:04,000 --> 03:01:06,800
giving out. 
You sit with her in the 

3196
03:01:06,800 --> 03:01:10,100
evening's, after diving, she 
does not complain about her 

3197
03:01:10,100 --> 03:01:12,400
condition. 
Instead she asked about your 

3198
03:01:12,400 --> 03:01:15,400
day, what did you catch? 
How are the currents? 

3199
03:01:15,400 --> 03:01:19,200
Did you see anything unusual? 
You tell her everything painting

3200
03:01:19,200 --> 03:01:22,300
pictures with your words so she 
can still experience the ocean 

3201
03:01:22,300 --> 03:01:26,500
through you. she offers advice 
even from her sick bed, She 

3202
03:01:26,500 --> 03:01:29,100
reminds you to check the seals 
on your diving suit. 

3203
03:01:29,800 --> 03:01:31,800
She suggests new locations to 
try. 

3204
03:01:32,600 --> 03:01:35,200
She warns about rocks, that 
shift with the seasons. 

3205
03:01:35,200 --> 03:01:38,400
Her mind is still in the water, 
even though her body cannot 

3206
03:01:38,400 --> 03:01:41,300
follow. 
One evening, she tells you about

3207
03:01:41,300 --> 03:01:44,700
her favorite dive ever. 
There was 40 years ago before 

3208
03:01:44,700 --> 03:01:47,500
you were born. 
She was young and strong and 

3209
03:01:47,500 --> 03:01:51,500
fearless. 
She Dove to 15 meters deeper 

3210
03:01:51,500 --> 03:01:54,800
than she had ever gone before. 
At the bottom, she found a 

3211
03:01:54,800 --> 03:01:58,900
cluster of Abalone so dense they
covered in an entire rock face. 

3212
03:01:58,900 --> 03:02:03,200
She gathered as many as she 
could carry, when she surfaced 

3213
03:02:03,200 --> 03:02:05,300
The Other Women could not 
believe her luck. 

3214
03:02:06,100 --> 03:02:10,200
But it was not just luck, she 
says it was intuition, it was 

3215
03:02:10,200 --> 03:02:12,800
knowing the ocean. 
Well enough to sense where life 

3216
03:02:12,800 --> 03:02:15,300
would gather it. 
Was trusting her body to handle 

3217
03:02:15,300 --> 03:02:18,300
the depth? 
as the combination of all her 

3218
03:02:18,300 --> 03:02:22,200
skills working together 
perfectly for one moment, she 

3219
03:02:22,200 --> 03:02:24,700
tells you that you have 
developed that same intuition. 

3220
03:02:25,500 --> 03:02:29,200
She has watched you dive and she
can see it, you know, things 

3221
03:02:29,200 --> 03:02:33,300
without being taught. 
You sent the ocean's moods. 

3222
03:02:33,300 --> 03:02:36,000
This is the mark of a true 
henya. 

3223
03:02:36,000 --> 03:02:40,200
You do not know how to respond 
to this, Praise You, Mumble 

3224
03:02:40,200 --> 03:02:42,000
something about still having 
much to learn. 

3225
03:02:43,600 --> 03:02:46,100
Smiles and says that is exactly 
right. 

3226
03:02:46,900 --> 03:02:51,100
There is always more to learn 
even grandmother Kang, who dough

3227
03:02:51,100 --> 03:02:53,700
for 60 years that she was still 
learning in her final season. 

3228
03:02:54,500 --> 03:02:58,000
Your mother dies in Early Autumn
during the season when the 

3229
03:02:58,000 --> 03:03:02,400
seaweed grows thick. 
Funeral is attended by every hen

3230
03:03:02,400 --> 03:03:06,100
you on this part of the island. 
They come to pay respects to a 

3231
03:03:06,100 --> 03:03:09,300
woman who gave her life to the 
Sea and who raised a daughter to

3232
03:03:09,300 --> 03:03:12,200
do the same? 
After the funeral, you dive 

3233
03:03:12,200 --> 03:03:15,600
alone, you swim out, your 
mother's favorite spot and you 

3234
03:03:15,600 --> 03:03:17,700
descend The Rock. 
She work for decades. 

3235
03:03:17,700 --> 03:03:21,400
You place a perfect Abalone on 
the sea floor as an offering. 

3236
03:03:22,400 --> 03:03:25,300
This is not a traditional 
practice, but it feels right 

3237
03:03:25,300 --> 03:03:29,000
your returning to the ocean. 
Something beautiful that came 

3238
03:03:29,000 --> 03:03:31,600
from it. 
When you surface, you make the 

3239
03:03:31,600 --> 03:03:36,400
sunbus sound and Echoes across 
empty water your crying, but 

3240
03:03:36,400 --> 03:03:39,100
you're all. 
So somehow at peace, Your mother

3241
03:03:39,100 --> 03:03:42,600
lived, the life she chose. 
She worked hard and provided for

3242
03:03:42,600 --> 03:03:45,100
her family. 
She taught you everything. 

3243
03:03:45,100 --> 03:03:48,300
She knew. 
What more could anyone ask from 

3244
03:03:48,300 --> 03:03:51,000
a life? 
You can continue diving through 

3245
03:03:51,000 --> 03:03:53,300
your grief. 
The work helps. 

3246
03:03:54,200 --> 03:03:57,700
The physical exhaustion leaves 
no room for the mind to spiral 

3247
03:03:57,700 --> 03:04:00,400
Into Darkness. 
The rhythm of breathing and 

3248
03:04:00,400 --> 03:04:03,500
Diving creates a meditation that
soothes your aching heart. 

3249
03:04:04,400 --> 03:04:08,200
Soon, Jai is particularly kind. 
During this time, she Dives 

3250
03:04:08,200 --> 03:04:12,100
beside you even when the catch 
is a poor, Shares her lunch. 

3251
03:04:12,100 --> 03:04:15,400
When you forget to bring your 
own, she makes small jokes that 

3252
03:04:15,400 --> 03:04:17,000
gently pull you back toward 
laughter. 

3253
03:04:18,100 --> 03:04:20,500
This is friendship, that does 
not need words. 

3254
03:04:20,500 --> 03:04:22,400
Your grandmother moves more 
slowly. 

3255
03:04:22,400 --> 03:04:26,200
Now she's in her 80s and her 
joints hurt in the cold weather.

3256
03:04:27,300 --> 03:04:31,000
But she still tends the fire at 
the Bulldog, she still packs 

3257
03:04:31,000 --> 03:04:33,900
your lunch. 
She still tells stories in the 

3258
03:04:33,900 --> 03:04:36,500
evening. 
She's lost a daughter but she 

3259
03:04:36,500 --> 03:04:41,000
refuses to surrender to sorrow 
life continues because it must 

3260
03:04:41,000 --> 03:04:46,300
the seasons turn again winter 
comes and you dive through the 

3261
03:04:46,300 --> 03:04:50,200
cold just as your mother did. 
Bring returns. 

3262
03:04:50,200 --> 03:04:52,500
And with it, the renewal of life
in the ocean. 

3263
03:04:53,400 --> 03:04:57,500
Some of brings warm water and 
tourists Autumn brings the 

3264
03:04:57,500 --> 03:05:00,900
seaweed Harvest. 
You realize one day that you 

3265
03:05:00,900 --> 03:05:03,300
are, now the age of your mother 
was when she started teaching 

3266
03:05:03,300 --> 03:05:06,700
you to die. 
The thought is both strange and 

3267
03:05:06,700 --> 03:05:08,800
natural. 
You're becoming the older 

3268
03:05:08,800 --> 03:05:11,100
generation. 
Younger, divers are learning 

3269
03:05:11,108 --> 03:05:14,800
from you. 
The cycle continues your 38 

3270
03:05:14,800 --> 03:05:17,000
years old. 
When the first big change comes 

3271
03:05:17,000 --> 03:05:20,700
to Jeju Island the government 
announces plans to build a naval

3272
03:05:20,700 --> 03:05:24,400
base on the southern coast, the 
construction will be massive, it

3273
03:05:24,400 --> 03:05:27,300
will alter the coastline, it 
will bring pollution and noise 

3274
03:05:27,300 --> 03:05:28,900
and disruption to the ocean 
environment. 

3275
03:05:28,900 --> 03:05:31,900
The hen you are among the first 
to protest. 

3276
03:05:32,800 --> 03:05:35,900
You have spent your entire life 
learning to read the subtle 

3277
03:05:35,900 --> 03:05:39,500
signs of ocean health. 
You know how fragile the balance

3278
03:05:39,500 --> 03:05:42,600
is, you know, that major 
disruptions can destroy 

3279
03:05:42,600 --> 03:05:45,200
ecosystems that took centuries 
to establish. 

3280
03:05:46,100 --> 03:05:49,100
You attend meetings in the 
village hall, you listed 

3281
03:05:49,100 --> 03:05:51,900
government officials promise. 
That environmental impacts will 

3282
03:05:51,900 --> 03:05:54,300
be minimal. 
You do not believe them. 

3283
03:05:54,300 --> 03:05:57,500
You have seen what happens when 
people underestimate the ocean 

3284
03:05:57,500 --> 03:06:01,400
sensitivity. some of the older 
Henry organized a demonstration,

3285
03:06:01,400 --> 03:06:04,900
they wade into the water, 
wearing their diving suits and 

3286
03:06:04,900 --> 03:06:08,800
hold signs protesting the naval 
base Photographers come from the

3287
03:06:08,800 --> 03:06:10,300
mainland to capture these 
images. 

3288
03:06:10,300 --> 03:06:13,500
The diving women of JeJu 
defending their ocean. 

3289
03:06:13,500 --> 03:06:17,200
You join the demonstration you 
stand in Waist Deep. 

3290
03:06:17,200 --> 03:06:19,900
Water holding a sign. 
That says the sea is our life. 

3291
03:06:20,700 --> 03:06:24,600
The water is cold, but you 
barely notice your two focused 

3292
03:06:24,600 --> 03:06:28,500
on the message to determine to 
be heard the protest makes 

3293
03:06:28,500 --> 03:06:32,300
national news. 
Suddenly people are talking 

3294
03:06:32,300 --> 03:06:36,400
about the henya, Some support 
your cause others say you are 

3295
03:06:36,400 --> 03:06:39,500
standing in the way of progress,
the debate becomes heated and 

3296
03:06:39,500 --> 03:06:43,500
political in the end, the naval 
base is built anyway but the 

3297
03:06:43,500 --> 03:06:47,000
protest is not entirely futile. 
The government agrees to 

3298
03:06:47,000 --> 03:06:49,800
additional Environmental 
Protections, they establish 

3299
03:06:49,800 --> 03:06:52,800
monitoring systems, they create 
buffer zones. 

3300
03:06:52,800 --> 03:06:57,600
It is not everything you want it
but it is something More 

3301
03:06:57,600 --> 03:07:01,700
importantly, the protest reminds
the nation that the hen use 

3302
03:07:01,700 --> 03:07:06,100
still exists and still matter. 
You're not just folklore or 

3303
03:07:06,100 --> 03:07:08,800
tourism attractions, you're 
working with women with 

3304
03:07:08,800 --> 03:07:11,700
legitimate concerns about your 
livelihood in your environment. 

3305
03:07:12,600 --> 03:07:16,000
The attention brings other 
changes UNESCO declares the 

3306
03:07:16,000 --> 03:07:19,000
Henry culture and intangible 
cultural heritage of humanity. 

3307
03:07:20,200 --> 03:07:23,300
This is meant to be an honor, a 
recognition of your unique 

3308
03:07:23,300 --> 03:07:27,200
tradition. 
And in some ways, it is, But it 

3309
03:07:27,200 --> 03:07:31,200
also brings more tourists, more 
cameras, more Outsiders, who 

3310
03:07:31,200 --> 03:07:34,600
want to watch you work. 
Some days, the beach is crowded 

3311
03:07:34,600 --> 03:07:38,300
with people who have come to see
the famous diving women, they 

3312
03:07:38,300 --> 03:07:41,000
expect performances. 
They want to hear the sum bit 

3313
03:07:41,000 --> 03:07:44,100
sound on demand. 
They asked intrusive questions. 

3314
03:07:44,100 --> 03:07:48,200
You find this attention 
exhausting, you did not become a

3315
03:07:48,200 --> 03:07:51,400
to be watched. 
You became a Henrietta to work 

3316
03:07:51,400 --> 03:07:55,200
to provide for your family to 
continue a tradition that has 

3317
03:07:55,208 --> 03:08:01,100
meaning Beyond spectacle. 
Still, you adapt. when tourists 

3318
03:08:01,100 --> 03:08:04,600
are present, you dive in your 
usual areas and do your usual 

3319
03:08:04,600 --> 03:08:09,000
work, if they want to watch, 
they can watch But you will not 

3320
03:08:09,000 --> 03:08:12,500
change what you do or how you do
it for their entertainment. 

3321
03:08:13,500 --> 03:08:16,200
Some of the younger see 
opportunity in the tourism. 

3322
03:08:16,200 --> 03:08:19,800
They give demonstrations and 
sell fresh seafood directly to 

3323
03:08:19,800 --> 03:08:23,600
visitors at premium prices. 
This is practical and you do not

3324
03:08:23,600 --> 03:08:26,400
judge them for it. 
Everyone must find their own way

3325
03:08:26,400 --> 03:08:29,900
to survive, your own path 
remains focused on the diving 

3326
03:08:29,900 --> 03:08:32,400
itself. 
You're now one of the strongest 

3327
03:08:32,400 --> 03:08:34,400
and most skilled henio in your 
community. 

3328
03:08:34,400 --> 03:08:38,900
You regularly dive to 14 meters,
you can stay down for nearly 

3329
03:08:38,900 --> 03:08:42,400
three minutes, your catchers are
consistently among the best. 

3330
03:08:43,400 --> 03:08:46,000
younger women, ask you for 
advice, not just about diving 

3331
03:08:46,000 --> 03:08:50,000
technique but about life, How do
you stay motivated when the work

3332
03:08:50,000 --> 03:08:52,200
is hard? 
How do you handle fear? 

3333
03:08:52,200 --> 03:08:55,500
How do you know when to push 
yourself and when to hold back? 

3334
03:08:56,300 --> 03:08:59,700
You answer as honestly, as you 
can, you tell them that fear 

3335
03:08:59,700 --> 03:09:03,100
never goes away entirely every 
time you dive deep? 

3336
03:09:03,100 --> 03:09:06,500
There is a moment of uncertainty
that you have learned to work 

3337
03:09:06,500 --> 03:09:08,900
with fear, instead of being 
paralyzed by it. 

3338
03:09:08,900 --> 03:09:12,900
Fear can make you careful. 
Careful keeps you alive. 

3339
03:09:13,800 --> 03:09:16,000
You tell them that motivation 
comes from purpose. 

3340
03:09:16,000 --> 03:09:19,100
You dive because your family 
needs food and income. 

3341
03:09:19,100 --> 03:09:21,000
You dive, because you are good 
at it. 

3342
03:09:21,000 --> 03:09:23,400
You dive because the tradition 
matters. 

3343
03:09:24,200 --> 03:09:27,000
These reasons are enough on days
when the water is cold and your 

3344
03:09:27,008 --> 03:09:29,700
body is tired. 
You tell them that, knowing your

3345
03:09:29,700 --> 03:09:31,500
limits is the hardest skill to 
learn. 

3346
03:09:31,500 --> 03:09:34,800
It requires honest, 
self-assessment, it requires 

3347
03:09:34,800 --> 03:09:38,700
accepting that some days you 
simply cannot dive as deep or as

3348
03:09:38,700 --> 03:09:42,100
long as other days, the ocean 
will still be there tomorrow. 

3349
03:09:42,100 --> 03:09:46,900
Mesa your student from years ago
is now a strong diver herself. 

3350
03:09:46,900 --> 03:09:52,000
She's 25 and married with two 
children, she Dives most days 

3351
03:09:52,000 --> 03:09:57,000
and her catches rival yours. 
You feel deep satisfaction 

3352
03:09:57,000 --> 03:10:00,800
watching her work, you helped 
shape her into the hen you. 

3353
03:10:00,800 --> 03:10:05,600
She has become One morning 
Mason's surfaces, after a 

3354
03:10:05,600 --> 03:10:08,400
particularly long dive with an 
enormous abalone. 

3355
03:10:09,000 --> 03:10:11,100
It is the size of both her hands
together. 

3356
03:10:11,900 --> 03:10:13,600
The other women gathered to 
admire it. 

3357
03:10:13,600 --> 03:10:16,400
This is a once in a season 
catch. 

3358
03:10:17,100 --> 03:10:20,400
Me sun is beaming with pride. 
You remember, your first big 

3359
03:10:20,400 --> 03:10:23,000
Abalone catch? 
The feeling of accomplishment 

3360
03:10:23,000 --> 03:10:26,600
that swelled in your chest? 
The recognition from the older 

3361
03:10:26,600 --> 03:10:30,600
divers, the sense that you had 
finally arrived as a true Henry.

3362
03:10:31,500 --> 03:10:35,100
Now, you are the one offering 
recognition and it feels right. 

3363
03:10:36,500 --> 03:10:38,400
Your grandmother is 92 years 
old. 

3364
03:10:38,400 --> 03:10:43,200
Now, she no longer comes to the 
beach, her body's too frail, but

3365
03:10:43,200 --> 03:10:46,900
a mind, remained Sharp. 
You visit her every evening and 

3366
03:10:46,900 --> 03:10:51,000
tell her about the days, diving.
She listens intently asking 

3367
03:10:51,000 --> 03:10:53,800
specific questions, about 
currents and catchers. 

3368
03:10:54,700 --> 03:10:58,300
She tells you that she is proud 
of what you have become not just

3369
03:10:58,300 --> 03:11:02,300
as a diver but as a woman. 
You are faced challenges and 

3370
03:11:02,300 --> 03:11:04,500
adapted. 
You have maintained the 

3371
03:11:04,500 --> 03:11:08,200
traditional while also evolving 
with Changing Times, this 

3372
03:11:08,200 --> 03:11:12,000
balance is not easy. 
She also tells you something you

3373
03:11:12,000 --> 03:11:15,200
would not considered, you will 
be one of the last generation of

3374
03:11:15,200 --> 03:11:17,600
hen you. 
Fewer, young women are learning 

3375
03:11:17,608 --> 03:11:20,300
to dive each year. 
The work is too hard and there 

3376
03:11:20,300 --> 03:11:23,800
are easier ways to earn money. 
Within a few decades, the 

3377
03:11:23,800 --> 03:11:27,800
tradition May Fade Away entirely
this thought saddens you deeply?

3378
03:11:28,800 --> 03:11:31,600
You cannot imagine a Jeju Island
without hen you. 

3379
03:11:32,200 --> 03:11:35,500
The diving women have been part 
of this place for at least 1500 

3380
03:11:35,500 --> 03:11:38,200
years. 
Their woven into the islands 

3381
03:11:38,200 --> 03:11:40,600
identity. 
As surely as the volcanic rocks 

3382
03:11:40,600 --> 03:11:44,100
and tangerine Groves, but you 
also understand that changes 

3383
03:11:44,100 --> 03:11:46,800
inevitable. 
You cannot force young women to 

3384
03:11:46,800 --> 03:11:50,000
choose a life of cold water and 
physical hardship if they want 

3385
03:11:50,000 --> 03:11:53,300
something different. 
All you can do is keep diving 

3386
03:11:53,300 --> 03:11:56,800
yourself and hope that your 
example inspires at least a few 

3387
03:11:56,800 --> 03:12:00,500
others to continue. 
You make a decision then you 

3388
03:12:00,500 --> 03:12:02,800
will not just dive for the rest 
of your working years. 

3389
03:12:02,800 --> 03:12:05,200
You will also document the 
tradition. 

3390
03:12:05,200 --> 03:12:09,100
You will teach anyone who wants 
to learn, you will share your 

3391
03:12:09,100 --> 03:12:10,600
knowledge, as widely as 
possible. 

3392
03:12:10,600 --> 03:12:14,500
If the new tradition is going to
fade, it will not be because the

3393
03:12:14,500 --> 03:12:17,600
knowledge was lost it will be 
because the world changed and 

3394
03:12:17,600 --> 03:12:20,600
people chose different paths. 
You start meeting with 

3395
03:12:20,600 --> 03:12:23,900
researchers and historians you 
describe in detail. 

3396
03:12:23,900 --> 03:12:28,100
How you read the ocean, how you 
find Abalone how you manage your

3397
03:12:28,100 --> 03:12:31,300
breathing You want these 
specifics recorded. 

3398
03:12:31,300 --> 03:12:35,000
So that, even if no one is 
diving in 50 years, at least, 

3399
03:12:35,000 --> 03:12:37,100
people will know exactly how it 
was done. 

3400
03:12:37,800 --> 03:12:42,300
You also begin training, a new 
student, she's only 13 younger 

3401
03:12:42,300 --> 03:12:46,400
than most start but she is eager
and her family supports her 

3402
03:12:46,400 --> 03:12:49,800
choice. you work with her 
patiently, teaching her 

3403
03:12:49,800 --> 03:12:53,700
everything, you know, if she is 
the last student you ever train,

3404
03:12:53,700 --> 03:12:56,900
you want to do it, right? 
The years continued their 

3405
03:12:56,900 --> 03:13:01,700
progression. 
You turn 40, then 45 then 50. 

3406
03:13:02,800 --> 03:13:05,800
Your body remains strong from 
the constant work, but you 

3407
03:13:05,800 --> 03:13:09,300
notice small changes recovery is
take a bit longer. 

3408
03:13:10,100 --> 03:13:12,400
Deep Dives require more rest 
afterward. 

3409
03:13:12,400 --> 03:13:15,700
You cannot stay in the cold 
water quite as long as you want 

3410
03:13:15,700 --> 03:13:18,600
could. 
These changes do not allow you. 

3411
03:13:18,600 --> 03:13:22,000
They are natural. 
Every Henry you experience is 

3412
03:13:22,000 --> 03:13:24,300
them. 
The key is adjusting your diving

3413
03:13:24,300 --> 03:13:27,100
to match your current 
capabilities rather than trying 

3414
03:13:27,100 --> 03:13:29,000
to maintain what you could do at
30. 

3415
03:13:29,700 --> 03:13:33,800
You shift gradually to slightly 
shallower Waters, you focus more

3416
03:13:33,800 --> 03:13:37,600
on technique and efficiency, 
rather than raw endurance you 

3417
03:13:37,600 --> 03:13:40,400
still catch plenty because, you 
know, exactly where to look and 

3418
03:13:40,400 --> 03:13:43,700
how to work. 
Experienced compensates for the 

3419
03:13:43,700 --> 03:13:45,800
slight decline in physical 
capacity. 

3420
03:13:46,700 --> 03:13:50,800
Soon jar is experiencing similar
changes, she jokes that you're 

3421
03:13:50,800 --> 03:13:53,200
both becoming like the old women
who used to watch when you were 

3422
03:13:53,200 --> 03:13:55,400
young. 
But there is wisdom in that 

3423
03:13:55,400 --> 03:13:58,700
comparison, those old women have
to work smart. 

3424
03:13:59,400 --> 03:14:02,500
They did not waste energy on 
unnecessary movements. 

3425
03:14:02,500 --> 03:14:07,800
They made every dive count One 
evening, sunja invites. 

3426
03:14:07,800 --> 03:14:09,800
You to a house for dinner her 
daughter. 

3427
03:14:09,800 --> 03:14:13,000
Now, 14 to learn diving. 
Soon. 

3428
03:14:13,000 --> 03:14:15,600
Jar asks, if you will train her 
alongside your current student 

3429
03:14:16,500 --> 03:14:18,600
Two girls learning together, 
might encourage each other. 

3430
03:14:18,600 --> 03:14:22,300
She says, you agree, immediately
the thought of these two young 

3431
03:14:22,300 --> 03:14:25,500
women learning side by side, 
pushing each other to improve 

3432
03:14:25,500 --> 03:14:30,200
Justin feels like the tradition 
finding a way to continue. 

3433
03:14:30,200 --> 03:14:33,800
It may not be the massive 
continuation of dozens of new 

3434
03:14:33,800 --> 03:14:37,700
divers each year but two is 
better than none training. 

3435
03:14:37,700 --> 03:14:40,700
The girls becomes one of the 
great joys of your 50s. 

3436
03:14:40,700 --> 03:14:44,600
You see them making the same 
mistakes, you made, you watch 

3437
03:14:44,600 --> 03:14:47,800
them overcome the same fears, 
You observe their skills 

3438
03:14:47,800 --> 03:14:51,600
developing day by day, Dive by 
dive, you're giving them 

3439
03:14:51,600 --> 03:14:53,300
something precious and they know
it. 

3440
03:14:54,100 --> 03:14:57,400
On the day, when both girls 
successfully, dive to 8 meters 

3441
03:14:57,400 --> 03:15:01,200
and catch their first Abalone, 
you feel a surge of emotion that

3442
03:15:01,200 --> 03:15:04,300
takes you by surprise? 
This is Legacy. 

3443
03:15:04,300 --> 03:15:07,900
This is how something outlasts, 
any individual life. 

3444
03:15:07,900 --> 03:15:11,200
You're teaching them and through
them, your mother's knowledge 

3445
03:15:11,200 --> 03:15:14,000
and your grandmother's knowledge
continues forward into time. 

3446
03:15:14,000 --> 03:15:17,900
Your 63 years old and you still 
dive nearly every day. 

3447
03:15:17,900 --> 03:15:21,700
Your hair is completely gray. 
Now, though you keep it tied 

3448
03:15:21,700 --> 03:15:24,100
back in the same style you have 
worn for 40 years? 

3449
03:15:24,100 --> 03:15:28,300
Your face is deeply weathered 
from Decades of sun and salt. 

3450
03:15:28,300 --> 03:15:31,800
Your hands are nulled and 
scarred from years of working, 

3451
03:15:31,800 --> 03:15:35,700
with rocks and shells, and Sharp
Tools, but your lungs are still 

3452
03:15:35,700 --> 03:15:37,700
strong. 
You're understanding of the 

3453
03:15:37,708 --> 03:15:40,700
ocean is deeper than ever. 
You can read the water, like 

3454
03:15:40,700 --> 03:15:43,900
some people read books, you know
what, the color of the sea at 

3455
03:15:43,900 --> 03:15:45,700
dawn means for the afternoon? 
Currents. 

3456
03:15:46,600 --> 03:15:48,800
You know how the wind direction 
affects where the fish will 

3457
03:15:48,800 --> 03:15:52,900
gather, you know, which rocks 
were alone today and which ones 

3458
03:15:52,900 --> 03:15:56,100
were harvested two, recently, 
you're now among the oldest 

3459
03:15:56,100 --> 03:15:58,700
active Enya. 
Many women in your age of 

3460
03:15:58,700 --> 03:16:01,100
retired, but you are not ready 
to stop. 

3461
03:16:01,100 --> 03:16:03,600
Your body still works well 
enough. 

3462
03:16:03,600 --> 03:16:08,400
Your mind is still sharp and 
honestly you cannot imagine not 

3463
03:16:08,400 --> 03:16:11,200
diving. 
What would you do with your 

3464
03:16:11,200 --> 03:16:14,400
days? 
The ocean is where you belong. 

3465
03:16:15,100 --> 03:16:17,300
You're too students are now in 
their late 20s. 

3466
03:16:17,300 --> 03:16:20,200
Both are skilled divers with 
families of Their Own. 

3467
03:16:21,000 --> 03:16:23,700
They still seek your advice 
sometimes but they no longer 

3468
03:16:23,700 --> 03:16:27,700
need constant instruction. 
They have become full members of

3469
03:16:27,700 --> 03:16:31,300
the hen you community. 
One of them soon jars. 

3470
03:16:31,300 --> 03:16:34,100
Daughter has started teaching 
her own daughter, the basics of 

3471
03:16:34,108 --> 03:16:37,400
swimming and breath control. 
The child is only eight, but 

3472
03:16:37,400 --> 03:16:38,900
she's already comfortable in the
water. 

3473
03:16:39,700 --> 03:16:43,000
Whether she will actually become
a Henry remains to be seen, But 

3474
03:16:43,000 --> 03:16:47,800
at least the possibility exists.
The Henry Community is shrunk 

3475
03:16:47,800 --> 03:16:49,400
significantly over your life 
time. 

3476
03:16:49,400 --> 03:16:53,500
When you started diving, there 
were over 30 women, working 

3477
03:16:53,500 --> 03:16:56,900
these Waters regularly, Now 
there are a few of them. 50, 

3478
03:16:56,900 --> 03:17:01,400
most are over 50 years old. 
Your training know new students 

3479
03:17:01,400 --> 03:17:05,200
currently because no young women
interested in learning, this 

3480
03:17:05,200 --> 03:17:08,600
reality sits Heavy in Your 
Heart, you're watching something

3481
03:17:08,600 --> 03:17:12,800
ancient fade away. 
But you also accept it. 

3482
03:17:12,800 --> 03:17:17,400
The world has changed young 
women have options, their 

3483
03:17:17,400 --> 03:17:20,600
grandmothers, never dreamed of 
you cannot blame them for 

3484
03:17:20,600 --> 03:17:23,600
choosing easier. 
Part of the tourism is increased

3485
03:17:23,600 --> 03:17:26,500
dramatically. 
Jeju Island is now a major 

3486
03:17:26,500 --> 03:17:30,200
vacation destination. 
Cruise ships dock at the port 

3487
03:17:30,200 --> 03:17:33,400
and discouraged. 
Thousands of visitors, many come

3488
03:17:33,400 --> 03:17:36,700
specifically to see the hen you,
the beach where you dive is 

3489
03:17:36,700 --> 03:17:39,900
often crowded with onlookers, 
you have made peace with this 

3490
03:17:39,900 --> 03:17:42,900
attention. 
The tourists do not interfere 

3491
03:17:42,900 --> 03:17:45,800
with your actual diving, they 
stay on Shore and take their 

3492
03:17:45,800 --> 03:17:48,700
photographs. 
Sometimes they buy your catch 

3493
03:17:48,700 --> 03:17:53,600
directly paying premium prices. 
This extra income is welcome. 

3494
03:17:53,600 --> 03:17:56,200
You have also come to see value 
in being visible. 

3495
03:17:56,200 --> 03:18:00,300
If people care about the hen you
tradition, that they will care 

3496
03:18:00,300 --> 03:18:01,900
about protecting the ocean 
environment. 

3497
03:18:01,900 --> 03:18:05,300
That makes it possible every 
tourist who goes home, talking 

3498
03:18:05,300 --> 03:18:07,700
about the diving, women is 
someone who might think twice 

3499
03:18:07,700 --> 03:18:10,700
about ocean, pollution. 
The Korean government has 

3500
03:18:10,700 --> 03:18:14,000
created a cultural center 
dedicated to hen you Heritage. 

3501
03:18:14,000 --> 03:18:17,500
It includes a museum with old 
diving equipment, photographs, 

3502
03:18:17,500 --> 03:18:20,600
and video interviews with 
elderly, divers, your 

3503
03:18:20,600 --> 03:18:23,200
interviewed for this project. 
Several years ago, your words 

3504
03:18:23,200 --> 03:18:24,900
are now preserved for future 
Generations. 

3505
03:18:24,900 --> 03:18:29,100
Seeing yourself on video was 
strange, you appeared older than

3506
03:18:29,100 --> 03:18:32,800
you feel inside but you are also
pleased that your knowledge 

3507
03:18:32,800 --> 03:18:35,500
would be available. 
Even after you are gone, you 

3508
03:18:35,500 --> 03:18:38,800
explained in detail, how to 
equalize pressure, how to read, 

3509
03:18:38,800 --> 03:18:42,000
currents, how to identify good, 
apple loan rocks. 

3510
03:18:42,000 --> 03:18:44,900
These specifics might matter to 
someone someday. 

3511
03:18:45,800 --> 03:18:48,200
Your life is settled into a 
gentle Rhythm now. 

3512
03:18:48,900 --> 03:18:51,400
You dive in the mornings. 
When the water is calmest. 

3513
03:18:51,400 --> 03:18:54,000
You catch enough to earn modest 
income. 

3514
03:18:54,000 --> 03:18:57,600
You spend afternoons, repairing 
equipment, visiting with 

3515
03:18:57,600 --> 03:19:01,300
friends, or simply resting, 
evenings of a quiet 

3516
03:19:01,300 --> 03:19:04,900
contemplation you live alone. 
Now, your grandmother died 

3517
03:19:04,900 --> 03:19:08,900
peacefully in her sleep at age, 
97, Soon, jar remains your 

3518
03:19:08,900 --> 03:19:11,700
closest friend. 
You dive together, most days 

3519
03:19:11,700 --> 03:19:14,800
swimming side by side. 
As you have for over 40 years. 

3520
03:19:14,800 --> 03:19:19,300
You do not talk much, while 
diving, you do not need to, you 

3521
03:19:19,300 --> 03:19:21,700
know, each other's rhythms as 
well as you know, your own. 

3522
03:19:22,600 --> 03:19:25,300
One morning, you surface from a 
dive to find soon. 

3523
03:19:25,300 --> 03:19:27,600
Jar floating motionless on her 
tail whack. 

3524
03:19:28,400 --> 03:19:31,200
For a terrible moment, you think
something is wrong, but then you

3525
03:19:31,200 --> 03:19:33,400
see that she's just resting with
her eyes closed. 

3526
03:19:33,400 --> 03:19:37,700
Her face turned toward the sun, 
she looks peaceful and content, 

3527
03:19:37,700 --> 03:19:42,900
you float nearby. 
Also resting the sun is warm on 

3528
03:19:42,900 --> 03:19:45,500
your face. 
The water gently rocks. 

3529
03:19:45,500 --> 03:19:49,400
You see birds call Overhead in 
this moment. 

3530
03:19:49,400 --> 03:19:52,100
You feel a profound sense of 
completeness. 

3531
03:19:52,100 --> 03:19:54,100
This is what you were meant to 
do. 

3532
03:19:54,100 --> 03:19:56,900
This is who you were meant to 
be. 

3533
03:19:57,800 --> 03:20:00,200
Soon jar opens. 
Her eyes and smiles at you. 

3534
03:20:00,200 --> 03:20:03,600
She does not say anything. 
She just Smiles. 

3535
03:20:03,600 --> 03:20:07,000
You smile back. 
After so many years. 

3536
03:20:07,000 --> 03:20:11,300
So many Dives, so many days in 
the water together. 

3537
03:20:11,300 --> 03:20:15,300
Some things do not need words. 
You dive again. 

3538
03:20:15,300 --> 03:20:19,700
Down, you go into the green 
depths, your body knows exactly 

3539
03:20:19,700 --> 03:20:22,300
what to do. 
You have made, this descent 

3540
03:20:22,300 --> 03:20:24,400
thousands upon thousands of 
times. 

3541
03:20:24,400 --> 03:20:28,300
The Motions are as natural as 
breathing more natural. 

3542
03:20:28,300 --> 03:20:30,800
Perhaps, since breathing 
requires thought when you're 

3543
03:20:30,800 --> 03:20:33,800
holding air in your lungs, for 
minutes at a time on the ocean 

3544
03:20:33,800 --> 03:20:35,300
floor, you work with 
methodically. 

3545
03:20:35,300 --> 03:20:39,100
You check the usual spots. 
You find a cluster of sea 

3546
03:20:39,100 --> 03:20:42,300
urchins and carefully Harvest 
half of them leaving the others 

3547
03:20:42,300 --> 03:20:45,300
to reproduce. 
You spot a large turban shell 

3548
03:20:45,300 --> 03:20:48,600
and add it to your bag. 
You see an octopus and decide to

3549
03:20:48,600 --> 03:20:50,700
leave it alone. 
It is not large enough yet. 

3550
03:20:50,700 --> 03:20:55,000
Let it grow another year. 
You surface and rest, dive and 

3551
03:20:55,000 --> 03:21:00,200
surface, dive and surface. 
The rhythm is meditation, the 

3552
03:21:00,200 --> 03:21:03,200
work is prayer. 
Your connected to this ocean in 

3553
03:21:03,200 --> 03:21:04,900
ways that transcend simple 
labor. 

3554
03:21:05,700 --> 03:21:09,200
You are part of its Cycle's. 
You are a note in its endless 

3555
03:21:09,200 --> 03:21:12,500
song. 
By noon your bag is adequately 

3556
03:21:12,500 --> 03:21:16,600
full, not the massive catches of
your younger years but enough. 

3557
03:21:17,500 --> 03:21:20,300
You signal to soon jar that 
you're ready to return to shore.

3558
03:21:21,000 --> 03:21:23,900
She nods and gathers her 
equipment back at the bull talk 

3559
03:21:23,900 --> 03:21:26,300
fewer, women gather now, than in
years past. 

3560
03:21:27,100 --> 03:21:30,800
But those who remain are the 
dedicated ones, the ones for 

3561
03:21:30,800 --> 03:21:34,800
whom diving is not just work. 
But identity, you warm Yourself 

3562
03:21:34,800 --> 03:21:37,300
by the fire and share the 
morning stories. 

3563
03:21:38,100 --> 03:21:41,300
Someone caught an unusually 
large are below me, someone 

3564
03:21:41,300 --> 03:21:44,300
else, or a sea turtle. 
Someone warns about a rough 

3565
03:21:44,308 --> 03:21:47,800
current on the west and rocks, 
The conversation is familiar and

3566
03:21:47,800 --> 03:21:51,400
comforting you have been part of
thousands of conversations like 

3567
03:21:51,400 --> 03:21:54,600
this, each one slightly 
different but fundamentally the 

3568
03:21:54,600 --> 03:21:57,800
same, you eat your lunch and let
the sun dry your skin. 

