Boring History | How Did Napoleon Lose to a Bunch of Rabbits? | Rain Sounds Relaxation

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Hello, friends. 
Tonight we're diving into one of

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History's, more unexpected 
battles. 

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When Napoleon Bonaparte, conquer
of Europe, found himself on the 

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losing side of a rabbit hunt 
gone, horribly wrong. 

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It was supposed to be a grand 
celebration, and after noon of 

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sport with hundreds of rabbits, 
released for the chase. 

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So before you get comfortable, 
as always, take a moment to like

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the video and subscribe to the 
channel. 

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Also, please let us know where 
you're watching from and what 

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time it is for you. 
It's intriguing. 

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How something like this can 
happen right now, dim your 

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lights, turn on a fan for some 
noise. 

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And let's see how interesting 
this gets. 

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You know how sometimes the most 
ridiculous moments in history 

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happen, then powerful people try
to do something perfectly 

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normal. 
Well, settle in because you're 

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about to hear about the time. 
Napoleon Bonaparte conquer of 

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Europe. 
France the man who redrew the 

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map of the world got completely 
overwhelmed by a bunch of fluffy

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rabbits. 
Imagine Napoleon in July 1807 

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when his power was at its peak, 
he is just signed the Treaty of 

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tilsit with the Russia, which 
essentially divides Europe 

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between him and Tsar, Alexander 
the phone as if they are 

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splitting a pizza. 
The treaty negotiations, took 

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place on a wrath in the middle 
of the niemen river. 

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Sounds uncomfortable, but was 
apparently the fashionable way 

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to conduct International 
diplomacy back then. 

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Napoleon is feeling pretty good 
about himself. 

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He's 37 years old, ruler of an 
Empire that stretches from Spain

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to Poland and he's just 
convinced one of Europe's. 

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Most powerful rulers to be his 
friend instead of his enemy. 

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In his mind, the occasion calls 
for a celebration, this is not 

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just any celebration but one 
that is fittingly Imperial and 

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manly. 
So, what does the emperor of 

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France decide to do? 
He wants to go hunting. 

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Specifically, he wants to go 
rabbit hunting. 

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Now, this may seem like a 
perfectly reasonable way for a 

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powerful man to decompress. 
After all hunting was the 

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traditional pastime of European 
nobility it showed you, had 

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Leisure Time, excellent, aim and
weren't afraid to get a little 

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dirt under your fingernails. 
This is where Napoleon's 

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personality begins to emerge. 
Napoleon cannot simply go 

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hunting like any other 
individual. 

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Everything has to be grand. 
Everything has to be perfect and

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everything has to make a 
statement. 

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He doesn't want to wander 
through the woods, so hoping to 

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spot a rabbit or two, he desires
a hunt that is not only Grand, 

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but also spectacular the hunt 
that will leave a lasting 

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impression. 
He turns to his chief of staff, 

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Alex, Sandra Bertier, and tells 
him to organize a rabbit hunt. 

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This is not just any rabbit hunt
but a hunt fit for an emperor. 

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Bertier, who has dealt with 
Napoleon's grandiose ideas for 

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years probably sized internally,
but immediately gets to work. 

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After all, if your boss is just 
conquered most of Europe, you 

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don't argue with him about party
planning, the location. 

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Chosen is the grounds around 
melisten Napoleon's country 

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estate. 
It's a beautiful property with 

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Rolling Hills scattered woods 
and plenty of open space. 

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Perfect for a Hunting Party. 
The plan is simple, invite all 

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the important Military Officers 
and government officials 

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released hundreds of rabbits 
into the countryside, and then 

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have a grand time, chasing them 
down. 

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You can imagine Napoleon's 
excitement as the plans come 

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together. 
These probably pacing around his

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study hands clasped behind his 
back in that famous, Posse 

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detailing, exactly. 
How he wants everything 

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arranged, the weapons must be 
cleaned and prepared. 

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The Refreshments must be 
perfect, and then must be many 

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rabbits. 
This phase is where 308 starts 

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to earn his reputation. 
As one of his most competent 

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staff officers, he understands 
that his Emperor doesn't just 

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want a Hunting Party. 
He wants a hunting party that 

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will become a legend. 
Bertier starts the planning 

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process with the same 
meticulousness. 

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He would apply to a military 
campaign. 

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First, he needs to secure the 
hunting grounds. 

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The estate must be properly 
prepared with beta's position to

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drive the rabbits toward the 
hunters. 

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Then there's the matter of 
weapons, fine. 

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Hunting rifles, for all the 
guests, properly maintained and 

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sighted food. 
And drink should also be 

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provided for the guests as they 
will undoubtedly engage in a 

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lengthy day of outdoor 
activities. 

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They need to arrange 
transportation to and from the 

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hunting grounds. 
It's starting to sound less like

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a casual afternoon and more like
a logistical operation. 

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But most importantly, Bertier 
needs rabbits Bertier, requires 

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an abundance of rabbits. 
The year is 1807, so it's not 

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like he can just call up a 
rabbit supplier and place an 

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order. 
He needs to find someone who can

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provide hundreds of rabbits, on 
short notice. 

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And they need to be the right 
kind of rabbits, healthy 

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numerous and suitable for an 
imperial Hunting Party. 

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As you drift off to night 
picture, Napoleon in his study 

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completely absorbed in planning,
what he thinks will be a perfect

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day of hunting with no idea that
he is about to face one of the 

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most embarrassing moments of his
career. 

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So there's beta and Napoleon's 
most trusted organizer faceing. 

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What might seem like a simple 
task? 

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Get some rabbits for the 
emperor's hunting party but you 

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know how it is when your boss 
wants something done perfectly 

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suddenly, even the simplest job 
comes complicated. 

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Bertier starts by doing what any
sensible person would do. 

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He asks around? 
Where does one acquire? 

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Several hundred rabbits for a 
Hunting Party. 

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It's not exactly the kind of 
question that comes up in normal

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conversation. 
Oh, by the way, do you know 

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anyone who has a few hundred 
rabbits lying around asking for 

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an emperor? 
The answer it turns out is local

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farmers and rabbit breeders. 
In early 19th century, France 

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rabbit. 
Farming was actually quite 

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common rabbits were reliable 
source of meat and fur. 

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They reproduced quickly, and 
they didn't require much space 

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or expensive. 
Feed your average French farmer.

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Probably had a dozen or so 
Rapids, in Hutch's behind his 

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house. 
The Bertier, doesn't need a 

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doesn't rabbits. 
He needs hundreds. 

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So he starts sending out his 
assistant to every farm and 

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rabbit. 
Breeder, within a day's travel 

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of males on the message is 
simple. 

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The emperor needs rabbits and he
needs them by a specific date. 

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Money is no object. 
Now, you can imagine the 

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conversations this must have 
sparked in, French Farmhouse 

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houses. 
The emperor wants. 

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Our rabbits does the emperor 
want them all the hunting? 

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Well, if Bonaparte wants Rapids 
Bonaparte gets Rapids, It 

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probably seemed like the most 
patriotic thing. 

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A rabbit farmer could do for 
France. 

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Word spreads quickly through the
farming communities imperial 

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agents soon contact every 
rabbit, breeder in the region, 

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the demand is so high. 
That people start bringing 

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rabbits from farther and farther
away, carts full of rabbit 

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cages, start rolling toward 
melames on from all directions. 

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But here's where things get 
intriguing and we're Bertier 

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makes what historians now 
recognized as a crucial error So

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focused on getting enough 
rabbits that he doesn't pay 

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close attention to what kind 
he's getting. 

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You see, there are basically two
types of rabbits, you might 

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encounter in this situation. 
There are wild rabbits, the kind

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that live in the woods and 
Fields that are naturally wary 

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of humans and will run away. 
The moment, they are released, 

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these are the rabbits that would
make for proper hunting skittish

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Swift and inclined to scatter in
all directions. 

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The moment they sense danger, 
then there are domestic rabbits,

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the kind that farmers raise for 
meat and fur. 

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These rabbits have been bred for
generations to be docile 

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well-fed and comfortable around 
humans. 

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They used to being handled and 
used to being fed by people and 

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they associate humans with food 
and safety rather than Danger. 

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30A in his rush to fulfill 
Napoleon's. 

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Order ends up with a mix of both
types. 

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But here's the problem, the 
domestic rabbits vastly, 

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outnumber the Wild Ones, most 
local farmers and breeders are 

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supplying domestic rabbits 
because they have a larger 

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quantity of them and domestic 
rabbits, it turns out behave 

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very differently from wild. 
Rabbits, when released into the 

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countryside, as the day of the 
hunter approaches hundreds of 

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rabbits in wooden. 
Cages are being transported to 

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melanism. 
The logistics alone are 

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impressive. 
We've got dozens of carts each 

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loaded with rabbit cages 
converging on Napoleon's. 

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Estate the rabbits are fed and 
watered kept in the shade and 

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generally treated better than 
many soldiers in the Napoleon's 

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Army. 
The staff at malmas on, is 

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probably a bit bewildered by the
whole operation. 

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The stable boys are suddenly 
dealing with hundreds of rabbits

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and stead of Horses. 
The groundskeepers are being 

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asked to help prepare release 
points for the rabbits. 

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The kitchen staff is also 
involved. 

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As they must provide food for 
all the rabbits until the hunt 

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day. 
Meanwhile, Napoleon is getting 

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more and more excited about his 
upcoming Hunting Party. 

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Napoleon is likely examining his
hunting rifle strategizing with 

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his officers and envisioning. 
The tales that will unfold from 

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This Magnificent hunt. 
In his mind, it's going to be a 

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perfect day. 
Good weather, good company. 

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And plenty of rabbits to provide
exciting sport. 

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Bertier. 
Meanwhile is dealing with the 

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Practical details. 
Could you please advise on the 

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optimal location for releasing 
the rabbits? 

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How many should be released at 
once? 

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Should they be released all at 
the same time or in waves to 

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keep the hunting interesting 
throughout the day? 

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These are the kinds of questions
that don't come up in military 

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planning, but they're crucial 
for a successful Hunting Party. 

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The decision is made to release 
all the rabbits at once from 

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several different points around 
the hunting grounds, the move 

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should provide plenty of targets
and ensure that the rabbit 

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scattering, all directions, 
giving everyone a good chance at

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some hunting. 
It seems like a perfectly 

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reasonable plan, as you go to 
bed, imagine the rabbits in 

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their cages unaware that they 
are about to make history in the

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most unexpected way, the morning
of the great rabbit hunt dorms 

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clear and bright the kind of 
summer day. 

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That makes you want to be 
outside doing something active. 

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Napoleon wakes up in an 
excellent mood. 

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Probably humming to himself as 
he gets dressed in his hunting 

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outfit. 
He's chosen his clothes 

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carefully, elegant. 
But practical, the fitting and 

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Emperor who's about to 
demonstrate his prowess. 

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In the field, you can picture 
him standing in front of his 

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mirror, adjusting his coat. 
Making sure everything is 

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perfect. 
This isn't just a hunting trip. 

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It's a performance. 
Napoleon wants to present 

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himself as a masterful huntsman 
to all the important people in 

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his government and Military who 
will be present. 

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The guest. 
Star arriving at malm in the 

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late morning. 
These aren't just casual friends

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invited for a day of sport. 
These are the power Brokers of 

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the French Empire, Military 
Officers, who've helped Napoleon

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conquer Europe. 
Government officials who run his

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administration and diplomats who
negotiate his treaties, 

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Everyone's dressed in their 
finest hunting attire, carrying 

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beautiful rifles. 
Looking forward to a day of 

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Imperial entertainment. 
The atmosphere is festive and 

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relaxed after years of constant 
Warfare. 

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Everyone's ready for a break. 
The Treaty of tilsit has brought

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to Temporary peace to Europe and
For first time in years 

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Napoleon's in a circle can 
gather without discussing 

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military campaigns or political 
crises. 

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It's just going to be a pleasant
day of hunting tasty food and 

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masculine 38. 
Meanwhile is running around 

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making sure everything is 
perfect. 

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He's coordinating with the 
beaters, who will drive the 

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rabbits toward the hunters. 
Checking that the refreshment 

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stations of properly stopped and
making sure all the rifles are 

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in excellent working order. 
He is also supervising the final

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preparation for the Rapid 
Release. 

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Throughout the hunting grounds. 
The rabbits themselves are 

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placed in key, locations of 
cages are scattered through the 

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woods and Fields. 
Each one containing several 

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rabbits ready to be released on 
Signal Plan is beautifully 

233
00:11:25,700 --> 00:11:27,900
simple. 
When Napoleon gives the word, 

234
00:11:27,900 --> 00:11:30,100
all the cages will be open 
simultaneously. 

235
00:11:30,100 --> 00:11:33,400
Releasing a small army of 
rabbits into the countryside. 

236
00:11:34,100 --> 00:11:36,700
The hunters will then fan out 
and begin their sport. 

237
00:11:37,500 --> 00:11:40,600
What nobody realizes that the 
majority of these rabbits have 

238
00:11:40,600 --> 00:11:42,300
spent their entire lives in 
captivity. 

239
00:11:42,300 --> 00:11:47,300
They've been hand-fed by Farmers
handled by humans and generally 

240
00:11:47,300 --> 00:11:49,700
treated as livestock rather than
wild animals. 

241
00:11:50,600 --> 00:11:52,400
They don't have the instincts 
that would make them good 

242
00:11:52,400 --> 00:11:54,000
hunting targets, they don't 
know. 

243
00:11:54,000 --> 00:11:55,500
They're supposed to be afraid of
humans. 

244
00:11:57,200 --> 00:12:00,400
The Hunting Party gathers in the
main field and Napoleon gives a 

245
00:12:00,400 --> 00:12:02,100
little speech about the days 
activities. 

246
00:12:02,100 --> 00:12:06,400
He's in his element commanding 
attention, setting the tone for 

247
00:12:06,400 --> 00:12:07,900
what he expects to be a 
memorable day. 

248
00:12:07,900 --> 00:12:11,700
The rifles are loaded, the 
beaters are in position and 

249
00:12:11,700 --> 00:12:13,500
everyone's ready for the grand 
release. 

250
00:12:14,500 --> 00:12:17,800
Berta gives the signal and all 
across the hunting grounds cage,

251
00:12:17,800 --> 00:12:21,300
doors, swing open. 
Hundreds of rabbits, hop out 

252
00:12:21,300 --> 00:12:24,200
into the sunshine, probably 
blinking in the southern 

253
00:12:24,200 --> 00:12:26,900
brightness and looking around to
get their bearings. 

254
00:12:28,300 --> 00:12:31,000
For brief moment, everything 
appears to be proceeding as 

255
00:12:31,008 --> 00:12:33,600
planned. 
The hunters spread out across 

256
00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:37,400
the field rifles, ready 
expecting the rabbits to scatter

257
00:12:37,400 --> 00:12:39,900
in all directions and provide 
them with moving targets. 

258
00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:43,600
Napoleon himself takes a 
position in the center of the 

259
00:12:43,600 --> 00:12:44,900
field. 
Probably. 

260
00:12:44,900 --> 00:12:47,800
Feeling very satisfied with how 
well everything is organized. 

261
00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:51,800
But then something unexpected 
happens instead of running away 

262
00:12:51,800 --> 00:12:54,000
from the humans. 
The rabbits start moving toward 

263
00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:57,700
them, not just a few rabbits, 
but dozens of them, then 

264
00:12:57,700 --> 00:13:01,000
hundreds, they're hopping across
the field with what appears to 

265
00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:02,800
be. 
Determination heading straight 

266
00:13:02,800 --> 00:13:06,100
for the hunting party. 
At first, the scene probably 

267
00:13:06,100 --> 00:13:09,100
seems amusing rather than 
alarming, maybe Napoleon 

268
00:13:09,100 --> 00:13:10,900
Chuckles and makes a joke about 
Brave. 

269
00:13:10,900 --> 00:13:13,100
Rabbits. 
Maybe some of the officers laugh

270
00:13:13,100 --> 00:13:15,600
about rabbits that don't know 
their supposed to be afraid of 

271
00:13:15,600 --> 00:13:18,300
hunters. 
It's quirky and unexpected but 

272
00:13:18,300 --> 00:13:22,300
not necessarily problematic, but
the rabbits keep coming and more

273
00:13:22,300 --> 00:13:25,700
rabbits, keep emerging from the 
woods and of providing moving 

274
00:13:25,700 --> 00:13:27,400
targets, running away from the 
hunters. 

275
00:13:27,400 --> 00:13:30,400
They're converging on the 
human's, like their expecting 

276
00:13:30,400 --> 00:13:33,100
something, which of course they 
are. 

277
00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:37,000
They are expecting to be fed, 
just like they've been fed every

278
00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:41,100
day of their lives. 
The Hunting Party Starts to 

279
00:13:41,100 --> 00:13:43,800
realize that something is going 
very wrong with their carefully 

280
00:13:43,800 --> 00:13:46,900
planned day of sport. 
These aren't wild rabbits 

281
00:13:46,900 --> 00:13:49,600
behaving, like wild rabbits, 
these are domestic. 

282
00:13:49,600 --> 00:13:52,700
Rabbits behaving, like domestic,
rabbits and domestic rabbits 

283
00:13:52,700 --> 00:13:55,100
have very different ideas about 
what humans are for. 

284
00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:59,100
As you drift off to sleep. 
Imagine Napoleon standing in 

285
00:13:59,100 --> 00:14:02,100
that field rifle. 
In he observing hundreds of 

286
00:14:02,108 --> 00:14:05,300
rabbits, hopping toward him with
an unmistakable confidence and 

287
00:14:05,300 --> 00:14:08,400
beginning, to realize that his 
perfect Hunting Party is about 

288
00:14:08,400 --> 00:14:11,400
to transform into something 
entirely differently. 

289
00:14:11,400 --> 00:14:14,300
Do you recall the moment when 
you become aware of a dire 

290
00:14:14,300 --> 00:14:17,300
situation, yet, uncertain about 
how to address it? 

291
00:14:17,300 --> 00:14:21,500
That's exactly where Napoleon 
finds himself as hundreds of 

292
00:14:21,508 --> 00:14:24,800
rabbits, continue hopping toward
the hunting party with what can 

293
00:14:24,800 --> 00:14:28,700
only be described as enthusiasm 
that first, the situation is 

294
00:14:28,700 --> 00:14:31,800
more puzzling than alarming. 
These are supposed to be praying

295
00:14:31,800 --> 00:14:35,000
animals after all their supposed
to run away when they see humans

296
00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:38,100
with rifles. 
Instead, there are approaching 

297
00:14:38,100 --> 00:14:41,500
like their expecting a handout. 
Some of the officers are still 

298
00:14:41,500 --> 00:14:45,000
chuckling nervously making jokes
about Fearless French rabbits 

299
00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:49,100
showing their patriotic spirit. 
That the rabbits keep coming and

300
00:14:49,100 --> 00:14:51,800
they're not just approaching 
their surrounding the hunting 

301
00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:53,900
party. 
It's like watching a slow 

302
00:14:53,900 --> 00:14:55,900
motion. 
Avalanche of fur, and floppy 

303
00:14:55,900 --> 00:14:58,500
ears. 
The rabbits hopped closer and 

304
00:14:58,500 --> 00:15:01,600
closer, and some of them start 
doing what domestic rabbits do 

305
00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:03,200
when they want attention from 
humans. 

306
00:15:03,200 --> 00:15:07,200
They start climbing picture, 
imagine Napoleon, the emperor of

307
00:15:07,200 --> 00:15:10,500
France and conqueror of Europe 
standing in a field As Rabbits, 

308
00:15:10,500 --> 00:15:14,300
begin hopping onto his boots, 
then onto his legs, then up with

309
00:15:14,308 --> 00:15:16,700
his coat. 
These aren't tiny rabbits, 

310
00:15:16,700 --> 00:15:19,800
either, these are well-fed farm,
rabbits, some of them weighing 

311
00:15:19,800 --> 00:15:22,100
several pounds each and they're 
treating Napoleon. 

312
00:15:22,100 --> 00:15:24,200
Like he's their favorite farmer 
coming to feed them. 

313
00:15:25,100 --> 00:15:27,100
The other Hunters are 
experiencing the same problem, 

314
00:15:27,100 --> 00:15:30,100
rabbits are climbing all over 
them getting tangled in their 

315
00:15:30,100 --> 00:15:32,700
hunting gear. 
Generally behaving like overly 

316
00:15:32,700 --> 00:15:34,700
Friendly Pets rather than Wild 
game. 

317
00:15:35,700 --> 00:15:38,100
Some of the officers are trying 
to gently push, the rabbits 

318
00:15:38,100 --> 00:15:39,800
away. 
That there are two many of them 

319
00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:44,400
and they keep coming. 
Napoleon's initial Amusement is 

320
00:15:44,400 --> 00:15:48,100
rapidly turning to irritation. 
This is not how an imperial 

321
00:15:48,100 --> 00:15:51,600
Hunting Party supposed to go. 
He supposed to be demonstrating 

322
00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:54,600
his Marksmanship enjoying 
civilized Sport with his 

323
00:15:54,600 --> 00:15:57,100
colleague's and creating stories
that will enhance his 

324
00:15:57,100 --> 00:16:00,300
reputation. 
Instead he's being overwhelmed 

325
00:16:00,300 --> 00:16:03,900
by affectionate rabbits the 
situation gets worse when the 

326
00:16:03,900 --> 00:16:06,300
rabbits starting more aggressive
behavior. 

327
00:16:07,200 --> 00:16:09,600
They're not aggressive in the 
sense of attacking but 

328
00:16:09,600 --> 00:16:12,300
aggressive in the sense of 
relentlessly pursuing their 

329
00:16:12,300 --> 00:16:15,500
desires and what they want 
having been trained by a 

330
00:16:15,500 --> 00:16:19,100
lifetime of human interaction is
food and attention from these 

331
00:16:19,100 --> 00:16:20,800
humans who have appeared in 
their territory. 

332
00:16:21,900 --> 00:16:24,600
Some of the larger rabbits begin
to exhibit Bolder Behavior. 

333
00:16:24,600 --> 00:16:27,800
They're not just climbing on the
hunters, there exploring 

334
00:16:27,800 --> 00:16:31,200
Pockets, chewing on clothing and
generally treating The Hunting 

335
00:16:31,200 --> 00:16:34,900
Party like a mobile petting zoo 
Napoleon finds himself with 

336
00:16:34,900 --> 00:16:38,300
rabbits in his coat Pockets 
rabbits tugging at his buttons 

337
00:16:38,300 --> 00:16:41,100
and rabbits that seemed 
determined to climb all the way 

338
00:16:41,100 --> 00:16:44,600
up to his shoulders. 
The rifles intended for hunting 

339
00:16:44,600 --> 00:16:46,500
turn into completely useless 
tools. 

340
00:16:46,500 --> 00:16:49,300
You can't shoot at rabbits that 
are climbing all over you 

341
00:16:49,300 --> 00:16:51,700
without risking injury, to 
yourself or your fellow hunters.

342
00:16:51,700 --> 00:16:54,700
And even if you could get a 
clear shot, these rabbits are so

343
00:16:54,708 --> 00:16:57,100
tame and friendly that shooting 
them would feel less like 

344
00:16:57,100 --> 00:16:59,900
hunting and more like Massacre. 
Their tier Watching This 

345
00:16:59,900 --> 00:17:03,000
Disaster unfold probably 
realizes exactly what went 

346
00:17:03,000 --> 00:17:05,300
wrong. 
Instead of encountering wild. 

347
00:17:05,300 --> 00:17:09,500
Rabbits beta has encountered 
domestic rabbits who view humans

348
00:17:09,500 --> 00:17:12,900
are sources of food and comfort 
rather than as potential 

349
00:17:12,900 --> 00:17:16,599
predators But realizing the 
problem and fixing it, a two 

350
00:17:16,599 --> 00:17:18,200
different things, especially 
when you're dealing with 

351
00:17:18,208 --> 00:17:21,700
hundreds of determined rabbits, 
the hunters try various 

352
00:17:21,700 --> 00:17:24,900
strategies to deal with their 
situation, some attempt to walk 

353
00:17:24,900 --> 00:17:27,400
away from the rabbits but the 
rabbit simply follow them. 

354
00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:29,600
Treating the scenario is a fun 
game. 

355
00:17:29,600 --> 00:17:33,300
Others try to shoo the rabbits 
away but the rabbits interpret 

356
00:17:33,300 --> 00:17:36,500
this as playful interaction and 
become even more enthusiastic 

357
00:17:36,500 --> 00:17:39,400
Napoleon. 
Meanwhile is getting genuinely 

358
00:17:39,400 --> 00:17:42,100
frustrated, he's trying to 
maintain his Imperial dignity 

359
00:17:42,100 --> 00:17:45,400
while literally covered in 
rabbits, every time he manages 

360
00:17:45,400 --> 00:17:48,300
to remove one rabbit from his 
personal two more take its 

361
00:17:48,300 --> 00:17:50,600
place. 
His carefully planned hunting. 

362
00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:53,200
Outfit is getting covered in 
rabbit for and possibly other 

363
00:17:53,200 --> 00:17:54,700
things that rabbits leave 
behind. 

364
00:17:55,600 --> 00:17:57,500
The other members of The Hunting
Party are having their 

365
00:17:57,500 --> 00:17:59,800
struggles. 
These men in Portland, 

366
00:17:59,800 --> 00:18:02,500
government officials and 
Military Officers are accustomed

367
00:18:02,500 --> 00:18:04,100
to receiving respect and 
deference. 

368
00:18:04,100 --> 00:18:07,900
Instead they're being treated 
like walking Rabbit toys by an 

369
00:18:07,900 --> 00:18:09,800
army of overly friendly farm 
animals. 

370
00:18:09,800 --> 00:18:13,200
The beaters who were supposed to
drive the rabbits toward the 

371
00:18:13,200 --> 00:18:15,500
hunters a standing around 
looking confused. 

372
00:18:15,500 --> 00:18:18,200
Their job was to make sure the 
rabbits ran in the right 

373
00:18:18,200 --> 00:18:20,200
direction. 
But these rabbits don't need to 

374
00:18:20,200 --> 00:18:23,300
be driven anywhere. 
The rabbits are precisely where 

375
00:18:23,300 --> 00:18:27,100
they should be swarming all over
the humans they believe of their

376
00:18:27,100 --> 00:18:29,800
to feed them. 
As the situation continues to 

377
00:18:29,800 --> 00:18:32,100
deteriorate, Napoleon starts 
giving orders. 

378
00:18:32,100 --> 00:18:35,900
He's a military commander after 
all and his instinct when faced 

379
00:18:35,900 --> 00:18:38,700
with a crisis is to take charge 
and start issuing commands. 

380
00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:41,900
What exactly do you instruct 
when you're being surrounded by 

381
00:18:41,900 --> 00:18:45,500
amiable rabbits Retreat from the
Rabbit, doesn't sound very 

382
00:18:45,500 --> 00:18:48,500
Imperial tonight. 
As you settle in picture, 

383
00:18:48,500 --> 00:18:52,000
Napoleon standing in that field 
is Imperial composure, beginning

384
00:18:52,000 --> 00:18:54,400
to crack as he realizes that 
he's about to suffer. 

385
00:18:54,400 --> 00:18:56,600
One of the most ridiculous 
defeats of his career. 

386
00:18:56,600 --> 00:18:59,700
At the hands of creatures, that 
weigh less than his boots. 

387
00:18:59,700 --> 00:19:03,000
Every disaster culminates in a 
realization that maintaining 

388
00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:06,000
dignity is no longer a luxury 
for Napoleon. 

389
00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:09,000
That moment arrives. 
When a particularly large rabbit

390
00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:12,100
managers to climb all the way 
up, his coat and perch on his 

391
00:19:12,100 --> 00:19:13,700
shoulder. 
Like some kind of furry 

392
00:19:13,700 --> 00:19:17,800
floppy-eared parrot, the emperor
of France, the man who was 

393
00:19:17,800 --> 00:19:21,000
stared down the armies of 
Austria Prussia and Russia finds

394
00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:24,300
himself in the utterly 
ridiculous position of being 

395
00:19:24,300 --> 00:19:27,600
unable to dislodge, a single 
rabbit from his personal without

396
00:19:27,600 --> 00:19:29,800
losing his balance and 
potentially falling over 

397
00:19:29,800 --> 00:19:33,000
naturally, doesn't have other 
rabbits surround His Feet 

398
00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:37,800
hopping back and forth rendering
any abrupt movement has a You 

399
00:19:37,800 --> 00:19:40,200
can imagine the thoughts going 
through Napoleon's head at this 

400
00:19:40,200 --> 00:19:42,200
moment. 
This is supposed to be a 

401
00:19:42,208 --> 00:19:45,200
relaxing day of Sport. 
The chance to unwind with his 

402
00:19:45,200 --> 00:19:48,300
closest Associates and enjoy 
some traditional aristocratic 

403
00:19:48,300 --> 00:19:53,300
entertainment Instead an army of
overly affectionate farm animals

404
00:19:53,300 --> 00:19:55,000
is treating him like a jungle 
gym. 

405
00:19:55,800 --> 00:19:57,600
The other Hunters are faring, 
know better. 

406
00:19:57,600 --> 00:20:00,600
The creatures that eat lettuce 
are defeating these seasoned 

407
00:20:00,600 --> 00:20:03,300
Military Officers who have 
charged into battle without 

408
00:20:03,300 --> 00:20:05,500
flinching. 
Some of them are trying to 

409
00:20:05,500 --> 00:20:08,600
maintain their composure, but 
it's hard to look dignified when

410
00:20:08,600 --> 00:20:11,100
you're covered in rabbit fur and
there's a rabbit trying to nest 

411
00:20:11,100 --> 00:20:14,900
in your hat. 
The situation reaches its peak. 

412
00:20:14,900 --> 00:20:18,900
When someone History doesn't 
record who makes the Fatal 

413
00:20:18,900 --> 00:20:20,800
mistake of trying to run away 
from the rabbits. 

414
00:20:21,600 --> 00:20:24,400
Perhaps, it's one of the younger
officers, someone who thinks he 

415
00:20:24,400 --> 00:20:27,100
can simply outrun the problem 
for running turns out to be 

416
00:20:27,108 --> 00:20:30,200
exactly the wrong strategy, 
because it triggers every 

417
00:20:30,200 --> 00:20:32,700
rabbits instinct to chase after 
something that's moving. 

418
00:20:33,500 --> 00:20:35,600
Suddenly in stead of just 
climbing on the stationary 

419
00:20:35,600 --> 00:20:38,000
humans, the rabbits start 
hopping off to the running 

420
00:20:38,000 --> 00:20:42,200
humans and rabbits. 
It turns out a surprisingly fast

421
00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:45,100
when they want to be. 
They can hop at speeds of up to 

422
00:20:45,100 --> 00:20:48,500
25 miles per hour, which is 
considerably fast than most 

423
00:20:48,500 --> 00:20:51,400
humans can run while carrying 
hunting rifles and wearing 

424
00:20:51,400 --> 00:20:55,200
formal hunting attire. 
Napoleon seeing one of his 

425
00:20:55,200 --> 00:20:58,100
officers being chased across the
field by a horde of bouncing, 

426
00:20:58,100 --> 00:21:01,800
rabbits probably realizes that 
the situation has moved Beyond 

427
00:21:01,800 --> 00:21:05,300
embarrassing and into the realm 
of the completely absurd. 

428
00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:08,200
This is the kind of seen that 
would be funny if it were 

429
00:21:08,200 --> 00:21:11,400
happening to someone else but is
absolutely mortifying when it's 

430
00:21:11,400 --> 00:21:15,200
happening to you. 
The decision is reached though. 

431
00:21:15,200 --> 00:21:18,500
It is not entirely clear who 
made it that the Hunting Party 

432
00:21:18,500 --> 00:21:21,000
should retreat. 
It's not a tactical 

433
00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:24,500
repositioning or a strategic 
withdrawal, but a genuine 

434
00:21:24,500 --> 00:21:28,400
Retreat from an army of rabbits.
Napoleon who is never retreated 

435
00:21:28,400 --> 00:21:31,600
from a human enemy is about to 
retreat from a bunch of farm 

436
00:21:31,600 --> 00:21:34,400
animals, but retreating from 
Rabbits, turned out to be more 

437
00:21:34,400 --> 00:21:37,100
complicated than retreating from
say, Austrian Cavalry. 

438
00:21:37,100 --> 00:21:40,500
The rabbits don't understand 
military protocol, they don't 

439
00:21:40,500 --> 00:21:42,800
recognize surrender Flags or 
ceasefire signals. 

440
00:21:42,800 --> 00:21:46,000
They just see their favorite 
humans trying to leave and their

441
00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:49,400
determined to follow. 
The hunting party starts moving 

442
00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:52,000
toward their carriages, but the 
rabbits move with them. 

443
00:21:52,800 --> 00:21:55,300
It's like trying to evacuate a 
building while being followed by

444
00:21:55,300 --> 00:21:57,400
100s of overly enthusiastic 
pets. 

445
00:21:57,400 --> 00:22:01,300
Every step toward the carriages 
as a company by a bouncing 

446
00:22:01,300 --> 00:22:03,900
escort of rabbits who seem to 
think their presence is the, 

447
00:22:03,900 --> 00:22:06,100
most entertaining thing that's 
ever happened. 

448
00:22:06,100 --> 00:22:08,900
To the Napoleon trying to 
maintain some. 

449
00:22:08,900 --> 00:22:12,600
Semblance of Imperial dignity 
walks as calmly as he can toward

450
00:22:12,600 --> 00:22:15,900
his Carriage, but it's hard to 
look Imperial when your brushing

451
00:22:15,900 --> 00:22:19,100
rabbits off your coat, every few
steps and there's rabbit fur 

452
00:22:19,100 --> 00:22:21,300
floating around. 
You like some kind of Barnyard, 

453
00:22:21,300 --> 00:22:25,200
snowstorm Carriages when they 
finally reach them present their

454
00:22:25,200 --> 00:22:28,200
problems. 
The rabbits completely terrify 

455
00:22:28,200 --> 00:22:32,200
the horses horses and rabbits 
don't normally interact and the 

456
00:22:32,200 --> 00:22:34,900
horses aren't sure what to make 
of these small bounce and 

457
00:22:34,900 --> 00:22:36,600
creatures that keep hopping 
around their hooves. 

458
00:22:37,300 --> 00:22:40,200
Some of the horses are dancing. 
Nervously, others are trying to 

459
00:22:40,200 --> 00:22:43,000
back away and The Coachman are 
struggling to keep them under 

460
00:22:43,008 --> 00:22:45,700
control. 
Getting into the carriages 

461
00:22:45,700 --> 00:22:49,100
becomes an operation in itself. 
The moment someone opens a 

462
00:22:49,100 --> 00:22:51,900
carriage door rabbit start 
trying to hop inside they're not

463
00:22:51,900 --> 00:22:54,800
being malicious, they just want 
to continue their interaction 

464
00:22:54,800 --> 00:22:58,400
with these fascinating humans. 
But having a carriage full of 

465
00:22:58,400 --> 00:23:01,300
rabbits, is not exactly what 
Napoleon had in mind for his 

466
00:23:01,300 --> 00:23:04,700
dignified departure. 
The scene becomes increasingly 

467
00:23:04,700 --> 00:23:07,900
chaotic as The Hunting Party 
tries to separate themselves 

468
00:23:07,900 --> 00:23:11,500
from their rabbit and Meyers 
Some of the officers are 

469
00:23:11,500 --> 00:23:14,100
literally having to pick rabbits
off themselves and set them down

470
00:23:14,100 --> 00:23:17,400
before climbing into carriages. 
Others are trying to create 

471
00:23:17,400 --> 00:23:19,500
barriers to keep the rabbits 
from following them. 

472
00:23:20,200 --> 00:23:23,500
Napoleon finally makes it to his
Carriage probably with less 

473
00:23:23,500 --> 00:23:25,600
Grace than he's used to 
displaying in public. 

474
00:23:26,400 --> 00:23:29,200
The Coachman, who was never 
dealt with a rabbit Siege before

475
00:23:29,200 --> 00:23:32,100
his doing his best, to keep the 
rabbits from climbing onto the 

476
00:23:32,100 --> 00:23:34,900
carriage itself. 
Some of the more athletic 

477
00:23:34,900 --> 00:23:37,600
rabbits are actually managing to
hop onto the running boards and 

478
00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:40,500
peer into the windows. 
As you drift off tonight. 

479
00:23:40,500 --> 00:23:44,400
Imagine Napoleon sitting in his 
Carriage, looking out at a field

480
00:23:44,408 --> 00:23:47,600
full of rabbits who have 
probably wondering why their new

481
00:23:47,600 --> 00:23:50,300
human friends are leaving and 
trying to figure out how he's 

482
00:23:50,300 --> 00:23:51,700
going to explain the matter to 
anyone. 

483
00:23:51,700 --> 00:23:54,800
The carriage ride back to 
malmas, probably one of the most

484
00:23:54,808 --> 00:23:56,700
awkward Journeys in Napoleon's 
life. 

485
00:23:57,700 --> 00:24:00,700
He is the Emperor France fresh 
from one of the most 

486
00:24:00,700 --> 00:24:02,600
embarrassing defeats in military
history. 

487
00:24:02,600 --> 00:24:05,900
And he has to sit there with 
rabbit first still clinging to 

488
00:24:05,900 --> 00:24:07,800
his coat while pretending that 
what just happened. 

489
00:24:07,800 --> 00:24:10,800
Was somehow normal. 
You can imagine the silence in 

490
00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:13,300
that Carriage. 
How do you address the situation

491
00:24:13,300 --> 00:24:16,100
after being unexpectedly? 
Overrun by a group of domestic. 

492
00:24:16,100 --> 00:24:18,500
Rabbits. 
How might one present that in a 

493
00:24:18,500 --> 00:24:20,800
way that appears impressive 
rather than absurd? 

494
00:24:21,500 --> 00:24:25,300
Napoleon who typically possesses
a welfare of words, like he 

495
00:24:25,300 --> 00:24:28,200
spends the entire Journey 
attempting to contextualize This

496
00:24:28,200 --> 00:24:30,700
Disaster. 
The other carriages are dealing 

497
00:24:30,700 --> 00:24:32,600
with their own awkward 
situations. 

498
00:24:32,600 --> 00:24:35,100
These are high ranking military 
officers and government 

499
00:24:35,100 --> 00:24:37,300
officials who have just 
experienced something that 

500
00:24:37,300 --> 00:24:40,600
defies all their training and 
experience they've been in 

501
00:24:40,600 --> 00:24:43,300
battles. 
They've negotiated trees and 

502
00:24:43,300 --> 00:24:45,800
they've dealt with political 
crises, but none of that 

503
00:24:45,800 --> 00:24:48,400
prepared them for being climbed 
on by overly friendly farm 

504
00:24:48,400 --> 00:24:51,000
animals. 
Some officers may be joking to 

505
00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:53,800
lighten the mood, but what do 
you joke about when rabbits have

506
00:24:53,800 --> 00:24:56,500
just defeated your Emperor? 
Others are maintaining a 

507
00:24:56,500 --> 00:24:59,900
dignified silence pretending 
that nothing unusual has 

508
00:24:59,900 --> 00:25:01,100
happened. 
Fewer. 

509
00:25:01,100 --> 00:25:03,400
Probably already trying to 
figure out how to tell the story

510
00:25:03,408 --> 00:25:07,800
to their wives without sounding 
completely insane. meanwhile 

511
00:25:07,800 --> 00:25:10,500
back at the hunting grounds 
Bertier is left to deal with the

512
00:25:10,500 --> 00:25:13,900
aftermath He a must decide how 
to handle the hundreds of 

513
00:25:13,908 --> 00:25:15,200
rabbits roaming. 
The estate. 

514
00:25:15,200 --> 00:25:18,100
He can't just leave them there. 
They're not wild rabbits. 

515
00:25:18,100 --> 00:25:21,100
So they don't know how to 
survive on their own, but he 

516
00:25:21,100 --> 00:25:24,300
also can't exactly round them 
all up and return them to their 

517
00:25:24,300 --> 00:25:27,300
original owners because that 
would require admitting what 

518
00:25:27,300 --> 00:25:30,000
happened. 
The estate staff is probably 

519
00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:32,700
having the strangest day of 
their careers, the 

520
00:25:32,700 --> 00:25:35,600
groundskeepers who are expecting
to help with a normal Hunting 

521
00:25:35,600 --> 00:25:38,600
Party and now dealing with a 
rabbit population explosion. 

522
00:25:39,300 --> 00:25:42,700
The stable hands are trying to 
calm down horses who are stilled

523
00:25:42,700 --> 00:25:45,700
by the mornings of events. 
Everyone is attempting to 

524
00:25:45,700 --> 00:25:48,200
restore some semblance of 
normalcy to the once peaceful 

525
00:25:48,200 --> 00:25:51,300
country estate. 
Word of the rabbit incident 

526
00:25:51,300 --> 00:25:54,500
starts spreading almost 
immediately, despite everyone's 

527
00:25:54,500 --> 00:25:58,000
best efforts to keep it quiet. 
Servants talk to other servants,

528
00:25:58,000 --> 00:26:01,500
Coachmen shared stories with 
other Coachmen and pretty soon. 

529
00:26:01,500 --> 00:26:04,000
The tail is making its way 
through the Social Circle of 

530
00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:07,000
Paris. 
Stories, that spread aren't 

531
00:26:07,000 --> 00:26:09,100
exactly accurate. 
There are embellished 

532
00:26:09,100 --> 00:26:12,900
exaggerated and twisted into 
something, even more ridiculous 

533
00:26:12,900 --> 00:26:16,600
than what actually happened. 
Meanwhile, Napoleon grapples 

534
00:26:16,600 --> 00:26:18,000
with a crisis of public 
relations. 

535
00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:21,800
Napoleon has established his 
reputation by being Invincible. 

536
00:26:21,800 --> 00:26:25,900
Mastering every situation and 
never letting anyone catch him 

537
00:26:25,900 --> 00:26:28,000
off guard. 
The idea that he could be 

538
00:26:28,000 --> 00:26:31,500
defeated by a bunch of rabbits, 
is exactly the kind of story 

539
00:26:31,500 --> 00:26:34,200
that his political enemies would
love to spread around Europe. 

540
00:26:34,200 --> 00:26:37,300
The official version of events 
that emerges is carefully, 

541
00:26:37,300 --> 00:26:40,000
sanitized. 
The hunting party was successful

542
00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:43,000
and enjoyable, the emperor 
demonstrated his excellent 

543
00:26:43,000 --> 00:26:46,200
Marksmanship and everyone had a 
thoroughly Imperial time. 

544
00:26:46,200 --> 00:26:49,800
Any mention of rabbits behaving.
Unusually is carefully omitted 

545
00:26:49,800 --> 00:26:53,500
from the official records, but 
you can't completely suppress a 

546
00:26:53,500 --> 00:26:55,700
story. 
This good Whispers and private 

547
00:26:55,700 --> 00:26:58,200
letters circulate the rabbit 
incident as a historical 

548
00:26:58,200 --> 00:27:01,700
anecdote Military Officers. 
Tell the story to their friends,

549
00:27:01,700 --> 00:27:04,900
government officials, share it 
with their families and 

550
00:27:04,900 --> 00:27:06,200
gradually. 
It becomes part of The 

551
00:27:06,200 --> 00:27:10,400
Unofficial history of Napoleon's
reign, The irony lies in the 

552
00:27:10,400 --> 00:27:13,700
fact that this absurd rabbit 
defeat occurs during the 

553
00:27:13,700 --> 00:27:17,200
Pinnacle of Napoleon's power. 
He's just negotiated the Treaty 

554
00:27:17,200 --> 00:27:20,000
of tilsit. 
He controls most of Europe and 

555
00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:21,900
he's at the peak of his 
political and Military 

556
00:27:21,900 --> 00:27:24,600
influence. 
However, he finds himself 

557
00:27:24,608 --> 00:27:28,200
completely powerless against a 
group of domestic, rabbits who 

558
00:27:28,200 --> 00:27:32,500
merely seek food and affection 
years later when Napoleon is in 

559
00:27:32,500 --> 00:27:35,700
Exile on Saint Helena. 
You probably has plenty of time 

560
00:27:35,700 --> 00:27:37,400
to reflect on the rapid 
incident. 

561
00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:41,200
Story becomes, increasingly 
humorous, over time and distance

562
00:27:41,200 --> 00:27:43,500
yet. 
It also serves as a poignant 

563
00:27:43,500 --> 00:27:46,400
illustration of how even the 
most powerful individuals can 

564
00:27:46,400 --> 00:27:50,600
succumb to unforeseen 
circumstances. 38, meanwhile 

565
00:27:50,600 --> 00:27:54,200
learns a valuable lesson about 
the importance of understanding 

566
00:27:54,200 --> 00:27:57,400
your resources, your 
successfully managed, military 

567
00:27:57,400 --> 00:28:00,300
logistics for some of the most 
complex campaigns in European 

568
00:28:00,300 --> 00:28:02,600
history. 
But is failure to distinguish 

569
00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:06,200
between wild and domestic 
rabbits as led to his defeat 

570
00:28:07,000 --> 00:28:09,000
Probably not a mistake he'll 
ever make again. 

571
00:28:09,800 --> 00:28:13,100
The rabbits themselves have had 
their brief moment of historical

572
00:28:13,100 --> 00:28:16,500
significance or eventually 
rounded up and returned to more 

573
00:28:16,500 --> 00:28:19,600
conventional lives. 
Some probably end up back on 

574
00:28:19,600 --> 00:28:22,000
farms. 
Others might be relocated to 

575
00:28:22,000 --> 00:28:23,700
areas where they can live more 
naturally. 

576
00:28:25,100 --> 00:28:28,400
But for one morning in 1807, 
they were the most important 

577
00:28:28,400 --> 00:28:31,300
creatures in France as you 
settle in for the night. 

578
00:28:31,300 --> 00:28:34,300
Think about how this story 
reveals something essential 

579
00:28:34,300 --> 00:28:37,600
about human nature, no matter 
how powerful or important, we 

580
00:28:37,600 --> 00:28:41,100
become, we're all just wanting 
counter with unexpected, rabbits

581
00:28:41,100 --> 00:28:42,900
away from looking completely 
ridiculous. 

582
00:28:42,900 --> 00:28:46,600
The beautiful thing about 
Napoleon's rapid incident is how

583
00:28:46,608 --> 00:28:48,400
it perfectly captures the 
absurdity. 

584
00:28:48,400 --> 00:28:50,600
That looks beneath all human 
pretension. 

585
00:28:51,500 --> 00:28:53,600
Here we have the most powerful 
man in Europe. 

586
00:28:53,600 --> 00:28:56,700
Someone who has literally 
reshaped the political landscape

587
00:28:56,700 --> 00:29:00,000
of an entire continent and he's 
brought down by creatures. 

588
00:29:00,000 --> 00:29:03,900
Most people consider suitable 
for children's petting zoos, The

589
00:29:03,900 --> 00:29:07,200
stories continued survival, 
despite everyone's best efforts 

590
00:29:07,200 --> 00:29:09,500
to suppress it adds to its 
Delight. 

591
00:29:10,200 --> 00:29:12,800
Napoleon's government certainly 
didn't want this story getting 

592
00:29:12,800 --> 00:29:16,200
out and most of the participants
probably preferred not to talk 

593
00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:19,500
about their morning being 
overwhelmed by farm animals, but

594
00:29:19,500 --> 00:29:21,600
the story was simply too good to
stay buried. 

595
00:29:22,700 --> 00:29:25,400
Over the years, the rapid 
incident has taken on a life of 

596
00:29:25,400 --> 00:29:28,800
its own each telling, like all 
good, historical anecdotes 

597
00:29:28,800 --> 00:29:30,700
embellishes and exaggerates the 
story. 

598
00:29:31,700 --> 00:29:34,700
And certain Renditions, 
thousands of rabbits, completely

599
00:29:34,700 --> 00:29:37,100
overwhelmed, Napoleon in other 
versions. 

600
00:29:37,100 --> 00:29:40,100
The rapid attack actually. 
Injures in Napoleon, some 

601
00:29:40,100 --> 00:29:42,700
stories claim, the rabbits were 
deliberately released as part of

602
00:29:42,708 --> 00:29:45,500
a practical joke, While others 
suggest they were trained to 

603
00:29:45,500 --> 00:29:47,400
attack rabbits deployed by his 
enemies. 

604
00:29:47,400 --> 00:29:51,400
The truth, as you now know, is 
both more mundane and more 

605
00:29:51,400 --> 00:29:54,700
amusing than the legends. 
It wasn't thousands of rabbits 

606
00:29:54,700 --> 00:29:56,400
and they worked trying to attack
anyone. 

607
00:29:56,400 --> 00:29:59,200
Who was simply a case of 
domestic rabbits behaving, like 

608
00:29:59,200 --> 00:30:02,300
domestic rabbits, treating 
humans as sources of food and 

609
00:30:02,300 --> 00:30:04,600
comfort, rather than as 
predators to be avoided. 

610
00:30:05,600 --> 00:30:08,600
Story endures because it reveals
something important about power 

611
00:30:08,600 --> 00:30:12,300
and Human Nature. 
Napoleon dedicated the majority 

612
00:30:12,300 --> 00:30:15,300
of his career to demonstrating 
his ability to sum out any 

613
00:30:15,300 --> 00:30:18,400
challenge through his unwavering
determination, strategic 

614
00:30:18,400 --> 00:30:21,400
planning and exceptional 
organizational skills. 

615
00:30:21,400 --> 00:30:25,900
He defeated armies conquered 
Nations and rewrote the laws of 

616
00:30:25,900 --> 00:30:28,800
entire societies. 
However, he was unable to 

617
00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:31,300
overcome a group of hungry, 
rabbits, there's something 

618
00:30:31,300 --> 00:30:34,400
deeply, satisfying about this 
story, especially for those of 

619
00:30:34,400 --> 00:30:36,600
us who sometimes feel 
overwhelmed by the ordinary 

620
00:30:36,600 --> 00:30:40,100
challenges of daily life. 
If rabbits can defeat Napoleon 

621
00:30:40,100 --> 00:30:42,800
Bonaparte at our own minor? 
Setbacks don't carry such 

622
00:30:42,800 --> 00:30:45,500
embarrassment. 
Maybe getting flustered by a 

623
00:30:45,500 --> 00:30:48,600
technology problem or being 
outwitted by a household, pet, 

624
00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:52,000
or failing to assemble a piece 
of furniture properly, puts us, 

625
00:30:52,000 --> 00:30:55,600
in pretty good company. 
The rabbit incident also 

626
00:30:55,600 --> 00:30:58,100
highlights, the importance of 
understanding your resources, 

627
00:30:58,100 --> 00:31:01,300
and your environment. 
Bertier was an excellent 

628
00:31:01,300 --> 00:31:03,600
organizer. 
But he fail to ask the right 

629
00:31:03,600 --> 00:31:05,400
questions about the rabbits he 
was acquiring. 

630
00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:09,300
He focused on quantity rather 
than quality and he didn't 

631
00:31:09,300 --> 00:31:11,900
consider how the rabbits 
background might affect their 

632
00:31:11,900 --> 00:31:14,200
behavior. 
It's a lesson that applies to 

633
00:31:14,200 --> 00:31:17,300
everything from military 
campaigns to dinner parties, The

634
00:31:17,300 --> 00:31:21,100
Details Matter and assumptions 
can be dangerous. modern 

635
00:31:21,100 --> 00:31:24,100
historians have used the rabbit 
story as an example of how even 

636
00:31:24,100 --> 00:31:26,300
the most carefully planned 
events can go wrong in 

637
00:31:26,300 --> 00:31:29,700
unexpected ways, it's become a 
case study in the limits of 

638
00:31:29,708 --> 00:31:33,600
control and the importance of 
contingency planning, military 

639
00:31:33,600 --> 00:31:35,600
academies. 
Sometimes use it as humorous 

640
00:31:35,600 --> 00:31:38,400
example of how intelligence 
gathering should include 

641
00:31:38,400 --> 00:31:41,700
seemingly trivial details. 
The story has also become a 

642
00:31:41,708 --> 00:31:44,200
favorite among those who study 
the psychology of power. 

643
00:31:45,700 --> 00:31:49,000
Napoleon's reaction to the 
rabbit incident, his apparent 

644
00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:52,600
inability to laugh at himself. 
His focus on damage control, 

645
00:31:52,600 --> 00:31:55,200
rather than enjoying the 
absurdity reveals. 

646
00:31:55,200 --> 00:31:57,700
Something about how absolute 
power can make people lose their

647
00:31:57,700 --> 00:32:01,200
sense of humor about themselves.
But the rabbit incidents most 

648
00:32:01,200 --> 00:32:05,400
lasting lesson is that life is 
unpredictable and observed, no 

649
00:32:05,400 --> 00:32:07,200
matter who you are or how 
powerful you are. 

650
00:32:08,000 --> 00:32:10,500
Napoleon could plan brilliant 
military campaigns and 

651
00:32:10,500 --> 00:32:13,800
reorganize entirely legal 
systems, but he could not plan 

652
00:32:13,800 --> 00:32:16,300
for the possibility that 
hundreds of domestic rabbits 

653
00:32:16,300 --> 00:32:18,500
would mistake him for their 
favorite farmer. 

654
00:32:18,500 --> 00:32:21,800
The rabbits, of course, were 
completely innocent in all this,

655
00:32:21,800 --> 00:32:25,000
it would just being rabbits 
following their instincts and 

656
00:32:25,000 --> 00:32:28,300
their training. 
They saw humans and expected 

657
00:32:28,300 --> 00:32:31,700
food and attention just as 
they'd been conditioned to 

658
00:32:31,700 --> 00:32:35,100
expect throughout their lives. 
From that perspective, the 

659
00:32:35,100 --> 00:32:37,800
humans were the ones behaving 
strangely by running away. 

660
00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:41,300
Instead of providing the 
expected carrots and lettuce. 

661
00:32:41,300 --> 00:32:45,100
In the end, the rabbit incident 
becomes a perfect metaphor for 

662
00:32:45,108 --> 00:32:48,800
the gap between our plans, and 
reality between our self-image 

663
00:32:48,800 --> 00:32:50,200
and how the world actually 
works. 

664
00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:54,600
Napoleon saw himself as the 
master of Europe, but the rabbit

665
00:32:54,600 --> 00:32:56,500
saw him as a potential source of
breakfast. 

666
00:32:56,500 --> 00:33:00,600
Both perspectives were valid but
only one of them was prepared 

667
00:33:00,600 --> 00:33:01,900
for what actually happened that 
morning. 

668
00:33:03,300 --> 00:33:04,800
As you drift off to sleep 
tonight. 

669
00:33:04,800 --> 00:33:08,400
Remember that, no matter how 
important our plans seem to us, 

670
00:33:08,400 --> 00:33:11,000
somewhere, there are rabbits who
have their ideas about how 

671
00:33:11,000 --> 00:33:14,000
things should work. 
And sometimes, just sometimes 

672
00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:19,500
the rabbits win. 
And just like that we have come 

673
00:33:19,500 --> 00:33:22,400
to the end of yet. 
Again another exciting story. 

674
00:33:23,500 --> 00:33:26,300
Rabbits, and Napoleon in the 
same sentence was not on my 

675
00:33:26,300 --> 00:33:28,600
bucket list until people 
requested. 

676
00:33:28,600 --> 00:33:31,300
We look into it and this is 
where we ended up. 

677
00:33:32,400 --> 00:33:34,800
If you are still struggling to 
fall asleep like a lot of us 

678
00:33:34,800 --> 00:33:37,900
deal with, don't you worry 
because I have placed some of my

679
00:33:37,900 --> 00:33:41,800
favorite stories here old and 
new for you to choose from if 

680
00:33:41,800 --> 00:33:44,700
you want to hear something else.
It's always an honor helping you

681
00:33:44,700 --> 00:33:47,200
guys to sleep every night with 
all kinds of different 

682
00:33:47,200 --> 00:33:50,600
historical, stories and events. 
Sweet dreams, my friend's. 

683
00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:53,300
I'll see you later. 
Take care and good night. 

684
00:34:05,600 --> 00:34:07,700
In the hush darkness of a 13th 
century. 

685
00:34:07,700 --> 00:34:11,400
Manor house as the last Embers 
in the central, half faded to 

686
00:34:11,408 --> 00:34:14,800
Soft Orange glows. 
The Lord of The Manor, would not

687
00:34:14,800 --> 00:34:18,100
retire alone around him in the 
enormous Hall. 

688
00:34:18,100 --> 00:34:21,400
Lay his household staff family 
members, and perhaps, even 

689
00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:24,500
trusted servants, all arranged 
in a careful choreography of 

690
00:34:24,500 --> 00:34:27,100
medieval sleep, this Collective 
Slumber. 

691
00:34:27,100 --> 00:34:30,400
So foreign to our modern 
sensibilities represents, one of

692
00:34:30,400 --> 00:34:33,100
history's, most misunderstood 
phenomena, the medieval 

693
00:34:33,100 --> 00:34:36,600
relationship with sleep, 
contrary to popular assumptions 

694
00:34:36,600 --> 00:34:39,500
about the discomforts of 
pre-industrial Life made evil. 

695
00:34:39,507 --> 00:34:42,500
Europeans may have enjoyed sleep
patterns more aligned with human

696
00:34:42,500 --> 00:34:45,500
biology than our current 
regiments the sleep of the 

697
00:34:45,500 --> 00:34:47,300
Middle Ages. 
Wasn't merely a functional 

698
00:34:47,300 --> 00:34:50,000
necessity, squeezed between 
brutal days of toil. 

699
00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:53,800
It was an elaborate practice 
infused with ritual, social 

700
00:34:53,800 --> 00:34:57,100
significance and a profound 
understanding of human needs. 

701
00:34:57,100 --> 00:35:00,100
That modern science is only now 
rediscovering. 

702
00:35:01,100 --> 00:35:03,500
The medieval Knight began not 
with the flick of a light 

703
00:35:03,508 --> 00:35:05,900
switch, but with the gradual 
recession of daylight. 

704
00:35:06,900 --> 00:35:09,000
It's twilight. 
Descended across Europe's 

705
00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:11,900
Countryside and Bergs a natural 
wind down. 

706
00:35:11,900 --> 00:35:14,800
Period, commenced. 
With the harsh blue light of 

707
00:35:14,808 --> 00:35:17,500
electronic devices. 
To disrupt melatonin production 

708
00:35:17,500 --> 00:35:21,400
medieval bodies responded 
naturally to environmental cues.

709
00:35:22,200 --> 00:35:24,500
The dimming of the day, 
triggered sleep hormones in 

710
00:35:24,500 --> 00:35:28,200
perfect, synchronicity with the 
body, circadian rhythm evidence 

711
00:35:28,200 --> 00:35:31,400
from medieval household 
accounts, monastic records and 

712
00:35:31,400 --> 00:35:33,700
medical manuscripts. 
Reveals the devil people 

713
00:35:33,700 --> 00:35:37,300
practice what sleep researchers 
Now call Sleep hygiene, not 

714
00:35:37,300 --> 00:35:40,300
through scientific understanding
that through customs evolved 

715
00:35:40,300 --> 00:35:42,900
over centuries. 
Families would gather around 

716
00:35:42,900 --> 00:35:45,900
fires in the hours before bed. 
Engaging in what? 

717
00:35:45,900 --> 00:35:48,900
One 14th century English text 
called, The Gentle telling of 

718
00:35:48,900 --> 00:35:52,100
tales, this storytelling 
tradition served multiple 

719
00:35:52,100 --> 00:35:56,300
purposes, reinforcing Community 
bonds, passing down cultural 

720
00:35:56,300 --> 00:36:00,000
knowledge, and crucially 
allowing the brain to transition

721
00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:02,900
from the active demands of 
daytime to the receptive State 

722
00:36:02,900 --> 00:36:06,800
conducive to sleep in trees from
Noble households, across Europe 

723
00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:10,100
lists, specialized items for 
Sleep, comfort that defy our 

724
00:36:10,100 --> 00:36:13,500
image of medieval discomfort. 
While commoners might sleep on 

725
00:36:13,500 --> 00:36:17,000
strawfield mattresses regularly 
refreshed with aromatic herbs, 

726
00:36:17,000 --> 00:36:19,700
like lavender and Mi natural 
sleep aids. 

727
00:36:19,700 --> 00:36:23,500
The wealthy invested heavily in 
Sleep Quality featherbeds. 

728
00:36:23,500 --> 00:36:26,500
Documented in the 1380s 
household accounts of John of 

729
00:36:26,500 --> 00:36:29,700
gaunt could contain up to 60 
pounds of down. 

730
00:36:30,500 --> 00:36:33,600
These were topped with linen 
sheets, Woolen blankets in 

731
00:36:33,600 --> 00:36:35,500
Winter and lightweight 
coverlets. 

732
00:36:35,500 --> 00:36:38,700
In summer, seasonal, adaptations
showing a sophisticated 

733
00:36:38,700 --> 00:36:41,800
understanding of sleep 
temperature regulation, The 

734
00:36:41,800 --> 00:36:44,600
medieval bed itself evolved into
an architectural feature in its 

735
00:36:44,600 --> 00:36:47,000
own right. 
Far from a simple platform. 

736
00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:50,400
The bed became what historian 
Sasha Handley calls, a 

737
00:36:50,400 --> 00:36:54,100
micro-environment for sleep. 
High bedsteads kept sleep. 

738
00:36:54,100 --> 00:36:57,400
As above drafts, while bed, 
curtains, created microclimates,

739
00:36:57,400 --> 00:36:59,900
that preserved body heat. 
Particularly in Northern 

740
00:36:59,900 --> 00:37:01,900
regions. 
These enclosed bed spaces, 

741
00:37:01,900 --> 00:37:04,500
maintained optimal, sleeping, 
temperatures through bitter 

742
00:37:04,500 --> 00:37:09,000
Winters without central heating.
Perhaps most notably medieval 

743
00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:11,000
people organized. 
Their sleep around natural 

744
00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:14,700
trade-in rhythms medical texts 
from Salerno's famed. 

745
00:37:14,700 --> 00:37:18,200
Medical school, advice sleeping 
with the head slightly elevated 

746
00:37:18,200 --> 00:37:22,500
and on the right side initially,
for proper digestion, then 

747
00:37:22,500 --> 00:37:25,600
turning to the left side in deep
Sleep advice, The Echoes modern 

748
00:37:25,600 --> 00:37:28,600
recommendations for optimizing 
Airway positioning during sleep,

749
00:37:28,600 --> 00:37:31,700
despite the absence of memory 
foam or adjustable bases, 

750
00:37:31,700 --> 00:37:34,400
medieval sleepers customized 
their experience through 

751
00:37:34,400 --> 00:37:38,100
ingenious means. 
Illuminated manuscripts show 

752
00:37:38,100 --> 00:37:41,300
various pillow configurations 
from cylindrical, bolsters 

753
00:37:41,300 --> 00:37:44,500
supporting the neck to smaller, 
cushions tucked under elbows or 

754
00:37:44,500 --> 00:37:47,000
knees personalized Comfort 
adaptations. 

755
00:37:47,000 --> 00:37:50,700
We've rediscovered through 
ergonomic design archaeological 

756
00:37:50,700 --> 00:37:53,900
findings from cesspits in London
and York have revealed remains 

757
00:37:53,900 --> 00:37:56,200
of medicinal herbs. 
Commonly used for Sleep, 

758
00:37:56,200 --> 00:37:59,500
including valerian root and 
passion flower showing 

759
00:37:59,500 --> 00:38:02,400
sophisticated pharmacological 
approaches to sleep management, 

760
00:38:03,300 --> 00:38:06,200
The physical arrangements for 
Sleep extended Beyond beds, 

761
00:38:06,200 --> 00:38:09,200
manor houses. 
And even modest dwellings were 

762
00:38:09,200 --> 00:38:11,900
designed with sleeping areas. 
Positioned to, maximize morning,

763
00:38:11,900 --> 00:38:14,900
light exposure. 
An architectural feature, the 

764
00:38:14,900 --> 00:38:18,500
modern biologists recognized for
its importance of maintaining 

765
00:38:18,500 --> 00:38:21,900
healthy circadian rhythms. 
East facing bed, Chambers 

766
00:38:21,900 --> 00:38:24,400
allowed sleepers, to wake 
naturally with the sunrise 

767
00:38:24,400 --> 00:38:28,300
reinforcing their Intel body 
clocks in ways that modern 

768
00:38:28,300 --> 00:38:30,600
blackout curtains and alarm 
clocks disrupt. 

769
00:38:31,400 --> 00:38:33,500
What tree distinguished medieval
sleep. 

770
00:38:33,500 --> 00:38:37,900
However, was it social nature? 
Unlike our privatized 

771
00:38:37,900 --> 00:38:41,800
individualized approach to 
sleep, medieval Slumber was 

772
00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:44,900
communal. 
This Behavior was not merely for

773
00:38:44,900 --> 00:38:47,200
practical reasons, like, shared 
warmth or protection. 

774
00:38:47,200 --> 00:38:50,700
Although these benefits were 
real but reflected a 

775
00:38:50,700 --> 00:38:53,200
fundamentally different 
conception of sleep as a 

776
00:38:53,208 --> 00:38:55,300
vulnerable yet shared Human 
Experience. 

777
00:38:56,200 --> 00:38:58,300
Even Kings were rarely alone 
while sleeping. 

778
00:38:59,200 --> 00:39:02,000
Attended by trusted chamberlains
who slept at the foot of the 

779
00:39:02,000 --> 00:39:04,500
royal bed. 
Creating a sleep culture where 

780
00:39:04,500 --> 00:39:07,100
the boundaries between private 
and public were permeable. 

781
00:39:07,100 --> 00:39:09,800
In ways, we might find 
uncomfortable, but that provided

782
00:39:09,800 --> 00:39:13,300
unique psychological benefits. 
People didn't expect to sleep 

783
00:39:13,300 --> 00:39:16,800
all night in medieval Europe. 
When darkness fell, The idea 

784
00:39:16,800 --> 00:39:20,500
that people should sleep 8 hours
is post-industrial Medieval 

785
00:39:20,500 --> 00:39:23,600
medical records, Diaries 
household histories and literary

786
00:39:23,600 --> 00:39:27,300
sources show a quite distinct 
pattern first sleep. 

787
00:39:27,300 --> 00:39:30,600
And second sleep separated by a 
nighttime wakeful quiet. 

788
00:39:31,300 --> 00:39:34,100
This bi phasic, sleep pattern 
was common throughout social 

789
00:39:34,100 --> 00:39:38,000
strata, after going to bed at 
nightfall, medieval people had a

790
00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:41,800
four-hour first sleep or dead 
sleep after waking up naturally 

791
00:39:41,800 --> 00:39:44,800
for one to two hours, they went 
back to Second sleep until 

792
00:39:44,800 --> 00:39:47,800
Daybreak medal. 
Folks, used this midnight 

793
00:39:47,800 --> 00:39:49,900
Awakening as a natural window of
Consciousness. 

794
00:39:49,900 --> 00:39:53,200
Not sleeplessness. 
European Monastery. 

795
00:39:53,200 --> 00:39:55,700
Church records provide some of 
the best evidence of this 

796
00:39:55,700 --> 00:39:58,500
interval. 
The monastic rule of Saint 

797
00:39:58,500 --> 00:40:00,200
Benedict. 
Scheduled midnight, prayers, 

798
00:40:00,200 --> 00:40:04,100
matinees during the wakeful our 
to accommodate this natural 

799
00:40:04,100 --> 00:40:06,400
sleep divide. 
Instead of fighting their 

800
00:40:06,400 --> 00:40:09,900
biology to stay awake for 
devotionals monks, synchronized 

801
00:40:09,900 --> 00:40:13,700
their spiritual practices with 
human sleep architecture, The 

802
00:40:13,700 --> 00:40:16,100
significance of midnight 
Awakening goes beyond religion. 

803
00:40:16,800 --> 00:40:20,400
Medical manuscripts from Salerno
and Montpellier Europe's top 

804
00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:22,800
medical schools. 
Show that doctors believed 

805
00:40:22,800 --> 00:40:24,500
midnight waking was crucial for 
health. 

806
00:40:24,500 --> 00:40:27,000
The 13th century. 
Physician Elder, Brandon of 

807
00:40:27,008 --> 00:40:30,600
Siena said that this wakeful 
period allowed the vapors of 

808
00:40:30,608 --> 00:40:33,800
food to be properly, distributed
through the body, a 

809
00:40:33,800 --> 00:40:36,700
pre-scientific knowledge of how 
sleep stages affect digestion 

810
00:40:36,700 --> 00:40:40,900
and metabolism. 
This nightly waking gave regular

811
00:40:40,900 --> 00:40:42,300
households, an unusual 
opportunity. 

812
00:40:42,300 --> 00:40:46,300
It was common for homeowners to 
check on their property, Bank 

813
00:40:46,300 --> 00:40:48,900
Fires for the second sleep, and 
examine this security. 

814
00:40:50,300 --> 00:40:53,600
The 14th century guide for 
Parish priests recommends middle

815
00:40:53,600 --> 00:40:56,400
night, marital intercourse 
because the body is rested. 

816
00:40:56,400 --> 00:40:59,300
But the Mind. 
Clear, The recommendation 

817
00:40:59,300 --> 00:41:02,300
implies, a profound awareness of
how restful sleep influences, 

818
00:41:02,300 --> 00:41:04,100
mood and physical, rest 
activity. 

819
00:41:04,100 --> 00:41:07,900
Interestingly, this wakeful 
interlude produced various types

820
00:41:07,900 --> 00:41:10,000
of Consciousness. 
That current Neuroscience has 

821
00:41:10,000 --> 00:41:13,800
only recently learned to detect,
Neurologist call the state 

822
00:41:13,800 --> 00:41:18,000
between first and second sleep. 
Hit no pumping Consciousness, 

823
00:41:18,000 --> 00:41:22,400
which boosts creativity imagery 
and emotional processing. 

824
00:41:23,400 --> 00:41:25,900
Medieval folks innately 
understood and practiced this 

825
00:41:25,900 --> 00:41:29,100
distinct mental condition court,
records and Diaries. 

826
00:41:29,100 --> 00:41:33,100
Show how midnighters considered 
legal issues, a 15th century. 

827
00:41:33,100 --> 00:41:35,400
Ghent judge said, he made his 
toughest decisions after 

828
00:41:35,400 --> 00:41:39,500
Consulting his thoughts in the 
watch between sleeps, believing 

829
00:41:39,500 --> 00:41:42,300
it provided deeper, moral 
Insight than daylight 

830
00:41:42,300 --> 00:41:45,100
deliberation. 
Craftspeople conceived new 

831
00:41:45,100 --> 00:41:49,500
designs, Farmers plans, seasonal
rotations and Merchants planned 

832
00:41:49,500 --> 00:41:52,300
business initiatives during this
contemplative period. 

833
00:41:53,000 --> 00:41:55,200
Wakefulness had emotional and 
social benefits. 

834
00:41:55,200 --> 00:41:58,900
Larger medieval households 
described Knight talking, 

835
00:41:58,900 --> 00:42:01,200
intimate chats during midnight 
waking. 

836
00:42:01,200 --> 00:42:04,600
These nighttime conversations 
allowed for exceptional, 

837
00:42:04,600 --> 00:42:08,000
emotional honesty. 
Unlike daytime contact confined 

838
00:42:08,000 --> 00:42:10,700
by title hierarchy and Public 
Presentation. 

839
00:42:11,900 --> 00:42:14,700
A 14th century English Noble. 
Woman's diary says she learned 

840
00:42:14,700 --> 00:42:17,500
her husband's in the most 
worried, his only in the watch 

841
00:42:17,500 --> 00:42:19,900
between sleeps when Souls speak 
more. 

842
00:42:19,900 --> 00:42:25,000
Truly, This split pattern 
boosted creativity Chaucer 

843
00:42:25,000 --> 00:42:27,900
writes poetry during his 
watching times an illuminated 

844
00:42:27,900 --> 00:42:30,200
manuscripts often State. 
They were written in the 

845
00:42:30,200 --> 00:42:34,500
midnight thinking time, Medieval
dream interpretation guide to 

846
00:42:34,500 --> 00:42:38,100
distinguished between dreams 
during first, sleep processing, 

847
00:42:38,100 --> 00:42:40,700
daily events. 
And those during Second sleep 

848
00:42:40,700 --> 00:42:43,600
prophetic or Insight bearing due
to the quality of thoughts 

849
00:42:43,600 --> 00:42:46,600
during this period. 
Archeology confirms, this 

850
00:42:46,600 --> 00:42:49,800
practice is prevalence medieval 
home excavations. 

851
00:42:49,800 --> 00:42:52,800
Sometimes reveal a little oil 
lamps for nighttime activities 

852
00:42:52,800 --> 00:42:56,800
in household inventories across 
social classes night tables, 

853
00:42:56,800 --> 00:43:00,600
with writing tools, miniature 
prayer, books and meditation 

854
00:43:00,600 --> 00:43:04,100
tools are common When modern 
researchers removed artificial 

855
00:43:04,100 --> 00:43:06,700
light from test. 
Subjects settings for several 

856
00:43:06,700 --> 00:43:09,800
weeks, they automatically 
reverted to bi phasic sleep. 

857
00:43:09,800 --> 00:43:13,300
Strong proof that segmented. 
Sleep is our biological Rhythm, 

858
00:43:13,300 --> 00:43:16,600
medieval people honored this 
cycle rather than pushing 

859
00:43:16,600 --> 00:43:19,500
continuous sleep. 
Aligning with their evolved. 

860
00:43:19,500 --> 00:43:22,800
Sleep architecture, in ways, 
modern civilization, rarely 

861
00:43:22,800 --> 00:43:26,600
allows cycleogical benefits make
segmented, sleep valuable. 

862
00:43:28,100 --> 00:43:30,500
The midnight wake up allowed 
memory, consolidation and 

863
00:43:30,500 --> 00:43:33,700
emotional processing. 
Modern sleep science shows that 

864
00:43:33,700 --> 00:43:35,400
disrupted. 
Sleep can improve memory 

865
00:43:35,400 --> 00:43:39,100
formation. 
A 15th century French physician 

866
00:43:39,100 --> 00:43:42,000
advised pupils to re-read, 
difficult material before bed 

867
00:43:42,000 --> 00:43:45,700
and allow the mind to work upon 
it in the midnight watching. 

868
00:43:46,800 --> 00:43:50,000
Medieval folks knew the value of
this processing time made 

869
00:43:50,000 --> 00:43:53,300
medieval sleep in more complex 
and deliberate than popular 

870
00:43:53,300 --> 00:43:56,000
belief. 
Medieval sleeping Arrangements 

871
00:43:56,000 --> 00:43:58,700
were frequently utilitarian 
Marvels that represented 

872
00:43:58,700 --> 00:44:01,400
considerable household 
Investments and years of comfort

873
00:44:01,400 --> 00:44:04,500
technology. 
Unlike the crewed and pleasant 

874
00:44:04,500 --> 00:44:08,600
platforms depicted in modern 
media, archeology from intact 

875
00:44:08,600 --> 00:44:11,400
medieval households shows that 
Sleep Quality was important. 

876
00:44:12,300 --> 00:44:15,000
Excavated 13th century, Merchant
homes in London. 

877
00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:18,600
Showed specialized floor designs
with insulating materials packed

878
00:44:18,600 --> 00:44:22,500
beneath sleeping areas, 
including wool, straw, and even 

879
00:44:22,500 --> 00:44:25,600
feathers in wealthier homes to 
block the cold from stone or 

880
00:44:25,600 --> 00:44:28,500
packed Earth floors. 
This intelligent underfloor 

881
00:44:28,500 --> 00:44:30,700
insulation shows, heat 
transmission Concepts that 

882
00:44:30,700 --> 00:44:34,100
affect Sleep Quality. 
Medieval sleep revolved around 

883
00:44:34,100 --> 00:44:38,100
the bed which evolved quickly 
bed technology improved by the 

884
00:44:38,100 --> 00:44:40,600
13th century from simple raised 
platforms. 

885
00:44:41,500 --> 00:44:43,700
State inventories from around 
Europe, reveal more 

886
00:44:43,700 --> 00:44:46,900
sophisticated bed, designs with 
specialized comfort components, 

887
00:44:46,900 --> 00:44:50,900
the beds, hardwood frame. 
The bed stock has mortise and 

888
00:44:50,900 --> 00:44:54,100
Tenon joints allowing minor 
flexibility without squeaking 

889
00:44:54,100 --> 00:44:57,800
which 14th century Florence 
Carpenter Guild laws, required 

890
00:44:57,800 --> 00:45:02,500
for undisturbed rest, Medieval 
mattress, technology improved 

891
00:45:02,500 --> 00:45:06,400
constantly, peasant homes, still
use straw filled beds although 

892
00:45:06,400 --> 00:45:09,600
they were more advanced. 
Traditional European farming 

893
00:45:09,600 --> 00:45:13,400
groups using medieval methods 
used straw beds, not loose straw

894
00:45:13,400 --> 00:45:17,800
piled into sacks specially 
selected straw oat straw, was 

895
00:45:17,800 --> 00:45:21,900
recommended for its softness. 
Dry to prevent mold and broken 

896
00:45:21,900 --> 00:45:25,800
to provide a springy texture was
used most homes emptied and 

897
00:45:25,800 --> 00:45:28,300
refilled these beds. 
Seasonally for the wealthy 

898
00:45:28,300 --> 00:45:32,800
mattress technology evolved by 
the 14th century merchants and 

899
00:45:32,808 --> 00:45:35,900
artists used wool filled 
mattresses while featherbeds 

900
00:45:35,900 --> 00:45:37,600
with a height of medieval sleep 
luxury. 

901
00:45:37,600 --> 00:45:41,900
These were constructed sleep. 
Surfaces not feather sacks Guild

902
00:45:41,900 --> 00:45:44,000
regulations from 14th Century 
Paris. 

903
00:45:44,000 --> 00:45:46,600
Required featherbeds to be built
with particular weights of 

904
00:45:46,600 --> 00:45:49,100
different feather, varieties 
piled for compression and 

905
00:45:49,100 --> 00:45:51,700
rebound. 
The most Sumptuous examples had 

906
00:45:51,700 --> 00:45:53,800
goose down on top and stiffer 
feathers. 

907
00:45:53,800 --> 00:45:56,800
Underneath for stability, 
similar to Modern high-end 

908
00:45:56,800 --> 00:45:59,200
mattresses. 
Medieval pillows, are often 

909
00:45:59,200 --> 00:46:02,800
forgotten sleep Technologies, 
modern pillows are uniform, 

910
00:46:02,800 --> 00:46:05,400
whereas medieval pillows were 
individualized. 

911
00:46:06,200 --> 00:46:08,900
Archaeological evidence and 
household inventory is show, at 

912
00:46:08,908 --> 00:46:13,100
least four pillow types, neck, 
bolsters for spinal alignment. 

913
00:46:14,000 --> 00:46:17,500
Softer, head pillows for Comfort
wedge, pillows, for medical 

914
00:46:17,500 --> 00:46:20,400
conditions, particularly 
respiratory issues and smaller 

915
00:46:20,400 --> 00:46:24,000
support pillows for positioning.
Salerno medical writing's 

916
00:46:24,000 --> 00:46:26,700
advised lifting the head for 
digestion, disorders and 

917
00:46:26,700 --> 00:46:28,200
supporting the legs for back 
pain. 

918
00:46:28,200 --> 00:46:31,700
Bed sheets were also designed 
for Sleep Comfort, linen. 

919
00:46:31,700 --> 00:46:33,900
Sheets were valued for their 
breathability and moisture 

920
00:46:33,900 --> 00:46:37,300
working capacity. 
Even small houses, had many sets

921
00:46:37,300 --> 00:46:41,200
of Linens and regular laundry 
records, in Winter, Woolen 

922
00:46:41,200 --> 00:46:44,400
blankets provided insulation. 
While silk, or light will cover,

923
00:46:44,400 --> 00:46:47,100
its gave someone Seasonal 
bedding. 

924
00:46:47,100 --> 00:46:49,600
Rotation shows a profound 
awareness of how ambient 

925
00:46:49,600 --> 00:46:51,200
temperature influences Sleep 
Quality. 

926
00:46:52,000 --> 00:46:55,100
Equally inventive was sleeping 
room, climate control bed, 

927
00:46:55,100 --> 00:46:58,400
curtains were attractive and 
microclimatic fully enclosed 

928
00:46:58,400 --> 00:47:00,000
bed. 
Curtains, conserved body heat 

929
00:47:00,000 --> 00:47:02,700
and winter. 
Large, Medieval houses, recorded

930
00:47:02,700 --> 00:47:04,600
various curtain weights for 
different seasons. 

931
00:47:04,600 --> 00:47:08,500
With some occurs blocking 
insects, allowing air flow, this

932
00:47:08,500 --> 00:47:11,400
seasonal sleep environment, 
adaptation shows, a 

933
00:47:11,400 --> 00:47:13,300
comprehensive awareness of how 
ambient variables. 

934
00:47:13,300 --> 00:47:17,500
Affect rest quality, medieval 
dwellings all showed excellent, 

935
00:47:17,500 --> 00:47:20,500
sleep management, sound 
dampening interior shutters were

936
00:47:20,500 --> 00:47:24,600
common in, Metropolitan bedrooms
in intact and Brugge homes. 

