What Life on Earth Really Looked Like When Dinosaurs Ruled | Boring History For Sleep

1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,900
Howdy there, my potatoes. 
Yes, we're back to the classics.

2
00:00:03,900 --> 00:00:06,900
Once again, tonight we're 
slipping into a version of Earth

3
00:00:06,900 --> 00:00:08,200
that wouldn't feel like home at 
all. 

4
00:00:09,200 --> 00:00:11,100
The air. 
Hangs heavier the ground 

5
00:00:11,100 --> 00:00:14,500
stretches in ways you wouldn't 
recognize and the world around. 

6
00:00:14,500 --> 00:00:16,900
You feels older. 
Slower. 

7
00:00:17,700 --> 00:00:20,300
Almost unfamiliar in every 
direction. 

8
00:00:21,300 --> 00:00:24,000
The land is arranged 
differently, the plants don't 

9
00:00:24,000 --> 00:00:27,300
quite match, anything you've 
seen and the quiet carries a 

10
00:00:27,300 --> 00:00:29,600
sense of something vast and long
lived. 

11
00:00:30,300 --> 00:00:34,900
This is the Mesozoic year and 
for the next little while, we're

12
00:00:34,900 --> 00:00:36,200
just going to walk through it 
together. 

13
00:00:37,300 --> 00:00:41,400
Not rushing, not trying to take 
it all in at once, just letting 

14
00:00:41,400 --> 00:00:45,500
the world unfold as it is. 
So if this kind of slow 

15
00:00:45,500 --> 00:00:48,900
immersive history helps you 
unwind. 

16
00:00:48,900 --> 00:00:53,500
Feel free to follow along, leave
some feedback for us to expand 

17
00:00:53,500 --> 00:00:56,500
this even further and let me 
know where you're listening from

18
00:00:56,500 --> 00:01:00,300
and what time it is for you. 
Always wonderful to see where 

19
00:01:00,300 --> 00:01:03,400
these stories end up. 
Now, dim the lights, get 

20
00:01:03,400 --> 00:01:05,500
comfortable and let yourself 
settle in. 

21
00:01:06,400 --> 00:01:13,400
Let's see, he's into it. 
Your wife on a beach that feels 

22
00:01:13,400 --> 00:01:16,100
wrong in ways. 
You can't immediately named the 

23
00:01:16,100 --> 00:01:18,200
sand Beneath Your Feet holds a 
reddish tint. 

24
00:01:18,200 --> 00:01:21,800
The ocean stretches to a horizon
that seems slightly closer than 

25
00:01:21,800 --> 00:01:24,600
it should be. 
You turn around and face Inland.

26
00:01:24,600 --> 00:01:27,500
And that's when the strangeness 
really starts to register. 

27
00:01:29,000 --> 00:01:32,400
The Forrester head looks dense 
and green but none of the shapes

28
00:01:32,400 --> 00:01:35,400
match the trees. 
You know, there are no Oaks, no 

29
00:01:35,400 --> 00:01:38,900
Maples know familiar broad 
leaves catching the light in 

30
00:01:38,900 --> 00:01:41,600
patterns your brain. 
Recognizes the temperature 

31
00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:44,300
surprises. 
You you expected tropical heat, 

32
00:01:44,300 --> 00:01:47,900
but the air feels warm rather 
than oppressive somewhere 

33
00:01:47,900 --> 00:01:50,900
between a pleasant summer day 
and the edge of uncomfortable. 

34
00:01:51,800 --> 00:01:54,300
The humidity sits thick enough 
that you notice it with each 

35
00:01:54,300 --> 00:01:57,400
breath, but not so heavy that it
becomes difficult to move. 

36
00:01:58,200 --> 00:02:01,500
Your skin registers, the 
moisture immediately within 

37
00:02:01,500 --> 00:02:04,400
minutes, a light film of 
perspiration forms on your 

38
00:02:04,400 --> 00:02:07,000
forearms. 
You take a few steps forward and

39
00:02:07,000 --> 00:02:09,699
your foot sinks into soil, that 
feels different from Modern 

40
00:02:09,699 --> 00:02:12,500
Earth. 
Software in some ways, the 

41
00:02:12,500 --> 00:02:15,200
composition includes more sand 
and less of the ritual. 

42
00:02:15,200 --> 00:02:18,200
Organic matter that comes from 
millions of years of decomposing

43
00:02:18,200 --> 00:02:21,000
grass and flowers, because grass
doesn't exist. 

44
00:02:21,000 --> 00:02:24,500
Yet neither do flowers. 
At least not this early part of 

45
00:02:24,500 --> 00:02:27,200
the story. 
The soil releases a scent when 

46
00:02:27,200 --> 00:02:29,700
you disturb it. 
Mineral clean. 

47
00:02:30,600 --> 00:02:33,800
Missing the complex fungal notes
that characterize modern Forest 

48
00:02:33,800 --> 00:02:36,100
floors. 
Sound reaches you from the 

49
00:02:36,100 --> 00:02:39,300
forest, not a raw, not the 
Hollywood soundtrack. 

50
00:02:39,300 --> 00:02:42,600
You've been conditioned to 
expect just a low Rumble. 

51
00:02:42,600 --> 00:02:45,600
That could be digestive. 
Something, large is moving 

52
00:02:45,600 --> 00:02:47,700
through, the vegetation about 
100 yards away. 

53
00:02:47,700 --> 00:02:51,700
You can hear branches, snapping 
the Rhythm suggests weight, but 

54
00:02:51,700 --> 00:02:54,600
not urgency. 
Whatever is making that noise 

55
00:02:54,600 --> 00:02:56,500
isn't hunting. 
It's browsing. 

56
00:02:56,500 --> 00:03:00,100
The sound of a creature going 
about the mundane business of 

57
00:03:00,100 --> 00:03:02,800
finding enough calories to 
maintain several tons of body 

58
00:03:02,800 --> 00:03:04,800
mass. 
You walk toward the tree line 

59
00:03:04,800 --> 00:03:08,500
and the first thing that strikes
you as the smell Modern forests 

60
00:03:08,500 --> 00:03:10,500
smell like Decay and renewal 
mixed together. 

61
00:03:11,300 --> 00:03:14,500
Pine needles and rotting leaves 
in the mushroom Center of fungi 

62
00:03:14,500 --> 00:03:17,600
breaking down dead wood. 
This Forest smells Greener 

63
00:03:17,600 --> 00:03:20,500
sharper. 
The conifers here released their

64
00:03:20,500 --> 00:03:22,900
resin in to are that hasn't 
learned the smell of flowering 

65
00:03:22,900 --> 00:03:26,000
plants yet. 
It's not unpleasant, just 

66
00:03:26,000 --> 00:03:28,900
unfamiliar in a way that makes 
your brain keep trying to 

67
00:03:28,900 --> 00:03:30,600
categorize. 
It against smells that don't 

68
00:03:30,600 --> 00:03:33,400
exist yet. 
The light filtered through the 

69
00:03:33,400 --> 00:03:36,000
canopy and shafts that 
illuminates, small flying 

70
00:03:36,000 --> 00:03:38,400
insects. 
They're not quite like modern 

71
00:03:38,400 --> 00:03:42,000
insects, some of them are 
larger, a dragonfly, the size of

72
00:03:42,008 --> 00:03:45,400
a small bird, Zips past your 
head and you instinctively duck,

73
00:03:45,400 --> 00:03:47,200
even though it has no interest 
in whatsoever. 

74
00:03:48,400 --> 00:03:52,000
Chasing something smaller. 
The food chain is operating 

75
00:03:52,000 --> 00:03:54,900
exactly as it always has just 
with different players. 

76
00:03:56,300 --> 00:03:58,100
The dragonflies Wings, catch the
light. 

77
00:03:58,100 --> 00:04:01,800
And you can see the intricate 
vein patterns Evolution has been

78
00:04:01,800 --> 00:04:04,600
perfecting insect flight for 
hundreds of millions of years. 

79
00:04:04,600 --> 00:04:07,100
By this point. 
You notice the absence of 

80
00:04:07,100 --> 00:04:10,300
certain sounds, no birds singing
in the branches. 

81
00:04:10,300 --> 00:04:13,200
No squirrels chattering warnings
about your presence. 

82
00:04:13,900 --> 00:04:17,500
A forest isn't silent but it's 
missing the entire mammalian. 

83
00:04:17,500 --> 00:04:19,899
Soundtrack that you associate 
with walking through Woods 

84
00:04:19,899 --> 00:04:24,600
instead, you hear insects lots 
of, insects the humm and click 

85
00:04:24,600 --> 00:04:27,400
and Buzz of creatures, that will
diversify into thousands of 

86
00:04:27,400 --> 00:04:30,900
species, but right now represent
a more limited menu of options. 

87
00:04:30,900 --> 00:04:34,100
Something moves in the 
undergrowth to your left, you 

88
00:04:34,100 --> 00:04:36,900
freeze, which is a reasonable 
response even though the 

89
00:04:36,900 --> 00:04:39,600
creature that emerges poses, no 
threat to you at all. 

90
00:04:39,600 --> 00:04:42,800
It's about the size of a house 
cat built low to the ground with

91
00:04:42,800 --> 00:04:44,900
scales that catch the filtered 
sunlight. 

92
00:04:45,600 --> 00:04:48,700
A small dinosaur. 
One of the petal Runners that 

93
00:04:48,700 --> 00:04:51,600
fills the ecological niche, that
small mammals will eventually 

94
00:04:51,600 --> 00:04:54,700
claim. 
Spots you processes that you're 

95
00:04:54,700 --> 00:04:57,200
too large to eat and too 
unfamiliar to understand and 

96
00:04:57,200 --> 00:05:00,600
Darts Away into the ferns. 
The ferns are everywhere. 

97
00:05:00,600 --> 00:05:03,500
The carpet the forest floor in 
waves of green. 

98
00:05:03,500 --> 00:05:05,700
That would look familiar if you 
saw them from a distance. 

99
00:05:06,400 --> 00:05:08,600
Up close, though. 
You notice differences. 

100
00:05:08,600 --> 00:05:13,300
These are tree ferns in many 
cases their trunks rise 10 or 15

101
00:05:13,300 --> 00:05:16,800
feet before exploding into 
fronds that create their own sub

102
00:05:16,800 --> 00:05:18,500
canopy beneath the larger 
conifers. 

103
00:05:19,300 --> 00:05:21,500
The whole Forest has layers like
a cake. 

104
00:05:21,500 --> 00:05:24,500
Each one, hosting its own 
community of plants and animals 

105
00:05:24,500 --> 00:05:28,900
You Reach Out And Touch a frond.
The texture is slightly rougher 

106
00:05:28,900 --> 00:05:32,400
than modern ferns, the surface 
holds tiny structures that might

107
00:05:32,400 --> 00:05:35,300
be Spore. 
Cases, reproduction without 

108
00:05:35,300 --> 00:05:37,800
flowers or seeds, the ancient 
way. 

109
00:05:38,700 --> 00:05:41,300
You push deeper into the woods 
and find a clearing where a 

110
00:05:41,300 --> 00:05:43,500
fallen tree has created a gap in
the canopy. 

111
00:05:44,300 --> 00:05:48,800
Trunk is massive easily six feet
across at its base whatever 

112
00:05:48,800 --> 00:05:51,700
brought it down. 
Must have been dramatic a storm 

113
00:05:51,700 --> 00:05:54,600
maybe or old age in the simple 
mathematics of gravity. 

114
00:05:55,300 --> 00:05:59,100
The wood has already started to 
Decay but slowly, without the 

115
00:05:59,100 --> 00:06:01,800
armies of fungi and bacteria 
that modern forests employ 

116
00:06:01,800 --> 00:06:05,800
decomposition takes longer here.
The log will spend decades 

117
00:06:05,800 --> 00:06:08,800
returning to the soil. 
Moss, grows on the Shaded side 

118
00:06:08,800 --> 00:06:10,600
of the trunk. 
The Moss looks almost modern 

119
00:06:10,600 --> 00:06:13,000
green and soft and damp to the 
touch. 

120
00:06:13,000 --> 00:06:16,300
Some groups of organisms, 
figured out their basic plan 

121
00:06:16,300 --> 00:06:18,500
early and never saw a reason to 
change. 

122
00:06:18,500 --> 00:06:22,800
It Moss has been carpeting damp 
surfaces for millions of years. 

123
00:06:22,800 --> 00:06:25,900
It will continue doing so, for 
100s of millions more. 

124
00:06:26,800 --> 00:06:29,500
A pool of water has collected in
a depression near the fallen 

125
00:06:29,500 --> 00:06:31,700
tree. 
He crouched down and look at 

126
00:06:31,700 --> 00:06:34,600
your reflection in water, that 
slightly murky with tanning's. 

127
00:06:34,600 --> 00:06:39,000
The pool hosts its own tiny 
ecosystem, water stride as walk 

128
00:06:39,000 --> 00:06:41,400
across the surface tension their
legs dimple. 

129
00:06:41,400 --> 00:06:43,800
The water without breaking 
through small. 

130
00:06:43,800 --> 00:06:47,200
Amphibians you don't recognize 
paddle through the shallows then

131
00:06:47,200 --> 00:06:51,100
not quite frogs, not quite 
salamanders, something in 

132
00:06:51,100 --> 00:06:54,400
between that evolution is still 
working on a fish, that looks 

133
00:06:54,400 --> 00:06:57,300
almost modern breaks the surface
to snatch an insect. 

134
00:06:57,300 --> 00:07:00,200
You realize that some things 
have not changed as much as 

135
00:07:00,200 --> 00:07:02,600
others. 
Fish figured out their basic 

136
00:07:02,600 --> 00:07:05,800
body plan, hundreds of millions 
of years before dinosaurs showed

137
00:07:05,800 --> 00:07:07,700
up and they're sticking with 
what works. 

138
00:07:08,700 --> 00:07:10,800
The fish disappears back into 
the murky water. 

139
00:07:10,800 --> 00:07:14,500
With barely a ripple, the 
rumbling sound returns closer. 

140
00:07:14,500 --> 00:07:18,300
Now you stand up and turn toward
the noise, just as a sauropods 

141
00:07:18,300 --> 00:07:19,800
head. 
Emerges from between two tree 

142
00:07:19,800 --> 00:07:23,100
ferns, the long neck extends 
from a body, you can't see yet 

143
00:07:23,100 --> 00:07:27,000
hidden behind the vegetation, 
the head itself, seems too small

144
00:07:27,000 --> 00:07:31,100
for the neck that supports it. 
The eyes are large and calm dark

145
00:07:31,100 --> 00:07:33,900
brown or maybe Amber the 
creature regards you with the 

146
00:07:33,900 --> 00:07:37,100
mild interest of an animal that 
has no natural Predators. 

147
00:07:37,100 --> 00:07:40,800
Once it reaches adult size, 
you've seen reconstructions, 

148
00:07:40,800 --> 00:07:44,200
you've watched documentaries, 
you've looked at skeletal mounts

149
00:07:44,200 --> 00:07:47,000
in museums with little placards 
explaining the Latin name. 

150
00:07:47,900 --> 00:07:50,900
But standing 15 feet away from a
living, sauropod drives home. 

151
00:07:50,900 --> 00:07:54,200
The reality in ways that images 
never could, the skin looks 

152
00:07:54,200 --> 00:07:56,400
reptilian, but also uniquely 
itself. 

153
00:07:56,400 --> 00:08:00,500
Not quite like a lizard. 
Not quite like anything, modern.

154
00:08:01,300 --> 00:08:05,300
The text just suggests both 
toughness and flexibility to 

155
00:08:05,300 --> 00:08:08,300
last decades, in a world without
advanced medicine the color 

156
00:08:08,300 --> 00:08:10,800
surprises. 
You you expected gray or brown 

157
00:08:10,800 --> 00:08:13,400
dinosaur colored whatever that 
means. 

158
00:08:13,400 --> 00:08:17,300
But this individual shows 
patterns, darker, Stripes along 

159
00:08:17,300 --> 00:08:21,000
the neck, lighter patches on the
throat, counter shading, that 

160
00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:23,900
would help it blend into Forest 
Shadows, despite its enormous 

161
00:08:23,900 --> 00:08:27,000
size. 
Evolution cares about camouflage

162
00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:28,800
even for animals that weigh 20 
tons. 

163
00:08:29,500 --> 00:08:32,299
The sauropods head dips down to 
strip leaves from a sacred 

164
00:08:32,299 --> 00:08:35,100
plant, growing near the pool. 
The teeth aren't designed for 

165
00:08:35,100 --> 00:08:38,600
chewing their simple, pegs meant
for raking, vegetation into a 

166
00:08:38,607 --> 00:08:41,600
mouth, that will swallow it 
whole somewhere deep inside that

167
00:08:41,600 --> 00:08:44,100
massive body stones in the 
stomach will grind the plant 

168
00:08:44,100 --> 00:08:45,500
matter into something 
digestible. 

169
00:08:46,500 --> 00:08:49,400
It's an elegant solution to the 
problem of extracting nutrition 

170
00:08:49,400 --> 00:08:51,200
from tough. 
Mesozoic plants. 

171
00:08:51,200 --> 00:08:53,600
You watch the creature, eat for 
several minutes. 

172
00:08:53,600 --> 00:08:56,800
There's something meditative 
about the Rhythm reach strips 

173
00:08:56,800 --> 00:09:00,500
swallow, repeat. 
The neck moves with surprising 

174
00:09:00,500 --> 00:09:02,600
Grace for something that must 
waste several tons. 

175
00:09:02,600 --> 00:09:05,900
Evolution has spent millions of 
years working out the 

176
00:09:05,900 --> 00:09:08,100
engineering problems of 
supporting that much mass on 

177
00:09:08,100 --> 00:09:11,200
four legs while still allowing 
the animal to reach food, both 

178
00:09:11,200 --> 00:09:14,600
high and low. 
The vertebra in the neck are 

179
00:09:14,600 --> 00:09:17,900
Hollow filled with air sacs that
connect the respiratory system. 

180
00:09:17,900 --> 00:09:21,200
The same adaptation that birds 
will eventually use to reduce 

181
00:09:21,200 --> 00:09:23,900
weight. 
A smaller dinosaur appears at 

182
00:09:23,900 --> 00:09:26,700
the edge of the clearing. 
This one is definitely a 

183
00:09:26,700 --> 00:09:28,700
predator. 
You can tell from the way it 

184
00:09:28,700 --> 00:09:33,300
moves, quick, darting steps head
swiveling to scan for threats 

185
00:09:33,300 --> 00:09:36,100
and opportunities. 
It's maybe four feet long from 

186
00:09:36,100 --> 00:09:38,900
nose to tail. 
And it's watching the sauropod 

187
00:09:38,900 --> 00:09:42,300
with what you interpret as hope 
not, hope of bringing down an 

188
00:09:42,300 --> 00:09:45,300
adult that would be suicidal, 
but hope that this particular 

189
00:09:45,300 --> 00:09:48,800
sauropod might be traveling with
juveniles or that it might be 

190
00:09:48,800 --> 00:09:52,300
sick or injured enough to become
vulnerable the sauropod, ignores

191
00:09:52,300 --> 00:09:55,100
the Predator, completely the 
size difference, makes the 

192
00:09:55,100 --> 00:09:58,400
threat calculation simple, the 
smaller dinosaur watches for 

193
00:09:58,400 --> 00:10:00,700
another minute, then melts back 
into the undergrowth. 

194
00:10:00,700 --> 00:10:03,800
Your left alone with the 
sauropod, which continues eating

195
00:10:03,800 --> 00:10:07,400
as if nothing happened because 
from its perspective, nothing 

196
00:10:07,400 --> 00:10:11,400
did the sun shifted position and
you realize you've lost track of

197
00:10:11,400 --> 00:10:13,400
time. 
That's easy to do here. 

198
00:10:14,200 --> 00:10:17,100
Without watches or phones or any
of the structures that divide 

199
00:10:17,100 --> 00:10:20,100
your modern days into measured 
chunks, time becomes something 

200
00:10:20,100 --> 00:10:23,900
you feel rather than count. 
The Shadows have grown longer, 

201
00:10:23,900 --> 00:10:27,100
the light has taken on the 
golden quality that suggests 

202
00:10:27,100 --> 00:10:29,100
later. 
After noon, the temperature is 

203
00:10:29,100 --> 00:10:33,100
dropped slightly, maybe two or 
three degrees enough to notice 

204
00:10:33,100 --> 00:10:35,000
you leave the clearing and 
follow. 

205
00:10:35,000 --> 00:10:38,300
What might be an animal Trail. 
The path winds between massive 

206
00:10:38,300 --> 00:10:41,000
Tree Trunks and through patches 
of ferns that brush against your

207
00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:45,100
legs, the fronds are cool and 
slightly damp, they leave traces

208
00:10:45,100 --> 00:10:48,200
of moisture on your skin. 
A different smell reaches you 

209
00:10:48,200 --> 00:10:50,100
now water. 
A lot of it. 

210
00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:52,800
The trail is leading you toward 
a river. 

211
00:10:52,800 --> 00:10:56,700
The sound of moving water, grows
louder with each step, the 

212
00:10:56,700 --> 00:10:59,500
forest opens up, and you emerge 
onto a riverbank that extends 

213
00:10:59,500 --> 00:11:03,200
for miles in both directions, 
the river itself, runs wide, and

214
00:11:03,200 --> 00:11:05,400
Swift. 
The current carries Fallen 

215
00:11:05,400 --> 00:11:07,700
branches and clumps of 
vegetation Downstream. 

216
00:11:07,700 --> 00:11:10,700
The water looks clean, but 
carries enough sediment to give 

217
00:11:10,700 --> 00:11:13,800
it a greenish tint. 
The River cuts through landscape

218
00:11:13,800 --> 00:11:17,400
that tells you this is early in 
the dinosaur story, The Triassic

219
00:11:17,400 --> 00:11:19,900
period. 
The world is still putting 

220
00:11:19,900 --> 00:11:22,800
itself back together. 
After the Permian Extinction the

221
00:11:22,800 --> 00:11:26,400
worst die off in Earth's history
life is rebuilding but it's 

222
00:11:26,400 --> 00:11:29,000
doing so in a world that looks 
dramatically different from 

223
00:11:29,000 --> 00:11:30,300
either. 
What came before or what will 

224
00:11:30,300 --> 00:11:33,800
come after you emerge from the 
forest onto a riverbank made of 

225
00:11:33,800 --> 00:11:36,500
red sandstone. 
The color, dominates the 

226
00:11:36,500 --> 00:11:39,600
landscape here, Red Rocks, red 
soil. 

227
00:11:39,600 --> 00:11:42,300
Even the water. 
Carries a reddish tint from 

228
00:11:42,300 --> 00:11:44,200
sedimented, his picked up 
somewhere Upstream. 

229
00:11:44,200 --> 00:11:48,400
This is the signature of the 
Triassic, a world painted in 

230
00:11:48,400 --> 00:11:51,300
oxidized iron. 
The rock formation show, 

231
00:11:51,300 --> 00:11:54,800
horizontal banding, different 
shades of red and orange stacked

232
00:11:54,800 --> 00:11:57,900
like pages in a book. 
Each layer represents thousands 

233
00:11:57,900 --> 00:12:01,800
of years of deposition stories 
written in stone that geologists

234
00:12:01,800 --> 00:12:05,700
will eventually learn to read. 
The river itself runs wide and 

235
00:12:05,700 --> 00:12:08,600
shallow in this section. 
You can see the bottom in most 

236
00:12:08,600 --> 00:12:12,400
places the rocks on the riverbed
have been smoothed by centuries 

237
00:12:12,400 --> 00:12:15,200
of current. 
Fish move through the water in 

238
00:12:15,200 --> 00:12:18,300
schools that Dart and wheel with
the kind of coordination that 

239
00:12:18,300 --> 00:12:19,700
suggests. 
They've been perfecting this 

240
00:12:19,700 --> 00:12:24,300
behavior for millions of years, 
which they have Fisher old older

241
00:12:24,300 --> 00:12:26,200
than dinosaurs by a comfortable 
margin. 

242
00:12:26,200 --> 00:12:29,700
The fish themselves, look 
familiar enough, streamlined 

243
00:12:29,700 --> 00:12:33,800
bodies, fins positioned for 
stability and propulsion eyes. 

244
00:12:33,800 --> 00:12:37,100
Placed to watch for Predators 
from above, and below the basic 

245
00:12:37,100 --> 00:12:40,300
fish design was already ancient.
When dinosaurs first appeared, 

246
00:12:40,300 --> 00:12:43,700
some of the species will survive
all the way to your area with 

247
00:12:43,700 --> 00:12:45,700
minimal changes. 
A creature. 

248
00:12:45,700 --> 00:12:48,000
That looks like a crocodile but 
isn't quite right. 

249
00:12:48,000 --> 00:12:50,900
What is you from the far back? 
It's a fighter. 

250
00:12:52,100 --> 00:12:54,800
Related to crocodiles in the 
same way that whales are related

251
00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:57,500
to hippos. 
Similar body plan, similar 

252
00:12:57,500 --> 00:13:00,800
lifestyle, But arrived at 
through a different evolutionary

253
00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:04,100
path, the nostril, sit high on 
the snout in stead of at the 

254
00:13:04,100 --> 00:13:07,600
tip, a small detail that reveals
the separate ancestry. 

255
00:13:08,600 --> 00:13:11,500
The fighters eyes follow you 
with the patient calculation of 

256
00:13:11,500 --> 00:13:14,300
an ambush predator. 
It's been in that spot for 

257
00:13:14,300 --> 00:13:17,900
hours, maybe days waiting for 
something to come close enough. 

258
00:13:17,900 --> 00:13:21,400
The strategy requires patience 
that borders on the geological, 

259
00:13:21,400 --> 00:13:25,600
but it works as worked for 
millions of years, will continue

260
00:13:25,600 --> 00:13:29,200
working for Millions more The 
creature slides into the water 

261
00:13:29,200 --> 00:13:32,900
without a splashing disappears. 
You make a mental note not to 

262
00:13:32,900 --> 00:13:35,600
wait too deep. 
The river might look inviting in

263
00:13:35,608 --> 00:13:38,600
the heat but it hosts predators 
that have perfected the art of 

264
00:13:38,608 --> 00:13:41,500
waiting. 
The landscape beyond the river 

265
00:13:41,500 --> 00:13:44,800
stretches away in shades of red 
and brown and occasional green. 

266
00:13:44,800 --> 00:13:48,100
The Triassic climate runs hot 
and dry in the interior of 

267
00:13:48,100 --> 00:13:50,500
Pangea. 
All the continents have mushed 

268
00:13:50,500 --> 00:13:53,900
together into one supercontinent
and the center of that landmass 

269
00:13:53,900 --> 00:13:57,100
gets very little rainfall. 
Your standing close to the 

270
00:13:57,100 --> 00:13:59,900
coast, where moisture from the 
ocean makes life more 

271
00:13:59,900 --> 00:14:03,000
manageable. 
But even here, the air has a dry

272
00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:04,600
quality. 
That makes you appreciate the 

273
00:14:04,600 --> 00:14:06,500
humidity of the forest, you just
left. 

274
00:14:07,300 --> 00:14:11,000
The heat is building as midday 
approaches the sun climbs 

275
00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:13,300
towards Zenith and the 
temperature pushes in to the 

276
00:14:13,300 --> 00:14:16,400
90s, the Red Rocks radiate heat,
like an oven. 

277
00:14:16,400 --> 00:14:19,800
You find shade under an overhang
and settle in to wait out the 

278
00:14:19,800 --> 00:14:22,600
worst of it. 
Heard of animals, approaches the

279
00:14:22,600 --> 00:14:26,000
River from the Inland side. 
These aren't dinosaurs their 

280
00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:29,000
dogs. 
Mammal relatives that survived 

281
00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:32,100
the Permian Extinction and now 
roam the Triassic in large 

282
00:14:32,100 --> 00:14:34,400
numbers. 
They look vaguely like a cross 

283
00:14:34,400 --> 00:14:36,600
between a pig and a lizard with 
beaks. 

284
00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:40,700
And sometimes tusks, the herd 
numbers may be 30 individuals. 

285
00:14:40,700 --> 00:14:46,400
They've come to drink the water 
cautiously despite traveling in 

286
00:14:46,400 --> 00:14:48,800
numbers, they know that 
Riverside attract Predators 

287
00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:51,700
several adults position 
themselves on the edge of the 

288
00:14:51,700 --> 00:14:53,100
herd while the other animals 
drink. 

289
00:14:53,900 --> 00:14:56,700
Social organization reminds you 
of modern herd animals, 

290
00:14:56,700 --> 00:15:01,100
wildebeest, on the Serengeti 
bison on the plains protection 

291
00:15:01,100 --> 00:15:03,700
through numbers vigilance as a 
shared responsibility. 

292
00:15:05,100 --> 00:15:08,000
The younger descendants drink 
with the enthusiasm of animals 

293
00:15:08,000 --> 00:15:09,500
that have walked far to reach 
water. 

294
00:15:09,500 --> 00:15:12,700
They push and jostle for 
position the adults maintain 

295
00:15:12,700 --> 00:15:16,100
their watch. 
I scanning the Rocks ears. 

296
00:15:16,100 --> 00:15:19,600
Swiveling to catch sounds 
nostrils, testing the Air Force 

297
00:15:19,600 --> 00:15:20,800
sense. 
That might indicate Danger. 

298
00:15:21,700 --> 00:15:24,000
Movement in the Rocks, Upstream 
catches your attention. 

299
00:15:24,900 --> 00:15:27,400
Something large is positioned in
the shadows of an overhang 

300
00:15:27,400 --> 00:15:30,300
similar to the one you're using.
You watch for a minute before, 

301
00:15:30,300 --> 00:15:33,800
you can make out the shape 
arousal and one of the top 

302
00:15:33,800 --> 00:15:37,400
predators of the Triassic, it's 
built somewhat like a crocodile 

303
00:15:37,400 --> 00:15:41,000
but adapted for life on land. 
The legs are positioned more 

304
00:15:41,000 --> 00:15:44,200
directly under the body allowing
for faster movement than the 

305
00:15:44,200 --> 00:15:46,000
sprawling gate of true 
crocodilians. 

306
00:15:46,900 --> 00:15:49,300
The Jaws are full of teeth 
designed for gripping and 

307
00:15:49,300 --> 00:15:52,100
tearing. 
Where I was Suki and watches The

308
00:15:52,100 --> 00:15:55,600
Descendants drink. 
Is making the same calculations 

309
00:15:55,600 --> 00:15:58,400
that Predators have made for 
millions of years. 

310
00:15:58,400 --> 00:16:03,400
Energy, spent versus energy 
gained risk versus reward. 

311
00:16:03,400 --> 00:16:06,400
The herd is alert. 
The adults are positioned. 

312
00:16:06,400 --> 00:16:08,700
Well, a frontal assault on a 
healthier. 

313
00:16:08,700 --> 00:16:11,500
Adult would require significant 
effort and carry real risk of 

314
00:16:11,508 --> 00:16:16,100
injury, but the herd includes 
young and old and potentially 

315
00:16:16,100 --> 00:16:19,200
weak individuals. 
The rally suits body is 

316
00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:23,500
absolutely still, only the eyes 
move tracking individuals in the

317
00:16:23,500 --> 00:16:25,700
herd. 
Looking for the one that shows 

318
00:16:25,700 --> 00:16:28,900
vulnerability. 
The patients is remarkable. 

319
00:16:28,900 --> 00:16:31,300
This creature might wait here 
for hours. 

320
00:16:31,300 --> 00:16:35,300
Daisy even Ambush Predators 
measure time differently than 

321
00:16:35,300 --> 00:16:39,800
prey animals One of the younger 
dice in new Don's slightly away 

322
00:16:39,800 --> 00:16:42,400
from the herd not far. 
Just enough. 

323
00:16:42,400 --> 00:16:45,200
Maybe 10 feet enough to create a
gap. 

324
00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:49,100
The rough Suki and explodes from
cover with speed that seems 

325
00:16:49,100 --> 00:16:50,400
impossible for something that 
large. 

326
00:16:50,400 --> 00:16:54,800
The acceleration is shocking to 
30 miles per hour in seconds. 

327
00:16:54,800 --> 00:16:59,100
The hood scattered in panic. 
The youngest son tries to run 

328
00:16:59,100 --> 00:17:00,800
but it is started from the wrong
position. 

329
00:17:00,800 --> 00:17:04,500
The angles were all wrong. 
The row sushis Jaws close around

330
00:17:04,500 --> 00:17:07,599
the smaller animals midsection 
and the outcomes stops being in 

331
00:17:07,599 --> 00:17:10,900
question. 
You look away, not because your 

332
00:17:10,900 --> 00:17:13,599
squeamish, but because this 
moment belongs to the private 

333
00:17:13,599 --> 00:17:18,099
mathematics of survival. 
The row sukien drags its meal 

334
00:17:18,099 --> 00:17:20,500
back into the Shadows. 
The struggle is briefed. 

335
00:17:20,500 --> 00:17:23,300
The herd regroups, 100, yards 
Downriver. 

336
00:17:23,300 --> 00:17:27,300
They Mill about uncertainly for 
several minutes, then, because 

337
00:17:27,300 --> 00:17:29,900
they still need water. 
They cautiously approached the 

338
00:17:29,900 --> 00:17:33,900
river again, life continues. 
It always does the sun 

339
00:17:33,900 --> 00:17:37,000
continues, its Arch across the 
sky, that holds slightly more 

340
00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:38,608
carbon dioxide than you're used 
to. 

341
00:17:38,616 --> 00:17:40,700
Not enough to notice while 
breathing. 

342
00:17:41,500 --> 00:17:45,600
The concentration sits around 
1200 parts, per million high 

343
00:17:45,600 --> 00:17:48,300
enough to trap additional heat 
and keep the global temperature.

344
00:17:48,300 --> 00:17:50,300
Several degrees warmer than 
modern averages. 

345
00:17:50,300 --> 00:17:54,500
The Triassic Earth runs hot. 
The polls have no ice caps, the 

346
00:17:54,500 --> 00:17:57,300
ocean, currents flow 
differently, whether patterns 

347
00:17:57,300 --> 00:18:00,600
follow rules that won't apply in
later periods, you follow the 

348
00:18:00,600 --> 00:18:03,200
river Downstream and the 
landscape gradually shifts from 

349
00:18:03,200 --> 00:18:07,000
Red Rock to darker soil. 
The vegetation increases more 

350
00:18:07,000 --> 00:18:10,400
ferns more cycads. 
The early relatives of modern 

351
00:18:10,400 --> 00:18:12,300
conifers grow in clusters near 
the water. 

352
00:18:12,300 --> 00:18:15,600
These are not the Towering Pines
and redwoods that will evolve 

353
00:18:15,600 --> 00:18:17,700
later. 
These are smaller scruffy of 

354
00:18:17,708 --> 00:18:20,900
versions, Evolution still 
working out the details of how 

355
00:18:20,900 --> 00:18:23,500
to build a really tall tree the 
conifers here. 

356
00:18:23,500 --> 00:18:27,900
Max out at maybe 40 or 50 feet 
respectable by modern standards 

357
00:18:27,900 --> 00:18:29,600
but modest compared to what is 
coming. 

358
00:18:29,608 --> 00:18:33,800
The bark is thick and fibrous 
protection against fire and 

359
00:18:33,800 --> 00:18:36,800
insects and the simple way of 
existing for decades in a 

360
00:18:36,800 --> 00:18:40,100
challenging environment. 
The branches hold needle, like 

361
00:18:40,100 --> 00:18:43,800
leaves that reduce water loss 
and adaptation for the dry, 

362
00:18:43,800 --> 00:18:47,000
Triassic climate, a group of 
early dinosaurs appears on the 

363
00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:49,000
opposite Bank. 
These are relatively small, 

364
00:18:49,000 --> 00:18:53,200
maybe the size of large dogs, 
they move on two legs with a 

365
00:18:53,200 --> 00:18:55,200
bouncing gate. 
That reminds you of ground Birds

366
00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:59,000
roadrunners or secretary Birds. 
These are theropods. 

367
00:18:59,000 --> 00:19:01,800
The lineage that will eventually
produce everything from 

368
00:19:01,800 --> 00:19:05,900
Allosaurus to Tyrannosaurus, to 
chickens, but right now, they're

369
00:19:05,900 --> 00:19:08,600
just one of many groups trying 
to make a living in the Triassic

370
00:19:08,600 --> 00:19:11,100
ecosystem. 
The theropods are hunting. 

371
00:19:11,100 --> 00:19:14,500
Something in the undergrowth, 
you can't see their prey, but 

372
00:19:14,500 --> 00:19:17,300
you can see the coordination. 
They're using, they've spread 

373
00:19:17,300 --> 00:19:20,200
out into a loose line, their 
moving in the same direction, 

374
00:19:20,200 --> 00:19:23,400
driving whatever, their after 
toward the river, where it will 

375
00:19:23,400 --> 00:19:25,800
have fewer Escape options pack 
hunting. 

376
00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:30,000
It's a strategy that works 
regardless of the era wolves do 

377
00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:33,200
it Lions do it. 
These small Triassic dinosaurs 

378
00:19:33,200 --> 00:19:35,900
have figured it out too. 
A small creature breaks from 

379
00:19:35,900 --> 00:19:38,500
cover and runs toward the water.
It's a synod. 

380
00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:42,100
Another mammal relative. 
This one is even closer to 

381
00:19:42,100 --> 00:19:43,900
actual mammals than the dice in 
advance. 

382
00:19:43,900 --> 00:19:48,400
You saw earlier, it has hair in 
of scales, you can see the fuzzy

383
00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:51,100
coating, even from this 
distance, it is specialized 

384
00:19:51,100 --> 00:19:53,700
teeth in stead of a simple array
of identical, pegs. 

385
00:19:53,700 --> 00:19:58,100
It's warm blooded in many ways. 
It's basically a mammal but its 

386
00:19:58,100 --> 00:20:00,300
living in a world, where 
dinosaurs are starting to 

387
00:20:00,300 --> 00:20:03,200
dominate and mammals won't get 
their moment in the spotlight 

388
00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:08,400
for another 150 million years. 
The Senate and hits the water 

389
00:20:08,400 --> 00:20:13,000
and swims with desperate 
efficiency, the legs churn, the 

390
00:20:13,000 --> 00:20:16,300
tail provides propulsion. 
It's heading for the far bank 

391
00:20:16,300 --> 00:20:19,700
and safety, the theropods pull 
up at the water's edge. 

392
00:20:19,700 --> 00:20:22,200
They've seen what lives in 
Triassic Rivers. 

393
00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:25,600
The fighter saws, and the giant 
amphibians, and the predatory 

394
00:20:25,600 --> 00:20:28,700
fish that can weigh 100 pounds, 
they're not interested in 

395
00:20:28,700 --> 00:20:31,900
getting wet. 
The cynodon reaches the far bank

396
00:20:31,900 --> 00:20:34,800
and disappears into the Rocks. 
Once successful. 

397
00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:38,300
Escaping a day full of similar 
life or death moments, the 

398
00:20:38,300 --> 00:20:41,400
landscape around, you holds a 
strange quality of transition. 

399
00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:45,700
The Triassic is the opening act.
The world is still figuring out,

400
00:20:45,700 --> 00:20:49,500
what comes after the Permian 
catastrophe, dinosaurs exist, 

401
00:20:49,500 --> 00:20:52,500
but they're not dominant yet. 
They share the stage with 

402
00:20:52,500 --> 00:20:55,000
creatures that will eventually 
disappear or Shrink Into 

403
00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:57,700
Obscurity. 
There are sukhiyan will die out.

404
00:20:57,700 --> 00:21:02,400
The descendants will die out. 
Even most of the early dinosaurs

405
00:21:02,400 --> 00:21:05,200
will die out. 
But right now, in this moment, 

406
00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:08,300
there are all here together in a
world that belongs equally to 

407
00:21:08,300 --> 00:21:12,100
all of them. 
The heat of midday intensifies. 

408
00:21:12,100 --> 00:21:16,000
The Red Rocks, become too hot to
touch, the are shimmers over 

409
00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:19,200
sunbaked surfaces. 
Most of the animals have found 

410
00:21:19,208 --> 00:21:22,800
shade or returned to water the 
midday hours belong to insects 

411
00:21:22,800 --> 00:21:26,200
and the reptiles that hunt them.
A lizard emerges from a crack in

412
00:21:26,200 --> 00:21:29,400
the rocks and busts for exactly 
as long as it takes to raise its

413
00:21:29,400 --> 00:21:30,700
body temperature to Optimal 
levels. 

414
00:21:30,700 --> 00:21:34,300
Then it darts after a beetle and
disappears back into the crack 

415
00:21:34,300 --> 00:21:38,400
efficient precise, the product 
of millions of years of 

416
00:21:38,400 --> 00:21:40,700
fine-tuning. 
You spend the afternoon in the 

417
00:21:40,700 --> 00:21:43,200
shade of your overhang watching 
the river and the life. 

418
00:21:43,200 --> 00:21:46,500
It supports Turtles. 
Haul out to bask primitive, 

419
00:21:46,500 --> 00:21:49,600
crocodilians Patrol. 
The shallows fish jumped to 

420
00:21:49,600 --> 00:21:52,500
catch insects the ecosystem 
operates like a well-oiled 

421
00:21:52,500 --> 00:21:55,600
machine despite being cobbled 
together from species that are 

422
00:21:55,600 --> 00:21:57,600
all evolutionary experiments in 
progress. 

423
00:21:58,500 --> 00:22:01,100
As the sun begins, its descent 
toward the Western Horizon. 

424
00:22:01,100 --> 00:22:04,500
The temperature moderates, the 
animals emerge from their 

425
00:22:04,500 --> 00:22:08,200
shelters and resumed activity. 
The Dishonored on heard returned

426
00:22:08,200 --> 00:22:11,200
to the river. 
Wise are now more cautious, the 

427
00:22:11,200 --> 00:22:14,100
adults position themselves. 
Even more carefully, the young 

428
00:22:14,100 --> 00:22:15,900
stay close to the protection of 
the group. 

429
00:22:16,900 --> 00:22:18,400
Learning is happening in real 
time. 

430
00:22:19,300 --> 00:22:21,500
Night falls with the southern 
decisive Nest. 

431
00:22:21,500 --> 00:22:24,700
That happens near the equator, 
the temperature drops, but not 

432
00:22:24,700 --> 00:22:28,700
dramatically, the Triassic, 
Knights run, warm the rocks that

433
00:22:28,700 --> 00:22:31,000
absorbed heat all day. 
Now, released its slowly back 

434
00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:33,800
into the air. 
Stalls appear in configurations.

435
00:22:33,800 --> 00:22:37,100
You don't recognize the 
continents of shifted your 

436
00:22:37,100 --> 00:22:40,500
position on Earth has changed 
the constellations you learned 

437
00:22:40,500 --> 00:22:43,400
as a child won't exist for 
another 200 million years. 

438
00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:46,600
The sounds of the night shift, 
follow patterns, that would be 

439
00:22:46,600 --> 00:22:49,700
familiar to any modern 
naturalist, daytime creatures, 

440
00:22:49,700 --> 00:22:52,400
find shelter nighttime creatures
emerge. 

441
00:22:52,400 --> 00:22:55,300
The Predators that hunt by 
sight, give way to those that 

442
00:22:55,300 --> 00:22:58,800
hunt by smell or sound. 
The river continues, its 

443
00:22:58,800 --> 00:23:00,600
internal conversation with the 
Rocks. 

444
00:23:00,600 --> 00:23:03,600
The wind moves through 
vegetation that has never heard 

445
00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:06,700
the word for wind in any 
language because language won't 

446
00:23:06,700 --> 00:23:09,300
be invented for another 250 
million years. 

447
00:23:10,200 --> 00:23:12,500
You find shelter in an overhang 
similar to the one. 

448
00:23:12,500 --> 00:23:15,900
The rail suits in used earlier, 
The Rock still holds warmth from

449
00:23:15,900 --> 00:23:19,600
the days Sun you settle in and 
watch the darkness deepen. 

450
00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:24,200
Somewhere in the distance, 
something howls, not a mammal, 

451
00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:28,200
not yet, but something with 
lungs, and vocal chords, and a 

452
00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:29,700
need to announce its presence to
the night. 

453
00:23:30,400 --> 00:23:33,500
The sound carries across the 
landscape and Fades into silent.

454
00:23:34,400 --> 00:23:36,800
Then another howl answers from a
different direction, 

455
00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:41,400
communication territory, the 
ancient business of survival 

456
00:23:41,400 --> 00:23:44,100
played out in sounds that will 
never be recorded except in your

457
00:23:44,100 --> 00:23:46,400
memory. 
You wait to a different world. 

458
00:23:46,400 --> 00:23:50,100
The Triassic has ended the 
Jurassic has begun. 

459
00:23:50,100 --> 00:23:53,400
You can tell immediately because
the landscape has transformed 

460
00:23:53,400 --> 00:23:57,200
where yesterday showed you Reds 
and browse and Scattered Green 

461
00:23:57,200 --> 00:24:01,100
today, presents an explosion of 
vegetation in every direction. 

462
00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:05,600
The climate has shifted Pangea 
is starting to break apart. 

463
00:24:06,300 --> 00:24:08,900
The cracks between continents 
have allowed seawater to 

464
00:24:08,900 --> 00:24:11,100
penetrate into areas that were 
previously dry. 

465
00:24:11,100 --> 00:24:15,100
Inland basins moisture has 
returned to the ecosystem and 

466
00:24:15,100 --> 00:24:16,500
life is responded with 
enthusiasm. 

467
00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:19,700
Forest here, grows taller than 
anything. 

468
00:24:19,700 --> 00:24:23,600
You saw in the Triassic 
conifers, rise, 100 feet or more

469
00:24:23,600 --> 00:24:27,600
their trunks measures 6, or 8 
feet across the bark is thick 

470
00:24:27,600 --> 00:24:31,300
and deeply furrowed protection 
against fire and storm. 

471
00:24:31,300 --> 00:24:34,300
And the countless insects that 
try to bore into the wood, the 

472
00:24:34,300 --> 00:24:37,600
canopy creates, continuous shade
broken, only by the occasional 

473
00:24:37,600 --> 00:24:40,700
Gap where a tree has fallen and 
sunlight streams through in 

474
00:24:40,700 --> 00:24:43,800
Golden columns. 
Ferns, carpet the understory in 

475
00:24:43,808 --> 00:24:45,900
layers, so thick that you can't 
see the ground. 

476
00:24:46,800 --> 00:24:49,200
Tree ferns, created. 
A middle story between the floor

477
00:24:49,200 --> 00:24:53,300
and the canopy their trunks rise
15 or 20 feet before, branching 

478
00:24:53,300 --> 00:24:56,200
into fronds that create their 
own, miniature canopy. 

479
00:24:57,000 --> 00:25:00,400
The whole system has developed 
complexity that the Triassic 

480
00:25:00,400 --> 00:25:04,000
vegetation never achieved 
multiple layers, multiple 

481
00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:06,800
ecological zones. 
Each one supporting different 

482
00:25:06,800 --> 00:25:08,400
communities of plants and 
animals. 

483
00:25:08,400 --> 00:25:12,000
You stand up and stretch your 
shelter, has protected you 

484
00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:15,700
through a night that brought 
rain, the rocks are wet, the air

485
00:25:15,700 --> 00:25:17,800
smells fresh and clean in the 
way that only follows 

486
00:25:17,800 --> 00:25:21,600
precipitation water droplets, 
still cling to Fern fronds and 

487
00:25:21,600 --> 00:25:25,200
spider webs, you didn't notice 
in the darkness a spider, that's

488
00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:28,200
not quite like any modern spider
tends, its web with careful. 

489
00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:31,300
Precision, the silk catches the 
morning light and glows with 

490
00:25:31,308 --> 00:25:34,500
iridescent quality. 
Evolution is still working out 

491
00:25:34,500 --> 00:25:37,700
the details of silk production 
and web architecture but the 

492
00:25:37,700 --> 00:25:39,600
basic strategy is already in 
place. 

493
00:25:39,600 --> 00:25:42,900
Build a trap. 
Wait eat what gets caught. 

494
00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:46,200
The sound of something. 
Massive, moving through the 

495
00:25:46,200 --> 00:25:49,500
forest, reaches you, before you 
see anything, the ground 

496
00:25:49,500 --> 00:25:52,600
transmits, vibrations through 
the Rocks, whatever is 

497
00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:55,800
approaching weighs enough to 
register with every footfall you

498
00:25:55,800 --> 00:25:57,300
step out from under the 
overhang. 

499
00:25:57,300 --> 00:25:59,100
And look in the direction of the
sound. 

500
00:25:59,100 --> 00:26:03,300
The forest ahead shows movement 
branches swaying from his 

501
00:26:03,300 --> 00:26:05,500
parting. 
Something very large is coming 

502
00:26:05,500 --> 00:26:08,300
this way. 
Sauropod emerges from between 

503
00:26:08,300 --> 00:26:11,800
two massive conifers, but this 
is not the relatively modest 

504
00:26:11,800 --> 00:26:13,200
creature. 
You saw in the Triassic. 

505
00:26:13,200 --> 00:26:18,000
This is a full Jurassic Giant. 
The neck Rises 30 feet in the 

506
00:26:18,008 --> 00:26:20,000
air. 
The head at the end of that neck

507
00:26:20,000 --> 00:26:23,200
is small and delicate almost 
bird-like in its refinement. 

508
00:26:23,200 --> 00:26:26,100
The body that follows is the 
size of a small house. 

509
00:26:26,100 --> 00:26:30,600
Each leg is as thick as a tree 
trunk. the feet spread wide to 

510
00:26:30,600 --> 00:26:34,200
distribute the weight, the tail 
extends behind for another 30 

511
00:26:34,200 --> 00:26:37,500
feet held just clear of the 
ground for balance, the 

512
00:26:37,500 --> 00:26:41,700
sauropods skin shows patterns, 
you didn't expect Not solid gray

513
00:26:41,700 --> 00:26:44,600
or brown mottled coloring 
darker. 

514
00:26:44,600 --> 00:26:47,800
On top lighter underneath the 
kind of counter shading that 

515
00:26:47,800 --> 00:26:50,600
helps break up the outline even 
for an animal this enormous. 

516
00:26:51,400 --> 00:26:54,400
Texture looks smooth from a 
distance but as the creature 

517
00:26:54,400 --> 00:26:57,800
passes close by, you can see 
scales and wrinkles and all the 

518
00:26:57,800 --> 00:27:00,100
complexity that comes with 
covering that much living 

519
00:27:00,100 --> 00:27:02,900
tissue. 
The sauropod is part of a group,

520
00:27:02,900 --> 00:27:05,400
you count, six, adults, and 
three juveniles. 

521
00:27:05,400 --> 00:27:08,400
The young ones are only about 15
feet long. 

522
00:27:09,300 --> 00:27:12,200
Small by Sora pod standards but 
still larger than any land 

523
00:27:12,200 --> 00:27:14,900
animal in your area. 
The group moves through the 

524
00:27:14,900 --> 00:27:17,700
forest with surprising Grace, 
considering their size. 

525
00:27:17,700 --> 00:27:21,900
They know where they're going, 
this is familiar, territory a 

526
00:27:21,900 --> 00:27:22,800
path. 
They've walked before. 

527
00:27:22,800 --> 00:27:26,400
Perhaps many times, the adults 
move in a loose formation with 

528
00:27:26,400 --> 00:27:27,900
the juveniles protected in the 
middle. 

529
00:27:27,900 --> 00:27:31,500
The lead adult stops 
periodically to test the are the

530
00:27:31,500 --> 00:27:33,800
massive head lifts and turns 
nostrils. 

531
00:27:33,800 --> 00:27:36,700
Flaring processing sense. 
That tell a story about the 

532
00:27:36,700 --> 00:27:41,200
forest ahead. 
Predators water food all written

533
00:27:41,200 --> 00:27:43,600
in chemical signatures to subtle
for human detection. 

534
00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:45,900
You follow at a respectful 
distance. 

535
00:27:45,900 --> 00:27:48,500
The Surah pods are heading 
toward Open Water. 

536
00:27:48,500 --> 00:27:53,400
You can hear it now. 
Not a river, something larger a 

537
00:27:53,400 --> 00:27:57,200
lagoon or perhaps a lake, the 
sound of small waves, lapping 

538
00:27:57,200 --> 00:28:00,000
against Shore. 
The Cry Of Terror swords fishing

539
00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:04,200
in the shallows the forest opens
up and the waters before you in 

540
00:28:04,200 --> 00:28:07,200
a body that stretches to the 
Horizon Islands. 

541
00:28:07,200 --> 00:28:11,100
The surface Far Shore is 
invisible in the morning Haze. 

542
00:28:11,100 --> 00:28:15,300
The water reflects the sky and 
shades of blue and gray the 

543
00:28:15,300 --> 00:28:17,800
surface ripples with wind and 
the movement of aquatic 

544
00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:20,700
creatures near the shore. 
You can see fish jumping 

545
00:28:20,700 --> 00:28:24,000
breaking the surface to catch, 
flying, insects or escape from 

546
00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:27,400
predators below. 
The whole body of water pulses 

547
00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:30,700
with life, the sauropods weighed
into the shallows without 

548
00:28:30,700 --> 00:28:34,500
hesitation, the water rises to 
their bellies, then their 

549
00:28:34,500 --> 00:28:35,900
shoulders. 
They don't stop. 

550
00:28:35,900 --> 00:28:38,900
They keep walking until the 
water reaches their necks. 

551
00:28:38,900 --> 00:28:41,200
The smallest juveniles are soon 
swimming. 

552
00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:43,600
Their necks and backs. 
Forming a line of islands. 

553
00:28:43,600 --> 00:28:47,300
Moving steadily away from Shore.
The adults can still touch 

554
00:28:47,300 --> 00:28:51,400
bottom even 50 yards out they're
feeding on aquatic plants that 

555
00:28:51,400 --> 00:28:55,000
grow in the shallows vegetation 
that's easy to reach and more 

556
00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:56,800
nutritious than many of the land
plants. 

557
00:28:57,600 --> 00:28:59,000
The feeding strategy makes 
sense. 

558
00:28:59,000 --> 00:29:02,400
When you watch them work on 
land, a sauropod has to raise 

559
00:29:02,408 --> 00:29:05,700
its head high to reach the tops 
of trees, that requires energy 

560
00:29:05,700 --> 00:29:09,400
Fighting Gravity constantly in 
the water buoyancy. 

561
00:29:09,400 --> 00:29:12,900
Does some of the work the neck 
can sweep side to side with less

562
00:29:12,900 --> 00:29:16,600
effort, the plants are soft, and
tender young shoots, and water 

563
00:29:16,600 --> 00:29:19,200
weeds that don't require the 
massive grinding system that 

564
00:29:19,200 --> 00:29:21,000
breaks down tough conifers and 
cycads. 

565
00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:24,100
The different group of sauropods
is already in the water. 

566
00:29:24,100 --> 00:29:27,700
These are built differently 
longer necks smaller bodies 

567
00:29:27,700 --> 00:29:30,500
their feeding in deeper water 
where the plants grow more 

568
00:29:30,500 --> 00:29:32,600
sparsely but the competition is 
less intense. 

569
00:29:33,800 --> 00:29:36,800
The Jurassic has produced 
multiple solutions to the Surah 

570
00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:40,000
podla lifestyle, and many of 
them are thriving side by side 

571
00:29:40,000 --> 00:29:44,200
different species, different 
strategies, all taking advantage

572
00:29:44,200 --> 00:29:46,900
of the abundance that the wetter
Jurassic climate provides. 

573
00:29:47,500 --> 00:29:49,600
Movement in the trees, catches 
your attention. 

574
00:29:50,500 --> 00:29:53,600
A small theropod watches the 
sauropods from a branch about 15

575
00:29:53,600 --> 00:29:56,300
feet up. 
It's built for, climbing the 

576
00:29:56,300 --> 00:29:58,000
feet have curved claws. 
Perfect. 

577
00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:00,900
For gripping bark, the tail 
provides balance. 

578
00:30:00,900 --> 00:30:04,100
The arms are longer than you'd 
expect almost reaching the 

579
00:30:04,100 --> 00:30:06,000
length that will eventually 
produce Wings. 

580
00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:09,800
This is our key, Optix 
territory, the earliest birds, 

581
00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:12,000
or the latest feathered 
dinosaurs depending on how you 

582
00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:15,300
want to define the terms. 
The creature on the branch has 

583
00:30:15,300 --> 00:30:17,600
feathers. 
You can see them clearly in the 

584
00:30:17,600 --> 00:30:20,200
morning. 
Light, not flight feathers, not 

585
00:30:20,200 --> 00:30:22,800
yet. 
These are more like insulation 

586
00:30:22,800 --> 00:30:26,600
displace structures the kind of 
feathers that help regulate 

587
00:30:26,600 --> 00:30:30,300
temperature and attract mates. 
The colors are subtle Browns and

588
00:30:30,308 --> 00:30:32,500
Grays with hints of very decent 
on the neck. 

589
00:30:32,500 --> 00:30:35,800
Nothing too flashy, camouflage 
still matters when you're 

590
00:30:35,800 --> 00:30:38,700
smaller edible the animal 
spreads its wings and Glides 

591
00:30:38,700 --> 00:30:42,700
from one branch to another not 
flying, not quite the wings, 

592
00:30:42,700 --> 00:30:45,700
provide lift, but there's no 
flapping, no powered flight, 

593
00:30:45,700 --> 00:30:49,900
just controlled falling with 
style, The Landing is Clumsy a 

594
00:30:49,900 --> 00:30:53,000
scramble to grab the new branch 
and stabilize, but the creature 

595
00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:55,200
made it across a gap that would 
have stopped a purely 

596
00:30:55,200 --> 00:30:57,900
terrestrial. 
Animal evolution is feeling its 

597
00:30:57,900 --> 00:31:03,400
way toward flight 1. 
Adapters of Jurassic abundance 

598
00:31:03,400 --> 00:31:08,100
sprays in every direction 
insects pollinate, even though 

599
00:31:08,100 --> 00:31:11,400
flowering plants have been 
evolved yet, The relationship is

600
00:31:11,400 --> 00:31:13,100
less specific than what will 
come later. 

601
00:31:13,100 --> 00:31:16,600
The insects visit for food and 
accidentally move pollen around.

602
00:31:16,600 --> 00:31:20,000
It works well enough fish. 
Jumped to catch the insects that

603
00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:23,700
skim too close to the water. 
The surface of the lake erupts 

604
00:31:23,700 --> 00:31:26,900
in small, splashes as fish time 
their jumps to intercept flying 

605
00:31:26,900 --> 00:31:29,500
prey. 
Pterosaurs wheel overhead on 

606
00:31:29,500 --> 00:31:32,500
wings made of skin stretched 
between elongated finger bones. 

607
00:31:32,500 --> 00:31:36,600
They're fishing diving from 20 
feet up to snatch prey, just 

608
00:31:36,600 --> 00:31:39,100
beneath the surface. 
The technique requires 

609
00:31:39,100 --> 00:31:43,500
precision, too high and you miss
too low, and you crash. 

610
00:31:44,400 --> 00:31:46,300
These creatures have the timing 
down to an art. 

611
00:31:47,200 --> 00:31:50,000
Fold their wings at the last 
second and hit the water beak. 

612
00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:53,600
First the head disappears, The 
Body follows for just an 

613
00:31:53,600 --> 00:31:55,700
instant. 
Then there are born again with a

614
00:31:55,700 --> 00:31:58,800
fish struggling in their jaws, a
turtle holds itself onto a rock 

615
00:31:58,808 --> 00:32:02,300
to bask in the morning sun. 
The shell shows consent trick 

616
00:32:02,300 --> 00:32:05,800
growth rings. 
This individual is old maybe 30 

617
00:32:05,800 --> 00:32:08,300
or 40 years. 
Turtles have figured out their 

618
00:32:08,300 --> 00:32:11,600
basic design and locked it in. 
They looked essentially like 

619
00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:14,800
this 70 million years ago in the
Triassic and they'll look 

620
00:32:14,800 --> 00:32:17,900
essentially like this 70 million
years in the future when the 

621
00:32:17,900 --> 00:32:21,800
Jurassic gives way to the 
Cretaceous Some designs work so 

622
00:32:21,800 --> 00:32:25,800
well that Evolution sees, no 
reason to Tinker the turtle's 

623
00:32:25,800 --> 00:32:27,300
eyes. 
Watch you without concern, 

624
00:32:27,300 --> 00:32:30,800
you're too large to be food and 
not displaying any behavior that

625
00:32:30,800 --> 00:32:32,900
reads. 
As threatening the turtle. 

626
00:32:32,900 --> 00:32:36,400
Settles into its basking 
position and closes its eyes, 

627
00:32:36,400 --> 00:32:40,400
the shell will absorb solar 
radiation and warm the blood 

628
00:32:40,400 --> 00:32:43,000
flowing through vessels. 
Just beneath the surface. 

629
00:32:43,700 --> 00:32:47,500
Temperature regulation through 
Behavior, simple and effective. 

630
00:32:48,400 --> 00:32:51,300
The vegetation around the Lakes 
supports herbivores of every 

631
00:32:51,300 --> 00:32:54,800
size, small or nether pods pick 
at low growing ferns. 

632
00:32:54,800 --> 00:32:59,500
They move in groups of five or 
six individuals alert nervous 

633
00:32:59,500 --> 00:33:03,100
constantly checking for threats.
Their size makes them 

634
00:33:03,100 --> 00:33:05,500
vulnerable. 
Any number of predators would 

635
00:33:05,500 --> 00:33:09,200
happily eaten or neither pod. 
The only defense is Vigilance 

636
00:33:09,200 --> 00:33:12,400
and speed. 
Stagger swords waddle along the 

637
00:33:12,408 --> 00:33:15,800
shore on four legs, their back 
plate, catch sunlight, and 

638
00:33:15,800 --> 00:33:17,400
likely helped regulate body 
temperature. 

639
00:33:18,600 --> 00:33:21,900
Plates are arranged in an 
alternating, pathan two rows 

640
00:33:21,900 --> 00:33:23,600
running down the back from neck 
to tail. 

641
00:33:23,600 --> 00:33:25,700
The plates are too thin for 
defense. 

642
00:33:25,700 --> 00:33:29,700
A Predators teeth would go right
through them, but as radiators, 

643
00:33:29,700 --> 00:33:32,800
they make perfect sense. 
Blood vessels, run through the 

644
00:33:32,800 --> 00:33:36,400
plates are flowing over, the 
surface carries heat away, the 

645
00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:38,200
whole system acts like a living 
thermostat. 

646
00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:43,500
The stegosaurus are feeding on 
low vegetation ferns, mostly the

647
00:33:43,500 --> 00:33:47,000
small head dips down. 
The Beet crops, the fronds the 

648
00:33:47,000 --> 00:33:48,500
weak, Jaws do minimal 
processing. 

649
00:33:48,500 --> 00:33:50,600
The stomach will do most of the 
work. 