3569
03:21:57,800 --> 03:22:01,100
You think about the afternoon 
session and decide to skip it 

3570
03:22:01,108 --> 03:22:03,600
today? 
Your body is tired and that is 

3571
03:22:03,600 --> 03:22:05,500
okay. 
You have earned the right to 

3572
03:22:05,500 --> 03:22:08,700
stop when you choose to stop. 
Walking home. 

3573
03:22:08,700 --> 03:22:11,700
You notice how the island has 
changed over your life, time, 

3574
03:22:11,700 --> 03:22:14,700
New Roads, cut through what used
to be Fields. 

3575
03:22:14,700 --> 03:22:18,100
Modern houses have replaced 
traditional, stone structures. 

3576
03:22:18,100 --> 03:22:22,300
Cars are everywhere, the 
Tangerine Groves remain but even

3577
03:22:22,300 --> 03:22:25,300
they are managed differently now
with modern irrigation and 

3578
03:22:25,300 --> 03:22:28,300
Commercial harvesting. 
Yet, the ocean remains 

3579
03:22:28,300 --> 03:22:32,900
fundamentally the same. 
Tides rise and fall on the same 

3580
03:22:32,900 --> 03:22:35,700
schedule, they always have the 
currents. 

3581
03:22:35,700 --> 03:22:39,000
Follow their ancient patterns, 
the marine life continues, its 

3582
03:22:39,000 --> 03:22:42,900
Eternal cycles of birth and 
death and renewal Some things 

3583
03:22:42,900 --> 03:22:46,400
change some things endure at 
home. 

3584
03:22:46,400 --> 03:22:47,900
You prepare dinner with 
ingredients. 

3585
03:22:47,900 --> 03:22:52,300
You harvested yourself. 
Sea, urchin row still fresh and 

3586
03:22:52,300 --> 03:22:55,000
sweet seaweed that you gather 
last. 

3587
03:22:55,000 --> 03:22:58,600
We can drive in the sun rice 
from the market, but cooked in 

3588
03:22:58,600 --> 03:23:02,800
the same pot, your grandmother 
used you eat, slowly, save 

3589
03:23:02,800 --> 03:23:05,700
savoring, each bite. 
You have learned not to rush 

3590
03:23:05,700 --> 03:23:09,200
through life. 
Small Pleasures, a good meal, a 

3591
03:23:09,200 --> 03:23:11,400
quiet evening, the absence of 
pain. 

3592
03:23:12,200 --> 03:23:15,500
These things matter more with 
each passing year after dinner, 

3593
03:23:15,500 --> 03:23:17,900
you sit outside and watch the 
sunset. 

3594
03:23:17,900 --> 03:23:21,600
The sky, turned orange, and pink
and purple. 

3595
03:23:22,500 --> 03:23:25,300
The ocean reflects these colors 
back, creating a mirror of 

3596
03:23:25,300 --> 03:23:27,400
beauty. 
You have seen thousands of 

3597
03:23:27,400 --> 03:23:32,100
sunsets from this same spot. 
Each one unique each one worth 

3598
03:23:32,100 --> 03:23:34,600
witnessing. 
If you think about your mother 

3599
03:23:34,600 --> 03:23:37,800
and your grandmother, you 
imagine them young diving in 

3600
03:23:37,808 --> 03:23:40,800
these same Waters. 
You think about the countless 

3601
03:23:40,800 --> 03:23:44,300
generations of hen you who came 
before them stretching back 

3602
03:23:44,300 --> 03:23:47,400
through centuries. 
You're part of this long chain 

3603
03:23:47,400 --> 03:23:49,500
of women, who took their living 
from the sea. 

3604
03:23:49,500 --> 03:23:53,400
You think about the young women 
who chose different paths, you 

3605
03:23:53,400 --> 03:23:57,100
do not judge them, the world, 
offered them options and they 

3606
03:23:57,100 --> 03:23:59,400
took them. 
But you were grateful that you 

3607
03:23:59,400 --> 03:24:02,800
chose this path. 
Diving gave you strength and 

3608
03:24:02,800 --> 03:24:06,400
purpose and connection. 
It gave your life shape and 

3609
03:24:06,400 --> 03:24:10,700
meaning tomorrow you will wake. 
Before Dawn, you will eat your 

3610
03:24:10,700 --> 03:24:13,600
breakfast. 
You will walk to the beach, you 

3611
03:24:13,600 --> 03:24:16,900
will bow to the ocean and then 
to the water, you will die and 

3612
03:24:16,900 --> 03:24:20,900
surface and dive again. 
This pattern will continue as 

3613
03:24:20,900 --> 03:24:24,900
long as your body allows, and 
when you can no longer die, you 

3614
03:24:24,900 --> 03:24:28,200
will still come to the beach. 
You will tend the fire in the 

3615
03:24:28,200 --> 03:24:30,700
boltok. 
You will teach anyone who wants 

3616
03:24:30,700 --> 03:24:32,800
to learn. 
You will keep the traditional 

3617
03:24:32,800 --> 03:24:35,300
live in whatever ways remain 
available to you. 

3618
03:24:36,000 --> 03:24:39,200
Because this is not just about 
catching Seafood, it is about 

3619
03:24:39,200 --> 03:24:42,300
maintaining a connection between
humans and the ocean that is 

3620
03:24:42,308 --> 03:24:46,300
ancient and profound. 
It is about demonstrating that 

3621
03:24:46,300 --> 03:24:48,600
people can take from nature 
sustainably. 

3622
03:24:48,600 --> 03:24:52,500
If they are willing to work 
within natural limits, It is 

3623
03:24:52,508 --> 03:24:55,700
about proving that women can be 
strong and independent and 

3624
03:24:55,700 --> 03:24:58,900
skilled. 
The last, like, Fades from the 

3625
03:24:58,900 --> 03:25:02,300
sky. 
Stars, begin to appear, you go 

3626
03:25:02,308 --> 03:25:06,400
inside and prepare for bed. 
Your muscles ache, pleasantly 

3627
03:25:06,400 --> 03:25:08,800
from the days work, you fall 
asleep. 

3628
03:25:08,800 --> 03:25:13,400
Quickly, as you always do. 
In your dreams, you are young. 

3629
03:25:13,400 --> 03:25:17,100
Again, you dive to Impossible 
depths without effort. 

3630
03:25:17,100 --> 03:25:21,400
The water is crystal, clear and 
filled with wonders, your 

3631
03:25:21,400 --> 03:25:24,500
mother, and grandmother are 
there diving beside you, they 

3632
03:25:24,500 --> 03:25:28,600
smile and beckon, you deeper, 
You follow them down into the 

3633
03:25:28,600 --> 03:25:30,900
blue darkness, which you're not 
afraid. 

3634
03:25:30,900 --> 03:25:34,800
You have spent your whole life 
learning these depths, you know,

3635
03:25:34,800 --> 03:25:37,500
them as well as anyone could. 
And when you wake in the 

3636
03:25:37,508 --> 03:25:39,000
morning, you will return to the 
game. 

3637
03:25:39,800 --> 03:25:43,100
The ocean is patient. 
The ocean is eternal. 

3638
03:25:43,100 --> 03:25:46,900
The ocean will be here long 
after your gone, but for now, 

3639
03:25:46,900 --> 03:25:51,000
while you're still here, You 
will meet it on its own terms. 

3640
03:25:51,000 --> 03:25:54,800
You will dive into its depths. 
You will take what it offers. 

3641
03:25:54,800 --> 03:25:57,800
You will give back your respect 
and your restraint. 

3642
03:25:57,800 --> 03:26:01,600
This is the way of the hemija. 
This is always been the way. 

3643
03:26:02,500 --> 03:26:05,600
For as long as you draw breath, 
this will remain your way. 

3644
03:26:06,500 --> 03:26:12,100
The tide comes in, the tide, 
goes out the seasons, turn the 

3645
03:26:12,100 --> 03:26:16,700
years pass, and through it all 
the diving women of Jeju Island.

3646
03:26:16,700 --> 03:26:20,000
Continued, their ancient 
practice fewer in number now 

3647
03:26:20,000 --> 03:26:24,100
than before but no less 
dedicated, no less skilled, no 

3648
03:26:24,100 --> 03:26:26,900
less connected to the sea. 
That has sustained them for so 

3649
03:26:26,900 --> 03:26:29,200
long. 
You're part of this tradition, 

3650
03:26:29,200 --> 03:26:31,300
you're a keeper of this 
knowledge. 

3651
03:26:31,300 --> 03:26:34,200
You're a living link between 
past and future. 

3652
03:26:34,200 --> 03:26:38,200
And tomorrow, when the Sun 
rises, you will prove it again 

3653
03:26:38,200 --> 03:26:41,600
by entering the water and 
defending Into the Depths just 

3654
03:26:41,600 --> 03:26:44,400
as your ancestors have done for 
1500 years. 

3655
03:26:45,700 --> 03:26:47,900
The Sea Calls to you even in 
sleep. 

3656
03:26:47,900 --> 03:26:54,000
And you are, you always answer 
because you are Henry, this is 

3657
03:26:54,000 --> 03:26:56,200
what you do. 
This is who you are. 

3658
03:26:56,200 --> 03:27:00,300
This is your legacy and your 
gift, and your sacred Trust. 

3659
03:27:02,100 --> 03:27:06,800
Story continues, the traditional
endures, the ocean Waits. 

3660
03:27:06,800 --> 03:27:11,000
And tomorrow before Dawn, you 
will be Begin Again. 

3661
03:27:17,400 --> 03:27:21,500
Imagine Baltimore in 1895, when 
the city's Waterfront hummed 

3662
03:27:21,500 --> 03:27:24,900
with the sound of Industry, an 
immigrant voices mixed with the 

3663
03:27:24,900 --> 03:27:28,900
calls of Street vendors, selling
everything from fresh oysters to

3664
03:27:28,900 --> 03:27:32,400
yesterday's newspapers. 
The are carried the smell of 

3665
03:27:32,400 --> 03:27:36,900
cold, smoke horse manure, and 
the Briny Tang of the Chesapeake

3666
03:27:36,900 --> 03:27:40,000
Bay. 
Into this world on February, 

3667
03:27:40,000 --> 03:27:43,900
6th, George Herman Ruth, Junior 
was born. 

3668
03:27:43,900 --> 03:27:47,700
His father's Saloon on Frederick
Street in a neighborhood that 

3669
03:27:47,700 --> 03:27:50,500
polites Society preferred to 
pretend didn't exist. 

3670
03:27:51,300 --> 03:27:53,500
The Baltimore Waterfront 
District wasn't the kind of 

3671
03:27:53,500 --> 03:27:56,200
place where childhood dreams 
were supposed to flourish. 

3672
03:27:56,900 --> 03:27:59,700
It was rough loud and 
unforgiving. 

3673
03:28:00,600 --> 03:28:03,300
A place where kids grew up fast 
or didn't grow up at all. 

3674
03:28:04,500 --> 03:28:07,400
Young George's, parents, Kate, 
and George senior. 

3675
03:28:07,400 --> 03:28:11,000
Ran a combination Saloon and 
boarding house, which meant 

3676
03:28:11,000 --> 03:28:13,700
their home was always filled 
with the sounds of adult 

3677
03:28:13,700 --> 03:28:17,400
conversations the clink of 
glasses and the occasional 

3678
03:28:17,400 --> 03:28:19,100
argument. 
That Spilled Out onto the 

3679
03:28:19,100 --> 03:28:21,700
cobblestone streets for a small 
boy. 

3680
03:28:21,700 --> 03:28:24,200
In this environment, normal 
supervision was nearly 

3681
03:28:24,200 --> 03:28:27,800
impossible. 
Kate Ruth was often ill weakened

3682
03:28:27,800 --> 03:28:30,400
by the demand of running, a 
business and bearing eight 

3683
03:28:30,400 --> 03:28:33,100
children, only two of whom would
survive infancy. 

3684
03:28:34,100 --> 03:28:37,500
George senior worked from dawn, 
until late into the night 

3685
03:28:37,500 --> 03:28:42,300
managing a business that catered
to Doc workers Sailors and the 

3686
03:28:42,300 --> 03:28:45,100
sort of customers who didn't ask
too many questions about the 

3687
03:28:45,100 --> 03:28:48,400
quality of the whiskey young, 
George found himself, largely 

3688
03:28:48,400 --> 03:28:52,000
raising himself on those 
Baltimore streets by the time he

3689
03:28:52,000 --> 03:28:55,000
was seven, he was spending more 
time in the alleys and corners 

3690
03:28:55,000 --> 03:28:58,100
of the Waterfront than in 
school, he'd skip classes to 

3691
03:28:58,100 --> 03:29:00,900
hang around the docks. 
Watching Longshore men unload 

3692
03:29:00,900 --> 03:29:03,600
cargo from ships, that had 
traveled from places, he could 

3693
03:29:03,600 --> 03:29:08,000
barely imagine Sometimes he'd 
steal fruit from vendor carts, 

3694
03:29:08,000 --> 03:29:09,700
not always because he was 
hungry. 

3695
03:29:09,700 --> 03:29:13,200
But because the thrill of not 
getting caught was more exciting

3696
03:29:13,200 --> 03:29:14,700
than anything happening in a 
classroom. 

3697
03:29:14,700 --> 03:29:19,900
The troubles started small, true
and see petty theft, the kind of

3698
03:29:19,900 --> 03:29:22,100
Mischief that City police 
generally ignored. 

3699
03:29:22,100 --> 03:29:27,400
When it came from Waterfront 
kids, but it escalated, George 

3700
03:29:27,400 --> 03:29:30,400
had energy, that seemed to 
vibrate through his small frame 

3701
03:29:30,400 --> 03:29:34,200
and inability to sit. 
Still that drove his teachers to

3702
03:29:34,200 --> 03:29:36,700
distraction on the rare 
occasions. 

3703
03:29:36,700 --> 03:29:41,300
He showed up to school. 
He needed to be moving doing and

3704
03:29:41,300 --> 03:29:44,600
challenging himself in ways that
the rigid structure of turn of 

3705
03:29:44,600 --> 03:29:47,900
the century educational couldn't
accommodate his parents watched 

3706
03:29:47,900 --> 03:29:50,900
their son's trajectory with the 
kind of helpless concern that 

3707
03:29:50,900 --> 03:29:53,300
comes from being too overwhelmed
to intervene effectively. 

3708
03:29:54,300 --> 03:29:57,000
Kate's illness? 
Worsened the saloon demanded 

3709
03:29:57,000 --> 03:30:00,200
constant attention. 
There are other surviving child 

3710
03:30:00,200 --> 03:30:02,800
George's younger sister, Mary 
required care. 

3711
03:30:03,600 --> 03:30:06,600
Something had to give and that 
something turned out to be young

3712
03:30:06,600 --> 03:30:08,600
George's presence in their daily
lives. 

3713
03:30:08,600 --> 03:30:11,900
In 1902, when George was just 
seven years old. 

3714
03:30:11,900 --> 03:30:15,100
His parents made a decision that
would alter the course of 

3715
03:30:15,100 --> 03:30:18,400
American Sports history, though,
they certainly didn't know it at

3716
03:30:18,400 --> 03:30:21,300
the time. 
They signed papers declaring him

3717
03:30:21,300 --> 03:30:24,700
incorrigible, and committed him 
to Saint, Mary's Industrial 

3718
03:30:24,700 --> 03:30:28,600
school for boys, he Reformatory 
and orphanage, run by the 

3719
03:30:28,600 --> 03:30:32,300
Catholic severe and brothers on 
the outskirts of Baltimore, you 

3720
03:30:32,300 --> 03:30:34,000
might pick picture this moment 
as traumatic. 

3721
03:30:34,000 --> 03:30:37,700
A young boy, torn from his 
family and sent away to an 

3722
03:30:37,700 --> 03:30:40,400
institution. 
But the truth was more 

3723
03:30:40,400 --> 03:30:43,400
complicated. 
George would later describe his 

3724
03:30:43,400 --> 03:30:45,400
arrival at Saint Marys. 
Not as a punishment. 

3725
03:30:46,700 --> 03:30:48,900
As the first real stability, 
he'd ever known. 

3726
03:30:49,900 --> 03:30:53,200
The Reformatory had rules, yes, 
but it also had structure 

3727
03:30:53,200 --> 03:30:56,600
regular meals and adults who 
actually paid attention to what 

3728
03:30:56,600 --> 03:31:00,400
the boys were doing. 
Sent Marys was enormous housing 

3729
03:31:00,400 --> 03:31:03,600
over 800 Boys on a campus. 
That scrolled across industrial 

3730
03:31:03,600 --> 03:31:07,800
Baltimore's Western Edge. 
The buildings were imposing red 

3731
03:31:07,800 --> 03:31:10,200
brick structures that looked 
like they'd been designed to 

3732
03:31:10,200 --> 03:31:12,400
remind young boys of their 
insignificance. 

3733
03:31:13,200 --> 03:31:16,100
But within those walls George 
discovered something that had 

3734
03:31:16,100 --> 03:31:18,500
been missing from his chaotic 
life on Frederick Street. 

3735
03:31:19,200 --> 03:31:21,800
Predictability every day at 
Saint Mary's. 

3736
03:31:21,800 --> 03:31:26,200
Followed the same Rhythm wake at
6 morning, prayers breakfast 

3737
03:31:26,200 --> 03:31:29,200
classes in Reading Writing and 
arithmetic. 

3738
03:31:29,200 --> 03:31:31,800
After noon. 
Sessions learning trades, 

3739
03:31:31,800 --> 03:31:36,100
shoemaking, tailoring and 
printing more prayers dinner 

3740
03:31:36,100 --> 03:31:38,700
evening Recreation like lights 
out. 

3741
03:31:40,100 --> 03:31:43,100
For a boy whose previous life 
had been defined by chaos and 

3742
03:31:43,100 --> 03:31:46,000
uncertainty. 
This routine, was surprisingly 

3743
03:31:46,000 --> 03:31:49,400
comforting, like finally, 
hearing a Melody after years of 

3744
03:31:49,408 --> 03:31:52,900
nothing but noises the severe 
and brothers who ran the school 

3745
03:31:52,900 --> 03:31:56,800
were stirred, but not cruel. 
They believed in discipline hard

3746
03:31:56,800 --> 03:31:59,600
work and the Redemptive power of
the Catholic faith. 

3747
03:31:59,600 --> 03:32:04,600
They also believed in baseball, 
Behind the main building's Saint

3748
03:32:04,600 --> 03:32:06,800
Marys maintained several 
baseball diamonds. 

3749
03:32:06,800 --> 03:32:09,500
Where boys could play nearly 
every day where the permitting. 

3750
03:32:10,300 --> 03:32:13,300
This was where George Herman 
Ruth would discover the game 

3751
03:32:13,300 --> 03:32:16,000
that would define his existence 
picture. 

3752
03:32:16,000 --> 03:32:18,700
Those baseball fields at Saint 
Mary's on a late spring after 

3753
03:32:18,700 --> 03:32:21,800
noon, with the sun beginning, 
its slow, descent behind 

3754
03:32:21,800 --> 03:32:25,900
Baltimore Skyline. 
The grass kept reasonably well 

3755
03:32:25,900 --> 03:32:28,900
by Boys, assigned to 
groundskeeping duties stretched 

3756
03:32:28,900 --> 03:32:31,900
out in a shade of green that 
looked almost luminous in the 

3757
03:32:31,908 --> 03:32:35,100
Golden Light. 
The base pairs were hard packed 

3758
03:32:35,100 --> 03:32:37,700
dirt, worn, Smooth by hundreds 
of running feet. 

3759
03:32:38,500 --> 03:32:42,100
The smell of leather gloves. 
Worn soft with use, mixed with 

3760
03:32:42,100 --> 03:32:45,500
the earthy scent of infield dust
kicked up by sliding Runners. 

3761
03:32:45,500 --> 03:32:48,800
This was where young George 
found his calling, though, he 

3762
03:32:48,808 --> 03:32:53,000
didn't recognize it as such at 
first Baseball at Saint. 

3763
03:32:53,000 --> 03:32:55,700
Mary's wasn't a formal Sport 
with scholarships and 

3764
03:32:55,700 --> 03:32:59,800
professional Scouts. 
It was Recreation a way to burn 

3765
03:32:59,800 --> 03:33:02,700
off the Restless energy of 
hundreds of boys who needed 

3766
03:33:02,700 --> 03:33:05,700
something to do, besides 
contemplating, their various 

3767
03:33:05,700 --> 03:33:07,500
failures. 
That had led them to a 

3768
03:33:07,500 --> 03:33:09,800
Reformatory. 
At first, George was just 

3769
03:33:09,800 --> 03:33:12,600
another kid, trying to figure 
out where he fit in the rotating

3770
03:33:12,600 --> 03:33:16,400
cast of games, that seem to run 
continuously from Spring through

3771
03:33:16,400 --> 03:33:18,000
fall. 
St. 

3772
03:33:18,000 --> 03:33:22,300
Marys had multiple teams 
organized by age and ability and

3773
03:33:22,300 --> 03:33:24,200
boys cycled through different 
positions. 

3774
03:33:24,200 --> 03:33:28,000
Based on who showed up and who 
was serving detention for some 

3775
03:33:28,000 --> 03:33:31,600
infraction of the school's 
numerous rules, George tried 

3776
03:33:31,600 --> 03:33:35,400
catching first Squatting behind 
a home plate with a rudimentary 

3777
03:33:35,400 --> 03:33:38,600
mask and chest protector that 
offered minimal protection 

3778
03:33:38,600 --> 03:33:40,600
against foul tips, and wild 
pitches. 

3779
03:33:41,700 --> 03:33:45,200
He discovered, he liked being in
the middle of every play calling

3780
03:33:45,200 --> 03:33:47,800
pictures, though. 
The pictures often ignored him 

3781
03:33:47,800 --> 03:33:50,500
and occasionally throwing out 
Runners, who are foolish enough 

3782
03:33:50,500 --> 03:33:53,900
to test his arm, but it was 
pitching that truly captured his

3783
03:33:53,900 --> 03:33:57,200
imagination. 
One afternoon, when the regular 

3784
03:33:57,200 --> 03:33:59,800
picture for his team was sick in
the infirmary, George 

3785
03:33:59,800 --> 03:34:02,700
volunteered. 
He'd watched pictures enough to 

3786
03:34:02,700 --> 03:34:07,000
understand the basic mechanics, 
the wind up the stride and the 

3787
03:34:07,000 --> 03:34:10,300
follow through. 
What he discovered when he told 

3788
03:34:10,300 --> 03:34:13,000
the rubber for the first time 
was that throwing a baseball? 

3789
03:34:13,000 --> 03:34:16,100
Hard was one of the most 
satisfying physical experiences,

3790
03:34:16,100 --> 03:34:20,300
he'd ever encountered the ball 
left, his left hand, he was 

3791
03:34:20,300 --> 03:34:22,900
naturally left handed which was 
still considered vaguely 

3792
03:34:22,900 --> 03:34:24,700
suspicious and turn of the 
century America. 

3793
03:34:24,700 --> 03:34:29,500
And sailed toward home plate 
with surprising velocity, The 

3794
03:34:29,500 --> 03:34:32,900
batter swung and missed. 
George felt something click into

3795
03:34:32,900 --> 03:34:36,000
place, like a puzzle piece. 
He hadn't known as missing. 

3796
03:34:36,000 --> 03:34:39,200
So suddenly completing a picture
over the following months and 

3797
03:34:39,200 --> 03:34:40,800
years George through and 
through. 

3798
03:34:40,800 --> 03:34:44,200
And through he developed, 
calluses on his fingers from 

3799
03:34:44,200 --> 03:34:48,000
gripping, the balls raised 
seams, his left shoulder ached, 

3800
03:34:48,000 --> 03:34:51,700
most evening's adult robe that 
felt like achievement rather 

3801
03:34:51,700 --> 03:34:55,300
than injury. 
He studied the older pictures at

3802
03:34:55,300 --> 03:34:57,700
Saint. 
Mary's watching how they varied 

3803
03:34:57,700 --> 03:35:01,400
their speeds, how they use the 
Batters expectations against him

3804
03:35:01,400 --> 03:35:04,400
and how they worked. 
Both sides of the plate to keep 

3805
03:35:04,400 --> 03:35:07,200
hitters off balance, brother, 
Mathias boot. 

3806
03:35:07,200 --> 03:35:10,100
Lia the school's prefect of 
discipline and unofficial 

3807
03:35:10,100 --> 03:35:13,100
Athletics. 
Director noticed the skinny kid,

3808
03:35:13,100 --> 03:35:16,400
who seemed to live on the 
baseball diamond, Matthias was 

3809
03:35:16,408 --> 03:35:20,500
an imposing figure over six feet
tall, and built like the 

3810
03:35:20,500 --> 03:35:22,900
longshoremen George remembered 
from the Waterfront. 

3811
03:35:23,800 --> 03:35:25,700
But unlike the rough men of 
Baltimore's. 

3812
03:35:25,700 --> 03:35:29,900
Docks Matthias combined physical
presence with genuine interest 

3813
03:35:29,900 --> 03:35:31,200
in the boys, under his 
supervision. 

3814
03:35:31,200 --> 03:35:34,500
Matthias took George under his 
wing in a way that the boys 

3815
03:35:34,500 --> 03:35:37,600
actual father never had He 
taught him not just baseball 

3816
03:35:37,600 --> 03:35:41,900
mechanics, but also the mental 
aspects of the game, how to read

3817
03:35:41,900 --> 03:35:44,900
a batters start, how to 
recognize when someone was 

3818
03:35:44,900 --> 03:35:48,400
guessing fastball and how to use
the Umpire Strike Zone to his 

3819
03:35:48,400 --> 03:35:51,900
advantage. 
More importantly, Matthias gave 

3820
03:35:51,900 --> 03:35:53,900
George something. 
He'd rarely experienced 

3821
03:35:53,900 --> 03:35:57,500
consistent attention from an 
adult who believed he might 

3822
03:35:57,500 --> 03:36:01,100
actually amount to something as 
George moved through his teenage

3823
03:36:01,100 --> 03:36:04,600
years, at Saint, Mary's cycling 
in and out of the institution as

3824
03:36:04,600 --> 03:36:06,600
his father. 
Periodically tried to bring him 

3825
03:36:06,600 --> 03:36:08,400
home before, inevitably sending 
him back. 

3826
03:36:09,200 --> 03:36:12,800
Baseball became as constant. 
The game didn't care about his 

3827
03:36:12,800 --> 03:36:15,800
rough background or his trouble 
with authority, or his inability

3828
03:36:15,800 --> 03:36:19,700
to sit, still in a classroom. 
Baseball rewarded, his natural 

3829
03:36:19,700 --> 03:36:23,700
athleticism, his surprising 
coordination and his competitive

3830
03:36:23,700 --> 03:36:26,600
fire that burned, hot enough to 
make him practice long after 

3831
03:36:26,600 --> 03:36:30,300
other boys had gone inside by 
his mid-teens, George had 

3832
03:36:30,300 --> 03:36:32,900
developed a reputation that 
extended Beyond Saint Mary's 

3833
03:36:32,900 --> 03:36:35,600
walls. 
Local amateur teams would 

3834
03:36:35,600 --> 03:36:38,900
sometimes recruit Saint Mary's 
players for weekend games and 

3835
03:36:38,900 --> 03:36:40,900
George's. 
Name started appearing in the 

3836
03:36:40,900 --> 03:36:44,500
sports, pages of Baltimore 
newspapers, usually just a line 

3837
03:36:44,500 --> 03:36:47,700
or two noting that the Saint 
Mary's pitcher had struck out, a

3838
03:36:47,700 --> 03:36:50,200
dozen batteries in some 
industrial League matchup. 

3839
03:36:50,200 --> 03:36:53,800
He was still raw, still 
learning, still prone to the 

3840
03:36:53,808 --> 03:36:57,200
kind of wildness both on and off
the field that made him. 

3841
03:36:57,200 --> 03:36:59,500
Small taneously, exciting and 
unpredictable. 

3842
03:37:01,600 --> 03:37:05,000
Something was emerging in the 
lanky teenager with the round 

3843
03:37:05,000 --> 03:37:07,500
face and surprisingly quick 
reflexes. 

3844
03:37:08,500 --> 03:37:11,000
Halland that would soon catch 
the attention of people who 

3845
03:37:11,000 --> 03:37:14,700
recognize potential when they 
saw it on a crisp February 

3846
03:37:14,700 --> 03:37:20,600
morning in 1914, 19th signed his
first professional baseball 

3847
03:37:20,600 --> 03:37:23,900
contract with the Baltimore 
Orioles of the international 

3848
03:37:23,900 --> 03:37:27,200
league. 
The contract paid him 600 

3849
03:37:27,200 --> 03:37:30,500
dollars for the season which was
more money than George had ever 

3850
03:37:30,500 --> 03:37:31,400
imagined. 
Having. 

3851
03:37:32,300 --> 03:37:35,300
To put that in perspective, the 
average American worker at the 

3852
03:37:35,308 --> 03:37:38,100
time and less than 400 dollars 
annually. 

3853
03:37:39,000 --> 03:37:43,800
George was suddenly improbably 
well-paid the Orioles owner and 

3854
03:37:43,800 --> 03:37:46,800
manager, Jack Dunn, had watched 
George pitch for Saint Mary's 

3855
03:37:46,800 --> 03:37:48,800
and saw something that went 
beyond mere skill. 

3856
03:37:49,600 --> 03:37:52,600
He saw a young man with a left 
arm that could make baseballs do

3857
03:37:52,600 --> 03:37:56,200
things that defied easy 
explanation combined with an 

3858
03:37:56,200 --> 03:37:59,300
enthusiasm for the game that 
bordered on childlike Joy. 

3859
03:38:00,800 --> 03:38:02,700
Done became George's legal 
guardian. 

3860
03:38:03,500 --> 03:38:06,200
A formality required because 
George was still technically 

3861
03:38:06,200 --> 03:38:09,600
under Saint Marys jurisdiction. 
And the other player started 

3862
03:38:09,600 --> 03:38:13,100
calling the newest addition to 
the team Dunn's, new babe, the 

3863
03:38:13,100 --> 03:38:15,700
nickname stuck though. 
It would be shortened and 

3864
03:38:15,700 --> 03:38:19,400
transformed in the years ahead. 
But for now, George was just 

3865
03:38:19,400 --> 03:38:21,700
trying to figure out how to be a
professional baseball player 

3866
03:38:21,700 --> 03:38:24,300
which turned out to involve a 
lot more than just throwing 

3867
03:38:24,300 --> 03:38:28,100
strike's. 
Professional baseball 1914, bore

3868
03:38:28,100 --> 03:38:30,800
little resemblance to the modern
game, you might watch on a lazy 

3869
03:38:30,800 --> 03:38:34,500
summer evening. 
Teams, traveled by train staying

3870
03:38:34,500 --> 03:38:37,400
in modest hotel's where players 
doubled up in rooms that were 

3871
03:38:37,400 --> 03:38:39,300
stuffy and summer and frigid in 
winter. 

3872
03:38:40,200 --> 03:38:43,700
Uniforms were heavy wool, that 
absorbed sweat and never quite 

3873
03:38:43,700 --> 03:38:45,500
dried out during long road 
trips. 

3874
03:38:46,300 --> 03:38:49,600
Gloves were thin leather Affairs
that offered minimal protection 

3875
03:38:49,600 --> 03:38:53,700
and players who didn't learn to 
catch the ball properly ended up

3876
03:38:53,700 --> 03:38:56,500
with broken fingers that never 
quite healed, right? 

3877
03:38:56,500 --> 03:39:00,300
George threw himself into this 
life with the same enthusiasm. 

3878
03:39:00,300 --> 03:39:04,600
He brought to everything else, 
he loved the trains, the hotels 

3879
03:39:04,600 --> 03:39:08,700
and the constant motion from 
City to City. after years of 

3880
03:39:08,700 --> 03:39:12,300
institutional confinement at 
Saint Mary's, the freedom of 

3881
03:39:12,300 --> 03:39:16,000
professional baseball in 
toxicated, He could stay up 

3882
03:39:16,000 --> 03:39:18,500
late. 
Eat what he wanted and spend his

3883
03:39:18,500 --> 03:39:20,300
money on whatever caught his 
fancy. 

3884
03:39:21,000 --> 03:39:24,200
Usually food as Georgia 
developed an appetite. 

3885
03:39:24,200 --> 03:39:27,400
That is teammates found 
simultaneously impressive and 

3886
03:39:27,400 --> 03:39:30,300
slightly alarming. 
His pitching developed rapidly 

3887
03:39:30,300 --> 03:39:33,600
under professional coaching 
George learned to add a 

3888
03:39:33,600 --> 03:39:36,400
curveball, to his fastball 
giving him two pictures that 

3889
03:39:36,400 --> 03:39:37,600
worked off each other 
beautifully. 

3890
03:39:38,400 --> 03:39:41,600
The curve would start at a 
battered shoulder and breakdown 

3891
03:39:41,600 --> 03:39:45,000
across the plate while his 
fastball came in straight in 

3892
03:39:45,000 --> 03:39:47,500
hard. 
That has had to choose what they

3893
03:39:47,500 --> 03:39:50,400
were looking for and George was 
getting good enough at reading 

3894
03:39:50,400 --> 03:39:53,700
swings that he usually guessed 
right about what they chose him.

3895
03:39:53,700 --> 03:39:57,000
But George's time with the 
Orioles was briefed, the team 

3896
03:39:57,000 --> 03:40:00,500
was struggling financially, a 
common problem for minor league 

3897
03:40:00,500 --> 03:40:05,500
clubs, and by July Jack darnold,
sold his best, young picture to 

3898
03:40:05,500 --> 03:40:07,900
the Boston. 
Red Sox for a sum that seemed 

3899
03:40:07,900 --> 03:40:10,800
enormous at the time, but would 
later look like one of 

3900
03:40:10,808 --> 03:40:12,400
History's. 
Great bargains. 

3901
03:40:13,000 --> 03:40:16,100
George Herman Ruth, just five 
months into his professional 

3902
03:40:16,100 --> 03:40:20,300
career was heading to the major 
League's Boston in 1914, was a 

3903
03:40:20,300 --> 03:40:22,700
baseball City in a way that's 
hard to imagine today. 

3904
03:40:24,200 --> 03:40:27,600
The Red Sox played their home 
games at Fenway Park, which had 

3905
03:40:27,600 --> 03:40:30,900
opened just two years earlier 
and still smelled a fresh paint 

3906
03:40:30,900 --> 03:40:34,800
and optimism. 
The park was intimate with fans 

3907
03:40:34,800 --> 03:40:36,900
sitting close enough to the 
field that you could hear them 

3908
03:40:36,900 --> 03:40:39,700
commenting on your pitching 
mechanics between deliveries 

3909
03:40:39,700 --> 03:40:43,000
George spent most of his first 
season, shuttling between Boston

3910
03:40:43,000 --> 03:40:45,400
and their minor league affiliate
in Providence Rhode Island. 

3911
03:40:47,200 --> 03:40:50,000
The Red Sox weren't sure what 
they had in this rough edged kid

3912
03:40:50,000 --> 03:40:53,400
from Baltimore. 
He could clearly pitch his 

3913
03:40:53,400 --> 03:40:55,100
statistics left, no doubt about 
that. 

3914
03:40:55,100 --> 03:41:00,100
But he was also undisciplined 
prone to Breaking curfew and 

3915
03:41:00,100 --> 03:41:02,900
possessed of an appetite for 
nightlife that worried his more 

3916
03:41:02,900 --> 03:41:06,800
conservative managers the 1915 
season marked George's 

3917
03:41:06,800 --> 03:41:09,700
emergence, as one of baseball's 
Premier left-handed pictures. 

3918
03:41:09,700 --> 03:41:14,300
He won, 18 games posted an 
earned run average, that placed 

3919
03:41:14,300 --> 03:41:17,600
him among the League's best and 
helped pitch the Red Sox into 

3920
03:41:17,600 --> 03:41:20,800
the World Series. 
In the four classic against the 

3921
03:41:20,800 --> 03:41:24,400
Philadelphia Phillies George 
appeared in one game pitching. 

3922
03:41:24,400 --> 03:41:27,000
Well enough that his manager, 
trusted him with important 

3923
03:41:27,000 --> 03:41:30,900
Innings, Boston won the 
championship a 19 year old 

3924
03:41:30,900 --> 03:41:34,100
George Herman Ruth received his 
first World Series ring. 

3925
03:41:34,100 --> 03:41:37,300
He celebrated, with the 
enthusiasm, you would expect 

3926
03:41:37,300 --> 03:41:41,200
from a teenager who gone from a 
Baltimore Reformatory to the 

3927
03:41:41,200 --> 03:41:44,100
Pinnacle of professional sports 
and just over a year. 

3928
03:41:45,000 --> 03:41:48,600
The parties lasted for days and 
George's capacity for both 

3929
03:41:48,600 --> 03:41:51,600
celebration and Recovery became 
legendary among his teammates, 

3930
03:41:51,600 --> 03:41:56,200
the next few seasons established
a pattern, George would pitch 

3931
03:41:56,200 --> 03:42:02,200
brilliantly, winning 23 games in
1916 and 24 in 1917. 