937
00:47:24,600 --> 00:47:28,200
Archaeologists found woven Rush 
Maps, put on walls near public 

938
00:47:28,200 --> 00:47:29,900
streets. 
As early sound insulation 

939
00:47:30,800 --> 00:47:33,800
Medievals, recognized noise 
pollution as a sleep disruptor 

940
00:47:33,800 --> 00:47:36,100
and addressed it with 
intentional design. 

941
00:47:36,800 --> 00:47:40,100
Medieval sleep was influenced by
a Roma therapy domestic. 

942
00:47:40,100 --> 00:47:43,100
Anarchy logical record, show 
aromatic herbs, embedding. 

943
00:47:43,100 --> 00:47:47,000
These were lavender and 
chamomile for relaxation, Rose 

944
00:47:47,000 --> 00:47:50,200
from insect repellent, and dried
rose petals for fragrance. 

945
00:47:51,500 --> 00:47:54,600
For decades home, manuals have 
recommended inserting little 

946
00:47:54,600 --> 00:47:57,300
herb, filled sachets into 
pillowcases to improve sleep. 

947
00:47:58,300 --> 00:48:01,000
Researchers even reviewed 
illumination for its impact on 

948
00:48:01,000 --> 00:48:05,000
Sleep Quality medieval dwellings
used candles or Rush lights in 

949
00:48:05,000 --> 00:48:07,700
bedrooms for specific purposes. 
When affordable? 

950
00:48:07,700 --> 00:48:10,400
These wax candles were 
recommended near beds because 

951
00:48:10,400 --> 00:48:14,300
they smoke less than Tallow Rush
lights manufactured by immersing

952
00:48:14,300 --> 00:48:18,100
river rushes and fat burned 
longer and dimmed to help people

953
00:48:18,100 --> 00:48:20,800
fall asleep. 
These thoughtful evening lights 

954
00:48:20,800 --> 00:48:22,800
selections. 
Follow recent advice to avoid 

955
00:48:22,800 --> 00:48:26,200
bright light before bed. 
Medieval sleep environments were

956
00:48:26,200 --> 00:48:28,700
sophisticated enough to regulate
nighttime temperature. 

957
00:48:29,400 --> 00:48:31,600
Bed warming Technologies 
improved in northern Europe. 

958
00:48:31,600 --> 00:48:35,000
Early, medieval hot stones of 
evolved into warming pans 

959
00:48:35,000 --> 00:48:38,300
equipped with adjustable handles
and ventilated Lids which 

960
00:48:38,300 --> 00:48:40,700
diffused, heat evenly without 
causing Burns. 

961
00:48:41,600 --> 00:48:44,200
These gadgets were used in 
houses of all social strata 

962
00:48:44,200 --> 00:48:47,700
demonstrating, the importance of
Ideal sleeping temperatures 

963
00:48:47,700 --> 00:48:51,200
medieval Europe's, or a number 
of systemic sleep, hygiene 

964
00:48:51,200 --> 00:48:53,400
activities. 
When the sun set these were 

965
00:48:53,400 --> 00:48:56,100
centuries, old practices that 
prepared body and mind for 

966
00:48:56,100 --> 00:48:58,800
oppose. 
The intricacy of these Priestly 

967
00:48:58,800 --> 00:49:01,800
practices undermines, the idea 
that scientific sleep 

968
00:49:01,800 --> 00:49:05,500
optimization is new The 
transition to night began with 

969
00:49:05,500 --> 00:49:08,500
daesh, shutting rituals that 
separated waking and sleeping 

970
00:49:08,500 --> 00:49:11,600
closing shutters, or drawing 
curtains were symbolic 

971
00:49:11,600 --> 00:49:14,300
thresholds. 
Even humble 14th century. 

972
00:49:14,300 --> 00:49:17,800
French households had practices 
for closing the day, typically 

973
00:49:17,800 --> 00:49:21,300
with brief spoken phrases or 
prayers to signal that labor was

974
00:49:21,300 --> 00:49:25,700
over and rest could begin. 
Medieval Europeans, intuitively 

975
00:49:25,700 --> 00:49:28,200
knew the necessity of light 
reduction before sleep. 

976
00:49:28,200 --> 00:49:32,400
According to archeology medieval
dwelling excavations, reveal, 

977
00:49:32,400 --> 00:49:34,900
clever shutter designs that 
blocked like more, completely 

978
00:49:34,900 --> 00:49:39,200
Rich, urban homes had exterior 
shutters for security and inside

979
00:49:39,200 --> 00:49:42,600
fabric hangings. 
To exclude remaining light by 

980
00:49:42,600 --> 00:49:45,200
the 15th century. 
These dark generation 

981
00:49:45,200 --> 00:49:49,000
Investments showed how much 
Society valued sleep, Stage 

982
00:49:49,000 --> 00:49:52,500
light reduction was notable in 
medieval times as Darkness 

983
00:49:52,500 --> 00:49:54,800
approached. 
Home switched from brilliant 

984
00:49:54,800 --> 00:49:58,900
Central fireplaces to dim lights
church and monastic records show

985
00:49:58,900 --> 00:50:01,700
that different candle types were
used for different evening, 

986
00:50:01,700 --> 00:50:06,200
activities, leading to rush dips
at bed time, a modern abrupt 

987
00:50:06,200 --> 00:50:08,700
shifts from brightness to 
Darkness, impede, melatonin 

988
00:50:08,700 --> 00:50:11,900
production but this Progressive 
dimming naturally, signaled 

989
00:50:11,900 --> 00:50:14,600
sleep. 
Evening meals were part of sleep

990
00:50:14,600 --> 00:50:17,300
preparation, despite 
expectations about primitive 

991
00:50:17,300 --> 00:50:19,700
medieval diets household, 
records and medical. 

992
00:50:19,700 --> 00:50:22,900
Writings show sophisticated 
sleep, nutritional evening 

993
00:50:22,900 --> 00:50:25,500
meals, were eaten at least two 
hours before bed to allow for 

994
00:50:25,500 --> 00:50:29,000
partial digestion. 
In the evening, Salerno medical 

995
00:50:29,000 --> 00:50:33,000
books, advised lighter diets 
like lettuce, almonds and warm 

996
00:50:33,000 --> 00:50:36,300
Dairy, liquids mixed with mildly
sedative spices to promote 

997
00:50:36,300 --> 00:50:39,100
sleep. 
Physical sleep preparation was 

998
00:50:39,100 --> 00:50:42,700
also deliberate. 
Cleaning before bed, highlighted

999
00:50:42,700 --> 00:50:46,200
cycle shifts, as well as 
cleanliness even in simple 

1000
00:50:46,200 --> 00:50:48,000
families, without bathing 
facilities. 

1001
00:50:48,000 --> 00:50:52,100
People wash their hands face and
feet before bed and for its 

1002
00:50:52,100 --> 00:50:54,500
relaxing benefits. 
According to housekeeping, 

1003
00:50:54,500 --> 00:50:58,000
manuals, Some 15th century 
Manor, buildings had evening 

1004
00:50:58,000 --> 00:50:59,900
bathing Chambers. 
Next to bedrooms for more, 

1005
00:50:59,900 --> 00:51:03,200
extensive Priestly. 
Bathing procedures medieval 

1006
00:51:03,200 --> 00:51:05,500
sleep habits for stress 
reduction and brain clearing 

1007
00:51:05,500 --> 00:51:08,700
were unique monastic and 
household texts suggested 

1008
00:51:08,700 --> 00:51:12,000
evening reflection and concern 
control that mirrors modern 

1009
00:51:12,000 --> 00:51:15,500
mindfulness. 14th century, 
Merchant advice, advocated 

1010
00:51:15,500 --> 00:51:18,500
examining the days, transactions
and resolving mental issues 

1011
00:51:18,500 --> 00:51:20,900
before bed. 
Since unresolved matters will 

1012
00:51:20,900 --> 00:51:24,400
otherwise disturb rest. 
The early observation that 

1013
00:51:24,400 --> 00:51:26,800
cognitive stimulation. 
Reduces Sleep Quality as 

1014
00:51:26,800 --> 00:51:28,600
extraordinary psychological 
insight. 

1015
00:51:29,400 --> 00:51:32,300
Bedtime prayer, sequences were 
both spiritual practice and 

1016
00:51:32,300 --> 00:51:34,000
sleep. 
Induction, these were 

1017
00:51:34,000 --> 00:51:37,000
systematic, mental activities. 
That diverted attention from 

1018
00:51:37,000 --> 00:51:39,600
daily worries. 
Not just religious observances 

1019
00:51:39,600 --> 00:51:42,900
popular nighttime prayers. 
Alternated between simple. 

1020
00:51:42,900 --> 00:51:46,800
Repetitive elements, relaxing 
and brief narrative segments, 

1021
00:51:46,800 --> 00:51:50,100
focusing the attention this 
Advanced structure naturally 

1022
00:51:50,100 --> 00:51:51,800
induced tiredness from active 
thought. 

1023
00:51:51,800 --> 00:51:56,100
Even bed making was ritualized. 
According to household sources, 

1024
00:51:56,100 --> 00:51:59,400
medieval folks, will classes 
made beds each night. 

1025
00:52:00,300 --> 00:52:03,000
It was common to shake and turn 
mattresses to rejuvenate their 

1026
00:52:03,000 --> 00:52:07,600
Loft arrange bedding for best 
warmth distribution and sweep 

1027
00:52:07,600 --> 00:52:10,300
the area around the bed to 
remove dirt and symbolically 

1028
00:52:10,300 --> 00:52:13,800
clear the space for rest. 
So in social interactions were 

1029
00:52:13,800 --> 00:52:16,900
manipulated to Aid sleep. 
Transitions manorial records. 

1030
00:52:16,900 --> 00:52:18,700
Required quiet time in the 
evening. 

1031
00:52:19,400 --> 00:52:22,000
Sleep preparation began with 
specific phrases or little 

1032
00:52:22,000 --> 00:52:24,700
customs. 
In some households for quieter 

1033
00:52:24,700 --> 00:52:28,200
more introspective conversation,
a 15th century housekeeping 

1034
00:52:28,200 --> 00:52:31,300
manual, encouraged the head of 
the home to say, the day is now,

1035
00:52:31,300 --> 00:52:35,400
put away most notably medieval 
sleep rituals addressed sleep 

1036
00:52:35,400 --> 00:52:38,900
onset insomnia. 
Medical manuscripts, provided 

1037
00:52:38,900 --> 00:52:41,900
Advanced, sleep treatments, they
comprise mental tracing of 

1038
00:52:41,908 --> 00:52:45,300
patterns, rhythmic breathing and
progressive muscle relaxation, 

1039
00:52:45,300 --> 00:52:48,200
expressed in language, that 
resembles modern approaches. 

1040
00:52:49,300 --> 00:52:51,600
A 14th century. 
Montpellier Medical Treatments 

1041
00:52:51,600 --> 00:52:55,600
discusses body scan meditation 
similar to that taught in sleep 

1042
00:52:55,600 --> 00:52:58,200
Clinic's. 
Medieval sleep literature 

1043
00:52:58,200 --> 00:53:01,800
emphasize posture medical texts.
Outlined ideal sleep. 

1044
00:53:01,800 --> 00:53:04,100
Postures for different body 
types and health issues. 

1045
00:53:04,100 --> 00:53:07,100
Modern, understanding of how 
body position influences, 

1046
00:53:07,100 --> 00:53:10,400
digestive processes during sleep
suggest commencing sleep on the 

1047
00:53:10,400 --> 00:53:13,800
right side to help digestion 
before turning to the left. 

1048
00:53:14,600 --> 00:53:17,600
This was not common wisdom, but 
scientific observation of Sleep 

1049
00:53:17,600 --> 00:53:21,100
Quality, auditory practices 
helped wakefulness transition, 

1050
00:53:21,100 --> 00:53:24,200
nightwatch calls the hours in 
villages and cities. 

1051
00:53:24,200 --> 00:53:28,200
Providing temporal grounding 
These repetitive sound patterns,

1052
00:53:28,200 --> 00:53:30,900
may have helped maintain sleep 
rather than disrupt it. 

1053
00:53:30,908 --> 00:53:34,500
People say the familiar calls 
comforted and oriented them 

1054
00:53:34,500 --> 00:53:37,500
during brief overnight 
Awakenings without disturbing 

1055
00:53:37,500 --> 00:53:40,200
sleep architecture. 
The social structure of sleep, 

1056
00:53:40,200 --> 00:53:42,700
may be the biggest distinction 
between medieval and modern 

1057
00:53:42,700 --> 00:53:45,300
sleep. 
Medieval, sleep was a shared 

1058
00:53:45,300 --> 00:53:48,700
vulnerable state in trenched in 
well arranged social Ties That 

1059
00:53:48,700 --> 00:53:50,400
offered distinct psychological 
benefits. 

1060
00:53:50,400 --> 00:53:52,800
Not found in modern isolated 
sleep. 

1061
00:53:54,200 --> 00:53:57,200
European household, archeology 
shows, sleeps Arrangements, the 

1062
00:53:57,200 --> 00:54:00,600
challenge privacy, Notions from 
Humble farmhouses to Royal 

1063
00:54:00,600 --> 00:54:03,200
palaces. 
Medieval sleeping places were 

1064
00:54:03,200 --> 00:54:05,700
shared this. 
Sharing wasn't just for economic

1065
00:54:05,700 --> 00:54:08,000
reasons. 
It represented attitudes about 

1066
00:54:08,000 --> 00:54:10,500
sleep, vulnerability and 
communal protection. 

1067
00:54:10,500 --> 00:54:14,700
It started in childhood medieval
children, slept with family, 

1068
00:54:14,700 --> 00:54:18,600
unlike modern westerners 
household, inventories and 

1069
00:54:18,600 --> 00:54:21,400
Architectural evidence 
demonstrate that wealthy people 

1070
00:54:21,400 --> 00:54:24,000
rarely had separate nurseries 
until the late medieval period. 

1071
00:54:25,000 --> 00:54:28,200
Young children, usually slept on
communal beds near parents or 

1072
00:54:28,200 --> 00:54:31,300
caregivers this Arrangement 
provided physical warmth, and 

1073
00:54:31,300 --> 00:54:34,200
safety, as well, as auditory and
olfactory cues from trusted 

1074
00:54:34,200 --> 00:54:37,500
people to promote sleep. 
Children continue to sleep 

1075
00:54:37,500 --> 00:54:41,000
together as they grew household 
and Guild records show service, 

1076
00:54:41,000 --> 00:54:43,800
children apprentices and 
biological children. 

1077
00:54:43,800 --> 00:54:47,800
Sleeping together by age young 
people slept two or three to a 

1078
00:54:47,800 --> 00:54:52,400
bed clustered by gender and age.
Establishing sleep communities 

1079
00:54:52,400 --> 00:54:55,400
groups, that share, sleep, 
vulnerability, and build sleep 

1080
00:54:55,400 --> 00:54:58,400
standards. 
The cycle benefits of these 

1081
00:54:58,400 --> 00:55:02,000
Arrangements were significant. 
Medieval medical literature says

1082
00:55:02,000 --> 00:55:05,400
youngsters, who sleep together 
have fewer night, terrors and 

1083
00:55:05,400 --> 00:55:09,200
sleep disturbance. 
Medieval folks, intuitively knew

1084
00:55:09,200 --> 00:55:12,100
that trusted persons sensory 
aware as triggers. 

1085
00:55:12,100 --> 00:55:15,300
Parasympathetic nerve system 
reactions that deep and sleep. 

1086
00:55:15,300 --> 00:55:20,000
Modern sleep science has just 
lately, recognized this adult, 

1087
00:55:20,000 --> 00:55:23,700
slept together Beyond family. 
Medieval residents is have a 

1088
00:55:23,708 --> 00:55:26,200
central hallway. 
Servant's prentice's. 

1089
00:55:26,200 --> 00:55:30,500
An extended family slept This 
set up gave cycle security 

1090
00:55:30,500 --> 00:55:34,100
rather than disrupting sleep. 
Household accounts provide 

1091
00:55:34,100 --> 00:55:36,900
methods for grouping sleepers, 
to accommodate individual needs 

1092
00:55:36,900 --> 00:55:39,800
and relationships, even the rich
who could afford separate 

1093
00:55:39,800 --> 00:55:42,900
sleeping Chambers by the later. 
Medieval period rarely slept 

1094
00:55:42,900 --> 00:55:44,800
alone. 
Noble household chamber 

1095
00:55:44,800 --> 00:55:47,600
accounts, show that servants. 
Lay on pallets at the foot of 

1096
00:55:47,600 --> 00:55:50,800
the bed, with their masters, 
medieval nobility, preferred 

1097
00:55:50,800 --> 00:55:53,600
reliable companions during 
vulnerable sleep phases over 

1098
00:55:53,600 --> 00:55:56,500
loneliness. 
This communal sleep design had 

1099
00:55:56,500 --> 00:55:59,400
several psychological benefits. 
That modern Sleep Experts are 

1100
00:55:59,400 --> 00:56:03,100
now recognizing Shared sleep 
rooms corrected, sleep patterns 

1101
00:56:03,100 --> 00:56:06,200
reducing anxiety, over perceived
sleep anomalies. 

1102
00:56:07,100 --> 00:56:10,200
When brief nightly Awakening 
occurred, the noises and 

1103
00:56:10,200 --> 00:56:12,900
presence of other sleepers. 
Reassured and reduced anxiety. 

1104
00:56:12,900 --> 00:56:16,500
Induced sleeplessness, medieval 
travel Tales show, how rooted 

1105
00:56:16,500 --> 00:56:19,700
these communal sleep. 
Obligations were 150th Century 

1106
00:56:19,700 --> 00:56:22,900
Merchant called private sleeping
unnatural and disquieting to the

1107
00:56:22,900 --> 00:56:25,200
mind in regulations across 
Europe. 

1108
00:56:25,200 --> 00:56:28,100
Required tourists to share their
beds with strangers of the same 

1109
00:56:28,100 --> 00:56:31,600
gender until the early. 
Modern period demonstrating, how

1110
00:56:31,600 --> 00:56:34,600
common shared sleep 
vulnerability was deemed the 

1111
00:56:34,600 --> 00:56:36,100
intimacy of communal sleep 
areas. 

1112
00:56:36,100 --> 00:56:40,600
Encouraged unusual, social bonds
medieval stories emphasized. 

1113
00:56:40,600 --> 00:56:43,300
Priestly discussion for 
resolving conflicts in improving

1114
00:56:43,300 --> 00:56:46,600
relationships. 
Before bed, a 14th century 

1115
00:56:46,600 --> 00:56:48,500
family. 
Manual encourages settling 

1116
00:56:48,500 --> 00:56:52,000
disputes because Harmony before 
rest brings better health to all

1117
00:56:52,000 --> 00:56:55,600
this incorporation of dispute, 
resolution into sleep habits 

1118
00:56:55,600 --> 00:56:57,500
provided regular relationship 
healing. 

1119
00:56:58,700 --> 00:57:00,500
That Standalone sleeps 
Arrangements. 

1120
00:57:00,500 --> 00:57:04,100
Rarely do. 
Medieval sleeps communality 

1121
00:57:04,100 --> 00:57:07,400
improved safety before modern 
locks and security measures, 

1122
00:57:07,400 --> 00:57:10,100
numerous sleepers, were 
protected by Collective 

1123
00:57:10,100 --> 00:57:13,400
vigilance medieval households, 
generally placed younger, 

1124
00:57:13,400 --> 00:57:16,700
lighter sleepers, usually 
apprentices, or younger servants

1125
00:57:16,700 --> 00:57:19,800
near doorways, establishing a 
natural surveillance system. 

1126
00:57:20,600 --> 00:57:22,900
Household accounts recommend 
having different grades of 

1127
00:57:22,900 --> 00:57:25,300
sleepers with different 
Awakening thresholds across the 

1128
00:57:25,300 --> 00:57:28,300
sleeping area. 
Social leveling was all achieved

1129
00:57:28,300 --> 00:57:31,600
through sleep vulnerability. 
Daytime activities were 

1130
00:57:31,600 --> 00:57:34,200
hierarchical but sleep 
momentarily, lowered. 

1131
00:57:34,200 --> 00:57:37,900
Status snoring, shifting 
postures and the universal 

1132
00:57:37,900 --> 00:57:40,400
weakness of unconsciousness made
even high status. 

1133
00:57:40,400 --> 00:57:43,300
People seem more real to their 
support at according to 

1134
00:57:43,300 --> 00:57:46,300
historical reports. 
This periodic reminders of 

1135
00:57:46,300 --> 00:57:49,300
shared Humanity softened, 
medieval social hierarchy, is 

1136
00:57:49,300 --> 00:57:52,400
the communal sleep environment 
helped vulnerable populations 

1137
00:57:52,400 --> 00:57:54,600
more than our comp private sleep
Arrangements. 

1138
00:57:55,300 --> 00:57:58,200
Shared sleeping, Arrangements, 
helped, new mothers, care for 

1139
00:57:58,208 --> 00:58:01,100
their babies at night, village, 
records and household, 

1140
00:58:01,100 --> 00:58:04,200
narratives show, that nursing 
mothers were slapped near other 

1141
00:58:04,200 --> 00:58:06,000
women. 
Who could, he slope with evening

1142
00:58:06,000 --> 00:58:09,600
feedings and child calming, 
instead of being separated 

1143
00:58:09,600 --> 00:58:12,600
older, people were included in 
home sleeping Arrangements 

1144
00:58:12,600 --> 00:58:15,900
allowing the collective to adapt
their natural sleep habits. 

1145
00:58:16,600 --> 00:58:19,500
Community sleep normalized 
nightly distress, which was 

1146
00:58:19,500 --> 00:58:21,400
important for psychological 
Wellness. 

1147
00:58:22,200 --> 00:58:25,800
Nightmares and anxiousness were 
immediately relieved medical 

1148
00:58:25,800 --> 00:58:28,800
writings from the time 
prescribed, a trusted sleeping 

1149
00:58:28,800 --> 00:58:32,000
companion's voice to comfort. 
People Awakening from terrible 

1150
00:58:32,000 --> 00:58:35,400
dreams, which is easier and 
shared sleep places than in our 

1151
00:58:35,400 --> 00:58:38,600
secluded bedrooms. 
Sleep historians now, recognized

1152
00:58:38,600 --> 00:58:42,000
the shift from communal to 
privatize sleeping, which began 

1153
00:58:42,000 --> 00:58:44,800
among the wealthy in the late 
medieval period, but didn't 

1154
00:58:44,800 --> 00:58:46,700
reach most communities until 
much later. 

1155
00:58:47,700 --> 00:58:49,900
This shift had mixed effects on 
human psychology. 

1156
00:58:50,800 --> 00:58:53,500
While privatizing sleeping 
increased individual control. 

1157
00:58:53,500 --> 00:58:57,100
It eliminated, many of the 
security and social benefits of 

1158
00:58:57,100 --> 00:59:00,200
communal sleep. 
Medieval understanding of dreams

1159
00:59:00,200 --> 00:59:03,500
and nighttime Consciousness was 
highly developed predicting 

1160
00:59:03,500 --> 00:59:06,300
modern findings concerning 
dreams of effects on emotion, 

1161
00:59:06,300 --> 00:59:12,300
creativity and problem-solving. 
Medieval civilization developed 

1162
00:59:12,300 --> 00:59:15,200
intricate Frameworks for 
identifying dream varieties, and

1163
00:59:15,200 --> 00:59:18,300
promoting positive dream 
experiences, medieval dream 

1164
00:59:18,300 --> 00:59:21,300
theory classified Dreams by 
psychological cause and meaning 

1165
00:59:21,300 --> 00:59:24,900
medical books from Salerno and 
Montpellier distinguished 

1166
00:59:24,900 --> 00:59:28,200
digestive dreams, those 
influenced by nutrition and 

1167
00:59:28,200 --> 00:59:32,100
physical conditions from Spirit 
dreams, those originating from 

1168
00:59:32,100 --> 00:59:36,100
deeper psychic processes, this 
distinction acknowledges dreams 

1169
00:59:36,100 --> 00:59:39,200
psychological purposes and 
modern awareness of how physical

1170
00:59:39,200 --> 00:59:43,300
variables affect dream content. 
Medieval understanding of how 

1171
00:59:43,300 --> 00:59:45,600
sleep absorbed every day of 
events was sophisticated. 

1172
00:59:45,600 --> 00:59:49,900
The 13th century encyclopedist, 
Bartholomew has anglicus 

1173
00:59:49,900 --> 00:59:53,100
observed that the Mind sorts 
through the days of events, 

1174
00:59:53,100 --> 00:59:56,800
while the body rests for 
shadowing, REM sleep memory, 

1175
00:59:56,800 --> 01:00:00,800
consolidation research, 
Household instructions, advise 

1176
01:00:00,800 --> 01:00:03,400
quickly revisiting important. 
Daily of events before bed to 

1177
01:00:03,400 --> 01:00:07,200
Aid this processing function. 
Which sleep researchers now 

1178
01:00:07,200 --> 01:00:08,700
know, improves memory 
integration. 

1179
01:00:09,600 --> 01:00:12,300
Medieval dream notebooks show 
that people actively engaged 

1180
01:00:12,300 --> 01:00:15,300
with their dreams. 
Several preserved monastic and 

1181
01:00:15,300 --> 01:00:18,300
Noble household, dream, Diaries 
document dream content with 

1182
01:00:18,300 --> 01:00:22,600
attention to repeating themes 
and emotional patterns. 14th 

1183
01:00:22,600 --> 01:00:25,300
century Florentine Merchant. 
Kept a thorough book about how 

1184
01:00:25,300 --> 01:00:28,600
he tracked, dreams symbols 
linking them to his waking 

1185
01:00:28,600 --> 01:00:31,000
concerns, and using dreams, to 
make commercial decisions. 

1186
01:00:31,000 --> 01:00:34,600
Medieval dream practice, used 
complex, dream, incubation 

1187
01:00:34,600 --> 01:00:37,600
techniques, to actively 
influence, dream material, to 

1188
01:00:37,600 --> 01:00:41,200
answer specific inquiries, or 
difficulties the monastic. 

1189
01:00:41,200 --> 01:00:44,200
Records describe focusing on 
certain questions before sleep 

1190
01:00:44,200 --> 01:00:46,900
and utilizing visualization to 
bring them into dream 

1191
01:00:46,900 --> 01:00:49,500
Consciousness. 
This goal was practical 

1192
01:00:49,500 --> 01:00:53,100
cognitive training, not just 
spiritual multiple crafts, Guild

1193
01:00:53,100 --> 01:00:55,900
records mentioned Masters 
telling trainees to consult 

1194
01:00:55,900 --> 01:00:59,900
their dreams when designing, 
Archeology supports, medieval 

1195
01:00:59,900 --> 01:01:03,300
dream practice. 
Excavation found dream related 

1196
01:01:03,300 --> 01:01:06,300
objects near beds. 
These include modest religious 

1197
01:01:06,300 --> 01:01:10,100
artifacts symbolic emblems and 
written queries or issues under 

1198
01:01:10,100 --> 01:01:12,900
pillows physical. 
Expressions of medieval belief 

1199
01:01:12,900 --> 01:01:15,700
that sleep Consciousness might 
address waking difficulties. 

1200
01:01:15,700 --> 01:01:18,300
Medieval nightmare treatment was
centuries. 

1201
01:01:18,300 --> 01:01:21,500
Ahead of modern methods medieval
dream, guy's advised dealing 

1202
01:01:21,500 --> 01:01:23,300
with nightmares rather than 
suppressing them. 

1203
01:01:24,300 --> 01:01:27,000
One, 14th century, physician 
guide Advocates, helping 

1204
01:01:27,000 --> 01:01:32,100
patients achieve dream, reentry 
returning to terrifying, dream 

1205
01:01:32,100 --> 01:01:34,300
scenes while waking and 
imagining altering them. 

1206
01:01:35,100 --> 01:01:37,600
This method is similar to 
nightmare disorder, treatments, 

1207
01:01:37,600 --> 01:01:41,600
that rewrite distressing content
medieval understanding of dreams

1208
01:01:41,600 --> 01:01:44,900
and nighttime Consciousness was 
highly developed predicting. 

1209
01:01:44,900 --> 01:01:47,700
Modern findings concerning 
dreams, affects on emotion, 

1210
01:01:47,700 --> 01:01:55,700
creativity and problem-solving. 
Frameworks for identifying dream

1211
01:01:55,700 --> 01:01:59,400
varieties and promoting positive
dream experiences, medieval 

1212
01:01:59,400 --> 01:02:02,300
dream theory classified Dreams 
by psychological cause and 

1213
01:02:02,300 --> 01:02:05,400
meaning medical books from 
Salerno and Montpellier 

1214
01:02:05,400 --> 01:02:09,400
distinguished digestive dreams, 
those influenced by nutrition 

1215
01:02:09,400 --> 01:02:11,700
and physical conditions from 
Spirit dreams. 

1216
01:02:11,700 --> 01:02:14,800
Those are originating from 
deeper processes. 

1217
01:02:14,800 --> 01:02:18,600
This distinction, acknowledges 
dreams psychological purposes, 

1218
01:02:18,600 --> 01:02:21,700
and modern awareness of how 
physical variables affect dream 

1219
01:02:21,700 --> 01:02:24,700
content. 
Medieval understanding of how 

1220
01:02:24,700 --> 01:02:26,900
sleep absorbed every day of 
events was sophisticated. 

1221
01:02:26,900 --> 01:02:31,300
The 13th century encyclopedist, 
Bartholomew is anglicus. 

1222
01:02:31,300 --> 01:02:35,100
Observe the Mind sort through 
the days of events while the 

1223
01:02:35,100 --> 01:02:38,700
body rests for shadowing, REM 
sleep memory, consolidation 

1224
01:02:38,700 --> 01:02:42,500
research, Household 
instructions, advise quickly 

1225
01:02:42,500 --> 01:02:45,200
revisiting important daily 
events before bed to Aid this 

1226
01:02:45,200 --> 01:02:48,300
processing function. 
Which sleep researchers. 

1227
01:02:48,300 --> 01:02:50,100
Now know, improves memory 
integration. 

1228
01:02:50,900 --> 01:02:53,700
Medieval dream notebooks show 
that people actively engaged 

1229
01:02:53,700 --> 01:02:56,800
with their dreams. 
Several preserved, monastic, and

1230
01:02:56,800 --> 01:02:59,700
Noble household, dream, Diaries 
document dream content with 

1231
01:02:59,700 --> 01:03:02,300
attention to repeating themes 
and emotional patterns. 

1232
01:03:03,300 --> 01:03:05,100
A 14th century, Florentine 
Merchant. 

1233
01:03:05,100 --> 01:03:08,100
Kept a thorough book about how 
he tracked, dreams symbols 

1234
01:03:08,100 --> 01:03:11,300
linking them to his waking 
concerns, and using dreams, to 

1235
01:03:11,300 --> 01:03:14,600
make commercial decisions. 
Medieval dream practice, used 

1236
01:03:14,600 --> 01:03:17,500
complex, dream, incubation 
techniques, to actively 

1237
01:03:17,500 --> 01:03:20,500
influence, dream material, to 
answer specific inquiries, or 

1238
01:03:20,500 --> 01:03:23,900
difficulties the monastic. 
Records describe focusing on 

1239
01:03:23,900 --> 01:03:27,500
certain questions before sleep 
and utilizing visualization to 

1240
01:03:27,500 --> 01:03:28,700
bring them into dream 
Consciousness. 

1241
01:03:28,700 --> 01:03:32,100
This goal was practical 
cognitive training, not just 

1242
01:03:32,100 --> 01:03:35,700
spiritual multiple crafts, Guild
records mentioned Master's 

1243
01:03:35,700 --> 01:03:38,700
telling trainees to consult 
their dreams when designing, 

1244
01:03:39,800 --> 01:03:42,000
Archeology supports, medieval 
dream practice. 

1245
01:03:42,900 --> 01:03:45,700
Excavation found dream related 
objects near beds. 

1246
01:03:45,700 --> 01:03:50,000
These include modest religious 
artifacts symbolic emblems and 

1247
01:03:50,000 --> 01:03:52,800
written queries or issues under 
pillows physical. 

1248
01:03:52,800 --> 01:03:55,700
Expressions of medieval belief 
that sleep Consciousness might 

1249
01:03:55,700 --> 01:03:59,100
address waking difficulties. 
Medieval nightmare treatment was

1250
01:03:59,100 --> 01:04:00,700
centuries. 
Ahead of modern methods, 

1251
01:04:00,700 --> 01:04:03,500
medieval dream guides advised 
dealing with nightmares. 

1252
01:04:03,500 --> 01:04:07,200
Rather than suppressing them, 
one, 14th century, physician 

1253
01:04:07,200 --> 01:04:11,100
guide Advocates, helping 
patients achieve dream, reentry 

1254
01:04:11,100 --> 01:04:15,000
returning to terrifying greens, 
while waking in imagining 

1255
01:04:15,000 --> 01:04:17,600
altering them. 
This method is similar to 

1256
01:04:17,600 --> 01:04:19,600
nightmare disorder. 
Treatments that rewrite 

1257
01:04:19,600 --> 01:04:22,800
distressing content due to 
historical changes in sleep, 

1258
01:04:22,800 --> 01:04:26,700
interactions medieval Europeans,
excellent Sleep, Quality slowly 

1259
01:04:26,700 --> 01:04:29,500
declined. 
Understanding this decline helps

1260
01:04:29,500 --> 01:04:31,200
us. 
Apply medieval sleep advice 

1261
01:04:31,200 --> 01:04:34,200
today, late medieval European 
towns installed. 

1262
01:04:34,200 --> 01:04:38,500
Public mechanical, clocks, 
changing sleep patterns, early 

1263
01:04:38,500 --> 01:04:41,500
watches didn't affect sleep but 
they did change the attention 

1264
01:04:41,500 --> 01:04:45,400
from environmental cues to time 
Town records from the 15th 

1265
01:04:45,400 --> 01:04:47,500
century show. 
The gradual adoption of clock 

1266
01:04:47,500 --> 01:04:50,400
time, instead of sunrise and 
sunset, as daily reference 

1267
01:04:50,400 --> 01:04:53,900
points, the First step toward 
divorce in human time, tables 

1268
01:04:53,900 --> 01:04:56,900
from natural light. 
Cycle's, archeology shows this 

1269
01:04:56,900 --> 01:05:00,000
window design change. 
Later medieval home's, 

1270
01:05:00,000 --> 01:05:03,300
prioritized privacy and Heap, 
retention over natural light, 

1271
01:05:03,300 --> 01:05:06,400
although early medieval bedrooms
contained, windows that. 

1272
01:05:06,400 --> 01:05:09,500
Let in Morning, Light this 
architectural change, develop 

1273
01:05:09,500 --> 01:05:12,900
values, sleep, natural light 
alignment, which is increasingly

1274
01:05:12,900 --> 01:05:16,200
critical for circadian. 
Rhythms industrialization and 

1275
01:05:16,200 --> 01:05:18,600
artificial lighting most 
effective evil sleep. 

1276
01:05:18,600 --> 01:05:22,300
Although early 19th century, gas
alumination, extended productive

1277
01:05:22,300 --> 01:05:25,300
hours in the evening in 
Industry, schedule's demanded 

1278
01:05:25,300 --> 01:05:28,700
standardized waking times on 
affected by seasonal light. 

1279
01:05:28,700 --> 01:05:32,200
Early industrial society 
documents reveal plant owners 

1280
01:05:32,200 --> 01:05:36,400
fighting inefficient. 
Sleep patterns in 1883 a factory

1281
01:05:36,400 --> 01:05:39,400
manual warned against workers, 
persistent habit of Nightwing. 

1282
01:05:40,400 --> 01:05:43,100
Between sleep phases. 
Due to Industrial schedules. 

1283
01:05:43,100 --> 01:05:48,500
Eliminating bi phasic sleep. 
Sleep, conditions changed the 

1284
01:05:48,500 --> 01:05:50,400
18th and 19th. 
Centuries saw single-family 

1285
01:05:50,400 --> 01:05:53,900
residents an individual beds, 
replace medieval communal 

1286
01:05:53,900 --> 01:05:56,300
slumber. 
The architectural change 

1287
01:05:56,300 --> 01:05:59,500
increased solitude, but removed,
shared sleep, Social Security, 

1288
01:05:59,500 --> 01:06:02,200
and closeness. 
Medical records from this 

1289
01:06:02,200 --> 01:06:05,500
transitional era, show rising of
sleep difficulties, due to 

1290
01:06:05,500 --> 01:06:09,700
unusual Solitude at night from 
the new Sleeping Arrangements. 

1291
01:06:09,700 --> 01:06:14,000
Changes in labor habits eroded 
medieval Notions of sleep as a 

1292
01:06:14,000 --> 01:06:17,100
transition, natural cycles and 
moderate activity. 

1293
01:06:17,100 --> 01:06:19,600
Shifts characterize 
pre-industrial work. 

1294
01:06:20,500 --> 01:06:23,400
Industrial time discipline 
destroyed the natural wind down 

1295
01:06:23,400 --> 01:06:26,700
time of medieval sleep, 
patterns, industrial and office 

1296
01:06:26,700 --> 01:06:29,100
time. 
Tables created Guillotine waking

1297
01:06:29,100 --> 01:06:33,100
Sharpe alarm driven transitions 
many found, sleep, uncomfortable

1298
01:06:33,100 --> 01:06:36,500
during this change early, mass 
production, homogenized sleeping

1299
01:06:36,500 --> 01:06:39,200
surfaces, without regard for 
Comfort yet. 

1300
01:06:39,200 --> 01:06:41,900
Medieval people of all classes 
had devised sophisticated 

1301
01:06:41,900 --> 01:06:46,100
bedding systems that met bodily 
demands historical records 

1302
01:06:46,100 --> 01:06:49,000
indicate that Workshop, 
dwellings had crude beds, unlike

1303
01:06:49,000 --> 01:06:52,400
medieval peasants over. 
Centuries sleep Comfort 

1304
01:06:52,400 --> 01:06:55,400
Technologies would improve. 
These changes lead to 

1305
01:06:55,408 --> 01:06:59,400
Consolidated sleep culture, the 
idea that normal sleep is a 

1306
01:06:59,400 --> 01:07:03,000
single unbroken period rather 
than the centuries old bi phasic

1307
01:07:03,000 --> 01:07:06,000
pattern. 
Medical texts of the late 19th 

1308
01:07:06,000 --> 01:07:09,000
century, pathologized nocturnal 
waking as a disorder. 

1309
01:07:09,000 --> 01:07:12,800
This medical reinterpretation 
replaced medieval sleep, wisdom 

1310
01:07:12,800 --> 01:07:16,000
with modern Norms. 
This historical transformation, 

1311
01:07:16,000 --> 01:07:18,400
goes beyond discomfort. 
Medieval sleep. 

1312
01:07:18,400 --> 01:07:21,100
Practice was physically, 
uncycle, logically advantageous 

1313
01:07:21,100 --> 01:07:24,600
according to modern studies, 
with unprecedented rates of 

1314
01:07:24,600 --> 01:07:27,800
insomnia, sleep disordered 
breathing and circadian rhythm 

1315
01:07:27,800 --> 01:07:30,800
issues sleep professionals 
called the global sleep crisis 

1316
01:07:30,800 --> 01:07:32,900
caused by suppression of natural
sleep patterns. 

1317
01:07:32,900 --> 01:07:35,900
The loss of medieval sleeps, 
midnight waking period is 

1318
01:07:35,900 --> 01:07:39,200
notable a normal sleep. 
Break was Essential by logically

1319
01:07:39,200 --> 01:07:41,900
encyclopedic. 
Neurological, research found 

1320
01:07:41,900 --> 01:07:44,600
this interval had brainwave 
patterns that supported 

1321
01:07:44,600 --> 01:07:46,100
creativity and emotional 
processing. 

1322
01:07:47,200 --> 01:07:49,500
Industrial and post-industrial 
sleep practices. 

1323
01:07:49,500 --> 01:07:52,800
Eliminated this cognitive state 
by requiring continuous sleep, 

1324
01:07:52,800 --> 01:07:55,500
medieval Slumber. 
Society, is offered 

1325
01:07:55,500 --> 01:07:57,500
psychological stability. 
That modern ones lack. 

1326
01:07:58,500 --> 01:08:00,900
Modern Sleep, Experts have 
established that trusted people,

1327
01:08:00,900 --> 01:08:02,700
reduced sleep delay and stress 
hormones. 

1328
01:08:02,700 --> 01:08:05,900
Modern sleeper Arrangements. 
Eliminate these benefits 

1329
01:08:05,900 --> 01:08:08,900
creating anxiety related sleep 
disruptions. 

1330
01:08:08,900 --> 01:08:12,800
Even in medieval times seasonal,
sleep duration, of fluctuations 

1331
01:08:12,800 --> 01:08:15,500
were biologically, good 
pre-industrial, civilization, 

1332
01:08:15,500 --> 01:08:19,500
and historical sources show that
medieval people slept longer in 

1333
01:08:19,500 --> 01:08:21,500
Winter due to Natural melatonin 
synthesis. 

1334
01:08:22,700 --> 01:08:26,000
Modern sleep schedules, ignore 
seasonal changes, creating 

1335
01:08:26,000 --> 01:08:29,399
winter circadian. 
Misalignment, medieval and 

1336
01:08:29,399 --> 01:08:31,800
pre-industrial sleep, Traditions
are being rediscovered despite 

1337
01:08:31,800 --> 01:08:35,200
these losses sleep medicine. 
Now, admits that medieval sleep 

1338
01:08:35,200 --> 01:08:37,600
practice was sophisticated and 
biologically sound. 

1339
01:08:37,600 --> 01:08:40,500
So we should revisit it, new 
sleep transition. 

1340
01:08:41,899 --> 01:08:45,500
Understanding is the best 
Rehabilitation after centuries 

1341
01:08:45,500 --> 01:08:48,700
of alarm clocks, disrupting 
sleep, sleep professionals 

1342
01:08:48,700 --> 01:08:53,100
emphasize Priestly windown 
reclaiming, the medieval idea of

1343
01:08:53,108 --> 01:08:54,800
sleep. 
As a transitional activity, 

1344
01:08:54,800 --> 01:08:58,600
modern sleep hygiene follows 
medal, practices of gradually, 

1345
01:08:58,600 --> 01:09:02,000
reducing light exposure, quieter
evening, activities and 

1346
01:09:02,000 --> 01:09:06,500
systematically routines modern 
technology harms and helps sleep

1347
01:09:06,500 --> 01:09:10,700
screen, usage influences, 
melatonin production yet, apps 

1348
01:09:10,700 --> 01:09:13,399
and devices measure, sleep and 
supports, circadian Cycles. 

1349
01:09:13,399 --> 01:09:16,399
There are programs that regulate
lighting throughout the day to 

1350
01:09:16,399 --> 01:09:19,500
approximate natural light 
progression and alarm systems 

1351
01:09:19,500 --> 01:09:22,800
that pinpoint optimal Awakening 
points throughout sleep cycles 

1352
01:09:22,800 --> 01:09:24,800
to recreate. 
Medieval sleep, patterns, 

1353
01:09:24,800 --> 01:09:27,000
architecture, honors sleep, 
wisdom. 

1354
01:09:27,000 --> 01:09:30,399
After Decades of decreasing that
natural light in bedrooms. 

1355
01:09:30,399 --> 01:09:33,000
Moderns. 
Sleep focused architecture, 

1356
01:09:33,000 --> 01:09:35,200
prioritizes Eastern exposure for
morning. 

1357
01:09:35,200 --> 01:09:37,800
Wake UPS, reverting to Medieval 
design. 

1358
01:09:38,700 --> 01:09:41,500
Some creative neighborhoods are 
investigating communal sleep 

1359
01:09:41,500 --> 01:09:45,600
solutions for uneasy sleepers. 
Researchers and Sleep, Experts 

1360
01:09:45,600 --> 01:09:49,500
studied medieval segmented, 
sleep bi phasic sleep patterns, 

1361
01:09:49,500 --> 01:09:52,800
like first and second sleep, 
improved sleep, mood and 

1362
01:09:52,800 --> 01:09:54,400
cognition. 
In long-term studies. 

1363
01:09:55,100 --> 01:09:57,400
Sleep clinics, increasingly 
recommend this routine for 

1364
01:09:57,400 --> 01:10:00,300
insomniacs who believe their 
sleep disorder is their body 

1365
01:10:00,300 --> 01:10:02,100
re-establishing its natural 
cycle. 

1366
01:10:03,200 --> 01:10:05,400
Medieval sleep. 
Surroundings were rediscovered, 

1367
01:10:05,400 --> 01:10:09,400
modern designers emphasized 
natural materials, temperature, 

1368
01:10:09,400 --> 01:10:12,500
regulation and personalized, 
supports similar to those users 

1369
01:10:12,500 --> 01:10:16,200
in medieval bedding systems 
following years dominated by 

1370
01:10:16,200 --> 01:10:20,500
artificial sleep environments. 
Adjustable firmness mattresses 

1371
01:10:20,500 --> 01:10:23,300
and weighted blankets. 
Are inadvertent homages to 

1372
01:10:23,300 --> 01:10:26,300
Medieval sleepers. 
Custom bedding, medieval sleep, 

1373
01:10:26,300 --> 01:10:28,400
still affect psychology and 
spirituality. 

1374
01:10:29,400 --> 01:10:32,400
Sleep, Experts recommend made 
evil home evening, contemplation

1375
01:10:32,400 --> 01:10:35,700
style, mindfulness. 
Increasing interest in Dream 

1376
01:10:35,700 --> 01:10:38,200
Work and creative dreaming 
engagement, rediscovers, 

1377
01:10:38,200 --> 01:10:41,100
medieval ideas of dreams as 
valuable sources of knowledge 

1378
01:10:41,100 --> 01:10:43,700
and creativity. 
The rising recognition that 

1379
01:10:43,700 --> 01:10:46,800
sleep is a cultural habit, 
motivated by societal values and

1380
01:10:46,800 --> 01:10:50,100
goals is positive. 
Medieval people valued Sleep, 

1381
01:10:50,100 --> 01:10:52,800
Quality, and built social norms 
to protect it. 

1382
01:10:52,800 --> 01:10:56,500
Unlike modern production 
cultures, the slow sleep 

1383
01:10:56,500 --> 01:11:00,100
movement promotes workplace and 
societal practices that respect 

1384
01:11:00,100 --> 01:11:04,100
natural sleep patterns. 
Key Paradigm changes realizing 

1385
01:11:04,100 --> 01:11:07,900
that societal institutions, 
mismatch human nature and create

1386
01:11:07,900 --> 01:11:10,700
numerous Sleep Disorders. 
Modern companies are 

1387
01:11:10,700 --> 01:11:12,800
experimenting with flexible 
timetables. 

1388
01:11:12,800 --> 01:11:16,200
That match natural chronotypes 
and seasonal changes like 

1389
01:11:16,200 --> 01:11:19,700
medieval civilizations. 
Did workers were organized 

1390
01:11:19,700 --> 01:11:22,400
around seasonal, light shifts 
and human energy Cycles. 

1391
01:11:22,400 --> 01:11:25,900
These strategies apply medieval 
wisdom to Modern conditions 

1392
01:11:25,900 --> 01:11:29,300
medieval sleep, reminds current 
sleepers that many human sleep 

1393
01:11:29,300 --> 01:11:32,200
features are neither infinitely 
adaptable, North Flawless to 

1394
01:11:32,200 --> 01:11:34,700
copy. 
Human nature operates best when 

1395
01:11:34,700 --> 01:11:37,600
aligned with rhythms are 
medieval ancestors, intuitively 

1396
01:11:37,600 --> 01:11:41,200
recognized, and honored, despite
great pressure to conform to 

1397
01:11:41,200 --> 01:11:44,900
Industrial and post-industrial, 
sleep demands, medieval sleep, 

1398
01:11:44,900 --> 01:11:48,000
teachers us to examine whose 
pre-industrial, sleep expertise,

1399
01:11:48,000 --> 01:11:51,500
remains physically, and 
psychologically helpful, not to 

1400
01:11:51,500 --> 01:11:53,800
reject Comfort, or technical 
progress. 

1401
01:11:54,600 --> 01:11:56,100
Current knowledge and 
rediscovered. 

1402
01:11:56,100 --> 01:11:59,000
Old Customs may help us create 
sleep patterns that match 

1403
01:11:59,000 --> 01:12:03,500
evolutionary and current needs. 
Researchers say medieval people 

1404
01:12:03,500 --> 01:12:06,400
didn't understand the 
neurochemistry of sleep but they

1405
01:12:06,400 --> 01:12:08,500
recognize its patterns and 
respected. 

1406
01:12:08,500 --> 01:12:10,700
Its requirements in ways were 
only now beginning to 

1407
01:12:10,700 --> 01:12:14,000
appreciate. 
That appreciation can solve our 

1408
01:12:14,000 --> 01:12:18,300
sleep Christus without drugs or 
technology by restoring Decades 

1409
01:12:18,300 --> 01:12:20,000
of pre-industrial sleep 
practice. 

1410
01:12:20,900 --> 01:12:23,500
Medieval sleep advice is more 
than just history. 

1411
01:12:23,500 --> 01:12:26,900
It offers ways to sleep better 
and honor our natural heritage 

1412
01:12:27,900 --> 01:12:30,900
as research, validates medieval,
sleep patterns and practices. 

1413
01:12:30,900 --> 01:12:33,800
We may find that rediscovering 
our ancestors. 

1414
01:12:33,800 --> 01:12:36,500
Centuries old knowledge of 
natural sleep is the best sleep 

1415
01:12:36,500 --> 01:12:51,000
advancement. 
From the Vantage of old 

1416
01:12:51,000 --> 01:12:53,900
Macedonia, where Elders, 
gathered beneath olive trees to 

1417
01:12:53,900 --> 01:12:56,900
swap hush law. 
The story of Hercules emerged in

1418
01:12:56,900 --> 01:13:00,000
Sparks of disbelief. 
They whispered about a force 

1419
01:13:00,000 --> 01:13:02,500
that blurred, the boundaries 
between the mortal and divine 

1420
01:13:02,500 --> 01:13:07,500
realms. child born in modest 
turians possessed an unsettling 

1421
01:13:07,500 --> 01:13:09,900
gift, Feats of Strength 
performed. 

1422
01:13:09,900 --> 01:13:12,700
So calmly that someone did the 
gods had quite quietly, laid a 

1423
01:13:12,700 --> 01:13:14,000
blessing, or a curse at his 
feet. 

1424
01:13:14,000 --> 01:13:17,500
Tyrion's was a farming Community
frame by rocky hills and 

1425
01:13:17,500 --> 01:13:20,700
cloudstream skies. 
A place to find by the routine, 

1426
01:13:20,700 --> 01:13:24,200
labor and rigid social caution, 
the boys, first display of 

1427
01:13:24,200 --> 01:13:27,700
uncanny power was witnessed by a
shepherd with a single tug. 

1428
01:13:27,700 --> 01:13:31,200
He reigned in an ox known to 
drag grown men like ragdolls. 

1429
01:13:31,200 --> 01:13:34,200
It wasn't the show of force 
itself that troubled on the 

1430
01:13:34,200 --> 01:13:36,300
Lookers. 
It was the Eerie Silence with 

1431
01:13:36,300 --> 01:13:38,400
which he did. 
It was though, testing a 

1432
01:13:38,400 --> 01:13:40,200
boundary rather than reveling in
light. 

1433
01:13:41,000 --> 01:13:44,800
Soon, neighbors recalled. 
Other Auditors doors and hinged 

1434
01:13:44,800 --> 01:13:48,700
by a careless push Footprints 
left in stone and animals that 

1435
01:13:48,700 --> 01:13:52,400
yielded to his hand without 
resistance. though, some saw him

1436
01:13:52,400 --> 01:13:55,800
as tyrion's protector and 
training, others felt uneasy 

1437
01:13:56,500 --> 01:14:00,900
Mortals were fragile beings gifs
of such magnitude often Drew 

1438
01:14:00,900 --> 01:14:04,500
Divine iron. 
Hercules for his part behaved. 

1439
01:14:04,500 --> 01:14:07,900
Like any curious youth combing, 
Riverbanks were turtles or 

1440
01:14:07,900 --> 01:14:09,600
carving shapes into the soft 
rock. 

1441
01:14:10,400 --> 01:14:13,600
Yet beneath each childlike 
Pastime looked in a sense of 

1442
01:14:13,608 --> 01:14:16,000
difference. 
He sensed that the world around 

1443
01:14:16,000 --> 01:14:18,600
him fit like a shirt. 
One size too small for 

1444
01:14:18,600 --> 01:14:22,100
constricting a single 
miscalculation could fracture 

1445
01:14:22,100 --> 01:14:27,100
relationships or destroy Trust. 
As he neared, 15, rumors of a 

1446
01:14:27,100 --> 01:14:29,000
natural, Predators swept across 
the Farmland. 

1447
01:14:29,000 --> 01:14:33,700
Shepard's of wolves the size of 
ponies with eyes lit by Pharrell

1448
01:14:33,700 --> 01:14:36,700
intelligence. 
The local militia dared not test

1449
01:14:36,700 --> 01:14:39,500
the truth of those claims 
leaving the fields in a state of

1450
01:14:39,508 --> 01:14:43,400
hush Hercules, compelled by 
equal parts curiosity and Duty 

1451
01:14:43,400 --> 01:14:46,800
gathered a simple Spear and 
ventured into the pine forests 

1452
01:14:46,800 --> 01:14:50,200
alone for three nights. 
The darkness swallowed him on 

1453
01:14:50,200 --> 01:14:52,000
the 4th Dawn. 
He reappeared at the Village 

1454
01:14:52,000 --> 01:14:56,000
Edge clothes, torn blood running
down his arms yet he carried no 

1455
01:14:56,000 --> 01:14:58,200
trophy. 
Only the quiet certainty that 

1456
01:14:58,200 --> 01:15:01,900
the threat was gone word of his 
deed through Travelers wagons 

1457
01:15:01,900 --> 01:15:05,100
and along Shepherd's Roots, 
echoing into Lands Beyond. 

1458
01:15:05,100 --> 01:15:08,300
It was said that the Monstrous 
wolves vanished to swiftly as 

1459
01:15:08,300 --> 01:15:10,400
they had come in The Villages 
eyes. 

1460
01:15:10,400 --> 01:15:13,700
Such might have signaled, a 
guardian, or even a chosen 

1461
01:15:13,700 --> 01:15:15,800
instrument of the Gods. 
Soon. 

1462
01:15:15,800 --> 01:15:19,500
They built humble altars on him.
They offered tiny bowls of grain

1463
01:15:19,500 --> 01:15:22,500
and small cups of wine as 
offering to the boy who had 

1464
01:15:22,500 --> 01:15:25,800
ensured their nights. 
Hercules accepted, none of it 

1465
01:15:25,800 --> 01:15:28,700
openly. 
He would pause those altars gaze

1466
01:15:28,700 --> 01:15:32,400
at the infant puzzlement. 
Then slip away inside him. 

1467
01:15:32,400 --> 01:15:35,500
A tug of longing clashed with 
the weight of expectation. 

1468
01:15:35,500 --> 01:15:38,800
He cherished The farmlands 
rhythms Morning, Light over 

1469
01:15:38,800 --> 01:15:41,000
tiller. 
The love of cicadas in the 

1470
01:15:41,000 --> 01:15:43,300
summer yet, each casual 
greeting. 

1471
01:15:43,300 --> 01:15:45,800
Now carried a jolt of all and 
every dirt path. 

1472
01:15:45,800 --> 01:15:49,900
He Rome of felt narrower as 
though funneling him towards 

1473
01:15:49,900 --> 01:15:53,908
some vast unseen Road. 
Occasionally he stolen to the 

1474
01:15:53,916 --> 01:15:56,900
hills to commune with Nature's 
raw pulse pressing. 

1475
01:15:56,900 --> 01:15:59,800
His broad hands against Boulders
as though listening for 

1476
01:15:59,800 --> 01:16:04,100
whispered secrets of stone. 
Turin's was never the seat of 

1477
01:16:04,108 --> 01:16:08,100
sophistication, unlike Athens or
thieves it lacked. 

1478
01:16:08,100 --> 01:16:10,200
Gilded temples and philosophical
gatherings. 

1479
01:16:11,000 --> 01:16:13,900
In a way, the Simplicity of 
tyrans allowed Hercules to 

1480
01:16:13,908 --> 01:16:15,600
flourish without being 
overwhelmed. 

1481
01:16:15,600 --> 01:16:20,100
By rumors, people accepted him 
half weary half hopeful because 

1482
01:16:20,100 --> 01:16:22,500
they needed him. 
He held back storms. 

1483
01:16:22,500 --> 01:16:24,200
That might devour them in a 
single gulp. 

1484
01:16:24,900 --> 01:16:27,900
He soon learned of a summons 
from King Arista of my Sinai. 

1485
01:16:27,900 --> 01:16:31,800
A monarch who demanded field and
recognized the usefulness of 

1486
01:16:31,800 --> 01:16:35,600
immortal Wheeling near Devine, 
might Friends, warned him of 

1487
01:16:35,600 --> 01:16:38,900
Palace politics. 
Even the local priest stooped 

1488
01:16:38,900 --> 01:16:42,300
with age caution, that power 
hungry rulers, often feed on 

1489
01:16:42,300 --> 01:16:44,800
Legends, until there's little 
left of the legend itself. 

1490
01:16:44,800 --> 01:16:48,400
However, Hercules, sensed an 
unspoken remind her. 

1491
01:16:48,400 --> 01:16:50,300
That a simple. 
Shepherd's life would never be 

1492
01:16:50,300 --> 01:16:54,200
his Gathering sparse belongings.
He took one last look at the 

1493
01:16:54,208 --> 01:16:57,800
Farmland, the lopsided fence is 
the distant bleeding of goats 

1494
01:16:57,800 --> 01:16:59,500
that once filled his childhood 
mornings. 

1495
01:17:00,300 --> 01:17:03,300
Then, as Dawn's first Clean 
Touch, The Horizon. 

1496
01:17:03,300 --> 01:17:07,100
He set out for my Cena. 
I Those who witnessed his 

1497
01:17:07,100 --> 01:17:10,000
departure claimed a hush fell 
upon tyrans like the land 

1498
01:17:10,000 --> 01:17:12,000
itself. 
Held its breath waiting. 

1499
01:17:12,900 --> 01:17:14,800
The path. 
He walked would lead to Triumph 

1500
01:17:14,800 --> 01:17:17,600
and sorrow. 
Forging a destiny, both luminous

1501
01:17:17,600 --> 01:17:20,500
and shattering in his heart 
Hercules. 

1502
01:17:20,500 --> 01:17:22,800
Hoped to find a way back to 
quiet field someday. 

1503
01:17:22,800 --> 01:17:26,500
But deep down he suspected the 
gods had other plans entirely. 

1504
01:17:27,600 --> 01:17:30,600
The road to mycenae stretched 
through rolling, planes dotted 

1505
01:17:30,600 --> 01:17:34,100
with olive Groves and Jagged 
hillsides, Hercules, traveled, 

1506
01:17:34,100 --> 01:17:37,600
quietly, observing the land more
than pondering the future. 

1507
01:17:37,600 --> 01:17:40,500
Yet, he couldn't ignore the 
murmur that followed him. 

1508
01:17:40,500 --> 01:17:44,300
A Hummer van anticipation 
carried by Traders roadside 

1509
01:17:44,300 --> 01:17:48,800
Shepherds vagrant bars upon 
arrival at the Fortified City. 

1510
01:17:48,800 --> 01:17:53,900
He faced a spectacle drummers of
the gate's banners hoisted, high

1511
01:17:53,900 --> 01:17:57,000
and crowds training to see, if 
rumex seeded reality. 

1512
01:17:57,800 --> 01:17:59,800
King Euros. 
This is Palace gleamed. 

1513
01:17:59,800 --> 01:18:03,700
Atop a rise of white stone. 
Once inside, Hercules found 

1514
01:18:03,700 --> 01:18:06,800
himself before a ruler, whose 
thin lips twitched at each 

1515
01:18:06,808 --> 01:18:11,000
mention of his name, despite 
grandiose surrounding these 

1516
01:18:11,000 --> 01:18:15,000
exuded an air of self-importance
undermined by a hint of anxiety 

1517
01:18:15,000 --> 01:18:18,500
in the hushed. 
Courteous, I Hercules with an 

1518
01:18:18,500 --> 01:18:20,300
odd mix of curiosity and 
caution. 

1519
01:18:20,300 --> 01:18:23,200
They had heard the room as of 
Unstoppable strength. 

1520
01:18:23,200 --> 01:18:27,900
Now they assess the man himself,
broad shouldered, wind Beacon 

1521
01:18:27,900 --> 01:18:32,600
eyes, calm, as Still Water, 
these wasted, no time. 

1522
01:18:33,600 --> 01:18:35,500
Word of your Deeds has traveled 
far. 

1523
01:18:35,500 --> 01:18:39,700
He said feigning warmth to prove
your loyalty you shall fulfill 

1524
01:18:39,700 --> 01:18:43,200
labors for the glory of my seni.
And the gods, of course. 

1525
01:18:45,000 --> 01:18:47,100
Applause. 
Followed from courtiers though, 

1526
01:18:47,100 --> 01:18:52,000
it felt forced Hercules bowed. 
Not out of fear, but recognizing

1527
01:18:52,000 --> 01:18:54,700
that refusal would brand him. 
An enemy of a kingdom that 

1528
01:18:54,700 --> 01:18:59,100
seemed both powerful and Petty. 
Besides he sensed Destiny's 

1529
01:18:59,100 --> 01:19:02,600
nudge, a game that intangible 
Force, hinting these labors 

1530
01:19:02,600 --> 01:19:06,500
might shape his future. 
His first assignment, the nemean

1531
01:19:06,500 --> 01:19:10,100
lion Villagers near neemia spoke
of a cat, the size of a 

1532
01:19:10,100 --> 01:19:12,800
warhorse. 
Its fur in pervious to Spears or

1533
01:19:12,800 --> 01:19:17,200
arrows, your demanded, its Pelt 
as proof setting out with 

1534
01:19:17,200 --> 01:19:20,200
minimal supplies. 
Hercules ventured into a region 

1535
01:19:20,200 --> 01:19:22,200
Shadow by tall grasses, and 
Jagged Rock. 

1536
01:19:23,000 --> 01:19:26,100
On the second day he spotted, 
massive portraits pressed into 

1537
01:19:26,100 --> 01:19:27,600
the soil. 
Following them. 

1538
01:19:27,600 --> 01:19:31,300
He entered a dank Havana over 
hung by dripping Vine's the lion

1539
01:19:31,300 --> 01:19:33,400
emerged. 
It's coach shimmering like 

1540
01:19:33,400 --> 01:19:36,200
steel, arrows, snapped against 
its hide. 

1541
01:19:36,200 --> 01:19:39,800
Confirming the rumors, they 
grappled the Beast roaring with 

1542
01:19:39,800 --> 01:19:42,200
unnatural ferocity while 
Hercules wrestled. 

1543
01:19:42,200 --> 01:19:45,600
In silence locking powerful arms
around the creatures neck. 

1544
01:19:45,600 --> 01:19:50,500
At last he wrenched, it downward
ending its life with a blow that

1545
01:19:50,500 --> 01:19:54,400
reverberated in his bones. 
No, Victory cry, escaped, his 

1546
01:19:54,400 --> 01:19:58,200
lips, only relief, he skinned 
the lion with its claws. 

1547
01:19:58,200 --> 01:20:00,100
And then draped the Pelt over 
his shoulder. 

1548
01:20:01,000 --> 01:20:04,400
When he returned urethane balked
at the sight of that, massive 

1549
01:20:04,400 --> 01:20:07,000
trophy. 
Commanding the city Gates shut. 

1550
01:20:07,000 --> 01:20:10,500
He insisted Hercules remain 
outside Duty so to displaying 

1551
01:20:10,500 --> 01:20:12,500
future conquests from a 
distance. 

1552
01:20:13,600 --> 01:20:16,200
Thus began a curious ritual. 
Each time. 

1553
01:20:16,200 --> 01:20:19,500
Hercules completed the labor, 
the king would peer down from 

1554
01:20:19,500 --> 01:20:23,400
the safety of high walls, making
excuses to avoid direct contact 

1555
01:20:23,400 --> 01:20:28,600
the champion calming compliance,
never argued, he found no pride 

1556
01:20:28,600 --> 01:20:31,200
in forcing an audience for 
filling Duty was enough. 

1557
01:20:31,900 --> 01:20:35,100
Shortly after he faced the 
learning and Hydra a serpent 

1558
01:20:35,100 --> 01:20:38,500
with nine heads that regrow if 
cut Hercules approached, the 

1559
01:20:38,500 --> 01:20:42,600
swamp of learner its murky 
Waters, stinking of wrote he 

1560
01:20:42,600 --> 01:20:46,600
attacked but each severed head, 
sprouted two more, only with the

1561
01:20:46,600 --> 01:20:50,200
help of his nephew Ayo Laos who 
cauterized each stump with 

1562
01:20:50,200 --> 01:20:53,800
Torchlight. 
He did Hercules Triumph lifting 

1563
01:20:53,800 --> 01:20:55,800
the central head still hissing 
in death. 

1564
01:20:55,800 --> 01:20:59,400
He returned to my Sinai, the 
king peering over parapets 

1565
01:20:59,400 --> 01:21:03,100
dismissed the victory. 
You had helped he sneered yet 

1566
01:21:03,100 --> 01:21:06,900
the people watching from a 
farmer told labor as mounted the

1567
01:21:06,900 --> 01:21:10,600
siren action high end sacred to 
Artemis tested his finesse. 

1568
01:21:10,600 --> 01:21:13,200
He chased it for a year across 
forests and streams. 

1569
01:21:13,200 --> 01:21:16,200
Before cornering, the golden 
antlered creature rather than 

1570
01:21:16,200 --> 01:21:18,700
slay it, merely captured and 
displayed it. 

1571
01:21:18,700 --> 01:21:21,700
Then set it free burning. 
Grudging respect from the 

1572
01:21:21,700 --> 01:21:24,700
goddess, he subdued, the air 
mountian bore bringing it back 

1573
01:21:24,700 --> 01:21:28,400
alive after each feet these 
found reasons to belittle. 

1574
01:21:28,400 --> 01:21:31,900
It still words spread forging 
Hercules's name into a Legend 

1575
01:21:31,908 --> 01:21:35,400
that grew even the king's 
attempts to contain it Hercules 

1576
01:21:35,400 --> 01:21:38,400
tasked, with cleaning, the 
audience Stables, an impossible 

1577
01:21:38,400 --> 01:21:42,800
mass of Filth left of decades. 
Diverted two rivers in a single 

1578
01:21:42,800 --> 01:21:47,500
day, washing away the grime and 
exposing the Stables owner, or 

1579
01:21:47,500 --> 01:21:50,000
gears for his dishonesty along. 
The way. 

1580
01:21:50,000 --> 01:21:53,800
The hero recognized these tasks 
weren't simply chose from a 

1581
01:21:53,800 --> 01:21:55,800
cowardly King. 
They served as Rites of Passage 

1582
01:21:56,700 --> 01:22:00,700
Each laborer, illuminated facets
of responsibility, cunning and 

1583
01:22:00,700 --> 01:22:03,800
mercy. 
Yet Hercules also sense to 

1584
01:22:03,800 --> 01:22:05,900
Growing Gulf between himself and
normal life. 

1585
01:22:05,900 --> 01:22:10,400
Day by day, the realm saw him 
less as a man and more as a 

1586
01:22:10,408 --> 01:22:14,100
living weapon behind the Feats 
and rumors loomed and unspoken 

1587
01:22:14,100 --> 01:22:17,400
Shadow stories hinted. 
He was atoning for a private 

1588
01:22:17,400 --> 01:22:19,300
tragedy caused by a Divine 
curse. 

1589
01:22:20,000 --> 01:22:23,400
Carried that burden silently. 
Forging ahead on a path. 

1590
01:22:23,400 --> 01:22:26,700
Paved by others demands in 
fulfilling each new labor. 

1591
01:22:26,700 --> 01:22:31,100
Hercules grew, ever more certain
that his real battle within a 

1592
01:22:31,100 --> 01:22:34,100
test to see where the Monstrous 
foes or guilt from a soaked in 

1593
01:22:34,108 --> 01:22:37,300
blood would clay him first. 
Overtime. 

1594
01:22:37,300 --> 01:22:40,200
Eurasia's list of Labor's seemed
an endless. 

1595
01:22:40,200 --> 01:22:44,700
Well, of peril, some missions, 
exuded a sense of malice, as if 

1596
01:22:44,700 --> 01:22:47,700
the king aimed to eliminate 
Hercules by challenging him to 

1597
01:22:47,700 --> 01:22:51,500
confront real life nightmares. 
It wasn't the magnitude of tasks

1598
01:22:51,500 --> 01:22:54,600
that hallowed Hercules's Spirit.
It was the sense that each 

1599
01:22:54,600 --> 01:22:58,000
successful the king's 
resentment, My Scene now, 

1600
01:22:58,000 --> 01:23:01,400
revealed a champion and only to 
drop proof of another Victory 

1601
01:23:01,400 --> 01:23:05,500
before Vanishing again. 
A door, one day a messenger 

1602
01:23:05,500 --> 01:23:07,900
gasping for breath approached, 
Hercules outside. 

1603
01:23:07,900 --> 01:23:12,700
The city walls, a threat looked 
by lakes stimulus, where 

1604
01:23:12,700 --> 01:23:16,100
ravenous Birds terrorized 
Farmers, their iron like 

1605
01:23:16,100 --> 01:23:19,600
feathers cut flesh, and the 
beating of their wings filled 

1606
01:23:19,600 --> 01:23:23,900
the sky with a menacing. 
Stymphalian birds were rumored 

1607
01:23:23,900 --> 01:23:28,000
to be spawn of an ancient curse 
feasting on anyone who strayed 

1608
01:23:28,000 --> 01:23:31,300
near the marsh eurystheus is 
decree was terse. 

1609
01:23:31,300 --> 01:23:34,200
Exterminate them. 
Traveling to the lake. 

1610
01:23:34,200 --> 01:23:36,500
Hercules. 
Found the Marshland choked with 

1611
01:23:36,500 --> 01:23:41,200
tall, Reeds and stagnant water. 
At dusk Glimpse, shadowy shapes 

1612
01:23:41,200 --> 01:23:44,900
perched, and twisted trees, 
arrows alone, wouldn't suffice 

1613
01:23:44,900 --> 01:23:48,300
for every creature. 
He felled others scattered into 

1614
01:23:48,300 --> 01:23:52,600
the Gloom recalling an old tale.
He fashioned bronze clappers, 

1615
01:23:52,600 --> 01:23:55,400
forging a rackets. 
So loud, its started the flock 

1616
01:23:55,400 --> 01:23:58,700
Skyward As they took flight. 
He shot them down. 

1617
01:23:58,700 --> 01:24:02,500
Systematically their carcasses 
drifted into reads. 

1618
01:24:02,500 --> 01:24:06,400
Painting, the swamp red, under 
the waning Sun, the few that 

1619
01:24:06,400 --> 01:24:09,800
escaped took the legend at the 
Unstoppable, Archer with them. 

1620
01:24:11,000 --> 01:24:14,500
More labor, followed. 
Fetching, the Creighton Bull a 

1621
01:24:14,500 --> 01:24:17,200
massive Beast rumored to 
breathe, fire, brought him 

1622
01:24:17,200 --> 01:24:20,600
face-to-face with an animal 
maddened by captivity rather 

1623
01:24:20,600 --> 01:24:23,300
than slay it. 
He subdued it, and brought it to

1624
01:24:23,300 --> 01:24:28,100
my scenery, only to watch Euros,
cower behind the gate later, 

1625
01:24:28,100 --> 01:24:31,600
capturing the mares of diomedes.
Required wrestling Savage 

1626
01:24:31,600 --> 01:24:35,600
horses, bred for violence. 
Some say, Hercules fed diabetes 

1627
01:24:35,600 --> 01:24:39,100
to his mares in a moment of 
Grimm Poetic Justice ending 

1628
01:24:39,100 --> 01:24:42,200
their thirst for human flesh. 
Yet, it was an act that left 

1629
01:24:42,200 --> 01:24:46,800
Hercules uneasy dispatching. 
A tyrant solved one, evil that 

1630
01:24:46,800 --> 01:24:50,200
the memory haunted him. 
What lines, separated righteous 

1631
01:24:50,200 --> 01:24:54,100
punishment from barbarity. 
In these wandering, he 

1632
01:24:54,100 --> 01:24:56,500
discovered people who welcomed 
him as a living legend. 

1633
01:24:56,500 --> 01:25:01,500
Yet, recognized his underlying 
Mellon collie children appeared 

1634
01:25:01,500 --> 01:25:04,600
around corners, hoping to see 
the giant, who wrestled monsters

1635
01:25:04,600 --> 01:25:08,100
old men, offered wine, praising 
him as champion of the 

1636
01:25:08,100 --> 01:25:11,600
downtrodden occasionally 
Hercules. 

1637
01:25:11,600 --> 01:25:15,200
Paws to help build a wall or fix
a broken roof acts of normalcy 

1638
01:25:15,200 --> 01:25:17,000
that anchored him to Everyday 
Life. 

1639
01:25:18,000 --> 01:25:21,300
But the moment always came when 
a new labor call or a rumor of a

1640
01:25:21,300 --> 01:25:24,400
monstrous threat demanded his 
presence at night. 

1641
01:25:24,400 --> 01:25:28,400
Grappled with nightmares, the 
unwritten story behind his Force

1642
01:25:28,400 --> 01:25:31,500
servitude Nord at him, a rumor 
that he'd once been driven 

1643
01:25:31,500 --> 01:25:34,600
crazed by Harris rough. 
Causing him to commit 

1644
01:25:34,600 --> 01:25:36,400
unspeakable, Deeds against 
those. 

1645
01:25:36,400 --> 01:25:40,400
He loved Although few dead 
mention, it allowed, the weight 

1646
01:25:40,400 --> 01:25:43,900
of that guilt, never left his 
eyes even the Unstoppable, 

1647
01:25:43,900 --> 01:25:46,400
Hercules could not outrun sorrow
that sprang from. 

1648
01:25:46,400 --> 01:25:50,700
Within eventually, your atheist 
delivered, yet another test to 

1649
01:25:50,700 --> 01:25:54,000
steal the girdle of hippolyta. 
Queen of the warrior women known

1650
01:25:54,000 --> 01:25:58,300
as Amazons in a land Beyond The 
Aegean Hercules Came Upon a 

1651
01:25:58,308 --> 01:26:01,300
culture of disciplined fighters 
who lived independent of typical

1652
01:26:01,300 --> 01:26:04,700
patriarchal laws. 
Initially hippolyta welcome 

1653
01:26:04,700 --> 01:26:08,600
dialogue impressed by rumors of 
a hero who balanced power with 

1654
01:26:08,600 --> 01:26:11,200
compassion. 
She considered granting him the 

1655
01:26:11,200 --> 01:26:15,900
girdle as a diplomatic gesture. 
Hera ever metalsome spread to 

1656
01:26:15,900 --> 01:26:19,000
see among the Amazons Whispering
that Hercules plan to abduct 

1657
01:26:19,000 --> 01:26:21,900
their Queen. 
In the ensuing, chaos, swords 

1658
01:26:21,900 --> 01:26:26,200
clashed Alliance is shattered 
and hippolyta fell dying. 

1659
01:26:26,200 --> 01:26:29,700
She handed the girdle to 
Hercules her expression etched, 

1660
01:26:29,700 --> 01:26:32,400
with betrayal, and sorrow, he 
departed. 

1661
01:26:32,400 --> 01:26:35,400
With the prize cursing, the gods
who Twisted every peaceful 

1662
01:26:35,400 --> 01:26:39,400
solution into conflict This 
pattern of tragedy bled across 

1663
01:26:39,400 --> 01:26:42,900
each Mission, the more, he 
accomplished the less Solace. 

1664
01:26:42,900 --> 01:26:47,000
He found the blame was easily 
laid at Euros, this feat but 

1665
01:26:47,000 --> 01:26:49,600
Hercules understood that the 
seeds of Discord came from the 

1666
01:26:49,600 --> 01:26:54,300
gods themselves and from his 
heart burdened by regrets no 

1667
01:26:54,300 --> 01:26:58,200
monstrous Hydra or invulnerable.
Lion caused him as much pain as 

1668
01:26:58,200 --> 01:27:02,000
the memories he couldn't arise. 
Each laborer was celebrated by 

1669
01:27:02,000 --> 01:27:05,600
others, felt like an extension 
of penance still Hercules 

1670
01:27:05,600 --> 01:27:08,700
pressed on. 
Partially out of Duty and 

1671
01:27:08,700 --> 01:27:11,900
partially from an instinct that 
stopping might let darker 

1672
01:27:11,900 --> 01:27:15,500
forces, run rampant. 
He was no politician, no orator,

1673
01:27:15,500 --> 01:27:19,200
but people believed in him and 
in their belief, he found a 

1674
01:27:19,200 --> 01:27:21,100
reason to shoulder his tortured 
passed. 

1675
01:27:21,900 --> 01:27:25,300
So he continued forging 
alliance's with honest, Souls 

1676
01:27:25,300 --> 01:27:29,400
meeting, cunning foes and remote
lands and slaying nightmares. 

1677
01:27:29,400 --> 01:27:33,300
So ordinary folk could rest at 
night through scorching deserts 

1678
01:27:33,300 --> 01:27:37,800
and perilous Seas, Hercules Rome
like a Wandering Guardian his 

1679
01:27:37,800 --> 01:27:40,500
reputation, derived more from 
his deeds than his word. 

1680
01:27:40,500 --> 01:27:45,600
Even so a question circled 
endlessly in his mind would 

1681
01:27:45,600 --> 01:27:49,000
saving the world ever wash away 
the blood on his conscience or 

1682
01:27:49,000 --> 01:27:51,400
was he doomed to carry his 
haunted Legacy until the end. 

1683
01:27:52,800 --> 01:27:54,500
As the labors approach their 
conclusion. 

1684
01:27:54,500 --> 01:27:57,500
Hercules observed, a change in 
the political landscape. 

1685
01:27:57,500 --> 01:28:01,300
My scene is commoners. 
Adored him weaving new songs 

1686
01:28:01,300 --> 01:28:05,200
about his might, but the courts 
seized with jealousy, King 

1687
01:28:05,200 --> 01:28:09,000
Yaris, cornered by his decree 
pressed onward with increasingly

1688
01:28:09,000 --> 01:28:12,600
Brazen demands the ordered 
Hercules to Journey to the far 

1689
01:28:12,600 --> 01:28:16,200
edges of the known world. some 
suspected the king hoped, the 

1690
01:28:16,200 --> 01:28:19,500
hero would never return sparing 
him the embarrassment of living 

1691
01:28:19,500 --> 01:28:23,500
in another man shadow Test soon 
arrived in the form of the 

1692
01:28:23,500 --> 01:28:27,200
cattle of Gary. 
On the creature, Gary on rumored

1693
01:28:27,200 --> 01:28:31,000
to have three bodies fused into 
one, rainbow a son scored land 

1694
01:28:31,000 --> 01:28:34,200
beyond the pillars, marking the 
westernmost boundary of mortal 

1695
01:28:34,200 --> 01:28:39,600
travel. prize, a herd of crimson
cattle, prized by gods and Kings

1696
01:28:39,600 --> 01:28:42,900
alike, Hercules set off Crossing
mountain. 

1697
01:28:42,900 --> 01:28:46,100
Passes scorching deserts, the 
nameless Seas. 

1698
01:28:46,100 --> 01:28:49,800
He famously split a landmass to 
create a straight. 

1699
01:28:49,800 --> 01:28:53,200
Some said in a moment of 
frustration others, as a 

1700
01:28:53,200 --> 01:28:56,100
statement of power raising what 
would later be called? 

1701
01:28:56,100 --> 01:28:59,600
The pillars of Hercules. 
He eventually arrived at Gary, 

1702
01:28:59,600 --> 01:29:03,000
ons domain where a monstrous 
Hound guarded, the cattle 

1703
01:29:03,000 --> 01:29:07,200
battling Gary on demanded 
strategy for each torso wielded 

1704
01:29:07,200 --> 01:29:10,400
a different weapon. 
Hercules exploited, the 

1705
01:29:10,400 --> 01:29:13,200
confusion striking, while the 
giant struggled to coordinate, 

1706
01:29:13,200 --> 01:29:17,300
his three Minds with Gary on 
slain, he heard of the cattle 

1707
01:29:17,300 --> 01:29:20,000
through hostile territories 
clashing with thieves and 

1708
01:29:20,000 --> 01:29:23,300
hostile Kings along the way. 
His triumphant returned to my 

1709
01:29:23,300 --> 01:29:25,400
seni. 
Driving, those surreal 

1710
01:29:25,400 --> 01:29:28,600
red-headed animals caused a stir
of both admiration and Dread 

1711
01:29:28,600 --> 01:29:31,400
yet. 
Welcome to him only from a safe 

1712
01:29:31,400 --> 01:29:35,000
distance soldiers, corralled the
cattle sacrificing, many on your

1713
01:29:35,000 --> 01:29:37,300
wrist. 
These orders, the more the king,

1714
01:29:37,308 --> 01:29:40,400
tried to belittle, Hercules's 
efforts, the more ordinary 

1715
01:29:40,400 --> 01:29:42,700
citizens hail the hero as a 
savior of the realm. 