650
00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:55,100
Like the sauropods stegosaur 
have adopted a swallow digest 

651
00:33:55,100 --> 00:33:58,400
later strategy, a predator walks
along the far, Shore and 

652
00:33:58,400 --> 00:34:02,600
Allosaurus, the Apex Hunter of 
the late Jurassic it moves with 

653
00:34:02,600 --> 00:34:05,100
the confidence stride of an 
animal that has no natural 

654
00:34:05,100 --> 00:34:07,700
enemies. 
Once it reaches adult size, the 

655
00:34:07,700 --> 00:34:10,000
other animals, notice its 
presence, but don't panic. 

656
00:34:10,699 --> 00:34:14,500
Distance creates safety, as long
as the Allosaurus stays on the 

657
00:34:14,500 --> 00:34:16,699
far Shore, or it's just another 
part of the landscape. 

658
00:34:16,699 --> 00:34:21,199
The Predator is maybe 25 feet, 
long built for power rather than

659
00:34:21,199 --> 00:34:26,000
speed, the skull is massive 
reinforced for the stresses of 

660
00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:29,699
biting through bone and muscle. 
The teeth are blade like 

661
00:34:29,699 --> 00:34:33,699
serrated front and back designed
for slicing rather than 

662
00:34:33,699 --> 00:34:36,400
crushing. 
The whole package is an 

663
00:34:36,400 --> 00:34:38,900
efficient killing machine honed 
by millions of years of 

664
00:34:38,900 --> 00:34:41,000
evolution. 
The Allosaurus is full. 

665
00:34:41,000 --> 00:34:44,800
You can tell from its gate A 
well-fed predator moves 

666
00:34:44,800 --> 00:34:47,699
differently than a hungry one, 
the desperation is missing. 

667
00:34:47,699 --> 00:34:51,300
The constant scaning for 
opportunities is less intense. 

668
00:34:52,100 --> 00:34:54,600
This particular individual 
probably made a kill within the 

669
00:34:54,608 --> 00:34:57,700
last day or two. 
It's walking to water to drink, 

670
00:34:57,700 --> 00:35:00,700
not hunting. 
Just maintaining the basic 

671
00:35:00,700 --> 00:35:03,100
biological needs that. 
Apply to every living thing. 

672
00:35:03,800 --> 00:35:06,900
You spend the day watching the 
lake ecosystem, operate schools 

673
00:35:06,900 --> 00:35:09,200
of fish spawn. 
In the shallows, the water 

674
00:35:09,200 --> 00:35:12,300
churns with their movement, 
thousands of individuals, all 

675
00:35:12,300 --> 00:35:15,200
responding to the same 
environmental cues the same 

676
00:35:15,200 --> 00:35:18,200
hormonal signals, the eggs will 
settle on the bottom and the 

677
00:35:18,200 --> 00:35:20,800
survivors will hatch. 
In a few weeks, most will be 

678
00:35:20,800 --> 00:35:22,800
eaten. 
A few will grow to adult hood 

679
00:35:22,800 --> 00:35:25,500
and repeat the cycle 
crocodilians that are closer to 

680
00:35:25,508 --> 00:35:28,300
Modern crocodiles than anything.
You saw in the Triassic Patrol, 

681
00:35:28,300 --> 00:35:30,900
the deeper water. 
There are eyes and nostrils 

682
00:35:30,900 --> 00:35:33,500
break the surface. 
The rest of the body remains 

683
00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:35,700
hidden. 
The technique is ancient and 

684
00:35:35,700 --> 00:35:38,800
effective prey can't see the 
threat until it's too late. 

685
00:35:38,800 --> 00:35:41,700
These crocodilians are 
essentially modern in design. 

686
00:35:41,700 --> 00:35:45,300
Evolution found a workable 
crocodile plan in the Triassic 

687
00:35:45,300 --> 00:35:48,800
and has been making only Minor 
Adjustments ever since small. 

688
00:35:48,800 --> 00:35:51,700
Mammals emerged at dust to 
drink, they approach the water 

689
00:35:51,700 --> 00:35:54,500
with Extreme Caution every sense
of alert. 

690
00:35:54,500 --> 00:35:57,900
The ear swiveled to catch sails,
the nose test. 

691
00:35:57,900 --> 00:35:59,900
The are the ice, scan for 
movement. 

692
00:36:00,900 --> 00:36:03,600
The whole process takes several 
minutes before the first mammal 

693
00:36:03,600 --> 00:36:06,500
actually drinks. 
Then it's quick laps of water. 

694
00:36:06,500 --> 00:36:10,200
Followed by immediate retreat. 
Nighttime is safer for mammals 

695
00:36:10,200 --> 00:36:13,500
but no time is truly safe. 
The nighttime Predators start 

696
00:36:13,500 --> 00:36:17,000
their shifts as the sun sets 
owls that are not quite owls 

697
00:36:17,000 --> 00:36:19,400
launched from purchase to hunt 
the wings. 

698
00:36:19,400 --> 00:36:22,500
Make almost no sound. 
The flight is silent in a way. 

699
00:36:22,508 --> 00:36:26,100
That modern owls have perfected.
These Jurassic versions are 

700
00:36:26,100 --> 00:36:28,500
getting close. 
The facial disc that funnel 

701
00:36:28,500 --> 00:36:29,800
sound. 
The ears is already 

702
00:36:29,800 --> 00:36:33,800
well-developed the asymmetrical 
ear openings that allow precise 

703
00:36:33,800 --> 00:36:35,400
location of prey or already in 
place. 

704
00:36:35,400 --> 00:36:39,100
The Jurassic Earth runs slightly
cooler than the Triassic but 

705
00:36:39,100 --> 00:36:43,000
still warmer than modern times. 
The breakup of Pangea has 

706
00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:45,000
changed, ocean. 
Currents water. 

707
00:36:45,000 --> 00:36:47,600
That was once trapped in the 
interior of a supercontinent. 

708
00:36:47,600 --> 00:36:50,800
Now flows in new patterns 
Distributing heat differently. 

709
00:36:52,100 --> 00:36:53,800
The climate zones have started 
to resemble. 

710
00:36:53,800 --> 00:36:57,200
What will eventually become 
familiar tropical belts near the

711
00:36:57,200 --> 00:37:00,800
equator, temperate zone at 
mid-latitudes, even the 

712
00:37:00,800 --> 00:37:03,400
beginning of seasonal variation 
at higher latitudes. 

713
00:37:04,400 --> 00:37:07,100
You climb a hill as the sunset 
and look out over the landscape.

714
00:37:07,100 --> 00:37:09,700
Forest stretches to every 
Horizon. 

715
00:37:10,600 --> 00:37:14,700
Canopy forms an unbroken carpet 
of green lakes and rivers glint 

716
00:37:14,700 --> 00:37:17,200
in the fading light, like Jewels
scattered across fabric. 

717
00:37:18,000 --> 00:37:21,200
The sheer amount of green is 
overwhelming after the Triassic,

718
00:37:21,200 --> 00:37:24,900
Reds and Browns, the Jurassic 
has unlocked, abundance through 

719
00:37:24,900 --> 00:37:27,600
moisture. 
And every ecological niche has 

720
00:37:27,608 --> 00:37:29,500
filled with something trying to 
make a living. 

721
00:37:30,700 --> 00:37:34,100
The sunset Paints, the clouds 
and shades of orange and pink 

722
00:37:34,100 --> 00:37:37,400
and purple the colors. 
Reflect off the lake surface, 

723
00:37:37,400 --> 00:37:42,100
the whole world glows with the 
soft light of ending day, you 

724
00:37:42,100 --> 00:37:45,000
sit on your Hilltop and watch 
Darkness claimed the landscape 

725
00:37:45,000 --> 00:37:47,900
bit by bit. 
Shadows spread from the East 

726
00:37:47,900 --> 00:37:50,400
stars appear in the darkening 
Sky. 

727
00:37:50,400 --> 00:37:54,200
The Milky Way becomes visible, 
as a band of light, stretching 

728
00:37:54,200 --> 00:37:58,400
overhead, the same stars that 
shine on the Jurassic shine on 

729
00:37:58,400 --> 00:38:03,900
every year, Constant witnesses 
to the changing World below the 

730
00:38:03,900 --> 00:38:07,600
world shifts again, your 
standing in a meadow that should

731
00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:10,800
not exist. 
The ground is covered in grass 

732
00:38:10,800 --> 00:38:14,100
like plants and the air carries 
the center of flowers. 

733
00:38:14,100 --> 00:38:17,600
Not the overwhelming perfume of 
a modern flower garden, 

734
00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:21,700
something, subtle, green and 
sweet, and completely new. 

735
00:38:22,600 --> 00:38:25,700
The Cretaceous Period has 
arrived and with it has come, 

736
00:38:25,700 --> 00:38:29,400
the angiosperm Revolution. 
Flowering plants have evolved 

737
00:38:29,400 --> 00:38:32,500
and their changing everything 
about how ecosystems function. 

738
00:38:33,500 --> 00:38:36,000
The flowers themselves are small
modest. 

739
00:38:36,000 --> 00:38:39,000
Nothing like the elaborate 
blooms that will evolve later. 

740
00:38:39,000 --> 00:38:43,600
These are the Pioneers simple 
structures with a few petals and

741
00:38:43,600 --> 00:38:47,000
basic reproductive organs, but 
they represent a breakthrough. 

742
00:38:47,000 --> 00:38:50,000
In plant reproduction, that will
reshape the terrestrial World. 

743
00:38:50,000 --> 00:38:53,300
Instead of relying on wind to 
distribute pollen, to other 

744
00:38:53,300 --> 00:38:56,100
plants of the same species. 
These plants have partnered with

745
00:38:56,100 --> 00:39:00,200
insects the flowers produce 
nectar, the insects visit for 

746
00:39:00,200 --> 00:39:03,200
the food and inadvertently carry
pollen from plant to plant. 

747
00:39:03,200 --> 00:39:06,400
It's a more efficient system 
than anything that came before 

748
00:39:06,400 --> 00:39:09,800
bees move between the flowers 
with single-minded Focus. 

749
00:39:09,800 --> 00:39:13,400
These are not modern honey bees.
Those won't evolved for millions

750
00:39:13,400 --> 00:39:15,600
of years. 
These are the early Pioneers 

751
00:39:15,600 --> 00:39:18,600
wasps that have started 
specializing in pollen and 

752
00:39:18,608 --> 00:39:22,200
nectar instead of hunting other 
insects their covered in fine 

753
00:39:22,200 --> 00:39:24,900
hairs, that pollen sticks to 
Evolution will eventually 

754
00:39:24,900 --> 00:39:28,000
transform their descendants into
the dedicated pollinators that 

755
00:39:28,000 --> 00:39:31,200
modern ecosystems depend on. 
But even these primitive 

756
00:39:31,200 --> 00:39:34,500
versions are changing, the rules
of how plants reproduce the 

757
00:39:34,500 --> 00:39:38,500
meadow sits in a landscape that 
has continued to fragment Pangea

758
00:39:38,500 --> 00:39:41,000
is fully broken. 
Now the continents are 

759
00:39:41,000 --> 00:39:42,700
recognizable if you know what to
look for. 

760
00:39:42,700 --> 00:39:45,100
North America has separated from
Europe. 

761
00:39:45,100 --> 00:39:49,300
The Atlantic Ocean is young but 
growing wider every year South 

762
00:39:49,300 --> 00:39:52,900
America has split from Africa 
Antarctica and Australia are 

763
00:39:52,900 --> 00:39:55,600
still connected but the crack 
between them is widening. 

764
00:39:56,400 --> 00:39:59,200
The changing geography has 
created new ocean, currents and 

765
00:39:59,200 --> 00:40:02,100
new weather patterns that affect
every part of the globe. 

766
00:40:02,100 --> 00:40:05,400
You walk through the meadow and 
notice the diversity of plant 

767
00:40:05,400 --> 00:40:08,300
species. 
In the Triassic and Jurassic 

768
00:40:08,300 --> 00:40:11,400
conifers and ferns dominated 
with relatively few species 

769
00:40:11,400 --> 00:40:14,800
creating vast monocultures. 
The same type of trees would 

770
00:40:14,800 --> 00:40:18,600
stretch for hundreds of miles 
here in the Cretaceous dozens of

771
00:40:18,600 --> 00:40:21,500
different flowering plants share
space within a single acre. 

772
00:40:21,500 --> 00:40:25,500
Each one has found a slightly 
different strategy, some Bloom 

773
00:40:25,500 --> 00:40:28,700
early in the season, some Bloom 
late summer, attract beetles 

774
00:40:28,700 --> 00:40:31,600
with their scent. 
Some attract flies with colors 

775
00:40:31,600 --> 00:40:35,600
that mimic rotting meat. 
The specialization has exploded 

776
00:40:35,600 --> 00:40:38,900
into a right of variation. 
The colors range from white to 

777
00:40:38,900 --> 00:40:43,100
Yellow to Pink to deep red. 
The shapes vary from simple cups

778
00:40:43,100 --> 00:40:46,200
to complex tubes. 
Each flower represents a 

779
00:40:46,200 --> 00:40:47,600
solution to the problem of 
reproduction. 

780
00:40:47,600 --> 00:40:51,300
Each one is an experiment in 
attracting the right pollinator.

781
00:40:51,300 --> 00:40:54,500
While excluding the wrong ones, 
evolution is trying everything 

782
00:40:54,500 --> 00:40:57,600
at once a duck-billed dinosaur 
appears at the edge of the 

783
00:40:57,600 --> 00:41:00,800
meadow, a hadrosaur. 
These creatures have developed 

784
00:41:00,800 --> 00:41:04,300
specialized teeth and jaw 
mechanisms that allow them to 

785
00:41:04,300 --> 00:41:06,200
process. 
The tough flowering plants, more

786
00:41:06,200 --> 00:41:08,000
efficiently than earlier 
herbivores. 

787
00:41:08,000 --> 00:41:11,800
The Hadrosaurus teeth, are 
arranged in batteries, multiple 

788
00:41:11,800 --> 00:41:14,400
rows, that worked together like 
a self-sharpening grinding 

789
00:41:14,400 --> 00:41:18,100
surface, old teeth fall out, new
teeth grow in from below. 

790
00:41:18,100 --> 00:41:21,100
The system can handle the 
abrasive vegetation that 

791
00:41:21,100 --> 00:41:24,500
includes early grasses and the 
tough stems of flowering plants.

792
00:41:24,500 --> 00:41:27,600
The had resource duckbill is 
perfect for cropping. 

793
00:41:27,600 --> 00:41:31,000
Vegetation close to the ground. 
The beak has no teeth. 

794
00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:33,200
Just a hard Edge for cutting 
through stems. 

795
00:41:33,600 --> 00:41:36,200
The teeth sit further back in 
the jaw where they can grind the

796
00:41:36,200 --> 00:41:39,500
harvested material into 
something digestible, the whole 

797
00:41:39,500 --> 00:41:42,900
system represents a significant 
Advance over the simple Peg. 

798
00:41:42,900 --> 00:41:47,400
Teeth of early herbivores. 
The hadrosaur is not alone, a 

799
00:41:47,400 --> 00:41:50,100
group of perhaps 20 individuals,
emerges from the tree line. 

800
00:41:50,100 --> 00:41:52,300
They spread across the meadow 
and begin feeding. 

801
00:41:53,100 --> 00:41:54,800
The social organization is 
complex. 

802
00:41:54,800 --> 00:41:57,900
The largest adults position 
themselves on the edges of the 

803
00:41:57,900 --> 00:42:00,000
group. 
The juvenile stay in the middle.

804
00:42:00,000 --> 00:42:03,100
Everyone maintains awareness of 
everyone else through a 

805
00:42:03,100 --> 00:42:06,600
combination of visual signals 
and vocalizations low Grunts and

806
00:42:06,608 --> 00:42:10,200
honks that carry across the open
space and predators are watching

807
00:42:10,200 --> 00:42:12,100
you spot. 
The Tyrannosaur before the 

808
00:42:12,100 --> 00:42:15,600
hadrosaur's do its positioned in
the shadows at the far end of 

809
00:42:15,608 --> 00:42:20,000
the meadow, not moving, just 
observing This is a younger 

810
00:42:20,000 --> 00:42:22,600
Tyrannosaurus, Rex, not fully 
grown yet. 

811
00:42:22,600 --> 00:42:26,100
Maybe 12 feet tall at the 
shoulder in stead of the 15 or 

812
00:42:26,100 --> 00:42:28,500
16. 
It will reach at full size but 

813
00:42:28,500 --> 00:42:31,500
already a formidable Hunters. 
The Jaws can generate thousands 

814
00:42:31,500 --> 00:42:34,700
of pounds of bike Force. 
The teeth are thick and conical 

815
00:42:34,700 --> 00:42:37,800
designed for crushing bone 
rather than slicing flesh. 

816
00:42:38,600 --> 00:42:41,400
This Predator kills by simply 
biting hard enough to end 

817
00:42:41,400 --> 00:42:43,600
resistance. 
The Tyrannosaurs brain is 

818
00:42:43,600 --> 00:42:46,300
working through problems that 
Evolution has been refining for 

819
00:42:46,300 --> 00:42:49,300
millions of years. 
The hadrosaur heard is alert. 

820
00:42:49,300 --> 00:42:52,400
They're in open ground, where 
they can see threats coming from

821
00:42:52,400 --> 00:42:55,200
any direction. 
The adult had resource each 

822
00:42:55,200 --> 00:42:58,000
weighs several tons and can 
deliver devastating kicks with 

823
00:42:58,000 --> 00:43:00,600
their powerful hind legs. 
Those legs aren't just for 

824
00:43:00,600 --> 00:43:04,000
running their weapons. 
A frontal assault on a healthy 

825
00:43:04,000 --> 00:43:07,300
adult would be risky, even for a
full, grown wrecks, the 

826
00:43:07,300 --> 00:43:10,900
hadrosaur could break bones 
shatter a jaw, and a Predators 

827
00:43:10,900 --> 00:43:12,800
ability to hunt and therefore 
its life. 

828
00:43:12,800 --> 00:43:16,400
But the herd includes young, and
animals, and older animals. 

829
00:43:16,400 --> 00:43:19,100
And at least one individual, 
that's limping slightly. 

830
00:43:20,300 --> 00:43:22,100
The Tyrannosaurus eyes track 
that one. 

831
00:43:22,100 --> 00:43:25,600
The mathematics of predation are
always about finding the weakest

832
00:43:25,600 --> 00:43:29,600
link the individual that can't 
run as fast or fight as hard. 

833
00:43:29,600 --> 00:43:32,900
The one where the risk reward 
calculation tilts towards 

834
00:43:32,900 --> 00:43:36,500
success. 
The attack when it comes happens

835
00:43:36,500 --> 00:43:39,900
with shocking speed. 
The Tyrannosaur covers 50 yards 

836
00:43:39,900 --> 00:43:43,700
in seconds, the acceleration 
defies expectations for an 

837
00:43:43,700 --> 00:43:47,400
animal that weighs several tons.
The massive legs drive forward 

838
00:43:47,400 --> 00:43:51,400
with mechanical efficiency. 
The tale provides balance, the 

839
00:43:51,400 --> 00:43:54,300
body stays low, the whole 
package is built for closing 

840
00:43:54,300 --> 00:43:57,000
distance before. 
Prey can react, the herd 

841
00:43:57,000 --> 00:44:00,800
scatters the injured hadrosaur 
tries to run but the limp slows 

842
00:44:00,800 --> 00:44:03,600
it down just enough. 
The Tyrannosaurus Jaws close 

843
00:44:03,600 --> 00:44:05,900
around the hadrosaur's neck and 
the physics of the situation 

844
00:44:05,900 --> 00:44:08,900
take over. 
Several tons of Predator driving

845
00:44:08,900 --> 00:44:13,500
forward with momentum teeth. 
Designed to grip and crush a 

846
00:44:13,500 --> 00:44:15,500
prey animal already compromised 
by injury. 

847
00:44:15,500 --> 00:44:19,200
The struggle is briefed. 
The outcome was never in doubt, 

848
00:44:19,200 --> 00:44:22,700
once the chase began you turn 
away again, the Cretaceous 

849
00:44:22,700 --> 00:44:26,000
operates on the same fundamental
principles as the Triassic and 

850
00:44:26,000 --> 00:44:29,000
Jurassic energy flows from 
Plants to herbivores, to 

851
00:44:29,008 --> 00:44:32,400
carnivores nutrients cycle 
through living systems, and 

852
00:44:32,400 --> 00:44:35,000
returned to the soil, death 
feeds life. 

853
00:44:35,000 --> 00:44:39,200
Everything else is detail, the 
landscape around you showcases, 

854
00:44:39,200 --> 00:44:42,900
the peak of dinosaur diversity, 
The Cretaceous is the final 

855
00:44:42,900 --> 00:44:47,200
chapter of the Mesozoic Era. 
An evolution has had 150 million

856
00:44:47,200 --> 00:44:49,500
years to experiment with the 
dinosaur body plan. 

857
00:44:49,500 --> 00:44:53,700
The results are everywhere, you 
look armored and Kyla saws with 

858
00:44:53,700 --> 00:44:57,000
clubs on their tails horned, 
ceratopsians with Frills and 

859
00:44:57,008 --> 00:45:00,500
horns for display and combat. 
Crested had resource with 

860
00:45:00,500 --> 00:45:04,900
elaborate nasal, passages that 
amplify calls massive sauropods 

861
00:45:04,900 --> 00:45:07,400
that make the Jurassic giants, 
look modest by comparison. 

862
00:45:08,200 --> 00:45:11,600
Predators ranging from human 
sized Raptors, to the largest 

863
00:45:11,600 --> 00:45:13,700
terrestrial carnivores that have
ever lived. 

864
00:45:14,500 --> 00:45:17,000
You walk into a forest that 
mixes the old and the new 

865
00:45:17,000 --> 00:45:18,800
ancient conifers still grow 
here. 

866
00:45:18,800 --> 00:45:22,700
Massive tree ferns still 
creating middle canopies but now

867
00:45:22,700 --> 00:45:25,800
they share space with early Oaks
and Magnolias and plants that 

868
00:45:25,800 --> 00:45:28,700
won't fully diverse fire until 
after the dinosaurs disappear. 

869
00:45:29,700 --> 00:45:32,000
The flowering plants have not 
replaced the older groups, 

870
00:45:32,000 --> 00:45:35,200
they've joined them. 
The diversity has added another 

871
00:45:35,200 --> 00:45:37,500
layer to ecosystems that were 
already complex. 

872
00:45:38,300 --> 00:45:42,200
The forest floor shows evidence 
of Decay happening faster than 

873
00:45:42,200 --> 00:45:45,500
in earlier periods. 
Fungi have Diversified along 

874
00:45:45,500 --> 00:45:48,700
with the flowering plants. 
A partnership between fungi and 

875
00:45:48,700 --> 00:45:49,900
plant. 
Roots has become more 

876
00:45:49,900 --> 00:45:52,800
sophisticated. 
The whole decomposition process 

877
00:45:52,800 --> 00:45:56,800
has accelerated Deadwood returns
to soil in decades, rather than 

878
00:45:56,800 --> 00:45:59,800
centuries the nutrient cycle 
spins faster. 

879
00:46:00,600 --> 00:46:02,700
Small mammal watches. 
You from the safety of a tree 

880
00:46:02,700 --> 00:46:04,500
Hollow. 
It's about the size of a modern 

881
00:46:04,500 --> 00:46:07,000
squirrel. 
The fur is dense and dark. 

882
00:46:07,000 --> 00:46:10,100
The eyes are large. 
These creatures have survived in

883
00:46:10,100 --> 00:46:11,900
the shadows throughout the 
entire Messer. 

884
00:46:11,900 --> 00:46:14,700
They've developed specialized 
features that make them 

885
00:46:14,700 --> 00:46:17,100
distinctly, manly and true 
further. 

886
00:46:17,100 --> 00:46:20,100
That provides insulation 
precise, temperature regulation,

887
00:46:20,100 --> 00:46:23,600
that allows activity, regardless
of external conditions live 

888
00:46:23,600 --> 00:46:25,300
birth. 
In stead of eggs, milk 

889
00:46:25,300 --> 00:46:28,000
production to feed the young, 
but they've remained small 

890
00:46:28,000 --> 00:46:30,800
because the dinosaurs dominate 
all the large animal niches. 

891
00:46:30,800 --> 00:46:34,700
So completely that mammals have 
not found room to expand the 

892
00:46:34,700 --> 00:46:36,100
mammal in the tree is not 
ternal. 

893
00:46:36,100 --> 00:46:39,000
You can tell from the large eyes
adapted for low light. 

894
00:46:39,800 --> 00:46:42,800
Sleeps during the day, when 
dinosaurs are most active, it 

895
00:46:42,800 --> 00:46:45,700
emerges at night to hunt insects
and eat seeds and fruits and 

896
00:46:45,700 --> 00:46:47,500
avoid the creatures that would 
happily eat it. 

897
00:46:47,500 --> 00:46:50,500
The strategy has worked for 100 
million years. 

898
00:46:50,500 --> 00:46:54,300
It will work for another 60 
million more and then when the 

899
00:46:54,300 --> 00:46:57,800
dinosaurs disappear, these small
survivors will inherit the earth

900
00:46:57,800 --> 00:47:00,700
and diversify into everything 
from shrews. 

901
00:47:00,700 --> 00:47:03,900
To whales the atmosphere itself,
deserves attention. 

902
00:47:03,900 --> 00:47:07,800
You find yourself on a Hilltop 
where the view extends for miles

903
00:47:07,800 --> 00:47:11,100
in every direction. 
Son, hangs in a sky that looks 

904
00:47:11,100 --> 00:47:12,000
Bluer Than You. 
Remember? 

905
00:47:12,008 --> 00:47:16,500
The oxygen content of the air 
runs about 21%, essentially 

906
00:47:16,500 --> 00:47:20,500
identical to Modern levels. 
But the carbon dioxide sits 

907
00:47:20,500 --> 00:47:25,000
higher around 2,000 parts per 
million compared to the 400 year

908
00:47:25,000 --> 00:47:28,000
used to, in your time. 
The difference, traps more heat 

909
00:47:28,000 --> 00:47:30,400
in the lower atmosphere keeps 
the poles. 

910
00:47:30,400 --> 00:47:33,700
Ice free drives weather patterns
that deliver rain to Regions. 

911
00:47:33,700 --> 00:47:36,700
That will be deserts. 66 million
years in the future. 

912
00:47:36,700 --> 00:47:39,500
You take a deep breath and 
noticed. 

913
00:47:39,500 --> 00:47:42,900
Nothing unusual your lungs 
process, the are just fine. 

914
00:47:42,900 --> 00:47:46,100
The extra carbon dioxide isn't 
concentrated enough to cause 

915
00:47:46,100 --> 00:47:48,900
problems humans? 
Who evolved much later will 

916
00:47:48,900 --> 00:47:51,800
breathe their very similar to 
this during certain warm periods

917
00:47:52,500 --> 00:47:56,200
The Mesozoic atmosphere is not 
alien just tuned differently 

918
00:47:56,200 --> 00:47:59,600
than what you're accustomed to. 
The temperature at this latitude

919
00:47:59,600 --> 00:48:03,300
averages about 85 degrees 
Fahrenheit, warm, but not 

920
00:48:03,300 --> 00:48:05,800
unbearable. 
The humidity makes it feel 

921
00:48:05,800 --> 00:48:08,100
slightly. 
Warmer, your standing at roughly

922
00:48:08,100 --> 00:48:12,600
40 degrees north in your time. 
This latitude corresponds to New

923
00:48:12,600 --> 00:48:16,000
York or Madrid, In the 
Cretaceous, it feels more like 

924
00:48:16,000 --> 00:48:18,100
modern-day Georgia or Northern 
Florida. 

925
00:48:18,100 --> 00:48:21,100
The climate zones have 
compressed toward the equator. 

926
00:48:21,900 --> 00:48:25,600
Habitable band has widened 
toward the poles, the sky shows 

927
00:48:25,600 --> 00:48:29,300
clouds building on the horizon, 
towering cumulus formation. 

928
00:48:29,300 --> 00:48:32,900
That rise, thousands of feet 
into the afternoon Heat, The 

929
00:48:32,900 --> 00:48:36,000
Cretaceous weather runs active 
the warm ocean temperatures. 

930
00:48:36,000 --> 00:48:37,500
Pump moisture in to the 
atmosphere. 

931
00:48:37,500 --> 00:48:40,200
Through evaporation the lack of 
ice. 

932
00:48:40,200 --> 00:48:42,700
Caps means more water is 
available for the hydrological 

933
00:48:42,700 --> 00:48:45,300
cycle. 
Rainfalls frequently in most 

934
00:48:45,300 --> 00:48:48,800
regions droughts happen, but 
their shorter and less severe 

935
00:48:48,800 --> 00:48:52,000
than what will come when the 
climate cools in later eras, the

936
00:48:52,000 --> 00:48:55,600
clouds Tower into the afternoon,
you know, a storm is coming, the

937
00:48:55,600 --> 00:48:58,200
air has the electric quality, 
that precedes convective 

938
00:48:58,200 --> 00:49:00,700
activity. 
The birds and terrorists have 

939
00:49:00,700 --> 00:49:03,700
already fled to shelter. 
The larger animals are moving 

940
00:49:03,700 --> 00:49:06,600
toward protected areas, 
Cretaceous storms can be 

941
00:49:06,600 --> 00:49:09,200
impressive. 
The atmospheric energy available

942
00:49:09,200 --> 00:49:12,500
for convection exceeds. 
Modern levels, the temperature 

943
00:49:12,500 --> 00:49:14,400
differentials between different 
air masses. 

944
00:49:14,400 --> 00:49:17,700
Create conditions that modern 
meteorologists would find both 

945
00:49:17,700 --> 00:49:22,500
fascinating and concerning. the 
first Drops Fall within minutes,

946
00:49:22,500 --> 00:49:26,500
large warm drops that quickly 
intensify into a steady downpour

947
00:49:27,100 --> 00:49:30,300
The rain arrives in sheets that 
reduce visibility to a few dozen

948
00:49:30,300 --> 00:49:32,500
feet. 
You find shelter under an 

949
00:49:32,500 --> 00:49:35,700
overhang and watch the rain. 
Transform the landscape small 

950
00:49:35,700 --> 00:49:39,500
streams form, almost immediately
water that fell as rain only. 

951
00:49:39,500 --> 00:49:42,200
Second ago is already flowing 
downhill toward larger 

952
00:49:42,200 --> 00:49:44,900
drainages. 
The vegetation bends under the 

953
00:49:44,908 --> 00:49:49,200
weight of water ferns, flattened
tree, branches, droop, The sound

954
00:49:49,200 --> 00:49:51,300
creates a roar that makes 
conversation impossible. 

955
00:49:51,300 --> 00:49:54,600
If there were anyone to talk to 
lightning strikes, a tree about 

956
00:49:54,600 --> 00:49:57,500
a mile away, the flash 
aluminates the landscape in 

957
00:49:57,500 --> 00:50:02,200
stark, white light, Thunder 
arrives, almost simultaneously a

958
00:50:02,200 --> 00:50:03,800
cracked so loud, you feel it in 
your chest. 

959
00:50:03,800 --> 00:50:08,300
The tree explodes in a shower of
Sparks and flaming debris, fire 

960
00:50:08,300 --> 00:50:10,600
has always been part of the 
equation, like lightning 

961
00:50:10,600 --> 00:50:14,900
ignite's, dry vegetation, during
the dry seasons wins the Flames,

962
00:50:14,900 --> 00:50:19,400
rain eventually, extinguishers 
them The cycle repeats endlessly

963
00:50:19,400 --> 00:50:23,000
across millions of years. 
Some plants have evolved to 

964
00:50:23,000 --> 00:50:26,000
depend on fire for seed. 
Germination, the heat cracks 

965
00:50:26,000 --> 00:50:30,700
open protective Coatings, the 
ash enriches, the soil, New 

966
00:50:30,700 --> 00:50:32,200
Growth emerges from the 
destruction. 

967
00:50:32,200 --> 00:50:35,700
The ecosystem has incorporated 
disaster into its operating 

968
00:50:35,700 --> 00:50:38,100
system. 
The storm passes as quickly as 

969
00:50:38,100 --> 00:50:41,000
it arrived. 
The clouds move on driven by 

970
00:50:41,000 --> 00:50:44,700
high altitude, winds, the sun 
returns and illuminates, a 

971
00:50:44,700 --> 00:50:48,200
landscape that drips and steams 
water droplets cling to every 

972
00:50:48,200 --> 00:50:50,400
surface. 
The temperature drops slightly 

973
00:50:50,400 --> 00:50:53,300
as evaporation pulls heat from 
the air within an hour. 

974
00:50:53,300 --> 00:50:56,700
The only evidence of the storm 
is the wetness and the destroyed

975
00:50:56,700 --> 00:50:58,500
trees still smoking in the 
distance. 

976
00:50:58,500 --> 00:51:01,800
You climb down from the hilltop 
and walk through Forest that 

977
00:51:01,800 --> 00:51:04,100
drips and steams in the post 
storm humidity. 

978
00:51:05,000 --> 00:51:06,700
The airfields, thick enough to 
swim through. 

979
00:51:06,700 --> 00:51:09,600
You can almost see the moisture 
hanging between the trees. 

980
00:51:09,600 --> 00:51:12,800
This is what the messes? 
Oh, it gives you in exchange for

981
00:51:12,800 --> 00:51:15,600
the stable, climate humidity. 
Lots of it. 

982
00:51:16,500 --> 00:51:19,400
The dry days of the Triassic, 
interior are a distant memory. 

983
00:51:19,400 --> 00:51:23,700
The Cretaceous runs wet in most 
areas the fragmenting continents

984
00:51:23,700 --> 00:51:26,800
of created more coastline. 
The ocean influences where the 

985
00:51:26,800 --> 00:51:30,200
patterns across wider areas a 
rainbow forms in the Mist. 

986
00:51:31,100 --> 00:51:33,400
The physics of light. 
Refraction haven't changed in 

987
00:51:33,400 --> 00:51:37,000
200 million years water, 
droplets, still split white, 

988
00:51:37,000 --> 00:51:39,800
light into its component, 
wavelengths, through internal 

989
00:51:39,800 --> 00:51:42,000
reflection and dispersion the 
colors. 

990
00:51:42,000 --> 00:51:45,400
Still arrange themselves in the 
same order, red on the outside, 

991
00:51:45,400 --> 00:51:47,500
where the light is refracted at 
the smallest angle. 

992
00:51:48,100 --> 00:51:50,400
Violet on the inside where the 
angle is steepest. 

993
00:51:50,400 --> 00:51:54,700
The beauty transcends era some 
phenomena remain constant 

994
00:51:54,700 --> 00:51:57,600
regardless of When You observe 
them you find a clearing where 

995
00:51:57,600 --> 00:52:00,100
the sun has broken through the 
clouds and sit on a rock. 

996
00:52:00,100 --> 00:52:03,100
That's already starting to dry. 
The warmth feels good. 

997
00:52:03,100 --> 00:52:06,400
After the chill of the rain, 
steam rises from your clothes 

998
00:52:06,400 --> 00:52:09,400
from the rock. 
Beneath you from the vegetation 

999
00:52:09,400 --> 00:52:13,300
all around the whole Forest is 
breathing water vapor back in to

1000
00:52:13,300 --> 00:52:17,400
the air, the hydrological cycle 
in action, evaporation feeding 

1001
00:52:17,400 --> 00:52:19,600
condensation, feeding 
precipitation feeding, 

1002
00:52:19,600 --> 00:52:22,900
evaporation the engine that 
drives weather and climate and 

1003
00:52:22,900 --> 00:52:24,600
the distribution of Life across 
the planet. 

1004
00:52:25,600 --> 00:52:28,000
You close your eyes and listen 
to the forest return to its 

1005
00:52:28,000 --> 00:52:31,000
normal rhythms insects resume 
their buzzing. 

1006
00:52:31,000 --> 00:52:34,800
The sound builds gradually as 
individuals emerge from shelter 

1007
00:52:34,800 --> 00:52:37,900
and test the air. 
Birds that are not quite Birds 

1008
00:52:37,900 --> 00:52:39,600
resume. 
Their calls from protected 

1009
00:52:39,600 --> 00:52:42,900
purchases, the larger animals 
that sought shelter during the 

1010
00:52:42,900 --> 00:52:45,600
storm emerge and continue 
whatever they were doing before 

1011
00:52:45,600 --> 00:52:49,200
the interruption. 
Hadrosaur honks in the distance,

1012
00:52:49,200 --> 00:52:53,200
the sound carries across the wet
landscape, another hadrosaur 

1013
00:52:53,200 --> 00:52:54,400
answers from a different 
direction. 

1014
00:52:55,100 --> 00:52:58,900
Communication coordination. 
The social glue that helps herd 

1015
00:52:58,900 --> 00:53:00,900
animals. 
Survive the day length is 

1016
00:53:00,900 --> 00:53:03,800
slightly shorter than you're 
used to about 23 hours. 

1017
00:53:03,800 --> 00:53:08,300
Instead of 24, the Earth spins 
faster in the Mesozoic, the moon

1018
00:53:08,300 --> 00:53:12,100
is closer by about 20,000 miles,
the tides are stronger because 

1019
00:53:12,100 --> 00:53:14,700
gravitational forces with 
proximity. 

1020
00:53:15,600 --> 00:53:18,500
The coastal ecosystems 
experience more, dramatic tidal 

1021
00:53:18,500 --> 00:53:22,200
swings more energy moving in and
out twice a day more 

1022
00:53:22,200 --> 00:53:25,400
opportunities for organisms that
can exploit the intertidal zone.

1023
00:53:25,400 --> 00:53:28,500
These are small differences that
you wouldn't notice without 

1024
00:53:28,500 --> 00:53:30,900
instruments. 
The data doesn't feel shorter, 

1025
00:53:30,900 --> 00:53:33,800
the tides don't look 
dramatically different unless 

1026
00:53:33,800 --> 00:53:36,300
you know, what to compare them 
to but their real. 

1027
00:53:36,300 --> 00:53:40,400
The planet itself operates on 
parameters that have been slowly

1028
00:53:40,400 --> 00:53:43,900
changing for billions of years 
and will continue changing for 

1029
00:53:43,900 --> 00:53:46,500
billions more. 
The messes are occurs is a 

1030
00:53:46,500 --> 00:53:48,000
slightly different machine than 
the earth, you know? 

1031
00:53:48,008 --> 00:53:52,400
But it's the same Planet, the 
same ball of rock and metal and 

1032
00:53:52,400 --> 00:53:55,700
water spinning through the same 
solar system, the patterns of 

1033
00:53:55,708 --> 00:53:58,400
life in the Mesozoic follow 
rules that transcend, any 

1034
00:53:58,400 --> 00:54:01,700
particular period, you watch the
sun rise over a coastal. 

1035
00:54:01,700 --> 00:54:03,600
Plain, where hadrus are already 
active. 

1036
00:54:03,600 --> 00:54:07,700
They've spent the night in a 
defensive group arranged in a 

1037
00:54:07,700 --> 00:54:10,700
circle with the juveniles in the
center and the adults facing 

1038
00:54:10,700 --> 00:54:12,600
outward. 
The formation provides 

1039
00:54:12,600 --> 00:54:16,300
protection against nocturnal. 
Predators now, Hours, Dawn 

1040
00:54:16,300 --> 00:54:18,400
breaks. 
They spread out to feed the 

1041
00:54:18,400 --> 00:54:20,900
adults position themselves 
between the juveniles and the 

1042
00:54:20,900 --> 00:54:22,600
tree line where threats might 
emerge. 

1043
00:54:22,600 --> 00:54:26,900
The system has no Commander, no 
Central Authority, making 

1044
00:54:26,900 --> 00:54:29,200
decisions. 
Just individuals following 

1045
00:54:29,200 --> 00:54:32,000
instincts, that Evolution has 
refined through, countless 

1046
00:54:32,000 --> 00:54:35,300
generations, of selection 
pressure, The morning feeding 

1047
00:54:35,300 --> 00:54:39,000
session lasts about three hours.
The hydrosaurus crop vegetation 

1048
00:54:39,000 --> 00:54:41,600
methodically. 
They're converting plant matter 

1049
00:54:41,600 --> 00:54:44,600
into body mass at a rate that 
seems impossible until you 

1050
00:54:44,600 --> 00:54:47,100
remember they're doing this for 
10 or 12 hours every day. 

1051
00:54:48,100 --> 00:54:51,500
Full-grown had Resorts of pounds
of vegetation daily. 

1052
00:54:52,700 --> 00:54:55,600
The math only works because the 
Cretaceous provides an abundance

1053
00:54:55,600 --> 00:54:57,800
of fast growing flowering plants
and ferns. 

1054
00:54:58,800 --> 00:55:02,100
Had resorts are ecosystem 
Engineers their feeding opens up

1055
00:55:02,100 --> 00:55:05,100
areas that allow different 
plants to colonize their dung 

1056
00:55:05,100 --> 00:55:07,400
fertilizes. 
The soil and distributes seeds 

1057
00:55:07,400 --> 00:55:10,300
they shaped the landscape simply
by existing in it. 

1058
00:55:11,000 --> 00:55:13,800
Midday brings heat that sends 
most of the large animals to 

1059
00:55:13,800 --> 00:55:17,200
shade the Hadrosaurus, find a 
Grove of trees near a stream. 

1060
00:55:17,200 --> 00:55:20,000
They settle into positions that 
allow air circulation. 

1061
00:55:21,100 --> 00:55:24,000
Some lie down with their legs 
folded, beneath them others 

1062
00:55:24,000 --> 00:55:25,600
stand with their eyes 
half-closed. 

1063
00:55:25,600 --> 00:55:29,600
It's not quite sleek. 
More like a state of reduced 

1064
00:55:29,600 --> 00:55:32,700
alertness conserving energy, 
during the hottest. 

1065
00:55:32,700 --> 00:55:36,400
Part of the day, the strategy 
works for animals that are too 

1066
00:55:36,400 --> 00:55:38,600
large to hide from the Sun 
smaller animals. 

1067
00:55:38,600 --> 00:55:41,900
Take over the midday shift. 
Lizards that are actually 

1068
00:55:41,900 --> 00:55:43,800
lizards. 
Bask on rocks, to raise their 

1069
00:55:43,800 --> 00:55:45,300
body temperature to Optimal 
levels. 

1070
00:55:45,300 --> 00:55:48,900
They're already warm from the 
ambient heat, but basking gives 

1071
00:55:48,900 --> 00:55:51,600
them an edge, a few extra 
degrees of body. 

1072
00:55:51,600 --> 00:55:53,100
Temperature means faster 
reflexes. 

1073
00:55:53,100 --> 00:55:57,700
Better digestion, more efficient
metabolism, insects become more 

1074
00:55:57,700 --> 00:56:00,800
active in the heat. 
Cicadas that are recognizably 

1075
00:56:00,800 --> 00:56:03,500
related to Modern species, begin
their buzzing chorus. 

1076
00:56:03,500 --> 00:56:08,500
The sound builds until it's 
almost deafening Then it stops 

1077
00:56:08,500 --> 00:56:10,800
abruptly. 
Then it starts again. 

1078
00:56:11,500 --> 00:56:13,900
The Rhythm continues throughout 
the hottest hours. 

1079
00:56:13,900 --> 00:56:17,200
A snake that is recognizably a 
snake hunts. 

1080
00:56:17,200 --> 00:56:18,900
The lizards with patient 
stalking. 

1081
00:56:20,000 --> 00:56:22,700
Snakes evolved during the 
Cretaceous from lizards that 

1082
00:56:22,700 --> 00:56:25,200
lost their legs. 
If figured out the legless 

1083
00:56:25,200 --> 00:56:29,200
lifestyle and committed to it 
completely Flexible spine allows

1084
00:56:29,200 --> 00:56:32,900
sidewinding Locomotion, the 
elastic, Jaws allowing prey 

1085
00:56:32,900 --> 00:56:34,700
whole. 
The whole package is 

1086
00:56:34,700 --> 00:56:38,300
surprisingly effective snakes. 
Have Diversified into dozens of 

1087
00:56:38,308 --> 00:56:42,500
species, some hunt on the 
ground, some climb trees, some 

1088
00:56:42,500 --> 00:56:46,300
of started exploring aquatic 
environments. evolution is 

1089
00:56:46,300 --> 00:56:49,900
having a snake moment, you 
follow the stream and find a 

1090
00:56:49,900 --> 00:56:53,100
pool, where water has collected 
in a depression left by an old 

1091
00:56:53,100 --> 00:56:56,500
tree stump, Pool hosts an entire
miniature ecosystem. 

1092
00:56:56,500 --> 00:57:00,300
Aquatic insects skim, the 
surface on legs that use surface

1093
00:57:00,300 --> 00:57:02,900
tension for support. 
Small, fish Patrol. 

1094
00:57:02,900 --> 00:57:06,800
The shallows looking for food 
particles, a turtle basks on a 

1095
00:57:06,800 --> 00:57:10,700
log that extends into the water,
the shell shows growth, rings 

1096
00:57:10,700 --> 00:57:13,900
and battle scars. 
This individual has survived for

1097
00:57:13,908 --> 00:57:17,600
decades in an environment where 
most animals don't make it past 

1098
00:57:17,600 --> 00:57:20,700
their first year. 
The turtle can drop into the 

1099
00:57:20,700 --> 00:57:23,700
pool and disappear in an instant
if threats emerge. 

1100
00:57:23,700 --> 00:57:26,100
But right now the threat level 
is low. 

1101
00:57:26,900 --> 00:57:31,100
The turtles eyes are closed, the
neck is extended maximum surface

1102
00:57:31,100 --> 00:57:35,800
area exposed to the warming Sun.
Reptile Thermo regulation 

1103
00:57:35,800 --> 00:57:39,200
through Behavior, simple and 
effective and unchanged for 

1104
00:57:39,200 --> 00:57:43,000
hundreds of millions of years, 
the afternoon brings a shift in 

1105
00:57:43,000 --> 00:57:45,200
wind direction are from the 
ocean. 

1106
00:57:45,200 --> 00:57:48,200
Pushes Inland carrying moisture 
and the smell of salt. 

1107
00:57:49,200 --> 00:57:50,900
A temperature moderates by a few
degrees. 

1108
00:57:50,900 --> 00:57:54,100
The animals emerge from their 
midday shelters and resumed 

1109
00:57:54,100 --> 00:57:56,500
activity. 
The Hydra saws returned to 

1110
00:57:56,500 --> 00:57:59,800
feeding predators that have been
resting in Shades start hunting.

1111
00:58:00,700 --> 00:58:04,700
The daily Rhythm continues. 
Climb a coastal Bluff, and look 

1112
00:58:04,700 --> 00:58:08,400
out over the ocean, the water 
extends to a horizon that curves

1113
00:58:08,400 --> 00:58:11,400
slightly more than you remember.
The Earth is still the same 

1114
00:58:11,408 --> 00:58:12,800
size. 
It will be in your era. 

1115
00:58:13,400 --> 00:58:16,000
But the lack of familiar 
landmarks makes the curvature 

1116
00:58:16,000 --> 00:58:20,200
more apparent Islands, dot the 
near distance, some of volcanic 

1117
00:58:20,200 --> 00:58:24,500
plumes of Smoke Rise From active
vents, the Cretaceous Earth is 

1118
00:58:24,500 --> 00:58:28,100
geologically, active continents 
are still moving new. 

1119
00:58:28,100 --> 00:58:30,000
Ocean floor is spreading along 
mid-ocean. 

1120
00:58:30,000 --> 00:58:33,800
Ridges subduction zones are 
consuming old crust, and melting

1121
00:58:33,800 --> 00:58:36,700
it back into the mantle 
pterosaurs, Patrol the air, 

1122
00:58:36,700 --> 00:58:38,800
currents that rise. 
Where wind meets The Cliff face,

1123
00:58:38,800 --> 00:58:42,700
aerosol the size of a small 
airplane Glides past at eye 

1124
00:58:42,700 --> 00:58:46,300
level, Kettle Catalyst. 
The largest flying animal that 

1125
00:58:46,300 --> 00:58:47,600
has ever lived or ever will 
live. 

1126
00:58:47,600 --> 00:58:50,200
Its wingspan measures nearly 40 
feet. 

1127
00:58:50,200 --> 00:58:54,700
The wings are made of muscle and
blood vessels and skin stretched

1128
00:58:54,700 --> 00:58:57,200
between bones that are Hollow 
and lighter than they look. 

1129
00:58:58,100 --> 00:59:00,800
The whole structure. 
Masses only about 500 pounds, 

1130
00:59:00,800 --> 00:59:03,900
engineering on the edge of 
what's physically, possible, 

1131
00:59:03,900 --> 00:59:06,600
given the constraints of biology
and Atmospheric dense, turkey, 

1132
00:59:07,400 --> 00:59:09,600
Pterosaur isn't hunting not 
right now. 

1133
00:59:09,600 --> 00:59:13,200
It's riding thermals using 
Rising air to gain altitude. 

1134
00:59:13,200 --> 00:59:15,100
Without expending energy on 
flapping. 

1135
00:59:15,100 --> 00:59:18,100
The technique is the same one 
that modern vultures and Eagles 

1136
00:59:18,100 --> 00:59:22,500
use physics, doesn't care about 
era hot air rises when it's less

1137
00:59:22,500 --> 00:59:24,500
dense than surrounding are 
animals. 

1138
00:59:24,500 --> 00:59:27,200
With wings have been exploiting 
that fact for as long as wings 

1139
00:59:27,200 --> 00:59:30,600
of existed, the creature Banks 
and turns catching a different 

1140
00:59:30,600 --> 00:59:34,700
thermal it spirals upward in 
lazy circles until it's just a 

1141
00:59:34,700 --> 00:59:37,900
speck against the clouds. 
Then it folds its wings slightly

1142
00:59:37,900 --> 00:59:41,100
and Glides off toward the 
interior covering miles with 

1143
00:59:41,100 --> 00:59:44,600
each minute of flight. 
Moving between feeding grounds 

1144
00:59:44,600 --> 00:59:47,900
with efficiency that ground 
bound animals can only Envy 

1145
00:59:47,900 --> 00:59:50,900
quetzal Catalyst, feeds on fish 
and carry-on. 

1146
00:59:50,900 --> 00:59:54,000
The long neck allows it to probe
shallow water and pick through. 

1147
00:59:54,000 --> 00:59:57,200
Remains the size, protects it 
from most Predators. 

1148
00:59:57,200 --> 01:00:00,400
The only real threats are other 
Kettle catless competing for 

1149
01:00:00,400 --> 01:00:02,800
territory. 
The sunset brings the usual 

1150
01:00:02,800 --> 01:00:06,200
shift in activity. 
Diurnal animals, seek shelter, 

1151
01:00:06,200 --> 01:00:10,100
nocturnal animals emerge, the 
transition period creates a 

1152
01:00:10,100 --> 01:00:11,700
window. 
When both groups are active 

1153
01:00:11,700 --> 01:00:14,800
simultaneously, you watch from 
your Vantage Point on the bluff,

1154
01:00:14,800 --> 01:00:17,300
as The Changing of the Guard 
plays out across the landscape 

1155
01:00:17,300 --> 01:00:19,700
below. 
The hadrosaur herd moves toward 

1156
01:00:19,700 --> 01:00:21,700
a sheltered area between rock 
out crops. 

1157
01:00:21,700 --> 01:00:25,100
They'll spend the night there in
their defensive Circle watching 

1158
01:00:25,100 --> 01:00:27,700
waiting, ready to respond to 
threats. 

1159
01:00:27,700 --> 01:00:30,800
A pack of small, theropods 
returns to a communal roosting 

1160
01:00:30,800 --> 01:00:33,100
site. 
They settle into positions on 

1161
01:00:33,100 --> 01:00:35,400
tree branches, that allow them 
to watch for nighttime. 

1162
01:00:35,400 --> 01:00:39,100
Predators some of them, tuck 
their heads under their arms in 

1163
01:00:39,100 --> 01:00:40,500
a posture. 
That birds will eventually 

1164
01:00:40,500 --> 01:00:45,000
inherit directly The connection 
between dinosaurs and birds is 

1165
01:00:45,000 --> 01:00:48,300
obvious, when you watch them 
sleep, the behavior, the body 

1166
01:00:48,300 --> 01:00:51,900
plan, the feathers, all pointing
toward the evolutionary 

1167
01:00:51,900 --> 01:00:54,800
relationship that will be proven
millions of years in the future 

1168
01:00:54,800 --> 01:00:57,500
through fossil evidence and 
genetic analysis. 

1169
01:00:58,400 --> 01:01:01,900
Mammals emerge from Burrows and 
tree Hollows, their cautious. 

1170
01:01:01,900 --> 01:01:05,800
Every movement is checked, every
sound is evaluated. 

1171
01:01:07,000 --> 01:01:10,500
The night offers safety from 
dionel predators but introduces,

1172
01:01:10,500 --> 01:01:12,400
new threats. 
Owls. 

1173
01:01:12,400 --> 01:01:14,800
That are not quite owls hunt 
from purchases, with silent 

1174
01:01:14,800 --> 01:01:17,300
flight. 
Snakes hunt from Ambush 

1175
01:01:17,300 --> 01:01:20,800
positions using heat, sensing 
pits to locate warm-blooded 

1176
01:01:20,800 --> 01:01:23,000
prey. 
The night shift, has its own 

1177
01:01:23,000 --> 01:01:26,100
roster of dangers. 
The stars come out in unfamiliar

1178
01:01:26,100 --> 01:01:29,400
patterns, the Milky Way 
stretches across the sky, in a 

1179
01:01:29,400 --> 01:01:30,800
band of light, that's brighter 
than anything. 

1180
01:01:30,800 --> 01:01:34,100
You've seen in your light 
polluted modern era, no cities 

1181
01:01:34,100 --> 01:01:38,600
no industry, no atmospheric 
haze, just stars, and the 

1182
01:01:38,600 --> 01:01:40,800
occasional meteor burning up in 
the upper atmosphere. 

1183
01:01:40,800 --> 01:01:43,000
The same stars that the 
dinosaur. 

1184
01:01:43,000 --> 01:01:46,400
See every night, the same stars 
that will shine long after the 

1185
01:01:46,400 --> 01:01:49,500
dinosaurs are gone, you find 
shelter in a cave that shows 

1186
01:01:49,500 --> 01:01:53,500
evidence of previous occupants. 
Bones litter, the floor, some 

1187
01:01:53,500 --> 01:01:55,200
are fresh enough to still smell 
of Decay. 

1188
01:01:55,200 --> 01:01:58,200
Others have been here for years,
and are beginning to fossilize 

1189
01:01:58,200 --> 01:02:01,600
the cave provides protection, 
but it's not permanent safety 

1190
01:02:01,600 --> 01:02:04,000
animals. 
That use caves can always 

1191
01:02:04,000 --> 01:02:07,400
return. 
You position yourself near the 

1192
01:02:07,400 --> 01:02:09,700
entrance where you can see 
approaching threats and have an 

1193
01:02:09,700 --> 01:02:12,500
Escape Route. 
The night sounds create a 

1194
01:02:12,500 --> 01:02:16,300
symphony that both familiar and 
alien insects dominate the audio

1195
01:02:16,300 --> 01:02:19,100
landscape their cliques and 
buzzers and chirps. 

1196
01:02:19,100 --> 01:02:21,600
Fill the air with white noise 
that makes it difficult to pick 

1197
01:02:21,600 --> 01:02:24,800
out individual sounds. 
The temperature drops slightly 

1198
01:02:24,800 --> 01:02:27,800
as the land releases. 
Its stored heat, the cooling air

1199
01:02:27,800 --> 01:02:30,800
sinks into valleys, the 
resulting air movement, creates,

1200
01:02:30,800 --> 01:02:34,500
breezes that Russell vegetation 
Occasionally something larger 

1201
01:02:34,500 --> 01:02:37,600
moves through the underbrush, 
the sound of branches, breaking 

1202
01:02:37,600 --> 01:02:41,800
leaves rustling, then silence, 
as whatever it was moves on or 

1203
01:02:41,800 --> 01:02:45,000
settles for the night. 
Occasionally something howls or 

1204
01:02:45,000 --> 01:02:47,900
Rawls in the distance. 
The Knight has a voice in every 

1205
01:02:47,900 --> 01:02:51,200
era Predators. 
Announcing territory prey 

1206
01:02:51,200 --> 01:02:53,400
animals warning. 
Others of danger The 

1207
01:02:53,400 --> 01:02:56,800
vocalizations echo across the 
landscape and Fade Into the 

1208
01:02:56,800 --> 01:03:00,200
background noise, you lie back 
and watch the Stars wheel 

1209
01:03:00,200 --> 01:03:03,600
overhead, the Earth continues 
its rotation the night 

1210
01:03:03,600 --> 01:03:07,500
continues, its ancient rhythms 
and somewhere far in the future 

1211
01:03:07,500 --> 01:03:11,100
you know people will stand on 
this same spot and never know 

1212
01:03:11,100 --> 01:03:14,900
what once walked here you stand 
on a beach that will in 66 

1213
01:03:15,000 --> 01:03:17,300
million years, become the 
Yucatan Peninsula. 

1214
01:03:17,300 --> 01:03:20,500
The date is precise. 
You know it because you can see 

1215
01:03:20,500 --> 01:03:23,800
the object in the sky. 
A point of light that grows 

1216
01:03:23,800 --> 01:03:28,000
brighter each night and asteroid
roughly six miles across on a 

1217
01:03:28,000 --> 01:03:30,600
collision course with Earth. 
The mathematics of being 

1218
01:03:30,600 --> 01:03:32,600
inevitable for years. 
Orbital. 

1219
01:03:32,600 --> 01:03:34,800
Mechanics don't allow for last 
minute Miracles. 

1220
01:03:34,800 --> 01:03:38,300
The object is too large and 
moving too fast for Gravity to 

1221
01:03:38,300 --> 01:03:40,200
deflect it into a safer 
trajectory. 

1222
01:03:41,000 --> 01:03:43,800
The impact is coming. 
Nothing can stop it. 

1223
01:03:43,800 --> 01:03:48,500
The dinosaurs don't know, they 
can't know the hadrosaur's 

1224
01:03:48,500 --> 01:03:51,100
continue to feed. 
In the coastal Meadows, the 

1225
01:03:51,100 --> 01:03:54,600
Tyrannosaurs continued to hunt 
the pterosaurs continue to fish 

1226
01:03:54,600 --> 01:03:59,400
the sauropods continue to browse
the entire Mesozoic ecosystem 

1227
01:03:59,400 --> 01:04:02,500
operates, exactly as it has for 
millions of years because 

1228
01:04:02,500 --> 01:04:05,300
nothing in their evolutionary 
experience has prepared them for

1229
01:04:05,300 --> 01:04:08,700
what's about to happen. 
There are no instincts for 

1230
01:04:08,700 --> 01:04:12,000
avoiding Planet, killing impacts
know, behaviors that protect 

1231
01:04:12,000 --> 01:04:15,300
against Global catastrophes. 
Just the usual routine of 

1232
01:04:15,300 --> 01:04:17,400
feeding and breeding and 
avoiding Predators. 

1233
01:04:17,400 --> 01:04:21,000
You've seen the calculations. 
You know, what comes next? 

1234
01:04:21,000 --> 01:04:23,900
The asteroid will strike with 
the energy of billions of 

1235
01:04:23,900 --> 01:04:25,600
nuclear weapons, released 
simultaneously. 

1236
01:04:26,700 --> 01:04:29,000
The impact will vaporize Rock 
and throw it into the 

1237
01:04:29,000 --> 01:04:31,600
atmosphere. 
The debris will Circle the globe

1238
01:04:31,600 --> 01:04:34,700
on high altitude. 
Winds particles will rain down 

1239
01:04:34,700 --> 01:04:37,900
as molten glass. 
Forest will ignite spontaneously

1240
01:04:37,900 --> 01:04:41,200
from the heat. 
The sky will darken as dust and 

1241
01:04:41,200 --> 01:04:43,800
smoke block. 
The sun, photosynthesis will 

1242
01:04:43,800 --> 01:04:46,700
stop the food chain will 
collapse from the bottom up. 

1243
01:04:46,700 --> 01:04:49,800
Plants will die. 
Herbivores will starve 

1244
01:04:49,800 --> 01:04:53,100
carnivores will starve. 
The oceans will acidify. 

1245
01:04:53,100 --> 01:04:57,200
The climate will swing wildly 
between extremes and when the 

1246
01:04:57,200 --> 01:04:58,900
dust. 
Finally, settles years later, 

1247
01:04:58,900 --> 01:05:01,000
the world will be 
unrecognizable. 

1248
01:05:01,000 --> 01:05:05,600
But that's tomorrow today the 
Cretaceous World continues in 

1249
01:05:05,600 --> 01:05:07,700
ignorance. 
You walk along the beach and 

1250
01:05:07,700 --> 01:05:10,700
find evidence of the richness 
that the Mesozoic has achieved 

1251
01:05:10,700 --> 01:05:13,900
shell beds revealed dozens of 
species of mollusks. 

1252
01:05:13,900 --> 01:05:16,900
Each one has found a slightly 
different way to make a living 

1253
01:05:16,900 --> 01:05:20,200
in the shallow Waters. 
Each one represents millions of 

1254
01:05:20,200 --> 01:05:22,600
years of evolution, solving 
problems of predation and 

1255
01:05:22,600 --> 01:05:23,900
competition. 
And reproduction. 

1256
01:05:24,600 --> 01:05:29,800
Clams, that burrow snails that 
graze oysters that filter the 

1257
01:05:29,800 --> 01:05:31,800
diversity is stunning. 
When you stopped to count 

1258
01:05:31,800 --> 01:05:36,300
species, a sea turtles itself 
onto the sand, it's come to lay 

1259
01:05:36,300 --> 01:05:38,200
eggs. 
The process is ancient. 

1260
01:05:38,200 --> 01:05:41,300
Reptiles have been using this 
strategy for hundreds of 

1261
01:05:41,308 --> 01:05:44,200
millions of years, the turtle 
dicks, with mechanical 

1262
01:05:44,200 --> 01:05:48,300
Precision, the flippers Scoops 
in steady Rhythm, the whole 

1263
01:05:48,300 --> 01:05:50,600
reaches, the, right depth 
through some combination of 

1264
01:05:50,600 --> 01:05:54,500
instinct and muscle memory. 
The eggs drop into place, one by

1265
01:05:54,500 --> 01:05:57,700
one, leathery shells that will 
protect the developing embryos. 

1266
01:05:57,700 --> 01:06:01,400
The sand covers them, the turtle
returns to the ocean. 

1267
01:06:01,400 --> 01:06:05,000
Without looking back in 60 days,
hatchlings will emerge and 

1268
01:06:05,000 --> 01:06:09,300
Scramble for the water, unless 
the world ends before then The 

1269
01:06:09,300 --> 01:06:13,200
sun sets on the last normal day 
in the Mesozoic Era, the sky 

1270
01:06:13,200 --> 01:06:16,100
holds that characteristic blue 
green tint that comes from 

1271
01:06:16,100 --> 01:06:19,100
atmospheric conditions that will
never exist again after 

1272
01:06:19,100 --> 01:06:21,400
tomorrow. 
The temperature is perfect. 