3932
03:42:03,100 --> 03:42:06,100
While simultaneously testing 
every Rule and boundary is 

3933
03:42:06,108 --> 03:42:10,500
managers tried to impose. 
He disappear after Games showing

3934
03:42:10,500 --> 03:42:13,300
up the next day with mysterious 
bruises and implausible 

3935
03:42:13,300 --> 03:42:17,400
explanations. 
He'd missed team trains forcing 

3936
03:42:17,400 --> 03:42:19,400
managers to find him from his 
paycheck. 

3937
03:42:19,400 --> 03:42:23,700
He'd argue with umpires fight 
with opposing players and 

3938
03:42:23,700 --> 03:42:26,700
generally behave like someone 
who had never quite internalized

3939
03:42:26,700 --> 03:42:30,200
society's expectations for 
professional Behavior yet. 

3940
03:42:30,200 --> 03:42:33,800
He kept winning. 
In the 1916 World Series against

3941
03:42:33,800 --> 03:42:37,100
the Brooklyn Robin's George 
pitched 14 Innings of shutout 

3942
03:42:37,100 --> 03:42:40,900
baseball game 2 setting a world 
series record that would stand 

3943
03:42:40,900 --> 03:42:45,200
for decades the Red Sox won 
again giving George's second 

3944
03:42:45,200 --> 03:42:48,700
Championship Ring before his 
22nd birthday, but something 

3945
03:42:48,700 --> 03:42:51,400
else was happening during these 
Seasons something that would 

3946
03:42:51,400 --> 03:42:54,000
ultimately prove more 
significant than his pitching 

3947
03:42:54,000 --> 03:42:56,800
achievements. 
When George wasn't on the mound,

3948
03:42:56,800 --> 03:42:59,600
he'd occasionally play Outfield 
or fill in at first base. 

3949
03:42:59,600 --> 03:43:02,500
And when he played these 
positions he got to bat more 

3950
03:43:02,500 --> 03:43:05,100
than the once every four days 
schedule that pitchers followed 

3951
03:43:05,100 --> 03:43:09,300
when George batted remarkable 
things happen and the ball would

3952
03:43:09,300 --> 03:43:11,700
leave his bat with the sound 
that was different from normal 

3953
03:43:11,700 --> 03:43:15,700
contact a sharp crack that 
seemed to carry its own Echo. 

3954
03:43:15,700 --> 03:43:18,800
The ball would rise on 
trajectories that looked almost 

3955
03:43:18,800 --> 03:43:21,500
leisurely Until you realize how 
far they were traveling. 

3956
03:43:22,300 --> 03:43:25,900
Home runs in the dead ball era 
were rare but George was hitting

3957
03:43:25,900 --> 03:43:29,000
them with alarming regularity. 
Whenever his managers, let him 

3958
03:43:29,000 --> 03:43:33,700
swing the bat by 1918, Red Sox 
management faced, an unusual 

3959
03:43:33,700 --> 03:43:36,000
problem. 
Their best picture was also 

3960
03:43:36,000 --> 03:43:40,100
potentially their best hitter. 
George appeared in, 95 games 

3961
03:43:40,100 --> 03:43:45,000
that season pitching in only 20 
of them, he won 13 games on the 

3962
03:43:45,008 --> 03:43:47,100
mound. 
While simultaneously leading the

3963
03:43:47,100 --> 03:43:50,300
American League with 11, home 
runs a total that would have 

3964
03:43:50,308 --> 03:43:53,600
been unremarkable in later eras,
but was extraordinary for the 

3965
03:43:53,600 --> 03:43:56,900
time, the baseball world was 
beginning to recognize that 

3966
03:43:56,900 --> 03:44:00,600
George Herman Ruth might be 
something unprecedented, not 

3967
03:44:00,600 --> 03:44:03,800
just a great player, but someone
who was redefining, what great 

3968
03:44:03,800 --> 03:44:08,900
could mean, picture Boston's 
Fenway Park in late 1990, as 

3969
03:44:08,900 --> 03:44:12,200
Autumn settled over, New England
and the baseball season wound 

3970
03:44:12,200 --> 03:44:15,800
toward its conclusion. 
George Herman Ruth. 

3971
03:44:15,800 --> 03:44:20,000
Now, 24 years old, had just 
completed his most remarkable 

3972
03:44:20,000 --> 03:44:24,300
season yet. 29, home runs 
shattering. 

3973
03:44:24,300 --> 03:44:27,800
Every previous record for a 
single season. 

3974
03:44:28,800 --> 03:44:31,600
He'd effectively stopped 
pitching playing almost 

3975
03:44:31,600 --> 03:44:35,300
exclusively as an outfield or he
could bat every day. 

3976
03:44:35,300 --> 03:44:39,300
Rather, than once every four 
games, the Red Sox owner, Harry 

3977
03:44:39,300 --> 03:44:41,800
Frazee, watch this 
transformation with mixed 

3978
03:44:41,800 --> 03:44:46,000
feelings, On one hand Ruth's 
hitting had made him arguably 

3979
03:44:46,000 --> 03:44:47,900
the most exciting player in 
baseball. 

3980
03:44:47,900 --> 03:44:52,100
On the other hand, Frazier was 
primarily a theatrical producer 

3981
03:44:52,100 --> 03:44:55,900
who bought the Red Sox almost on
a whim and the team was losing 

3982
03:44:55,900 --> 03:44:58,200
money faster than crazy. 
Could generate it from his 

3983
03:44:58,200 --> 03:45:01,200
Broadway Investments. 
Meanwhile, in New York, the 

3984
03:45:01,200 --> 03:45:05,300
Yankees were baseballs also ran 
franchise. they shared the Polo 

3985
03:45:05,300 --> 03:45:08,900
Grounds, with the Giants playing
second, Fiddle in their own City

3986
03:45:08,900 --> 03:45:12,100
and consistently finishing 
somewhere in the middle of the 

3987
03:45:12,100 --> 03:45:15,900
American League, standings, 
Yankees ownership wanted to 

3988
03:45:15,900 --> 03:45:19,200
change this Dynamic and they had
the financial resources. 

3989
03:45:19,200 --> 03:45:22,900
That Frazee, desperately needed 
the negotiations happened 

3990
03:45:22,900 --> 03:45:26,800
quietly over dinner meeting in 
Manhattan Restaurant, where the 

3991
03:45:26,800 --> 03:45:29,800
wealthy discussed business deals
over State's and bourbon. 

3992
03:45:30,900 --> 03:45:34,400
phrase, he needed cash to find 
out, his theatrical Productions,

3993
03:45:34,400 --> 03:45:37,200
and pay off debts that were 
threatening to sink both his 

3994
03:45:37,200 --> 03:45:41,200
baseball and Broadway, 
Enterprise's, Yankee's owners, 

3995
03:45:41,200 --> 03:45:43,800
wanted the player who was 
transforming baseball from a 

3996
03:45:43,800 --> 03:45:45,700
game of singles and stole and 
bases. 

3997
03:45:45,700 --> 03:45:50,700
In to something far, more 
dramatic on December 26th, 1919 

3998
03:45:50,700 --> 03:45:53,700
the day after Christmas when 
most Americans, were still 

3999
03:45:53,700 --> 03:45:56,100
digesting holiday meals and 
exchanging gifts. 

4000
03:45:56,700 --> 03:46:00,500
The news broke. 
The Boston Red Sox had sold 

4001
03:46:00,500 --> 03:46:01,900
George Herman. 
Babe. 

4002
03:46:01,900 --> 03:46:05,700
Ruth to the New York Yankees for
100,000 dollars in Cash. 

4003
03:46:05,700 --> 03:46:09,700
Plus a loan of 300,000 dollars, 
secured by a mortgage on Fenway 

4004
03:46:09,700 --> 03:46:12,400
Park. 
The reaction in Boston, ranged 

4005
03:46:12,400 --> 03:46:16,300
from disbelief to Fury, 
newspaper, editorials, condemned

4006
03:46:16,300 --> 03:46:19,000
phrase for sacrificing, 
baseball, success to finance 

4007
03:46:19,000 --> 03:46:23,400
theatrical ambitions, Fans 
gathered outside Fenway Park in 

4008
03:46:23,408 --> 03:46:27,200
the December cold, some crying 
others, threatening to never 

4009
03:46:27,200 --> 03:46:31,000
attend another Red Sox game. 
The term curse hadn't yet, 

4010
03:46:31,000 --> 03:46:33,700
entered the vocabulary but the 
sense that something 

4011
03:46:33,700 --> 03:46:37,700
fundamentally wrong had occurred
was palpable George himself 

4012
03:46:37,700 --> 03:46:40,100
learned about the trade from 
reporters who called his 

4013
03:46:40,100 --> 03:46:43,000
apartment waking him from an 
afternoon nap. 

4014
03:46:43,900 --> 03:46:46,700
His initial reaction was less 
emotional than practical. 

4015
03:46:47,500 --> 03:46:50,200
Immediately called the Yankees 
owner to renegotiate his 

4016
03:46:50,200 --> 03:46:52,900
contract recognizing that his 
new team. 

4017
03:46:52,900 --> 03:46:55,400
Clearly valued him more than his
old one had. 

4018
03:46:56,400 --> 03:47:00,000
The Yankees agreed to double his
salary, making George Herman 

4019
03:47:00,000 --> 03:47:03,800
Ruth, baseball's highest paid 
player at 20,000 dollars per 

4020
03:47:03,800 --> 03:47:07,100
year. 
New York in January 1920, like a

4021
03:47:07,100 --> 03:47:12,000
different planet from Boston. 
The city was louder Brasher and 

4022
03:47:12,000 --> 03:47:15,900
more chaotic more like the 
Baltimore Waterfront of George's

4023
03:47:15,900 --> 03:47:19,300
childhood than the relatively 
restrained environment of New 

4024
03:47:19,300 --> 03:47:20,900
England. 
Broadway. 

4025
03:47:20,900 --> 03:47:24,700
Blazed with, electric lights. 
Jazz music poured from basement 

4026
03:47:24,700 --> 03:47:27,800
clubs and prohibition had just 
taken effect. 

4027
03:47:28,500 --> 03:47:31,400
Which meant speakeasies were 
opening faster than authorities.

4028
03:47:31,400 --> 03:47:34,400
Could shut them down. 
George took to New York, the way

4029
03:47:34,400 --> 03:47:37,500
a duck takes to water. 
He discovered that the city's 

4030
03:47:37,500 --> 03:47:40,700
nightlife suited, his 
temperament perfectly after 

4031
03:47:40,700 --> 03:47:45,300
games, he'd hit the clubs, order
enormous meals, charm, Showgirls

4032
03:47:45,300 --> 03:47:47,900
and generally behave like 
someone who had been let out of 

4033
03:47:47,908 --> 03:47:49,600
the cage. 
He hadn't realized he'd been 

4034
03:47:49,600 --> 03:47:53,100
living in. 
His appetites for food, drink, 

4035
03:47:53,100 --> 03:47:57,200
female company, and general 
revelry became as legendary as 

4036
03:47:57,200 --> 03:48:00,600
his home runs but what really 
mattered happened at the Polo 

4037
03:48:00,600 --> 03:48:04,900
Grounds between the chalk lines.
George's first season in New 

4038
03:48:04,900 --> 03:48:06,900
York redefined what was possible
in baseball. 

4039
03:48:06,900 --> 03:48:12,500
He hit 54 home runs nearly 
doubling his previous record To 

4040
03:48:12,508 --> 03:48:15,500
put this in perspective, no 
other player in the American 

4041
03:48:15,500 --> 03:48:16,600
League. 
Hit more than 19. 

4042
03:48:17,500 --> 03:48:21,500
George alone, hit more home runs
an entire teams combined, the 

4043
03:48:21,500 --> 03:48:25,000
style of these home runs 
captivated audiences in ways 

4044
03:48:25,000 --> 03:48:27,100
that the technical Excellence of
pitching. 

4045
03:48:27,100 --> 03:48:31,000
All the Strategic complexity of 
manufacturing runs, never could 

4046
03:48:32,200 --> 03:48:35,000
When George connected with a 
pitch, the ball didn't just 

4047
03:48:35,000 --> 03:48:37,900
clear the fence it soared into 
territories. 

4048
03:48:37,900 --> 03:48:40,400
That seemed to violate the 
normal physics of baseball. 

4049
03:48:41,200 --> 03:48:44,600
Balls landed in distant 
bleachers, bounced onto the 

4050
03:48:44,600 --> 03:48:48,400
streets, outside stadiums, and 
occasionally vanished entirely 

4051
03:48:48,400 --> 03:48:52,900
presumably captured by fans as 
souvenirs worth more than the 

4052
03:48:52,900 --> 03:48:56,500
price of admission newspapers. 
Struggled to describe what Ruth 

4053
03:48:56,500 --> 03:48:59,500
was doing. 
Sports writers exhausted. 

4054
03:48:59,500 --> 03:49:02,500
Their vocabulary is trying to 
convey the Ark of his home runs.

4055
03:49:02,500 --> 03:49:05,500
The power in his swing and the 
childlike. 

4056
03:49:05,500 --> 03:49:07,700
Joy he displayed while rounding 
the bases. 

4057
03:49:08,800 --> 03:49:13,300
They started calling him, the 
Bambino, the Sultan of Swat and 

4058
03:49:13,300 --> 03:49:16,400
simply The Babe names that 
captured, both his dominance, 

4059
03:49:16,400 --> 03:49:19,500
and the affection that found for
this, oversized personality 

4060
03:49:19,500 --> 03:49:23,900
Yankees recognized that they had
something unprecedented and they

4061
03:49:23,908 --> 03:49:25,900
began planning to build their 
own stadium. 

4062
03:49:26,800 --> 03:49:30,300
The Polo Grounds belong to the 
Giants and Yankees ownership. 

4063
03:49:30,300 --> 03:49:33,300
Wanted a venue. 
They controlled one designed to 

4064
03:49:33,300 --> 03:49:35,000
Showcase their most valuable 
asset. 

4065
03:49:36,100 --> 03:49:39,100
The planning and construction 
would take time, but the vision 

4066
03:49:39,100 --> 03:49:42,100
was clear. 
A cathedral to base ball and 

4067
03:49:42,100 --> 03:49:45,400
specifically to the particular 
brand of baseball that Babe Ruth

4068
03:49:45,400 --> 03:49:48,200
represented. 
Imagine standing outside Yankee 

4069
03:49:48,200 --> 03:49:51,600
Stadium on opening day. 
April 18th 1923. 

4070
03:49:52,700 --> 03:49:56,000
The structure Rising before you 
represents the largest baseball 

4071
03:49:56,000 --> 03:49:59,600
stadium ever built. 
Over 58,000 seats. 

4072
03:49:59,600 --> 03:50:03,000
Arrayed in three Decks that seem
to reach toward the clouds. 

4073
03:50:03,000 --> 03:50:06,900
The facade along the roof 
features ornamental copper work 

4074
03:50:06,900 --> 03:50:08,600
that catches the spring 
sunlight. 

4075
03:50:09,300 --> 03:50:13,500
The grass looks impossibly green
maintained by groundskeepers, 

4076
03:50:13,500 --> 03:50:15,100
who treat the field like a golf 
course. 

4077
03:50:15,900 --> 03:50:17,500
This is the house that Ruth 
built. 

4078
03:50:18,200 --> 03:50:20,300
Though technically it was built 
for Ruth. 

4079
03:50:20,300 --> 03:50:23,900
The stadiums design reflected, 
its primary purpose. 

4080
03:50:23,900 --> 03:50:29,200
Showcasing Babe Ruth's home runs
The right field fence, stood 

4081
03:50:29,200 --> 03:50:34,100
just 295 feet from home plate. 
A distance that seemed designed 

4082
03:50:34,100 --> 03:50:36,600
specifically for Ruth's 
left-handed swing. 

4083
03:50:37,600 --> 03:50:40,300
The dimensions were 
asymmetrical, reflecting The 

4084
03:50:40,300 --> 03:50:43,100
Irregular plot of land in the 
Bronx where the Yankees had 

4085
03:50:43,100 --> 03:50:46,100
chosen to build. 
But those are symmetries worked 

4086
03:50:46,100 --> 03:50:49,100
in Ruth's favor Ruth Chris 
Christenson, the new stadium in 

4087
03:50:49,100 --> 03:50:52,100
the most appropriate way 
possible, with a home run in the

4088
03:50:52,100 --> 03:50:54,800
first game. 
A three-run shot that gave the 

4089
03:50:54,800 --> 03:50:56,600
Yankees, a lead. 
They never relink wished. 

4090
03:50:57,600 --> 03:51:00,000
The newspapers the next day 
declared that Ruth had 

4091
03:51:00,000 --> 03:51:03,200
consecrated, the new venue and 
the nickname, the house, that 

4092
03:51:03,200 --> 03:51:07,800
Ruth built appeared in print for
the first time the 1923 season 

4093
03:51:07,800 --> 03:51:12,000
Mark, the Yankees first World 
Series Championship with Ruth 

4094
03:51:12,000 --> 03:51:15,400
batting 0.368 in the fall. 
Classic against the New York 

4095
03:51:15,400 --> 03:51:18,200
Giants. 
After nearly a decade of 

4096
03:51:18,200 --> 03:51:22,000
championships with the Red Sox 
Ruth had finally delivered a 

4097
03:51:22,000 --> 03:51:25,200
title to his new team, 
validating the enormous 

4098
03:51:25,200 --> 03:51:26,900
investment. 
The Yankees had made in 

4099
03:51:26,900 --> 03:51:29,000
acquiring him. 
The next several years 

4100
03:51:29,000 --> 03:51:31,600
established a pattern that would
define the Yankees for 

4101
03:51:31,600 --> 03:51:34,600
Generations. 
Ruth would put up statistics 

4102
03:51:34,600 --> 03:51:39,300
that seemed to belong in fantasy
rather than reality in 1927. 

4103
03:51:39,300 --> 03:51:43,900
He hit 60, home runs a total so 
absurd that it would stand as 

4104
03:51:43,900 --> 03:51:46,200
the single-season record for 34 
years. 

4105
03:51:47,300 --> 03:51:50,400
His teammates particularly Lou, 
Gehrig batting behind him in the

4106
03:51:50,400 --> 03:51:53,000
lineup benefitted from the 
attention pictures. 

4107
03:51:53,000 --> 03:51:55,700
Paid to Ruth. 
Forming what sports writers 

4108
03:51:55,700 --> 03:51:59,500
called Murderers Row but Ruth's 
impact, extended Beyond 

4109
03:51:59,500 --> 03:52:02,800
statistics. 
He transformed baseball from a 

4110
03:52:02,800 --> 03:52:05,700
regional interests in to a 
national Obsession radio, 

4111
03:52:05,700 --> 03:52:08,300
broadcasts carried, Yankees 
games across the country. 

4112
03:52:08,300 --> 03:52:12,800
With Ruth's at bats, creating a 
sense of anticipation that built

4113
03:52:12,800 --> 03:52:16,800
with each pitch. 
Movie newsreels featured, Ruth's

4114
03:52:16,800 --> 03:52:20,300
home, runs showing audiences, 
and Small Town Theaters, what 

4115
03:52:20,300 --> 03:52:23,400
this Larger than Life figure was
doing in New York children 

4116
03:52:23,400 --> 03:52:26,300
Across America started, 
imitating, Ruth's distinctive, 

4117
03:52:26,300 --> 03:52:30,000
swing the big leg kick the 
powerful hip rotation, and the 

4118
03:52:30,000 --> 03:52:32,300
follow through that lifted his 
back foot off the ground. 

4119
03:52:33,400 --> 03:52:36,400
Youth baseball, team shifted, 
their emphasis from Bunting and 

4120
03:52:36,400 --> 03:52:40,200
bass running to swinging for the
fences fundamentally changing 

4121
03:52:40,200 --> 03:52:43,400
how the game was taught. 
Ruth was creating a new 

4122
03:52:43,400 --> 03:52:45,400
generation of Baseball fans who 
viewed. 

4123
03:52:45,400 --> 03:52:48,700
Home runs not as occasional 
flukes, but as the ultimate 

4124
03:52:48,700 --> 03:52:52,000
expression of the sport, the 
money, followed the success, 

4125
03:52:53,300 --> 03:52:57,700
Ruth's salary increased to 
80,000 dollars by 1930, making 

4126
03:52:57,700 --> 03:53:00,000
him better paid than president 
Herbert Hoover. 

4127
03:53:00,000 --> 03:53:03,900
When someone pointed out this 
disparity Ruth, reportedly 

4128
03:53:03,900 --> 03:53:05,700
replied. 
That he'd had a better year than

4129
03:53:05,700 --> 03:53:09,900
Hoover equipped that captured 
both his ego and the genuine 

4130
03:53:09,900 --> 03:53:11,700
affection of American's felt for
him. 

4131
03:53:11,700 --> 03:53:16,200
Even during the Depression early
years off, the field, Ruth's 

4132
03:53:16,200 --> 03:53:19,400
lifestyle became as legendary as
his hitting, he'd order room 

4133
03:53:19,400 --> 03:53:21,900
service meals, designed for four
people and eat them alone. 

4134
03:53:21,900 --> 03:53:26,000
He'd stay out until dawn, 
Charming, reporters and fellow 

4135
03:53:26,000 --> 03:53:29,400
revelers with stories told in 
his distinctive, gravelly voice.

4136
03:53:29,400 --> 03:53:32,400
He'd show up to the stadium 
looking like, he'd slept in his 

4137
03:53:32,400 --> 03:53:36,400
clothes, which he sometimes had 
and then proceeded to hit home 

4138
03:53:36,400 --> 03:53:38,900
runs that left fans. 
Wandering of dissipation somehow

4139
03:53:38,900 --> 03:53:42,600
improved, his performance, his 
managers despised of controling 

4140
03:53:42,600 --> 03:53:45,500
him. 
Ruth would violate curfews skip 

4141
03:53:45,500 --> 03:53:47,600
team meeting and generally 
behave. 

4142
03:53:47,600 --> 03:53:49,700
Like someone for whom normal 
rules, didn't apply. 

4143
03:53:50,600 --> 03:53:53,900
In 1925, his lifestyle caught up
with him. 

4144
03:53:54,700 --> 03:53:57,100
He collapsed during spring 
training with what newspapers 

4145
03:53:57,100 --> 03:53:59,700
politely called the belly. 
Ache heard around the world 

4146
03:53:59,700 --> 03:54:02,200
though. 
The reality involved a 

4147
03:54:02,200 --> 03:54:05,400
combination of overeating 
drinking and general excess that

4148
03:54:05,400 --> 03:54:09,600
landed him in the hospital for 
weeks that season Ruth's worst 

4149
03:54:09,600 --> 03:54:11,600
in the majors served as a 
warning. 

4150
03:54:12,300 --> 03:54:16,400
He hit just 25 home runs and the
Yankees finished in 7th place. 

4151
03:54:17,300 --> 03:54:21,300
Ruth recognized that even his 
prodigious Talent had limits and

4152
03:54:21,300 --> 03:54:25,700
he moderated his behavior enough
to bounce back in 1926 with 47 

4153
03:54:25,700 --> 03:54:27,600
home runs and a return to the 
World Series. 

4154
03:54:27,600 --> 03:54:30,600
The late 1920s, and early, 
1930s. 

4155
03:54:30,600 --> 03:54:33,800
Mark, the peak of Ruth's 
dominance, he won home, run 

4156
03:54:33,800 --> 03:54:37,800
titles, led the league in runs 
backed in and posted batting 

4157
03:54:37,800 --> 03:54:39,300
averages that would have been 
impressive. 

4158
03:54:39,300 --> 03:54:43,000
Even without the power numbers, 
the Yankees won championships, 

4159
03:54:43,000 --> 03:54:47,500
in 1927, 1928 and 1932 with 
Ruth. 

4160
03:54:47,500 --> 03:54:51,900
As their Undisputed centerpiece,
the 1932 World Series against 

4161
03:54:51,900 --> 03:54:54,700
the Chicago Cubs produced. 
What would become Ruth's most 

4162
03:54:54,708 --> 03:54:59,000
famous moment The called shot in
game 3. 

4163
03:55:00,100 --> 03:55:03,300
With the score tied and cubs 
players and fans heckling him 

4164
03:55:03,300 --> 03:55:05,600
mercilessly Ruth stepped to the 
plate. 

4165
03:55:06,400 --> 03:55:10,200
He pointed toward the center 
field bleachers, or at the Cubs 

4166
03:55:10,200 --> 03:55:13,400
pitcher, or maybe he was just 
gesturing, generally, depending 

4167
03:55:13,400 --> 03:55:16,500
on which account you believe and
then hit the next pitch. 

4168
03:55:16,500 --> 03:55:19,500
Exactly. 
Where he'd indicated a majestic 

4169
03:55:19,500 --> 03:55:21,700
home, run that silenced Wrigley 
Field. 

4170
03:55:21,700 --> 03:55:24,900
Whether Ruth actually called his
shot to remains debated by 

4171
03:55:24,900 --> 03:55:27,700
historians. 
What's undeniable is that the 

4172
03:55:27,700 --> 03:55:31,800
moment perfectly captured who 
Ruth was confident to the point 

4173
03:55:31,800 --> 03:55:35,500
of arrogance theatrical and 
capable of backing up, even his 

4174
03:55:35,500 --> 03:55:38,400
most outrageous gestures with 
actual performance. 

4175
03:55:39,300 --> 03:55:42,500
The legend mattered more than 
the literal truth and the legend

4176
03:55:42,500 --> 03:55:45,600
was that Ruth had promised to 
home run and then delivered it 

4177
03:55:45,600 --> 03:55:48,500
exactly. 
As advertised as evening settles

4178
03:55:48,500 --> 03:55:50,300
around you and your tea grows 
cooler. 

4179
03:55:50,300 --> 03:55:53,700
Let's pause to consider what. 
Babe Ruth was actually like as a

4180
03:55:53,708 --> 03:55:56,800
person separate from the legend,
the grew up around his 

4181
03:55:56,800 --> 03:56:00,300
accomplishments, Ruth. 
Stood, six foot two, which was 

4182
03:56:00,300 --> 03:56:04,600
tall for his ERA with a barrel 
chest, spindly legs and a face 

4183
03:56:04,600 --> 03:56:08,100
that photographers described as 
lived in He wasn't 

4184
03:56:08,108 --> 03:56:11,600
conventionally handsome, but his
features conveyed warmth and 

4185
03:56:11,600 --> 03:56:14,100
openness that made people 
instinctively like him. 

4186
03:56:14,100 --> 03:56:17,900
His nose have been broken, 
multiple times testimony to his 

4187
03:56:17,900 --> 03:56:20,600
rough upbringing. 
An occasional propensity for bar

4188
03:56:20,600 --> 03:56:23,800
fights in his younger days. 
His voice was surprisingly high 

4189
03:56:23,800 --> 03:56:26,700
in Gravely the result of years 
of cigars and whiskey. 

4190
03:56:28,000 --> 03:56:31,700
When he laughed which was often,
it was a full body experience 

4191
03:56:31,700 --> 03:56:35,500
that started in his belly and 
emerged as a sound that friends 

4192
03:56:35,500 --> 03:56:39,400
described as infectious. 
People who met Ruth invariably 

4193
03:56:39,400 --> 03:56:43,400
commented on his energy? 
He couldn't sit still constantly

4194
03:56:43,400 --> 03:56:46,900
fidgeting moving and looking for
the next thing to engage his 

4195
03:56:46,900 --> 03:56:49,900
attention, Ruth's relationship 
with children revealed a side of

4196
03:56:49,908 --> 03:56:54,500
his personality that the public 
is loved He'd spend hours 

4197
03:56:54,500 --> 03:56:58,200
signing autographs for kids who 
waited outside stadiums, never 

4198
03:56:58,200 --> 03:56:59,800
seeming to Tire of the 
attention. 

4199
03:57:01,000 --> 03:57:03,800
When he visited children 
hospitals, which he did 

4200
03:57:03,800 --> 03:57:06,600
regularly. 
Usually, without inviting press 

4201
03:57:06,600 --> 03:57:10,200
coverage, he'd sit with sick 
kids telling them stories and 

4202
03:57:10,200 --> 03:57:13,600
making them laugh. 
These visits were not publicity.

4203
03:57:13,600 --> 03:57:16,600
Stunts. 
Ruth genuinely enjoyed making 

4204
03:57:16,600 --> 03:57:19,500
children, happy and ways that 
suggested he was trying to give 

4205
03:57:19,500 --> 03:57:21,900
them experience as he'd never 
had in his own difficult 

4206
03:57:21,900 --> 03:57:24,500
childhood. 
His generosity was legendary, 

4207
03:57:24,500 --> 03:57:28,300
and what in discriminate. 
Ruth would tip waiters 50 

4208
03:57:28,300 --> 03:57:31,900
dollars for bringing him a 
sandwich hand 100 dollar bills 

4209
03:57:31,900 --> 03:57:35,300
to doorman and Loan, money to 
teammates, who renew would never

4210
03:57:35,300 --> 03:57:39,100
pay him back. 
This largest wasn't entirely 

4211
03:57:39,100 --> 03:57:42,800
altruistic Ruth enjoyed the 
feeling of power that came from 

4212
03:57:42,800 --> 03:57:46,300
being able to help others but it
also reflected a genuine 

4213
03:57:46,300 --> 03:57:49,200
disinterest and accumulating 
wealth for its own sake. 

4214
03:57:49,200 --> 03:57:53,100
His first marriage to a woman 
named Helen Woodford whom he had

4215
03:57:53,108 --> 03:57:56,300
met while playing in Boston, 
that ended tragically when Helen

4216
03:57:56,300 --> 03:58:00,800
died in a house fire in 1929, 
Ruth remarried, almost 

4217
03:58:00,800 --> 03:58:04,400
immediately to a former actress 
and model named Claire Hodgson, 

4218
03:58:04,400 --> 03:58:07,500
who brought a stabilizing 
influence that Ruth's life had 

4219
03:58:07,500 --> 03:58:11,300
previously lacked. 
Claire, managed Ruth finance's 

4220
03:58:11,300 --> 03:58:15,200
organized, his schedule and 
generally tried to impose all on

4221
03:58:15,200 --> 03:58:18,100
the chaos that naturally 
surrounded him Clairol. 

4222
03:58:18,100 --> 03:58:20,500
So brought her daughter. 
Julia in to Ruth's life. 

4223
03:58:20,500 --> 03:58:24,300
And Ruth embraced fatherhood 
with the same enthusiasm, he 

4224
03:58:24,300 --> 03:58:27,800
brought to everything else. 
He played catch with Julia in 

4225
03:58:27,800 --> 03:58:30,900
the backyard of their apartment 
building teacher to hit off a 

4226
03:58:30,900 --> 03:58:33,900
batting tee, and tell her 
stories about his games. 

4227
03:58:33,900 --> 03:58:37,000
That always made him seem just 
slightly more heroic than the 

4228
03:58:37,000 --> 03:58:40,300
actually had been Ruth's 
relationship with Lou Gehrig. 

4229
03:58:40,300 --> 03:58:44,500
His longtime teammate was 
complicated, the two men were 

4230
03:58:44,500 --> 03:58:48,600
opposites in almost every way 
Ruth loud, and undisciplined 

4231
03:58:48,600 --> 03:58:53,300
geared and methodical. 
They produced One of baseball's 

4232
03:58:53,300 --> 03:58:56,300
most productive lineup 
combinations, but personally 

4233
03:58:56,300 --> 03:58:59,200
they maintained a distance that 
occasionally erupted into 

4234
03:58:59,200 --> 03:59:03,300
outright hostility. 
A falling out in the early 1930s

4235
03:59:03,300 --> 03:59:07,100
reportedly over a comment, 
Claire Ruth made about Gehrig's 

4236
03:59:07,100 --> 03:59:10,900
mother resulted in years where 
the two barely spoke despite 

4237
03:59:10,900 --> 03:59:12,900
playing on the same team as 
Ruth. 

4238
03:59:12,900 --> 03:59:17,100
Aged his body began showing the 
accumulated effects of Decades 

4239
03:59:17,100 --> 03:59:20,500
of excess. 
Is once powerful legs thinned, 

4240
03:59:20,500 --> 03:59:24,200
making him slower in the 
Outfield and on the base paths? 

4241
03:59:25,000 --> 03:59:28,600
His reflexes while still 
exceptional no longer allowed 

4242
03:59:28,600 --> 03:59:30,500
him to catch up to the fastest 
pitches. 

4243
03:59:31,500 --> 03:59:35,100
By the mid-1930s, it was 
becoming clear that even Babe 

4244
03:59:35,100 --> 03:59:39,100
Ruth couldnt hit forever, the 
Yankees with typical corporate 

4245
03:59:39,100 --> 03:59:42,600
efficiency began planning for a 
future without their greatest 

4246
03:59:42,600 --> 03:59:46,500
star. 
Their outfielders gave Ruth 

4247
03:59:46,500 --> 03:59:49,700
fewer plate appearances and 
generally treated him like a 

4248
03:59:49,700 --> 03:59:53,000
depreciating asset rather than 
the man who built their Dynasty.

4249
03:59:53,800 --> 03:59:56,500
Ruth wanted to manage believing 
his baseball, knowledge and 

4250
03:59:56,500 --> 03:59:58,500
personality would make him an 
effective leader. 

4251
03:59:59,600 --> 04:00:03,400
Yankees management disagreed, 
seeing Ruth's lack of discipline

4252
04:00:03,400 --> 04:00:05,900
as disqualifying him from a 
position that required 

4253
04:00:05,900 --> 04:00:10,800
organization and restraint in 
1935 the Yankees sold Ruth to 

4254
04:00:10,800 --> 04:00:14,300
the Boston Braves where he was 
promised to play a manager role 

4255
04:00:14,300 --> 04:00:18,600
that never quite materialized. 
Instead Ruth found himself 

4256
04:00:18,600 --> 04:00:21,900
playing for a terrible team 
struggling to connect with 

4257
04:00:21,900 --> 04:00:24,300
pictures that would have been 
routine out just a few years 

4258
04:00:24,300 --> 04:00:27,400
earlier. 
His body after years of abuse 

4259
04:00:27,400 --> 04:00:31,100
was finally giving out Ruth's 
final games as a player were 

4260
04:00:31,100 --> 04:00:33,300
simultaneously, sad and somehow 
fitting. 

4261
04:00:34,700 --> 04:00:39,500
In Pittsburgh on May 25th 1935 
he hit three home runs in a 

4262
04:00:39,500 --> 04:00:43,000
single game, The Last of which 
cleared the right field, stands,

4263
04:00:43,000 --> 04:00:45,700
Forbes field, and landed outside
the stadium. 

4264
04:00:46,500 --> 04:00:49,500
The first Fair ball ever hit 
completely out of that Park. 

4265
04:00:50,200 --> 04:00:53,700
It was a reminder of what Ruth 
had been a final flash of the 

4266
04:00:53,700 --> 04:00:55,400
power that had defined his 
career. 

4267
04:00:55,400 --> 04:00:58,300
Six days later Ruth played his 
last game. 

4268
04:00:59,100 --> 04:01:02,900
He went Hit List, looked slow 
and old and left the field 

4269
04:01:02,900 --> 04:01:04,400
knowing his playing career was 
over. 

4270
04:01:05,300 --> 04:01:10,000
He officially retired on June 
2nd on 1935 ending a 22 year 

4271
04:01:10,000 --> 04:01:12,200
career that had transformed 
American Sports. 

4272
04:01:12,200 --> 04:01:15,600
The years after retirement were 
difficult for Ruth in ways that 

4273
04:01:15,600 --> 04:01:19,000
his playing career never had 
been He defined himself through 

4274
04:01:19,000 --> 04:01:22,200
baseball for so long that 
existence without the daily 

4275
04:01:22,200 --> 04:01:24,300
rhythm of games, left him 
feeling unmoored. 

4276
04:01:25,000 --> 04:01:27,700
The Yankees never offered him, 
the managerial position, he 

4277
04:01:27,700 --> 04:01:30,100
covered it. 
And other teams were similarly 

4278
04:01:30,100 --> 04:01:32,900
uninterested in hiring someone. 
They viewed as two, 

4279
04:01:32,900 --> 04:01:36,600
undisciplined to lead Ruth tried
various Ventures, he coached 

4280
04:01:36,600 --> 04:01:39,500
briefly for the Brooklyn. 
Dodgers appeared, in exhibition 

4281
04:01:39,500 --> 04:01:42,600
games and took roles in 
Hollywood films, that required 

4282
04:01:42,600 --> 04:01:46,100
him to essentially play himself.
But none of these activities 

4283
04:01:46,100 --> 04:01:49,000
filled, the void that baseball's
absence had created. 

4284
04:01:49,900 --> 04:01:52,700
He was like a shark that needed 
to keep moving to breathe. 

4285
04:01:52,700 --> 04:01:55,500
Except now, the water had been 
drained from his tank. 

4286
04:01:55,500 --> 04:01:57,500
He remained popular with the 
public. 