1716
01:29:43,500 --> 01:29:46,100
Privately Hercules remained 
unmoved by their cheers. 

1717
01:29:46,100 --> 01:29:50,500
Each new conquest carried Echoes
of moral conflict as if he were 

1718
01:29:50,500 --> 01:29:52,200
a blade used by manipulative 
hands. 

1719
01:29:52,200 --> 01:29:55,800
Another Monumental feat involved
the golden apples of the 

1720
01:29:55,800 --> 01:30:00,200
Hesperides guarded by a serpent 
coiled in a hidden Orchard tail 

1721
01:30:00,200 --> 01:30:02,600
said the Apple's conferred 
immortality though. 

1722
01:30:02,600 --> 01:30:04,400
Most Mortals never reach the 
far-flung. 

1723
01:30:05,600 --> 01:30:08,200
Hercules traveled for months 
uncertain. 

1724
01:30:08,200 --> 01:30:11,900
If such a place truly existed, 
eventually he encountered, Atlas

1725
01:30:11,900 --> 01:30:15,800
the Titan condemned to hold the 
sky on his shoulders seizing. 

1726
01:30:15,800 --> 01:30:19,100
An opportunity Hercules offered 
to take that Cosmic bird and 

1727
01:30:19,100 --> 01:30:21,700
temporarily. 
If Atlas would fetch the apples,

1728
01:30:21,700 --> 01:30:25,500
Atlas Retreat them, but then 
tried to abandon Hercules, 

1729
01:30:25,500 --> 01:30:29,400
hoping to free himself from 
eternal torment through a 

1730
01:30:29,400 --> 01:30:32,000
cunning Ploy. 
Hercules tricked Atlas into 

1731
01:30:32,000 --> 01:30:34,800
reclaiming, the Heaven's walking
off with the fabled fruit. 

1732
01:30:35,700 --> 01:30:38,900
When he presented the golden 
apples to eurystheus the king 

1733
01:30:38,900 --> 01:30:42,200
had no idea what to do. 
With them, Legend, says Athena 

1734
01:30:42,200 --> 01:30:44,600
herself. 
Intervened returning the apples 

1735
01:30:44,600 --> 01:30:48,500
to their rightful place. 
In that moment, Hercules 

1736
01:30:48,500 --> 01:30:51,900
glimpsed the gods, casual 
involvement, a toyed with Mortal

1737
01:30:51,900 --> 01:30:55,200
Affairs, granting fleeting 
favors or curses shaping 

1738
01:30:55,200 --> 01:30:57,200
Destinies as one might Shuffle 
coins. 

1739
01:30:57,200 --> 01:31:01,300
You realize that each label was 
less about your is commands and 

1740
01:31:01,300 --> 01:31:04,800
more about the gods inscrutable 
agenda and his path of 

1741
01:31:04,800 --> 01:31:08,600
atonement. 
Only one task remained Sending 

1742
01:31:08,600 --> 01:31:12,100
into the underworld to capture 
servers, the three-headed Hound 

1743
01:31:12,100 --> 01:31:15,500
of Hades this. 
Final labor surpassed mortal 

1744
01:31:15,500 --> 01:31:18,900
limits for no living Soul, 
dared, approach that dismal 

1745
01:31:18,900 --> 01:31:22,100
realm, without invitation her 
killing his ventured down. 

1746
01:31:22,100 --> 01:31:25,800
The dark corridors of the earth 
Guided by whaling, spirits, and 

1747
01:31:25,800 --> 01:31:27,800
unrelenting pool of cosmic 
bloom. 

1748
01:31:28,500 --> 01:31:31,600
Before the Throne of Hades, he 
offered to wrestle, herborist 

1749
01:31:31,600 --> 01:31:34,800
barehanded if permitted to bring
the Beast to the surface with 

1750
01:31:34,800 --> 01:31:37,400
god, of the Dead consented more 
amused. 

1751
01:31:37,400 --> 01:31:40,000
That alarmed a struggle was 
fears. 

1752
01:31:40,000 --> 01:31:45,400
Each of Cerberus is heads to 
snake like Tails, lashing and 

1753
01:31:45,400 --> 01:31:49,500
fury yet the hero subdued the 
Beast, hauling it above ground, 

1754
01:31:49,500 --> 01:31:53,200
to my scene, he's Gates. 
When you rest the snarling Hound

1755
01:31:53,200 --> 01:31:57,500
of death, he hid trembling 
behind his walls, Hercules 

1756
01:31:57,500 --> 01:32:00,500
Mission done. 
Gently returned Cerberus to 

1757
01:32:00,508 --> 01:32:04,500
Hades with all labors completed,
Hercules stood outside, my 

1758
01:32:04,500 --> 01:32:07,800
scenes walls, Eyes On The 
Fortress that had dominated his 

1759
01:32:07,800 --> 01:32:09,700
life. 
He expected, neither. 

1760
01:32:09,700 --> 01:32:12,300
Thanks. 
Nor Elise for he understood his 

1761
01:32:12,300 --> 01:32:14,200
service. 
Wasn't to your his butt to 

1762
01:32:14,200 --> 01:32:16,400
something deeper turning from 
the city. 

1763
01:32:16,400 --> 01:32:20,500
He felt both emptiness and 
freedom, he'd Concord beasts and

1764
01:32:20,500 --> 01:32:22,300
brave Terrors unknown to Mortal 
men. 

1765
01:32:22,300 --> 01:32:26,900
Now, the question loomed, did he
conquer the Shadows that clung 

1766
01:32:26,900 --> 01:32:29,800
to his heart? 
He walked away the crowds on 

1767
01:32:29,800 --> 01:32:32,600
certain, whether to weep his 
departure, or celebrate, their 

1768
01:32:32,600 --> 01:32:35,300
kings deliverance from jealousy,
quietly. 

1769
01:32:35,300 --> 01:32:38,600
Hercules carried with him, The 
Echoes of every monstrous raw, 

1770
01:32:38,600 --> 01:32:43,100
every anguish cry, forging, a 
destiny severed from Royal 

1771
01:32:43,100 --> 01:32:45,800
commands, but still Bound by the
gods and scrutable Design. 

1772
01:32:47,100 --> 01:32:50,000
Released from your wrist. 
These is demands Hercules. 

1773
01:32:50,000 --> 01:32:53,500
Drifted some claimed, he roamed 
until he found a remote Valley. 

1774
01:32:53,500 --> 01:32:57,300
Building a modest home beside a 
sparkling Brook there. 

1775
01:32:57,300 --> 01:33:00,900
He tried to cultivate Olive's 
and Vine crops as those seeking 

1776
01:33:00,900 --> 01:33:04,700
normalcy villagers in the vicin,
tea grow accustomed to spotting 

1777
01:33:04,700 --> 01:33:08,200
a giant figure mending fences or
hauling timber for the first 

1778
01:33:08,200 --> 01:33:13,200
time he blended into daily life.
If only briefly it Tranquility 

1779
01:33:13,200 --> 01:33:17,600
proved a loose, it Strangers 
arrived testing the legend, some

1780
01:33:17,600 --> 01:33:20,000
wanted to measure strength 
against the fame, demigod, 

1781
01:33:20,000 --> 01:33:24,400
Granderson, swords, or arrogant,
boasts others offered alliances 

1782
01:33:24,400 --> 01:33:27,300
steeped in Hidden agendas, 
Hercules, repelled them. 

1783
01:33:27,300 --> 01:33:31,000
But each confrontation frayed, 
the delicate piece, rumors 

1784
01:33:31,000 --> 01:33:33,800
circulated about a new champion 
who might best him. 

1785
01:33:33,800 --> 01:33:37,400
And with each rumor came, 
another Challenger tiring of 

1786
01:33:37,400 --> 01:33:41,000
this drama Hercules, took to the
road relinquishing, the valley 

1787
01:33:41,000 --> 01:33:43,900
to preserve. 
Its calm, he wondered from City 

1788
01:33:43,900 --> 01:33:48,200
to City, forging a reputation as
a roving Problem, Solver in 

1789
01:33:48,200 --> 01:33:51,100
Attica, he drove away. 
Raiders who prayed on vulnerable

1790
01:33:51,100 --> 01:33:55,500
farms in a tolia mediated 
disputes among tribal leaders to

1791
01:33:55,500 --> 01:33:59,200
Proud to seek peace themselves. 
Some towns offered him gold or 

1792
01:33:59,200 --> 01:34:02,900
titles but he reused yearning 
for something intangible. 

1793
01:34:02,900 --> 01:34:04,600
That mortal wealth could not 
provide. 

1794
01:34:05,600 --> 01:34:08,900
Whispers of his identity, 
preceded, him children, recited 

1795
01:34:08,900 --> 01:34:12,800
his labors as bedtime stories. 
Local bars named beverages after

1796
01:34:12,800 --> 01:34:16,000
him and traveling minstrels 
Twisted details for dramatic 

1797
01:34:16,000 --> 01:34:19,000
Flair. 
Along the way, Hercules and 

1798
01:34:19,000 --> 01:34:22,100
countered day and era. 
A woman said to possess both 

1799
01:34:22,100 --> 01:34:24,000
Keen intellect and Resolute 
compassion. 

1800
01:34:24,000 --> 01:34:27,500
She saw through the aura of 
Legend urging him to confront 

1801
01:34:27,500 --> 01:34:30,700
the guilt, that shadowed him, 
the strength of spirit matched, 

1802
01:34:30,700 --> 01:34:33,400
his physical might, and their 
bond blossomed into love. 

1803
01:34:34,500 --> 01:34:37,400
For a while, you believed he 
might carve out a life of shared

1804
01:34:37,400 --> 01:34:40,800
purpose, perhaps leading a small
settlement or teaching others to

1805
01:34:40,800 --> 01:34:42,500
defend themselves without 
tyranny. 

1806
01:34:43,300 --> 01:34:47,700
They married weaving fresh hopes
in today's that felt gentler yet

1807
01:34:47,700 --> 01:34:50,100
the old Cycles returned one 
evening. 

1808
01:34:50,100 --> 01:34:53,600
While traveling together, they 
encountered, the Centaur nessus 

1809
01:34:53,600 --> 01:34:57,100
at a river crossing nessus, 
offered to Ferry Daya Narrows 

1810
01:34:57,100 --> 01:34:59,500
the water. 
But part way he revealed his 

1811
01:34:59,500 --> 01:35:02,500
intent to abduct her Hercules 
Swift to act. 

1812
01:35:02,500 --> 01:35:05,500
Let an arrow fly. 
Its tip laced with Hydra poison.

1813
01:35:05,500 --> 01:35:10,300
The wounded, Centaur collapsed, 
blood soaking the shore in his 

1814
01:35:10,300 --> 01:35:13,100
final breaths. 
He whispered to seat to day in 

1815
01:35:13,108 --> 01:35:15,500
Aira. 
Should she ever fear losing 

1816
01:35:15,500 --> 01:35:18,500
Hercules's? 
Love a garment stained with his.

1817
01:35:18,500 --> 01:35:21,700
Blood would bind him to her 
moved by desperation. 

1818
01:35:22,600 --> 01:35:25,700
She gathered some of that blood 
to destroyed to see the Trap. 

1819
01:35:26,500 --> 01:35:30,600
Life continued Hercules, 
continue to be a Wandering force

1820
01:35:30,600 --> 01:35:33,900
with day and Aira. 
Either by his side or anxiously 

1821
01:35:33,900 --> 01:35:37,200
waiting at home over time. 
She wore aired about rumors of 

1822
01:35:37,200 --> 01:35:39,900
his infidelity traveling. 
The world exposed him to 

1823
01:35:39,900 --> 01:35:42,900
Temptations, and his Legend, 
Drew admirers, of every strike. 

1824
01:35:42,900 --> 01:35:45,400
In a moment of fragile 
insecurity. 

1825
01:35:45,400 --> 01:35:49,300
She recalled, nests final words,
she treated a robe with the 

1826
01:35:49,300 --> 01:35:52,100
Central's blood believing at a 
charm that would secure 

1827
01:35:52,100 --> 01:35:55,600
Hercules's devotion. 
When Hercules doned it the old 

1828
01:35:55,600 --> 01:35:59,700
poisons ignited like living fire
adhering to his flesh. 

1829
01:36:00,500 --> 01:36:04,200
Tore the fabric that the agony 
only worsened ripping his skin 

1830
01:36:04,200 --> 01:36:06,700
away, realizing the horrifying 
betrayal. 

1831
01:36:06,700 --> 01:36:10,800
You raged in confusion? 
Not knowing the entire truth of 

1832
01:36:10,800 --> 01:36:14,700
why the road burned him alive. 
Faced with the insurmountable 

1833
01:36:14,700 --> 01:36:17,600
pain. 
He sent no earthly remedy, could

1834
01:36:17,600 --> 01:36:21,000
quell it. 
Dayanara horrified by what she 

1835
01:36:21,008 --> 01:36:24,200
had caused either fled or took 
her life accounts, differ 

1836
01:36:24,200 --> 01:36:29,000
Hercules in his torment. 
Built a fewer on Mount weeder 

1837
01:36:29,000 --> 01:36:33,800
step by tortured step. 
He climbed each footfall echoing

1838
01:36:33,800 --> 01:36:35,200
the weights. 
He'd carried all his life. 

1839
01:36:35,200 --> 01:36:40,100
Gilt Duty heartbreak. 
Stretched himself upon the wood 

1840
01:36:40,100 --> 01:36:43,600
begging for an end, to his 
suffering Flames were lit, 

1841
01:36:43,600 --> 01:36:47,800
devouring, mortal flesh that 
once battled monsters and kings.

1842
01:36:48,900 --> 01:36:52,500
Smoke curled toward the sky. 
Bearing, the essence of a hero 

1843
01:36:52,500 --> 01:36:56,100
who had saved entire Realms yet 
fail to escape Divine, cunning 

1844
01:36:56,100 --> 01:36:58,900
and human Frailty. 
Some say that in those final 

1845
01:36:58,900 --> 01:37:03,200
moments Zeus intervened, lifting
his son's Immortal Spirit to 

1846
01:37:03,200 --> 01:37:07,600
Olympus others claim, Hercules 
simply became Ash The price of 

1847
01:37:07,600 --> 01:37:11,200
mixing, superhuman Deeds with 
all two human vulnerabilities. 

1848
01:37:11,200 --> 01:37:14,800
Wherever the truth lies, the 
Legendary Champions. 

1849
01:37:14,800 --> 01:37:18,400
Last mortal breath, vanished in 
mayo fulfilling at the destiny 

1850
01:37:18,400 --> 01:37:20,200
shaped by both Triumph and 
Agony. 

1851
01:37:20,200 --> 01:37:24,200
Even the wind seemed to pause in
reverence As though 

1852
01:37:24,200 --> 01:37:27,200
acknowledging that no Beast or 
King had ever broken him as 

1853
01:37:27,200 --> 01:37:31,700
completely as love and betrayal.
Hercules end on Mount wetter 

1854
01:37:31,700 --> 01:37:34,400
thundered through the Greek 
world like a mournful Lament. 

1855
01:37:35,000 --> 01:37:39,200
Those who'd admired him as a 
liberator stood in Stunts While 

1856
01:37:39,200 --> 01:37:41,400
others who had envied him 
spoken, hushed? 

1857
01:37:41,400 --> 01:37:43,600
Voices were at the cruel, 
Caprice of fate. 

1858
01:37:44,300 --> 01:37:46,700
Priests in local temples offered
contradictory explanations. 

1859
01:37:46,700 --> 01:37:51,000
Some insisted his spirit rose to
the heavens, others deemed it. 

1860
01:37:51,008 --> 01:37:54,500
Just another tragic demise 
albeit of an extraordinary 

1861
01:37:54,500 --> 01:37:57,300
mortal. 
In the weeks that followed 

1862
01:37:57,300 --> 01:38:00,800
altars across the Aegean, both 
Solomon offering in his memory 

1863
01:38:00,800 --> 01:38:04,900
trips of wine. 
Handfuls of grain, even small 

1864
01:38:04,900 --> 01:38:09,500
wood, carvings depicting a lions
Pelt or a hefty Club ordinary. 

1865
01:38:09,500 --> 01:38:12,600
Folks, struggled to reconcile 
the downfall of a figure who had

1866
01:38:12,600 --> 01:38:17,400
bested Lyons hydras and Giants. 
How could such a champion? 

1867
01:38:17,400 --> 01:38:21,400
Come to something simple yet, 
devastating as poisoned fabric. 

1868
01:38:22,400 --> 01:38:25,400
For many it. 
Confirmed that no one, not even 

1869
01:38:25,400 --> 01:38:28,500
a demigod was immune to the 
brutal, interplay of divine, 

1870
01:38:28,500 --> 01:38:32,300
grudges, and human failings. 
Have my scene King. 

1871
01:38:32,300 --> 01:38:35,400
You're atheist is caught. 
Reportedly watch the news unfold

1872
01:38:35,400 --> 01:38:38,600
with uneasy satisfaction though.
The king had long resented. 

1873
01:38:38,600 --> 01:38:41,700
Hercules learning of his 
agonizing death offered. 

1874
01:38:41,700 --> 01:38:44,700
No genuine relief. 
Only a Halo sense that the 

1875
01:38:44,700 --> 01:38:46,600
Realms most potent Shield was 
gone. 

1876
01:38:46,600 --> 01:38:49,500
Some whispered that if a 
champion like Hercules could be 

1877
01:38:49,508 --> 01:38:52,500
vanquished, perhaps the gods 
would turn a harsher eye. 

1878
01:38:52,508 --> 01:38:57,900
On lesser Mortals, fear lingered
in the corridors of any power as

1879
01:38:57,900 --> 01:39:01,000
though, Hercules is fiery end 
and shifted the cosmic balance 

1880
01:39:01,000 --> 01:39:06,100
and unpredictable ways stories 
multiplied as Tails, do certain 

1881
01:39:06,100 --> 01:39:10,200
bars favored, the uplifting 
version Zeus do you guys in his 

1882
01:39:10,200 --> 01:39:12,300
son's heroism? 
Welcome to him Among The 

1883
01:39:12,300 --> 01:39:14,800
Immortals. 
A sponge vision of Hercules 

1884
01:39:14,800 --> 01:39:18,600
Seated on Olympus sipping, 
ambrosia in the presence of 

1885
01:39:18,600 --> 01:39:21,200
swirling. 
Constellation's others told the 

1886
01:39:21,200 --> 01:39:24,900
Bleaker side that the Flames 
consumed not just his body, but 

1887
01:39:24,900 --> 01:39:28,500
every Vestige of his once 
glorious spirit, Scattering him 

1888
01:39:28,500 --> 01:39:32,600
into Oblivion across the seas. 
Foreign scribes in bellish 

1889
01:39:32,600 --> 01:39:34,700
details. 
Turning him into a half 

1890
01:39:34,700 --> 01:39:37,800
legendary King in lands. 
He never visited or crediting 

1891
01:39:37,800 --> 01:39:39,200
him with feet. 
He never performed. 

1892
01:39:40,000 --> 01:39:43,300
Amid these Tales Daya near as 
part in the tragedy, spotted 

1893
01:39:43,300 --> 01:39:45,500
endless debate some portrayed 
her. 

1894
01:39:45,500 --> 01:39:49,400
As a victim of necessary to set 
deception others, painted her as

1895
01:39:49,400 --> 01:39:52,100
a jealous spouse, who rationally
destroyed what she claimed to 

1896
01:39:52,108 --> 01:39:54,400
love. 
Still others insisted the real 

1897
01:39:54,408 --> 01:39:56,800
blame lay. 
With the gods to many listeners.

1898
01:39:56,800 --> 01:39:59,900
It hardly mattered heartbreak 
had been the final monster 

1899
01:39:59,900 --> 01:40:03,300
Hercules, couldn't defeat 
curiously in small villages, 

1900
01:40:03,300 --> 01:40:07,000
scattered near the sights of his
labors Hercules is memory 

1901
01:40:07,000 --> 01:40:09,800
retained, a more grounded 
quality in these Pockets. 

1902
01:40:09,800 --> 01:40:13,300
Older Farmers recalled, how he 
want to prepare to Broken Dyke 

1903
01:40:13,300 --> 01:40:15,900
or rescued a Lost Child in the 
midst of a colossal Quest. 

1904
01:40:16,600 --> 01:40:19,000
Children heard bedtime stories 
of a giant. 

1905
01:40:19,000 --> 01:40:21,700
Who was kind enough to share 
bread with Travellers in need 

1906
01:40:21,700 --> 01:40:25,000
here. 
The heroic Feats remained or 

1907
01:40:25,000 --> 01:40:27,700
inspiring, but so did the 
everyday decent? 

1908
01:40:27,700 --> 01:40:31,900
See he displayed over time. 
That dichotomy colossal. 

1909
01:40:31,900 --> 01:40:36,500
Strength paired with unfeigned, 
humility became the tapestry of 

1910
01:40:36,500 --> 01:40:40,600
his Legend rulers from other 
city-states seeing the potency 

1911
01:40:40,600 --> 01:40:44,700
of Hercules's name, erected 
shrines, dedicated to him as a 

1912
01:40:44,700 --> 01:40:47,900
protective Spirit, they wanted 
travelers to believe their 

1913
01:40:47,900 --> 01:40:51,800
territory, enjoyed the heroes 
blessing in some cities, small 

1914
01:40:51,800 --> 01:40:54,800
festivals, arose, featuring 
contests of strength, 

1915
01:40:54,800 --> 01:40:58,700
reminiscent of his fabled deeds.
However, a whisper of caution 

1916
01:40:58,700 --> 01:41:01,900
permeated every public 
commemoration Hercules had 

1917
01:41:01,900 --> 01:41:05,500
conquered monstrous beasts and 
overcoming possible tasks, yet a

1918
01:41:05,500 --> 01:41:07,100
subtle. 
Sting from the Mortal realm had 

1919
01:41:07,100 --> 01:41:12,100
undone, him might alone could 
not out, maneuver fail, the 

1920
01:41:12,100 --> 01:41:15,200
complexities of love, for those 
who want knew him personally 

1921
01:41:15,200 --> 01:41:18,300
Warriors, like, I allow, Local 
Chiefs grateful for his help, 

1922
01:41:18,300 --> 01:41:20,900
his absence left, an ache Beyond
description. 

1923
01:41:20,900 --> 01:41:24,400
They were called The Quiet 
convictions that guided him, the

1924
01:41:24,400 --> 01:41:26,900
guilt that shadowed his eyes 
after each impossible feat. 

1925
01:41:27,700 --> 01:41:30,000
His final torment seemed to 
Cosmic Injustice. 

1926
01:41:30,000 --> 01:41:33,500
It also a stark reminder that 
the line between Divine and 

1927
01:41:33,500 --> 01:41:37,000
human was never clean. 
Hercules had walked that line 

1928
01:41:37,000 --> 01:41:40,500
throughout his life wrestling 
monstrous forms on behalf of the

1929
01:41:40,500 --> 01:41:42,800
powerless. 
While An Invisible War of 

1930
01:41:42,800 --> 01:41:47,100
deities, raged overhead over 
decades Recollections. 

1931
01:41:47,100 --> 01:41:50,800
Softened younger Generations, 
heard only the grand Arts. 

1932
01:41:50,800 --> 01:41:55,300
The neon lion, the Hydra the 
Unstoppable hero details of 

1933
01:41:55,300 --> 01:41:57,800
heartbreak and moral doubt 
vanished in the retailing 

1934
01:41:57,800 --> 01:42:01,500
replacement by carved statues 
brandishing clubs, or wearing 

1935
01:42:01,500 --> 01:42:04,500
Lions skins yet in rare corners 
of Greece. 

1936
01:42:04,500 --> 01:42:07,000
The full story as preserved by 
those who had reason to 

1937
01:42:07,000 --> 01:42:10,500
remember, A Titan among men who 
was neither, holy God nor 

1938
01:42:10,500 --> 01:42:14,100
entirely mortal undone At Last 
by the same vulnerabilities. 

1939
01:42:14,100 --> 01:42:18,600
He had once tried to transcend, 
thus, Hercules's flame burned 

1940
01:42:18,600 --> 01:42:20,000
on. 
In the minds of those who found 

1941
01:42:20,000 --> 01:42:23,500
resonance in his struggles, even
long after the funeral pyres 

1942
01:42:23,500 --> 01:42:28,400
Embers called to Ash Time and 
distance transformed Hercules 

1943
01:42:28,400 --> 01:42:32,600
from a man into a myth. 
Greek cities, grew Allied and 

1944
01:42:32,600 --> 01:42:36,900
Ward, new Heroes Rose and fell 
in the retelling of old stories.

1945
01:42:36,900 --> 01:42:41,500
His name emerged as a beacon of 
impossible feats, Philosophers 

1946
01:42:41,500 --> 01:42:45,000
invoked him as a parable, some 
praising perseverance, others 

1947
01:42:45,000 --> 01:42:48,800
warning against arrogance, in 
remote, Villages, older 

1948
01:42:48,800 --> 01:42:50,700
Generations. 
Passed down, more intimate 

1949
01:42:50,700 --> 01:42:53,200
accounts. 
How a colossal figure once 

1950
01:42:53,200 --> 01:42:56,600
mended a roof before chasing off
Marauders or how he accepted a 

1951
01:42:56,600 --> 01:42:58,700
bowl of wine on a cold night 
without flaunting. 

1952
01:42:58,700 --> 01:43:02,100
His stature as the classical 
era, gave way to Roman 

1953
01:43:02,100 --> 01:43:04,700
ascendancy. 
Hercules, evolved into a Roman 

1954
01:43:04,700 --> 01:43:07,400
emblem. 
Soldiers, prayed to Hercules, in

1955
01:43:07,400 --> 01:43:10,700
Victor's, equating him with 
conquest and unrelenting will 

1956
01:43:10,700 --> 01:43:13,500
statues. 
Proliferated from Grand. 

1957
01:43:13,500 --> 01:43:16,500
Marble works in the Forum to 
Tiny household shrines. 

1958
01:43:17,400 --> 01:43:20,900
Emperors hungry for legitimacy 
wrapped themselves in the 

1959
01:43:20,900 --> 01:43:23,800
demigods injury. 
Hoping some shred of that 

1960
01:43:23,800 --> 01:43:26,800
Timeless, prowess might cloak 
their human frailties. 

1961
01:43:26,800 --> 01:43:30,400
However, the bragging about 
strength often overshadowed the 

1962
01:43:30,400 --> 01:43:34,800
deeper nuances of Hercules's 
trials, centuries later medieval

1963
01:43:34,800 --> 01:43:38,400
Scholars, wrestled with Pagan 
Legacy attempting to blend 

1964
01:43:38,400 --> 01:43:40,400
ancient myths and Christian 
Frameworks. 

1965
01:43:40,400 --> 01:43:44,400
Hercules became a cautionary 
powerful yet. 

1966
01:43:44,400 --> 01:43:48,900
Undone by sin and trickery in 
the Renaissance artist seized 

1967
01:43:48,900 --> 01:43:52,600
upon his heroic silhouette 
Palaces, displayed frescoes of 

1968
01:43:52,600 --> 01:43:56,000
him wrestling lions or heaving, 
mountainsides highlighting the 

1969
01:43:56,000 --> 01:43:58,900
human form. 
In Dynamic, Glory playwrights 

1970
01:43:58,900 --> 01:44:01,600
toyed with his Persona. 
Sometimes as tragic hero. 

1971
01:44:01,600 --> 01:44:06,000
Sometimes, as comedic foil, each
era, reinterpreting him a new. 

1972
01:44:06,000 --> 01:44:10,200
Despite these cultural 
Metamorphoses Echoes of his true

1973
01:44:10,200 --> 01:44:14,700
complexity endured and certain 
monastic libraries meticulous, 

1974
01:44:14,700 --> 01:44:16,900
scribes noted lesson known 
episodes. 

1975
01:44:16,900 --> 01:44:20,800
The moral Agony behind his 
labors, the Heartbreak that 

1976
01:44:20,800 --> 01:44:24,300
ended, his mortal story and the 
persistent question of whether 

1977
01:44:24,300 --> 01:44:28,700
the ever truly found peace. 
The sum he embodied the tragedy 

1978
01:44:28,700 --> 01:44:40,300
of a lifetheft. 
Even the gods designs, sometimes

1979
01:44:40,300 --> 01:44:43,500
Triumph. 
Beyond texts and statutory. 

1980
01:44:44,200 --> 01:44:47,000
Hercules lived on, in the 
intangible, rail of folk memory.

1981
01:44:47,000 --> 01:44:50,500
Fisherman of distant coasts, 
recited short prayers to him 

1982
01:44:50,500 --> 01:44:53,600
before braving storms. 
As if the old Guardian might 

1983
01:44:53,600 --> 01:44:55,400
still Shield them from the Seas 
Wrath. 

1984
01:44:56,200 --> 01:44:59,000
Caravans Crossing desert groups 
invoke his name for safe. 

1985
01:44:59,000 --> 01:45:03,100
Passage parents uncertain, how 
to quiet a Restless child at 

1986
01:45:03,100 --> 01:45:04,800
night. 
Fun. 

1987
01:45:04,800 --> 01:45:07,400
Lullabies of a gentle giant. 
Who wants fought off wolves. 

1988
01:45:07,400 --> 01:45:10,800
So families could sleep in 
safety. these understated 

1989
01:45:10,800 --> 01:45:14,600
tributes carried for the essence
of a hero who despite Divine 

1990
01:45:14,600 --> 01:45:19,000
drama always answered mortal 
need For a contemporary 

1991
01:45:19,000 --> 01:45:21,200
Observer. 
Perhaps in the middle Decades of

1992
01:45:21,200 --> 01:45:26,200
life, Hercules is tail resonates
on several levels as the 

1993
01:45:26,208 --> 01:45:29,800
unbridled strength of Youth. 
Those Unstoppable surges of 

1994
01:45:29,800 --> 01:45:32,700
ambition or optimism. 
Then there's the gradual 

1995
01:45:32,700 --> 01:45:36,100
intrusion of responsibility, 
regret and heartbreak. 

1996
01:45:37,100 --> 01:45:39,400
Middle aged can bring 
reflection, however, even the 

1997
01:45:39,400 --> 01:45:42,800
strongest Among Us wrestle with 
past mistakes, unfulfilled 

1998
01:45:42,800 --> 01:45:47,200
desires and the weight of moral 
compromise, Hercules with his 

1999
01:45:47,200 --> 01:45:50,200
Unstoppable arms and vulnerable 
heart mirrors. 

2000
01:45:50,200 --> 01:45:55,000
That Universal dilemma overall. 
It's The Duality that Define him

2001
01:45:55,000 --> 01:45:58,500
Savior and Destroyer. 
Victor and victim, Demi Gordon, 

2002
01:45:58,500 --> 01:46:01,300
man. 
He soared of mortal confines yet

2003
01:46:01,300 --> 01:46:04,100
remained Shackled by the gods 
whims and his own remorse. 

2004
01:46:05,000 --> 01:46:06,400
Scholars. 
Today, still debate. 

2005
01:46:06,400 --> 01:46:09,100
The meaning of his final Act. 
Was the funeral pyre 

2006
01:46:09,100 --> 01:46:11,700
surrendered, to Agony or 
deliberate? 

2007
01:46:11,700 --> 01:46:15,700
Transcendence of mortal bounds. 
Did the smoke carry him to 

2008
01:46:15,700 --> 01:46:17,800
Olympus? 
Or was it a symbolic? 

2009
01:46:17,800 --> 01:46:20,200
Final note to the Ballard of an 
exhausted hero. 

2010
01:46:21,000 --> 01:46:23,900
Some epilogues insist, he found 
a measure of immortality. 

2011
01:46:24,700 --> 01:46:28,100
The seat among the pantheon, the
cosmic nod to the labors, he 

2012
01:46:28,100 --> 01:46:30,700
performed in the service of 
humanity and divine prerogative.

2013
01:46:30,700 --> 01:46:33,800
Others claimed, his Spirit. 
Roams, the Mortal Realm. 

2014
01:46:34,500 --> 01:46:38,400
Occasionally glimpsed in moments
of dire need most except that 

2015
01:46:38,408 --> 01:46:41,100
the ultimate truth. 
Like so many ancient Tales 

2016
01:46:41,100 --> 01:46:43,900
remains in shifting, layers of 
interpretation. 

2017
01:46:43,900 --> 01:46:48,000
And so Hercules remains a 
fixture in the collective 

2018
01:46:48,000 --> 01:46:50,600
psyche, he stands from more than
might alone. 

2019
01:46:50,600 --> 01:46:54,100
He stands for the cost of 
greatness, the fleeting nature 

2020
01:46:54,100 --> 01:46:57,600
of redemption and the fragile 
boundary that separates Gods 

2021
01:46:57,600 --> 01:47:00,700
from men where the chiseled in 
marble or a counted in a 

2022
01:47:00,708 --> 01:47:01,600
Village. 
Tavern. 

2023
01:47:01,600 --> 01:47:06,000
His Legend in duers, he is the 
champion forever forging New 

2024
01:47:06,000 --> 01:47:08,700
Legends even centuries after his
final breath. 

2025
01:47:09,500 --> 01:47:13,000
In that sense, Hercules lives on
wherever human hearts still 

2026
01:47:13,000 --> 01:47:18,000
strive endure and grapple with 
the powers Divine or Earthly 

2027
01:47:18,000 --> 01:47:33,600
that shape our destinies. 
Sleep wasn't quite the 

2028
01:47:33,600 --> 01:47:36,400
uninterrupted, eight our luxury.
You once knew in another life, 

2029
01:47:36,400 --> 01:47:40,500
instead, you dozed fitfully 
between the sounds of night. 

2030
01:47:40,500 --> 01:47:44,800
The distant howl that made your 
spine, tingle the rustle of 

2031
01:47:44,808 --> 01:47:48,600
something large, moving through 
the brush outside in the gentle 

2032
01:47:48,600 --> 01:47:51,100
snoring of your cavemen curled 
around the dying. 

2033
01:47:51,100 --> 01:47:54,900
Embers of last night's fire. 
Your bed is a carefully arranged

2034
01:47:54,900 --> 01:47:57,200
pile of Furs and dried grasses 
position. 

2035
01:47:57,200 --> 01:48:00,200
Just far enough from the cave 
mouth to avoid the morning. 

2036
01:48:00,200 --> 01:48:02,900
Chill, the close enough to make 
a quick Escape if needed. 

2037
01:48:02,900 --> 01:48:05,400
Yes. 
Escape plans were part of 

2038
01:48:05,400 --> 01:48:08,700
interior decorating back. 
Then, the stone beneath you has 

2039
01:48:08,700 --> 01:48:11,600
been worn Smooth by countless 
nights of human body seeking 

2040
01:48:11,600 --> 01:48:14,300
comfort and honestly it's not 
terrible. 

2041
01:48:14,300 --> 01:48:18,200
Once you pile on enough, Mammoth
hide stretching your arms 

2042
01:48:18,200 --> 01:48:21,500
carefully because that shoulder 
you wrenched wrestling, a 

2043
01:48:21,500 --> 01:48:23,600
particularly stubborn root 
vegetable last week. 

2044
01:48:23,600 --> 01:48:27,500
Still protests, you notice the 
familiar aik in your lower back 

2045
01:48:27,500 --> 01:48:31,600
living in the Paleolithic era 
was essentially a continuous low

2046
01:48:31,600 --> 01:48:34,700
intensity exercise regiment that
would leave modern Fitness 

2047
01:48:34,700 --> 01:48:37,300
Enthusiast feeling both envious 
and exhausted. 

2048
01:48:38,200 --> 01:48:41,400
Fire pit still glows faintly in 
the center of your cave home. 

2049
01:48:41,400 --> 01:48:44,000
Keeping it alive through the 
night was everyone's 

2050
01:48:44,000 --> 01:48:47,800
responsibility because starting 
a new fire from scratch was 

2051
01:48:47,800 --> 01:48:51,400
about as fun as performing 
surgery with stone tools, which 

2052
01:48:51,400 --> 01:48:54,400
come to think of it. 
Sometimes happened you pad over 

2053
01:48:54,400 --> 01:48:56,600
on bare feet that have 
developed, Souls tougher than 

2054
01:48:56,608 --> 01:48:59,200
any boot leather. 
Adding a few small branches to 

2055
01:48:59,200 --> 01:49:02,800
coax the Flames back to life. 
The morning ritual begins with 

2056
01:49:02,800 --> 01:49:05,500
checking your body for new 
aches, Cuts or mysterious 

2057
01:49:05,500 --> 01:49:09,100
bruises that appeared overnight.
Living near nature, often 

2058
01:49:09,100 --> 01:49:11,800
results in it leaving its mark 
on your shin or forearm. 

2059
01:49:11,800 --> 01:49:14,800
Today's inventory reveals a 
scratch on your thumb from 

2060
01:49:14,800 --> 01:49:17,800
yesterday's Flint, knapping 
session and attend a spot on 

2061
01:49:17,800 --> 01:49:20,200
your hip where you missed judge 
the height of a boulder. 

2062
01:49:21,000 --> 01:49:24,600
This is a common occurrence, 
your stomach announces itself 

2063
01:49:24,600 --> 01:49:26,900
with a rumble that Echoes 
slightly off the cave. 

2064
01:49:26,900 --> 01:49:29,600
Walls. 
Breakfast isn't waiting in a 

2065
01:49:29,600 --> 01:49:32,300
refrigerator mainly because 
refrigerators won't be invented 

2066
01:49:32,300 --> 01:49:36,400
for another 40,000 years or so, 
instead your morning meal 

2067
01:49:36,400 --> 01:49:40,500
depends entirely on yesterday's 
success, a gathering hunting or 

2068
01:49:40,500 --> 01:49:42,800
the ancient art of convincing 
someone else to share their 

2069
01:49:42,800 --> 01:49:45,200
food. 
You peer outside, the cave 

2070
01:49:45,200 --> 01:49:48,300
entrance, squinting against the 
growing daylight, the world 

2071
01:49:48,308 --> 01:49:52,300
stretches out before you in 
Endless, green broken by Rocky 

2072
01:49:52,300 --> 01:49:55,100
outcroppings, and the distant 
glimmer of the river that serves

2073
01:49:55,100 --> 01:49:57,800
as your neighborhood's. 
Main Street, grocery store and 

2074
01:49:57,800 --> 01:50:01,300
Community Center. 
All rolled into one, the air 

2075
01:50:01,308 --> 01:50:05,100
carries the center of pine resin
damper and something that might 

2076
01:50:05,100 --> 01:50:08,700
be Smoke From Another group's 
fire miles away where the 

2077
01:50:08,700 --> 01:50:10,600
prediction was a survival skill 
back there. 

2078
01:50:10,600 --> 01:50:15,300
Not casual conversation, you 
scan the sky with the intensity 

2079
01:50:15,300 --> 01:50:18,400
of a meteorologist. 
Reading Cloud patterns like a 

2080
01:50:18,400 --> 01:50:20,600
morning, newspaper those 
whiskey. 

2081
01:50:21,000 --> 01:50:24,300
Streets to the West suggest wind
later which could mean by 

2082
01:50:24,300 --> 01:50:26,800
evening. 
Thought makes you mentally 

2083
01:50:26,800 --> 01:50:28,800
catalog. 
The caves water containers, 

2084
01:50:28,800 --> 01:50:32,400
mostly animal, bladders, and 
carefully shaped gourds that 

2085
01:50:32,400 --> 01:50:36,200
took weeks to perfect. 
Sound from deeper in the cave, 

2086
01:50:36,200 --> 01:50:38,000
indicates your companions are 
stirring. 

2087
01:50:38,800 --> 01:50:42,000
There's grack who snoring, could
wake the dead and occasionally 

2088
01:50:42,000 --> 01:50:43,900
did wake the living at 
inconvenient moments? 

2089
01:50:43,900 --> 01:50:47,500
He's already sitting up running 
thick fingers through hair. 

2090
01:50:47,500 --> 01:50:50,600
That defies any attempt at 
styling, not that styling 

2091
01:50:50,600 --> 01:50:54,300
products were readily available.
Beside him mirror stretches like

2092
01:50:54,300 --> 01:50:58,200
a cat, a movement's graceful 
despite sleeping on Stone and 

2093
01:50:58,200 --> 01:51:00,800
fur. 
The day ahead holds the usual 

2094
01:51:00,800 --> 01:51:05,000
uncertainty food needs to be 
found tools require maintenance 

2095
01:51:05,000 --> 01:51:08,100
and Somewhere Out There 
opportunities and dangers 

2096
01:51:08,100 --> 01:51:12,200
waiting equal measure. 
But first, there is the simple 

2097
01:51:12,200 --> 01:51:15,400
joy of living in a world where 
each Sunrise feels like a tiny 

2098
01:51:15,400 --> 01:51:18,900
triumphs against the challenges,
your feet, find their way to the

2099
01:51:18,900 --> 01:51:22,100
cave entrance, and you stand 
there for a moment breathing in 

2100
01:51:22,100 --> 01:51:24,500
the morning are that tastes 
cleaner than anything you could 

2101
01:51:24,500 --> 01:51:27,800
imagine. 
Sun climbs, higher promising, 

2102
01:51:27,800 --> 01:51:31,500
warmth later, and somewhere in 
the distance, a bird calls with 

2103
01:51:31,500 --> 01:51:33,700
the kind of pure joy, that makes
you remember. 

2104
01:51:33,700 --> 01:51:37,400
Why being alive even in the 
Stone Age, has its moments of 

2105
01:51:37,400 --> 01:51:40,800
absolute perfection finding 
breakfast in the Paleolithic 

2106
01:51:40,800 --> 01:51:42,600
Era. 
It's like playing the world's 

2107
01:51:42,600 --> 01:51:45,600
most consequential Treasure Hunt
game where the treasure was 

2108
01:51:45,600 --> 01:51:47,700
edible and losing meant going 
hungry. 

2109
01:51:48,900 --> 01:51:51,600
Step outside the cave. 
Their feet immediately. 

2110
01:51:51,600 --> 01:51:53,800
Registering the temperature and 
texture of the ground 

2111
01:51:53,800 --> 01:51:56,200
information. 
Your modern brain would dismiss 

2112
01:51:56,200 --> 01:51:58,800
but your ancient instincts 
catalog automatically. 

2113
01:52:00,200 --> 01:52:03,500
The morning dew is settled on 
everything, turning spider, webs

2114
01:52:03,500 --> 01:52:06,500
into jeweled masterpieces and 
making certain rocks. 

2115
01:52:06,500 --> 01:52:09,100
Slippery enough to turn a casual
stroll into an impromptu 

2116
01:52:09,100 --> 01:52:12,400
tumbling session, having 
experienced this lesson first 

2117
01:52:12,400 --> 01:52:15,100
hand, several times. 
You now walk with a measured 

2118
01:52:15,100 --> 01:52:18,400
gate, understanding that gravity
Remains the Same in the stone 

2119
01:52:18,400 --> 01:52:19,600
ages. 
It does everywhere else. 

2120
01:52:20,500 --> 01:52:22,800
Your stomach rumbles again, more
insistently. 

2121
01:52:22,800 --> 01:52:26,200
This time, you've noticed that 
the human digestive system 

2122
01:52:26,200 --> 01:52:29,000
doesn't care about the 
historical significance of your 

2123
01:52:29,008 --> 01:52:32,900
situation. 
Simply craves food, ideally 

2124
01:52:32,900 --> 01:52:35,900
assume as possible. 
This morning's breakfast menu. 

2125
01:52:35,900 --> 01:52:38,100
Depends entirely on your 
knowledge of what's edible 

2126
01:52:38,100 --> 01:52:40,200
versus what's decorative versus 
what's deadly. 

2127
01:52:40,900 --> 01:52:43,300
It's like being a contestant on 
the world's most dangerous 

2128
01:52:43,300 --> 01:52:46,000
cooking show 20 yards from the 
cave. 

2129
01:52:46,000 --> 01:52:47,500
You spot a cluster of berry 
bushes. 

2130
01:52:47,500 --> 01:52:50,400
That wasn't there yesterday 
actually they were there 

2131
01:52:50,400 --> 01:52:52,600
yesterday. 
Your brain is still learning to 

2132
01:52:52,600 --> 01:52:55,500
see food sources and stead of 
just green stuff. 

2133
01:52:55,500 --> 01:52:59,000
The berries are small and dark 
purple and past the preliminary 

2134
01:52:59,000 --> 01:53:01,300
tests. 
Birds have been eating them 

2135
01:53:01,300 --> 01:53:03,500
without falling over and they 
smell, right? 

2136
01:53:03,500 --> 01:53:07,500
You taste one carefully letting 
the flavor register fully before

2137
01:53:07,500 --> 01:53:09,800
committing to a handful. 
They are sweet. 

2138
01:53:09,800 --> 01:53:12,500
Slightly tart and have a texture
that suggests. 

2139
01:53:12,500 --> 01:53:14,700
They won't cause immediate 
digestive Rebellion. 

2140
01:53:15,400 --> 01:53:18,100
Cess. 
Gathering enough to satisfy your

2141
01:53:18,100 --> 01:53:21,300
hunger, you remain vigilant for 
potential opportunities. 

2142
01:53:21,300 --> 01:53:25,500
Breakfast in the Stone Age was 
often a progressive meal, eaten,

2143
01:53:25,500 --> 01:53:27,800
as you found it, rather than 
sitting down to a prepared 

2144
01:53:27,800 --> 01:53:30,700
plate. 
Near the berry bushes, the 

2145
01:53:30,700 --> 01:53:32,100
cluster of what you've learned 
are. 

2146
01:53:32,100 --> 01:53:34,000
Edible roots, hoax through the 
soil. 

2147
01:53:34,800 --> 01:53:36,900
Digging them up. 
Requires the sharp, stick, your 

2148
01:53:36,900 --> 01:53:39,200
craft last week. 
Next, Excavating route, turns 

2149
01:53:39,200 --> 01:53:41,400
out to be excellent exercise for
muscle groups. 

2150
01:53:41,400 --> 01:53:45,000
You didn't know existed. 
The roots are starchy filling 

2151
01:53:45,000 --> 01:53:47,200
and tastes vaguely, like 
potatoes. 

2152
01:53:47,200 --> 01:53:49,700
If potatoes had been designed by
someone, who'd only heard a 

2153
01:53:49,700 --> 01:53:51,200
rough description of what food 
should taste. 

2154
01:53:51,200 --> 01:53:53,800
Like a flash of movement catches
your eye. 

2155
01:53:53,800 --> 01:53:56,500
A rabbit is frozen in the 
peculiar way. 

2156
01:53:56,500 --> 01:53:58,700
That rabbits pretend to be 
invisible by remaining. 

2157
01:53:58,700 --> 01:54:02,200
Absolutely, still your hand 
moves slowly towards the 

2158
01:54:02,208 --> 01:54:04,700
throwing stick touched into your
woven grass belt. 

2159
01:54:05,500 --> 01:54:07,100
Wrap. 
It would be a protein upgrade. 

2160
01:54:07,100 --> 01:54:10,300
This morning's vegetarian fare 
but hunting requires a 

2161
01:54:10,300 --> 01:54:13,900
combination of skill luck. 
And Kind of patience that 

2162
01:54:13,900 --> 01:54:16,100
doesn't come naturally, when 
your stomach is demanding 

2163
01:54:16,100 --> 01:54:19,600
immediate attention. 
Throwing stick is a Marvel of 

2164
01:54:19,600 --> 01:54:22,900
Stone Age, engineering basically
a carefully balanced, wooden 

2165
01:54:22,900 --> 01:54:25,800
projectile that you've practiced
with until your shoulder aches. 

2166
01:54:26,300 --> 01:54:29,800
The rabbit remains motionless 
probably calculating, its odds 

2167
01:54:29,800 --> 01:54:32,200
of Escape versus the energy cost
of sudden movement. 

2168
01:54:33,100 --> 01:54:35,200
You shift your weight slowly 
raise. 

2169
01:54:35,200 --> 01:54:37,600
The stick with movements. 
Smooth enough, not to trigger 

2170
01:54:37,600 --> 01:54:40,800
the rabbits like response then a
branch cracks somewhere behind 

2171
01:54:40,800 --> 01:54:44,100
you probably cracked stumbling 
around looking for his breakfast

2172
01:54:44,100 --> 01:54:47,400
and the rabbit vanishes in a 
blur of brown fur and 

2173
01:54:47,400 --> 01:54:51,500
indignation your throwing sticks
sails through empty air and 

2174
01:54:51,500 --> 01:54:54,800
lands with a disappointed 
Thunder against a tree trunk so 

2175
01:54:54,800 --> 01:54:59,600
much for upgraded protein. 
You retrieved the stick mentally

2176
01:54:59,600 --> 01:55:04,000
adding practice hunting in areas
with fewer clumsy companions to 

2177
01:55:04,000 --> 01:55:05,600
your growing list of survival 
improvements. 

2178
01:55:06,900 --> 01:55:10,100
Aries and Route will have to 
suffice for now supplemented by 

2179
01:55:10,100 --> 01:55:12,900
the memory of yesterday's 
successful fishing Expedition. 

2180
01:55:13,900 --> 01:55:17,100
Walking back toward the cave. 
You notice Mira has discovered a

2181
01:55:17,100 --> 01:55:19,600
bird's nest with eggs. 
The kind of find that makes 

2182
01:55:19,600 --> 01:55:23,100
everyone's morning. 
Significantly brighter eggs are 

2183
01:55:23,100 --> 01:55:25,900
perfect food packages. 
Assuming you can convince their 

2184
01:55:25,900 --> 01:55:28,300
parents that you need them more 
than the unhatched occupants. 

2185
01:55:28,300 --> 01:55:32,100
Do the negotiation typically 
involves quick hands and faster 

2186
01:55:32,100 --> 01:55:35,100
feet especially when the parents
are larger birds with strong 

2187
01:55:35,100 --> 01:55:38,400
opinions about egg ownership, 
the morning meal shapes up to be

2188
01:55:38,400 --> 01:55:40,200
a combination of your berries 
and roots. 

2189
01:55:41,200 --> 01:55:44,200
Shakes and some leftover fish 
that crack managed not to eat 

2190
01:55:44,200 --> 01:55:47,100
entirely yesterday. 
It's not exactly a gourmet 

2191
01:55:47,100 --> 01:55:50,500
breakfast but it contains 
calories nutrients and the 

2192
01:55:50,500 --> 01:55:52,900
satisfaction of having 
successfully gathered at 

2193
01:55:52,900 --> 01:55:55,600
yourself from a world that 
doesn't deliver food to your 

2194
01:55:55,608 --> 01:55:57,800
door. 
Setting on a sun warmed. 

2195
01:55:57,800 --> 01:56:02,000
Rock outside the cave, you eat 
slowly savoring flavors that are

2196
01:56:02,000 --> 01:56:05,900
simple direct and somehow more 
satisfying, the new expected 

2197
01:56:06,700 --> 01:56:09,300
Food tastes like work, like 
success. 

2198
01:56:09,300 --> 01:56:12,600
Like the peculiar Pride that 
comes from feeding yourself 

2199
01:56:12,600 --> 01:56:16,100
through knowledge and effort, 
rather than convenience your 

2200
01:56:16,100 --> 01:56:17,500
stomach, settles into 
contentment. 

2201
01:56:17,500 --> 01:56:20,300
And the day ahead seems more 
manageable with breakfast 

2202
01:56:20,300 --> 01:56:24,600
accomplished, the sun rises 
higher warming, the rocks in 

2203
01:56:24,600 --> 01:56:26,900
your shoulders, somewhere in the
distance. 

2204
01:56:26,900 --> 01:56:29,800
You can hear the river calling 
with Promises of fish and the 

2205
01:56:29,800 --> 01:56:32,800
kind of morning bath that wakes 
up every nerve ending at once. 

2206
01:56:32,800 --> 01:56:36,300
After breakfast, your attention,
turns to the Daily maintenance 

2207
01:56:36,300 --> 01:56:38,700
tasks that keeps donation life 
functional. 

2208
01:56:38,700 --> 01:56:42,600
The toolkit needs inspection and
in a world where the nearest 

2209
01:56:42,600 --> 01:56:44,800
hardware store won't exist for 
several Millennia. 

2210
01:56:44,800 --> 01:56:48,200
Tool maintenance isn't optional.
Its survival. 

2211
01:56:49,100 --> 01:56:51,800
You settle onto a Flat Rock that
serves as your workbench 

2212
01:56:51,800 --> 01:56:55,000
spreading out your collection of
implements with the care of a 

2213
01:56:55,008 --> 01:56:58,500
surgeon arranging instruments. 
There's the knife future from 

2214
01:56:58,500 --> 01:57:01,700
Flint to weeks ago, its Edge 
still sharp enough to slice 

2215
01:57:01,700 --> 01:57:04,400
through high but showing tiny 
Nicks from yesterday's route. 

2216
01:57:04,400 --> 01:57:07,800
Digging Expedition you've bound 
the spear tip which required 

2217
01:57:07,800 --> 01:57:11,000
three attempts to perfect, to 
its wooden shaft with such 

2218
01:57:11,000 --> 01:57:13,900
meticulous, sinu wrapping that, 
it almost appears decorative, 

2219
01:57:13,900 --> 01:57:17,500
Flint, knapping the art of 
striking stone with stone to 

2220
01:57:17,500 --> 01:57:21,000
create sharp edges requires the 
kind of focused attention. 

2221
01:57:21,000 --> 01:57:25,200
That makes meditation look like,
multitasking, you choose a piece

2222
01:57:25,200 --> 01:57:28,100
of flint testing its weight and 
density with fingers that have 

2223
01:57:28,108 --> 01:57:30,200
learned to read Stone like 
others, read books. 

2224
01:57:31,000 --> 01:57:34,600
The Hammerstone fits perfectly 
in your palm its surface worn 

2225
01:57:34,600 --> 01:57:38,200
Smooth by countless impacts. 
The first strike sends a small 

2226
01:57:38,200 --> 01:57:42,100
chip flying landing near your 
feet with a tiny click. 

2227
01:57:43,200 --> 01:57:45,500
Cess. 
You turn the Flint slightly, 

2228
01:57:45,500 --> 01:57:49,100
visualizing the blade hidden 
inside the Raw, Stone waiting to

2229
01:57:49,100 --> 01:57:52,500
be revealed through. 
Patient, precise, work strike 

2230
01:57:52,500 --> 01:57:58,800
turn, examine strike, turn 
examine the Rhythm becomes 

2231
01:57:58,800 --> 01:58:00,800
almost hypnotic. 
Each impact. 

2232
01:58:00,800 --> 01:58:03,700
Calculated to remove exactly the
right amount of material 

2233
01:58:03,700 --> 01:58:06,600
somewhere. 
Around the 15th, strike your 

2234
01:58:06,600 --> 01:58:09,900
concentration, wave is for just 
a moment and the Hammerstone 

2235
01:58:09,900 --> 01:58:13,100
catches, the Flint at the wrong 
angle, instead of a clean chip, 

2236
01:58:13,100 --> 01:58:16,400
a large chunk breaks away, 
taking half your emerging Blade 

2237
01:58:16,400 --> 01:58:19,000
with it. 
The Flint now looks less like a 

2238
01:58:19,000 --> 01:58:22,000
future tool and more like 
evidence of why patients isn't 

2239
01:58:22,000 --> 01:58:24,100
just a virtue. 
It's a requirement. 

2240
01:58:24,100 --> 01:58:27,600
You set the ruined to side and 
reach for another piece. 

2241
01:58:27,600 --> 01:58:30,200
Reminding yourself. 
That failure is just another 

2242
01:58:30,200 --> 01:58:34,000
word for practice. 
The second attempt goes better 

2243
01:58:34,000 --> 01:58:37,200
partly because you've already 
made today's mistake and partly 

2244
01:58:37,200 --> 01:58:39,100
because your hands. 
Remember the proper rhythm. 

2245
01:58:40,200 --> 01:58:43,800
Gradually a serviceable blade 
emerges from the Royal Stone its

2246
01:58:43,800 --> 01:58:46,200
Edge sharp enough to make your 
respected immediately. 

2247
01:58:47,100 --> 01:58:50,100
Tool maintenance extends Beyond 
just making new implements. 

2248
01:58:50,100 --> 01:58:53,600
Your spare shaft is developed a 
small crack near The Binding. 

2249
01:58:54,300 --> 01:58:56,600
The kind of floor that could 
turn a hunting trip into a 

2250
01:58:56,600 --> 01:58:59,500
disaster. 
If left unattended, you unwrap 

2251
01:58:59,500 --> 01:59:02,300
the sin, you carefully. 
It's too valuable to waste and 

2252
01:59:02,300 --> 01:59:05,500
examine the crack more closely. 
The split runs with the wood 

2253
01:59:05,500 --> 01:59:09,300
grain, which is positive news 
across grain crack would mean 

2254
01:59:09,300 --> 01:59:13,100
starting over with a new shaft. 
You select a thin strip of wet, 

2255
01:59:13,100 --> 01:59:15,800
hide and wrap it tightly around 
the damaged area. 

2256
01:59:15,800 --> 01:59:17,800
Pulling the wood fibers back 
together. 

2257
01:59:18,700 --> 01:59:22,200
Once it dries, the hide will 
shrink creating a repair 

2258
01:59:22,200 --> 01:59:25,200
stronger than the original wood.
Stone Age. 

2259
01:59:25,200 --> 01:59:29,300
Equivalent of duct tape, minus 
the adhesive and the tape fire 

2260
01:59:29,300 --> 01:59:30,900
maintenance demands as 
attention. 

2261
01:59:32,200 --> 01:59:34,900
The coals from last night of 
settled into a bed of Embers, 

2262
01:59:34,900 --> 01:59:38,200
perfect for cooking but needing 
encouragement to Flame up again.

2263
01:59:39,000 --> 01:59:43,500
You add small kindling, dry 
grass thin Twigs strips of birch

2264
01:59:43,500 --> 01:59:45,600
bark, that catch fire. 
Like they were designed for the 

2265
01:59:45,608 --> 01:59:48,300
purpose. 
The Flames responded eagerly 

2266
01:59:48,300 --> 01:59:51,400
crackling to life with the kind 
of enthusiasm that makes you 

2267
01:59:51,400 --> 01:59:54,600
appreciate Humanity's ancient 
partnership with control 

2268
01:59:54,600 --> 01:59:57,700
combustion. 
Keeping the fire alive was a 

2269
01:59:57,700 --> 02:00:00,600
community responsibility that 
rotated among the caves 

2270
02:00:00,600 --> 02:00:03,200
inhabitants. 
Today is your turn to be the 

2271
02:00:03,200 --> 02:00:06,800
fire keeper, which means feeding
it regularly banking the coals 

2272
02:00:06,800 --> 02:00:09,300
for cooking and most 
importantly, never letting it 

2273
02:00:09,300 --> 02:00:14,000
die completely. starting a fire 
from scratch, using flint and 

2274
02:00:14,000 --> 02:00:17,700
steel, rather flint and iron 
pyrite since steel won't be 

2275
02:00:17,700 --> 02:00:21,900
invented for quite a while is 
possible, but exhausting you 

2276
02:00:21,900 --> 02:00:24,700
practice the Fire Starting 
technique anyway because 

2277
02:00:24,700 --> 02:00:28,300
redundancy keeps you alive. 
Strike Flint against pyrite, 

2278
02:00:28,300 --> 02:00:32,100
directing the Sparks into a nest
of the finest driest hinder. 

2279
02:00:32,100 --> 02:00:36,200
You can prepare Cedar bark 
worked into soft fibers Birch, 

2280
02:00:36,200 --> 02:00:38,300
fungus and dried grass. 
So fine. 

2281
02:00:38,300 --> 02:00:42,200
It's almost powder. 
Sparks, catch glowing like tiny 

2282
02:00:42,200 --> 02:00:45,900
stars in the Tinder nest. 
Gentle breath, coax them into 

2283
02:00:45,900 --> 02:00:49,500
flame and suddenly you have fire
created from nothing but skill 

2284
02:00:49,500 --> 02:00:52,900
and persistent success, gives 
you a quiet satisfaction. 

2285
02:00:52,900 --> 02:00:56,500
That's hard to describe in a 
world where most things are 

2286
02:00:56,500 --> 02:00:59,200
uncertain being able to create 
Fire On Demand. 

2287
02:00:59,200 --> 02:01:03,100
Feels like having superpowers, 
which from the perspective of 

2288
02:01:03,100 --> 02:01:05,900
any other animal. 
You supposed it is your 

2289
02:01:05,900 --> 02:01:08,800
morning's work, spreads out 
around, you newly sharpened 

2290
02:01:08,800 --> 02:01:13,300
tools, repair weapons, a healthy
fire and the kind of competence 

2291
02:01:13,300 --> 02:01:16,200
that builds confidence. 
These aren't glamorous tasks, 

2292
02:01:16,200 --> 02:01:18,700
but they form the foundation 
that makes everything else 

2293
02:01:18,700 --> 02:01:21,700
possible. 
Every sharp edge, every strong 

2294
02:01:21,700 --> 02:01:24,900
binding, and every glowing coal 
represents the difference 

2295
02:01:24,900 --> 02:01:26,900
between thriving and merely 
surviving. 

2296
02:01:27,900 --> 02:01:30,900
The sun has climbed higher while
you worked and the warmth feels 

2297
02:01:30,900 --> 02:01:34,400
good on your shoulders. 
In the distance, you can hear 

2298
02:01:34,400 --> 02:01:37,300
water running over rocks. 
The river calling with Promises 

2299
02:01:37,300 --> 02:01:39,900
of fish and the kind of cooling 
bath that makes hot work. 

2300
02:01:39,900 --> 02:01:43,300
While the river beckons with the
sound of water, moving over 

2301
02:01:43,300 --> 02:01:46,900
Stones, a constant murmur that 
serves as the soundtrack to your

2302
02:01:46,908 --> 02:01:49,000
daily life. 
You gather your fishing 

2303
02:01:49,008 --> 02:01:53,400
equipment, the spear with a 
particularly point a, net woven 

2304
02:01:53,400 --> 02:01:56,500
from plant fibers that took 
weeks to complete and the kind 

2305
02:01:56,500 --> 02:01:58,500
of optimism that comes from 
successful. 

2306
02:01:58,500 --> 02:02:02,100
Fishing experience is mixed with
realistic, expectations about 

2307
02:02:02,100 --> 02:02:04,700
fish Behavior. 
The walk to your favorite 

2308
02:02:04,700 --> 02:02:07,800
fishing spot takes you through 
terrain that changes subtly with

2309
02:02:07,800 --> 02:02:10,600
each day's weather today. 
The path has become slightly 

2310
02:02:10,600 --> 02:02:14,300
muddy due to yesterday's brief 
Reign causing footing to become 

2311
02:02:14,300 --> 02:02:17,000
uncertain in areas where the 
clay soil has turned into a 

2312
02:02:17,000 --> 02:02:19,600
slippery surface. 
You've learned to read these 

2313
02:02:19,600 --> 02:02:22,600
conditions automatically 
adjusting your gate to have the 

2314
02:02:22,600 --> 02:02:26,000
kind of spectacular fall that 
looks amusing in hindsight, but 

2315
02:02:26,000 --> 02:02:29,100
feels considerably less funny 
when you're picking mud out of 

2316
02:02:29,100 --> 02:02:32,400
uncomfortable places. 
Your fishing spot is a bend in 

2317
02:02:32,400 --> 02:02:33,700
the river. 
Where the current slows and 

2318
02:02:33,708 --> 02:02:37,800
deepens creating a natural pool 
were fish tend to gather the 

2319
02:02:37,800 --> 02:02:39,800
locational. 
So offers a large flat rock, 

2320
02:02:39,800 --> 02:02:43,200
that serves as your observation 
post position perfectly for 

2321
02:02:43,200 --> 02:02:45,600
both, seeing into the water and 
maintaining the kind of 

2322
02:02:45,608 --> 02:02:48,400
motionless patients, that 
successful fishing requires. 

2323
02:02:49,900 --> 02:02:52,300
Settling onto the rock. 
You peer into the water with the

2324
02:02:52,300 --> 02:02:53,900
focused attention of a 
meditation. 

2325
02:02:53,900 --> 02:02:56,700
Master. 
The surface mirrors, the skiing 

2326
02:02:56,700 --> 02:02:59,400
clouds yet beneath that 
reflection is a completely 

2327
02:02:59,400 --> 02:03:02,500
different world fish move 
through their domain with the 

2328
02:03:02,500 --> 02:03:06,000
Casual confidence of creatures 
who belong exactly where they 

2329
02:03:06,000 --> 02:03:08,900
are unaware that you're studying
their patterns with the 

2330
02:03:08,900 --> 02:03:12,300
intensity of a behavioral 
scientist a large trout. 

2331
02:03:12,300 --> 02:03:14,900
We've learned to distinguish 
species by their movement 

2332
02:03:14,900 --> 02:03:18,000
patterns and preferred depths 
holds position near the far 

2333
02:03:18,000 --> 02:03:20,400
Bank. 
Its fins making tiny adjustments

2334
02:03:20,400 --> 02:03:23,100
to maintain its place in the 
current it's perfectly 

2335
02:03:23,100 --> 02:03:26,000
positioned for a spear throw. 
Assuming you can manage the 

2336
02:03:26,000 --> 02:03:29,900
complex physics of refraction 
water resistant and the fishes 

2337
02:03:29,900 --> 02:03:32,300
likely Escape Route all while 
maintaining the balance 

2338
02:03:32,300 --> 02:03:35,100
necessary not to fall off your 
rock in to the river. 

2339
02:03:35,100 --> 02:03:37,900
You raise the spear slowly 
muscles. 

2340
02:03:37,900 --> 02:03:40,500
Remembering the thousands of 
practice throws that have taught

2341
02:03:40,500 --> 02:03:42,800
your arms, the proper Ark and 
release point. 

2342
02:03:44,300 --> 02:03:47,800
The fish remains steady. 
Focused on something Upstream 

2343
02:03:47,800 --> 02:03:49,800
that might be food drifting down
with the current. 

2344
02:03:50,800 --> 02:03:54,000
This is the moment when patience
and preparation meet opportunity

2345
02:03:54,000 --> 02:03:57,600
assuming your aim is improved 
since yesterday's embarrassing 

2346
02:03:57,600 --> 02:04:00,400
performance. 
The spear leaves your hand, with

2347
02:04:00,400 --> 02:04:03,900
the smooth motion of long, 
practice, cutting through air, 

2348
02:04:03,900 --> 02:04:07,900
and then water with barely a 
splash. success appears certain 

2349
02:04:07,900 --> 02:04:11,200
for a moment, then physics 
asserts itself in the form of 

2350
02:04:11,200 --> 02:04:14,700
water refraction and your spare 
passes harmlessly beneath the 

2351
02:04:14,700 --> 02:04:18,800
fish, which vanishes in a swirl 
of indignant motion that somehow

2352
02:04:18,800 --> 02:04:22,300
manages to look, reproachful, 
Retrieving the spear requires 

2353
02:04:22,300 --> 02:04:24,500
wading into water that 
shockingly cold. 

2354
02:04:24,500 --> 02:04:27,600
Despite the warm air, the river 
bottom is a collection of smooth

2355
02:04:27,600 --> 02:04:30,400
Stones, Some steady and reliable
others. 

2356
02:04:30,400 --> 02:04:33,900
Perfectly designed to shift, 
unexpectedly and send Wade. 

2357
02:04:33,900 --> 02:04:37,600
As sprawling into deeper water, 
you move carefully, your feet. 

2358
02:04:37,608 --> 02:04:40,600
Testing each step before 
committing your full weight, the

2359
02:04:40,600 --> 02:04:43,100
spear has lodged between two 
rocks and deeper water. 

2360
02:04:43,100 --> 02:04:46,400
Requiring, a Wade that brings 
the river level to mid-thigh. 

2361
02:04:47,200 --> 02:04:49,900
The cold is invigorating in the 
way that makes you immediately 

2362
02:04:49,900 --> 02:04:52,100
understand why? 
Some people voluntarily take 

2363
02:04:52,100 --> 02:04:54,700
cold showers while 
simultaneously making you 

2364
02:04:54,700 --> 02:04:57,700
question their sanity. 
Your muscles tense against the 

2365
02:04:57,700 --> 02:05:00,300
temperature and retrieving. 
The spear becomes a matter of 

2366
02:05:00,300 --> 02:05:02,700
quick efficiency, rather than 
careful technique. 

2367
02:05:04,100 --> 02:05:07,500
Back on your rock, you settle in
for another attempt water 

2368
02:05:07,500 --> 02:05:09,800
dripping from your legs onto Sun
warm Stone. 

2369
02:05:09,800 --> 02:05:12,200
The net offers different 
possibilities. 

2370
02:05:12,200 --> 02:05:16,000
Let's Precision required but 
demanding perfect timing, and 

2371
02:05:16,000 --> 02:05:17,700
the ability to read fish 
Behavior. 

2372
02:05:17,700 --> 02:05:19,200
Well, enough to predict their 
movements. 

2373
02:05:19,200 --> 02:05:22,800
You study the water again, 
looking for the subtle signs 

2374
02:05:22,800 --> 02:05:24,800
that indicate where fish are 
like to swim. 

2375
02:05:25,700 --> 02:05:28,700
School of smaller, fish moves 
through the shallows their 

2376
02:05:28,700 --> 02:05:32,100
bodies flashing silver as they 
turn in unison, their following 

2377
02:05:32,108 --> 02:05:34,700
some underwater logic. 
That makes perfect sense to them

2378
02:05:34,700 --> 02:05:36,300
and appears completely random to
you. 

2379
02:05:36,300 --> 02:05:40,000
The net requires positioning 
Downstream from their path, then

2380
02:05:40,000 --> 02:05:43,700
patience, while they swim into 
range, You slip into the water 

2381
02:05:43,700 --> 02:05:47,400
again, moving with exaggerated 
care to avoid sending vibrations

2382
02:05:47,400 --> 02:05:49,800
through the riverbed that would 
scatter your targets. 

2383
02:05:50,900 --> 02:05:53,300
The fish continue their 
mysterious choreography, 

2384
02:05:53,300 --> 02:05:56,500
occasionally coming 
tantalizingly close to your nets

2385
02:05:56,500 --> 02:05:58,900
range before veering away. 
As if they've suddenly 

2386
02:05:58,900 --> 02:06:01,800
remembered important 
appointments, elsewhere, finally

2387
02:06:01,800 --> 02:06:04,300
the school's wandering path. 
Brings them directly towards 

2388
02:06:04,300 --> 02:06:07,700
your position. 
You raise the net slowly waiting

2389
02:06:07,700 --> 02:06:09,800
for the moment. 
When the maximum number of fish 

2390
02:06:09,800 --> 02:06:13,000
occupy, the minimum amount of 
space The technique, 

2391
02:06:13,000 --> 02:06:16,500
necessitates precise timing, if 
you act to early, the fish will 

2392
02:06:16,500 --> 02:06:19,200
scatter and if you act too late,
they will have already passed 

2393
02:06:19,200 --> 02:06:21,700
through. 
Now, the net sweeps through 

2394
02:06:21,700 --> 02:06:25,300
water and fish with satisfying 
efficiently and suddenly your 

2395
02:06:25,300 --> 02:06:28,600
holding breakfast, lunch, and 
possibly dinner in woven plant 

2396
02:06:28,600 --> 02:06:31,200
fibers. 
Fish and struggle with 

2397
02:06:31,200 --> 02:06:34,300
understandable urgency and you 
wait quickly to shore to 

2398
02:06:34,300 --> 02:06:36,600
transfer them, to the woven 
basket that serves as your 

2399
02:06:36,600 --> 02:06:38,800
portable container. 
Success. 

2400
02:06:38,800 --> 02:06:41,700
Tastes like cold river water and
feels like the quiet 

2401
02:06:41,700 --> 02:06:44,200
satisfaction of having fed 
yourself through skill and 

2402
02:06:44,208 --> 02:06:46,400
patience. 
The morning's fishing has 

2403
02:06:46,400 --> 02:06:49,800
provided enough protein for the 
day plus extra to share with 

2404
02:06:49,800 --> 02:06:52,400
your cavemen who may have had 
less luck with their own food 

2405
02:06:52,400 --> 02:06:55,700
Gathering expeditions. 
Walking back toward the cave 

2406
02:06:55,700 --> 02:06:58,500
basket of fish in one hand and 
wet fishing gear in the other, 

2407
02:06:58,500 --> 02:07:01,900
you reflect on the peculiar 
satisfaction of having succeeded

2408
02:07:01,900 --> 02:07:04,100
at something. 
Your ancestors would recognize 

2409
02:07:04,100 --> 02:07:07,300
and approval of There's 
something deeply right about 

2410
02:07:07,300 --> 02:07:10,300
providing food through your own 
efforts, even when those efforts

2411
02:07:10,300 --> 02:07:13,300
occasionally involve falling 
into cold water, while chasing 

2412
02:07:13,300 --> 02:07:16,300
fish, that seemed to mock your 
hunting skills, the afternoon 

2413
02:07:16,300 --> 02:07:19,200
sun has reached that perfect 
angle, where it warms without 

2414
02:07:19,200 --> 02:07:21,700
burning. 
Your successful fishing 

2415
02:07:21,700 --> 02:07:23,900
Expedition has left. 
You feeling confident in enough 

2416
02:07:23,900 --> 02:07:27,700
to venture further from the cave
than usual today, seems like an 

2417
02:07:27,700 --> 02:07:31,300
ideal time to explore the valley
Beyond The Ridge where rumor 

2418
02:07:31,300 --> 02:07:34,500
delivered by a traveling group. 
Last week suggests, there might 

2419
02:07:34,508 --> 02:07:37,500
be fruit trees and possibly 
deposits of the particularly 

2420
02:07:37,500 --> 02:07:39,000
good. 
Flint, that makes Superior 

2421
02:07:39,000 --> 02:07:41,800
tools. 
You gather exploration supplies 

2422
02:07:41,800 --> 02:07:43,900
with the methodical care of 
someone who has learned that 

2423
02:07:43,900 --> 02:07:47,100
preparation prevents most 
disasters, an improvisation 

2424
02:07:47,100 --> 02:07:50,400
handles the rest. 
Your pack consists of a large 

2425
02:07:50,400 --> 02:07:52,400
hide bag. 
Containing water in a bladder 

2426
02:07:52,400 --> 02:07:55,500
dried meat from last week's 
successful hunt, the 

2427
02:07:55,500 --> 02:07:57,500
multi-purpose knife. 
That's sharp enough to be 

2428
02:07:57,500 --> 02:08:00,700
useful, but not so precious, 
you'd weep if you lost it and 

2429
02:08:00,700 --> 02:08:04,600
cordage woven from plant fibers,
that serves approximately 600 

2430
02:08:04,600 --> 02:08:06,400
different functions in Stone Age
life. 

2431
02:08:07,300 --> 02:08:10,000
The ridge requires a climb that 
would be considered moderate 

2432
02:08:10,000 --> 02:08:13,000
exercise in modern terms, but 
feels more like a full body 

2433
02:08:13,000 --> 02:08:14,900
workout. 
When you're carrying supplies 

2434
02:08:14,900 --> 02:08:17,600
and watching for loose rocks, 
that could turn an afternoon 

2435
02:08:17,600 --> 02:08:21,000
hike into a medical emergency 
your route follows, what might 

2436
02:08:21,000 --> 02:08:24,700
charitably be called a path? 
Really just a series of animal 

2437
02:08:24,700 --> 02:08:26,700
tracks connected by your own 
optimistic. 

2438
02:08:26,700 --> 02:08:29,400
Assumptions about the best way 
up steep Terrain. 

2439
02:08:30,800 --> 02:08:34,100
Halfway up the ridge, you pores 
to catch your breath and 

2440
02:08:34,100 --> 02:08:36,600
immediately understand why your 
ancestors developed such 

2441
02:08:36,600 --> 02:08:38,600
impressive cardiovascular 
systems. 

2442
02:08:39,500 --> 02:08:42,600
Every activity in Paleolithic 
life was essentially a fitness 

2443
02:08:42,600 --> 02:08:46,900
program designed by someone with
a sadistic sense of humor and a 

2444
02:08:46,900 --> 02:08:49,100
deep commitment to build in 
character through physical 

2445
02:08:49,100 --> 02:08:51,600
challenge. 
The view from The Ridge Top 

2446
02:08:51,600 --> 02:08:55,200
makes the climb worth. 
While The Valleys below you like

2447
02:08:55,200 --> 02:08:58,400
a green carpet dotted with 
Silver Streams, and dark patches

2448
02:08:58,400 --> 02:08:59,900
that might be Groves of the 
fruit trees. 

2449
02:08:59,900 --> 02:09:03,200
You're seeking. 
In the distance smoke rises from

2450
02:09:03,200 --> 02:09:06,600
what's probably another group's 
fire, reminding you that you're 

2451
02:09:06,600 --> 02:09:09,700
not alone in this vast 
landscape, just temporarily out 

2452
02:09:09,700 --> 02:09:12,900
of the shouting range of yours 
descending, into the valley 

2453
02:09:12,900 --> 02:09:16,600
proves trickier than the ascent 
gravity, assists your progress 

2454
02:09:16,600 --> 02:09:19,700
with the kind of helpful. 
Enthusiasm that occasionally 

2455
02:09:19,700 --> 02:09:22,600
threatens to turn a controlled 
descent into an uncontrolled 

2456
02:09:22,600 --> 02:09:24,700
tumble. 
You pick your way, carefully 

2457
02:09:24,700 --> 02:09:28,200
down the slope using trees and 
rock outcroppings as handholds 

2458
02:09:28,200 --> 02:09:30,000
and trying. 
Not to think about how much 

2459
02:09:30,000 --> 02:09:32,000
easier going down is than 
climbing. 

2460
02:09:32,000 --> 02:09:35,800
Back up will be The valley floor
reveals itself to be a mixed of 

2461
02:09:35,800 --> 02:09:39,900
opportunity and complexity. 
Yes, there are fruit trees. 

2462
02:09:39,900 --> 02:09:43,300
Several varieties you recognize,
and a few that require the kind 

2463
02:09:43,300 --> 02:09:46,200
of careful testing that 
determines whether their food or

2464
02:09:46,200 --> 02:09:48,900
decoration. 
The good news is many trees are 

2465
02:09:48,900 --> 02:09:51,800
heavy with right fruit. 
The challenge news is that 

2466
02:09:51,800 --> 02:09:54,800
you're apparently not the first 
to discover this resource Fresh 

2467
02:09:54,800 --> 02:09:57,300
Tracks in the software near the 
largest fruit Grove. 

2468
02:09:57,300 --> 02:09:59,700
Tell a story that makes your 
survival instincts, pay close 

2469
02:09:59,700 --> 02:10:04,100
attention The large paw prints, 
indicating a predator rather 

2470
02:10:04,100 --> 02:10:07,500
than prey are so recent that 
their ages remain Sharp. 

2471
02:10:08,200 --> 02:10:11,600
Bear most likely and probably 
still in the area since Bears 

2472
02:10:11,600 --> 02:10:14,300
tend to stay near excellent food
sources until they've exhausted 

2473
02:10:14,300 --> 02:10:17,500
them completely. 
This scenario creates what you 

2474
02:10:17,500 --> 02:10:21,100
might call a tactical situation.
The fruit represents valuable 

2475
02:10:21,100 --> 02:10:23,300
calories and nutrients. 
That would improve, everyone's 

2476
02:10:23,300 --> 02:10:27,500
diet significantly. 
The bear represents the kind of 

2477
02:10:27,500 --> 02:10:30,400
conversation partner, who 
settles disagreements through 

2478
02:10:30,400 --> 02:10:33,600
methods that don't typically end
well for the smaller participant

2479
02:10:33,600 --> 02:10:37,900
wisdom, suggests Retreat. 
Hunger, suggests negotiation 

2480
02:10:37,900 --> 02:10:41,300
Pride suggests, you're probably 
overthinking the whole situation

2481
02:10:41,300 --> 02:10:44,500
you compromised by gathering 
fruit from trees on the 

2482
02:10:44,500 --> 02:10:48,700
periphery of the Grove working 
quickly, but quietly ears tuned 

2483
02:10:48,700 --> 02:10:50,900
for any sound that might 
indicate you're about to have an

2484
02:10:50,900 --> 02:10:53,500
unexpected encounter with the 
local bear population. 

2485
02:10:54,600 --> 02:10:57,500
Every Fallen branch that cracks 
Under Foot sounds like a gunshot

2486
02:10:57,500 --> 02:11:01,400
in the afternoon Stillness and 
every rustle of leaves brings a 

2487
02:11:01,400 --> 02:11:04,500
momentary pause to listen for 
approaching footsteps but they 

2488
02:11:04,500 --> 02:11:08,400
considerably more than yours. 
The fruit Gathering goes well 

2489
02:11:08,400 --> 02:11:10,600
until you reach for a 
particularly promising, cluster 

2490
02:11:10,600 --> 02:11:13,900
growing just out of easy, reach 
stretching toward it requires 

2491
02:11:13,900 --> 02:11:15,400
shifting, your weight onto a 
branch. 

2492
02:11:15,400 --> 02:11:17,300
That seemed sturdy enough when 
you tested it. 

2493
02:11:17,300 --> 02:11:20,600
But apparently has strong 
opinions about supporting human 

2494
02:11:20,600 --> 02:11:23,400
body weight. 
The branch surrenders with a 

2495
02:11:23,400 --> 02:11:27,100
sharp crack that Echoes through 
the Grove like a dinner. 