1273
01:06:21,400 --> 01:06:25,300
The ocean is calm, small waves 
lap at the shore. 

1274
01:06:25,300 --> 01:06:27,100
With the steady Rhythm that has 
soothed. 

1275
01:06:27,100 --> 01:06:31,300
Countless generations of animals
The world has reached a peak of 

1276
01:06:31,308 --> 01:06:34,800
diversity and complexity that 
represents the culmination of 

1277
01:06:34,800 --> 01:06:37,900
186 million years of dinosaur 
evolution. 

1278
01:06:37,900 --> 01:06:41,300
You find a place to sit and 
watch the Stars emerge. 

1279
01:06:41,300 --> 01:06:44,400
The asteroid is visible. 
Now, even in daylight, if you 

1280
01:06:44,400 --> 01:06:48,400
know where to look by tomorrow, 
it will dominate The Sky by the 

1281
01:06:48,400 --> 01:06:50,300
day after tomorrow. 
Everything will have changed 

1282
01:06:50,300 --> 01:06:53,600
forever. 
The night brings, the usual 

1283
01:06:53,600 --> 01:06:57,400
sounds, the usual patterns. 
Nothing in nature, suggests the 

1284
01:06:57,400 --> 01:07:00,200
catastrophe, that's coming the 
animals, go about their 

1285
01:07:00,200 --> 01:07:04,000
business, the tides continue 
their Eternal Rhythm, the Earth 

1286
01:07:04,000 --> 01:07:06,900
spins through space, exactly as 
it has for billions of years. 

1287
01:07:06,900 --> 01:07:11,300
The Moon Rises Over the Ocean 
larger than you remember closer,

1288
01:07:11,300 --> 01:07:14,700
the light it reflects from the 
Sun illuminates, the beach in 

1289
01:07:14,700 --> 01:07:18,300
silver tones, you think about 
what Will Survive the small 

1290
01:07:18,300 --> 01:07:21,800
mammals hiding in Burrows. 
Some of the birds descended from

1291
01:07:21,800 --> 01:07:24,800
feathered dinosaurs. 
The crocodilians that can 

1292
01:07:24,800 --> 01:07:28,200
survive long periods without 
food the turtles protected by 

1293
01:07:28,200 --> 01:07:32,100
their shells and their ability 
to promote fish in deep water 

1294
01:07:32,100 --> 01:07:35,300
away from the surface chaos, the
insects with their rapid 

1295
01:07:35,300 --> 01:07:37,400
reproductive cycles, and vast 
populations. 

1296
01:07:37,400 --> 01:07:40,700
The plants that can regrow from 
seeds or Roots. 

1297
01:07:40,700 --> 01:07:43,500
Buried safely underground. 
Life will continue. 

1298
01:07:43,500 --> 01:07:46,800
It always does, but it will be 
different life in a different 

1299
01:07:46,800 --> 01:07:48,600
world operating under different 
rules. 

1300
01:07:49,800 --> 01:07:52,700
The asteroid strikes. 
Just after Dawn, you're far 

1301
01:07:52,700 --> 01:07:55,500
enough away to survive the 
initial impact, but close enough

1302
01:07:55,500 --> 01:07:58,900
to witness the moment when 
everything changes the flash is 

1303
01:07:58,900 --> 01:08:02,500
brighter than the sun, brighter 
than anything you've ever seen. 

1304
01:08:04,000 --> 01:08:06,900
The light seers across the 
landscape and turns night into 

1305
01:08:06,900 --> 01:08:08,900
day and then into something 
Beyond day. 

1306
01:08:09,600 --> 01:08:11,800
The ground shakes hard enough to
knock you down. 

1307
01:08:11,800 --> 01:08:15,700
The earthquake will measure 9.0 
on a scale that won't be 

1308
01:08:15,700 --> 01:08:19,399
invented for millions of years. 
A wall of wind arrived seconds 

1309
01:08:19,399 --> 01:08:23,700
later traveling at hundreds of 
miles per hour trees snap rocks 

1310
01:08:23,700 --> 01:08:27,000
tumble, the ocean pulls back 
from the shore as the water is 

1311
01:08:27,000 --> 01:08:31,399
displaced by the Shockwave, then
the sound arrives, a roar that 

1312
01:08:31,399 --> 01:08:32,800
seems to come from the Earth 
itself. 

1313
01:08:32,800 --> 01:08:37,200
The sound of Apocalypse the sky,
darkens almost immediately as 

1314
01:08:37,200 --> 01:08:39,500
debris climbs into the 
atmosphere on Columns of 

1315
01:08:39,500 --> 01:08:43,100
superheated air. the temperature
drops as the sun is blocked, 

1316
01:08:43,100 --> 01:08:47,200
Knight Returns, even though the 
Sun is up, The airfields with 

1317
01:08:47,200 --> 01:08:49,500
particles that glow red as they 
fall back to Earth. 

1318
01:08:50,200 --> 01:08:54,399
Molten glass Reign the forest 
ignite's wherever the particles 

1319
01:08:54,399 --> 01:08:58,500
land on Drive vegetation fire 
spread with terrifying speed, 

1320
01:08:58,500 --> 01:09:01,700
the dinosaurs that survived. 
The initial blast face a world 

1321
01:09:01,700 --> 01:09:03,100
that has become instantly 
hostile. 

1322
01:09:03,100 --> 01:09:05,600
The Hadrosaurus that were 
feeding in the meadow are 

1323
01:09:05,600 --> 01:09:09,500
running in panic but running 
where the danger is everywhere. 

1324
01:09:09,500 --> 01:09:13,300
The plant eaters have nothing to
eat as vegetation Burns or as 

1325
01:09:13,300 --> 01:09:15,399
buried under Ash the meat 
eaters. 

1326
01:09:15,399 --> 01:09:17,899
Watch their prey die and know 
their own time is limited. 

1327
01:09:18,899 --> 01:09:21,000
Flying animals find are so full 
of Ash. 

1328
01:09:21,000 --> 01:09:22,200
That breathing becomes 
difficult. 

1329
01:09:22,200 --> 01:09:26,300
The marine animals face, oceans 
choked with debris and dying 

1330
01:09:26,300 --> 01:09:29,200
from lack of sunlight. 
The die-off takes months to 

1331
01:09:29,200 --> 01:09:32,100
complete some individuals. 
Hang on, longer than others. 

1332
01:09:32,100 --> 01:09:36,300
The largest animals die first. 
Their massive food requirements,

1333
01:09:36,300 --> 01:09:39,700
become impossible to meet when 
plant growth stops sauropods 

1334
01:09:39,700 --> 01:09:42,300
starve within weeks. 
Tyrannosaurus last longer, 

1335
01:09:42,300 --> 01:09:45,100
feeding on carrion but 
eventually the carian runs out 

1336
01:09:45,100 --> 01:09:48,399
the smaller animals. 
Last longest, some of them long 

1337
01:09:48,399 --> 01:09:50,899
enough to see the sky begin to 
clear after years of Darkness. 

1338
01:09:50,899 --> 01:09:55,600
But by then the damage is done. 
Ecosystems of collapsed food 

1339
01:09:55,600 --> 01:09:59,000
chains have broken. 
The message over is over you 

1340
01:09:59,000 --> 01:10:01,800
watch from a distance as the 
Mesozoic Era ends not with a 

1341
01:10:01,800 --> 01:10:04,200
whimper but with a bang heard 
around the world. 

1342
01:10:04,200 --> 01:10:08,300
The age of dinosaurs is over the
age of mammals is about to 

1343
01:10:08,300 --> 01:10:12,100
begin, but that's a different 
story for a different night, the

1344
01:10:12,100 --> 01:10:14,200
legacy of the messes over will 
last forever. 

1345
01:10:14,900 --> 01:10:18,100
The oil you burn in your time 
comes from Mesozoic organisms, 

1346
01:10:18,100 --> 01:10:20,300
compressed and heated over 
millions of years. 

1347
01:10:21,500 --> 01:10:24,500
Cole that powers your electrical
grid formed from Mesozoic 

1348
01:10:24,500 --> 01:10:28,500
forests, buried under sediment. 
The lime stone that builds your 

1349
01:10:28,500 --> 01:10:31,200
cities started as Mesozoic 
shells and skeletons, 

1350
01:10:31,200 --> 01:10:34,800
accumulated on Ocean, Floors. 
The chickens in your backyard. 

1351
01:10:34,800 --> 01:10:38,100
Carry Mesozoic genes passed down
through an unbroken line of 

1352
01:10:38,100 --> 01:10:40,100
descent from small feathered. 
Theropods. 

1353
01:10:40,900 --> 01:10:43,300
The blueprints for feathers and 
flight and all the complex 

1354
01:10:43,300 --> 01:10:46,500
mechanisms of bird biology 
traced directly back to the 

1355
01:10:46,500 --> 01:10:48,400
dinosaurs. 
That didn't quite go extinct. 

1356
01:10:48,400 --> 01:10:52,500
The Mesozoic world was real. 
The creatures were real, the 

1357
01:10:52,500 --> 01:10:56,600
Landscapes were real. 
They existed for 186 million 

1358
01:10:56,600 --> 01:10:59,400
years. 
Three times, longer than mammals

1359
01:10:59,400 --> 01:11:03,200
have dominated the Earth. 10,000
times longer than humans have 

1360
01:11:03,200 --> 01:11:06,500
been using agriculture. 
Long enough to make the entire 

1361
01:11:06,500 --> 01:11:09,700
Human Experience seem like a 
footnote in a very long book. 

1362
01:11:09,700 --> 01:11:13,000
Long enough to prove that 
Evolution can create Wonders 

1363
01:11:13,000 --> 01:11:15,400
that surpass anything in fiction
or fantasy. 

1364
01:11:15,400 --> 01:11:20,300
And now, my tire dumplings. 
You've walked through that world

1365
01:11:20,300 --> 01:11:23,900
and seen it with your own eyes, 
you've breathed the air and felt

1366
01:11:23,900 --> 01:11:26,000
the ground shake under sauropod 
footsteps. 

1367
01:11:26,000 --> 01:11:28,700
You've watched the food chain, 
operator, according to rules 

1368
01:11:28,700 --> 01:11:31,900
that transcend time and era, 
you've witnessed the end of an 

1369
01:11:31,900 --> 01:11:33,800
age and the beginning of the 
world, that would eventually 

1370
01:11:33,800 --> 01:11:38,200
produce you, the Mesozoic is 
gone, but it's Echo remains in 

1371
01:11:38,200 --> 01:11:42,100
every bird that flies overhead 
in every crocodile basking on a 

1372
01:11:42,100 --> 01:11:45,700
river bank, in every turtle that
holds itself onto a beach to lay

1373
01:11:45,700 --> 01:11:49,000
eggs, using a strategy that 
predates the dinosaurs and 

1374
01:11:49,000 --> 01:11:51,500
outlasted the past is not 
passed. 

1375
01:11:51,500 --> 01:11:54,400
It is written into the present 
in ways, both obvious, and 

1376
01:11:54,400 --> 01:11:56,800
subtle. 
In the fossils that children dig

1377
01:11:56,800 --> 01:11:59,900
up in their backyards, in the 
shape of continents, that still 

1378
01:11:59,900 --> 01:12:03,400
show where they want connected 
in the DNA of every living 

1379
01:12:03,400 --> 01:12:05,500
thing. 
So, next time you see, A bird, 

1380
01:12:05,500 --> 01:12:08,100
remember where it came from. 
Remember The theropods that 

1381
01:12:08,100 --> 01:12:11,000
figured out feathers and gliding
and eventually, powered flight, 

1382
01:12:11,000 --> 01:12:14,500
remember the ecosystems that 
supported them for so long that 

1383
01:12:14,500 --> 01:12:17,400
100 million years was just the 
middle act. 

1384
01:12:17,400 --> 01:12:20,500
Remember that you're living on a
planet that has reinvented 

1385
01:12:20,500 --> 01:12:22,700
itself multiple times and will 
do. 

1386
01:12:22,700 --> 01:12:25,500
So again long after humans have 
added their own chapter to the 

1387
01:12:25,500 --> 01:12:30,200
story sleep well, dream of 
ancient forests and animals that

1388
01:12:30,200 --> 01:12:33,200
don't exist anymore except in 
the fossil record and your 

1389
01:12:33,200 --> 01:12:36,300
imagination and the occasional 
nightmare the messes. 

1390
01:12:36,300 --> 01:12:38,900
Oh, it was real. 
And for the last hour you got to

1391
01:12:38,900 --> 01:12:40,800
visit. 
If you want more stories like 

1392
01:12:40,800 --> 01:12:43,900
this about times and places that
seem impossible, but actually 

1393
01:12:43,900 --> 01:12:46,500
happened, consider subscribing 
to the channel. 

1394
01:12:46,500 --> 01:12:50,100
The Thumbs Up Button helps other
tired, history, lovers find 

1395
01:12:50,100 --> 01:12:53,200
these stories when they need 
something to fall asleep to and 

1396
01:12:53,200 --> 01:12:55,100
I'll see you in the next one. 
Whenever your brain needs 

1397
01:12:55,100 --> 01:12:57,700
another journey to somewhere 
that doesn't exist anymore, but 

1398
01:12:57,700 --> 01:13:07,900
definitely did wants. 
Good evening, my tired 

1399
01:13:07,900 --> 01:13:10,500
dumpling's tonight. 
We travel to the American 

1400
01:13:10,500 --> 01:13:14,900
frontier between 1800 and 1850 
to a single room Log Cabin, 

1401
01:13:14,900 --> 01:13:18,700
where a family of six attempt. 
Something we take entirely for 

1402
01:13:18,700 --> 01:13:21,700
granted. 
They try to sleep the cabin, 

1403
01:13:21,700 --> 01:13:25,700
measures roughly 16 by 20 feet. 
Sits in a clearing carved from 

1404
01:13:25,700 --> 01:13:28,900
dense, Wilderness and contains 
everything a frontier household 

1405
01:13:28,900 --> 01:13:32,600
owns in one rectangular space. 
You stand in the doorway as the 

1406
01:13:32,600 --> 01:13:35,100
last orange light drains from 
the Western sky. 

1407
01:13:35,800 --> 01:13:39,000
The cabin behind you measures. 
Exactly 18 Steps From the door 

1408
01:13:39,000 --> 01:13:41,400
to the back wall, you counted 
them this morning. 

1409
01:13:41,408 --> 01:13:45,100
While sweeping six steps takes 
you from the stone fireplace to 

1410
01:13:45,100 --> 01:13:47,600
the table. 
Four more steps, reaches the 

1411
01:13:47,600 --> 01:13:51,000
corner, where the Rope bed frame
sits the entire structure fits 

1412
01:13:51,000 --> 01:13:53,400
inside a space smaller than most
modern living rooms. 

1413
01:13:54,100 --> 01:13:56,200
The logs that form these walls 
came from the forest. 

1414
01:13:56,200 --> 01:13:59,200
You can still see through gaps 
in the chinking Oaken. 

1415
01:13:59,200 --> 01:14:02,800
Hickory mostly your husband and 
two older Sons spent six weeks 

1416
01:14:02,800 --> 01:14:06,100
last Autumn cutting hauling and 
notching each trunk. 

1417
01:14:06,100 --> 01:14:09,500
They left the bark on some logs 
because stripping it took time, 

1418
01:14:09,500 --> 01:14:13,100
nobody had the bark peels. 
Now, in long brown curls that 

1419
01:14:13,100 --> 01:14:16,800
collect on the floor, you sweep 
them out every morning by 

1420
01:14:16,800 --> 01:14:19,200
evening. 
They accumulate, again the door 

1421
01:14:19,200 --> 01:14:20,900
you stand in, has leather 
hinges. 

1422
01:14:20,900 --> 01:14:24,700
Actual metal hinges cost, seven 
dollars at the Trading. 

1423
01:14:24,700 --> 01:14:29,000
Post 40 Mi East 7 dollars. 
Represents a month of Exiles, 

1424
01:14:29,000 --> 01:14:32,700
your chickens produce eggs, the 
eggs, go to the Post the post 

1425
01:14:32,700 --> 01:14:35,300
credits, your account, 
eventually, you accumulate 

1426
01:14:35,300 --> 01:14:38,000
enough credit for hinges, that 
day has not arrived. 

1427
01:14:38,000 --> 01:14:41,300
The leather works adequately. 
Most of the time when it rains, 

1428
01:14:41,300 --> 01:14:43,600
the leather swells, the door 
sticks. 

1429
01:14:43,600 --> 01:14:46,800
You have to shoulder it. 
Hard to get it open when winter 

1430
01:14:46,800 --> 01:14:49,300
comes and the leather freezes. 
The door, simply will not close 

1431
01:14:49,300 --> 01:14:52,500
properly, you stuff rags in the 
Gap through the door. 

1432
01:14:52,500 --> 01:14:55,000
You watch your husband's. 
Kindling near the woodpile. 

1433
01:14:55,000 --> 01:14:57,900
He worked steadily with an 
economy of motion that comes 

1434
01:14:57,900 --> 01:15:00,800
from splitting kindling. 
Every day for 15 years. 

1435
01:15:00,800 --> 01:15:03,700
The pile of split wood grows in 
a neat stack. 

1436
01:15:03,700 --> 01:15:06,400
The unsplit logs form a longer 
beyond that. 

1437
01:15:06,400 --> 01:15:10,000
You calculated once that keeping
this cabin, warm through a full 

1438
01:15:10,000 --> 01:15:13,400
winter requires, approximately 
four chords of hardwood, one 

1439
01:15:13,400 --> 01:15:17,000
called measures four feet, high,
four feet wide, and eight feet 

1440
01:15:17,000 --> 01:15:20,200
long. 
Four chords means 32 linear feet

1441
01:15:20,200 --> 01:15:24,000
of stacked wood. 
All of it, cut split and hold 

1442
01:15:24,000 --> 01:15:27,200
before the first real snow. 
Your husband wipes, his 

1443
01:15:27,200 --> 01:15:30,700
forehead, with his sleeve, even 
in October splitting would 

1444
01:15:30,700 --> 01:15:34,000
generate sweat. 
He nods toward the Horizon where

1445
01:15:34,000 --> 01:15:36,000
the sun sits just above the tree
line. 

1446
01:15:36,000 --> 01:15:39,800
You nod back, this exchange 
communicates everything 

1447
01:15:39,800 --> 01:15:42,400
necessary. 
He will split 10 more pieces. 

1448
01:15:42,400 --> 01:15:45,600
You will start preparing the 
evening meal, the children will 

1449
01:15:45,600 --> 01:15:48,800
finish their outdoor tasks. 
Everyone will come inside the 

1450
01:15:48,800 --> 01:15:52,400
door will close the night will 
begin in inside the cabin, 

1451
01:15:52,400 --> 01:15:55,100
smells like wood, smoke and 
Tallow and the particular 

1452
01:15:55,100 --> 01:15:57,600
mustiness of a structure that 
never fully dries. 

1453
01:15:57,600 --> 01:16:01,600
The smell is strongest near the 
bed in the corner that rope bed 

1454
01:16:01,600 --> 01:16:04,700
frame holds a mattress made from
a large canvas ticks stuffed 

1455
01:16:04,700 --> 01:16:08,800
with cornhusks Russell. 
When anyone moves at night, the 

1456
01:16:08,800 --> 01:16:11,200
rustling sounds, remarkably loud
in the darkness. 

1457
01:16:11,200 --> 01:16:14,200
You gather, those corn. 
Husks last September after the 

1458
01:16:14,200 --> 01:16:16,800
Harvest, you dried them in the 
Sun for three days. 

1459
01:16:16,800 --> 01:16:20,100
Then you crammed them into the 
tick through a slit in the side 

1460
01:16:20,100 --> 01:16:22,300
packing them. 
As tightly as possible, the 

1461
01:16:22,300 --> 01:16:25,800
mattress started out firm and 
supportive after three months of

1462
01:16:26,100 --> 01:16:29,400
Use the husks compressed. 
Now the center sags. 

1463
01:16:29,400 --> 01:16:32,000
Everyone sleeping on that 
mattress rolls toward the 

1464
01:16:32,000 --> 01:16:34,800
middle, your two daughters. 
Sit on stools near the table. 

1465
01:16:34,800 --> 01:16:37,400
Mending clothes by the last 
natural light coming through the

1466
01:16:37,400 --> 01:16:40,500
single window. 
The window has no glass glass 

1467
01:16:40,500 --> 01:16:44,000
costs more than hinges. 
Instead, you stretched a thin 

1468
01:16:44,000 --> 01:16:46,900
piece of scraped hide across the
opening and secured it with tax.

1469
01:16:47,900 --> 01:16:50,300
the hide allows some light 
through during the day while 

1470
01:16:50,300 --> 01:16:55,000
blocking Wind and Rain mostly 
During heavy storms water Finds 

1471
01:16:55,000 --> 01:16:57,900
Its way through the seams. 
You keep a rag on the sill to 

1472
01:16:57,900 --> 01:17:00,300
absorb the drips, the girls work
without talking. 

1473
01:17:00,300 --> 01:17:03,400
The oldest is 12. 
She meant her brother's shirt 

1474
01:17:03,400 --> 01:17:04,700
where he tore it on a fence 
rail. 

1475
01:17:04,700 --> 01:17:07,600
The stitches are neat. 
And even the younger daughter is

1476
01:17:07,600 --> 01:17:10,600
9, she dances a sock by feel as 
much as by sight. 

1477
01:17:11,400 --> 01:17:13,500
The light is already too dim for
details work. 

1478
01:17:14,400 --> 01:17:17,200
She holds the sock close to her 
face squinting at the hole. 

1479
01:17:17,200 --> 01:17:20,100
She's attempting to close in 
another 10 minutes. 

1480
01:17:20,100 --> 01:17:23,500
She will have to stop. 
The darkness will make continued

1481
01:17:23,500 --> 01:17:25,800
sowing impossible. 
You moved to the fireplace and 

1482
01:17:25,800 --> 01:17:28,700
Neil on the half Stone. 
The stone is smooth from use 

1483
01:17:28,700 --> 01:17:32,200
worn down by 15 years of knees 
and hands and tools. 

1484
01:17:32,200 --> 01:17:35,500
You had two split logs to the 
fire that has been burning since

1485
01:17:35,500 --> 01:17:37,800
this morning. 
The fire never goes completely 

1486
01:17:37,800 --> 01:17:40,300
out. 
If you can help it started a 

1487
01:17:40,300 --> 01:17:43,100
fire from scratch with a flint 
and steel takes time and effort,

1488
01:17:43,100 --> 01:17:46,200
keeping a fire going, takes only
attention and fuel. 

1489
01:17:47,100 --> 01:17:49,700
You have learned to judge the 
exact amount of wood needed to 

1490
01:17:49,700 --> 01:17:51,900
maintain useful, heat with out 
wasting fuel. 

1491
01:17:51,900 --> 01:17:56,000
This skill, took three Winters 
to develop during your first 

1492
01:17:56,000 --> 01:17:58,700
Frontier winter. 
You either froze or used wood 

1493
01:17:58,700 --> 01:18:02,300
too quickly by the third winter.
You could look at the fire and 

1494
01:18:02,300 --> 01:18:05,700
know whether it needed feeding 
The logs, you add catch quickly 

1495
01:18:05,700 --> 01:18:08,800
Flames wrap around the dry bar 
can find purchase in the 

1496
01:18:08,808 --> 01:18:13,100
seasoned wood beneath. heat, 
radiates outward, you feel it on

1497
01:18:13,100 --> 01:18:16,700
your face and hands, the 
fireplace itself is remarkable 

1498
01:18:16,700 --> 01:18:20,100
in its simplicity Your husband 
built it from Fieldstone 

1499
01:18:20,100 --> 01:18:21,800
gathered. 
From the creek bed, half a mile 

1500
01:18:21,800 --> 01:18:23,800
away. 
He hauled stones in a wooden 

1501
01:18:23,808 --> 01:18:27,300
sled pulled behind the ox. 
It took 43 trips. 

1502
01:18:27,300 --> 01:18:30,600
You remember because you counted
each Stone had to be selected 

1503
01:18:30,600 --> 01:18:34,200
for size and shape flat Stones 
worked, better for the Firebox, 

1504
01:18:34,200 --> 01:18:36,900
rounded Stones went into the 
chimney structure. 

1505
01:18:36,900 --> 01:18:41,500
He used Mudders mortar regular 
mud mixed with straw and water. 

1506
01:18:41,500 --> 01:18:44,700
The mud dried hard and held the 
stones in place. 

1507
01:18:45,500 --> 01:18:48,900
Every Spring you inspect the 
mortar and repair cracks, before

1508
01:18:48,900 --> 01:18:53,200
they sprayed, Chimney Rises 
inside the cabin for six feet, 

1509
01:18:53,200 --> 01:18:57,600
then angles through the roof. 
During construction your husband

1510
01:18:57,600 --> 01:19:00,400
cut a hole in the roof slightly 
larger than the chimney 

1511
01:19:00,400 --> 01:19:03,400
required. 
This Gap allows smoke to escape.

1512
01:19:03,400 --> 01:19:08,200
It also, allows rain to enter 
You learn this during the first 

1513
01:19:08,200 --> 01:19:10,800
storm. 
Now you keep a pot position to 

1514
01:19:10,800 --> 01:19:15,600
catch the drips, the pot fills 
during long Reigns, you empty it

1515
01:19:15,600 --> 01:19:18,600
before it overflows. 
This is simply one of the 

1516
01:19:18,600 --> 01:19:21,100
maintenance tasks that Frontier 
living requires. 

1517
01:19:21,900 --> 01:19:24,800
Your sons come through the door,
carrying The Milk Pail in an 

1518
01:19:24,808 --> 01:19:26,200
arm, full of eggs wrapped in a 
cloth. 

1519
01:19:26,200 --> 01:19:30,000
The older, boys, 14. 
He walks with the beginning of a

1520
01:19:30,000 --> 01:19:32,500
man's stride though. 
His frame is still lean and his 

1521
01:19:32,500 --> 01:19:35,000
shoulders narrow, the younger 
boys. 11. 

1522
01:19:36,100 --> 01:19:38,500
He tries to imitate his brothers
walk, but the effect is 

1523
01:19:38,500 --> 01:19:41,400
self-conscious. 
Both boys have hair that needs 

1524
01:19:41,400 --> 01:19:43,400
cutting. 
You will cut it tomorrow. 

1525
01:19:43,400 --> 01:19:46,000
Using the shears. 
You keep wrapped in oil cloth. 

1526
01:19:46,000 --> 01:19:48,500
The shears. 
Also trim, the Sheep twice 

1527
01:19:48,500 --> 01:19:51,600
yearly and cut fabric when you 
have fabric to cut. 

1528
01:19:52,600 --> 01:19:56,100
They serve multiple purposes 
because owning single purpose 

1529
01:19:56,100 --> 01:19:58,900
tools is a luxury Frontier 
families cannot afford. 

1530
01:20:00,000 --> 01:20:02,900
Your husband enters last and 
closes the door behind him. 

1531
01:20:03,700 --> 01:20:05,500
The cabin immediately becomes 
dimmer. 

1532
01:20:06,300 --> 01:20:09,500
That single window in the open 
door, provided most of the 

1533
01:20:09,500 --> 01:20:12,400
remaining natural light. 
With the door closed. 

1534
01:20:12,400 --> 01:20:16,300
The fire becomes the primary 
light source, Shadows, fill the 

1535
01:20:16,300 --> 01:20:17,800
corners and gather, under the 
table. 

1536
01:20:17,800 --> 01:20:21,500
The space training. 
Six people. 

1537
01:20:21,500 --> 01:20:24,000
Now, occupy a room that feels 
smaller than it did. 

1538
01:20:24,000 --> 01:20:27,500
When you stood in it alone, you 
pull the mill into a Croc and 

1539
01:20:27,500 --> 01:20:30,100
set it on the Shelf, built into 
the wall of the table. 

1540
01:20:30,100 --> 01:20:33,100
The eggs, go into a basket line 
with straw. 

1541
01:20:33,100 --> 01:20:36,700
Your husband hangs, his hat on a
Peg and washes, his hands in the

1542
01:20:36,700 --> 01:20:40,200
basement near the door. 
The water in the Basin is cold. 

1543
01:20:40,200 --> 01:20:43,900
It came from the well this 
morning, by evening, it has 

1544
01:20:43,900 --> 01:20:47,100
reached room temperature, which 
means it is cold, you will heat 

1545
01:20:47,100 --> 01:20:51,200
water for washing before bed, 
but that comes later, For now, 

1546
01:20:51,200 --> 01:20:54,200
cold water serves, the evening 
meal. 

1547
01:20:54,200 --> 01:20:56,500
Is simple cornbread made from 
meal. 

1548
01:20:56,500 --> 01:20:58,400
You ground yourself using a hand
Mill. 

1549
01:20:59,200 --> 01:21:02,500
Beans cooked with a piece of 
salt pork, the beans have been 

1550
01:21:02,500 --> 01:21:04,400
simmering since midday over the 
fire. 

1551
01:21:04,400 --> 01:21:08,400
They are soft and filling. 
You also have turnips from The 

1552
01:21:08,400 --> 01:21:11,300
Root Cellar sliced and fried in 
bacon, grease. 

1553
01:21:12,100 --> 01:21:15,400
The bacon grease lives in a tin 
on the Shelf, you use it for 

1554
01:21:15,400 --> 01:21:19,500
cooking for waterproofing Boots.
The treating minor cuts and for 

1555
01:21:19,500 --> 01:21:23,600
greasing the wagon axles Single 
Pig rendered in November 

1556
01:21:23,600 --> 01:21:26,500
provides enough fat to last. 
Until the next pig is 

1557
01:21:26,500 --> 01:21:30,800
slaughtered everyone eats at the
table, the table seat six. 

1558
01:21:30,800 --> 01:21:34,400
If everyone sits close the 
benches have no backs your 

1559
01:21:34,400 --> 01:21:38,200
spine, learns to hold itself 
upright without support during 

1560
01:21:38,200 --> 01:21:41,200
winter meals, the bench closest 
to the fires, the warmest spot 

1561
01:21:41,200 --> 01:21:45,400
in summer, that same benches, 
nearly unbearable, you rotate 

1562
01:21:45,400 --> 01:21:49,600
positions through the seasons to
night with October are beginning

1563
01:21:49,600 --> 01:21:52,200
to carry a chill, the children, 
competes silently for the 

1564
01:21:52,208 --> 01:21:55,000
Fireside. 
Bench, the oldest boy, wins by 

1565
01:21:55,000 --> 01:21:57,300
simply sitting down first the 
others. 

1566
01:21:57,300 --> 01:22:00,700
Arrange themselves without 
complaint The meal proceeds in 

1567
01:22:00,700 --> 01:22:04,300
relative quiet, conversation 
happens but it is practical, 

1568
01:22:04,300 --> 01:22:07,400
your husband mentions the fence 
line that needs repair. 

1569
01:22:07,400 --> 01:22:11,700
The older boy reports, that one 
of the hens is not laying your 

1570
01:22:11,700 --> 01:22:13,700
daughter asks about fabric for a
New Dress. 

1571
01:22:13,700 --> 01:22:17,000
You tell her fabric will have to
wait until spring when the wool 

1572
01:22:17,000 --> 01:22:19,700
is sold. 
She nods, she expected this 

1573
01:22:19,700 --> 01:22:22,100
answer. 
Everyone knows the financial 

1574
01:22:22,100 --> 01:22:25,700
calendar income arrives in 
large, chunks tied to harvest, 

1575
01:22:25,700 --> 01:22:28,800
and livestock sales expenses 
must be carefully. 

1576
01:22:28,800 --> 01:22:32,200
Distributed across the months in
between, after the meal, the 

1577
01:22:32,200 --> 01:22:34,200
girls clear the table. 
While you heat water in the 

1578
01:22:34,200 --> 01:22:36,500
large pot, hanging from the tram
in the fireplace. 

1579
01:22:36,500 --> 01:22:40,200
The tram is an iron hooks are 
suspended from a pivot Rod built

1580
01:22:40,200 --> 01:22:42,900
in to the chimney. 
It allows you to raise and lower

1581
01:22:42,900 --> 01:22:46,000
the pot over the fire. 
This simple mechanism makes 

1582
01:22:46,000 --> 01:22:49,300
cooking possible without it. 
You would have to constantly 

1583
01:22:49,300 --> 01:22:52,400
lift heavy pots on. 
And off the fire, the Trammell 

1584
01:22:52,400 --> 01:22:55,300
cost, two dollars. 
It was one of the first items, 

1585
01:22:55,300 --> 01:22:58,100
your husband purchased. 
After building the cabin, the 

1586
01:22:58,100 --> 01:23:01,000
heated water goes into the 
washing Basin everyone washes 

1587
01:23:01,000 --> 01:23:03,500
face and hands. 
The boys wash their feet. 

1588
01:23:03,500 --> 01:23:06,500
You wash your feet, your 
daughter's wash their feet. 

1589
01:23:06,500 --> 01:23:10,600
Your husband washes. 
Last The water, which started 

1590
01:23:10,600 --> 01:23:12,700
hot is now, lukewarm, and 
cloudy. 

1591
01:23:12,700 --> 01:23:15,100
He empties out the door into the
yard. 

1592
01:23:15,900 --> 01:23:18,800
Tomorrow morning, the chickens 
will peck at the area finding 

1593
01:23:18,800 --> 01:23:20,700
bits of food particles that 
washed off. 

1594
01:23:20,700 --> 01:23:23,000
Now, comes the transition to 
sleep. 

1595
01:23:23,000 --> 01:23:26,800
This is not a simple matter of 
lying down, the cabin must be 

1596
01:23:26,808 --> 01:23:29,200
prepared. 
The fire must be managed. 

1597
01:23:29,200 --> 01:23:33,000
Sleeping Arrangements must be. 
Negotiated, security, must be 

1598
01:23:33,008 --> 01:23:35,600
considered and all of this 
happens in a space. 

1599
01:23:35,600 --> 01:23:39,500
Illuminated only by firelight 
your husband adds three large 

1600
01:23:39,500 --> 01:23:42,900
logs to the fire. 
These logs are oak seasoned for 

1601
01:23:42,900 --> 01:23:45,300
a full year. 
They will burn slowly through 

1602
01:23:45,300 --> 01:23:48,000
much of the night. 
He positions them carefully, so 

1603
01:23:48,000 --> 01:23:51,600
they do not touch, but sit close
enough to share flame air 

1604
01:23:51,600 --> 01:23:54,100
circulation between the logs, 
allows them to burn efficiently 

1605
01:23:54,100 --> 01:23:58,000
too close together and they 
smolder too far apart and they 

1606
01:23:58,000 --> 01:24:00,900
do not sustain each other. 
This is another skill that took 

1607
01:24:00,900 --> 01:24:03,700
Winters to develop. 
The older children, Pull the 

1608
01:24:03,700 --> 01:24:06,600
Rope bed away from the wall. 
This creates a gap of about 8 

1609
01:24:06,600 --> 01:24:09,500
inches, the Gap allows air to 
circulate and prevents moisture 

1610
01:24:09,500 --> 01:24:11,100
from collecting against the 
logs. 

1611
01:24:11,100 --> 01:24:15,100
Moisture trapped against wood 
leads to rot leads to structural

1612
01:24:15,100 --> 01:24:17,800
weakness. 
Structural weakness in a cabin, 

1613
01:24:17,800 --> 01:24:20,400
wall is a serious problem. 
Prevention is simpler than 

1614
01:24:20,400 --> 01:24:22,900
repair. 
The bed itself is a Marvel of 

1615
01:24:22,908 --> 01:24:26,300
Frontier engineering. 
Four posts two inches, thick 

1616
01:24:26,300 --> 01:24:30,100
driven into holes or good into 
the floor, cross-pieces mortised

1617
01:24:30,100 --> 01:24:31,600
into the posts at mattress 
height. 

1618
01:24:32,400 --> 01:24:35,200
Rope woven through holes, 
drilled into the cross pieces in

1619
01:24:35,200 --> 01:24:39,000
a tight grid pattern, the Rope 
is thick hemp, the same rope 

1620
01:24:39,000 --> 01:24:41,600
used for towing and Hauling 
woven correctly. 

1621
01:24:41,600 --> 01:24:44,300
The Rope creates a suspended 
platform that gives slightly 

1622
01:24:44,300 --> 01:24:47,400
underweight This give makes the 
bed more comfortable than 

1623
01:24:47,400 --> 01:24:50,100
sleeping on boards. 
The Rope must be tightened 

1624
01:24:50,100 --> 01:24:53,100
periodically because it 
stretches with use your husband,

1625
01:24:53,100 --> 01:24:56,200
tightens it, every three weeks, 
using a special stick that 

1626
01:24:56,200 --> 01:24:58,200
threads through the rope and 
provides Leverage. 

1627
01:24:58,900 --> 01:25:02,100
The phrase sleep tight comes 
from this maintenance, tightrope

1628
01:25:02,100 --> 01:25:05,000
means better sleep. 
The mattress goes back on the 

1629
01:25:05,000 --> 01:25:08,800
frame, two Woolen blankets cover
the mattress, the blankets came 

1630
01:25:08,800 --> 01:25:10,400
from your own sheep sheared last
spring. 

1631
01:25:11,600 --> 01:25:15,600
You spent June and July washing 
carding spinning and weaving the

1632
01:25:15,600 --> 01:25:19,700
wool the blankets are thick and 
warm and Scratchy they will 

1633
01:25:19,700 --> 01:25:21,900
serve for 10 years if cared for 
properly. 

1634
01:25:23,000 --> 01:25:26,500
Above the blankets goes, a quilt
made from fabric scraps piece 

1635
01:25:26,500 --> 01:25:27,900
together over. 
Two Winters. 

1636
01:25:28,900 --> 01:25:31,900
The quilt is not beautiful in 
the decorative scents, its 

1637
01:25:31,900 --> 01:25:36,300
beauty lies in its utility. 
Every scrap in that quilt came 

1638
01:25:36,300 --> 01:25:38,800
from worn out clothing, that 
could no longer be patched. 

1639
01:25:39,800 --> 01:25:43,700
The quilt represents the final 
use of fabric that has already 

1640
01:25:43,700 --> 01:25:47,300
served multiple purposes. 
Your daughter's, pull the 

1641
01:25:47,300 --> 01:25:49,100
trundle bed from beneath the 
Rope bed. 

1642
01:25:49,100 --> 01:25:52,800
The trundle is a low frame, on 
wooden wheels that stores under 

1643
01:25:52,800 --> 01:25:55,300
the main bed during the day at 
night. 

1644
01:25:55,300 --> 01:25:57,600
It rolls out and provides 
sleeping space for the two 

1645
01:25:57,600 --> 01:26:00,300
girls. 
The trundle has its own thinner,

1646
01:26:00,300 --> 01:26:04,300
mattress also, stuffed with corn
husks, the girls share, two 

1647
01:26:04,300 --> 01:26:06,900
blankets between them. 
They are accustomed to this. 

1648
01:26:06,900 --> 01:26:10,900
They sleep facing opposite 
directions feet to head, which 

1649
01:26:10,900 --> 01:26:14,100
distributes body heat more 
evenly than lying parallel. 

1650
01:26:14,100 --> 01:26:18,500
The boys will sleep in the Loft.
The Loft is not really a second 

1651
01:26:18,500 --> 01:26:20,900
story. 
It is a platform built into the 

1652
01:26:20,900 --> 01:26:24,600
rafters accessible by a ladder 
made from branches strip to bark

1653
01:26:24,600 --> 01:26:28,700
and rungs mortised into two 
uprights the platform measures 6

1654
01:26:28,700 --> 01:26:32,300
feet by 8 feet. 
It has no railing Falling off 

1655
01:26:32,300 --> 01:26:34,000
the Loft in the dark is a real 
possibility. 

1656
01:26:34,000 --> 01:26:37,100
The boys learned quickly to 
sleep in the center of the 

1657
01:26:37,108 --> 01:26:39,400
space. 
The Loft has advantages and 

1658
01:26:39,400 --> 01:26:43,300
disadvantages, the advantage is 
heat rises. 

1659
01:26:43,300 --> 01:26:46,600
The Loft is the warmest sleeping
spot in the cabin during winter.

1660
01:26:46,600 --> 01:26:49,800
The disadvantage is that the 
loft is the warmest spot in the 

1661
01:26:49,808 --> 01:26:52,300
cabin. 
During summer on August Nights, 

1662
01:26:52,300 --> 01:26:55,200
The Loft becomes an oven. 
The boys sleep as close to the 

1663
01:26:55,200 --> 01:26:59,000
edge of safety allows trying to 
find cooler air During winter, 

1664
01:26:59,000 --> 01:27:02,200
they Burrow under blankets and 
sleep in relative Comfort. 

1665
01:27:02,200 --> 01:27:05,700
While the adults shiver below 
you, and your husband will sleep

1666
01:27:05,700 --> 01:27:08,400
in the Rope bed. 
This has been the arrangement, 

1667
01:27:08,400 --> 01:27:11,200
since the cabin was built, the 
bed is the only piece of 

1668
01:27:11,208 --> 01:27:14,200
furniture in the cabin, that 
could be called substantial, it 

1669
01:27:14,200 --> 01:27:16,800
represents permanence, and a 
certain degree of comfort. 

1670
01:27:16,800 --> 01:27:20,400
It is also the most fought over 
resource in the household during

1671
01:27:20,400 --> 01:27:23,400
extreme weather. 
The younger children climb into 

1672
01:27:23,400 --> 01:27:25,000
their respective sleeping 
spaces. 

1673
01:27:25,000 --> 01:27:28,800
The girl settle into the trundle
with practice deficiency. 

1674
01:27:29,900 --> 01:27:33,200
They arranged the blankets 
negotiate who gets which side to

1675
01:27:33,200 --> 01:27:37,200
night and lie down. 
Their breathing becomes quiet. 

1676
01:27:38,200 --> 01:27:40,800
The boys Ascend the ladder. 
You hear the moving around 

1677
01:27:40,800 --> 01:27:45,100
overhead, arranging their own 
blankets positioning themselves 

1678
01:27:45,100 --> 01:27:48,100
for sleep. 
The Loft floor is made from 

1679
01:27:48,100 --> 01:27:52,800
split logs, laid flat side up. 
The surface is relatively smooth

1680
01:27:52,800 --> 01:27:56,600
but not perfectly. 
Even the boys of learned where 

1681
01:27:56,600 --> 01:27:59,900
the comfortable spots are you 
and your husband make your own 

1682
01:27:59,900 --> 01:28:03,500
preparations, you remove your 
rate and hang it on a peg. 

1683
01:28:03,500 --> 01:28:06,100
You lose your hair from its tie 
and brush it. 

1684
01:28:06,100 --> 01:28:09,100
Briefly with a brush made from 
bore bristles set in a wooden 

1685
01:28:09,108 --> 01:28:12,700
handle, Your husband removes his
boots and sets them beside the 

1686
01:28:12,700 --> 01:28:14,800
bed. 
He keeps his shirt and trousers 

1687
01:28:14,800 --> 01:28:17,700
on everyone, sleeps in their 
clothes during cold weather. 

1688
01:28:18,400 --> 01:28:22,400
Undressing requires exposing 
skin to cold air dressing in the

1689
01:28:22,408 --> 01:28:26,200
morning requires the same 
exposure sleeping in clothes 

1690
01:28:26,200 --> 01:28:29,000
eliminates. 
Both problems you lie down on 

1691
01:28:29,008 --> 01:28:32,100
the mattress. 
Corn husks crackle, under your 

1692
01:28:32,100 --> 01:28:34,200
weight. 
You arrange yourself on your 

1693
01:28:34,200 --> 01:28:38,800
side facing the fire, your 
husband lies down beside you his

1694
01:28:38,800 --> 01:28:42,100
back to yours. 
The mattress sags slightly under

1695
01:28:42,100 --> 01:28:45,600
your combined weight. 
You both role in perceptibly 

1696
01:28:45,600 --> 01:28:48,400
toward the center. 
Not quite touching, but close 

1697
01:28:48,400 --> 01:28:52,700
enough to share body heat. 
The cabin is quiet now except 

1698
01:28:52,700 --> 01:28:55,800
for the fire. 
The fire pops and hisses as 

1699
01:28:55,800 --> 01:28:58,900
pockets of moisture in the wood 
heat and expand. 

1700
01:29:00,000 --> 01:29:01,600
The log shift as they burn 
through. 

1701
01:29:02,500 --> 01:29:05,800
Each shift sends a small shower 
of Sparks up the chimney. 

1702
01:29:06,500 --> 01:29:09,800
He watched the firelight play 
across the ceiling, casting 

1703
01:29:09,800 --> 01:29:12,300
moving Shadows. 
That dance with the Flame's. 

1704
01:29:13,000 --> 01:29:16,900
Outside the night is not quiet 
at all but that is another 

1705
01:29:16,900 --> 01:29:21,200
matter entirely. 
The mathematics of Frontier Fire

1706
01:29:21,200 --> 01:29:24,400
management begins with a 
contradiction, you need the fire

1707
01:29:24,400 --> 01:29:27,300
to provide heat. 
You also need to avoid burning 

1708
01:29:27,300 --> 01:29:30,000
down your cabin. 
These two requirements pull in 

1709
01:29:30,000 --> 01:29:32,600
opposite directions with roughly
equal force. 

1710
01:29:33,200 --> 01:29:36,500
The fireplace is the only source
of heat in the structure during 

1711
01:29:36,500 --> 01:29:39,500
January when temperatures drop 
below freezing and stay there 

1712
01:29:39,500 --> 01:29:42,000
for weeks. 
The fire is the difference 

1713
01:29:42,000 --> 01:29:44,000
between survival and 
catastrophe. 

1714
01:29:45,400 --> 01:29:48,800
During July, when after noon, 
temperatures reached 95 degrees 

1715
01:29:48,800 --> 01:29:51,800
and the humidity Makes Your 
Clothes stick to your skin. 

1716
01:29:51,800 --> 01:29:56,000
The same fire for cooking 
becomes torture, there is no 

1717
01:29:56,000 --> 01:29:59,100
winning this equation, you 
simply manage it as best you 

1718
01:29:59,100 --> 01:30:01,900
can. 
To night in October, the 

1719
01:30:01,900 --> 01:30:04,200
temperature outside hovers 
around 50 degrees. 

1720
01:30:04,200 --> 01:30:08,400
Inside the cabin with the fire 
burning and six bodies 

1721
01:30:08,400 --> 01:30:11,200
generating warmth. 
The temperature near the 

1722
01:30:11,200 --> 01:30:13,600
fireplace. 
Probably reaches 65 degrees. 

1723
01:30:14,500 --> 01:30:17,200
Near the door away from the 
fire, the temperature drops to 

1724
01:30:17,200 --> 01:30:20,800
55 in The Loft. 
The temperature is close to 7. 

1725
01:30:21,900 --> 01:30:25,900
Does not heat evenly. 
It Heats in Zone's learning to 

1726
01:30:25,900 --> 01:30:28,600
position yourself, in the 
appropriate zone for comfort is 

1727
01:30:28,600 --> 01:30:30,600
the skill, every family, member 
develops. 

1728
01:30:31,700 --> 01:30:34,800
Fire your husband built before 
bed will burn for approximately 

1729
01:30:34,800 --> 01:30:39,100
five hours if left unattended. 
This is not long enough to last 

1730
01:30:39,100 --> 01:30:43,100
until morning morning arrived 
somewhere between 12 and 14 

1731
01:30:43,100 --> 01:30:47,100
hours from now, depending on the
season. 5 hours puts you at 

1732
01:30:47,100 --> 01:30:50,600
roughly one in the morning at 
that point, the fire will have 

1733
01:30:50,600 --> 01:30:53,600
burned down to coals. 
The coals will provide some heat

1734
01:30:53,600 --> 01:30:56,800
for another hour. 
Maybe two by three in the 

1735
01:30:56,800 --> 01:30:58,300
morning. 
The cabin will begin to lose 

1736
01:30:58,300 --> 01:31:01,200
heat rapidly. 
This creates a decision point. 

1737
01:31:01,200 --> 01:31:05,900
Someone can wake up one to add 
would then again at 4 then again

1738
01:31:05,908 --> 01:31:10,700
at 6, This approach maintains 
consistent warmth but requires 

1739
01:31:10,700 --> 01:31:14,500
three separate wakings. 
Alternatively, someone can let 

1740
01:31:14,500 --> 01:31:18,300
the fire burn down to tolerate 
the cold from three until six, 

1741
01:31:18,300 --> 01:31:22,700
then rebuild the fire at dawn. 
This approach allows 

1742
01:31:22,700 --> 01:31:25,700
uninterrupted sleep, but 
guarantees discomfort during the

1743
01:31:25,700 --> 01:31:29,200
coldest part of the night. 
Most Frontier families adopted a

1744
01:31:29,200 --> 01:31:31,900
rotation system. 
Different family members took 

1745
01:31:31,900 --> 01:31:35,400
different nights, as fire. 
Tender the role involved waking 

1746
01:31:35,400 --> 01:31:37,800
once or twice during the night 
adding wood. 

1747
01:31:37,800 --> 01:31:41,100
Ensuring the fire remains safe 
then returning to bed. 

1748
01:31:41,800 --> 01:31:44,500
This system distributed, the 
burden of interrupted sleep 

1749
01:31:44,500 --> 01:31:47,500
across multiple people. 
Instead of exhausting one person

1750
01:31:47,500 --> 01:31:52,500
completely, you are awake now. 
Two hours after lying, down your

1751
01:31:52,500 --> 01:31:55,400
internal, clock woke. 
You after 15 years of Frontier, 

1752
01:31:55,400 --> 01:31:58,000
living your body knows when the 
fire needs attention. 

1753
01:31:58,000 --> 01:32:01,600
You do not feel fully alert, but
you are conscious enough to 

1754
01:32:01,600 --> 01:32:05,700
function You slide off the 
mattress carefully trying not to

1755
01:32:05,700 --> 01:32:08,700
disturb your husband. 
The corn husks Russell? 

1756
01:32:08,700 --> 01:32:12,700
Anyway, your husband stirs but 
does not wait you stand in your 

1757
01:32:12,700 --> 01:32:14,600
stocking feet on the packed 
Earth floor. 

1758
01:32:14,600 --> 01:32:18,200
The floor is cold the Earth 
beneath the cabin retains 

1759
01:32:18,200 --> 01:32:21,800
coolness, even when the air 
above it warms during summer, 

1760
01:32:21,800 --> 01:32:24,300
this coolness is pleasant during
winter. 

1761
01:32:24,300 --> 01:32:27,100
It is miserable. 
He will eventually convince your

1762
01:32:27,100 --> 01:32:30,500
husband to install a wooden 
floor over the Packer Earth that

1763
01:32:30,500 --> 01:32:31,800
Improvement will come next 
summer. 

1764
01:32:31,800 --> 01:32:36,000
After the planting is done and 
before Harvest Begins for now, 

1765
01:32:36,000 --> 01:32:37,400
the Earth floor is what you 
have. 

1766
01:32:37,400 --> 01:32:41,300
You move to the fireplace, the 
three logs your husband placed 

1767
01:32:41,300 --> 01:32:44,400
have burned down. 
Considerably One log is almost 

1768
01:32:44,400 --> 01:32:48,400
consumed reduced to a glowing 
mass of coals with only a small 

1769
01:32:48,400 --> 01:32:52,300
section of solid wood remaining.
The other two logs burn more 

1770
01:32:52,300 --> 01:32:56,000
slowly, they still have 
structure and shape though their

1771
01:32:56,000 --> 01:32:59,600
surfaces glow, orange where the 
fire is eaten in the wood. 

1772
01:33:00,500 --> 01:33:03,500
You select two new logs from the
stack beside the half. 

1773
01:33:04,200 --> 01:33:06,800
The logs are hickory dense and 
heavy. 

1774
01:33:07,500 --> 01:33:11,900
Hickory Burns hot and long. 
You position One, log at an 

1775
01:33:11,900 --> 01:33:13,500
angle, across the existing 
coals. 

1776
01:33:13,500 --> 01:33:17,800
The second log goes, parallel to
the first leaving a gap of about

1777
01:33:17,800 --> 01:33:21,400
4 inches between them. 
This Arrangement allows air to 

1778
01:33:21,400 --> 01:33:24,300
feed the fire while the log 
support each other's combustion.

1779
01:33:25,100 --> 01:33:27,000
The new logs catch within 
seconds. 

1780
01:33:27,000 --> 01:33:30,500
The coals beneath them are still
hot enough to ignite dry would 

1781
01:33:30,500 --> 01:33:34,500
immediately Small Flames appear 
along the underside of the logs,

1782
01:33:34,500 --> 01:33:38,500
where they contact the coals. 
The Flames grow spreading up and

1783
01:33:38,500 --> 01:33:42,300
around the wood within two 
minutes, both logs are burning 

1784
01:33:42,300 --> 01:33:45,000
steadily. 
You watch the fire for another 

1785
01:33:45,000 --> 01:33:49,000
minute to ensure it is stable. 
Frontier Fire management is not 

1786
01:33:49,000 --> 01:33:52,700
casual a log that rolls out of 
the fireplace onto the floor, 

1787
01:33:52,700 --> 01:33:54,900
can ignite the entire cabin in 
minutes. 

1788
01:33:55,800 --> 01:33:59,000
The gap between the half Stone 
and the nearest wooden wall is 

1789
01:33:59,000 --> 01:34:02,600
exactly two feet. 
That Gap represents a safety 

1790
01:34:02,600 --> 01:34:06,600
margin, but it is not foolproof.
You have heard stories from 

1791
01:34:06,600 --> 01:34:09,800
other Frontier families, about 
fires that started in the night.

1792
01:34:10,700 --> 01:34:14,500
Some families lost everything, 
some families lost people 

1793
01:34:14,500 --> 01:34:17,200
satisfied that the fire is 
secure. 

1794
01:34:17,200 --> 01:34:20,700
You return to bed the mattress 
receives you with its familiar 

1795
01:34:20,700 --> 01:34:23,900
rustling. 
Your husband has rolled toward 

1796
01:34:23,900 --> 01:34:27,200
the center during your absence. 
You fit yourself against his 

1797
01:34:27,200 --> 01:34:29,800
back. 
His body heat is noticeable. 

1798
01:34:29,800 --> 01:34:34,000
You draw your knees up slightly 
conserving, your own warmth. 

1799
01:34:34,600 --> 01:34:36,600
Sleep returns gradually in 
layers. 

1800
01:34:37,500 --> 01:34:39,400
Three hours later you wake 
again. 

1801
01:34:40,400 --> 01:34:43,900
Cabin is colder than before. 
You can feel it in your nose and

1802
01:34:43,900 --> 01:34:47,400
fingertips the air. 
You breathe taste, cold, you 

1803
01:34:47,400 --> 01:34:49,700
rise and repeat the fire. 
Tender process. 

1804
01:34:49,700 --> 01:34:52,500
Two more logs position them 
correctly. 

1805
01:34:52,500 --> 01:34:56,200
Watch until they catch Return to
bed. 

1806
01:34:56,200 --> 01:34:58,500
This cycle. 
Is not restful. 

1807
01:34:58,500 --> 01:35:03,400
It is necessary. 
Your husband wakes at dawn to 10

1808
01:35:03,400 --> 01:35:07,200
the fire for the third time. 
You hear him moving in the dark.

1809
01:35:07,200 --> 01:35:09,400
Adding wood. 
Adjusting the logs. 

1810
01:35:09,400 --> 01:35:12,400
He does not return to bed 
instead. 

1811
01:35:12,400 --> 01:35:16,300
He begins his day, this is how 
Frontier morning start. 

1812
01:35:17,100 --> 01:35:20,200
Someone tends the fire, which 
provides enough like to see 

1813
01:35:20,200 --> 01:35:25,200
which allows work to begin. 
Rest and wakefulness blur into 

1814
01:35:25,200 --> 01:35:26,700
each other without clear 
boundaries. 

1815
01:35:26,700 --> 01:35:29,400
But the fire presents other 
problems. 

1816
01:35:29,400 --> 01:35:32,100
Beyond Simple maintenance, the 
smoke. 

1817
01:35:32,100 --> 01:35:35,800
For instance, the chimney draws 
smoke upward effectively, when 

1818
01:35:35,800 --> 01:35:38,600
properly maintained and when 
wind conditions are favorable, 

1819
01:35:38,600 --> 01:35:42,400
however, chimneys are not 
perfect systems smoke, 

1820
01:35:42,400 --> 01:35:45,200
sometimes, lingers in the cabin,
despite the chimneys best 

1821
01:35:45,200 --> 01:35:46,800
efforts. 
This happens. 

1822
01:35:46,800 --> 01:35:50,100
Most often on days when 
atmospheric pressure is low or 

1823
01:35:50,100 --> 01:35:53,900
when Wind Blows from certain 
directions, The smoke layer 

1824
01:35:53,900 --> 01:35:57,300
typically collects near the 
ceiling, creating a hazy Zone 

1825
01:35:57,300 --> 01:35:59,700
that stings your eyes and 
irritates your throat. 

1826
01:36:00,800 --> 01:36:04,600
Smoke smell permeate. 
Everything your clothes smell 

1827
01:36:04,600 --> 01:36:07,700
like, smoke your hair, smells 
like smoke. 

1828
01:36:08,700 --> 01:36:11,600
The blanket, the curtains, the 
food, the children. 

1829
01:36:12,500 --> 01:36:16,400
Everything carries the center of
wood smoke constantly, you no 

1830
01:36:16,400 --> 01:36:20,800
longer notice that yourself your
nose adapted years ago, but 

1831
01:36:20,800 --> 01:36:24,500
visitors to the cabin, smell it.
Immediately, they comment on it,

1832
01:36:24,500 --> 01:36:28,700
politely mentioning how 
distinctive the scent is how it 

1833
01:36:28,700 --> 01:36:30,700
reminds them of their own 
Cabins. 

1834
01:36:30,700 --> 01:36:35,000
This is Frontier courtesy. 
Everyone's cabin smells like 

1835
01:36:35,000 --> 01:36:40,100
smoke, no one admits, it is 
unpleasant the smoke contains 

1836
01:36:40,100 --> 01:36:44,100
particles that settle on 
surfaces the walls near the 

1837
01:36:44,100 --> 01:36:47,500
fireplace, develop a black 
coating of soot you scrub this 

1838
01:36:47,500 --> 01:36:50,900
coating, periodically using 
water and sand, but it returns 

1839
01:36:50,900 --> 01:36:53,800
within weeks. 
The ceiling beams are completely

1840
01:36:53,800 --> 01:36:56,400
black and you stopped trying to 
clean them. 

1841
01:36:56,400 --> 01:37:01,900
The effort is wasted the suits. 
The children's lungs, everyone. 

1842
01:37:01,900 --> 01:37:04,500
Coughs more in winter when the 
cabin is sealed tight and the 

1843
01:37:04,500 --> 01:37:07,800
fire burns constantly The 
coughing is normal. 

1844
01:37:08,500 --> 01:37:10,200
Frontier children grow up 
coughing. 

1845
01:37:11,000 --> 01:37:14,200
The fire also produces heat 
extreme that make restful sleep,

1846
01:37:14,200 --> 01:37:17,400
nearly impossible. 
The side of your body facing the

1847
01:37:17,400 --> 01:37:19,700
fire becomes warm, sometimes 
uncomfortably. 

1848
01:37:19,700 --> 01:37:24,000
So the side facing away from the
fire stays cold, you rotate 

1849
01:37:24,000 --> 01:37:26,700
during the night like meat on a 
spit, trying to distribute 

1850
01:37:26,700 --> 01:37:30,100
warmth evenly. 
This rotation wakes, you 

1851
01:37:30,100 --> 01:37:33,900
repeatedly deep sleep. 
The kind that leaves you truly 

1852
01:37:33,900 --> 01:37:35,100
rested happens. 
Rarely. 

1853
01:37:36,300 --> 01:37:39,000
Your daughters in the trundle 
bed face, a different challenge.

1854
01:37:39,800 --> 01:37:43,408
The trundle sits low to the 
ground, which places them in the

1855
01:37:43,416 --> 01:37:45,400
coldest layer of air in the 
cabin. 

1856
01:37:46,100 --> 01:37:50,000
Cold air sinks the floor level 
Zone where the trundle sits 

1857
01:37:50,000 --> 01:37:52,800
might be 15 degrees cooler than 
the air at standing height. 

1858
01:37:53,500 --> 01:37:57,000
The girls compensate by sharing 
body heat and using extra 

1859
01:37:57,000 --> 01:37:59,300
blankets. 
But they still spend night 

1860
01:37:59,300 --> 01:38:03,500
shivering come morning. 
They are stiff and cold, and 

1861
01:38:03,500 --> 01:38:05,900
reluctant to emerge from their 
cocoon of blankets. 

1862
01:38:07,200 --> 01:38:10,900
The boys in the Loft experience,
the opposite problem heat rises 

1863
01:38:10,900 --> 01:38:15,100
and collects Under The Roof. 
During winter nights, The Loft 

1864
01:38:15,100 --> 01:38:17,000
becomes the warmest sleeping 
area in the cabin. 

1865
01:38:18,000 --> 01:38:20,100
During summer nights, it becomes
uninhabitable. 

1866
01:38:20,100 --> 01:38:23,000
The boys have been known to 
sleep on the floor during 

1867
01:38:23,000 --> 01:38:25,900
August. 
Abandoning The Loft in entirely 

1868
01:38:25,900 --> 01:38:29,200
in favor of cooler air below 
this creates crowding and 

1869
01:38:29,208 --> 01:38:32,700
inconvenience but it is better. 
The heat exhaustion. 

1870
01:38:33,600 --> 01:38:35,600
The fire also creates a drying 
effect. 

1871
01:38:35,600 --> 01:38:39,800
The air inside the cabin becomes
extremely dry during winter, 

1872
01:38:39,800 --> 01:38:43,500
this dry air, cracks your lips 
and dries. 

1873
01:38:43,500 --> 01:38:46,800
Your nasal passages. 
You wait with your mouth feeling

1874
01:38:46,800 --> 01:38:50,400
like sand and your throat raw. 
The children developed 

1875
01:38:50,400 --> 01:38:54,100
nosebleeds from the dry air. 
You treat this by keeping a pot 

1876
01:38:54,100 --> 01:38:56,800
of water near the fire, to add 
moisture to the air through. 

1877
01:38:56,800 --> 01:39:01,300
Evaporation this helps slightly 
not enough to call it a solution

1878
01:39:01,300 --> 01:39:05,700
but enough to be worth doing. 
fire maintenance also requires 

1879
01:39:05,700 --> 01:39:08,100
getting up during the coldest 
part of the night and 

1880
01:39:08,100 --> 01:39:11,600
functioning semi coherently, 
This is harder than it. 