4287
04:01:57,500 --> 04:02:00,700
His name still capable of 
drawing crowds wherever he 

4288
04:02:00,700 --> 04:02:05,000
appeared, he attended charity 
events, sign autographs, and 

4289
04:02:05,000 --> 04:02:07,800
tell stories about his playing 
days that grew more embellished 

4290
04:02:07,800 --> 04:02:11,900
with each retailing. 
The real Babe Ruth was gradually

4291
04:02:11,900 --> 04:02:15,800
being replaced by the legend, a 
process that Ruth himself seemed

4292
04:02:15,800 --> 04:02:20,000
to encourage World War. 2 gave 
Ruth A Renewed sense of purpose.

4293
04:02:20,000 --> 04:02:24,000
He participated in war Bond, 
drives visited, military 

4294
04:02:24,000 --> 04:02:27,000
hospitals and played in 
exhibition, games designed to 

4295
04:02:27,008 --> 04:02:29,200
boost morale. 
Soldiers. 

4296
04:02:29,200 --> 04:02:32,500
Who'd grown up, idolizing Ruth 
got to meet their hero and Ruth 

4297
04:02:32,500 --> 04:02:35,100
seemed genuinely moved by their 
appreciation. 

4298
04:02:36,200 --> 04:02:38,700
These interactions suggested 
that Ruth's importance 

4299
04:02:38,700 --> 04:02:42,200
transcended, baseball. 
He'd become a symbol of American

4300
04:02:42,200 --> 04:02:46,700
vitality and confidence that 
resonated during wartime on 

4301
04:02:46,700 --> 04:02:49,800
April, 27th 1947 the Yankees 
retired. 

4302
04:02:49,800 --> 04:02:53,400
Ruth's number 3, making it the 
first number ever retired. 

4303
04:02:53,400 --> 04:02:57,600
In baseball over, 50,000 fans, 
packed Yankee stadium. 

4304
04:02:57,600 --> 04:03:01,600
For Babe Ruth Day, celebrating 
the man who had made the venue 

4305
04:03:01,600 --> 04:03:05,600
famous Ruth, already ill. 
With throat cancer, though the 

4306
04:03:05,600 --> 04:03:09,100
public didn't know it yet spoke 
briefly to the crowd in a voice 

4307
04:03:09,100 --> 04:03:13,300
ravaged by disease. 
Famous photograph from that day.

4308
04:03:13,300 --> 04:03:15,400
Shows Ruth leaning on a bat for 
support. 

4309
04:03:16,300 --> 04:03:21,000
His body Wasted by illness. 
Present still commanding the 

4310
04:03:21,000 --> 04:03:23,700
cancer. 
Progressed rapidly Ruth, spent 

4311
04:03:23,700 --> 04:03:28,000
much of 1948 in and out of 
hospitals undergoing treatments 

4312
04:03:28,000 --> 04:03:30,600
that were primitive by modern 
standards and largely 

4313
04:03:30,600 --> 04:03:33,100
ineffective. 
He lost weight dramatically. 

4314
04:03:33,100 --> 04:03:37,100
His once powerful frame reduced 
to something that friends 

4315
04:03:37,100 --> 04:03:41,300
described as heartbreaking to 
witness, But even in Decline, 

4316
04:03:41,300 --> 04:03:44,700
Ruth maintained, the essential 
qualities that had defined him 

4317
04:03:44,700 --> 04:03:48,700
optimism humor, and a refusal to
complain about his 

4318
04:03:48,700 --> 04:03:53,400
circumstances. 
On August, 16th, 1948 Babe Ruth 

4319
04:03:53,400 --> 04:03:54,800
died. 
At age 53. 

4320
04:03:54,800 --> 04:03:59,600
His body lay in state at Yankee 
Stadium, where over 100,000 

4321
04:03:59,600 --> 04:04:04,000
people filed past to pay their 
respects, The line stretched for

4322
04:04:04,000 --> 04:04:06,400
blocks. 
Filled with people of all ages 

4323
04:04:06,400 --> 04:04:09,600
who wanted one final moment with
the man who would give them so 

4324
04:04:09,600 --> 04:04:12,700
many memories. 
The funeral itself was held at 

4325
04:04:12,700 --> 04:04:16,700
Saint Patrick's Cathedral in 
Manhattan with over 6,000 people

4326
04:04:16,700 --> 04:04:19,000
inside and thousands more on the
streets. 

4327
04:04:19,000 --> 04:04:22,200
Outside growth was buried at 
Gate of Heaven Cemetery in 

4328
04:04:22,208 --> 04:04:26,200
Hawthorne New York. 
Is grave became and remains one 

4329
04:04:26,200 --> 04:04:28,700
of the most visited sights in 
American Sports. 

4330
04:04:29,500 --> 04:04:32,400
A pilgrimage destination for 
fans who want to connect with 

4331
04:04:32,400 --> 04:04:36,300
baseball's passed now as you 
settle deeper into your blankets

4332
04:04:36,300 --> 04:04:40,000
and perhaps close your eyes, 
consider what Ruth left behind. 

4333
04:04:41,000 --> 04:04:47,300
His lifetime statistics 714 home
runs a punk through 4-2 batting 

4334
04:04:47,300 --> 04:04:52,400
average and 2013 runs batted in 
a records that would stand for 

4335
04:04:52,400 --> 04:04:55,600
decades. 
But numbers alone don't capture 

4336
04:04:55,600 --> 04:04:59,300
his impact Ruth, transformed 
baseball, from a sport played 

4337
04:04:59,300 --> 04:05:03,200
primarily in small markets to a 
truly national phenomenon. 

4338
04:05:04,400 --> 04:05:08,000
Before Ruth, baseball struggled 
to compete with boxing and horse

4339
04:05:08,000 --> 04:05:11,700
racing for public attention. 
After Ruth baseball was 

4340
04:05:11,700 --> 04:05:15,900
unquestionably, America's game a
status, it would maintain for 

4341
04:05:15,900 --> 04:05:18,900
the better part of a century. 
He changed how the game was 

4342
04:05:18,900 --> 04:05:22,800
played shifting emphasis from 
small ball, tactics to power 

4343
04:05:22,800 --> 04:05:26,800
hitting Managers, who had spent 
careers teaching bunts and hit 

4344
04:05:26,800 --> 04:05:28,900
him, run plays suddenly found 
themselves. 

4345
04:05:28,900 --> 04:05:31,600
Encouraging batters to swing for
the fences. 

4346
04:05:31,600 --> 04:05:35,700
The entire architecture of 
offense was rebuilt around the 

4347
04:05:35,700 --> 04:05:38,900
home, run a change that Ruth is 
essentially accomplish 

4348
04:05:38,900 --> 04:05:41,800
single-handedly Ruth. 
Proved that athletes could be 

4349
04:05:41,800 --> 04:05:44,500
celebrities in ways previously 
reserved for actors and 

4350
04:05:44,500 --> 04:05:47,800
politicians. 
His salary, negotiations set 

4351
04:05:47,800 --> 04:05:49,600
precedents for athlete 
compensation. 

4352
04:05:50,500 --> 04:05:53,800
His endorsement deals, created a
template for how sports stars 

4353
04:05:53,800 --> 04:05:58,000
could leverage Fame into wealth.
His life style while excessive 

4354
04:05:58,000 --> 04:06:01,500
demonstrated that public 
figures, could survive Scandal 

4355
04:06:01,500 --> 04:06:03,200
through sheer Charisma and 
performance. 

4356
04:06:03,200 --> 04:06:08,500
The cultural impact extended 
Beyond Sports Ruth became a 

4357
04:06:08,500 --> 04:06:12,000
symbol of American possibility. 
The idea that someone from the 

4358
04:06:12,000 --> 04:06:15,300
worst circumstances could rise 
to the absolute Pinnacle of 

4359
04:06:15,300 --> 04:06:18,900
success. 
His story resonated, especially 

4360
04:06:18,900 --> 04:06:22,100
during the Depression years, 
when Americans needed Heroes, 

4361
04:06:22,100 --> 04:06:25,500
who proved that the system could
still work that talent and 

4362
04:06:25,508 --> 04:06:28,600
determination could still 
overcome poverty and limited 

4363
04:06:28,600 --> 04:06:31,000
opportunity. 
Ruth's relationship with 

4364
04:06:31,000 --> 04:06:34,500
children created a template for 
how sports stars interact with 

4365
04:06:34,500 --> 04:06:38,000
young fans. 
The image of Ruth visiting sick,

4366
04:06:38,000 --> 04:06:41,400
children signing endless, 
autographs and treating kids 

4367
04:06:41,400 --> 04:06:45,200
with genuine affection 
established expectations for 

4368
04:06:45,200 --> 04:06:47,000
athlete behavior that persisted 
today. 

4369
04:06:48,000 --> 04:06:52,100
Every modern athlete, who visits
her children hospital is in some

4370
04:06:52,100 --> 04:06:56,200
way following the path through 
created his flaws were as 

4371
04:06:56,200 --> 04:07:00,300
legendary as his achievements 
and paradoxical those flaws made

4372
04:07:00,300 --> 04:07:02,000
him more, beloved rather than 
less. 

4373
04:07:03,400 --> 04:07:06,300
American appreciated that Ruth 
enjoyed his success. 

4374
04:07:06,300 --> 04:07:09,600
That he indulged appetites 
rather than pretending. 

4375
04:07:09,600 --> 04:07:12,800
They didn't exist. 
There was something honest about

4376
04:07:12,800 --> 04:07:16,400
Ruth's successes that stood in 
stark contrast to the carefully,

4377
04:07:16,400 --> 04:07:20,000
managed public images that other
celebrities cultivated the 

4378
04:07:20,000 --> 04:07:22,500
Yankees Dynasty. 
That Ruth created continued for 

4379
04:07:22,500 --> 04:07:26,300
decades after his retirement. 
the team won championships 

4380
04:07:26,300 --> 04:07:30,300
through the 1950s and Beyond, 
but all of those successes built

4381
04:07:30,300 --> 04:07:33,600
on the foundation, Ruth had 
established The financial 

4382
04:07:33,600 --> 04:07:37,200
resources that allowed the 
Yankees to the best players came

4383
04:07:37,200 --> 04:07:39,300
from the revenue streams 
Rutherford created. 

4384
04:07:40,200 --> 04:07:43,800
The winning tradition that 
attracted top talent originated.

4385
04:07:43,800 --> 04:07:47,700
In Ruth's championship teams, 
baseball itself evolved in 

4386
04:07:47,708 --> 04:07:51,100
Ruth's image, Stadiums built 
after Yankee Stadium 

4387
04:07:51,100 --> 04:07:53,700
Incorporated features designed 
to Showcase home. 

4388
04:07:53,700 --> 04:07:56,900
Run hitters. 
Rule changes that increased 

4389
04:07:56,900 --> 04:08:00,400
offense and Home Run production,
reflected Ruth, influence on 

4390
04:08:00,400 --> 04:08:03,800
what fans wanted to see. 
The entire aesthetic of 

4391
04:08:03,800 --> 04:08:06,400
baseball. 
The emphasis on power, the 

4392
04:08:06,400 --> 04:08:09,000
celebration of individual 
achievement within a team 

4393
04:08:09,000 --> 04:08:13,300
context and the tolerance for 
colorful personality is all 

4394
04:08:13,300 --> 04:08:17,200
traced back to Ruth's example. 
Modern athlete, earning enormous

4395
04:08:17,200 --> 04:08:20,400
salary is negotiating 
endorsement deals, and living 

4396
04:08:20,400 --> 04:08:22,700
public lives. 
That blur the line between 

4397
04:08:22,700 --> 04:08:26,100
sports and entertainment are 
following paths that Ruth 

4398
04:08:26,100 --> 04:08:29,100
pioneered. 
He proved that athletic 

4399
04:08:29,100 --> 04:08:32,100
Excellence could generate wealth
and fame that transcended, the 

4400
04:08:32,100 --> 04:08:36,700
sport itself, every athlete who 
becomes a brand who leverages 

4401
04:08:36,700 --> 04:08:40,600
sporting success into broader 
cultural influence, owes 

4402
04:08:40,600 --> 04:08:44,100
something to the template Ruth 
created as your eyelids, grow 

4403
04:08:44,100 --> 04:08:47,100
heavy here and the days concerns
Fade Into the comfortable 

4404
04:08:47,100 --> 04:08:50,800
darkness of the evening. 
Let's Trace how Ruth's influence

4405
04:08:50,800 --> 04:08:53,500
continues to Ripple through 
American culture. 

4406
04:08:53,500 --> 04:08:58,500
Even now decades after his 
death, walk into any youth, 

4407
04:08:58,500 --> 04:09:01,500
baseball game on a Saturday 
morning and you'll see Ruth's 

4408
04:09:01,500 --> 04:09:04,900
Legacy in action, Kids stepped 
to the plate and take Mighty 

4409
04:09:04,900 --> 04:09:08,200
swings trying to hit home runs 
rather than simply making 

4410
04:09:08,200 --> 04:09:11,400
contact. 
Parents in the stands, cheer 

4411
04:09:11,400 --> 04:09:14,400
loudest for the ball that clears
the fence even though a 

4412
04:09:14,400 --> 04:09:16,500
well-placed single might be 
tactically superior. 

4413
04:09:17,600 --> 04:09:21,200
This emphasis on power over 
Precision on the dramatic over 

4414
04:09:21,200 --> 04:09:24,900
the Practical flows directly 
from Ruth's transformation of 

4415
04:09:24,900 --> 04:09:28,300
baseball's Aesthetics. 
The number 3 retired by the 

4416
04:09:28,300 --> 04:09:31,900
Yankees and sacred in baseball 
history appears on replica 

4417
04:09:31,900 --> 04:09:34,000
jerseys. 
Worn by fans, who were born 

4418
04:09:34,000 --> 04:09:38,500
until decades after Ruth died. 
These fans may not know Ruth's 

4419
04:09:38,500 --> 04:09:41,500
sexual statistics might not be 
able to name a single team 

4420
04:09:41,500 --> 04:09:44,700
played against, but they know 
the name and understand that 

4421
04:09:44,700 --> 04:09:47,300
wearing, it connects them to 
something important in baseball 

4422
04:09:47,300 --> 04:09:51,200
story, baseball cards, featuring
Ruth's image remain among the 

4423
04:09:51,200 --> 04:09:55,200
most valuable collectibles in 
sports with pristine examples, 

4424
04:09:55,200 --> 04:09:59,700
selling for millions of dollars.
The t206 Honus Wagner card is 

4425
04:09:59,700 --> 04:10:03,500
famous for its Rarity but Ruth 
cards are valuable because of 

4426
04:10:03,500 --> 04:10:05,500
who he was and what he 
represented. 

4427
04:10:06,700 --> 04:10:09,100
Collectors aren't just buying 
cardboard link. 

4428
04:10:09,100 --> 04:10:11,200
There are acquiring pieces of 
the moment. 

4429
04:10:11,200 --> 04:10:15,300
When Sports became Central to 
American culture, the story is 

4430
04:10:15,300 --> 04:10:18,700
about Ruth, some truth. 
Some embellished some entirely 

4431
04:10:18,700 --> 04:10:22,000
fabricated former mythology that
serves baseball. 

4432
04:10:22,000 --> 04:10:25,800
The way ancient myths, served 
earlier civilizations, the 

4433
04:10:25,800 --> 04:10:29,500
called shot the 60 home runs in 
1927. 

4434
04:10:29,500 --> 04:10:33,000
A promise to hit a home run for 
a sick child and then delivering

4435
04:10:33,000 --> 04:10:35,800
on that promise. 
These stories teach lessons 

4436
04:10:35,800 --> 04:10:39,800
about confidence, performance 
under pressure and the rewards 

4437
04:10:39,800 --> 04:10:44,600
that come from daring greatly 
Yankee Stadium rebuilt in 2009. 

4438
04:10:44,600 --> 04:10:47,300
But incorporating design 
elements that deliberately Echo,

4439
04:10:47,300 --> 04:10:50,800
the original remains a shrine to
Ruth even though he never played

4440
04:10:50,800 --> 04:10:54,000
in the new version. 
Fans, visiting the stadium for 

4441
04:10:54,000 --> 04:10:56,500
the first time make pilgrimages 
to Monument Park. 

4442
04:10:56,500 --> 04:11:00,100
Where a plaque commemorates, 
Ruth's achievements in language 

4443
04:11:00,100 --> 04:11:03,400
that borders on religious 
reverence the stadiums 

4444
04:11:03,400 --> 04:11:07,500
Dimensions, still favored left 
handed power hitters, a design 

4445
04:11:07,500 --> 04:11:11,100
choice that acknowledges, Ruth's
continuing influence, on how the

4446
04:11:11,108 --> 04:11:14,400
Yankees think about constructing
their roster, the phrase 

4447
04:11:14,400 --> 04:11:17,500
routhier has entered, the 
English language, as an 

4448
04:11:17,500 --> 04:11:19,500
adjective, meaning, 
exceptionally, large, or 

4449
04:11:19,500 --> 04:11:23,700
powerful, when a slugger hits, a
particularly long home run and 

4450
04:11:23,700 --> 04:11:27,300
announces describe it as Ruthie,
and When a player achieves 

4451
04:11:27,300 --> 04:11:29,700
something that seems to 
transcend, normal, boundaries 

4452
04:11:29,700 --> 04:11:31,800
Sports, writers invoke, Ruth's 
name. 

4453
04:11:32,600 --> 04:11:36,800
This linguistic, immortality the
transformation of a person into 

4454
04:11:36,800 --> 04:11:39,600
an adjective, is reserved for 
the very few. 

4455
04:11:39,600 --> 04:11:42,900
Whose impact genuinely changes 
how we understand their field 

4456
04:11:42,900 --> 04:11:47,000
modern players, who at 40 or 50 
home runs in a season of praised

4457
04:11:47,000 --> 04:11:50,100
by comparison to Ruth. 
Even though the game they're 

4458
04:11:50,100 --> 04:11:52,200
playing is dramatically 
different from the one Ruth 

4459
04:11:52,200 --> 04:11:54,900
dominated. 
Pitchers throw harder now. 

4460
04:11:54,900 --> 04:11:58,200
Feels as a more athletic 
stadiums are larger and the 

4461
04:11:58,208 --> 04:12:01,600
scientific understanding of 
hitting mechanics as advanced 

4462
04:12:01,600 --> 04:12:06,000
enormously yet Ruth Shadow 
stretches across all these 

4463
04:12:06,000 --> 04:12:09,700
changes, his achievements, 
serving as the standard against 

4464
04:12:09,700 --> 04:12:13,500
which power is measured. 
The curse of the Bambino, the 

4465
04:12:13,500 --> 04:12:17,300
superstitious belief that Boston
sale of Ruth to New York, cursed

4466
04:12:17,300 --> 04:12:21,300
the Red Sox franchise at 6 
years, demonstrates, Ruth's 

4467
04:12:21,300 --> 04:12:23,700
cultural penetration Beyond pure
sport. 

4468
04:12:25,000 --> 04:12:27,200
The fact that rational adults 
could believe that a player 

4469
04:12:27,208 --> 04:12:31,900
transaction in 1920, affected 
game, outcomes and 2004 shows 

4470
04:12:31,900 --> 04:12:35,100
How Deeply Ruth embedded himself
in baseball's narrative 

4471
04:12:35,100 --> 04:12:38,600
structure. 
When the Red Sox, finally, won 

4472
04:12:38,600 --> 04:12:42,500
the World Series in 2004 
breaking, the alleged curse 

4473
04:12:42,500 --> 04:12:44,000
became as important to the 
story. 

4474
04:12:44,000 --> 04:12:46,700
As the actual athletic 
achievement Hollywood. 

4475
04:12:46,700 --> 04:12:49,900
Has repeatedly tried to capture 
Ruth on film with varying 

4476
04:12:49,900 --> 04:12:53,400
degrees of success. 
The challenge has always been 

4477
04:12:53,400 --> 04:12:57,500
that Ruth's life was almost two 
eventful to packed with incident

4478
04:12:57,500 --> 04:13:00,500
and achievement to fit into 
conventional narrative 

4479
04:13:00,500 --> 04:13:03,600
structures. 
How do you dream a tie, someone 

4480
04:13:03,600 --> 04:13:06,100
who actually live larger than 
most fictional characters? 

4481
04:13:06,900 --> 04:13:10,300
The attempts continue each 
generation, trying to explain 

4482
04:13:10,300 --> 04:13:14,000
Ruth to audiences who live in 
increasingly different worlds. 

4483
04:13:14,000 --> 04:13:16,500
From the one. 
He inhabited children who will 

4484
04:13:16,500 --> 04:13:20,000
play baseball in 2015, will 
still learn Ruth's name and 

4485
04:13:20,000 --> 04:13:22,800
still hear stories about the 
Bambino who hit balls over 

4486
04:13:22,800 --> 04:13:25,200
buildings and eight hot dogs by 
the Dozen. 

4487
04:13:26,100 --> 04:13:29,600
The details May blur and the 
context May fade, but the 

4488
04:13:29,600 --> 04:13:32,500
essential story. 
Paul boy makes good through 

4489
04:13:32,500 --> 04:13:36,200
natural talent in a repressible 
personality remains as 

4490
04:13:36,200 --> 04:13:39,700
compelling as ever baseball 
historians, continue to debate, 

4491
04:13:39,700 --> 04:13:43,000
Ruth's place in the sports. 
Pantheon was he the greatest 

4492
04:13:43,000 --> 04:13:46,500
player ever or does that honor 
belong to Willie Mays or Barry 

4493
04:13:46,500 --> 04:13:50,300
Bonds or Mike Trout? 
These debates miss the point. 

4494
04:13:50,300 --> 04:13:53,000
Ruth's important isn't about 
being the best. 

4495
04:13:53,000 --> 04:13:56,100
In some objective sense, it's 
about being the most 

4496
04:13:56,100 --> 04:13:59,700
transformative, the player who 
changed, not just, how baseball 

4497
04:13:59,700 --> 04:14:03,500
was played, but what baseball 
meant to American culture, now 

4498
04:14:03,500 --> 04:14:07,200
as you drift towards sleep, 
let's consider perhaps Ruth's 

4499
04:14:07,200 --> 04:14:11,700
most important Legacy one that 
statistics can't capture and 

4500
04:14:11,700 --> 04:14:14,300
that has nothing to do with 
championships or records. 

4501
04:14:15,100 --> 04:14:19,100
Ruth gave people joy and he did 
it with an enthusiasm that was 

4502
04:14:19,100 --> 04:14:22,200
itself. 
Joyful to witness watch footage 

4503
04:14:22,200 --> 04:14:26,100
of Ruth hitting home runs grainy
silent film that nevertheless 

4504
04:14:26,100 --> 04:14:28,100
conveys his obvious pleasure in 
the act. 

4505
04:14:29,200 --> 04:14:32,700
After connecting with a pitch, 
he doesn't admire his work or 

4506
04:14:32,700 --> 04:14:36,600
pose for cameras. 
He simply runs a surprise in 

4507
04:14:36,600 --> 04:14:39,700
graceful Trot to give his bulk 
with a smile that suggests. 

4508
04:14:39,700 --> 04:14:42,200
He's as delighted as the fans in
the stands. 

4509
04:14:43,000 --> 04:14:46,400
Baseball was for Ruth, genuinely
fun, and is enjoyment was 

4510
04:14:46,400 --> 04:14:49,400
contagious. 
This might seem trivial but 

4511
04:14:49,400 --> 04:14:52,800
think about what Ruth offered to
America's during his Peak years.

4512
04:14:53,600 --> 04:14:58,100
the 1920s brought prosperity for
some But anxiety for many as 

4513
04:14:58,100 --> 04:15:01,200
traditional social structures, 
gave way to modernities on 

4514
04:15:01,200 --> 04:15:06,400
certainly is The 1930s brought 
economic catastrophe with 

4515
04:15:06,400 --> 04:15:11,000
unemployment foreclosures and 
the genuine fear that American 

4516
04:15:11,000 --> 04:15:16,100
democracy, might not survive. 
Through all of this Ruth played 

4517
04:15:16,100 --> 04:15:18,800
baseball with the 
unselfconscious joy of a child 

4518
04:15:18,800 --> 04:15:22,400
reminding people that pleasure, 
and Delight remained possible. 

4519
04:15:22,400 --> 04:15:26,200
Even in difficult times, his 
home runs weren't just athletic 

4520
04:15:26,200 --> 04:15:28,400
achievements. 
They were permission slips for 

4521
04:15:28,408 --> 04:15:32,200
celebration. 
When Ruth connected with a pitch

4522
04:15:32,200 --> 04:15:35,800
and the ball sword into 
impossibly distant seats fans 

4523
04:15:35,800 --> 04:15:38,300
could forget their troubles for 
the second took the ball to 

4524
04:15:38,308 --> 04:15:41,100
travel. 
They could rise from their seats

4525
04:15:41,100 --> 04:15:45,600
cheer without inhibition and 
share a moment of uncomplicated 

4526
04:15:45,600 --> 04:15:47,600
happiness with thousands of 
strangers. 

4527
04:15:47,600 --> 04:15:51,100
Ruth never pretended to be a 
role model in the modern sense. 

4528
04:15:51,100 --> 04:15:56,600
He drank he ate to excess, he 
Corrales and he made no 

4529
04:15:56,600 --> 04:15:58,300
particular effort to hide any of
it. 

4530
04:15:59,500 --> 04:16:02,800
Yet somehow this honesty about 
his appetites, made him more 

4531
04:16:02,800 --> 04:16:07,000
rather than less appealing. 
Americans understood that Ruth 

4532
04:16:07,000 --> 04:16:10,700
was flawed, but they also 
recognized that his flaws were 

4533
04:16:10,700 --> 04:16:14,100
human scale. 
The kind that anyone might have,

4534
04:16:14,100 --> 04:16:16,500
if they suddenly found 
themselves wealthy and famous 

4535
04:16:16,500 --> 04:16:20,500
the relationship between Ruth 
and Baseball fans was genuinely 

4536
04:16:20,500 --> 04:16:23,600
reciprocal. 
He loved their attention fed off

4537
04:16:23,600 --> 04:16:26,600
their energy and performed 
better when stadiums were packed

4538
04:16:26,600 --> 04:16:30,400
and roaring. 
Fans in turn loved him, not just

4539
04:16:30,400 --> 04:16:33,400
for what he did, but for how 
obviously he loved doing it. 

4540
04:16:34,600 --> 04:16:38,200
This Mutual affection created a 
bond that transcended, the usual

4541
04:16:38,200 --> 04:16:42,200
relationship between athlete and
spectator Ruth generosity with 

4542
04:16:42,200 --> 04:16:45,700
his time particularly toward 
children, reflected his 

4543
04:16:45,700 --> 04:16:48,700
understanding that his Fame 
created opportunities to bring, 

4544
04:16:48,700 --> 04:16:52,300
happiness to others. 
When he visited a sick, child in

4545
04:16:52,300 --> 04:16:55,900
a hospital signing a baseball 
and telling stories he was 

4546
04:16:55,900 --> 04:16:58,600
giving that child, something 
more valuable than memorabilia. 

4547
04:16:59,300 --> 04:17:01,500
He was giving them a story. 
They could tell for the rest of 

4548
04:17:01,508 --> 04:17:04,700
their lives, a moment when they 
mattered to someone important, 

4549
04:17:04,700 --> 04:17:07,900
his teammates even those who 
found his behavior. 

4550
04:17:07,900 --> 04:17:10,500
Exasperating generally loved 
him. 

4551
04:17:10,500 --> 04:17:13,500
Because Ruth treated baseball is
play rather than work. 

4552
04:17:14,400 --> 04:17:17,600
In an era when most professional
athletes approach their Sport 

4553
04:17:17,600 --> 04:17:21,300
with grim, seriousness Ruth, 
maintain the perspective that 

4554
04:17:21,300 --> 04:17:23,900
baseball was fundamentally a 
game. 

4555
04:17:24,800 --> 04:17:28,600
This attitude didn't make him 
less competitive Ruth hated 

4556
04:17:28,600 --> 04:17:32,300
losing, but it kept him from the
bitterness that consumed players

4557
04:17:32,300 --> 04:17:34,500
who couldn't separate this 
self-worth from their 

4558
04:17:34,500 --> 04:17:37,600
performance. 
The Joy Ruth in bodied extended 

4559
04:17:37,600 --> 04:17:39,800
to his appreciation for his own 
success. 

4560
04:17:39,800 --> 04:17:43,500
He didn't pretend to be humble 
or act like his achievements 

4561
04:17:43,500 --> 04:17:45,200
were. 
Merely the product of hard work.

4562
04:17:46,200 --> 04:17:50,100
Ruth understood that he had 
extraordinary Talent, he 

4563
04:17:50,100 --> 04:17:54,700
celebrated, that Talent openly 
This self-awareness and lack of 

4564
04:17:54,700 --> 04:17:57,200
false, modesty was in its own 
way refreshing. 

4565
04:17:58,000 --> 04:18:01,000
Ruth knew he was special and he 
saw no reason to pretend 

4566
04:18:01,000 --> 04:18:05,000
otherwise a sleep approaches and
the story wines toward its 

4567
04:18:05,000 --> 04:18:07,400
clothes. 
Consider what Ruth teaches us 

4568
04:18:07,400 --> 04:18:12,200
about living fully, His life 
wasn't long, 53 years is less 

4569
04:18:12,200 --> 04:18:15,500
than many of us will have. 
But it was completely lived. 

4570
04:18:16,200 --> 04:18:20,500
He experienced more, pleasure, 
more success, more Acclaim, and 

4571
04:18:20,500 --> 04:18:24,100
yes, more excess than most 
people could fit into twice that

4572
04:18:24,100 --> 04:18:26,700
time. 
He never seemed to wonder if he 

4573
04:18:26,700 --> 04:18:29,500
deserved his success. 
He simply enjoyed it. 

4574
04:18:29,500 --> 04:18:33,100
While it lasted in your last 
moments of wakefulness Pick 3 

4575
04:18:33,100 --> 04:18:34,900
Yankee Stadium on a late Summer 
Afternoon. 

4576
04:18:34,900 --> 04:18:39,400
The sun casting Long Shadows 
across the infield as another 

4577
04:18:39,400 --> 04:18:41,700
generation of players takes 
batting practice. 

4578
04:18:42,700 --> 04:18:46,000
The crack of the bat, Echoes off
the stamps that distinctive 

4579
04:18:46,000 --> 04:18:48,600
sound that has remained 
unchanged for over a century 

4580
04:18:48,600 --> 04:18:50,900
somewhere. 
In those stands, sits a 

4581
04:18:50,900 --> 04:18:53,700
grandfather taking his grandson 
to his first base baseball game.

4582
04:18:54,600 --> 04:18:58,300
The boys attention wanders. 
It's the seventh inning and the 

4583
04:18:58,300 --> 04:19:02,700
game has been slow. then the 
home team, Slugger steps to the 

4584
04:19:02,700 --> 04:19:06,100
plate, and the grandfather 
leans, close to his grandson's 

4585
04:19:06,100 --> 04:19:10,500
ear, he tells him about another 
Slugger, Just and maybe the 

4586
04:19:10,500 --> 04:19:13,500
greatest a man who hit balls so 
far. 

4587
04:19:13,500 --> 04:19:14,900
They seem to leave the 
atmosphere. 

4588
04:19:16,000 --> 04:19:19,600
The boy listens not entirely 
sure if Grandpa's telling a 

4589
04:19:19,600 --> 04:19:22,600
story or accounting history. 
The Slugger connects with a 

4590
04:19:22,608 --> 04:19:26,500
pitch and the ball Rises on a 
trajectory that every fan in the

4591
04:19:26,508 --> 04:19:31,300
stadium recognizes instantly. 
It clears the fence by 50 feet 

4592
04:19:31,300 --> 04:19:34,800
Landing, somewhere in the 
distant bleachers, the 

4593
04:19:34,800 --> 04:19:38,400
grandfather leaks to his feet, 
his knees hurt but he doesn't 

4594
04:19:38,400 --> 04:19:42,700
care and the grandson jumped up 
beside him caught up in the 

4595
04:19:42,700 --> 04:19:44,200
moment. 
Even though he doesn't fully 

4596
04:19:44,200 --> 04:19:47,700
understand what he's witnessing,
this is Ruth's final gift. 

4597
04:19:47,700 --> 04:19:50,700
The one that keeps giving 
decades after his death. 

4598
04:19:51,500 --> 04:19:54,800
The shared experience of 
baseball's most dramatic moment.

4599
04:19:55,600 --> 04:19:59,200
The home run that makes 
strangers into a community that 

4600
04:19:59,200 --> 04:20:02,300
transforms. 
And after noon into a memory and

4601
04:20:02,300 --> 04:20:04,900
that connects Generations 
through the simple Act of 

4602
04:20:04,908 --> 04:20:06,900
watching, someone hit a ball 
with the stick. 

4603
04:20:06,900 --> 04:20:09,300
Every home run hit in every 
stadium. 

4604
04:20:09,300 --> 04:20:12,800
In America carries an echo of 
the ones Ruth hit in stadiums, 

4605
04:20:12,800 --> 04:20:16,000
that no longer exist. 
Watched by fans who have long 

4606
04:20:16,000 --> 04:20:20,200
since passed away. 
The game evolves rules change 

4607
04:20:20,200 --> 04:20:21,900
and players get stronger and 
faster. 

4608
04:20:21,900 --> 04:20:26,300
But the fundamental Thrill The 
Bull Rising against the sky 

4609
04:20:26,300 --> 04:20:29,900
arcing toward the fence and 
landing in a distant section. 

4610
04:20:29,900 --> 04:20:33,100
While fans, Roar remains exactly
what it was. 

4611
04:20:33,100 --> 04:20:36,500
When Ruth Did It For the First 
Time, Ruth's story reminds us 

4612
04:20:36,500 --> 04:20:39,200
that Sports matter, not because 
they're important in some of 

4613
04:20:39,208 --> 04:20:42,300
objective sense. 
But because they give us ways to

4614
04:20:42,300 --> 04:20:45,800
connect with each other with our
past and with the parts of 

4615
04:20:45,808 --> 04:20:48,800
ourselves. 
That remember how to play The 

4616
04:20:48,800 --> 04:20:51,900
boy from Baltimore who learned 
to pitch on Reformatory Fields, 

4617
04:20:51,900 --> 04:20:56,400
never forgot that baseball was 
supposed to be fun and he spent 

4618
04:20:56,400 --> 04:20:58,800
his entire career trying to 
share that fun. 

4619
04:20:58,800 --> 04:21:02,800
With anyone who would watch, he 
succeeded beyond anything, his 

4620
04:21:02,800 --> 04:21:04,100
younger self could have 
imagined. 

4621
04:21:05,000 --> 04:21:08,200
The orphan who felt unwanted 
became the most beloved figure 

4622
04:21:08,200 --> 04:21:11,300
in American sport Sports. 
The undisciplined kid, who 

4623
04:21:11,300 --> 04:21:14,500
couldn't follow rules, became 
the man, who rewrote them, the 

4624
04:21:14,500 --> 04:21:17,400
player who was sold by one team 
for money became the Catalyst 

4625
04:21:17,400 --> 04:21:20,300
for a Danish, that redefined 
sports excellents. 

4626
04:21:20,300 --> 04:21:24,000
But perhaps most importantly, 
the child who grew up with 

4627
04:21:24,000 --> 04:21:26,900
without much joy, became the man
who created it for Millions. 

4628
04:21:27,900 --> 04:21:30,300
Every time someone's face, 
lights up watching a home run. 

4629
04:21:30,300 --> 04:21:33,600
Every time, a kid imitates, a 
power swing in a backyard. 

4630
04:21:33,600 --> 04:21:36,000
Every time. 
Baseball brings people together 

4631
04:21:36,000 --> 04:21:38,300
and shared celebration. 
Babe Ruth. 

4632
04:21:38,300 --> 04:21:40,000
Is there still playing the game 
he loved? 

4633
04:21:40,700 --> 04:21:43,500
Still inviting everyone to join 
him in the simple pleasure of 

4634
04:21:43,500 --> 04:21:46,500
hitting a ball as far as 
possible and then running around

4635
04:21:46,500 --> 04:21:50,300
some bases while people cheer as
you drift into sleep, you might 

4636
04:21:50,300 --> 04:21:54,400
dream of Summer afternoons and 
the crack of a wooden bat of 

4637
04:21:54,400 --> 04:21:59,100
balls Rising against Blue Skies 
of a round-faced man with a huge

4638
04:21:59,100 --> 04:22:02,400
smile, circling the bases while 
a stadium full of strangers, 

4639
04:22:02,400 --> 04:22:06,800
becomes for a moment, a 
community United in joy. 

4640
04:22:07,900 --> 04:22:11,000
These dreams can connect you to 
millions of others who have 

4641
04:22:11,000 --> 04:22:13,800
found comfort and excitement in 
the same images. 

4642
04:22:13,800 --> 04:22:18,400
The same stories and the same 
fundamental human desire to 

4643
04:22:18,400 --> 04:22:22,200
witness excellence and share in 
celebration, Babe Ruth. 

4644
04:22:22,200 --> 04:22:26,500
Lived more than 90 years ago, 
but his gift Remains the 

4645
04:22:26,500 --> 04:22:28,800
reminders that life is meant to 
be fully lived. 

4646
04:22:29,500 --> 04:22:33,300
That Talent should be celebrated
rather than hidden and that Joy 

4647
04:22:33,300 --> 04:22:36,500
shared multiplies while Joy 
hoarded disappears. 