2496
02:11:27,100 --> 02:11:29,400
Bell ringing for every Predator 
within miles. 

2497
02:11:29,400 --> 02:11:33,200
You land in a heap of bruised 
dignity and Scattered fruit 

2498
02:11:33,200 --> 02:11:36,600
momentarily, more concerned 
about the noise than the impact.

2499
02:11:37,500 --> 02:11:40,200
The growth falls into the kind 
of absolute silence that 

2500
02:11:40,200 --> 02:11:43,300
suggests every creature with 
ears is now listening intently 

2501
02:11:43,300 --> 02:11:45,900
to determine what just announced
its presence. 

2502
02:11:45,900 --> 02:11:49,100
So dramatically After several 
heartbeats of holding your 

2503
02:11:49,100 --> 02:11:52,000
breath and straining your ears. 
You can include that immediate 

2504
02:11:52,000 --> 02:11:55,600
danger seems unlikely Gathering 
the scattered fruit with hands. 

2505
02:11:55,600 --> 02:11:58,300
Trembling slightly from 
adrenaline rather than injury. 

2506
02:11:59,000 --> 02:12:01,200
You come to the conclusion. 
That discretion is a crucial 

2507
02:12:01,200 --> 02:12:03,800
aspect of fruit Gathering. 
Your pack. 

2508
02:12:03,800 --> 02:12:07,200
Now contains enough fruit to 
supplement several meals plus 

2509
02:12:07,200 --> 02:12:09,500
the kind of story that will 
improve with each retelling 

2510
02:12:09,500 --> 02:12:12,400
around the evening fire. 
The discovery of the Flint 

2511
02:12:12,400 --> 02:12:15,400
deposits proves anti-climactic, 
after the fruit tree Adventure, 

2512
02:12:15,400 --> 02:12:18,300
yes, the stone is excellent 
quality. 

2513
02:12:18,300 --> 02:12:20,400
Better than what you've been 
working with. 

2514
02:12:20,400 --> 02:12:23,600
Yes, there's enough to supply 
your tool making needs for 

2515
02:12:23,600 --> 02:12:28,000
months and yes it's located in 
an easy to access outcropping 

2516
02:12:28,000 --> 02:12:31,000
that doesn't require negotiating
with large carnivores. 

2517
02:12:31,700 --> 02:12:35,000
You gather several Prime pieces 
of Flint testing each for 

2518
02:12:35,000 --> 02:12:38,300
quality and selecting those most
likely to produce Superior 

2519
02:12:38,300 --> 02:12:40,800
tools. 
The additional weight in your 

2520
02:12:40,808 --> 02:12:43,700
pack reminds you that the return
Journey will be more challenging

2521
02:12:43,700 --> 02:12:47,000
than the trip down, but a good 
Flint is worth the extra effort.

2522
02:12:47,700 --> 02:12:50,700
The afternoon light has begun 
its slow slide toward evening. 

2523
02:12:50,700 --> 02:12:53,800
By the time you start the 
return, climb your pack. 

2524
02:12:53,800 --> 02:12:56,400
Now, heavy with fruit and stone 
makes the ascent feel like a 

2525
02:12:56,400 --> 02:12:59,400
full body strength, training 
session, designed by someone who

2526
02:12:59,400 --> 02:13:02,900
believes suffering, builds 
character each step up the ridge

2527
02:13:02,900 --> 02:13:06,100
requires deliberate effort and 
you find yourself developing a 

2528
02:13:06,100 --> 02:13:09,700
new appreciation for the concept
of pack weight distribution, the

2529
02:13:09,700 --> 02:13:11,400
return to your cave feels like 
coming home. 

2530
02:13:11,400 --> 02:13:14,600
After a successful Adventure, 
your pack heavy with the days 

2531
02:13:14,600 --> 02:13:17,900
discoveries and your body 
pleasantly worn out from useful 

2532
02:13:17,900 --> 02:13:21,000
exertion. 
Later after noon, light filter, 

2533
02:13:21,000 --> 02:13:24,100
through the trees with that gold
and quality, that makes 

2534
02:13:24,100 --> 02:13:26,400
everything look like. 
It's been painted by someone who

2535
02:13:26,400 --> 02:13:28,600
understands the beauty of 
natural illumination. 

2536
02:13:29,700 --> 02:13:33,000
Your cavemen have been busy 
during your absence Mira has 

2537
02:13:33,008 --> 02:13:36,300
constructed what appears to be a
fish drying rack from carefully 

2538
02:13:36,300 --> 02:13:40,000
arranged branches, and several 
of yesterday's catch in neat 

2539
02:13:40,000 --> 02:13:42,300
rows. 
Slowly transforming into 

2540
02:13:42,300 --> 02:13:45,000
preserved protein that will last
much longer than fresh fish. 

2541
02:13:46,200 --> 02:13:48,800
Crack has been working on 
something involving a great deal

2542
02:13:48,800 --> 02:13:51,700
of scraped hide. 
And what looks like sinew though

2543
02:13:51,700 --> 02:13:54,100
his projects often remain 
mysterious until they reach 

2544
02:13:54,100 --> 02:13:56,600
completion. 
Fruit. 

2545
02:13:56,600 --> 02:13:58,200
You've gathered creates 
immediate excitement. 

2546
02:13:58,200 --> 02:14:02,300
Fresh fruit has been scarce 
lately and the variety you've 

2547
02:14:02,300 --> 02:14:04,700
brought back include several 
types that none of you have 

2548
02:14:04,700 --> 02:14:07,600
tasted before. 
This leads to the careful ritual

2549
02:14:07,600 --> 02:14:09,600
of testing new foods, small 
amounts. 

2550
02:14:09,600 --> 02:14:13,400
First attention paid to flavor 
and any immediate reactions, 

2551
02:14:13,400 --> 02:14:16,400
then waiting to see if your 
digestive system approves of the

2552
02:14:16,400 --> 02:14:18,800
innovation. 
The unknown fruits, turn out to 

2553
02:14:18,800 --> 02:14:22,100
be pleasantly sweet with a 
slightly tart finish and your 

2554
02:14:22,100 --> 02:14:23,600
stomach accepts the without 
protest. 

2555
02:14:24,600 --> 02:14:27,600
Excess dinner will be 
considerably more intriguing 

2556
02:14:27,600 --> 02:14:30,300
than usual. 
The remaining fruit can be dried

2557
02:14:30,300 --> 02:14:34,000
using techniques that transform 
perishable food into long-term 

2558
02:14:34,000 --> 02:14:36,800
storage solutions, your Flint, 
Discovery. 

2559
02:14:36,800 --> 02:14:41,000
Generates a different kind of 
enthusiasm Graphic examined. 

2560
02:14:41,000 --> 02:14:44,600
Each piece with the focused 
attention of an expert, testing 

2561
02:14:44,600 --> 02:14:47,200
density and grain structure with
technique, you're still 

2562
02:14:47,208 --> 02:14:50,300
learning. 
Good, Flint means better tools 

2563
02:14:50,300 --> 02:14:53,400
which means more successful 
hunting and Gathering which 

2564
02:14:53,400 --> 02:14:56,300
means improved odds of thriving 
rather than merely surviving. 

2565
02:14:57,200 --> 02:14:59,300
His evening approaches, the 
ritual of fire. 

2566
02:14:59,300 --> 02:15:03,000
Building begins today's fire 
will be larger than usual partly

2567
02:15:03,000 --> 02:15:04,800
for cooking. 
The varied Foods, you've all 

2568
02:15:04,800 --> 02:15:07,500
gathered partly for the social 
warmth that comes from sitting 

2569
02:15:07,500 --> 02:15:11,100
around Flames while sharing the 
day's experiences, you add a 

2570
02:15:11,100 --> 02:15:13,700
portion of fuel and soon the 
cave, entrance glows with 

2571
02:15:13,708 --> 02:15:18,000
cheerful light pushing back, the
growing Darkness outside cooking

2572
02:15:18,000 --> 02:15:21,300
in the Stone, Age requires 
timing attention and acceptance,

2573
02:15:21,300 --> 02:15:23,500
the Precision isn't always 
possible. 

2574
02:15:23,500 --> 02:15:26,800
The fish cooked quickly on hot 
Stones, placed near the fire, 

2575
02:15:26,800 --> 02:15:29,300
their flesh. 
Turning from translucent to 

2576
02:15:29,300 --> 02:15:32,300
opaque with the kind of 
straightforward honesty, that 

2577
02:15:32,300 --> 02:15:35,600
makes you trust the process 
routes require longer cooking. 

2578
02:15:35,600 --> 02:15:39,100
They are buried in coal and 
covered with more coal until the

2579
02:15:39,100 --> 02:15:41,500
hard starch become something 
approaching tender. 

2580
02:15:42,400 --> 02:15:45,900
Fruit needs no cooking that some
of it gets wrapped in leaves and

2581
02:15:45,900 --> 02:15:49,000
placed near the fires Edge, 
where gentle heat, concentrates 

2582
02:15:49,000 --> 02:15:51,700
the flavors and creates 
something resembling A Primitive

2583
02:15:51,700 --> 02:15:54,300
desert. 
The result tastes like 

2584
02:15:54,308 --> 02:15:57,600
concentrated summer, sweet and 
warm, and satisfying. 

2585
02:15:57,600 --> 02:16:00,800
In ways that make you understand
why humans developed such 

2586
02:16:00,800 --> 02:16:02,600
elaborate relationships with 
food preparation. 

2587
02:16:03,900 --> 02:16:06,400
Mealtime in your small community
follows informal. 

2588
02:16:06,400 --> 02:16:09,000
Protocols, that balanced 
individual needs with group 

2589
02:16:09,000 --> 02:16:12,200
Harmony. 
Everyone shares the food based 

2590
02:16:12,200 --> 02:16:13,700
on their contributions and 
needs. 

2591
02:16:13,700 --> 02:16:16,900
Today's successful. 
Fishing Expedition earns you a 

2592
02:16:16,900 --> 02:16:18,100
larger portion of the evening 
meal. 

2593
02:16:18,100 --> 02:16:20,900
While your fruit. 
Discovery means everyone enjoys 

2594
02:16:20,900 --> 02:16:23,400
flavors, that wouldn't otherwise
have been available the 

2595
02:16:23,400 --> 02:16:26,200
conversation, that accompanies 
dinner revolves around the day's

2596
02:16:26,200 --> 02:16:29,500
experiences challenges, and 
discoveries crack describes his 

2597
02:16:29,500 --> 02:16:32,700
hide working project which is 
apparently intended to become a 

2598
02:16:32,700 --> 02:16:34,299
more comfortable sleeping 
Arrangement. 

2599
02:16:34,299 --> 02:16:39,799
An innovation that everyone 
endorses enthusiastically Mirror

2600
02:16:39,799 --> 02:16:42,799
explained to fish drying 
technique learned from a group 

2601
02:16:42,799 --> 02:16:45,700
they encountered several weeks 
ago, who came from a region, 

2602
02:16:45,700 --> 02:16:48,299
where preservation methods had 
evolved to handle seasonal 

2603
02:16:48,299 --> 02:16:51,900
variations in food. 
Availability, Your adventure in 

2604
02:16:51,907 --> 02:16:54,500
the fruit growth gets recounted 
with the kind of embellishment 

2605
02:16:54,500 --> 02:16:57,600
that turns a minor mishap into 
an entertaining story. 

2606
02:16:58,600 --> 02:17:01,200
The branch breaking incident 
becomes slightly more dramatic 

2607
02:17:01,200 --> 02:17:04,900
in the telling the Bear Tracks, 
slightly fresher and your Escape

2608
02:17:04,900 --> 02:17:09,900
slightly more narrow This is how
oral tradition begins not with 

2609
02:17:09,900 --> 02:17:13,200
deliberate exaggeration, but 
with the natural tendency to 

2610
02:17:13,200 --> 02:17:16,200
make experience is more engaging
when sharing them with others. 

2611
02:17:17,200 --> 02:17:19,700
As full Darkness, settles 
outside the cave entrance. 

2612
02:17:20,600 --> 02:17:23,200
Fire becomes the center of your 
small world. 

2613
02:17:23,200 --> 02:17:26,900
It's light creates a circle of 
warmth and safety. 

2614
02:17:26,900 --> 02:17:29,799
That makes the vast night seemed
manageable rather than 

2615
02:17:29,799 --> 02:17:33,500
threatening The Flames danced 
with hypnotic patterns that 

2616
02:17:33,500 --> 02:17:37,000
capture attention in ways that 
television won't manage to 

2617
02:17:37,000 --> 02:17:38,799
duplicate for several thousand 
years. 

2618
02:17:39,700 --> 02:17:41,600
The evenings work continues 
around the fire. 

2619
02:17:41,600 --> 02:17:44,900
You begin shaping, one of the 
new Flint pieces into what will 

2620
02:17:44,900 --> 02:17:46,600
eventually become a superior 
knife. 

2621
02:17:47,500 --> 02:17:50,100
The careful chip by chip 
process, made easier by good 

2622
02:17:50,100 --> 02:17:53,100
light, and comfortable seating 
on, fur covered rocks. 

2623
02:17:54,100 --> 02:17:57,100
Mirror Works on cordage 
twisting, plant fibers into 

2624
02:17:57,100 --> 02:18:00,100
strong rope, using techniques 
that require consistent tension 

2625
02:18:00,100 --> 02:18:02,100
and rhythm. 
Crack continues. 

2626
02:18:02,100 --> 02:18:05,000
His hide project scraping and 
softening the material with 

2627
02:18:05,000 --> 02:18:06,700
tools. 
Designed specifically for the 

2628
02:18:06,700 --> 02:18:09,700
purpose. 
The work requires patience but 

2629
02:18:09,700 --> 02:18:13,299
produces results that make the 
effort worth while soft durable 

2630
02:18:13,299 --> 02:18:15,799
material that insulates better 
than woven grass. 

2631
02:18:15,799 --> 02:18:19,000
And last longer than most 
Alternatives available to Stone 

2632
02:18:19,000 --> 02:18:22,299
Age, Crafts People. 
The fire settles in to steady 

2633
02:18:22,299 --> 02:18:25,900
coals as the night deepens and 
conversation gradually gives way

2634
02:18:25,900 --> 02:18:29,200
to the quiet satisfaction of 
useful work accomplished in Good

2635
02:18:29,200 --> 02:18:31,500
Company. 
Tomorrow will bring new 

2636
02:18:31,500 --> 02:18:34,700
challenges and opportunities. 
But tonight offers the simple 

2637
02:18:34,700 --> 02:18:38,500
pleasure of warmth food and the 
security that comes from being 

2638
02:18:38,500 --> 02:18:42,500
part of a group that works 
together successfully Outside 

2639
02:18:42,500 --> 02:18:46,299
the cave night, sounds begin, 
their ancient chorus owls 

2640
02:18:46,299 --> 02:18:49,000
calling across the valley, the 
distance splash of something 

2641
02:18:49,000 --> 02:18:51,700
large, moving through the river 
and the rustle of small 

2642
02:18:51,700 --> 02:18:53,799
creatures going about their 
nocturnal business. 

2643
02:18:54,900 --> 02:18:57,400
The sounds aren't threatening 
when heard from the safety of 

2644
02:18:57,400 --> 02:19:00,299
your file. 
It cave there simply the 

2645
02:19:00,299 --> 02:19:02,700
soundtrack of a world that 
continues its complex business, 

2646
02:19:02,700 --> 02:19:06,700
regardless of human concerns the
transition from active evening 

2647
02:19:06,700 --> 02:19:08,900
to restful night. 
Happens gradually in your Stone 

2648
02:19:08,900 --> 02:19:12,700
Age World marked, not by clocks 
or schedules but by the natural 

2649
02:19:12,700 --> 02:19:16,500
rhythm of fire settling into 
coals and bodies growing heavy 

2650
02:19:16,500 --> 02:19:20,000
with the days accumulated. 
Fatigue, The work around the 

2651
02:19:20,000 --> 02:19:22,799
fire continues but at the 
relaxed pace of people who 

2652
02:19:22,799 --> 02:19:25,900
understand that sometimes are 
improved by patients rather than

2653
02:19:25,900 --> 02:19:29,299
hurried completion. 
Your Flint knapping project has 

2654
02:19:29,299 --> 02:19:31,799
progressed to the delicate stage
where each strike must be 

2655
02:19:31,799 --> 02:19:35,200
precisely calculated. 
The emerging blade shows, 

2656
02:19:35,200 --> 02:19:38,000
promise straight edge, good 
thickness. 

2657
02:19:38,000 --> 02:19:41,299
The kind of balance that will 
make it useful for details work.

2658
02:19:42,200 --> 02:19:45,100
The rhythm of stone striking, 
Stone creates a gentle 

2659
02:19:45,100 --> 02:19:48,500
percussion, that blends with the
soft sound of your companions 

2660
02:19:48,500 --> 02:19:51,700
activities and the crackling 
Whisper of the dying fire. 

2661
02:19:52,900 --> 02:19:54,500
Mirrors. 
Cordage work has produced 

2662
02:19:54,508 --> 02:19:58,200
several arm lengths, of strong 
rope Twisted with the consistent

2663
02:19:58,200 --> 02:20:00,700
tension that comes from 
practiced hands and focused. 

2664
02:20:00,700 --> 02:20:04,100
Attention, she tests each 
section by pulling against it 

2665
02:20:04,100 --> 02:20:07,100
with a full strength nodding 
with satisfaction when the 

2666
02:20:07,100 --> 02:20:09,500
fibers hold without stretching 
or breaking. 

2667
02:20:10,500 --> 02:20:14,100
Good, rope means better, Nets, 
stronger bindings and countless 

2668
02:20:14,100 --> 02:20:16,400
other applications that make 
daily life more manageable. 

2669
02:20:17,700 --> 02:20:20,100
Grass hide preparation has 
reached the stage where the 

2670
02:20:20,100 --> 02:20:23,100
material needs to rest overnight
before the final softening 

2671
02:20:23,100 --> 02:20:26,000
process. 
He rolls at carefully in places 

2672
02:20:26,000 --> 02:20:28,900
it, where morning, due won't 
reach but are can continue to 

2673
02:20:28,900 --> 02:20:31,700
circulate around it. 
His movements have the 

2674
02:20:31,700 --> 02:20:34,300
unhurried, Precision of someone 
whose learned that Russian this 

2675
02:20:34,300 --> 02:20:37,800
particular process leads to 
disappointing results and wasted

2676
02:20:37,800 --> 02:20:40,400
effort. 
The fire has settled into the 

2677
02:20:40,400 --> 02:20:42,900
perfect state for banking hot 
coals. 

2678
02:20:42,900 --> 02:20:45,600
That will retain heat through 
the night, while being easily, 

2679
02:20:45,600 --> 02:20:49,000
coaxed back to Flame when 
morning comes the cold 

2680
02:20:49,000 --> 02:20:51,900
carefully, covering them with a 
layer of Ash that will insulate 

2681
02:20:51,900 --> 02:20:54,200
with without smothering. 
Then surrounding the whole 

2682
02:20:54,200 --> 02:20:57,200
arrangement with stones, that 
will radiate absorbed heat long 

2683
02:20:57,200 --> 02:21:01,200
after the Flames disappear. 
Your sleeping area beckons with 

2684
02:21:01,200 --> 02:21:03,300
the promise of rest. 
After a day filled with 

2685
02:21:03,300 --> 02:21:07,200
successful activities, the first
of being arranged for maximum 

2686
02:21:07,200 --> 02:21:10,400
comfort with extra padding 
beneath your hip and shoulder. 

2687
02:21:11,300 --> 02:21:13,200
The pressure points that 
determine whether you wake 

2688
02:21:13,200 --> 02:21:15,900
refreshed or spend the night 
shifting position in search of 

2689
02:21:15,900 --> 02:21:19,700
elusive comfort. 
As you settle into your sleeping

2690
02:21:19,700 --> 02:21:23,300
Arrangement, the days experience
is Replay in your mind with the 

2691
02:21:23,308 --> 02:21:25,200
satisfaction that comes from 
time. 

2692
02:21:25,200 --> 02:21:28,800
Well, spent The morning 
successful fishing the 

2693
02:21:28,800 --> 02:21:31,600
afternoon's, fruit and Flint 
discoveries and the evenings 

2694
02:21:31,600 --> 02:21:35,100
productive work around the fire.
Each activity connected to the 

2695
02:21:35,100 --> 02:21:37,900
others, in the Seamless Web of 
interdependence that 

2696
02:21:37,900 --> 02:21:42,100
characterizes Stone Age life The
sounds of your companions 

2697
02:21:42,100 --> 02:21:44,700
settling into their sleeping 
Arrangements, create a 

2698
02:21:44,700 --> 02:21:46,600
comfortable background of 
familiar noises. 

2699
02:21:47,400 --> 02:21:50,500
Soft movements. 
As furs are adjusted, the quiet 

2700
02:21:50,500 --> 02:21:53,900
breathing that indicates 
relaxation and the occasional 

2701
02:21:53,900 --> 02:21:57,000
contented side that suggest 
everyone is pleased with the 

2702
02:21:57,000 --> 02:22:00,200
days accomplishments. 
These are the sounds of security

2703
02:22:00,200 --> 02:22:03,200
of belonging to a group that 
functions well together. 

2704
02:22:04,300 --> 02:22:07,200
Outside the cave, the Night 
World continues, its ancient 

2705
02:22:07,200 --> 02:22:10,400
patterns, an owl calls from 
somewhere across the valley. 

2706
02:22:10,400 --> 02:22:13,600
His voice carrying clearly 
through are that scrolled and 

2707
02:22:13,600 --> 02:22:17,800
still The River Murders. 
Its constant song a liquid 

2708
02:22:17,800 --> 02:22:21,000
soundtrack that says reliable as
sunrise and equally soothing 

2709
02:22:21,900 --> 02:22:24,900
Somewhere in the distance, a 
wolf howls, not the threatening 

2710
02:22:24,900 --> 02:22:27,800
sound of nearby danger, but the 
distant communication of 

2711
02:22:27,800 --> 02:22:31,000
creatures going about their own 
business in their territory, the

2712
02:22:31,000 --> 02:22:33,300
darkness beyond your cave, 
entrance isn't empty. 

2713
02:22:34,000 --> 02:22:36,900
The full of life following 
rhythms older than human memory.

2714
02:22:37,700 --> 02:22:41,100
Nocturnal Hunters, pursue 
nocturnal prey, night-blooming 

2715
02:22:41,100 --> 02:22:44,600
Plants release fragrances that 
attract night flying insects, 

2716
02:22:44,600 --> 02:22:47,600
and the complex web of 
relationships that sustains this

2717
02:22:47,600 --> 02:22:50,800
ecosystem continues without 
pause or fanfare. 

2718
02:22:51,600 --> 02:22:55,800
From your perspective enveloped 
in warm furs with a banked fire 

2719
02:22:55,800 --> 02:22:58,900
nearby and trusted companions 
within reach the night. 

2720
02:22:58,900 --> 02:23:02,400
Feels protective rather than 
threatening your cave has become

2721
02:23:02,400 --> 02:23:05,500
home in the most fundamental 
sense, a place where you belong,

2722
02:23:05,500 --> 02:23:08,800
where you're safe, where you can
rest with that, constant 

2723
02:23:08,800 --> 02:23:12,400
vigilance Sleep approaches with 
the gentle inevitability of 

2724
02:23:12,408 --> 02:23:15,900
Tides or Seasons natural 
processes that don't require 

2725
02:23:15,900 --> 02:23:17,400
your participation or 
permission. 

2726
02:23:17,400 --> 02:23:21,600
Your breathing deepens matching 
the slow rhythm of complete 

2727
02:23:21,600 --> 02:23:24,700
relaxation. 
The days minor aches and 

2728
02:23:24,700 --> 02:23:28,000
tensions dissolve into the kind 
of profound rest that comes from

2729
02:23:28,000 --> 02:23:31,400
physical work. 
Fresh air and the satisfaction 

2730
02:23:31,400 --> 02:23:33,800
of having lived fully within 
your circumstances. 

2731
02:23:34,800 --> 02:23:38,100
Dreams, when they come filled 
with the textures and colors of 

2732
02:23:38,100 --> 02:23:41,200
your waking world. 
The sound of running water over 

2733
02:23:41,200 --> 02:23:44,100
smooth Stones, sunlight 
filtering through leaves, and 

2734
02:23:44,100 --> 02:23:47,000
the satisfying weight of 
well-made tools in your hands 

2735
02:23:47,000 --> 02:23:50,700
all contribute to these dreams. 
These aren't the anxious 

2736
02:23:50,700 --> 02:23:54,100
disconnected fragments that 
trouble more complex Minds that 

2737
02:23:54,100 --> 02:23:56,300
the peaceful processing of a 
life lived in harmony with 

2738
02:23:56,300 --> 02:24:00,200
immediate tangible realities. 
The fire settles deeper into 

2739
02:24:00,200 --> 02:24:04,000
coals radiating steady warmth 
that makes the caves are 

2740
02:24:04,000 --> 02:24:05,200
comfortable throughout the 
night. 

2741
02:24:06,100 --> 02:24:09,300
The bank heat will last until 
morning, ready to kill into 

2742
02:24:09,300 --> 02:24:12,000
flame, when the new day begins 
its cycle of challenges and 

2743
02:24:12,000 --> 02:24:14,400
opportunities. 
Tomorrow will bring its own, 

2744
02:24:14,400 --> 02:24:18,200
whether its own possibilities 
for success and failure, and its

2745
02:24:18,200 --> 02:24:20,300
own moments of satisfaction and 
frustration. 

2746
02:24:21,300 --> 02:24:25,100
Tonight offers the perfect rest 
that prepares mind and body for 

2747
02:24:25,100 --> 02:24:28,200
whatever comes next. 
Your breathing slows to match 

2748
02:24:28,200 --> 02:24:31,600
the rhythm of deep sleep and the
last conscious thought is 

2749
02:24:31,600 --> 02:24:34,100
gratitude for the simple 
completeness of a day. 

2750
02:24:34,100 --> 02:24:36,600
Well, lived in Humanity's most 
essential mode. 

2751
02:24:37,600 --> 02:24:41,200
The night Embraces you with the 
vast Stillness of a world where 

2752
02:24:41,200 --> 02:24:44,500
artificial light hasn't yet. 
Pushed back the darkness where 

2753
02:24:44,500 --> 02:24:47,800
silence isn't broken by 
mechanical sales, where rest 

2754
02:24:47,800 --> 02:24:51,200
comes naturally when the sunset 
and work resumes when it rises, 

2755
02:24:52,200 --> 02:24:57,200
This is sleep as it was designed
to be profound restorative and 

2756
02:24:57,200 --> 02:24:59,100
perfectly aligned with the 
natural world. 

2757
02:24:59,100 --> 02:25:02,300
That remains your home your 
challenge and your endless 

2758
02:25:02,300 --> 02:25:06,300
source of both struggle and 
wonder In the depths of night, 

2759
02:25:06,300 --> 02:25:09,800
your cave becomes a pocket of 
human warmth in the vast, 

2760
02:25:09,800 --> 02:25:13,200
coolness of the world. 
The banked fire glows like a 

2761
02:25:13,200 --> 02:25:16,400
gentle heartbeat steady and 
reassuring. 

2762
02:25:17,700 --> 02:25:20,600
Your breathing synchronizes with
the ancient rhythms that have 

2763
02:25:20,600 --> 02:25:22,800
guided human rest for countless 
Generations. 

2764
02:25:22,800 --> 02:25:27,900
Slow deep peaceful. 
Breaths that carry away the days

2765
02:25:27,900 --> 02:25:30,700
tension and prepare your body 
for tomorrow's Adventures. 

2766
02:25:30,700 --> 02:25:34,200
The first beneath, you hold the 
days accumulated, warmth, 

2767
02:25:34,200 --> 02:25:37,600
creating a cocoon of comfort 
that makes the stone floor. 

2768
02:25:37,600 --> 02:25:40,900
Feel almost luxurious your 
muscles, relax, completely 

2769
02:25:40,900 --> 02:25:44,200
releasing the subtle tensions 
that come from constant 

2770
02:25:44,200 --> 02:25:48,200
awareness, constant Readiness 
and constant engagement with the

2771
02:25:48,200 --> 02:25:50,800
world that demands your full 
attention during waking hours. 

2772
02:25:51,700 --> 02:25:54,900
Sleep when it finally claims, 
you completely is the kind of 

2773
02:25:54,908 --> 02:25:59,100
rest that modern humans rarely 
experienced uninterrupted by 

2774
02:25:59,100 --> 02:26:03,200
artificial lights, electronic 
sounds or the mental chatter of 

2775
02:26:03,200 --> 02:26:06,600
complex schedules and Abstract 
worries, its sleep. 

2776
02:26:06,608 --> 02:26:10,300
That serves its fundamental 
purpose, complete restoration of

2777
02:26:10,300 --> 02:26:13,500
body and mind preparing you for 
another day of the most 

2778
02:26:13,500 --> 02:26:17,700
essential human activities, 
finding food, creating shelter, 

2779
02:26:17,700 --> 02:26:20,200
making tools. 
And maintaining the 

2780
02:26:20,200 --> 02:26:23,700
relationships that make 
survival, not just possible, but

2781
02:26:23,700 --> 02:26:27,600
meaningful. 
The night passes peaceful around

2782
02:26:27,600 --> 02:26:30,600
your small community. 
Each of you settled into the 

2783
02:26:30,600 --> 02:26:33,400
kind of deep rest that comes 
from Days, filled with 

2784
02:26:33,400 --> 02:26:36,600
purposeful activity and evening 
spent in productive 

2785
02:26:36,600 --> 02:26:39,700
companionship. 
Outside the natural world 

2786
02:26:39,700 --> 02:26:43,100
persists in its nocturnal 
activities while within your 

2787
02:26:43,100 --> 02:26:45,600
cave. 
Three humans Slumber peacefully 

2788
02:26:45,600 --> 02:26:50,000
rooted in the ancient rhythms of
Earth and Sky seasons, and 

2789
02:26:50,000 --> 02:26:54,000
weather, work, and rest. 
Tomorrow will bring new 

2790
02:26:54,000 --> 02:26:57,500
challenges, new discoveries, and
new opportunities to exercise. 

2791
02:26:57,500 --> 02:27:01,000
The skills and knowledge that 
keep you thriving in Humanity's 

2792
02:27:01,000 --> 02:27:05,100
most fundamental environment. 
but tonight offers the perfect 

2793
02:27:05,100 --> 02:27:09,600
gift of complete rest, deep 
sleep and the profound peace 

2794
02:27:09,600 --> 02:27:12,400
that comes from a life lived in 
harmony with the natural world 

2795
02:27:12,400 --> 02:27:15,900
that remains now and always your
truest home 

2796
02:27:29,500 --> 02:27:32,900
Picture this, you wake up 
tomorrow morning but instead of 

2797
02:27:32,900 --> 02:27:35,700
reaching for your phone to check
the whether you're reaching for 

2798
02:27:35,700 --> 02:27:38,700
a wooden bucket to collect 
rainwater from The Leaky thatch 

2799
02:27:38,700 --> 02:27:42,200
above your head. 
Congratulations, you've just 

2800
02:27:42,200 --> 02:27:46,500
been transported to rural Island
in 1847, right in the midst of 

2801
02:27:46,500 --> 02:27:49,800
what historians politely refer 
to as the Great Famine. 

2802
02:27:49,800 --> 02:27:52,600
Although the locals have more 
colorful names for it. 

2803
02:27:53,500 --> 02:27:57,600
You stretch expecting your usual
morning aches but instead your 

2804
02:27:57,600 --> 02:28:00,300
greeted by a hollowing in your 
stomach that feels like you've 

2805
02:28:00,300 --> 02:28:02,200
swallowed a particularly angry 
badger. 

2806
02:28:03,400 --> 02:28:04,700
Pain isn't your ice skipped 
breakfast. 

2807
02:28:04,700 --> 02:28:07,300
Hunger. 
This is your, I haven't had a 

2808
02:28:07,300 --> 02:28:10,100
proper meal in three weeks 
hunger, and your body is 

2809
02:28:10,100 --> 02:28:12,900
starting to send some very Stern
memos to your brain about the 

2810
02:28:12,900 --> 02:28:16,100
situation. 
Probably your initial reaction 

2811
02:28:16,100 --> 02:28:17,500
is to head to the kitchen to 
check. 

2812
02:28:17,500 --> 02:28:19,700
What's in the fridge 
unsurprisingly? 

2813
02:28:19,700 --> 02:28:22,000
There's no fridge in sight. 
There's barely a kitchen. 

2814
02:28:22,000 --> 02:28:25,700
What you've got is a single room
with a dirt floor, stone walls. 

2815
02:28:25,700 --> 02:28:28,500
That seem to specialize in 
letting in the cold and a 

2816
02:28:28,500 --> 02:28:30,200
fireplace. 
That's more optimistic than 

2817
02:28:30,200 --> 02:28:33,600
functional. 
Pantry consists of a wooden 

2818
02:28:33,600 --> 02:28:36,400
shelf that is looking as empty 
as a politician's promise. 

2819
02:28:36,400 --> 02:28:39,800
Now, you might be thinking How 
bad could it really be? 

2820
02:28:40,600 --> 02:28:43,400
People survived famines 
throughout history and you're 

2821
02:28:43,400 --> 02:28:44,300
right. 
Some did. 

2822
02:28:45,300 --> 02:28:48,200
But here's the thing, you're not
just dealing with a little food,

2823
02:28:48,200 --> 02:28:51,700
shortage your dealing with a 
perfect storm of agricultural 

2824
02:28:51,700 --> 02:28:55,300
disaster, economic exploitation,
and social upheaval. 

2825
02:28:55,300 --> 02:28:57,600
That would make your worst 
Monday at the office. 

2826
02:28:57,600 --> 02:29:01,900
Look like a spa day, the potato.
Yes, that humble tuber. 

2827
02:29:01,900 --> 02:29:04,800
You probably take for granted in
your French fries was literally 

2828
02:29:04,800 --> 02:29:07,600
the difference between life and 
death for most Irish families. 

2829
02:29:08,400 --> 02:29:10,600
We're not talking about potatoes
as a side dish here. 

2830
02:29:10,600 --> 02:29:14,000
We're talking about potatoes for
breakfast, potatoes, for lunch, 

2831
02:29:14,000 --> 02:29:17,500
potatoes for dinner, and if you 
were really lucky, maybe some 

2832
02:29:17,500 --> 02:29:21,400
buttermilk to wash them down. 
Typical Irish Labour ate between

2833
02:29:21,400 --> 02:29:23,900
12 and 14 pounds of potatoes per
day. 

2834
02:29:23,900 --> 02:29:26,400
That's like eating 46, medium 
potatoes. 

2835
02:29:26,400 --> 02:29:29,100
This amount was consumed on a 
daily basis. 

2836
02:29:30,200 --> 02:29:32,100
But here's where the real 
trouble starts. 

2837
02:29:32,900 --> 02:29:35,600
Potatoes are vanished. 
The potatoes have not only 

2838
02:29:35,600 --> 02:29:38,400
become scarce but have 
completely disappeared. 

2839
02:29:39,800 --> 02:29:43,600
A microscopic fungus called 
phytophthora infestans which 

2840
02:29:43,600 --> 02:29:46,300
sounds like a spell from Harry 
Potter but is actually far more 

2841
02:29:46,300 --> 02:29:49,500
deadly than any dark. 
Magic has rotted the potatoes in

2842
02:29:49,508 --> 02:29:53,600
the ground. 
Outside your small cottage, you 

2843
02:29:53,600 --> 02:29:56,000
Harbor a faint. 
Hope that perhaps just possibly 

2844
02:29:56,000 --> 02:29:59,100
you overlook to healthy patch of
potatoes, the previous day. 

2845
02:29:59,100 --> 02:30:03,400
Instead feels akin to a 
Botanical apocalypse, Greek, you

2846
02:30:03,400 --> 02:30:06,700
a plants are black slimy and 
they smell like death. 

2847
02:30:06,700 --> 02:30:09,900
Decide to take up gardening your
rumbles again. 

2848
02:30:09,900 --> 02:30:12,500
This time loud enough that 
you're pretty sure the 

2849
02:30:12,500 --> 02:30:14,700
neighbor's heard it. 
By the way, the neighbor's are 

2850
02:30:14,708 --> 02:30:17,300
in the same situation as you. 
So, no one is likely to drop by 

2851
02:30:17,300 --> 02:30:18,800
with a casserole. 
Anytime soon. 

2852
02:30:18,800 --> 02:30:22,500
In fact, if you had a casserole,
you'd probably have to post 

2853
02:30:22,500 --> 02:30:25,700
armed, guards around it, you 
decide to take inventory of your

2854
02:30:25,700 --> 02:30:28,700
resources because surely there 
must be something edible around 

2855
02:30:28,700 --> 02:30:31,300
here. 
Let's examine your possessions. 

2856
02:30:31,300 --> 02:30:35,100
You have a few worn out clothes,
some rough ferniture and well 

2857
02:30:35,100 --> 02:30:37,600
that's about it. 
You have no savings account. 

2858
02:30:37,600 --> 02:30:40,200
No credit cards. 
And no door Dash app, you're 

2859
02:30:40,200 --> 02:30:41,900
well as literally growing in the
ground. 

2860
02:30:41,900 --> 02:30:44,400
And now, it's a stinking mess of
plant matter. 

2861
02:30:44,400 --> 02:30:48,200
That would make a compost pile, 
weep, Truly maddening part 

2862
02:30:48,200 --> 02:30:51,600
there's food in Ireland. 
There is an abundance of grain 

2863
02:30:51,600 --> 02:30:54,600
cattle and dairy products 
available in Ireland. 

2864
02:30:54,600 --> 02:30:57,900
The issue lies in the fact that 
landlords in England who have 

2865
02:30:57,908 --> 02:31:02,100
never set foot on Irish soil, a 
receiving at all as rent, it's 

2866
02:31:02,100 --> 02:31:04,200
like watching a loaded. 
Grocery truck drive past your 

2867
02:31:04,200 --> 02:31:06,900
house every day while you're 
starving, except the truck 

2868
02:31:06,900 --> 02:31:09,400
belongs to someone who thinks 
you're not quite human enough to

2869
02:31:09,400 --> 02:31:12,500
deserve what's on it. 
So, here, you are facing your 

2870
02:31:12,500 --> 02:31:14,600
first full day and famine are 
Ireland. 

2871
02:31:14,600 --> 02:31:17,300
And you're starting to realize 
that your greatest challenge 

2872
02:31:17,300 --> 02:31:20,200
isn't just finding food. 
It's finding food that won't 

2873
02:31:20,200 --> 02:31:22,400
kill you. 
When you're desperate enough, 

2874
02:31:22,400 --> 02:31:26,000
you'll eat just about anything 
and nature has a twisted sense 

2875
02:31:26,000 --> 02:31:28,700
of humor about what looks edible
versus what actually is. 

2876
02:31:29,700 --> 02:31:33,400
Your grandmother bless her heart
has been experimenting with what

2877
02:31:33,400 --> 02:31:36,100
the locals you for mystically 
call famine Foods. 

2878
02:31:36,900 --> 02:31:39,900
This morning, she is preparing a
delightful breakfast of nettles 

2879
02:31:39,900 --> 02:31:43,100
dandelions and something. 
She insists is grass, soup, 

2880
02:31:43,100 --> 02:31:45,300
though. 
You're pretty sure grasses are 

2881
02:31:45,300 --> 02:31:48,300
supposed to be left to the cows.
She's also managed to find some 

2882
02:31:48,300 --> 02:31:51,400
tree bark, which is grinding 
into flour with the kind of 

2883
02:31:51,408 --> 02:31:53,700
determination, usually, reserved
for Olympic athletes. 

2884
02:31:54,600 --> 02:31:57,700
Now, you might think how bad 
could tree box, be. 

2885
02:31:57,700 --> 02:32:00,200
Let me illustrate the situation 
for you. 

2886
02:32:01,200 --> 02:32:02,900
Imagine chewing on a wooden 
coffee. 

2887
02:32:02,900 --> 02:32:04,900
Stirrer. 
Only to find it bitter and 

2888
02:32:04,900 --> 02:32:08,200
fibrous leaving your digestive 
system unsure of how to handle 

2889
02:32:08,200 --> 02:32:11,200
it. 
Your stomach already confused 

2890
02:32:11,200 --> 02:32:14,700
and angry about the whole 
situation decides to Stage a 

2891
02:32:14,700 --> 02:32:18,400
full-scale revolt. 
The ensuing cramps prompt you to

2892
02:32:18,408 --> 02:32:20,200
question whether your modern 
life's food. 

2893
02:32:20,200 --> 02:32:24,700
Waste is punishing you but wait,
there's more your well-meaning 

2894
02:32:24,700 --> 02:32:26,900
neighbor has heard about 
something called yellow meal. 

2895
02:32:26,900 --> 02:32:30,700
Cornmeal centers relief from 
America, sounds promising, right

2896
02:32:30,700 --> 02:32:33,800
wrong. 
The preparation of cornmeal is 

2897
02:32:33,800 --> 02:32:35,700
beyond the comprehension of 
anyone in Ireland. 

2898
02:32:35,700 --> 02:32:39,000
The instructions might as well 
be written in ancient Sumerian. 

2899
02:32:39,000 --> 02:32:42,300
So what do people do? 
They mix it with water and eat 

2900
02:32:42,300 --> 02:32:44,100
it raw. 
Which results in digestive 

2901
02:32:44,100 --> 02:32:46,400
issues that would make a medical
textbook blush. 

2902
02:32:46,400 --> 02:32:50,000
It's like someone shipped over a
1,000 pounds of concrete mix and

2903
02:32:50,000 --> 02:32:51,300
told everyone. 
It was food. 

2904
02:32:52,200 --> 02:32:54,600
Speaking of your digestive 
system, let's talk about 

2905
02:32:54,600 --> 02:32:57,900
something, truly, horrifying, 
your body is starting to eat 

2906
02:32:57,900 --> 02:33:00,100
itself. 
When you don't consume enough 

2907
02:33:00,100 --> 02:33:02,100
calories. 
And right now your consuming 

2908
02:33:02,100 --> 02:33:05,500
about as many calories as a 
small bird, your body begins 

2909
02:33:05,500 --> 02:33:07,200
breaking down muscle tissue for 
energy. 

2910
02:33:07,900 --> 02:33:10,300
You'll notice that climbing the 
small hill to the well feels 

2911
02:33:10,300 --> 02:33:13,800
like summiting Mount Everest, 
your legs, shake your vision 

2912
02:33:13,800 --> 02:33:17,100
gets spotty and you find 
yourself taking breaks every 10 

2913
02:33:17,100 --> 02:33:21,400
steps, like your 90 years old, 
The psychological effects are 

2914
02:33:21,400 --> 02:33:24,800
almost worse than the physical 
ones, your brain Running on 

2915
02:33:24,800 --> 02:33:27,600
Fumes, and whatever nutrients it
can scavenge from that 

2916
02:33:27,600 --> 02:33:30,500
questionable bark. 
Soup starts playing tricks on 

2917
02:33:30,500 --> 02:33:32,500
you. 
You find yourself having 

2918
02:33:32,500 --> 02:33:36,400
elaborate fantasies about food, 
not just any food but specific 

2919
02:33:36,400 --> 02:33:39,500
foods, you can practically taste
that ham sandwich. 

2920
02:33:39,500 --> 02:33:42,300
You had three months ago, you 
dream about apples. 

2921
02:33:42,300 --> 02:33:45,100
So vividly that you wake up 
chewing on your sleeve. 

2922
02:33:45,700 --> 02:33:49,000
Then there's the social aspect 
of starving, which nobody really

2923
02:33:49,000 --> 02:33:52,000
prepares you for Hunger. 
Doesn't bring out the best in 

2924
02:33:52,000 --> 02:33:54,700
people that friendly neighbor 
who you used to chat about the 

2925
02:33:54,700 --> 02:33:57,100
weather. 
Now, he's eyeing, your family's 

2926
02:33:57,100 --> 02:33:59,800
cooking pot with the intensity 
of a hawk, watching a mouse. 

2927
02:33:59,800 --> 02:34:02,700
Trust turns into an inaccessible
luxury. 

2928
02:34:02,700 --> 02:34:06,800
You find yourself hiding the few
scraps you manage to find even 

2929
02:34:06,800 --> 02:34:09,700
from your family because the 
animal part of your brain has 

2930
02:34:09,700 --> 02:34:13,300
taken over the rational part. 
Your daily routine now revolves 

2931
02:34:13,300 --> 02:34:14,700
entirely around the search for 
anything. 

2932
02:34:14,700 --> 02:34:19,000
Remotely edible, you spend hours
picking through ditches looking 

2933
02:34:19,000 --> 02:34:21,200
for forgotten turnips or 
overlooked grain. 

2934
02:34:21,200 --> 02:34:25,300
You examine every plant, every 
route every suspicious looking 

2935
02:34:25,300 --> 02:34:27,700
fungus trying to remember if 
your grandmother ever mentioned,

2936
02:34:27,700 --> 02:34:31,300
whether it was safe to eat. 
The answer is usually, no, but 

2937
02:34:31,300 --> 02:34:33,300
desperation makes you consider 
at any way. 

2938
02:34:33,300 --> 02:34:35,500
What's the most concerning 
aspect? 

2939
02:34:35,500 --> 02:34:38,500
You're starting to understand 
why people are abandoning their 

2940
02:34:38,500 --> 02:34:41,500
homes and walking to the nearest
Port Town, hoping to catch a 

2941
02:34:41,500 --> 02:34:44,700
ship to anywhere else? 
The problem is that walking to 

2942
02:34:44,700 --> 02:34:48,000
the port requires energy, you 
don't have and ship passage 

2943
02:34:48,000 --> 02:34:49,700
costs money. 
You definitely don't have. 

2944
02:34:49,700 --> 02:34:53,100
It's like being trapped in the 
world's most depressing escape 

2945
02:34:53,100 --> 02:34:55,900
room except the only way out is 
through a door that might not 

2946
02:34:55,900 --> 02:34:58,100
even exist. 
You've likely come to the 

2947
02:34:58,100 --> 02:35:00,800
realization that obtaining food 
is only half the struggle. 

2948
02:35:00,800 --> 02:35:05,700
The other half is finding clean 
water and in 1847 Ireland, clean

2949
02:35:05,700 --> 02:35:08,500
water is about as common, as a 
unicorn, with a college degree. 

2950
02:35:09,200 --> 02:35:11,700
Given that it rains in Ireland, 
approximately every 12 minutes, 

2951
02:35:11,700 --> 02:35:14,600
you might assume that finding 
clean water would be easy. 

2952
02:35:14,600 --> 02:35:18,000
However, this is where your 
modern sense abilities could 

2953
02:35:18,000 --> 02:35:20,100
potentially lead you into 
serious trouble. 

2954
02:35:20,900 --> 02:35:23,600
That beautiful Babbling. 
Brook behind your cottage. 

2955
02:35:24,700 --> 02:35:27,400
It's essentially an open sewer 
not because people are 

2956
02:35:27,400 --> 02:35:30,300
intentionally polluting it, but 
because when you're starving and

2957
02:35:30,300 --> 02:35:33,400
sick, sanitation become a 
luxury, you can't afford. 

2958
02:35:34,200 --> 02:35:36,500
Your village uses, the same 
water source for drinking 

2959
02:35:36,500 --> 02:35:40,500
cooking washing and well, 
everything else, your stomach 

2960
02:35:40,500 --> 02:35:42,400
already upset about the bark 
soup. 

2961
02:35:42,400 --> 02:35:45,600
Situation is about to become 
absolutely Furious. 

2962
02:35:45,600 --> 02:35:48,100
You fill your wooden bucket from
the streams. 

2963
02:35:48,100 --> 02:35:50,400
Cleanest looking part. 
Trying not think of what might 

2964
02:35:50,400 --> 02:35:53,200
be in it. 
Back in your time, you'd boil 

2965
02:35:53,200 --> 02:35:56,300
this water without a second 
thought, but fuel is precious 

2966
02:35:56,300 --> 02:35:58,700
here. 
You need every scrap of turf and

2967
02:35:58,708 --> 02:36:00,600
wood for cooking, what little 
food you can find. 

2968
02:36:00,600 --> 02:36:04,100
You must make a difficult 
decision, consume potentially 

2969
02:36:04,100 --> 02:36:06,800
contaminated, water, or wrist 
dehydration, in the midst of 

2970
02:36:06,800 --> 02:36:09,300
starvation. 
It's like choosing between being

2971
02:36:09,300 --> 02:36:12,800
attacked by a bear or a wolf 
within a day of drinking the 

2972
02:36:12,800 --> 02:36:14,900
local water. 
You discover something that 

2973
02:36:14,900 --> 02:36:18,600
historical accounts politely 
refer to as the flux though, 

2974
02:36:18,600 --> 02:36:21,000
your ancestors have much more 
colorful terms for it. 

2975
02:36:21,000 --> 02:36:24,900
Your digestive system already 
confused by the unconventional 

2976
02:36:24,900 --> 02:36:28,600
menu decides to evacuate 
everything with the urgency of a

2977
02:36:28,600 --> 02:36:31,100
fire drill. 
This scenario wouldn't just be 

2978
02:36:31,100 --> 02:36:35,200
uncomfortable, it would be life.
Threatening every time your body

2979
02:36:35,200 --> 02:36:38,700
expels fluids, your losing, 
precious, nutrients, and salt, 

2980
02:36:38,700 --> 02:36:41,200
that you can't afford to lose 
the cruel. 

2981
02:36:41,200 --> 02:36:44,800
Irony is that you need water to 
survive, but the water available

2982
02:36:44,800 --> 02:36:48,000
might kill you fast. 
And dehydration would imagine 

2983
02:36:48,000 --> 02:36:49,900
receiving a glass of water in 
the desert. 

2984
02:36:49,900 --> 02:36:52,500
Only to discover that. 
It could potentially Harbor 

2985
02:36:52,500 --> 02:36:55,000
cholera. 
Your ancestors didn't know about

2986
02:36:55,000 --> 02:36:58,600
bacteria and viruses, but they 
knew that certain water sources 

2987
02:36:58,600 --> 02:37:01,900
made people sick. 
The problem is when you're 

2988
02:37:01,900 --> 02:37:05,100
desperate enough, you'll drink 
from anywhere, let's discuss 

2989
02:37:05,100 --> 02:37:08,800
typhus not because it's nice but
because you need to know what 

2990
02:37:08,800 --> 02:37:12,700
you're facing typhus is 
transmitted by lice and during a

2991
02:37:12,700 --> 02:37:14,900
famine. 
Maintaining personal hygiene 

2992
02:37:14,900 --> 02:37:18,400
becomes nearly impossible. 
You can't afford soap, you can't

2993
02:37:18,400 --> 02:37:21,200
heat enough water for regular 
bathing and you're probably 

2994
02:37:21,208 --> 02:37:23,600
sharing living space with more 
people than the room was 

2995
02:37:23,600 --> 02:37:27,200
designed for life, becomes 
common as breathing and with 

2996
02:37:27,200 --> 02:37:31,300
them comes typhus. 
Fever starts slowly, you might 

2997
02:37:31,300 --> 02:37:33,300
mistake it for just being tired 
from Hunger. 

2998
02:37:33,300 --> 02:37:37,600
But then escalates your 
temperature saws, you develop a 

2999
02:37:37,608 --> 02:37:38,800
rash. 
That looks like someone 

3000
02:37:38,800 --> 02:37:41,700
splattered red paint to cross 
your body and your head feels 

3001
02:37:41,700 --> 02:37:43,200
like someone's using it as a 
drum. 

3002
02:37:44,300 --> 02:37:46,700
In your weakened State. 
Typhus isn't just dangerous. 

3003
02:37:46,700 --> 02:37:51,100
It's often fatal, the graveyards
of filling up with people who 

3004
02:37:51,100 --> 02:37:54,500
survived months of hunger. 
Only to be killed by tiny 

3005
02:37:54,500 --> 02:37:58,600
insects they couldn't even see. 
However, even if you manage to 

3006
02:37:58,600 --> 02:38:03,100
avoid typhus, you still face the
threat of disentri Cholera and a

3007
02:38:03,100 --> 02:38:05,400
variety of other waterborne 
diseases that could frighten, 

3008
02:38:05,400 --> 02:38:09,300
even a medieval plague, doctor, 
your immune system, or already 

3009
02:38:09,300 --> 02:38:12,700
compromised by malnutrition, 
can't fight off infections that 

3010
02:38:12,700 --> 02:38:14,900
a healthy person might shake off
in a few days. 

3011
02:38:14,900 --> 02:38:19,300
The cycle of constant illness is
almost worse than the physical 

3012
02:38:19,300 --> 02:38:21,700
effects. 
You wake up each morning, not 

3013
02:38:21,700 --> 02:38:23,200
knowing. 
If today's the day, your body 

3014
02:38:23,208 --> 02:38:26,300
finally gives up every stomach, 
cramp could be the beginning of 

3015
02:38:26,300 --> 02:38:28,700
the end. 
Every fever could be your last 

3016
02:38:29,500 --> 02:38:33,000
You find yourself making morbid 
calculations if I drink from the

3017
02:38:33,000 --> 02:38:36,700
well, I might get sick, but if I
don't drink anything, I'll 

3018
02:38:36,700 --> 02:38:39,700
definitely die of thirst. 
If you possess any modern 

3019
02:38:39,700 --> 02:38:42,800
medical knowledge, it turns into
a burden rather than a benefit. 

3020
02:38:43,500 --> 02:38:46,200
You know how dangerous your 
situation is, but you can't get 

3021
02:38:46,200 --> 02:38:47,700
any of the treatments that could
help. 

3022
02:38:47,700 --> 02:38:50,800
It's like being a mechanic 
trapped in a broken down car, 

3023
02:38:50,800 --> 02:38:54,200
without any tools. 
Now, let's talk about money or 

3024
02:38:54,200 --> 02:38:56,900
rather your complete and utter 
lack of it. 

3025
02:38:57,700 --> 02:38:59,400
In your Modern Life. 
Being broke, might mean, 

3026
02:38:59,400 --> 02:39:02,900
skipping a few restaurant meals 
or putting off that vacation in 

3027
02:39:02,900 --> 02:39:06,100
1847, Ireland. 
Being broke means watching your 

3028
02:39:06,100 --> 02:39:09,100
family die slowly. 
While this food literally all 

3029
02:39:09,100 --> 02:39:10,700
around you, that you can't 
afford to buy. 

3030
02:39:11,700 --> 02:39:13,200
Here's how the economics work 
in. 

3031
02:39:13,200 --> 02:39:16,600
This delightful situation, 
you're probably a tenant farmer 

3032
02:39:16,600 --> 02:39:18,300
which means you don't own the 
land. 

3033
02:39:18,300 --> 02:39:21,900
You work, you pay rent to a 
landlord who may or may not live

3034
02:39:21,900 --> 02:39:25,900
in Ireland and that rent is due 
where the crops succeed or fail.

3035
02:39:27,000 --> 02:39:30,200
Potato crop that just rotted. 
That was your rent, money, your 

3036
02:39:30,200 --> 02:39:33,800
food, and your entire economic 
Foundation all rolled into one. 

3037
02:39:33,800 --> 02:39:37,000
Tuber, your landlord, meanwhile 
is having his own financial 

3038
02:39:37,000 --> 02:39:41,100
troubles Famine has made his 
Irish properties worthless and 

3039
02:39:41,100 --> 02:39:45,200
he's got debts to pay in London,
his solution, evict the tenants 

3040
02:39:45,200 --> 02:39:47,900
who can't pay rent and convert 
the land to cattle grazing which

3041
02:39:47,900 --> 02:39:50,900
is more profitable. 
So not only are you starving, 

3042
02:39:50,900 --> 02:39:53,800
but you're also facing the very 
real possibility of being thrown

3043
02:39:53,800 --> 02:39:56,700
out of your home. 
The eviction process in famine 

3044
02:39:56,700 --> 02:39:58,300
era, Ireland is particularly 
brutal. 

3045
02:39:59,000 --> 02:40:01,500
The landlord sends men to 
physically remove you in your 

3046
02:40:01,500 --> 02:40:04,600
family from the property, then 
they knock down your house. 

3047
02:40:04,600 --> 02:40:07,500
So you can't come back. 
They don't just put your stuff 

3048
02:40:07,500 --> 02:40:09,900
on the curb, they destroy your 
shelter entirely. 

3049
02:40:10,800 --> 02:40:13,200
Your left standing in the rain 
with whatever you could carry 

3050
02:40:13,200 --> 02:40:15,200
watching. 
The only home you've ever known 

3051
02:40:15,200 --> 02:40:18,300
get reduced to a pile of stones.
Now, you might think. 

3052
02:40:19,200 --> 02:40:21,100
Surely, there's some kind of 
government assistance. 

3053
02:40:21,100 --> 02:40:26,500
Oh there is sort of The British 
government has set up workhouses

3054
02:40:26,500 --> 02:40:29,900
and soup kitchens, but accessing
them requires navigating a 

3055
02:40:29,900 --> 02:40:31,700
bureaucracy that would make the 
modern DMV. 

3056
02:40:31,700 --> 02:40:33,900
Look efficient. 
Furst. 

3057
02:40:33,900 --> 02:40:37,300
You have to prove your truly 
destitute which involves 

3058
02:40:37,300 --> 02:40:39,300
surrendering any remaining 
possessions. 

3059
02:40:39,300 --> 02:40:43,000
They have to travel to the 
workhouse, which might be days 

3060
02:40:43,000 --> 02:40:45,100
away on foot while you're 
already weak from Hunger. 

3061
02:40:45,900 --> 02:40:48,900
The workhouse is the cells are 
designed to be so unpleasant 

3062
02:40:48,900 --> 02:40:52,200
that only the truly desperate 
would enter them, they separate 

3063
02:40:52,200 --> 02:40:55,600
families, provide barely enough 
food to keep you alive and 

3064
02:40:55,600 --> 02:40:58,800
require you to perform mine 
numbing labor for 12 hours a 

3065
02:40:58,800 --> 02:41:01,500
day. 
It's like a prison except your 

3066
02:41:01,500 --> 02:41:03,800
only crimes being poor during a 
famine. 

3067
02:41:03,800 --> 02:41:07,000
Many people choose to die, 
rather than enter the workhouse,

3068
02:41:07,000 --> 02:41:09,800
which tells you everything you 
need to know about conditions. 

3069
02:41:09,800 --> 02:41:13,400
Inside, let's say you decide to 
try your luck in the job market.

3070
02:41:13,400 --> 02:41:16,000
After all, surely someone needs 
workers, right? 

3071
02:41:16,000 --> 02:41:19,100
Wrong. 
The economy has collapsed along 

3072
02:41:19,100 --> 02:41:21,600
with the potato crop. 
The people who might normally 

3073
02:41:21,600 --> 02:41:25,100
hire laborers, are either dead 
emigrated or broke themselves. 

3074
02:41:25,900 --> 02:41:28,500
Those few jobs that do exist, 
pay wages that wouldn't buy 

3075
02:41:28,500 --> 02:41:30,100
enough food to sustain a 
sparrow. 

3076
02:41:30,100 --> 02:41:33,700
Let alone a human being. 
You might consider selling your 

3077
02:41:33,700 --> 02:41:36,100
few remaining possessions, but 
here's the catch. 

3078
02:41:36,100 --> 02:41:38,900
Everyone else is trying to do 
the same thing. 

3079
02:41:39,900 --> 02:41:42,600
The market is flooded with 
desperate people selling 

3080
02:41:42,600 --> 02:41:45,900
everything they own. 
That family Heir Loom that might

3081
02:41:45,900 --> 02:41:47,600
have been worth something in 
normal times. 

3082
02:41:48,400 --> 02:41:50,800
Now, it's competing with 
thousands of other family, 

3083
02:41:50,800 --> 02:41:54,500
heirlooms from families. 
Just as desperate as yours, the 

3084
02:41:54,500 --> 02:41:58,500
cycle impact of economic 
helplessness is devastating in 

3085
02:41:58,500 --> 02:42:00,300
your Modern Life. 
Even if you're struggling 

3086
02:42:00,300 --> 02:42:04,500
financially, you probably have 
options, credit cards, family 

3087
02:42:04,500 --> 02:42:07,300
members who could help 
government assistance programs. 

3088
02:42:07,300 --> 02:42:10,300
Here you have, none of that. 
There's no safety net, no 

3089
02:42:10,300 --> 02:42:13,900
bailout no stimulus package your
watching your family, waste away

3090
02:42:13,900 --> 02:42:17,000
and there's absolutely nothing 
you can do about it because the 

3091
02:42:17,000 --> 02:42:20,800
entire economic system has 
collapsed, The truly maddening 

3092
02:42:20,800 --> 02:42:23,100
part is that this isn't a 
natural disaster in the 

3093
02:42:23,100 --> 02:42:26,400
traditional sense. 
There's food in Ireland, lots of

3094
02:42:26,400 --> 02:42:29,700
it, but it's being exported to 
pay debts and rents to English. 

3095
02:42:29,700 --> 02:42:33,300
Landlords ships, loaded with 
grain leverage ports, every day 

3096
02:42:33,300 --> 02:42:36,400
while Irish people starve on the
docks, it's like watching, 

3097
02:42:36,400 --> 02:42:39,700
ambulances drive past accident 
victims because the victims 

3098
02:42:39,700 --> 02:42:41,200
can't afford the right to the 
hospital. 

3099
02:42:41,200 --> 02:42:44,600
By now you've probably noticed 
that society, as you know, it 

3100
02:42:44,600 --> 02:42:48,200
has completely broken down. 
What were the social norms and 

3101
02:42:48,200 --> 02:42:50,200
Customs? 
That United your community, 

3102
02:42:50,200 --> 02:42:54,400
their dissolving faster than 
sugar in rain when survival is 

3103
02:42:54,400 --> 02:42:56,500
at stake. 
Civilization becomes a luxury 

3104
02:42:56,500 --> 02:43:00,000
that nobody can afford. 
Let's start with something. 

3105
02:43:00,000 --> 02:43:01,900
That would shock your modern 
sensibilities. 

3106
02:43:01,900 --> 02:43:06,800
The abandonment of the elderly. 
In normal times, Irish families,

3107
02:43:06,800 --> 02:43:08,900
took care of their grandparents 
and aging relatives. 

3108
02:43:08,900 --> 02:43:12,300
But when you're choosing between
feeding your children or feeding

3109
02:43:12,300 --> 02:43:16,100
your elderly parent, the choice 
becomes brutally simple. 

3110
02:43:16,100 --> 02:43:19,800
You find yourself participating 
in decisions that would have 

3111
02:43:19,808 --> 02:43:21,700
been Unthinkable just months 
ago. 

3112
02:43:21,700 --> 02:43:24,800
Grandpa wants a Storyteller by 
the fire. 

3113
02:43:24,800 --> 02:43:28,100
Now serves as an additional 
source of sustenance in a 

3114
02:43:28,100 --> 02:43:29,700
household where food is scarce 
for everyone. 

3115
02:43:30,600 --> 02:43:33,300
The disintegration of family 
structures can continue beyond 

3116
02:43:33,300 --> 02:43:36,800
this point, parents are 
abandoning their children, not 

3117
02:43:36,800 --> 02:43:39,900
out of Cruelty, but out of 
desperate hope that the children

3118
02:43:39,900 --> 02:43:42,000
might have a better chance of 
survival on their own. 

3119
02:43:42,700 --> 02:43:45,400
The local workhouse is full of 
children, whose parents are 

3120
02:43:45,400 --> 02:43:47,400
either dead or unable to care 
for them. 

3121
02:43:47,400 --> 02:43:50,900
These aren't orphans in the 
traditional sense, these are 

3122
02:43:50,900 --> 02:43:53,400
children whose families have 
been destroyed by circumstances 

3123
02:43:53,400 --> 02:43:57,100
Beyond anyone's control. 
Your neighbors who used to help 

3124
02:43:57,100 --> 02:43:59,900
with Harvest and share tools. 
Now, I each other with 

3125
02:43:59,900 --> 02:44:02,600
suspicion. 
Which family down the lane 

3126
02:44:02,600 --> 02:44:05,600
borrowed a cup of flour, last 
spring, they're not giving it 

3127
02:44:05,600 --> 02:44:07,600
back and you're not asking for 
it. 

3128
02:44:07,600 --> 02:44:09,800
Because you understand that 
asking for food back is 

3129
02:44:09,800 --> 02:44:12,700
essentially asking them to 
choose between your family 

3130
02:44:12,700 --> 02:44:16,900
survival and their own trust, 
which took generations to build 

3131
02:44:16,900 --> 02:44:20,000
in rural communities. 
Evaporates in a matter of weeks,

3132
02:44:20,800 --> 02:44:24,100
The local church which used to 
be the center of community life 

3133
02:44:24,100 --> 02:44:27,800
is overwhelmed. 
Priest is trying to minister to 

3134
02:44:27,800 --> 02:44:30,300
a congregation that's literally 
dying in front of him. 

3135
02:44:30,300 --> 02:44:34,200
Sunday Services, becoming 
increasingly Grim Affairs, where

3136
02:44:34,200 --> 02:44:37,300
the main topic is who died 
during the week and who might be

3137
02:44:37,300 --> 02:44:41,200
next The Collection plate, which
used to help support the church 

3138
02:44:41,200 --> 02:44:44,900
and local charity sits empty 
because nobody has anything to 

3139
02:44:44,900 --> 02:44:49,300
give crime, which was relatively
rare, in rural Irish communities

3140
02:44:49,300 --> 02:44:53,200
becomes commonplace But we're 
not talking about sophisticated 

3141
02:44:53,200 --> 02:44:56,100
criminal Enterprises here. 
We're talking about desperate 

3142
02:44:56,100 --> 02:44:59,300
people, doing desperate things, 
children still turnips from 

3143
02:44:59,300 --> 02:45:02,300
Fields, adults break into 
houses, seeking hidden food 

3144
02:45:02,308 --> 02:45:04,300
stores. 
People Rob each other for 

3145
02:45:04,300 --> 02:45:06,500
resources, that wouldn't have 
been worth stealing in normal 

3146
02:45:06,500 --> 02:45:09,200
times. 
A single potato becomes valuable

3147
02:45:09,200 --> 02:45:12,400
enough to fight over. 
Most heartbreaking aspect of 

3148
02:45:12,400 --> 02:45:14,200
social breakdown, is the loss of
Hope. 

3149
02:45:14,900 --> 02:45:18,200
In normal times, even during 
hardship, there was always the 

3150
02:45:18,200 --> 02:45:21,000
sense that things would have 
eventually get better bad 

3151
02:45:21,000 --> 02:45:24,100
Harvest happened, but they were 
followed by good harvests 

3152
02:45:24,100 --> 02:45:28,000
economic downturns, occurred, 
but recovery usually followed 

3153
02:45:28,000 --> 02:45:31,100
during the Great Famine that 
optimism disappears. 

3154
02:45:31,100 --> 02:45:34,500
Entirely people stop planning 
for the future because they're 

3155
02:45:34,500 --> 02:45:38,100
not sure there will be one 
married births and other 

3156
02:45:38,100 --> 02:45:40,300
celebrations. 
That Mark the passage of normal 

3157
02:45:40,300 --> 02:45:43,600
life virtually disappear. 
Who would plan a wedding when 

3158
02:45:43,600 --> 02:45:46,500
there isn't enough food for a 
celebration, who's going to 

3159
02:45:46,500 --> 02:45:49,400
bring a child into a world where
that child will likely starve. 

3160
02:45:50,200 --> 02:45:52,900
The normal rhythms of life that 
give meaning to human existence 

3161
02:45:52,900 --> 02:45:57,300
a replaced by the single 
monotonous rhythm of searching 

3162
02:45:57,300 --> 02:46:00,500
for food. 
Education stops entirely. 

3163
02:46:01,200 --> 02:46:03,700
Children who might have been 
learning to read and write, or 

3164
02:46:03,700 --> 02:46:06,200
instead Scavenging, for anything
edible. 

3165
02:46:07,000 --> 02:46:09,900
Schools closed because teachers 
can't survive on their salaries 

3166
02:46:09,900 --> 02:46:11,900
and students are too weak to 
attend. 

3167
02:46:12,800 --> 02:46:15,600
The transmission of Knowledge 
from one generation to the next.

3168
02:46:15,600 --> 02:46:19,200
One of the fundamental functions
of human society comes to a 

3169
02:46:19,208 --> 02:46:22,100
complete halt. 
Perhaps most disturbing of all 

3170
02:46:22,100 --> 02:46:26,100
is the normalization of death. 
In your Modern Life, Death is 

3171
02:46:26,100 --> 02:46:28,800
relatively rare and always 
shocking death. 

3172
02:46:28,800 --> 02:46:31,800
Becomes so commonplace during 
the famine that people no longer

3173
02:46:31,808 --> 02:46:34,900
react emotionally to it. 
Your emotional capacity 

3174
02:46:34,900 --> 02:46:37,900
overwhelms you as you walk, past
bodies on the road. 

3175
02:46:38,900 --> 02:46:41,300
Grief becomes a luxury car. 
You can't afford because you 

3176
02:46:41,300 --> 02:46:44,000
need all your emotional energy 
focused on staying alive. 

3177
02:46:44,000 --> 02:46:46,500
Let's discuss the rapid and 
horrifying. 

3178
02:46:46,500 --> 02:46:49,200
Physical deterioration, your 
body's undergoing during this 

3179
02:46:49,200 --> 02:46:52,500
prolonged starvation. 
Your body which you probably 

3180
02:46:52,500 --> 02:46:54,000
take him for granted in your 
modern. 

3181
02:46:54,000 --> 02:46:57,300
Life is about to demonstrate, 
just how quickly it can turn 

3182
02:46:57,300 --> 02:47:00,300
from a reliable machine into a 
collection of failing systems. 

3183
02:47:01,100 --> 02:47:04,200
After about three weeks of 
severe malnutrition your body 

3184
02:47:04,200 --> 02:47:06,500
enters, what medical 
professionals, call starvation 

3185
02:47:06,500 --> 02:47:08,800
mode. 
Though, your ancestors had more 

3186
02:47:08,800 --> 02:47:12,500
descriptive terms for it. 
Your metabolism slows down 

3187
02:47:12,500 --> 02:47:14,700
dramatically as your body, tries
to conserve energy. 

3188
02:47:15,600 --> 02:47:18,600
This phase sounds like it might 
be helpful, but it actually 

3189
02:47:18,600 --> 02:47:22,500
makes you feel terrible, your 
cold all the time not just 

3190
02:47:22,500 --> 02:47:26,100
chilly, but bone deep cold that?
No amount of layering can fix. 

3191
02:47:26,700 --> 02:47:29,400
You shiver all the time because 
your body no longer generates 

3192
02:47:29,400 --> 02:47:31,500
enough heat to keep you warm 
burning. 

3193
02:47:31,500 --> 02:47:34,500
Even more of the calories, you 
don't have your muscles are 

3194
02:47:34,500 --> 02:47:37,600
literally disappearing, your 
body desperate for protein 

3195
02:47:37,600 --> 02:47:40,000
starts, breaking down muscle 
tissue to feed your vital 

3196
02:47:40,000 --> 02:47:42,700
organs. 
You'll notice the change first 

3197
02:47:42,700 --> 02:47:45,800
in your arms and legs which 
become so weak that tasks. 

3198
02:47:45,800 --> 02:47:49,300
You could do easily before like,
carrying water from the well 

3199
02:47:49,300 --> 02:47:54,800
become Monumental challenges. 
Your hands Shake constantly not 

3200
02:47:54,800 --> 02:47:57,800
from nervousness but because 
your muscles no longer have the 

3201
02:47:57,800 --> 02:48:01,200
strength to remain steady. 
But here's where it gets really 

3202
02:48:01,200 --> 02:48:05,100
disturbing your body starts 
consuming itself in a specific 

3203
02:48:05,100 --> 02:48:08,500
order. 
It goes after fat first, then 

3204
02:48:08,500 --> 02:48:11,000
muscle. 
And finally, when there's 

3205
02:48:11,000 --> 02:48:13,300
nothing else left. 
It starts breaking down your 

3206
02:48:13,300 --> 02:48:17,000
organs, your heart already 
straining to pump blood through 

3207
02:48:17,000 --> 02:48:19,200
a depleted system starts to 
contract. 

3208
02:48:20,100 --> 02:48:23,100
Your liver kidneys and other 
vital organs start failing as 

3209
02:48:23,100 --> 02:48:25,000
their literally digested by your
body. 

3210
02:48:25,000 --> 02:48:27,200
To keep you alive for a few more
days. 

3211
02:48:27,200 --> 02:48:31,400
Your skin takes on a particular 
appearance that people of the 

3212
02:48:31,400 --> 02:48:34,600
time could recognize from a 
distance, it becomes thin and 

3213
02:48:34,600 --> 02:48:38,100
translucent stretched tight over
bones, that are increasingly 

3214
02:48:38,100 --> 02:48:41,100
visible. 
What looks like an elderly 

3215
02:48:41,100 --> 02:48:45,600
person's skin regardless of your
actual age, your hair falls out 

3216
02:48:45,600 --> 02:48:48,700
in clumps and what remains 
becomes brittle and colorless 

3217
02:48:48,700 --> 02:48:52,400
your teeth become loose in your 
gums and a distinct. 

3218
02:48:52,400 --> 02:48:54,900
Sweet sickly smell develops in 
your breath. 

3219
02:48:54,900 --> 02:48:58,100
Indicating that your body is 
breaking down proteins in a 

3220
02:48:58,108 --> 02:49:02,000
desperate attempt to survive. 
The swelling is perhaps the most

3221
02:49:02,000 --> 02:49:05,900
deceptive symptom, your legs 
feet and face, begin to swell 

3222
02:49:05,900 --> 02:49:08,500
with fluid, which might make you
think you're getting better. 

3223
02:49:08,500 --> 02:49:13,400
You're not This phenomenon is 
called questo core and it's a 

3224
02:49:13,400 --> 02:49:15,600
sign that your body's protein 
reserves are completely 

3225
02:49:15,600 --> 02:49:18,300
depleted. 
The swelling makes you look less

3226
02:49:18,300 --> 02:49:21,500
skeletal but it's actually a 
sign that you're closer to death

3227
02:49:21,500 --> 02:49:25,100
not farther from it. 
Your mental state deteriorates, 

3228
02:49:25,100 --> 02:49:26,500
along with your physical 
condition. 

3229
02:49:27,400 --> 02:49:30,100
If you could understand what was
happening to you, so severe 

3230
02:49:30,100 --> 02:49:34,100
malnutrition would terrify you, 
you become irritable apathetic 

3231
02:49:34,100 --> 02:49:37,600
then confused, simple decisions,
become impossible. 

3232
02:49:37,600 --> 02:49:40,500
You might stand in front of your
door for several minutes. 

3233
02:49:40,500 --> 02:49:43,600
Unable to remember, whether you 
were going inside or outside, 

3234
02:49:44,500 --> 02:49:46,600
Hallucinations become common as 
your brain. 

3235
02:49:46,600 --> 02:49:50,600
Starved of glucose and essential
nutrients begins to malfunction.

3236
02:49:51,800 --> 02:49:53,200
You might see food that isn't 
there? 

3237
02:49:53,200 --> 02:49:55,800
He a voice. 
Is calling your name or 

3238
02:49:55,800 --> 02:49:58,600
experience vivid dreams that 
feel more real than reality. 

3239
02:49:59,400 --> 02:50:01,800
Your ancestors thought these 
symptoms were caused by 

3240
02:50:01,800 --> 02:50:05,600
Supernatural forces because they
didn't know the brain is just 

3241
02:50:05,600 --> 02:50:07,900
another organ that fails without
nutrients. 

3242
02:50:08,700 --> 02:50:12,500
Sleep becomes both Elusive and 
your only Escape you're 

3243
02:50:12,500 --> 02:50:15,100
constantly exhausted. 
But actual, sleep is difficult 

3244
02:50:15,100 --> 02:50:18,400
because your body is in a state 
of high alert desperately 

3245
02:50:18,400 --> 02:50:21,300
searching for resources. 
When you do sleep. 

3246
02:50:21,300 --> 02:50:25,300
You dream almost exclusively 
about food, not just any food 

3247
02:50:25,300 --> 02:50:28,400
but specific meals. 
You remember from better times 

3248
02:50:28,400 --> 02:50:31,400
you wake up feeling worse than 
when you went to sleep because 

3249
02:50:31,400 --> 02:50:33,200
the dream was so different from 
reality. 

3250
02:50:33,200 --> 02:50:36,500
Your immune system already, 
compromised stops functioning 

3251
02:50:36,500 --> 02:50:40,600
entirely minor Cuts refused to 
heal and often become infected. 

3252
02:50:40,600 --> 02:50:44,300
A simple cold which might have 
been a minor inconvenience in 

3253
02:50:44,300 --> 02:50:47,200
your modern life becomes life. 
Threatening your body has no 

3254
02:50:47,200 --> 02:50:50,200
resources left to fight off. 
Even the most basic infections, 

3255
02:50:50,200 --> 02:50:54,400
the final stage is something 
called terminal starvation, and 

3256
02:50:54,400 --> 02:50:57,300
it's exactly. 
As pleasant as it sounds, your 

3257
02:50:57,300 --> 02:50:59,600
body temperature drops to 
dangerous levels, your heart 

3258
02:50:59,600 --> 02:51:02,300
rate becomes a regular and you 
slip in and out of Consciousness

3259
02:51:02,300 --> 02:51:05,600
at this point. 
Even if Foods became available, 

3260
02:51:05,600 --> 02:51:08,500
your digestive system might not 
be able to process it. 

3261
02:51:09,200 --> 02:51:11,600
People who survived until the 
very end of the famine. 

3262
02:51:11,600 --> 02:51:13,400
Sometimes died from receding 
syndrome. 

3263
02:51:13,400 --> 02:51:16,000
Their bodies couldn't handle the
shock of suddenly having 

3264
02:51:16,000 --> 02:51:19,100
adequate nutrition again. 
So, here you are having survived

3265
02:51:19,100 --> 02:51:21,100
longer than you probably should 
have in this historical 

3266
02:51:21,100 --> 02:51:23,500
Nightmare, and you're beginning 
to understand something. 

3267
02:51:23,500 --> 02:51:26,300
That statistics and history 
books can't really convey. 

3268
02:51:27,000 --> 02:51:29,800
The Great Famine wasn't just a 
period of food shortage. 

3269
02:51:29,800 --> 02:51:32,200
It was a complete collapse of 
human society. 

3270
02:51:32,200 --> 02:51:36,300
A breakdown of everything that 
makes life worth living and a 

3271
02:51:36,300 --> 02:51:39,900
demonstration of how quickly 
civilization can disappear when 

3272
02:51:39,900 --> 02:51:43,200
survival becomes the only 
priority You've learned that 

3273
02:51:43,200 --> 02:51:46,200
starvation isn't just about 
being hungry, it's about 

3274
02:51:46,200 --> 02:51:48,400
watching your body consume 
itself, while your mind. 

3275
02:51:48,400 --> 02:51:52,400
Slowly disconnects from reality,
you've discovered, that thirst 

3276
02:51:52,400 --> 02:51:55,500
can be more dangerous than 
hunger when clean water doesn't 

3277
02:51:55,500 --> 02:51:58,500
exist. 
You've experienced the horror of

3278
02:51:58,500 --> 02:52:01,100
economic helplessness in a 
system designed to extract 

3279
02:52:01,100 --> 02:52:04,400
wealth from the poorest people 
during their most vulnerable 

3280
02:52:04,400 --> 02:52:07,500
moments. 
Perhaps most importantly, you've

3281
02:52:07,500 --> 02:52:10,500
witnessed the complete breakdown
of social structures that took 

3282
02:52:10,500 --> 02:52:13,600
centuries to develop. 
You've seen families, torn 

3283
02:52:13,600 --> 02:52:17,200
apart, communities, destroyed, 
and individuals reduced to their

3284
02:52:17,200 --> 02:52:21,400
most basic survival instincts. 
You've participated in decisions

3285
02:52:21,400 --> 02:52:23,800
that would have been morally, 
Unthinkable, in normal times. 

3286
02:52:23,800 --> 02:52:27,300
And you've understood that 
morality itself becomes a luxury

3287
02:52:27,300 --> 02:52:31,000
during existential crises. 
The truly disturbing 

3288
02:52:31,000 --> 02:52:33,800
realization, is that nothing 
about your situation was 

3289
02:52:33,800 --> 02:52:36,100
inevitable. 
Throughout the famine, food 

3290
02:52:36,100 --> 02:52:39,500
remained in Ireland, destined 
for export to cover rents and 

3291
02:52:39,500 --> 02:52:42,700
debts, owed to English, 
landlords Ships loaded with 

3292
02:52:42,700 --> 02:52:46,700
grain left Irish ports, while 
Irish people starved on the 

3293
02:52:46,700 --> 02:52:48,900
docks. 
The British government had the 

3294
02:52:48,900 --> 02:52:52,600
resources to provide adequate 
relief, but chose not to because

3295
02:52:52,600 --> 02:52:55,800
of ideological beliefs about 
free markets and Irish racial 

3296
02:52:55,800 --> 02:52:59,300
inferiority. 
Your suffering was not caused by

3297
02:52:59,300 --> 02:53:02,700
natural disaster alone. 
It was the result of human 

3298
02:53:02,700 --> 02:53:05,400
decisions made by people who 
could have chosen differently. 