1881
01:39:11,600 --> 01:39:14,400
Sounds your body. 
At three in the morning wants, 

1882
01:39:14,400 --> 01:39:17,300
nothing more than to remain, 
horizontal and unconscious. 

1883
01:39:18,200 --> 01:39:20,500
Forcing yourself. 
Upright requires willpower, 

1884
01:39:20,500 --> 01:39:25,000
walking across a cold floor in 
darkness requires careful foot 

1885
01:39:25,000 --> 01:39:27,700
placement to avoid splinters or 
dropped objects. 

1886
01:39:28,400 --> 01:39:31,500
Adding logs to the fire requires
enough alertness to do it 

1887
01:39:31,500 --> 01:39:34,000
safely. 
You've performed this routine 

1888
01:39:34,000 --> 01:39:37,000
thousands of times. 
It never becomes easy. 

1889
01:39:37,000 --> 01:39:41,300
It only becomes familiar. 
The wood consumption rate 

1890
01:39:41,300 --> 01:39:44,700
creates its own stress. 
Four chords of wood seems like 

1891
01:39:44,700 --> 01:39:47,600
Plenty. 
When you stack it in August by 

1892
01:39:47,600 --> 01:39:50,100
February, you watch the pile 
string can calculate whether it 

1893
01:39:50,100 --> 01:39:53,800
will last until spring, some 
Winters require strict rationing

1894
01:39:53,800 --> 01:39:56,600
you let the fire burn lower than
his comfortable. 

1895
01:39:56,600 --> 01:40:01,200
You add logs less frequently, 
the cabin stays colder, but the 

1896
01:40:01,200 --> 01:40:04,800
wood pile lasts Other Winters 
are mild enough that you have 

1897
01:40:04,800 --> 01:40:09,500
wood left over in March. those 
years feel like Prosperity, the 

1898
01:40:09,500 --> 01:40:12,900
relationship between fire and 
sleep becomes a form of ongoing 

1899
01:40:12,900 --> 01:40:16,700
negotiation You need fire to 
stay warm enough to sleep. 

1900
01:40:17,500 --> 01:40:20,800
Fire requires maintenance that 
interrupts sleep, the 

1901
01:40:20,800 --> 01:40:23,700
maintenance must happen, whether
you feel rested or not. 

1902
01:40:24,600 --> 01:40:28,900
The cycle continues every night 
from October, through April, by 

1903
01:40:28,900 --> 01:40:34,000
Spring, you are exhausted by 
summer, you recover by Autumn 

1904
01:40:34,000 --> 01:40:38,200
you face the cycle again. 
Historical record contains 

1905
01:40:38,200 --> 01:40:41,600
limited discussion of Frontier 
sleep patterns because the 

1906
01:40:41,600 --> 01:40:44,200
people living this life did not 
think it was remarkable. 

1907
01:40:44,200 --> 01:40:47,600
The Diary of Margaret, Dwight 
traveling from Connecticut to 

1908
01:40:47,600 --> 01:40:52,000
Ohio in 1810 mentioned, briefly 
that Frontier families seemed 

1909
01:40:52,000 --> 01:40:54,800
perpetually tired but never 
complained about it. 

1910
01:40:55,600 --> 01:40:58,900
She noted this as a curiosity 
but did not investigate further.

1911
01:41:00,400 --> 01:41:04,100
The French traveler Alexa to 
talk about visiting America in 

1912
01:41:04,100 --> 01:41:06,900
1831. 
Observed that Frontier women 

1913
01:41:06,900 --> 01:41:08,700
appeared older than their actual
years. 

1914
01:41:08,700 --> 01:41:13,600
He attributed this to hard work,
he was correct but he missed 

1915
01:41:13,600 --> 01:41:16,100
that interrupted. 
Sleep accelerated the aging 

1916
01:41:16,100 --> 01:41:20,400
process significantly. 
Fire equation has no solution. 

1917
01:41:21,000 --> 01:41:23,500
You cannot maintain perfect 
warmth without perfect 

1918
01:41:23,500 --> 01:41:26,000
vigilance. 
Perfect vigilance is 

1919
01:41:26,008 --> 01:41:30,000
incompatible with sleep, so you 
compromise, you sleep 

1920
01:41:30,000 --> 01:41:33,400
imperfectly, you wait cold or 
too warm. 

1921
01:41:33,400 --> 01:41:37,300
You tend the fire in darkness, 
you return to bed and try. 

1922
01:41:37,300 --> 01:41:41,500
Again, this is frontier life. 
This is how sleep works. 

1923
01:41:41,500 --> 01:41:45,700
When survival depends on fire 
and tomorrow night, you will do 

1924
01:41:45,700 --> 01:41:48,200
it again. 
The arrangement of human bodies 

1925
01:41:48,200 --> 01:41:51,200
in a 16 by 20 foot, space 
follows rules that are both 

1926
01:41:51,208 --> 01:41:56,600
practical and complex. 6 people 
occupy this cabin, each person 

1927
01:41:56,600 --> 01:42:00,000
requires sleeping space. 
The available space is limited 

1928
01:42:00,000 --> 01:42:02,600
the solution. 
Involves careful positioning 

1929
01:42:02,600 --> 01:42:07,300
negotiated boundaries and 
acceptance of conditions that no

1930
01:42:07,300 --> 01:42:11,400
one would choose voluntarily. 
You lie in the Rope bed, with 

1931
01:42:11,400 --> 01:42:15,300
your husband, the bed measures 
five feet wide, and six feet 

1932
01:42:15,300 --> 01:42:18,400
long. 
This provides adequate space for

1933
01:42:18,400 --> 01:42:20,300
two adults. 
If both parties remain 

1934
01:42:20,300 --> 01:42:21,800
relatively still during the 
night. 

1935
01:42:21,800 --> 01:42:25,300
However, humans do not remain 
still while sleeping. 

1936
01:42:25,300 --> 01:42:29,600
They shift positions roll over, 
adjust their arms and legs and 

1937
01:42:29,600 --> 01:42:33,700
generally moving ways, they are 
not conscious of This movement 

1938
01:42:33,700 --> 01:42:37,500
creates contact your shoulder 
touches, your husband's, back, 

1939
01:42:37,500 --> 01:42:40,300
your knee brushes against his 
calf. 

1940
01:42:40,300 --> 01:42:44,900
His elbow finds your ribs, these
contacts are not intimate in any

1941
01:42:44,900 --> 01:42:47,900
meaningful sense. 
They are simply the inevitable 

1942
01:42:47,900 --> 01:42:50,900
result of two people, sharing 
insufficient space. 

1943
01:42:51,800 --> 01:42:54,500
Your daughter's sleep in the 
trundle bed, two feet away from 

1944
01:42:54,500 --> 01:42:58,000
your own bed. 
You can hear their breathing on 

1945
01:42:58,000 --> 01:43:01,100
particularly quiet nights. 
You can hear them whisper to 

1946
01:43:01,100 --> 01:43:04,900
each other before sleep. 
The trundle provides less space 

1947
01:43:04,900 --> 01:43:08,200
than the Rope bed. 
It measures four feet wide and 

1948
01:43:08,200 --> 01:43:11,700
five feet long. 
To Growing girls fit in this 

1949
01:43:11,700 --> 01:43:13,700
space. 
Only by sleeping in close 

1950
01:43:13,700 --> 01:43:15,800
contact. 
They have developed an 

1951
01:43:15,800 --> 01:43:18,800
arrangement where they face 
opposite Direction's which 

1952
01:43:18,800 --> 01:43:21,400
allows more efficient use of the
available space. 

1953
01:43:22,300 --> 01:43:25,600
The younger girl takes the side 
near the wall, the older girl 

1954
01:43:25,600 --> 01:43:28,000
sleeps on the outside closer to 
the main bed. 

1955
01:43:29,000 --> 01:43:32,300
This Arrangement has created an 
intimacy between the sisters 

1956
01:43:32,300 --> 01:43:35,400
that would not exist in more 
spacious circumstances. 

1957
01:43:36,500 --> 01:43:38,300
They know each other sleep 
habits completely. 

1958
01:43:39,300 --> 01:43:41,900
The older girl snores lightly 
when she sleeps on her back. 

1959
01:43:41,900 --> 01:43:44,100
The younger girl, grinds her 
teeth. 

1960
01:43:44,900 --> 01:43:46,900
Both girls wake when the other 
weeks. 

1961
01:43:48,000 --> 01:43:51,400
This shared awareness creates a 
bond but it also creates tension

1962
01:43:51,400 --> 01:43:55,500
neither girl as experienced true
privacy or solitude. 

1963
01:43:56,300 --> 01:43:58,400
They do not know what it feels 
like to sleep alone. 

1964
01:43:58,400 --> 01:44:02,200
In a quiet space, they have 
nothing to compare their current

1965
01:44:02,200 --> 01:44:07,000
situation to accept each other. 
Above you, the boys occupy the 

1966
01:44:07,000 --> 01:44:09,000
Loft. 
They're sleeping platform, 

1967
01:44:09,000 --> 01:44:13,700
measures 6 feet by 8 feet, which
provides more space per person 

1968
01:44:13,700 --> 01:44:17,300
than the trundle, but comes with
the hazard of potential falling.

1969
01:44:18,000 --> 01:44:21,300
The boys of London to sleep in 
the center of the platform away 

1970
01:44:21,300 --> 01:44:24,500
from the unguarded edges. 
They also sleep in opposite 

1971
01:44:24,500 --> 01:44:27,000
orientation. 
The older boys head is near the 

1972
01:44:27,000 --> 01:44:29,500
front of the Loft. 
The young boy's head is near the

1973
01:44:29,500 --> 01:44:31,800
back. 
This Arrangement keeps their 

1974
01:44:31,800 --> 01:44:34,100
faces apart which both boys 
prefer. 

1975
01:44:35,000 --> 01:44:37,700
Teenage boys. 
Emitter odors sleeping 

1976
01:44:37,700 --> 01:44:41,900
face-to-face, amplifies these 
odors sleeping head to foot? 

1977
01:44:41,900 --> 01:44:45,600
Reduces the problem to 
tolerability The boys, all 

1978
01:44:45,600 --> 01:44:50,000
contend with the sloped ceiling 
The Loft platform, sits for feet

1979
01:44:50,000 --> 01:44:52,100
below. 
The peak of the roof, this means

1980
01:44:52,100 --> 01:44:55,000
there is approximately four feet
of Headroom in the center of the

1981
01:44:55,000 --> 01:44:59,300
Loft, sloping down to two feet 
at the edges, the boys cannot 

1982
01:44:59,300 --> 01:45:02,700
stand up in the space. 
They move in a Perpetual Crouch.

1983
01:45:03,700 --> 01:45:06,900
Getting dressed in The Loft 
requires lying down or sitting. 

1984
01:45:07,700 --> 01:45:11,300
The boys have adapted to this 
constraint, but adaptation is 

1985
01:45:11,300 --> 01:45:14,500
not the same as comfort. 
The sleeping arrangement in this

1986
01:45:14,500 --> 01:45:17,600
cabin is determined by age 
gender and temperature 

1987
01:45:17,600 --> 01:45:20,300
management. 
The adults get the Rope bed 

1988
01:45:20,300 --> 01:45:23,600
because they purchased and built
everything in the cabin, this is

1989
01:45:23,600 --> 01:45:27,000
not discussed. 
It is understood the daughter. 

1990
01:45:27,000 --> 01:45:30,100
Share the trundle because girls 
are expected to share space 

1991
01:45:30,100 --> 01:45:33,100
without complaint. 
The boys get the Loft because 

1992
01:45:33,100 --> 01:45:36,200
heat rises and boys are 
considered Hardy enough to 

1993
01:45:36,200 --> 01:45:39,900
tolerate temperature extremes. 
None of these Arrangements is 

1994
01:45:39,900 --> 01:45:42,000
ideal. 
All of them are better than 

1995
01:45:42,000 --> 01:45:44,900
sleeping on the floor. 
Sleeping on the floor, is the 

1996
01:45:44,900 --> 01:45:49,800
worst option in the cabin. 
Floor is cold hard and cannot be

1997
01:45:49,800 --> 01:45:52,100
adequately cushioned. 
Yes, to visit. 

1998
01:45:52,100 --> 01:45:54,900
Sometimes, sleep on the floor 
near the fire raped in their own

1999
01:45:54,900 --> 01:45:57,600
blanket. 
They do this because refusing 

2000
01:45:57,600 --> 01:46:01,000
hospitality is rude. 
And because a floor near a fire 

2001
01:46:01,000 --> 01:46:04,900
is better than sleeping outside.
But floor sleeping is 

2002
01:46:04,900 --> 01:46:07,200
universally recognized as 
unpleasant. 

2003
01:46:08,200 --> 01:46:11,200
Children who misbehave are 
sometimes, assigned flawlessly 

2004
01:46:11,200 --> 01:46:15,100
as punishment, this threat 
usually achieves, the desired 

2005
01:46:15,100 --> 01:46:18,800
corrective effect. 
The proximity of six people in 

2006
01:46:18,800 --> 01:46:21,600
this space Also creates 
acoustic, intimacy. 

2007
01:46:22,300 --> 01:46:26,300
You hear everything, everyone 
does during the night, your 

2008
01:46:26,300 --> 01:46:31,200
husband, snoring your daughters 
whispered conversations, your 

2009
01:46:31,200 --> 01:46:35,600
sons shifting position in the 
Loft coughing, throat, clearing 

2010
01:46:35,600 --> 01:46:39,800
the rustle of blankets, the 
Creak of the Rope bed, the 

2011
01:46:39,800 --> 01:46:42,000
scratch of someone dealing with 
an itch. 

2012
01:46:42,800 --> 01:46:46,300
All of these sounds occur in 
darkness Amplified by The 

2013
01:46:46,300 --> 01:46:49,700
Silence of the night and the 
lack of any sound insulation. 

2014
01:46:49,700 --> 01:46:52,800
In the cabin walls. 
This acoustic intimacy 

2015
01:46:52,800 --> 01:46:56,900
eliminates privacy completely 
every bodily function is audible

2016
01:46:56,900 --> 01:47:00,600
to everyone else. 
People attempt discretion, But 

2017
01:47:00,600 --> 01:47:04,300
discretion has limits when six 
people occupy, a single room, 

2018
01:47:04,300 --> 01:47:09,100
the family chamber pot sits in 
the corner, near the door, using

2019
01:47:09,100 --> 01:47:12,500
it during the night requires, 
getting up walking across the 

2020
01:47:12,500 --> 01:47:16,500
cabin in darkness completing the
necessary function while other 

2021
01:47:16,500 --> 01:47:19,300
people are potentially awake and
listening, then returning to 

2022
01:47:19,300 --> 01:47:21,700
bed. 
This is mortifying for 

2023
01:47:21,700 --> 01:47:25,000
adolescent children. 
It is simply reality for adults.

2024
01:47:26,300 --> 01:47:29,900
The chamber pots itself is a 
functional ceramic vessel with a

2025
01:47:29,900 --> 01:47:33,400
handle and a lid. the lid is 
important because it contains 

2026
01:47:33,400 --> 01:47:38,400
odors mostly the pot must be 
emptied every morning, which is 

2027
01:47:38,400 --> 01:47:41,600
a task assigned to whoever is 
nearest when your husband 

2028
01:47:41,600 --> 01:47:46,000
decides, the pot needs emptying.
Usually this job falls to the 

2029
01:47:46,000 --> 01:47:48,500
older boy. 
He carries the pot outside 

2030
01:47:48,500 --> 01:47:52,100
dumps, the contents in the 
designated area behind the cabin

2031
01:47:52,100 --> 01:47:55,900
rinses, the pot with water from 
the well and returns it to its 

2032
01:47:55,900 --> 01:47:58,800
corner. 
This daily tasks is 

2033
01:47:58,800 --> 01:48:02,500
unremarkable. 
Everyone uses the pot, everyone 

2034
01:48:02,500 --> 01:48:06,700
knows, it must be emptied. 
Discussing it is unnecessary the

2035
01:48:06,700 --> 01:48:09,600
sleeping geography, so involves 
bedding ownership and allocation

2036
01:48:09,600 --> 01:48:14,000
your family owned six, blankets 
total two belong, to the Rope 

2037
01:48:14,000 --> 01:48:18,800
bed, two belong to the trundle 
two belong to the loft, During 

2038
01:48:18,800 --> 01:48:22,500
extreme cold blankets, get 
redistributed based on need. 

2039
01:48:23,400 --> 01:48:26,700
The girls who sleep in the 
coldest Zone, sometimes receive 

2040
01:48:26,700 --> 01:48:28,500
a third blanket borrowed from 
the loft. 

2041
01:48:29,400 --> 01:48:31,200
The boys who sleep in the 
warmest Zone. 

2042
01:48:31,200 --> 01:48:33,400
Sometimes surrender of blanket 
with without complaint. 

2043
01:48:34,400 --> 01:48:37,300
This redistribution happens 
through unspoken agreement. 

2044
01:48:38,000 --> 01:48:40,400
Your husband makes the decision 
based on observed. 

2045
01:48:40,400 --> 01:48:44,400
Need no one argues. 
The blankets themselves are 

2046
01:48:44,400 --> 01:48:47,800
heavy wool woven by your own 
hands on a loom that sits in the

2047
01:48:47,808 --> 01:48:50,700
corner during winter and gets 
moved outside during summer. 

2048
01:48:50,700 --> 01:48:55,300
Each blanket took approximately 
40 hours to produce from raw 

2049
01:48:55,300 --> 01:48:59,000
fleece to finished fabric, The 
blankets are scratchy. 

2050
01:48:59,000 --> 01:49:02,300
When new and softened slightly 
with use, though, they never 

2051
01:49:02,300 --> 01:49:05,100
become truly soft. 
The lanolin in the world. 

2052
01:49:05,100 --> 01:49:07,600
Gives them a distinct smell. 
That some people find Pleasant 

2053
01:49:07,600 --> 01:49:10,400
and others. 
Find animal like, The blankets 

2054
01:49:10,400 --> 01:49:13,600
are warm which is the only 
quality that matters under the 

2055
01:49:13,600 --> 01:49:15,800
blanket. 
Everyone sleeps in their daytime

2056
01:49:15,800 --> 01:49:17,900
clothes plus additional layers, 
if needed. 

2057
01:49:18,800 --> 01:49:21,900
The girls had flannel 
underskirts during winter, the 

2058
01:49:21,900 --> 01:49:24,400
boys, add extra shirts, you and 
your husband. 

2059
01:49:24,400 --> 01:49:28,400
Add whatever is available. night
clothes are a luxury item that 

2060
01:49:28,400 --> 01:49:31,800
Frontier families, rarely owned,
changing into specialized, 

2061
01:49:31,800 --> 01:49:34,500
sleeping garments requires, 
owning those garments, and 

2062
01:49:34,500 --> 01:49:38,600
having time to change, Most 
families owned two complete sets

2063
01:49:38,600 --> 01:49:42,700
of clothing per person. 
One set for wearing one set for 

2064
01:49:42,700 --> 01:49:46,900
washing adding a third set 
specifically for sleeping is not

2065
01:49:46,900 --> 01:49:50,100
economically feasible. 
The sleeping positions. 

2066
01:49:50,100 --> 01:49:53,700
All so follow patterns that 
develop over time You sleep on 

2067
01:49:53,700 --> 01:49:56,300
your right side. 
Facing the fire, your husband 

2068
01:49:56,300 --> 01:49:58,900
sleeps on his left side facing 
away from the fire. 

2069
01:49:58,900 --> 01:50:01,600
This rangement emerged 
naturally, during the first 

2070
01:50:01,600 --> 01:50:05,800
weeks in the cabin and has 
continued for 15 years, your 

2071
01:50:05,800 --> 01:50:07,800
younger daughter sleeps curled 
in a ball. 

2072
01:50:07,800 --> 01:50:09,900
Older daughter. 
Sleeps on her stomach. 

2073
01:50:09,900 --> 01:50:14,300
With one arm under her pillow. 
the older boys, sleep sprawled 

2074
01:50:14,300 --> 01:50:17,900
in whatever position he falls 
into The younger boy sleeps 

2075
01:50:17,900 --> 01:50:20,400
rigidly on his back as if a 
tension. 

2076
01:50:21,200 --> 01:50:23,500
These positions are not chosen 
consciously. 

2077
01:50:24,500 --> 01:50:27,200
They are simply how each 
person's body arranges itself 

2078
01:50:27,200 --> 01:50:31,000
during unconsciousness. 
The Rope bed has another 

2079
01:50:31,000 --> 01:50:35,100
characteristic worth mentioning 
the Rope stretch over time and 

2080
01:50:35,100 --> 01:50:38,200
begin to sag. 
When the SAG becomes pronounced.

2081
01:50:39,200 --> 01:50:41,700
The sleeping surface takes on a 
hammock like quality. 

2082
01:50:42,900 --> 01:50:45,900
This causes both sleepers to 
roll towards the center of the 

2083
01:50:45,900 --> 01:50:49,300
bed which increases body contact
whether desired or not. 

2084
01:50:50,500 --> 01:50:53,800
The solution is to tighten the 
ropes, which your husband does 

2085
01:50:53,800 --> 01:50:57,100
by threading, a wooden rod 
through the grid and using it as

2086
01:50:57,100 --> 01:51:00,700
lever to create tension this 
tightening restores, the flat 

2087
01:51:00,700 --> 01:51:04,000
sleeping surface temporarily but
the ropes will stretch again 

2088
01:51:04,000 --> 01:51:07,200
within weeks. 
Cycle repeats in deathly. 

2089
01:51:08,300 --> 01:51:10,700
The girls trundle has no rope 
suspension. 

2090
01:51:10,700 --> 01:51:14,600
It uses a solid platform made 
from boards laid across the 

2091
01:51:14,600 --> 01:51:17,600
frame. 
This surface does not give at 

2092
01:51:17,600 --> 01:51:19,100
all. 
It is firmed to the point of 

2093
01:51:19,100 --> 01:51:24,200
hardness mattress on top 
provides minimal cushioning The 

2094
01:51:24,200 --> 01:51:26,700
girls wake with sore hips and 
shoulders. 

2095
01:51:26,700 --> 01:51:30,100
They never mention this because 
there is no alternative and 

2096
01:51:30,100 --> 01:51:33,300
complaining achieves. 
Nothing, they simply accept that

2097
01:51:33,300 --> 01:51:37,400
sleep involves discomfort. 
The Loft platform is similarly 

2098
01:51:37,400 --> 01:51:40,200
hard. 
The boys sleep directly on split

2099
01:51:40,200 --> 01:51:43,800
logs covered by a thin mattress.
The logs have been smooth 

2100
01:51:43,800 --> 01:51:48,100
somewhat but they retain their 
fundamental hardness The boys a 

2101
01:51:48,100 --> 01:51:50,600
young enough that their body's 
tolerate this better than adult 

2102
01:51:50,600 --> 01:51:52,900
body's. 
Would they complain occasionally

2103
01:51:52,900 --> 01:51:56,200
but not seriously, they 
understand that the loft is, 

2104
01:51:56,200 --> 01:51:59,700
their designated space and that 
no amount of complaining will 

2105
01:51:59,700 --> 01:52:01,200
change the construction of the 
floor. 

2106
01:52:02,200 --> 01:52:06,000
Personal space in this cabin is 
measured in inches, not feet. 

2107
01:52:06,800 --> 01:52:09,100
Each person has a defined 
sleeping area. 

2108
01:52:09,100 --> 01:52:13,400
That is theirs by agreement, but
not by any physical barrier. 

2109
01:52:14,200 --> 01:52:16,500
You do not cross into your 
daughter's space. 

2110
01:52:16,500 --> 01:52:21,000
They do not cross into yours. 
The boys do not invade each 

2111
01:52:21,000 --> 01:52:22,700
other's territory in the Loft 
beyond. 

2112
01:52:22,700 --> 01:52:26,100
What is necessary? 
These boundaries are maintained 

2113
01:52:26,100 --> 01:52:29,100
through, mutual respect, and the
understanding that violating 

2114
01:52:29,100 --> 01:52:32,200
them would create conflict in a 
space where conflict has nowhere

2115
01:52:32,200 --> 01:52:35,400
to go. 
Privacy in any meaningful sense,

2116
01:52:35,400 --> 01:52:39,400
does not exist. 
The concept of personal privacy 

2117
01:52:39,400 --> 01:52:42,000
is incompatible with Frontier 
single room living. 

2118
01:52:43,000 --> 01:52:47,300
Every person is aware of every 
other person at all times, this 

2119
01:52:47,300 --> 01:52:50,700
awareness becomes background 
knowledge, like knowing the fire

2120
01:52:50,700 --> 01:52:52,900
is burning or that the sun will 
rise. 

2121
01:52:53,600 --> 01:52:56,600
You do not think about it, 
consciously you simply live 

2122
01:52:56,600 --> 01:53:00,300
within the constraints it 
creates. the historical context,

2123
01:53:00,300 --> 01:53:03,900
for this Arrangement comes from 
multiple sources, the letters of

2124
01:53:03,900 --> 01:53:07,400
Caroline Kirkland, a frontier 
settler in Michigan during the 

2125
01:53:07,400 --> 01:53:13,200
1830s describes similar sleeping
situations in her own cabin, She

2126
01:53:13,200 --> 01:53:16,300
mentions that Frontier families.
Considered shared sleeping, 

2127
01:53:16,300 --> 01:53:20,400
space, normal and necessary. 
She also notes that Frontier 

2128
01:53:20,400 --> 01:53:24,000
children grew up without any 
concept of private space which 

2129
01:53:24,000 --> 01:53:26,300
sometimes caused problems when 
these children later. 

2130
01:53:26,300 --> 01:53:29,200
Moved to more settled areas and 
to learn privacy norms. 

2131
01:53:30,600 --> 01:53:33,900
For topographer Solomon butcher,
documented Homestead life in 

2132
01:53:33,900 --> 01:53:38,000
Nebraska during the 1880s. 
His photographs show cabin 

2133
01:53:38,000 --> 01:53:40,900
Interiors with sleeping 
Arrangements, identical to what 

2134
01:53:40,900 --> 01:53:44,700
you experience now. 
One photograph shows a family of

2135
01:53:44,700 --> 01:53:48,000
eight in a cabin in this size 
everyone sleeps in the same 

2136
01:53:48,000 --> 01:53:50,200
room. 
The older children sleep on 

2137
01:53:50,200 --> 01:53:51,800
platforms. 
Similar to your Loft. 

2138
01:53:52,600 --> 01:53:55,500
Younger children, sleep in beds,
similar to your trundle. 

2139
01:53:56,100 --> 01:53:59,600
The parents occupy, the only 
real bed in the structure this 

2140
01:53:59,600 --> 01:54:02,900
pattern repeats across hundreds 
of documented, Frontier 

2141
01:54:02,900 --> 01:54:05,100
households. 
The sleeping geography of 

2142
01:54:05,108 --> 01:54:06,700
frontier. 
Life is not romantic. 

2143
01:54:06,700 --> 01:54:10,100
It is not cozy in the way that 
modern people, imagine 

2144
01:54:10,100 --> 01:54:15,100
historical Simplicity might have
been cozy, it is crowded noisy. 

2145
01:54:15,100 --> 01:54:20,500
Smelly cold in some places and 
hot in others, lacking privacy 

2146
01:54:20,500 --> 01:54:23,900
and relentlessly intimate in 
ways that erode personal 

2147
01:54:23,900 --> 01:54:29,300
boundaries completely But it is 
better than sleeping outside and

2148
01:54:29,300 --> 01:54:31,100
on the frontier, that makes it 
acceptable. 

2149
01:54:32,200 --> 01:54:35,000
The night, outside your cabin, 
performs a concert that begins 

2150
01:54:35,000 --> 01:54:37,100
at dusk and continues until 
dawn. 

2151
01:54:38,000 --> 01:54:39,900
This concert has no 
intermission. 

2152
01:54:39,900 --> 01:54:44,100
It has no conductor. 
It has an enormous cast of 

2153
01:54:44,100 --> 01:54:47,400
performers who never called Nate
with each other and never 

2154
01:54:47,400 --> 01:54:51,100
stopped performing you line your
bed and listen to this concert 

2155
01:54:51,100 --> 01:54:55,200
with you want to or not. 
First sounds beginners daylight 

2156
01:54:55,200 --> 01:54:58,800
faiths bird settle in to their 
roosting positions. 

2157
01:54:58,800 --> 01:55:02,600
With a series of calls and 
adjustments, crows Court to each

2158
01:55:02,600 --> 01:55:03,900
other. 
From the trees beyond the 

2159
01:55:03,900 --> 01:55:07,600
clearing, a Mockingbird runs 
through its repertoire one final

2160
01:55:07,600 --> 01:55:09,500
time before. 
Darkness makes singing 

2161
01:55:09,500 --> 01:55:12,800
pointless. 
Sparrows, chirp briefly, then 

2162
01:55:12,800 --> 01:55:17,200
full silent. 
Transition from day sounds to 

2163
01:55:17,200 --> 01:55:20,200
night, sounds takes 
approximately 30 minutes. 

2164
01:55:21,100 --> 01:55:25,000
During this transition, you hear
both daytime species ending 

2165
01:55:25,000 --> 01:55:27,900
their activities and nighttime 
species beginning theirs. 

2166
01:55:28,900 --> 01:55:31,300
Owls are among the first night 
performers to announce 

2167
01:55:31,300 --> 01:55:34,600
themselves. 
The great horned owl that lives 

2168
01:55:34,600 --> 01:55:37,700
somewhere in the Oak Grove, to 
the north calls out, with its 

2169
01:55:37,700 --> 01:55:42,100
distinctive deep hooting. 
The sound carries clearly across

2170
01:55:42,100 --> 01:55:45,100
the half mile distance between 
the Oak Grove and your cabin. 

2171
01:55:46,200 --> 01:55:51,300
Five hoots in rhythmic pattern 
then silents then five more 

2172
01:55:51,300 --> 01:55:54,300
Hoots. 
The owl calls intermittently 

2173
01:55:54,300 --> 01:55:57,300
throughout the night. 
Sometimes you hear a response 

2174
01:55:57,300 --> 01:56:01,000
from another owl father away. 
The two birds called back and 

2175
01:56:01,000 --> 01:56:04,400
forth, establishing territories 
or communicating information. 

2176
01:56:04,400 --> 01:56:07,700
You cannot interpret. 
The sound is not frightening, 

2177
01:56:07,700 --> 01:56:11,400
exactly. 
It is simply present large and 

2178
01:56:11,400 --> 01:56:14,900
resonant and constant. 
Smaller owls at their own 

2179
01:56:14,900 --> 01:56:19,600
contributions screech, owls live
closer to the cabin, probably in

2180
01:56:19,600 --> 01:56:23,300
the dead Tree near the creek. 
Their call is not a screech to 

2181
01:56:23,308 --> 01:56:27,400
despite the name it is a 
descending winning almost like a

2182
01:56:27,400 --> 01:56:31,300
horse, might make if the horse 
with a size of a robot This call

2183
01:56:31,300 --> 01:56:34,200
is Eerie in a way that the great
horned owls call is not. 

2184
01:56:34,900 --> 01:56:37,000
The Winnie has a quality. 
That sounds almost like 

2185
01:56:37,000 --> 01:56:40,400
laughter. 
Your younger daughter does not 

2186
01:56:40,400 --> 01:56:43,100
like the screech owls. 
She has mentioned this several 

2187
01:56:43,100 --> 01:56:45,300
times. 
You tell her the owls are 

2188
01:56:45,300 --> 01:56:47,200
harmless. 
This is true but not 

2189
01:56:47,200 --> 01:56:50,300
particularly comforting. 
Insects provide continuous 

2190
01:56:50,300 --> 01:56:52,300
background. 
Sound during warm months. 

2191
01:56:52,300 --> 01:56:57,700
Crickets chirp in synchronized 
waves Katydids at their raspy 

2192
01:56:57,700 --> 01:57:01,700
calls cicadas left over from 
Summer buzz in short bursts. 

2193
01:57:02,300 --> 01:57:04,600
The insect chorus creates a wall
of sound. 

2194
01:57:04,600 --> 01:57:07,000
That is almost soothing because 
of its consistency. 

2195
01:57:07,000 --> 01:57:10,800
You can tune it out your brain, 
learns to categorize it as 

2196
01:57:10,800 --> 01:57:13,500
background. 
The challenge comes when the 

2197
01:57:13,500 --> 01:57:17,500
insect sounds stops suddenly. 
This sudden silence means 

2198
01:57:17,500 --> 01:57:19,700
something large as move through 
the area. 

2199
01:57:20,600 --> 01:57:23,500
All the insects sense, the 
presence and pause their calls. 

2200
01:57:24,700 --> 01:57:27,800
This absence of sound is more 
alarming than any sound could 

2201
01:57:27,800 --> 01:57:30,000
be. 
You lie in bed during these 

2202
01:57:30,000 --> 01:57:33,100
silence is listening. 
Intently, trying to determine 

2203
01:57:33,100 --> 01:57:37,700
what caused the insects to stop.
Usually they resumed after a 

2204
01:57:37,700 --> 01:57:40,800
minute or two. 
Sometimes the silence lasts 

2205
01:57:40,800 --> 01:57:45,500
longer Coyote's howled from 
various distances, the nearest 

2206
01:57:45,500 --> 01:57:47,200
Pak lives somewhere, beyond 
these field. 

2207
01:57:47,200 --> 01:57:49,400
You hear them clearly on cold 
nights. 

2208
01:57:49,400 --> 01:57:53,400
When sound carries father, they 
begin with Yips and Barks that 

2209
01:57:53,400 --> 01:57:58,000
build into full howling. 
The pack joins together in this 

2210
01:57:58,000 --> 01:58:02,700
howling creating a chorus that 
rises and Falls the sound 

2211
01:58:02,700 --> 01:58:05,500
conveys wildness in its purest 
form. 

2212
01:58:06,400 --> 01:58:09,700
Coyotes are not dangerous to 
adult humans but they will take 

2213
01:58:09,700 --> 01:58:14,000
chickens and small livestock, 
your husband shoots them when he

2214
01:58:14,000 --> 01:58:17,000
can the coyotes. 
Continue howling regardless, 

2215
01:58:17,000 --> 01:58:21,400
they seemed Unlimited in number 
for, everyone killed two more 

2216
01:58:21,400 --> 01:58:24,000
appear. 
Wolves are a more serious 

2217
01:58:24,000 --> 01:58:27,900
concern, wolves live farther out
in the deeper Wilderness, but 

2218
01:58:27,900 --> 01:58:31,900
they sometimes travel closer to 
settled areas when hunting, Wolf

2219
01:58:31,900 --> 01:58:35,200
howls, a deeper and louder than 
coyote howls. 

2220
01:58:35,200 --> 01:58:39,800
They carry for miles. 
When you hear wolves, you hear 

2221
01:58:39,800 --> 01:58:42,900
them from a distance that makes 
immediate Danger on likely. 

2222
01:58:43,600 --> 01:58:46,600
But the sound still triggers an 
ancestral response. 

2223
01:58:47,400 --> 01:58:49,500
Your body knows that wolves are 
predators. 

2224
01:58:49,500 --> 01:58:53,000
Your body does not care. 
That the wolves are probably far

2225
01:58:53,000 --> 01:58:55,200
away. 
Your heart rating increases, 

2226
01:58:55,200 --> 01:58:59,000
your breathing becomes shallow, 
you life, very still and listen 

2227
01:58:59,000 --> 01:59:03,000
until the howling stops. 
The livestock in the small, barn

2228
01:59:03,000 --> 01:59:06,900
beside the cabin, at their own 
sounds, the cow shifts position 

2229
01:59:06,900 --> 01:59:09,200
and bumps against the stall 
walls. 

2230
01:59:09,200 --> 01:59:13,000
You hear this clearly through 
the cabin wall because the barn 

2231
01:59:13,000 --> 01:59:16,300
shares a wall with the cabin. 
This design allows you to 

2232
01:59:16,300 --> 01:59:18,500
monitor the livestock without 
going outside. 

2233
01:59:19,400 --> 01:59:21,700
The cows movements are random 
throughout the night. 

2234
01:59:21,700 --> 01:59:25,200
Sometimes she is restless other 
times. 

2235
01:59:25,200 --> 01:59:29,200
She stands motionless for hours.
You cannot predict which mood 

2236
01:59:29,200 --> 01:59:31,600
she will be in. 
The chickens in their Coop, 

2237
01:59:31,600 --> 01:59:33,700
clucks softly. 
When something disturbs them. 

2238
01:59:33,700 --> 01:59:37,800
Usually the disturbance is a rat
or a weasel trying to access the

2239
01:59:37,800 --> 01:59:40,900
coop. 
Chicken softer alarm clocks, 

2240
01:59:40,900 --> 01:59:44,500
tell you that the Predator is 
present but is not yet breached 

2241
01:59:44,500 --> 01:59:46,500
the defenses. 
This is good. 

2242
01:59:47,400 --> 01:59:50,300
If the clucking became loud, 
squawking, you would have to get

2243
01:59:50,300 --> 01:59:53,700
up and investigate soft. 
Cluckin means the situation is 

2244
01:59:53,700 --> 01:59:56,600
under control. 
Wind creates a symphony of its 

2245
01:59:56,600 --> 01:59:59,900
own win, through the trees 
produces different sounds 

2246
01:59:59,900 --> 02:00:03,300
depending on the season. 
And the type of tree Pine trees 

2247
02:00:03,300 --> 02:00:08,400
hiss to Sidious trees rustle and
clatter, during Autumn when 

2248
02:00:08,400 --> 02:00:11,500
leaves are loose, but still 
attached, the wind shakes them 

2249
02:00:11,500 --> 02:00:13,600
in wave that sound like distant 
rain. 

2250
02:00:14,400 --> 02:00:17,700
During winter, when the branches
are bear, the wind makes the 

2251
02:00:17,700 --> 02:00:21,700
trees Creek and grown. 
These are old sounds trees. 

2252
02:00:21,700 --> 02:00:23,600
Moved by wind of sound of this 
way. 

2253
02:00:23,600 --> 02:00:26,700
For as long as trees have 
existed, The Sounds should be 

2254
02:00:26,708 --> 02:00:30,100
comforting in their ancient Miss
Sometimes they are. 

2255
02:00:31,000 --> 02:00:32,600
Sometimes they sound like 
something. 

2256
02:00:32,600 --> 02:00:34,500
Moving through the forest with 
purpose. 

2257
02:00:35,400 --> 02:00:40,000
Cabin itself makes sounds would 
contracts as the night, air 

2258
02:00:40,000 --> 02:00:44,000
cools, the contraction produces 
pops, and cracks that are sharp 

2259
02:00:44,000 --> 02:00:47,400
and sudden. 
The roof, Timbers snap, the wall

2260
02:00:47,400 --> 02:00:50,300
logs, click the floor, beams 
shift. 

2261
02:00:50,300 --> 02:00:53,100
Each sound is distinct and 
identifiable. 

2262
02:00:53,100 --> 02:00:57,700
Once you learn the cabins 
acoustic signature, New settlers

2263
02:00:57,700 --> 02:01:00,900
find the sounds alarming. 
You have lived here long enough 

2264
02:01:00,900 --> 02:01:03,700
that you know, which sounds are 
structural settling and which 

2265
02:01:03,700 --> 02:01:08,100
sounds indicate a problem. 
Sharp crack from the north-west 

2266
02:01:08,100 --> 02:01:11,400
corner is normal. 
The slower creaking from the 

2267
02:01:11,400 --> 02:01:13,900
roof line near the chimney 
requires investigation in the 

2268
02:01:13,908 --> 02:01:17,000
morning. 
Rain On The Roof is surprisingly

2269
02:01:17,000 --> 02:01:19,700
loud. 
The cabin has no ceiling. 

2270
02:01:19,700 --> 02:01:22,700
The interior of the roof is 
visible from inside. 

2271
02:01:22,700 --> 02:01:25,900
Rain hits, the wood, shingles 
directly above your head with a 

2272
02:01:25,908 --> 02:01:28,500
pattern that builds to a roar 
during heavy storms. 

2273
02:01:28,500 --> 02:01:31,900
Individual raindrops are 
distinguishable during light 

2274
02:01:31,900 --> 02:01:35,700
rain during downpours. 
The drops merge into continuous 

2275
02:01:35,700 --> 02:01:38,400
sound. 
Sleep during Heavy Rain is 

2276
02:01:38,400 --> 02:01:42,300
difficult not because of fear. 
But because of volume, the sound

2277
02:01:42,300 --> 02:01:46,900
is simply too loud to allow the 
brain to fully disengage Thunder

2278
02:01:46,900 --> 02:01:48,800
during storms is more than 
sound. 

2279
02:01:48,800 --> 02:01:53,000
It is concussion. 
Cabin sits in a clearing with 

2280
02:01:53,000 --> 02:01:55,600
limited protection from 
electrical storms. 

2281
02:01:56,400 --> 02:01:59,100
Lightning strikes nearby with 
some regularity. 

2282
02:02:00,100 --> 02:02:01,900
Thunder. 
That follows lightning is 

2283
02:02:01,900 --> 02:02:04,800
physical. 
You feel it in your chest and in

2284
02:02:04,800 --> 02:02:07,700
the bed frame, the Boom is so 
loud. 

2285
02:02:07,700 --> 02:02:10,300
It temporarily defenses the 
girls. 

2286
02:02:10,300 --> 02:02:13,900
Whimper during close lightning, 
You do not blame them. 

2287
02:02:13,900 --> 02:02:17,600
You are frightened too. 
You simply do not show it 

2288
02:02:17,600 --> 02:02:20,700
adults, cannot show fear in 
front of children. 

2289
02:02:20,700 --> 02:02:25,000
This is none rule. 
So you lie still and wait for 

2290
02:02:25,000 --> 02:02:28,000
the storm to pass and hope that 
no lightning hits the cabin or 

2291
02:02:28,000 --> 02:02:30,900
the barn, or the Trees close 
enough to send burning branches 

2292
02:02:30,900 --> 02:02:33,700
onto the roof. 
Hail sounds like someone 

2293
02:02:33,700 --> 02:02:37,500
throwing gravel at the cabin. 
Small, hail creates a rattling 

2294
02:02:37,500 --> 02:02:42,300
sound large. 
Hail thuds hailstorms a brief 

2295
02:02:42,300 --> 02:02:45,500
but intense they damaged crops 
and kill chickens. 

2296
02:02:45,500 --> 02:02:48,900
If the birds are caught in the 
open, You have learned to move 

2297
02:02:48,900 --> 02:02:52,500
the chickens into covered areas 
when you see the particular type

2298
02:02:52,500 --> 02:02:56,800
of cloud that produces hail. 
The clouds are dark green at the

2299
02:02:56,800 --> 02:02:59,000
base and Tower upward into 
bright white. 

2300
02:02:59,900 --> 02:03:03,200
These clouds mean trouble. 
They appear most often in late 

2301
02:03:03,200 --> 02:03:05,800
spring. 
Nice live in the cabin walls, 

2302
02:03:05,800 --> 02:03:08,300
you hear them at night, 
scurrying through the spaces 

2303
02:03:08,300 --> 02:03:11,100
between the logs. 
They are searching for food and 

2304
02:03:11,100 --> 02:03:14,300
warmth. 
They chew on things you hearing 

2305
02:03:14,300 --> 02:03:17,600
sound of mouse teeth on wood or 
Fabric or stored food. 

2306
02:03:17,600 --> 02:03:21,100
You have accepted that 
eliminating mice completely as 

2307
02:03:21,100 --> 02:03:24,700
impossible, you manage their 
population by setting traps and 

2308
02:03:24,700 --> 02:03:27,800
keeping food in sealed 
containers but mice are 

2309
02:03:27,800 --> 02:03:31,500
intelligent and persistent They 
find ways around your defenses. 

2310
02:03:31,500 --> 02:03:34,200
The sound of mice in the walls, 
is constant. 

2311
02:03:34,200 --> 02:03:36,200
Background noise, you tune it 
out. 

2312
02:03:36,200 --> 02:03:40,100
Most nights some nights. 
You cannot Larger animals, 

2313
02:03:40,100 --> 02:03:44,000
occasionally investigate the 
cabin raccoon's check the area 

2314
02:03:44,000 --> 02:03:46,800
around the door where scraps 
sometimes fall during meal 

2315
02:03:46,800 --> 02:03:49,700
preparation. 
You hear them pouring at things 

2316
02:03:49,700 --> 02:03:51,100
and knocking over the empty 
bucket. 

2317
02:03:52,100 --> 02:03:55,600
Possums, move more quietly, but 
still make small sounds as they 

2318
02:03:55,600 --> 02:03:57,600
investigate. 
Dear walk. 

2319
02:03:57,600 --> 02:04:01,300
Past the cabin regularly, their 
Hooves make soft thuds on the 

2320
02:04:01,308 --> 02:04:04,300
packed Earth. 
You can track their Movement by 

2321
02:04:04,300 --> 02:04:07,100
sound alone. 
They approached from the woods 

2322
02:04:07,100 --> 02:04:10,300
Circle the cabin at a distance 
then move on to the creek. 

2323
02:04:11,100 --> 02:04:13,000
They are looking for water and 
grazing. 

2324
02:04:13,000 --> 02:04:16,800
They pose no threat. 
Their presence is actually 

2325
02:04:16,800 --> 02:04:19,000
comforting. 
Deer. 

2326
02:04:19,000 --> 02:04:22,200
A prey animals. 
They sense Predators if deer 

2327
02:04:22,200 --> 02:04:23,700
walking calmly passed your 
cabin. 

2328
02:04:23,700 --> 02:04:26,100
No predators are in the 
immediate area. 

2329
02:04:26,100 --> 02:04:29,900
Bears are a different matter. 
Bear's occasionally wander 

2330
02:04:29,900 --> 02:04:32,500
through during late Autumn when 
they are preparing for 

2331
02:04:32,500 --> 02:04:35,800
hibernation. 
A bear investigating the area 

2332
02:04:35,800 --> 02:04:38,100
around a cabin, makes 
substantial noise. 

2333
02:04:38,800 --> 02:04:41,200
They're large and not 
particularly careful about where

2334
02:04:41,200 --> 02:04:44,300
they step you hear. 
Branches, breaking and heavy 

2335
02:04:44,300 --> 02:04:47,800
footfalls Bears will tear apart 
anything they think might 

2336
02:04:47,800 --> 02:04:50,700
contain food. 
Poorly secured. 

2337
02:04:50,700 --> 02:04:53,500
Chicken coop is extremely 
attractive to a bear. 

2338
02:04:53,500 --> 02:04:57,600
A root cellar with a weak door 
is an invitation, your husband 

2339
02:04:57,600 --> 02:04:59,100
built. 
The root cellar with heavy 

2340
02:04:59,100 --> 02:05:02,300
planks and a strong latch 
specifically to resist Bears. 

2341
02:05:02,300 --> 02:05:07,000
The latches held so far you hear
Bears perhaps twice a season 

2342
02:05:07,000 --> 02:05:10,600
each time you like completely 
still and pray they will move on

2343
02:05:10,600 --> 02:05:15,300
without causing damage. 
Usually they do one year a bear 

2344
02:05:15,300 --> 02:05:18,500
destroyed, the chicken coop and 
killed half the flock that year 

2345
02:05:18,500 --> 02:05:21,900
was difficult. 
Mountain lions exist, in the 

2346
02:05:21,900 --> 02:05:24,900
deeper Wilderness, you have 
never seen one near the cabin. 

2347
02:05:24,900 --> 02:05:27,800
You have heard them the sound of
mountain. 

2348
02:05:27,800 --> 02:05:30,000
Lion makes his unlike any other 
animal. 

2349
02:05:30,000 --> 02:05:35,300
It is a scream, not a raw, a 
scream that sounds disturbingly 

2350
02:05:35,300 --> 02:05:39,300
human. 
The first time you heard it, you

2351
02:05:39,300 --> 02:05:40,900
thought someone was being 
murdered. 

2352
02:05:41,600 --> 02:05:44,900
You started to rise from bed to 
investigate, your husband 

2353
02:05:44,900 --> 02:05:47,100
stopped you. 
He knew what the sound was? 

2354
02:05:47,100 --> 02:05:50,100
He told you to stay still and 
stay quiet. 

2355
02:05:51,600 --> 02:05:55,200
The mountain lion, screamed, 
three more times that night each

2356
02:05:55,200 --> 02:05:59,200
time from a different location. 
The sound came from perhaps half

2357
02:05:59,200 --> 02:06:02,200
a mile away. 
This distance was far enough to 

2358
02:06:02,200 --> 02:06:04,400
be safe, but close enough to be 
terrifying. 

2359
02:06:05,100 --> 02:06:08,800
You have heard mountain lions on
paps five or six nights over 15 

2360
02:06:08,800 --> 02:06:11,800
years. 
Each time you do not sleep for 

2361
02:06:11,800 --> 02:06:15,400
the rest of that night. 
Human sounds from inside. 

2362
02:06:15,400 --> 02:06:18,900
The cabin are their own 
category, your husband snores in

2363
02:06:18,900 --> 02:06:22,200
a regular rhythm. 
The sound is deep and constant 

2364
02:06:22,200 --> 02:06:24,200
you have learned to sleep 
through it. 

2365
02:06:24,200 --> 02:06:27,500
Your daughter's whisper, 
sometimes before sleep. 

2366
02:06:27,500 --> 02:06:30,000
Their voice is a softball 
orderable. 

2367
02:06:30,000 --> 02:06:33,200
They discussed things that 12 
year old and 9 year old girls 

2368
02:06:33,200 --> 02:06:38,200
discus. 
Friends, chores, Hope's your 

2369
02:06:38,200 --> 02:06:41,400
son's in The Loft. 
Also talking occasionally a 

2370
02:06:41,400 --> 02:06:43,200
conversations are brief and less
frequent. 

2371
02:06:43,200 --> 02:06:47,400
They speak about work about the 
livestock about plans for the 

2372
02:06:47,400 --> 02:06:50,400
next day. 
Both pairs of children stopped 

2373
02:06:50,400 --> 02:06:53,700
talking once they realize you 
are listening, this is their 

2374
02:06:53,700 --> 02:06:56,700
private time. 
You respect it by pretending not

2375
02:06:56,700 --> 02:06:59,000
to hear. 
Someone gets up to use the 

2376
02:06:59,000 --> 02:07:00,800
chamber pot at least once every 
night. 

2377
02:07:00,800 --> 02:07:05,900
Usually multiple people, the 
sequence is always the same, the

2378
02:07:05,900 --> 02:07:08,900
rustle of blankets, the soft 
sound of feet on the floor. 

2379
02:07:08,900 --> 02:07:13,700
The quiet removal of the pot 
lid, the necessary function, the

2380
02:07:13,700 --> 02:07:16,700
replacement of the lid, the 
return to bed. 

2381
02:07:17,600 --> 02:07:21,200
Everyone pretends to be a sleep 
during these excursions this 

2382
02:07:21,200 --> 02:07:23,600
pretends. 
Maintains a fiction of privacy 

2383
02:07:23,600 --> 02:07:28,100
That No One Believes, but 
everyone supports Mourning 

2384
02:07:28,100 --> 02:07:32,400
begins not with light, but with 
sound the rooster crows at the 

2385
02:07:32,400 --> 02:07:35,600
first hint of dawn, the rooster 
lives in the chicken coop, but 

2386
02:07:35,600 --> 02:07:37,300
his voice carries clearly into 
the cabin. 

2387
02:07:38,000 --> 02:07:41,700
The crow is loud and insistent, 
it is designed to wait the 

2388
02:07:41,700 --> 02:07:45,400
household. 
It succeeds The rooster 

2389
02:07:45,400 --> 02:07:48,500
continues crowing, it intervals 
until someone gets up and Begins

2390
02:07:48,500 --> 02:07:51,400
the day. 
This is the final sound in the 

2391
02:07:51,408 --> 02:07:54,500
Night concert. 
It signals the transition back 

2392
02:07:54,500 --> 02:07:57,200
to Daylight and the end of 
listening to Darkness. 

2393
02:07:58,600 --> 02:08:01,000
The naturalist John James 
Audubon traveled through 

2394
02:08:01,000 --> 02:08:04,900
Frontier regions during the 
1820s and documented bird. 

2395
02:08:04,900 --> 02:08:09,100
Sounds extensively his journals 
mentioned that Frontier families

2396
02:08:09,100 --> 02:08:12,700
learned to identify dozens of 
species by call alone. 

2397
02:08:13,500 --> 02:08:16,100
This knowledge was practical, 
not academic. 

2398
02:08:16,800 --> 02:08:20,700
Certain bird calls indicated the
presence of predators other 

2399
02:08:20,700 --> 02:08:22,500
calls signaled. 
Weather changes. 

2400
02:08:22,500 --> 02:08:26,400
The ability to interpret bird. 
Sounds provided useful 

2401
02:08:26,400 --> 02:08:30,200
information about the immediate 
environment The night sounds of 

2402
02:08:30,208 --> 02:08:31,800
frontier. 
Life are not peaceful. 

2403
02:08:31,800 --> 02:08:35,000
They are not the gentle Ambience
that modern people. 

2404
02:08:35,000 --> 02:08:39,000
Imagine when they think of rural
living they are loud, constant 

2405
02:08:39,000 --> 02:08:42,800
alarming and relentless. 
They prevent deep sleep, they 

2406
02:08:42,800 --> 02:08:46,300
trigger anxiety there, remind 
you that the walls of your cabin

2407
02:08:46,300 --> 02:08:49,600
are thin and that Wilderness 
begins just beyond those walls 

2408
02:08:49,600 --> 02:08:52,700
and that Wilderness contains 
things that can harm you. 

2409
02:08:54,300 --> 02:08:57,200
But the sounds are so proof that
you are alive in a place where 

2410
02:08:57,200 --> 02:09:01,800
life teams in abundance and 
sometimes on very quiet nights 

2411
02:09:01,800 --> 02:09:05,100
when the wind is still and the 
owls are distant and the insects

2412
02:09:05,100 --> 02:09:08,900
of not yet, emerged for the 
season you hear nothing at all. 

2413
02:09:08,900 --> 02:09:13,400
Those nights are the ones that 
disturb you most Because silence

2414
02:09:13,400 --> 02:09:16,300
on the frontier. 
Usually means something is very 

2415
02:09:16,300 --> 02:09:19,300
wrong. 
The division of nighttime labor 

2416
02:09:19,300 --> 02:09:23,400
in Frontier households, follows 
patterns that maximize survival 

2417
02:09:23,400 --> 02:09:27,800
while Distributing exhaustion as
equitably as possible. 

2418
02:09:28,800 --> 02:09:32,000
No one sleeps through the night 
uninterrupted except during 

2419
02:09:32,000 --> 02:09:35,400
illness or injury. 
Everyone contributes to the 

2420
02:09:35,400 --> 02:09:38,000
nighttime maintenance that keeps
the household safe and 

2421
02:09:38,000 --> 02:09:40,700
functional. 
Your primary responsibility is 

2422
02:09:40,700 --> 02:09:43,500
fire management. 
You wake up predictable 

2423
02:09:43,500 --> 02:09:47,300
intervals, assess the fire 
status and add wood as needed. 

2424
02:09:47,300 --> 02:09:51,600
This task Falls to you because 
you are the lightest sleeper in 

2425
02:09:51,600 --> 02:09:54,300
the family and because you have 
developed the most reliable 

2426
02:09:54,300 --> 02:09:58,500
internal clock, Your husband 
could do this work but his 

2427
02:09:58,500 --> 02:10:02,500
daytime labor is more physically
demanding than yours allowing 

2428
02:10:02,500 --> 02:10:04,300
him longer periods of 
uninterrupted. 

2429
02:10:04,300 --> 02:10:07,700
Sleep means he can work more 
effectively during daylight 

2430
02:10:07,700 --> 02:10:10,600
hours. 
This is not gender ideology, 

2431
02:10:10,600 --> 02:10:14,700
this is practical resource 
allocation Your husband's 

2432
02:10:14,700 --> 02:10:17,000
nighttime responsibility is 
securities. 

2433
02:10:17,900 --> 02:10:19,900
Sleeps with his rifle within 
Arms, Reach. 

2434
02:10:20,900 --> 02:10:24,500
The rifle leans against the wall
beside the bed loaded, but not 

2435
02:10:24,500 --> 02:10:27,100
cocked. 
If something threatens the cabin

2436
02:10:27,100 --> 02:10:29,700
during the night responding is 
his role. 

2437
02:10:29,700 --> 02:10:32,800
This has happened three times in
15 years. 

2438
02:10:32,800 --> 02:10:36,400
Once when bears attacked the 
chicken coop, once, when 

2439
02:10:36,400 --> 02:10:39,400
strangers approach the cabin 
after dark and refused to 

2440
02:10:39,400 --> 02:10:42,300
identify themselves. 
When challenged, once when a 

2441
02:10:42,300 --> 02:10:44,800
pack of dogs gone, feral tried 
to break into the barn. 

2442
02:10:44,800 --> 02:10:48,100
Each time, your husband was 
awakened within seconds. 

2443
02:10:48,100 --> 02:10:50,700
The rifles presence is 
reassuring. 

2444
02:10:50,700 --> 02:10:53,900
Even when no threat 
materializes, the older boys 

2445
02:10:53,900 --> 02:10:56,100
responsibility is monitoring the
livestock. 

2446
02:10:56,100 --> 02:10:59,300
He wakes once during the night 
and goes to the barn, to check 

2447
02:10:59,300 --> 02:11:01,700
that the cow as water, and the 
chickens are secure. 

2448
02:11:02,700 --> 02:11:05,700
This task teaches him Vigilantes
and responsibility. 

2449
02:11:06,700 --> 02:11:08,700
It also ensures. 
That livestock problems are 

2450
02:11:08,700 --> 02:11:12,200
caught early before they become 
serious, a cow that has gone 

2451
02:11:12,200 --> 02:11:15,300
down in her stall need to help 
or she may not be able to stand 

2452
02:11:15,300 --> 02:11:17,800
again chickens panicking in 
their Coop. 

2453
02:11:17,800 --> 02:11:20,800
Signal Predator. 
The boy learns to read these 

2454
02:11:20,800 --> 02:11:24,500
signs and respond appropriately.
The older girls responsibility 

2455
02:11:24,500 --> 02:11:28,000
is managing her younger sister. 
If the younger girl Waits 

2456
02:11:28,000 --> 02:11:31,300
frightened or sick the older 
girl handles it with without 

2457
02:11:31,300 --> 02:11:33,600
waking you unless the situation 
is serious. 

2458
02:11:33,600 --> 02:11:37,000
This Arrangement allows you to 
maintain your role as primary 

2459
02:11:37,000 --> 02:11:39,800
fire tender without being 
interrupted for minor childhood 

2460
02:11:39,800 --> 02:11:43,100
disturbances. 
It also teaches the older girl, 

2461
02:11:43,100 --> 02:11:45,600
caretaking skills that she will 
need when she has her own 

2462
02:11:45,608 --> 02:11:48,300
household. 
The younger children have no 

2463
02:11:48,300 --> 02:11:50,100
formal nighttime 
responsibilities yet. 

2464
02:11:50,100 --> 02:11:53,400
They sleep as soundly as 
children that age can sleep 

2465
02:11:53,400 --> 02:11:55,500
which means they wake 
periodically. 

2466
02:11:55,500 --> 02:11:58,100
But go back to sleep without 
intervention. 

2467
02:11:58,800 --> 02:12:01,000
In a few years. 
The younger boy, will begin. 

2468
02:12:01,000 --> 02:12:03,300
Taking turns monitoring 
livestock. 

2469
02:12:03,300 --> 02:12:06,800
The younger girl will learn to 
attend the fire for now. 

2470
02:12:06,800 --> 02:12:10,900
They are allowed to be children.
These responsibilities create a 

2471
02:12:10,908 --> 02:12:13,800
household where someone is 
always partially conscious. 

2472
02:12:14,600 --> 02:12:16,300
Full unconsciousness is 
dangerous. 

2473
02:12:16,300 --> 02:12:20,800
Fire can escaped containment 
Predators, can attack livestock 

2474
02:12:20,800 --> 02:12:24,400
weather can change. 
Suddenly illness can strike 

2475
02:12:24,408 --> 02:12:27,500
without warning. 
Someone must always be ready to 

2476
02:12:27,500 --> 02:12:29,800
respond. 
This distributed. 

2477
02:12:29,800 --> 02:12:34,200
Vigilance means that true rest 
is rare, you sleep, but lightly 

2478
02:12:35,000 --> 02:12:38,000
You dream but remain aware of 
the cabin around you. 

2479
02:12:38,700 --> 02:12:41,700
Your mind never fully releases 
his grip on Consciousness. 

2480
02:12:41,700 --> 02:12:45,600
The night work, extends, Beyond 
maintenance to include actual 

2481
02:12:45,600 --> 02:12:49,200
labor, when necessary. 
Carving happens at night with 

2482
02:12:49,200 --> 02:12:53,100
frustrating frequency. 
Cal going into labor makes 

2483
02:12:53,100 --> 02:12:56,700
specific sounds, your husband 
recognizes the sound 

2484
02:12:56,700 --> 02:13:01,700
immediately, he waits dresses 
light to Lantern and goes to the

2485
02:13:01,700 --> 02:13:04,600
barn. 
He usually follow to provide a 

2486
02:13:04,600 --> 02:13:07,500
assistance, Calvin can be quick 
and uneventful. 

2487
02:13:07,500 --> 02:13:12,300
It can also be complicated and 
life-threatening Calf presenting

2488
02:13:12,300 --> 02:13:14,500
wrong needs to be repositioned 
manually. 

2489
02:13:15,400 --> 02:13:17,800
A cow unable to deliver after 
prolonged labor. 

2490
02:13:17,800 --> 02:13:19,600
May need the calf pulled with 
ropes. 

2491
02:13:20,400 --> 02:13:22,500
These interventions require two 
people. 

2492
02:13:23,300 --> 02:13:26,100
They also require staying awake 
for however many hours the 

2493
02:13:26,100 --> 02:13:29,600
process takes. 
You have assisted with 14 

2494
02:13:29,600 --> 02:13:31,700
carving during your time in this
cabin. 

2495
02:13:32,500 --> 02:13:36,900
Three cars, died, despite 
intervention, two cows died. 

2496
02:13:36,900 --> 02:13:41,200
These losses are economically. 
Significant a cow represents 

2497
02:13:41,200 --> 02:13:43,500
months of feed and years of 
breeding investment. 

2498
02:13:44,500 --> 02:13:47,400
Calf represents future milk 
production or sales value. 

2499
02:13:48,100 --> 02:13:51,800
Losing either means the family's
resources are reduced, you do 

2500
02:13:51,800 --> 02:13:54,800
not mourn, these losses, 
sentimentally you more than 

2501
02:13:54,800 --> 02:13:57,900
practically. 
Dead livestock means less food 

2502
02:13:57,900 --> 02:14:00,300
and less income illness in the 
household. 