4648
04:22:37,500 --> 04:22:39,700
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that somewhere 

4649
04:22:39,700 --> 04:22:42,900
right now someone is hitting a 
home run and for that moment 

4650
04:22:42,900 --> 04:22:46,900
they are Babe Ruth. 
And Babe Ruth lives again, the 

4651
04:22:46,900 --> 04:22:49,700
boy from Baltimore found his way
home and in doing. 

4652
04:22:49,700 --> 04:22:54,800
So he helped millions of us find
hours on baseball diamonds in 

4653
04:22:54,800 --> 04:22:57,300
Stadium seats. 
In the stories, we tell about 

4654
04:22:57,300 --> 04:23:01,000
the ones who came before and in 
the simple shared pleasure of 

4655
04:23:01,000 --> 04:23:02,300
watching. 
Someone do something 

4656
04:23:02,300 --> 04:23:10,400
extraordinary. 
Sleep wasn't quite the 

4657
04:23:10,400 --> 04:23:11,900
uninterrupted, eight-hour 
luxury. 

4658
04:23:11,900 --> 04:23:15,900
You once knew in another life, 
Instead, you dozed fitfully 

4659
04:23:15,900 --> 04:23:19,600
between the sounds of night. 
The distant howl that made your 

4660
04:23:19,600 --> 04:23:22,400
spine, tingle the rustle of 
something large. 

4661
04:23:22,400 --> 04:23:25,900
Moving through the brush out 
side and the gentle snoring of 

4662
04:23:25,900 --> 04:23:27,900
your Cave's curled around the 
dying. 

4663
04:23:27,900 --> 04:23:31,700
Embers of last night's fire. 
Your bed is a carefully arranged

4664
04:23:31,700 --> 04:23:34,100
pile of Furs and dried grasses 
position. 

4665
04:23:34,100 --> 04:23:37,300
Just far enough from the cave 
mouth to the morning, chill. 

4666
04:23:37,300 --> 04:23:39,700
But close enough to make a quick
Escape if needed. 

4667
04:23:39,700 --> 04:23:42,200
Yes. 
Escape plans were part of 

4668
04:23:42,208 --> 04:23:45,700
interior decorating back there. 
The stone beneath you has been 

4669
04:23:45,700 --> 04:23:48,800
worn Smooth by countless nights 
of human body seeking comfort 

4670
04:23:48,800 --> 04:23:52,900
and honestly it's not terrible. 
Once you pile on enough, Mammoth

4671
04:23:52,900 --> 04:23:57,100
hide Stretching your arms 
carefully because that shoulder 

4672
04:23:57,100 --> 04:23:59,500
you wrenched wrestling, a 
particularly stubborn root 

4673
04:23:59,500 --> 04:24:02,600
vegetable last week. 
Still protests You notice the 

4674
04:24:02,600 --> 04:24:04,300
familiar ache in your lower 
back. 

4675
04:24:05,000 --> 04:24:08,500
Living in the Paleolithic era 
was essentially a continuous low

4676
04:24:08,500 --> 04:24:11,600
intensity exercise regimen that 
would leave modern Fitness 

4677
04:24:11,600 --> 04:24:14,200
Enthusiast feeling both envious 
and exhausted. 

4678
04:24:15,100 --> 04:24:18,200
A fire pit, still glows faintly 
in the center of your cave home.

4679
04:24:18,200 --> 04:24:20,900
Keeping it alive through the 
night was everyone's 

4680
04:24:20,900 --> 04:24:24,600
responsibility because starting 
a new fire from scratch was 

4681
04:24:24,600 --> 04:24:28,200
about as fun as performing 
surgery with stone tools, which 

4682
04:24:28,200 --> 04:24:31,200
come to think of it. 
Sometimes happened you pad over 

4683
04:24:31,200 --> 04:24:33,300
on bare feet that have 
developed, Souls tougher than 

4684
04:24:33,308 --> 04:24:36,000
any boot leather. 
Adding a few small branches to 

4685
04:24:36,000 --> 04:24:39,600
coax the Flames back to life. 
The morning ritual begins with 

4686
04:24:39,600 --> 04:24:42,300
checking your body for new 
aches, Cuts or mysterious 

4687
04:24:42,300 --> 04:24:46,000
bruises that appeared overnight.
Living near nature, often 

4688
04:24:46,000 --> 04:24:48,600
results in it leaving its mark 
on your shin or forearm. 

4689
04:24:48,600 --> 04:24:51,700
Today's inventory reveals a 
scratch on your thumb from 

4690
04:24:51,700 --> 04:24:54,700
yesterday's Flint, knapping 
session and attend a spot on 

4691
04:24:54,700 --> 04:24:57,100
your hip where you missed judge 
the height of a boulder. 

4692
04:24:57,900 --> 04:25:01,400
This is a common occurrence, 
your stomach announces itself 

4693
04:25:01,400 --> 04:25:04,000
with a rumble that Echoes 
slightly off the cave walls. 

4694
04:25:04,800 --> 04:25:07,700
Breakfast isn't waiting in a 
refrigerator mainly because 

4695
04:25:07,700 --> 04:25:10,900
refrigerators won't be invented 
for another 40,000 years or so, 

4696
04:25:10,900 --> 04:25:15,200
instead your morning meal 
depends entirely on yesterday's 

4697
04:25:15,200 --> 04:25:18,600
success, a gathering hunting or 
the ancient art of convincing 

4698
04:25:18,600 --> 04:25:20,000
someone else to share their 
food. 

4699
04:25:20,000 --> 04:25:23,300
You peer outside, the cave 
entrance, squinting against the 

4700
04:25:23,300 --> 04:25:26,500
growing daylight, the world 
stretches out before you in 

4701
04:25:26,500 --> 04:25:30,500
Endless, green broken by Rocky 
outcroppings, and the distant 

4702
04:25:30,500 --> 04:25:32,800
glimmer of the river that serves
as your neighborhood's. 

4703
04:25:32,800 --> 04:25:36,700
Main Street grocery store and 
Community Center all rolled into

4704
04:25:36,700 --> 04:25:38,900
one. 
The air carries the center of 

4705
04:25:38,900 --> 04:25:42,900
pine resin damper and something 
that might be Smoke From Another

4706
04:25:42,900 --> 04:25:46,500
group's fire miles away. 
Where the prediction was a 

4707
04:25:46,500 --> 04:25:50,800
survival skill back then, not 
casual conversation, you scan 

4708
04:25:50,800 --> 04:25:53,100
the sky with the intensity of a 
meteorologist. 

4709
04:25:53,100 --> 04:25:56,100
Reading Cloud patterns like a 
morning newspaper. 

4710
04:25:56,800 --> 04:26:00,200
Those whispy streaks to the 
West's suggest wind later which 

4711
04:26:00,200 --> 04:26:03,600
could mean Rain by evening. 
The thought makes you mentally 

4712
04:26:03,600 --> 04:26:05,600
catalog. 
The caves water containers, 

4713
04:26:05,600 --> 04:26:09,200
mostly animal, bladders, and 
carefully shaped gourds that 

4714
04:26:09,200 --> 04:26:13,000
took weeks to perfect. 
Sound from deeper in the cave, 

4715
04:26:13,000 --> 04:26:14,700
indicates your companions of 
stirring. 

4716
04:26:15,600 --> 04:26:18,900
There's grac who snoring could 
wake the dead and occasionally 

4717
04:26:18,900 --> 04:26:20,800
did wake the living at 
inconvenient moments? 

4718
04:26:20,800 --> 04:26:24,400
He's already sitting up running 
thick fingers through hair. 

4719
04:26:24,400 --> 04:26:27,400
That defies any attempt at 
styling, not that styling 

4720
04:26:27,400 --> 04:26:31,100
products were readily available.
Beside him mirror stretches like

4721
04:26:31,100 --> 04:26:33,900
a cat. 
Her movement's graceful despite 

4722
04:26:33,900 --> 04:26:37,600
sleeping on Stone, and fur. 
The day ahead holds the usual 

4723
04:26:37,600 --> 04:26:41,800
uncertainty food needs to be 
found tools require maintenance 

4724
04:26:41,800 --> 04:26:45,300
and Somewhere Out There 
opportunities and dangers weight

4725
04:26:45,300 --> 04:26:49,000
in equal measure. 
But first, there is the simple 

4726
04:26:49,000 --> 04:26:52,200
joy of living in a world where 
each Sunrise feels like a tiny 

4727
04:26:52,200 --> 04:26:55,700
triumphs against the challenges,
your feet, find their way to the

4728
04:26:55,700 --> 04:26:59,000
cave entrance, and you stand 
there for a moment breathing in 

4729
04:26:59,000 --> 04:27:01,300
the morning are that tastes 
cleaner than anything you could 

4730
04:27:01,300 --> 04:27:03,900
imagine. 
The sun climbs, higher 

4731
04:27:03,900 --> 04:27:07,700
promising, warmth later and 
somewhere in the distance, a 

4732
04:27:07,700 --> 04:27:10,500
bird calls with the kind of pure
joy, that makes you remember. 

4733
04:27:10,500 --> 04:27:14,200
Why being alive even in the 
Stone Age, has its moments of 

4734
04:27:14,200 --> 04:27:18,100
absolute perfection finding 
breakfast in the Paleolithic era

4735
04:27:18,100 --> 04:27:20,700
was like playing the world's 
most consequential Treasure Hunt

4736
04:27:20,700 --> 04:27:24,100
game where the treasure was 
edible and losing meant going 

4737
04:27:24,100 --> 04:27:27,800
hungry. 
You step outside the Cave, Bear 

4738
04:27:27,800 --> 04:27:30,200
feet, immediately registering 
the temperature and texture of 

4739
04:27:30,200 --> 04:27:32,900
the ground information. 
Your modern brain would dismiss 

4740
04:27:32,900 --> 04:27:37,200
but your ancient instincts 
catalog automatically, The 

4741
04:27:37,200 --> 04:27:40,300
morning dew is settled on 
everything, turning spider, webs

4742
04:27:40,300 --> 04:27:43,300
into jeweled masterpieces and 
making certain rocks. 

4743
04:27:43,300 --> 04:27:46,000
Slippery enough to turn a casual
stroll into an impromptu 

4744
04:27:46,000 --> 04:27:48,800
tumbling session. 
Having experienced this lesson 

4745
04:27:48,800 --> 04:27:51,900
first hand, several times. 
You now walk with a measured 

4746
04:27:51,900 --> 04:27:55,300
gate, understanding that gravity
Remains the Same in the Stone 

4747
04:27:55,300 --> 04:27:58,500
Age as it does everywhere else. 
Your stomach grumbles again, 

4748
04:27:58,500 --> 04:28:01,700
more insistently. 
This time, you've noticed that 

4749
04:28:01,700 --> 04:28:04,500
the human digestive system 
doesn't care about the 

4750
04:28:04,500 --> 04:28:06,500
historical significance of your 
situation. 

4751
04:28:06,500 --> 04:28:10,700
It's simply craves food. 
Ideally as soon as possible. 

4752
04:28:10,700 --> 04:28:13,800
This morning's breakfast menu 
depends entirely on your 

4753
04:28:13,800 --> 04:28:16,700
knowledge of what's edible vs. 
What's decorative versus what's 

4754
04:28:16,700 --> 04:28:19,100
deadly? 
It's like being a contestant on 

4755
04:28:19,100 --> 04:28:22,400
the world's most dangerous 
cooking show. 20 yards from the 

4756
04:28:22,400 --> 04:28:24,000
cave. 
You spot a cluster of berry 

4757
04:28:24,000 --> 04:28:25,200
bushes. 
That wasn't there yesterday 

4758
04:28:25,200 --> 04:28:27,500
actually they were there 
yesterday. 

4759
04:28:27,500 --> 04:28:30,900
Your brain is still learning to 
see food sources and stead of 

4760
04:28:30,900 --> 04:28:34,500
just green stuff. 
The berries are small and dark 

4761
04:28:34,500 --> 04:28:38,000
purple and past the preliminary 
tests birds have been eating 

4762
04:28:38,000 --> 04:28:40,300
them without falling over and 
they smell, right? 

4763
04:28:40,300 --> 04:28:44,300
You taste one carefully letting 
the flavor register fully before

4764
04:28:44,300 --> 04:28:46,500
committing to a handful. 
They are sweet. 

4765
04:28:46,500 --> 04:28:49,200
Slightly tart and have a texture
that suggests. 

4766
04:28:49,200 --> 04:28:52,500
They won't cause immediate 
digestive Rebellion success. 

4767
04:28:53,400 --> 04:28:56,900
Gathering enough to satisfy your
hunger, you remain vigilant for 

4768
04:28:56,900 --> 04:29:00,400
potential opportunities. 
Breakfast in the Stone Age was 

4769
04:29:00,400 --> 04:29:03,400
often a progressive meal eaten 
as you found it, rather than 

4770
04:29:03,400 --> 04:29:05,000
sitting down to a prepared 
plate. 

4771
04:29:05,900 --> 04:29:08,500
Near the berry bushes. 
A cluster of what you've learned

4772
04:29:08,500 --> 04:29:10,500
are. 
Edible roots, pokes through the 

4773
04:29:10,500 --> 04:29:12,200
soil. 
Digging them up. 

4774
04:29:12,200 --> 04:29:15,300
Requires the sharp, stick your 
carved last week, an Excavating 

4775
04:29:15,300 --> 04:29:18,200
Roots turns out to be excellent 
exercise for muscle groups. 

4776
04:29:18,200 --> 04:29:21,900
You didn't know existed. 
The roots are starchy filling 

4777
04:29:21,900 --> 04:29:24,000
and tastes vaguely like 
potatoes. 

4778
04:29:24,000 --> 04:29:26,600
If potatoes have been designed 
by someone, who'd only heard a 

4779
04:29:26,600 --> 04:29:28,100
rough description of what food 
should taste. 

4780
04:29:28,100 --> 04:29:30,600
Like a flash of movement catches
your eye. 

4781
04:29:30,600 --> 04:29:33,300
A rabbit is frozen in the 
peculiar way. 

4782
04:29:33,300 --> 04:29:35,600
That rabbits pretend to be 
invisible by remaining. 

4783
04:29:35,600 --> 04:29:39,000
Absolutely, still. 
Your hand moves slowly toward 

4784
04:29:39,000 --> 04:29:42,700
the throwing stick tucked into 
your woven grass belt. rabbit 

4785
04:29:42,700 --> 04:29:45,400
would be a protein upgrade of 
this morning's vegetarian fare 

4786
04:29:45,400 --> 04:29:49,400
but hunting requires a 
combination of skill luck and 

4787
04:29:49,400 --> 04:29:52,000
the kind of patients that 
doesn't come naturally when your

4788
04:29:52,000 --> 04:29:55,800
stomach is demanding immediate 
attention, The throwing stick is

4789
04:29:55,800 --> 04:29:58,700
a Marvel of Stone Age, 
engineering basically a 

4790
04:29:58,700 --> 04:30:01,100
carefully balanced wooden 
projectile that you've practiced

4791
04:30:01,100 --> 04:30:04,300
with until your shoulder aches. 
The rapid remains motionless 

4792
04:30:04,300 --> 04:30:08,400
probably calculating its odds of
Escape versus the energy cost of

4793
04:30:08,400 --> 04:30:11,100
sudden movement. 
You shift your weight slowly 

4794
04:30:11,100 --> 04:30:13,700
raise. 
The stick with movements, smooth

4795
04:30:13,700 --> 04:30:15,600
enough, not to trigger the 
rabbits flight response. 

4796
04:30:15,600 --> 04:30:17,900
Then a branch cracks somewhere 
behind you. 

4797
04:30:17,900 --> 04:30:21,600
Probably Greg stumbling around 
looking for his breakfast and 

4798
04:30:21,600 --> 04:30:24,800
the rabbit vanishes and a blur 
of brown fur and indignation. 

4799
04:30:25,600 --> 04:30:28,900
You're throwing sticks sails 
through empty air and lands with

4800
04:30:28,900 --> 04:30:32,600
a disappointed thud against a 
tree trunk, so much for upgraded

4801
04:30:32,600 --> 04:30:36,400
protein. 
You retrieve the stick mentally 

4802
04:30:36,400 --> 04:30:39,400
adding practice hunting, in 
areas with fewer clumsy 

4803
04:30:39,400 --> 04:30:42,400
companions to your growing list 
of survival improvements. 

4804
04:30:43,500 --> 04:30:45,700
The berries and Roots will have 
to suffice for now. 

4805
04:30:45,700 --> 04:30:47,700
Supplemented by the memory of. 
Yes. 

4806
04:30:47,700 --> 04:30:49,700
And yesterday. 
Successful fishing Expedition. 

4807
04:30:50,800 --> 04:30:53,800
Walking back toward the cave. 
You notice Mira has discovered a

4808
04:30:53,800 --> 04:30:56,400
bird's nest with eggs. 
The kind of find that makes 

4809
04:30:56,400 --> 04:30:59,800
everyone's morning. 
Significantly brighter eggs are 

4810
04:30:59,800 --> 04:31:02,500
perfect food packages. 
Assuming you can convince their 

4811
04:31:02,500 --> 04:31:05,000
parents that you need them more 
than the unhatched occupants. 

4812
04:31:05,000 --> 04:31:08,700
Do the negotiation typically 
involves quick hands and fast, 

4813
04:31:08,700 --> 04:31:13,300
defeat Israel, opinions about 
egg ownership. 

4814
04:31:13,300 --> 04:31:16,500
The morning meal shapes up to be
a combination of your berries 

4815
04:31:16,500 --> 04:31:20,400
and Roots, shared eggs and some 
leftover fish that crack managed

4816
04:31:20,400 --> 04:31:23,800
not to eat entirely yesterday. 
It's not exactly a gourmet 

4817
04:31:23,800 --> 04:31:27,400
breakfast but it contains 
calories nutrients and the 

4818
04:31:27,400 --> 04:31:29,800
satisfaction of having 
successfully gathered at 

4819
04:31:29,800 --> 04:31:32,400
yourself from a world that 
doesn't deliver food to your 

4820
04:31:32,408 --> 04:31:34,700
door. 
Sitting on a sun warmed. 

4821
04:31:34,700 --> 04:31:39,100
Rock outside the cave, you eat 
slowly savoring flavors that are

4822
04:31:39,100 --> 04:31:43,700
simple direct and somehow more 
satisfying, the new expected The

4823
04:31:43,700 --> 04:31:46,100
food tastes like work, like 
success. 

4824
04:31:46,100 --> 04:31:49,400
Like the peculiar Pride that 
comes from feeding yourself 

4825
04:31:49,400 --> 04:31:52,900
through knowledge and effort, 
rather than convenience your 

4826
04:31:52,900 --> 04:31:54,300
stomach, settles into 
contentment. 

4827
04:31:54,300 --> 04:31:57,100
And the day ahead seems more 
manageable with breakfast 

4828
04:31:57,100 --> 04:32:00,700
accomplished. 
The sun rises higher warming, 

4829
04:32:00,700 --> 04:32:03,600
the rocks in your shoulders. 
Somewhere in the distance. 

4830
04:32:03,600 --> 04:32:06,600
You can hear the river calling 
with Promises of fish and the 

4831
04:32:06,600 --> 04:32:09,600
kind of morning bath that wakes 
up every nerve ending at once. 

4832
04:32:09,600 --> 04:32:12,500
After breakfast. 
Your attention, turns to the 

4833
04:32:12,500 --> 04:32:15,400
Daily maintenance tasks that 
keeps Stone Age life functional 

4834
04:32:15,400 --> 04:32:19,400
your toolkit needs inspection 
and in a world where the nearest

4835
04:32:19,400 --> 04:32:21,700
hardware store won't exist for 
several Millennia. 

4836
04:32:21,700 --> 04:32:25,100
Tool maintenance isn't optional.
Its survival. 

4837
04:32:25,900 --> 04:32:28,700
You settle onto a Flat Rock that
serves as your workbench 

4838
04:32:28,700 --> 04:32:31,900
spreading out your collection of
implements with the care of a 

4839
04:32:31,900 --> 04:32:35,400
surgeon in instruments. 
There's the knife you chip from 

4840
04:32:35,400 --> 04:32:38,600
Flint to weeks ago, its Edge 
still sharp enough to slice 

4841
04:32:38,600 --> 04:32:41,500
through hide but showing tiny 
Nicks from yesterday's routing 

4842
04:32:41,500 --> 04:32:44,900
Expedition, You've bound the 
spear tip which required three 

4843
04:32:44,900 --> 04:32:47,900
attempts to perfect, to its 
wooden shaft with such 

4844
04:32:47,900 --> 04:32:49,800
meticulous sin. 
You wrapping that, it almost 

4845
04:32:49,800 --> 04:32:53,300
appears decorative Flint, 
knapping the art of striking 

4846
04:32:53,300 --> 04:32:56,900
stone with stone to create sharp
edges requires the kind of 

4847
04:32:56,900 --> 04:32:59,700
focused attention. 
That makes meditation look like,

4848
04:32:59,700 --> 04:33:03,600
multitasking, you choose a piece
of flint testing its weight and 

4849
04:33:03,600 --> 04:33:06,000
density with fingers that have 
learned to read Stone like 

4850
04:33:06,000 --> 04:33:09,200
others, read books. 
The Hammerstone fits perfectly 

4851
04:33:09,200 --> 04:33:12,900
in your palm its surface one 
Smooth by countless impacts. 

4852
04:33:13,599 --> 04:33:17,599
First Strike sends a small chip 
flying landing near your feet 

4853
04:33:17,599 --> 04:33:22,200
with a tiny click success. 
You turn the Flint slightly, 

4854
04:33:22,200 --> 04:33:25,800
visualizing the blade hidden 
inside the Raw, Stone waiting, 

4855
04:33:25,800 --> 04:33:28,200
to be revealed through patient. 
Precise work. 

4856
04:33:28,900 --> 04:33:35,700
Strike turn, examine strike, 
turn examine the Rhythm becomes 

4857
04:33:35,700 --> 04:33:37,599
almost hypnotic. 
Each impact. 

4858
04:33:37,599 --> 04:33:40,500
Calculated to remove exactly the
right amount of material. 

4859
04:33:41,300 --> 04:33:44,400
Somewhere around the 15th, 
strike your concentration, wave 

4860
04:33:44,400 --> 04:33:47,599
is for just a moment, and the 
Hammerstone catches, the Flint 

4861
04:33:47,599 --> 04:33:51,000
at the wrong angle, instead of a
clean chip, a large chunk breaks

4862
04:33:51,000 --> 04:33:53,599
away, taking half your emerging 
Blade with it. 

4863
04:33:54,599 --> 04:33:57,099
A Flint now looks less like a 
future tool and more like 

4864
04:33:57,099 --> 04:33:59,700
evidence of why patients isn't 
just a virtue. 

4865
04:33:59,700 --> 04:34:03,500
It's a requirement. 
You set the ruined to side and 

4866
04:34:03,500 --> 04:34:05,599
reach for another piece. 
Reminding yourself. 

4867
04:34:05,599 --> 04:34:07,900
That failure is just another 
word for practice. 

4868
04:34:09,400 --> 04:34:12,500
The second attempt goes better 
partly because you've already 

4869
04:34:12,500 --> 04:34:14,800
made today's mistake and partly 
because your hands. 

4870
04:34:14,800 --> 04:34:18,700
Remember the proper rhythm. 
Gradually a serviceable blade 

4871
04:34:18,700 --> 04:34:22,300
emerges from the Royal Stone its
Edge sharp enough to make you 

4872
04:34:22,300 --> 04:34:25,599
respected immediately. 
Tool maintenance extends Beyond 

4873
04:34:25,599 --> 04:34:29,200
just making new implements your 
spare shaft has developed a 

4874
04:34:29,200 --> 04:34:32,300
small crack near The Binding. 
The kind of floor that could 

4875
04:34:32,308 --> 04:34:33,900
turn a hunting trip into a 
disaster. 

4876
04:34:33,900 --> 04:34:36,900
If left unattended. 
You unwrap the sin, you 

4877
04:34:36,900 --> 04:34:39,099
carefully. 
It's too valuable to waste and 

4878
04:34:39,099 --> 04:34:42,300
examine the crack more closely. 
The split runs with the wood 

4879
04:34:42,300 --> 04:34:46,000
grain which is positive news 
across grain crack would mean 

4880
04:34:46,000 --> 04:34:49,900
starting over with a new shaft. 
You select a thin strip of wet, 

4881
04:34:49,900 --> 04:34:52,599
hide and wrap it tightly around 
the damaged area. 

4882
04:34:52,599 --> 04:34:54,599
Pulling the wood fibers back 
together. 

4883
04:34:55,500 --> 04:34:59,000
Once it dries, the hide will 
shrink creating a repair 

4884
04:34:59,008 --> 04:35:02,099
stronger than the original wood.
Stone Age. 

4885
04:35:02,099 --> 04:35:05,300
Equivalent of duct tape, minus 
the adhesive in the tape. 

4886
04:35:05,300 --> 04:35:07,700
Fire maintenance demands his 
attention. 

4887
04:35:09,099 --> 04:35:11,700
The coals from last night of 
settled into a bed of Embers, 

4888
04:35:11,700 --> 04:35:14,900
perfect for cooking but needing 
encouragement to Flame up again.

4889
04:35:15,800 --> 04:35:20,300
You add small kindling, dry 
grass thin Twigs strips of birch

4890
04:35:20,300 --> 04:35:22,500
bark, that catch fire. 
Like they were designed for the 

4891
04:35:22,500 --> 04:35:25,300
purpose. 
The Flames respond eagerly 

4892
04:35:25,300 --> 04:35:27,599
crackling to life with the kind 
of enthusiasm. 

4893
04:35:27,599 --> 04:35:30,500
That makes you appreciate 
Humanities ancient partnership 

4894
04:35:30,500 --> 04:35:34,500
with controlled combustion. 
Keeping the fire alive was a 

4895
04:35:34,500 --> 04:35:37,400
community responsibility that 
rotated among the caves 

4896
04:35:37,400 --> 04:35:40,000
inhabitants. 
Today is your turn to be the 

4897
04:35:40,000 --> 04:35:43,700
firekeeper, which means feeding 
it, regularly banking the coals 

4898
04:35:43,700 --> 04:35:46,200
for cooking and most 
importantly, never letting it 

4899
04:35:46,200 --> 04:35:49,599
die completely. 
Starting a fire from scratch. 

4900
04:35:49,599 --> 04:35:53,099
Using flint and steel, or rather
flint and iron pyrite. 

4901
04:35:53,099 --> 04:35:56,800
Since steel won't be invented 
for quite a while is possible, 

4902
04:35:56,800 --> 04:36:00,700
but exhausting you practice the 
Fire Starting technique anyway 

4903
04:36:00,700 --> 04:36:03,800
because redundancy keeps you 
alive strike. 

4904
04:36:03,800 --> 04:36:07,300
Flint against pyrite, directing 
the Sparks into a nest of the 

4905
04:36:07,300 --> 04:36:11,700
finest driest in prepare. 
Cedar bark worked into soft 

4906
04:36:11,700 --> 04:36:14,500
fibers Birch, fungus, and dried 
grass. 

4907
04:36:14,500 --> 04:36:19,000
So fine, it's almost powder, the
Sparks catch glowing like tiny 

4908
04:36:19,000 --> 04:36:22,700
stars in the Tinder nest. 
Gentle breath, Coke's them into 

4909
04:36:22,700 --> 04:36:26,400
flame and suddenly you have fire
created from nothing, but skill 

4910
04:36:26,400 --> 04:36:29,200
and persistence. 
Success, gives you a quiet 

4911
04:36:29,200 --> 04:36:31,000
satisfaction that's hard to 
describe. 

4912
04:36:31,900 --> 04:36:35,000
In a world where most things are
uncertain being able to create 

4913
04:36:35,000 --> 04:36:37,400
Fire On Demand. 
Feels like having superpowers, 

4914
04:36:37,400 --> 04:36:40,599
which from the perspective of 
any other animal. 

4915
04:36:40,599 --> 04:36:44,000
You supposed it is Your 
morning's work spreads out 

4916
04:36:44,000 --> 04:36:48,200
around, you newly sharpened 
tools, repair weapons, a healthy

4917
04:36:48,200 --> 04:36:51,000
fire and the kind of competence 
that builds confidence. 

4918
04:36:51,000 --> 04:36:54,200
These aren't glamorous tasks, 
but they form the foundation 

4919
04:36:54,200 --> 04:36:55,900
that makes everything else 
possible. 

4920
04:36:55,900 --> 04:37:00,800
Every sharp edge, every strong 
binding, and every glowing coal 

4921
04:37:00,800 --> 04:37:03,099
represents the difference 
between thriving and merely 

4922
04:37:03,099 --> 04:37:06,000
surviving. 
The sun has climbed higher while

4923
04:37:06,000 --> 04:37:08,700
you worked and the warmth feels 
good on your shoulders. 

4924
04:37:09,800 --> 04:37:12,400
In the distance, you can hear 
water running over rocks. 

4925
04:37:12,400 --> 04:37:15,500
The river calling with Promises 
of fish and the kind of cooling 

4926
04:37:15,500 --> 04:37:18,800
bath that makes hot work. 
While the river beckons with the

4927
04:37:18,808 --> 04:37:22,200
sound of water, moving over 
Stones, a constant murmur that 

4928
04:37:22,200 --> 04:37:24,300
serves as the soundtrack to your
daily life. 

4929
04:37:24,300 --> 04:37:27,700
You gather your fishing 
equipment, a spear with a 

4930
04:37:27,707 --> 04:37:31,400
particularly point a, net woven 
from plant fibers that took 

4931
04:37:31,400 --> 04:37:34,599
weeks to complete and the kind 
of optimism that comes from 

4932
04:37:34,599 --> 04:37:37,099
successful. 
Fishing experience is mixed with

4933
04:37:37,099 --> 04:37:39,599
realistic, expectations about 
fish Behavior. 

4934
04:37:40,500 --> 04:37:42,800
The walk to your favorite 
fishing spot takes you through 

4935
04:37:42,800 --> 04:37:46,099
terrain, that changes subtly 
with each day's weather today. 

4936
04:37:46,099 --> 04:37:48,800
The path has become slightly 
muddy due to yesterday's 

4937
04:37:48,800 --> 04:37:53,200
briefing, to become uncertain in
areas where the clay soil has 

4938
04:37:53,200 --> 04:37:56,500
turned into a slippery surface. 
You've learned to read these 

4939
04:37:56,500 --> 04:37:59,500
conditions automatically 
adjusting your gate to avoid the

4940
04:37:59,500 --> 04:38:02,800
kind of spectacular fall that 
looks amusing in hindsight, but 

4941
04:38:02,800 --> 04:38:05,900
feels considerably less funny 
when you're picking mud out of 

4942
04:38:05,900 --> 04:38:09,200
uncomfortable places. your 
fishing spot is a bend in the 

4943
04:38:09,207 --> 04:38:12,300
river where the current slows 
and deepens creating a natural 

4944
04:38:12,300 --> 04:38:15,200
pool where fish tend to gather 
The locational. 

4945
04:38:15,200 --> 04:38:18,400
So offers a large flat rock that
serves as your observation post 

4946
04:38:18,400 --> 04:38:21,400
position perfectly for both, 
seeing into the water and 

4947
04:38:21,400 --> 04:38:23,700
maintaining the kind of 
motionless patients, that 

4948
04:38:23,700 --> 04:38:27,800
successful fishing requires. 
Settling onto the rock. 

4949
04:38:27,800 --> 04:38:30,400
You peer into the water with the
focused attention of a 

4950
04:38:30,400 --> 04:38:31,099
meditation. 
Master. 

4951
04:38:31,900 --> 04:38:34,900
The surface mirrors, the skiing 
clouds yet beneath that 

4952
04:38:34,900 --> 04:38:38,200
reflection is a completely 
different world fish move 

4953
04:38:38,200 --> 04:38:40,900
through their domain with the 
Casual confidence of creatures 

4954
04:38:40,900 --> 04:38:44,800
who belong exactly where they 
are unaware that your studying 

4955
04:38:44,800 --> 04:38:47,000
their patterns with the 
intensity of a behavioral 

4956
04:38:47,000 --> 04:38:50,500
scientist a large trout. 
You've learned to distinguish 

4957
04:38:50,500 --> 04:38:53,000
species by their movement 
patterns and preferred depths 

4958
04:38:53,000 --> 04:38:55,099
holds position near the far 
Bank. 

4959
04:38:55,099 --> 04:38:58,400
Its fins making tiny adjustments
to maintain its place in the 

4960
04:38:58,408 --> 04:39:01,300
current it's perfectly 
positioned for a spear throw. 

4961
04:39:01,300 --> 04:39:04,400
Assuming you can manage the 
complex physics of refraction 

4962
04:39:04,400 --> 04:39:08,200
water resistant and the fish's 
likely Escape Route all while 

4963
04:39:08,200 --> 04:39:09,500
maintaining the balance 
necessary. 

4964
04:39:09,500 --> 04:39:11,900
Not to fall off your rock in to 
the river. 

4965
04:39:11,900 --> 04:39:14,800
You raise the spear slowly 
muscles. 

4966
04:39:14,800 --> 04:39:17,300
Remembering the thousands of 
practice throws that have talked

4967
04:39:17,300 --> 04:39:19,599
to Arms, the proper Ark and 
release point. 

4968
04:39:21,099 --> 04:39:24,599
The fish remains steady. 
Focused on something Upstream 

4969
04:39:24,599 --> 04:39:26,700
that might be food drifting down
with the current. 

4970
04:39:27,500 --> 04:39:30,200
This is the moment when patience
and preparation meet 

4971
04:39:30,200 --> 04:39:33,400
opportunity, assuming your aim 
has improved since yesterday 

4972
04:39:33,400 --> 04:39:35,000
somewhat embarrassing 
performance. 

4973
04:39:35,800 --> 04:39:38,500
The spear leaves your hand, with
the smooth motion of long, 

4974
04:39:38,500 --> 04:39:42,500
practice, cutting through air, 
and then water with barely a 

4975
04:39:42,500 --> 04:39:46,600
splash. success appears certain 
for a moment, then physics 

4976
04:39:46,600 --> 04:39:50,000
asserts itself in the form of 
water refraction and your spear 

4977
04:39:50,000 --> 04:39:53,600
passes harmlessly beneath the 
fish, which vanishes in a swirl 

4978
04:39:53,600 --> 04:39:57,000
of indignant motion that somehow
manages to look, reproachful, 

4979
04:39:57,700 --> 04:40:00,300
Retrieving the spear requires 
wading into water that 

4980
04:40:00,300 --> 04:40:03,600
shockingly cold, despite the 
warm air, the river is a 

4981
04:40:03,600 --> 04:40:07,200
collection of smooth Stones, 
Some steady and reliable others.

4982
04:40:07,200 --> 04:40:10,700
Perfectly designed to shift, 
unexpectedly and send Wade. 

4983
04:40:10,700 --> 04:40:14,500
As sprawling into deeper water, 
you move carefully, your feet. 

4984
04:40:14,500 --> 04:40:17,500
Testing each step before 
committing your full weight, the

4985
04:40:17,500 --> 04:40:21,000
spear has lodged between two 
rocks and deeper water required.

4986
04:40:21,000 --> 04:40:24,500
That brings the river level to 
mid-thigh, the cold is 

4987
04:40:24,500 --> 04:40:27,100
invigorating in the way that 
makes you immediately understand

4988
04:40:27,100 --> 04:40:30,100
why some people voluntarily take
cold showers while 

4989
04:40:30,100 --> 04:40:32,500
simultaneously making you 
question their sanity. 

4990
04:40:33,300 --> 04:40:36,000
Your muscles tense against the 
temperature and retrieving. 

4991
04:40:36,000 --> 04:40:38,500
The spear becomes a matter of 
quick efficiency, rather than 

4992
04:40:38,500 --> 04:40:42,900
careful technique. 
Back on your rock, you settle in

4993
04:40:42,900 --> 04:40:46,000
for another attempt water 
dripping from your legs onto Sun

4994
04:40:46,000 --> 04:40:48,300
warm Stone. 
The net offers different, 

4995
04:40:48,300 --> 04:40:52,200
possibilities less, Precision 
required, but demanding perfect 

4996
04:40:52,200 --> 04:40:54,500
timing, and the ability to read 
fish Behavior. 

4997
04:40:54,500 --> 04:40:56,000
Well, enough to predict their 
movements. 

4998
04:40:56,000 --> 04:40:59,700
You study the water again, 
looking for the subtle signs 

4999
04:40:59,700 --> 04:41:01,600
that indicate where fish are 
likely to swim. 

5000
04:41:02,500 --> 04:41:04,800
School of smaller fish moves 
through the shallows. 

5001
04:41:04,800 --> 04:41:07,700
Their bodies flashing silver as 
they turn in unison. 

5002
04:41:08,400 --> 04:41:10,400
They're following some 
underwater logic, that makes 

5003
04:41:10,400 --> 04:41:12,900
perfect sense to them and 
appears completely random to 

5004
04:41:12,900 --> 04:41:14,900
you. 
The net requires positioning 

5005
04:41:14,900 --> 04:41:18,400
Downstream from their path then 
patients, while they swim into 

5006
04:41:18,400 --> 04:41:20,800
range. 
You slip into the water again, 

5007
04:41:20,800 --> 04:41:24,600
moving with exaggerated care to 
avoid sending vibrations through

5008
04:41:24,600 --> 04:41:26,600
the riverbed that would scatter 
your targets. 