3299
02:53:06,300 --> 02:53:08,000
This incident brings up 
uncomfortable. 

3300
02:53:08,000 --> 02:53:09,600
Questions about your own time 
period. 

3301
02:53:09,600 --> 02:53:12,600
How many preventable disaster 
are happening right now? 

3302
02:53:12,600 --> 02:53:16,700
While people with the power to 
help choose not to People with 

3303
02:53:16,700 --> 02:53:18,700
adequate resources, made 
different choices. 

3304
02:53:18,700 --> 02:53:22,000
How many famines epidemics and 
social collapses? 

3305
02:53:22,000 --> 02:53:25,200
Could we prevent The Great 
Famine wasn't an ancient 

3306
02:53:25,200 --> 02:53:27,500
tragedy. 
It happened in the modern era 

3307
02:53:27,500 --> 02:53:30,800
during the Industrial Revolution
and one of the wealthiest 

3308
02:53:30,800 --> 02:53:33,700
Empires and human history. 
You've also learned something 

3309
02:53:33,700 --> 02:53:36,900
about human resilience, that's 
both inspiring and terrifying. 

3310
02:53:37,500 --> 02:53:40,200
Some people survive conditions 
that should have been fatal, 

3311
02:53:40,200 --> 02:53:43,900
they endured months of 
starvation disease, social 

3312
02:53:43,900 --> 02:53:46,200
breakdown and psychological 
trauma. 

3313
02:53:46,200 --> 02:53:49,400
Then somehow found the strength 
to rebuild their lives. 

3314
02:53:49,400 --> 02:53:52,700
The fact that you're reading 
this story means that at least 

3315
02:53:52,708 --> 02:53:57,400
some of your ancestors survived 
famines plagues Wars and other 

3316
02:53:57,400 --> 02:53:59,800
disasters that killed millions 
of their contemporaries. 

3317
02:53:59,800 --> 02:54:02,900
That survival came at a cost. 
That's difficult to calculate. 

3318
02:54:03,900 --> 02:54:06,400
The trauma of the Great Famine 
was passed down through 

3319
02:54:06,400 --> 02:54:09,900
generations families, that 
survived developed, behaviors 

3320
02:54:09,900 --> 02:54:13,900
and attitudes about food, money 
and security that persisted for 

3321
02:54:13,900 --> 02:54:16,900
decades. 
Famine destroyed social trust, 

3322
02:54:16,900 --> 02:54:18,900
which took generations to 
rebuild. 

3323
02:54:19,700 --> 02:54:23,000
Economics systems that fail 
during the crisis, were replaced

3324
02:54:23,000 --> 02:54:25,800
by new systems that carried 
their forms of Injustice and 

3325
02:54:25,800 --> 02:54:28,900
vulnerability. 
The emigration that resulted 

3326
02:54:28,900 --> 02:54:30,300
from the famine changed the 
world. 

3327
02:54:30,300 --> 02:54:33,900
Millions of Irish immigrants, 
took their skills and Trauma to 

3328
02:54:33,908 --> 02:54:36,900
America, Australia and 
elsewhere, Irish American 

3329
02:54:36,900 --> 02:54:40,700
culture with its emphasis on 
family, loyalty, political 

3330
02:54:40,700 --> 02:54:44,500
organization, and suspicion of 
authority was shaped by the 

3331
02:54:44,500 --> 02:54:48,500
family experience, the global 
Irish diaspora exists because 

3332
02:54:48,500 --> 02:54:50,600
staying in Ireland meant death, 
for many families. 

3333
02:54:51,500 --> 02:54:54,100
As you contemplate your 
hypothetical, during the Great 

3334
02:54:54,100 --> 02:54:57,300
Famine, you might wonder what 
lessons apply to your actual 

3335
02:54:57,300 --> 02:54:59,400
life. 
Perhaps, it's an appreciation 

3336
02:54:59,400 --> 02:55:03,200
for the fragility of the systems
that keep you fed housed and 

3337
02:55:03,200 --> 02:55:06,200
healthy perhaps, it's an 
understanding that individual 

3338
02:55:06,200 --> 02:55:09,800
survival often depends on social
cooperation and mutual Aid. 

3339
02:55:10,600 --> 02:55:13,100
That it's a recognition that 
government policies and economic

3340
02:55:13,100 --> 02:55:15,800
systems, have life and death 
consequences for ordinary 

3341
02:55:15,800 --> 02:55:18,300
people. 
Or perhaps the lesson is simpler

3342
02:55:18,300 --> 02:55:22,100
that human beings are capable of
enduring almost unimaginable 

3343
02:55:22,100 --> 02:55:26,200
hardship, but they shouldn't 
have to Many of the calamities 

3344
02:55:26,200 --> 02:55:28,100
occurring in the world today 
could have been avoided. 

3345
02:55:28,100 --> 02:55:31,400
Just as the Great Famine, was 
the difference between 

3346
02:55:31,400 --> 02:55:34,000
catastrophe and Recovery. 
Often comes down to where the 

3347
02:55:34,008 --> 02:55:37,300
people with power to help or to 
ignore the suffering of others. 

3348
02:55:37,300 --> 02:55:39,700
Your day. 
During the Great Famine is over,

3349
02:55:39,700 --> 02:55:42,000
and you can return to your 
Modern Life with its 

3350
02:55:42,000 --> 02:55:45,400
refrigerators. 
Clean water, social safety nets,

3351
02:55:45,400 --> 02:55:48,600
and Medical Care. 
Somewhere in the world. 

3352
02:55:48,600 --> 02:55:51,300
People are still facing the 
choice between impossible 

3353
02:55:51,300 --> 02:55:53,300
options, still watching their 
children. 

3354
02:55:53,300 --> 02:55:57,300
Go hungry while food exists that
they can't afford to buy still 

3355
02:55:57,300 --> 02:56:00,000
struggling against systems 
designed to extract wealth from 

3356
02:56:00,000 --> 02:56:04,200
those who have the least. 
The Great Famine ended but the 

3357
02:56:04,208 --> 02:56:05,700
conditions that made it 
possible. 

3358
02:56:05,700 --> 02:56:10,700
Extreme inequality, Colonial 
exploitation, and ideological 

3359
02:56:10,700 --> 02:56:13,700
blindness to human suffering. 
Did not disappear from the 

3360
02:56:13,700 --> 02:56:18,800
world. your hypothetical day in 
1847 is over, but for millions 

3361
02:56:18,800 --> 02:56:22,400
of people around the world that 
they continues, how do you plan 

3362
02:56:22,400 --> 02:56:37,200
to address this issue? 
The alarm clocks shrill cry ring

3363
02:56:37,200 --> 02:56:40,900
through the Dallas hotel room at
precisely 6:38 a.m. though. 

3364
02:56:40,900 --> 02:56:42,700
I must confess I was already 
Wide Awake. 

3365
02:56:43,600 --> 02:56:46,300
Sleep had become as elusive as 
Republican vote in 

3366
02:56:46,300 --> 02:56:49,600
Massachusetts. 
These days I rolled over my back

3367
02:56:49,600 --> 02:56:52,500
protesting with the enthusiasm 
of a cold war Summit, meeting 

3368
02:56:52,500 --> 02:56:57,300
all tension and very little 
resolution Jackie stirred beside

3369
02:56:57,300 --> 02:57:01,300
me her hair, still perfectly 
quaffed, even in Slumber, given 

3370
02:57:01,300 --> 02:57:03,400
our political climate. 
It was practically a job 

3371
02:57:03,408 --> 02:57:06,300
requirement for her to maintain 
her composure even during a 

3372
02:57:06,300 --> 02:57:09,100
hurricane. 
Good morning, Mr. President, XI 

3373
02:57:09,100 --> 02:57:12,600
mermaid her voice caring that 
familiar mixture of affection 

3374
02:57:12,600 --> 02:57:15,200
and formality that had become 
our morning ritual. 

3375
02:57:15,200 --> 02:57:19,200
Even in private moments, the 
president seemed to hover over 

3376
02:57:19,200 --> 02:57:22,000
us like an omnipresence secret 
service agent. 

3377
02:57:23,000 --> 02:57:26,500
Good morning, Mrs. Kennedy, I 
replied attempting to inject 

3378
02:57:26,500 --> 02:57:28,600
some levity into what promised 
to be another day of 

3379
02:57:28,600 --> 02:57:30,800
handshaking. 
Speech-making and the general 

3380
02:57:30,800 --> 02:57:34,100
Business of Being presidential. 
Are you prepared to Dazzle, 

3381
02:57:34,100 --> 02:57:36,500
Texas? 
The double entender wasn't lost 

3382
02:57:36,500 --> 02:57:39,200
on either of us and Jackie's 
raised eyebrows suggested, she 

3383
02:57:39,200 --> 02:57:41,900
found my humor about his 
presidential as my Boston 

3384
02:57:41,900 --> 02:57:45,400
accent. the morning routine 
began with military Precision 

3385
02:57:45,400 --> 02:57:49,000
shower shave and the careful 
selection of attire that would 

3386
02:57:49,008 --> 02:57:53,300
photograph well under the harsh 
Texas Sun, My back brace, that 

3387
02:57:53,300 --> 02:57:56,600
constant companion since my PT 
109 days required. 

3388
02:57:56,600 --> 02:58:00,300
Its usual, careful adjustment. 
The irony wasn't lost on me that

3389
02:58:00,300 --> 02:58:01,500
the very thing meant to keep me 
up. 

3390
02:58:01,500 --> 02:58:04,800
At often made me feel like I was
wearing a medieval torture 

3391
02:58:04,800 --> 02:58:08,700
device. 
Still appearances mattered and a

3392
02:58:08,700 --> 02:58:11,400
president, couldn't very well. 
Slout through a motorcade, like 

3393
02:58:11,400 --> 02:58:14,700
a college student in a lecture 
hall. breakfast arrived with the

3394
02:58:14,700 --> 02:58:17,800
morning briefing, delivered by 
staffers who Moved with the 

3395
02:58:17,800 --> 02:58:20,800
efficient urgency of men, who 
knew their jobs depended on 

3396
02:58:20,808 --> 02:58:23,500
keeping the leader of the Free 
World, properly caffeinated, and

3397
02:58:23,500 --> 02:58:27,200
informed The newspapers spread 
before me, painted the usual 

3398
02:58:27,200 --> 02:58:31,000
picture, Cold, War tensions, 
civil rights, struggles, and 

3399
02:58:31,000 --> 02:58:33,600
political maneuvering, that 
would make Machiavelli proud 

3400
02:58:33,600 --> 02:58:36,600
each headline, seemed to demand,
immediate attention. 

3401
02:58:36,600 --> 02:58:40,200
As if the world's problems could
be solved over coffee and toast.

3402
02:58:41,100 --> 02:58:43,800
The crowds in Fort Worth were 
magnificent last night. 

3403
02:58:43,800 --> 02:58:47,200
Kenny O'Donnell reported his 
Boston accent, making 

3404
02:58:47,200 --> 02:58:50,600
magnificent sound like a 
personal endorsement from the 

3405
02:58:50,600 --> 02:58:53,300
pope himself. 
Dallas should be even better. 

3406
02:58:54,300 --> 02:58:57,600
His optimism was contagious yet,
I couldn't dispel the notion 

3407
02:58:57,600 --> 02:59:01,000
that Texas Hospitality carries 
specific requirements, namely 

3408
02:59:01,000 --> 02:59:05,000
remembering who was hosting. 
The flight to Dallas proved 

3409
02:59:05,000 --> 02:59:08,300
uneventful which in politics is 
often the best kind of event. 

3410
02:59:08,300 --> 02:59:12,000
One can hope for Jackie looked 
radiant in her pink Chanel suit.

3411
02:59:12,000 --> 02:59:14,800
Chosen specifically for its 
photogenic qualities and its 

3412
02:59:14,800 --> 02:59:18,900
ability to stand out in a crowd.
You know, I told her as we 

3413
02:59:18,900 --> 02:59:21,600
prepared for landing that color 
makes you look like a million 

3414
02:59:21,600 --> 02:59:25,500
bucks. she smiled, but I 
couldn't tell if it was in 

3415
02:59:25,500 --> 02:59:28,100
response to the compliment or 
because I had managed to keep my

3416
02:59:28,100 --> 02:59:31,900
economic metaphors, relatively 
modest, Crowds pressed against 

3417
02:59:31,900 --> 02:59:35,000
the barriers at the Love Field 
reception surpassing the 

3418
02:59:35,000 --> 02:59:37,500
expectations of an opening night
at a Broadway show. 

3419
02:59:37,500 --> 02:59:42,200
The enthusiasm was genuine, 
which always lifted my spirits. 

3420
02:59:43,200 --> 02:59:45,400
There's something profoundly 
moving about Americans 

3421
02:59:45,400 --> 02:59:49,400
exercising their Democratic 
right to gather cheer and 

3422
02:59:49,400 --> 02:59:51,900
occasionally throw flowers at 
their elected officials. 

3423
02:59:53,000 --> 02:59:56,000
The Secret Service maintained 
their Vigilant positions, their 

3424
02:59:56,000 --> 02:59:58,700
eyes scanning the crowd, with 
the intensity of accountants. 

3425
02:59:58,700 --> 03:00:02,700
Reviewing tax returns methodical
thorough and slightly paranoid. 

3426
03:00:03,500 --> 03:00:04,900
As we made our way toward the 
waiting. 

3427
03:00:04,900 --> 03:00:07,100
Limousine. 
I couldn't help, but notice the 

3428
03:00:07,100 --> 03:00:10,300
perfect weather. 
Sun Shone with the kind of 

3429
03:00:10,300 --> 03:00:14,200
Brilliance that made everything 
seem possible, the are carried 

3430
03:00:14,200 --> 03:00:17,400
just enough warmth to make the 
open car comfortable and the sky

3431
03:00:17,400 --> 03:00:19,600
stretched endlessly. 
Blew above us. 

3432
03:00:19,600 --> 03:00:22,800
It was I thought to myself a 
capital day for democracy. 

3433
03:00:22,800 --> 03:00:27,100
The presidential limousine that 
Marvel of American Automotive 

3434
03:00:27,100 --> 03:00:30,800
Engineering and paranoia waited 
with its top-down to accommodate

3435
03:00:30,800 --> 03:00:34,800
the spectacular, Texas weather. 
Governor John Connolly and his 

3436
03:00:34,800 --> 03:00:38,000
wife Nelly comfortably settled 
in to the jump seats, 

3437
03:00:38,000 --> 03:00:41,600
demonstrating the practiced ease
of politicians, who have spent 

3438
03:00:41,600 --> 03:00:44,700
decades, perfecting the art of 
appearing comfortable in 

3439
03:00:44,700 --> 03:00:48,700
uncomfortable situations. 
Jackie arranged herself beside 

3440
03:00:48,700 --> 03:00:50,900
me with the grace of someone who
had been doing this particular 

3441
03:00:50,900 --> 03:00:52,600
dance for nearly three years 
now. 

3442
03:00:53,400 --> 03:00:56,000
This is going to be quite a 
ride, I mentioned to Connolly, 

3443
03:00:56,000 --> 03:00:59,100
although my thoughts were 
focused Less on the 12-mile 

3444
03:00:59,100 --> 03:01:02,300
route through Dallas and more on
the political implications of 

3445
03:01:02,300 --> 03:01:04,800
our visit to Texas. 
Next year's election, 

3446
03:01:04,800 --> 03:01:08,000
calculations heavily weighed the
state's electoral votes in each 

3447
03:01:08,000 --> 03:01:11,900
handshake wave and perfectly 
timed smile, symbolized and 

3448
03:01:11,900 --> 03:01:15,200
investment in America's 
Democratic future, or at least 

3449
03:01:15,200 --> 03:01:16,700
that's how I prefer to think 
about it. 

3450
03:01:16,700 --> 03:01:19,800
Rather than, as an elaborate 
exercise and believed to call 

3451
03:01:19,800 --> 03:01:22,900
theater. 
The motorcade began its stately 

3452
03:01:22,900 --> 03:01:25,700
procession through Dallas 
streets lined with enthusiastic 

3453
03:01:25,700 --> 03:01:28,300
citizens. 
The Secret Service had plotted 

3454
03:01:28,300 --> 03:01:31,000
our route with mathematical 
Precision, wide streets for 

3455
03:01:31,000 --> 03:01:34,500
visibility, strategic turns to 
maximize crowd exposure and 

3456
03:01:34,500 --> 03:01:36,900
carefully timed stops. 
That would allow the Press Corps

3457
03:01:36,900 --> 03:01:38,900
to capture those essential 
photographs, that would Grace 

3458
03:01:38,900 --> 03:01:42,200
tomorrows front pages. 
Democracy, I'd Learned was as 

3459
03:01:42,200 --> 03:01:44,100
much about Optics as it was 
about policy. 

3460
03:01:44,800 --> 03:01:47,700
Mr. President you certainly 
can't say, Dallas doesn't love 

3461
03:01:47,700 --> 03:01:49,700
you. 
Nearly Connolly called out over 

3462
03:01:49,700 --> 03:01:52,700
the crowd noise, her voice 
carrying the kind of genuine 

3463
03:01:52,700 --> 03:01:55,200
warmth that made politics 
occasionally worthwhile. 

3464
03:01:55,200 --> 03:01:57,800
She was right. 
The reception had been over 

3465
03:01:57,800 --> 03:02:01,400
wellingly positive with crowds, 
I pressed forward to catch 

3466
03:02:01,400 --> 03:02:04,400
glimpses of the presidential 
party children, waved American 

3467
03:02:04,400 --> 03:02:06,500
flags with the unselfconscious 
enthusiasm. 

3468
03:02:06,500 --> 03:02:09,000
That reminded me why? 
This job despite its 

3469
03:02:09,000 --> 03:02:13,500
considerable burden's remained 
fundamentally hopeful The sun 

3470
03:02:13,508 --> 03:02:15,400
beat down with friendly 
intensity. 

3471
03:02:15,400 --> 03:02:18,200
And I found myself, genuinely 
enjoying the ride. 

3472
03:02:19,100 --> 03:02:21,700
There's something uniquely 
American about a motorcade. 

3473
03:02:23,500 --> 03:02:25,500
The ordered chaos of democracy 
and motion. 

3474
03:02:26,400 --> 03:02:29,400
Citizens Gathering spontaneously
to participate in the grand 

3475
03:02:29,400 --> 03:02:33,100
experiment of self-governance. 
Even the most cynical political 

3476
03:02:33,100 --> 03:02:36,100
operative would have to admit. 
There was something stirring 

3477
03:02:36,100 --> 03:02:38,500
about it. 
All Jackie waived with practice 

3478
03:02:38,500 --> 03:02:41,500
Perfection, her Pink Suit 
providing exactly the visual 

3479
03:02:41,500 --> 03:02:43,500
contrast, the advanced team had 
calculated. 

3480
03:02:44,300 --> 03:02:47,200
Every detail had been 
choreographed from the car's 

3481
03:02:47,200 --> 03:02:49,600
position in the motorcade to the
timing of our arrival at the 

3482
03:02:49,608 --> 03:02:52,900
trademark. 
Political success, I discovered 

3483
03:02:52,900 --> 03:02:56,200
lay in the intersection of 
genuine sentiment and careful 

3484
03:02:56,200 --> 03:02:58,700
planning. 
The crowd seemed to sense both 

3485
03:02:58,700 --> 03:03:01,600
elements responding with an 
enthusiasm that felt authentic 

3486
03:03:01,600 --> 03:03:05,500
rather than manufactured. 
You know, I leaned over to tell 

3487
03:03:05,500 --> 03:03:08,600
Jackie I think we might actually
win Texas next year. 

3488
03:03:09,700 --> 03:03:13,000
The comment was partly serious, 
political analysis and partly in

3489
03:03:13,000 --> 03:03:16,000
attempt to lighten the mood. 
Presidential campaigns were 

3490
03:03:16,000 --> 03:03:19,400
marathons, not Sprints, and 
every positive reception 

3491
03:03:19,400 --> 03:03:22,900
represented momentum, that could
be built upon the mathematics of

3492
03:03:22,900 --> 03:03:25,400
electoral politics. 
Demanded constant attention to 

3493
03:03:25,400 --> 03:03:27,500
these Regional variations in 
public sentiment. 

3494
03:03:28,300 --> 03:03:31,100
The route took us through 
downtown Dallas passed 

3495
03:03:31,100 --> 03:03:33,300
buildings, whose windows were 
filled with office workers 

3496
03:03:33,300 --> 03:03:36,500
taking an extended lunch break 
to witness history in motion. 

3497
03:03:36,500 --> 03:03:41,100
Some held cameras, others simply
watched and a few displayed 

3498
03:03:41,100 --> 03:03:43,000
signs. 
Welcoming the presidential party

3499
03:03:43,000 --> 03:03:45,800
to text us. 
The diversity of the crowd, 

3500
03:03:45,800 --> 03:03:49,800
pleased me young and old various
ethnic backgrounds, the kind of 

3501
03:03:49,800 --> 03:03:52,600
American Melting Pot that made 
democracy, not just possible, 

3502
03:03:52,600 --> 03:03:56,200
but inevitable Governor Connally
provided running commentary on 

3503
03:03:56,200 --> 03:03:59,700
local landmarks pointing out. 
Sites of historical significance

3504
03:03:59,700 --> 03:04:02,700
with the pride of a man showing 
off his hometown to 

3505
03:04:02,700 --> 03:04:06,100
distinguished visitors. 
His knowledge was encyclopedic, 

3506
03:04:06,100 --> 03:04:09,700
his delivery engaging and his 
obvious affection for Texas. 

3507
03:04:09,700 --> 03:04:12,800
Infections political 
Partnerships are reflected 

3508
03:04:12,800 --> 03:04:16,500
worked best when they were built
on genuine mutual respect and 

3509
03:04:16,500 --> 03:04:19,600
shared objectives. 
The Limousines Pace remained 

3510
03:04:19,600 --> 03:04:22,700
steady allowing for optimal 
crowd interaction, while 

3511
03:04:22,700 --> 03:04:27,000
maintaining security protocols 
every few blocks at spot Secret 

3512
03:04:27,000 --> 03:04:28,700
Service. 
Agents positioned, strategically

3513
03:04:28,700 --> 03:04:31,900
their presence, both reassuring 
and slightly sobering. 

3514
03:04:32,900 --> 03:04:35,400
The balance between 
accessibility and security had 

3515
03:04:35,400 --> 03:04:37,600
become one of the defining 
challenges of modern democracy, 

3516
03:04:37,600 --> 03:04:39,900
how to remain close to the 
people. 

3517
03:04:39,900 --> 03:04:42,600
While acknowledging the reality 
of an increasingly complex 

3518
03:04:42,600 --> 03:04:45,200
world. 
As we approached dealing Plaza. 

3519
03:04:45,200 --> 03:04:48,700
I noticed the crowds growing 
even larger Crest against 

3520
03:04:48,700 --> 03:04:51,500
barriers with the enthusiasm of 
Baseball fans, waiting for 

3521
03:04:51,500 --> 03:04:54,600
autographs. 
The enthusiasm was palpable, the

3522
03:04:54,600 --> 03:04:57,700
Texas Hospitality genuine and 
the political implications 

3523
03:04:57,700 --> 03:05:01,900
encouraging whatever challenges,
lay ahead, this moment 

3524
03:05:01,900 --> 03:05:05,800
represented democracy at its 
most Elemental level citizens 

3525
03:05:05,800 --> 03:05:08,100
and their affected 
Representatives, sharing the 

3526
03:05:08,100 --> 03:05:10,400
same space. 
The same Sunshine. 

3527
03:05:10,400 --> 03:05:14,200
The same hopes for the future. 
Dealey Plaza opened before us 

3528
03:05:14,200 --> 03:05:17,400
like a natural Amphitheater with
Spectators arranged along the 

3529
03:05:17,400 --> 03:05:19,000
grassy. 
Slopes in what could have been 

3530
03:05:19,000 --> 03:05:21,900
mistaken for a particularly 
well, attended outdoor concert 

3531
03:05:23,000 --> 03:05:25,700
The crowds energy was 
infectious, people pointed 

3532
03:05:25,700 --> 03:05:28,100
waived and called out. 
Greetings with the kind of 

3533
03:05:28,108 --> 03:05:30,700
spontaneous enthusiasm, that 
reminded me, why? 

3534
03:05:30,700 --> 03:05:34,000
I had entered politics in the 
first place democracy at its 

3535
03:05:34,000 --> 03:05:37,400
core was about these moments of 
connection between the governed 

3536
03:05:37,400 --> 03:05:40,200
and those who served that a 
turnout. 

3537
03:05:40,200 --> 03:05:43,100
I call to Jackie, though, the 
crowd noise nearly swallowed my 

3538
03:05:43,100 --> 03:05:46,200
words. 
She nodded her smile radiant as 

3539
03:05:46,200 --> 03:05:50,200
she continued her practice wave.
Not too enthusiastic to appear 

3540
03:05:50,200 --> 03:05:52,400
on dignified. 
Not too reserved to see. 

3541
03:05:52,400 --> 03:05:55,700
Malouf Three years of 
presidential appearances had 

3542
03:05:55,700 --> 03:05:57,400
perfected, her technique to an 
art form. 

3543
03:05:57,400 --> 03:05:59,600
The photographers would love 
this. 

3544
03:05:59,600 --> 03:06:02,700
I thought already envisioning to
tomorrow's newspaper coverage 

3545
03:06:02,700 --> 03:06:05,300
with headlines about Texas, 
hospitality, and Democratic 

3546
03:06:05,300 --> 03:06:07,600
Unity. 
The Limousines progression, 

3547
03:06:07,600 --> 03:06:10,300
through the plaza. 
Felt almost ceremonial like a 

3548
03:06:10,300 --> 03:06:12,600
slow-motion parade. 
Celebrating the peaceful 

3549
03:06:12,600 --> 03:06:16,600
transfer of democratic power 
children sat on their parents' 

3550
03:06:16,600 --> 03:06:20,300
shoulders teenagers, clustered 
together with cameras and adults

3551
03:06:20,300 --> 03:06:23,600
pressed forward with the kind of
Civic engagement that made the 

3552
03:06:23,600 --> 03:06:26,500
entire system worthwhile. 
This was what the founding 

3553
03:06:26,500 --> 03:06:30,600
fathers, had envisioned active 
citizenship public participation

3554
03:06:30,600 --> 03:06:35,100
and government by consent of the
governed Governor Connally half 

3555
03:06:35,100 --> 03:06:38,100
turned in his seat, pointing 
toward a group of particularly 

3556
03:06:38,100 --> 03:06:42,000
enthusiastic supporters near the
grassy knoll Those folks have 

3557
03:06:42,000 --> 03:06:45,300
been waiting since Dawn. 
He said his Texas drawl, adding 

3558
03:06:45,300 --> 03:06:48,800
warmth the observation. 
political advanced work was part

3559
03:06:48,800 --> 03:06:53,000
science, part art and part sheer
luck, but when it all came 

3560
03:06:53,000 --> 03:06:55,800
together like this the results 
Justified, every hour of 

3561
03:06:55,800 --> 03:06:59,500
planning and preparation, The 
sun continued, its friendly 

3562
03:06:59,500 --> 03:07:02,700
assault, making the pink of 
Jackie's suit, even more vibrant

3563
03:07:02,700 --> 03:07:05,700
against the blue sea color. 
Coordination might seem trivial 

3564
03:07:05,700 --> 03:07:08,300
to political newcomers, but 
experience to campaigners 

3565
03:07:08,300 --> 03:07:12,000
understood that visual impact 
often mattered as much as policy

3566
03:07:12,000 --> 03:07:14,400
positions. 
Every element of today's 

3567
03:07:14,400 --> 03:07:17,000
appearance had been calculated 
to project competence 

3568
03:07:17,000 --> 03:07:19,500
accessibility and optimistic 
leadership. 

3569
03:07:19,500 --> 03:07:22,800
The crowds response suggested, 
the strategy was working. 

3570
03:07:23,900 --> 03:07:25,300
Because we near the plaza 
center. 

3571
03:07:25,300 --> 03:07:28,800
I observed the crowd composition
with the expertise of someone 

3572
03:07:28,800 --> 03:07:32,200
who had dedicated decades to 
studying electoral demographics.

3573
03:07:32,900 --> 03:07:36,400
The mix looked promising, young 
families, middle-aged 

3574
03:07:36,400 --> 03:07:39,000
professionals and elderly 
citizens, exercising their 

3575
03:07:39,000 --> 03:07:41,100
Democratic prerogative to 
witness history. 

3576
03:07:41,100 --> 03:07:44,700
These authentic moments of 
public engagement 1 or lost 

3577
03:07:44,708 --> 03:07:48,500
Regional campaigns. 
Mr. Producer president, they 

3578
03:07:48,500 --> 03:07:52,300
really do love you here. 
Nelly, Connolly's voice carried 

3579
03:07:52,300 --> 03:07:54,700
genuine. 
Pleasure and I had to agree with

3580
03:07:54,700 --> 03:07:57,500
her assessment. 
The reception had exceeded even 

3581
03:07:57,500 --> 03:08:01,100
our most optimistic projection 
textus with its complex 

3582
03:08:01,100 --> 03:08:03,700
political landscape and crucial 
significance. 

3583
03:08:03,700 --> 03:08:07,400
Represented one of the keys to 
next year's campaign days like 

3584
03:08:07,400 --> 03:08:10,100
this built the kind of momentum 
that could carry through an 

3585
03:08:10,100 --> 03:08:14,200
entire election cycle. 
The motorcades pace allowed for 

3586
03:08:14,200 --> 03:08:17,300
extended interaction hands 
reached out for handshakes 

3587
03:08:17,300 --> 03:08:20,500
voices called personal, 
greetings in cameras captured. 

3588
03:08:20,500 --> 03:08:23,200
The kind of spontaneous moments 
that define Democratic 

3589
03:08:23,200 --> 03:08:26,400
participation. 
Secret Service agents, maintain 

3590
03:08:26,400 --> 03:08:28,800
their Vigilant positions, but 
their presence felt 

3591
03:08:28,800 --> 03:08:32,400
appropriately unobtrusive. 
The balance between security and

3592
03:08:32,400 --> 03:08:34,700
accessibility had been struck 
precisely, right? 

3593
03:08:35,500 --> 03:08:38,200
Jackie leaned over briefly her 
voice carrying Amusement. 

3594
03:08:38,200 --> 03:08:40,700
I think we've created quite a 
sensation. 

3595
03:08:40,700 --> 03:08:43,900
She was right. 
The crowds enthusiasm had 

3596
03:08:43,900 --> 03:08:46,200
reached almost Festival 
proportions with people 

3597
03:08:46,200 --> 03:08:48,700
streaming into the plaza from 
surrounding streets. 

3598
03:08:48,700 --> 03:08:50,800
To catch glimpses of the 
presidential party. 

3599
03:08:51,600 --> 03:08:55,200
This was democracy in its most 
Elemental form citizens 

3600
03:08:55,200 --> 03:08:58,000
Gathering to participate in the 
grand American experiment. 

3601
03:08:59,600 --> 03:09:02,500
The limousine began. 
Its gentle turn onto Elm Street.

3602
03:09:02,500 --> 03:09:05,300
Following the predetermined 
route that would take us through

3603
03:09:05,300 --> 03:09:08,200
the heart of the plaza before 
continuing toward the trademark.

3604
03:09:09,000 --> 03:09:12,000
Every aspect of the journey had 
been choreographed from the 

3605
03:09:12,000 --> 03:09:14,700
speed of our progression to the 
optimal angles for crowd 

3606
03:09:14,700 --> 03:09:18,000
interaction. 
Political theater, when executed

3607
03:09:18,000 --> 03:09:21,500
properly served the dual purpose
of entertainment and Civic 

3608
03:09:21,500 --> 03:09:24,300
engagement. 
Looking up at the clear, Texas 

3609
03:09:24,300 --> 03:09:26,000
Sky. 
I couldn't help. 

3610
03:09:26,000 --> 03:09:28,800
But feel optimistic about the 
day, the visit and the future. 

3611
03:09:29,700 --> 03:09:32,800
The crowds the weather and the 
entire atmosphere suggested that

3612
03:09:32,800 --> 03:09:34,700
democracy was working exactly as
intended. 

3613
03:09:35,800 --> 03:09:39,100
Citizens were engaged, 
government was accessible and 

3614
03:09:39,100 --> 03:09:42,300
the peaceful transfer of power 
continued, its unbroken American

3615
03:09:42,300 --> 03:09:44,800
tradition. 
It was, I thought to myself a 

3616
03:09:44,800 --> 03:09:48,300
perfect day for politics, the 
gentle curve onto Elm Street, 

3617
03:09:48,300 --> 03:09:51,300
provided an even better vantage 
point for crowd, observation and

3618
03:09:51,300 --> 03:09:53,800
what I saw continued to 
reinforce my growing confidence 

3619
03:09:53,800 --> 03:09:57,900
about Texas's political future. 
The demographic mix remained 

3620
03:09:57,900 --> 03:10:02,200
encouraging Working Families, 
business owners, and children's 

3621
03:10:02,200 --> 03:10:05,800
retirees exactly. 
The kind of broad Coalition that

3622
03:10:05,800 --> 03:10:09,600
successful campaigns required. 
Political mathematics, demanded.

3623
03:10:09,600 --> 03:10:12,700
This kind of cross-sectional 
appeal and today's reception 

3624
03:10:12,700 --> 03:10:16,200
suggested we were achieving it. 
This is what I call a 

3625
03:10:16,200 --> 03:10:19,200
texas-sized. 
Welcome, I commented to Governor

3626
03:10:19,200 --> 03:10:22,700
Connolly, who beamed with the 
satisfaction of a host, whose 

3627
03:10:22,700 --> 03:10:24,300
party was exceeding 
expectations. 

3628
03:10:24,300 --> 03:10:27,800
Regional Pride was a powerful, 
political force and Texas 

3629
03:10:27,800 --> 03:10:30,800
possessed in abundance. 
The state sense of itself is 

3630
03:10:30,800 --> 03:10:34,500
unique important and influential
made it both challenging and 

3631
03:10:34,500 --> 03:10:37,500
rewarding for National 
politicians day felt distinctly 

3632
03:10:37,500 --> 03:10:40,900
rewarding the Secret Service had
positioned agents throughout the

3633
03:10:40,900 --> 03:10:43,700
area, with their characteristic 
blend of visibility and 

3634
03:10:43,700 --> 03:10:46,800
discretion, their presence 
provided necessary security, 

3635
03:10:46,800 --> 03:10:49,100
without overwhelming the 
Democratic character of the 

3636
03:10:49,100 --> 03:10:51,500
event. 
Balancing protection with 

3637
03:10:51,500 --> 03:10:54,200
accessibility and become one of 
the defining challenges of 

3638
03:10:54,200 --> 03:10:57,200
modern presidential leadership. 
How to remain connected to the 

3639
03:10:57,200 --> 03:10:59,900
people while ignoring 
contemporary security realities.

3640
03:10:59,900 --> 03:11:03,800
Jackie continued her graceful 
performance each wave, 

3641
03:11:03,800 --> 03:11:07,200
calibrated to project warmth 
without appearing, overly 

3642
03:11:07,200 --> 03:11:10,200
familiar. 
Presidential spouses walked a 

3643
03:11:10,200 --> 03:11:14,300
particularly narrow line to 
formal and they seemed cold too 

3644
03:11:14,300 --> 03:11:16,700
casual and they undermine the 
Dignity of the office. 

3645
03:11:17,700 --> 03:11:20,400
She'd masked the balance with 
characteristic intelligence and 

3646
03:11:20,400 --> 03:11:23,900
style the photographers were 
undoubtedly capturing images 

3647
03:11:23,900 --> 03:11:25,500
that were defined today's 
coverage. 

3648
03:11:26,500 --> 03:11:29,200
The crowds energy showed no 
signs of diminishing as we 

3649
03:11:29,200 --> 03:11:30,800
progressed deeper into the 
plaza. 

3650
03:11:30,800 --> 03:11:34,300
If anything, the enthusiasm 
seemed to be building, With 

3651
03:11:34,308 --> 03:11:37,600
people calling out personal 
greetings and extending hands in

3652
03:11:37,600 --> 03:11:40,200
hopes of contact. 
These moments of human 

3653
03:11:40,200 --> 03:11:42,400
connection will what made the 
political process worthwhile? 

3654
03:11:42,400 --> 03:11:46,200
The reminder that governance was
ultimately about serving real 

3655
03:11:46,200 --> 03:11:48,000
people with real hopes and 
concerns. 

3656
03:11:48,900 --> 03:11:51,200
You know, I mentioned a Jackie, 
I think we might need to 

3657
03:11:51,200 --> 03:11:55,100
schedule more Texas visits. 
The comment was a blend of humor

3658
03:11:55,100 --> 03:11:59,100
and serious politics success, 
breeds success in politics and 

3659
03:11:59,100 --> 03:12:02,200
today's reception would generate
positive coverage that could 

3660
03:12:02,200 --> 03:12:06,200
influence future public opinion.
Authentic moments of public 

3661
03:12:06,200 --> 03:12:08,600
engagement often built electoral
momentum. 

3662
03:12:08,600 --> 03:12:11,800
The limousine steady Pace 
allowed for optimal crowd 

3663
03:12:11,800 --> 03:12:14,600
interaction, while maintaining 
the security, protocols that 

3664
03:12:14,600 --> 03:12:18,200
have become standard procedure. 
Every aspect of presidential 

3665
03:12:18,200 --> 03:12:21,000
movement required careful 
coordination between multiple 

3666
03:12:21,000 --> 03:12:23,900
agencies, Advanced teams and 
local officials. 

3667
03:12:24,700 --> 03:12:27,800
When it all worked smoothly as 
it had today, the result was 

3668
03:12:27,800 --> 03:12:30,700
seamless Democratic theater that
served both ceremonial and 

3669
03:12:30,700 --> 03:12:33,800
practical purposes. 
Observing the crowd their 

3670
03:12:33,800 --> 03:12:36,700
diversity and genuine enthusiasm
struck me. 

3671
03:12:36,700 --> 03:12:39,800
These weren't partisan political
rallies with carefully. 

3672
03:12:39,800 --> 03:12:43,500
Screened attendees, these were 
ordinary citizens taking time 

3673
03:12:43,500 --> 03:12:47,400
from their daily routines to 
participate in democracy, their 

3674
03:12:47,400 --> 03:12:49,700
presence represented. 
The kind of Civic engagement 

3675
03:12:49,700 --> 03:12:52,100
that made the entire system 
function, effectively. 

3676
03:12:53,100 --> 03:12:56,600
The Texas Sun continued, its 
friendly bombardment making the 

3677
03:12:56,600 --> 03:12:59,500
day feel more like a celebration
than a political obligation. 

3678
03:13:00,500 --> 03:13:03,100
The weather had a significant 
impact on the success of public 

3679
03:13:03,100 --> 03:13:05,000
events and today's conditions 
were ideal. 

3680
03:13:05,800 --> 03:13:08,500
Clear skies, comfortable 
temperatures, and excellent 

3681
03:13:08,500 --> 03:13:11,300
visibility created ideal 
circumstances for the kind of 

3682
03:13:11,300 --> 03:13:13,400
public engagement. 
That defined successful 

3683
03:13:13,400 --> 03:13:16,500
Democratic Leadership. 
Governor Connally provided 

3684
03:13:16,500 --> 03:13:19,300
ongoing commentary about local 
landmarks on the crowds 

3685
03:13:19,300 --> 03:13:21,300
composition. 
His observation is reflecting 

3686
03:13:21,300 --> 03:13:24,300
profound knowledge of Texas 
politics and genuine pride in 

3687
03:13:24,300 --> 03:13:26,300
his State's reception of the 
presidential party. 

3688
03:13:27,300 --> 03:13:30,700
Regional Partnerships were 
crucial to National success and 

3689
03:13:30,700 --> 03:13:33,600
today's collaboration was 
functioning exactly as played. 

3690
03:13:34,300 --> 03:13:37,100
As we continue through the 
plaza, I found myself. 

3691
03:13:37,100 --> 03:13:39,900
Genuinely enjoying the 
experience rather than simply 

3692
03:13:39,900 --> 03:13:43,500
enduring it as a political 
necessity, the crowds warmth, 

3693
03:13:43,500 --> 03:13:45,800
the perfect weather and the 
general atmosphere of 

3694
03:13:45,800 --> 03:13:48,600
Celebration made this feel like 
one of those rare occasions when

3695
03:13:48,600 --> 03:13:51,800
politics achieved its highest 
aspirations, bringing people 

3696
03:13:51,800 --> 03:13:54,200
together around shared hopes and
common purposes. 

3697
03:13:54,200 --> 03:13:58,800
The router head looked clear, 
the crowd remained enthusiastic,

3698
03:13:58,800 --> 03:14:01,500
and the entire event was 
proceeding with the kind of 

3699
03:14:01,500 --> 03:14:06,000
smooth Precision that political 
Advanced teams dreamed about The

3700
03:14:06,000 --> 03:14:09,900
result was democracy working. 
Exactly as intended with 

3701
03:14:09,900 --> 03:14:13,100
citizens and their elected 
representatives sharing the same

3702
03:14:13,100 --> 03:14:15,000
space. 
The same moment in the same 

3703
03:14:15,000 --> 03:14:18,400
optimistic vision of American 
possibilities, the Plaza's 

3704
03:14:18,400 --> 03:14:20,700
unique geography, created 
natural Acoustics. 

3705
03:14:20,700 --> 03:14:23,600
That Amplified the crowds. 
And enthusiasm making their 

3706
03:14:23,600 --> 03:14:26,200
cheers and Applause, Echo off 
the surrounding buildings, like 

3707
03:14:26,200 --> 03:14:29,200
applause in a concert hall. 
The effect was almost musical 

3708
03:14:29,200 --> 03:14:33,100
spontaneous Symphony of 
democratic participation that 

3709
03:14:33,100 --> 03:14:35,700
reminded me why Public Service 
despite its considerable 

3710
03:14:35,700 --> 03:14:39,700
challenges remained 
fundamentally rewarding These 

3711
03:14:39,700 --> 03:14:42,400
were the moments that justified,
the long hours the difficult 

3712
03:14:42,400 --> 03:14:46,000
decision, the constant scrutiny 
that defined presidential life. 

3713
03:14:47,000 --> 03:14:49,100
This reception is absolutely 
remarkable. 

3714
03:14:49,100 --> 03:14:52,100
I told Governor Connally who 
nodded with obvious 

3715
03:14:52,100 --> 03:14:55,300
satisfaction. 
Texas Hospitality was proving 

3716
03:14:55,300 --> 03:14:58,500
itself in spectacular fashion, 
and the political implications 

3717
03:14:58,500 --> 03:15:02,800
were undeniably positive 
Regional support of this caliber

3718
03:15:02,800 --> 03:15:06,100
could translate into significant
electoral advantages and today's

3719
03:15:06,100 --> 03:15:08,700
demonstration of public 
enthusiasm would undoubtedly 

3720
03:15:08,700 --> 03:15:12,000
influence future campaign 
calculations, Jackie's 

3721
03:15:12,000 --> 03:15:15,800
performance continued to be 
Flawless, her waves precisely, 

3722
03:15:15,800 --> 03:15:18,300
calibrated to acknowledge the 
crowd without appearing. 

3723
03:15:18,300 --> 03:15:20,200
Either two casual or overly 
formal. 

3724
03:15:20,900 --> 03:15:22,800
The Pink Suit had been an 
inspired Choice. 

3725
03:15:22,800 --> 03:15:26,400
It photographed beautifully 
against the blue sky and 

3726
03:15:26,400 --> 03:15:28,200
provided exactly the visual 
impact. 

3727
03:15:28,200 --> 03:15:32,400
Our Advanced team had calculated
political success often depended

3728
03:15:32,400 --> 03:15:36,200
on seemingly Minor Details. 
That when combined created major

3729
03:15:36,200 --> 03:15:39,400
Impressions, the Secret Service.
Maintain their Vigilant 

3730
03:15:39,400 --> 03:15:42,600
positions throughout the plaza, 
their presence both reassuring 

3731
03:15:42,600 --> 03:15:46,400
and appropriately unobtrusive 
modern presidential security, 

3732
03:15:46,400 --> 03:15:49,400
required constant vigilance with
out over the Democratic 

3733
03:15:49,400 --> 03:15:52,700
character of public events. 
Today's balance, effectively 

3734
03:15:52,700 --> 03:15:55,900
allowed interaction, while 
maintaining necessary protective

3735
03:15:55,900 --> 03:15:59,000
protocols, as we approached what
appeared to be the Plaza's 

3736
03:15:59,000 --> 03:16:01,200
Center. 
I noticed the crowd density, 

3737
03:16:01,200 --> 03:16:04,700
increasing even further people 
were pressing against barriers 

3738
03:16:04,700 --> 03:16:07,900
with the enthusiasm of Baseball 
fans, hoping for autographs, 

3739
03:16:07,900 --> 03:16:10,900
their faces reflecting genuine 
excitement about this 

3740
03:16:10,900 --> 03:16:13,000
opportunity to witness history 
in motion. 

3741
03:16:14,000 --> 03:16:17,700
This was Civic engagement at its
most Elemental level citizens, 

3742
03:16:17,700 --> 03:16:20,500
choosing to participate in the 
Democratic process through their

3743
03:16:20,500 --> 03:16:22,200
physical presence and vocal 
support. 

3744
03:16:23,100 --> 03:16:26,000
The Limousines progression 
allowed for extended observation

3745
03:16:26,000 --> 03:16:28,800
of crowd composition. 
And what I saw continued to 

3746
03:16:28,800 --> 03:16:32,300
reinforce optimistic assessments
about Texas's political future. 

3747
03:16:33,200 --> 03:16:36,500
The demographic mix remained 
encouraging young families with 

3748
03:16:36,500 --> 03:16:39,100
children middle-aged 
professionals and elderly 

3749
03:16:39,100 --> 03:16:41,800
citizens, exercising their 
democratic prerogatives. 

3750
03:16:42,500 --> 03:16:44,400
Successful National campaigns 
required. 

3751
03:16:44,400 --> 03:16:45,900
Exactly. 
This kind of broad-based 

3752
03:16:45,900 --> 03:16:50,000
regional appeal. 
Mr. Peoria and president, I 

3753
03:16:50,000 --> 03:16:52,800
don't think I've ever seen 
Dallas this excited about a 

3754
03:16:52,800 --> 03:16:55,600
political visit, nearly 
Connolly, observed, her voice, 

3755
03:16:55,600 --> 03:16:59,400
carrying genuine warmth. 
A comment reflected the kind of 

3756
03:16:59,400 --> 03:17:03,000
authentic local perspective that
political professionals valued 

3757
03:17:03,000 --> 03:17:05,900
highly. 
Spontaneous enthusiasm couldn't 

3758
03:17:05,900 --> 03:17:09,500
be manufactured or purchased it 
emerged from genuine public 

3759
03:17:09,500 --> 03:17:11,500
sentiment and real political 
momentum. 

3760
03:17:12,400 --> 03:17:14,600
The weather continued to 
cooperate with almost 

3761
03:17:14,600 --> 03:17:18,500
Supernatural precision. 
Providing perfect conditions for

3762
03:17:18,500 --> 03:17:21,800
outdoor political events. 
Clear skies, comfortable, 

3763
03:17:21,800 --> 03:17:25,100
temperatures, and excellent. 
Visibility created ideal 

3764
03:17:25,100 --> 03:17:27,300
circumstances for the kind of 
public engagement. 

3765
03:17:27,300 --> 03:17:29,600
That Define successful 
Democratic Leadership. 

3766
03:17:30,400 --> 03:17:32,900
Even the most experienced 
political operatives would have 

3767
03:17:32,900 --> 03:17:35,800
to acknowledge that days like 
this were exceptional. 

3768
03:17:37,200 --> 03:17:40,200
Looking ahead, I could see the 
root continuing through the 

3769
03:17:40,200 --> 03:17:42,800
plaza before turning toward our 
final destination at the 

3770
03:17:42,808 --> 03:17:45,300
trademark. 
Every aspect of today's 

3771
03:17:45,300 --> 03:17:48,700
schedule, had been carefully 
coordinated to maximize positive

3772
03:17:48,700 --> 03:17:51,300
public interaction. 
While maintaining security 

3773
03:17:51,300 --> 03:17:54,500
requirements when political 
advanced work function, this 

3774
03:17:54,500 --> 03:17:57,800
smoothly the results, Justified 
every hour of planning and 

3775
03:17:57,800 --> 03:18:01,600
preparation, The crowds energy 
remained consistently High. 

3776
03:18:02,700 --> 03:18:05,600
With people continuing to call 
out greetings and wave with 

3777
03:18:05,600 --> 03:18:09,400
undiminished enthusiasm. 
Political momentum was often 

3778
03:18:09,400 --> 03:18:12,300
built on exactly these kinds of 
authentic moments of public 

3779
03:18:12,300 --> 03:18:15,300
connections. 
When the theoretical concepts of

3780
03:18:15,300 --> 03:18:18,400
democratic governance became 
real through direct human 

3781
03:18:18,400 --> 03:18:21,600
interaction between citizens and
their elected representatives. 

3782
03:18:21,600 --> 03:18:25,100
Jackie leaned over briefly her 
voice caring satisfaction. 

3783
03:18:25,100 --> 03:18:28,300
I think we can call this visit 
to complete success. 

3784
03:18:29,100 --> 03:18:32,900
She was absolutely right by any 
measurable standard today's 

3785
03:18:32,900 --> 03:18:35,000
reception had exceeded 
expectations. 

3786
03:18:35,900 --> 03:18:39,100
The political implications were 
overwhelmingly positive, the 

3787
03:18:39,100 --> 03:18:41,700
public response had been 
enthusiastic, and the entire 

3788
03:18:41,700 --> 03:18:44,100
event was proceeding with 
remarkable smoothness. 

3789
03:18:44,900 --> 03:18:47,500
As the limousine continued, its 
stately progression through 

3790
03:18:47,500 --> 03:18:49,900
Dealey Plaza. 
I found myself thinking that 

3791
03:18:49,900 --> 03:18:52,300
this was exactly what the 
founding fathers had envisioned.

3792
03:18:52,300 --> 03:18:56,400
When they designed American 
democracy, engaged, citizens, 

3793
03:18:56,400 --> 03:19:00,200
accessible government, and the 
peaceful transfer of power 

3794
03:19:00,200 --> 03:19:03,400
through public participation, 
and consent of the governed, it 

3795
03:19:03,400 --> 03:19:05,800
was, I reflected. 
And nearly perfect day for 

3796
03:19:05,800 --> 03:19:09,200
democracy, the sounds of the 
plaza seemed to intensify as we 

3797
03:19:09,200 --> 03:19:11,900
approached what felt like the 
crescendo of our Dallas visit. 

3798
03:19:12,800 --> 03:19:15,800
Applause. 
Cheers and individual voices 

3799
03:19:15,800 --> 03:19:18,500
calling out, greetings, created 
a tapestry of democratic 

3800
03:19:18,500 --> 03:19:21,200
participation that reminded me 
why I had entered public 

3801
03:19:21,200 --> 03:19:23,800
service. 
This was the essential element 

3802
03:19:23,800 --> 03:19:26,600
that made all the political 
maneuvering, the long hours and 

3803
03:19:26,600 --> 03:19:29,900
the constant scrutiny worth 
while these moments of genuine 

3804
03:19:29,900 --> 03:19:31,400
connection with the American 
people. 

3805
03:19:33,100 --> 03:19:35,700
Ackee. 
You truly looks stunning. 

3806
03:19:35,700 --> 03:19:39,608
Today, I said my voice almost 
drowned out by the din of the 

3807
03:19:39,616 --> 03:19:42,800
crowd, political theater, 
required attention to these 

3808
03:19:42,800 --> 03:19:46,200
details and today's performance 
was achieving, its objectives 

3809
03:19:46,200 --> 03:19:49,300
flawlessly. 
Governor Connally continued, his

3810
03:19:49,300 --> 03:19:52,100
running commentary about local 
landmarks and crowd, composition

3811
03:19:52,100 --> 03:19:56,000
his obvious pride in Texas. 
Hospitality evident in every 

3812
03:19:56,000 --> 03:19:59,100
observation. 
Regional Partnerships were 

3813
03:19:59,100 --> 03:20:00,800
crucial to National political 
success. 

3814
03:20:00,800 --> 03:20:04,100
And today's collaboration was 
functioning with the kind of 

3815
03:20:04,100 --> 03:20:06,800
precision that political 
professionals, spent careers 

3816
03:20:06,800 --> 03:20:10,300
trying to achieve The reception 
had exceeded, even our most 

3817
03:20:10,308 --> 03:20:13,500
optimistic projections, the 
Secret Service maintained their 

3818
03:20:13,500 --> 03:20:16,800
positions with characteristic 
vigilance their presence, 

3819
03:20:16,800 --> 03:20:19,500
providing necessary security 
without overwhelming the 

3820
03:20:19,500 --> 03:20:20,900
Democratic character of the 
event. 

3821
03:20:22,000 --> 03:20:25,000
Balancing protection with 
accessibility had become one of 

3822
03:20:25,008 --> 03:20:27,600
the defining challenges of 
modern, presidential leadership,

3823
03:20:27,600 --> 03:20:30,800
and today's Arrangements 
represented that balance at its 

3824
03:20:30,808 --> 03:20:33,600
most effective. 
I was struck by the crowds 

3825
03:20:33,600 --> 03:20:35,100
diversity and their real 
excitement. 

3826
03:20:35,100 --> 03:20:38,200
These were not carefully 
screened parties and supporters,

3827
03:20:38,200 --> 03:20:41,300
these were ordinary citizens 
taking time from their daily 

3828
03:20:41,300 --> 03:20:45,000
routines, to participate in the 
Democratic process, their 

3829
03:20:45,000 --> 03:20:47,500
presence represented Civic 
engagement at his most 

3830
03:20:47,500 --> 03:20:50,800
fundamental level, the kind that
made American democracy, not 

3831
03:20:50,800 --> 03:20:55,200
just possible, but inevitable, 
the Plaza's unique Acoustics 

3832
03:20:55,200 --> 03:20:59,300
continued to amplify every sound
creating an almost theatrical 

3833
03:20:59,300 --> 03:21:01,600
atmosphere. 
That seemed perfectly suited to 

3834
03:21:01,600 --> 03:21:05,400
the occasion political events. 
When they work properly Chief to

3835
03:21:05,400 --> 03:21:08,800
kind of ceremonial significance 
that transcended their immediate

3836
03:21:08,800 --> 03:21:11,800
practical purposes. 
Today felt like one of those 

3837
03:21:11,800 --> 03:21:14,700
rare occasions when politics 
achieved its highest 

3838
03:21:14,700 --> 03:21:17,000
aspirations. 
This has been flawless. 

3839
03:21:17,000 --> 03:21:20,400
I told Jackie and I meant it 
completely the weather, the 

3840
03:21:20,400 --> 03:21:22,800
crowds, and the entire 
atmosphere had combined to 

3841
03:21:22,800 --> 03:21:24,900
create exactly the kind of 
public engagement that 

3842
03:21:24,900 --> 03:21:27,500
justified, the considerable 
effort required to maintain 

3843
03:21:27,500 --> 03:21:29,800
Democratic governance. 
Days. 

3844
03:21:29,800 --> 03:21:32,300
Like this reminded me? 
Why the presidency despite its 

3845
03:21:32,300 --> 03:21:34,800
burdens remained fundamentally 
hopeful. 

3846
03:21:35,700 --> 03:21:38,400
The limousine steady Pace 
allowed for continued crowd 

3847
03:21:38,400 --> 03:21:41,400
interaction with people pressing
forward to catch glimpses of the

3848
03:21:41,400 --> 03:21:43,700
presidential party, and 
photographers capturing images 

3849
03:21:43,700 --> 03:21:45,500
that would define tomorrow's 
coverage. 

3850
03:21:46,400 --> 03:21:48,600
Every element was functioning 
with the kind of smooth 

3851
03:21:48,600 --> 03:21:51,400
Precision that political 
Advanced teams dreamed about 

3852
03:21:51,400 --> 03:21:53,700
achieving as we continue through
the plaza. 

3853
03:21:53,700 --> 03:21:56,100
I found myself thinking about 
the broader side of today's 

3854
03:21:56,100 --> 03:22:00,000
success, Texas represented 
crucial electoral territory for 

3855
03:22:00,000 --> 03:22:02,500
next year's campaign. 
And this kind of authentic 

3856
03:22:02,500 --> 03:22:05,000
public enthusiasm. 
Could translate into significant

3857
03:22:05,000 --> 03:22:09,000
political momentum The crowds 
energy remained consistently 

3858
03:22:09,000 --> 03:22:12,400
High, their voices, creating a 
sustained celebration of 

3859
03:22:12,400 --> 03:22:14,900
democratic engagement that 
echoed off the surrounding 

3860
03:22:14,900 --> 03:22:16,900
buildings. 
This was what the founding 

3861
03:22:16,900 --> 03:22:19,000
fathers. 
Had envisioned active, 

3862
03:22:19,000 --> 03:22:22,500
citizenship accessible 
government and the peaceful 

3863
03:22:22,500 --> 03:22:25,900
exercise of democratic power 
through public participation and

3864
03:22:25,900 --> 03:22:29,200
mutual respect. 
Certainly, there was a sound. 

3865
03:22:29,200 --> 03:22:32,900
I didn't immediately recognize 
sharp, distinct, cutting through

3866
03:22:32,900 --> 03:22:35,300
the crowd noise with unusual 
clarity. 

3867
03:22:36,200 --> 03:22:38,500
For just a moment. 
I found myself thinking it 

3868
03:22:38,500 --> 03:22:41,200
sounded almost like, but that 
couldn't be right, that couldn't

3869
03:22:41,200 --> 03:22:42,700
be true. 
Not here, not today. 

3870
03:22:42,700 --> 03:22:44,600
Not when everything was going so
smoothly. 

3871
03:22:44,600 --> 03:22:48,000
The crowd was still cheering. 
Jackie was still waving and the 

3872
03:22:48,000 --> 03:22:50,600
sun was still shining with that 
remarkable. 

3873
03:22:50,600 --> 03:22:53,400
Texas, brilliant. 
This was supposed to be a 

3874
03:22:53,400 --> 03:22:56,400
perfect day for democracy, a 
moment that would remind 

3875
03:22:56,400 --> 03:22:57,900
everyone, why the American 
government. 

3876
03:22:58,800 --> 03:23:02,900
Established by the consent of 
the governed remains Humanity's.

3877
03:23:02,900 --> 03:23:04,800
Best hope for peaceful 
coexistence. 

3878
03:23:06,100 --> 03:23:09,300
There was another sound clearer 
this time and I felt something. 

3879
03:23:09,300 --> 03:23:12,400
I couldn't quite identify. 
The plaza seemed to shift 

3880
03:23:12,400 --> 03:23:15,400
slightly the crowds voices, 
taking on a different quality. 

3881
03:23:15,400 --> 03:23:18,600
Jackie was facing me her 
expression transforming from the

3882
03:23:18,600 --> 03:23:21,600
routine smile of a political 
performance to a new expression 

3883
03:23:21,600 --> 03:23:25,700
of concern confusion and alarm. 
Jack. 

3884
03:23:25,700 --> 03:23:28,400
She said and her voice. 
Carried a note. 

3885
03:23:28,400 --> 03:23:32,000
I'd never heard before. 
And in that moment, with perfect

3886
03:23:32,000 --> 03:23:34,500
clarity. 
I finally understood that some 

3887
03:23:34,500 --> 03:23:37,500
stories don't end the way. 
Anyone expects them to time, 

3888
03:23:37,500 --> 03:23:40,300
seemed to slow in the most 
peculiar way, like those moments

3889
03:23:40,300 --> 03:23:42,900
in combat when everything 
becomes crystalline and 

3890
03:23:42,900 --> 03:23:46,400
immediate The voices of the 
crowd persisted yet. 

3891
03:23:46,400 --> 03:23:49,700
They underwent a transformation 
transitioning from a joyful 

3892
03:23:49,700 --> 03:23:51,500
chorus to a completely different
tone. 

3893
03:23:51,500 --> 03:23:54,900
Jackie's face was turning toward
me with an expression I'd never 

3894
03:23:54,900 --> 03:23:57,500
seen before. 
The practice, composure of 

3895
03:23:57,508 --> 03:24:00,400
political performance. 
But something raw, and immediate

3896
03:24:00,400 --> 03:24:02,800
and terrified. 
My God, what are they doing? 

3897
03:24:04,100 --> 03:24:06,800
Governor Connolly's voice cut 
through the altered atmosphere 

3898
03:24:06,800 --> 03:24:09,500
and I realized he was looking 
not at the crowd but at 

3899
03:24:09,500 --> 03:24:13,200
something else entirely. 
The cheerful chaos of democratic

3900
03:24:13,200 --> 03:24:15,400
celebration was transforming 
into something darker. 

3901
03:24:15,400 --> 03:24:19,400
More urgent and more real than 
any political satire, we'd 

3902
03:24:19,400 --> 03:24:22,500
carefully pieced together. 
The Pink Suit that had looked so

3903
03:24:22,500 --> 03:24:25,700
perfect in the Texas Sunshine. 
Now seemed almost garish against

3904
03:24:25,700 --> 03:24:27,700
the southern gravity of whatever
was happening. 

3905
03:24:27,700 --> 03:24:31,400
Political calculations electoral
mathematics Regional 

3906
03:24:31,400 --> 03:24:33,100
demographics. 
All the Frameworks. 

3907
03:24:33,100 --> 03:24:36,100
I'd spent decades mastering the 
relevant. 

3908
03:24:36,100 --> 03:24:38,800
In the face of this moment that 
was spinning Beyond anyone's 

3909
03:24:38,800 --> 03:24:42,200
control or planning. 
Jackie's hand extended towards 

3910
03:24:42,200 --> 03:24:44,000
me revealing a terror in her 
eyes. 

3911
03:24:44,000 --> 03:24:47,800
That was unrelated to campaign. 
Setbacks, this was an entirely 

3912
03:24:47,800 --> 03:24:51,700
different realm existing beyond 
the meticulously orchestrated 

3913
03:24:51,700 --> 03:24:54,500
realm of presidential, 
appearances and Democratic 

3914
03:24:54,500 --> 03:24:58,300
theater, The Secret Service 
agents were moving their 

3915
03:24:58,300 --> 03:25:00,800
position shifting with an 
urgency that suggested 

3916
03:25:00,800 --> 03:25:02,900
protocols, far removed from 
crowd control. 

3917
03:25:03,900 --> 03:25:08,500
Jackie what I try to say, but 
the words seemed to dissolve 

3918
03:25:08,500 --> 03:25:12,500
before, I could complete them. 
The plazas Acoustics which had 

3919
03:25:12,500 --> 03:25:14,600
so perfectly. 
Amplified, the crowds 

3920
03:25:14,600 --> 03:25:18,100
enthusiasm, just moments before.
Now carried sounds that belong 

3921
03:25:18,100 --> 03:25:19,800
to an entirely different kind of
event. 

3922
03:25:20,600 --> 03:25:23,800
The sounds of sharp reports 
screams and Chaos were 

3923
03:25:23,800 --> 03:25:26,200
reminiscent of a crisis rather 
than a celebration. 

3924
03:25:27,200 --> 03:25:30,300
The limousine which had been 
progressing with such stately 

3925
03:25:30,300 --> 03:25:33,400
Precision through the carefully.
Planned route was suddenly 

3926
03:25:33,400 --> 03:25:36,800
accelerating with desperate, 
urgency something far more 

3927
03:25:36,800 --> 03:25:39,400
primitive and immediate had 
replaced, the measured pace of 

3928
03:25:39,400 --> 03:25:42,600
political drama. 
Such Behavior was not part of 

3929
03:25:42,600 --> 03:25:45,300
any advanced teams calculations 
or security protocols. 

3930
03:25:45,300 --> 03:25:49,300
This was improvisation born of 
emergencies looking at Jackie's 

3931
03:25:49,300 --> 03:25:51,100
face. 
I finally understood that all my

3932
03:25:51,100 --> 03:25:54,700
careful analysis of crowd, 
composition Regional politics 

3933
03:25:54,700 --> 03:25:57,600
and electoral momentum. 
Had missed the most important 

3934
03:25:57,600 --> 03:26:01,500
element in entirely. 
Democracy wasn't just about 

3935
03:26:01,500 --> 03:26:03,600
engaged citizens and accessible 
government. 

3936
03:26:03,600 --> 03:26:07,200
It was all about the fundamental
fragility of the entire 

3937
03:26:07,200 --> 03:26:11,200
Enterprise individual decisions 
that existed in entirely outside

3938
03:26:11,200 --> 03:26:14,400
the systems assumptions. 
Could shatter the peaceful 

3939
03:26:14,400 --> 03:26:20,000
transfer of power The Texas Sun 
continued shining with the same.

3940
03:26:20,000 --> 03:26:23,600
Brilliant intensity. 
But everything at illuminated 

3941
03:26:23,600 --> 03:26:25,700
had changed in ways. 
I was only beginning to 

3942
03:26:25,700 --> 03:26:29,100
comprehend The crowds that had 
seemed so welcoming, so 

3943
03:26:29,100 --> 03:26:32,300
genuinely enthusiastic so 
representative of American 

3944
03:26:32,300 --> 03:26:35,200
democracy at its finest now, 
appeared different. 

3945
03:26:35,200 --> 03:26:36,800
Not hostile. 
Exactly. 

3946
03:26:36,800 --> 03:26:39,300
But powerless to prevent 
whatever was happening from 

3947
03:26:39,300 --> 03:26:42,300
continuing to happen. 
Jackie, get down, someone was 

3948
03:26:42,300 --> 03:26:44,400
yelling but the voice seemed to 
come from very far away. 

3949
03:26:44,400 --> 03:26:46,500
Even though I knew it must be 
closed. 

3950
03:26:46,500 --> 03:26:49,700
The careful, choreography of 
presidential movement had 

3951
03:26:49,700 --> 03:26:52,500
dissolved into something 
unscripted and uncontrolled. 

3952
03:26:52,500 --> 03:26:55,800
This was the kind of moment that
existed outside political 

3953
03:26:55,800 --> 03:26:59,200
planets, Beyond, security, 
protocols, past the reach of 

3954
03:26:59,200 --> 03:27:03,000
democratic institutions, the 
plaza, initially perceived as 

3955
03:27:03,000 --> 03:27:06,200
ideal for our objectives due to 
its natural Amphitheater. 

3956
03:27:06,200 --> 03:27:10,000
Excellent Acoustics and clear 
sightlines that promoted optimal

3957
03:27:10,000 --> 03:27:12,900
crowd interaction. 
Now manifested itself as a 

3958
03:27:12,900 --> 03:27:16,300
different entity. 
Geography that had facilitated 

3959
03:27:16,300 --> 03:27:19,300
political connection could have 
apparently serve other purposes 

3960
03:27:19,300 --> 03:27:22,000
as well purposes. 
That had nothing to do with 

3961
03:27:22,000 --> 03:27:24,500
Civic engagement or Democratic 
participation. 

3962
03:27:25,600 --> 03:27:28,000
In what felt like the last 
moment of clear thinking I might

3963
03:27:28,008 --> 03:27:31,600
have, I realize that history was
full of these sudden transitions

3964
03:27:31,600 --> 03:27:34,400
moments when everything that 
seems stable and predictable 

3965
03:27:34,400 --> 03:27:37,800
revealed itself to be far more 
fragile than anyone had 

3966
03:27:37,800 --> 03:27:41,400
imagined. 
Presidency American democracy 

3967
03:27:41,400 --> 03:27:44,500
and the entire elaborate system.
We'd all worked, so hard to 

3968
03:27:44,500 --> 03:27:46,900
maintain it. 
All depended on assumptions. 

3969
03:27:46,900 --> 03:27:49,600
That could be challenged by 
individual actions that existed 

3970
03:27:49,600 --> 03:27:51,500
entirely outside the system's 
logic. 

3971
03:27:52,500 --> 03:27:56,300
Jackie was now screaming and The
Pink Suit was spreading a warm 

3972
03:27:56,300 --> 03:27:58,800
glow. 
The moment we had experienced 

3973
03:27:58,800 --> 03:28:01,600
with such Precision was 
dissolving into something 

3974
03:28:01,600 --> 03:28:06,400
entirely, different something, 
real irreversible and Final. 

3975
03:28:07,200 --> 03:28:10,700
And as Consciousness began to 
fade, my last coherent thought 

3976
03:28:10,700 --> 03:28:13,100
was that the puns had finally 
stopped being funny. 

3977
03:28:13,100 --> 03:28:16,900
The conversation was no longer 
about political bullet's or 

3978
03:28:16,900 --> 03:28:20,000
campaign shots, or any of the 
military metaphors that filled 

3979
03:28:20,000 --> 03:28:23,300
up every day, political 
vocabulary, the conversation 

3980
03:28:23,300 --> 03:28:25,100
shifted to discussing actual 
bullets. 

3981
03:28:25,100 --> 03:28:28,900
Real shots, and genuine 
consequences that transcended 

3982
03:28:28,900 --> 03:28:32,100
near wordplay and wit. 
The perfect day for democracy 

3983
03:28:32,100 --> 03:28:35,400
was ending in the most imperfect
way imaginable and there would 

3984
03:28:35,400 --> 03:28:39,400
be no opportunity for revision. 
No chance for second takes and 

3985
03:28:39,400 --> 03:28:41,200
no possibility of political 
recovery. 

3986
03:28:42,300 --> 03:28:46,100
Unexpectedly some stories come 
to an end, the Texas sun was 

3987
03:28:46,100 --> 03:28:48,600
still burning. 
The crowds continued reacting 

3988
03:28:48,600 --> 03:28:51,500
and history continued moving 
forward into whatever came next 

3989
03:28:51,500 --> 03:28:53,800
but I would not be part of that 
continuation. 

3990
03:28:54,800 --> 03:28:57,300
It appeared that I'd already 
pinned the Final Chapter that. 

3991
03:28:57,300 --> 03:28:59,500
I remained oblivious to what was
going through my mind. 

3992
03:29:15,200 --> 03:29:18,400
Picture an early morning in the 
ancient Kingdom of Macedon. 

3993
03:29:18,400 --> 03:29:21,800
A hazy Dawn, light creeping over
the Rolling Hills and 

3994
03:29:21,800 --> 03:29:24,800
Illuminating. 
The stone walls of Pella the 

3995
03:29:24,800 --> 03:29:27,400
capital in the courtyard of the 
Royal Palace. 

3996
03:29:27,400 --> 03:29:30,700
A young prince takes measured 
steps across smooth. 

3997
03:29:30,700 --> 03:29:32,800
Flagstones still cool from the 
chill of night. 

3998
03:29:33,600 --> 03:29:36,400
He is Alexander. 
Son of King, Philip the second 

3999
03:29:36,400 --> 03:29:41,400
already restless with ambition. 
He stands No taller than any 

4000
03:29:41,400 --> 03:29:44,400
normal youth yet. 
There's a quiet intensity in his

4001
03:29:44,400 --> 03:29:47,200
gaze. 
Local gossip suggests he asks 

4002
03:29:47,200 --> 03:29:51,800
questions, no child his age 
should once about life death and

4003
03:29:51,800 --> 03:29:53,500
the boundaries of human 
capability. 

4004
03:29:53,500 --> 03:29:56,400
It's whispered that from the day
he first, saw the world. 

4005
03:29:57,200 --> 03:29:59,100
He's been driven by the desire 
to surpass. 

4006
03:29:59,100 --> 03:30:02,400
It Philip himself is not a 
particularly sentimental father,

4007
03:30:02,400 --> 03:30:06,100
he loves Alexander in his own 
way, yet the kingdom demands 

4008
03:30:06,100 --> 03:30:10,100
more attention than his son 
under King, Philip Macedon has 

4009
03:30:10,100 --> 03:30:13,100
become stronger, more organized,
and more dangerous to 

4010
03:30:13,100 --> 03:30:16,000
neighboring lands. 
Philip sees in Alexander the 

4011
03:30:16,008 --> 03:30:18,400
potential to carry on and expand
his work. 

4012
03:30:19,300 --> 03:30:21,700
He pushes the boy to study with 
the best tutors in all of 

4013
03:30:21,708 --> 03:30:25,000
Greece, ensuring a potent, blend
of Martial and intellectual 

4014
03:30:25,000 --> 03:30:28,200
preparation. 
Aristotle is one among many 

4015
03:30:28,200 --> 03:30:32,100
teachers, but uniquely revered. 
He nurtures Alexander's 

4016
03:30:32,100 --> 03:30:35,400
fascination with science 
philosophy and the fringes of 

4017
03:30:35,400 --> 03:30:37,700
knowledge. 
Lessons aren't wrote 

4018
03:30:37,700 --> 03:30:41,000
memorization, but dialogues full
of debates that test logic. 

4019
03:30:41,000 --> 03:30:44,600
And Stoke curiosity. 
This mental discipline shapes 

4020
03:30:44,600 --> 03:30:48,100
Alexander's sense of strategy 
and cunning the climate in the 

4021
03:30:48,100 --> 03:30:50,900
palace is complex. 
Every corner can hold a 

4022
03:30:50,900 --> 03:30:54,500
potential spy and each Dusty 
Corridor might Echo with rumors 

4023
03:30:54,500 --> 03:30:57,100
of betrayals and alliance's 
people. 

4024
03:30:57,100 --> 03:30:59,700
Talking low tones, about the 
tension between Philippine, his 

4025
03:30:59,700 --> 03:31:04,300
wife's Alexander's mother 
Olympia is as formidable in her 

4026
03:31:04,308 --> 03:31:07,700
own writers, any Soldier. 
Devout worshiper of the god 

4027
03:31:07,700 --> 03:31:10,800
Dionysus, she's rumored to 
participate in Midnight, rituals

4028
03:31:10,800 --> 03:31:15,000
involving serpents drums and an 
ecstatic communion with the 

4029
03:31:15,000 --> 03:31:18,200
Divine. 
Some say she is cunning even a 

4030
03:31:18,200 --> 03:31:21,000
dangerous influence on Alexander
yet to hear him. 

4031
03:31:21,008 --> 03:31:24,300
She has not the mysterious 
Priestess but the unwavering 

4032
03:31:24,300 --> 03:31:28,300
pillar of maternal warmth. 
Between Phillips, Stern 

4033
03:31:28,300 --> 03:31:30,300
discipline and Olympus is 
intense. 

4034
03:31:30,300 --> 03:31:35,800
Devotion, Alexander is shaped by
a certain Duality logic, wedded 

4035
03:31:35,800 --> 03:31:40,400
to the, mystical ambition Guided
by tradition, but emboldened by 

4036
03:31:40,400 --> 03:31:44,400
dreams of grandeur From an early
age, Alexander's thirst for the 

4037
03:31:44,408 --> 03:31:47,200
glory Finds. 
Its first real test in the 

4038
03:31:47,200 --> 03:31:50,600
Stables of his father, Legend 
has it that when he encounters a

4039
03:31:50,600 --> 03:31:54,300
spirited Black Stallion named 
bucephalus the horse refuses to 

4040
03:31:54,300 --> 03:31:56,600
Be Tamed by any of Philips, most
capable men. 

4041
03:31:56,600 --> 03:32:00,400
They try, they fail and the 
Beast is ready to be dismissed. 

4042
03:32:01,300 --> 03:32:04,000
But young, Alexander notices, 
the animals fear of its own 

4043
03:32:04,000 --> 03:32:08,500
shadow patiently, he coaxes be 
surface to face the Sun away 

4044
03:32:08,500 --> 03:32:11,100
from the silhouette that spooked
him in minutes. 

4045
03:32:11,100 --> 03:32:14,200
The horses, calm and Alexander 
ride him without protest. 

4046
03:32:14,200 --> 03:32:19,000
Observers watch stunned, as the 
boy demonstrates, a combination 

4047
03:32:19,000 --> 03:32:22,700
of empathy and Ingenuity that 
even seasoned, Horseman lack. 

4048
03:32:23,500 --> 03:32:26,900
From that moment youthfulness, 
become a living extension of 

4049
03:32:26,900 --> 03:32:30,500
Alexander a half wild mirror to 
his own Fierce spirit. 

4050
03:32:31,400 --> 03:32:34,600
In the Macedonian Court. 
No virtue stands about the 

4051
03:32:34,600 --> 03:32:38,200
ability to wage war and art, 
requiring both brilliant and 

4052
03:32:38,200 --> 03:32:41,200
brute strength. 
Alexander's basic training 

4053
03:32:41,200 --> 03:32:44,600
begins filled with the typical 
rigors sprinting, uphill 

4054
03:32:44,600 --> 03:32:47,700
wrestling, in Dusty Arenas and 
drilling with weapons under the 

4055
03:32:47,700 --> 03:32:49,400
unrelenting heat of the Summer 
sun. 

4056
03:32:49,400 --> 03:32:52,700
Yet his father insists. 
He also mastered oratory the 

4057
03:32:52,700 --> 03:32:55,900
skill to sway hearts with words 
is as valuable in forging 

4058
03:32:55,900 --> 03:32:58,700
alliances as a sharp and spear 
is in battle. 

4059
03:32:59,300 --> 03:33:01,100
Philip knows that to conquer new
lands. 

4060
03:33:01,100 --> 03:33:03,600
You need to win people's Faith 
or Kindle, Their Fear. 

4061
03:33:04,300 --> 03:33:07,800
Alexander even as a teenager 
shows promise in both Realms 

4062
03:33:07,800 --> 03:33:10,600
before he ever lifts a sword in 
Earnest combat. 

4063
03:33:10,600 --> 03:33:13,100
He has already convinced many of
his peers. 

4064
03:33:13,100 --> 03:33:17,300
He is destined for greatness. at
night, after the strenuous 

4065
03:33:17,300 --> 03:33:20,800
training and political chatter, 
Alexander retreats to the Palace

4066
03:33:20,800 --> 03:33:24,400
Library, He paused over Scrolls,
describing the achievements of 

4067
03:33:24,400 --> 03:33:27,900
Legendary Heroes. 
Achilles, most of all, When 

4068
03:33:27,900 --> 03:33:31,200
Alexander reads the stories, he 
doesn't see them as Dusty 

4069
03:33:31,200 --> 03:33:33,100
relics. 
But as signposts of what is 

4070
03:33:33,100 --> 03:33:37,200
possible, every Triumph of 
Achilles, every cunning maneuver

4071
03:33:37,200 --> 03:33:41,200
of a disease, becomes a clue to 
his own destiny yet, he's not 

4072
03:33:41,200 --> 03:33:43,100
content to just mirror these 
Heroes. 

4073
03:33:43,100 --> 03:33:47,200
He wants to Eclipse that to 
inscribe his own feet into the 

4074
03:33:47,200 --> 03:33:50,000
tapestry of myths in his private
moments. 

4075
03:33:50,000 --> 03:33:52,400
He contemplates the ephemeral 
nature of life. 

4076
03:33:52,400 --> 03:33:54,500
He wonders. 
How many will remember him after

4077
03:33:54,500 --> 03:33:57,200
centuries of past. 
This conclusion is always the 

4078
03:33:57,200 --> 03:33:59,800
same only through extraordinary 
Deeds. 

4079
03:33:59,800 --> 03:34:03,600
Can one transcend mortality? 
So from the vantage point of 

4080
03:34:03,600 --> 03:34:07,000
pillars Palace, we see the 
formative years of a conqueror. 

4081
03:34:07,000 --> 03:34:11,200
In the making the forces shaping
Alexander's character are as 

4082
03:34:11,200 --> 03:34:13,900
varied as the lands. 
He will one day Traverse the 

4083
03:34:13,900 --> 03:34:17,100
unwavering discipline from King 
Philip the fierce spiritual 

4084
03:34:17,100 --> 03:34:20,200
intensity from Olympia, the 
philosophical grounding from 

4085
03:34:20,200 --> 03:34:23,500
Aristotle and the burning 
ambition stoked by Legends of 

4086
03:34:23,500 --> 03:34:27,500
Warriors passed already. 
He's begun forging a path that 

4087
03:34:27,500 --> 03:34:30,600
few in the Greek World. 
Indeed the entire Known World 

4088
03:34:30,600 --> 03:34:33,700
can envision he's not simply an 
heir to a throne. 

4089
03:34:33,700 --> 03:34:37,300
He sees himself as the living 
manifestation of a myth destined

4090
03:34:37,300 --> 03:34:40,900
to break the boundaries of what 
Macedon or any Kingdom believes 

4091
03:34:40,900 --> 03:34:43,000
is possible. 
Life in Macedon. 

4092
03:34:43,000 --> 03:34:46,600
Even for a prince is precarious.
The hallways of the palace Buzz,

4093
03:34:46,600 --> 03:34:49,700
with potential treachery 
assassin's lurking in the 

4094
03:34:49,700 --> 03:34:52,700
shadows and cunning allies who 
are only as loyal as their 

4095
03:34:52,700 --> 03:34:56,900
opportunities demand every so 
often tensions flare between 

4096
03:34:56,900 --> 03:34:59,400
Philip and the aristocracy some 
resent. 