2503
02:14:00,300 --> 02:14:03,700
Also triggers nighttime, 
responsibilities that supersede 

2504
02:14:03,700 --> 02:14:06,900
normal schedules. 
A child with a high fever 

2505
02:14:06,900 --> 02:14:10,400
requires constant monitoring. 
The fever must be brought down 

2506
02:14:10,400 --> 02:14:13,500
using cool water. 
Compresses, the child must be 

2507
02:14:13,500 --> 02:14:16,700
encouraged to drink water to 
prevent dangerous dehydration. 

2508
02:14:17,400 --> 02:14:19,200
A child must be watched to 
ensure. 

2509
02:14:19,200 --> 02:14:22,800
The fever does not cause 
seizures this monitoring 

2510
02:14:22,800 --> 02:14:26,100
continues through the night 
until the fever breaks or until 

2511
02:14:26,100 --> 02:14:29,700
you determine the child needs. 
The doctor The nearest doctor is

2512
02:14:29,700 --> 02:14:33,000
40 miles away deciding whether 
an illness warrants. 

2513
02:14:33,000 --> 02:14:36,500
A 40-mile trip, is a calculation
you make based on incomplete 

2514
02:14:36,500 --> 02:14:39,600
information and experience that 
comes from watching children. 

2515
02:14:39,600 --> 02:14:43,600
Be sick many times, your younger
daughter wants had scarlet 

2516
02:14:43,600 --> 02:14:46,100
fever. 
The fever Rose to a level that 

2517
02:14:46,100 --> 02:14:49,900
caused delirium she hallucinated
and thrashed in her sleep. 

2518
02:14:50,800 --> 02:14:53,300
You sat beside the trundle bed 
for three full nights. 

2519
02:14:53,300 --> 02:14:56,800
Keeping her cool. 
Forcing water between her lips 

2520
02:14:56,800 --> 02:15:01,100
and praying she would survive. 
She did survive but the 

2521
02:15:01,100 --> 02:15:04,000
experience taught you that 
Frontier childhood is 

2522
02:15:04,000 --> 02:15:07,200
precarious. 
Children die from illnesses that

2523
02:15:07,200 --> 02:15:11,100
modern medicine treats easily. 
you know, this intellectually, 

2524
02:15:11,100 --> 02:15:14,900
you experience it emotionally 
during those three nights 

2525
02:15:14,900 --> 02:15:19,500
whether events or create 
nighttime work, Sudden wind 

2526
02:15:19,500 --> 02:15:22,400
storm that tears, shingles from 
the roof requires immediate 

2527
02:15:22,400 --> 02:15:25,100
repair. 
You cannot wait until morning 

2528
02:15:25,100 --> 02:15:27,800
because rain following wind 
would pour into the cabin. 

2529
02:15:27,800 --> 02:15:30,900
You and your husband climb onto 
the roof in darkness. 

2530
02:15:30,900 --> 02:15:35,000
Using lanterns for light and 
nail temporary patches over the 

2531
02:15:35,000 --> 02:15:39,500
damaged areas. 
This work is dangerous. falling 

2532
02:15:39,500 --> 02:15:43,400
from a roof at night, could 
result in serious injury, not 

2533
02:15:43,400 --> 02:15:47,700
repairing, the roof could result
in more serious damage, you 

2534
02:15:47,700 --> 02:15:52,300
choose the Lesser risk, A flash 
flood from Upstream sends water 

2535
02:15:52,300 --> 02:15:56,200
rushing, past the cabin, once 
every few years, the water comes

2536
02:15:56,200 --> 02:15:59,600
fast and high threatening to 
undermine the foundation. 

2537
02:15:59,600 --> 02:16:03,500
And flood the seller, You in the
older, children work through the

2538
02:16:03,500 --> 02:16:05,200
night. 
Digging drainage channels and 

2539
02:16:05,200 --> 02:16:09,000
building temporary Burns. 
To redirect the water, your wet,

2540
02:16:09,000 --> 02:16:13,500
cold, exhausted, and Ankle. 
Deep in mud by morning, the 

2541
02:16:13,500 --> 02:16:17,000
dangerous passed. 
You sleep for a few hours, then 

2542
02:16:17,000 --> 02:16:20,800
begin your regular days work. 
The night work also includes 

2543
02:16:20,800 --> 02:16:24,400
planning and decision-making. 
You and your husband, sometimes 

2544
02:16:24,400 --> 02:16:28,300
use the quiet night hours to 
discuss household matters, that 

2545
02:16:28,300 --> 02:16:32,900
require privacy. 
Financial decisions discipline 

2546
02:16:32,900 --> 02:16:35,299
for the children, plans, for the
coming season. 

2547
02:16:36,600 --> 02:16:39,299
These conversations happen in 
Whispers, after the children are

2548
02:16:39,299 --> 02:16:42,400
asleep, they are serious 
conversations about serious 

2549
02:16:42,400 --> 02:16:45,299
matters. 
The darkness makes them easier 

2550
02:16:45,299 --> 02:16:48,100
somehow. 
Problems discussed in darkness. 

2551
02:16:48,100 --> 02:16:51,299
Seems slightly more manageable 
than problems discussed in 

2552
02:16:51,299 --> 02:16:54,000
daylight. 
You do not understand why this 

2553
02:16:54,000 --> 02:16:56,299
is true. 
You only know that it is. 

2554
02:16:57,100 --> 02:17:01,000
The mental load of nighttime 
responsibilities is as 

2555
02:17:01,000 --> 02:17:02,500
exhausting as the physical 
labor. 

2556
02:17:03,200 --> 02:17:07,200
You lie in bed and track 
multiple systems simultaneously 

2557
02:17:07,200 --> 02:17:12,100
is the fire burning safely are 
the children breathing normally,

2558
02:17:12,100 --> 02:17:15,500
is that sound outside, normal or
threatening? 

2559
02:17:16,299 --> 02:17:18,799
Should you wake your husband or 
handle it yourself? 

2560
02:17:20,400 --> 02:17:22,900
This constant assessment 
prevents deep sleep. 

2561
02:17:22,900 --> 02:17:26,200
Your brain remains in a state of
heightened alertness. 

2562
02:17:26,200 --> 02:17:30,100
Even when your body is 
horizontal and still This 

2563
02:17:30,100 --> 02:17:32,799
historical record contains 
surprisingly detailed 

2564
02:17:32,799 --> 02:17:35,400
documentation of nighttime 
Frontier work. 

2565
02:17:35,400 --> 02:17:39,400
The Diary of Martha Ballard, a 
main Midwife who kept Daily 

2566
02:17:39,400 --> 02:17:44,100
records from 1785 to 1812 
mentioned nighttime 

2567
02:17:44,100 --> 02:17:46,200
responsibilities in nearly every
entry. 

2568
02:17:47,100 --> 02:17:50,200
She describes being called out 
at night for births dozens of 

2569
02:17:50,200 --> 02:17:53,100
times. 
She mentions, tending sick. 

2570
02:17:53,100 --> 02:17:54,400
Family members through the 
night. 

2571
02:17:55,400 --> 02:17:58,400
She notes fire maintenance. 
Livestock care and weather 

2572
02:17:58,400 --> 02:18:01,400
emergencies. 
Her diary makes clear that 

2573
02:18:01,400 --> 02:18:04,600
Frontier Knights were working 
hours, not resting hours. 

2574
02:18:05,500 --> 02:18:08,500
The letters of Narcissa. 
Whitman a missionary in Oregon 

2575
02:18:08,500 --> 02:18:12,200
Territory during the 1830s 
described similar patterns. 

2576
02:18:13,000 --> 02:18:16,299
She writes about being awakened 
multiple times each night for 

2577
02:18:16,299 --> 02:18:20,200
various responsibilities. she 
mentions the cumulative, 

2578
02:18:20,200 --> 02:18:24,100
exhaustion this creates, She 
also mentions the frontier 

2579
02:18:24,100 --> 02:18:27,299
families, considered this normal
and did not complain about it 

2580
02:18:27,299 --> 02:18:29,200
because everyone experienced the
same thing. 

2581
02:18:30,400 --> 02:18:33,500
The nighttime responsibility 
system works because everyone 

2582
02:18:33,500 --> 02:18:37,400
participates and because 
refusing to participate is not 

2583
02:18:37,400 --> 02:18:41,299
an option, the consequences of 
neglected responsibilities are 

2584
02:18:41,299 --> 02:18:45,700
immediate and severe an untended
fire goes out, which means a 

2585
02:18:45,700 --> 02:18:49,900
cold cabin and cold family, 
unchecked livestock fall ill or 

2586
02:18:49,900 --> 02:18:54,000
get attacked ignored weather. 
Damages, the structure, the 

2587
02:18:54,000 --> 02:18:57,700
system, enforces itself through 
natural consequences but the 

2588
02:18:57,700 --> 02:19:02,200
system also grinds people down 
over time The cumulative effect 

2589
02:19:02,200 --> 02:19:05,500
of interrupted sleep year, after
year takes a physical toll. 

2590
02:19:06,400 --> 02:19:08,900
Your 38 years old. 
You look 50. 

2591
02:19:08,900 --> 02:19:13,200
Your husband is 42. 
He moves like a man 20 years 

2592
02:19:13,200 --> 02:19:16,000
older. 
Children are perpetually tired, 

2593
02:19:16,000 --> 02:19:19,500
though, they youth allows them 
to function despite exhaustion. 

2594
02:19:20,200 --> 02:19:23,299
Everyone in Frontier households,
operates at a deficit. 

2595
02:19:24,000 --> 02:19:27,700
This deficit is normal. 
No one expects to feel fully 

2596
02:19:27,700 --> 02:19:30,900
rested. 
That is simply not how frontier 

2597
02:19:30,900 --> 02:19:34,200
life works. 
The midnight responsibilities 

2598
02:19:34,200 --> 02:19:37,700
are the price of survival. 
You cannot survive frontier 

2599
02:19:37,700 --> 02:19:39,299
life. 
Without constant vigilance 

2600
02:19:39,299 --> 02:19:44,200
vigilance requires wakefulness, 
wakefulness requires sacrificing

2601
02:19:44,200 --> 02:19:46,799
sleep. 
You make this sacrifice every 

2602
02:19:46,799 --> 02:19:49,400
night because the alternative is
death or destruction. 

2603
02:19:50,300 --> 02:19:53,800
The trade seemed obvious when 
stated plainly, but living the 

2604
02:19:53,800 --> 02:19:57,800
trade night after night year 
after year, is harder than any 

2605
02:19:57,800 --> 02:20:01,100
external description. 
Can capture and tomorrow night. 

2606
02:20:01,100 --> 02:20:05,200
When darkness comes again, you 
will wake at the appointed time 

2607
02:20:05,200 --> 02:20:09,200
and perform the appointed tasks 
and returned to your bed and 

2608
02:20:09,200 --> 02:20:10,900
wait for the next appointed 
time. 

2609
02:20:11,800 --> 02:20:13,700
This is the rhythm of frontier 
life. 

2610
02:20:13,700 --> 02:20:16,600
This is why you would not sleep 
a single hour. 

2611
02:20:16,600 --> 02:20:19,800
In this cabin, the period 
between four and the morning and

2612
02:20:19,800 --> 02:20:23,400
full Sunrise, occupies a 
territory that is neither night 

2613
02:20:23,400 --> 02:20:26,600
nor day. 
This transitional time contains 

2614
02:20:26,600 --> 02:20:30,400
its own unique miseries that 
Mark, the end of whatever rest 

2615
02:20:30,400 --> 02:20:33,700
you manage to capture. 
The rooster begins his 

2616
02:20:33,700 --> 02:20:35,800
announcements at the first hint 
of dawn. 

2617
02:20:36,600 --> 02:20:40,000
First hint of dawn arrives, 
approximately 90 minutes before 

2618
02:20:40,000 --> 02:20:43,600
actual Sunrise. 
The rooster does not wait for 

2619
02:20:43,600 --> 02:20:46,500
convenient lighting. 
He announces Dawn, when he 

2620
02:20:46,500 --> 02:20:50,200
detects it, which is well before
any human considers, the Knight 

2621
02:20:50,200 --> 02:20:52,900
to be over. 
His crowing is loud and 

2622
02:20:52,900 --> 02:20:56,000
persistent. 
Each Crow is a declaration, that

2623
02:20:56,000 --> 02:20:59,500
is day has begun and therefore 
everyone's day should begin. 

2624
02:21:00,400 --> 02:21:03,600
Cannot reason with a rooster, 
you can only endure him. 

2625
02:21:04,400 --> 02:21:06,300
The cabinet for in the morning 
is cold. 

2626
02:21:06,300 --> 02:21:09,900
What ever warmth the fire 
maintained during the middle of 

2627
02:21:09,900 --> 02:21:13,700
the night, has dissipated the 
logs in the fireplace of burned.

2628
02:21:13,700 --> 02:21:16,500
Down to Khols, that glow, red, 
but produce minimal Heat. 

2629
02:21:17,700 --> 02:21:20,300
The air temperature inside the 
cabin has dropped to perhaps 

2630
02:21:20,300 --> 02:21:22,400
five degrees of the outdoor 
temperature. 

2631
02:21:22,400 --> 02:21:26,600
This is cold and enough to make 
your breath visible cold enough 

2632
02:21:26,600 --> 02:21:28,800
to make getting out of bed, feel
like a punishment. 

2633
02:21:30,000 --> 02:21:34,200
Your husband Rises first. 
This is his pattern and has been

2634
02:21:34,200 --> 02:21:37,900
for 15 years. 
He sits up in the bed, the 

2635
02:21:37,900 --> 02:21:39,900
blankets falling away from his 
torso. 

2636
02:21:40,800 --> 02:21:42,600
Cold air hits his body 
immediately. 

2637
02:21:43,500 --> 02:21:47,500
He pauses for a moment Gathering
himself for the transition from 

2638
02:21:47,500 --> 02:21:51,600
horizontal to Vertical, then he 
swings his legs, off the bed and

2639
02:21:51,600 --> 02:21:53,900
stands. 
He walks directly to the 

2640
02:21:53,900 --> 02:21:55,800
fireplace without bothering with
boots. 

2641
02:21:55,800 --> 02:21:58,200
His feet on the packed Earth 
floor. 

2642
02:21:58,200 --> 02:22:02,400
Makes soft sounds. 
He nails at the half and begins 

2643
02:22:02,400 --> 02:22:06,100
rebuilding the fire. 
The fiery building processor 

2644
02:22:06,100 --> 02:22:09,900
Dawn is different from Nighttime
fire maintenance Dawn, fires. 

2645
02:22:09,900 --> 02:22:12,800
Need to burn hot and fast. 
They need to heat the cabin 

2646
02:22:12,800 --> 02:22:14,700
quickly and provide enough heat 
for cooking. 

2647
02:22:15,600 --> 02:22:19,300
Your husband adds kindling to 
the Kohl's first the kindling 

2648
02:22:19,300 --> 02:22:23,800
caches within seconds, producing
small Flames, then he adds split

2649
02:22:23,800 --> 02:22:27,500
would then he adds larger logs 
within five minutes. 

2650
02:22:27,500 --> 02:22:30,900
The fire is burning steadily and
heat begins radiating into the 

2651
02:22:30,908 --> 02:22:33,400
cabin. 
You remain in bed during this 

2652
02:22:33,400 --> 02:22:37,100
process, you're awake but your 
conserving body heat under the 

2653
02:22:37,100 --> 02:22:40,800
blanket rising to early means 
being cold for longer. 

2654
02:22:41,700 --> 02:22:44,200
Staying in bed, a few extra 
minutes means using your 

2655
02:22:44,200 --> 02:22:46,600
husband's fire building, time to
remain warm. 

2656
02:22:46,600 --> 02:22:49,800
This is efficient when the fire 
is burning. 

2657
02:22:49,800 --> 02:22:54,000
Well you get up the transition 
from under blankets to standing 

2658
02:22:54,000 --> 02:22:57,100
is still unpleasant, but less 
unpleasant than it would have 

2659
02:22:57,100 --> 02:22:59,200
been 10 minutes earlier you 
dress. 

2660
02:22:59,200 --> 02:23:02,100
In the same clothes, you slept 
in because you never undressed 

2661
02:23:02,100 --> 02:23:05,400
you, add an extra shawl, the 
shawl is wool and heavy. 

2662
02:23:05,400 --> 02:23:09,600
It helps you walk to the 
fireplace and stand close to the

2663
02:23:09,600 --> 02:23:12,600
Flames absorbing heat. 
Your hands are cold. 

2664
02:23:12,600 --> 02:23:15,600
You hold them near the fire 
until they stop aching. 

2665
02:23:17,100 --> 02:23:20,600
This takes several minutes, the 
children begins stirring. 

2666
02:23:20,600 --> 02:23:24,000
The girls in the trundle awake. 
When they hear movement in the 

2667
02:23:24,000 --> 02:23:27,100
cabin, they remain in the 
trundle with the blankets pulled

2668
02:23:27,100 --> 02:23:30,000
up to their chins. 
They know that getting up means 

2669
02:23:30,000 --> 02:23:32,500
being cold, they delay, as long 
as possible. 

2670
02:23:32,500 --> 02:23:36,700
The boys in the Loft are slow to
wake Heath Rises and The Loft 

2671
02:23:36,700 --> 02:23:38,700
retains warmth longer than the 
lower level. 

2672
02:23:39,700 --> 02:23:43,300
The boys often sleep through the
initial morning activity, waking

2673
02:23:43,300 --> 02:23:47,500
only when explicitly called You 
begin preparing breakfast, while

2674
02:23:47,500 --> 02:23:50,800
the cabin continues to wake 
around you breakfast is 

2675
02:23:50,800 --> 02:23:53,200
substantial because everyone 
will be working Outdoors within 

2676
02:23:53,200 --> 02:23:55,200
the hour and outdoor work 
requires fuel. 

2677
02:23:56,100 --> 02:23:58,600
You make cornmeal mush in a pot 
hung over the fire. 

2678
02:23:58,600 --> 02:24:02,800
The cornmeal simmers in water 
with a pinch of salt, you stir 

2679
02:24:02,800 --> 02:24:04,500
it. 
Occasionally to prevent sticking

2680
02:24:04,500 --> 02:24:08,400
the mush thickens, as it Cooks 
after 20 minutes. 

2681
02:24:08,400 --> 02:24:11,700
It is ready. 
You also fry salt pork in a 

2682
02:24:11,700 --> 02:24:15,300
skillet, the pork renders fat 
that you use to fry eggs. 

2683
02:24:16,100 --> 02:24:20,700
Four eggs, for six people means 
careful division. the children 

2684
02:24:20,700 --> 02:24:25,100
gets smaller portions you and 
your husband, get slightly 

2685
02:24:25,100 --> 02:24:28,900
larger portions because you will
be doing the hardest physical 

2686
02:24:28,900 --> 02:24:32,700
work The girls emerge from the 
trundle reluctantly. 

2687
02:24:32,700 --> 02:24:36,300
They wrap blankets around their 
shoulders and shuffled to the 

2688
02:24:36,300 --> 02:24:40,200
fire. 
They stand beside you absorbing 

2689
02:24:40,200 --> 02:24:43,000
Heat. 
Their faces up a puffy with 

2690
02:24:43,000 --> 02:24:46,600
sleep and Kris from pillar 
wrinkles, they do not speak. 

2691
02:24:47,500 --> 02:24:49,200
Mourning. 
Conversation is minimal. 

2692
02:24:49,200 --> 02:24:53,200
Everyone is too tired and too 
cold for Unnecessary words. 

2693
02:24:54,100 --> 02:24:57,200
The boys climbed down from the 
loft of Venturi, her husband 

2694
02:24:57,208 --> 02:24:59,600
calls up to them. 
When breakfast is nearly ready. 

2695
02:24:59,600 --> 02:25:02,800
They descend the ladder 
carefully moving slowly, because

2696
02:25:02,800 --> 02:25:06,300
they are not fully awake. 
The older boys, hair sticks up 

2697
02:25:06,300 --> 02:25:10,300
in multiple directions. 
The young boy has Sleek crossed 

2698
02:25:10,300 --> 02:25:13,800
in the corners of his eyes. 
They joined the cluster at the 

2699
02:25:13,800 --> 02:25:17,700
fireplace, you serve breakfast 
at the table, everyone sits in 

2700
02:25:17,708 --> 02:25:19,700
the same spots, they occupied 
during dinner. 

2701
02:25:20,400 --> 02:25:24,100
Food is hot and filling people 
eat steadily without much 

2702
02:25:24,100 --> 02:25:27,300
conversation. 
The cornmeal Mash is Bland, but 

2703
02:25:27,300 --> 02:25:31,700
warm, the salt pork is salty and
fatty the eggs are rich and 

2704
02:25:31,708 --> 02:25:34,800
satisfying. 
Combined, the mill provides 

2705
02:25:34,800 --> 02:25:38,800
enough energy to Begin work. 
after breakfast, the division of

2706
02:25:38,808 --> 02:25:42,300
mourning, labor begins your 
husband and the older boy go 

2707
02:25:42,300 --> 02:25:46,700
outside to 10 the livestock A 
cow must be milked, the chickens

2708
02:25:46,700 --> 02:25:49,600
must be fed and watered. 
The eggs must be collected. 

2709
02:25:49,600 --> 02:25:52,600
The barn must be checked for any
problems that developed 

2710
02:25:52,600 --> 02:25:55,500
overnight. 
This work takes approximately an

2711
02:25:55,500 --> 02:25:57,300
hour. 
They do it every morning, 

2712
02:25:57,300 --> 02:26:00,300
regardless of whether you in the
girls clean the breakfast 

2713
02:26:00,300 --> 02:26:02,100
dishes, and begin preparing the 
cap. 

2714
02:26:02,100 --> 02:26:04,200
In for the day, the beds must be
made. 

2715
02:26:04,200 --> 02:26:05,900
The floor. 
Must be swept. 

2716
02:26:05,900 --> 02:26:10,200
The chamber pot must be emptied,
the water bucket must be filled.

2717
02:26:10,200 --> 02:26:14,200
The fire must be maintained at a
level appropriate for daytime. 

2718
02:26:15,100 --> 02:26:17,900
The girls perform, these tasks 
with practice to see. 

2719
02:26:17,900 --> 02:26:20,200
They've been doing this work for
years. 

2720
02:26:20,200 --> 02:26:23,700
They know the routine. 
The younger boy has morning, 

2721
02:26:23,700 --> 02:26:25,100
shows that keep him near the 
cabin. 

2722
02:26:25,100 --> 02:26:27,700
He split kindling for the days 
fire. 

2723
02:26:27,700 --> 02:26:30,000
He brings in firewood from the 
woodpile. 

2724
02:26:30,000 --> 02:26:33,300
He checks the chicken coop for 
any damage or signs of Predator 

2725
02:26:33,300 --> 02:26:35,800
attempts. 
These tasks are age appropriate.

2726
02:26:35,800 --> 02:26:38,800
They teach him responsibility 
without exposing him to 

2727
02:26:38,808 --> 02:26:42,200
dangerous work. 
The morning work happens in dim 

2728
02:26:42,200 --> 02:26:45,900
light that gradually brightens 
as the sun rises the transition.

2729
02:26:45,900 --> 02:26:49,700
From Darkness to Dawn is 
gradual, the sky shifts from 

2730
02:26:49,700 --> 02:26:54,300
black to dark blue to pale blue 
to Pink to Orange to Yellow. 

2731
02:26:55,600 --> 02:26:58,200
The colors are beautiful when 
you have time to notice them. 

2732
02:26:58,200 --> 02:27:01,600
Usually you do not have time, 
you're too busy working to watch

2733
02:27:01,600 --> 02:27:05,300
the sunrise. 
By the time, the sun is actually

2734
02:27:05,300 --> 02:27:07,800
above the Horizon and providing 
real light. 

2735
02:27:07,800 --> 02:27:10,300
You have been awakened working 
for two hours. 

2736
02:27:10,300 --> 02:27:15,300
This is standard Frontier 
mornings begin in darkness and 

2737
02:27:15,300 --> 02:27:17,300
continue through Dawn without 
pause. 

2738
02:27:18,400 --> 02:27:22,900
The idea of sleeping until full 
daylight is foreign work, begins

2739
02:27:22,900 --> 02:27:27,000
before light and continues as 
long as light lasts. 

2740
02:27:28,500 --> 02:27:32,100
Cumulative effect of these early
starts compounds over time. 

2741
02:27:32,100 --> 02:27:34,300
You went to bed around 8 in the 
evening. 

2742
02:27:34,300 --> 02:27:38,000
You work multiple times during 
the night to tend the fire, you 

2743
02:27:38,000 --> 02:27:41,200
Rose, finally, at four in the 
morning this means you obtained.

2744
02:27:41,200 --> 02:27:43,700
Perhaps, six hours of 
interrupted, sleep. 

2745
02:27:43,700 --> 02:27:47,900
Six hours is not enough. 
You need eight or nine hours to 

2746
02:27:47,900 --> 02:27:50,600
feel fully rested. 
You never get eight or nine 

2747
02:27:50,600 --> 02:27:54,500
hours you operate on a permanent
sleep deficit that never fully 

2748
02:27:54,500 --> 02:27:58,000
resolves, your husband shows the
effect of this deficit 

2749
02:27:58,000 --> 02:28:00,900
physically, his movements are 
slower than they would be 

2750
02:28:00,900 --> 02:28:03,800
without adequate rest. 
His patience is shorter. 

2751
02:28:03,800 --> 02:28:07,300
His face carries permanent dark 
circles under his eyes. 

2752
02:28:07,300 --> 02:28:12,600
He is 42 but looks sick 60, the 
work ages, hymn, the lack of 

2753
02:28:12,600 --> 02:28:16,600
sleep accelerates, the Aging, 
The children showed different 

2754
02:28:16,600 --> 02:28:19,200
effects. 
They are tired, but they are 

2755
02:28:19,200 --> 02:28:21,700
young enough that their bodies 
tolerate exhaustion, better, 

2756
02:28:21,700 --> 02:28:24,300
they complain less than adults 
would. 

2757
02:28:25,200 --> 02:28:27,600
Simply accept that life involves
being tired. 

2758
02:28:28,500 --> 02:28:31,800
They have no comparison. 
They do not know what it feels 

2759
02:28:31,800 --> 02:28:34,500
like to wake naturally. 
After a full night of rest 

2760
02:28:34,500 --> 02:28:39,000
exhaustion is their Baseline. 
You see the effects in your self

2761
02:28:39,000 --> 02:28:41,500
when you look in the small 
mirror of the washing baseman 

2762
02:28:42,200 --> 02:28:46,000
Your face has lines that were 
not there five years ago, your 

2763
02:28:46,000 --> 02:28:48,700
eyes look Hollow. 
Your skin has a grayness that 

2764
02:28:48,700 --> 02:28:52,000
comes from Perpetual exhaustion 
your 38. 

2765
02:28:52,000 --> 02:28:57,500
You look older much older The 
false Dawn period is perhaps the

2766
02:28:57,500 --> 02:29:01,900
cruelest time in the frontier 
daily cycle, you've survived the

2767
02:29:01,900 --> 02:29:05,300
night, you have maintained the 
fire monitored, the household 

2768
02:29:05,300 --> 02:29:07,900
and kept everyone safe. 
Your reward for. 

2769
02:29:07,908 --> 02:29:12,100
This vigilance is not rest. 
Your reward is immediate return 

2770
02:29:12,100 --> 02:29:14,700
to labor. 
There is no recovery period. 

2771
02:29:14,700 --> 02:29:18,700
There is no gentle transition. 
You go from interrupted. 

2772
02:29:18,700 --> 02:29:21,100
Sleep to full work without 
pause. 

2773
02:29:21,900 --> 02:29:24,800
The historical accounts of 
frontier life, rarely mentioned 

2774
02:29:24,800 --> 02:29:27,900
this aspect of daily routine 
because it was so Universal. 

2775
02:29:27,900 --> 02:29:33,200
As to be unremarkable, everyone 
experienced it No one thought it

2776
02:29:33,200 --> 02:29:37,100
was worth documenting. 
The Anthropologist Margaret Mead

2777
02:29:37,100 --> 02:29:40,700
study traditional societies and 
noted that pre-industrial 

2778
02:29:40,700 --> 02:29:43,300
cultures typically operated on 
what she called. 

2779
02:29:43,300 --> 02:29:47,800
Interrupted sleep patterns, 
people slept in segments with 

2780
02:29:47,800 --> 02:29:51,500
periods of wakefulness in 
between, Full uninterrupted, 

2781
02:29:51,500 --> 02:29:55,700
sleep is a modern luxury enabled
by Electric Light, and secure 

2782
02:29:55,700 --> 02:29:58,300
housing. 
Frontier families, lived in the 

2783
02:29:58,300 --> 02:30:00,900
older pattern. 
They slept when they could and 

2784
02:30:00,900 --> 02:30:04,900
woke when necessary, the medical
consequences of chronic sleep, 

2785
02:30:04,900 --> 02:30:09,200
deprivation include impaired 
judgment, reduced immune 

2786
02:30:09,200 --> 02:30:13,500
function, increased injury risk,
and shortened lifespan Frontier,

2787
02:30:13,500 --> 02:30:16,900
families, experienced all of 
these consequences they made 

2788
02:30:16,900 --> 02:30:21,000
poor decisions from exhaustion, 
they became ill more frequently.

2789
02:30:21,000 --> 02:30:24,500
The injured themselves, doing 
routine tasks because they're 

2790
02:30:24,500 --> 02:30:28,200
reflexes were slowed, they died 
younger than their Urban 

2791
02:30:28,200 --> 02:30:32,500
counterparts but there was no 
alternative, the work had to be 

2792
02:30:32,500 --> 02:30:35,800
done the work. 
Required waking early, waking 

2793
02:30:35,800 --> 02:30:38,100
early required, sacrificing 
sleep. 

2794
02:30:38,800 --> 02:30:41,100
The system locked. 
Everyone into Perpetual 

2795
02:30:41,100 --> 02:30:43,900
exhaustion. 
Complaining about it changed, 

2796
02:30:43,900 --> 02:30:46,200
nothing. 
You simply did the work and 

2797
02:30:46,200 --> 02:30:51,000
accepted the cost the false Dawn
passes of eventually, the sun 

2798
02:30:51,000 --> 02:30:54,300
rises fully the day officially 
begins. 

2799
02:30:54,300 --> 02:30:56,800
You have been working for three 
hours already. 

2800
02:30:56,800 --> 02:31:01,400
You'll work for 12 more hours. 
Then Darkness will come, you 

2801
02:31:01,400 --> 02:31:03,600
will eat dinner. 
You will lie down in your bed, 

2802
02:31:03,600 --> 02:31:05,600
you will tend the fire through 
the night. 

2803
02:31:05,600 --> 02:31:09,000
The cycle will repeat. 
This is frontier life. 

2804
02:31:09,000 --> 02:31:11,700
This is why you would not sleep 
a single hour. 

2805
02:31:11,700 --> 02:31:14,200
In this cabin adaptation to 
Impossible. 

2806
02:31:14,200 --> 02:31:16,500
Circumstances is a human 
specialty. 

2807
02:31:16,500 --> 02:31:19,400
Frontier families did not 
Thrive, because they found 

2808
02:31:19,400 --> 02:31:21,400
comfortable solutions to The 
Sleep problem. 

2809
02:31:22,300 --> 02:31:24,700
They survived because they 
developed tolerance for 

2810
02:31:24,700 --> 02:31:29,000
Perpetual discomfort and created
routines that made exhaustion 

2811
02:31:29,000 --> 02:31:33,300
manageable rather than fatal. 
Your family's adaptation 

2812
02:31:33,300 --> 02:31:36,000
strategy centers on Lowered 
Expectations. 

2813
02:31:36,700 --> 02:31:38,900
You do not expect to feel 
rested. 

2814
02:31:38,900 --> 02:31:41,800
You do not expect to sleep 
through the night. 

2815
02:31:41,800 --> 02:31:46,100
You do not expect personal space
or privacy or quiet. 

2816
02:31:47,000 --> 02:31:49,200
These expectations would create 
disappointment. 

2817
02:31:50,300 --> 02:31:54,400
In Stead, you expect exactly 
what you get, which is 

2818
02:31:54,400 --> 02:31:57,700
interrupted, sleep in crowded 
conditions with constant 

2819
02:31:57,700 --> 02:32:01,700
responsibilities. when your 
actual experience matches your 

2820
02:32:01,700 --> 02:32:06,200
expectations, you do not 
experience disappointment, you 

2821
02:32:06,200 --> 02:32:11,300
experience normalcy The children
add updation is more profound 

2822
02:32:11,300 --> 02:32:13,700
because they have never known 
anything different. 

2823
02:32:14,600 --> 02:32:18,500
Your daughter's do not dream of 
private bedrooms, they cannot 

2824
02:32:18,500 --> 02:32:21,900
imagine what a private bedroom 
would feel like the reference 

2825
02:32:21,900 --> 02:32:25,600
point is the trundle bed, they 
share similarly, your son's 

2826
02:32:25,600 --> 02:32:28,000
except the Loft as their 
sleeping space without 

2827
02:32:28,000 --> 02:32:29,900
questioning whether better 
options exist. 

2828
02:32:30,900 --> 02:32:33,600
This lack of comparison protects
them from dissatisfaction. 

2829
02:32:33,600 --> 02:32:37,000
They do not long for what they 
have never experienced. 

2830
02:32:37,800 --> 02:32:40,300
Your husband adapted through a 
form of mental 

2831
02:32:40,300 --> 02:32:43,600
compartmentalization. 
Parade. 

2832
02:32:43,600 --> 02:32:47,500
Sleep from rest. 
Sleep for him is a brief 

2833
02:32:47,500 --> 02:32:50,400
unconscious state that happens 
in intervals between work 

2834
02:32:50,400 --> 02:32:54,300
periods. 
Rest is something different rest

2835
02:32:54,300 --> 02:32:56,800
is sitting in the evening. 
After work is done. 

2836
02:32:57,700 --> 02:33:01,200
Rest is Sunday afternoons? 
When no urgent tasks. 

2837
02:33:01,200 --> 02:33:04,400
Demanded attention. 
He does not expect sleep to 

2838
02:33:04,400 --> 02:33:07,400
provide rest. 
He obtains rest through other 

2839
02:33:07,400 --> 02:33:10,800
means, this mental distinction, 
allows him to function 

2840
02:33:10,800 --> 02:33:14,900
effectively despite poor sleep. 
You adapted through developing 

2841
02:33:14,900 --> 02:33:17,500
an ability to fall asleep 
quickly and wait quickly. 

2842
02:33:17,500 --> 02:33:21,200
You can transition from Full 
Consciousness to light sleep in 

2843
02:33:21,200 --> 02:33:24,400
under two minutes. 
You can wake from sleep to full 

2844
02:33:24,400 --> 02:33:28,200
alertness in seconds. 
These skills developed through 

2845
02:33:28,200 --> 02:33:32,200
necessity, when you have only 
brief windows for sleep, you 

2846
02:33:32,200 --> 02:33:35,500
cannot afford to spend 30 
minutes, falling asleep, when 

2847
02:33:35,500 --> 02:33:39,000
danger requires instant 
response, you cannot afford to 

2848
02:33:39,000 --> 02:33:41,900
wait slowly. 
Your nervous system learn to 

2849
02:33:41,900 --> 02:33:45,500
switch State's rapidly. 
This is efficient, but it is 

2850
02:33:45,500 --> 02:33:49,200
also exhausting your body. 
Never fully relaxes. 

2851
02:33:49,200 --> 02:33:53,900
You're always partially alert. 
Family has also developed 

2852
02:33:53,900 --> 02:33:56,700
strategies for managing the 
worst effects of sleep 

2853
02:33:56,700 --> 02:34:01,000
deprivation. when someone is 
particularly exhausted, the 

2854
02:34:01,000 --> 02:34:05,100
others compensate by taking on 
additional work, This happens 

2855
02:34:05,100 --> 02:34:08,400
without formal discussion, your 
husband sees that you are 

2856
02:34:08,400 --> 02:34:12,100
unusually tired and takes over 
fire maintenance for a night. 

2857
02:34:12,900 --> 02:34:15,900
You see that the older boys 
struggling and assign his chores

2858
02:34:15,900 --> 02:34:19,100
to the younger boy for a day? 
The older girl covers for her 

2859
02:34:19,100 --> 02:34:21,000
younger sister. 
When the young girl is sick 

2860
02:34:21,000 --> 02:34:25,100
these informal support systems, 
prevent any one person from 

2861
02:34:25,100 --> 02:34:29,000
becoming completely debilitated,
the seasonal variation in Sleep,

2862
02:34:29,000 --> 02:34:31,500
Quality creates a rhythm. 
That makes the worst periods, 

2863
02:34:31,500 --> 02:34:34,600
more tolerable. 
Winter sleep is terrible because

2864
02:34:34,600 --> 02:34:36,900
of the cold and fire maintenance
and darkness. 

2865
02:34:37,700 --> 02:34:40,700
Some are sleep is terrible 
because of heat and insect and 

2866
02:34:40,700 --> 02:34:43,900
long working hours, but spring 
and fall off a slightly better 

2867
02:34:43,900 --> 02:34:46,100
conditions. 
The temperatures are moderate, 

2868
02:34:46,100 --> 02:34:50,300
the daylight hours are balanced.
The workload is heavy, but not 

2869
02:34:50,300 --> 02:34:53,200
overwhelming. 
The seasonal improvements 

2870
02:34:53,200 --> 02:34:56,600
provide brief recovery periods. 
That allow the family to rebuild

2871
02:34:56,600 --> 02:34:59,800
strength before the next 
difficult season arrives. 

2872
02:35:00,900 --> 02:35:03,400
The community supports system 
also plays a role. 

2873
02:35:04,300 --> 02:35:07,500
Frontier families, help each 
other during crises in ways that

2874
02:35:07,500 --> 02:35:11,700
include allowing people to rest.
When your family had scarlet 

2875
02:35:11,700 --> 02:35:14,000
fever. 
Two years ago, your neighbor 

2876
02:35:14,000 --> 02:35:16,400
came and took the younger 
children to her cabin for a 

2877
02:35:16,408 --> 02:35:18,800
week. 
This allowed you and your 

2878
02:35:18,800 --> 02:35:23,000
husband to focus on nursing the 
sick daughter without also 

2879
02:35:23,000 --> 02:35:26,800
managing the healthy children. 
The sick daughter recovered. 

2880
02:35:26,800 --> 02:35:30,900
The healthy children returned. 
No payment exchanged hands. 

2881
02:35:30,900 --> 02:35:33,700
This is how Frontier communities
function. 

2882
02:35:33,700 --> 02:35:37,700
Today, you receive help 
tomorrow, you provide help to 

2883
02:35:37,700 --> 02:35:40,400
someone else. 
The acceptance of child 

2884
02:35:40,400 --> 02:35:44,100
mortality creates a dark 
adaptation Frontier. 

2885
02:35:44,100 --> 02:35:46,500
Families, know that some 
children will not survive to 

2886
02:35:46,500 --> 02:35:50,200
adulthood Disease, access and 
deprivation. 

2887
02:35:50,200 --> 02:35:54,000
Claimed lives with regularity. 
You have birthed six children, 

2888
02:35:54,000 --> 02:35:59,700
five survive, The one who died 
was your third child, a son, who

2889
02:35:59,700 --> 02:36:02,400
lived only four months before 
succumbing to what the doctor 

2890
02:36:02,400 --> 02:36:05,700
called failure to thrive. 
You mourn this loss. 

2891
02:36:06,600 --> 02:36:09,200
But you also accepted it as part
of frontier life. 

2892
02:36:10,000 --> 02:36:13,500
This acceptance is not callous. 
Its protective. 

2893
02:36:13,500 --> 02:36:16,800
If you allowed yourself to 
believe that every child should 

2894
02:36:16,800 --> 02:36:20,400
survive the reality of frontier 
life, would destroy you 

2895
02:36:20,400 --> 02:36:23,400
emotionally. 
Instead, you appreciate the 

2896
02:36:23,400 --> 02:36:26,800
children who live and carry the 
grief of the child, who died. 

2897
02:36:26,800 --> 02:36:30,600
Without letting that grief. 
Prevent you from functioning The

2898
02:36:30,600 --> 02:36:32,500
physical adaptations are also 
significant. 

2899
02:36:32,500 --> 02:36:35,600
Your body has learned to 
function on inadequate, sleep 

2900
02:36:35,600 --> 02:36:38,000
through mechanisms. 
You do not understand but can 

2901
02:36:38,000 --> 02:36:41,800
observe You can work a full day 
after only four hours of broken 

2902
02:36:41,800 --> 02:36:45,600
sleep, your husband can split 
wood and plows running on 

2903
02:36:45,600 --> 02:36:49,200
similar rest. 
Children can learn and play and 

2904
02:36:49,200 --> 02:36:51,100
complete chores. 
Despite being chronically 

2905
02:36:51,100 --> 02:36:54,100
exhausted, these abilities are 
not Supernatural. 

2906
02:36:54,900 --> 02:36:57,800
They are simply the result of 
bodies adapting to sustained 

2907
02:36:57,800 --> 02:37:00,900
stress. 
The adaptation has costs. 

2908
02:37:00,900 --> 02:37:04,600
Those costs are crew, as 
shortened lifespan and increased

2909
02:37:04,600 --> 02:37:07,100
illness. 
But the adaptation allows 

2910
02:37:07,100 --> 02:37:10,600
survival in the present, which 
takes precedence over concerns 

2911
02:37:10,600 --> 02:37:13,800
about the future. 
The mental adaptations are 

2912
02:37:13,800 --> 02:37:16,500
perhaps the most important. 
You have learned to find 

2913
02:37:16,500 --> 02:37:19,100
satisfaction in survival, 
rather, than comfort. 

2914
02:37:19,100 --> 02:37:22,600
You do not measure a good day 
by, whether you felt rested or 

2915
02:37:22,600 --> 02:37:26,200
happy, You measure a good day by
whether everyone in the family 

2916
02:37:26,200 --> 02:37:28,200
is alive and uninjured at the 
end of it. 

2917
02:37:29,100 --> 02:37:32,200
This recalibrated definition of 
success makes most days. 

2918
02:37:32,200 --> 02:37:35,300
Good days. 
You survive today that is 

2919
02:37:35,300 --> 02:37:37,600
sufficient. 
Your husband finds satisfaction 

2920
02:37:37,600 --> 02:37:40,100
in completed work rather than in
rest. 

2921
02:37:40,100 --> 02:37:44,200
He judges his day by how much he
accomplished, not by how he 

2922
02:37:44,200 --> 02:37:47,900
feels this framework allows him 
to feel successful, even when 

2923
02:37:47,900 --> 02:37:51,800
exhausted, the fence got 
repaired, the field got plowed, 

2924
02:37:51,800 --> 02:37:55,700
the roof got patched. 
These are Victory, is the fact 

2925
02:37:55,700 --> 02:38:00,200
that he is tired is relevant? 
Children find satisfaction in 

2926
02:38:00,200 --> 02:38:03,700
small Pleasures, that modern 
children would not notice a 

2927
02:38:03,700 --> 02:38:06,800
piece of maple sugar. 
Candy shared four ways as a 

2928
02:38:06,800 --> 02:38:10,200
celebration, and afternoon spent
playing near the creek as a 

2929
02:38:10,200 --> 02:38:12,800
luxury. 
A story told by firelight is 

2930
02:38:12,800 --> 02:38:16,100
entertainment The small 
Pleasures, provide enough 

2931
02:38:16,100 --> 02:38:18,700
positive experience to balance 
the hardship. 

2932
02:38:19,500 --> 02:38:22,100
Family has also developed 
rituals that create meaning 

2933
02:38:22,100 --> 02:38:24,900
Beyond Survival. 
Sunday is a rest day. 

2934
02:38:24,900 --> 02:38:29,000
Observed, even when work is 
pressing You attend the small 

2935
02:38:29,000 --> 02:38:31,500
Church three miles away when 
weather permits. 

2936
02:38:32,300 --> 02:38:35,700
The church service provides 
Community contact and spiritual 

2937
02:38:35,700 --> 02:38:38,700
reinforcement. 
The walk to church and back is 

2938
02:38:38,700 --> 02:38:40,700
long but it creates a sense of 
rhythm. 

2939
02:38:41,400 --> 02:38:43,000
Sunday is different from other 
days. 

2940
02:38:43,000 --> 02:38:47,000
This different matters cycle 
logically evening meals. 

2941
02:38:47,000 --> 02:38:51,000
Are another ritual. 
Spite exhaustion, the family 

2942
02:38:51,000 --> 02:38:53,500
sits together, every evening and
eats as a unit. 

2943
02:38:54,900 --> 02:38:56,700
This meal is more than 
nutritional. 

2944
02:38:56,700 --> 02:39:00,400
It is connection. 
It is a daily confirmation that 

2945
02:39:00,400 --> 02:39:03,600
the family is intact and 
functioning, the ritual of 

2946
02:39:03,600 --> 02:39:05,400
gathering. 
And eating together, creates 

2947
02:39:05,400 --> 02:39:08,200
stability in a life that is 
otherwise dominated by 

2948
02:39:08,200 --> 02:39:12,500
unpredictability and hardship. 
Bedtime itself has become 

2949
02:39:12,500 --> 02:39:16,400
ritualized. 
Fire is built up, the beds are 

2950
02:39:16,400 --> 02:39:20,100
arranged everyone. 
Washes, everyone lies down at 

2951
02:39:20,100 --> 02:39:23,100
approximately the same time. 
This routine creates 

2952
02:39:23,100 --> 02:39:26,300
predictability. 
Predictability creates a sense 

2953
02:39:26,300 --> 02:39:31,000
of control control, even if it 
is, mostly a Lucy makes the 

2954
02:39:31,000 --> 02:39:35,000
hardship more tolerable The 
long-term sustainability of this

2955
02:39:35,000 --> 02:39:38,300
life pattern is questionable 
Frontier families, typically 

2956
02:39:38,300 --> 02:39:41,100
live this way for 10 to 20 years
before either. 

2957
02:39:41,100 --> 02:39:44,400
Moving to more settled areas or 
achieving enough prosperity to 

2958
02:39:44,400 --> 02:39:48,400
improve their conditions. 
Your family is 15 years into 

2959
02:39:48,400 --> 02:39:51,100
this pattern, the cabin has 
improved somewhat. 

2960
02:39:51,100 --> 02:39:55,900
The livestock of increased the 
cleared land has expanded each 

2961
02:39:55,900 --> 02:39:58,400
small Improvement makes life 
slightly less difficult. 

2962
02:39:58,400 --> 02:40:02,200
Eventually these incremental 
improvements might accumulate 

2963
02:40:02,200 --> 02:40:04,600
into something that could be 
called comfortable. 

2964
02:40:05,400 --> 02:40:09,400
That day has not arrived yet. 
But the trajectory is positive. 

2965
02:40:09,400 --> 02:40:13,100
The historical record provides 
context for this adaptation 

2966
02:40:13,100 --> 02:40:16,000
process. 
The survival rate for Frontier 

2967
02:40:16,000 --> 02:40:17,800
families. 
Was surprisingly High, 

2968
02:40:17,800 --> 02:40:21,900
considering the hardships. 
They faced most families did not

2969
02:40:21,900 --> 02:40:23,800
fail. 
They did not give up. 

2970
02:40:24,600 --> 02:40:27,200
They didn't perish from exposure
or starvation. 

2971
02:40:27,200 --> 02:40:31,200
They survive through exactly the
kind of adaptation you have 

2972
02:40:31,200 --> 02:40:33,300
developed. 
They lowered their expectations.

2973
02:40:33,300 --> 02:40:38,300
Created support systems found 
meaning in small victories and 

2974
02:40:38,300 --> 02:40:41,300
simply continue functioning 
despite exhaustion. 

2975
02:40:42,600 --> 02:40:46,400
The psychologist Abraham Maslow 
developed a hierarchy of needs 

2976
02:40:46,400 --> 02:40:49,300
that places physiological, 
requirements, like sleep at the 

2977
02:40:49,308 --> 02:40:52,600
foundation. 
According to his theory, higher 

2978
02:40:52,600 --> 02:40:55,500
needs, like belonging and 
self-actualization cannot be 

2979
02:40:55,500 --> 02:40:57,500
pursued until basic needs are 
met. 

2980
02:40:58,400 --> 02:41:02,000
Frontier families disprove. 
This hierarchy, they pursued 

2981
02:41:02,000 --> 02:41:06,100
belonging meaning and even 
self-actualization while their 

2982
02:41:06,100 --> 02:41:08,800
basic sleep needs to remained 
chronically unmet. 

2983
02:41:09,900 --> 02:41:13,500
They did this by redefining what
constituted adequate sleep. 

2984
02:41:14,500 --> 02:41:18,100
If adequate sleep is defined as 
enough to function, then six 

2985
02:41:18,100 --> 02:41:21,800
hours of interrupted rest is 
adequate, the body of eventually

2986
02:41:21,800 --> 02:41:25,300
accepts this definition, the 
ultimate adaptation is 

2987
02:41:25,300 --> 02:41:27,300
accepting, that life will always
be hard. 

2988
02:41:27,300 --> 02:41:30,700
And that this hardness is not a 
temporary condition to be 

2989
02:41:30,700 --> 02:41:34,500
endured until things get better.
This is how things are, this is 

2990
02:41:34,500 --> 02:41:38,600
how things will continue to be. 
Once you accept this fully, the 

2991
02:41:38,600 --> 02:41:40,500
hardship becomes less 
overwhelming. 

2992
02:41:40,500 --> 02:41:44,100
You stop waiting for conditions 
to improve you. 

2993
02:41:44,100 --> 02:41:47,700
Stop comparing your current 
situation to an imagined 

2994
02:41:47,700 --> 02:41:51,300
comfortable alternative. 
You simply live in the reality 

2995
02:41:51,300 --> 02:41:55,200
that exists. 
This acceptance is not defeat. 

2996
02:41:55,200 --> 02:41:57,800
It is Liberation from false 
hope. 

2997
02:41:58,500 --> 02:42:01,600
False hope creates 
disappointment, disappointment 

2998
02:42:01,600 --> 02:42:06,000
saps energy energy is too 
valuable to waste on 

2999
02:42:06,000 --> 02:42:09,400
disappointment, so you release 
the hope for easy, sleep and 

3000
02:42:09,400 --> 02:42:12,400
comfortable, nights and 
uninterrupted rest. 

3001
02:42:13,000 --> 02:42:15,500
You accept that frontier. 
Life means, Perpetual 

3002
02:42:15,500 --> 02:42:19,500
exhaustion, and paradoxically 
this acceptance makes the 

3003
02:42:19,500 --> 02:42:22,000
exhaustion more bearable 
tonight. 

3004
02:42:22,000 --> 02:42:25,200
You will lie down in your rope 
bed, beside your husband, your 

3005
02:42:25,200 --> 02:42:28,800
daughter's will settle into the 
trundle, your son's will climb 

3006
02:42:28,800 --> 02:42:31,600
to the loft. 
The fire will burn the 

3007
02:42:31,600 --> 02:42:35,200
Wilderness, will perform its 
nightly concert, you will wait 

3008
02:42:35,200 --> 02:42:37,800
to 10 the fire. 
You will wake again. 

3009
02:42:37,800 --> 02:42:41,900
You will rise Before Dawn and 
begin work and tomorrow night, 

3010
02:42:41,900 --> 02:42:46,100
you will do it all again. 
This is frontier life, this is 

3011
02:42:46,100 --> 02:42:50,400
adaptation, this is endurance. 
This is why you would not sleep 

3012
02:42:50,400 --> 02:42:54,400
a single hour in this cabin, but
also paradoxically, this is how 

3013
02:42:54,400 --> 02:42:58,800
Frontier families did sleep 
night after night year after 

3014
02:42:58,800 --> 02:43:01,500
year, until the frontier became 
settled. 

3015
02:43:01,500 --> 02:43:05,500
And the hardship gradually 
diminished. they survived not 

3016
02:43:05,500 --> 02:43:08,300
because the sleep was adequate, 
but because they learned to 

3017
02:43:08,300 --> 02:43:12,200
survive without adequate sleep, 
they endured not because the 

3018
02:43:12,200 --> 02:43:15,400
conditions were tolerable, but 
because they developed tolerance

3019
02:43:15,400 --> 02:43:19,300
for intolerable conditions, they
succeeded, not because frontier 

3020
02:43:19,300 --> 02:43:22,600
life was manageable, but because
they became people capable of 

3021
02:43:22,600 --> 02:43:26,800
managing the unmanageable. 
And every night in cabins across

3022
02:43:26,800 --> 02:43:30,100
the frontier families. 
Just like yours, lay down in 

3023
02:43:30,100 --> 02:43:35,900
circumstances, just as difficult
and somehow, impossibly survived

3024
02:43:35,900 --> 02:43:38,600
until morning. 
Well, my tired potatoes. 

3025
02:43:38,600 --> 02:43:41,900
We have spent this hour inside. 
A frontier cabin, where sleep 

3026
02:43:41,900 --> 02:43:45,900
was a battle fought every single
night against cold noise, 

3027
02:43:45,900 --> 02:43:49,500
crowding responsibility. 
And the simple fact that 

3028
02:43:49,500 --> 02:43:53,200
survival required constant 
vigilance If you found yourself 

3029
02:43:53,200 --> 02:43:56,300
lying in that rope bed tonight 
you would understand very 

3030
02:43:56,300 --> 02:43:58,800
quickly. 
Why Frontier families age fast 

3031
02:43:58,800 --> 02:44:02,200
faster, worked harder and 
carried exhaustion as their 

3032
02:44:02,200 --> 02:44:05,900
permanent companion If you 
enjoyed this journey into some 

3033
02:44:05,900 --> 02:44:09,200
boring history, the algorithm 
would genuinely appreciate 

3034
02:44:09,200 --> 02:44:13,100
spreading it more stories 
waiting in the archive covering 

3035
02:44:13,100 --> 02:44:16,400
equally peculiar corners of the 
past where daily life looked 

3036
02:44:16,400 --> 02:44:18,300
nothing like the simplified 
version. 

3037
02:44:18,300 --> 02:44:23,100
We imagine Rest well, tonight in
your temperature, controlled 

3038
02:44:23,100 --> 02:44:26,200
room with your actual mattress 
and your blessed lack of coyote 

3039
02:44:26,200 --> 02:44:35,200
howls. 
Until next time, sleep warm, The

3040
02:44:35,200 --> 02:44:38,500
December wind cuts across Boston
Harbor tonight, carrying the 

3041
02:44:38,500 --> 02:44:42,400
smell of pine tar and salt. 
You stand on Griffin's Wharf, 

3042
02:44:42,400 --> 02:44:45,600
watching three Merchant ships, 
Rock gently against their 

3043
02:44:45,600 --> 02:44:50,300
Moorings, the ear is 1773 and 
somewhere in the darkness around

3044
02:44:50,300 --> 02:44:52,100
you. 
History is preparing to make 

3045
02:44:52,100 --> 02:44:56,700
itself heard but before we reach
that moment, Before the splash 

3046
02:44:56,700 --> 02:44:59,900
of tea crates hitting Black 
Water, you need to understand 

3047
02:44:59,900 --> 02:45:03,300
how a simple beverage became the
most dangerous substance in the 

3048
02:45:03,300 --> 02:45:05,900
American colonies. 
Your boots crunch through. 

3049
02:45:05,900 --> 02:45:08,700
November Frost, as you walk, the
cobblestone streets of Boston in

3050
02:45:08,700 --> 02:45:12,900
1772 the morning air, smells 
like wood, smoke and fresh bread

3051
02:45:12,900 --> 02:45:15,400
from the bakery on Milk Street 
around you. 

3052
02:45:15,400 --> 02:45:17,900
The city hums with the ordinary 
business of living. 

3053
02:45:18,800 --> 02:45:22,700
Cooper's iron Hoops on to Barrel
staves, a fishmonger calls out 

3054
02:45:22,700 --> 02:45:26,100
prices for codon, mackerel, two 
women, pause outside a shop 

3055
02:45:26,108 --> 02:45:28,700
window examining bolts of 
imported fabric. 

3056
02:45:28,700 --> 02:45:32,600
Everything looks normal, 
Everything feels like the world.

3057
02:45:32,600 --> 02:45:36,200
You have always known But 
underneath this ordinary 

3058
02:45:36,200 --> 02:45:38,300
morning, something fundamental 
is shifted. 

3059
02:45:39,100 --> 02:45:42,200
The British Empire that vast 
Machinery of Commerce and 

3060
02:45:42,200 --> 02:45:46,100
control stretching across oceans
has decided to solve a problem. 

3061
02:45:47,100 --> 02:45:50,400
The East India Company, the 
trading giant, that effectively 

3062
02:45:50,400 --> 02:45:53,900
runs British interests in Asia. 
Sits on the edge of bankruptcy. 

3063
02:45:55,200 --> 02:45:59,500
17 million pounds of unsold team
older in London, warehouses. 

3064
02:46:00,400 --> 02:46:03,200
According to Thomas Hutchinson's
correspondence, with the 

3065
02:46:03,200 --> 02:46:06,500
colonial office, the company 
bleeds money while Colonial 

3066
02:46:06,500 --> 02:46:09,500
merchants in America thrive on 
smuggled Dutch tea. 

3067
02:46:09,500 --> 02:46:14,200
The Empire needs a solution. 
The solution Parliament decides 

3068
02:46:14,200 --> 02:46:17,600
will reshape your world. 
You pour yourself tea this 

3069
02:46:17,608 --> 02:46:20,100
morning. 
As you do every morning, the 

3070
02:46:20,100 --> 02:46:24,700
ritual feels comfortable, hot 
water, darkens, the leaves steam

3071
02:46:24,700 --> 02:46:27,900
Rises carrying that particular 
scent of Bergamot and Earth. 

3072
02:46:29,200 --> 02:46:32,600
The East India Company is ship. 
These leaves 15,000 miles from 

3073
02:46:32,600 --> 02:46:36,700
plantations in Assam and Salon. 
They traveled by Ox cart to 

3074
02:46:36,700 --> 02:46:39,800
Calcutta, by merchant ship 
around the Cape of Good, Hope 

3075
02:46:39,800 --> 02:46:44,200
through storms and doldrums into
London, warehouses, then across 

3076
02:46:44,200 --> 02:46:48,100
the Atlantic to Boston. 
By the time they reach your cup,

3077
02:46:48,100 --> 02:46:51,400
they have passed through so many
hands that the final price 

3078
02:46:51,400 --> 02:46:53,900
Bears, little resemblance to 
their original value. 

3079
02:46:54,900 --> 02:46:56,300
The Journey of these leaves 
tells. 

3080
02:46:56,300 --> 02:47:00,000
The story of empire in miniature
Chinese workers. 

3081
02:47:00,000 --> 02:47:04,000
Picked them on Mountain, slopes 
their hands moving with practice

3082
02:47:04,000 --> 02:47:06,000
efficiency through rows of 
bushes. 

3083
02:47:06,000 --> 02:47:09,600
The leaves dried in factories 
where the air hunk thick with 

3084
02:47:09,600 --> 02:47:13,000
dust and Heat. 
British merchants inspected. 

3085
02:47:13,000 --> 02:47:16,700
The Harvest calculating profits 
in ledgers that track the 

3086
02:47:16,700 --> 02:47:18,600
movement of goods across 
continents. 

3087
02:47:19,600 --> 02:47:20,900
Ships. 
Carried the teeth through 

3088
02:47:20,900 --> 02:47:22,800
Waters. 
Patrolled by the Royal Navy 

3089
02:47:22,800 --> 02:47:25,700
protecting trade routes. 
That sustained an Empire. 

3090
02:47:26,700 --> 02:47:28,500
At every stage, someone took a 
cut. 

3091
02:47:29,500 --> 02:47:32,900
Percentage here a duty there, 
the accumulated cost 

3092
02:47:32,900 --> 02:47:36,100
transformed, a simple 
Agricultural Product in to a 

3093
02:47:36,108 --> 02:47:38,300
luxury. 
Good that signaled status and 

3094
02:47:38,300 --> 02:47:42,500
civilization your neighbor's 
drink tea every afternoon, the 

3095
02:47:42,500 --> 02:47:45,800
ritual has become so ingrained 
in colonial life that you barely

3096
02:47:45,800 --> 02:47:48,700
question it. 
Women Gathering parlors to share

3097
02:47:48,700 --> 02:47:50,900
gossip over teacups painted with
delicate. 

3098
02:47:50,900 --> 02:47:54,700
Chinese patterns Men discuss 
business in coffee houses, where

3099
02:47:54,700 --> 02:47:57,100
he competes with coffee and 
chocolate as the beverage of 

3100
02:47:57,100 --> 02:47:59,600
choice. 
Even the poorest family, save 

3101
02:47:59,600 --> 02:48:02,900
coins to purchase a small amount
of leaves stretching, the supply

3102
02:48:02,900 --> 02:48:05,800
by reusing the multiple times, 
until the flavor, turns, bitter 

3103
02:48:05,800 --> 02:48:09,400
and thin. 
Tea drinking marks you as 

3104
02:48:09,400 --> 02:48:13,000
civilized, as British as 
connected to a culture that 

3105
02:48:13,000 --> 02:48:16,600
spans the globe, but the Tea Act
changes, the meaning of every 

3106
02:48:16,600 --> 02:48:18,800
cup. 
What was once simply a beverage,

3107
02:48:18,800 --> 02:48:21,800
has become a political 
statement, drinking tea now 

3108
02:48:21,800 --> 02:48:24,100
means accepting parliament's, 
right to tax. 

3109
02:48:24,700 --> 02:48:28,500
Refusing t means declaring 
resistance, the choice facing 

3110
02:48:28,500 --> 02:48:30,900
you at breakfast, carries 
implications, far, beyond 

3111
02:48:30,900 --> 02:48:35,100
personal preference. 
This is how Empire Works Goods 

3112
02:48:35,100 --> 02:48:37,300
flow in patterns established by 
law and Profit. 

3113
02:48:37,300 --> 02:48:41,200
The Navigation, Acts passed 
decades ago by a parliament. 

3114
02:48:41,200 --> 02:48:44,300
You never elected dictate that 
colonial trade must flow 

3115
02:48:44,300 --> 02:48:46,500
through. 
Britain, you cannot buy tea 

3116
02:48:46,500 --> 02:48:48,600
directly from China. 
You cannot purchase, 

3117
02:48:48,600 --> 02:48:52,100
manufactured, goods from France.
Every transaction must pass 

3118
02:48:52,100 --> 02:48:54,000
through. 
London middleman, who take their

3119
02:48:54,000 --> 02:48:57,600
cut and London Customs houses 
who collect their duties. 

3120
02:48:57,600 --> 02:49:00,900
The system turns you into a 
permanent customer with no 

3121
02:49:00,900 --> 02:49:05,400
alternative suppliers. 
The Tea Act of 1773 which 

3122
02:49:05,400 --> 02:49:08,500
Parliament passes in May 
attempts, to fix the East India,

3123
02:49:08,500 --> 02:49:11,800
company's Problems by making 
their tea cheaper than smuggled 

3124
02:49:11,800 --> 02:49:14,200
Dutch. 
Variety is the law eliminates. 