5009
04:41:27,800 --> 04:41:31,300
The fish continue their 
mysterious Kory, occasionally 

5010
04:41:31,300 --> 04:41:34,100
coming tantalizingly. 
Close to your nets range before 

5011
04:41:34,100 --> 04:41:35,700
veering away. 
As if they've suddenly 

5012
04:41:35,700 --> 04:41:37,400
remembered important 
appointments elsewhere. 

5013
04:41:38,300 --> 04:41:40,000
Find finally the schools 
wandering path. 

5014
04:41:40,000 --> 04:41:41,600
Brings them directly toward your
position. 

5015
04:41:41,600 --> 04:41:45,000
You raise the Nets slowly 
waiting for the moment. 

5016
04:41:45,000 --> 04:41:48,100
When the maximum number of fish 
occupy, the minimum amount of 

5017
04:41:48,100 --> 04:41:52,100
space The technique, 
necessitates precise timing, if 

5018
04:41:52,100 --> 04:41:53,700
you act too early, the fish will
scatter. 

5019
04:41:53,700 --> 04:41:56,100
And if you act too late, they 
will have already passed 

5020
04:41:56,100 --> 04:41:58,600
through. 
Now, the net sweeps through 

5021
04:41:58,600 --> 04:42:02,400
water and fish with satisfying 
efficiency, and suddenly you're 

5022
04:42:02,400 --> 04:42:05,500
holding breakfast, lunch and 
possibly dinner in woven plant 

5023
04:42:05,500 --> 04:42:08,000
fibers. 
The fish flip and struggle with 

5024
04:42:08,008 --> 04:42:11,200
understandable urgency and you 
wait quickly to shore to 

5025
04:42:11,200 --> 04:42:13,400
transfer them, to the woven 
basket that serves as your 

5026
04:42:13,408 --> 04:42:15,500
portable container. 
Success. 

5027
04:42:15,500 --> 04:42:18,500
Tastes like cold river water and
feels like the quiet 

5028
04:42:18,500 --> 04:42:21,100
satisfaction of having fed 
yourself through skill and 

5029
04:42:21,100 --> 04:42:23,200
patience. 
The morning's fishing has 

5030
04:42:23,200 --> 04:42:26,700
provided enough protein for the 
day plus extra to share with 

5031
04:42:26,700 --> 04:42:29,100
your cavemen who may have had 
less luck with their own food 

5032
04:42:29,100 --> 04:42:32,500
Gathering expeditions. 
Walking back to all the cave 

5033
04:42:32,500 --> 04:42:35,100
basket of fishing. 
One hand and wet fishing gear in

5034
04:42:35,100 --> 04:42:38,300
the other, you reflect on the 
peculiar satisfaction of having 

5035
04:42:38,300 --> 04:42:40,900
succeeded at something. 
Your ancestors would recognize 

5036
04:42:40,900 --> 04:42:44,100
and approval of There's 
something deeply right about 

5037
04:42:44,100 --> 04:42:47,200
providing food through your own 
efforts, even when those efforts

5038
04:42:47,200 --> 04:42:49,100
occasionally involved falling 
into cold water. 

5039
04:42:49,100 --> 04:42:52,900
While chasing fish, that seemed 
to mock your hunting skills, the

5040
04:42:52,900 --> 04:42:55,800
afternoon sun has reached that 
perfect angle, where it warms 

5041
04:42:55,800 --> 04:42:58,500
without burning. 
Your successful fishing 

5042
04:42:58,500 --> 04:43:00,900
Expedition has left. 
You feeling confident enough to 

5043
04:43:00,900 --> 04:43:02,800
venture further from the cave 
than usual. 

5044
04:43:03,500 --> 04:43:06,800
Today's seems like an ideal time
to explore the valley Beyond The

5045
04:43:06,800 --> 04:43:09,500
Ridge where rumor delivered by a
traveling group. 

5046
04:43:09,500 --> 04:43:12,800
Last week suggests, there might 
be fruit trees and possibly 

5047
04:43:12,800 --> 04:43:14,600
deposits of the particularly 
good. 

5048
04:43:14,600 --> 04:43:16,400
Flint, that makes Superior 
tools. 

5049
04:43:16,400 --> 04:43:19,800
You gather exploration supplies 
with the methodical care of 

5050
04:43:19,800 --> 04:43:22,000
someone who has learned that 
preparation prevents most 

5051
04:43:22,000 --> 04:43:24,900
disasters and improvisation 
handles the rest. 

5052
04:43:25,600 --> 04:43:27,700
Your pack consists of a large 
hide bag. 

5053
04:43:27,700 --> 04:43:30,900
Containing water in a bladder 
dried meat from last week's 

5054
04:43:30,900 --> 04:43:33,300
successful hunt, the 
multi-purpose knife. 

5055
04:43:33,300 --> 04:43:35,800
That's sharp enough to be 
useful, but not so precious, 

5056
04:43:35,800 --> 04:43:39,300
you'd weep if you lost it and 
cordage woven from plant fibers,

5057
04:43:39,300 --> 04:43:42,800
that serves approximately 600 
different functions in Stone Age

5058
04:43:42,800 --> 04:43:45,700
life. 
The ridge requires a climb that 

5059
04:43:45,700 --> 04:43:48,600
would be considered moderate 
exercise in modern terms, but 

5060
04:43:48,600 --> 04:43:50,300
feels more like a full body 
workout. 

5061
04:43:50,300 --> 04:43:53,400
When you're carrying supplies 
and watching for loose rocks, 

5062
04:43:53,400 --> 04:43:55,700
that could turn on our afternoon
hike into a medical, emergency 

5063
04:43:55,700 --> 04:43:58,800
your route follows. 
What might charitably be called 

5064
04:43:58,800 --> 04:44:01,500
a path? 
Really just a series of animal 

5065
04:44:01,500 --> 04:44:03,500
tracks connected by your own 
optimistic. 

5066
04:44:03,500 --> 04:44:06,200
Assumptions about the best way 
up steep Terrain. 

5067
04:44:07,600 --> 04:44:10,900
Halfway up the ridge, you paused
to catch your breath and 

5068
04:44:10,900 --> 04:44:13,400
immediately understand why your 
ancestors developed such 

5069
04:44:13,400 --> 04:44:15,500
impressive cardiovascular 
systems. 

5070
04:44:16,300 --> 04:44:19,400
Every activity and Paleolithic 
life was essentially a fitness 

5071
04:44:19,400 --> 04:44:23,800
program designed by someone with
a sadistic sense of humor, and a

5072
04:44:23,800 --> 04:44:25,900
deep commitment to building 
character through physical 

5073
04:44:25,900 --> 04:44:28,500
challenge. 
The view from The Ridge Top 

5074
04:44:28,500 --> 04:44:32,000
makes the climb worthwhile. 
The valley spreads below, you 

5075
04:44:32,000 --> 04:44:35,200
like a green carpet dotted, with
Silver Streams, and dark patches

5076
04:44:35,200 --> 04:44:36,800
that might be Groves of the 
fruit trees. 

5077
04:44:36,800 --> 04:44:40,000
You're seeking. 
In the distance smoke rises from

5078
04:44:40,000 --> 04:44:43,400
what's probably another group's 
fire, reminding you that you're 

5079
04:44:43,400 --> 04:44:46,500
not alone in this vast 
landscape, just temporarily out 

5080
04:44:46,500 --> 04:44:49,500
of the shouting range of your 
neighbor's descending, into the 

5081
04:44:49,500 --> 04:44:52,800
valley proves trickier than the 
ascent gravity, assists your 

5082
04:44:52,800 --> 04:44:54,600
progress with the kind of 
helpful. 

5083
04:44:54,600 --> 04:44:57,900
Enthusiasm that occasionally 
threatens to turn a control 

5084
04:44:57,900 --> 04:44:59,700
descent into an uncontrolled 
tumble. 

5085
04:45:00,400 --> 04:45:03,300
You pick your way, carefully 
down the slope using trees and 

5086
04:45:03,300 --> 04:45:05,800
rock outcroppings as handholds 
and trying. 

5087
04:45:05,800 --> 04:45:08,500
Not to think about how much 
easier going down is than 

5088
04:45:08,500 --> 04:45:11,000
climbing. 
Back up will be The valley floor

5089
04:45:11,000 --> 04:45:13,300
of reveals itself to be a 
mixture of opportunity in 

5090
04:45:13,300 --> 04:45:16,700
complexity. 
Yes, there are fruit trees. 

5091
04:45:16,700 --> 04:45:20,200
Several varieties you recognize,
and a few that require the kind 

5092
04:45:20,200 --> 04:45:23,100
of careful testing that 
determines whether their food or

5093
04:45:23,100 --> 04:45:25,700
decoration. 
The good news is many trees are 

5094
04:45:25,700 --> 04:45:28,600
heavy with ripe fruit. 
The challenge news is that 

5095
04:45:28,600 --> 04:45:31,700
you're apparently not the first 
to discover this resource Fresh 

5096
04:45:31,700 --> 04:45:34,000
Tracks in the software near the 
largest fruit Grove. 

5097
04:45:34,000 --> 04:45:36,600
Tell a story that makes your 
survival instincts pay clothes 

5098
04:45:36,600 --> 04:45:40,700
for attention The large paw 
prints, indicating a predator 

5099
04:45:40,700 --> 04:45:44,500
rather than prey are so recent 
that their edges remain sharp 

5100
04:45:44,500 --> 04:45:48,700
bear, most likely and probably 
still in the area since Bears 

5101
04:45:48,700 --> 04:45:51,200
tend to stay near excellent food
sources until they've exhausted 

5102
04:45:51,200 --> 04:45:54,500
them completely. 
This scenario creates what you 

5103
04:45:54,500 --> 04:45:57,900
might call a tactical situation,
the fruit represents valuable 

5104
04:45:57,900 --> 04:46:00,100
calories and nutrients. 
That would improve everyone's 

5105
04:46:00,100 --> 04:46:04,300
diet significant. 
The bear represents the kind of 

5106
04:46:04,308 --> 04:46:07,100
conversation partner, who 
settles disagreements through 

5107
04:46:07,100 --> 04:46:10,400
methods that don't typically end
well for the smaller participant

5108
04:46:10,400 --> 04:46:15,500
wisdom, suggests Retreat, hunger
suggests to negotiation Pride, 

5109
04:46:15,500 --> 04:46:17,500
suggest your probably 
overthinking the whole 

5110
04:46:17,500 --> 04:46:21,200
situation, you compromised by 
gathering fruit from trees on 

5111
04:46:21,200 --> 04:46:24,200
the periphery of the Grove 
working quickly, but quietly 

5112
04:46:24,200 --> 04:46:27,500
ears tuned for any sound that 
might indicate your about to 

5113
04:46:27,500 --> 04:46:30,300
have an unexpected encounter 
with the local bear population. 

5114
04:46:31,400 --> 04:46:34,200
Every Fallen branch that cracks 
Under Foot sounds like a gunshot

5115
04:46:34,200 --> 04:46:38,200
in the afternoon Stillness and 
every rustle of leaves brings a 

5116
04:46:38,200 --> 04:46:41,500
momentary pause to listen for 
approaching footsteps but they 

5117
04:46:41,500 --> 04:46:45,200
considerably more than yours. 
The fruit Gathering goes well 

5118
04:46:45,200 --> 04:46:47,400
until you reach for a 
particularly promising, cluster 

5119
04:46:47,400 --> 04:46:50,700
growing just out of easy, reach 
stretching toward it requires 

5120
04:46:50,700 --> 04:46:52,200
shifting, your weight onto a 
branch. 

5121
04:46:52,200 --> 04:46:54,200
That seemed sturdy enough when 
you tested it. 

5122
04:46:54,200 --> 04:46:57,400
But apparently has strong 
opinions about supporting human 

5123
04:46:57,400 --> 04:47:00,500
body weight. 
The branch surrenders with a 

5124
04:47:00,500 --> 04:47:03,800
sharp crack that Echoes through 
the Grove like a dinner. 

5125
04:47:03,800 --> 04:47:06,200
Bell ringing for every Predator 
within miles. 

5126
04:47:06,200 --> 04:47:10,000
You land in a heap of bruised 
dignity and Scattered fruit 

5127
04:47:10,000 --> 04:47:13,400
momentarily, more concerned 
about the noise than the impact.

5128
04:47:14,300 --> 04:47:17,000
The growth falls into the kind 
of absolute silence that 

5129
04:47:17,000 --> 04:47:20,200
suggests every creature with 
ears is now listening intently 

5130
04:47:20,200 --> 04:47:22,700
to determine what just announced
its presence. 

5131
04:47:22,700 --> 04:47:25,900
So dramatically After several 
heartbeats of holding your 

5132
04:47:25,900 --> 04:47:28,800
breath and straining your ears. 
You can conclude that immediate 

5133
04:47:28,800 --> 04:47:31,800
danger seems unlikely. 
Gathering the scattered fruit 

5134
04:47:31,800 --> 04:47:33,600
with hands. 
Trembling slightly from 

5135
04:47:33,600 --> 04:47:36,900
adrenaline rather than injury. 
You come to the conclusion that 

5136
04:47:36,900 --> 04:47:39,400
discretion is a crucial aspect 
of fruit Gathering. 

5137
04:47:40,200 --> 04:47:42,100
Your pack. 
Now contains enough fruit to 

5138
04:47:42,100 --> 04:47:45,200
supplement several meals plus 
the kind of story that will 

5139
04:47:45,200 --> 04:47:47,400
improve with each retelling 
around the evening fire. 

5140
04:47:47,400 --> 04:47:50,800
The discovery of the Flint 
deposits proves anti-climactic, 

5141
04:47:50,800 --> 04:47:54,600
after the fruit tree Adventure, 
yes, the stone is excellent 

5142
04:47:54,600 --> 04:47:56,600
quality. 
Better than what you've been 

5143
04:47:56,600 --> 04:47:59,300
working with. 
Yes, there's enough to supply 

5144
04:47:59,300 --> 04:48:03,200
your tool making needs for 
months and yes it's located in 

5145
04:48:03,200 --> 04:48:06,700
an easy to access outcropping 
that doesn't require negotiating

5146
04:48:06,700 --> 04:48:10,100
with large carnivores. 
You gather several Prime pieces 

5147
04:48:10,100 --> 04:48:13,900
of Flint testing each for 
quality and selecting those most

5148
04:48:13,900 --> 04:48:15,600
likely to produce Superior 
tools. 

5149
04:48:16,500 --> 04:48:19,200
The additional weight in your 
pack reminds you that the return

5150
04:48:19,200 --> 04:48:22,200
Journey will be more challenging
than the trip down, but a good 

5151
04:48:22,208 --> 04:48:25,900
Flint is worth the extra effort.
The afternoon light has begun 

5152
04:48:25,900 --> 04:48:28,800
its slow slide toward evening. 
By the time you start the 

5153
04:48:28,800 --> 04:48:32,100
return, climb your pack. 
Now, heavy with fruit and stone 

5154
04:48:32,100 --> 04:48:34,400
makes the ascent feel like a 
full body strength, training 

5155
04:48:34,400 --> 04:48:37,500
session, designed by someone who
believes suffering, builds 

5156
04:48:37,500 --> 04:48:41,600
character each step up the ridge
requires deliberate effort and 

5157
04:48:41,600 --> 04:48:44,300
you find yourself developing a 
new appreciation for the concept

5158
04:48:44,300 --> 04:48:47,700
of pack weight distribution, the
return to your cave feels like 

5159
04:48:47,708 --> 04:48:49,500
coming home. 
After a successful Adventure, 

5160
04:48:49,500 --> 04:48:52,900
your pack heavy with the days 
discoveries and your body 

5161
04:48:52,900 --> 04:48:55,300
pleasantly worn out from useful 
exertion. 

5162
04:48:56,300 --> 04:48:59,400
Later after noon, light filter, 
through the trees with that gold

5163
04:48:59,400 --> 04:49:01,900
and quality, that makes 
everything look like. 

5164
04:49:01,900 --> 04:49:04,400
It's been painted by someone who
understands the beauty of 

5165
04:49:04,400 --> 04:49:07,900
natural illumination. 
Your cavemen have been busy 

5166
04:49:07,900 --> 04:49:11,500
during your absence Mira has 
constructed what appears to be a

5167
04:49:11,500 --> 04:49:15,000
fish drying rack from carefully 
arranged branches, and several 

5168
04:49:15,000 --> 04:49:17,100
of yesterday's catch in neat 
rows. 

5169
04:49:17,100 --> 04:49:20,500
Slowly transforming into 
preserved protein that will last

5170
04:49:20,500 --> 04:49:24,200
much longer than fresh fish. 
Crack has been working on 

5171
04:49:24,200 --> 04:49:26,600
something involving a great deal
of scraped hide. 

5172
04:49:26,600 --> 04:49:29,700
And what looks like sinew though
his projects often remain 

5173
04:49:29,700 --> 04:49:31,500
mysterious until they reach 
completion. 

5174
04:49:32,800 --> 04:49:34,100
Fruit. 
You've gathered creates 

5175
04:49:34,100 --> 04:49:37,400
immediate excitement. 
Fresh fruit has been scarce 

5176
04:49:37,400 --> 04:49:40,300
lately and the variety you've 
brought back include several 

5177
04:49:40,300 --> 04:49:42,000
types that none of you have 
tasted before. 

5178
04:49:42,000 --> 04:49:46,100
This leads to the careful ritual
of testing new foods, small 

5179
04:49:46,100 --> 04:49:48,300
amounts. 
First attention paid to flavor 

5180
04:49:48,300 --> 04:49:51,800
and any immediate reactions, 
then waiting to see if your 

5181
04:49:51,800 --> 04:49:53,800
digestive system approves of the
innovation. 

5182
04:49:54,500 --> 04:49:56,900
The unknown fruits, turn out to 
be pleasantly sweet with a 

5183
04:49:56,908 --> 04:49:59,900
slightly tart finish and your 
stomach accepts them without 

5184
04:49:59,900 --> 04:50:03,000
protest. 
Success dinner will be 

5185
04:50:03,000 --> 04:50:04,900
considerably more intriguing 
than usual. 

5186
04:50:04,900 --> 04:50:08,600
The remaining fruit can be dried
using techniques that transform 

5187
04:50:08,600 --> 04:50:13,100
perishable food into long-term 
storage solutions, your Flint, 

5188
04:50:13,100 --> 04:50:15,100
Discovery. 
Generate a different kind of 

5189
04:50:15,100 --> 04:50:17,800
enthusiasm. 
Graphic examined. 

5190
04:50:17,800 --> 04:50:21,400
Each piece with the focused 
attention of an expert testing 

5191
04:50:21,400 --> 04:50:24,000
density and grain structure with
techniques, you're still 

5192
04:50:24,008 --> 04:50:28,000
learning Good, Flint means 
better tools which means more 

5193
04:50:28,000 --> 04:50:31,200
successful hunting and Gathering
which means improved odds of 

5194
04:50:31,208 --> 04:50:33,100
thriving rather than merely 
surviving. 

5195
04:50:34,000 --> 04:50:36,100
His evening approaches, the 
ritual of fire. 

5196
04:50:36,100 --> 04:50:39,800
Building begins, today's fire 
will be larger than usual partly

5197
04:50:39,800 --> 04:50:41,600
for cooking. 
The varied Foods, you've all 

5198
04:50:41,600 --> 04:50:44,400
gathered partly for the social 
warmth that comes from sitting 

5199
04:50:44,400 --> 04:50:48,000
around Flames while sharing the 
day's experiences, you add a 

5200
04:50:48,000 --> 04:50:50,600
portion of fuel and soon the 
cave, entrance glows with 

5201
04:50:50,600 --> 04:50:54,800
cheerful light pushing back the 
growing Darkness outside cooking

5202
04:50:54,800 --> 04:50:57,700
in the Stone, Age requires 
timing, attention and 

5203
04:50:57,700 --> 04:51:00,300
acceptance, that Precision isn't
always possible. 

5204
04:51:00,300 --> 04:51:03,600
The fish cooked quickly on hot 
Stones, placed near the fire, 

5205
04:51:03,600 --> 04:51:06,100
their flesh. 
Turning from translucent to 

5206
04:51:06,100 --> 04:51:09,100
opaque with the kind of 
straightforward honesty, that 

5207
04:51:09,100 --> 04:51:12,400
makes you trust the process 
routes require longer cooking. 

5208
04:51:12,400 --> 04:51:15,900
They are buried in coal and 
covered with more coal until the

5209
04:51:15,900 --> 04:51:18,300
hard starch becomes something 
approaching tender. 

5210
04:51:18,300 --> 04:51:22,200
The fruit needs no cooking but 
some of it gets wrapped in 

5211
04:51:22,200 --> 04:51:25,100
leaves and placed near the fires
Edge, where gentle heat, 

5212
04:51:25,100 --> 04:51:28,300
concentrates the flavors and 
creates something resembling A 

5213
04:51:28,300 --> 04:51:31,200
Primitive desert. 
The result tastes like 

5214
04:51:31,200 --> 04:51:34,500
concentrated summer, sweet and 
warm, and satisfying. 

5215
04:51:34,500 --> 04:51:37,600
In ways that make you understand
why humans developed such 

5216
04:51:37,600 --> 04:51:39,500
elaborate relationships with 
food preparation. 

5217
04:51:40,700 --> 04:51:43,200
Meal time in your small 
community follows informal. 

5218
04:51:43,200 --> 04:51:45,800
Protocols, that balanced 
individual needs with group 

5219
04:51:45,800 --> 04:51:50,100
Harmony Everyone shares the food
based on their contributions and

5220
04:51:50,100 --> 04:51:53,000
needs today. 
Successful fishing Expedition 

5221
04:51:53,000 --> 04:51:55,000
earns you a larger portion of 
the evening meal. 

5222
04:51:55,000 --> 04:51:57,800
While your fruit. 
Discovery means everyone enjoys 

5223
04:51:57,800 --> 04:52:00,200
flavors, that wouldn't otherwise
have been available the 

5224
04:52:00,200 --> 04:52:03,100
conversation, that accompanies 
dinner evolves around the day's 

5225
04:52:03,100 --> 04:52:06,400
experiences challenges, and 
discoveries crack describes his 

5226
04:52:06,400 --> 04:52:09,500
hide working project which is 
apparently intended to become a 

5227
04:52:09,508 --> 04:52:11,100
more comfortable sleeping 
Arrangement. 

5228
04:52:11,100 --> 04:52:16,300
An innovation that everyone 
endorses enthusiastically mere 

5229
04:52:16,300 --> 04:52:19,600
explains her fish drying 
technique, learned from a group 

5230
04:52:19,608 --> 04:52:22,700
they encountered several weeks 
ago who came from a region where

5231
04:52:22,700 --> 04:52:25,700
preservation methods had evolved
to handle seasonal variations 

5232
04:52:25,700 --> 04:52:29,400
and food availability Your 
adventure in the fruit growth 

5233
04:52:29,400 --> 04:52:32,600
gets recounted with the kind of 
embellishment that turns a minor

5234
04:52:32,600 --> 04:52:34,400
mishap into an entertaining 
story. 

5235
04:52:35,400 --> 04:52:38,000
The branch breaking incident 
becomes slightly more dramatic 

5236
04:52:38,000 --> 04:52:41,700
in the telling the Bear Tracks, 
slightly fresher and your Escape

5237
04:52:41,700 --> 04:52:46,800
slightly more narrow this is how
oral tradition begins not with 

5238
04:52:46,800 --> 04:52:50,000
deliberate exaggeration, but 
with the natural tendency to 

5239
04:52:50,000 --> 04:52:52,600
make it experiences more 
engaging, when sharing them with

5240
04:52:52,600 --> 04:52:56,300
others, as full Darkness, 
settles outside the cave 

5241
04:52:56,300 --> 04:53:00,000
entrance, the Fire becomes the 
center of your small world. 

5242
04:53:00,800 --> 04:53:03,700
It's light creates a circle of 
warmth and safety. 

5243
04:53:03,700 --> 04:53:06,700
That makes the vast night seemed
manageable rather than 

5244
04:53:06,700 --> 04:53:10,400
threatening The Flames danced 
with hypnotic patterns that 

5245
04:53:10,400 --> 04:53:13,800
capture attention in ways that 
television won't manage to 

5246
04:53:13,800 --> 04:53:15,600
duplicate for several thousand 
years. 

5247
04:53:16,600 --> 04:53:18,400
The evenings work continues 
around the fire. 

5248
04:53:18,400 --> 04:53:21,900
You begin shaping, one of the 
new Flint pieces into what will 

5249
04:53:21,900 --> 04:53:23,500
eventually become a superior 
knife. 

5250
04:53:24,300 --> 04:53:27,000
The careful chip by chip 
process, made easier by good 

5251
04:53:27,000 --> 04:53:29,900
light, and comfortable seating 
on, fur covered rocks. 

5252
04:53:30,900 --> 04:53:34,500
Mera works on cordage twisting, 
plant fibers into strong rope, 

5253
04:53:34,500 --> 04:53:37,400
using techniques that require 
consistent tension and rhythm. 

5254
04:53:38,100 --> 04:53:40,700
Crack continues. 
His hide project scraping and 

5255
04:53:40,700 --> 04:53:42,200
softening the material with 
tools. 

5256
04:53:42,200 --> 04:53:43,900
Designed specifically for the 
purpose. 

5257
04:53:45,000 --> 04:53:48,000
The work requires patience but 
produces results that make the 

5258
04:53:48,000 --> 04:53:51,700
effort worth while soft durable 
material that insulates better 

5259
04:53:51,700 --> 04:53:54,300
than woven grass. 
And last longer than most 

5260
04:53:54,300 --> 04:53:56,800
Alternatives available to Stone 
Age, Crafts People. 

5261
04:53:57,400 --> 04:54:01,200
The fire settles into steady 
coals as the night deepens and 

5262
04:54:01,200 --> 04:54:04,300
conversation gradually gives way
to the quiet satisfaction of 

5263
04:54:04,300 --> 04:54:06,600
useful work accomplished in Good
Company. 

5264
04:54:07,400 --> 04:54:09,700
Tomorrow will bring new 
challenges and opportunities. 

5265
04:54:09,700 --> 04:54:13,900
But tonight offers the simple 
pleasure of warmth food and the 

5266
04:54:13,908 --> 04:54:16,600
security that comes from being 
part of a group that works 

5267
04:54:16,600 --> 04:54:21,100
together successfully Outside 
the cave night, sounds begin, 

5268
04:54:21,100 --> 04:54:24,500
their ancient chorus owls 
calling across the valley, the 

5269
04:54:24,500 --> 04:54:27,200
distance splash of something 
large, moving through the river 

5270
04:54:27,200 --> 04:54:29,800
and the rustle of small 
creatures going about their 

5271
04:54:29,800 --> 04:54:33,000
nocturnal business. 
The sounds aren't threatening 

5272
04:54:33,000 --> 04:54:34,700
when heard from the safety of 
your file. 

5273
04:54:34,700 --> 04:54:38,200
It cave there simply the 
soundtrack of a world that 

5274
04:54:38,200 --> 04:54:42,100
continues its complex business, 
regardless of human concerns the

5275
04:54:42,100 --> 04:54:44,400
transition from active evening 
to restful night. 

5276
04:54:44,400 --> 04:54:48,000
Happens gradually in your Stone 
Age World marked, not by clocks 

5277
04:54:48,000 --> 04:54:51,300
or schedules but by the natural 
rhythm of fire settling into 

5278
04:54:51,300 --> 04:54:54,400
Coles and bodies growing heavy 
with the days accumulated. 

5279
04:54:54,400 --> 04:54:58,500
Fatigue, The work around the 
fire continues but at the 

5280
04:54:58,500 --> 04:55:01,200
relaxed pace of people who 
understand that sometimes are 

5281
04:55:01,200 --> 04:55:03,600
improved by patients rather than
hurried completion. 

5282
04:55:04,600 --> 04:55:07,500
Your Flint knapping project has 
progressed to the delicate stage

5283
04:55:07,500 --> 04:55:10,000
where each strike must be 
precisely calculated. 

5284
04:55:10,900 --> 04:55:14,300
The emerging blade shows, 
promise straight edge, good 

5285
04:55:14,300 --> 04:55:16,500
thickness. 
The kind of balance that will 

5286
04:55:16,500 --> 04:55:20,600
make it useful for details work.
The rhythm of stone striking, 

5287
04:55:20,600 --> 04:55:23,700
Stone creates a gentle 
percussion that blends with the 

5288
04:55:23,700 --> 04:55:27,000
soft sounds of your companions 
activities and the crackling 

5289
04:55:27,000 --> 04:55:30,400
Whisper of the dying fire. 
Mirrors. 

5290
04:55:30,400 --> 04:55:32,800
Cordage work has produced 
several arm lengths, of strong 

5291
04:55:32,800 --> 04:55:36,100
rope Twisted with the consistent
tension that comes from 

5292
04:55:36,100 --> 04:55:39,300
practiced hands and focused. 
Attention, she tests each 

5293
04:55:39,300 --> 04:55:42,900
section by pulling against it 
with a full strength nodding 

5294
04:55:42,900 --> 04:55:45,500
with satisfaction when the 
fibers hold without stretching 

5295
04:55:45,500 --> 04:55:48,900
or breaking. 
Good, rope means better, Nets, 

5296
04:55:48,900 --> 04:55:52,100
stronger bindings and countless 
other applications that make 

5297
04:55:52,100 --> 04:55:55,700
daily life more manageable. 
Grax hide preparation. 

5298
04:55:55,700 --> 04:55:58,700
Has reached the stage where the 
material needs to rest overnight

5299
04:55:58,700 --> 04:56:00,300
before the final softening 
process. 

5300
04:56:01,400 --> 04:56:03,900
He rolls at carefully in places 
it, where morning, due won't 

5301
04:56:03,900 --> 04:56:06,800
reach but are can continue to 
circulate around it. 

5302
04:56:07,600 --> 04:56:09,800
His movements have the 
unhurried, Precision of someone 

5303
04:56:09,800 --> 04:56:13,000
who's learned that Russian this 
particular process leads to 

5304
04:56:13,000 --> 04:56:14,900
disappointing results and wasted
effort. 

5305
04:56:16,100 --> 04:56:19,200
Fire has settled into the 
perfect state for banking hot 

5306
04:56:19,200 --> 04:56:20,700
coals. 
That will retain heat through 

5307
04:56:20,700 --> 04:56:23,700
the night while being easily, 
coaxed back to Flame when 

5308
04:56:23,700 --> 04:56:27,000
morning comes the range. 
The coals care for Lee, covering

5309
04:56:27,000 --> 04:56:29,000
them with a layer of Ash, that 
will insulate without 

5310
04:56:29,000 --> 04:56:31,000
smothering. 
Then surrounding the whole 

5311
04:56:31,000 --> 04:56:34,100
arrangement, with stones, that 
will radiate absorbed heat long 

5312
04:56:34,100 --> 04:56:38,000
after the Flame's disappear. 
Your sleeping area beckons with 

5313
04:56:38,000 --> 04:56:40,100
the promise of rest. 
After a day filled with 

5314
04:56:40,100 --> 04:56:44,100
successful activities, the first
of being arranged for maximum 

5315
04:56:44,100 --> 04:56:47,200
comfort with extra padding 
beneath your hip and shoulder. 

5316
04:56:48,100 --> 04:56:50,000
The pressure points that 
determine whether you wake 

5317
04:56:50,000 --> 04:56:52,800
refreshed or spend the night 
shifting position in search of 

5318
04:56:52,800 --> 04:56:56,400
elusive comfort. 
As you settle into your sleeping

5319
04:56:56,400 --> 04:57:00,200
Arrangement, the days experience
is Replay in your mind with the 

5320
04:57:00,200 --> 04:57:02,000
satisfaction that comes from 
time. 

5321
04:57:02,000 --> 04:57:05,600
Well, spent The morning 
successful fishing the 

5322
04:57:05,600 --> 04:57:08,400
afternoon's, fruit and Flint 
discoveries and the evenings 

5323
04:57:08,400 --> 04:57:11,900
productive work around the fire.
Each activity connected to the 

5324
04:57:11,900 --> 04:57:14,700
others, in the Seamless Web of 
interdependence that 

5325
04:57:14,700 --> 04:57:19,000
characterizes Stone Age life The
sounds of your companions 

5326
04:57:19,000 --> 04:57:21,500
settling into their sleeping 
Arrangements, create a 

5327
04:57:21,500 --> 04:57:23,400
comfortable background of 
familiar noises. 

5328
04:57:24,200 --> 04:57:27,900
Soft movements as Furs or 
adjusted, the quiet breathing, 

5329
04:57:27,900 --> 04:57:31,800
that indicates relaxation and 
the occasional contented sigh 

5330
04:57:31,800 --> 04:57:33,800
that suggests. 
Everyone is pleased with the 

5331
04:57:33,800 --> 04:57:37,000
days accomplishments. 
These are the sound of security 

5332
04:57:37,000 --> 04:57:40,000
of belonging to a group that 
functions well together. 

5333
04:57:41,100 --> 04:57:44,100
Outside the cave, the Night 
World continues, its ancient 

5334
04:57:44,100 --> 04:57:47,300
patterns, an owl calls from 
somewhere across the valley. 

5335
04:57:47,300 --> 04:57:50,200
His voice carrying clearly 
through are, that's grown cool 

5336
04:57:50,200 --> 04:57:54,500
and still, The river. 
Murmurs its constant song a 

5337
04:57:54,500 --> 04:57:57,400
liquid soundtrack that says 
reliable as sunrise and equally 

5338
04:57:57,400 --> 04:58:01,300
soothing Somewhere in the 
distance, a wolf howls, not the 

5339
04:58:01,300 --> 04:58:04,000
threatening sound of nearby 
danger, but the distant 

5340
04:58:04,000 --> 04:58:06,600
communication of creatures going
about their own business in. 

5341
04:58:06,600 --> 04:58:09,100
Their territory, the darkness 
beyond your cave. 

5342
04:58:09,100 --> 04:58:11,900
Entrance isn't empty. 
It's full of life, following 

5343
04:58:11,900 --> 04:58:15,900
rhythms older than human memory.
Nocturnal Hunters, pursue, 

5344
04:58:15,900 --> 04:58:19,600
nocturnal prey night, blooming, 
plants release, fragrances that 

5345
04:58:19,600 --> 04:58:22,900
attract night flying insects, 
and the complex web of 

5346
04:58:22,900 --> 04:58:26,400
relationships that sustains this
ecosystem continues without 

5347
04:58:26,400 --> 04:58:30,200
pause or fanfare. 
From your perspective, enveloped

5348
04:58:30,200 --> 04:58:33,500
in warmth furs with a banked 
fire nearby and trusted 

5349
04:58:33,500 --> 04:58:35,700
companions within reach the 
night. 

5350
04:58:35,700 --> 04:58:39,200
Feels protective rather than 
threatening Your cave has become

5351
04:58:39,200 --> 04:58:40,900
home in the most fundamental 
sense. 

5352
04:58:40,900 --> 04:58:44,800
A place where you belong, where 
you're safe, where you can rest 

5353
04:58:44,800 --> 04:58:47,100
without constant vigilance 
sleep. 

5354
04:58:47,100 --> 04:58:49,900
Approaches with the gentle 
inevitability of Tides or 

5355
04:58:49,908 --> 04:58:53,400
Seasons natural processes that 
don't require your participation

5356
04:58:53,400 --> 04:58:56,900
or permission. 
Your breathing deepens matching 

5357
04:58:56,900 --> 04:58:58,900
the slow rhythm of complete 
relaxation. 

5358
04:59:00,300 --> 04:59:03,200
The days minor aches and 
tensions dissolve into the kind 

5359
04:59:03,200 --> 04:59:05,600
of profound rest that comes from
physical work. 

5360
04:59:06,300 --> 04:59:09,700
Fresh air and the satisfaction 
of having lived fully within 

5361
04:59:09,700 --> 04:59:13,700
your circumstances. 
Dreams, when they come a filled 

5362
04:59:13,700 --> 04:59:15,800
with the textures and colors of 
your waking world. 

5363
04:59:16,700 --> 04:59:19,400
The sound of running water over 
smooth Stones, sunlight 

5364
04:59:19,400 --> 04:59:22,200
filtering through leaves, and 
the satisfying weight of 

5365
04:59:22,208 --> 04:59:25,300
well-made tools in your hands 
all contribute to these dreams. 

5366
04:59:26,500 --> 04:59:28,800
These aren't the anxious 
disconnected fragments that 

5367
04:59:28,800 --> 04:59:31,800
trouble more complex minds. 
They're the peaceful processing 

5368
04:59:31,800 --> 04:59:34,800
of a life lived in harmony with 
immediate tangible realities. 

5369
04:59:34,800 --> 04:59:39,400
The fire settles deeper into 
coals radiating steady warmth 

5370
04:59:39,400 --> 04:59:41,700
that makes the caves are 
comfortable throughout the 

5371
04:59:41,700 --> 04:59:44,400
night. 
The bank heat will last until 

5372
04:59:44,400 --> 04:59:47,600
morning, ready to Kindle into 
flame when the new day begins 

5373
04:59:47,600 --> 04:59:49,600
its cycle of challenges. 
And opportunities. 