4097
03:34:59,400 --> 03:35:02,400
The king's bold military, 
reforms believing he is 

4098
03:35:02,400 --> 03:35:05,900
gradually dismantling old tribal
structures that wants to find 

4099
03:35:05,900 --> 03:35:09,000
Macedonia and life. 
Others fear that while building 

4100
03:35:09,000 --> 03:35:10,700
alliances with Greek 
city-states. 

4101
03:35:11,400 --> 03:35:15,100
Philip risks losing the distinct
identity of Macedon itself. 

4102
03:35:15,100 --> 03:35:19,900
Young, Alexander absorbing these
concerns learns early that power

4103
03:35:19,900 --> 03:35:23,100
can be fickle. 
Even the mightiest monarchy can 

4104
03:35:23,100 --> 03:35:25,800
topple under the weight of 
ambition, both from within and 

4105
03:35:25,800 --> 03:35:28,700
Beyond The Palace walls Beyond 
politics. 

4106
03:35:28,700 --> 03:35:31,100
Alexander wrestles, with 
internal doubt. 

4107
03:35:31,100 --> 03:35:34,700
Yes, he is fearless on a 
charging horse, but the 

4108
03:35:34,700 --> 03:35:37,600
responsibilities overshadowing 
him far greater. 

4109
03:35:37,600 --> 03:35:41,600
There's a hidden conflict often 
and spoken between Father and 

4110
03:35:41,600 --> 03:35:45,800
Son Philip expects gratitude for
all he provides training. 

4111
03:35:45,800 --> 03:35:51,300
A stable Empire connections. 
But Alexander Yarns to chart his

4112
03:35:51,300 --> 03:35:54,400
own course, and satisfied by 
mere inheritance. 

4113
03:35:55,300 --> 03:35:58,500
He wants to carve out something 
unprecedented and Empire, 

4114
03:35:58,500 --> 03:36:00,000
bridging cultures, and 
continents. 

4115
03:36:00,900 --> 03:36:02,700
Sometimes it feels like the 
older generation. 

4116
03:36:02,700 --> 03:36:06,000
Just wants to secure Mass owns 
local Dominion, while 

4117
03:36:06,000 --> 03:36:08,800
Alexander's, private Vision 
stretches across the Horizon. 

4118
03:36:08,800 --> 03:36:13,200
He doesn't articulate it yet. 
But deep within the seeds of 

4119
03:36:13,200 --> 03:36:14,600
Conquest already. 
Take root. 

4120
03:36:15,500 --> 03:36:19,200
To outside asadon can feel 
rugged compared to the refined 

4121
03:36:19,200 --> 03:36:23,100
city-states of Southern Greece. 
Athenians and Spartans might 

4122
03:36:23,100 --> 03:36:26,900
sneer at Macedonian barbarism. 
But Philip has proven that 

4123
03:36:26,900 --> 03:36:30,400
macedon's might lie in an 
organized Army led by Fierce 

4124
03:36:30,400 --> 03:36:32,700
leadership. 
Alexander sees the 

4125
03:36:32,700 --> 03:36:35,500
Transformations, the Phalanx 
formation, perfected, 

4126
03:36:35,500 --> 03:36:40,100
discipline, enforced, a new 
Siege Technologies tested. he 

4127
03:36:40,100 --> 03:36:42,700
trained alongside hardened 
veterans who share stories of 

4128
03:36:42,700 --> 03:36:46,500
battles fought against 
formidable, foes Growing up amid

4129
03:36:46,500 --> 03:36:49,600
soldiers, banter, Alexander 
learns, not only the physical, 

4130
03:36:49,600 --> 03:36:53,400
the demands of combat. 
But also how morale, fear and 

4131
03:36:53,400 --> 03:36:56,300
loyalty can determine outcomes 
before the first Arrow even 

4132
03:36:56,300 --> 03:36:59,500
flies? 
Around this time Alexander is 

4133
03:36:59,500 --> 03:37:03,400
invited to visit Athens with his
father, despite any mocking 

4134
03:37:03,400 --> 03:37:05,900
glances from local 
intellectuals, he admires the 

4135
03:37:05,908 --> 03:37:09,400
marble columns, the bustling of 
Gore and the philosophical 

4136
03:37:09,400 --> 03:37:11,600
debates that spill out onto 
street corners. 

4137
03:37:12,600 --> 03:37:15,900
The famed city as a living 
Monument to human achievement in

4138
03:37:15,900 --> 03:37:20,700
art and reason yet, it also 
teams with political tensions, a

4139
03:37:20,700 --> 03:37:22,600
sense of friction between 
progress and tradition. 

4140
03:37:23,500 --> 03:37:26,900
Walking those storied streets. 
Alexander Muses that controlling

4141
03:37:26,900 --> 03:37:28,900
a city as far. 
More than just occupying its 

4142
03:37:28,900 --> 03:37:31,200
walls. 
You must win over its Spirit, 

4143
03:37:31,200 --> 03:37:35,500
its sense of cultural Pride. 
Keeps that Insight close, 

4144
03:37:35,500 --> 03:37:37,500
suspecting. 
He'll one day need it. 

4145
03:37:38,400 --> 03:37:42,500
Yet tragedy and strife soon 
converge as they so often do in 

4146
03:37:42,500 --> 03:37:46,100
the ancient world. 
Word spreads of plots against 

4147
03:37:46,100 --> 03:37:49,800
Philip, some revolve around 
former allies, who feel slighted

4148
03:37:49,800 --> 03:37:52,800
by the king's conquests or 
suspect he's grown, too bold. 

4149
03:37:53,500 --> 03:37:56,800
Alexander stands on the 
periphery and certain whether he

4150
03:37:56,800 --> 03:38:00,500
should intervene afraid that any
misstep might implicate him as a

4151
03:38:00,500 --> 03:38:05,300
conspirator, the tension boils 
over during a grand ceremony one

4152
03:38:05,300 --> 03:38:07,400
that should have been a pinnacle
of Philips prestige. 

4153
03:38:08,300 --> 03:38:12,300
In a sudden and shocking moment 
and assassin, plunges, a blade 

4154
03:38:12,300 --> 03:38:17,300
into the king, the crowd, gasps 
the king of Macedon Unstoppable,

4155
03:38:17,300 --> 03:38:20,800
in battle Falls victim to a 
single thrust in the confusion 

4156
03:38:20,800 --> 03:38:24,700
of the celebration chaos, erupts
with bystanders, scattering and 

4157
03:38:24,700 --> 03:38:26,700
guards rushing forward within 
minutes. 

4158
03:38:26,700 --> 03:38:30,600
The Assassin lies dead. 
But the damage is done Philip's,

4159
03:38:30,600 --> 03:38:33,800
lifeblood seeps into the dirt 
and massive on stands at a 

4160
03:38:33,800 --> 03:38:36,500
precipice. 
Alexander is thrust into an 

4161
03:38:36,500 --> 03:38:40,700
unexpected yet. 
Almost inevitable position at 

4162
03:38:40,700 --> 03:38:43,400
age 20 with the kingdom newly 
crowned upon his head. 

4163
03:38:43,400 --> 03:38:47,300
He must stabilize his realm, 
some friends, Rejoice convinced,

4164
03:38:47,300 --> 03:38:51,600
this is his Destiny, others 
waiting in anticipation, unsure 

4165
03:38:51,600 --> 03:38:55,000
if the fledgling Monarch can 
hold the reins fractious Lords, 

4166
03:38:55,000 --> 03:38:58,100
sent an opening for 
Independence, rival city states,

4167
03:38:58,100 --> 03:39:00,400
begin murmuring about retaking 
lost territory. 

4168
03:39:01,200 --> 03:39:04,200
Even within Macedon. 
Old grudges resurfaced. 

4169
03:39:04,900 --> 03:39:09,000
All eyes fix on the new king who
must assert control with the 

4170
03:39:09,000 --> 03:39:13,300
same decisiveness as his father.
Or face disintegration of all 

4171
03:39:13,300 --> 03:39:16,300
that has been built. 
One of his first orders is 

4172
03:39:16,300 --> 03:39:20,300
brutal and direct subdue. 
Any potential revolts in a swift

4173
03:39:20,300 --> 03:39:23,700
campaign, Alexander and his 
loyal companions quell 

4174
03:39:23,700 --> 03:39:26,700
insurrections, sometimes 
responding with shocking 

4175
03:39:26,700 --> 03:39:29,300
severity. 
Towns that challenge him. 

4176
03:39:29,300 --> 03:39:31,900
Learn the cost of defiance as 
you raise his structures and 

4177
03:39:31,900 --> 03:39:35,800
exact harsh penalties. 
These measures while seemingly 

4178
03:39:35,800 --> 03:39:39,300
cruel do confirm a crucial fact.
The throne is not vacant. 

4179
03:39:39,300 --> 03:39:43,400
Alexander wields power with an 
iron determination that matches.

4180
03:39:43,400 --> 03:39:47,500
And at times, surpasses 
Philip's, yet behind the stern 

4181
03:39:47,500 --> 03:39:49,700
facade, there's a flicker of 
deeper purpose. 

4182
03:39:49,700 --> 03:39:53,300
Alexander doesn't want to be the
typical Monarch who rules merely

4183
03:39:53,300 --> 03:39:57,600
out of fear, Yarns to unite, to 
be recognized, not just as a 

4184
03:39:57,600 --> 03:40:01,000
conqueror but as a Visionary 
leader, who can guide disparate 

4185
03:40:01,000 --> 03:40:04,700
people's towards something 
grander In the midst of stamping

4186
03:40:04,700 --> 03:40:07,900
out, rebellion's, Alexander 
turns his eyes back to the Greek

4187
03:40:07,900 --> 03:40:10,400
city-states. 
Many think him too young to 

4188
03:40:10,400 --> 03:40:13,100
command their respect and till 
he arrives at Thebes. 

4189
03:40:13,100 --> 03:40:17,000
The city had rebelled Perhaps 
assuming the new King was 

4190
03:40:17,000 --> 03:40:21,500
inexperience in an audacious 
move, Alexander's troops storm, 

4191
03:40:21,500 --> 03:40:25,800
thieves quickly, unleashing 
severe punishment while horrific

4192
03:40:25,800 --> 03:40:28,300
to watch it. 
Samantha realization across 

4193
03:40:28,300 --> 03:40:31,300
Greece. 
This is no malleable successor, 

4194
03:40:31,300 --> 03:40:35,800
if Alexander is tested, he will 
respond forcefully, the 

4195
03:40:35,800 --> 03:40:38,500
punishment, also sends a 
cautionary note to Athens and 

4196
03:40:38,500 --> 03:40:42,300
others tempted to break. 
Alliances diplomacy Alexander 

4197
03:40:42,300 --> 03:40:45,700
understands can be on 
intimidation as well as flattery

4198
03:40:45,700 --> 03:40:49,600
by the time, the dust settles. 
The name Alexander already rings

4199
03:40:49,600 --> 03:40:53,000
with fear across rebellious 
enclaves and resonates with 

4200
03:40:53,000 --> 03:40:56,700
respect among loyal allies. 
In fewer than two years. 

4201
03:40:56,700 --> 03:41:01,100
He consolidates macedonia's hold
over Greece, earning recognition

4202
03:41:01,100 --> 03:41:03,200
as the de facto hegemon of the 
region. 

4203
03:41:04,000 --> 03:41:07,600
Yet rather than rest on these 
Laurels Alexander looks East. 

4204
03:41:07,900 --> 03:41:11,800
Where the vast Persian Empire 
sprawls, the memory of previous 

4205
03:41:11,800 --> 03:41:13,700
Greek. 
Persian conflicts looms, large, 

4206
03:41:13,700 --> 03:41:17,100
but Alexander imagines, more 
than a retaliatory, strike 

4207
03:41:17,100 --> 03:41:20,300
rumors swirl that he sees an 
Empire Beyond the Horizon. 

4208
03:41:20,300 --> 03:41:24,500
A chance to bring Greek culture 
into a new world, if he can 

4209
03:41:24,500 --> 03:41:28,600
muster the daring to seize it. 
And so in the hush of late 

4210
03:41:28,600 --> 03:41:30,400
evening, he prepares to set in 
motion, one of the most 

4211
03:41:30,400 --> 03:41:33,400
extraordinary military campaigns
recorded in the annals of 

4212
03:41:33,400 --> 03:41:35,900
History. 
The war drums, beat in the 

4213
03:41:35,908 --> 03:41:38,000
hearts of those who follow 
Alexander Eastwood. 

4214
03:41:38,000 --> 03:41:41,300
It's more than just ambition or 
revenge for past Persian 

4215
03:41:41,300 --> 03:41:43,900
aggression. 
For many, it feels like a holy 

4216
03:41:43,900 --> 03:41:46,800
cause to punish the Empire that 
once threatened, Greek freedom, 

4217
03:41:46,800 --> 03:41:51,000
but Alexander's goals surpass 
mere retribution, Standing at 

4218
03:41:51,000 --> 03:41:53,300
the Hella spots Edge, where 
Europe meets Asia. 

4219
03:41:53,300 --> 03:41:57,700
He performs symbolic rituals 
before Crossing Tossing, a spear

4220
03:41:57,700 --> 03:42:00,800
onto the Asian shore. 
He allegedly proclaims the land 

4221
03:42:00,800 --> 03:42:05,200
to be won by the spear. 
It's a blend of theater and 

4222
03:42:05,200 --> 03:42:08,500
conviction carefully calculated 
to United's troops. 

4223
03:42:08,500 --> 03:42:10,500
With the sense that Destiny 
itself. 

4224
03:42:10,500 --> 03:42:14,000
Beckons them forward. 
The Persian Empire stretching 

4225
03:42:14,000 --> 03:42:17,400
from the Aegean Sea to. 
The Indus Valley has Wealth 

4226
03:42:17,400 --> 03:42:20,900
Beyond imagination. 
Its roads like lifelines, 

4227
03:42:20,900 --> 03:42:24,900
connect distant provinces 
governed by satraps Alexander's 

4228
03:42:24,900 --> 03:42:28,000
Army though. 
Battle hardened pales in sheer 

4229
03:42:28,000 --> 03:42:30,900
numbers compared to the Persian 
forces but he counts on 

4230
03:42:30,908 --> 03:42:31,800
something. 
Intangible. 

4231
03:42:31,800 --> 03:42:35,600
The belief that each Macedonian 
Soldier is part of a historical 

4232
03:42:35,600 --> 03:42:38,600
Quest Logistics. 
Become the Silent Partner of 

4233
03:42:38,600 --> 03:42:42,300
this ambition, the organizes 
supply lines, Secours. 

4234
03:42:42,300 --> 03:42:45,400
Local alliances where possible 
and ensures his men remain 

4235
03:42:45,400 --> 03:42:48,700
disciplined rewarded and mindful
of the stakes. 

4236
03:42:48,700 --> 03:42:51,000
A Loosely knit Coalition of 
Greek. 

4237
03:42:51,000 --> 03:42:55,300
Allies joined him some of 
genuine admiration others out of

4238
03:42:55,300 --> 03:42:57,000
fear of Retribution. 
Should they refuse? 

4239
03:42:58,500 --> 03:43:01,800
The first major engagement a 
confrontation at the granquist 

4240
03:43:01,800 --> 03:43:04,100
river. 
Alexander's metal against 

4241
03:43:04,100 --> 03:43:09,100
Persian satraps, Cavalry Charges
Spears glinting in the sun churn

4242
03:43:09,100 --> 03:43:10,900
the Muddy Banks on the 
battlefield. 

4243
03:43:12,300 --> 03:43:14,200
Alexander fights at the 
Forefront. 

4244
03:43:14,200 --> 03:43:17,500
Disregarding the protective 
distance that many generals 

4245
03:43:17,500 --> 03:43:21,400
maintained he trusts in his 
skill and the Loyalty of the men

4246
03:43:21,400 --> 03:43:24,500
around him though. 
Pinned down at one point, he 

4247
03:43:24,500 --> 03:43:27,700
narrowly escapes, a fatal blow. 
Thanks to a timely intervention 

4248
03:43:27,700 --> 03:43:31,700
by a commander, the macedonians 
push forward turning the tide, 

4249
03:43:31,700 --> 03:43:35,300
the Persians momentarily, 
disorganized retreat. 

4250
03:43:36,200 --> 03:43:38,900
Their Swift defeat rattles the 
Empire's Western flank. 

4251
03:43:38,900 --> 03:43:41,200
The rumor spreads the 
Alexander's boldness on the 

4252
03:43:41,200 --> 03:43:44,100
battlefield is as fearsome as 
his father's had been in the 

4253
03:43:44,100 --> 03:43:47,000
realm of politics victories. 
Follow in Rapid succession. 

4254
03:43:47,000 --> 03:43:50,500
Alexander's strategy is not 
merely about smashing through 

4255
03:43:50,500 --> 03:43:53,300
defenses but also about 
presenting himself as a 

4256
03:43:53,300 --> 03:43:57,000
liberator to Greek cities under 
Persian rule He spares those 

4257
03:43:57,000 --> 03:44:00,100
willing to cooperate, displaying
a surprise level of Mercy 

4258
03:44:00,100 --> 03:44:03,100
towards some towns. 
This balanced approach 

4259
03:44:03,100 --> 03:44:06,300
undercuts, Persian Authority, 
and encourages local 

4260
03:44:06,300 --> 03:44:09,300
population's, to accept his 
leadership with fewer of elians.

4261
03:44:09,300 --> 03:44:12,900
It also cultivates, a sense of 
moral justification among his 

4262
03:44:12,900 --> 03:44:15,200
troops. 
They aren't mere Invaders 

4263
03:44:15,200 --> 03:44:17,000
others. 
They are freeing these 

4264
03:44:17,000 --> 03:44:19,400
territories. 
At least that's the story told 

4265
03:44:19,400 --> 03:44:22,700
in Macedonian campfires and 
official Proclamation still, 

4266
03:44:22,700 --> 03:44:24,400
there are instances of 
calculated cruelty. 

4267
03:44:25,500 --> 03:44:27,900
When a city defies him, he 
doesn't hesitate to unleash. 

4268
03:44:27,900 --> 03:44:31,600
The terror of Siege Warfare 
employing Advanced Siege engines

4269
03:44:31,600 --> 03:44:34,800
learned from Philips campaigns 
walls crumble families. 

4270
03:44:34,800 --> 03:44:38,000
Flee, if the Defenders still 
refused to surrender, the 

4271
03:44:38,000 --> 03:44:41,300
aftermath is Dyer. 
The memory of Thieves resonates 

4272
03:44:41,300 --> 03:44:44,200
Disobedience to Alexander, 
carries a dire cost. 

4273
03:44:44,200 --> 03:44:47,600
Yet what emerges is a pattern of
caution among local rulers? 

4274
03:44:48,300 --> 03:44:50,400
An increasingly. 
They waste submission as the 

4275
03:44:50,400 --> 03:44:53,700
safer path. 
While forging ahead, Alexander 

4276
03:44:53,700 --> 03:44:57,200
exemplifies a curious mind. 
Local environments. 

4277
03:44:57,200 --> 03:45:02,200
Flora and fauna Fascinate him. 
He consults with his retinue of 

4278
03:45:02,200 --> 03:45:05,300
Scholars, describing new animal 
species, in letters to 

4279
03:45:05,300 --> 03:45:08,200
Aristotle, his bond with abuse 
remained. 

4280
03:45:08,200 --> 03:45:11,700
Strong the horse Galloping 
across unfamiliar planes as 

4281
03:45:11,700 --> 03:45:14,100
though, both man and Beast are 
discovering their Destinies 

4282
03:45:14,100 --> 03:45:16,200
together. 
And as the Army advances, 

4283
03:45:16,200 --> 03:45:19,600
forging New Roads, bridging 
Ravines, setting up Supply 

4284
03:45:19,600 --> 03:45:22,900
Depots, Alexander Insurance. 
Each step is methodically 

4285
03:45:22,900 --> 03:45:25,400
prepared for the next 
confrontation with Persian might

4286
03:45:26,300 --> 03:45:29,400
The Turning Point Looms in an 
expansive plain near the city of

4287
03:45:29,408 --> 03:45:32,800
Isis here. 
Darius the third, the Persian 

4288
03:45:32,800 --> 03:45:35,500
king of kings personally leads a
massive Force. 

4289
03:45:35,500 --> 03:45:39,600
The disparity in numbers is 
staggering, Alexander must rely 

4290
03:45:39,600 --> 03:45:42,400
on the discipline, Macedonian 
Phalanx, and cunning Cavalry 

4291
03:45:42,400 --> 03:45:46,500
Maneuvers before the battle 
tension grips, his soldiers, 

4292
03:45:46,500 --> 03:45:49,400
they face an emperor whose 
domain an army dwarfed, their 

4293
03:45:49,408 --> 03:45:53,900
own, Alexander never missing an 
opportunity for theater walks 

4294
03:45:53,900 --> 03:45:57,300
through his Camp, greeting 
individual soldiers, sharing a 

4295
03:45:57,300 --> 03:46:00,200
brief word of confidence. 
He underscores that they fight, 

4296
03:46:00,200 --> 03:46:03,300
not just for Macedon, but for 
Greece and for a place in the 

4297
03:46:03,300 --> 03:46:07,600
annals of Glory morale saws, it 
said that a single Warrior 

4298
03:46:07,600 --> 03:46:10,900
burning with faith in Victory 
can fight like three and 

4299
03:46:10,900 --> 03:46:13,700
Alexander aims to ensure that 
each Soldier feels that horse 

4300
03:46:13,700 --> 03:46:15,600
flame. 
Once the horn signal, the 

4301
03:46:15,600 --> 03:46:19,700
charged dust clouds enveloped 
the plane javelin's fly swords 

4302
03:46:19,700 --> 03:46:21,800
clash and war. 
Cries mix with the clamor of 

4303
03:46:21,808 --> 03:46:24,400
shields. 
Alexander targets, the heart of 

4304
03:46:24,400 --> 03:46:26,700
the Persian line seeking to 
unnerve. 

4305
03:46:26,700 --> 03:46:30,600
Darius himself rumor has it that
during the most critical moments

4306
03:46:30,600 --> 03:46:34,000
Alexander and Darius lock eyes 
across the chaos. 

4307
03:46:34,000 --> 03:46:38,100
Darius singing the Relentless 
approach loses his nerve and 

4308
03:46:38,108 --> 03:46:41,500
flees the battlefield suddenly 
the king's personal guard 

4309
03:46:41,500 --> 03:46:45,800
disperses and the Persian ranks 
crumble, Victory belongs to 

4310
03:46:45,800 --> 03:46:49,800
Alexander, who captures not only
the field, but also the family 

4311
03:46:49,800 --> 03:46:53,200
of Darius, his mother wife and 
children. 

4312
03:46:54,100 --> 03:46:58,500
Remarkably he treats them with 
respect, the calculated move to 

4313
03:46:58,500 --> 03:47:02,200
demonstrate both the magnanimity
and his sense of kingship if he 

4314
03:47:02,200 --> 03:47:05,600
is to succeed in ruling Persian 
lands, he must show that he can 

4315
03:47:05,600 --> 03:47:09,700
protect as well as conquer. 
After Isis, Alexander's star 

4316
03:47:09,700 --> 03:47:12,300
Rises among his own troops. 
While the Persian Empire 

4317
03:47:12,300 --> 03:47:15,600
grapples with uncertainty 
cities, open, their Gates more 

4318
03:47:15,600 --> 03:47:19,300
quickly satraps, waste switching
sides or forging secret deals 

4319
03:47:19,300 --> 03:47:21,400
and that the myth of Persian 
invincibility. 

4320
03:47:21,400 --> 03:47:26,200
Splinter's still Darius remains 
at large and the Empire endures 

4321
03:47:26,200 --> 03:47:29,600
like a Hydra cutting off one 
head doesn't necessarily kill 

4322
03:47:29,600 --> 03:47:33,800
the beast but for Alexander Isis
is proof that no odds are too 

4323
03:47:33,808 --> 03:47:37,000
great when our armed with 
discipline daring and a bit of 

4324
03:47:37,000 --> 03:47:39,800
Destiny. 
The next chapter of his campaign

4325
03:47:39,800 --> 03:47:43,200
will test him in deserts on the 
high seas and within the 

4326
03:47:43,200 --> 03:47:47,300
labyrinth, in politics of an 
Empire older than itself yet. 

4327
03:47:47,300 --> 03:47:51,100
One fact emerges unmistakably, 
the young king from the rugged 

4328
03:47:51,100 --> 03:47:54,900
North is rewriting the map of 
the known world and he has just 

4329
03:47:54,900 --> 03:47:58,100
begun In the aftermath of the 
battle of Isis. 

4330
03:47:58,100 --> 03:48:01,600
The Macedonian army marches 
Southward drawn toward the 

4331
03:48:01,600 --> 03:48:04,400
wealthy and strategic coastal 
cities of phenicia. 

4332
03:48:04,400 --> 03:48:07,700
The broad objective is clear 
secure, the Eastern 

4333
03:48:07,700 --> 03:48:10,500
Mediterranean ports, and deny 
the Persian Fleet any safe 

4334
03:48:10,500 --> 03:48:13,000
harbors. 
City by City, Alexander 

4335
03:48:13,000 --> 03:48:16,200
negotiates or procedures or 
fostering alliances with those 

4336
03:48:16,200 --> 03:48:19,800
who bow voluntarily and 
subduing, those who resist, at 

4337
03:48:19,800 --> 03:48:22,900
the city of Tyre perched on an 
island with towering walls, 

4338
03:48:22,900 --> 03:48:27,100
Alexander meets one of his most 
formidable sieges yet tires, 

4339
03:48:27,100 --> 03:48:30,500
Defenders mock the macedonians 
convinced that their Fortress Is

4340
03:48:30,500 --> 03:48:33,700
impregnable protected by the 
shimmering blue Waters around 

4341
03:48:33,700 --> 03:48:35,500
it. 
Unfazed. 

4342
03:48:35,500 --> 03:48:38,200
Alexander orders the 
construction of a massive 

4343
03:48:38,200 --> 03:48:41,700
Causeway stretching from the 
mainland to the island day by 

4344
03:48:41,708 --> 03:48:43,700
day. 
The land bridge inches forward. 

4345
03:48:43,700 --> 03:48:47,200
Built from Timber and Rubble 
tires Defenders, Hill, blazing, 

4346
03:48:47,200 --> 03:48:50,500
projectiles, and Stage daring 
Naval raids, inflicting 

4347
03:48:50,500 --> 03:48:53,600
casualties Still Alexander's 
men. 

4348
03:48:53,600 --> 03:48:58,000
Persist the siege of Tyre drags 
on for months and agonizing test

4349
03:48:58,000 --> 03:49:01,700
of perseverance in engineering. 
To motivate his frustrated 

4350
03:49:01,700 --> 03:49:04,100
troops, Alexander personally 
joins. 

4351
03:49:04,100 --> 03:49:07,500
The construction shoulders 
loaded with materials as though 

4352
03:49:07,500 --> 03:49:11,200
he were an ordinary laborer. 
Sweat mingling with dust on his 

4353
03:49:11,200 --> 03:49:13,300
brow. 
This spectacle of shared 

4354
03:49:13,300 --> 03:49:16,600
hardship, stiffens their resolve
forging a deeper Bond, 

4355
03:49:16,600 --> 03:49:21,700
eventually, Macedonian Siege 
engines, batter tires walls, the

4356
03:49:21,700 --> 03:49:25,300
city Falls unleashing, a bloody 
aftermath that once again, 

4357
03:49:25,300 --> 03:49:28,300
underscores Alexander's. 
Ruthless approach when denied a 

4358
03:49:28,300 --> 03:49:32,000
swift Victory, the causeway left
behind in the sea stands. 

4359
03:49:32,000 --> 03:49:34,400
As a testament to his unbending 
will to succeed. 

4360
03:49:35,300 --> 03:49:39,600
From Tire Alexander's, gaze 
shifts to Egypt, the Egyptians 

4361
03:49:39,600 --> 03:49:42,700
long subjugated, by Persia, see 
an opening in the young 

4362
03:49:42,700 --> 03:49:44,900
conquerors approach. 
Pain. 

4363
03:49:44,900 --> 03:49:48,200
Arrivel. 
Alexander his an Invader and 

4364
03:49:48,200 --> 03:49:52,800
more as a liberator welcomed 
with procession and offering the

4365
03:49:52,800 --> 03:49:57,100
famed City of Memphis, opens, 
its Gates, and Alexander visits 

4366
03:49:57,100 --> 03:50:00,300
its Temple's. 
He's fascinated by the age-old, 

4367
03:50:00,300 --> 03:50:04,100
rituals the Colossal statues of 
the Gods and the Labyrinth theme

4368
03:50:04,100 --> 03:50:07,100
law for some his admiration 
might seem an act. 

4369
03:50:07,100 --> 03:50:09,800
Another shrewd political plaid 
win hearts. 

4370
03:50:09,800 --> 03:50:13,300
That Alexander truly finds one 
during the cultural richness. 

4371
03:50:13,300 --> 03:50:16,800
He encounters since the 
importance of Egyptian beliefs, 

4372
03:50:16,800 --> 03:50:19,900
he visits the Oracle of a moon 
at SeaWorld traversing, desert 

4373
03:50:19,900 --> 03:50:23,800
expanses Legends suggest that in
the hush of the sanctuary, the 

4374
03:50:23,800 --> 03:50:25,800
Oracle addresses him as the son 
of a god. 

4375
03:50:26,600 --> 03:50:29,300
The exact words remain hidden in
the desert silence. 

4376
03:50:29,300 --> 03:50:33,000
But from that day on Alexander's
conviction, in his Divine 

4377
03:50:33,000 --> 03:50:36,300
Destiny, intensifies. 
Seizing this momentum. 

4378
03:50:36,300 --> 03:50:40,400
He founds the city of Alexandria
on Egypt's Mediterranean Coast. 

4379
03:50:40,400 --> 03:50:42,500
His future capital in the 
region. 

4380
03:50:42,500 --> 03:50:46,200
Alexander envisions it. 
As a bustling hub for trade 

4381
03:50:46,200 --> 03:50:50,500
culture and philosophy. 
He consults Architects on layout

4382
03:50:50,500 --> 03:50:52,800
and design ensuring broad 
Avenues. 

4383
03:50:52,800 --> 03:50:55,600
To catch the Sea Breeze and 
Grand public spaces, that might 

4384
03:50:55,600 --> 03:50:58,600
rival Athens. 
Even in the midst of Conquest, 

4385
03:50:58,600 --> 03:51:02,400
his mind is drawn to City 
Planning forging, new centers of

4386
03:51:02,400 --> 03:51:05,800
learning and commerce. 
For him building, an empire 

4387
03:51:05,800 --> 03:51:07,200
isn't merely about claiming 
land. 

4388
03:51:07,200 --> 03:51:11,300
It's about shape the fabric of 
civilization He leaves behind 

4389
03:51:11,300 --> 03:51:15,300
administrators and soldiers to 
some Macedonian Authority in 

4390
03:51:15,300 --> 03:51:17,200
that the nascent City will 
flourish. 

4391
03:51:17,200 --> 03:51:20,100
Once he has moved on he 
Returning to the broader 

4392
03:51:20,100 --> 03:51:23,400
campaign, Alexander heads back 
north and east to chase Darius 

4393
03:51:23,400 --> 03:51:26,500
Into the Heart of Persia. 
The next great confrontation 

4394
03:51:26,500 --> 03:51:29,100
comes at gaugamela a Dusty 
plane. 

4395
03:51:29,100 --> 03:51:32,300
Where the Persian king assembles
a massive Army bolstered by 

4396
03:51:32,300 --> 03:51:35,900
side's chariots and war 
elephants the site, intimidates,

4397
03:51:35,900 --> 03:51:39,600
an ocean of Persian soldiers, 
swirling, with countless 

4398
03:51:39,600 --> 03:51:44,800
banners, Yet Alexander employs 
cunning, tactics encouraging his

4399
03:51:44,800 --> 03:51:48,500
Cavalry to feign Retreats luring
enemy chariots into positions 

4400
03:51:48,500 --> 03:51:52,500
where they are easily, targeted 
and orchestrating the Phalanx to

4401
03:51:52,500 --> 03:51:55,300
hold firm against waves of 
attackers again. 

4402
03:51:55,300 --> 03:51:59,900
Darius flees The Persian kings 
departure sent shockwaves 

4403
03:51:59,900 --> 03:52:03,400
through his ranks. 
Inciting Panic, Alexander's 

4404
03:52:03,400 --> 03:52:06,000
victory at gal, gamela, 
effectively shatters the core of

4405
03:52:06,000 --> 03:52:08,400
Persian military might. 
It's a Triumph. 

4406
03:52:08,400 --> 03:52:11,500
So decisive that historians 
later Market as the downfall of 

4407
03:52:11,500 --> 03:52:15,600
the Akai amended Empire, With no
organized Persian resistance 

4408
03:52:15,600 --> 03:52:19,300
left, Alexander moves Eastwood 
in Babylon, the city of 

4409
03:52:19,300 --> 03:52:23,400
legendary Splendor gold Laden 
temples, Lush Hanging Gardens 

4410
03:52:23,400 --> 03:52:25,100
and the Labyrinth of ancient 
streets. 

4411
03:52:25,100 --> 03:52:28,900
Leave Alexander in Orr Babylons.
Populace yields to him without 

4412
03:52:28,900 --> 03:52:31,600
significant conflict and he 
enters the city like a 

4413
03:52:31,600 --> 03:52:34,500
triumphant hero. 
Symbolic gestures follow 

4414
03:52:34,500 --> 03:52:38,700
Alexander orders that the local 
temples be restored presenting 

4415
03:52:38,700 --> 03:52:41,300
himself as a patron of 
Babylonian religion and 

4416
03:52:41,300 --> 03:52:44,200
traditions each region. 
He conquers, he strives to 

4417
03:52:44,208 --> 03:52:47,300
affirm its culture and worship 
forging, an image of himself as 

4418
03:52:47,300 --> 03:52:50,300
a unifier rather than a mere 
plunderer beneath. 

4419
03:52:50,300 --> 03:52:54,400
The spectacle though is a shrewd
realization to rule lands. 

4420
03:52:54,400 --> 03:52:58,100
As vast as fast as Persia. 
Intimidation alone won't suffice

4421
03:52:58,100 --> 03:53:01,600
understanding and respecting, 
local Customs will secure 

4422
03:53:01,600 --> 03:53:05,900
loyalty far more effectively 
than perpetuating fear. he 

4423
03:53:05,900 --> 03:53:09,000
Journeys further into Persia's 
Heartland, Alexander takes 

4424
03:53:09,000 --> 03:53:11,900
possession of the Persian 
Capital Cities Sousa and 

4425
03:53:11,900 --> 03:53:15,100
persepolis among them at 
persepolis, the seat of 

4426
03:53:15,108 --> 03:53:19,500
achaemenid, power, and iconic 
event unfolds During a drunken 

4427
03:53:19,500 --> 03:53:24,100
Revel, some Macedonian soldiers 
possibly incited by Alexander or

4428
03:53:24,100 --> 03:53:25,600
buy a woman's vengeful 
suggestion. 

4429
03:53:26,300 --> 03:53:30,400
Set Fire to the Royal Palace. 
Flames danced across Priceless 

4430
03:53:30,400 --> 03:53:32,700
reliefs and echo through the 
columns that once bought 

4431
03:53:32,700 --> 03:53:36,500
Testament to Persian might The 
devastation stands out as a 

4432
03:53:36,500 --> 03:53:40,100
moment of fiery Revenge, 
avenging, centuries of Persian 

4433
03:53:40,100 --> 03:53:43,800
against Greece, yet as the 
emperor's fade. 

4434
03:53:43,800 --> 03:53:46,600
Alexander reportedly regrets, 
the destruction of such a 

4435
03:53:46,600 --> 03:53:50,100
magnificent sight. 
Legend holds that the next day 

4436
03:53:50,100 --> 03:53:54,300
he wanders the charred remains 
in somber reflection, perhaps 

4437
03:53:54,300 --> 03:53:58,100
realizing that in a single night
of triumphal Fury, an 

4438
03:53:58,100 --> 03:54:01,200
irretrievable piece of human 
Heritage was incinerated. 

4439
03:54:02,100 --> 03:54:06,500
By now, Alexander has all, but 
to throne Darius, who flees East

4440
03:54:06,500 --> 03:54:09,600
with a few loyalists, yet the 
Empire's total subjugation 

4441
03:54:09,600 --> 03:54:13,100
remains incomplete. 
Vast territories in Central 

4442
03:54:13,100 --> 03:54:16,400
Asia, remain unconquered, 
rebellious satraps, and local 

4443
03:54:16,400 --> 03:54:17,900
Warlords. 
Refused to acknowledge 

4444
03:54:17,900 --> 03:54:20,600
Macedonian rule. 
The campaign that began with 

4445
03:54:20,600 --> 03:54:22,400
dreams of bridging Europe, and 
Asia. 

4446
03:54:22,400 --> 03:54:26,500
Now stretches into a sprawling, 
Pursuit, across deserts, mounted

4447
03:54:26,500 --> 03:54:31,200
and unfamiliar Realms. 
Alexander undeterred pushes 

4448
03:54:31,200 --> 03:54:34,600
onward, He wants modest. 
Macedonian Force has evolved 

4449
03:54:34,600 --> 03:54:38,400
into a complex Multicultural 
Army, incorporating Persians, 

4450
03:54:38,400 --> 03:54:43,800
Egyptians, and other peoples. 
Still the spirit of Macedonia 

4451
03:54:43,800 --> 03:54:47,100
endures in the discipline of its
core Phalanx and the leadership 

4452
03:54:47,100 --> 03:54:51,000
of Alexander himself? 
No, rumor of a hostile warlord 

4453
03:54:51,000 --> 03:54:52,800
or a rebellious. 
City can quell his 

4454
03:54:52,800 --> 03:54:55,400
determination. 
The promised land lies yet 

4455
03:54:55,400 --> 03:54:57,900
further east. 
Beckoning him to push the 

4456
03:54:57,900 --> 03:55:01,900
boundaries of the known world. 
as Alexander forges deeper into 

4457
03:55:01,900 --> 03:55:06,100
Central Asia, the terrain itself
becomes an adversary The rocky 

4458
03:55:06,100 --> 03:55:09,700
Highlands, unpredictable 
Winter's and scarce Water 

4459
03:55:09,700 --> 03:55:11,500
Supplies challenges Army in 
ways. 

4460
03:55:11,500 --> 03:55:15,400
The open Plains never did Gone, 
are the easy show, stopping 

4461
03:55:15,400 --> 03:55:19,200
battles of early campaigns. 
Instead Alexander and his men 

4462
03:55:19,200 --> 03:55:22,300
face guerrilla warfare. 
Local Warlords, Retreat into 

4463
03:55:22,300 --> 03:55:25,000
fortresses high in the mountains
from which they launched 

4464
03:55:25,000 --> 03:55:28,500
ambushes on the Macedonian 
columns supplies strain under 

4465
03:55:28,500 --> 03:55:31,600
the demands of a longer than 
anticipated Pursuit and the 

4466
03:55:31,600 --> 03:55:34,800
troops grow weary. 
In these hostile environments 

4467
03:55:34,800 --> 03:55:38,200
Alexander's formidable will 
serve as a kind of compass for 

4468
03:55:38,200 --> 03:55:41,300
his men. 
He refuses to turn back if he 

4469
03:55:41,308 --> 03:55:45,200
can't sway local Leaders with 
diplomacy methodically besiegers

4470
03:55:45,200 --> 03:55:48,400
their strongholds, using a 
combination of Siege Towers 

4471
03:55:48,400 --> 03:55:50,600
specialized. 
The climbers and Cavalry 

4472
03:55:50,600 --> 03:55:53,900
blockades the macedonians 
gradually wear down resistance. 

4473
03:55:54,900 --> 03:55:57,200
Slow. 
And grueling a war of attrition 

4474
03:55:57,200 --> 03:56:01,400
in which Alexanders famed speed 
and decisiveness are tested to 

4475
03:56:01,400 --> 03:56:05,600
the Limit occasionally entire 
communities vowel, loyalty some 

4476
03:56:05,600 --> 03:56:08,400
out of all others out of 
exhaustion at resisting. 

4477
03:56:09,300 --> 03:56:12,100
Alexander sees his such 
opportunities to integrate them 

4478
03:56:12,100 --> 03:56:15,600
into his growing Empire placing,
local leaders in positions of 

4479
03:56:15,600 --> 03:56:17,100
governance. 
If they pledge allegiance. 

4480
03:56:18,100 --> 03:56:21,200
He's discovered that a balanced 
approach of magnanimity and 

4481
03:56:21,200 --> 03:56:24,500
unrelenting force can be potent.
Central Asia. 

4482
03:56:24,500 --> 03:56:26,800
Also, introduces him to new 
customs and cultures. 

4483
03:56:26,800 --> 03:56:31,000
The regions vibrant tapestries 
horse breeding, traditions and 

4484
03:56:31,000 --> 03:56:33,600
local myths. 
Intrigued him, even the 

4485
03:56:33,600 --> 03:56:36,900
architecture, mud brick 
fortresses perched on 

4486
03:56:36,900 --> 03:56:40,000
precipitous Cliffs provide 
lessons in resourceful building 

4487
03:56:40,000 --> 03:56:42,700
methods, though the campaign is 
physically draining. 

4488
03:56:42,700 --> 03:56:47,400
Alexander, seems mentally alive,
soaking up every experience as 

4489
03:56:47,400 --> 03:56:49,900
if it might offer a clue to how 
worlds might merge under his 

4490
03:56:49,900 --> 03:56:52,300
rule as the Army trudgers 
forward. 

4491
03:56:52,300 --> 03:56:55,100
Alexander's increasingly 
elaborate entire. 

4492
03:56:55,100 --> 03:56:58,100
Sometimes blending Persian 
finery with Macedonian 

4493
03:56:58,100 --> 03:57:01,600
practicality Sparks, disquiet 
among his veteran officers. 

4494
03:57:01,600 --> 03:57:05,300
They mutter that he's adopting 
foreign ways to eagerly 

4495
03:57:06,000 --> 03:57:08,700
Alexander is aware of The 
Whispers but believes that to 

4496
03:57:08,700 --> 03:57:11,600
govern effectively he must 
visibly embrace the cultures 

4497
03:57:11,600 --> 03:57:15,400
under his Dominion. for the 
older macedonians though, these 

4498
03:57:15,400 --> 03:57:18,200
gestures threaten the very 
identity, they fought to protect

4499
03:57:19,200 --> 03:57:22,200
Tension. 
Simmers one controversy that 

4500
03:57:22,200 --> 03:57:24,400
ignites this tension is 
Alexander's. 

4501
03:57:24,400 --> 03:57:27,600
Adoption of the Persian Court, 
practice known as proskynesis 

4502
03:57:27,600 --> 03:57:32,000
bowing or prostrating oneself 
before the king among Persians. 

4503
03:57:32,000 --> 03:57:35,000
It symbolizes respect for a 
ruler believed to be quasi 

4504
03:57:35,000 --> 03:57:37,600
Divine. 
However, for macedonians and 

4505
03:57:37,600 --> 03:57:41,600
Greeks, bowing to another mortal
man, seems like servile flattery

4506
03:57:41,600 --> 03:57:46,700
even blasphemy When Alexander 
begins expecting his courtiers 

4507
03:57:46,700 --> 03:57:51,400
to perform the gesture, he faces
a quiet but potent backlash is 

4508
03:57:51,400 --> 03:57:54,400
not outright mutiny. 
But murmurs drift through the 

4509
03:57:54,400 --> 03:57:56,900
camp that there. 
Once beloved leader is suing to 

4510
03:57:56,900 --> 03:58:00,000
arrogance forgetting that the 
bond between commander and 

4511
03:58:00,000 --> 03:58:02,500
soldier in the Macedonian 
tradition was forged through a 

4512
03:58:02,500 --> 03:58:07,500
shared sense of mortal equality.
Alexander for his part. 

4513
03:58:08,400 --> 03:58:11,300
Sees prosky, nieces as a means 
to unify the traditions of 

4514
03:58:11,300 --> 03:58:13,800
Eastern West under a single 
Court protocol. 

4515
03:58:14,500 --> 03:58:17,400
But the friction underscores, 
the growing distance between him

4516
03:58:17,400 --> 03:58:20,500
and the rank and file. 
Who wants found him so related. 

4517
03:58:21,400 --> 03:58:24,200
Heading to this Strife is the 
case of fellow Lotus, a 

4518
03:58:24,200 --> 03:58:26,700
high-ranking officer and Son of 
Alexander's. 

4519
03:58:26,700 --> 03:58:31,000
Cherish, General Pomeranian 
accusations arise, that filters 

4520
03:58:31,000 --> 03:58:34,900
is embroiled in a conspiracy to 
assassinate Alexander. whether 

4521
03:58:34,900 --> 03:58:39,400
real or fabricated, Alexander 
reacts swiftly, Filters is 

4522
03:58:39,400 --> 03:58:42,000
tortured into confession and 
executed fearing. 

4523
03:58:42,000 --> 03:58:45,400
Paninian might seek Vengeance. 
Alexander orders, the older 

4524
03:58:45,400 --> 03:58:46,800
General's. 
Murder preemptively. 

4525
03:58:46,800 --> 03:58:50,600
The effect ripples through the 
Army, striking fear and sowing 

4526
03:58:50,600 --> 03:58:54,800
doubt, even close companions. 
Realize Alexander's paranoia has

4527
03:58:54,800 --> 03:58:57,100
grown. 
No one is Untouchable in the 

4528
03:58:57,100 --> 03:59:00,500
face of suspected betrayal. 
rumors swirled that his mother 

4529
03:59:00,500 --> 03:59:05,400
Olympia once warned him about 
trusting anyone to deeply the 

4530
03:59:05,400 --> 03:59:08,900
triple blow of adoptive Persian 
Customs, harsh punishment of 

4531
03:59:08,900 --> 03:59:11,900
perceive traitors, and the 
creeping sense that Alexander is

4532
03:59:11,900 --> 03:59:14,900
evolving into a distant figure 
combined to a road, some of the 

4533
03:59:14,900 --> 03:59:18,500
camaraderie that once fueled his
men's devotion, Yet. 

4534
03:59:18,500 --> 03:59:22,500
If the internal climate is the 
external campaign continues to 

4535
03:59:22,500 --> 03:59:26,100
expand Alexander's legend in the
region known as bacteria and 

4536
03:59:26,100 --> 03:59:29,300
Suki, Anna, roughly modern 
Afghanistan and parts of Central

4537
03:59:29,300 --> 03:59:32,100
Asia. 
Alexander marries rocks on her, 

4538
03:59:32,100 --> 03:59:35,600
the daughter of a local Noble. 
Historians debate. 

4539
03:59:35,600 --> 03:59:39,300
His reasons is it genuine 
affection stories, describe her 

4540
03:59:39,300 --> 03:59:42,700
as strikingly intelligent and 
beautiful or a strategic move to

4541
03:59:42,708 --> 03:59:45,700
legitimize his claim over the 
newly subjugated territories 

4542
03:59:45,700 --> 03:59:49,300
possibly both. 
In any case the wedding is 

4543
03:59:49,300 --> 03:59:52,500
symbolic it merges Macedonian 
power with Central Asian lineage

4544
03:59:52,500 --> 03:59:55,900
hinting at Alexander's D Prime 
Vision to create a blended 

4545
03:59:55,900 --> 03:59:59,900
aristocracy that transcends all 
boundaries eventually the 

4546
03:59:59,900 --> 04:00:03,200
pursuit of Darius ends not with 
a climactic battle but with the 

4547
04:00:03,200 --> 04:00:06,100
Persian kings murder at the 
hands of one of his own satraps 

4548
04:00:06,100 --> 04:00:10,600
bestest Alexander finds Darius a
band and fatally wounded along, 

4549
04:00:10,600 --> 04:00:15,100
a Dusty roadside granting him. 
A final respectful cloak, the 

4550
04:00:15,100 --> 04:00:18,100
demise of his long-standing 
rival brings Alexander, no real 

4551
04:00:18,108 --> 04:00:20,200
Triumph. 
Instead leaves him with a new 

4552
04:00:20,200 --> 04:00:23,900
antagonist bestest who declares 
himself, the rightful Persian 

4553
04:00:23,900 --> 04:00:26,400
king. 
To avenge Darius and maintain 

4554
04:00:26,400 --> 04:00:29,600
the semblance of continuity. 
A clever tactic to Rally 

4555
04:00:29,600 --> 04:00:31,200
Persian, loyalists under his 
Banner. 

4556
04:00:31,800 --> 04:00:35,400
Alexander pursues bestest until 
the US captured and executed. 

4557
04:00:36,300 --> 04:00:39,800
It's a twist of fate that 
Alexander originally the Nemesis

4558
04:00:39,800 --> 04:00:42,200
of Persia. 
Now, punishes those who harm. 

4559
04:00:42,200 --> 04:00:45,000
The Persian royal family 
positioning himself as the 

4560
04:00:45,000 --> 04:00:48,500
legitimate heir to the Empire 
with that Alexander. 

4561
04:00:48,500 --> 04:00:51,000
Effectively becomes king of 
Asia, though. 

4562
04:00:51,000 --> 04:00:53,600
The label falls short of 
capturing the enormity of what 

4563
04:00:53,600 --> 04:00:55,700
he's achieved. 
He's already governed 

4564
04:00:55,700 --> 04:00:58,500
territories from Greece, to the 
Eastern edges of the Iranian 

4565
04:00:58,500 --> 04:01:01,200
Plateau, but the Horizon beckons
him yet. 

4566
04:01:01,200 --> 04:01:04,500
Again, this time toward the 
far-flung lands of the Indus 

4567
04:01:04,500 --> 04:01:07,400
Valley having extended his 
Empire across deserts and 

4568
04:01:07,408 --> 04:01:11,600
mountains, he thirst for new 
challenges, no ancient map. 

4569
04:01:11,600 --> 04:01:15,100
Fully satisfied him. 
If Ocean's Define the world's 

4570
04:01:15,100 --> 04:01:18,200
boundary, he wants to see that 
boundary for himself and 

4571
04:01:18,200 --> 04:01:21,300
possibly cross it marching into 
the Indian subcontinent. 

4572
04:01:21,300 --> 04:01:23,200
The vast industry. 
Region. 

4573
04:01:23,200 --> 04:01:26,700
Alexander confronts, not a 
monolithic Empire, but a 

4574
04:01:26,700 --> 04:01:30,500
tapestry of Kingdoms each with 
its own Traditions Warrior's and

4575
04:01:30,500 --> 04:01:33,200
alliance's. 
The land is Lush with tropical 

4576
04:01:33,200 --> 04:01:36,000
forests and rivers that swell 
during monsoon rains. 

4577
04:01:36,000 --> 04:01:40,400
As he advances, he sends invoice
to local rulers, hoping to forge

4578
04:01:40,400 --> 04:01:44,400
a lion's or demand submission. 
Some comply offering gifts and 

4579
04:01:44,400 --> 04:01:47,400
tribute others test his mettle 
on the battlefield. 

4580
04:01:48,300 --> 04:01:51,800
Famed among these rulers is King
porus who Reigns over a 

4581
04:01:51,800 --> 04:01:54,600
territory in the Punjab region. 
Taller than most men. 

4582
04:01:54,600 --> 04:01:57,900
Poorest is said to command 
fearsome war elephants that 

4583
04:01:57,900 --> 04:01:59,700
Tower over the Macedonian 
Cavalry. 

4584
04:01:59,700 --> 04:02:03,600
When Alexander Scouts bring back
tales of the Beast trumpeting 

4585
04:02:03,600 --> 04:02:06,500
rules and the sight of their 
sweeping trunks used like living

4586
04:02:06,500 --> 04:02:09,500
battering rams. 
It Sparks both Fascination and 

4587
04:02:09,500 --> 04:02:12,500
anxiety among the troops 
Alexander senses. 

4588
04:02:12,500 --> 04:02:16,100
This confrontation will be 
unlike any before elephants can 

4589
04:02:16,100 --> 04:02:19,800
shatter a Phalanx throwing even 
seasoned veterans into disarray.

4590
04:02:19,800 --> 04:02:22,500
Nevertheless, he refuses to be 
deterred. 

4591
04:02:22,500 --> 04:02:26,600
In fact, the challenge 
invigorates him His route to 

4592
04:02:26,600 --> 04:02:30,000
poorest leads him and his men 
across the haidas river where 

4593
04:02:30,000 --> 04:02:33,000
fast currents and Monsoon rains,
make the crossing treacherous. 

4594
04:02:33,800 --> 04:02:36,300
Under the cover of darkness and 
using diversionary tactics. 

4595
04:02:36,300 --> 04:02:39,500
Alexander manages to transport, 
a significant portion of his 

4596
04:02:39,500 --> 04:02:42,400
forces to the opposite Bank 
positioning himself to attack 

4597
04:02:42,400 --> 04:02:45,800
when Dawn breaks the armies 
faced each other on a sodden 

4598
04:02:45,800 --> 04:02:48,400
plane. 
Horus stride, an elephant 

4599
04:02:48,400 --> 04:02:52,500
appears Regal and unflinching, 
Alexander on his trusty 

4600
04:02:52,500 --> 04:02:56,200
bufferless Reddy's his Cavalry, 
to Harry the flanks as the 

4601
04:02:56,200 --> 04:02:58,900
battle commences, the Thundering
of the elephant shakes, the 

4602
04:02:58,900 --> 04:03:03,000
ground sending Tremors through 
the Macedonian Line's yet, 

4603
04:03:03,000 --> 04:03:06,700
Alexander employees cunning he 
directs archers to focus on the 

4604
04:03:06,700 --> 04:03:11,000
elephant's drivers, creating 
confusion, among the beasts, and

4605
04:03:11,000 --> 04:03:13,300
positions Horseman to strike 
from multiple angles. 

4606
04:03:14,300 --> 04:03:18,100
The Macedonian infantry displays
its trademark discipline forming

4607
04:03:18,100 --> 04:03:21,300
tight, formations that can pivot
to lure elephants into lethal. 

4608
04:03:21,300 --> 04:03:26,000
Cul-de-sacs The chaos is intense
mud and blood mingle underfoot 

4609
04:03:26,000 --> 04:03:28,000
and the Roar of maddened 
elephants. 

4610
04:03:28,000 --> 04:03:29,600
Resonates across the 
battlefield. 

4611
04:03:29,600 --> 04:03:33,700
Eventually poorest is forces 
Buckle under the unrelenting 

4612
04:03:33,700 --> 04:03:36,100
pressure. 
Even the mighty war elephants 

4613
04:03:36,100 --> 04:03:39,100
wounded and panicked, turn 
against their own side. 

4614
04:03:39,100 --> 04:03:43,600
In some cases, in the end, the 
macedonians triumph Rather than 

4615
04:03:43,600 --> 04:03:46,100
subjecting poorest to 
humiliation or execution, 

4616
04:03:46,100 --> 04:03:50,000
Alexander does something 
unexpected impressed by porous 

4617
04:03:50,000 --> 04:03:52,500
is bravery. 
He restores him to his throne, 

4618
04:03:52,500 --> 04:03:55,800
as a subordinate ruler, 
extending a policy of pragmatic 

4619
04:03:55,800 --> 04:03:58,700
statesmanship. 
This act leaves an enduring 

4620
04:03:58,700 --> 04:04:01,200
Legacy in the region. 
Capturing the idea that 

4621
04:04:01,200 --> 04:04:04,400
Alexander valued Noble opponents
and recognized the utility of 

4622
04:04:04,400 --> 04:04:09,100
local rulers, who would maintain
order in his name A sense of 

4623
04:04:09,100 --> 04:04:12,700
admiration grows on both sides, 
some of Alexander's men. 

4624
04:04:12,700 --> 04:04:15,800
Remark they've never seen him so
openly respectful to a defeated 

4625
04:04:15,800 --> 04:04:19,600
Foe and in return, poorest 
becomes a loyal Ally at least 

4626
04:04:19,600 --> 04:04:23,500
for a Time despite the victory 
macedonians of battered by the 

4627
04:04:23,500 --> 04:04:27,400
tropical climate Monsoon rains 
unfamiliar diseases, and the 

4628
04:04:27,400 --> 04:04:31,100
strain of campaigning so far 
from home, Some murmurs become 

4629
04:04:31,100 --> 04:04:35,100
open, pleased to turn back many,
have marched for years, seldom 

4630
04:04:35,100 --> 04:04:38,000
seeing their families. 
Tales spread of monstrous 

4631
04:04:38,000 --> 04:04:40,500
Rivers, further east of endless 
armies. 

4632
04:04:40,500 --> 04:04:45,200
Waiting were of new elephant 
core that dwarf porous. the men 

4633
04:04:45,200 --> 04:04:49,400
once Intoxicated by continuous 
string of conquests begin to 

4634
04:04:49,400 --> 04:04:53,300
waver the bond between Alexander
and his army is tested. 

4635
04:04:53,300 --> 04:04:56,900
He rallies them with talk of 
forging, an Empire that circles 

4636
04:04:56,900 --> 04:05:00,900
the entire known world Yet, even
as he speaks the weariness, in 

4637
04:05:00,900 --> 04:05:03,800
their eyes is palpable at the 
faces River. 

4638
04:05:03,800 --> 04:05:06,900
They finally bought refusing to 
go any further. 

4639
04:05:07,900 --> 04:05:11,100
Alexander is outraged. 
This is the first time his men 

4640
04:05:11,100 --> 04:05:14,400
openly defy him on Mass. 
He tries all his powers of 

4641
04:05:14,400 --> 04:05:17,700
persuasion, calling upon their 
shared Glory, reminding them of 

4642
04:05:17,700 --> 04:05:20,500
the unswerving, Loyalty they 
want showed under the scorching 

4643
04:05:20,500 --> 04:05:24,400
Sun of Persian deserts. 
But the tired homesick soldiers 

4644
04:05:24,400 --> 04:05:27,700
refused to yield the standoff is
deeply emotional. 

4645
04:05:28,500 --> 04:05:32,600
Last Alexander relents. 
Perhaps realizing that an Empire

4646
04:05:32,600 --> 04:05:34,900
without an army to maintain. 
It would collapse anyway. 

4647
04:05:35,700 --> 04:05:38,800
He constructs large altars at 
the boundary symbolically 

4648
04:05:38,800 --> 04:05:41,700
marking the farthest point of 
his March and dedicating them to

4649
04:05:41,700 --> 04:05:43,700
the Gods. 
It's a gesture. 

4650
04:05:43,700 --> 04:05:45,000
That provides him. 
A sense of closure. 

4651
04:05:45,000 --> 04:05:49,200
Even as frustration Royals in 
his heart, The Retreat begins 

4652
04:05:49,200 --> 04:05:51,600
though, it's hardly a 
straightforward journey home. 

4653
04:05:51,600 --> 04:05:55,600
Alexander splits his forces 
sending part by river while he 

4654
04:05:55,600 --> 04:05:58,900
leads the remainder through the 
harsh gedrosian desert, modern 

4655
04:05:58,900 --> 04:06:02,700
day, Southern Pakistan and Iran.
This route is fraught with 

4656
04:06:02,700 --> 04:06:06,800
scorching, heat, water, series 
City, and sandstorms that 

4657
04:06:06,800 --> 04:06:10,000
obscure the Sun. 
Many men, succumb to thirst, 

4658
04:06:10,000 --> 04:06:13,900
exhaustion, and disease leaving 
their bleached Bones on the 

4659
04:06:13,900 --> 04:06:18,300
baron Dunes, the retreat in a 
way becomes more of a trial than

4660
04:06:18,300 --> 04:06:21,400
any of the battles waged 
Alexander shares in the 

4661
04:06:21,400 --> 04:06:23,300
hardships. 
He famously. 

4662
04:06:23,300 --> 04:06:26,600
Pours out a helmet of offered 
water onto the sand rather than 

4663
04:06:26,600 --> 04:06:28,200
drinking it himself. 
When his men have. 

4664
04:06:28,208 --> 04:06:31,000
None. 
Such acts rekindle a measure of 

4665
04:06:31,008 --> 04:06:33,400
respect though. 
No one can forget the scale of 

4666
04:06:33,400 --> 04:06:35,700
the suffering, they endure at 
length. 

4667
04:06:35,700 --> 04:06:39,400
The Battered Army, reunites near
the Persian Heartland in place 

4668
04:06:39,400 --> 04:06:41,900
of triumphal parades, there is 
subdued relief. 

4669
04:06:41,900 --> 04:06:44,800
They have conquered more 
territory than any Greek or 

4670
04:06:44,800 --> 04:06:47,100
Macedonian ever dreamed possible
yet. 

4671
04:06:47,100 --> 04:06:51,300
The human toll is devastating. 
Alexander now stands at the Apex

4672
04:06:51,300 --> 04:06:54,400
of his power in theory, the 
ruler of everything from the 

4673
04:06:54,400 --> 04:06:56,300
ionian sea to the fringes of 
India. 

4674
04:06:57,100 --> 04:07:00,500
He has tested the boundaries of 
the world as known to him but he

4675
04:07:00,508 --> 04:07:02,400
can't escape an inevitable 
question. 

4676
04:07:02,400 --> 04:07:04,600
What does one do after 
conquering? 

4677
04:07:04,600 --> 04:07:08,100
So much. 
There's an unease in the air a 

4678
04:07:08,100 --> 04:07:10,600
sense that the Unstoppable force
of Alexander's ambition. 

4679
04:07:10,600 --> 04:07:13,800
Might have reached its outer 
limit in the final years 

4680
04:07:13,800 --> 04:07:17,000
Alexander's Empire is vast yet 
fragile. 

4681
04:07:17,700 --> 04:07:20,000
He understands that simply 
conquering land doesn't 

4682
04:07:20,000 --> 04:07:22,400
guarantee permanence cracks 
appear. 

4683
04:07:22,400 --> 04:07:25,000
Among his, generals, each 
harboring, personal Ambitions, 

4684
04:07:25,000 --> 04:07:28,900
ethnic tensions flare between 
macedonians who considered 

4685
04:07:28,900 --> 04:07:32,600
themselves, the rightful rulers 
and Persians who resent, foreign

4686
04:07:32,600 --> 04:07:34,600
occupation but also resent each 
other. 

4687
04:07:35,600 --> 04:07:39,300
Alexander attempts a radical 
solution he pushes for a few of 

4688
04:07:39,300 --> 04:07:41,600
the races. 
Encouraging Mass marriages 

4689
04:07:41,600 --> 04:07:45,300
between Macedonian officers and 
personal women, even presiding 

4690
04:07:45,300 --> 04:07:49,100
over a grand ceremony in Sousa. 
Thousands of couples weared 

4691
04:07:49,100 --> 04:07:53,000
under lavish canopies The event 
choreographed to Signal Unity. 

4692
04:07:53,900 --> 04:07:55,200
Well, it's a breathtaking 
spectacle. 

4693
04:07:55,200 --> 04:07:58,900
It doesn't fully ease. 
The undercurrents of distrust. 

4694
04:07:59,700 --> 04:08:02,400
Many marriages end as soon as 
the official Feast conclude. 

4695
04:08:03,200 --> 04:08:05,900
The shift in Alexander's 
personal demeanor, also causes 

4696
04:08:05,900 --> 04:08:09,800
Eunice drinks more heavily at 
times losing the composure that 

4697
04:08:09,800 --> 04:08:13,000
wants set him apart. 
Gone is the Simplicity that 

4698
04:08:13,000 --> 04:08:16,100
marked his early campaigns. 
Now he's surrounded by an 

4699
04:08:16,100 --> 04:08:19,100
Entourage of courtiers many 
eager to flatter or manipulate 

4700
04:08:19,100 --> 04:08:22,700
some suspect that guilt over the
killing of Old Friends haunts 

4701
04:08:22,700 --> 04:08:26,800
him. that the war we go ghosts 
of campaigns passed away on his 

4702
04:08:26,808 --> 04:08:31,600
conscience, anger flares, 
unpredictably In one Infamous 

4703
04:08:31,600 --> 04:08:35,200
episode, during a heated 
argument, he fatally stabs 

4704
04:08:35,200 --> 04:08:38,200
colitis, the black the same 
officer who once saved 

4705
04:08:38,200 --> 04:08:41,500
Alexander's life at the Battle 
of the granicus immediately 

4706
04:08:41,500 --> 04:08:45,900
remorseful Alexander is 
inconsolable for days, shutting 

4707
04:08:45,900 --> 04:08:49,800
himself away in anguish. 
But the damage is done the old 

4708
04:08:49,800 --> 04:08:52,000
Macedonian veterans. 
Now, see their King as a 

4709
04:08:52,000 --> 04:08:55,100
dangerous blend of paranoia and 
absolute power. 

4710
04:08:56,000 --> 04:08:58,900
Despite these tensions, 
Alexander doesn't abandon 

4711
04:08:58,900 --> 04:09:01,800
governance. 
He plans administrative reforms 

4712
04:09:01,800 --> 04:09:04,300
carving the empire into 
province's, run by both 

4713
04:09:04,300 --> 04:09:09,300
Macedonian and local officials 
invest in roads trade routes and

4714
04:09:09,300 --> 04:09:13,100
the expansion of cities. 
Alexandria and Egypt blossoms 

4715
04:09:13,100 --> 04:09:16,400
into a vibrant metropolis. 
A beacon of Hellenistic culture,

4716
04:09:16,400 --> 04:09:19,600
similar foundations, or we found
Asia. 

4717
04:09:19,600 --> 04:09:23,600
Creator network of Alexandria's 
each intended as a focal point 

4718
04:09:23,600 --> 04:09:27,200
of Greek influence in twined 
with local Customs, Scholars 

4719
04:09:27,200 --> 04:09:30,400
travel, these routes exchanging 
Knowledge from Athens Babylon 

4720
04:09:30,400 --> 04:09:35,000
and Beyond Alexander envisioned.
A Cosmopolitan tapestry, the 

4721
04:09:35,000 --> 04:09:36,400
weather such a vision can 
survive. 

4722
04:09:36,400 --> 04:09:39,500
Him remains uncertain. 
He even contemplates new 

4723
04:09:39,500 --> 04:09:43,300
campaigns rumors swirl that he 
wants to press into the Arabian,

4724
04:09:43,300 --> 04:09:47,300
Peninsula, that he might return 
to India with a fresh army or 

4725
04:09:47,300 --> 04:09:50,200
sail around Africa, to file to 
find a Western sea route. 

4726
04:09:51,500 --> 04:09:54,700
The man who once stood Restless 
in the courtyard of Pella still 

4727
04:09:54,700 --> 04:09:57,100
cannot resist. 
The siren Call of Uncharted 

4728
04:09:57,100 --> 04:10:00,500
Horizons yet. 
Fate intervenes while residing 

4729
04:10:00,500 --> 04:10:02,500
in Babylon. 
His chosen administrative 

4730
04:10:02,500 --> 04:10:05,600
Center, Alexander Falls ill. 
After a prolonged banquet. 

4731
04:10:06,300 --> 04:10:09,100
High fever grips him. 
Some Whispers the result of 

4732
04:10:09,100 --> 04:10:11,600
poisoning others claimed its 
malaria. 

4733
04:10:11,600 --> 04:10:16,100
Typhoid will complications from 
old battle wounds The 

4734
04:10:16,100 --> 04:10:20,000
Unstoppable conqueror, only in 
his early 30s, fine to himself, 

4735
04:10:20,000 --> 04:10:23,000
bedridden as his condition 
deteriorate. 

4736
04:10:23,000 --> 04:10:25,300
Alexander's High, commanders 
gather. 

4737
04:10:25,300 --> 04:10:28,300
Anxiously each wonders, who will
inherit an Empire. 

4738
04:10:28,300 --> 04:10:32,900
So colossal that it defies any 
single are Rockstar is pregnant 

4739
04:10:32,900 --> 04:10:36,700
but an unborn child. 
Can't rule a realm in Chaos on 

4740
04:10:36,700 --> 04:10:39,800
his deathbed voice. 
Rasping Alexander is said to 

4741
04:10:39,800 --> 04:10:43,100
murmur cryptic statements about 
leaving his Empire to the 

4742
04:10:43,100 --> 04:10:45,900
strongest. 
Or maybe he names no successor 

4743
04:10:45,900 --> 04:10:49,300
at all the records vary 
reflecting, the swirling 

4744
04:10:49,300 --> 04:10:53,100
confusion of that moment. 
He offers his Signet ring to a 

4745
04:10:53,100 --> 04:10:55,700
trusted General, but the 
gestures meaning as ambiguous. 

4746
04:10:55,700 --> 04:10:58,900
Was it a personal request or a 
declaration of succession? 

4747
04:10:59,900 --> 04:11:03,600
In the humid, Babylonian Knights
Mighty conqueror, succumbs 

4748
04:11:03,600 --> 04:11:07,400
soldiers, gather outside the 
palace, Gates, refusing to 

4749
04:11:07,400 --> 04:11:11,000
believe the rumors, they beg to 
see him one last time. 

4750
04:11:11,000 --> 04:11:14,100
Legend says the dying. 
Alexander is carried to an 

4751
04:11:14,100 --> 04:11:17,300
anti-chamber, where he silently 
acknowledges his troops, with 

4752
04:11:17,300 --> 04:11:22,000
his eyes, two weeks to speak 
sorrow, enveloped them the man 

4753
04:11:22,000 --> 04:11:24,800
who led them across Ocean's 
deserts, and countless 

4754
04:11:24,800 --> 04:11:28,000
battlefields is now leaving them
with no clear directive for 

4755
04:11:28,000 --> 04:11:31,500
tomorrow. 
With Alexander's death the 

4756
04:11:31,500 --> 04:11:34,400
Empire, he created trembles on 
the brink of fragmentation. 

4757
04:11:35,200 --> 04:11:38,400
Generals later called. 
The deer Doty will carve the 

4758
04:11:38,400 --> 04:11:41,400
territories into separate, 
kingdoms forging their own in a 

4759
04:11:41,400 --> 04:11:43,700
season Egyptian, minor and 
Beyond. 

4760
04:11:44,600 --> 04:11:47,700
Many of the Cities Alexander 
founded remain cultural 

4761
04:11:47,700 --> 04:11:51,500
crossroads that spin out, new 
fusions of art philosophy and 

4762
04:11:51,500 --> 04:11:54,400
religion. 
Hellenistic influence Fred's 

4763
04:11:54,400 --> 04:11:56,800
further than any purely Greek 
city-state, ever could have 

4764
04:11:56,800 --> 04:12:00,200
imagined shaping centuries of 
development in allowance as far 

4765
04:12:00,200 --> 04:12:04,300
as the Indus Valley And what 
have Alexander's Legacy for 

4766
04:12:04,300 --> 04:12:07,400
some, he is a brilliant 
strategist, who rewrote the art 

4767
04:12:07,400 --> 04:12:10,900
of warfare a king, who 
integrated people's and stoke, 

4768
04:12:10,900 --> 04:12:13,600
the fires of cross-cultural 
exchange to others. 

4769
04:12:13,600 --> 04:12:17,700
He is a figure of tragic hubris,
dragging thousands into a long, 

4770
04:12:17,708 --> 04:12:20,300
bloody March fueled by personal 
ambition. 

4771
04:12:21,200 --> 04:12:24,400
Stories from the Indus to the 
Nile from the oxus river to the 

4772
04:12:24,400 --> 04:12:26,900
Aegean Sea. 
Carrie, fragments of his Legend 

4773
04:12:26,900 --> 04:12:31,600
over centuries, the raw details,
morph into myths poets, 

4774
04:12:31,600 --> 04:12:35,100
transformed him into a demigod 
historians debate, his virtues 

4775
04:12:35,100 --> 04:12:38,200
and vices and explorers invoke 
his name when embarking on 

4776
04:12:38,200 --> 04:12:42,600
perilous quests But above all, 
Alexander Remains the Restless 

4777
04:12:42,600 --> 04:12:45,500
soul of antiquity. 
A leader who from his first 

4778
04:12:45,500 --> 04:12:49,300
steps on Macedonian soil dreamed
not of limiting Horizon's but of

4779
04:12:49,300 --> 04:12:53,000
breaking them, his life stands 
as a testament to the sheer and 

4780
04:12:53,000 --> 04:12:56,500
sometimes terrifying force of 
will forever leaving questions 

4781
04:12:56,500 --> 04:12:59,500
about how one man's Drive can 
alter the course of Nations for 

4782
04:12:59,500 --> 04:13:02,300
good or ill. 
Thus, concludes our tapestry of 

4783
04:13:02,300 --> 04:13:05,000
Alexander. 
The Great a story woven from 

4784
04:13:05,000 --> 04:13:09,300
Dusty parvez, rivers of 
conflict, lavish Banquets, and 

4785
04:13:09,300 --> 04:13:14,000
fleeting trials, He was shaped 
by powerful parents, Guided by 

4786
04:13:14,000 --> 04:13:17,300
philosophers tested on, 
countless battlefields and 

4787
04:13:17,300 --> 04:13:20,300
enthralled by the promise of 
immortality through Conquest. 

4788
04:13:20,300 --> 04:13:23,900
Whether or not yet, achieve that
immortality remains for us to 

4789
04:13:23,900 --> 04:13:26,600
judge. 
As long as human curiosity, 

4790
04:13:26,600 --> 04:13:31,000
thrives his name, Echoes 
Alexander the man who sought to 

4791
04:13:31,000 --> 04:13:34,200
see to rule and to understand 
the edge of the known world, 

4792
04:13:34,200 --> 04:13:37,500
only to find that the world is 
always larger than we dare. 

4793
04:13:37,500 --> 04:13:49,900
Imagine. 
We uncover the surprising story 

4794
04:13:49,900 --> 04:13:53,400
of how Andre Michelin tricked 
the world turning a tire company

4795
04:13:53,400 --> 04:13:56,600
into the Arbiter of fine dining 
through clever marketing and 

4796
04:13:56,600 --> 04:13:59,400
Visionary thinking Michelin. 
Transformed the way people 

4797
04:13:59,400 --> 04:14:01,200
travel eat and view quality 
itself. 

4798
04:14:01,200 --> 04:14:05,300
This is the story of a brand, a 
guide, and the long game of 

4799
04:14:05,300 --> 04:14:08,000
global influence. 
So, before you get comfortable, 

4800
04:14:08,000 --> 04:14:11,200
as always, take a moment to like
the video and subscribe to the 

4801
04:14:11,200 --> 04:14:12,900
channel if you haven't already 
joined the crew. 

4802
04:14:12,900 --> 04:14:16,000
Also let us know where you're 
watching from and what time it 

4803
04:14:16,000 --> 04:14:18,900
is for you as we progress 
through the week, I aim to 

4804
04:14:18,908 --> 04:14:21,600
maintain a concise and enjoyable
experience for all of you. 

4805
04:14:22,300 --> 04:14:24,700
So, turn off the light, grab 
your blanket and warm pillow. 

4806
04:14:24,700 --> 04:14:30,000
And let's begin. 
Claremont Ferron from France. 

4807
04:14:30,000 --> 04:14:33,700
1889 in a modest Rubber Factory,
teetering on the edge of 

4808
04:14:33,708 --> 04:14:37,300
bankruptcy Brothers, Andre and 
Edouard Michela took charge with

4809
04:14:37,300 --> 04:14:40,500
one goal to reinvent, their 
families failing business. 

4810
04:14:40,500 --> 04:14:44,800
The company Michelin at Sea had 
been selling farm equipment and 

4811
04:14:44,800 --> 04:14:48,400
vulcanized rubber Goods since 
1832 but by the late 19th 

4812
04:14:48,400 --> 04:14:51,400
century, it needed a new 
Direction, Andrea trained 

4813
04:14:51,400 --> 04:14:54,500
engineer and eduard. 
An artistic Soul turned 

4814
04:14:54,500 --> 04:14:58,500
industrialist believed that the 
future on the roads specifically

4815
04:14:58,500 --> 04:15:01,700
in providing the tires for 
France's nascent automobile age.

4816
04:15:02,400 --> 04:15:05,800
The trouble was that in 1889 
even bicycles which were 

4817
04:15:05,800 --> 04:15:09,500
exploding in popularity, 
constantly waylaid by punctures 

4818
04:15:09,500 --> 04:15:12,600
on rough primitive roads. 
Their first breakthrough came 

4819
04:15:12,600 --> 04:15:15,100
unexpectedly courtesy of a weary
cyclist. 

4820
04:15:15,100 --> 04:15:18,400
One day, a man trudged into 
their workshop with a bicycle 

4821
04:15:18,400 --> 04:15:20,000
tire punctured Beyond quick 
repair. 

4822
04:15:20,900 --> 04:15:23,300
At the time, most tires were 
glued tightly to the wheel 

4823
04:15:23,300 --> 04:15:26,900
making flats and hours. 
Long ordeal to fix such 

4824
04:15:26,900 --> 04:15:29,200
functions. 
Were a very common occurrence 

4825
04:15:29,200 --> 04:15:30,900
given road conditions of the 
day. 

4826
04:15:30,900 --> 04:15:35,200
Horse shoe nails, broken glass 
and shops stones with a bone 

4827
04:15:35,200 --> 04:15:37,000
natural enemies of early 
cyclists. 

4828
04:15:37,000 --> 04:15:40,600
Edouard Michelin saw an 
opportunity, he experimented 

4829
04:15:40,600 --> 04:15:43,900
tirelessly and by 1891 had 
patented a revolutionary 

4830
04:15:43,900 --> 04:15:46,900
removable pneumatic tire, that 
could be mended in minutes. 

4831
04:15:47,800 --> 04:15:51,000
This invention built upon John 
dunlop's earlier, pneumatic tire

4832
04:15:51,000 --> 04:15:54,100
concept but michelin's 
detachable design was far more 

4833
04:15:54,108 --> 04:15:56,800
practical and quickly proved 
itself in action. 

4834
04:15:57,700 --> 04:16:00,600
The brothers tested their new 
tire in the longest bicycle race

4835
04:16:00,600 --> 04:16:02,300
of the day to demonstrate its 
superiority. 

4836
04:16:03,600 --> 04:16:07,000
Fitted with michelin's, quick 
change tires, cyclist Charles 

4837
04:16:07,000 --> 04:16:11,600
Tyrone won the grueling, 1891 
Paris pres Paris, race 8 hours 

4838
04:16:11,600 --> 04:16:15,000
ahead of his nearest rival. 
It was a stunning victory for 

4839
04:16:15,000 --> 04:16:18,500
both Rider and tire a publicity 
coup that announced Michelin as 

4840
04:16:18,500 --> 04:16:21,600
a new force in transportation. 
Emboldened. 

4841
04:16:21,600 --> 04:16:24,200
The michelin's turned their 
attention to the automobile 

4842
04:16:24,200 --> 04:16:28,900
contraction, still in its 
infancy in 1895, they entered a 

4843
04:16:28,900 --> 04:16:32,900
peculiar looking vehicle 
nicknamed, LeClaire lightning in

4844
04:16:32,900 --> 04:16:36,000
the Paris, Bordeaux Paris 
competition, one of the world's 

4845
04:16:36,000 --> 04:16:39,600
first long-distance car races, 
the car ran on michelin's 

4846
04:16:39,600 --> 04:16:42,900
Airfield tires daring, gamble at
a time when many observers 

4847
04:16:42,900 --> 04:16:46,100
doubted that fragile are stuffed
rubber could support a motor 

4848
04:16:46,100 --> 04:16:50,300
cars, weight and speed. 
True LeClaire didn't win it 

4849
04:16:50,300 --> 04:16:52,900
limped in near the back of the 
pack but its performance was 

4850
04:16:52,900 --> 04:16:54,400
convincing enough to create a 
market. 

4851
04:16:55,300 --> 04:16:58,000
Spectators and fellow Engineers 
saw that a car on pneumatic 

4852
04:16:58,000 --> 04:16:59,500
tires. 
Could survive a rugged? 

4853
04:16:59,500 --> 04:17:03,600
732 mile Journey. 
Because one report noted, the 

4854
04:17:03,600 --> 04:17:06,000
race virtually launched the 
market, for detachable. 

4855
04:17:06,000 --> 04:17:09,500
Pneumatic automobile tires by 
proving their resilience and 

4856
04:17:09,500 --> 04:17:12,000
practicality. 
The Michelin Brothers had found 

4857
04:17:12,000 --> 04:17:15,500
their calling making 
indispensable things that nobody

4858
04:17:15,500 --> 04:17:20,100
realized they needed until they 
did Edward reportedly conceived.

4859
04:17:20,100 --> 04:17:23,400
The idea for a mascot at a trade
exhibition, in Leo, noticing a 

4860
04:17:23,408 --> 04:17:26,400
stack of tires that uncannily 
resembled a human form. 

4861
04:17:27,200 --> 04:17:29,700
Soon he and Andre commissioned 
an artist to bring it to life. 

4862
04:17:29,700 --> 04:17:33,000
The Michelin Man, a rotund 
fellow made of stacked tires. 

4863
04:17:33,000 --> 04:17:35,700
Debuting in a famous 1898 
poster. 

4864
04:17:35,700 --> 04:17:39,900
This Jolly character dubbed the 
Bender from the Latin monk EST. 

4865
04:17:39,900 --> 04:17:43,600
Bibendum now is the time to 
drink was depicted cheerfully 

4866
04:17:43,600 --> 04:17:47,000
raising a goblet brimming with 
nails and broken glass to your 

4867
04:17:47,000 --> 04:17:49,800
health. 
The message was witty and clear.