3125
02:49:14,200 --> 02:49:16,500
The middleman Merchants who 
normally sell tea in the 

3126
02:49:16,500 --> 02:49:20,300
colonies, Now, the company can 
ship directly to appointed 

3127
02:49:20,300 --> 02:49:24,200
agents in American ports. 
The colonial Duty remains in 

3128
02:49:24,200 --> 02:49:27,700
place that three Pence per pound
that has caused so much anger 

3129
02:49:27,700 --> 02:49:31,900
since the Townsend Acts. 
But even with the duty East, 

3130
02:49:31,900 --> 02:49:35,000
India Company tea will cost less
than what you currently pay for 

3131
02:49:35,000 --> 02:49:38,100
smuggled leaves. 
You hear about the new law from 

3132
02:49:38,100 --> 02:49:42,300
Samuel Adams who speaks in the 
Old South meeting house with the

3133
02:49:42,300 --> 02:49:45,400
kind of quiet intensity that 
makes people lean forward in 

3134
02:49:45,400 --> 02:49:49,000
their seats. 
Adams has thinning hair and a 

3135
02:49:49,000 --> 02:49:52,000
slight Tremor in his hands. 
That makes him seem older than 

3136
02:49:52,000 --> 02:49:55,700
his 50 years. but his voice 
carries the weight of someone 

3137
02:49:55,700 --> 02:50:00,800
who sees patterns others Miss 
The Tea Act, he explains is not 

3138
02:50:00,800 --> 02:50:03,800
really about tea. 
It is about the principle of 

3139
02:50:03,800 --> 02:50:06,600
parliament's, right? 
To tax you with your consent. 

3140
02:50:07,500 --> 02:50:11,600
It is about whether you live as 
subjects or citizens the meeting

3141
02:50:11,600 --> 02:50:14,300
house, smells like damp wall and
nervous, sweat. 

3142
02:50:15,000 --> 02:50:17,900
Around, you sit merchants, and 
artists, and shopkeepers, and 

3143
02:50:17,900 --> 02:50:20,400
laborers. 
Some of your neighbor's for 

3144
02:50:20,400 --> 02:50:24,300
decades, you know, their 
children, you buy bread from 

3145
02:50:24,300 --> 02:50:26,600
their wives. 
These are not radicals or 

3146
02:50:26,600 --> 02:50:28,300
revolutionaries in the dramatic 
sense. 

3147
02:50:28,300 --> 02:50:31,500
They are people trying to run 
businesses and raise families in

3148
02:50:31,500 --> 02:50:33,400
a city where every economic 
decision. 

3149
02:50:33,400 --> 02:50:37,300
Now, carries political weight, 
John Hancock whose Merchant 

3150
02:50:37,300 --> 02:50:39,500
ships dominate? 
Boston Harbor stands to speak. 

3151
02:50:39,500 --> 02:50:43,600
Hancock's Fortune comes partly 
from smuggled Goods though. 

3152
02:50:43,600 --> 02:50:46,300
He would phrase it differently. 
He talks about the Monopoly. 

3153
02:50:46,300 --> 02:50:49,800
The Tea Act creates today, the 
East India, Company controls, T 

3154
02:50:49,800 --> 02:50:52,000
tomorrow. 
It might control textiles or 

3155
02:50:52,000 --> 02:50:55,300
Hardware or any other commodity 
the principle he argues 

3156
02:50:55,300 --> 02:50:57,700
threatens. 
Every Merchant in the colonies, 

3157
02:50:57,700 --> 02:51:01,400
his argument is about profit. 
Yes but also about the future 

3158
02:51:01,400 --> 02:51:04,500
structure of American Commerce, 
who decides what you can buy 

3159
02:51:04,500 --> 02:51:07,400
from whom. 
Outside the meeting house. 

3160
02:51:07,400 --> 02:51:10,700
November Rain begins to fall. 
You can hear it patterning 

3161
02:51:10,700 --> 02:51:14,200
against the windows that soft 
persistent sound of a nor'easter

3162
02:51:14,200 --> 02:51:18,400
settling in for the day. 
The room grows darker as clouds,

3163
02:51:18,400 --> 02:51:21,400
obscure the afternoon sun, 
someone lights additional 

3164
02:51:21,400 --> 02:51:23,600
candles. 
The flickering light makes the 

3165
02:51:23,600 --> 02:51:26,400
faces around. 
You look almost theatrical all 

3166
02:51:26,400 --> 02:51:29,200
shadows and highlights like 
figures in a Rembrandt painting.

3167
02:51:29,200 --> 02:51:33,300
The discussion continues for 
hours, some argue for patients 

3168
02:51:33,300 --> 02:51:36,800
others, call for immediate 
action, the room, divides along,

3169
02:51:36,800 --> 02:51:40,300
familiar lines, conservatives 
worry about antagonizing 

3170
02:51:40,300 --> 02:51:43,500
Parliament, radicals. 
Insist that compromise, only 

3171
02:51:43,500 --> 02:51:47,300
invites further encroachment, 
the debate itself is not new. 

3172
02:51:47,300 --> 02:51:50,600
You have heard these arguments 
since the Stamp Act crisis eight

3173
02:51:50,600 --> 02:51:53,700
years ago, what changes? 
Now is the sense that the 

3174
02:51:53,700 --> 02:51:56,500
decision Point approaches the 
East India company has already 

3175
02:51:56,500 --> 02:51:58,900
loaded ships with tea destined 
for Boston, New York, 

3176
02:51:58,900 --> 02:52:02,500
Philadelphia and Charleston. 
When those ships arrive, you 

3177
02:52:02,500 --> 02:52:05,700
will need to choose Thomas. 
Hutchinson the Royal Governor 

3178
02:52:05,700 --> 02:52:07,700
makes his position. 
Clear in a letter published in 

3179
02:52:07,700 --> 02:52:11,500
the Boston Gazette, the tea will
land the duties will be paid, 

3180
02:52:11,500 --> 02:52:14,800
the law will be obeyed 
Hutchinson rights with the 

3181
02:52:14,800 --> 02:52:16,200
confidence of someone who 
believes. 

3182
02:52:16,300 --> 02:52:18,900
Authority naturally, flows 
downward from Parliament to 

3183
02:52:18,900 --> 02:52:23,400
colonies to individual subjects.
Cannot imagine that this flow 

3184
02:52:23,400 --> 02:52:26,500
might reverse that Authority 
might derive from the consent of

3185
02:52:26,508 --> 02:52:28,600
the governed, rather than the 
decree of the government. 

3186
02:52:28,600 --> 02:52:32,500
His imagination shaped by 
Decades of Imperial Service, 

3187
02:52:32,500 --> 02:52:35,500
cannot accommodate the future, 
that is forming in rooms like 

3188
02:52:35,500 --> 02:52:38,600
this one across the colonies. 
You walk home through the rain 

3189
02:52:38,600 --> 02:52:41,700
thinking about tea, such as 
small thing to build a crisis 

3190
02:52:41,700 --> 02:52:45,900
around yet, every great change. 
You reflect seems to start with 

3191
02:52:45,900 --> 02:52:48,500
something ordinary. 
Transformed by context into 

3192
02:52:48,500 --> 02:52:51,300
something. 
Extraordinary tea in your cup is

3193
02:52:51,300 --> 02:52:54,500
Breakfast tea in a cargo, hold 
becomes Rebellion. 

3194
02:52:54,500 --> 02:52:56,600
The difference. 
Lies not in the leaves 

3195
02:52:56,600 --> 02:53:00,100
themselves, but in what they 
represent parliament's, right to

3196
02:53:00,100 --> 02:53:04,000
tax Colonial, rights to resist. 
The question of who owns the 

3197
02:53:04,000 --> 02:53:07,200
future, your house, smells like 
the fish chowder, your wife has 

3198
02:53:07,200 --> 02:53:11,000
simmering over the kitchen fire,
the warmth after cold rain feels

3199
02:53:11,000 --> 02:53:14,000
like Redemption. 
Your children ask about the 

3200
02:53:14,000 --> 02:53:16,600
meeting. 
You try to explain in terms, 

3201
02:53:16,600 --> 02:53:18,800
they can understand it is 
difficult. 

3202
02:53:20,000 --> 02:53:23,000
How do you tell a child that 
their world might change because

3203
02:53:23,000 --> 02:53:25,100
of dried leaves and political 
Theory? 

3204
02:53:26,000 --> 02:53:28,900
How do you prepare them for the 
possibility that their father 

3205
02:53:28,900 --> 02:53:31,300
might have to choose between law
and conscience. 

3206
02:53:32,400 --> 02:53:35,800
That night lying in bed 
listening to rain drama against 

3207
02:53:35,800 --> 02:53:38,500
roof shingles. 
You think about the ships that 

3208
02:53:38,500 --> 02:53:42,300
are even now crossing the 
Atlantic, the Dartmouth the 

3209
02:53:42,300 --> 02:53:47,400
Eleanor, the beaver, Their holds
packed with tea chests, each 

3210
02:53:47,400 --> 02:53:52,400
chest contains 360 pounds of 
leaves each pound. 

3211
02:53:52,400 --> 02:53:55,800
Represents three Pence of Duty 
that Parliament insists on 

3212
02:53:55,800 --> 02:53:59,400
collecting. 
The mathematics of Empire, the 

3213
02:53:59,400 --> 02:54:03,700
arithmetic of resistance. 
By the time you fall asleep, the

3214
02:54:03,700 --> 02:54:07,300
calculation of blurred into 
dreams of ships and harbors and 

3215
02:54:07,308 --> 02:54:10,800
Dark Water. 
The Dartmouth drops Anchor Inn, 

3216
02:54:10,800 --> 02:54:16,600
Boston Harbor on November 28th 
1773 you stand on Long Wharf 

3217
02:54:16,600 --> 02:54:18,500
watching the ship settle into 
the gray water. 

3218
02:54:18,500 --> 02:54:22,600
She's a square rigged vessel of 
several hundred tons her Hull 

3219
02:54:22,600 --> 02:54:27,200
City, low under the weight of 
her cargo. 114 chests of East, 

3220
02:54:27,200 --> 02:54:31,300
India Company tea rest in her 
whole the owner Francis Rock 

3221
02:54:31,300 --> 02:54:34,100
Paces. 
The Wharf looking worried, he is

3222
02:54:34,100 --> 02:54:36,700
a Nantucket Quaker caught 
between commercial interests and

3223
02:54:36,700 --> 02:54:40,000
political reality. 
Ship carries, perfectly legal 

3224
02:54:40,000 --> 02:54:43,100
cargo, that has somehow become 
Contraband in the eyes of much 

3225
02:54:43,100 --> 02:54:45,900
of Boston. 
The weather has turned cold, ice

3226
02:54:45,900 --> 02:54:48,900
forms in the quiet edges of the 
harbor, where water meets Shore.

3227
02:54:48,900 --> 02:54:52,500
Your breath makes small clouds 
in the morning are around you. 

3228
02:54:52,500 --> 02:54:55,800
Other bostonians gather to stare
at the ship, no one. 

3229
02:54:55,808 --> 02:54:59,200
Seems quite sure what to do. 
The Dartmouth has entered Port 

3230
02:54:59,200 --> 02:55:03,500
legally under British law Roche 
has 20 days to unload his cargo 

3231
02:55:03,500 --> 02:55:07,700
and pay the required duties. 
If he fails to do so Customs, 

3232
02:55:07,700 --> 02:55:09,600
officials can seize the ship and
auction. 

3233
02:55:09,600 --> 02:55:13,600
Its contents, the deadline 
creates a timeline 20 days to 

3234
02:55:13,600 --> 02:55:17,100
decide the future. 
The ship rocks gently on the 

3235
02:55:17,100 --> 02:55:20,500
incoming tide. 
Seabirds Circle overhead, their 

3236
02:55:20,500 --> 02:55:24,100
calls echoing across the water. 
The Dartmouth looks like any 

3237
02:55:24,100 --> 02:55:26,600
other Merchant vessel that has 
entered this harder carrying 

3238
02:55:26,600 --> 02:55:29,800
goods from England. 
Her lines, a clean and practical

3239
02:55:29,800 --> 02:55:33,900
shows signs of a long Atlantic 
Crossing, salt stained, and 

3240
02:55:33,900 --> 02:55:36,100
weathered. 
Nothing about her appearance, 

3241
02:55:36,100 --> 02:55:39,500
suggests the political crisis. 
She represents yet, everyone 

3242
02:55:39,500 --> 02:55:42,500
watching knows that what happens
to this ship and her cargo will 

3243
02:55:42,500 --> 02:55:44,200
determine the shape of colonial 
resistance. 

3244
02:55:45,300 --> 02:55:47,600
Rock stands near the. 
Gangplank speaking with the 

3245
02:55:47,600 --> 02:55:51,300
Harbor Master, you can see the 
tension in his shoulders the way

3246
02:55:51,300 --> 02:55:53,900
he gestures with hands, that 
want to solve a problem, but 

3247
02:55:53,900 --> 02:55:57,200
cannot find the solution. 
Here's a businessman who deals 

3248
02:55:57,200 --> 02:56:00,600
in facts and contracts the cargo
in his hold is legal. 

3249
02:56:00,600 --> 02:56:02,800
His ship has proper 
documentation. 

3250
02:56:02,800 --> 02:56:06,000
He has broken no law yet. 
The crowd gathering on the 

3251
02:56:06,000 --> 02:56:08,400
wharf, looks at him with 
Expressions that range from 

3252
02:56:08,400 --> 02:56:11,800
sympathy to suspicion. 
Some see him as an innocent 

3253
02:56:11,800 --> 02:56:15,800
Merchant caught in circumstances
Beyond his control others. 

3254
02:56:15,800 --> 02:56:18,600
Wonder whether he knew what he 
was carrying and chose profit 

3255
02:56:18,600 --> 02:56:21,500
over principle. 
The afternoon lights slant 

3256
02:56:21,500 --> 02:56:24,700
across the water turning, the 
harbor into patterns of Silver 

3257
02:56:24,700 --> 02:56:27,700
and Shadow. 
Other ships, Bob at their 

3258
02:56:27,700 --> 02:56:30,900
Mooring their business 
unaffected by the darkness 

3259
02:56:30,900 --> 02:56:33,500
arrival. 
Fishing vessels, unload their 

3260
02:56:33,500 --> 02:56:36,700
catch. 
Coastal Traders, transfer Goods 

3261
02:56:36,700 --> 02:56:39,700
to warehouses the ordinary 
Commerce of a port city 

3262
02:56:39,700 --> 02:56:41,600
continues. 
Despite the extraordinary 

3263
02:56:41,600 --> 02:56:45,200
political situation developing 
around this single ship. 

3264
02:56:46,000 --> 02:56:49,700
The contrast strikes, you 
history has happening, but most 

3265
02:56:49,700 --> 02:56:53,400
of Life proceeds, as normal 
people still need to eat good. 

3266
02:56:53,400 --> 02:56:55,500
Still need to move. 
The world. 

3267
02:56:55,508 --> 02:57:00,000
Does not stop for revolution. 
Samuel Adams organizes a mass 

3268
02:57:00,000 --> 02:57:03,400
meeting at Faneuil Hall. 
The hall cannot hold the crowd 

3269
02:57:03,400 --> 02:57:05,500
that arrives. 
So everyone moves to the Old 

3270
02:57:05,500 --> 02:57:10,300
South meeting house, which has 
more space, 5,000, people pack 

3271
02:57:10,300 --> 02:57:12,500
into the building and overflow 
into the street outside. 

3272
02:57:12,500 --> 02:57:15,300
This is not a small gathering of
radicals. 

3273
02:57:15,300 --> 02:57:18,800
This is a significant portion of
Boston's population making their

3274
02:57:18,800 --> 02:57:22,800
presence felt According to 
accounts from participants, the 

3275
02:57:22,800 --> 02:57:25,600
meeting resembles, something 
between a town assembly and a 

3276
02:57:25,600 --> 02:57:28,700
religious revival. 
People speak with passion about 

3277
02:57:28,700 --> 02:57:31,100
rights and duties, and the 
proper relationship between 

3278
02:57:31,100 --> 02:57:34,200
citizens and government. 
The meeting resolves that the 

3279
02:57:34,200 --> 02:57:36,900
team must not be unloaded the 
meeting further. 

3280
02:57:36,900 --> 02:57:39,100
Resolves, that the team must be 
sent back to London. 

3281
02:57:39,100 --> 02:57:42,600
The meeting appoints a committee
to watch the Dartmouth and 

3282
02:57:42,600 --> 02:57:45,900
ensure, no one attempts to bring
the cargo ashore around. 

3283
02:57:45,900 --> 02:57:49,600
You men volunteer for watch 
Duty, they will stand guard in 

3284
02:57:49,600 --> 02:57:52,800
shifts day and night. 
Making sure the tea stays in the

3285
02:57:52,800 --> 02:57:55,700
hole where it can do no 
political damage, the commitment

3286
02:57:55,700 --> 02:57:58,400
required strikes. 
You these are working men who 

3287
02:57:58,400 --> 02:58:01,800
cannot afford to miss wages. 
Yet they volunteer anyway, 

3288
02:58:01,800 --> 02:58:04,900
principal apparently outweighs 
profit in the short term 

3289
02:58:04,900 --> 02:58:09,000
France's Roche, tries to 
navigate impossible demands, the

3290
02:58:09,000 --> 02:58:11,100
meeting insists. 
The tea returned to London 

3291
02:58:11,100 --> 02:58:14,100
Governor, Hutchinson refuses to 
Grant the clearance papers 

3292
02:58:14,100 --> 02:58:15,900
necessary for the ship to leave 
port. 

3293
02:58:15,900 --> 02:58:19,500
British law requires the duties 
to be paid before any ship. 

3294
02:58:19,500 --> 02:58:22,900
Can depart Roche finds himself 
trapped between Colonial 

3295
02:58:22,900 --> 02:58:24,700
resistance and Imperial 
bureaucracy. 

3296
02:58:24,700 --> 02:58:27,300
He partitions. 
The governor, he addresses the 

3297
02:58:27,300 --> 02:58:29,900
meetings, he writes letters to 
the Customs Commissioners. 

3298
02:58:29,900 --> 02:58:31,600
Nothing resolves. 
The deadlock. 

3299
02:58:31,600 --> 02:58:34,500
Two more ships. 
Life, the Eleanor on December 

3300
02:58:34,500 --> 02:58:38,600
2nd, the beaver on December 15th
delayed by smallpox among the 

3301
02:58:38,608 --> 02:58:41,200
crew. 
Now three vessels, sit at 

3302
02:58:41,200 --> 02:58:45,500
Griffin's Wharf, their holds 
collectively carrying 342 chests

3303
02:58:45,500 --> 02:58:48,300
of tea worth approximately 
18,000 Pounds. 

3304
02:58:49,300 --> 02:58:51,900
The deadline Looms on December 
the 17th. 

3305
02:58:51,900 --> 02:58:55,700
If the duties remain unpaid 
Admiral Montague can order the 

3306
02:58:55,700 --> 02:58:58,900
custom service to seize, the 
ships and force the tier Shore, 

3307
02:58:59,500 --> 02:59:01,400
The calendar has become a 
countdown. 

3308
02:59:01,400 --> 02:59:04,200
You attend the meeting on, 
December the 16th. 

3309
02:59:04,200 --> 02:59:09,100
The last full day before the 
deadline 7,000, people crowded 

3310
02:59:09,100 --> 02:59:10,900
into and around the Old South 
Meeting House. 

3311
02:59:10,900 --> 02:59:14,200
The number represents nearly 
half of Boston's population. 

3312
02:59:15,300 --> 02:59:17,100
Something in the air feels 
different to today. 

3313
02:59:18,000 --> 02:59:21,100
You can sense it in the way 
people speak the tension in 

3314
02:59:21,108 --> 02:59:24,500
their shoulders, the sidelong 
glance is they exchanged. 

3315
02:59:24,500 --> 02:59:28,600
Everyone knows the deadline 
approaches, everyone knows that 

3316
02:59:28,600 --> 02:59:32,600
talk must soon giveaway to 
action, Francis Rock summoned 

3317
02:59:32,600 --> 02:59:35,500
before the meeting reports. 
His final attempt to get 

3318
02:59:35,500 --> 02:59:38,900
clearance papers from Governor 
Hutchinson He wrote to the 

3319
02:59:38,908 --> 02:59:40,900
governor's Country House in 
Milton that morning. 

3320
02:59:41,800 --> 02:59:45,800
Hutchinson refused to see him 
sending words through an aid. 

3321
02:59:45,800 --> 02:59:49,000
That the law is clear and the 
governor's position unchanged. 

3322
02:59:50,100 --> 02:59:53,100
Cannot leave until the duties 
are paid Roche. 

3323
02:59:53,100 --> 02:59:55,500
Delivers this news with the 
exhausted, tone of someone who 

3324
02:59:55,500 --> 02:59:59,700
has tried everything and failed.
He is a merchant not a 

3325
02:59:59,700 --> 03:00:01,900
politician. 
He wants to conduct his business

3326
03:00:01,900 --> 03:00:05,500
and go home in Stead. 
He has become a minor character 

3327
03:00:05,500 --> 03:00:10,100
in a much larger drama. 
Samuel Adams stands. 

3328
03:00:10,100 --> 03:00:14,000
The room quiet is voice carries 
to the back rows. 

3329
03:00:14,700 --> 03:00:17,300
This meeting, he says, can do 
nothing more to save the 

3330
03:00:17,300 --> 03:00:21,900
country. the phrase, sounds 
almost ritual like a signal 

3331
03:00:21,900 --> 03:00:26,800
pre-arranged around you men. 
Begin to move some had for the 

3332
03:00:26,808 --> 03:00:30,400
doors others Reach For The Skys.
Is they have hidden, undercoats 

3333
03:00:30,400 --> 03:00:33,800
and shawls. 
In the growing darkness of a 

3334
03:00:33,800 --> 03:00:36,000
December evening, Boston 
transforms. 

3335
03:00:36,800 --> 03:00:38,600
You follow the crowd out into 
the street. 

3336
03:00:38,600 --> 03:00:41,900
The air smells like snow. 
That has not yet Fallen. 

3337
03:00:42,800 --> 03:00:46,200
Someone has brought torches that
cast jumping Shadows on building

3338
03:00:46,200 --> 03:00:48,900
facade's. 
The group heading toward 

3339
03:00:48,900 --> 03:00:51,300
Griffin's Wharf. 
Now includes dozens of men 

3340
03:00:51,300 --> 03:00:53,900
dressed in rough approximation 
of Mohawk, clothing. 

3341
03:00:54,700 --> 03:00:59,200
The disguises serve multiple 
purposes, they provide symbolic.

3342
03:00:59,200 --> 03:01:01,400
Cover suggesting this action 
comes from outside. 

3343
03:01:01,400 --> 03:01:03,000
The colonial political 
structure. 

3344
03:01:03,000 --> 03:01:06,500
They make individual 
identification difficult, they 

3345
03:01:06,500 --> 03:01:10,000
transform the participants into 
a kind of theater troupe staging

3346
03:01:10,000 --> 03:01:13,100
a political statement. 
The symbolism matters. 

3347
03:01:13,100 --> 03:01:16,600
This will not look like a mob, 
it will look like a carefully. 

3348
03:01:16,600 --> 03:01:18,200
Organized statement of 
principle. 

3349
03:01:19,100 --> 03:01:21,300
Griffin's Wharf, stretches into 
Dark Water. 

3350
03:01:21,300 --> 03:01:24,900
The three ships Rock gently 
against their Moorings, their 

3351
03:01:24,900 --> 03:01:27,900
masts making slow patterns 
against a clouded sky. 

3352
03:01:28,700 --> 03:01:31,600
You can smell the harbor salt 
and fish and the particular 

3353
03:01:31,600 --> 03:01:34,800
organic Decay, that marks the 
edge between Land and Sea. 

3354
03:01:35,600 --> 03:01:38,800
Someone has organized the group 
into three divisions, one for 

3355
03:01:38,800 --> 03:01:40,900
each ship, the organization 
strikes. 

3356
03:01:40,900 --> 03:01:43,800
You this is not chaos. 
This is something rehearsed and 

3357
03:01:43,800 --> 03:01:46,600
planned executed with the 
Precision of a military 

3358
03:01:46,600 --> 03:01:49,700
operation disguised. 
To spontaneous action, the 

3359
03:01:49,700 --> 03:01:51,300
temperature has dropped since 
Sunset. 

3360
03:01:51,300 --> 03:01:54,900
Your fingers feel stiff. 
Inside your gloves around you, 

3361
03:01:54,900 --> 03:01:57,900
men stamp their feet and blow on
their hands. 

3362
03:01:57,900 --> 03:02:01,300
Trying to maintain warmth while 
waiting for the signal to begin.

3363
03:02:02,200 --> 03:02:06,500
The disguises vary in quality. 
Some men wear actual native 

3364
03:02:06,500 --> 03:02:10,200
garments acquired through trade.
Others have improvised with 

3365
03:02:10,200 --> 03:02:13,600
blankets and face paint made 
from soot mixed with Greece. 

3366
03:02:14,400 --> 03:02:16,900
The effect is theatrical rather 
than convincing. 

3367
03:02:16,900 --> 03:02:20,500
Everyone knows, these are 
colonists, not actual Mohawks, 

3368
03:02:20,500 --> 03:02:24,300
but the pretense matters, it 
creates symbolic distance 

3369
03:02:24,300 --> 03:02:26,000
between the actors and the 
action. 

3370
03:02:27,500 --> 03:02:30,200
Torches illuminate. 
The Wharf with jumping yellow 

3371
03:02:30,200 --> 03:02:32,400
light. 
That makes Shadows danced across

3372
03:02:32,400 --> 03:02:37,400
building facades and ship holes.
The Flames hiss and pop when 

3373
03:02:37,400 --> 03:02:41,700
drops of moisture hit them. 
You can see your breath, you can

3374
03:02:41,700 --> 03:02:43,900
see the breadth of dozens of men
around. 

3375
03:02:43,900 --> 03:02:48,100
You forming small clouds in the 
cold, December are Someone 

3376
03:02:48,100 --> 03:02:50,500
coughs someone else laughs 
nervously. 

3377
03:02:50,500 --> 03:02:54,200
The sound carries across the 
water in the unusual. 

3378
03:02:54,200 --> 03:02:56,800
Quiet of a commercial District 
after dark. 

3379
03:02:56,800 --> 03:03:00,300
You bought the darkness, the 
deck Creeks, under the weight of

3380
03:03:00,300 --> 03:03:03,600
multiple footsteps. 
The ship's crew makes no attempt

3381
03:03:03,600 --> 03:03:05,600
to stop you. 
They have apparently received 

3382
03:03:05,600 --> 03:03:07,300
instructions to stay out of the 
way. 

3383
03:03:08,700 --> 03:03:11,200
Captain Hall, stands near the 
quarter deck, watching the 

3384
03:03:11,200 --> 03:03:14,700
proceedings with the carefully 
neutral expression of someone 

3385
03:03:14,700 --> 03:03:17,500
who wants no part of what is 
happening, but knows better than

3386
03:03:17,500 --> 03:03:20,600
to interfere. 
The ship belongs to his 

3387
03:03:20,600 --> 03:03:23,400
employer. 
The tea belongs to the East 

3388
03:03:23,400 --> 03:03:26,900
India Company. 
His job is to transport cargo 

3389
03:03:26,900 --> 03:03:33,200
not defend political principles.
He steps aside the ship smells 

3390
03:03:33,200 --> 03:03:36,800
like tar and hemp rope and the 
accumulated, odors of months at 

3391
03:03:36,800 --> 03:03:39,400
sea. 
The deck boards show, where 

3392
03:03:39,400 --> 03:03:42,700
patterns, where Sailors of walk 
the same routes countless times?

3393
03:03:43,500 --> 03:03:46,000
Coiled ropes, lion, neater 
Arrangements. 

3394
03:03:46,800 --> 03:03:50,400
The rigging overhead forms a 
complex geometry of lines and 

3395
03:03:50,400 --> 03:03:54,600
pulleys designed to control 
sales that currently hang Ferd 

3396
03:03:54,600 --> 03:03:57,400
against their yards. 
Everything speaks of 

3397
03:03:57,400 --> 03:04:00,000
professional seamanship and 
careful maintenance. 

3398
03:04:00,000 --> 03:04:03,800
The Dartmouth is a working 
vessel caught in circumstances 

3399
03:04:03,800 --> 03:04:06,200
that have nothing to do with the
business of sailing. 

3400
03:04:06,900 --> 03:04:08,600
Someone finds the keys to the 
hold. 

3401
03:04:09,400 --> 03:04:13,700
The hatch opens Below in the dim
space illuminated by Lantern 

3402
03:04:13,700 --> 03:04:16,700
light. 
You can see the teachers stacked

3403
03:04:16,700 --> 03:04:20,600
in, careful Rose. 
Each chest measures about three 

3404
03:04:20,600 --> 03:04:23,500
feet long, two feet wide, 18 
inches deep. 

3405
03:04:24,300 --> 03:04:26,200
The wood is sturdy but not 
elaborate. 

3406
03:04:27,000 --> 03:04:30,500
These are shipping containers 
built for functional rather than

3407
03:04:30,500 --> 03:04:32,400
appearance. 
Together. 

3408
03:04:32,400 --> 03:04:35,500
They represent months of Labor 
by workers in Chinese and 

3409
03:04:35,500 --> 03:04:38,100
Indian, plantations, whose names
you will never know. 

3410
03:04:38,800 --> 03:04:42,300
They represent the investment of
London Merchants, who calculated

3411
03:04:42,300 --> 03:04:44,700
profit margins. 
Without considering Colonial 

3412
03:04:44,700 --> 03:04:47,400
politics. 
They represent a commodity 

3413
03:04:47,400 --> 03:04:52,200
transformed by context into a 
symbol The lantern light casts 

3414
03:04:52,200 --> 03:04:55,100
Long Shadows that make the hold 
look deeper than it actually is.

3415
03:04:56,000 --> 03:04:58,700
You can see the breadth of men 
as they descend the ladder into 

3416
03:04:58,700 --> 03:05:01,900
the cargo space. 
The cold has penetrated even 

3417
03:05:01,900 --> 03:05:05,000
here below the water line. 
Where normally the temperature 

3418
03:05:05,000 --> 03:05:08,400
stays moderate. 
The holes smells like tea and 

3419
03:05:08,400 --> 03:05:11,700
wood and bilge water, the 
combination creates a 

3420
03:05:11,700 --> 03:05:14,100
distinctive scent. 
You know, you will remember for 

3421
03:05:14,100 --> 03:05:18,400
the rest of your life. 
The work begins men, descend 

3422
03:05:18,400 --> 03:05:21,300
into the hole. 
They use hatchets and access to 

3423
03:05:21,300 --> 03:05:24,900
split open the chests. 
Sound of wood, splintering 

3424
03:05:24,900 --> 03:05:29,900
Echoes of the quiet harbor. 
In each chesty leaves a pack 

3425
03:05:29,900 --> 03:05:32,600
Titan canvas bags, the leaves 
themselves. 

3426
03:05:32,600 --> 03:05:34,400
Look almost beautiful in the 
lantern. 

3427
03:05:34,400 --> 03:05:40,500
Light black tea from both hair. 
Green tea, from Highland for 

3428
03:05:40,500 --> 03:05:43,000
varieties that have traveled 
Halfway Around the World to 

3429
03:05:43,000 --> 03:05:45,900
reach this moment. 
Someone have to bag onto his 

3430
03:05:45,900 --> 03:05:47,500
shoulder and climbs back to the 
deck. 

3431
03:05:48,400 --> 03:05:50,600
Canvas bags feel heavier than 
you expected. 

3432
03:05:51,300 --> 03:05:54,500
The wait comes not from the tea 
itself but from the density of 

3433
03:05:54,500 --> 03:05:58,200
the packing, hundreds of pounds 
of leaves compressed into 

3434
03:05:58,200 --> 03:06:02,500
manageable units for transport. 
Your fingers find purchase on 

3435
03:06:02,500 --> 03:06:05,500
the rough fabric, the bag, 
settles onto your shoulder with 

3436
03:06:05,500 --> 03:06:08,300
a solid weight that speaks of 
careful, preparation and long 

3437
03:06:08,300 --> 03:06:11,100
Journeys. 
You think briefly about the 

3438
03:06:11,100 --> 03:06:14,700
hands that pack this tea? 
Workers in a Chinese Factory, 

3439
03:06:14,700 --> 03:06:17,100
whose daily labor fed the 
appetite of an Empire. 

3440
03:06:17,900 --> 03:06:20,800
They could not have imagined 
their product would end, its 

3441
03:06:20,800 --> 03:06:24,400
Journey floating in an American 
Harbor as part of a political 

3442
03:06:24,400 --> 03:06:27,300
protest. 
You grab a chest that has been 

3443
03:06:27,300 --> 03:06:29,900
opened and drag it to the ship's
rail. 

3444
03:06:30,700 --> 03:06:33,800
The woods scrapes against the 
deck, planking other men work 

3445
03:06:33,800 --> 03:06:37,800
alongside you in a without 
discussion, split the chest 

3446
03:06:37,800 --> 03:06:40,600
extract. 
The bags, carry them to the 

3447
03:06:40,608 --> 03:06:44,700
rail, dump, the contents into 
the harbor, the process repeats,

3448
03:06:44,700 --> 03:06:47,300
the repetition creates its own 
momentum. 

3449
03:06:47,300 --> 03:06:51,500
Physical labor becomes 
meditation, your muscles warm, 

3450
03:06:51,500 --> 03:06:55,800
despite the cold air Sweat forms
under your shirt, the motion 

3451
03:06:55,800 --> 03:07:02,500
becomes almost hypnotic lift. 
Carry dump return, each Cycle 

3452
03:07:02,500 --> 03:07:06,500
takes perhaps, 30 seconds, you 
stopped counting after the first

3453
03:07:06,500 --> 03:07:11,400
dozen trips The Works simply 
continues your back develops, an

3454
03:07:11,400 --> 03:07:14,400
eight from the constant bending 
and lifting your shoulders 

3455
03:07:14,400 --> 03:07:18,500
protest, the repetitive motion. 
But stopping means prolonging 

3456
03:07:18,500 --> 03:07:22,600
the tasks, so you can continue. 
Around you other men work with 

3457
03:07:22,600 --> 03:07:24,600
similar determination? 
No. 

3458
03:07:24,600 --> 03:07:28,300
One speaks much the occasional. 
Instructional question, breaks 

3459
03:07:28,300 --> 03:07:33,000
the silence but mostly you hear 
only the sounds of Labor wood, 

3460
03:07:33,000 --> 03:07:38,000
splintering footsteps on Deck, 
the splash of T hitting water, 

3461
03:07:39,100 --> 03:07:42,100
T, hits the water with sounds 
that vary depending on whether 

3462
03:07:42,100 --> 03:07:45,000
you drop hole bags or loose 
leaves bags. 

3463
03:07:45,000 --> 03:07:48,100
Make a splash. 
Loose tea creates a softer 

3464
03:07:48,100 --> 03:07:51,100
rustling as thousands of dried 
leaves scattered across the 

3465
03:07:51,100 --> 03:07:54,100
surface. 
The water around the ship begins

3466
03:07:54,100 --> 03:07:58,000
to darken with floating debris. 
Someone jokes that they are 

3467
03:07:58,008 --> 03:08:00,000
making the largest pot of tea in
history. 

3468
03:08:01,100 --> 03:08:04,400
Joke Falls flat, this is not 
really funny. 

3469
03:08:04,400 --> 03:08:08,300
This is destruction of property,
worth thousands of pounds. 

3470
03:08:09,300 --> 03:08:11,900
This is a criminal act under 
British law. 

3471
03:08:12,900 --> 03:08:17,200
Humor is nervous, energy seeking
release the Harper water laps 

3472
03:08:17,200 --> 03:08:19,900
against the hole with the gentle
sounds that ships make when 

3473
03:08:19,900 --> 03:08:22,800
moored the tide is turned, you 
notice. 

3474
03:08:23,700 --> 03:08:25,800
Current now flows outward toward
the open ocean. 

3475
03:08:25,800 --> 03:08:29,900
The Tea Leaf spread across the 
surface in patterns, determined 

3476
03:08:29,900 --> 03:08:35,200
by wind and current. some sink 
immediately, others float for a 

3477
03:08:35,200 --> 03:08:38,000
moment before absorbing water 
and disappearing beneath the 

3478
03:08:38,000 --> 03:08:42,000
surface The destruction feels 
both massive and strangely 

3479
03:08:42,000 --> 03:08:44,700
delicate. 
You're erasing the labor of 

3480
03:08:44,700 --> 03:08:47,200
thousands of people in distant 
countries. 

3481
03:08:47,200 --> 03:08:50,400
You're making a political 
statement through the medium of 

3482
03:08:50,408 --> 03:08:53,800
ruined commas. 
The contradiction does not 

3483
03:08:53,800 --> 03:08:55,800
Escape you. 
Your hands. 

3484
03:08:55,800 --> 03:08:59,900
Develop blisters where you grip,
the rough canvas bags, you 

3485
03:08:59,900 --> 03:09:02,700
shift, your grip to distribute 
the pressure differently. 

3486
03:09:03,900 --> 03:09:07,600
Physical discomfort helps you 
avoid thinking too deeply about 

3487
03:09:07,600 --> 03:09:11,400
what you're doing the legal 
consequences, political 

3488
03:09:11,400 --> 03:09:14,200
ramifications, the personal 
risk. 

3489
03:09:15,200 --> 03:09:16,900
Better to focus on the immediate
task. 

3490
03:09:16,900 --> 03:09:21,900
Lift carry dump. 
Let the motion carry you forward

3491
03:09:21,900 --> 03:09:25,000
with without questioning the 
direction on the other ships, 

3492
03:09:25,000 --> 03:09:28,600
similar scenes unfolded, you can
hear the sound of hatchet and 

3493
03:09:28,600 --> 03:09:30,400
the splash of cargo hitting 
water. 

3494
03:09:30,400 --> 03:09:33,700
The operation proceeds with 
remarkable efficiency. 

3495
03:09:33,700 --> 03:09:37,200
Someone has calculated how long 
this will take. 

3496
03:09:38,100 --> 03:09:41,200
Someone has organized the labor 
so that men rotate between the 

3497
03:09:41,200 --> 03:09:44,000
hold and the deck preventing 
exhaustion. 

3498
03:09:44,000 --> 03:09:48,200
Someone has thought through the 
details, this spontaneous action

3499
03:09:48,200 --> 03:09:51,800
is not spontaneous at all. 
It is theater carefully. 

3500
03:09:51,800 --> 03:09:56,000
Staged to look like passion. 
Three hours pass the work 

3501
03:09:56,008 --> 03:10:00,400
continues in darkness lit by 
torches and lanterns your arms. 

3502
03:10:00,400 --> 03:10:04,700
Ache your back, complains, the 
repetitive motion of hauling and

3503
03:10:04,700 --> 03:10:07,400
dumping has worn grooves in your
Consciousness. 

3504
03:10:07,400 --> 03:10:11,600
You stop thinking about politics
or Empire or the consequences of

3505
03:10:11,600 --> 03:10:14,600
what you're doing. 
You simply lift and carry and 

3506
03:10:14,600 --> 03:10:17,800
dump. 
Physical reality of the task 

3507
03:10:17,800 --> 03:10:19,300
overwhelms. 
It symbolic. 

3508
03:10:19,300 --> 03:10:23,000
Meaning Admiral montagues 
warship, the captain sits 

3509
03:10:23,000 --> 03:10:26,300
anchored nearby British soldiers
could easily stop. 

3510
03:10:26,300 --> 03:10:28,200
What is happening? 
They do not. 

3511
03:10:29,100 --> 03:10:32,500
Montague later reports that he 
chose not to interfere because 

3512
03:10:32,500 --> 03:10:36,200
any action might have triggered,
a larger conflict His 

3513
03:10:36,200 --> 03:10:39,200
calculation speaks to the 
careful balance, everyone 

3514
03:10:39,200 --> 03:10:43,000
maintains to night. 
Colonists, destroy property, but

3515
03:10:43,000 --> 03:10:46,700
harm know people, the British 
forces watch, but do not engage 

3516
03:10:46,700 --> 03:10:49,100
both sides. 
Understand that. 

3517
03:10:49,100 --> 03:10:51,500
Escalation serves no one's 
interests. 

3518
03:10:52,300 --> 03:10:55,100
The performance must complete 
itself without interruption. 

3519
03:10:56,400 --> 03:11:02,800
By midnight the work finishes. 
342 chests of tea have been 

3520
03:11:02,800 --> 03:11:06,900
emptied into Boston Harbor. 
The total weight of destroyed 

3521
03:11:06,900 --> 03:11:11,700
tea is approximately 46 tons. 
The financial loss to the East. 

3522
03:11:11,700 --> 03:11:15,900
India Company will be calculated
at 9,000 pounds equivalent to 

3523
03:11:15,900 --> 03:11:18,500
roughly 1 million pounds in 
modern currency. 

3524
03:11:19,300 --> 03:11:22,500
Some accounts later claimed that
participants swept the decks 

3525
03:11:22,500 --> 03:11:25,700
clean and even replaced a 
padlock, they accidentally broke

3526
03:11:25,700 --> 03:11:28,200
during the operation the 
attention to detail. 

3527
03:11:28,200 --> 03:11:32,200
If true suggests the care 
everyone takes to frame this as 

3528
03:11:32,200 --> 03:11:36,200
a political statement rather 
than simple vandalism You return

3529
03:11:36,200 --> 03:11:39,100
to shore with Tea Leaves, stuck 
to your clothes and the smell of

3530
03:11:39,100 --> 03:11:43,200
the harbor in your hair, your 
hands ache, your shoulders will 

3531
03:11:43,200 --> 03:11:47,300
hurt tomorrow. 
Around you other participant 

3532
03:11:47,300 --> 03:11:51,500
dispersed into the darkness 
shedding to Skies becoming 

3533
03:11:51,500 --> 03:11:56,100
ordinary citizens again. 
No one speaks much the action 

3534
03:11:56,100 --> 03:12:00,200
has created a boundary on one 
side, lies the world where 

3535
03:12:00,200 --> 03:12:04,100
Protestant petitions and 
speeches on the other side lies,

3536
03:12:04,100 --> 03:12:07,500
whatever comes next you have 
crossed that boundary. 

3537
03:12:08,200 --> 03:12:10,200
The tea floating in the harbor, 
ensures. 

3538
03:12:10,200 --> 03:12:13,400
You cannot uncross it. 
Walking home through empty 

3539
03:12:13,400 --> 03:12:15,500
streets. 
You think about what you have 

3540
03:12:15,500 --> 03:12:18,500
done. 
The legal term would be Riot or 

3541
03:12:18,500 --> 03:12:21,600
destruction of property. 
The political term would be 

3542
03:12:21,600 --> 03:12:25,400
resistance or protest. 
The historical term has not, yet

3543
03:12:25,400 --> 03:12:28,500
been invented. 
Future Generations will call it 

3544
03:12:28,500 --> 03:12:32,400
the Boston Tea Party a name that
makes it sound almost festive, 

3545
03:12:32,400 --> 03:12:35,700
like a social Gathering rather 
than a criminal act. 

3546
03:12:36,500 --> 03:12:40,700
But tonight in the cold, 
December Darkness, it simply 

3547
03:12:40,700 --> 03:12:44,100
feels like a choice, made a line
crossed. 

3548
03:12:45,100 --> 03:12:47,300
Statement delivered in the 
language of broken wood and 

3549
03:12:47,300 --> 03:12:51,000
Scattered leaves news. 
Travels slowly across the 

3550
03:12:51,000 --> 03:12:55,100
Atlantic in 1773. 
The dartmouth's owner sends word

3551
03:12:55,100 --> 03:12:56,800
to London on the next available 
ship. 

3552
03:12:56,800 --> 03:13:00,500
The letter, crosses notion that 
takes six weeks to Traverse and 

3553
03:13:00,500 --> 03:13:03,300
good weather. 
Winter storms, can extend the 

3554
03:13:03,300 --> 03:13:06,600
journey to three months. 
While the message travels East, 

3555
03:13:06,600 --> 03:13:11,000
Boston waits, in a strange, 
state of suspension, you have 

3556
03:13:11,000 --> 03:13:14,000
acted. 
Now you must see how the Empire 

3557
03:13:14,000 --> 03:13:18,200
reacts In London Benjamin, 
Franklin serves as Colonial 

3558
03:13:18,200 --> 03:13:21,500
agent for Massachusetts. 
He receives reports about the 

3559
03:13:21,500 --> 03:13:25,400
Tea destruction in January. 
Franklyn, whose Long career has 

3560
03:13:25,400 --> 03:13:28,400
been built on finding diplomatic
solutions to political problems 

3561
03:13:28,400 --> 03:13:31,600
season immediately, that this 
event cannot be managed or 

3562
03:13:31,600 --> 03:13:34,300
smoothed over. 
He writes to friend in Boston, 

3563
03:13:34,300 --> 03:13:37,700
urging that the destroyed TV 
paid for the East, India, 

3564
03:13:37,700 --> 03:13:40,100
Company must be compensated 
Parliament. 

3565
03:13:40,100 --> 03:13:44,000
Must see Colonial willingness to
make amends Only through 

3566
03:13:44,000 --> 03:13:47,000
demonstrating Contrition 
Franklin, argues can 

3567
03:13:47,000 --> 03:13:49,100
Massachusetts avoid harsh 
punishment. 

3568
03:13:50,100 --> 03:13:53,000
But Franklin's, moderate voice 
gets drowned out by others. 

3569
03:13:53,900 --> 03:13:56,200
Lord North. 
The Prime Minister views, the 

3570
03:13:56,200 --> 03:13:58,800
Boston Tea destruction, as a 
direct challenge to 

3571
03:13:58,800 --> 03:14:01,400
parliamentary Authority. 
King George. 

3572
03:14:01,400 --> 03:14:05,100
The third reading reports in his
private Chambers writes that the

3573
03:14:05,100 --> 03:14:08,000
colonists must be made to 
understand who governs the 

3574
03:14:08,000 --> 03:14:12,000
empire The language used in 
parliamentary debates reveals 

3575
03:14:12,000 --> 03:14:15,300
the mindset of men who cannot 
imagine that their Authority 

3576
03:14:15,300 --> 03:14:18,600
might be questioned. 
They speak of Boston, as one 

3577
03:14:18,600 --> 03:14:21,700
might speak of a disobedient 
child, who requires firm, 

3578
03:14:21,700 --> 03:14:25,500
discipline, Parliament passes, a
series of laws in the spring of 

3579
03:14:25,508 --> 03:14:29,300
1774. 
The first to the Boston Port act

3580
03:14:29,300 --> 03:14:32,900
closest Boston Harbor to all 
comers until the destroyed 

3581
03:14:32,900 --> 03:14:36,200
tears, paid for the effective 
date is June 1st. 

3582
03:14:36,200 --> 03:14:39,400
The law means that no ships can 
enter or leave. 

3583
03:14:39,400 --> 03:14:43,500
No Goods can be imported or 
exported the city's. 

3584
03:14:43,500 --> 03:14:46,900
Economy will strangle Governor 
Hutchinson estimates that 

3585
03:14:46,900 --> 03:14:51,000
Boston's trade employs several 
thousand workers directly and 

3586
03:14:51,000 --> 03:14:53,200
supports countless others 
indirectly. 

3587
03:14:54,400 --> 03:14:58,500
Closing, the port means 
unemployment hunger and economic

3588
03:14:58,500 --> 03:15:01,000
collapse. 
Parliament, intends this 

3589
03:15:01,000 --> 03:15:02,900
suffering as punishment and 
warning. 

3590
03:15:03,700 --> 03:15:07,900
The Massachusetts Government Act
follows this law, fundamentally 

3591
03:15:07,900 --> 03:15:09,900
restructures how the colony 
operates. 

3592
03:15:10,700 --> 03:15:13,900
The elected council is abolished
and replaced with one appointed 

3593
03:15:13,900 --> 03:15:17,500
by the crown. 
Town meetings, the foundation of

3594
03:15:17,508 --> 03:15:21,800
a New England, political life, a
restricted to one per year and 

3595
03:15:21,800 --> 03:15:24,700
only with the governor's 
permission the law strikes. 

3596
03:15:24,700 --> 03:15:27,800
At the heart of colonial 
self-governance, it says that 

3597
03:15:27,800 --> 03:15:30,600
Massachusetts cannot be trusted 
to manage its own Affairs. 

3598
03:15:30,600 --> 03:15:33,600
It must be governed like a 
conquered territory. 

3599
03:15:34,600 --> 03:15:37,500
The administration of justice 
act allows Royal officials 

3600
03:15:37,500 --> 03:15:41,400
accused of capital crimes while 
in forcing the law to be tried 

3601
03:15:41,400 --> 03:15:43,900
in Britain, rather than in the 
colonies. 

3602
03:15:44,800 --> 03:15:48,000
The purposes of these. 
British soldiers and Customs 

3603
03:15:48,000 --> 03:15:51,000
officers need protection. 
From Colonial jury is who might 

3604
03:15:51,000 --> 03:15:52,900
convict them out of political 
spite. 

3605
03:15:53,500 --> 03:15:57,100
But to colonists, the law 
creates a system, where those 

3606
03:15:57,100 --> 03:15:59,900
who abuse power can escape local
Justice. 

3607
03:15:59,900 --> 03:16:04,800
It's suggest that British lives 
matter more than Colonial lives.

3608
03:16:04,800 --> 03:16:09,400
The symbolism is corrosive. 
The Quartering Act requires, 

3609
03:16:09,400 --> 03:16:12,600
Colonial authorities to provide 
housing for British troops. 

3610
03:16:12,600 --> 03:16:16,300
If Barracks proved insufficient,
the troops can be housed in 

3611
03:16:16,300 --> 03:16:19,700
private buildings. 
The Lord does not quite Force 

3612
03:16:19,700 --> 03:16:22,900
colonists to cortisol soldiers 
in their homes, but it comes 

3613
03:16:22,900 --> 03:16:26,300
close enough that the 
distinction feels academic. you 

3614
03:16:26,300 --> 03:16:29,100
imagine red coat sleeping in the
room where your children play 

3615
03:16:29,100 --> 03:16:33,700
the image disturbs you London, 
newspapers begin calling these 

3616
03:16:33,700 --> 03:16:35,300
laws. 
The coercive Acts. 

3617
03:16:35,900 --> 03:16:39,300
Colonial newspapers, rename 
them, the Intolerable Acts. 

3618
03:16:40,000 --> 03:16:42,400
The different terms reflect 
Different World Views. 

3619
03:16:42,400 --> 03:16:45,700
To Parliament, these are 
measured responses to criminal 

3620
03:16:45,700 --> 03:16:48,700
Behavior to colonists. 
They are collective punishment 

3621
03:16:48,700 --> 03:16:52,100
that ignores individual guilt. 
Or in essence, you did not 

3622
03:16:52,100 --> 03:16:56,000
personally destroy any tea yet. 
You will suffer when the port 

3623
03:16:56,000 --> 03:16:59,700
closes your neighbor. 
A loyalist, who condemned the 

3624
03:16:59,700 --> 03:17:02,200
tea, destruction will suffer 
equally. 

3625
03:17:03,300 --> 03:17:06,800
The punishment makes no 
distinction, it targets an 

3626
03:17:06,800 --> 03:17:11,100
entire city and entire Colony. 
As if political disagreement can

3627
03:17:11,100 --> 03:17:15,200
be cured through economic 
strangulation General, Thomas 

3628
03:17:15,200 --> 03:17:18,500
Gage arrives in Boston, in May 
to replace Hutchinson as 

3629
03:17:18,500 --> 03:17:21,300
governor. 
Gage is a military man who 

3630
03:17:21,300 --> 03:17:23,000
served in the French and Indian 
War. 

3631
03:17:23,000 --> 03:17:26,900
He married an American woman, he
owned property in New York. 

3632
03:17:28,400 --> 03:17:30,200
By the standards of British 
officers. 

3633
03:17:30,200 --> 03:17:33,900
He knows the colonies, well, but
he arrives with a mandate to 

3634
03:17:33,900 --> 03:17:36,600
enforce laws that cannot be 
enforced without violence. 

3635
03:17:37,400 --> 03:17:39,600
His position is impossible from 
the start. 

3636
03:17:40,400 --> 03:17:44,200
Commands 4,000 troops in a city 
that views them as an occupying 

3637
03:17:44,200 --> 03:17:46,400
Army. 
He must close the port and 

3638
03:17:46,408 --> 03:17:48,700
restructure the government while
maintaining order. 

3639
03:17:49,500 --> 03:17:51,900
The mathematics of his 
situation, do not add up. 

3640
03:17:52,500 --> 03:17:55,200
June 1st arrives. 
The port closes. 

3641
03:17:56,000 --> 03:17:58,700
Ships, that were loading or 
unloading when the deadline hit 

3642
03:17:58,700 --> 03:18:01,700
must leave immediately. 
Cargo meant for Boston. 

3643
03:18:01,700 --> 03:18:05,100
Sits in holds or on walls going 
nowhere. 

3644
03:18:06,000 --> 03:18:09,900
Merchants cannot sell Goods. 
They cannot receive Artisans 

3645
03:18:09,900 --> 03:18:13,300
cannot work without materials. 
The economy begins its 

3646
03:18:13,300 --> 03:18:17,100
contraction charitable donations
arrive, from other colonies. 

3647
03:18:17,100 --> 03:18:22,700
Rice from South Carolina money 
from Philadelphia grain from 

3648
03:18:22,700 --> 03:18:25,500
Virginia. 
The support matters. 

3649
03:18:25,500 --> 03:18:28,800
Both practically and 
symbolically you're not alone. 

3650
03:18:28,800 --> 03:18:31,400
Other colonies. 
See your suffering as their 

3651
03:18:31,400 --> 03:18:35,400
concern. the coercive acts 
intended to isolate 

3652
03:18:35,400 --> 03:18:38,000
Massachusetts have instead 
United, the colonies in 

3653
03:18:38,000 --> 03:18:41,000
opposition, The first week of 
the port closure brings a 

3654
03:18:41,008 --> 03:18:45,300
strange quiet to the Waterfront.
The normal sounds of Commerce of

3655
03:18:45,300 --> 03:18:48,000
stopped. 
No longshoreman shouting 

3656
03:18:48,000 --> 03:18:50,500
instructions. 
No cars rolling. 

3657
03:18:50,500 --> 03:18:55,000
Over cobblestones carrying goods
to warehouses no ships Bells, 

3658
03:18:55,000 --> 03:18:58,700
mocking the hours, the wars that
were always crowded with 

3659
03:18:58,700 --> 03:19:02,000
activity. 
Now, stand nearly empty, Gull 

3660
03:19:02,000 --> 03:19:05,600
Still Circle overhead, but they 
find fewer scraps to scavenge 

3661
03:19:06,500 --> 03:19:09,800
Fishing fleet can still operate,
but everything else is ceased. 

3662
03:19:10,400 --> 03:19:12,800
You walk through the market 
district and see the impact 

3663
03:19:12,800 --> 03:19:16,600
everywhere shops that sold 
imported goods of closed their 

3664
03:19:16,600 --> 03:19:19,200
doors. 
Some owners of painted signs 

3665
03:19:19,200 --> 03:19:22,800
explaining they will reopen. 
When the port does others have 

3666
03:19:22,800 --> 03:19:25,600
simply locked up and left 
unwilling to wait for a 

3667
03:19:25,608 --> 03:19:29,500
resolution that might never come
The grosser Who Sold sugar and 

3668
03:19:29,500 --> 03:19:33,200
coffee, and tea now has empty 
shelves, the cloth Merchant who 

3669
03:19:33,200 --> 03:19:37,200
displayed bolts of English wool,
and Indian cotton has nothing to

3670
03:19:37,200 --> 03:19:40,000
sell the hardware store. 
That carried tools, 

3671
03:19:40,000 --> 03:19:42,900
manufactured, in Birmingham, 
sits, dark, and shuttered. 

3672
03:19:43,700 --> 03:19:46,900
Your neighbor, a Cooper who made
barrels for merchants to ship. 

3673
03:19:46,900 --> 03:19:50,100
Goods has no work. 
The barrels. 

3674
03:19:50,100 --> 03:19:52,700
He crafted. 
So carefully now stack unused in

3675
03:19:52,700 --> 03:19:56,100
his Workshop, he cannot sell 
them because no one is shipping 

3676
03:19:56,100 --> 03:19:58,500
anything. 
He cannot afford to make more 

3677
03:19:58,500 --> 03:20:02,600
because he has no customers his 
family which includes four 

3678
03:20:02,600 --> 03:20:05,800
children, and his elderly mother
depends on his income. 

3679
03:20:05,800 --> 03:20:09,500
You watch him growth thinner as 
summer, progresses his wife 

3680
03:20:09,500 --> 03:20:11,400
takes and sowing to earn a few 
coins. 

3681
03:20:11,400 --> 03:20:15,000
There are oldest son, barely 15 
looks for any kind of work. 

3682
03:20:16,100 --> 03:20:19,400
The port closure is not an 
abstraction for them, it is 

3683
03:20:19,408 --> 03:20:23,200
hunger and fear and the slow 
erosion of everything they 

3684
03:20:23,200 --> 03:20:26,000
built. 
The soup kitchens organized by 

3685
03:20:26,000 --> 03:20:28,900
churches and committees, serve 
hundreds of people daily. 

3686
03:20:28,900 --> 03:20:33,700
You volunteer there on Thursdays
later in broth into bowls held 

3687
03:20:33,700 --> 03:20:35,700
by hands that shake from 
weakness. 

3688
03:20:35,700 --> 03:20:39,800
Some of the people in line you 
recognize former shopkeepers 

3689
03:20:39,800 --> 03:20:44,100
Dock Workers Craftsmen whose 
trades depended on commas that 

3690
03:20:44,100 --> 03:20:47,300
no longer exists. 
They thank you quietly for the 

3691
03:20:47,300 --> 03:20:49,200
food. 
The Gratitude feels 

3692
03:20:49,200 --> 03:20:51,300
uncomfortable you're not saving 
them. 

3693
03:20:51,300 --> 03:20:53,200
You're barely keeping them 
alive. 

3694
03:20:53,200 --> 03:20:56,200
While the political crisis plays
out in meeting's and letters, 

3695
03:20:56,200 --> 03:21:00,400
you cannot control you attend 
meetings, in defiance of new law

3696
03:21:00,400 --> 03:21:03,100
limiting assembly. 
The Gathering is now carry 

3697
03:21:03,100 --> 03:21:07,000
additional risk simply being 
present constitutes a crime, 

3698
03:21:07,000 --> 03:21:10,500
under the Massachusetts, 
Government Act, Yet people come 

3699
03:21:10,500 --> 03:21:15,500
anyway, the meetings have a 
different character before you 

3700
03:21:15,500 --> 03:21:18,800
debated, whether to resist. 
Now, you discuss how to survive 

3701
03:21:18,800 --> 03:21:21,100
resistance. 
The questions have become 

3702
03:21:21,100 --> 03:21:25,300
practical, how to organize food 
distribution, how to coordinate 

3703
03:21:25,300 --> 03:21:27,800
with other colonies. 
How to prepare for the 

3704
03:21:27,800 --> 03:21:30,200
possibility that words might 
give way to weapons. 

3705
03:21:31,200 --> 03:21:33,400
Samuel Adams speaks with greater
urgency. 

3706
03:21:33,400 --> 03:21:37,100
Now his rhetoric has always 
tended toward warnings about 

3707
03:21:37,100 --> 03:21:39,900
tyranny. 
Current events have proven him 

3708
03:21:39,900 --> 03:21:43,000
correct. 
He does not gloat instead, he 

3709
03:21:43,000 --> 03:21:46,100
pushes for action. 
Massachusetts must send 

3710
03:21:46,100 --> 03:21:49,500
delegates to a continental 
congress where all colonies can 

3711
03:21:49,500 --> 03:21:51,600
coordinate their response to 
British policy. 

3712
03:21:51,600 --> 03:21:56,400
The Proposal itself is radical a
continental congress, suggests a

3713
03:21:56,400 --> 03:21:59,800
continental identity that 
implies that Colonial interests 

3714
03:21:59,800 --> 03:22:01,800
might supersede Imperial 
loyalty. 

3715
03:22:02,600 --> 03:22:05,600
The language of Independence has
not yet been spoken aloud. 

3716
03:22:06,500 --> 03:22:09,000
But it hovers in the room like 
smoke from a fire. 

3717
03:22:09,000 --> 03:22:11,700
Not quite visible. 
Your wife worries about the 

3718
03:22:11,700 --> 03:22:14,500
future. 
She measures flower and counts 

3719
03:22:14,500 --> 03:22:17,800
coins and calculates how long 
your savings will last if the 

3720
03:22:17,800 --> 03:22:21,600
port remains closed. 
Her concerns are immediate and 

3721
03:22:21,608 --> 03:22:24,800
practical political Theory does 
not feed. 

3722
03:22:24,800 --> 03:22:27,500
Children principles, do not pay 
rent. 

3723
03:22:27,500 --> 03:22:31,900
The gap between abstract, writes
and daily, survival creates its 

3724
03:22:31,900 --> 03:22:34,300
own pressure. 
You support the resistance in 

3725
03:22:34,300 --> 03:22:37,700
principle, but principal taste 
thin when your family goes 

3726
03:22:37,700 --> 03:22:40,300
hungry. 
Governor Gage attempts to 

3727
03:22:40,300 --> 03:22:41,900
implement the new government 
structure. 

3728
03:22:41,900 --> 03:22:45,100
He appoints counselors to 
replace the elected ones. 

3729
03:22:45,100 --> 03:22:47,900
Many appointees, resign almost 
immediately when their 

3730
03:22:47,900 --> 03:22:51,200
neighbor's son them, some flea 
to Boston, where British troops 

3731
03:22:51,200 --> 03:22:54,400
can protect them. 
The resistance takes many forms,

3732
03:22:54,400 --> 03:22:59,500
no violence, no threats, simply 
a complete social withdrawal, 

3733
03:23:00,800 --> 03:23:03,500
Pointed officials, find 
themselves unable to conduct 

3734
03:23:03,500 --> 03:23:06,600
business. 
Shops refuse to serve them 

3735
03:23:06,600 --> 03:23:09,400
churches, asked them not to 
attend Services. 

3736
03:23:09,400 --> 03:23:13,800
Their children are excluded from
play, the enforcement of 

3737
03:23:13,800 --> 03:23:15,900
collective. 
Disapproval proved remarkably 

3738
03:23:15,900 --> 03:23:20,100
effective gauge sends 
Expeditions into the countryside

3739
03:23:20,100 --> 03:23:22,800
to seize weapons and gunpowder 
stored in colonial. 