5374
04:59:49,600 --> 04:59:52,900
Tomorrow will bring its own, 
whether its own possibilities 

5375
04:59:52,900 --> 04:59:56,600
for success and failure, and its
own moments of satisfaction and 

5376
04:59:56,600 --> 04:59:59,500
frustration. 
But tonight offers the perfect 

5377
04:59:59,500 --> 05:00:02,800
rest that prepares mind and body
for whatever comes next. 

5378
05:00:03,700 --> 05:00:06,800
Your breathing slows to match 
the rhythm of deep sleep and the

5379
05:00:06,800 --> 05:00:09,900
last conscious thought is 
gratitude for the simple 

5380
05:00:09,900 --> 05:00:12,600
completeness of a day. 
Well, lived in Humanity's most 

5381
05:00:12,600 --> 05:00:16,100
essential mode. 
The night Embraces you with the 

5382
05:00:16,100 --> 05:00:19,500
vast Stillness of a world where 
artificial light hasn't yet. 

5383
05:00:19,500 --> 05:00:22,600
Pushed back the darkness, where 
silence isn't broken by 

5384
05:00:22,600 --> 05:00:26,000
mechanical, sounds where rest 
comes naturally, when the sunset

5385
05:00:26,000 --> 05:00:30,400
and work resumes when it rises, 
This is sleep as it was designed

5386
05:00:30,400 --> 05:00:35,300
to be profound restorative and 
perfectly aligned with the 

5387
05:00:35,300 --> 05:00:37,600
natural world. 
That remains your home your 

5388
05:00:37,600 --> 05:00:40,400
challenge and your endless 
source of both struggle and 

5389
05:00:40,400 --> 05:00:44,900
wonder In the depths of night, 
your cave becomes a pocket of 

5390
05:00:44,900 --> 05:00:47,600
human warmth in the vast, 
coolness of the world. 

5391
05:00:47,600 --> 05:00:52,500
The banked fire glows like a 
gentle heartbeat steady and 

5392
05:00:52,500 --> 05:00:56,100
reassuring. 
Your breathing synchronizes with

5393
05:00:56,100 --> 05:00:59,200
the ancient rhythms that have 
guided human rest for countless 

5394
05:00:59,200 --> 05:01:03,000
Generations. 
Slow deep peaceful. 

5395
05:01:03,000 --> 05:01:06,300
Breaths that carry away the days
tension and prepare your body 

5396
05:01:06,300 --> 05:01:09,700
for tomorrow's Adventures. 
The first beneath you hold the 

5397
05:01:09,700 --> 05:01:13,200
days, accumulated warmth, 
creating a cocoon of comfort 

5398
05:01:13,200 --> 05:01:16,800
that makes the stone floor. 
Feel almost luxurious your 

5399
05:01:16,800 --> 05:01:20,000
muscles, relax, completely 
releasing the subtle tensions 

5400
05:01:20,000 --> 05:01:22,900
that come from constant 
awareness, constant Readiness 

5401
05:01:22,900 --> 05:01:26,100
and constant engagement with the
world that demands your full 

5402
05:01:26,100 --> 05:01:30,000
attention during waking hours. 
Sleep when it finally claims, 

5403
05:01:30,000 --> 05:01:33,600
you completely is the kind of 
rest that modern humans rarely 

5404
05:01:33,600 --> 05:01:38,100
experienced uninterrupted by 
artificial lights, electronic 

5405
05:01:38,100 --> 05:01:41,500
sounds or the mental chatter of 
complex schedules and Abstract 

5406
05:01:41,500 --> 05:01:44,700
worries, its sleep. 
That serves its fundamental 

5407
05:01:44,700 --> 05:01:49,300
purpose, complete restoration of
body and mind preparing you for 

5408
05:01:49,300 --> 05:01:51,900
another day of the most 
essential human activities, 

5409
05:01:51,900 --> 05:01:55,800
finding food, creating shelter, 
making tools. 

5410
05:01:55,800 --> 05:01:58,100
And maintaining the 
relationships that make 

5411
05:01:58,100 --> 05:02:01,100
survival, not just possible, but
meaningful. 

5412
05:02:02,700 --> 05:02:05,600
The night passes peacefully 
around your small community. 

5413
05:02:05,600 --> 05:02:09,100
Each of you settled into the 
kind of deep rest that comes 

5414
05:02:09,100 --> 05:02:12,300
from Days, filled with 
purposeful activity and evening 

5415
05:02:12,300 --> 05:02:14,200
spent in productive 
companionship. 

5416
05:02:14,900 --> 05:02:17,900
Outside the natural world 
persists in its nocturnal 

5417
05:02:17,900 --> 05:02:20,400
activities while within your 
cave. 

5418
05:02:20,400 --> 05:02:24,500
Three human Slumber peacefully 
rooted in the ancient rhythms of

5419
05:02:24,500 --> 05:02:28,900
Earth and Sky seasons, and 
weather, work, and rest. 

5420
05:02:29,900 --> 05:02:32,800
Tomorrow will bring new 
challenges, new discoveries, and

5421
05:02:32,800 --> 05:02:35,700
new opportunities to exercise. 
The skills and knowledge that 

5422
05:02:35,700 --> 05:02:39,300
keep you thriving in Humanity's 
most fundamental environment. 

5423
05:02:40,400 --> 05:02:44,100
but tonight offers the perfect 
gift of complete rest, deep 

5424
05:02:44,100 --> 05:02:47,900
sleep and the profound peace 
that comes from a life lived in 

5425
05:02:47,900 --> 05:02:52,200
harmony with the natural world 
that remains now and always your

5426
05:02:52,200 --> 05:03:02,900
truest home Elizabeth Schuyler 
came into the world on August 

5427
05:03:02,900 --> 05:03:08,900
9th. 1757 cradled by The Rolling
vistas of the Hudson River her 

5428
05:03:08,900 --> 05:03:11,800
father, Philip Schuyler was a 
respected military leader and 

5429
05:03:11,800 --> 05:03:15,300
landowner in the colony of New 
York and Her Mother Catherine 

5430
05:03:15,300 --> 05:03:18,900
Van Rensselaer hailed from one 
of the most influential families

5431
05:03:18,900 --> 05:03:21,000
in the region. 
Growing up amid. 

5432
05:03:21,000 --> 05:03:23,500
Such privilege might have 
nurtured a sense of arrogance in

5433
05:03:23,500 --> 05:03:28,500
some but Eliza as she was often 
called had a natural warmth that

5434
05:03:28,500 --> 05:03:32,100
set her apart from many of her 
peers nestled in the Shyla 

5435
05:03:32,100 --> 05:03:35,400
mansion in Albany. 
Eliza spent her early years as 

5436
05:03:35,400 --> 05:03:39,700
part of a large clan that valued
public service hospitality and 

5437
05:03:39,700 --> 05:03:43,800
the quiet force of traditional 
The estate hummed with activity.

5438
05:03:44,600 --> 05:03:46,700
Soldiers. 
Sometimes shared camp stories by

5439
05:03:46,700 --> 05:03:50,200
the half traveling Merchants 
arrived to do business and 

5440
05:03:50,200 --> 05:03:54,100
politicians stopped by on their 
way to legislative session in 

5441
05:03:54,100 --> 05:03:57,600
this swirl of visitors, Eliza 
learn to mingle with all sorts 

5442
05:03:57,600 --> 05:04:00,800
horti Aristocrats weary militia 
officers. 

5443
05:04:00,800 --> 05:04:04,700
And even the occasional foreign 
Envoy, Yet her home, life had 

5444
05:04:04,700 --> 05:04:08,900
its share of complexities. 
The Skylar family, the wealthy 

5445
05:04:08,900 --> 05:04:12,000
carried the anxieties of living 
in a colony hovering on the 

5446
05:04:12,000 --> 05:04:14,800
brink of conflict. 
The tensions between Britain and

5447
05:04:14,800 --> 05:04:18,600
its American subjects. 
Simmered as a child Eliza 

5448
05:04:18,600 --> 05:04:20,800
observed how her father waved 
the possibility of War. 

5449
05:04:21,500 --> 05:04:23,800
General Philip. 
Schuyler eventually became a key

5450
05:04:23,800 --> 05:04:27,000
figure in the Continental Army, 
and dinner table conversations. 

5451
05:04:27,000 --> 05:04:30,800
Often circled back to strategy 
Logistics and the moral burden 

5452
05:04:30,800 --> 05:04:34,000
of rebellion. 
These discussions shaped Eliza's

5453
05:04:34,000 --> 05:04:36,900
understanding of Politics as 
something more than an abstract 

5454
05:04:36,900 --> 05:04:39,100
game. 
It was about forging a future 

5455
05:04:39,100 --> 05:04:43,200
from uncertain times. 
Despite such concerns her 

5456
05:04:43,200 --> 05:04:44,900
childhood retained, a sense of 
magic. 

5457
05:04:45,800 --> 05:04:47,600
She roamed the garden, 
overlooking, the Hudson 

5458
05:04:47,600 --> 05:04:50,900
daydreaming about distant 
places, she only knew from 

5459
05:04:50,900 --> 05:04:54,700
Travelers Tales, she and her 
sisters and jelica and Peggy 

5460
05:04:54,700 --> 05:04:57,800
shared a bond forged by laughter
and Mischief pranks on 

5461
05:04:57,800 --> 05:05:01,800
unsuspecting cousins. 
Midnight raids on the kitchen to

5462
05:05:01,800 --> 05:05:04,800
pilfer sugar biscuits. 
Eliza was, neither the bookish 

5463
05:05:04,800 --> 05:05:09,100
child Angelica was Nor is the 
Peggy, but she combined a quiet 

5464
05:05:09,108 --> 05:05:11,300
determination with a thoughtful 
curiosity. 

5465
05:05:12,100 --> 05:05:13,600
As she approached her teenage 
years. 

5466
05:05:13,600 --> 05:05:17,000
Eliza's, mother introduced her 
to the more formal aspects of 

5467
05:05:17,000 --> 05:05:21,000
Womanhood sewing circles, 
polite, dances and lessons in 

5468
05:05:21,000 --> 05:05:23,600
Hospitality were considered 
essential to any young ladies 

5469
05:05:23,600 --> 05:05:26,800
future. 
Sum these rituals were wrote, 

5470
05:05:26,800 --> 05:05:30,400
but Eliza took to them, with a 
sense of genuine, kindness she 

5471
05:05:30,400 --> 05:05:33,900
discovered, she could put people
at ease, a smile here, a 

5472
05:05:33,900 --> 05:05:36,900
well-timed joke, there, it was 
less about social climbing and 

5473
05:05:36,900 --> 05:05:38,300
more about forging a real 
connection. 

5474
05:05:39,100 --> 05:05:42,400
Sometime around her adolescence.
The American Revolution moved 

5475
05:05:42,400 --> 05:05:44,600
from hushed, speculation to 
living reality. 

5476
05:05:45,300 --> 05:05:49,000
Soldiers, set up camp on the 
Skylar grounds forged alliances 

5477
05:05:49,000 --> 05:05:51,600
in the drawing room and 
apprehension about the future 

5478
05:05:51,600 --> 05:05:55,700
permeated daily life. 
Eliza's, father was dispatched 

5479
05:05:55,700 --> 05:05:58,800
on missions across the region. 
Leaving her mother to manage the

5480
05:05:58,800 --> 05:06:02,900
estate's data day operations. 
In this environment, Eliza 

5481
05:06:02,900 --> 05:06:06,000
developed resourcefulness 
noticing, how the women of her 

5482
05:06:06,000 --> 05:06:08,100
family stepped up, when men were
off Waging War. 

5483
05:06:08,100 --> 05:06:12,200
Her father's increased 
involvement in the war in 1777, 

5484
05:06:12,200 --> 05:06:14,800
marked a significant shift in 
the situation. 

5485
05:06:15,900 --> 05:06:18,700
That year British forces 
threatened the Hudson Corridor 

5486
05:06:18,700 --> 05:06:20,500
and Albany itself seemed 
vulnerable. 

5487
05:06:21,300 --> 05:06:23,200
While many families, fled South 
for safety. 

5488
05:06:23,200 --> 05:06:27,100
The shires remained steadfast 
trusting in Philip's, strategic 

5489
05:06:27,100 --> 05:06:30,400
mine. 
Eliza watched as her once calm 

5490
05:06:30,400 --> 05:06:33,200
household transformed into a 
nerve center of patriot, 

5491
05:06:33,200 --> 05:06:37,500
supporters maps on tables, 
correspondences carried in and 

5492
05:06:37,500 --> 05:06:40,800
out by exhausted couriers and 
the muffled clang of our 

5493
05:06:40,800 --> 05:06:43,300
armaments. 
Stacked in the yard amid this 

5494
05:06:43,300 --> 05:06:46,800
upheaval Eliza group keenly 
aware of her position in the 

5495
05:06:46,808 --> 05:06:48,900
swirling drama of a young 
nation's birth. 

5496
05:06:49,700 --> 05:06:52,300
With Angelica off, forging, 
social alliances, and other 

5497
05:06:52,300 --> 05:06:54,100
colonies. 
And Peggy bouncing between 

5498
05:06:54,100 --> 05:06:57,500
acquaintances Eliza found 
herself called upon to maintain 

5499
05:06:57,500 --> 05:07:00,600
assemblance of normalcy. 
She visited the wounded in 

5500
05:07:00,600 --> 05:07:03,200
makeshift infirmaries and 
prepared care packages for 

5501
05:07:03,200 --> 05:07:06,200
soldiers, though. 
Still unmarried she was no 

5502
05:07:06,200 --> 05:07:08,900
longer a mere child, listening 
in on adult conversations. 

5503
05:07:08,900 --> 05:07:12,800
She was a participant embracing 
the cause of Liberty her father 

5504
05:07:12,800 --> 05:07:16,500
championed. 
As the war raged each new day 

5505
05:07:16,500 --> 05:07:20,200
seemed to bring a surprise 
shifting alliance's uncertain 

5506
05:07:20,200 --> 05:07:24,200
supplies and heartbreak over 
lost battles in that cauldron of

5507
05:07:24,200 --> 05:07:27,000
Revolution. 
Fate was about to introduce her 

5508
05:07:27,000 --> 05:07:30,100
to a fiery young officer of 
illegitimate birth and boundless

5509
05:07:30,100 --> 05:07:33,600
ambition Elizabeth Shiloh was 
about to meet Alexander Hamilton

5510
05:07:33,600 --> 05:07:35,900
and her life would never be the 
same. 

5511
05:07:37,200 --> 05:07:41,100
She first encountered Alexander 
Hamilton in 1779, but their 

5512
05:07:41,100 --> 05:07:44,600
paths had nearly crossed earlier
he served as an aide to come to 

5513
05:07:44,600 --> 05:07:47,300
General George Washington, and 
was known among the Continental 

5514
05:07:47,300 --> 05:07:50,000
armies in a circle for his 
articulate letters and Keen, 

5515
05:07:50,000 --> 05:07:53,500
strategic Minds. 
Hamilton's Origins, born out of 

5516
05:07:53,500 --> 05:07:56,000
wedlock in the West Indies. 
Could have made him an outsider,

5517
05:07:56,000 --> 05:07:59,500
but his intellect and further 
for the Patriots and him 

5518
05:07:59,500 --> 05:08:01,700
respect. 
Though, not from an elite 

5519
05:08:01,700 --> 05:08:05,000
lineage, like, Eliza's Hamilton 
possessed a magnetic quality, 

5520
05:08:05,000 --> 05:08:09,000
that defied social conventions. 
When they finally met it was 

5521
05:08:09,000 --> 05:08:11,900
through mutual acquaintances who
gathered in the Sheila household

5522
05:08:11,900 --> 05:08:15,700
Hamilton arrived with a swirl of
laughter and conversation and 

5523
05:08:15,700 --> 05:08:18,800
earnestness in his eyes that 
left an impression he was no 

5524
05:08:18,800 --> 05:08:22,500
tall Gallant figure. 
Instead, he was Compact and 

5525
05:08:22,500 --> 05:08:26,300
brimming with Restless energy, 
rumor had it, he could dictate 

5526
05:08:26,300 --> 05:08:29,800
multiple letters simultaneously 
to different AIDS, his mind 

5527
05:08:29,800 --> 05:08:33,200
racing faster than his quill. 
Could keep up Eliza. 

5528
05:08:33,200 --> 05:08:36,500
Conversely was known for her 
measured confidence quiet but 

5529
05:08:36,500 --> 05:08:39,900
unwavering their conversations 
at Furst centered on 

5530
05:08:39,900 --> 05:08:43,500
practicalities. 
The direction of the war rumors 

5531
05:08:43,500 --> 05:08:46,400
of British troop movements and 
the hardships faced by soldiers.

5532
05:08:46,400 --> 05:08:50,200
But beneath these tactical 
topics a personal connection 

5533
05:08:50,200 --> 05:08:54,200
sparked Eliza found Hamilton's 
ambition refreshing rather than 

5534
05:08:54,200 --> 05:08:58,300
boastful he in turn appreciated 
her sincerity in the 

5535
05:08:58,308 --> 05:09:02,000
intelligence, she did not flaunt
They spent evening strolling 

5536
05:09:02,000 --> 05:09:04,400
through the garden. 
Forging a bond grounded in 

5537
05:09:04,408 --> 05:09:06,900
Shared. 
Hope for America's future, and a

5538
05:09:06,900 --> 05:09:09,300
mutual sense of responsibility 
to their respective families. 

5539
05:09:10,200 --> 05:09:13,600
Still alive. 
Courtships. 

5540
05:09:13,600 --> 05:09:16,800
In Wartime carried uncertainty. 
She saw how heartbreak could 

5541
05:09:16,800 --> 05:09:19,300
follow a letter announcing a 
casualty, or a transfer to a 

5542
05:09:19,300 --> 05:09:22,800
distant front, the Hamilton's 
letters penned during his 

5543
05:09:22,800 --> 05:09:26,900
absences were tender infused 
with more than just flattery. 

5544
05:09:27,600 --> 05:09:31,100
He spoke of unity both for the 
nation and between two Souls 

5545
05:09:31,100 --> 05:09:32,900
ready to face life's challenges 
together. 

5546
05:09:33,900 --> 05:09:37,300
When he addressed her as Eliza, 
it felt simultaneously intimate 

5547
05:09:37,300 --> 05:09:40,100
and reverent. 
They married on December 14th. 

5548
05:09:40,100 --> 05:09:43,900
1780 in a ceremony that 
reflected the swirl of 

5549
05:09:43,900 --> 05:09:47,600
revolutionary further. 
The bride's father was still 

5550
05:09:47,608 --> 05:09:51,000
weighed down by the complexities
of War, offered a generous 

5551
05:09:51,008 --> 05:09:54,200
celebration, at the ski 
Mountaineer, guests included, 

5552
05:09:54,200 --> 05:09:57,900
prominent Military Officers, 
local dignitaries and friends 

5553
05:09:57,900 --> 05:10:01,100
from across the colonies. 
Candles flickered, as violins 

5554
05:10:01,100 --> 05:10:04,100
played and talked of 
Independence, mingle with toast 

5555
05:10:04,100 --> 05:10:07,200
to love. 
For Eliza, that night felt like 

5556
05:10:07,208 --> 05:10:09,700
a bridge between her old life 
and a New Horizons. 

5557
05:10:10,300 --> 05:10:13,200
In the early weeks of marriage, 
their world seemed to pulse with

5558
05:10:13,208 --> 05:10:15,800
promise. 
Yet the reality of the war 

5559
05:10:15,800 --> 05:10:19,200
intruded, almost immediately 
Hamilton was pulled back to his 

5560
05:10:19,200 --> 05:10:22,100
post, drafting critical 
Communications for Washington, 

5561
05:10:22,100 --> 05:10:26,200
orchestrating Supply Logistics 
and occasionally heading into 

5562
05:10:26,200 --> 05:10:30,200
dangerous territory. 
The lieser accustomed to 

5563
05:10:30,200 --> 05:10:33,900
supporting her father's 
campaigns adapted swiftly, She 

5564
05:10:33,900 --> 05:10:35,700
learned to manage household 
finances. 

5565
05:10:35,700 --> 05:10:38,900
Keep track of important 
documents and serve as a 

5566
05:10:38,900 --> 05:10:41,300
confidant for Hamilton's 
anxieties about the fate of the 

5567
05:10:41,308 --> 05:10:44,200
revolution. 
She first encountered Alexander 

5568
05:10:44,200 --> 05:10:47,800
Hamilton in 1779, but their 
paths had nearly crossed 

5569
05:10:47,800 --> 05:10:50,800
earlier, he served as an aide to
come to General George 

5570
05:10:50,800 --> 05:10:53,400
Washington, and was known among 
the Continental armies in a 

5571
05:10:53,400 --> 05:10:56,000
circle for his articulate 
letters and Keen, strategic 

5572
05:10:56,000 --> 05:10:58,900
mind. 
Hamilton's Origins, born out of 

5573
05:10:58,908 --> 05:11:01,700
wedlock in the West Indies. 
Could have made him an outsider,

5574
05:11:01,700 --> 05:11:05,000
but his intellect and further 
for the Patriot cause earned him

5575
05:11:05,000 --> 05:11:07,200
respect. 
They're not from an elite 

5576
05:11:07,200 --> 05:11:10,500
lineage like, Eliza's Hamilton 
possessed a magnetic quality 

5577
05:11:10,500 --> 05:11:14,500
that defies social conventions. 
When they finally met it was 

5578
05:11:14,500 --> 05:11:17,100
through mutual acquaintances who
gathered in the Shiloh 

5579
05:11:17,100 --> 05:11:19,600
household. 
Hamilton arrived with a swirl of

5580
05:11:19,608 --> 05:11:22,500
laughter and conversation and 
earnestness in his eyes that 

5581
05:11:22,500 --> 05:11:25,900
left an impression he was no 
tall Gallant figure. 

5582
05:11:25,900 --> 05:11:29,800
Instead he was Compact and 
brimming with Restless energy, 

5583
05:11:29,800 --> 05:11:32,200
rumor had it. 
He could dictate multiple 

5584
05:11:32,200 --> 05:11:35,600
letters simultaneously to 
different AIDS, his mind racing 

5585
05:11:35,600 --> 05:11:38,600
faster than his quill. 
Could keep up Eliza. 

5586
05:11:38,600 --> 05:11:42,000
Conversely was known for her 
measured confidence quiet but 

5587
05:11:42,000 --> 05:11:45,400
unwavering their conversations 
at first centered on 

5588
05:11:45,400 --> 05:11:49,000
practicalities. 
The direction of the war rumors 

5589
05:11:49,000 --> 05:11:51,900
of British troop movements and 
the hardships faced by soldiers.

5590
05:11:51,900 --> 05:11:55,700
But beneath these tactical 
topics a personal connection 

5591
05:11:55,700 --> 05:11:59,700
sparked Eliza found Hamilton's 
ambition refreshing rather than 

5592
05:11:59,700 --> 05:12:03,900
boastful he in turn appreciated,
her sincerity in the 

5593
05:12:03,900 --> 05:12:07,600
intelligence, she did not flaunt
They spent evening strolling 

5594
05:12:07,600 --> 05:12:10,000
through the garden. 
Forging a bond grounded in 

5595
05:12:10,000 --> 05:12:12,400
Shared. 
Hope for America's future, and a

5596
05:12:12,400 --> 05:12:14,700
mutual sense of responsibility 
to their respective families. 

5597
05:12:15,700 --> 05:12:19,500
Still alive courtships in 
Wartime. 

5598
05:12:19,500 --> 05:12:22,000
Carried on. 
Certainly, she saw how hot break

5599
05:12:22,000 --> 05:12:24,800
could follow a letter in a 
casualty or a transfer to a 

5600
05:12:24,800 --> 05:12:27,900
distant front. 
The Hamilton's letters penned 

5601
05:12:27,900 --> 05:12:31,900
during his absences were tender 
infused with more than just 

5602
05:12:31,900 --> 05:12:35,100
flattery. 
He spoke of unity both for the 

5603
05:12:35,108 --> 05:12:38,000
nation and between two Souls 
ready to face life's challenges 

5604
05:12:38,000 --> 05:12:40,800
together. 
When he addressed her as Eliza, 

5605
05:12:40,800 --> 05:12:43,400
it felt simultaneously intimate 
and reverent. 

5606
05:12:44,100 --> 05:12:48,200
They married on December 14th 
1780 in a ceremony that 

5607
05:12:48,200 --> 05:12:50,500
reflected the swirl of 
revolutionary further. 

5608
05:12:51,400 --> 05:12:54,700
The bride's father was still 
weighed down by the complexities

5609
05:12:54,700 --> 05:12:57,900
of War offered a generous 
celebration at the Skiller 

5610
05:12:57,900 --> 05:13:01,000
Mansion guests included 
prominent Military Officers 

5611
05:13:01,000 --> 05:13:04,500
local dignitaries and friends 
from across the colonies. 

5612
05:13:05,200 --> 05:13:08,100
Candles flickered as violins 
played and talked of 

5613
05:13:08,100 --> 05:13:10,100
Independence mingle with toast 
to love. 

5614
05:13:10,900 --> 05:13:14,400
For Eliza that night felt like a
bridge between her old life and 

5615
05:13:14,400 --> 05:13:17,000
a New Horizons. 
In the early weeks of marriage 

5616
05:13:17,000 --> 05:13:19,200
their world seemed to pulse with
promise. 

5617
05:13:20,000 --> 05:13:22,800
Yet the reality of the war 
intruded almost immediately 

5618
05:13:22,800 --> 05:13:26,500
Hamilton was pulled back to his 
post drafting critical 

5619
05:13:26,500 --> 05:13:29,900
Communications for Washington 
orchestrating Supply Logistics 

5620
05:13:29,900 --> 05:13:33,400
and occasionally heading into 
dangerous territory. 

5621
05:13:33,400 --> 05:13:38,000
Eliza accustomed to supporting 
her father's campaigns adapted 

5622
05:13:38,000 --> 05:13:40,500
swiftly. 
She learned to manage household 

5623
05:13:40,500 --> 05:13:42,600
finances. 
Keep track of important 

5624
05:13:42,600 --> 05:13:45,300
documents and serve as a 
confidant for Hamilton's 

5625
05:13:45,300 --> 05:13:47,200
anxieties about the fate of the 
revolution. 

5626
05:13:48,200 --> 05:13:50,200
When the Treaty of Paris 
officially ended the 

5627
05:13:50,200 --> 05:13:53,900
Revolutionary War in 1783 
Alexander, Hamilton found 

5628
05:13:53,900 --> 05:13:57,500
himself in a position to help 
shape America's future after his

5629
05:13:57,500 --> 05:14:00,500
borrowed Mission, he established
a thriving, legal practice in 

5630
05:14:00,500 --> 05:14:04,000
bustling, New York City. 
Initially he focused on property

5631
05:14:04,000 --> 05:14:07,000
disputes left in the walls. 
Wake yet, bigger Ambitions 

5632
05:14:07,000 --> 05:14:10,400
loomed, he sent the new nation 
needed, a stable Financial 

5633
05:14:10,400 --> 05:14:14,200
structure, a strong central 
government and a cohesive 

5634
05:14:14,200 --> 05:14:18,700
framework for Unity. 
Eliza meanwhile, adapted to City

5635
05:14:18,700 --> 05:14:21,700
Life with the same resilience, 
she had shown in military camps 

5636
05:14:22,500 --> 05:14:24,900
The Hamilton's household was 
never quiet for long their 

5637
05:14:24,900 --> 05:14:28,200
circle of acquaintances, 
ballooned including Statesman, 

5638
05:14:28,200 --> 05:14:31,400
merchants and Military comrades,
turned politicians. 

5639
05:14:31,400 --> 05:14:35,800
The Hamilton Home became a hub 
of Spirited discourse Eliza 

5640
05:14:35,800 --> 05:14:37,700
served as both Hostess and 
participant. 

5641
05:14:38,400 --> 05:14:42,200
Her Hallmark was a welcoming 
presence in everyone felted ease

5642
05:14:42,200 --> 05:14:44,900
from the most polished Senator 
to the rough. 

5643
05:14:44,900 --> 05:14:49,000
Human Frontier representative. 
Despite sometimes intimidating 

5644
05:14:49,000 --> 05:14:52,900
conversation about economics or 
legislation, she never shied 

5645
05:14:52,900 --> 05:14:54,500
away from asking pointed 
questions. 

5646
05:14:55,400 --> 05:14:58,300
Alexander's participation in the
Constitutional Convention in 

5647
05:14:58,300 --> 05:15:01,500
1787 represented a progressive 
moment. 

5648
05:15:02,300 --> 05:15:05,200
While he was away in 
Philadelphia Eliza managed 

5649
05:15:05,200 --> 05:15:08,100
Affairs in New York maintaining 
correspondence with him. 

5650
05:15:08,700 --> 05:15:12,000
She offered moral support 
reading newspapers to gauge 

5651
05:15:12,000 --> 05:15:14,100
public sentiment and relaying 
her observations. 

5652
05:15:14,800 --> 05:15:16,900
Though not formally educated in 
political Theory. 

5653
05:15:16,900 --> 05:15:20,000
She grasped the importance of a 
balanced government. 

5654
05:15:20,000 --> 05:15:23,100
She often wrote that the promise
of Liberty would flounder 

5655
05:15:23,100 --> 05:15:27,100
without practical safeguards. 
And Hamilton returned with the 

5656
05:15:27,108 --> 05:15:29,800
proposed Constitution debates 
raged. 

5657
05:15:30,500 --> 05:15:33,800
Federalists championed a robust 
central government while 

5658
05:15:33,800 --> 05:15:38,200
Anti-Federalists feared tyranny 
Hamilton a leading Federalists 

5659
05:15:38,200 --> 05:15:41,700
penned, the majority of the 
Federalist Papers explaining the

5660
05:15:41,700 --> 05:15:45,500
Constitution's merits late 
nights of writing blurred until 

5661
05:15:45,500 --> 05:15:49,700
dawn Eliza recognized his 
further doing what she could to 

5662
05:15:49,700 --> 05:15:53,600
ease his workload. 
She edited drafts lightly made 

5663
05:15:53,600 --> 05:15:57,700
sure he ate and even coordinated
with his co-authors John Jay and

5664
05:15:57,700 --> 05:16:01,100
James Madison, although her name
never appeared on the pamphlets 

5665
05:16:01,100 --> 05:16:04,200
her unseen labor and emotional 
support proved invaluable. 

5666
05:16:05,200 --> 05:16:08,500
Has the Constitution was 
ratified, Hamilton stepped into 

5667
05:16:08,500 --> 05:16:12,100
a new role, the nation's first, 
Secretary of the Treasury under 

5668
05:16:12,100 --> 05:16:15,100
President, George Washington. 
He tackled the public debt 

5669
05:16:15,100 --> 05:16:18,200
proposed, a national bank and 
laid out an economic blueprint, 

5670
05:16:18,200 --> 05:16:19,900
that would stir controversy for 
years. 

5671
05:16:20,600 --> 05:16:23,800
Throughout this Whirlwind, Eliza
managed a rapidly expanding 

5672
05:16:23,800 --> 05:16:28,000
family, more children arrived, 
each named with care. 

5673
05:16:28,000 --> 05:16:30,500
She also tended her father's 
Affairs. 

5674
05:16:30,500 --> 05:16:34,600
As Philip Schuyler had joined 
the new US Senate, Eliza adeptly

5675
05:16:34,600 --> 05:16:37,000
juggled her responsibilities 
balancing. 

5676
05:16:37,000 --> 05:16:40,300
The Realms of motherhood, social
diplomacy and philanthropic 

5677
05:16:40,300 --> 05:16:43,200
engagements. 
One of her quieter achievements,

5678
05:16:43,200 --> 05:16:46,300
involved the creation of an 
orphanage in the aftermath of 

5679
05:16:46,308 --> 05:16:49,500
War, many children roamed the 
streets, bereft of parents, 

5680
05:16:49,500 --> 05:16:53,600
Eliza's heart went out that she 
tapped into her connections 

5681
05:16:53,600 --> 05:16:56,200
rallying other women from 
prominent families. 

5682
05:16:56,200 --> 05:16:59,400
To organize resources though 
Hamilton's name was more 

5683
05:16:59,400 --> 05:17:01,300
associated with financial 
policy. 

5684
05:17:01,300 --> 05:17:05,400
It was Eliza who championed 
charitable efforts seeing them. 

5685
05:17:05,400 --> 05:17:07,900
A reflection of the new 
Republic's moral obligations. 

5686
05:17:08,600 --> 05:17:11,900
She believed social welfare was 
not a luxury, but a fundamental 

5687
05:17:11,900 --> 05:17:15,200
sine of civilised values. 
Meanwhile, the couple's personal

5688
05:17:15,200 --> 05:17:18,700
life was a tapestry of devotion,
intense arguments, and fleeting 

5689
05:17:18,700 --> 05:17:21,600
reconciliations Hamilton's 
political enemies. 

5690
05:17:21,600 --> 05:17:25,000
Targeted him relentlessly. 
He was accused of favouritism. 

5691
05:17:25,000 --> 05:17:29,600
Monarchy leaning sympathies and 
financial improprieties Eliza 

5692
05:17:29,600 --> 05:17:31,900
stood by him. 
Convinced of his Integrity. 

5693
05:17:31,900 --> 05:17:36,500
Yet stress loomed long hours at 
the treasury combined with the 

5694
05:17:36,508 --> 05:17:40,000
sun scorn of detractors. 
Sometimes left Hamilton edgy, 

5695
05:17:40,000 --> 05:17:42,500
family dinners, occasionally 
turned into strategy session. 

5696
05:17:42,500 --> 05:17:46,300
With Eliza offering a campus 
perspective at other times. 

5697
05:17:46,300 --> 05:17:47,900
He withdrew into brooding 
rumination. 

5698
05:17:47,900 --> 05:17:53,000
Then came scandal in 1791 
Hamilton embarked on a 

5699
05:17:53,000 --> 05:17:54,600
disasterous affair. 
With Maria. 

5700
05:17:54,600 --> 05:17:59,700
Reynolds eventually revealed in 
1797, Eliza learned of it in 

5701
05:17:59,700 --> 05:18:02,700
disjointed pieces. 
The Betrayal hitting hard. 

5702
05:18:03,600 --> 05:18:05,400
The affair was no trifling 
rumor. 

5703
05:18:05,400 --> 05:18:08,400
It was a reality that threatened
to more her marriage. 

5704
05:18:09,100 --> 05:18:12,700
And yet in her heartbreak, she 
chose not to abandon him. 

5705
05:18:13,800 --> 05:18:17,100
Some historians interpret her 
reaction as moral fortitude. 

5706
05:18:17,100 --> 05:18:21,000
She believed in Redemption 
specially for the father of her 

5707
05:18:21,000 --> 05:18:24,200
children. 
Other cities are pragmatic move,

5708
05:18:24,200 --> 05:18:26,500
given her limited options in 
that era. 

5709
05:18:27,200 --> 05:18:30,300
Regardless her decision, 
underscored a resolved forged by

5710
05:18:30,300 --> 05:18:33,500
adversity, she insisted that 
Hamilton come clean publicly 

5711
05:18:33,500 --> 05:18:35,700
which he did through the 
infamous Reynolds. 

5712
05:18:35,700 --> 05:18:39,200
Pamphlet, revealing private 
matters in humiliating detail. 

5713
05:18:39,200 --> 05:18:43,400
The Scandal, tarnished 
Hamilton's reputation, but Eliza

5714
05:18:43,400 --> 05:18:47,000
never wavered in supporting him 
their Union, tested by the court

5715
05:18:47,000 --> 05:18:51,200
of public opinion. 
Emerged battered yet intact, she

5716
05:18:51,200 --> 05:18:54,800
retreated from societies glare 
focusing on her children and 

5717
05:18:54,800 --> 05:18:57,000
philanthropic ventures in 
private. 

5718
05:18:57,000 --> 05:19:00,200
She and Hamilton work toward 
mending, the trust between them.

5719
05:19:00,900 --> 05:19:04,100
her stance was rooted in a 
belief that individuals and the 

5720
05:19:04,100 --> 05:19:07,800
Young Nation could be redeemed 
from failings, provided they 

5721
05:19:07,800 --> 05:19:12,300
confronted their missteps, 
openly By the end of the 1790s 

5722
05:19:12,300 --> 05:19:16,000
Hamilton, had resigned from the 
treasury, political battles 

5723
05:19:16,000 --> 05:19:19,100
consumed him Federalists and 
Democratic Republicans fought 

5724
05:19:19,100 --> 05:19:22,000
bitterly. 
Eliza quietly reflective saw the

5725
05:19:22,000 --> 05:19:25,700
shape of things to come a new 
century beckoned but personal 

5726
05:19:25,700 --> 05:19:29,500
storms had left scars, still she
pressed on with a philanthropic 

5727
05:19:29,500 --> 05:19:32,700
dreams and unwavering commitment
to her family convinced that the

5728
05:19:32,700 --> 05:19:35,800
American experiment and her 
marriage, both warranted every 

5729
05:19:35,800 --> 05:19:38,700
out of perseverance. 
She could muster Because the 

5730
05:19:38,700 --> 05:19:42,200
1800s donned Alexander 
Hamilton's political career 

5731
05:19:42,200 --> 05:19:46,000
entered a contentious phase. 
He engaged in newspaper, feuds 

5732
05:19:46,000 --> 05:19:49,300
criticized, John Adams 
presidency and tried to sway 

5733
05:19:49,300 --> 05:19:53,600
elections behind the scenes, 
Eliza watched worried that his 

5734
05:19:53,600 --> 05:19:56,100
Relentless ambition, might 
alienate even his allies. 