4868
04:17:49,800 --> 04:17:53,200
Michelin tires, will drink up 
obstacles on the road, this 

4869
04:17:53,200 --> 04:17:56,100
imaginative ad showing the Tire 
man merrily swallowing road 

4870
04:17:56,100 --> 04:17:58,300
hazards captured, the Public's 
attention. 

4871
04:17:58,300 --> 04:18:02,100
It married humor with a 
practical promise signaling that

4872
04:18:02,100 --> 04:18:05,700
Michelin tires made motoring not
only safer, but a bit more fun. 

4873
04:18:06,900 --> 04:18:09,700
The Michelin Man quickly became 
one of the world's first truly 

4874
04:18:09,700 --> 04:18:13,100
iconic, advertising character's 
a testament to the brothers, 

4875
04:18:13,100 --> 04:18:19,300
Flair golf carts for marking 
Surprises by 1900, Mickler had 

4876
04:18:19,300 --> 04:18:21,800
established itself. 
As France's Premier Tire 

4877
04:18:21,800 --> 04:18:25,900
innovator, yet the market 
remained, small automobiles were

4878
04:18:25,900 --> 04:18:28,800
still the playthings of the rich
or the tinkering enthusiast. 

4879
04:18:29,500 --> 04:18:32,600
There were fewer than 3,000 cars
on all the roads of France as 

4880
04:18:32,600 --> 04:18:35,900
the new century dawned. 
For Michelin to thrive more 

4881
04:18:35,900 --> 04:18:39,300
people needed by cars and drive 
them far enough to wear out 

4882
04:18:39,300 --> 04:18:41,700
their tires, Andre Michel and 
understood. 

4883
04:18:41,700 --> 04:18:44,000
That selling tires wasn't just 
about the rubber. 

4884
04:18:44,700 --> 04:18:47,300
It was about selling the 
adventure of Motoring itself. 

4885
04:18:48,300 --> 04:18:50,800
France is rutted Lanes. 
Could be transformed into more 

4886
04:18:50,800 --> 04:18:54,700
welcoming Pathways, perhaps many
more citizens would be enticed 

4887
04:18:54,700 --> 04:18:57,900
to get behind the wheel. 
With characteristic Ingenuity. 

4888
04:18:57,900 --> 04:19:00,100
He began devising a new kind of 
product. 

4889
04:19:00,100 --> 04:19:03,600
Not a tie this time but a 
booklet that would boost the 

4890
04:19:03,600 --> 04:19:07,700
entire ecosystem of driving. 
Little, did anyone suspect that 

4891
04:19:07,700 --> 04:19:10,400
this next idea would become 
michelin's greatest Legacy of 

4892
04:19:10,400 --> 04:19:12,400
all? 
Taking an automobile on a 

4893
04:19:12,400 --> 04:19:14,700
cross-country Journey, was a 
daring expedition in the early 

4894
04:19:14,700 --> 04:19:18,300
1900s. 
Imagine embarking on a 200 mile 

4895
04:19:18,300 --> 04:19:22,100
drive with no road signs, no 
reliable maps, and no guaranteed

4896
04:19:22,100 --> 04:19:24,600
find fuel or a mechanic. 
If things went awry. 

4897
04:19:25,500 --> 04:19:29,600
For instance, in 1905 Parisian, 
Gentleman embarking on a journey

4898
04:19:29,600 --> 04:19:33,100
to the French Riviera would pack
extra Patrol, tins, and tools, 

4899
04:19:33,100 --> 04:19:37,700
and anticipating the unexpected 
at every corner. car travel was 

4900
04:19:37,700 --> 04:19:40,800
truly an adventure and Andre 
Mitchell and keenly understood 

4901
04:19:40,800 --> 04:19:44,300
that drivers needed, guidance 
and reassurance, To support 

4902
04:19:44,300 --> 04:19:47,300
their customers Journeys. 
He and his brother compiled, a 

4903
04:19:47,300 --> 04:19:50,200
slim red covered handbook. 
The guide Michelin filled with 

4904
04:19:50,208 --> 04:19:53,900
everything, a motorist might 
need Technical tips on tire 

4905
04:19:53,900 --> 04:19:57,500
repair lists of garages and fuel
Depots recommended hotels, and 

4906
04:19:57,500 --> 04:19:59,800
eateries, and even maps and 
handy Town. 

4907
04:19:59,800 --> 04:20:03,400
Indexes Michelin, even included 
a Whimsical cartoon in the 

4908
04:20:03,408 --> 04:20:06,800
guide, showing a weary traveler 
collapsing under an armload of 

4909
04:20:06,800 --> 04:20:10,500
maps and manuals, only to be 
rescued by an outstretched hand,

4910
04:20:10,500 --> 04:20:14,600
offering a single book. 
The Michelin guide, The message 

4911
04:20:14,600 --> 04:20:17,900
one, small volume could replace 
a trunk full of disparate 

4912
04:20:17,900 --> 04:20:21,300
references. 
The first Michelin guide, 1900 

4913
04:20:21,300 --> 04:20:23,900
was a free. 
Booklet for motorists, full of 

4914
04:20:23,900 --> 04:20:26,900
practical information on Andre 
Michelin predicted. 

4915
04:20:26,900 --> 04:20:28,700
This book appears with the 
century. 

4916
04:20:28,700 --> 04:20:30,200
It will last, as long as it 
does. 

4917
04:20:31,200 --> 04:20:35,000
The first Michelin guide made 
his debut in 1900, strategically

4918
04:20:35,000 --> 04:20:38,900
timed to the Paris World's Fair.
A bustling Exposition that year,

4919
04:20:38,900 --> 04:20:42,700
which Drew in astonishing, 50 
million visitors, attendees 

4920
04:20:42,700 --> 04:20:45,400
could pick up a free copy of 
this new motorist guide book, 

4921
04:20:45,400 --> 04:20:48,800
which cataloged hundreds of 
French towns and advised, where 

4922
04:20:48,800 --> 04:20:53,400
to find lodging meals gas and 
reliable repairs in an ERA with 

4923
04:20:53,400 --> 04:20:56,400
no GPS or roadside assistance. 
The Little Red Book was a 

4924
04:20:56,400 --> 04:21:00,800
godsend that inaugural Edition 
ran to nearly 400 pages with 

4925
04:21:00,800 --> 04:21:03,600
some 1300 hotels among its 
Myriad listing's. 

4926
04:21:03,600 --> 04:21:06,300
This book appears with the 
century it will last. 

4927
04:21:06,300 --> 04:21:09,700
As long as it does to cleared on
train Michele boldly predicting,

4928
04:21:09,700 --> 04:21:13,300
his guides longevity. 
Indeed, the guide quickly became

4929
04:21:13,300 --> 04:21:16,500
more than a directory. 
It was a Passport to Adventure, 

4930
04:21:16,500 --> 04:21:20,100
its annual release eagerly, 
awaited by motorists, who saw it

4931
04:21:20,100 --> 04:21:21,900
as essential gear for the open 
road. 

4932
04:21:22,700 --> 04:21:26,100
Indeed, as automobiles, 
proliferated on Europe's roads, 

4933
04:21:26,100 --> 04:21:29,400
the Michelin guide emerged as 
the preferred glove box 

4934
04:21:29,400 --> 04:21:33,200
companion for astute drivers. 
By the outbreak of World War 1, 

4935
04:21:33,200 --> 04:21:36,200
France had embraced the 
automobile with gusto. 

4936
04:21:36,200 --> 04:21:40,000
In fact, the number of cars in 
France surged from about 3,000 

4937
04:21:40,000 --> 04:21:45,500
and 1900 to over 100,000 by 1914
and Michels guide had expanded 

4938
04:21:45,500 --> 04:21:49,300
far beyond its home turf What 
started as a local French 

4939
04:21:49,300 --> 04:21:51,000
publication. 
Grew into a pan-european 

4940
04:21:51,000 --> 04:21:54,500
phenomenon within a decade, 
Michelin guide for Belgium, 

4941
04:21:54,500 --> 04:21:58,200
appeared in 1904 followed by 
editions covering Algeria and 

4942
04:21:58,200 --> 04:22:03,800
Tunisia. 1907, the Alps and the 
Rhine regions 1908, Germany and 

4943
04:22:03,800 --> 04:22:09,300
Spain 19010 and the British 
Isles 1911. 1910 Michelin also 

4944
04:22:09,300 --> 04:22:12,700
launched a series of one to 
200,000 scale, roadmaps to 

4945
04:22:12,700 --> 04:22:15,400
complement the guide's direction
and make it easier for drivers 

4946
04:22:15,400 --> 04:22:18,300
to find their way. 
It was even a special English 

4947
04:22:18,300 --> 04:22:21,300
language guide to France 
published in 1909 for the 

4948
04:22:21,300 --> 04:22:24,700
benefit of British and American 
tourists touring the continent 

4949
04:22:24,700 --> 04:22:28,000
by motor car. 
This rapid expansion reflected 

4950
04:22:28,000 --> 04:22:31,600
the exploding interest in motor 
tourism wealthy adventurers, 

4951
04:22:31,600 --> 04:22:34,200
were now driving through the 
Alps or motoring down to the 

4952
04:22:34,200 --> 04:22:36,700
French Riviera and Michelin was 
right there with them. 

4953
04:22:36,700 --> 04:22:38,800
It's guides offering Dependable 
information. 

4954
04:22:38,800 --> 04:22:41,800
In unfamiliar lands. 
If anything the hardships of 

4955
04:22:41,808 --> 04:22:45,100
early driving, only cemented the
guides in Portland cars of that 

4956
04:22:45,100 --> 04:22:48,300
era were finicky machines. 
Prone to breakdowns and Roads 

4957
04:22:48,300 --> 04:22:51,200
outside major cities were often 
little more than rutted mud 

4958
04:22:51,200 --> 04:22:53,500
paths. 
Pity The Traveler who didn't 

4959
04:22:53,500 --> 04:22:56,400
carry a Michelin guide when his 
tire blew out miles from the 

4960
04:22:56,400 --> 04:22:58,400
nearest town. 
He might not know that a 

4961
04:22:58,400 --> 04:23:01,300
blacksmith in the next Village, 
doubled as an auto repairman or 

4962
04:23:01,300 --> 04:23:04,000
that a certain in down the road,
offered clean beds and hot 

4963
04:23:04,000 --> 04:23:06,600
supper. 
The guide details listings. 

4964
04:23:06,600 --> 04:23:09,000
Helped turn chaos into a 
management Adventure. 

4965
04:23:09,800 --> 04:23:13,500
As War loomed in 1914. 
The Michelin guide had firmly 

4966
04:23:13,500 --> 04:23:15,800
established itself as part of 
the motoring routine. 

4967
04:23:16,700 --> 04:23:20,000
Publication was suspended during
World War One when Europe's 

4968
04:23:20,000 --> 04:23:22,700
focused turned from leisure 
travel to survival, but the 

4969
04:23:22,700 --> 04:23:26,100
groundwork was laid motoring had
arrived as a way of life for the

4970
04:23:26,108 --> 04:23:28,900
well-to-do and thanks to 
michelin's prescient strategy. 

4971
04:23:28,900 --> 04:23:32,000
A tire companies giveaway guide 
had become an authority in its 

4972
04:23:32,000 --> 04:23:33,900
own, right. 
The stage was set for even 

4973
04:23:33,900 --> 04:23:36,500
bigger Transformations. 
After the war, not least the 

4974
04:23:36,500 --> 04:23:39,300
guides Evolution from a 
utilitarian Road Aid into the 

4975
04:23:39,300 --> 04:23:41,600
venerated. 
Culinary Bible we know today 

4976
04:23:41,600 --> 04:23:45,100
from its Inception, the Michelin
guides served as more than just 

4977
04:23:45,100 --> 04:23:48,000
a simple guide for drivers. 
It represented a brilliant 

4978
04:23:48,000 --> 04:23:51,700
marketing strategy, Andre 
Mitchell and realized that if 

4979
04:23:51,700 --> 04:23:54,400
people drove more they'd wear 
out their tires fast and need 

4980
04:23:54,400 --> 04:23:56,700
Replacements boosting Michelin 
sails. 

4981
04:23:56,700 --> 04:24:00,600
So what better way to Spur Road 
travel and to give drivers a 

4982
04:24:00,600 --> 04:24:04,100
reason to hit the road The free 
guide served as a tire companies

4983
04:24:04,100 --> 04:24:06,900
valuable tool inspiring 
motorists to make longer and 

4984
04:24:06,900 --> 04:24:10,500
more frequent Journeys. modern 
terms Michelin was pioneering 

4985
04:24:10,500 --> 04:24:13,200
content marketing, offering 
valuable information to 

4986
04:24:13,200 --> 04:24:16,400
customers to stimulate demand 
for its core product long before

4987
04:24:16,400 --> 04:24:21,100
anyone coined that phrase Nearly
35,000 copies of the inaugural 

4988
04:24:21,100 --> 04:24:25,400
1900 had shown were distributed 
at no charge and handed out to 

4989
04:24:25,400 --> 04:24:28,900
show first garage owners and 
anyone who owned or even aspired

4990
04:24:28,900 --> 04:24:33,000
to own an automobile. 
Before long drivers considered 

4991
04:24:33,000 --> 04:24:36,800
the Michelin guide nearly 
indispensable as essential as a 

4992
04:24:36,800 --> 04:24:39,000
spare tire or a roadmap on any 
long drive. 

4993
04:24:39,000 --> 04:24:42,900
The message was never by our 
tires, yet every page quietly, 

4994
04:24:42,900 --> 04:24:45,100
served that goal by making 
motoring easier. 

4995
04:24:45,900 --> 04:24:48,400
For two decades. 
Michelin, poured resources into 

4996
04:24:48,400 --> 04:24:51,600
this project Printing and 
updating the guide annually, 

4997
04:24:51,600 --> 04:24:55,200
without earning a cent from it. 
The company stock petrol 

4998
04:24:55,200 --> 04:24:58,000
stations and repair shops with 
stacks of the free red guide, 

4999
04:24:58,000 --> 04:25:01,200
confident that every road trip. 
It, encouraged would eventually 

5000
04:25:01,200 --> 04:25:03,400
lead to more worn out tires, in 
need of replacement. 

5001
04:25:04,500 --> 04:25:07,000
This Ploy worked brilliantly. 
Perhaps, too. 

5002
04:25:07,000 --> 04:25:10,800
Well, as motoring move from fad 
to mainstream the guide's 

5003
04:25:10,800 --> 04:25:15,100
distribution sword in tandem, 
France, counted over 230,000 

5004
04:25:15,100 --> 04:25:18,800
cars on the road by 1920. 
A hugely leap from fewer than 

5005
04:25:18,800 --> 04:25:21,900
3,002 decades earlier and many 
new drivers. 

5006
04:25:21,900 --> 04:25:24,400
Wouldn't dream of setting out 
without the latest Michelin 

5007
04:25:24,400 --> 04:25:28,500
guide in the glove box. 
By 1920, some people have become

5008
04:25:28,500 --> 04:25:31,200
so accustomed to the guide that 
they began to take it lightly. 

5009
04:25:31,200 --> 04:25:34,800
According to company law, when 
Andre Mitchell's stopped by 

5010
04:25:34,808 --> 04:25:37,700
garage one day, he was shocked 
to see his beloved guide being 

5011
04:25:37,700 --> 04:25:41,300
used to prop up, a workbench, 
outraged, and perhaps a little 

5012
04:25:41,308 --> 04:25:43,700
heartbroken. 
He immediately declared the end 

5013
04:25:43,700 --> 04:25:47,600
of the free Michelin guide era. 
Man only truly respects what he 

5014
04:25:47,600 --> 04:25:49,300
pays for. 
He reportedly declared 

5015
04:25:49,300 --> 04:25:51,700
thereafter. 
The guide was no longer a 

5016
04:25:51,700 --> 04:25:53,400
giveaway, but a product in its 
own right. 

5017
04:25:53,400 --> 04:25:56,900
Sold for about seven francs 
roughly, two dollars and not 

5018
04:25:56,900 --> 04:26:00,400
insignificant sum at the time 
and revamped for a new era of 

5019
04:26:00,400 --> 04:26:03,200
Motoring. 
The Michelin guides, 1920 

5020
04:26:03,200 --> 04:26:06,208
Edition marked, a significant 
milestone, Freed from the 

5021
04:26:06,216 --> 04:26:07,900
constraints of being purely 
promotional. 

5022
04:26:07,900 --> 04:26:10,800
The guides content was refined 
and elevated. 

5023
04:26:11,500 --> 04:26:14,400
All advertising was stripped out
to reinforce its impartiality. 

5024
04:26:14,400 --> 04:26:18,900
New features appeared including 
a list of hotels in Paris and an

5025
04:26:18,900 --> 04:26:20,400
expanded directory of 
restaurants. 

5026
04:26:20,400 --> 04:26:24,100
Now, grouped by category and 
Cuisine, what had begun as a 

5027
04:26:24,100 --> 04:26:26,500
handy road, atlas was 
transforming into something of a

5028
04:26:26,508 --> 04:26:29,400
travel handbook, for the 
Discerning motorist readers, 

5029
04:26:29,400 --> 04:26:32,200
wanted more than just gas 
stations, they were increasingly

5030
04:26:32,200 --> 04:26:34,500
turning to Michelin for dining 
and lodging advice. 

5031
04:26:35,200 --> 04:26:38,300
Sensing this shift, the Michelin
brothers, made a shrewd move, 

5032
04:26:38,300 --> 04:26:41,800
they hired a team of anonymous 
field inspectors to visit 

5033
04:26:41,800 --> 04:26:43,600
establishments and quietly 
evaluate them. 

5034
04:26:44,900 --> 04:26:47,600
Recognizing the growing 
influence of the guys restaurant

5035
04:26:47,600 --> 04:26:49,700
section. 
The company understood that 

5036
04:26:49,700 --> 04:26:52,700
consistent trustworthy 
restaurant reviews, would be 

5037
04:26:52,700 --> 04:26:56,500
crucial. these undercovered 
diners, the first of their kind 

5038
04:26:56,500 --> 04:26:58,900
found out to sample meals 
without ever revealing their 

5039
04:26:58,900 --> 04:27:02,500
affiliation It was an 
unprecedented commitment to 

5040
04:27:02,500 --> 04:27:05,900
Quality Control ensuring that a 
Michelin recommendation, truly 

5041
04:27:05,900 --> 04:27:07,300
meant something to the traveling
public. 

5042
04:27:08,400 --> 04:27:11,500
By the mid-1920s. 
The Michelin guide had evolved 

5043
04:27:11,500 --> 04:27:14,200
from a tire company pamphlet to 
a more ambitious guide. 

5044
04:27:15,000 --> 04:27:16,500
Its original purpose to get 
people. 

5045
04:27:16,500 --> 04:27:18,900
Driving had succeeded Beyond 
expectation. 

5046
04:27:19,600 --> 04:27:22,400
And its reputation for fair 
thorough recommendations was 

5047
04:27:22,400 --> 04:27:25,500
growing. 
Not coincidentally, michelin's 

5048
04:27:25,500 --> 04:27:28,700
tire sales were booming as well.
The brothers had become leading 

5049
04:27:28,700 --> 04:27:31,900
suppliers to Europe's fledgling 
or to Industry boyed by the 

5050
04:27:31,900 --> 04:27:34,300
growing ranks of motorists. 
They helped create. 

5051
04:27:35,400 --> 04:27:38,000
Now, this little red book was 
evolving from a glove box 

5052
04:27:38,000 --> 04:27:40,500
staple, into a symbol of 
discernment and credibility. 

5053
04:27:41,300 --> 04:27:44,400
As one Observer, noted early 
current Enthusiast, even like to

5054
04:27:44,400 --> 04:27:47,000
keep a Michelin guide matching, 
their vehicles model year in the

5055
04:27:47,000 --> 04:27:49,900
glove box as a badge of honor. 
This set. 

5056
04:27:49,900 --> 04:27:52,000
The groundwork for michelin's 
next brilliant. 

5057
04:27:52,000 --> 04:27:54,900
Move transforming a tire 
companies travel guide. 

5058
04:27:54,900 --> 04:27:57,800
Into the world's most 
influential Authority on fine, 

5059
04:27:57,800 --> 04:28:02,100
dining in 1926 Michelin quietly.
Introduced a new feature that 

5060
04:28:02,100 --> 04:28:04,500
would forever change the guide's
destiny. 

5061
04:28:05,200 --> 04:28:09,000
Star ratings. 
That year a small star symbol 

5062
04:28:09,000 --> 04:28:11,900
appeared next to the names of 
Select exceptional restaurants. 

5063
04:28:12,700 --> 04:28:16,600
Five years later in 1931, the 
hierarchy of one, two, and three

5064
04:28:16,600 --> 04:28:20,200
stars was introduced creating a 
graduated honor of dining 

5065
04:28:20,200 --> 04:28:23,100
Excellence. 
A single star denoted, a 

5066
04:28:23,100 --> 04:28:26,100
restaurant that was excellent in
its category, two stars 

5067
04:28:26,100 --> 04:28:27,800
signified. 
Excellent cooking worth the 

5068
04:28:27,800 --> 04:28:31,500
detour and the coveted three 
stars meant exceptional Cuisine 

5069
04:28:31,500 --> 04:28:35,900
worth a special Journey. 
The wording was telling michelan

5070
04:28:35,900 --> 04:28:40,500
was still in the business of 
inspiring Journeys by 193323 

5071
04:28:40,500 --> 04:28:43,600
restaurants in France, held 
three-star status, their 

5072
04:28:43,600 --> 04:28:46,400
kitchens instantly vaulted into 
the culinary stratosphere. 

5073
04:28:47,200 --> 04:28:50,500
Chefs regarded Michelin stars as
the highest recognition and a 

5074
04:28:50,500 --> 04:28:53,700
three-star ranking of the power 
to transform a remote country in

5075
04:28:53,700 --> 04:28:55,700
into a global destination for 
gourmets. 

5076
04:28:56,600 --> 04:28:59,900
In 1931 Michelin also swapped 
the guide's cover from its 

5077
04:28:59,900 --> 04:29:02,700
original blue to now. 
Iconic red cementing, the 

5078
04:29:02,700 --> 04:29:07,100
identity of the red guide that 
endures to this day One 

5079
04:29:07,100 --> 04:29:10,400
journalist later noted that the 
little red guy often referred to

5080
04:29:10,408 --> 04:29:14,200
as the Bible of gastronomy holds
significant influence amongst 

5081
04:29:14,200 --> 04:29:17,000
returns. 
Over the ensuing decades, the 

5082
04:29:17,000 --> 04:29:21,000
guide's influence only grew 
restaurant wide Pac-Man for 

5083
04:29:21,000 --> 04:29:24,500
michelin's approval, knowing 
that a star or three could bring

5084
04:29:24,500 --> 04:29:28,400
Prestige and prosperity. 
The guides judgments with their 

5085
04:29:28,400 --> 04:29:31,800
concise descriptions and iconic 
Stars established a benchmark 

5086
04:29:31,800 --> 04:29:34,400
that profoundly influenced the 
concept of fine dining. 

5087
04:29:35,200 --> 04:29:37,600
Even War could only briefly 
interrupt its Authority. 

5088
04:29:37,600 --> 04:29:40,300
World War 2 forced to pause in 
publication. 

5089
04:29:40,300 --> 04:29:44,200
But in 1944, the Allied Forces 
famously requested, a special 

5090
04:29:44,200 --> 04:29:46,700
reprint of michelin's last 
pre-war guide because it's 

5091
04:29:46,700 --> 04:29:50,000
roadmaps of France with the most
detailed and reliable available.

5092
04:29:51,100 --> 04:29:54,800
after the war as Europe, rebuilt
Michelin cautiously resumed, its

5093
04:29:54,800 --> 04:29:58,300
Gourmet guardianship initially 
imposing an upper limit of two 

5094
04:29:58,300 --> 04:30:01,500
stars giving the nearest food 
shortages before restoring three

5095
04:30:01,500 --> 04:30:06,000
star awards in 1951 as Hot 
Cuisine bounce back, By then the

5096
04:30:06,000 --> 04:30:08,600
Michelin guide was in trenched 
as the Arbiter of French fine. 

5097
04:30:08,600 --> 04:30:11,200
Dining in its reach was 
extending further afield. 

5098
04:30:12,000 --> 04:30:14,700
What began as a parochial 
handbook for French motorists. 

5099
04:30:14,700 --> 04:30:16,800
Had evolved into an 
international Institution. 

5100
04:30:17,800 --> 04:30:21,900
Michelin published its first 
guide to Italy in 1956 though no

5101
04:30:21,900 --> 04:30:23,600
restaurant. 
Earned a star in that inaugural 

5102
04:30:23,600 --> 04:30:27,000
Italian Edition and rolled out 
guides across the continent in 

5103
04:30:27,000 --> 04:30:30,000
subsequent years, a Michelin 
guide for Great, Britain, and 

5104
04:30:30,000 --> 04:30:32,000
Ireland. 
Reappeared in 1974. 

5105
04:30:32,000 --> 04:30:34,300
After a long high at us 
signaling, the guides 

5106
04:30:34,300 --> 04:30:38,200
pan-european scope. 
In 2005, the company finally 

5107
04:30:38,200 --> 04:30:41,900
crossed the Atlantic debuting in
New York City guide and soon 

5108
04:30:41,900 --> 04:30:43,800
afterward. 
In today's show with guide for 

5109
04:30:43,800 --> 04:30:47,700
Tokyo, 2007, and Hong Kong and 
Macau, 2008. 

5110
04:30:48,500 --> 04:30:51,800
In its first Tokyo Edition. 
Michelin awarded, an 

5111
04:30:51,800 --> 04:30:54,500
unprecedented eight restaurants,
the top three star, rating, 

5112
04:30:54,500 --> 04:30:58,400
declaring, Tokyo, the new world 
leader in Gourmet dining, even 

5113
04:30:58,400 --> 04:31:02,000
ahead of Paris. 
By the 2010 Michelin was 

5114
04:31:02,000 --> 04:31:04,300
publishing annual guides in 
dozens of countries across 

5115
04:31:04,300 --> 04:31:08,000
Europe, North America, and Asia 
is once humble book. 

5116
04:31:08,000 --> 04:31:12,400
Now, a global Arbiter of taste 
For perspective more than 30 

5117
04:31:12,400 --> 04:31:14,700
million missions. 
Sheila and guides have been sold

5118
04:31:14,700 --> 04:31:18,900
worldwide over the past Century.
A Michelin star became part of 

5119
04:31:18,900 --> 04:31:23,000
the common, lexicon a byword for
culinary Excellence recognized 

5120
04:31:23,000 --> 04:31:26,500
from Boston to Beijing. 
Michelin also added, secondary 

5121
04:31:26,500 --> 04:31:30,000
distinctions over time, for 
instance, the bib Gourmand award

5122
04:31:30,000 --> 04:31:34,000
denoted, by the face of Bend and
licking his lips was introduced 

5123
04:31:34,000 --> 04:31:36,600
to highlight restaurant offering
excellent quality at a 

5124
04:31:36,600 --> 04:31:39,100
reasonable price. 
Proving that not all outstanding

5125
04:31:39,100 --> 04:31:42,800
cooking need be expensive. 
The guide had transformed into a

5126
04:31:42,800 --> 04:31:44,500
luxury brand influencer in its 
own. 

5127
04:31:44,500 --> 04:31:46,500
Right. 
The endorsement of the Michelin 

5128
04:31:46,500 --> 04:31:49,000
a single Michelin guide could 
Propel a modest Chef to 

5129
04:31:49,000 --> 04:31:52,000
prominence or Transformer remote
Village into a destination for 

5130
04:31:52,000 --> 04:31:54,500
Foodies. 
Tourism boards, even began 

5131
04:31:54,500 --> 04:31:58,000
courting Michela to publish 
guides in their Region's hoping 

5132
04:31:58,000 --> 04:32:01,700
to capitalize on the Michelin 
effect of gastronomic travel. 

5133
04:32:02,700 --> 04:32:05,700
In the world of out Cuisine. 
The red covered guide wielded. 

5134
04:32:05,700 --> 04:32:08,100
A clout matched by few 
institutions. 

5135
04:32:08,700 --> 04:32:11,700
Yet even as its Fame. 
Grew the Michelin guide remained

5136
04:32:11,700 --> 04:32:14,600
cloaked in Mystique, not least 
because it never revealed 

5137
04:32:14,600 --> 04:32:16,400
exactly how it cast its 
judgments. 

5138
04:32:17,200 --> 04:32:20,500
Diners devoured, each annual 
Edition but the identities of 

5139
04:32:20,500 --> 04:32:23,500
michelin's inspectors and the 
inner workings of its writing 

5140
04:32:23,500 --> 04:32:25,700
process were kept rigorously 
secret. 

5141
04:32:26,600 --> 04:32:29,500
Restorators could only guess 
when a Michelin critic had dined

5142
04:32:29,500 --> 04:32:32,700
in their midst, this Aura of 
secrecy became part of the 

5143
04:32:32,700 --> 04:32:35,700
guides Legend and it set the 
stage for the next chapter of 

5144
04:32:35,700 --> 04:32:38,400
the story. 
The secretive inspectors and 

5145
04:32:38,400 --> 04:32:40,800
enigmatic criteria behind those 
Stars. 

5146
04:32:40,800 --> 04:32:44,200
The true genius of the Michelin 
guide and perhaps the key to its

5147
04:32:44,200 --> 04:32:47,900
credibility in the inspectors 
from the 1920s onward. 

5148
04:32:47,900 --> 04:32:50,900
Michelle and cultivated an image
of rigorous and Anonymous 

5149
04:32:50,900 --> 04:32:54,700
evaluation the company insisted 
that its inspectors always pay 

5150
04:32:54,700 --> 04:32:56,800
for their meals and never reveal
their identities. 

5151
04:32:56,800 --> 04:33:00,100
So restaurants could not carry 
favor Huntington. 

5152
04:33:00,100 --> 04:33:03,400
Did These Mystery Diners. 
As the Michelin Brothers, 

5153
04:33:03,400 --> 04:33:06,300
conceived them would blend in 
with ordinary Patron's and 

5154
04:33:06,300 --> 04:33:10,400
experience restaurants, just as 
any guests would Over time, the 

5155
04:33:10,400 --> 04:33:13,200
guide's, Mystique became Central
to this covert approach. 

5156
04:33:14,099 --> 04:33:16,800
While other guidebooks were 
critics, might tolerate freebies

5157
04:33:16,800 --> 04:33:20,099
or announced their visits 
michelin's tasters moved in 

5158
04:33:20,099 --> 04:33:21,400
silence and picked up their 
checks. 

5159
04:33:22,200 --> 04:33:25,700
Chefs lived in quiet dread of 
unrecognized, gastronomic, spies

5160
04:33:25,700 --> 04:33:29,300
in their dining rooms one 
French, chef famously likened, 

5161
04:33:29,300 --> 04:33:31,400
the suspense to waiting for the 
Executioner. 

5162
04:33:31,400 --> 04:33:34,900
You never knew when they would 
come or who they were, it wasn't

5163
04:33:34,900 --> 04:33:37,700
just who the inspectors were but
what they looked for that set, 

5164
04:33:37,700 --> 04:33:40,700
Michelin apart. 
For decades, the guide said, 

5165
04:33:40,707 --> 04:33:44,000
little publicly about his 
judging criteria letting diners 

5166
04:33:44,000 --> 04:33:46,900
and chefs puzzle over the secret
recipe for earning a star. 

5167
04:33:47,500 --> 04:33:50,900
Only in 1936 did Michelin 
publisher, brief description of 

5168
04:33:50,900 --> 04:33:55,400
the standards behind one, two, 
and three stars couching them in

5169
04:33:55,400 --> 04:33:58,300
reassuringly. 
Simple terms, a top-rated 

5170
04:33:58,300 --> 04:34:02,400
restaurant was one that volt 
worth the journey, a phrase that

5171
04:34:02,400 --> 04:34:06,400
harked back to the guide road 
trip, Origins behind the scenes.

5172
04:34:06,400 --> 04:34:09,400
Of course the inspectors 
palettes were finely honed and 

5173
04:34:09,400 --> 04:34:13,000
their expectations exacting. 
overtime, Michelin quietly 

5174
04:34:13,000 --> 04:34:15,500
established five Universal 
criteria to guide their 

5175
04:34:15,500 --> 04:34:18,900
assessments, quality of 
ingredients, master of cooking 

5176
04:34:18,900 --> 04:34:22,400
technique's, Harmony of flavors,
the personality of the chef in 

5177
04:34:22,400 --> 04:34:25,500
the cuisine and consistency 
across the menu and over time, 

5178
04:34:26,700 --> 04:34:30,400
Notably factors like Decor 
service or Ambience things one 

5179
04:34:30,400 --> 04:34:32,200
might assume influence a dining 
experience. 

5180
04:34:32,200 --> 04:34:35,000
Were officially not supposed to 
affect the rating. 

5181
04:34:35,000 --> 04:34:37,500
It was all about the food on the
plate. 

5182
04:34:37,500 --> 04:34:41,700
Michelin would later insist This
obsessive focus on food, quality

5183
04:34:41,700 --> 04:34:46,200
combined with anonymity, gave 
the Michelangelo integrity. 

5184
04:34:47,099 --> 04:34:50,500
Inspectors often had culinary or
Hospitality backgrounds and they

5185
04:34:50,500 --> 04:34:54,099
ate out nearly every day. 
Sometimes 250 meals a year 

5186
04:34:54,108 --> 04:34:57,599
particularly writing up reports 
on each experience. 

5187
04:34:58,500 --> 04:35:02,000
Their work was and still is 
shrouded in confidentiality. 

5188
04:35:03,000 --> 04:35:05,700
In an age of Instagram and 
crowdsourced Yelp reviews. 

5189
04:35:05,700 --> 04:35:09,800
Michelin to an old world, 
secrecy, Michelle and borrowed 

5190
04:35:09,800 --> 04:35:12,000
inspectors from speaking to 
journalists, and even 

5191
04:35:12,000 --> 04:35:14,099
discouraged them from telling 
their families about their 

5192
04:35:14,099 --> 04:35:17,099
covert job. 
Michelin even ensures that no 

5193
04:35:17,099 --> 04:35:19,400
single inspector can make or 
break a restaurant. 

5194
04:35:19,400 --> 04:35:23,500
Multiple inspectors visit and 
their reports are pulled with 

5195
04:35:23,500 --> 04:35:25,400
stars. 
Awarded only after a collective 

5196
04:35:25,400 --> 04:35:28,200
deliberation by the inspection 
team and michelin's directors. 

5197
04:35:29,099 --> 04:35:30,700
The guide leverages this 
secrecy. 

5198
04:35:30,700 --> 04:35:34,000
And rigor as a marketing asset, 
it is mysterious and methodical 

5199
04:35:34,000 --> 04:35:37,599
and therefore in the eyes of its
fans impartial and 

5200
04:35:37,599 --> 04:35:42,599
authoritative. 
But secrecy has its price. over 

5201
04:35:42,599 --> 04:35:45,599
the years, michelin's veil was 
occasionally pierced by 

5202
04:35:45,608 --> 04:35:49,000
skepticism and controversy 
critics wondered if a handful of

5203
04:35:49,008 --> 04:35:51,400
inspectors could really cover 
thousands of restaurants 

5204
04:35:51,400 --> 04:35:54,400
thoroughly or if bias is crept 
in, despite claims of 

5205
04:35:54,400 --> 04:35:59,599
objectivity X inspector in 
France, published a book in 2004

5206
04:35:59,599 --> 04:36:01,700
alleging that the rigor of the 
guide was slipping. 

5207
04:36:02,500 --> 04:36:05,599
Michelin employed, only five 
full-time, inspectors for all of

5208
04:36:05,608 --> 04:36:09,099
France, each paid a humble 
salary and expected to somehow 

5209
04:36:09,099 --> 04:36:10,900
cover. 
Well over 10,000 restaurants, 

5210
04:36:10,900 --> 04:36:14,599
making it a complete myth that 
the inspector comes around every

5211
04:36:14,599 --> 04:36:18,599
year to each establishment. 
He also claimed that one third 

5212
04:36:18,599 --> 04:36:20,700
of the best and not of the 
standard expected. 

5213
04:36:21,599 --> 04:36:25,300
Michelin vehemently denied. 
The accusation noting that Remy 

5214
04:36:25,300 --> 04:36:27,900
had been dismissed after 
allegedly trying to extort money

5215
04:36:27,900 --> 04:36:31,599
to keep his diary unpublished. 
And the guides overseas insisted

5216
04:36:31,599 --> 04:36:33,400
their standards remained as 
strict as ever. 

5217
04:36:34,300 --> 04:36:38,300
However, the expose a hidden 
organization despite such drama,

5218
04:36:38,300 --> 04:36:42,000
the guides Prestige proved 
resilient Few diners outside the

5219
04:36:42,000 --> 04:36:45,400
industry, remembered the episode
for long, the Michelin brand of 

5220
04:36:45,400 --> 04:36:49,200
Excellence, had Decades of trust
behind it and no competing guide

5221
04:36:49,200 --> 04:36:53,300
managed to unseat its Authority.
To this day for most chefs and 

5222
04:36:53,308 --> 04:36:55,700
gastronomes. 
Michelin's inspectors. 

5223
04:36:55,700 --> 04:36:59,200
Remain enigmatic figures 
wielding power with their pens 

5224
04:36:59,200 --> 04:37:02,200
and forks, and keeping alive the
Allure of an honor that is, at 

5225
04:37:02,200 --> 04:37:05,500
least in principle purely 
merit-based as michelin's 

5226
04:37:05,500 --> 04:37:07,599
influence grew. 
So did the stakes for those 

5227
04:37:07,599 --> 04:37:10,700
under its gaze a Michelin star 
could make a career. 

5228
04:37:10,700 --> 04:37:13,900
But the pressure to keep it 
could also break one. 

5229
04:37:13,900 --> 04:37:17,300
The Tails of this uneasy 
love-hate relationship with the 

5230
04:37:17,300 --> 04:37:21,800
red guide abounded in The 
Culinary World in 2003 renowned 

5231
04:37:21,800 --> 04:37:24,400
French chef. 
Bernard Lawrence, oh, tragically

5232
04:37:24,400 --> 04:37:27,700
took his own life and act, 
widely linked to fears. 

5233
04:37:28,800 --> 04:37:31,599
He was about to lose. 
One of his three Michelin stars.

5234
04:37:31,599 --> 04:37:35,599
A downgrade that ultimately did 
not occur his death, echoed 

5235
04:37:35,599 --> 04:37:38,500
across France, spurring public 
debate about the enormous, 

5236
04:37:38,500 --> 04:37:42,599
stress placed on Chefs, the 
legendary paulus lambasted, the 

5237
04:37:42,599 --> 04:37:46,200
culture of Olivia star, I'll 
take one away and how critics 

5238
04:37:46,200 --> 04:37:49,700
rating toyed with chefs lives. 
In the years that have passed 

5239
04:37:49,700 --> 04:37:52,400
other renowned chefs have 
acknowledged that meeting. 

5240
04:37:52,400 --> 04:37:56,000
Michelin's expectations can be a
challenging task as the same 

5241
04:37:56,000 --> 04:37:59,300
recognition, that draws pilgrims
to their dining rooms also 

5242
04:37:59,300 --> 04:38:01,800
causes them to experience 
anxiety at night. 

5243
04:38:02,700 --> 04:38:05,900
Some chefs have even attempted 
to Dethrone Michelin. 

5244
04:38:06,800 --> 04:38:10,099
In 2017 Sebastian. 
Bray the chef of a three-star 

5245
04:38:10,099 --> 04:38:14,900
restaurant located in rural 
layout shocked the gastronomic 

5246
04:38:14,900 --> 04:38:17,400
World by requesting that 
Michelin remove his restaurant 

5247
04:38:17,400 --> 04:38:20,500
from its guide. 
After nearly two decades at the 

5248
04:38:20,508 --> 04:38:23,200
summit, he yearned to cook with 
the shadow of constant judgment 

5249
04:38:23,200 --> 04:38:26,900
to be free from the pressure as 
he explained in a video 

5250
04:38:26,900 --> 04:38:29,900
announcement. 
Michelin reluctantly agreed to 

5251
04:38:29,900 --> 04:38:33,400
his request and almost unheard 
of concession, though. 

5252
04:38:33,400 --> 04:38:35,900
A couple of years later. 
Bras found himself back in the 

5253
04:38:35,900 --> 04:38:39,400
guide stars and all after 
Michelin decided, its 

5254
04:38:39,400 --> 04:38:41,900
assessments would remain 
independent of chefs wishes. 

5255
04:38:42,800 --> 04:38:45,900
Brazil's public renunciation 
ignited conversations about 

5256
04:38:45,900 --> 04:38:48,400
whether the pursuit of 
perfection demanded by Michela 

5257
04:38:48,400 --> 04:38:51,099
had gone too far. 
He wasn't alone in his 

5258
04:38:51,099 --> 04:38:53,800
ambivalence. 
Other celebrated Chefs of both, 

5259
04:38:53,800 --> 04:38:55,400
revered the guide and resented 
it. 

5260
04:38:56,300 --> 04:38:58,700
In 2019, the eminent French, 
chef Marc. 

5261
04:38:58,700 --> 04:39:02,099
Veyrat went so far as to sue 
Michela after his restaurant was

5262
04:39:02,099 --> 04:39:05,400
demoted from three stars to 2, 
claiming the inspectors had made

5263
04:39:05,408 --> 04:39:08,400
a factual error. 
The Saga was dubbed cheddar in 

5264
04:39:08,400 --> 04:39:12,599
the press, the court ultimately 
threw out his case, such dramas 

5265
04:39:12,599 --> 04:39:15,700
underscore the intense emotions.
Experienced by those minority 

5266
04:39:15,700 --> 04:39:19,200
chefs Beyond individual chefs. 
There are broader cultural 

5267
04:39:19,200 --> 04:39:22,400
critiques for decades Michelin 
was accused of a French and 

5268
04:39:22,400 --> 04:39:25,599
eurocentric bias a favoring 
stiff white tablecloths and 

5269
04:39:25,608 --> 04:39:28,500
classical techniques over more 
diverse or homie culinary 

5270
04:39:28,500 --> 04:39:33,000
experiences in the 2020 10s. 
As gastronomical awareness 

5271
04:39:33,000 --> 04:39:35,200
blossomed globally, Michelin 
expanded. 

5272
04:39:35,200 --> 04:39:38,000
Its reach across, Asia the 
Americas and Beyond seeking to 

5273
04:39:38,000 --> 04:39:41,100
stay relevant. 
It surprise Skeptics by awarding

5274
04:39:41,100 --> 04:39:42,800
stars to Humble street food 
stalls. 

5275
04:39:42,800 --> 04:39:45,300
Such as a hawker, stand in, 
Singapore, known for two dollar.

5276
04:39:45,300 --> 04:39:47,400
Noodle bowls. 
This was michelin's way of 

5277
04:39:47,400 --> 04:39:49,900
saying Excellence can be found 
anywhere. 

5278
04:39:49,900 --> 04:39:53,800
Not only in gilded temples of 
Haute Cuisine and yet debates 

5279
04:39:53,800 --> 04:39:56,700
continued. 
Did Michelin truly understand 

5280
04:39:56,700 --> 04:39:59,400
local food cultures, or was it 
imposing? 

5281
04:39:59,400 --> 04:40:03,300
Its standards was a starred. 
Sushi bar in Tokyo evaluated 

5282
04:40:03,300 --> 04:40:05,600
using the same criteria as a 
fine. 

5283
04:40:05,600 --> 04:40:08,400
Dining Salon in Paris such 
questions. 

5284
04:40:08,400 --> 04:40:11,200
Provided endless fodder for 
food, lovers and fuel for 

5285
04:40:11,200 --> 04:40:14,700
michelins rivals. 
What is clear is that a Michelin

5286
04:40:14,700 --> 04:40:17,200
star creates a profound economic
and emotional, ripple effect 

5287
04:40:17,200 --> 04:40:20,700
restaurants that earn one often 
see booking Skyrocket, 

5288
04:40:20,700 --> 04:40:23,700
overnight, allowing them to 
raise prices and invest in their

5289
04:40:23,700 --> 04:40:26,200
craft. 
Entire regions of bet on the 

5290
04:40:26,200 --> 04:40:28,500
Michelin effects to boost 
culinary tourism. 

5291
04:40:28,500 --> 04:40:31,800
Sometimes, even reportedly 
subsidizing the guides expansion

5292
04:40:31,800 --> 04:40:35,200
into their cities and civic 
pride is now intertwined with 

5293
04:40:35,200 --> 04:40:39,000
star count cities and countries.
Trumpet, their Michelin Laurel 

5294
04:40:39,000 --> 04:40:42,900
restaurants to entice Travelers 
just as chefs trumpet Their 

5295
04:40:42,900 --> 04:40:45,200
Stars to entice diners 
conversely. 

5296
04:40:45,200 --> 04:40:48,600
Losing a star can feel like a 
public humiliation and can lead 

5297
04:40:48,600 --> 04:40:52,000
to real Financial pain as diners
and investors react. 

5298
04:40:53,600 --> 04:40:56,900
The guide has been called a 
king-maker, a king breaker, a 

5299
04:40:56,900 --> 04:40:59,300
tyrant, and a savior to some 
chefs. 

5300
04:40:59,300 --> 04:41:02,300
It's a benchmark of achievement 
to others, a source of 

5301
04:41:02,308 --> 04:41:05,400
unrelenting pressure. 
In the era of Instagram, 

5302
04:41:05,400 --> 04:41:07,700
influencers, and crowdsource 
review sites. 

5303
04:41:07,700 --> 04:41:10,700
Some of speculated that 
michelin's old school approach 

5304
04:41:10,700 --> 04:41:14,100
would lose relevance. 
But the continued obsession with

5305
04:41:14,100 --> 04:41:17,100
its verdicts suggest that its 
star system still holds a unique

5306
04:41:17,100 --> 04:41:21,300
sway of chefs and diners a fact 
as astonishing today, as it was 

5307
04:41:21,300 --> 04:41:23,800
a century ago. 
This tension has only 

5308
04:41:23,800 --> 04:41:26,900
heightened, the Michelin guides,
cultural Aura, love it, or 

5309
04:41:26,900 --> 04:41:30,200
loathe it, those little stars, 
provoke, big emotions, Looking 

5310
04:41:30,200 --> 04:41:32,400
Back. 
The Audacity Of Andres michela's

5311
04:41:32,400 --> 04:41:35,900
strategy as astonishing what 
began as a clever ploy to sell 

5312
04:41:35,900 --> 04:41:39,200
more tires evolved into Avenger 
that transformed both travel and

5313
04:41:39,200 --> 04:41:42,700
Gastronomy on a global scale. 
The Michelin guide helped turn 

5314
04:41:42,700 --> 04:41:45,500
the act of driving from a novel 
experiment into a, widespread 

5315
04:41:45,500 --> 04:41:48,700
cultural practice, and in doing 
so, it laid foundations for the 

5316
04:41:48,700 --> 04:41:52,100
modern travel industry. 
Early motorists, with a guide in

5317
04:41:52,108 --> 04:41:55,100
hand, felt empowered to explore 
secure in the knowledge that 

5318
04:41:55,100 --> 04:41:58,400
they could find their way, get a
decent meal and repair a flat. 

5319
04:41:59,500 --> 04:42:02,400
In many ways, Michela wrote the 
first draft of the road trip 

5320
04:42:02,400 --> 04:42:04,600
over time. 
That little red book. 

5321
04:42:04,600 --> 04:42:08,600
Spawned an entire ecosystem of 
travel AIDS road maps, tourist, 

5322
04:42:08,600 --> 04:42:12,400
guide, books, and travel 
itineraries indeed, Michela 

5323
04:42:12,400 --> 04:42:14,900
eventually, expanded into 
publishing, green guides to 

5324
04:42:14,900 --> 04:42:19,000
cities and regions worldwide. 
It's no exaggeration to say that

5325
04:42:19,000 --> 04:42:21,200
michelin's promotional gamble 
greased. 

5326
04:42:21,200 --> 04:42:25,300
The wheels for 20th century 
tourism, making distant corners 

5327
04:42:25,300 --> 04:42:29,400
of France and later, the world 
accessible and inviting to those

5328
04:42:29,400 --> 04:42:32,600
adventurous enough to motivate 
their the impact on the food 

5329
04:42:32,600 --> 04:42:34,400
industry as being even more 
profound. 

5330
04:42:35,300 --> 04:42:38,100
By introducing the idea that 
restaurants could be rigorously 

5331
04:42:38,100 --> 04:42:41,900
evaluated and ranked Michelin 
inadvertently created, a whole 

5332
04:42:41,900 --> 04:42:44,700
new Arena of competition and 
aspiration among chefs. 

5333
04:42:44,700 --> 04:42:48,400
The guide Stars became the 
Oscars of The Culinary world and

5334
04:42:48,400 --> 04:42:51,400
chasing those Stars became a 
narrative of ambition and 

5335
04:42:51,400 --> 04:42:55,300
kitchens from Paris to Shanghai 
oat Cuisine which was once 

5336
04:42:55,300 --> 04:42:56,800
confined to Word of Mouth. 
Acclaim. 

5337
04:42:56,800 --> 04:43:00,400
Now had a codified system of 
Merit one that could Vault a 

5338
04:43:00,400 --> 04:43:03,200
chef to International fame or 
humble, even the mightiest ego 

5339
04:43:04,400 --> 04:43:07,400
This innovational turned dining 
out into a sport for patrons 

5340
04:43:07,400 --> 04:43:11,500
using in the era of the 
destination restaurant, where 

5341
04:43:11,500 --> 04:43:14,900
food Enthusiast strategies 
entire trips to dine at Michelin

5342
04:43:14,900 --> 04:43:18,500
star Temple's of cuisine. 
A tire maker from Claremore 

5343
04:43:18,500 --> 04:43:22,000
ended up setting Trends in the 
cooking of fogra the serving of 

5344
04:43:22,008 --> 04:43:23,700
sushi. 
And the top of pizzas in 

5345
04:43:23,700 --> 04:43:26,400
directly influencing countless 
culinary, Traditions through the

5346
04:43:26,400 --> 04:43:29,400
power of its ratings. 
Michelin's own mascot. 

5347
04:43:29,400 --> 04:43:32,700
The Tubby Tireman bibendum 
became a cultural icon in his 

5348
04:43:32,700 --> 04:43:35,700
own right name. 
The best logo of the century by 

5349
04:43:35,700 --> 04:43:40,300
the financial times in 2000. 
Perhaps, just as significantly, 

5350
04:43:40,300 --> 04:43:44,500
Michelin demonstrated the power 
of brand extension, through 

5351
04:43:44,500 --> 04:43:46,500
content, long before that term 
existed. 

5352
04:43:47,700 --> 04:43:50,500
The company proved that a brand 
could transcend its original 

5353
04:43:50,500 --> 04:43:54,700
product, rubber tires and insert
itself into consumers lives in 

5354
04:43:54,700 --> 04:43:59,300
more intimate experiment. 
Ways today, when Airlines 

5355
04:43:59,300 --> 04:44:01,900
published travel magazines or 
beverage companies, create 

5356
04:44:01,900 --> 04:44:04,200
lifestyle blogs, they are 
following a trail. 

5357
04:44:04,200 --> 04:44:08,300
Blazed by Michelin in 1900 using
useful content to deepen, 

5358
04:44:08,300 --> 04:44:10,700
customer engagement in 
michelin's case. 

5359
04:44:10,700 --> 04:44:13,400
The stunt was so successful. 
It eventually outgrew its 

5360
04:44:13,400 --> 04:44:16,700
marketing purpose entirely The 
guide established itself as an 

5361
04:44:16,700 --> 04:44:19,400
institution, perhaps even 
surpassing the fame of 

5362
04:44:19,400 --> 04:44:23,200
michelin's tires. 
By the 21st century michelin's 

5363
04:44:23,200 --> 04:44:25,800
verdicts could determine a 
chef's Fortune's and cities 

5364
04:44:25,800 --> 04:44:28,300
would strive to attract a 
Michelin guide due to its 

5365
04:44:28,300 --> 04:44:32,100
potential economic benefits. 
Dozens of Woodbury imitators 

5366
04:44:32,100 --> 04:44:36,100
from crowdsourced website to 
Alternative ranking lists have 

5367
04:44:36,100 --> 04:44:38,800
tried to replicate michelin's 
formula, but none as quite 

5368
04:44:38,800 --> 04:44:40,500
matched the cashier of those 
stars. 

5369
04:44:40,500 --> 04:44:43,700
All this originates from a 
scheme dreamed up by two 

5370
04:44:43,700 --> 04:44:45,300
brothers. 
Who simply wanted people to 

5371
04:44:45,300 --> 04:44:48,300
drive more? 
Even in an age of GPS, apps and 

5372
04:44:48,300 --> 04:44:51,000
social media. 
The essence of michelin's Gambit

5373
04:44:51,000 --> 04:44:53,700
to spark Wanderlust and 
celebrate outstanding cooking 

5374
04:44:53,700 --> 04:44:57,500
and in so doing create demand 
for its Core Business remains as

5375
04:44:57,500 --> 04:45:00,300
powerful as ever. 
In the end, the story of how 

5376
04:45:00,300 --> 04:45:03,300
Andre Mitchell and tricked, the 
world is not one of Deceit, but 

5377
04:45:03,300 --> 04:45:06,200
of vision. 
He understood that selling a 

5378
04:45:06,200 --> 04:45:08,500
lifestyle, the thrill of 
Discovery, the promise of 

5379
04:45:08,508 --> 04:45:11,600
Adventure, the Allure of a 
perfect meal at Journey's. 

5380
04:45:11,600 --> 04:45:13,500
End was the key to selling his 
product. 

5381
04:45:14,600 --> 04:45:17,400
In nurturing that Vision. 
Michelin changed the way people 

5382
04:45:17,400 --> 04:45:20,100
travel, the way we eat, and even
the Way businesses caught 

5383
04:45:20,100 --> 04:45:24,000
customers, the Michelin guide 
Sentry plus Journey, from 

5384
04:45:24,000 --> 04:45:27,500
freebie, pamphlet to Global 
gastronomic, gatekeeper stands 

5385
04:45:27,500 --> 04:45:29,700
as one of the most remarkable 
chapters in marketing and 

5386
04:45:29,700 --> 04:45:33,100
cultural history indeed. 
It's now a textbook example of 

5387
04:45:33,100 --> 04:45:36,700
content marketing, It's a 
well-told yet, still surprising 

5388
04:45:36,700 --> 04:45:39,900
true story of a business Gambit 
that steered its way into the 

5389
04:45:39,908 --> 04:45:43,600
hearts of millions leaving tire 
tracks across the world's roads,

5390
04:45:43,600 --> 04:45:46,700
and indelible stars in the 
world's kitchens Andre 

5391
04:45:46,700 --> 04:45:49,600
Mitchell's Grand trick of 
transforming, a tire firm into a

5392
04:45:49,600 --> 04:45:52,700
cultural taste maker ate 
unprecedented success. 

5393
04:46:03,700 --> 04:46:07,900
Elizabeth Shiloh came into the 
world on August 9th. 1757 

5394
04:46:07,900 --> 04:46:12,000
cradled by The Rolling vistas of
the Hudson River her father, 

5395
04:46:12,000 --> 04:46:15,400
Philip Schuyler was a respected 
military leader and landowner in

5396
04:46:15,400 --> 04:46:19,100
the colony of New York and Her 
Mother Catherine Van Rensselaer 

5397
04:46:19,100 --> 04:46:22,100
hailed from one of the most 
influential families in the 

5398
04:46:22,100 --> 04:46:24,400
region. 
Growing up a midsection 

5399
04:46:24,400 --> 04:46:25,900
privilege. 
Might have nurtured a sense of 

5400
04:46:25,908 --> 04:46:30,100
arrogance in some but Eliza as 
she was often called had a 

5401
04:46:30,100 --> 04:46:33,300
natural warmth that set her 
apart from many of her peers 

5402
04:46:33,300 --> 04:46:36,000
nestled in the Shiloh mansion in
Albany. 

5403
04:46:36,000 --> 04:46:39,700
Eliza spent her earliest years 
as part of a large clam that 

5404
04:46:39,700 --> 04:46:43,900
valued public service 
hospitality and the quiet force 

5405
04:46:43,900 --> 04:46:46,900
of tradition. 
The estate hummed with activity.

5406
04:46:47,600 --> 04:46:49,700
Soldiers. 
Sometimes shared camp stories by

5407
04:46:49,700 --> 04:46:53,100
the half traveling Merchants 
arrived to do business and 

5408
04:46:53,100 --> 04:46:57,100
politicians stopped by on their 
way to legislative sessions in 

5409
04:46:57,100 --> 04:47:00,200
this world of visitors. 
Eliza learned to mingle with all

5410
04:47:00,200 --> 04:47:03,700
sorts haughty Aristocrats weary 
militia officers. 

5411
04:47:03,700 --> 04:47:07,700
And even the occasional foreign 
Envoy, Yet her home, life had 

5412
04:47:07,700 --> 04:47:10,600
its share of complexities, the 
Skyler family. 

5413
04:47:10,600 --> 04:47:14,200
They're wealthy carried. 
The anxiety of living in a 

5414
04:47:14,200 --> 04:47:15,700
colony, hovering on the brink of
conflict. 

5415
04:47:15,700 --> 04:47:18,700
The tensions between Britain and
its American subjects. 

5416
04:47:18,700 --> 04:47:22,900
Simmered as a child Eliza 
observed how her father Wade the

5417
04:47:22,900 --> 04:47:25,100
possibility of War. 
General Philip. 

5418
04:47:25,100 --> 04:47:27,900
Schuyler eventually became a key
figure in the Continental Army, 

5419
04:47:27,900 --> 04:47:31,500
and dinner table conversations. 
Often circled back to strategy 

5420
04:47:31,500 --> 04:47:34,400
Logistics and the moral burden 
of rebellion. 

5421
04:47:35,200 --> 04:47:38,400
These discussions shaped Eliza's
understanding of politics is 

5422
04:47:38,400 --> 04:47:40,300
something more than an abstract 
game. 

5423
04:47:40,300 --> 04:47:44,700
It was about forging, a future 
from uncertain times, despite 

5424
04:47:44,700 --> 04:47:47,900
such concerns her childhood 
retained, a sense of magic. 

5425
04:47:48,800 --> 04:47:50,800
She roamed the gardens 
overlooking, the Hudson 

5426
04:47:50,800 --> 04:47:53,900
daydreaming about distant 
places, she only knew from 

5427
04:47:53,908 --> 04:47:57,800
Travelers Tales, she and her 
sisters and jelica and Peggy 

5428
04:47:57,800 --> 04:48:00,800
shared a bond forged by laughter
and Mischief pranks on 

5429
04:48:00,800 --> 04:48:04,700
unsuspecting cousins. 
Midnight raids on the kitchen to

5430
04:48:04,700 --> 04:48:07,800
pilfer sugar biscuits. 
Eliza was, neither the bookish 

5431
04:48:07,800 --> 04:48:11,200
child Angelica was Nor as 
vivacious as Peggy but she 

5432
04:48:11,208 --> 04:48:14,300
combined a quiet determination 
with a thoughtful curiosity. 

5433
04:48:15,100 --> 04:48:16,700
As she approached her teenage 
years. 

5434
04:48:16,700 --> 04:48:20,000
Eliza's, mother introduced her 
to the more formal aspects of 

5435
04:48:20,008 --> 04:48:23,900
Womanhood sewing circles, 
polite, dances and lessons in 

5436
04:48:23,900 --> 04:48:26,600
Hospitality were considered 
essential to any young ladies 

5437
04:48:26,600 --> 04:48:30,200
future. 
Sum these rituals were wrote but

5438
04:48:30,200 --> 04:48:32,100
Eliza took to them, with a sense
of genuine. 

5439
04:48:32,100 --> 04:48:35,600
Kindness, She discovered, she 
could put people at ease, a 

5440
04:48:35,600 --> 04:48:39,300
smile here, a well-timed joke, 
there, it was less about social 

5441
04:48:39,300 --> 04:48:41,300
climbing and more about forging 
a real connection. 

5442
04:48:42,100 --> 04:48:45,400
Sometime around her adolescents.
The American Revolution, moved 

5443
04:48:45,400 --> 04:48:47,500
from hushed speculation to 
living reality. 

5444
04:48:48,200 --> 04:48:52,000
Soldiers, set up camp on the 
Skylar grounds forged alliances 

5445
04:48:52,000 --> 04:48:54,500
in the drawing room and 
apprehension about the future 

5446
04:48:54,500 --> 04:48:58,700
permeated daily life. 
Eliza's, father was dispatched 

5447
04:48:58,700 --> 04:49:01,900
on missions, across the region. 
Leaving her mother to manage the

5448
04:49:01,900 --> 04:49:04,800
estate's day-to-day operations 
in this environment. 

5449
04:49:04,800 --> 04:49:09,000
Eliza developed resourcefulness 
noticing, how the women of her 

5450
04:49:09,000 --> 04:49:12,400
family stepped up, when men were
off Waging War, her father's 

5451
04:49:12,400 --> 04:49:17,200
involvement in the war in 1777, 
marked a significant shift in 

5452
04:49:17,200 --> 04:49:21,200
the situation That year British 
forces threatened the Hudson 

5453
04:49:21,200 --> 04:49:23,500
Corridor and Albany itself 
seemed vulnerable. 

5454
04:49:24,300 --> 04:49:26,300
While many families, fled South 
for safety. 

5455
04:49:26,300 --> 04:49:30,200
The schuylers remained steadfast
trusting in Philip's, strategic 

5456
04:49:30,200 --> 04:49:33,400
mine. 
Eliza watched as her once calm 

5457
04:49:33,400 --> 04:49:36,200
household transformed into a 
nerve center of patriot, 

5458
04:49:36,200 --> 04:49:40,600
supporters maps on tables, 
correspondences carried in and 

5459
04:49:40,600 --> 04:49:43,800
out by exhausted couriers and 
the muffled clang of our 

5460
04:49:43,800 --> 04:49:46,300
armaments. 
Stacked in the yard amid this 

5461
04:49:46,300 --> 04:49:49,800
upheaval Eliza group keenly 
aware of her position in the 

5462
04:49:49,800 --> 04:49:51,900
swirling drama of a young 
nation's birth. 

5463
04:49:52,600 --> 04:49:55,300
With Angelica off, forging, 
social alliances in other 

5464
04:49:55,300 --> 04:49:57,100
colonies. 
And Peggy bouncing between 

5465
04:49:57,100 --> 04:50:00,400
acquaintances Eliza found 
herself called upon to maintain 

5466
04:50:00,400 --> 04:50:03,600
assemblance of normalcy. 
She visited the wounded in 

5467
04:50:03,600 --> 04:50:06,100
makeshift infirmaries and 
prepared care packages for 

5468
04:50:06,100 --> 04:50:09,100
soldiers, though. 
Still, unmarried she was no 

5469
04:50:09,100 --> 04:50:12,600
longer a mere child, listening 
in, on our conversations she was

5470
04:50:12,600 --> 04:50:15,700
a participant embracing the 
cause of Liberty her father 

5471
04:50:15,700 --> 04:50:19,500
championed. 
As the war raged each new day 

5472
04:50:19,500 --> 04:50:23,100
seemed to bring a surprise 
shifting alliance's uncertain 

5473
04:50:23,100 --> 04:50:27,200
supplies and heartbreak over Los
battles in that cauldron of 

5474
04:50:27,200 --> 04:50:30,000
Revolution. 
Fate was about to introduce her 

5475
04:50:30,000 --> 04:50:33,000
to a fiery young officer of 
illegitimate birth and boundless

5476
04:50:33,000 --> 04:50:35,600
ambition. 
Elizabeth Shiloh was about to 

5477
04:50:35,600 --> 04:50:38,900
meet Alexander Hamilton and her 
life would never be the same. 

5478
04:50:40,200 --> 04:50:44,100
She first encountered Alexander 
Hamilton in 1779, but their 

5479
04:50:44,100 --> 04:50:47,600
paths had nearly crossed earlier
he served as an aide to come to 

5480
04:50:47,600 --> 04:50:50,300
General George Washington, and 
was known among the Continental 

5481
04:50:50,300 --> 04:50:53,000
armies in a circle for his 
articulate letters and Keen, 

5482
04:50:53,000 --> 04:50:56,400
strategic mine. 
Hamilton's Origins, born out of 

5483
04:50:56,408 --> 04:50:59,000
wedlock in the West Indies, 
could have made him an outsider 

5484
04:50:59,000 --> 04:51:02,400
that is intellect and further 
for the Patriot cause earned him

5485
04:51:02,408 --> 04:51:04,700
respect. 
Though, not from an elite 

5486
04:51:04,700 --> 04:51:07,900
lineage, like, Eliza's Hamilton 
possessed a magnetic quality, 

5487
04:51:07,900 --> 04:51:12,000
that defied social conventions. 
When they finally met it was 

5488
04:51:12,000 --> 04:51:14,800
through mutual acquaintances who
gathered in the Sheila household

5489
04:51:14,800 --> 04:51:18,700
Hamilton arrived with a swirl of
laughter and conversation and 

5490
04:51:18,700 --> 04:51:21,700
earnestness in his eyes that 
left an impression he was no 

5491
04:51:21,700 --> 04:51:25,500
tall Gallant figure. 
Instead, he was Compact and 

5492
04:51:25,500 --> 04:51:29,200
brimming with Restless energy, 
rumor had it, he could dictate 

5493
04:51:29,200 --> 04:51:32,800
multiple letters simultaneously 
to different AIDS, his mind 

5494
04:51:32,800 --> 04:51:36,100
racing faster than his quill. 
Could keep up Eliza. 

5495
04:51:36,100 --> 04:51:39,500
Conversely was known for her 
measured confidence quiet but 

5496
04:51:39,500 --> 04:51:42,900
unwavering their conversations 
at first centered on 

5497
04:51:42,900 --> 04:51:46,500
practicalities. 
The direction of the war rumors 

5498
04:51:46,500 --> 04:51:49,300
of British troop movements and 
the hardships faced by soldiers.

5499
04:51:49,300 --> 04:51:53,200
But beneath these tactical 
topics a personal connection 

5500
04:51:53,200 --> 04:51:57,100
sparked Eliza found Hamilton's 
ambition refreshing rather than 

5501
04:51:57,100 --> 04:52:01,900
both he in turn appreciated, her
sincerity in the intelligence, 

5502
04:52:01,900 --> 04:52:05,400
she did not flawed They spent 
evening strolling through the 

5503
04:52:05,400 --> 04:52:07,400
garden. 
Forging a bond grounded in 

5504
04:52:07,408 --> 04:52:09,800
Shared. 
Hope for America's future, and a

5505
04:52:09,800 --> 04:52:12,300
mutual sense of responsibility 
to their respective families. 

5506
04:52:13,200 --> 04:52:17,300
Still alive, but doubts. 
Courtships, in Wartime carried 

5507
04:52:17,300 --> 04:52:19,800
uncertainty. 
She saw how heartbreak could 

5508
04:52:19,800 --> 04:52:22,300
follow a letter announcing a 
casualty or transfer to a 

5509
04:52:22,300 --> 04:52:25,800
distant front, The Hamilton's 
letters penned during his 

5510
04:52:25,800 --> 04:52:29,900
absences were tender infused 
with more than just flattery. 

5511
04:52:30,600 --> 04:52:34,100
He spoke of unity both for the 
nation and between two Souls 

5512
04:52:34,100 --> 04:52:35,900
ready to face life's challenges 
together. 

5513
04:52:36,900 --> 04:52:40,300
When he addressed her as Eliza, 
it felt simultaneously intimate 

5514
04:52:40,300 --> 04:52:43,100
and reverent. 
They married on December 14th. 

5515
04:52:43,100 --> 04:52:46,900
1780 in a ceremony that 
reflected the swirl of 

5516
04:52:46,900 --> 04:52:50,600
revolutionary further. 
The bride's father was still 

5517
04:52:50,608 --> 04:52:54,100
weighed down by the complexities
of War offered a generous 

5518
04:52:54,100 --> 04:52:57,200
celebration, at the Skiller 
Mansion, guests included 

5519
04:52:57,200 --> 04:53:00,800
prominent, Military Officers, 
local dignitaries and friends 

5520
04:53:00,800 --> 04:53:04,200
from across the colonies. 
Candles flickered, as violin's 

5521
04:53:04,200 --> 04:53:07,200
played and talked of 
Independence mingle with toast 

5522
04:53:07,200 --> 04:53:10,200
to love. 
For Eliza, that night felt like 

5523
04:53:10,208 --> 04:53:12,600
a bridge between her old life 
and a New Horizons. 

5524
04:53:13,300 --> 04:53:16,200
In the early weeks of marriage, 
their world seemed to pulse with

5525
04:53:16,200 --> 04:53:18,800
promise. 
Yet the reality of the war 

5526
04:53:18,800 --> 04:53:22,200
intruded, almost immediately 
Hamilton was pulled back to his 

5527
04:53:22,200 --> 04:53:25,100
post, drafting critical 
Communications for Washington, 

5528
04:53:25,100 --> 04:53:29,200
orchestrating Supply Logistics, 
and occasionally heading into 

5529
04:53:29,200 --> 04:53:33,700
dangerous territory. 
Lieser accustomed to supporting 

5530
04:53:33,700 --> 04:53:37,500
her father's campaigns adapted 
swiftly, She learned to manage 

5531
04:53:37,500 --> 04:53:40,000
household finances. 
Keep track of important 

5532
04:53:40,000 --> 04:53:42,900
documents and serve as a 
confidant for Hamilton's 

5533
04:53:42,900 --> 04:53:44,700
anxieties about the fate of the 
revolution. 

5534
04:53:45,700 --> 04:53:49,600
She first encountered Alexander 
Hamilton in 1779, but their 

5535
04:53:49,600 --> 04:53:52,900
paths had nearly crossed 
earlier, he served as an aide to

5536
04:53:52,900 --> 04:53:55,300
come to General George 
Washington, and was known among 

5537
04:53:55,300 --> 04:53:57,700
the Continental armies in a 
circle for his articulate 

5538
04:53:57,700 --> 04:53:59,500
letters and Keen, strategic 
mind. 

5539
04:54:00,300 --> 04:54:03,100
Hamilton's Origins, born out of 
wedlock in the West Indies. 

5540
04:54:03,100 --> 04:54:06,500
Could have made him an outsider,
but his intellect and further 

5541
04:54:06,500 --> 04:54:08,200
for the Patriot cause earned him
respect. 

5542
04:54:09,100 --> 04:54:12,000
They're not from an elite 
lineage like, Eliza's Hamilton 

5543
04:54:12,000 --> 04:54:15,300
possessed a magnetic quality, 
that defied social conventions. 

5544
04:54:15,300 --> 04:54:19,000
When they finally met it was 
through mutual acquaintances who

5545
04:54:19,000 --> 04:54:22,600
gathered in the Sheila household
Hamilton arrived with a swirl of

5546
04:54:22,608 --> 04:54:25,500
laughter and conversation and 
earnestness in his eyes that 

5547
04:54:25,500 --> 04:54:28,900
left an impression he was no 
tall Gallant figure. 

5548
04:54:28,900 --> 04:54:32,800
Instead, he was Compact and 
brimming with Restless energy, 

5549
04:54:32,800 --> 04:54:36,400
rumor had it, he could dictate 
multiple letters simultaneously 

5550
04:54:36,400 --> 04:54:39,900
to different AIDS, his mind 
racing faster than his quill. 

5551
04:54:39,900 --> 04:54:43,300
Could keep up Eliza. 
Conversely was known for her 

5552
04:54:43,300 --> 04:54:47,100
measured confidence quiet but 
unwavering their conversations 

5553
04:54:47,100 --> 04:54:49,400
at first centered on 
practicalities. 

5554
04:54:49,400 --> 04:54:53,500
The direction of the war rumors 
of British troop movements and 

5555
04:54:53,500 --> 04:54:57,000
the hardships faced by soldiers.
But beneath these tactical 

5556
04:54:57,000 --> 04:55:01,300
topics a personal connection 
sparked Eliza found Hamilton's 

5557
04:55:01,300 --> 04:55:05,800
ambition refreshing rather than 
boastful he in turn appreciated,

5558
04:55:05,800 --> 04:55:08,400
her sincerity in the 
intelligence, she did not flaunt

5559
04:55:09,300 --> 04:55:11,300
They spent evening strolling 
through the garden. 

5560
04:55:11,300 --> 04:55:13,400
Forging a bond grounded in 
Shared. 

5561
04:55:13,400 --> 04:55:16,500
Hope for America's future, and a
mutual sense of responsibility 

5562
04:55:16,500 --> 04:55:20,600
to their respective families. 
Still alive a harbor, doubts 

5563
04:55:20,600 --> 04:55:22,900
courtships in Wartime carried 
on. 

5564
04:55:22,900 --> 04:55:25,000
Certainly, she saw how hot 
break. 

5565
04:55:25,000 --> 04:55:27,800
Could follow a letter announcing
a casualty, or transfer to a 

5566
04:55:27,800 --> 04:55:30,100
distant front. 
Hamilton's letters. 

5567
04:55:30,100 --> 04:55:34,600
Penned during his absences were 
tender infused with more than 

5568
04:55:34,600 --> 04:55:38,000
just flattery. 
He spoke of unity both for the 

5569
04:55:38,008 --> 04:55:41,000
nation and between two Souls 
ready to face life's challenges 

5570
04:55:41,000 --> 04:55:43,800
together. 
When he addressed her as Eliza, 

5571
04:55:43,800 --> 04:55:46,300
it felt simultaneously intimate 
and reverent. 

5572
04:55:47,100 --> 04:55:51,800
They married on December 14th. 
1780 naeyc that reflected the 

5573
04:55:51,800 --> 04:55:56,200
swirl of revolutionary further. 
The bride's father was still 

5574
04:55:56,200 --> 04:55:59,600
weighed down by the complexities
of War offered a generous 

5575
04:55:59,600 --> 04:56:02,700
celebration, at the Scylla 
Mansion, guests included 

5576
04:56:02,700 --> 04:56:06,400
prominent Military Officers, 
local dignitaries and friends 

5577
04:56:06,400 --> 04:56:09,700
from across the colonies. 
Candles flickered, as violin's 

5578
04:56:09,700 --> 04:56:12,700
played and talked of 
Independence mingle with toast 

5579
04:56:12,700 --> 04:56:15,700
to love. 
For Eliza, that night felt like 

5580
04:56:15,708 --> 04:56:18,000
a bridge between her old life 
and a new horizon. 

5581
04:56:18,800 --> 04:56:21,700
In the early weeks of marriage, 
their world seemed to pulse with

5582
04:56:21,708 --> 04:56:24,300
promise. 
Yet the reality of the war 

5583
04:56:24,300 --> 04:56:27,800
intruded, almost immediately 
Hamilton was pulled back to his 

5584
04:56:27,800 --> 04:56:30,600
post, drafting critical 
Communications for Washington, 

5585
04:56:30,600 --> 04:56:34,700
orchestrating Supply Logistics, 
and occasionally heading into 

5586
04:56:34,700 --> 04:56:39,300
dangerous territory. 
Lieser accustomed to supporting 

5587
04:56:39,300 --> 04:56:43,000
her father's campaigns adapted 
swiftly, She learned to manage 

5588
04:56:43,000 --> 04:56:45,600
household finances. 
Keep track of important 

5589
04:56:45,600 --> 04:56:48,400
documents and serve as a 
confidant for Hamilton's 

5590
04:56:48,400 --> 04:56:50,200
anxieties about the fate of the 
revolution. 

5591
04:56:51,200 --> 04:56:53,100
When the Treaty of Paris 
officially ended the 

5592
04:56:53,100 --> 04:56:56,800
Revolutionary War in 1783 
Alexander, Hamilton found 

5593
04:56:56,800 --> 04:57:00,400
himself in a position to help 
shape America's future after his

5594
04:57:00,400 --> 04:57:02,900
borrower admission, he 
established a thriving, legal 

5595
04:57:02,900 --> 04:57:04,600
practice in bustling, New York 
City. 

5596
04:57:04,600 --> 04:57:08,200
Initially he focused on property
disputes left in the wars. 

5597
04:57:08,200 --> 04:57:12,000
Wake yet, bigger Ambitions 
loomed, he sensed the new nation

5598
04:57:12,000 --> 04:57:15,400
needed, a stable Financial 
structure, a strong central 

5599
04:57:15,400 --> 04:57:18,400
government, and a cohesive 
framework for Unity. 

5600
04:57:19,200 --> 04:57:22,900
Eliza meanwhile adapted to City 
Life with the same resilience, 

5601
04:57:22,900 --> 04:57:26,400
she had shown amid military 
camps The Hamilton's household 

5602
04:57:26,400 --> 04:57:29,300
was never quiet for long their 
circle of acquaintances, 

5603
04:57:29,300 --> 04:57:33,300
ballooned including Statesman, 
merchants and Military comrades,

5604
04:57:33,300 --> 04:57:36,600
turned politicians. 
The Hamilton Home became a hub 

5605
04:57:36,600 --> 04:57:40,100
of Spirited discourse Eliza 
served as both Hostess and 

5606
04:57:40,108 --> 04:57:42,700
participants. 
Her Hallmark was a welcoming 

5607
04:57:42,700 --> 04:57:47,100
presence in everyone felted ease
from the most polished Senator 

5608
04:57:47,100 --> 04:57:51,200
to the rough human Frontier 
representative despite sometimes

5609
04:57:51,200 --> 04:57:54,400
intimidating conversation about 
economics or legislation. 

5610
04:57:54,400 --> 04:57:57,500
She never shied away from asking
pointed questions. 

5611
04:57:58,400 --> 04:58:01,300
Alexander's participation in the
Constitutional Convention in 

5612
04:58:01,300 --> 04:58:04,500
1787 represented a progressive 
moment. 

5613
04:58:05,300 --> 04:58:08,100
While he was away in 
Philadelphia Eliza managed 

5614
04:58:08,100 --> 04:58:11,000
Affairs, in New York maintaining
correspondence with him. 

5615
04:58:11,800 --> 04:58:14,900
She offered moral support 
reading newspapers to gauge 

5616
04:58:14,900 --> 04:58:18,000
public sentiment and relaying 
her observations though. 

5617
04:58:18,000 --> 04:58:19,900
Not formally educated in 
political Theory. 

5618
04:58:19,900 --> 04:58:22,900
She grasped the importance of a 
balanced government. 

5619
04:58:22,900 --> 04:58:26,100
She often wrote that the promise
of Liberty would flounder 

5620
04:58:26,100 --> 04:58:30,100
without practical safeguards 
when Hamilton returned with the 

5621
04:58:30,100 --> 04:58:35,000
proposed Constitution debates, 
raged Federalists championed a 

5622
04:58:35,000 --> 04:58:38,100
robust central government, while
Anti-Federalists, feared 

5623
04:58:38,100 --> 04:58:41,200
tyranny. 
Hamilton a leading Federalists 

5624
04:58:41,200 --> 04:58:44,400
penned, the majority of the 
Federalist Papers explaining, 

5625
04:58:44,400 --> 04:58:48,500
the Constitution's merits late, 
nights of writing, blurred until

5626
04:58:48,500 --> 04:58:52,700
dawn, Eliza recognized his 
further doing what she could to 

5627
04:58:52,700 --> 04:58:56,600
ease his workload. 
She edited drafts lightly made 

5628
04:58:56,600 --> 04:59:00,500
sure he ate and even coordinated
with his co-authors, John Jay 

5629
04:59:00,500 --> 04:59:03,000
and James Madison. 
Although, her name never 

5630
04:59:03,000 --> 04:59:06,000
appeared on the pamphlets, her, 
unseen labor, and emotional, 

5631
04:59:06,000 --> 04:59:09,300
support proved invaluable. 
Has the Constitution was 

5632
04:59:09,300 --> 04:59:13,400
ratified, Hamilton stepped into 
a new role, the nation's first, 

5633
04:59:13,400 --> 04:59:15,900
Secretary of the Treasury under 
President, George Washington. 

5634
04:59:15,900 --> 04:59:19,800
He tackled the public debt 
proposed, a national bank and 

5635
04:59:19,800 --> 04:59:22,600
laid out an economic blueprint, 
that would stir controversy for 

5636
04:59:22,600 --> 04:59:25,500
years. 
Throughout this Whirlwind Eliza 

5637
04:59:25,500 --> 04:59:27,300
managed to rapidly expanding 
family. 

5638
04:59:27,300 --> 04:59:31,100
More children, arrived, each 
named with care. 

5639
04:59:31,100 --> 04:59:33,500
She also tended her father's 
Affairs. 

5640
04:59:33,500 --> 04:59:37,600
As Philip Schuyler had joined 
the new US Senate, Eliza adeptly

5641
04:59:37,600 --> 04:59:40,000
juggled her responsibilities 
balancing. 

5642
04:59:40,000 --> 04:59:43,400
The Realms of motherhood, social
diplomacy and philanthropic 

5643
04:59:43,400 --> 04:59:46,200
engagements. 
One of her quieter achievements,

5644
04:59:46,200 --> 04:59:49,300
involved the creation of an 
orphanage in the aftermath of 

5645
04:59:49,308 --> 04:59:52,400
War, many children roam, the 
streets, bereft of parents, 

5646
04:59:52,400 --> 04:59:56,600
Eliza's, heart went out to them.
She tapped into her connections 

5647
04:59:56,600 --> 04:59:58,700
rallying. 
Other women from prominent 

5648
04:59:58,700 --> 05:00:02,400
family to organize resources 
though, Hamilton's name was more

5649
05:00:02,400 --> 05:00:04,300
associated with financial 
policy. 