3740
03:23:22,800 --> 03:23:25,400
Armies. 
Each Expedition, generates 

3741
03:23:25,400 --> 03:23:28,600
rumors of violence. 
The rumor spread faster than the

3742
03:23:28,600 --> 03:23:30,800
truth. 
You hear that British troops 

3743
03:23:30,800 --> 03:23:34,200
fired on civilians. 
In Lexington, the report proves 

3744
03:23:34,200 --> 03:23:37,700
false, but the fact that people 
believe it reveals the state of 

3745
03:23:37,708 --> 03:23:42,400
tension, everyone expects 
violence, the expectation makes 

3746
03:23:42,400 --> 03:23:47,700
violence more likely fear feeds 
on itself, Autumn arrives, the 

3747
03:23:47,700 --> 03:23:51,100
leaves, turn color and fall. 
Winter approaches, the port 

3748
03:23:51,100 --> 03:23:54,100
remains closed the occupation 
continues. 

3749
03:23:54,100 --> 03:23:56,800
You have lived through eight 
months of collective punishment,

3750
03:23:56,800 --> 03:23:59,400
for an act of resistance you 
supported, but did not 

3751
03:23:59,400 --> 03:24:02,700
personally commit. the 
experience has changed how you 

3752
03:24:02,700 --> 03:24:06,000
think about Authority, 
Parliament claims the right to 

3753
03:24:06,000 --> 03:24:08,500
govern you But what does that 
mean? 

3754
03:24:08,500 --> 03:24:12,700
If it rests only on Force, 
rather than consent, if 

3755
03:24:12,700 --> 03:24:16,000
Government derives its 
legitimacy from the people, then

3756
03:24:16,000 --> 03:24:20,200
government that ignores the 
people has no legitimacy The 

3757
03:24:20,200 --> 03:24:23,400
thought feels dangerous even in 
the privacy of your own mind. 

3758
03:24:24,800 --> 03:24:27,800
The First Continental Congress 
convenes in Philadelphia in 

3759
03:24:27,800 --> 03:24:33,600
September 1774. 56 delegates 
from 12 colonies gather at 

3760
03:24:33,600 --> 03:24:37,100
Carpenters Hall only Georgia 
declined to send Representatives

3761
03:24:37,100 --> 03:24:41,000
the Gathering itself represents 
something new in colonial 

3762
03:24:41,000 --> 03:24:43,500
history. 
These men have come together not

3763
03:24:43,500 --> 03:24:47,700
to petition Parliament but to 
coordinate resistance they 

3764
03:24:47,700 --> 03:24:50,400
represent different colonies 
with different economies and 

3765
03:24:50,400 --> 03:24:53,600
different relationships to 
Britain, yet they meet as equals

3766
03:24:53,600 --> 03:24:57,300
to discuss common problems. 
The journey to Philadelphia for 

3767
03:24:57,300 --> 03:24:59,700
the Massachusetts. 
Delegates takes nearly two weeks

3768
03:24:59,700 --> 03:25:02,200
by horse and carriage. 
They traveled through 

3769
03:25:02,200 --> 03:25:05,400
Connecticut and New York where 
people gather to hear news from 

3770
03:25:05,400 --> 03:25:08,100
Boston. 
Delegates speaking taverns and 

3771
03:25:08,100 --> 03:25:10,700
churches about the port closure 
and military occupation. 

3772
03:25:11,600 --> 03:25:14,500
Their audience listens with 
expression, that makes sympathy 

3773
03:25:14,500 --> 03:25:17,800
and self-interest. 
What happens to Massachusetts 

3774
03:25:17,800 --> 03:25:19,900
today? 
Might happen to other colonists 

3775
03:25:19,900 --> 03:25:22,700
tomorrow. 
The understanding creates 

3776
03:25:22,700 --> 03:25:27,000
solidarity born not from Pure 
altruism, but from recognition 

3777
03:25:27,000 --> 03:25:31,900
of shared vulnerability. 
Carpenters Hall in Philadelphia 

3778
03:25:31,900 --> 03:25:36,100
is a modest to story brick, 
building chosen specifically 

3779
03:25:36,100 --> 03:25:38,000
because it is not a government 
structure. 

3780
03:25:38,800 --> 03:25:41,500
The delegates want to make clear
their acting outside official 

3781
03:25:41,500 --> 03:25:45,700
Colonial channels inside the 
room smell like fresh plaster 

3782
03:25:45,700 --> 03:25:47,700
and sawdust from recent 
renovations. 

3783
03:25:48,500 --> 03:25:51,100
Windows. 
Let in September Sunshine that 

3784
03:25:51,100 --> 03:25:53,200
illuminates dust Motes floating 
in the air. 

3785
03:25:53,200 --> 03:25:57,700
The furniture is simple. 
Wooden chairs arranged in rows a

3786
03:25:57,700 --> 03:25:59,600
table at the front where 
speakers can address the 

3787
03:25:59,600 --> 03:26:02,500
assembly. 
Nothing about the setting 

3788
03:26:02,500 --> 03:26:04,900
suggests the historical weight 
of what will happen here. 

3789
03:26:05,800 --> 03:26:09,000
The Massachusetts delegation 
includes Samuel Adams and his 

3790
03:26:09,000 --> 03:26:12,800
younger cousin John. 
Adams keeps a detailed diary of 

3791
03:26:12,808 --> 03:26:15,700
the proceedings. 
His entries revealed, both the 

3792
03:26:15,700 --> 03:26:18,600
high stakes and the mundane 
reality of political 

3793
03:26:18,600 --> 03:26:21,300
organization. 
Delegates, argue over 

3794
03:26:21,300 --> 03:26:24,100
procedures. 
They disagree about goals. 

3795
03:26:24,100 --> 03:26:28,000
Somewhat reconciliation, with 
Britain other sea Independence 

3796
03:26:28,000 --> 03:26:30,600
is inevitable. 
Even if they cannot yet say it 

3797
03:26:30,600 --> 03:26:33,400
allowed. 
Debate stretch for hours. 

3798
03:26:33,400 --> 03:26:38,300
The compromises comes slowly. 
Democracy at turns out is 

3799
03:26:38,300 --> 03:26:41,100
inefficient. 
But the alternative is someone 

3800
03:26:41,100 --> 03:26:44,700
making decisions for you. 
The southern delegates arrived 

3801
03:26:44,700 --> 03:26:46,800
with different concerns and 
their Northern counterparts. 

3802
03:26:47,900 --> 03:26:50,800
South Carolina's economy. 
Depends on rice and indigo 

3803
03:26:50,800 --> 03:26:54,000
exports to Britain. 
Virginia's tobacco Planters. 

3804
03:26:54,000 --> 03:26:55,700
Have deep commercial ties to 
London. 

3805
03:26:55,700 --> 03:26:59,600
Merchants these colonies have 
less interest in cutting trade 

3806
03:26:59,600 --> 03:27:01,400
relationships than in reforming 
them. 

3807
03:27:02,200 --> 03:27:05,400
The tension between radical New 
England, and conservative, South

3808
03:27:05,400 --> 03:27:10,000
creates constant negotiation. 
Every resolution must satisfy 

3809
03:27:10,000 --> 03:27:12,500
delegates, who want to push 
forward and those who want to 

3810
03:27:12,500 --> 03:27:15,800
pull back. 
The resulting documents reflect 

3811
03:27:15,800 --> 03:27:18,000
compromise. 
That leaves everyone partially 

3812
03:27:18,000 --> 03:27:20,900
dissatisfied. 
Joseph Galloway of Pennsylvania 

3813
03:27:20,900 --> 03:27:24,800
proposes, a plan for Colonial 
Union under British sovereignty,

3814
03:27:24,800 --> 03:27:28,600
his scheme would create an 
American Parliament, that could 

3815
03:27:28,600 --> 03:27:30,700
veto British laws affecting the 
colonies. 

3816
03:27:31,300 --> 03:27:34,300
The Proposal attracts support 
from moderates who see it as a 

3817
03:27:34,300 --> 03:27:35,900
middle path between submission 
and Rebellion. 

3818
03:27:37,100 --> 03:27:39,700
But radicals, argue it concedes 
too much. 

3819
03:27:40,800 --> 03:27:43,900
The debate over Galloway's plan 
consumed, several days of 

3820
03:27:43,900 --> 03:27:47,100
session time. 
Ultimately, the Congress rejects

3821
03:27:47,100 --> 03:27:50,300
it by a narrow vote. 
The rejection signals that 

3822
03:27:50,300 --> 03:27:53,600
reconciliation within the 
existing Imperial structure has 

3823
03:27:53,600 --> 03:27:56,400
become impossible. 
Patrick Henry of Virginia makes 

3824
03:27:56,400 --> 03:27:59,000
a speech that delegates. 
Remember for years afterward. 

3825
03:27:59,800 --> 03:28:02,500
He declares that the 
distinctions between Virginia's 

3826
03:28:02,500 --> 03:28:05,800
and pencil veins and new 
englanders no longer matter. 

3827
03:28:05,800 --> 03:28:08,300
They are not members of 
different colonies. 

3828
03:28:08,300 --> 03:28:12,000
They are Americans. 
The term itself is new in this 

3829
03:28:12,000 --> 03:28:16,500
political context before 
Colonial identity remained 

3830
03:28:16,500 --> 03:28:20,600
primary, you were a Bastion or a
New Yorker, or a Virginia. 

3831
03:28:21,700 --> 03:28:25,200
The idea of a continental 
identity of being American 

3832
03:28:25,200 --> 03:28:28,300
rather than British subjects who
happen to live in America 

3833
03:28:28,300 --> 03:28:31,900
represents a fundamental shift 
in how people imagine 

3834
03:28:31,900 --> 03:28:36,000
themselves. 
The Congress adopts, the Suffolk

3835
03:28:36,000 --> 03:28:40,200
resolves declarations written by
Massachusetts delegates that 

3836
03:28:40,200 --> 03:28:43,300
call the coercive acts 
unconstitutional and not to be 

3837
03:28:43,300 --> 03:28:46,100
obeyed. 
The vote endorses Massachusetts 

3838
03:28:46,100 --> 03:28:48,800
resistance. 
More importantly, it links that 

3839
03:28:48,800 --> 03:28:52,900
resistance to a broader Colonial
cause you're no longer alone 

3840
03:28:52,900 --> 03:28:57,200
your suffering and your Defiance
have been adopted by 

3841
03:28:57,200 --> 03:29:00,600
representatives from colonies. 
You have never visited the 

3842
03:29:00,600 --> 03:29:05,000
symbolic support matters. 
But symbols do not feed families

3843
03:29:05,000 --> 03:29:08,000
or prevent the economic 
Stranglehold of a closed port. 

3844
03:29:09,000 --> 03:29:12,300
The Continental Association 
emerges from the Congress as its

3845
03:29:12,300 --> 03:29:16,200
most concrete Chief movement. 
The agreement creates a complete

3846
03:29:16,200 --> 03:29:20,100
boycott of British goods. 
Nothing imported, from Britain 

3847
03:29:20,100 --> 03:29:23,400
can be sold. 
Nothing exported to Britain can 

3848
03:29:23,400 --> 03:29:26,300
be shipped the boycott will 
begin in December. 

3849
03:29:26,300 --> 03:29:31,200
It includes detail in forcement 
mechanisms each County and town 

3850
03:29:31,200 --> 03:29:34,600
must elect committees to inspect
merchants and ensure compliance.

3851
03:29:35,600 --> 03:29:39,600
Violators will be publicly named
their names will be published in

3852
03:29:39,600 --> 03:29:42,600
newspapers. 
Social pressure will enforce 

3853
03:29:42,600 --> 03:29:45,500
Economic Policy. 
You serve on the enforcement 

3854
03:29:45,500 --> 03:29:49,100
committee for your District The 
work proves more complicated 

3855
03:29:49,100 --> 03:29:52,500
than anticipated. 
What counts as a British good. 

3856
03:29:52,500 --> 03:29:56,200
What about items manufactured in
Britain but shipped through 

3857
03:29:56,200 --> 03:29:59,500
other countries? 
What about Goods already and 

3858
03:29:59,500 --> 03:30:01,800
warehouses? 
When the boycott Begins, the 

3859
03:30:01,800 --> 03:30:04,100
committee meets weekly to debate
these questions. 

3860
03:30:04,100 --> 03:30:07,200
You make decisions that affect 
your neighbor's livelihoods. 

3861
03:30:07,200 --> 03:30:11,700
The responsibility weighs on you
this is not abstract politics. 

3862
03:30:11,700 --> 03:30:15,200
This is where the merchant down 
the street can sell is inventory

3863
03:30:15,200 --> 03:30:19,400
or goes bankrupt. 
Some people cheat, they hired 

3864
03:30:19,400 --> 03:30:22,900
British goods. 
They falsify manifests, they 

3865
03:30:22,900 --> 03:30:25,600
sell forbidden items through 
complicated Arrangements that 

3866
03:30:25,600 --> 03:30:29,200
obscure the origin. 
Your committee investigates 

3867
03:30:29,200 --> 03:30:31,700
complaints. 
You inspect warehouses. 

3868
03:30:31,700 --> 03:30:34,300
You question? 
Merchants who suddenly have 

3869
03:30:34,300 --> 03:30:36,900
inventory? 
They cannot explain the process 

3870
03:30:36,900 --> 03:30:39,500
feels uncomfortable. 
You are enforcing rules on 

3871
03:30:39,500 --> 03:30:42,200
people, you know, but the 
alternative is letting the 

3872
03:30:42,200 --> 03:30:45,400
boycott fail, which means 
letting Massachusetts stand 

3873
03:30:45,400 --> 03:30:48,700
alone against British power, the
British military presence in 

3874
03:30:48,700 --> 03:30:53,200
Boston increases general, Gage 
receives reinforcements more 

3875
03:30:53,200 --> 03:30:55,900
troops arrived on transport 
ships that can enter the harbor 

3876
03:30:55,900 --> 03:30:58,800
despite the port closure. 
Because military vessels are 

3877
03:30:58,800 --> 03:31:02,800
exempt from the ban on commas. 
The soldiers drill on Boston. 

3878
03:31:02,800 --> 03:31:05,300
Common. 
They marched through streets. 

3879
03:31:05,300 --> 03:31:09,300
They occupy the city. 
In fact, if not yet in name, the

3880
03:31:09,300 --> 03:31:12,400
message is clear. 
Britain has the force to compel 

3881
03:31:12,400 --> 03:31:14,500
obedience. 
The question is where the 

3882
03:31:14,500 --> 03:31:16,700
colonists have the will to 
resist Force. 

3883
03:31:16,700 --> 03:31:22,600
Spring comes to Massachusetts in
1775 the ground Thor's Farmers 

3884
03:31:22,600 --> 03:31:26,800
begin planting life continues 
despite political crisis because

3885
03:31:26,800 --> 03:31:30,200
life always continues. 
Children need feeding. 

3886
03:31:30,200 --> 03:31:33,600
Crops need sewing. 
The ordinary demands of 

3887
03:31:33,600 --> 03:31:35,700
existence. 
Do not pause for revolution. 

3888
03:31:35,700 --> 03:31:39,300
You work your land and attend 
your committee meeting and watch

3889
03:31:39,300 --> 03:31:41,500
British patrols March past your 
house. 

3890
03:31:42,800 --> 03:31:46,000
The competing demands create a 
strange, double Consciousness. 

3891
03:31:46,000 --> 03:31:51,200
You are a farmer and a 
revolutionary, a family man and 

3892
03:31:51,200 --> 03:31:54,200
a potential Rebel. 
The roles have not yet. 

3893
03:31:54,200 --> 03:31:58,300
Separated rumors circulate about
British plans to seize the 

3894
03:31:58,300 --> 03:32:00,400
gunpowder and weapons stored in 
Concord. 

3895
03:32:01,000 --> 03:32:03,900
The military stores represent 
the colonies of ability to 

3896
03:32:03,900 --> 03:32:06,800
defend itself If gauge seizes 
them. 

3897
03:32:06,800 --> 03:32:11,000
Massachusetts becomes helpless. 
The provincial Congress, meeting

3898
03:32:11,000 --> 03:32:13,300
illegally because the new 
government act for bids it 

3899
03:32:13,308 --> 03:32:16,900
organizes a network of 
Messengers to warn if British 

3900
03:32:16,900 --> 03:32:21,500
troops moving Force, Paul Revere
a silversmith, you know slightly

3901
03:32:21,500 --> 03:32:23,500
helps coordinate the warning 
system. 

3902
03:32:24,600 --> 03:32:27,800
The preparations fill both 
necessary and surreal. 

3903
03:32:28,400 --> 03:32:30,900
Your planning to resist the army
of your own government. 

3904
03:32:32,000 --> 03:32:35,800
April 18th arrives, British 
troops begin moving out of 

3905
03:32:35,800 --> 03:32:40,700
Boston after dark the warning 
system activated across the 

3906
03:32:40,700 --> 03:32:43,800
countryside carrying news that 
the regulars are Marching toward

3907
03:32:43,800 --> 03:32:46,200
conquered. 
You hear the alarm around 

3908
03:32:46,200 --> 03:32:51,400
midnight church bells ring, you 
rise from bed and dress quickly 

3909
03:32:51,400 --> 03:32:54,900
your musket hangs over the 
fireplace where it is hung for 

3910
03:32:54,900 --> 03:32:58,300
years, used for hunting and now 
possibly for something else 

3911
03:32:58,300 --> 03:33:01,300
entirely. 
You check the powder and shot 

3912
03:33:01,300 --> 03:33:04,300
your hands. 
Shakes slightly, fear or 

3913
03:33:04,300 --> 03:33:07,400
excitement or simply the body's 
response to Adrenaline. 

3914
03:33:07,400 --> 03:33:10,800
You cannot tell which Lexington 
Green lies. 

3915
03:33:10,800 --> 03:33:15,200
Quiet in the dawn light of April
19th. 1775. 

3916
03:33:15,200 --> 03:33:19,200
Do you cover the grass, birds 
sing their morning songs? 

3917
03:33:19,200 --> 03:33:22,800
Approximately 70, Colonial 
militia have gathered on the 

3918
03:33:22,800 --> 03:33:26,300
common cold out by the alarm 
system that activated in the 

3919
03:33:26,300 --> 03:33:28,500
night. 
These are not soldiers. 

3920
03:33:28,500 --> 03:33:32,600
They are farmers and craftsmen 
who drill occasionally and hope 

3921
03:33:32,600 --> 03:33:36,300
never to actually fight. 
They carry hunting muskets and 

3922
03:33:36,300 --> 03:33:40,100
ancient weapons inherited from 
their fathers against them, 

3923
03:33:40,100 --> 03:33:44,100
March, 700 British regulars, 
professional Soldiers with 

3924
03:33:44,100 --> 03:33:45,900
military training and 
discipline. 

3925
03:33:46,700 --> 03:33:50,000
The militia assembles in two 
ragged lines facing the road 

3926
03:33:50,000 --> 03:33:54,100
where the British column will 
appear you stand in the second 

3927
03:33:54,100 --> 03:33:57,000
row, your musket feeling heavier
than it did. 

3928
03:33:57,000 --> 03:34:00,400
When you left home, three hours 
ago, the weapon is hunting 

3929
03:34:00,400 --> 03:34:02,900
piece. 
You have owned for 10 years, you

3930
03:34:02,900 --> 03:34:05,600
know, its quirks. 
The trigger pulls slightly to 

3931
03:34:05,600 --> 03:34:08,500
the left. 
Powder-pan sometimes fails to 

3932
03:34:08,500 --> 03:34:12,000
ignite in damp, whether you've 
killed deer and turkey with this

3933
03:34:12,000 --> 03:34:15,000
gun, you have never pointed it 
at another human being. 

3934
03:34:16,200 --> 03:34:18,400
Thought of doing. 
So now makes your hands Shake 

3935
03:34:18,408 --> 03:34:20,900
slightly. 
The men around you, your 

3936
03:34:20,900 --> 03:34:24,000
neighbors, the blacksmith, whose
shoes your horse, stands, your 

3937
03:34:24,000 --> 03:34:26,700
left. 
The Miller who grinds your grain

3938
03:34:26,700 --> 03:34:30,000
is three positions down the 
line, you know, their wives and 

3939
03:34:30,000 --> 03:34:32,500
children you've shared meals at 
their tables. 

3940
03:34:32,500 --> 03:34:36,000
Now, you stand together, waiting
for British soldiers, to arrive 

3941
03:34:36,000 --> 03:34:38,700
and demand, you disperse. 
The Surreal quality of the 

3942
03:34:38,708 --> 03:34:40,500
moment keeps hitting you in 
waves. 

3943
03:34:40,500 --> 03:34:45,000
This is Lexington, this is home.
This should not be happening 

3944
03:34:45,000 --> 03:34:47,600
here. 
The Eastern Sky lightens from 

3945
03:34:47,600 --> 03:34:51,300
Black to gray to pale blue. 
The temperature remains cold, 

3946
03:34:51,300 --> 03:34:55,200
April in Massachusetts, not yet 
warm enough for Comfort at dawn,

3947
03:34:55,200 --> 03:34:59,800
your breath makes small clouds, 
your feet hurt from standing on 

3948
03:34:59,800 --> 03:35:01,800
ground. 
Still hard with Winter Frost. 

3949
03:35:02,800 --> 03:35:06,700
Someone coughs the sound seems 
too loud in the quiet morning? 

3950
03:35:08,100 --> 03:35:12,200
Captain Parker walks the line 
speaking quietly to individual 

3951
03:35:12,200 --> 03:35:14,800
militia men? 
His words are too soft for you 

3952
03:35:14,808 --> 03:35:17,700
to hear from your position, but 
you can see the effect, they 

3953
03:35:17,700 --> 03:35:22,400
have men, stand straighter 
grips, tighten on muskets, fear 

3954
03:35:22,400 --> 03:35:25,700
remains visible in phases, but 
determination overlays it 

3955
03:35:25,700 --> 03:35:29,200
Captain, John Parker, commands, 
the Lexing to militia. 

3956
03:35:29,200 --> 03:35:34,100
He is 45 years old, a veteran of
the French and Indian War dying.

3957
03:35:34,100 --> 03:35:38,100
Slowly of two losses. 
He tells his men to stand their 

3958
03:35:38,100 --> 03:35:40,600
ground, but not to fire unless 
fired upon. 

3959
03:35:42,100 --> 03:35:46,100
The instruction reflects the 
impossible situation, you cannot

3960
03:35:46,100 --> 03:35:48,100
disperse without looking 
cowardly. 

3961
03:35:48,100 --> 03:35:50,900
You cannot attack without 
committing treason. 

3962
03:35:50,900 --> 03:35:55,000
You can only stand and wait and 
hope that British officers show 

3963
03:35:55,000 --> 03:35:58,000
restraint. 
The Sound reaches you before the

3964
03:35:58,000 --> 03:36:02,000
site, the measured Tramp of 
boots on packed Earth. 

3965
03:36:02,600 --> 03:36:07,400
The jingle of equipment, the low
murmur of commands passing down 

3966
03:36:07,400 --> 03:36:10,300
a column. 
Then the British soldiers, come 

3967
03:36:10,300 --> 03:36:14,100
into view around the bend in the
road, they March in formation, 

3968
03:36:14,100 --> 03:36:18,400
the Red Coats bright, even in 
the dawn light, their muskets 

3969
03:36:18,400 --> 03:36:21,400
carry fixed bayonets that catch 
glints of Sunrise. 

3970
03:36:21,400 --> 03:36:24,800
They look professional and 
confident, and vastly more 

3971
03:36:24,800 --> 03:36:29,100
numerous than you realize, 700 
men could be Major John Pitts, 

3972
03:36:29,100 --> 03:36:30,900
Ken leads the British Advanced 
column. 

3973
03:36:30,900 --> 03:36:34,300
He is a marine officer known for
relatively decent treatment of 

3974
03:36:34,300 --> 03:36:37,300
Colonials. 
He rides onto the green shouting

3975
03:36:37,300 --> 03:36:40,600
for the militia to disperse his 
voice carries across the open 

3976
03:36:40,600 --> 03:36:44,800
ground You cannot make out every
word but the meaning is clear, 

3977
03:36:44,800 --> 03:36:48,800
leave now go home. 
Do not make this conflict. 

3978
03:36:50,200 --> 03:36:52,900
Some men in the militia line, 
begin to move obeying, the 

3979
03:36:52,900 --> 03:36:56,400
command, others hesitate 
unwilling to retreat but unsure 

3980
03:36:56,400 --> 03:37:00,800
what else to do the line waivers
without breaking completely the 

3981
03:37:00,800 --> 03:37:03,600
exact sequence of what happens. 
Next will be debated for 

3982
03:37:03,600 --> 03:37:05,700
centuries. 
Someone fires. 

3983
03:37:05,700 --> 03:37:09,100
No one can later say with 
certainty, whether the shot 

3984
03:37:09,100 --> 03:37:13,300
comes from the British line, the
colonial militia or a spectator 

3985
03:37:13,300 --> 03:37:16,900
watching from nearby buildings 
but the sound of that first shot

3986
03:37:16,900 --> 03:37:20,200
breaks the stale, mate, the 
crack of a musket in cold 

3987
03:37:20,200 --> 03:37:23,200
morning, air is a sharp sound 
that Echoes off buildings and 

3988
03:37:23,200 --> 03:37:26,900
Fades slowly. 
For a moment, perhaps two 

3989
03:37:26,900 --> 03:37:30,600
seconds, nobody moves, then 
British offers begin shouting 

3990
03:37:30,600 --> 03:37:34,700
orders, the soldiers, trained to
respond without thinking, fire. 

3991
03:37:34,700 --> 03:37:38,900
A volley. 
The sound is enormous, dozens of

3992
03:37:38,908 --> 03:37:42,800
muskets, discharging 
simultaneously creates a wall of

3993
03:37:42,800 --> 03:37:47,600
noise that physically impact you
White smoke billows, the Green 

3994
03:37:47,600 --> 03:37:51,600
obscuring Vision, you cannot see
the British line anymore. 

3995
03:37:51,600 --> 03:37:56,400
You cannot see much of anything.
The militia outnumbered 10 to 1 

3996
03:37:56,400 --> 03:37:58,800
begin to scatter. 
Some returned fire. 

3997
03:37:58,800 --> 03:38:03,800
As they Retreat, the engagement 
lasts 15 minutes When the Smoke 

3998
03:38:03,800 --> 03:38:07,600
Clears 8 colonists like dead on 
the green 10. 

3999
03:38:07,600 --> 03:38:11,000
More are wounded British 
casualties are minimal one 

4000
03:38:11,000 --> 03:38:14,900
soldier slightly wounded, the 
disproportion tells the story. 

4001
03:38:14,900 --> 03:38:18,300
This was not a battle. 
This was a massacre that 

4002
03:38:18,300 --> 03:38:21,900
happened to a curd during an 
armed confrontation, you run 

4003
03:38:21,900 --> 03:38:25,500
toward the cover of a nearby, 
Stonewall a musket ball passes, 

4004
03:38:25,500 --> 03:38:27,800
close enough that you hear it, 
Buzz through the air like an 

4005
03:38:27,800 --> 03:38:31,000
angry insect. 
The sound is distinctive and 

4006
03:38:31,000 --> 03:38:33,900
terrifying. 
You do not stop running until 

4007
03:38:33,900 --> 03:38:37,300
you reach the wall and drop 
behind it gasping for breath. 

4008
03:38:38,000 --> 03:38:41,200
Your hands shake so badly. 
You nearly drop your musket 

4009
03:38:41,200 --> 03:38:45,300
around you other militiamen. 
Take cover or flee entirely. 

4010
03:38:46,100 --> 03:38:49,100
Some lie on the ground. 
Not moving, you force yourself. 

4011
03:38:49,100 --> 03:38:52,600
Not to look too closely. 
At the body's looking means, 

4012
03:38:52,600 --> 03:38:57,600
recognizing faces. 
Recognition means, grief grief 

4013
03:38:57,600 --> 03:39:00,800
means paralysis. 
You need to keep moving. 

4014
03:39:01,700 --> 03:39:05,100
The British column continues to 
Concord their mission is to 

4015
03:39:05,100 --> 03:39:08,900
seize the military supply stored
there, but the alarm is given 

4016
03:39:08,900 --> 03:39:11,500
Concord time to hide or 
dispersed most of the weapons. 

4017
03:39:12,400 --> 03:39:14,800
British soldiers, searched 
houses and barns. 

4018
03:39:14,800 --> 03:39:17,700
They find little they burdensome
supplies. 

4019
03:39:17,700 --> 03:39:21,300
They cannot carry away. 
Smoke from the burning 

4020
03:39:21,300 --> 03:39:26,400
buildings, Rises into the spring
sky, Colonial militia, gather on

4021
03:39:26,400 --> 03:39:29,200
the Hills surrounding Concord by
mid-morning. 

4022
03:39:29,200 --> 03:39:32,300
Several 100 men have arrived 
from neighboring towns, the 

4023
03:39:32,300 --> 03:39:35,600
Outnumber, the British. 
Now at the North Bridge militia 

4024
03:39:35,600 --> 03:39:39,200
engaged British troops guarding.
The crossing, this fight is 

4025
03:39:39,200 --> 03:39:42,900
different from Lexington, the 
Colonials hold numeric advantage

4026
03:39:42,900 --> 03:39:47,500
and defensive position. 
A fire in formation, they reload

4027
03:39:47,500 --> 03:39:51,200
and fire again, British soldiers
fall the British troops at the 

4028
03:39:51,208 --> 03:39:53,500
bridge Retreat. 
Back toward the main force in 

4029
03:39:53,500 --> 03:39:56,200
town center. 
You reached Northbridge around, 

4030
03:39:56,200 --> 03:39:58,900
10:00 your lungs, burn from 
running. 

4031
03:39:59,500 --> 03:40:03,500
The fight is already over bodies
in Red Coats liner, the bridge 

4032
03:40:03,500 --> 03:40:07,200
Colonial militiamen, stand in 
groups, talking in the shocked 

4033
03:40:07,200 --> 03:40:09,200
tones of men who have just 
killed other men. 

4034
03:40:10,200 --> 03:40:12,900
Nobody celebrates the mood is 
grim. 

4035
03:40:12,900 --> 03:40:15,300
And determined. 
This is become real. 

4036
03:40:16,400 --> 03:40:20,500
Become War, the abstraction of 
politics has transformed into 

4037
03:40:20,500 --> 03:40:23,500
bleeding corpses and the smell 
of gunpowder. 

4038
03:40:24,900 --> 03:40:27,500
The British begin their March 
back to Boston around noon. 

4039
03:40:27,500 --> 03:40:29,500
The return Journey becomes a 
nightmare. 

4040
03:40:30,200 --> 03:40:33,500
Colonial militia line, the route
firing from behind walls and 

4041
03:40:33,500 --> 03:40:36,900
trees and buildings British 
soldiers trained for European 

4042
03:40:36,900 --> 03:40:39,200
Warfare? 
Where armies meet in Open 

4043
03:40:39,200 --> 03:40:42,600
Fields, find themselves unable 
to engage an enemy. 

4044
03:40:42,600 --> 03:40:47,000
They rarely see, they March, 
they fall, they cannot stop to 

4045
03:40:47,000 --> 03:40:48,900
fight because stopping means 
being surrounded. 

4046
03:40:48,900 --> 03:40:51,600
The countryside has become 
hostile. 

4047
03:40:51,600 --> 03:40:56,000
Every wall might hide a musket, 
every tree line might conceal 

4048
03:40:56,000 --> 03:40:58,700
militia. 
You watch the British column 

4049
03:40:58,700 --> 03:41:02,700
Retreat past your position Red 
Coats, March in formation, 

4050
03:41:02,700 --> 03:41:06,600
despite taking fire officers, 
struggled to maintain discipline

4051
03:41:06,600 --> 03:41:08,400
as soldiers panic and want to 
run. 

4052
03:41:09,300 --> 03:41:12,900
Some Red Coats break formation 
to charge their attackers, the 

4053
03:41:12,900 --> 03:41:15,900
attacks succeed in the moment, 
but leave the soldiers, isolated

4054
03:41:15,900 --> 03:41:19,300
and vulnerable. 
Bodies in red coat, the road. 

4055
03:41:20,200 --> 03:41:23,400
The professional armies being 
defeated not by Superior Force, 

4056
03:41:23,400 --> 03:41:26,300
but by tactics they have no 
training to counter. 

4057
03:41:27,200 --> 03:41:30,000
British reinforcements arrived 
from Boston with artillery. 

4058
03:41:30,000 --> 03:41:33,300
The Canon fire creates space for
the retreating column to 

4059
03:41:33,300 --> 03:41:36,000
organize. 
But even with reinforcements, 

4060
03:41:36,000 --> 03:41:37,700
the March remains are running 
battle. 

4061
03:41:38,600 --> 03:41:41,600
By the time, the British reached
the safety of Charlestown neck, 

4062
03:41:41,600 --> 03:41:45,700
near Boston, they have suffered 
273 casualties. 

4063
03:41:46,500 --> 03:41:50,600
Colonial losses total 93 the 
mathematics of the day, favor 

4064
03:41:50,600 --> 03:41:53,800
the colonists, but more 
important than numbers is the 

4065
03:41:53,800 --> 03:41:57,800
fact that militia ordinary men 
with minimal training stood 

4066
03:41:57,800 --> 03:42:01,500
against British regulars and one
he returned home as evening 

4067
03:42:01,500 --> 03:42:05,600
Falls, your musket has been 
fired, your Powder Horn is 

4068
03:42:05,600 --> 03:42:09,200
nearly empty. 
You are alive others from your 

4069
03:42:09,200 --> 03:42:12,600
town are not the name of the 
Dead will be read in church on 

4070
03:42:12,600 --> 03:42:14,900
Sunday. 
Their families will mourn. 

4071
03:42:15,800 --> 03:42:20,100
But tonight, exhausted and still
shaking from combat, adrenaline.

4072
03:42:20,100 --> 03:42:23,700
You simply feel relieved to see 
your house still standing in 

4073
03:42:23,700 --> 03:42:27,200
your family safe. 
News of Lexington and Concord 

4074
03:42:27,200 --> 03:42:30,400
spreads through the colonies, 
faster than any previous event 

4075
03:42:30,400 --> 03:42:34,800
Riders, carry accounts, South 
and West newspapers publish 

4076
03:42:34,800 --> 03:42:38,100
eyewitness reports. 
The story grows in the telling 

4077
03:42:38,100 --> 03:42:42,200
each retelling emphasizes 
British aggression and Colonial 

4078
03:42:42,200 --> 03:42:45,200
heroism. 
The propaganda value of the days

4079
03:42:45,200 --> 03:42:48,200
of events becomes clear 
immediately British soldiers. 

4080
03:42:48,200 --> 03:42:51,800
Fired on citizens, colonists 
defended their homes and 

4081
03:42:51,808 --> 03:42:54,700
families. 
The Narrative fits perfectly 

4082
03:42:54,700 --> 03:42:57,600
into the framework of resistance
that has been building since the

4083
03:42:57,600 --> 03:43:01,100
Tea Act. 
The Second Continental Congress 

4084
03:43:01,100 --> 03:43:04,500
convenes, and Phil in May the 
delegates. 

4085
03:43:04,500 --> 03:43:07,800
Now, face a reality that has 
moved Beyond boycotts and 

4086
03:43:07,800 --> 03:43:11,700
petitions Colonial militia have 
fought British regulars. 

4087
03:43:11,700 --> 03:43:16,400
Blood has been shed Question is 
no longer whether to resist but 

4088
03:43:16,400 --> 03:43:20,600
how to organize resistance, John
Adams, proposes that Congress 

4089
03:43:20,600 --> 03:43:22,900
adopt, the militia forces 
gathering around Boston. 

4090
03:43:22,900 --> 03:43:27,400
As a continental army, the 
motion passes George Washington.

4091
03:43:27,400 --> 03:43:30,700
A Virginia delegate with 
military experience from the 

4092
03:43:30,708 --> 03:43:33,800
French and Indian War. 
His appointed Commander in 

4093
03:43:33,800 --> 03:43:37,200
Chief, you watch Washington 
arrived in Cambridge to take 

4094
03:43:37,200 --> 03:43:40,500
command in July, he rides a 
magnificent horse. 

4095
03:43:40,500 --> 03:43:43,800
And where his old military 
uniform, he looks like what he 

4096
03:43:43,800 --> 03:43:48,300
is a Virginia planter who never 
wanted War but except Duty When 

4097
03:43:48,300 --> 03:43:53,100
Calls His appointment sends a 
message, this is not just 

4098
03:43:53,100 --> 03:43:57,000
Massachusetts defending itself. 
This is a continental effort, 

4099
03:43:57,000 --> 03:43:59,200
Virginia's. 
Most prominent citizen has 

4100
03:43:59,200 --> 03:44:02,200
committed to Leading forces. 
Primarily composed of New 

4101
03:44:02,200 --> 03:44:05,100
England farmers, The symbolism 
matters. 

4102
03:44:05,100 --> 03:44:09,600
The Siege of Boston continues 
through summer and fall British 

4103
03:44:09,600 --> 03:44:12,500
troops. 
Hold the city Colonial forces 

4104
03:44:12,500 --> 03:44:15,700
surround. 
It neither side has the strength

4105
03:44:15,700 --> 03:44:18,800
to force her. 
Decisive action, The stalemate 

4106
03:44:18,800 --> 03:44:23,000
creates a strange situation 
where War exists in fact, but 

4107
03:44:23,000 --> 03:44:26,100
not in name, Congress has not 
declared. 

4108
03:44:26,100 --> 03:44:29,800
Independent King, George has not
declared the colonies in 

4109
03:44:29,800 --> 03:44:32,200
Rebellion. 
Everyone pretends that 

4110
03:44:32,200 --> 03:44:35,600
reconciliation remains possible 
while preparing for the war. 

4111
03:44:35,600 --> 03:44:38,700
They know is coming. 
You serve in the militia 

4112
03:44:38,700 --> 03:44:41,100
companies. 
That rotate through Siege Duty, 

4113
03:44:41,100 --> 03:44:45,300
the work is mostly boring. 
You dig trenches, you stand. 

4114
03:44:45,300 --> 03:44:49,700
Watch you wait, occasionally 
there is skirmishing British. 

4115
03:44:49,700 --> 03:44:53,400
Patrols venture out. 
Colonial forces, exchange fire. 

4116
03:44:54,200 --> 03:44:55,800
People die in the small 
encounters. 

4117
03:44:55,800 --> 03:44:58,700
Their deaths. 
No less final for occurring, 

4118
03:44:58,700 --> 03:45:01,900
outside a major battle. 
But mostly The Siege means 

4119
03:45:01,900 --> 03:45:06,600
sitting in Camp writing letters 
home and wondering how long this

4120
03:45:06,600 --> 03:45:12,600
can continue winter. 1775 brings
both hardship and a strange kind

4121
03:45:12,600 --> 03:45:15,800
of clarity. 
You cannot maintain a Siege 

4122
03:45:15,800 --> 03:45:18,000
forever. 
Either the British must leave 

4123
03:45:18,000 --> 03:45:21,300
Boston or the Continental Army 
must force them out. 

4124
03:45:21,300 --> 03:45:23,000
Or someone must negotiate a 
settlement. 

4125
03:45:24,400 --> 03:45:28,400
First Option requires British 
leadership to admit defeat the 

4126
03:45:28,400 --> 03:45:31,000
second option requires resources
and training. 

4127
03:45:31,000 --> 03:45:35,400
The Continental Army lacks the 
third option requires both sides

4128
03:45:35,400 --> 03:45:39,400
to compromise. 
None seem likely George 

4129
03:45:39,400 --> 03:45:41,800
Washington orders. 
Henry Knox to bring artillery 

4130
03:45:41,800 --> 03:45:45,000
from Fort to Condor Roger. 
Knox accomplishes. 

4131
03:45:45,000 --> 03:45:49,100
This impossible task dragging 
Cannon through winter mountains 

4132
03:45:49,100 --> 03:45:52,400
and across frozen rivers. 
The artillery arrives in Boston,

4133
03:45:52,400 --> 03:45:56,800
in January 1776, Washington 
positions, the guns on 

4134
03:45:56,800 --> 03:45:59,900
Dorchester Heights. 
Overlooking the city from this 

4135
03:45:59,900 --> 03:46:02,700
position. 
He can bombard British positions

4136
03:46:02,700 --> 03:46:06,600
General Howe now, commanding 
British forces, faces a choice 

4137
03:46:07,500 --> 03:46:09,800
Attack the heights which means 
fighting uphill against 

4138
03:46:09,800 --> 03:46:13,800
entrenched artillery or 
evacuate, Boston, he chooses of 

4139
03:46:13,800 --> 03:46:19,700
evacuation. 
March 7th. 1776, British ships, 

4140
03:46:19,700 --> 03:46:22,900
load troops and Equipment. 
Loyalist families, who fear 

4141
03:46:22,900 --> 03:46:26,600
reprisal, if they stay crowd 
onto vessels, the harbor fills 

4142
03:46:26,600 --> 03:46:29,900
with transport ships. 
Making ready to sail you stand 

4143
03:46:29,900 --> 03:46:32,200
on Dorchester, Heights, watching
the evacuation? 

4144
03:46:33,200 --> 03:46:36,600
After almost two years of 
occupation British forces are 

4145
03:46:36,600 --> 03:46:39,300
leaving Boston, they are not 
leaving because they want to. 

4146
03:46:39,300 --> 03:46:42,300
They are leaving because 
maintaining control requires 

4147
03:46:42,300 --> 03:46:44,000
more cost than the city is 
worth. 

4148
03:46:45,200 --> 03:46:48,100
The calculation speaks volumes 
about where this conflict is 

4149
03:46:48,100 --> 03:46:50,400
heading. 
The British Fleet, says, out of 

4150
03:46:50,400 --> 03:46:55,400
Boston, Harbor carrying 11,000, 
people soldiers, Sailors, and 

4151
03:46:55,400 --> 03:46:58,700
Loyalists of civilians, who have
chosen to abandon their homes 

4152
03:46:58,700 --> 03:47:02,300
rather than live under what they
assume will be Rebel control. 

4153
03:47:03,400 --> 03:47:07,500
The ship's head for Halifax, 
Nova Scotia from there, the 

4154
03:47:07,500 --> 03:47:11,000
British will regroup and launch 
new campaigns aimed crushing the

4155
03:47:11,000 --> 03:47:13,600
Rebellion. 
But for now, for this moment, 

4156
03:47:13,600 --> 03:47:18,400
Boston is free. 
The occupation has ended you 

4157
03:47:18,400 --> 03:47:21,800
walk through the city and the 
days after evacuation, the 

4158
03:47:21,800 --> 03:47:25,000
British left damage and 
disorder, building have been 

4159
03:47:25,000 --> 03:47:28,700
torn down for firewood supplies,
have been destroyed to prevent 

4160
03:47:28,700 --> 03:47:32,000
their capture. 
But the city still stands more 

4161
03:47:32,000 --> 03:47:36,200
importantly, it stands as free 
territory, the Continental Army,

4162
03:47:36,200 --> 03:47:40,300
marches into cheering crowds, 
the symbolism feels almost 

4163
03:47:40,300 --> 03:47:43,200
overwhelming. 
Force, that did not exist. 

4164
03:47:43,200 --> 03:47:46,600
Two years ago has driven out the
army of the most powerful Empire

4165
03:47:46,600 --> 03:47:49,800
on Earth. 
The tea that floated in Boston 

4166
03:47:49,800 --> 03:47:54,900
Harbor in December, 1773 set in 
motion, a chain of events, that 

4167
03:47:54,900 --> 03:47:58,000
no one fully intended, 
Parliament wanted to punish 

4168
03:47:58,000 --> 03:48:01,600
Boston for destroying property. 
The punishment United. 

4169
03:48:01,600 --> 03:48:05,600
The colonies in opposition. 
Colonial Unity led to organized 

4170
03:48:05,600 --> 03:48:10,500
resistance organized resistance 
led to armed conflict Armed 

4171
03:48:10,500 --> 03:48:13,200
conflict is leading towards 
something that still has no 

4172
03:48:13,200 --> 03:48:15,900
name, but increasingly looks 
like Independence. 

4173
03:48:16,800 --> 03:48:21,000
The chain of causation reveals 
how Empires fall, not through 

4174
03:48:21,000 --> 03:48:24,300
single catastrophic failures but
through accumulated 

4175
03:48:24,300 --> 03:48:28,100
misjudgments, that compound 
until the system collapses under

4176
03:48:28,100 --> 03:48:32,000
its own contradictions. he act 
was meant to save the East India

4177
03:48:32,000 --> 03:48:35,700
Company in reassert 
parliamentary Authority, Chief, 

4178
03:48:35,700 --> 03:48:39,800
neither goal. 
Stead it created a crisis that 

4179
03:48:39,800 --> 03:48:43,000
exposed the fundamental floor. 
In the Imperial relationship, 

4180
03:48:44,000 --> 03:48:47,000
Britain wanted colonies to 
remain commercially dependent, 

4181
03:48:47,000 --> 03:48:51,000
but politically subordinate. 
The colonies wanted the economic

4182
03:48:51,000 --> 03:48:54,400
benefits of Empire without the 
political costs of subjugation. 

4183
03:48:55,300 --> 03:48:59,400
These desires were incompatible 
something, had to give you think

4184
03:48:59,400 --> 03:49:02,700
back to that December night when
you helped empty tea chests into

4185
03:49:02,700 --> 03:49:05,500
Dark Water. 
The action seemed almost 

4186
03:49:05,500 --> 03:49:08,700
theatrical at the time. 
A grand gesture unlikely to 

4187
03:49:08,700 --> 03:49:12,800
change anything fundamental. but
small actions can have 

4188
03:49:12,800 --> 03:49:16,300
consequences that Ripple outward
in ways impossible to predict 

4189
03:49:17,300 --> 03:49:19,400
The tea protest was meant to be 
a statement. 

4190
03:49:20,200 --> 03:49:24,700
Instead, it became a catalyst. 
the protest itself was carefully

4191
03:49:24,700 --> 03:49:29,500
calibrated Destroy the tea to 
prevent its sale, but harm no 

4192
03:49:29,500 --> 03:49:33,000
person and damage, no property 
beyond the cargo. 

4193
03:49:34,300 --> 03:49:37,400
The discipline showed that this 
was political theater rather 

4194
03:49:37,400 --> 03:49:41,000
than mob violence. 
But theater, when performed on 

4195
03:49:41,000 --> 03:49:43,500
the stage of History can have 
real consequences. 

4196
03:49:43,500 --> 03:49:48,100
The British government unable to
distinguish between political 

4197
03:49:48,100 --> 03:49:51,600
statement and criminal Riot 
responded with overwhelming 

4198
03:49:51,600 --> 03:49:54,300
Force. 
The response, radicalized 

4199
03:49:54,300 --> 03:49:56,800
colonists who might otherwise 
have remained loyal. 

4200
03:49:57,600 --> 03:50:01,000
Each escalation by Britain, 
created a counter escalation by 

4201
03:50:01,000 --> 03:50:03,400
the colonies. 
The spiral became 

4202
03:50:03,400 --> 03:50:06,100
self-sustaining standing in your
Fields. 

4203
03:50:06,100 --> 03:50:09,500
Now watching summer crops grow 
in soil of worked for decades. 

4204
03:50:09,500 --> 03:50:13,100
You Marvel at how quickly The 
Familiar world has changed. 

4205
03:50:13,100 --> 03:50:16,300
Three years ago, you were a 
British subject who sometimes 

4206
03:50:16,300 --> 03:50:20,800
grumbled about taxes today, you 
are a revolutionary Who has 

4207
03:50:20,800 --> 03:50:24,700
fought against British soldiers.
The transformation feels both 

4208
03:50:24,700 --> 03:50:28,000
natural and impossible. 
How did you get here? 

4209
03:50:28,000 --> 03:50:31,800
What series of decisions LED 
from drinking tea at breakfast 

4210
03:50:31,800 --> 03:50:35,800
to shooting at Redcoats? 
The answer involves thousands of

4211
03:50:35,800 --> 03:50:39,700
individual choices by thousands 
of people across 13 colonies. 

4212
03:50:39,700 --> 03:50:43,000
No single person decided to 
start a revolution. 

4213
03:50:43,000 --> 03:50:48,400
Instead, millions of small acts 
of resistance accumulated into 

4214
03:50:48,400 --> 03:50:50,500
something that looked like 
coordinated Rebellion. 

4215
03:50:51,400 --> 03:50:54,400
You destroyed tea. 
Your neighbor refused to buy 

4216
03:50:54,400 --> 03:50:57,700
British goods. 
Someone else, sheltered a desert

4217
03:50:57,700 --> 03:51:02,200
from the British army, each 
action alone mental together. 

4218
03:51:02,200 --> 03:51:05,600
They meant everything. 
The British never understood 

4219
03:51:05,600 --> 03:51:08,700
this, they kept looking for 
leaders to arrest or 

4220
03:51:08,700 --> 03:51:11,900
conspirators to hang. 
They could not grasp that the 

4221
03:51:11,900 --> 03:51:15,800
resistance was too diffused into
capitate, it was not a 

4222
03:51:15,800 --> 03:51:18,200
conspiracy. 
It was a social movement that 

4223
03:51:18,200 --> 03:51:20,900
emerged from shared Grievances 
and mutual support. 

4224
03:51:22,200 --> 03:51:24,800
Cutting off one leader. 
Simply meant others would step 

4225
03:51:24,800 --> 03:51:27,500
forward. 
The Hydra had too many heads to 

4226
03:51:27,500 --> 03:51:30,100
kill. 
History will remember the big 

4227
03:51:30,100 --> 03:51:35,700
moments, the Boston Tea Party 
Lexington and Concord Bunker 

4228
03:51:35,700 --> 03:51:38,700
Hill. 
But revolutions are built from 

4229
03:51:38,700 --> 03:51:42,200
countless forgotten Acts. 
The merchant who broke his 

4230
03:51:42,200 --> 03:51:45,600
contract with London suppliers, 
the printer who published 

4231
03:51:45,600 --> 03:51:49,500
pamphlets criticizing the king, 
the woman who made bullets from 

4232
03:51:49,500 --> 03:51:53,400
melted pewter the farmer who 
gave food to militia men. 

4233
03:51:54,600 --> 03:51:58,000
These individual contributions, 
do not get commemorated with 

4234
03:51:58,000 --> 03:52:02,100
monuments or taught in schools. 
Yet without them, the famous 

4235
03:52:02,100 --> 03:52:03,700
battles would never have 
occurred. 

4236
03:52:05,200 --> 03:52:08,800
The Continental Congress debates
Independence through the spring 

4237
03:52:08,800 --> 03:52:13,600
of 1776 Thomas, Paine Publishers
common sense in January. 

4238
03:52:13,600 --> 03:52:17,100
A pamphlet that argues in clear 
language that hereditary 

4239
03:52:17,100 --> 03:52:19,700
monarchy is observed in the 
America should govern itself. 

4240
03:52:21,300 --> 03:52:26,600
The pamphlet sells 150,000 
copies in three months. ideas, 

4241
03:52:26,600 --> 03:52:30,600
that seemed radical a year ago 
now appear, almost obvious If 

4242
03:52:30,600 --> 03:52:33,300
Government derives, its 
Authority, from the consent of 

4243
03:52:33,300 --> 03:52:35,200
the government. 
And if the government do not 

4244
03:52:35,200 --> 03:52:40,500
consent, then government has no 
legitimate Authority. the logic 

4245
03:52:40,500 --> 03:52:46,700
once accepted leads in ever to 
bleed to separation, July. 4th, 

4246
03:52:46,700 --> 03:52:51,900
1776. 
The Continental Congress adopts,

4247
03:52:51,900 --> 03:52:56,000
the declaration of independence.
The document list grievances 

4248
03:52:56,000 --> 03:52:57,600
against King George and 
Parliament. 

4249
03:52:58,600 --> 03:53:01,800
Many of the complaints traced 
directly to the coercive acts 

4250
03:53:01,800 --> 03:53:04,200
passed in response to the Boston
Tea Party. 

4251
03:53:04,900 --> 03:53:08,600
The closed Port, the 
restructured government, the 

4252
03:53:08,600 --> 03:53:12,600
quartering of troops the denial 
of trial by jury. 

4253
03:53:13,500 --> 03:53:16,400
Actions taken to punish 
Massachusetts for destroying 

4254
03:53:16,400 --> 03:53:18,800
tea, have become the 
justification for revolution. 

4255
03:53:18,800 --> 03:53:21,700
Hear the Declaration read 
publicly in Boston. 

4256
03:53:21,700 --> 03:53:24,500
A few days later. 
The word sounds strange. 

4257
03:53:25,300 --> 03:53:27,700
They describe rights as 
self-evident, that previous 

4258
03:53:27,700 --> 03:53:30,300
generations would have 
considered radical philosophy. 

4259
03:53:31,300 --> 03:53:33,700
Claim that people have the right
to abolish governments, that 

4260
03:53:33,700 --> 03:53:35,200
become destructive of their 
rights. 

4261
03:53:36,000 --> 03:53:39,200
Claim is not new English. 
Political theory has discussed 

4262
03:53:39,200 --> 03:53:43,000
similar ideas for centuries, but
theory is different from action.

4263
03:53:43,800 --> 03:53:46,900
This declaration turns 
philosophy into political fact. 

4264
03:53:47,700 --> 03:53:50,200
It says that Americans will 
govern themselves or Die. 

4265
03:53:50,200 --> 03:53:52,500
Tryin the war continues for 
seven. 

4266
03:53:52,500 --> 03:53:55,700
More years, British armies 
occupying New York Philadelphia 

4267
03:53:55,700 --> 03:54:00,300
American forces suffered defeats
and near disaster. 

4268
03:54:00,300 --> 03:54:05,200
The struggle involves more 
Bloodshed more hardship, more 

4269
03:54:05,200 --> 03:54:10,800
sacrifice than anyone imagined 
in 1773, But the trajectory 

4270
03:54:10,800 --> 03:54:15,200
established by the tea protest 
continues, the colonies of 

4271
03:54:15,200 --> 03:54:18,800
chosen Independence whether they
can achieve it, remains 

4272
03:54:18,800 --> 03:54:21,400
uncertain, but the choice has 
been made. 

4273
03:54:21,400 --> 03:54:26,700
You survive the war, many do not
You see, friends dive disease in

4274
03:54:26,708 --> 03:54:29,800
military camps, you see 
Neighbors killed in battles, 

4275
03:54:29,800 --> 03:54:34,600
whose names become famous, 
Bunker, Hill, Trenton, Saratoga 

4276
03:54:34,600 --> 03:54:37,700
Yorktown. 
Each battle is a story. 

4277
03:54:37,700 --> 03:54:41,600
Each story is a price paid for 
the independence, declared in 

4278
03:54:41,608 --> 03:54:45,000
1776 and finally secured in 
1783. 

4279
03:54:46,100 --> 03:54:49,200
Looking back from the 
perspective of Peace, you try to

4280
03:54:49,200 --> 03:54:51,100
understand how T became 
Revolution. 

4281
03:54:52,200 --> 03:54:55,800
The connection is not obvious. 
The Tea Act was about Commerce 

4282
03:54:55,800 --> 03:54:58,600
and Monopoly. 
The resistance was about 

4283
03:54:58,600 --> 03:55:02,000
principal and rights. 
The gap between cause and 

4284
03:55:02,000 --> 03:55:06,200
effect, seems almost absurd yet.
History, often Works through 

4285
03:55:06,200 --> 03:55:08,500
such disproportionate 
relationships. 

4286
03:55:08,500 --> 03:55:13,300
Small causes have larger effects
when conditions are right and 

4287
03:55:13,300 --> 03:55:17,400
conditions in the colonies in 
1773 were very Right In Deed. 

4288
03:55:18,300 --> 03:55:20,200
Britain never understood what it
was fighting. 

4289
03:55:20,200 --> 03:55:23,400
British leadership, saw the 
conflict as a problem of 

4290
03:55:23,400 --> 03:55:26,700
maintaining order. 
Punish the troublemakers, 

4291
03:55:26,700 --> 03:55:30,100
demonstrate Authority, Force 
compliance. 

4292
03:55:30,900 --> 03:55:33,300
The strategy might have worked 
against people who saw 

4293
03:55:33,300 --> 03:55:37,000
themselves as subjects it failed
against people who had come to 

4294
03:55:37,000 --> 03:55:40,500
see themselves as Citizens with 
rights rather than subjects with

4295
03:55:40,500 --> 03:55:44,200
privileges. 
The difference is subtle, but 

4296
03:55:44,200 --> 03:55:48,100
absolute the Boston Tea Party 
changed, everything. 

4297
03:55:48,100 --> 03:55:52,200
Not because destroying tea was 
inherently significant, but 

4298
03:55:52,200 --> 03:55:57,000
because the destruction of 
Truth, Colonial America's would 

4299
03:55:57,000 --> 03:56:00,400
resist Imperial Authority. 
Even at the cost of economic 

4300
03:56:00,400 --> 03:56:05,700
hardship and Military conflict. 
Once revealed, that truth could 

4301
03:56:05,700 --> 03:56:08,600
not be hidden again. 
Every British attempt to 

4302
03:56:08,608 --> 03:56:11,300
reassert control only 
strengthened Colonial, 

4303
03:56:11,300 --> 03:56:15,200
determination to resist. 
The spiral led to Independence, 

4304
03:56:15,200 --> 03:56:18,200
you sit on your porch on a 
summer evening. 

4305
03:56:18,200 --> 03:56:21,700
In 1790, the Constitution has 
been ratified. 

4306
03:56:21,700 --> 03:56:26,400
George Washington serves as 
president, the experiment in 

4307
03:56:26,400 --> 03:56:29,400
self-government continues 
despite doubts and difficulties.

4308
03:56:30,100 --> 03:56:33,800
Your children, born during the 
War years have no memory of 

4309
03:56:33,800 --> 03:56:37,500
British rule to them. 
American independence is simply 

4310
03:56:37,500 --> 03:56:39,900
how things are. 
They cannot imagine another 

4311
03:56:39,900 --> 03:56:42,800
reality, but you remember you 
remember. 

4312
03:56:42,800 --> 03:56:46,500
T floating in Dark Water? 
You remember meetings, where 

4313
03:56:46,500 --> 03:56:49,400
Ordinary People? 
Debated extraordinary questions,

4314
03:56:49,400 --> 03:56:53,200
you remember the night march to 
Lexington, you remember standing

4315
03:56:53,200 --> 03:56:56,100
on Dorchester Heights, watching 
British ships, Sail Away. 

4316
03:56:57,600 --> 03:57:00,400
The memories carry weight 
because you know how unlikely 

4317
03:57:00,400 --> 03:57:03,400
all of it was history, feels 
inevitable when Looking 

4318
03:57:03,400 --> 03:57:05,100
Backward. 
Forward. 

4319
03:57:05,100 --> 03:57:09,100
Everything was uncertain victory
was never, guaranteed 

4320
03:57:09,100 --> 03:57:11,600
Independents. 
Might have fail. 

4321
03:57:11,608 --> 03:57:14,900
It experiment could have 
collapsed yet. 

4322
03:57:14,900 --> 03:57:17,800
Here you are. 
Citizen of a republic that 

4323
03:57:17,800 --> 03:57:21,100
exists because people were 
willing to destroy tea rather 

4324
03:57:21,100 --> 03:57:23,100
than accept taxation without 
representation. 

4325
03:57:24,400 --> 03:57:28,200
The chain of causation still 
seems improbable, but improbable

4326
03:57:28,200 --> 03:57:31,100
things happen. 
Small actions have large 

4327
03:57:31,100 --> 03:57:34,000
consequences. 
T dumped in a harbor. 

4328
03:57:34,000 --> 03:57:37,700
Can change the world. 
Well, my tired dumpling's. 

4329
03:57:37,700 --> 03:57:42,100
We have followed 342 T chests. 
From London warehouse's to 

4330
03:57:42,100 --> 03:57:44,600
Boston. 
Harbor to the foundation of a 

4331
03:57:44,600 --> 03:57:47,600
Nation tomorrow. 
Consider the moments in your own

4332
03:57:47,600 --> 03:57:50,100
life when small choices led to 
unexpected. 

4333
03:57:50,100 --> 03:57:53,400
Transformations for tonight, 
rest. 

4334
03:57:54,200 --> 03:57:57,200
Knowing that history is made by 
ordinary people making 

4335
03:57:57,200 --> 03:57:59,000
decisions, they believe are 
right. 

4336
03:57:59,000 --> 03:58:01,900
Even when outcomes remain 
uncertain. 

4337
03:58:03,200 --> 03:58:06,700
If you enjoyed this journey 
through a winter night, in 1773 

4338
03:58:06,700 --> 03:58:11,100
the share button exists for 
precisely that purpose now 

4339
03:58:11,100 --> 03:58:20,100
sleep. 
Well, You stand in the 

4340
03:58:20,108 --> 03:58:23,400
marketplace at dawn, watching 
camels being loaded with 

4341
03:58:23,400 --> 03:58:27,500
impossible amounts of silk. 
The animal closest to you shifts

4342
03:58:27,500 --> 03:58:30,300
under the weight and it's 
handless speaks softly. 

4343
03:58:30,300 --> 03:58:33,300
In a language, you recognize 
from years of trading, in these 

4344
03:58:33,300 --> 03:58:36,900
border cities, your own Goods, 
waiting a warehouse three 

4345
03:58:36,900 --> 03:58:40,700
streets away. 
Spices from the coast Indigo 

4346
03:58:40,700 --> 03:58:45,300
Cake's wrapped in oil cloth. 6 
of cotton that took three months

4347
03:58:45,300 --> 03:58:49,000
to acquire at the right price, 
the Caravan Master walks past 

4348
03:58:49,000 --> 03:58:52,500
counting animals, he does not 
look at you directly but you 

4349
03:58:52,500 --> 03:58:55,900
know, he has already assessed. 
Everything your age, your 

4350
03:58:55,900 --> 03:58:59,400
experience, whether your boots 
are new or broken in properly. 

4351
03:58:59,400 --> 03:59:03,000
Hibernator wrote about men like 
this in his accounts, from The 

4352
03:59:03,000 --> 03:59:06,300
14th Century. 
Describing Caravan leaders who 

4353
03:59:06,300 --> 03:59:08,800
could read a traveler's 
capability from the way they 

4354
03:59:08,800 --> 03:59:12,800
tied their head wrap. 
You've made this decision a 

4355
03:59:12,800 --> 03:59:16,800
dozen times in smaller ways, the
first journey on a river, barge,

4356
03:59:16,800 --> 03:59:20,200
the first week spent walking 
behind pack animals, through 

4357
03:59:20,200 --> 03:59:23,700
mountain passes. 
Each time the distance grew 

4358
03:59:23,700 --> 03:59:26,300
longer and the preparation more 
complex. 

4359
03:59:27,100 --> 03:59:30,000
But this Crossing is different 
60 days. 