5735
05:19:56,900 --> 05:19:59,700
She urged moderation. 
But Hamilton's temperament 

5736
05:19:59,700 --> 05:20:02,200
demanded. 
He pushed forward certain that 

5737
05:20:02,200 --> 05:20:04,700
his vision for the nation 
outweighed short-term Unity. 

5738
05:20:05,600 --> 05:20:08,500
Meanwhile, Eliza deepened, her 
involvement in New York's 

5739
05:20:08,500 --> 05:20:11,400
charitable circles. 
She helped organize relief for 

5740
05:20:11,400 --> 05:20:14,400
impoverished families. 
Often visited tenements with a 

5741
05:20:14,408 --> 05:20:17,900
small retinue to distribute 
Necessities her presence in 

5742
05:20:17,900 --> 05:20:19,400
these rough neighborhoods 
surprised. 

5743
05:20:19,400 --> 05:20:23,100
Many Dressed modestly. 
But unmistakably from a higher 

5744
05:20:23,100 --> 05:20:25,800
Social sphere. 
She approached each household 

5745
05:20:25,800 --> 05:20:29,100
with empathy inquiring about 
their hardships and connecting 

5746
05:20:29,100 --> 05:20:32,500
them with local artists and job 
possibilities in her mind. 

5747
05:20:32,500 --> 05:20:36,400
The spirit of the Revolution 
hinged on in the Bowtie was not 

5748
05:20:36,400 --> 05:20:38,700
purely for the privilege at 
home. 

5749
05:20:38,700 --> 05:20:42,700
Life was busy the Hamilton 
children by now, a lively brood 

5750
05:20:42,700 --> 05:20:46,500
required guidance, and moral 
grounding, The Eliza's father 

5751
05:20:46,500 --> 05:20:49,600
had retired from the Senate and 
her sisters were scattered among

5752
05:20:49,600 --> 05:20:53,000
marriages in the states. 
Letters flew back and forth 

5753
05:20:53,000 --> 05:20:57,500
among the siblings exchanging 
gossip and confidence Angelica 

5754
05:20:57,500 --> 05:20:59,600
living abroad. 
Lamented the distance while 

5755
05:20:59,600 --> 05:21:03,400
Peggy struggled with health 
issues in these letters, Eliza 

5756
05:21:03,400 --> 05:21:06,700
was a pillar pragmatic, 
affectionate, and ever eager to 

5757
05:21:06,700 --> 05:21:09,900
uphold family, bonds, despite 
the swirling chaos of politics. 

5758
05:21:10,800 --> 05:21:14,600
Hamilton's disputes escalated, 
he penned, damning critiques of 

5759
05:21:14,600 --> 05:21:18,700
Aaron Burr, once a political 
Ally, but now, arrival Burr 

5760
05:21:18,700 --> 05:21:20,800
equally. 
Ambitious, felt slighted by 

5761
05:21:20,800 --> 05:21:25,700
Hamilton's influence and remarks
in 1804 Burr, on the verge of 

5762
05:21:25,700 --> 05:21:28,000
losing New. 
York's governorship intensified 

5763
05:21:28,000 --> 05:21:30,900
tensions by accusing Hamilton of
undermining his campaign. 

5764
05:21:31,600 --> 05:21:34,800
As accusations swirled. 
Bearish issued a challenge. 

5765
05:21:35,600 --> 05:21:39,500
Adorned Jewel to settle. 
Their honor Eliza upon learning 

5766
05:21:39,500 --> 05:21:42,400
of the challenge pleaded for 
Hamilton to find another 

5767
05:21:42,400 --> 05:21:45,000
resolution. 
She employed him to consider 

5768
05:21:45,000 --> 05:21:48,300
their children to think of the 
Scandal that had already tested 

5769
05:21:48,300 --> 05:21:50,500
their marriage, to wait the 
Heartbreak. 

5770
05:21:50,500 --> 05:21:52,800
That another public 
confrontation would unleash. 

5771
05:21:53,600 --> 05:21:55,400
Hamilton assured. 
Her the affair was a matter of 

5772
05:21:55,408 --> 05:21:57,500
principle. 
He confessed personal 

5773
05:21:57,500 --> 05:22:00,300
reservations about jeweling. 
He contradicted his moral 

5774
05:22:00,300 --> 05:22:03,600
conviction and religious beliefs
Yeah, the unwritten rules of 

5775
05:22:03,600 --> 05:22:06,300
Honor among gentlemen at the 
time left little room for 

5776
05:22:06,300 --> 05:22:09,600
retreat without being branded a 
coward torn between personal 

5777
05:22:09,600 --> 05:22:13,700
ethics and societal codes 
Hamilton resolved to meet Burr 

5778
05:22:13,700 --> 05:22:15,900
across the Hudson River in 
Weehawken, New Jersey. 

5779
05:22:17,000 --> 05:22:19,600
The night before the duel 
Hamilton wrote letters to 

5780
05:22:19,600 --> 05:22:24,000
friends and family Eliza found 
him in a somber mood his usual 

5781
05:22:24,000 --> 05:22:26,600
fiery determination replaced by 
introspective. 

5782
05:22:26,600 --> 05:22:29,100
Melancholy. 
Gave her instructions about the 

5783
05:22:29,100 --> 05:22:32,800
children's education finances 
and even personal regrets. 

5784
05:22:33,800 --> 05:22:36,900
He tried desperately to dissuade
him offering every argument from

5785
05:22:36,900 --> 05:22:39,000
his political future to their 
family stability. 

5786
05:22:39,000 --> 05:22:43,200
But the machine of the duel was 
set in Motion in a final gesture

5787
05:22:43,200 --> 05:22:45,900
of Love. 
They prayed together tears 

5788
05:22:45,900 --> 05:22:49,700
unspoken, but understood. 
On the morning of the July 11th 

5789
05:22:49,700 --> 05:22:54,800
1804 Hamilton and Burr faced 
each other at Weehawken Eliza 

5790
05:22:54,800 --> 05:22:59,200
waited anxiously at home wracked
by dread the details of the duel

5791
05:22:59,200 --> 05:23:02,000
remained debated, but the 
outcome was tragically clear 

5792
05:23:02,000 --> 05:23:06,100
Hamilton was mortally wounded 
shot in the lower abdomen and 

5793
05:23:06,100 --> 05:23:09,800
transported across the river 
Eliza rushed to his side finding

5794
05:23:09,800 --> 05:23:12,700
him in a friend's house drifting
in and out of Consciousness. 

5795
05:23:12,700 --> 05:23:16,900
He lingered for more than 24 
hours enough time for them to 

5796
05:23:16,900 --> 05:23:20,400
exchange final words. 
Expressed regret for the 

5797
05:23:20,400 --> 05:23:23,300
turmoil. 
He had caused and she threw 

5798
05:23:23,300 --> 05:23:27,700
tears assured him of her 
unconditional love Hamilton died

5799
05:23:27,700 --> 05:23:32,300
on July 12th, leaving Eliza a 
widow at age. 47 with seven, 

5800
05:23:32,300 --> 05:23:35,200
surviving children and another 
extended family to support. 

5801
05:23:36,300 --> 05:23:38,500
The entire city of New York was 
shocked. 

5802
05:23:38,500 --> 05:23:42,700
A funeral procession took place 
overshadowed by the scandalous 

5803
05:23:42,700 --> 05:23:46,400
nature of the duel. 
Birth fled publicly vilified, 

5804
05:23:46,400 --> 05:23:50,900
Eliza's grief was immense a 
mixture of sorrow and anger. 

5805
05:23:50,900 --> 05:23:55,300
At a code of honor that demanded
lethal resolution at the 

5806
05:23:55,308 --> 05:23:57,500
political climate that spurred 
such violence. 

5807
05:23:58,300 --> 05:24:01,100
And at the cosmic cruelty of 
losing her husband, just as the 

5808
05:24:01,100 --> 05:24:05,100
nation was stabilizing. 
In her anguish, she sought 

5809
05:24:05,100 --> 05:24:09,100
solace in faith and family. 
The immediate aftermath required

5810
05:24:09,100 --> 05:24:12,900
practical decisions. 
Hamilton's debt loomed large sum

5811
05:24:12,900 --> 05:24:15,600
due to his lavish lifestyle and 
unprofitable Investments. 

5812
05:24:15,600 --> 05:24:19,400
Eliza reluctant though she was 
tackled the financial 

5813
05:24:19,400 --> 05:24:22,500
intricacies head-on. 
Rather than Retreat into 

5814
05:24:22,500 --> 05:24:24,400
mourning, she found a Clarity of
purpose. 

5815
05:24:24,400 --> 05:24:27,300
She would Safeguard her 
husband's Legacy provide for 

5816
05:24:27,300 --> 05:24:29,800
their children and carry on with
the charitable missions. 

5817
05:24:29,800 --> 05:24:31,300
That held a special place in her
heart. 

5818
05:24:32,100 --> 05:24:36,500
If Alexander Hamilton died in 
his place in history, Eliza 

5819
05:24:36,500 --> 05:24:39,500
would live on to shape how that 
history remembered him in the 

5820
05:24:39,508 --> 05:24:41,300
weeks. 
Following Alexander Hamilton's 

5821
05:24:41,300 --> 05:24:45,500
Funeral Eliza confronted a 
daunting to do list she sorted 

5822
05:24:45,500 --> 05:24:48,700
through unpaid bills. 
Discovered unfinished essays and

5823
05:24:48,700 --> 05:24:52,100
treatises in his study. 
And face the prospect of raising

5824
05:24:52,100 --> 05:24:55,400
her children in a social climate
that still buzzed with rumors 

5825
05:24:55,400 --> 05:24:58,800
about the Fatal duel. 
The Shiloh family offered 

5826
05:24:58,800 --> 05:25:02,400
emotional and financial support.
But Eliza felt compelled to 

5827
05:25:02,400 --> 05:25:04,000
manage her Affairs 
independently. 

5828
05:25:04,000 --> 05:25:08,400
She liquidated, some assets, 
negotiated with creditors and 

5829
05:25:08,400 --> 05:25:11,200
carefully planned a modest 
lifestyle that would preserve 

5830
05:25:11,200 --> 05:25:13,200
dignity, yet, remain financially
feasible. 

5831
05:25:14,200 --> 05:25:17,000
One of her first initiatives was
to gather Hamilton's letters and

5832
05:25:17,008 --> 05:25:20,200
writings she sensed that his 
political enemies, might attempt

5833
05:25:20,200 --> 05:25:23,200
to distort, his legacy 
determined, to present, an 

5834
05:25:23,200 --> 05:25:24,900
accurate account of his 
contributions. 

5835
05:25:24,900 --> 05:25:27,500
She approached friends and 
colleague's for additional 

5836
05:25:27,500 --> 05:25:30,700
correspondents, in a thing that 
could shed light on Hamilton's 

5837
05:25:30,700 --> 05:25:34,500
thought process and character. 
These efforts planted the seeds 

5838
05:25:34,500 --> 05:25:37,500
of what would eventually become 
a significant archival trove. 

5839
05:25:38,200 --> 05:25:40,300
Though, she had no formal 
training in historical 

5840
05:25:40,300 --> 05:25:43,100
preservation. 
All she knew was that the story 

5841
05:25:43,100 --> 05:25:45,600
of his role in founding the new 
nation needed to be told 

5842
05:25:45,600 --> 05:25:48,200
honestly. 
Free from the rancor that 

5843
05:25:48,200 --> 05:25:52,200
surrounded, his final years. 
Her philanthropic, Spirit surged

5844
05:25:52,200 --> 05:25:54,400
as well. 
She returned to the orphan, 

5845
05:25:54,400 --> 05:25:57,400
Asylum Society of New York later
known as Graham Windham, 

5846
05:25:57,400 --> 05:25:59,900
dedicating more hours to its 
expansion. 

5847
05:26:00,700 --> 05:26:03,900
The orphanage had grown since 
its Inception, and children of 

5848
05:26:03,900 --> 05:26:08,200
various ages depended on stable 
funds and guidance Eliza 

5849
05:26:08,200 --> 05:26:10,700
believed her personal grief, 
could fuel a deeper compassion 

5850
05:26:10,700 --> 05:26:14,200
for those who had lost families 
and equally harsh circumstances.

5851
05:26:15,500 --> 05:26:18,400
She organized fundraisers 
leaning on acquaintances. 

5852
05:26:18,400 --> 05:26:20,300
From Hamilton's, Federalists 
circles. 

5853
05:26:20,300 --> 05:26:21,800
And from her father's old 
Networks. 

5854
05:26:22,600 --> 05:26:26,300
Donations trickled in enough to 
expand the orphanages facilities

5855
05:26:26,300 --> 05:26:29,100
at home. 
She took solace in her children 

5856
05:26:29,100 --> 05:26:31,800
presents. 
Some older ones like Philip 

5857
05:26:31,800 --> 05:26:36,000
Junior and Angelica stepped into
supportive roles though they too

5858
05:26:36,000 --> 05:26:37,900
real from their fathers violent 
death. 

5859
05:26:38,800 --> 05:26:42,300
Eliza's maternal instincts 
extended Beyond mere comfort. 

5860
05:26:43,200 --> 05:26:45,900
Actively cultivated their 
education and moral development.

5861
05:26:45,900 --> 05:26:49,200
Hamilton had always advocated 
for robust learning. 

5862
05:26:50,000 --> 05:26:53,000
So she ensured her sons and 
daughters had access to tutors 

5863
05:26:53,000 --> 05:26:55,500
and libraries. 
The younger children gleaned 

5864
05:26:55,500 --> 05:26:58,400
from her and abiding sense of 
hope despite life's traumas 

5865
05:26:58,400 --> 05:27:02,100
friendship with Dolly Madison 
charismatic wife of President, 

5866
05:27:02,100 --> 05:27:05,700
James Madison, rekindled after 
the jewel, though, Madison had 

5867
05:27:05,700 --> 05:27:09,200
once, been Hamilton's political 
rivalry, admired, Eliza's 

5868
05:27:09,200 --> 05:27:11,000
fortitude and philanthropic 
Drive. 

5869
05:27:11,700 --> 05:27:14,700
The two women exchanged letters 
on everything from child-rearing

5870
05:27:14,700 --> 05:27:18,500
to the complexities of shaping 
national identity, during visits

5871
05:27:18,500 --> 05:27:22,000
to the Capitol Eliza died among 
Statesmen, who revered her. 

5872
05:27:22,000 --> 05:27:25,500
Husband's intellect yet had once
clashed with him her presence in

5873
05:27:25,500 --> 05:27:28,700
these circles underscored that. 
While Hamilton was gone his 

5874
05:27:28,700 --> 05:27:31,000
ideals and family. 
Remained part of America's 

5875
05:27:31,000 --> 05:27:34,700
evolving story over time, Eliza 
found a measure of Peace. 

5876
05:27:34,700 --> 05:27:38,900
She read extensively scripture 
philosophy and even Hamilton's 

5877
05:27:38,900 --> 05:27:42,200
essays on finance. 
She became a discreet mentor to 

5878
05:27:42,200 --> 05:27:44,800
young women. 
Advising them that lost did not 

5879
05:27:44,800 --> 05:27:46,700
have to Define one's entire 
existence. 

5880
05:27:47,600 --> 05:27:50,900
In that process, she uncovered 
an internal Wellspring of power.

5881
05:27:50,900 --> 05:27:54,200
No longer defined melee as a 
general's daughter or a 

5882
05:27:54,200 --> 05:27:57,500
statements wife, she was forging
her identity as a protector of 

5883
05:27:57,508 --> 05:27:59,500
children. 
A keeper of her husband's 

5884
05:27:59,500 --> 05:28:02,500
Legacy, and a quiet stabilizing 
figure in a nation still 

5885
05:28:02,500 --> 05:28:06,100
shaping, its post-war identity. 
Yet she confronted constant 

5886
05:28:06,100 --> 05:28:07,600
reminders of the jewels 
aftermath. 

5887
05:28:08,300 --> 05:28:11,700
Bears reputation had collapsed 
but he lingered on societies 

5888
05:28:11,700 --> 05:28:14,700
fringes and occasionally rumors 
of his presence in New York. 

5889
05:28:14,700 --> 05:28:18,300
Circulated some supporters of 
Hamilton yearned for Eliza's 

5890
05:28:18,300 --> 05:28:21,700
public condemnation of Burr. she
responded by emphasizing 

5891
05:28:21,700 --> 05:28:25,100
forgiveness, not for burst sake 
alone, but for her own spiritual

5892
05:28:25,100 --> 05:28:28,700
health, Still, she admitted to 
close friends that the wound ran

5893
05:28:28,700 --> 05:28:31,200
deep. 
And any mention of Burr, 

5894
05:28:31,200 --> 05:28:35,600
reopened old pain. 
In 1806 tragedy Revisited, her 

5895
05:28:35,600 --> 05:28:39,100
life when her sister Peggy died.
Though, they had not spent as 

5896
05:28:39,100 --> 05:28:42,400
much time together recently 
losing a sibling reignited. 

5897
05:28:42,400 --> 05:28:45,900
Her sense of mortality. 
Each family lost bird 

5898
05:28:45,900 --> 05:28:48,900
reflection. 
Why does fate entwine sorrow and

5899
05:28:48,908 --> 05:28:51,700
joy? 
So tightly She found partial 

5900
05:28:51,700 --> 05:28:54,600
answers in her face, which had 
grown more Earnest since 

5901
05:28:54,600 --> 05:28:57,300
Hamilton's death. 
Eliza turned to church 

5902
05:28:57,300 --> 05:29:00,400
communities for Comfort 
simultaneously offering her 

5903
05:29:00,400 --> 05:29:02,200
organizational skills to Parish 
events. 

5904
05:29:03,300 --> 05:29:05,900
Slowly, the Hamilton household 
stabilized. 

5905
05:29:06,600 --> 05:29:09,800
Debts were gradually paid off 
the children advance in their 

5906
05:29:09,800 --> 05:29:12,700
studies or commenced 
livelihoods, Eliza's 

5907
05:29:12,700 --> 05:29:15,900
philanthropic projects, 
flourished, earning her quiet 

5908
05:29:15,900 --> 05:29:19,500
admiration, across class lines, 
life was by no means. 

5909
05:29:19,500 --> 05:29:23,900
Carefree money was tight social 
slights stung but she navigated 

5910
05:29:23,900 --> 05:29:27,200
each challenge with calm 
determination by middle age. 

5911
05:29:27,200 --> 05:29:30,500
She stood as a testament to 
endurance weaving, heartbreak 

5912
05:29:30,500 --> 05:29:34,600
Duty and service into a tapestry
that gave her a renewed sense of

5913
05:29:34,600 --> 05:29:38,800
mission as decades rolled on 
Eliza entered a reflective phase

5914
05:29:38,800 --> 05:29:41,200
of life. 
She remained in New York though.

5915
05:29:41,200 --> 05:29:44,200
The city changed around her 
evolving from a 

5916
05:29:44,200 --> 05:29:46,300
post-revolutionary port into a 
bustling Metropolis. 

5917
05:29:46,300 --> 05:29:49,600
She occasionally visited her 
beloved, Sheila mansion in 

5918
05:29:49,608 --> 05:29:52,500
Albany now, quieter and steeped 
in nostalgia. 

5919
05:29:53,500 --> 05:29:55,600
Time. 
She walked the garden paths 

5920
05:29:55,600 --> 05:29:58,700
where she wants courted. 
Alexander reminded of both, the 

5921
05:29:58,700 --> 05:30:01,600
innocence of Youth and the 
seismic shift that had sculpted 

5922
05:30:01,600 --> 05:30:04,000
her fate. 
During the War of 1812. 

5923
05:30:04,000 --> 05:30:08,300
When the US again, clashed with 
Britain, Eliza worried for her 

5924
05:30:08,300 --> 05:30:12,200
sons some of whom served in the 
conflict, memories of the 

5925
05:30:12,200 --> 05:30:14,500
Revolution merged with fresh 
anxieties. 

5926
05:30:14,500 --> 05:30:17,700
She found the national mood 
reminiscent of her childhood 

5927
05:30:17,700 --> 05:30:21,900
uncertainty pride and the 
determination to defend 

5928
05:30:21,900 --> 05:30:24,400
Independence though. 
She was no longer at the 

5929
05:30:24,408 --> 05:30:28,300
Forefront of patriotic further. 
She contributed by donating to 

5930
05:30:28,300 --> 05:30:30,300
relief efforts for soldiers 
families. 

5931
05:30:31,400 --> 05:30:35,200
The orphan Asylum Society also 
expanded its reach taking in 

5932
05:30:35,200 --> 05:30:37,300
children, orphaned by this new 
war. 

5933
05:30:38,000 --> 05:30:40,600
Family events, punctuated her 
life with both grief and 

5934
05:30:40,600 --> 05:30:46,900
celebration, her father Philip 
Schuyler passed away in 1804 my 

5935
05:30:46,900 --> 05:30:48,800
months. 
After Hamilton's death, her 

5936
05:30:48,800 --> 05:30:52,900
mother, Catherine died in 1803. 
So Eliza found herself 

5937
05:30:52,900 --> 05:30:55,200
increasingly the matriarch of a 
sprawling Clan. 

5938
05:30:55,200 --> 05:30:57,700
Grandchildren eventually came 
into the picture. 

5939
05:30:57,700 --> 05:31:01,500
She watched them with pride 
telling stories of their heroic 

5940
05:31:01,500 --> 05:31:04,100
grandfather. 
These Tales often alluded to 

5941
05:31:04,100 --> 05:31:07,800
Hamilton's intellectual prowess 
omitting, the specifics of his 

5942
05:31:07,800 --> 05:31:11,500
downfall, Eliza believed that 
preserving his better qualities 

5943
05:31:11,500 --> 05:31:15,200
would Inspire young Generations.
A notable shift occurred in the 

5944
05:31:15,208 --> 05:31:18,200
1820s. 
When John Church Hamilton one of

5945
05:31:18,200 --> 05:31:21,500
her son's began collecting 
material for a biography of his 

5946
05:31:21,500 --> 05:31:24,400
father, Eliza became an 
essential collaborator. 

5947
05:31:24,400 --> 05:31:27,800
Providing letters anecdotes and 
clarifications. 

5948
05:31:27,800 --> 05:31:31,900
Her memory was sharp despite her
advancing age. she recalled 

5949
05:31:31,900 --> 05:31:35,900
specific conversations recounted
legislative battles and recalled

5950
05:31:35,900 --> 05:31:39,000
the exact inflection in 
Hamilton's voice when he debated

5951
05:31:39,000 --> 05:31:42,500
a point of law, many historians 
would later Marvel at her 

5952
05:31:42,500 --> 05:31:45,400
Recollections which filled gaps 
in the archival record. 

5953
05:31:46,400 --> 05:31:48,900
It was as if she carried a 
living library of Hamilton's 

5954
05:31:48,900 --> 05:31:52,200
life in her heart, yet that 
collaboration was not free of 

5955
05:31:52,200 --> 05:31:55,100
emotional toll. 
Revisiting, the events leading 

5956
05:31:55,100 --> 05:31:57,500
up to the duel. 
Forced her to confront Old, 

5957
05:31:57,500 --> 05:32:00,400
Wounds tears, occasionally 
halted, her storytelling. 

5958
05:32:01,400 --> 05:32:03,800
Specially, when she recounted 
the final hours of Hamilton's 

5959
05:32:03,800 --> 05:32:06,100
life. 
John Church pressed, gently 

5960
05:32:06,100 --> 05:32:10,700
wanting to capture every detail 
for posterity Eliza sensing the 

5961
05:32:10,708 --> 05:32:14,700
greater purpose persevered. 
She recognized that telling 

5962
05:32:14,700 --> 05:32:17,200
Hamilton's story might help the 
nation, appreciate the 

5963
05:32:17,200 --> 05:32:19,700
foundations, he helped lay 
structures. 

5964
05:32:19,700 --> 05:32:22,600
Like the treasury Department, 
the national bank and the 

5965
05:32:22,600 --> 05:32:27,500
concept of federal credit In 
1828 she traveled briefly to 

5966
05:32:27,500 --> 05:32:30,600
Washington, DC invited by 
friends who remembered her 

5967
05:32:30,600 --> 05:32:34,300
philanthropic achievements. 
The capital had grown since her 

5968
05:32:34,300 --> 05:32:36,900
early visits. 
Monuments dotted the landscape 

5969
05:32:36,900 --> 05:32:41,200
celebrating founding fathers. 
She experienced a bitter, sweet 

5970
05:32:41,208 --> 05:32:44,300
Pride passing tributes to men. 
Hamilton had worked alongside, 

5971
05:32:44,300 --> 05:32:48,000
George Washington, Thomas, 
Jefferson and James Madison. 

5972
05:32:49,100 --> 05:32:51,900
Some pointed out the conspicuous
absence of Hamilton's own 

5973
05:32:51,900 --> 05:32:54,000
Monument. 
She Shrugged it off. 

5974
05:32:54,000 --> 05:32:57,200
Insisting that the measure of a 
person's influence may not in 

5975
05:32:57,200 --> 05:33:01,400
stone Effigies, but in living 
institutions with the passage of

5976
05:33:01,400 --> 05:33:04,400
time, she became more candid 
about the Reynolds Scandal 

5977
05:33:04,400 --> 05:33:06,700
though. 
Still discreet in private 

5978
05:33:06,700 --> 05:33:09,100
conversations. 
She admitted the pain, had never

5979
05:33:09,100 --> 05:33:12,000
vanished but she framed it. 
As a testament to the flawed 

5980
05:33:12,000 --> 05:33:16,000
Humanity, even brilliant people 
carry The capacity to forgive 

5981
05:33:16,000 --> 05:33:19,500
reflected a deep spirituality. 
She attended church regularly, 

5982
05:33:19,500 --> 05:33:22,600
praying for Unity in a country 
that seemed perpetually on the 

5983
05:33:22,608 --> 05:33:26,100
brink of new conflicts, 
Nullification Crisis debates 

5984
05:33:26,100 --> 05:33:29,500
over slavery, and the push 
Westward Living Well into her 

5985
05:33:29,508 --> 05:33:31,900
golden years. 
She gathered, a tight circle of 

5986
05:33:31,900 --> 05:33:34,700
confidants often. 
They found her mending clothing 

5987
05:33:34,700 --> 05:33:37,300
for Orphan children or 
proofreading a letter for John 

5988
05:33:37,300 --> 05:33:41,100
Church's next manuscript draft. 
She rarely sought to claim for 

5989
05:33:41,100 --> 05:33:44,700
her charitable work. 
If praise, she gently redirected

5990
05:33:44,700 --> 05:33:48,400
attention to the cause itself 
for her the real Triumph for 

5991
05:33:48,408 --> 05:33:50,400
ensuring children had a chance 
at life. 

5992
05:33:51,200 --> 05:33:53,900
Just as the nation's Founders 
had tried to secure opportunity 

5993
05:33:53,900 --> 05:33:58,700
for future Generations. 
In 1832, she experienced another

5994
05:33:58,700 --> 05:34:00,900
heartbreak, when her oldest son,
Philip Jr. 

5995
05:34:00,900 --> 05:34:03,100
Passed away. 
After a struggle with illness 

5996
05:34:03,100 --> 05:34:08,000
each loss reminded her of times 
Relentless March, yet her face 

5997
05:34:08,000 --> 05:34:09,800
and familial bonds kept her 
grounded. 

5998
05:34:09,800 --> 05:34:13,600
She wrote that her love for God.
And for the late General 

5999
05:34:13,600 --> 05:34:16,200
Hamilton fortified her soul 
against despair. 

6000
05:34:17,200 --> 05:34:19,500
Approaching 80 Elizabeth 
Schuyler. 

6001
05:34:20,200 --> 05:34:22,900
Hamilton was more than a relic 
of a revolutionary era. 

6002
05:34:22,900 --> 05:34:26,300
She was a living Narrative of 
strength, weaving, personal 

6003
05:34:26,300 --> 05:34:29,000
tragedy, and national memory 
into a single tapestry of 

6004
05:34:29,000 --> 05:34:33,300
compassion, and Hope. 
Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton live

6005
05:34:33,300 --> 05:34:35,900
to see Andrew Jackson's 
presidency in the beginnings of 

6006
05:34:35,900 --> 05:34:39,600
the Industrial Revolution. 
She watched America morph into a

6007
05:34:39,600 --> 05:34:41,700
nation. 
Both deeply reflective of its 

6008
05:34:41,700 --> 05:34:44,300
revolutionary roots and 
straining toward modernity. 

6009
05:34:44,300 --> 05:34:49,100
Railroads, spread factories 
arose, this political scene 

6010
05:34:49,100 --> 05:34:51,800
erupted with fresh tensions, 
over states' rights and 

6011
05:34:51,800 --> 05:34:55,400
potential expansion. 
By now Eliza was considered a 

6012
05:34:55,408 --> 05:34:58,600
venerable figure. 
One of the last living links to 

6013
05:34:58,600 --> 05:35:00,100
the nation's founding 
generation. 

6014
05:35:00,900 --> 05:35:03,800
In her final years. 
She resided in a modest home in 

6015
05:35:03,800 --> 05:35:07,200
Washington DC partly to be near 
some of her children. 

6016
05:35:08,300 --> 05:35:11,700
The city had matured since the 
muddy partly built Capital. 

6017
05:35:11,700 --> 05:35:15,900
She wants new She took quite 
walks with visitors reflecting 

6018
05:35:15,900 --> 05:35:17,600
on how her husband had helped 
shape. 

6019
05:35:17,600 --> 05:35:19,800
The financial systems that the 
field such growth. 

6020
05:35:20,600 --> 05:35:23,300
Political leaders, occasionally 
sought her out for anecdotal 

6021
05:35:23,300 --> 05:35:26,400
insights, hoping to glean from 
her personal glimpses into 

6022
05:35:26,400 --> 05:35:28,100
Hamilton strategies and 
relationships. 

6023
05:35:28,100 --> 05:35:31,300
She obliged politely though. 
She often reminded them that 

6024
05:35:31,300 --> 05:35:34,400
real progress. 
Required fresh ideas, not mean 

6025
05:35:34,400 --> 05:35:36,900
nostalgia. 
Her commitment to philanthropy 

6026
05:35:36,900 --> 05:35:40,800
Neville waned, even in advanced 
stage, she attended orphan. 

6027
05:35:40,800 --> 05:35:44,100
Asylum society meeting when 
possible offering guidance on 

6028
05:35:44,100 --> 05:35:45,700
fundraising and Resource 
Management. 

6029
05:35:45,700 --> 05:35:49,100
Young younger trustees listened,
intently aware. 

6030
05:35:49,100 --> 05:35:51,400
That the society is founding 
mother was still sharp. 

6031
05:35:51,400 --> 05:35:53,700
Despite her Frailty in many 
ways. 

6032
05:35:53,700 --> 05:35:57,100
The orphanage of become a symbol
of her life's work caring for 

6033
05:35:57,100 --> 05:35:59,800
the vulnerable preserving hope 
amidst adversity. 

6034
05:36:00,500 --> 05:36:03,200
Ensuring the completeness of 
John Church Hamilton's father's 

6035
05:36:03,200 --> 05:36:05,900
biography was one of her most 
cherished final projects. 

6036
05:36:06,600 --> 05:36:10,000
She reviewed the final drafts. 
contributing details, she'd 

6037
05:36:10,000 --> 05:36:13,200
previously withheld or forgotten
She emphasized Hamilton's 

6038
05:36:13,200 --> 05:36:17,000
unwavering dedication to the 
union, his Progressive stances 

6039
05:36:17,000 --> 05:36:20,200
on federal power, and his 
unrelenting push for financial 

6040
05:36:20,200 --> 05:36:23,000
stability. 
Some editorial, disagreements 

6041
05:36:23,000 --> 05:36:27,000
arose, particularly around the 
Reynolds Affair, but Eliza 

6042
05:36:27,000 --> 05:36:29,600
insisted on honesty, tempered by
grace. 

6043
05:36:30,600 --> 05:36:33,400
The published volumes, they're 
not immediate bestsellers, 

6044
05:36:33,400 --> 05:36:36,400
gradually shaped public, 
understanding of Hamilton's 

6045
05:36:36,400 --> 05:36:39,500
Legacy. 
As her health declined, her 

6046
05:36:39,500 --> 05:36:42,800
family closed, ranks around her 
letters from grandchildren. 

6047
05:36:42,800 --> 05:36:45,000
Poor in stories of their 
studies. 

6048
05:36:45,000 --> 05:36:49,400
Their marriages, their small, 
triumphs Eliza's once robust 

6049
05:36:49,400 --> 05:36:52,600
figure had become frail, but her
mind held firm. 

6050
05:36:53,200 --> 05:36:56,500
She reminisced about ballrooms 
in Albany, the swirling War 

6051
05:36:56,500 --> 05:36:59,900
councils at her childhood home, 
and the day, she first locked 

6052
05:36:59,900 --> 05:37:03,300
eyes with a smaller, a Brash 
young officer in Revolutionary 

6053
05:37:03,300 --> 05:37:05,800
guard. 
Occasional visitors found her 

6054
05:37:05,800 --> 05:37:09,200
reading The Federalist Papers by
candlelight. as if we 

6055
05:37:09,200 --> 05:37:12,600
acquainting herself with 
Hamilton's voice, She also kept 

6056
05:37:12,600 --> 05:37:16,200
a well-worn Bible reflecting a 
faith that had void her through 

6057
05:37:16,200 --> 05:37:20,700
heartbreak after heartbreak. 
Prayer to her was less about 

6058
05:37:20,700 --> 05:37:23,400
ceremony and more about 
continuous conversation with a 

6059
05:37:23,400 --> 05:37:27,400
higher power that a guided her 
from water widowhood in these 

6060
05:37:27,400 --> 05:37:31,000
final dialogues with God. 
She found peace certain that her

6061
05:37:31,000 --> 05:37:34,500
labors both familiar and 
charitable held meaning Beyond 

6062
05:37:34,500 --> 05:37:38,300
mortal life. 
Elizabeth Sheila Hamilton died 

6063
05:37:38,300 --> 05:37:43,800
on November the 9th 1854 at the 
age of 97 her passing marked the

6064
05:37:43,808 --> 05:37:47,400
end of an era obituaries praised
her dedication to preserving 

6065
05:37:47,400 --> 05:37:51,500
Alexander Hamilton's Legacy and 
championing charitable causes 

6066
05:37:51,500 --> 05:37:54,900
Publications were recounted her 
Devotion to the orphan Asylum 

6067
05:37:54,900 --> 05:37:58,300
society and her unwavering 
presence during the tumultuous 

6068
05:37:58,300 --> 05:38:03,100
birth of the Republic. while she
never held public office her 

6069
05:38:03,100 --> 05:38:05,100
influence was palpable in the 
community. 

6070
05:38:05,100 --> 05:38:07,900
She served and in The Narrative 
of America's founding. 

6071
05:38:09,100 --> 05:38:11,800
She was buried near her husband 
in the graveyard of Trinity 

6072
05:38:11,800 --> 05:38:15,900
Church in Manhattan reuniting 
them in Eternal rest beneath the

6073
05:38:15,900 --> 05:38:18,800
city skyline. 
He had once helped transform for

6074
05:38:18,800 --> 05:38:22,100
decades the memory of her 
kindness lingered in the stories

6075
05:38:22,100 --> 05:38:25,800
told by those who knew her. 
A woman who had endured Scandal 

6076
05:38:25,800 --> 05:38:29,600
and dual driven tragedy, only to
emerge as a symbol of Grace. 

6077
05:38:30,400 --> 05:38:33,500
In the decades following her 
death interest in Hamilton's 

6078
05:38:33,500 --> 05:38:37,500
financial genius grew spurred by
economic expansions and civil 

6079
05:38:37,500 --> 05:38:40,500
conflict. 
Historians found in Eliza's 

6080
05:38:40,500 --> 05:38:43,300
carefully guarded letters, a 
trove of insight into The Man 

6081
05:38:43,300 --> 05:38:46,000
Behind the policies. 
Her philanthropic Legacy. 

6082
05:38:46,000 --> 05:38:49,100
Endured with the orphanage, 
continuing to serve children 

6083
05:38:49,100 --> 05:38:53,200
well, into the Modern Age over 
time as the nation wrestled with

6084
05:38:53,200 --> 05:38:55,100
the complexities of its founding
ideals. 

6085
05:38:55,100 --> 05:38:57,900
The figure of Eliza gained 
renewed appreciation. 

6086
05:38:59,100 --> 05:39:02,400
She was not merely the devoted 
wife of a founding father, but a

6087
05:39:02,400 --> 05:39:04,600
quiet architect of social 
welfare and historical 

6088
05:39:04,600 --> 05:39:08,500
stewardship in her own right? 
To this day visitors at 

6089
05:39:08,500 --> 05:39:10,700
Hamilton's grave site. 
Often spare a moment for 

6090
05:39:10,700 --> 05:39:13,100
Elizabeth Sheila, Hamilton her 
story. 

6091
05:39:13,100 --> 05:39:16,200
Underscores, how the quieter 
characters of History can 

6092
05:39:16,200 --> 05:39:17,800
profoundly shape a nation's 
ethos