5650
05:00:04,300 --> 05:00:08,200
It was Eliza who championed 
charitable efforts seeing in 

5651
05:00:08,200 --> 05:00:10,900
them, a reflection of the new 
Republic's moral obligations. 

5652
05:00:11,600 --> 05:00:14,900
She believed social welfare was 
not a luxury, but a fundamental 

5653
05:00:14,900 --> 05:00:18,200
sine of civilised values. 
Meanwhile, the couple's personal

5654
05:00:18,200 --> 05:00:21,700
life was a tapestry of devotion,
intense arguments, and fleeting 

5655
05:00:21,700 --> 05:00:24,600
reconciliations Hamilton's 
political enemies. 

5656
05:00:24,600 --> 05:00:28,000
Targeted him relentlessly. 
He was accused of favouritism. 

5657
05:00:28,000 --> 05:00:32,600
Monarchy leaning sympathies and 
financial improprieties Eliza 

5658
05:00:32,600 --> 05:00:34,800
stood by him. 
Convinced of his Integrity. 

5659
05:00:34,800 --> 05:00:39,500
Yet stress loomed long hours at 
the treasury combined with the 

5660
05:00:39,508 --> 05:00:43,000
sun scorn of detractors. 
Sometimes left Hamilton edgy, 

5661
05:00:43,000 --> 05:00:45,500
family dinners, occasionally 
turned into strategy session, 

5662
05:00:45,500 --> 05:00:49,300
with Eliza offering a calm 
perspective at other times. 

5663
05:00:49,300 --> 05:00:53,500
He withdrew into brooding 
rumination then came scandal in 

5664
05:00:53,500 --> 05:00:57,500
1791 Hamilton embarked on a 
disastrous affair with Maria. 

5665
05:00:57,500 --> 05:01:02,700
Reynolds eventually revealed in 
1797 Eliza learned of it in 

5666
05:01:02,700 --> 05:01:05,700
disjointed pieces, the Betrayal 
hitting hard. 

5667
05:01:06,500 --> 05:01:08,400
The affair was no trifling 
rumor. 

5668
05:01:08,400 --> 05:01:11,300
It was a reality that threatened
to unmoor her marriage. 

5669
05:01:12,100 --> 05:01:15,700
And yet in her heartbreak, she 
chose not to abandon him. 

5670
05:01:16,800 --> 05:01:20,100
Some historians interpret her 
reaction as moral fortitude. 

5671
05:01:20,100 --> 05:01:24,000
She believed in Redemption 
Specially for the father of her 

5672
05:01:24,000 --> 05:01:25,600
children. 
Others. 

5673
05:01:25,600 --> 05:01:29,500
See it as a pragmatic move given
her limited options in that era.

5674
05:01:29,500 --> 05:01:33,300
Regardless her decision, 
underscored a resolved forged by

5675
05:01:33,300 --> 05:01:35,900
adversity. 
She insisted that Hamilton come 

5676
05:01:35,900 --> 05:01:38,700
clean publicly which he did 
through the infamous Reynolds. 

5677
05:01:38,700 --> 05:01:42,100
Pamphlet, revealing private 
matters in humiliating detail. 

5678
05:01:43,100 --> 05:01:46,600
Scandal tarnished Hamilton's 
reputation, but Eliza never 

5679
05:01:46,600 --> 05:01:50,000
wavered in supporting him their 
Union, tested by the court of 

5680
05:01:50,008 --> 05:01:53,300
public opinion. 
Emerged battered, yet intact. 

5681
05:01:53,300 --> 05:01:57,500
She retreated from society's 
glare focusing on her children 

5682
05:01:57,500 --> 05:02:00,000
and philanthropic ventures in 
private. 

5683
05:02:00,000 --> 05:02:03,200
She and Hamilton work toward 
mending, the trust between them.

5684
05:02:03,900 --> 05:02:07,200
A stance was rooted in a belief 
that individuals and the Young 

5685
05:02:07,200 --> 05:02:09,600
Nation could be redeemed from 
failing. 

5686
05:02:09,600 --> 05:02:14,300
Provided they confronted their 
missteps openly By the end of 

5687
05:02:14,300 --> 05:02:18,500
the 1790s Hamilton, had resigned
from the treasury, political 

5688
05:02:18,500 --> 05:02:21,600
battles consumed him Federalists
and Democratic Republicans 

5689
05:02:21,600 --> 05:02:25,000
fought bitterly. 
Eliza quietly reflective saw the

5690
05:02:25,000 --> 05:02:28,300
shape of the things to come a 
new century, beckoned but 

5691
05:02:28,300 --> 05:02:31,900
personal storms had left scars, 
still she pressed on with her 

5692
05:02:31,900 --> 05:02:34,200
philanthropic dreams and 
unwavering commitment to her 

5693
05:02:34,200 --> 05:02:37,300
family convinced that the 
American experiment and her 

5694
05:02:37,300 --> 05:02:39,700
marriage, both warranted every 
out of perseverance. 

5695
05:02:39,700 --> 05:02:43,700
She could muster Because the 
1800s donned Alexander 

5696
05:02:43,700 --> 05:02:46,700
Hamilton's political career 
entered a contentious phase. 

5697
05:02:46,700 --> 05:02:50,400
He engaged in newspaper, feuds 
criticized, John Adams 

5698
05:02:50,400 --> 05:02:53,800
presidency and tried to sway 
elections behind the scenes. 

5699
05:02:53,800 --> 05:02:57,500
Eliza watched worried that his 
Relentless ambition. 

5700
05:02:57,500 --> 05:03:01,000
Might alienate even his allies. 
She urged moderation. 

5701
05:03:01,000 --> 05:03:03,200
But Hamilton's temperament 
demanded. 

5702
05:03:03,200 --> 05:03:06,200
He pushed forward certain that 
his vision for the nation 

5703
05:03:06,200 --> 05:03:10,500
outweighed short-term Unity. 
Meanwhile, Eliza deepened, her 

5704
05:03:10,500 --> 05:03:12,500
involvement in New York's 
charitable circles. 

5705
05:03:13,200 --> 05:03:16,300
She helped organize relief for 
impoverished families, often 

5706
05:03:16,300 --> 05:03:18,900
visiting tenements with a small 
retinue to Distributing 

5707
05:03:18,900 --> 05:03:21,400
assesories. 
Her presence in these rough 

5708
05:03:21,400 --> 05:03:24,000
neighborhood surprised many 
Dressed modestly. 

5709
05:03:24,000 --> 05:03:26,900
But unmistakably from a higher 
Social sphere. 

5710
05:03:27,700 --> 05:03:30,800
She approached each household 
with empathy inquiring about 

5711
05:03:30,800 --> 05:03:33,600
their hardships and connecting 
them with local artists or job 

5712
05:03:33,600 --> 05:03:37,000
possibilities in her mind. 
The spirit of the Revolution 

5713
05:03:37,000 --> 05:03:40,500
hinged on ensuring that lives, 
was not purely for the privilege

5714
05:03:40,500 --> 05:03:43,600
at home. 
Life was busy the Hamilton 

5715
05:03:43,600 --> 05:03:47,400
children by now a lively brewed 
required guidance and moral 

5716
05:03:47,400 --> 05:03:51,200
grounding, The Liza's father had
retired from the Senate and 

5717
05:03:51,200 --> 05:03:53,800
assists were scattered among 
marriages and Estates. 

5718
05:03:54,500 --> 05:03:58,100
Letters flew back and forth 
among the siblings exchanging 

5719
05:03:58,100 --> 05:04:01,200
gossip and confidence Angelica 
living abroad. 

5720
05:04:01,200 --> 05:04:03,700
Lamented the distance while 
Peggy struggled with health 

5721
05:04:03,700 --> 05:04:08,000
issues in these letters, Eliza 
was a pillar pragmatic, 

5722
05:04:08,000 --> 05:04:11,100
affectionate, and ever eager to 
uphold family, bonds, despite 

5723
05:04:11,100 --> 05:04:15,400
the swirling chaos of politics. 
Hamilton's disputes escalated, 

5724
05:04:15,400 --> 05:04:19,300
he penned, damning critiques of 
Aaron Burr, once a political 

5725
05:04:19,300 --> 05:04:22,000
Ally, but now, arrival Burr 
equally. 

5726
05:04:22,000 --> 05:04:25,300
Ambitious, felt slighted by 
Hamilton's influence and remarks

5727
05:04:25,300 --> 05:04:29,200
in 1804 Burr, on the verge of 
losing New. 

5728
05:04:29,200 --> 05:04:32,600
York's governorship intensified 
tensions by accusing Hamilton of

5729
05:04:32,600 --> 05:04:35,900
undermining his campaign as 
accusations swirled. 

5730
05:04:36,700 --> 05:04:40,100
Bearish issued a challenge. 
Adorn Jewel to settle their 

5731
05:04:40,100 --> 05:04:42,700
honor. 
Eliza upon learning of the 

5732
05:04:42,708 --> 05:04:45,900
challenge pleaded for Hamilton 
to find another resolution. 

5733
05:04:46,800 --> 05:04:49,700
She employed him to consider 
their children to think of the 

5734
05:04:49,708 --> 05:04:53,200
Scandal that had already tested 
their marriage to weigh the 

5735
05:04:53,200 --> 05:04:55,700
Heartbreak that another public 
confrontation would unleash. 

5736
05:04:56,600 --> 05:04:58,400
Hamilton assured. 
Her, the fair was a matter of 

5737
05:04:58,408 --> 05:05:00,500
principal. 
He confessed personal 

5738
05:05:00,500 --> 05:05:03,300
reservations about jeweling in 
contradicted, his moral 

5739
05:05:03,300 --> 05:05:06,500
conviction and religious beliefs
Yeah, the unwritten rules of 

5740
05:05:06,508 --> 05:05:09,700
Honor among gentlemen at the 
time, left little room for a 

5741
05:05:09,700 --> 05:05:12,600
treat without being branded, a 
coward torn between personal 

5742
05:05:12,600 --> 05:05:16,700
ethics and societal codes. 
Hamilton resolved to meet Burr 

5743
05:05:16,700 --> 05:05:18,900
across the Hudson River in 
Weehawken New Jersey. 

5744
05:05:20,000 --> 05:05:22,600
The night before the duel. 
Hamilton wrote letters to 

5745
05:05:22,600 --> 05:05:25,800
friends and family Eliza found 
him in a somber mood. 

5746
05:05:25,800 --> 05:05:29,600
His usual fiery determination 
replaced by introspective 

5747
05:05:29,600 --> 05:05:31,900
Melancholy. 
He gave her instructions about 

5748
05:05:31,900 --> 05:05:35,300
the children's education, 
finances and even personal 

5749
05:05:35,300 --> 05:05:38,100
regrets. 
He tried desperately to dissuade

5750
05:05:38,100 --> 05:05:41,100
him offering every argument from
his political future to their 

5751
05:05:41,100 --> 05:05:44,200
family stability, but the 
Machinery of the duel was set in

5752
05:05:44,200 --> 05:05:46,600
Motion in a final gesture of 
Love. 

5753
05:05:46,600 --> 05:05:50,200
They prayed together. 
Tears unspoken but understood. 

5754
05:05:51,000 --> 05:05:55,800
On the morning of the July 11th 
1804 Hamilton and Burr faced 

5755
05:05:55,800 --> 05:05:58,800
each other, at Weehawken, the 
lies are waited anxiously at 

5756
05:05:58,800 --> 05:06:02,600
home, wracked by dread. 
The details of the duel remained

5757
05:06:02,600 --> 05:06:06,200
debated, but the outcome was 
tragically clear Hamilton was 

5758
05:06:06,200 --> 05:06:08,100
mortally. 
Wounded shot in the lower 

5759
05:06:08,100 --> 05:06:10,400
abdomen and transported across 
the river. 

5760
05:06:10,400 --> 05:06:13,700
Eliza rushed to his side, 
finding him in a friend's house 

5761
05:06:13,700 --> 05:06:15,600
drifting in and out of 
Consciousness. 

5762
05:06:15,600 --> 05:06:20,000
He lingered for more than 24 
hours enough time for them to 

5763
05:06:20,000 --> 05:06:23,900
exchange final words. 
Expressed regret for the turmoil

5764
05:06:23,900 --> 05:06:28,700
he'd caused and she threw tears 
assured him of her unconditional

5765
05:06:28,700 --> 05:06:37,800
love. 
Hamilton died on July, 1270 to 

5766
05:06:37,800 --> 05:06:41,000
support. 
The entire city of New York was 

5767
05:06:41,000 --> 05:06:43,500
shocked. 
A funeral procession took place 

5768
05:06:43,500 --> 05:06:46,500
overshadowed by the scandalous 
nature of the duel. 

5769
05:06:47,300 --> 05:06:52,700
Birth fled publicly vilified, 
Eliza's grief was immense a 

5770
05:06:52,700 --> 05:06:56,000
mixture of sorrow and anger at a
code of honor. 

5771
05:06:56,000 --> 05:06:59,300
The demanded lethal resolution 
at the political climate that 

5772
05:06:59,300 --> 05:07:02,600
spurred such violence. 
And at the cosmic cruelty of 

5773
05:07:02,600 --> 05:07:05,200
losing her husband, just as the 
nation was stabilizing. 

5774
05:07:06,200 --> 05:07:09,800
In her anguish, she sought 
solace in family. 

5775
05:07:10,800 --> 05:07:14,200
The immediate aftermath required
practical, decision's Hamilton's

5776
05:07:14,200 --> 05:07:17,400
debts, loomed large sum due to 
his lavish lifestyle and 

5777
05:07:17,400 --> 05:07:21,000
unprofitable Investments. 
Eliza reluctant though she was 

5778
05:07:21,000 --> 05:07:23,600
tackled the financial 
intricacies head-on. 

5779
05:07:24,300 --> 05:07:27,000
Rather than Retreat into 
mourning, she found a Clarity of

5780
05:07:27,000 --> 05:07:28,900
purpose. 
She would Safeguard her 

5781
05:07:28,900 --> 05:07:31,800
husband's Legacy provide for 
their children and carry on with

5782
05:07:31,800 --> 05:07:34,000
the charitable missions. 
That held a special place in her

5783
05:07:34,000 --> 05:07:37,100
heart. 
If Alexander Hamilton died in 

5784
05:07:37,100 --> 05:07:40,900
his place in history, Eliza 
would live on to shape how that 

5785
05:07:40,900 --> 05:07:42,800
history remembered him in the 
weeks. 

5786
05:07:42,800 --> 05:07:46,500
Following Alexander Hamilton's 
Funeral Eliza confronted a 

5787
05:07:46,500 --> 05:07:49,600
daunting to do list she sorted 
through unpaid bills. 

5788
05:07:49,600 --> 05:07:52,900
Discovered unfinished essays and
treatises in his study. 

5789
05:07:53,600 --> 05:07:56,700
And face the prospect of raising
her children in a social climate

5790
05:07:56,700 --> 05:07:59,600
that still buzzed with rumors 
about the Fatal duel. 

5791
05:08:00,600 --> 05:08:03,100
The Shiloh family offered 
emotional and financial support.

5792
05:08:04,000 --> 05:08:06,300
But Eliza felt compelled to 
manage her Affairs 

5793
05:08:06,300 --> 05:08:09,000
independently. 
She liquidated, some assets, 

5794
05:08:09,000 --> 05:08:12,600
negotiated with creditors and 
carefully planned a modest 

5795
05:08:12,600 --> 05:08:15,800
lifestyle that would preserve 
dignity, yet, remain financially

5796
05:08:15,800 --> 05:08:18,700
feasible. 
One of her first initiatives was

5797
05:08:18,700 --> 05:08:21,800
to gather Hamilton's letters and
writings, she sensed that his 

5798
05:08:21,800 --> 05:08:24,300
political enemies, might attempt
to distort, his legacy 

5799
05:08:24,300 --> 05:08:27,100
determined, to present, an 
accurate account of his 

5800
05:08:27,100 --> 05:08:29,500
contributions. 
She approached friends and 

5801
05:08:29,500 --> 05:08:31,300
colleague for additional 
correspondents. 

5802
05:08:31,300 --> 05:08:34,300
In a thing that could shed light
on Hamilton's thought process 

5803
05:08:34,300 --> 05:08:37,500
and character. 
These efforts planted the seeds 

5804
05:08:37,500 --> 05:08:40,500
of what would eventually become 
a significant archival trove. 

5805
05:08:41,200 --> 05:08:43,300
Though she had no formal 
training in his historical 

5806
05:08:43,300 --> 05:08:46,800
preservation, all she knew was 
that the story of his role in 

5807
05:08:46,800 --> 05:08:49,100
founding the new nation needed 
to be told honestly. 

5808
05:08:49,900 --> 05:08:52,500
Free from the rancor that 
surrounded, his final years. 

5809
05:08:53,400 --> 05:08:55,400
Her philanthropic Spirit surged 
as well. 

5810
05:08:55,408 --> 05:08:58,600
She returned to the orphan, 
Asylum, Society of New York 

5811
05:08:58,600 --> 05:09:02,200
later known as Graham Windham 
dedicating more hours to its 

5812
05:09:02,200 --> 05:09:04,800
expansion. 
The orphanage had grown since 

5813
05:09:04,800 --> 05:09:08,900
its Inception, and children of 
various ages depended on stable 

5814
05:09:08,900 --> 05:09:12,400
funds and guidance Eliza 
believed her personal grief, 

5815
05:09:12,400 --> 05:09:15,200
could fuel a deeper compassion. 
For those who had lost families,

5816
05:09:15,200 --> 05:09:17,100
under equally harsh 
circumstances. 

5817
05:09:18,600 --> 05:09:21,400
She organized fundraisers 
leaning on acquaintances. 

5818
05:09:21,400 --> 05:09:23,400
From Hamilton's, Federalists 
circles. 

5819
05:09:23,400 --> 05:09:24,800
And from her father's old 
Networks. 

5820
05:09:25,600 --> 05:09:28,900
Donations trickled in enough to 
expand the orphanages for 

5821
05:09:28,900 --> 05:09:31,700
facilities at home. 
She took solace in her 

5822
05:09:31,708 --> 05:09:35,400
children's presents, some older 
ones, like Philip Junior and 

5823
05:09:35,400 --> 05:09:37,800
Angelica. 
Stepped into supportive roles 

5824
05:09:37,800 --> 05:09:40,900
though they too real for their 
father's violent death. 

5825
05:09:41,800 --> 05:09:45,200
Eliza's maternal instincts 
extended Beyond mere Comfort. 

5826
05:09:45,200 --> 05:09:48,800
She actively cultivated their 
education and moral development.

5827
05:09:48,800 --> 05:09:54,000
Howell had always advocated for 
robust learning, So she ensured 

5828
05:09:54,000 --> 05:09:56,700
her sons and daughters had 
access to tutors and libraries. 

5829
05:09:56,700 --> 05:09:59,800
The younger children gleaned 
from her and abiding sense of 

5830
05:09:59,800 --> 05:10:03,400
hope despite life's traumas 
friendship with Dolly Madison 

5831
05:10:03,400 --> 05:10:07,100
charismatic wife of President, 
James Madison, rekindled after 

5832
05:10:07,100 --> 05:10:10,000
the jewel though, Madison had 
once been Hamilton's political 

5833
05:10:10,000 --> 05:10:13,700
rival, Dolly admired, Eliza's 
fortitude and philanthropic 

5834
05:10:13,700 --> 05:10:16,100
Drive. 
The two women exchanged letters 

5835
05:10:16,100 --> 05:10:19,300
on everything from Child rearing
to the complexities of shaping 

5836
05:10:19,300 --> 05:10:23,500
national identity, during visits
to the Capitol Eliza dined 

5837
05:10:23,500 --> 05:10:26,000
amongst Statesman, who revered 
her husband's intellect yet. 

5838
05:10:26,000 --> 05:10:29,100
And once clashed with him her 
presence in the circles 

5839
05:10:29,100 --> 05:10:32,700
underscored that, while Hamilton
was gone his ideals and family. 

5840
05:10:32,700 --> 05:10:36,600
Remained part of America's 
evolving story over time, Eliza 

5841
05:10:36,600 --> 05:10:40,000
found a measure of Peace, she 
read extensively scripture 

5842
05:10:40,000 --> 05:10:43,000
philosophy and even Hamilton's 
essays on finance. 

5843
05:10:43,000 --> 05:10:47,000
She became a discreet mentor to 
young women, advising them that 

5844
05:10:47,000 --> 05:10:48,900
lost. 
It did not have to Define one's 

5845
05:10:48,900 --> 05:10:52,300
entire existence. 
In that process, she uncovered 

5846
05:10:52,300 --> 05:10:56,200
an internal Wellspring of power.
No longer defined merely as a 

5847
05:10:56,200 --> 05:10:59,000
general's daughter or a 
statements wife, she was forging

5848
05:10:59,000 --> 05:11:00,800
her identity as a protector of 
children. 

5849
05:11:00,800 --> 05:11:04,300
A keeper of her husband's 
Legacy, and a quiet stabilizing 

5850
05:11:04,300 --> 05:11:07,000
figure in a nation still 
shaping, its post-war identity. 

5851
05:11:07,700 --> 05:11:10,300
Yet she confronted constant 
reminders of the jewels 

5852
05:11:10,300 --> 05:11:12,800
aftermath. 
Burr's reputation had collapsed 

5853
05:11:12,800 --> 05:11:16,600
but he lingered on society's 
fringes and occasionally rumors 

5854
05:11:16,600 --> 05:11:19,900
of his presence in New York. 
Circulated some supporters of 

5855
05:11:19,900 --> 05:11:23,400
Hamilton yearned for Eliza's 
public condemnation of Burr. she

5856
05:11:23,400 --> 05:11:26,800
responded by emphasizing 
forgiveness, not for birth, sake

5857
05:11:26,800 --> 05:11:30,200
alone, but for her own spiritual
health, Still, she admitted to 

5858
05:11:30,208 --> 05:11:32,100
close friends that the wound ran
deep. 

5859
05:11:32,900 --> 05:11:35,300
And any mention of Burr, 
reopened old pain. 

5860
05:11:36,100 --> 05:11:40,100
In 1806 tragedy Revisited, her 
life when her sister Peggy died.

5861
05:11:40,900 --> 05:11:43,100
Though, they had not spent as 
much time together recently 

5862
05:11:43,100 --> 05:11:46,300
losing a sibling reignited. 
Her sense of mortality. 

5863
05:11:47,300 --> 05:11:49,300
Each family lost bird 
reflection. 

5864
05:11:49,300 --> 05:11:52,300
Why does fate in twine sorrow 
and joy? 

5865
05:11:52,300 --> 05:11:55,400
So tightly. 
She found partial answers in her

5866
05:11:55,400 --> 05:11:58,400
face which had grown more 
ernests and Hamilton's death. 

5867
05:11:59,200 --> 05:12:01,400
Eliza turned to church 
communities for Comfort 

5868
05:12:01,400 --> 05:12:04,900
simultaneously offering her 
organizational skills to Parish 

5869
05:12:04,900 --> 05:12:08,100
events. 
Slowly, the Hamilton household 

5870
05:12:08,100 --> 05:12:12,600
stabilized debts were gradually.
Paid off the children advance in

5871
05:12:12,600 --> 05:12:15,900
their studies or commenced 
livelihoods, Eliza's 

5872
05:12:15,900 --> 05:12:18,900
philanthropic projects, 
flourished, earning her quiet 

5873
05:12:18,900 --> 05:12:22,500
admiration, across class lines, 
life was by no means. 

5874
05:12:22,508 --> 05:12:26,900
Carefree money was tight social,
slight stung but she navigated 

5875
05:12:26,900 --> 05:12:30,200
each challenge with calm 
determination by middle age. 

5876
05:12:30,200 --> 05:12:33,600
She stood as a testament to 
endurance weaving, heartbreak 

5877
05:12:33,600 --> 05:12:37,600
Duty and service into a tapestry
that gave her a renewed sense of

5878
05:12:37,600 --> 05:12:41,800
mission as decades rolled on 
Eliza entered a reflective phase

5879
05:12:41,800 --> 05:12:44,200
of life. 
She remained in New York though,

5880
05:12:44,200 --> 05:12:47,200
the city changed around her. 
The valving from a 

5881
05:12:47,200 --> 05:12:49,400
post-revolutionary port in to a 
bustling Metropolis. 

5882
05:12:49,400 --> 05:12:53,000
She occasionally visited her 
beloved Twila mansion in Albany 

5883
05:12:53,000 --> 05:12:55,500
now, quieter and steeped in 
Nostalgia. 

5884
05:12:55,500 --> 05:12:59,400
Each time, she walked the garden
paths where she wants courted. 

5885
05:12:59,400 --> 05:13:02,900
Alexander reminded of both the 
innocence of Youth and the 

5886
05:13:02,900 --> 05:13:05,000
seismic shifts that had sculpted
her fate. 

5887
05:13:06,100 --> 05:13:09,200
During the War of 1812. 
When the US again, clashed with 

5888
05:13:09,200 --> 05:13:13,300
Britain, Eliza worried for her 
son's some of whom served in the

5889
05:13:13,300 --> 05:13:16,800
conflict, Memory of the 
Revolution merged with fresh 

5890
05:13:16,800 --> 05:13:20,100
anxiety is she found the 
national mood reminiscent of her

5891
05:13:20,100 --> 05:13:24,800
childhood uncertainty pride, and
the determination to defend 

5892
05:13:24,800 --> 05:13:27,400
Independence though. 
She was no longer at the 

5893
05:13:27,400 --> 05:13:31,300
Forefront of patriotic further. 
She contributed by donating to 

5894
05:13:31,300 --> 05:13:33,500
relief efforts for soldiers 
families. 

5895
05:13:34,400 --> 05:13:38,400
The orphan Asylum Society also 
expanded its reach taking in 

5896
05:13:38,400 --> 05:13:40,400
children, orphaned by this new 
war. 

5897
05:13:41,000 --> 05:13:43,500
Family events, punctuated her 
life with both grief and 

5898
05:13:43,500 --> 05:13:49,900
celebration, her father Philip 
Schuyler passed away in 1804 my 

5899
05:13:49,900 --> 05:13:51,800
months. 
After Hamilton's death, her 

5900
05:13:51,800 --> 05:13:55,900
mother, Catherine died in 1803. 
So Eliza found herself 

5901
05:13:55,900 --> 05:13:58,100
increasingly the matriarch of a 
sprawling Clan. 

5902
05:13:58,100 --> 05:14:00,600
Grandchildren eventually came 
into the picture. 

5903
05:14:00,600 --> 05:14:04,400
She watched them with pride 
telling stories of their heroic 

5904
05:14:04,400 --> 05:14:07,100
grandfather. 
These Tales often alluded to 

5905
05:14:07,100 --> 05:14:10,800
Hamilton's intellectual prowess 
omitting, the specifics of his 

5906
05:14:10,800 --> 05:14:14,400
downfall, Eliza believed that 
preserving his better qualities 

5907
05:14:14,400 --> 05:14:18,200
would Inspire young Generations.
A notable shift occurred in the 

5908
05:14:18,208 --> 05:14:21,200
1820s. 
When John Church Hamilton one of

5909
05:14:21,200 --> 05:14:24,500
her son's began collecting 
material for a biography of his 

5910
05:14:24,500 --> 05:14:27,300
father, Eliza became an 
essential collaborator. 

5911
05:14:27,300 --> 05:14:30,800
Providing letters anecdotes and 
clarifications. 

5912
05:14:30,800 --> 05:14:34,800
Her memory was sharp despite her
advancing age. she recalled 

5913
05:14:34,800 --> 05:14:38,900
specific conversations recounted
legislative battles and recalled

5914
05:14:38,900 --> 05:14:41,900
the exact inflection in 
Hamilton's voice when he debated

5915
05:14:41,900 --> 05:14:45,700
a point of law, Many historians 
would later Marvel at her 

5916
05:14:45,700 --> 05:14:48,500
Recollections which filled gaps 
in the archival record. 

5917
05:14:49,400 --> 05:14:51,900
It was as if she carried a 
living library of Hamilton's 

5918
05:14:51,900 --> 05:14:55,200
life in her heart, yet that 
collaboration was not free of 

5919
05:14:55,200 --> 05:14:58,100
emotional toll. 
Revisiting, the events leading 

5920
05:14:58,100 --> 05:15:00,400
up to the duel. 
Forced her to confront Old, 

5921
05:15:00,400 --> 05:15:03,300
Wounds tears, occasionally 
halted, her storytelling. 

5922
05:15:04,300 --> 05:15:06,800
Specially, when she recounted 
the final hours of Hamilton's 

5923
05:15:06,800 --> 05:15:09,100
life. 
John Church pressed, gently 

5924
05:15:09,100 --> 05:15:13,700
wanting to capture every detail 
for posterity Eliza sensing the 

5925
05:15:13,700 --> 05:15:17,700
greater purpose of the ad. 
She recognized that telling 

5926
05:15:17,700 --> 05:15:20,200
Hamilton's story might help the 
nation of appreciate the 

5927
05:15:20,200 --> 05:15:22,700
foundations, he helped lay 
structures. 

5928
05:15:22,700 --> 05:15:25,600
Like the treasury Department, 
the national bank and the 

5929
05:15:25,600 --> 05:15:30,400
concept of federal credit In 
1828 she traveled briefly to 

5930
05:15:30,400 --> 05:15:33,600
Washington, DC invited by 
friends who remembered her 

5931
05:15:33,600 --> 05:15:37,200
philanthropic achievements. 
The capital had grown since her 

5932
05:15:37,200 --> 05:15:39,900
early visits. 
Monuments dotted the landscape 

5933
05:15:39,900 --> 05:15:44,200
celebrating founding fathers. 
She experienced a bitter, sweet 

5934
05:15:44,208 --> 05:15:47,300
Pride passing tributes to men. 
Hamilton had worked alongside, 

5935
05:15:47,300 --> 05:15:51,000
George Washington, Thomas, 
Jefferson and James Madison. 

5936
05:15:52,000 --> 05:15:54,900
Some pointed out the conspicuous
absence of Hamilton's own 

5937
05:15:54,900 --> 05:15:57,000
Monument. 
She Shrugged it off. 

5938
05:15:57,008 --> 05:16:00,700
Insisting that the measure of a 
person's influence, lay not in 

5939
05:16:00,700 --> 05:16:04,300
stone Effigies, but in living 
institutions, with the passage 

5940
05:16:04,300 --> 05:16:06,400
of time. 
She also became more candid 

5941
05:16:06,400 --> 05:16:09,700
about the Reynolds Scandal 
though still discrete in private

5942
05:16:09,708 --> 05:16:13,300
conversations, she admitted the 
pain, had never vanished but she

5943
05:16:13,300 --> 05:16:15,100
framed it. 
As a testament to the flawed 

5944
05:16:15,100 --> 05:16:18,900
Humanity, even brilliant people 
carry Her capacity to forgive 

5945
05:16:18,900 --> 05:16:22,400
reflected a deep spirituality. 
She attended church regularly, 

5946
05:16:22,400 --> 05:16:25,600
praying for Unity in a country, 
that seemed perpetually on the 

5947
05:16:25,600 --> 05:16:29,000
brink of new conflicts, 
Nullification Crisis debates 

5948
05:16:29,000 --> 05:16:32,600
over slavery, and the push 
Westward Living Well into her 

5949
05:16:32,600 --> 05:16:34,800
golden years. 
She gathered, a tight circle of 

5950
05:16:34,800 --> 05:16:37,700
confidants often. 
They found her mending clothing 

5951
05:16:37,700 --> 05:16:40,200
for Orphan children or 
proofreading a letter for John 

5952
05:16:40,200 --> 05:16:44,000
Church's next manuscript draft. 
She rarely sought to claim for 

5953
05:16:44,000 --> 05:16:47,700
her charitable work. 
If praise, she gently redirected

5954
05:16:47,700 --> 05:16:51,600
attention to the cause itself. 
For her, the real Triumph in 

5955
05:16:51,600 --> 05:16:54,900
ensuring children had a chance 
at life just as the nation's 

5956
05:16:54,900 --> 05:16:57,400
Founders had tried to secure 
opportunity for future 

5957
05:16:57,400 --> 05:17:01,700
Generations. 
In 1832, she experienced another

5958
05:17:01,700 --> 05:17:03,900
heartbreak, when her oldest son,
Philip Jr. 

5959
05:17:03,900 --> 05:17:06,100
Passed away. 
After a struggle with illness 

5960
05:17:06,100 --> 05:17:11,000
each loss reminded her of times 
Relentless March, yet her face 

5961
05:17:11,000 --> 05:17:12,800
and familial bonds kept her 
grounded. 

5962
05:17:12,800 --> 05:17:16,500
She wrote that her love for God.
And for the late General 

5963
05:17:16,500 --> 05:17:19,200
Hamilton fortified her soul 
against despair. 

5964
05:17:20,200 --> 05:17:22,500
Approaching 80 Elizabeth 
Schuyler. 

5965
05:17:23,200 --> 05:17:26,100
Hamilton was more than a relic 
of a revolutionary era. 

5966
05:17:26,100 --> 05:17:29,300
She was a living Narrative of 
strength, weaving, personal 

5967
05:17:29,300 --> 05:17:32,000
tragedy, and national memory 
into a single tapestry of 

5968
05:17:32,000 --> 05:17:35,400
compassion, and Hope. 
Elizabeth, Schuyler Hamilton 

5969
05:17:35,400 --> 05:17:38,800
lived to see Andrew Jackson's 
presidency in the beginning of 

5970
05:17:38,800 --> 05:17:42,600
the Industrial Revolution. 
She watched America morph into a

5971
05:17:42,600 --> 05:17:44,700
nation. 
Both deeply reflective of its 

5972
05:17:44,700 --> 05:17:47,300
revolutionary roots and 
straining toward modernity. 

5973
05:17:47,300 --> 05:17:52,100
Railroads, spread factories 
arose, this political scene 

5974
05:17:52,100 --> 05:17:55,300
erupted with fresh tensions, 
over states rights and potential

5975
05:17:55,300 --> 05:17:58,500
expansion. 
By now Eliza was considered a 

5976
05:17:58,500 --> 05:18:01,500
venerable figure. 
One of the last living links to 

5977
05:18:01,500 --> 05:18:03,000
the nation's founding 
generation. 

5978
05:18:03,900 --> 05:18:06,700
In her final years. 
She resided in a modest home in 

5979
05:18:06,708 --> 05:18:10,100
Washington DC partly to be near 
some of her children. 

5980
05:18:11,200 --> 05:18:14,700
The city had matured since the 
muddy partly built Capital. 

5981
05:18:14,700 --> 05:18:18,900
She wants new She took quiet 
walks with visitors reflecting 

5982
05:18:18,900 --> 05:18:20,600
on how her husband had helped 
shape. 

5983
05:18:20,600 --> 05:18:23,900
The financial systems that the 
field such growth Political 

5984
05:18:23,900 --> 05:18:26,800
leaders, occasionally sought her
out for anecdotal insights, 

5985
05:18:26,800 --> 05:18:29,600
hoping to glean from her 
personal glimpses in to Hamilton

5986
05:18:29,600 --> 05:18:33,400
strategies and relationships. 
She obliged politely though, she

5987
05:18:33,400 --> 05:18:35,300
often reminded them that real 
progress, required. 

5988
05:18:35,300 --> 05:18:40,000
Fresh ideas, not mean nostalgia.
Her commitment to philanthropy 

5989
05:18:40,000 --> 05:18:44,000
never waned even in advanced 
stage she attended orphan. 

5990
05:18:44,000 --> 05:18:47,100
Asylum Society meetings when 
possible offering guidance on 

5991
05:18:47,100 --> 05:18:48,700
fundraising and Resource 
Management. 

5992
05:18:48,700 --> 05:18:52,300
Younger trustees listened 
intently aware that the 

5993
05:18:52,300 --> 05:18:54,400
society's founding mother was 
still sharp. 

5994
05:18:54,400 --> 05:18:56,700
Despite her Frailty in many 
ways. 

5995
05:18:56,700 --> 05:19:00,200
The orphanage become a symbol of
her life's work caring for the 

5996
05:19:00,200 --> 05:19:03,900
vulnerable preserving hope 
amidst adversity ensuring the 

5997
05:19:03,900 --> 05:19:06,700
completeness of John Church. 
Hamilton's father's biography 

5998
05:19:06,700 --> 05:19:08,800
was one of her most cherished 
final projects. 

5999
05:19:09,600 --> 05:19:12,800
She reviewed the final drafts. 
Contributing details, she'd 

6000
05:19:12,800 --> 05:19:15,700
previously, withheld or 
forgotten, she emphasized, 

6001
05:19:15,700 --> 05:19:19,400
Hamilton's unwavering dedication
to the union, his Progressive 

6002
05:19:19,400 --> 05:19:22,600
stances on federal power, and 
his unrelenting push for 

6003
05:19:22,600 --> 05:19:26,000
financial stability. 
Some editorial, disagreements 

6004
05:19:26,000 --> 05:19:29,900
arose, particularly around the 
Reynolds Affair, but Eliza 

6005
05:19:29,900 --> 05:19:32,600
insisted on honesty, tempered by
grace. 

6006
05:19:33,600 --> 05:19:35,900
The published volume's not 
immediate. 

6007
05:19:35,900 --> 05:19:38,800
Bestsellers, gradually shaped 
public, understanding of 

6008
05:19:38,800 --> 05:19:42,400
Hamilton's Legacy. 
As her health declined, her 

6009
05:19:42,400 --> 05:19:45,800
family closed, ranks around her 
letters from grandchildren 

6010
05:19:45,800 --> 05:19:48,000
poured in stories of their 
studies. 

6011
05:19:48,000 --> 05:19:52,000
Their marriage, is their small. 
Triumphs, the lies as once 

6012
05:19:52,000 --> 05:19:55,600
robust figure had become frail, 
but her mind held firm. 

6013
05:19:56,200 --> 05:19:59,800
She reminisced about ballrooms 
in Albany, the swirling War 

6014
05:19:59,800 --> 05:20:02,800
councils at her childhood home, 
and the day, she first locked 

6015
05:20:02,800 --> 05:20:05,500
eyes with us. 
All worst a Brash young officer 

6016
05:20:05,500 --> 05:20:08,900
in Revolutionary guard. 
Occasional visitors found her 

6017
05:20:08,900 --> 05:20:12,600
reading The Federalist Papers by
candlelight. as if reacquaint 

6018
05:20:12,600 --> 05:20:16,500
herself with Hamilton's voice, 
she also kept a well-worn Bible 

6019
05:20:16,500 --> 05:20:20,000
reflecting a faith that had Boyd
her through heartbreak, after 

6020
05:20:20,000 --> 05:20:24,600
heartbreak. prayer to her was 
less about ceremony and more 

6021
05:20:24,600 --> 05:20:28,000
about continuous conversation 
with her higher power, that had 

6022
05:20:28,000 --> 05:20:31,400
guided her from water widowhood 
in these final dialogues, with 

6023
05:20:31,400 --> 05:20:35,400
God, she found peace certain 
that her labors both familial 

6024
05:20:35,400 --> 05:20:40,000
and charitable held meaning, 
Beyond mortal life, Elizabeth 

6025
05:20:40,000 --> 05:20:44,100
Shiela Hamilton died. 
On November, the 9th 1854 at the

6026
05:20:44,100 --> 05:20:48,700
age of 97, her passing Mark, the
end of an era obituaries 

6027
05:20:48,700 --> 05:20:51,600
praised, her dedication to 
preserving Alexander Hamilton's 

6028
05:20:51,600 --> 05:20:55,900
Legacy and championing 
charitable causes Publications 

6029
05:20:55,900 --> 05:20:59,000
were accounted her Devotion to 
the orphan Asylum society and 

6030
05:20:59,000 --> 05:21:02,100
her unwavering presence during 
the tumultuous birth of the 

6031
05:21:02,100 --> 05:21:04,600
Republic. 
While she never held public 

6032
05:21:04,600 --> 05:21:08,300
office. her influence was 
palpable in the community, she 

6033
05:21:08,300 --> 05:21:12,300
served and in The Narrative of 
America's founding She was 

6034
05:21:12,308 --> 05:21:15,300
buried near her husband in the 
graveyard of Trinity Church in 

6035
05:21:15,300 --> 05:21:18,000
Manhattan. 
Reuniting them in the Eternal. 

6036
05:21:18,000 --> 05:21:21,900
Rest beneath the city skyline. 
He had once helped transform for

6037
05:21:21,900 --> 05:21:25,100
decades, the memory of her 
kindness lingered in the stories

6038
05:21:25,100 --> 05:21:28,700
told by those, who knew her, a 
woman who had endured Scandal 

6039
05:21:28,700 --> 05:21:32,500
and dual driven tragedy, only to
emerge as a symbol of Grace. 

6040
05:21:33,400 --> 05:21:36,500
In the decades following her 
death interest in Hamilton's 

6041
05:21:36,500 --> 05:21:40,400
financial genius grew spurred by
economic expansions and civil 

6042
05:21:40,400 --> 05:21:43,300
conflict. 
Historians found in Eliza's 

6043
05:21:43,300 --> 05:21:46,300
carefully guarded letters, a 
trove of insight into The Man 

6044
05:21:46,300 --> 05:21:48,800
Behind the policies. 
A philanthropic Legacy. 

6045
05:21:48,800 --> 05:21:52,100
Endured with the orphanage, 
continuing to serve children 

6046
05:21:52,100 --> 05:21:56,000
well, into the Modern Age over 
time, as the nation, wrestled 

6047
05:21:56,000 --> 05:21:58,100
with the complexities of its 
founding ideals. 

6048
05:21:58,100 --> 05:22:00,800
The figure of Eliza gained 
renewed appreciation. 

6049
05:22:02,100 --> 05:22:05,100
She was not merely the devoted 
wife of a founding father, but a

6050
05:22:05,100 --> 05:22:07,600
quiet architect of social 
welfare and historical 

6051
05:22:07,600 --> 05:22:11,500
stewardship in her own right? 
To this day visitors at 

6052
05:22:11,500 --> 05:22:13,700
Hamilton's grave site. 
Often spare a moment for 

6053
05:22:13,700 --> 05:22:17,100
Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton. 
Her story, underscores, how the 

6054
05:22:17,100 --> 05:22:20,400
quieter characters of History 
can profoundly shape a nation's 

6055
05:22:20,400 --> 05:22:22,200
ethos the Battle of star in 
grad. 

6056
05:22:23,100 --> 05:22:26,700
Began in the summer of 1942, 
during the height of World War 

6057
05:22:26,700 --> 05:22:31,600
2, the German Army under Adolf, 
Hitler's command launched a 

6058
05:22:31,600 --> 05:22:34,000
massive offensive. 
Aimed at capturing the 

6059
05:22:34,000 --> 05:22:37,500
industrial city of Stalingrad on
the Volga River. 

6060
05:22:38,200 --> 05:22:40,700
Stalingrad was more than just a 
strategic Target. 

6061
05:22:40,700 --> 05:22:43,700
It bore the name of the Soviet 
leader. 

6062
05:22:43,700 --> 05:22:48,500
Joseph Stalin and its capture 
would deal a psychological blow 

6063
05:22:48,500 --> 05:22:53,400
to the Soviet Union for Hitler 
taking style and grad was as 

6064
05:22:53,400 --> 05:22:56,100
much about Prestige, as it was 
about military strategy. 

6065
05:22:56,100 --> 05:23:00,300
Stalingrad was a vital 
industrial Hub producing weapons

6066
05:23:00,300 --> 05:23:04,800
ammunition and supplies. 
Crucial to the Soviet war 

6067
05:23:04,800 --> 05:23:07,900
effort, its location. 
On the Volga River. 

6068
05:23:08,700 --> 05:23:10,500
Made it a key Transportation 
Route. 

6069
05:23:11,200 --> 05:23:13,900
Linking the northern. 
As Southern regions. 

6070
05:23:14,600 --> 05:23:17,100
Of the Soviet Union for 
starling. 

6071
05:23:18,000 --> 05:23:20,300
The city's defense. 
Was non-negotiable. 

6072
05:23:21,400 --> 05:23:24,800
Losing it. 
Would be both a symbolic and 

6073
05:23:24,800 --> 05:23:28,400
logistical disaster. 
In August 1942. 

6074
05:23:29,300 --> 05:23:32,900
The German 6th Army. 
Led by General Friedrich 

6075
05:23:32,900 --> 05:23:35,500
payolas. 
Began its advance. 

6076
05:23:36,800 --> 05:23:39,300
On Stalingrad. 
The city. 

6077
05:23:40,500 --> 05:23:43,900
Sprawling, industrial expanse. 
With factories. 

6078
05:23:44,700 --> 05:23:47,400
Railways. 
And residential areas. 

6079
05:23:48,900 --> 05:23:51,600
We came the site. 
Of one of the most grueling 

6080
05:23:51,600 --> 05:23:53,600
battles. 
In history. 

6081
05:23:54,900 --> 05:23:57,300
The Germans were initially 
confident. 

6082
05:23:58,200 --> 05:24:01,900
Of a swift Victory. 
But the Soviet Defenders under 

6083
05:24:01,900 --> 05:24:05,800
the command of General vesely 
chuikov were determined to 

6084
05:24:05,800 --> 05:24:11,000
resist at all costs. 
Fighting in grad was unlike 

6085
05:24:11,000 --> 05:24:13,500
anything. 
The world had seen before. 

6086
05:24:14,700 --> 05:24:17,800
Urban Warfare. 
Turned every street. 

6087
05:24:18,900 --> 05:24:23,100
Building and Factory. 
In to a Battleground. 

6088
05:24:24,200 --> 05:24:28,100
The Germans and Soviets engaged 
in brutal. 

6089
05:24:28,100 --> 05:24:31,300
Close Quarters combat. 
Offered fighting. 

6090
05:24:32,200 --> 05:24:35,600
Room by room. 
Floor by floor. 

6091
05:24:36,600 --> 05:24:40,600
The city became a labyrinth. 
Of Destruction. 

6092
05:24:41,700 --> 05:24:45,800
With rubble and debris. 
Transforming entire 

6093
05:24:45,800 --> 05:24:49,900
neighborhoods. 
Treacherous Landscapes, the 

6094
05:24:49,900 --> 05:24:54,300
Soviets, adopted a strategy of 
hugging the German forces. 

6095
05:24:55,100 --> 05:24:59,300
Staying as close as possible. 
To avoid being targeted by 

6096
05:24:59,300 --> 05:25:01,700
German air, strikes and 
artillery. 

6097
05:25:03,100 --> 05:25:07,200
This forced the Germans into 
Relentless hand to hand combat. 

6098
05:25:08,200 --> 05:25:10,700
Draining their resources and 
morale. 

6099
05:25:11,600 --> 05:25:14,100
Soviet snipers hidden in the 
ruins. 

6100
05:25:14,900 --> 05:25:19,400
Became a deadly force. 
Picking off German soldiers with

6101
05:25:19,400 --> 05:25:22,100
Precision on one of the most 
famous snipers. 

6102
05:25:23,200 --> 05:25:28,900
Celes. 
Soviet resilient his actions 

6103
05:25:28,900 --> 05:25:32,000
inspiring Defenders across the 
city. 

6104
05:25:33,300 --> 05:25:35,200
As the weeks. 
Turned into months. 

6105
05:25:36,000 --> 05:25:41,200
The harsh Russian winter set in.
Adding another layer of misery 

6106
05:25:41,200 --> 05:25:45,800
to the already dire conditions 
temperatures plummeted and both 

6107
05:25:45,800 --> 05:25:49,400
sides struggled to survive in 
the freezing cold. 

6108
05:25:50,300 --> 05:25:55,900
Supplies dwindled and hunger and
disease, took their toll yet, 

6109
05:25:55,900 --> 05:25:59,000
despite the suffering, the 
Soviets held firm, 

6110
05:25:59,000 --> 05:26:04,900
reinforcements and supplies. 
Continue to trickle into the 

6111
05:26:04,900 --> 05:26:09,300
city, across the Frozen Volga 
River in that the Defenders 

6112
05:26:09,300 --> 05:26:14,300
could maintain their resistance.
The turning point in the Battle 

6113
05:26:14,300 --> 05:26:19,900
of Stalingrad came in November 
1942, with the launch of 

6114
05:26:19,900 --> 05:26:23,300
operation. 
Uranus The Soviet High command 

6115
05:26:23,300 --> 05:26:28,100
led by General George a bold 
counter-offensive. 

6116
05:26:28,700 --> 05:26:31,800
To encircle the German sixth 
Army, while the Germans are 

6117
05:26:31,808 --> 05:26:34,500
focused on their assault within 
the city. 

6118
05:26:34,500 --> 05:26:37,200
The Soviets launched, massive 
attacks. 

6119
05:26:38,000 --> 05:26:41,900
On the weaker flanks of the 
German forces held by Romanian 

6120
05:26:41,900 --> 05:26:46,000
and Italian troops. 
Plan was a success. 

6121
05:26:47,000 --> 05:26:50,900
Within days. 
The Soviet Pence's closed around

6122
05:26:50,900 --> 05:26:54,700
star in Grand. 
Trapping the German 6th Army in 

6123
05:26:54,700 --> 05:26:57,700
the city. 
What followed? 

6124
05:26:58,400 --> 05:27:00,800
Was a desperate. 
Struggle for survival. 

6125
05:27:01,800 --> 05:27:06,200
The encircled German forces 
numbering over 300,000 men. 

6126
05:27:07,200 --> 05:27:12,600
Were cut off from supplies and 
reinforcements, Hitler refusing 

6127
05:27:12,600 --> 05:27:17,000
to allow a retreat ordered 
paulus to hold the city at all 

6128
05:27:17,008 --> 05:27:20,300
costs. 
The luftwaffe attempted to 

6129
05:27:20,308 --> 05:27:22,900
airlift supplies to the 
encircled Troops. 

6130
05:27:22,900 --> 05:27:25,600
But the efforts were 
insufficient. 

6131
05:27:25,600 --> 05:27:30,400
The soldiers inside the pocket 
faced starvation freezing 

6132
05:27:30,400 --> 05:27:33,300
temperatures and Relentless 
Soviet attacks. 

6133
05:27:33,300 --> 05:27:37,300
The Soviets Tightened their grip
on the city. 

6134
05:27:38,200 --> 05:27:41,600
Systematically destroying. 
The remaining German positions. 

6135
05:27:41,600 --> 05:27:46,200
The Defenders situation became 
increasingly hopeless, and 

6136
05:27:46,200 --> 05:27:48,100
morale. 
Plummeted. 

6137
05:27:48,800 --> 05:27:54,200
In January 1943, the Soviets 
launched their final assault to 

6138
05:27:54,200 --> 05:27:58,200
crush the pocket. 
By this time Palace and his men 

6139
05:27:58,200 --> 05:28:02,600
were exhausted, demoralized. 
And out of options. 

6140
05:28:04,000 --> 05:28:09,100
On February 2nd 1943 Palace 
surrendered marking the end of 

6141
05:28:09,100 --> 05:28:13,200
the Battle of Stalingrad. 
The Soviet victory was a turning

6142
05:28:13,200 --> 05:28:17,400
point in the war. 
Shattering the myth of German 

6143
05:28:17,400 --> 05:28:21,700
invincibility and Shifting, the 
momentum in favor of the Allies.

6144
05:28:21,700 --> 05:28:26,400
It was a devastating blow to 
Hitler's Ambitions and the loss.

6145
05:28:27,400 --> 05:28:31,200
The sixth Army. was a 
humiliation from which Germany 

6146
05:28:31,200 --> 05:28:36,200
would never fully recover the 
cost of the battle, however, was

6147
05:28:36,200 --> 05:28:41,200
staggering over 2 million 
soldiers and civilians killed 

6148
05:28:41,200 --> 05:28:46,100
wounded or captured. 
During the five months of 

6149
05:28:46,100 --> 05:28:49,900
fighting. 
Starling grad itself was left in

6150
05:28:49,900 --> 05:28:51,900
Ruins. 
Its streets. 

6151
05:28:52,600 --> 05:28:57,500
And buildings reduced to Rubble.
Human suffering on both sides 

6152
05:28:57,500 --> 05:29:00,700
was immense. 
With countless families. 

6153
05:29:01,600 --> 05:29:05,000
Forever altered. 
By the loss of loved ones. 

6154
05:29:06,000 --> 05:29:09,500
Despite the devastation. 
The Soviet Victory theater that 

6155
05:29:09,500 --> 05:29:15,100
Starling grad became a symbol of
resilience and determination it 

6156
05:29:15,100 --> 05:29:19,800
demonstrated. 
Power of unity and the will to 

6157
05:29:19,800 --> 05:29:22,700
endure. 
Even the most harrowing are 

6158
05:29:22,700 --> 05:29:26,900
circumstances. people of 
Starling grad, who had endured 

6159
05:29:27,700 --> 05:29:30,600
unimaginable hardship. 
Became Heroes. 

6160
05:29:31,300 --> 05:29:34,800
In the eyes of their Nation. 
In the Years. 

6161
05:29:35,700 --> 05:29:38,500
Following the war. 
Stalin grad was rebuilt. 

6162
05:29:38,500 --> 05:29:45,000
Its scars serving as a reminder.
of the sacrifices made to defend

6163
05:29:45,000 --> 05:29:50,200
it monuments and memorials were 
erected to honor the Fallen, 

6164
05:29:50,200 --> 05:29:56,800
including the iconic, where my 
of kurgan a hill that saw some 

6165
05:29:56,808 --> 05:30:00,400
of the fiercest fighting during 
the battle at its Summit. 

6166
05:30:01,000 --> 05:30:05,900
Stands The Towering, statue of 
the motherland calls. a symbol 

6167
05:30:05,900 --> 05:30:11,300
of the Soviet Union strength and
resilience the Battle of 

6168
05:30:11,300 --> 05:30:15,100
Stalingrad remains one of the 
most studied and remembered 

6169
05:30:15,100 --> 05:30:19,600
events of World War 2. 
It serves as a testament to 

6170
05:30:19,700 --> 05:30:23,300
courage and determination. 
Of those who fought. 

6171
05:30:23,300 --> 05:30:29,000
And as a reminder of the horrors
of war, the sacrifices made at 

6172
05:30:29,000 --> 05:30:31,600
Star in grad helped shape the 
course. 

6173
05:30:32,600 --> 05:30:36,200
Drury Haven, the way for the 
eventual Allied victory. 

6174
05:30:37,100 --> 05:30:39,500
As you drift. 
Sleep tonight. 

6175
05:30:41,100 --> 05:30:46,200
Let the story of Starling grad, 
remind you strength. 

6176
05:30:46,900 --> 05:30:49,200
Of the human Spirit and the 
resilience. 

6177
05:30:50,200 --> 05:30:53,200
That emerges in the face of 
adversity. 

6178
05:30:54,700 --> 05:30:58,200
Imagine the quiet. 
Snow-covered streets. 

6179
05:30:59,300 --> 05:31:04,700
Of the rebuilt City, The Echoes 
of History carried gently on the

6180
05:31:04,700 --> 05:31:06,900
Wind. 
Let The Bravery. 

6181
05:31:07,700 --> 05:31:12,600
To sacrifice of those who 
endured inspire a sense of 

6182
05:31:12,600 --> 05:31:18,200
gratitude and peace within you. 
The story of the Battle of 

6183
05:31:18,200 --> 05:31:23,600
Stalingrad. did not end with the
surrender of the German sixth 

6184
05:31:23,600 --> 05:31:27,000
Army, its aftermath Rippled far 
beyond. 

6185
05:31:28,300 --> 05:31:33,100
Frozen streets of the ruined 
City shaping, the course of 

6186
05:31:33,100 --> 05:31:36,900
World War 2 and the history of 
the 20th century. 

6187
05:31:36,900 --> 05:31:42,300
The Soviet victory was a turning
point, not just for the Eastern 

6188
05:31:42,300 --> 05:31:47,600
front, but for the entire Allied
effort, it demonstrated the 

6189
05:31:47,600 --> 05:31:51,400
determination and resilience. 
Of the Soviet people. 

6190
05:31:52,400 --> 05:31:55,200
And marked the beginning. 
Of a Relentless push. 

6191
05:31:56,200 --> 05:31:59,800
To drive the axis forces. 
Out of the Soviet Union. 

6192
05:32:00,700 --> 05:32:05,300
And eventually. 
Defeat them in Europe. the cost 

6193
05:32:05,300 --> 05:32:08,200
of the battle. 
Was nearly unimaginable. 

6194
05:32:09,300 --> 05:32:13,000
Casualty figures are staggering.
With estimates. 

6195
05:32:13,700 --> 05:32:19,400
Placing the total number. 
Of dead wounded or missing on 

6196
05:32:19,400 --> 05:32:22,200
both sides? 
That over 2 million. 

6197
05:32:23,000 --> 05:32:25,400
Civilians caught in the 
crossfire. 

6198
05:32:26,300 --> 05:32:31,100
Endured unimaginable suffering. 
As the city, they called home. 

6199
05:32:31,800 --> 05:32:36,200
Became a war zone of 
Unthinkable, destruction home's.

6200
05:32:37,100 --> 05:32:39,200
Were destroyed. 
Families. 

6201
05:32:39,200 --> 05:32:43,700
Torn apart. 
And leave forever altered. 

6202
05:32:44,500 --> 05:32:48,300
By the Relentless tide of War. 
For the survivors. 

6203
05:32:49,100 --> 05:32:53,500
Of Starling Grande. 
The end of the battle, brought 

6204
05:32:53,500 --> 05:32:58,200
no immediate relief. 
Once a thriving Industrial 

6205
05:32:58,200 --> 05:33:01,100
Center. 
Lay in Ruins. 

6206
05:33:01,900 --> 05:33:04,700
Entire neighborhoods. 
Had been reduced. 

6207
05:33:05,500 --> 05:33:08,000
To Rubble. 
And the infrastructure. 

6208
05:33:08,000 --> 05:33:11,700
Restless, Necessary for daily 
life water. 

6209
05:33:12,500 --> 05:33:14,800
Electricity. 
Food Supplies. 

6210
05:33:15,600 --> 05:33:17,900
Was obliterated. 
The people. 

6211
05:33:19,000 --> 05:33:22,600
Of Stalingrad. 
Faced the Monumental task. 

6212
05:33:23,600 --> 05:33:26,200
Of rebuilding their lives and 
their City. 

6213
05:33:27,100 --> 05:33:30,300
From the Ashes. 
Yet, even in the face. 

6214
05:33:31,300 --> 05:33:34,100
Of such devastation. 
There was a sense. 

6215
05:33:34,900 --> 05:33:38,600
Of Pride and determination among
the survivors. 

6216
05:33:38,600 --> 05:33:44,700
They had endured the unendurable
and emerged Victorious, the 

6217
05:33:44,700 --> 05:33:49,000
Soviet government. worked with 
li, To rebuild, Starling grad. 

6218
05:33:49,800 --> 05:33:52,000
The city. 
Became a symbol. 

6219
05:33:52,800 --> 05:33:58,400
Of resilience and sacrifice a 
beacon of Soviet strength and 

6220
05:33:58,400 --> 05:34:02,800
determination propaganda. 
Celebrated the victory as a 

6221
05:34:02,808 --> 05:34:08,100
Triumph of socialism. and the 
indomitable Spirit of the Soviet

6222
05:34:08,100 --> 05:34:11,100
people. 
The rebuilding effort was 

6223
05:34:11,100 --> 05:34:14,500
immense. 
And though the scars of War. 

6224
05:34:15,300 --> 05:34:17,700
Were not easily erased. 
City. 

6225
05:34:17,700 --> 05:34:21,100
Slowly Rose. 
From its ashes. 

6226
05:34:22,800 --> 05:34:25,000
For the German army. 
The defeat. 

6227
05:34:26,300 --> 05:34:29,500
Stalin grad. 
Was a catastrophe. 

6228
05:34:30,600 --> 05:34:33,100
From which it would never fully 
recover. 

6229
05:34:34,100 --> 05:34:36,600
The loss. 
Of the sixth Army. 

6230
05:34:37,500 --> 05:34:41,200
One of Germany's. 
Most experienced and well 

6231
05:34:41,200 --> 05:34:43,400
equipped. 
Fighting forces. 

6232
05:34:44,300 --> 05:34:47,100
Was a devastating blow. 
Morale. 

6233
05:34:47,700 --> 05:34:50,700
Among German troops. 
On the Eastern Front. 

6234
05:34:51,500 --> 05:34:53,900
Plummeted. 
And the aura. 

6235
05:34:54,800 --> 05:34:58,200
Of invincibility. 
That had surrounded. 

6236
05:34:58,200 --> 05:35:02,000
The fair mact Since the 
beginning. 

6237
05:35:03,200 --> 05:35:05,800
Of the war. 
Was shattered. 

6238
05:35:07,300 --> 05:35:10,000
Hitler's refusal. 
To allow a retreat. 

6239
05:35:11,500 --> 05:35:14,600
His insistent on holding, 
Starling Grande. 

6240
05:35:15,500 --> 05:35:19,200
At all costs. 
And the Ultimate Surrender. 

6241
05:35:20,600 --> 05:35:22,900
Of Palace. 
And his forces. 

6242
05:35:24,700 --> 05:35:28,900
Exposed the floors. 
In Germany's, military strategy 

6243
05:35:28,900 --> 05:35:34,200
and Leadership. 
The Soviets capitalized on their

6244
05:35:34,200 --> 05:35:39,400
victory at Star in grad 
launching a series of a fences. 

6245
05:35:40,300 --> 05:35:43,700
That pushed the Germans. 
Further and further west. 

6246
05:35:44,500 --> 05:35:48,700
The red Army's momentum. 
Gained such great cost in 

6247
05:35:48,700 --> 05:35:51,400
Stalingrad. 
Carried them all the way. 

6248
05:35:52,300 --> 05:35:58,700
To Berlin by the spring of 1945.
The victory at Stalingrad. 

6249
05:35:59,700 --> 05:36:03,100
Was the foundation upon which 
the eventual Soviet Triumph. 

6250
05:36:04,200 --> 05:36:08,500
In World War 2 was built Beyond 
its military significance. 

6251
05:36:09,400 --> 05:36:13,700
The Battle of Stalingrad left to
profound Legacy in the 

6252
05:36:13,700 --> 05:36:17,300
collective memory of the world, 
it became a symbol. 

6253
05:36:18,200 --> 05:36:21,000
Of resilience. 
Sacrifice. 

6254
05:36:22,100 --> 05:36:25,400
And the unyielding human spirit.
Stories. 

6255
05:36:26,200 --> 05:36:30,200
Of the soldiers and civilians 
who endured the battle. 

6256
05:36:31,200 --> 05:36:34,600
Stories of heroism, endurance 
and survival. 

6257
05:36:35,500 --> 05:36:39,200
Continue to resonate their 
experience is remind us. 

6258
05:36:40,100 --> 05:36:45,300
Of the horrors of War. 
The cost of conflict and the 

6259
05:36:45,300 --> 05:36:48,600
strength of the human will to 
persevere. 

6260
05:36:50,100 --> 05:36:54,500
For the people of Starling grad,
their cities name became 

6261
05:36:54,500 --> 05:36:57,600
synonymous with courage and 
defiance. 

6262
05:36:58,800 --> 05:37:03,000
In 1961 during a wave of 
destabilization, and the Soviet 

6263
05:37:03,000 --> 05:37:06,700
Union. 
The city was renamed, Volgograd 

6264
05:37:06,700 --> 05:37:09,700
yet, the memory of the Battle of
Stalingrad. 

6265
05:37:10,700 --> 05:37:14,400
Remained deeply embedded in the 
hearts of those who lived 

6266
05:37:14,400 --> 05:37:18,200
through it. 
And those who came after The 

6267
05:37:18,200 --> 05:37:22,600
name Stalingrad continues to 
evoke the profound sacrifices. 

6268
05:37:23,900 --> 05:37:26,500
Made during those grueling 
months of battle. 

6269
05:37:27,400 --> 05:37:31,000
The battlefields. 
Of Stalingrad have since been 

6270
05:37:31,000 --> 05:37:35,500
preserved as places of 
remembrance and reflection. 

6271
05:37:36,800 --> 05:37:41,600
The Mamiya Memorial complex with
its towering, statue of the 

6272
05:37:41,600 --> 05:37:44,400
motherland calls stands as a 
testament. 

6273
05:37:45,400 --> 05:37:47,300
Courage. 
And sacrifice. 

6274
05:37:48,200 --> 05:37:50,200
Of those who fought and died 
there. 

6275
05:37:51,100 --> 05:37:54,800
Visitors from around the world. 
Come to walk, the Hallowed 

6276
05:37:54,800 --> 05:37:57,000
Ground. 
To honor the memory. 

6277
05:37:57,900 --> 05:38:01,200
Of the Fallen. 
And to reflect on the lessons. 

6278
05:38:02,000 --> 05:38:05,700
Of History. 
As we look back on the Battle of

6279
05:38:05,700 --> 05:38:09,600
Stalingrad. 
It serves as a reminder, Of the 

6280
05:38:09,608 --> 05:38:14,400
resilience of the human spirit 
in the face of unimaginable 

6281
05:38:14,400 --> 05:38:20,700
adversity, it is a story of 
sacrifice and survival of Hope. 

6282
05:38:21,400 --> 05:38:25,000
And determination and of the 
enduring belief in the 

6283
05:38:25,000 --> 05:38:27,500
possibility. 
Of a better future. 

6284
05:38:28,900 --> 05:38:31,700
As you rest tonight. 
Let the story. 

6285
05:38:32,400 --> 05:38:34,900
Of Stalingrad. 
Remind you. 

6286
05:38:36,200 --> 05:38:40,700
Strength. that lies within us, 
all Imagine The Quiet streets. 

6287
05:38:41,700 --> 05:38:44,500
Of the rebuilt City, the soft 
Whispers. 

6288
05:38:45,300 --> 05:38:47,800
Of the vulgar River. 
Stillness. 

6289
05:38:48,600 --> 05:38:52,300
That now, blankets. 
A place once filled with chaos, 

6290
05:38:52,300 --> 05:38:58,400
let the courage and sacrifice of
those who endured Inspire peace 

6291
05:38:58,400 --> 05:39:04,000
and gratitude in your heart. 
The legacy of the Battle of 

6292
05:39:04,000 --> 05:39:08,500
Stalingrad extends Beyond its 
historical and Military 

6293
05:39:08,500 --> 05:39:12,500
significance, it has become a 
symbol of human endurance. 

6294
05:39:13,500 --> 05:39:16,400
The cost of War and the hope for
reconciliation. 

6295
05:39:17,600 --> 05:39:20,300
The rebuilding of star in grad. 
Later. 

6296
05:39:20,300 --> 05:39:24,700
Renamed Volgograd Was not merely
a physical Endeavor, but an 

6297
05:39:24,700 --> 05:39:29,900
emotional and cultural Journey, 
every stone, laid, every home 

6298
05:39:29,900 --> 05:39:32,700
rebuilt. 
Was a testament to the 

6299
05:39:32,708 --> 05:39:37,700
resilience of the people. 
Who survived the horrors of War.

6300
05:39:38,600 --> 05:39:43,000
In the aftermath of the battle. 
The city became a focal point. 

6301
05:39:44,600 --> 05:39:49,000
For the Soviet Union's Narrative
of Victory and sacrifice. 

6302
05:39:49,700 --> 05:39:52,000
Monuments. 
Were erected. 

6303
05:39:53,200 --> 05:39:56,300
To commemorate The Bravery of 
those who fought. 

6304
05:39:57,300 --> 05:40:01,100
Such as the eternal flame. 
That burns. 

6305
05:40:01,700 --> 05:40:06,100
In memory of the Fallen. 
The massive statue of the 

6306
05:40:06,100 --> 05:40:10,000
motherland calls, one of the 
tallest statues in the world 

6307
05:40:10,000 --> 05:40:14,800
Towers over the landscape, as a 
powerful, reminder of the battle

6308
05:40:14,800 --> 05:40:18,100
significant. 
It is not just a symbol of 

6309
05:40:18,100 --> 05:40:22,200
Victory, but a tribute to the 
unbreakable will of the 

6310
05:40:22,200 --> 05:40:26,400
Defenders and the civilians who 
endured unimaginable suffering. 

6311
05:40:28,000 --> 05:40:31,400
Decades. 
The memory of Starling Grande. 

6312
05:40:32,700 --> 05:40:34,800
Shaped the Soviet Union's, 
identity. 

6313
05:40:36,300 --> 05:40:39,400
And its portrayal. 
On the global stage. 

6314
05:40:40,300 --> 05:40:43,100
The battle was celebrated in 
films. 

6315
05:40:43,800 --> 05:40:47,400
Literature. 
And art each retelling 

6316
05:40:47,400 --> 05:40:51,500
emphasizing the unity and 
determination of the Soviet 

6317
05:40:51,500 --> 05:40:54,800
people. 
City became a pilgrimage site. 

6318
05:40:56,100 --> 05:40:59,900
For veterans, their families and
historians. 

6319
05:41:00,800 --> 05:41:04,900
Seeking to understand. 
The profound impact. 

6320
05:41:06,400 --> 05:41:09,100
Of this defining moment. 
In history. 

6321
05:41:10,300 --> 05:41:13,900
On a more personal level. 
Stories of those. 

6322
05:41:14,900 --> 05:41:19,300
Who fought and survived. 
The Battle of been passed down. 

6323
05:41:21,000 --> 05:41:24,600
Through generations. 
Veteran shared their experience 

6324
05:41:24,600 --> 05:41:27,400
in. 
With their children and 

6325
05:41:27,400 --> 05:41:30,600
grandchildren, ensuring that the
sacrifices. 

6326
05:41:32,400 --> 05:41:35,800
Made at Starling Grande. 
Would never be forgotten. 

6327
05:41:36,900 --> 05:41:41,000
These personal accounts. 
Filled with both sorrow and 

6328
05:41:41,000 --> 05:41:45,800
pride at depth. 
To the historical narrative and 

6329
05:41:45,800 --> 05:41:49,800
remind us of the humanity. 
Behind the statistics. 

6330
05:41:50,900 --> 05:41:54,700
Globally. 
Stalingrad has become a symbol. 

6331
05:41:55,600 --> 05:41:59,100
Of resistance. 
And perseverance. 

6332
05:42:00,000 --> 05:42:04,000
Its name is invoked. 
In discussions of strategy, 

6333
05:42:04,000 --> 05:42:07,700
endurance and the high cost of 
War. 

6334
05:42:08,900 --> 05:42:11,300
Historians. 
And Military Scholars. 

6335
05:42:12,800 --> 05:42:15,900
The battle offers countless 
lessons on tactics. 

6336
05:42:16,800 --> 05:42:19,500
Leadership. 
And the interplay. 

6337
05:42:20,300 --> 05:42:22,300
Of morale. 
And Logistics. 

6338
05:42:23,200 --> 05:42:26,100
For ordinary people. 
Stands as a reminder. 

6339
05:42:27,000 --> 05:42:30,400
Of what can be achieved. 
When the human Spirit refuses. 

6340
05:42:31,900 --> 05:42:34,600
To yield. 
In recent years. 

6341
05:42:36,300 --> 05:42:40,200
Efforts have been made. 
To preserve the memory of star 

6342
05:42:40,200 --> 05:42:43,000
in grad. 
While fostering spirit. 

6343
05:42:44,200 --> 05:42:47,600
Of reconciliation. 
Memorials. 

6344
05:42:48,700 --> 05:42:53,600
And museums. 
Now, serve not only as places of

6345
05:42:53,600 --> 05:42:58,700
remembrance. but also, as 
venues, For dialogue and 

6346
05:42:58,700 --> 05:43:01,900
education. 
They encourage visitors. 

6347
05:43:02,800 --> 05:43:05,500
To reflect on the consequences 
of War. 

6348
05:43:06,500 --> 05:43:09,500
And the importance. 
Of working toward peace. 

6349
05:43:10,300 --> 05:43:14,900
The city of Volgograd. 
While forever tied to its past 

6350
05:43:14,900 --> 05:43:17,500
is also a thriving modern 
Metropolis. 

6351
05:43:18,200 --> 05:43:21,600
Its people have rebuilt their 
lives and created a Vibrant 

6352
05:43:21,600 --> 05:43:25,300
Community that honors its 
history while looking to the 

6353
05:43:25,300 --> 05:43:29,400
Future, the scars of the battle 
remain in some places. 

6354
05:43:31,000 --> 05:43:35,800
But they serve as reminders. 
Of resilience rather than 

6355
05:43:35,800 --> 05:43:39,400
destruction. 
The lessons of Starling grad. 

6356
05:43:40,300 --> 05:43:42,800
Resonate today. 
Reminding us. 

6357
05:43:43,700 --> 05:43:46,900
Of the importance. 
Of unity in the face. 

6358
05:43:47,800 --> 05:43:52,000
Of adversity. 
The necessity of standing firm. 

6359
05:43:53,000 --> 05:43:55,000
For what is right? 
And the value. 

6360
05:43:55,900 --> 05:43:59,400
Of seeking peace. 
Even in the darkest times. 

6361
05:44:00,800 --> 05:44:03,600
It teaches us. 
That the human spirit. 

6362
05:44:04,800 --> 05:44:07,600
When fueled by determination and
Hope. 

6363
05:44:09,200 --> 05:44:12,100
Can endure. 
Even the greatest challenges. 

6364
05:44:13,600 --> 05:44:17,800
As you settle into rest. 
Let the story of Stalingrad. 

6365
05:44:19,400 --> 05:44:23,400
Fill you with a sense of 
reflection and gratitude. 

6366
05:44:25,100 --> 05:44:29,100
Picture the calm. 
Serene city of Volgograd today. 

6367
05:44:30,300 --> 05:44:31,700
Streets. 
Filled with life. 

6368
05:44:32,600 --> 05:44:36,900
Its people moving forward. 
While carrying the memory of 

6369
05:44:36,900 --> 05:44:40,600
their past. 
Imagine the Stillness of the 

6370
05:44:40,600 --> 05:44:44,300
fields and the gentle flow of 
the Volga River. 

6371
05:44:46,000 --> 05:44:49,300
Now, a place of peace. 
And renewal. 

6372
05:44:50,300 --> 05:44:55,000
The story of the Battle of 
Stalingrad is Rich with details 

6373
05:44:55,000 --> 05:44:59,400
and facts. 
That help us understand the 

6374
05:44:59,400 --> 05:45:02,200
scale of the conflict and the 
impact it had. 

6375
05:45:02,900 --> 05:45:06,800
On the course of World War Two, 
as we reflect further. 

6376
05:45:07,700 --> 05:45:12,000
On this pivotal event. 
Let's explore some key facts 

6377
05:45:12,000 --> 05:45:14,800
that bring its history into 
sharper. 

6378
05:45:14,800 --> 05:45:18,100
Focus. 
The Battle of Stalin grad, 

6379
05:45:18,100 --> 05:45:23,400
lasted for 200 days. 
From August 23rd, 1942. 

6380
05:45:24,500 --> 05:45:28,900
To February 2nd 1943, it is 
considered one of the longest 

6381
05:45:28,900 --> 05:45:32,500
and bloodiest battles. 
In the history. 

6382
05:45:33,400 --> 05:45:35,800
Of warfare. 
The total. 

6383
05:45:36,500 --> 05:45:39,700
Number of casualties is 
estimated that over 2 million 

6384
05:45:39,700 --> 05:45:43,600
making it one of the deadliest 
gases battles in human history. 

6385
05:45:43,600 --> 05:45:48,600
These figures include soldiers 
from both sides as well as 

6386
05:45:48,608 --> 05:45:53,300
countless D civilians caught in 
the crossfire The German 6th 

6387
05:45:53,300 --> 05:45:57,000
Army led by General. 
Friedrich paulus was one of the 

6388
05:45:57,000 --> 05:45:59,200
most formidable bear forces in 
Hitler's military. 

6389
05:46:00,200 --> 05:46:04,000
At its peak. 
The sixth Army was comprised of 

6390
05:46:04,000 --> 05:46:10,500
over 300,000 soldiers. by the 
end of the battle, nearly 91,000

6391
05:46:10,500 --> 05:46:13,200
German soldiers were taken 
prisoner, including General, 

6392
05:46:13,200 --> 05:46:16,900
Palace himself, Soviet strategy 
of hugging the enemy. 

6393
05:46:17,600 --> 05:46:20,900
Staying in close combat to 
neutralize the Germans artillery

6394
05:46:20,900 --> 05:46:25,000
and air superiority played a 
critical role in the city's 

6395
05:46:25,000 --> 05:46:27,600
defense. 
This tactic turned the urban 

6396
05:46:27,600 --> 05:46:31,300
ruins of star in grad in to a 
deadly maze for the German 

6397
05:46:31,300 --> 05:46:33,600
forces. 
The series XF. 

6398
05:46:33,600 --> 05:46:38,700
A Soviet sniper became a symbol 
Defenders resilience during the 

6399
05:46:38,700 --> 05:46:43,500
battle, he is credited with 
killing over 225 German 

6400
05:46:43,500 --> 05:46:47,800
soldiers, including enemy 
snipers which boosted the morale

6401
05:46:47,800 --> 05:46:52,300
of his comrades operation Uranus
Soviet counter-offensive 

6402
05:46:52,300 --> 05:46:55,200
launched. 
In November 1942 was a 

6403
05:46:55,200 --> 05:46:59,200
brilliantly executed maneuver by
attacking the weaker, flanks of 

6404
05:46:59,200 --> 05:47:03,000
the German forces held by 
Romanian and Italian troops. 

6405
05:47:03,000 --> 05:47:06,900
The Soviets, were able to 
encircle and trap the German 6th

6406
05:47:06,900 --> 05:47:10,700
Army within the city. 
The German soldiers trapped in 

6407
05:47:10,700 --> 05:47:15,600
the encirclement known as the 
castle or cauldron, endured 

6408
05:47:15,600 --> 05:47:19,300
horrific conditions. 
Faced starvation freezing 

6409
05:47:19,300 --> 05:47:23,100
temperatures and Relentless 
Soviet assaults supplies 

6410
05:47:23,100 --> 05:47:25,500
delivered. 
By are the woefully inadequate 

6411
05:47:25,500 --> 05:47:28,600
leading to wide-spread suffering
and death. 

6412
05:47:29,600 --> 05:47:33,600
One of the defining moments of 
the battle was, Hitler's refusal

6413
05:47:33,600 --> 05:47:37,400
to allow powerless to retreat or
break out of the inclement. 

6414
05:47:38,500 --> 05:47:43,000
This decision sealed, the fate 
of the sixth Army and marked a 

6415
05:47:43,000 --> 05:47:44,600
significant turning point in the
war. 

6416
05:47:45,700 --> 05:47:51,300
When general paulus surrendered 
on February 2nd 1943, it was the

6417
05:47:51,300 --> 05:47:55,100
first time in history that a 
German field Marshal had been 

6418
05:47:55,100 --> 05:47:59,000
captured alive. 
This was a major humiliation for

6419
05:47:59,000 --> 05:48:03,200
Hitler and a symbolic victory 
for the Allies, the Soviet 

6420
05:48:03,200 --> 05:48:07,200
victory at Stalingrad, Mark the 
beginning of a series of 

6421
05:48:07,208 --> 05:48:10,000
offensives. 
That pushed the German forces 

6422
05:48:10,000 --> 05:48:14,000
back across Eastern Europe. 
It was a critical turning point 

6423
05:48:14,000 --> 05:48:18,400
that shifted the momentum of the
war in favor of the Allies, the 

6424
05:48:18,400 --> 05:48:22,500
city of Starling, graded, 
Volgograd in 1961 has become a 

6425
05:48:22,508 --> 05:48:27,300
place of remembrance monuments, 
like the Maya of kurgan and the 

6426
05:48:27,300 --> 05:48:31,100
motherland calls Servers 
powerful, tributes to those who 

6427
05:48:31,100 --> 05:48:34,800
fought and died during the 
battle despite its Association 

6428
05:48:34,800 --> 05:48:37,000
while with destruction and 
suffering. 

6429
05:48:37,800 --> 05:48:41,900
Stalin graders, a symbol of 
resilience unity and the 

6430
05:48:41,900 --> 05:48:45,800
indomitable human spirit. 
Story continues to inspire 

6431
05:48:45,800 --> 05:48:47,300
people. 
Around the world. 

6432
05:48:47,300 --> 05:48:53,200
Reminding us of the importance. 
Courage and perseverance as you 

6433
05:48:53,200 --> 05:48:57,700
reflect on these facts that the 
Waits of History settled gently.

6434
05:48:58,500 --> 05:49:03,400
In your mind, each detail each 
moment of Bravery at Brewers and

6435
05:49:03,400 --> 05:49:07,600
sacrifice adds to the tapestry, 
all of this remarkable story. 

6436
05:49:07,600 --> 05:49:13,400
Imagine The Quiet streets of 
vulgar grad today, City that has

6437
05:49:13,400 --> 05:49:17,400
risen From the Ashes of War 
standing as a testament to the 

6438
05:49:17,400 --> 05:49:19,800
enduring strength of the human 
spirit.