4360
03:59:30,000 --> 03:59:33,800
Minimum possibly 90 if the 
seasonal wins prove difficult 

4361
03:59:34,900 --> 03:59:38,100
The camels, here are the factory
in kind with two humps better 

4362
03:59:38,100 --> 03:59:39,700
suited for the cold Desert 
Nights. 

4363
03:59:39,700 --> 03:59:43,100
You will face. 
Each one can carry close to 400 

4364
03:59:43,100 --> 03:59:45,900
pounds and walk for 10 hours 
without stopping. 

4365
03:59:46,800 --> 03:59:48,800
The handlers of have been 
working with these particular 

4366
03:59:48,800 --> 03:59:52,700
animals since they were carved. 
You can see it in how the camels

4367
03:59:52,700 --> 03:59:55,500
lean toward their Keepers, how 
they lower themselves for 

4368
03:59:55,500 --> 03:59:59,400
loading without resistance. 
Your business partner sent word 

4369
03:59:59,400 --> 04:00:02,300
two months ago. 
The northern cities need what 

4370
04:00:02,300 --> 04:00:04,800
you carry. 
The price is there will cover 

4371
04:00:04,800 --> 04:00:08,100
this journey three times over 
and fund the next year of 

4372
04:00:08,100 --> 04:00:11,100
trading. 
But profit alone does not 

4373
04:00:11,100 --> 04:00:14,700
explain why you agreed. 
Something about the trade routes

4374
04:00:14,700 --> 04:00:16,400
themselves. 
Pulls up to you. 

4375
04:00:16,400 --> 04:00:21,100
The Old Paths worn into rock, by
centuries of caravan's, the 

4376
04:00:21,100 --> 04:00:24,000
knowledge that you will sleep. 
Under the same stars that guided

4377
04:00:24,000 --> 04:00:27,800
Merchants during the Abbasid, 
Golden Age, a woman passes 

4378
04:00:27,800 --> 04:00:30,200
carrying bread, still hot from 
morning baking. 

4379
04:00:30,200 --> 04:00:34,600
The smell makes your stomach. 
Wake up properly, you buy three,

4380
04:00:34,600 --> 04:00:37,800
flat, Breads and eat one 
immediately the other two. 

4381
04:00:37,800 --> 04:00:39,500
Go into your shoulder bag for 
later. 

4382
04:00:40,300 --> 04:00:43,500
Food that can survive heat and 
time becomes more valuable than 

4383
04:00:43,500 --> 04:00:45,200
gold once you leave the last 
town. 

4384
04:00:46,200 --> 04:00:49,700
The Caravan master stops near 
you, finally, he gestures 

4385
04:00:49,700 --> 04:00:53,200
towards your Warehouse without 
speaking you nod, and he marks 

4386
04:00:53,200 --> 04:00:56,200
something in his Ledger. 
Your place is confirmed 

4387
04:00:56,200 --> 04:01:00,300
departure happens in three days.
The moon will be right for 

4388
04:01:00,300 --> 04:01:02,700
travel. 
And the scouts report the first 

4389
04:01:02,700 --> 04:01:06,500
Wells along the route of fall 
from late rains, those three 

4390
04:01:06,500 --> 04:01:09,800
days will determine everything 
you have watched Merchants Rush 

4391
04:01:09,800 --> 04:01:12,300
their preparation and then 
struggle for weeks with 

4392
04:01:12,300 --> 04:01:16,300
consequences. 
Forgotten rope inadequate, shade

4393
04:01:16,300 --> 04:01:20,800
cloth, water skins that leak and
experienced traveler from mamluk

4394
04:01:20,800 --> 04:01:22,500
Egypt. 
Once told you that a Merchants 

4395
04:01:22,500 --> 04:01:25,800
true skill shows, not in 
bargaining, but in the quiet 

4396
04:01:25,800 --> 04:01:29,500
work of getting ready, your feet
know, the walk to the warehouse 

4397
04:01:29,500 --> 04:01:32,900
without thinking the streets, 
narrow As you move away from the

4398
04:01:32,900 --> 04:01:36,500
Market Center children, play a 
game with stones in the dust. 

4399
04:01:37,400 --> 04:01:40,300
An old man sits in a doorway 
working leather with patient 

4400
04:01:40,300 --> 04:01:43,200
hands. 
His all moves in the same 

4401
04:01:43,200 --> 04:01:45,200
Rhythm. 
It probably moved 40 years ago. 

4402
04:01:45,200 --> 04:01:49,600
This is what the desert teaches 
eventually that speed matters 

4403
04:01:49,600 --> 04:01:54,000
less than consistently Inside 
the warehouse, the air smells of

4404
04:01:54,000 --> 04:01:58,700
spice and dry wood, your goods. 
Wait in neat Stacks, you begin 

4405
04:01:58,700 --> 04:02:02,500
the mental inventory that will 
occupy the next. 72 hours, each 

4406
04:02:02,500 --> 04:02:06,700
item must justify. 
Its Weight Food, Water capacity,

4407
04:02:06,700 --> 04:02:11,000
shelter, clothing trade goods, 
tools medicine, rope. 

4408
04:02:11,700 --> 04:02:15,100
Everything else is luxury and 
luxury has no place on a desert 

4409
04:02:15,100 --> 04:02:20,100
crossing the Indigo alone weighs
close to 90 pounds, merchants 

4410
04:02:20,100 --> 04:02:23,200
and Tang Dynasty. 
China transported, similar 

4411
04:02:23,200 --> 04:02:26,200
Cakes, Across the Tacoma desert,
wrapping them. 

4412
04:02:26,200 --> 04:02:28,500
Exactly. 
As you have done the knowledge 

4413
04:02:28,500 --> 04:02:32,600
pleases you in a quiet way your 
hands doing what hands of done 

4414
04:02:32,600 --> 04:02:36,500
for 1000 years, you spread a 
cloth on the warehouse floor and

4415
04:02:36,500 --> 04:02:39,800
begin laying out your personal 
supplies to Cotton. 

4416
04:02:39,800 --> 04:02:44,800
Robes, one heavy for night, cold
three, head, wraps needle and 

4417
04:02:44,800 --> 04:02:47,600
thread. 
Small knife with a bone handle. 

4418
04:02:48,400 --> 04:02:53,300
Flint and char cloth a leather 
cup that collapses flat tvs in a

4419
04:02:53,308 --> 04:02:56,300
sealed. 
Tin dates, dried apricots, 

4420
04:02:56,300 --> 04:02:59,500
salted meat, that will last six 
weeks if kept dry. 

4421
04:03:00,300 --> 04:03:02,300
The water calculations take 
longest. 

4422
04:03:03,000 --> 04:03:05,700
Each person needs roughly one 
gallon per day. 

4423
04:03:06,600 --> 04:03:10,600
At extra for cooking and washing
wounds account for evaporation 

4424
04:03:10,600 --> 04:03:14,400
plan for delays. 
The mathematics become Grim 

4425
04:03:14,400 --> 04:03:16,900
quickly. 
You can carry eight days of 

4426
04:03:16,900 --> 04:03:19,500
water on your assigned camel. 
If you limit everything else, 

4427
04:03:20,500 --> 04:03:23,600
the Caravan will stop at known 
Wells and springs but you must 

4428
04:03:23,600 --> 04:03:25,600
trust that they have not run 
dry. 

4429
04:03:26,400 --> 04:03:28,400
A merchant. 
You knew from previous Journeys 

4430
04:03:28,400 --> 04:03:32,400
died, three years ago, when his 
small Caravan misjudged 

4431
04:03:32,400 --> 04:03:36,600
distanced between water sources,
the Moroccan traveler allergy 

4432
04:03:36,600 --> 04:03:39,600
documented similar disaster in 
his 12th century. 

4433
04:03:39,600 --> 04:03:43,300
Geographic work. 
The desert keeps no records of 

4434
04:03:43,308 --> 04:03:45,900
intent. 
It measures only preparation 

4435
04:03:45,900 --> 04:03:49,100
against reality. 
You roll your sleeping mat and 

4436
04:03:49,100 --> 04:03:50,700
tie it with called that will not
slip. 

4437
04:03:51,500 --> 04:03:53,900
Inside the role, you touch your 
writing materials. 

4438
04:03:53,900 --> 04:03:58,300
A small bound Journal. 
Three pencils wrapped in cloth. 

4439
04:03:59,100 --> 04:04:01,400
Someday perhaps your 
grandchildren will read about 

4440
04:04:01,400 --> 04:04:04,800
this journey. or perhaps the 
pages will simply help you 

4441
04:04:04,800 --> 04:04:08,100
remember details when you're old
and your feet no longer want to 

4442
04:04:08,100 --> 04:04:12,700
walk, Evening comes while you're
still working the warehouse 

4443
04:04:12,700 --> 04:04:15,200
keeper, brings a lamb and sets 
it near your space without 

4444
04:04:15,200 --> 04:04:18,100
comment. 
He's seen this process many 

4445
04:04:18,100 --> 04:04:22,100
times, Merchant spread out their
lives, and then carefully fold 

4446
04:04:22,100 --> 04:04:24,400
everything back into loads that 
camels can carry. 

4447
04:04:25,300 --> 04:04:29,100
You eat the remaining flatbread 
slowly outside the call to 

4448
04:04:29,100 --> 04:04:32,100
prayer Echoes from the mosque, 
the sound carries differently, 

4449
04:04:32,100 --> 04:04:35,300
and evening are clearer somehow,
or certain. 

4450
04:04:35,300 --> 04:04:39,100
You do not stop working, but the
rhythm of your hands changes 

4451
04:04:39,100 --> 04:04:43,500
slightly, The comes more 
deliberate. by full dark, you 

4452
04:04:43,500 --> 04:04:47,000
have everything organized into 
three categories, essential 

4453
04:04:47,000 --> 04:04:52,200
important useful, Tomorrow, you 
will begin the hard choice of 

4454
04:04:52,200 --> 04:04:56,200
moving items between categories.
What seems essential to night? 

4455
04:04:56,200 --> 04:04:59,800
May prove merely useful when you
actually lift the load you sleep

4456
04:04:59,800 --> 04:05:01,600
in the warehouse on your 
unrolled map. 

4457
04:05:01,600 --> 04:05:04,200
The Indigo sacks make decent 
pillows. 

4458
04:05:04,200 --> 04:05:07,500
If you wrap them in extra cloth 
your dreams are of walking, 

4459
04:05:07,500 --> 04:05:11,100
always walking. 
To finding Rhythm on hard 

4460
04:05:11,100 --> 04:05:12,900
ground. 
Sky. 

4461
04:05:12,900 --> 04:05:14,900
Overhead stretched tightened 
blue. 

4462
04:05:15,700 --> 04:05:18,400
These dreams of visited you 
before every long journey. 

4463
04:05:19,300 --> 04:05:22,200
Your mind practicing what your 
body will soon do for weeks 

4464
04:05:22,200 --> 04:05:26,300
without stopping. 
Before Dawn, you wake naturally,

4465
04:05:26,300 --> 04:05:30,900
no alarm needed, your internal 
clock has already adjusted to 

4466
04:05:30,900 --> 04:05:33,700
Caravan time. 
You will sleep when the sun 

4467
04:05:33,700 --> 04:05:37,200
makes travel impossible. 
Walk when darkness or early 

4468
04:05:37,200 --> 04:05:40,600
light makes the temperature 
bearable, everything else bends 

4469
04:05:40,600 --> 04:05:44,200
around these facts, The Caravan 
Master appears at your warehouse

4470
04:05:44,200 --> 04:05:47,000
at midday. 
He looks at your organized piles

4471
04:05:47,000 --> 04:05:50,600
and nods once then he picks up 
your water skins and examines 

4472
04:05:50,600 --> 04:05:53,000
the seams. 
This is the test that matters. 

4473
04:05:53,800 --> 04:05:55,600
He hands them back without 
expression. 

4474
04:05:55,600 --> 04:05:57,700
But you notice he marks 
something positive in his 

4475
04:05:57,700 --> 04:05:59,400
Ledger. 
Two days. 

4476
04:05:59,400 --> 04:06:02,900
Remain the weight of decision 
has shifted into the weight of 

4477
04:06:02,908 --> 04:06:05,600
preparation. 
Your hands know what to do. 

4478
04:06:05,600 --> 04:06:12,700
Now pack repack test every knot 
every seal walk through the 

4479
04:06:12,700 --> 04:06:16,800
mental map of 60 days, count 
your resources against the 

4480
04:06:16,800 --> 04:06:19,700
endless counting, the desert 
will require to night. 

4481
04:06:19,700 --> 04:06:23,600
You will visit the bathhouse one
final time, soap and hot water 

4482
04:06:23,600 --> 04:06:27,000
will become memories. 
Soon, enough Clean Skin clean 

4483
04:06:27,000 --> 04:06:30,500
clothes the small luxury of 
warmth without rationing. 

4484
04:06:30,500 --> 04:06:33,600
You will carry that feeling into
the dry days ahead. 

4485
04:06:33,600 --> 04:06:36,600
When dust coats everything and 
water is too precious for 

4486
04:06:36,600 --> 04:06:38,700
washing. 
The stars are visible. 

4487
04:06:38,700 --> 04:06:41,400
When you leave the warehouse, 
you find the North Star 

4488
04:06:41,400 --> 04:06:45,200
automatically then traced to the
Navigator Stars, you will follow

4489
04:06:45,200 --> 04:06:49,400
Polaris Arcturus, Vega in 
season. 

4490
04:06:50,500 --> 04:06:53,600
The same light that guided 
caravan's when Baghdad was the 

4491
04:06:53,600 --> 04:06:57,500
center of the scholarly world. 
Your navigation will be older 

4492
04:06:57,500 --> 04:07:00,700
than any City simpler than any 
transaction. 

4493
04:07:01,600 --> 04:07:05,500
Sleep comes easier to night. 
The decision is made the 

4494
04:07:05,500 --> 04:07:09,300
preparation is nearly complete. 
What remains is, only the 

4495
04:07:09,300 --> 04:07:13,100
walking only, the endless 
patient, movement toward a 

4496
04:07:13,100 --> 04:07:17,700
destination weeks away across 
sand and rock and the occasional

4497
04:07:17,700 --> 04:07:21,600
impossible green of an oasis. 
Your last thought before 

4498
04:07:21,600 --> 04:07:25,900
sleeping is of water, how it 
sounds when poured, how it feels

4499
04:07:25,900 --> 04:07:27,800
in your throat after hours of 
dust? 

4500
04:07:28,700 --> 04:07:32,600
How an entire existence can 
reduce to the simple question of

4501
04:07:32,600 --> 04:07:34,700
whether the next well will be 
full of dry. 

4502
04:07:35,500 --> 04:07:37,900
The desert is waiting in three 
days, you will go meet at 

4503
04:07:37,900 --> 04:07:40,900
properly. 
Dawn, arrives, cold and pink. 

4504
04:07:41,800 --> 04:07:45,200
You dress in layers knowing that
by midday you will strip down to

4505
04:07:45,200 --> 04:07:48,900
single robes and by evening pile
everything back on against the 

4506
04:07:48,900 --> 04:07:51,600
Chill. 
Caravan gathers at the Eastern 

4507
04:07:51,600 --> 04:07:54,800
Gate where ancient Stones Mark 
where the city ends and the 

4508
04:07:54,800 --> 04:07:58,200
desert begins. 
Merchants learned centuries ago 

4509
04:07:58,200 --> 04:08:01,700
that this threshold matters. 
You do not simply walk into 

4510
04:08:01,700 --> 04:08:04,400
sand. 
You prepare adjust and commit. 

4511
04:08:05,400 --> 04:08:09,900
37 camels stand in a loose line,
the handlers moved between them.

4512
04:08:09,900 --> 04:08:14,100
Checking loads one final time. 
the mathematics of weight 

4513
04:08:14,100 --> 04:08:18,000
distribution fascinates, you too
much on one side and the camel 

4514
04:08:18,000 --> 04:08:21,500
developed sores, that can end a 
journey, two little padding and 

4515
04:08:21,500 --> 04:08:25,300
the same result occurs from 
different causes Handlers learn 

4516
04:08:25,300 --> 04:08:28,200
their craft from fathers who 
learned from grandfathers. 

4517
04:08:28,800 --> 04:08:32,900
knowledge that never appears in 
books but shows in how animals 

4518
04:08:32,900 --> 04:08:37,300
stand content under heavy loads,
Your assigned camel is a female 

4519
04:08:37,300 --> 04:08:40,000
named Rama. 
The Handler tells you this and 

4520
04:08:40,000 --> 04:08:42,000
you repeat the name quietly 
until it sticks. 

4521
04:08:43,000 --> 04:08:46,100
She has gray patches on her 
shoulders and a calm way of 

4522
04:08:46,108 --> 04:08:48,200
watching you that suggests 
experience. 

4523
04:08:49,200 --> 04:08:51,800
Camels, remember cruelty for 
years, but also remember 

4524
04:08:51,800 --> 04:08:54,400
kindness. 
You offer her a date from your 

4525
04:08:54,400 --> 04:08:58,700
palm and she takes it carefully.
Her breath smells of cumin and 

4526
04:08:58,700 --> 04:09:02,600
dry grass. 
The Caravan Master raises his 

4527
04:09:02,600 --> 04:09:05,400
hand. 
No speak, no ceremony. 

4528
04:09:05,400 --> 04:09:08,300
Just a gesture. 
That means everything has been 

4529
04:09:08,300 --> 04:09:11,500
checked and rechecked and now, 
walking must begin. 

4530
04:09:12,400 --> 04:09:15,900
The led camel moves and the 
others follow, this is how it 

4531
04:09:15,900 --> 04:09:18,800
works. 
The most experienced animal goes

4532
04:09:18,800 --> 04:09:20,900
first and the rest trust in that
knowledge. 

4533
04:09:21,900 --> 04:09:25,700
You fall in to position 12 
camels back close enough to see 

4534
04:09:25,700 --> 04:09:28,000
the leaders. 
But far enough, that your dust 

4535
04:09:28,000 --> 04:09:30,800
as does not bother them. 
The gate passes. 

4536
04:09:31,700 --> 04:09:35,000
As T sounds fade. 
Within 20 steps. 

4537
04:09:35,000 --> 04:09:38,500
The only noise is footfall and 
breathing and The Creeks of rope

4538
04:09:38,500 --> 04:09:42,200
against would Marco Polo 
described, this moment in his 

4539
04:09:42,200 --> 04:09:46,400
13th century account. 
How cities disappear faster than

4540
04:09:46,400 --> 04:09:49,700
seems possible. 
How the desert claims space with

4541
04:09:49,700 --> 04:09:52,800
a completeness that makes 
Travelers feel very small. 

4542
04:09:53,900 --> 04:09:58,100
You understand now what he meant
the buildings behind you shrink 

4543
04:09:58,100 --> 04:10:01,000
and then vanish. 
Path ahead shows. 

4544
04:10:01,000 --> 04:10:05,500
No end point, just sand and 
scrub and distant rocks, that 

4545
04:10:05,500 --> 04:10:07,600
promise nothing except more 
walking. 

4546
04:10:08,800 --> 04:10:11,500
The first hour passes easily. 
Your legs. 

4547
04:10:11,508 --> 04:10:14,800
Remember this Rhythm from 
previous Journeys, Left Foot 

4548
04:10:14,800 --> 04:10:19,200
Right Foot, watch the camera 
head Keep your spacing 

4549
04:10:19,200 --> 04:10:22,200
consistent. 
Drink, small sips when your 

4550
04:10:22,200 --> 04:10:24,900
mouth begins to drive but never 
enough to empty the skin. 

4551
04:10:24,900 --> 04:10:29,500
The discipline of rationing 
start to immediately heat builds

4552
04:10:29,500 --> 04:10:32,900
as the sun, climbs you adjust, 
your head wrap to cover more of 

4553
04:10:32,900 --> 04:10:35,000
your face, others in the 
Caravan. 

4554
04:10:35,000 --> 04:10:37,200
Do the same. 
No one speaks. 

4555
04:10:38,000 --> 04:10:39,800
He King wastes water and 
breathe. 

4556
04:10:39,800 --> 04:10:43,600
Everything will be said around 
evening fires, when rest and 

4557
04:10:43,600 --> 04:10:47,000
shade allowed for now, walking 
is prayer enough. 

4558
04:10:47,000 --> 04:10:51,700
The landscape changes slowly 
Sandy soil, gives way to harder,

4559
04:10:51,700 --> 04:10:55,900
ground rocks, jutted angles. 
That suggests ancient violence, 

4560
04:10:55,900 --> 04:11:00,400
wind shapes everything here, the
stones were smooth on their 

4561
04:11:00,400 --> 04:11:03,900
Western phases where weather 
comes from the Eastern side. 

4562
04:11:03,900 --> 04:11:06,300
Stay rough. 
You could navigate by Stone 

4563
04:11:06,300 --> 04:11:08,000
shape alone, if you understood 
the patterns. 

4564
04:11:08,000 --> 04:11:11,200
Well, enough midday arrives with
brutal heat. 

4565
04:11:11,200 --> 04:11:13,900
The Caravan Master signals are 
stop. 

4566
04:11:13,900 --> 04:11:17,000
Everyone knows the routine shade
cloths. 

4567
04:11:17,000 --> 04:11:20,400
Go up animals are given small 
amounts of water people. 

4568
04:11:20,400 --> 04:11:22,600
Rest in whatever Shadow can be 
created. 

4569
04:11:22,600 --> 04:11:26,300
You sit with your back against a
rock that has not yet absorb the

4570
04:11:26,300 --> 04:11:29,500
full Heat. 
Your Shadow pools at your feet, 

4571
04:11:29,500 --> 04:11:33,400
short and dark. 
This is when doubt arrives for 

4572
04:11:33,400 --> 04:11:34,900
travelers. 
The hard. 

4573
04:11:34,900 --> 04:11:37,800
Empty hours when the body wants 
to know why it agreed to this 

4574
04:11:37,800 --> 04:11:40,400
discomfort. 
You have learned to let the 

4575
04:11:40,408 --> 04:11:42,100
doubt exists without fighting 
it. 

4576
04:11:42,100 --> 04:11:46,400
Yes, this is difficult. 
Yes, you could have stayed in 

4577
04:11:46,400 --> 04:11:48,900
comfortable places but 
comfortable places. 

4578
04:11:48,900 --> 04:11:51,000
Do not show you what you're 
actually made of. 

4579
04:11:52,100 --> 04:11:53,800
An older Merchants it's near 
you. 

4580
04:11:53,800 --> 04:11:57,700
He pulls dried apricots from his
bag and offers you three, you 

4581
04:11:57,700 --> 04:12:01,500
accept with a nod. 
The fruit is sweet and slightly 

4582
04:12:01,500 --> 04:12:04,400
leathery. 
It takes time to chew properly. 

4583
04:12:04,400 --> 04:12:08,300
Good food for Walking Dead dense
with energy, easy to carry. 

4584
04:12:09,700 --> 04:12:13,600
The merchant speaks finally. 
He tells you, this is his 23rd 

4585
04:12:13,600 --> 04:12:17,000
Crossing, his voice carries, the
tone of someone who has made 

4586
04:12:17,008 --> 04:12:21,400
peace with the deserts demands. 
he no longer fights, the Heat or

4587
04:12:21,400 --> 04:12:25,600
resents the distance, he simply 
walks and drinks carefully and 

4588
04:12:25,608 --> 04:12:29,300
Trust his preparation, You 
listen without commenting. 

4589
04:12:29,300 --> 04:12:35,100
This wisdom cannot be taught 
only demonstrated. after two 

4590
04:12:35,100 --> 04:12:39,000
hours, the Caravan Master Rises 
the shade cloths, come down, 

4591
04:12:40,000 --> 04:12:43,100
Picking happens in efficient. 
Silence your hands work. 

4592
04:12:43,100 --> 04:12:45,200
Automatically now roll the 
cloth. 

4593
04:12:45,200 --> 04:12:48,000
Tie the cord. 
Check Rama's load. 

4594
04:12:48,000 --> 04:12:52,700
Adjust the balance walk. 
The afternoon miles feel longer 

4595
04:12:52,700 --> 04:12:56,100
than the morning. 
Once this is always true, your 

4596
04:12:56,100 --> 04:12:59,200
body is used its fresh energy 
and now must work harder for the

4597
04:12:59,200 --> 04:13:02,300
same pace. 
But you have water and food and 

4598
04:13:02,300 --> 04:13:04,000
the ground Beneath Your Feet 
stays solid. 

4599
04:13:05,000 --> 04:13:07,400
Small mercies count for 
everything in the desert. 

4600
04:13:07,400 --> 04:13:10,100
Rock formation appear to the 
north. 

4601
04:13:11,000 --> 04:13:12,600
Caravan angles toward them 
slightly. 

4602
04:13:13,400 --> 04:13:17,200
You recognize this tactic from 
previous Journeys, the rocks 

4603
04:13:17,200 --> 04:13:19,900
will provide better shell to 
tonight and possibly seepage 

4604
04:13:19,900 --> 04:13:23,500
water if you're lucky. 
Medieval Arab geographers wrote 

4605
04:13:23,500 --> 04:13:26,800
detailed descriptions of which 
rock formations held moisture, 

4606
04:13:26,800 --> 04:13:30,900
and which stayed dry. 
Caravan Master knows these 

4607
04:13:30,900 --> 04:13:34,800
formations personally, your 
feet, develop hotspots, you can 

4608
04:13:34,808 --> 04:13:37,700
feel where blisters want to form
tonight. 

4609
04:13:37,700 --> 04:13:40,800
You will apply balm and adjust 
your foot wraps preventing 

4610
04:13:40,800 --> 04:13:42,500
injury is simpler than healing 
it. 

4611
04:13:43,600 --> 04:13:46,100
The merchant who died. 
Three years ago, started his 

4612
04:13:46,100 --> 04:13:49,200
fatal Journey with infected 
blisters, that made walking 

4613
04:13:49,200 --> 04:13:51,800
agony. 
Small problems become 

4614
04:13:51,800 --> 04:13:53,800
catastrophic when you cannot 
stop moving. 

4615
04:13:54,900 --> 04:13:56,900
Evening. 
Finally gentles the temperature,

4616
04:13:56,900 --> 04:14:00,900
the angled light turns 
everything gold and the rocks 

4617
04:14:00,900 --> 04:14:02,800
are head. 
Look closer but distance tricks.

4618
04:14:02,800 --> 04:14:06,300
The eye in clear air. 
What appears one hour away might

4619
04:14:06,300 --> 04:14:10,300
require three you trust the 
Caravan Master's judgment and 

4620
04:14:10,300 --> 04:14:14,400
keep walking. 
Darkness comes quickly, the sky 

4621
04:14:14,400 --> 04:14:17,400
shift through purple and deep 
blue before settling into black 

4622
04:14:17,400 --> 04:14:20,900
scattered with stars. 
The Caravan stops at the rock 

4623
04:14:20,900 --> 04:14:23,700
formation. 
A small spring seeps from a 

4624
04:14:23,700 --> 04:14:26,200
crack. 
The water taste of minerals, but

4625
04:14:26,200 --> 04:14:26,900
flows. 
Clear. 

4626
04:14:27,800 --> 04:14:30,300
Everyone feels their containers 
in order of seniority. 

4627
04:14:30,300 --> 04:14:35,900
You, wait your turn patiently? 
The spring will not run, dry 

4628
04:14:35,900 --> 04:14:39,200
from courteous waiting. 
Fires are built in a Central 

4629
04:14:39,200 --> 04:14:41,700
Area. 
Handlers tether the camels in a 

4630
04:14:41,700 --> 04:14:45,100
circle around the camp. 
This provides security and also 

4631
04:14:45,100 --> 04:14:48,300
warmth. 
Camels generate significant heat

4632
04:14:48,300 --> 04:14:52,400
during cold Desert Nights. 
Medieval Travelers often slept 

4633
04:14:52,400 --> 04:14:54,300
between their animals for 
exactly this reason. 

4634
04:14:55,100 --> 04:14:57,100
You spread your sleeping mat 
near rahma. 

4635
04:14:57,100 --> 04:15:00,500
She is settled into rest with 
her legs folded beneath her. 

4636
04:15:00,500 --> 04:15:03,400
You can hear her breathing 
steady and deep. 

4637
04:15:04,200 --> 04:15:08,200
The sound is comforting all day.
She carried your livelihood 

4638
04:15:08,200 --> 04:15:11,600
without complaint. 
Now, she rests and tomorrow will

4639
04:15:11,600 --> 04:15:13,700
do it again. 
Food is simple. 

4640
04:15:13,700 --> 04:15:18,000
Dates tried meet flatbread that 
has gone slightly stale but 

4641
04:15:18,000 --> 04:15:20,500
still choose. 
Well, you make tea from the 

4642
04:15:20,500 --> 04:15:22,300
spring water and your precious 
leaves. 

4643
04:15:22,300 --> 04:15:25,400
The hot, liquid feels like 
celebration in your throat. 

4644
04:15:25,400 --> 04:15:30,100
You drink slowly making it last 
the older Merchant sits near 

4645
04:15:30,100 --> 04:15:34,600
fire, he gestures at the stars, 
he begins to name them in three 

4646
04:15:34,600 --> 04:15:40,000
languages, Arabic Persian 
Chinese each culture map, the 

4647
04:15:40,000 --> 04:15:43,700
same Sky differently but all 
navigated by the same light. 

4648
04:15:44,700 --> 04:15:49,300
Polaris anchors everything, the 
rest wheel around it in patterns

4649
04:15:49,300 --> 04:15:51,300
that Merchants have trusted for 
millennia. 

4650
04:15:51,900 --> 04:15:54,300
He points out the path. 
You will follow not by 

4651
04:15:54,300 --> 04:15:58,800
landmarks, but by stars. when 
certain constellations reach 

4652
04:15:58,800 --> 04:16:02,600
certain positions, you turn 
Slightly North when others 

4653
04:16:02,600 --> 04:16:07,000
appear, you adjust South The 
desert leaves few permanent 

4654
04:16:07,000 --> 04:16:09,100
marks, but the sky stays 
reliable. 

4655
04:16:09,900 --> 04:16:13,100
You asked about the wells ahead,
he tells you the first good 

4656
04:16:13,100 --> 04:16:15,700
water is four days away of 
travel go smoothly. 

4657
04:16:16,700 --> 04:16:18,800
It between here. 
And there are three smaller 

4658
04:16:18,800 --> 04:16:21,700
Springs that may or may not 
flow, depending on recent 

4659
04:16:21,700 --> 04:16:24,500
weather. 
The Caravan carries enough water

4660
04:16:24,500 --> 04:16:27,300
to skip all three of necessary 
but stopping is always 

4661
04:16:27,300 --> 04:16:31,000
preferable to rationing. 
Sleep comes despite the hard 

4662
04:16:31,000 --> 04:16:34,000
ground. 
Your body understands that rest 

4663
04:16:34,000 --> 04:16:39,000
must happen when possible, the 
Stars wheel overhead, the fires 

4664
04:16:39,000 --> 04:16:42,700
burned down to Khols. 
Someone keeps watch, but you do 

4665
04:16:42,700 --> 04:16:46,700
not know who Caravan functions 
as a single organism. 

4666
04:16:47,800 --> 04:16:49,600
Person does their part with 
without announcement? 

4667
04:16:49,600 --> 04:16:52,700
You wake. 
Once during the night, the 

4668
04:16:52,700 --> 04:16:55,700
coldest sharp. 
He pull your heavy robe Tighter 

4669
04:16:55,700 --> 04:16:59,900
and shift closer to Rockmart a 
warmth is immediate and generous

4670
04:17:00,800 --> 04:17:03,500
You fall back into sleep 
listening to her breathing and 

4671
04:17:03,500 --> 04:17:05,300
the occasional Shuffle of other 
camels. 

4672
04:17:06,000 --> 04:17:09,600
Morning arrives too soon but 
morning always arrives too soon.

4673
04:17:09,608 --> 04:17:13,500
When the body wants more rest 
than time allows you rise in 

4674
04:17:13,500 --> 04:17:18,100
darkness, roll your mat pack, 
your few items, drink water, and

4675
04:17:18,100 --> 04:17:21,000
chew dried meat. 
The routine is already becoming 

4676
04:17:21,000 --> 04:17:25,200
automatic. 
Caravan moves Before Dawn, the 

4677
04:17:25,200 --> 04:17:28,700
early hours, provide the best 
walking temperature, you settle 

4678
04:17:28,700 --> 04:17:33,700
into Rhythm behind your assigned
Place rahmah, walks deadly, your

4679
04:17:33,700 --> 04:17:37,000
feet. 
Find their pattern Left, Right? 

4680
04:17:37,000 --> 04:17:42,400
Breathe Watch the horizons 
slowly lightened from black to 

4681
04:17:42,400 --> 04:17:46,500
gray to Pink. 
This is the second day, 58 

4682
04:17:46,500 --> 04:17:49,200
Remain. 
The numbers feel impossible, but

4683
04:17:49,200 --> 04:17:52,200
you do not think about them. 
You think about the next step, 

4684
04:17:52,200 --> 04:17:56,400
then the one after that distance
is only ever conquered, by 

4685
04:17:56,400 --> 04:17:59,800
refusing to measure it. 
The third morning, you wait. 

4686
04:17:59,800 --> 04:18:03,400
Before the call to rise, your 
body has synchronized to Caravan

4687
04:18:03,400 --> 04:18:06,900
time faster than expected. 
The Stars provide your clock 

4688
04:18:06,900 --> 04:18:09,900
now. 
When Ark curious reaches a 

4689
04:18:09,900 --> 04:18:12,800
certain point of the Eastern 
rocks Dawn is one hour away. 

4690
04:18:14,000 --> 04:18:17,200
when vega appears in the gap, 
between two Hills midnighters 

4691
04:18:17,200 --> 04:18:21,100
passed, you are learning to read
time from light that left its 

4692
04:18:21,100 --> 04:18:24,200
source years ago. 
The breakfast routine has become

4693
04:18:24,200 --> 04:18:28,600
familiar, dates and water. 
Check your feet for new damage. 

4694
04:18:28,600 --> 04:18:33,500
Rewrap any areas that show where
apply balm where skin is red and

4695
04:18:33,500 --> 04:18:37,900
the small acts of Maintenance 
Mata more than grand gestures a 

4696
04:18:37,900 --> 04:18:40,400
merchant from 14th century. 
Tim Book, 2 wrote that 

4697
04:18:40,400 --> 04:18:44,200
successful desert Crossing 
depends entirely on attention to

4698
04:18:44,200 --> 04:18:46,400
detail. 
You understand this deeply. 

4699
04:18:46,400 --> 04:18:49,400
Now, Ramen accepts her morning 
date from your hand. 

4700
04:18:49,400 --> 04:18:51,700
She has learned to look for you 
specifically. 

4701
04:18:52,700 --> 04:18:55,800
Camels for attachments more 
readily than most, people assume

4702
04:18:55,800 --> 04:18:58,500
the handless sale. 
Well-treated camel, will 

4703
04:18:58,500 --> 04:19:02,000
remember her Merchant for years.
She might cross the same desert 

4704
04:19:02,000 --> 04:19:05,200
with different Traders, but she 
will recognize your scent if you

4705
04:19:05,200 --> 04:19:07,300
pass her in a Marketplace. 
Five years later. 

4706
04:19:08,600 --> 04:19:11,300
The landscape has shifted during
three days of walking. 

4707
04:19:12,100 --> 04:19:15,500
The rocks of giving way to open 
sand in Rolling for Nations. 

4708
04:19:16,400 --> 04:19:20,000
June's to the South. 
The Caravan Master steers 

4709
04:19:20,000 --> 04:19:22,000
carefully to avoid the deepest 
sand. 

4710
04:19:22,800 --> 04:19:25,900
Walking in June's drained 
energy, a triple, the normal 

4711
04:19:25,900 --> 04:19:28,600
rate. 
Your feet sink with each step 

4712
04:19:28,600 --> 04:19:30,700
and your calves Scream by 
midday. 

4713
04:19:31,300 --> 04:19:34,300
The Old Paths, choose firm 
ground wherever possible. 

4714
04:19:35,100 --> 04:19:38,600
Today, a wind picks up from the 
West not strong enough to Halt 

4715
04:19:38,600 --> 04:19:40,700
travel. 
But persistent enough to require

4716
04:19:40,700 --> 04:19:44,600
adjustments, you tie your head 
wrap tighter, sand finds 

4717
04:19:44,600 --> 04:19:48,600
impossible, gaps in fabric. 
By noon, your eyelashes are 

4718
04:19:48,600 --> 04:19:50,100
gritty in your teeth. 
Feel coated. 

4719
04:19:50,100 --> 04:19:54,300
Everyone looks down more than 
usual watching feet rather than 

4720
04:19:54,300 --> 04:19:56,900
Horizon. 
The wind carries no 

4721
04:19:56,900 --> 04:20:00,300
conversation. 
Midday rest happens in the Lee 

4722
04:20:00,300 --> 04:20:04,100
of a large dune. 
Sand here is softer but the 

4723
04:20:04,100 --> 04:20:06,100
shelter from wind is worth the 
trade. 

4724
04:20:06,900 --> 04:20:09,500
You dig a small pit with your 
hands and sit in it. 

4725
04:20:10,200 --> 04:20:12,400
The depression provides a 
protection. 

4726
04:20:12,400 --> 04:20:16,000
Bedouin Travelers, taught this 
technique to Merchants centuries

4727
04:20:16,000 --> 04:20:18,200
ago. 
Knowledge passes through 

4728
04:20:18,200 --> 04:20:20,300
demonstration more than 
instruction. 

4729
04:20:21,900 --> 04:20:24,100
The older Merchant sits in his 
own pit nearby. 

4730
04:20:25,000 --> 04:20:28,600
He pulls out his teeth supplies,
despite the wind making tea in 

4731
04:20:28,600 --> 04:20:30,500
difficult conditions is not 
form. 

4732
04:20:30,500 --> 04:20:34,300
He builds a tiny fire using 
dried camel dung as fuel. 

4733
04:20:35,500 --> 04:20:38,600
The smell is not pleasant, but 
the heat is real. 

4734
04:20:39,700 --> 04:20:43,800
He boils water in a dented pot. 
Tea leaves steep. 

4735
04:20:44,500 --> 04:20:48,500
He paused two cups and hands you
one, you drink and feel human 

4736
04:20:48,500 --> 04:20:51,300
again. 
The hot liquid cuts through the 

4737
04:20:51,300 --> 04:20:54,700
dust in your throat. 
The ritual of tea reminds your 

4738
04:20:54,700 --> 04:20:58,200
body that you're not just an 
animal surviving, but a person 

4739
04:20:58,200 --> 04:21:01,900
maintaining dignity. 
This distinction matters on 

4740
04:21:01,900 --> 04:21:05,200
Long. 
Crossings the desert can reduce 

4741
04:21:05,200 --> 04:21:07,900
travelers to Pure function if 
they allow it. 

4742
04:21:08,700 --> 04:21:11,900
He tells you about sandstorms, 
he has survived the worst, 

4743
04:21:11,900 --> 04:21:16,300
lasted three days. 
Caravan stopped completely and 

4744
04:21:16,300 --> 04:21:19,700
everyone huddled together under 
layered cloths, they breathed 

4745
04:21:19,700 --> 04:21:24,300
through wet Fabric and waited. 
Some animals died one. 

4746
04:21:24,300 --> 04:21:27,100
Merchant went slightly mad from 
the darkness and Noise. 

4747
04:21:28,000 --> 04:21:30,800
But most of survived by simply 
enduring, what could not be 

4748
04:21:30,800 --> 04:21:33,400
changed? 
You asked if storms a common 

4749
04:21:33,408 --> 04:21:36,700
this season, he shrugs the 
desert provides. 

4750
04:21:36,700 --> 04:21:41,800
No guarantees weather patterns, 
shift, wind comes, or does not. 

4751
04:21:41,800 --> 04:21:44,200
Come a merchant prepares for 
everything. 

4752
04:21:44,200 --> 04:21:48,300
And then accepts, what arrives 
control is an illusion 

4753
04:21:48,300 --> 04:21:51,400
competence is real. 
The afternoon. 

4754
04:21:51,400 --> 04:21:54,800
Walk is harder than previous 
days the wind persists. 

4755
04:21:55,500 --> 04:21:59,800
Sand gets into everything, your 
water skin, Your Food Bag, the 

4756
04:21:59,800 --> 04:22:03,300
folds of your robe, you develop 
a habit of clearing your throat,

4757
04:22:03,300 --> 04:22:06,900
every few minutes. 
Small grains scratch as you 

4758
04:22:06,900 --> 04:22:10,100
swallow nothing to do except 
continue. 

4759
04:22:11,600 --> 04:22:15,400
Your mind begins to wander 
during the repetitive hours. you

4760
04:22:15,400 --> 04:22:18,900
think about the cities, you left
behind the noise and crowding, 

4761
04:22:18,900 --> 04:22:23,100
the constant negotiation of 
space and price and social 

4762
04:22:23,100 --> 04:22:27,200
standing Out here, all that 
complexity disappears. 

4763
04:22:27,200 --> 04:22:31,800
You're simply a body moving 
through space, the Simplicity is

4764
04:22:31,800 --> 04:22:33,700
almost violent in its 
completeness. 

4765
04:22:34,800 --> 04:22:37,500
Alberoni wrote in the 11th 
century about how desert 

4766
04:22:37,500 --> 04:22:39,800
traveled changes Merchant 
psychology. 

4767
04:22:39,800 --> 04:22:44,000
The stripping away of social 
masks, the reduction to 

4768
04:22:44,000 --> 04:22:47,900
essential self your experience 
in what he described. 

4769
04:22:48,700 --> 04:22:51,400
No one cares about your family 
connections, or your warehouse 

4770
04:22:51,400 --> 04:22:54,900
location, they care whether you,
pull your weight and manage your

4771
04:22:54,900 --> 04:22:59,600
water and keep the walking pace.
An odd feeling of Freedom grows.

4772
04:22:59,600 --> 04:23:01,900
You are Anonymous in the most 
complete way. 

4773
04:23:01,900 --> 04:23:05,800
Just another figure in a line of
figures, your worth measured, 

4774
04:23:05,800 --> 04:23:10,400
only incompetence and endurance.
This will not last cities. 

4775
04:23:10,400 --> 04:23:14,500
Wait, a both ends of the journey
but for now you exist in a 

4776
04:23:14,500 --> 04:23:19,000
pocket of pure function, evening
brings relief from wind. 

4777
04:23:20,100 --> 04:23:22,300
The air goes still as 
temperature drops. 

4778
04:23:23,100 --> 04:23:25,400
Silence. 
After hours of Windrush feel 

4779
04:23:25,400 --> 04:23:29,300
sacred, your ears ring slightly 
in the sudden quiet. 

4780
04:23:30,300 --> 04:23:33,800
Caravan stopped near a rocky 
outcrop that provides minimal 

4781
04:23:33,800 --> 04:23:37,900
shelter, but good sight lines. 
Security matters, more as you 

4782
04:23:37,908 --> 04:23:41,500
move deeper into empty spaces, 
the camel settle into their 

4783
04:23:41,500 --> 04:23:44,300
Circle. 
Fires are built food is shared 

4784
04:23:44,300 --> 04:23:47,500
more freely tonight. 
Someone produces dried figs. 

4785
04:23:47,500 --> 04:23:49,800
Another has honey in a small 
jar. 

4786
04:23:49,800 --> 04:23:53,000
The merchants are beginning to 
bond through shared difficulty. 

4787
04:23:53,800 --> 04:23:56,600
You can contribute some of your 
salted meat to the common pot, 

4788
04:23:56,600 --> 04:24:00,400
the gestures, small but 
meaningful, a young Merchant 

4789
04:24:00,400 --> 04:24:03,600
sits near your fire. 
This is his first major Crossing

4790
04:24:04,300 --> 04:24:07,700
He asked questions about 
navigation, you show him the 

4791
04:24:07,700 --> 04:24:10,100
Stars, you use Polaris for 
North. 

4792
04:24:10,100 --> 04:24:13,800
The big dip of her time in belt 
for season. 

4793
04:24:15,200 --> 04:24:19,100
He writes notes in a small book.
You remember, doing the same on 

4794
04:24:19,100 --> 04:24:23,500
your first long journey, the 
desire to record everything to 

4795
04:24:23,500 --> 04:24:25,100
hold on to knowledge through 
writing. 

4796
04:24:26,300 --> 04:24:30,800
He asks, if you are afraid, you 
think before answering fear is 

4797
04:24:30,800 --> 04:24:35,400
complicated, in the desert, you 
fear real dangers, storms, 

4798
04:24:35,400 --> 04:24:40,500
thieves injury, running, dry 
between Wells, but you do not 

4799
04:24:40,500 --> 04:24:44,000
fear The Emptiness itself. 
The vast spaces have become 

4800
04:24:44,008 --> 04:24:48,300
almost comforting, no demands, 
except to keep moving, no 

4801
04:24:48,300 --> 04:24:53,300
complexity except to stay alive.
The young Merchant notes, he 

4802
04:24:53,300 --> 04:24:57,500
admits The Emptiness on settles 
him, how far you can see how 

4803
04:24:57,500 --> 04:25:01,300
nothing blocks The Horizon. 
He comes from a mountain City. 

4804
04:25:01,300 --> 04:25:06,400
Where views end at Valley walls,
this openness feels exposing You

4805
04:25:06,400 --> 04:25:10,100
tell him the feeling will shift,
eventually the exposure becomes 

4806
04:25:10,100 --> 04:25:12,800
Freedom, The Horizon becomes 
possibility. 

4807
04:25:13,800 --> 04:25:16,900
Sleep comes easily, despite 
Windward exhaustion. 

4808
04:25:16,900 --> 04:25:19,700
Your body has stopped fighting 
the hard ground. 

4809
04:25:20,500 --> 04:25:22,600
You have learned to find 
positions that minimize 

4810
04:25:22,600 --> 04:25:25,600
discomfort. 
Hip hop, on one side becomes 

4811
04:25:25,600 --> 04:25:28,300
numb. 
So you roll shoulder protests, 

4812
04:25:28,300 --> 04:25:32,400
so you adjust small movements 
through the night, but sleep 

4813
04:25:32,400 --> 04:25:36,400
stays deep between adjustments. 
The fourth day begins with the 

4814
04:25:36,400 --> 04:25:40,800
best Dawn yet. 
Clear sky, no wind temperature, 

4815
04:25:40,800 --> 04:25:43,500
perfect. 
For walking, the Caravan Master 

4816
04:25:43,500 --> 04:25:47,000
sets, a slightly faster, Pace 
good conditions should be used 

4817
04:25:47,000 --> 04:25:49,500
fully. 
You can rest when weather forces

4818
04:25:49,500 --> 04:25:52,000
it today is for covering 
distance. 

4819
04:25:52,000 --> 04:25:55,900
Your feet, have hardened the hot
spots from day. 

4820
04:25:55,900 --> 04:25:59,300
One have become calluses your 
leg muscles of stopped 

4821
04:25:59,300 --> 04:26:00,800
complaining about endless 
repetition. 

4822
04:26:00,800 --> 04:26:04,100
Your body is adapting to Desert 
requirements. 

4823
04:26:04,100 --> 04:26:09,800
This adaptation pleases, you 
evidence that human capability 

4824
04:26:09,800 --> 04:26:13,800
exceeds what Comfort suggests. 
First well appears just after 

4825
04:26:13,800 --> 04:26:16,500
midday. 
A stone structure marks where 

4826
04:26:16,500 --> 04:26:20,700
diggers reach water decades ago.
Caravan Master approaches 

4827
04:26:20,700 --> 04:26:23,400
carefully, old Wells can 
collapse. 

4828
04:26:23,400 --> 04:26:27,200
Can be poisoned by dead animals.
Can simply be dry? 

4829
04:26:28,500 --> 04:26:30,100
He lowers a bucket on Warren 
rope. 

4830
04:26:30,100 --> 04:26:32,000
The Rope goes slack at the 
bottom. 

4831
04:26:32,000 --> 04:26:36,100
He pulls weight returns water. 
Sloshes in the bucket. 

4832
04:26:37,200 --> 04:26:39,500
Everyone breathing easier the 
well is good. 

4833
04:26:39,500 --> 04:26:43,500
This means tomorrow's rationals,
can be less strict you can wash 

4834
04:26:43,500 --> 04:26:46,500
your face tonight. 
Maybe rinse your robe were 

4835
04:26:46,500 --> 04:26:49,800
sweating it Small luxuries. 
That feel enormous. 

4836
04:26:49,800 --> 04:26:54,200
The well water taste of iron but
runs clean each Merchant. 

4837
04:26:54,200 --> 04:26:57,700
Fills the containers in turn 
rahma drinks deeply. 

4838
04:26:57,700 --> 04:27:01,500
Camels can consume 30 gal when 
truly thirsty. 

4839
04:27:01,500 --> 04:27:07,200
She takes perhaps 15 enough to 
sustain but not enough to slow 

4840
04:27:07,200 --> 04:27:09,600
her animals. 
Understand rationing 

4841
04:27:09,600 --> 04:27:13,400
instinctively that evening the 
mood encamp shifts towards 

4842
04:27:13,400 --> 04:27:16,400
celebration. 
The first well is behind you. 

4843
04:27:16,400 --> 04:27:21,200
The next is three days ahead but
manageable You have proven to 

4844
04:27:21,200 --> 04:27:23,200
yourself that preparation was 
adequate. 

4845
04:27:24,000 --> 04:27:28,000
Fear of inadequacy quietly, 
haunted your early days that 

4846
04:27:28,000 --> 04:27:31,600
fear is evaporating. 
The older Merchant tells stories

4847
04:27:31,600 --> 04:27:35,500
around the fire Tales of his 22.
Previous Crossing's. 

4848
04:27:36,200 --> 04:27:40,500
The time they found an abandoned
Caravan with Goods intact, but 

4849
04:27:40,500 --> 04:27:45,500
not a single person remaining. 
The night allion circled their 

4850
04:27:45,500 --> 04:27:49,100
camp for hours, never 
approaching, but never leaving. 

4851
04:27:50,400 --> 04:27:52,200
The morning. 
He woke to find his water. 

4852
04:27:52,200 --> 04:27:55,900
Skin had developed a leak and he
had to survive two days on 

4853
04:27:55,900 --> 04:27:59,200
minimal liquid. 
Histories are not heroic. 

4854
04:27:59,200 --> 04:28:02,600
They are simply accounts of what
happened and how we responded. 

4855
04:28:03,400 --> 04:28:07,100
this is the deepest teaching, 
not ground lessons, but specific

4856
04:28:07,100 --> 04:28:11,700
examples of problem solving 
under pressure You listen and 

4857
04:28:11,700 --> 04:28:15,400
file each story away. 
Someday you might face similar 

4858
04:28:15,400 --> 04:28:19,100
situations, the stars are a 
remarkably clear tonight. 

4859
04:28:19,100 --> 04:28:22,700
You can see the band of the 
Milky, Way, stretching overhead,

4860
04:28:22,700 --> 04:28:26,700
thousands of individual lights 
that blur into glowing cloud. 

4861
04:28:27,500 --> 04:28:30,300
Persian astronomers mapped, the 
stars in the 10th Century, 

4862
04:28:30,300 --> 04:28:35,300
created catalogs, that Merchants
still use for navigation your 

4863
04:28:35,300 --> 04:28:38,500
eyes Trace patterns, they 
identified a thousand years ago.

4864
04:28:39,600 --> 04:28:42,600
Sleep comes with gratitude for 
water. 

4865
04:28:43,600 --> 04:28:46,000
A good weather. 
For strong feet. 

4866
04:28:46,900 --> 04:28:50,800
For rahmas steady presents. 
The desert is teaching you to 

4867
04:28:50,808 --> 04:28:53,800
notice what works rather than 
fixate on what hurts. 

4868
04:28:54,700 --> 04:28:58,100
This might be the most valuable 
lesson, how to inventory 

4869
04:28:58,100 --> 04:29:00,500
blessings even when surrounded 
by difficulty. 

4870
04:29:01,400 --> 04:29:02,900
Tomorrow will bring new 
challenges. 

4871
04:29:03,900 --> 04:29:07,700
But tonight the Wellies full and
your water Skins are heavy and 

4872
04:29:07,700 --> 04:29:11,400
the Stars wheel overhead in 
ancient reliable patterns 

4873
04:29:11,400 --> 04:29:16,300
tonight is enough. 
The Deep Crossing begins on day 

4874
04:29:16,300 --> 04:29:18,400
7. 
The Caravan Master calls 

4875
04:29:18,400 --> 04:29:21,700
everyone together before 
departure, he speaks plainly 

4876
04:29:21,700 --> 04:29:25,308
about the next 10 days. 
No wells until the far side of a

4877
04:29:25,316 --> 04:29:28,600
Salt Flat. 
Springs marked on Old Maps might

4878
04:29:28,600 --> 04:29:31,400
be dry the route. 
Crosses the hardest terrain. 

4879
04:29:31,400 --> 04:29:33,600
Some Merchants turned back at 
this point. 

4880
04:29:33,600 --> 04:29:36,400
No, shame and choosing survival 
over Pride. 

4881
04:29:36,400 --> 04:29:40,300
No, One turns back you have all 
come too far to retreat. 

4882
04:29:40,300 --> 04:29:43,500
Now the goods you carry are 
worth nothing, unless delivered,

4883
04:29:43,500 --> 04:29:48,100
the journey has meaning only if 
completed So you tighten your 

4884
04:29:48,100 --> 04:29:51,600
loads and check your water 
calculations one more time and 

4885
04:29:51,600 --> 04:29:53,700
begin walking towards the white 
expanse. 

4886
04:29:53,700 --> 04:29:56,500
That shimmers. 
In Morning, Light, Salt Flat. 

4887
04:29:56,500 --> 04:29:58,100
So there are their own category 
of difficult. 

4888
04:29:58,900 --> 04:30:02,400
The ground looks solid, but can 
hide soft patches that trap feet

4889
04:30:02,400 --> 04:30:06,100
or even whole camels. 
The Reflection from White 

4890
04:30:06,100 --> 04:30:09,200
surface Burns eyes, even through
squinted lids. 

4891
04:30:09,900 --> 04:30:12,300
Temperature becomes extreme in 
both directions. 

4892
04:30:12,300 --> 04:30:16,300
Blazing midday heat freezing 
night cold. 

4893
04:30:16,300 --> 04:30:21,100
No rocks to provide shelter. 
No vegetation to Mark distances,

4894
04:30:21,100 --> 04:30:24,500
just flat white extending until 
it meets sky. 

4895
04:30:25,700 --> 04:30:29,400
Caravan master ties colored 
Flags to poles, carried by every

4896
04:30:29,400 --> 04:30:32,600
fifth camel. 
This helps maintain spacing when

4897
04:30:32,600 --> 04:30:37,000
visibility becomes deceptive 
distance collapses on the flats.

4898
04:30:37,000 --> 04:30:41,100
A camel 50 feet ahead might look
to be miles away or something 

4899
04:30:41,100 --> 04:30:43,700
miles distant might appear with 
in Touching range. 

4900
04:30:44,600 --> 04:30:47,700
The flags provide concrete 
reference in liquid space. 

4901
04:30:47,700 --> 04:30:51,900
Walking on salt is different, 
the ground crunches under your 

4902
04:30:51,900 --> 04:30:54,300
feet. 
A sound like walking on Old 

4903
04:30:54,300 --> 04:30:57,200
snow. 
Your eyes water from glare, 

4904
04:30:57,200 --> 04:31:00,700
despite your wrapped head, you 
develop a habit of looking down 

4905
04:31:00,700 --> 04:31:03,300
at the Kamala head rather than 
trying to see the horizon. 

4906
04:31:04,200 --> 04:31:08,000
The Horizon provides, no useful 
information, only the next steps

4907
04:31:08,000 --> 04:31:12,600
matter hours, blend together the
sun, climbs and crosses and 

4908
04:31:12,600 --> 04:31:15,300
descends. 
You drink it in tools, measured 

4909
04:31:15,300 --> 04:31:19,200
by feeling rather than time when
your mouth goes beyond dry into 

4910
04:31:19,208 --> 04:31:21,500
tacky. 
When swallowing becomes 

4911
04:31:21,500 --> 04:31:25,600
difficult, small sits never 
emptying the skin. 

4912
04:31:26,500 --> 04:31:29,500
The discipline is hard and now 
because your body wants to gulp 

4913
04:31:29,500 --> 04:31:31,900
wants to flood itself with 
relief. 

4914
04:31:33,100 --> 04:31:37,200
But disciplined determines of 
survival midday rest provides. 

4915
04:31:37,200 --> 04:31:40,100
No shade. 
The Caravan simply stops, 

4916
04:31:40,100 --> 04:31:43,300
everyone sits or lies directly 
on the hot salt. 

4917
04:31:43,300 --> 04:31:48,000
Cloths go over faces, Close your
eyes and try to find Stillness 

4918
04:31:48,000 --> 04:31:52,500
heat presses from above, and 
below your body sweats, but the 

4919
04:31:52,508 --> 04:31:55,700
dry air steals moisture so fast.
You barely feel damp. 

4920
04:31:56,700 --> 04:32:00,000
This is dangerous. 
Dehydration happens invisibly in

4921
04:32:00,000 --> 04:32:03,200
these conditions. 
The older Merchant forces 

4922
04:32:03,200 --> 04:32:06,800
himself to drink, even though he
is not thirsty, he makes you 

4923
04:32:06,800 --> 04:32:10,700
drink too. 
Too full cups your stomach 

4924
04:32:10,700 --> 04:32:16,100
protests, you feel sloshy and 
uncomfortable but he insists the

4925
04:32:16,100 --> 04:32:18,400
body lies about its needs in 
extreme heat. 

4926
04:32:18,400 --> 04:32:21,900
You must drink on schedule 
regardless of thirst signals. 

4927
04:32:21,900 --> 04:32:25,100
You asked how he knows when to 
trust his body and when to 

4928
04:32:25,100 --> 04:32:28,400
override it he says this 
knowledge comes only through 

4929
04:32:28,400 --> 04:32:32,700
error, he wants trusted his lack
of thirst and ended a Crossing 

4930
04:32:32,700 --> 04:32:37,600
with kidney damage, the took 
months to heal Now he drinks on 

4931
04:32:37,600 --> 04:32:41,900
schedule. 
Every time, no exceptions, the 

4932
04:32:41,900 --> 04:32:44,700
young Merchant is struggling. 
You can see it in how he walks 

4933
04:32:44,700 --> 04:32:48,700
feet dragging slightly head down
further than necessary. 

4934
04:32:48,700 --> 04:32:49,900
He is learning. 
What? 

4935
04:32:49,900 --> 04:32:53,100
Desert veterans know. 
That mental strength matters as 

4936
04:32:53,100 --> 04:32:56,000
much as physical. 
Your legs will walk if your mind

4937
04:32:56,000 --> 04:32:59,500
stays firm, but if your mind 
begins to break your body 

4938
04:32:59,500 --> 04:33:02,600
follows quickly, you walk beside
him during the afternoon. 

4939
04:33:03,700 --> 04:33:06,700
Do not speak much just maintain 
presence. 

4940
04:33:06,700 --> 04:33:11,099
Sometimes company alone helps 
knowing you are not enduring 

4941
04:33:11,099 --> 04:33:14,099
alone. 
He notices and straightened 

4942
04:33:14,099 --> 04:33:17,599
slightly. 
His Pace steadies small helps 

4943
04:33:17,599 --> 04:33:21,300
accumulate into survival. 
The Salt Flat does not end on 

4944
04:33:21,300 --> 04:33:25,700
day 7 or day 8. 
Each morning, you hope to see 

4945
04:33:25,700 --> 04:33:30,700
the far Edge each morning 
reveals only more white expanse.

4946
04:33:31,300 --> 04:33:33,599
The monotony becomes its own 
challenge. 

4947
04:33:34,300 --> 04:33:39,700
Your mind hungers for variety 
for color for anything except 

4948
04:33:39,700 --> 04:33:44,099
endless flat white. 
You begin to notice small 

4949
04:33:44,099 --> 04:33:48,400
details to occupy your thoughts.
How Shadows change angle through

4950
04:33:48,400 --> 04:33:51,300
the day? 
How the salt crystals catch like

4951
04:33:51,300 --> 04:33:53,099
differently? 
Depending on sun position? 

4952
04:33:53,099 --> 04:33:57,700
How your breathing synchronizes 
with walking Rhythm these tiny 

4953
04:33:57,700 --> 04:34:00,900
observations, keep your mind 
engaged when landscape provides 

4954
04:34:00,900 --> 04:34:03,900
nothing. 
Chinese, Merchants Crossing the 

4955
04:34:03,900 --> 04:34:07,200
tackler, Mac and desert in the 
seventh century wrote about 

4956
04:34:07,200 --> 04:34:12,099
similar experience is the way 
monotony, threatened, sanity how

4957
04:34:12,099 --> 04:34:16,599
Travelers invented games and 
songs to occupy Restless Minds. 

4958
04:34:17,800 --> 04:34:21,599
He tried to remember songs from 
childhood whom them, quietly, as

4959
04:34:21,599 --> 04:34:27,400
you walk, the familiar Melodies 
provide comfort. 99 on the Salt.

4960
04:34:27,400 --> 04:34:29,099
Flat brings the coldest 
temperature. 

4961
04:34:29,099 --> 04:34:32,200
Yet your heavy robe is not quite
sufficient. 

4962
04:34:32,200 --> 04:34:35,599
You sleep poorly. 
Wake often from shivering. 

4963
04:34:36,700 --> 04:34:39,900
Rama is warm beside you, but 
cannot share heat the way a 

4964
04:34:39,900 --> 04:34:42,500
second person. 
Could you understand now, why 

4965
04:34:42,500 --> 04:34:46,500
some Caravans travel in pairs 
shared warmth at night shed, 

4966
04:34:46,500 --> 04:34:49,900
vigilance shared sanity? 
Mourning 10. 

4967
04:34:49,900 --> 04:34:53,900
You notice something different a
line on the horizon that is not 

4968
04:34:53,900 --> 04:34:57,200
white. 
Possibly Rock possibly illusion.

4969
04:34:57,200 --> 04:35:01,599
You do not mention it. 
Desert Mirage is a cruel but as 

4970
04:35:01,599 --> 04:35:04,900
morning progresses the line 
stays constant, gross slightly. 

4971
04:35:05,800 --> 04:35:09,700
By midday, you can confirm the 
far edge of the Salt Flat is 

4972
04:35:09,700 --> 04:35:13,200
visible energy. 
Returns, the Caravan Pace 

4973
04:35:13,200 --> 04:35:16,099
quickens slightly. 
The end of this section is near 

4974
04:35:16,900 --> 04:35:19,900
Beyond The Rock should be the 
spring marked on medieval Maps. 

4975
04:35:19,900 --> 04:35:24,000
A place called The Weeping stone
for how water seeps from a cliff

4976
04:35:24,000 --> 04:35:26,400
face. 
If the spring still flows, 

4977
04:35:26,400 --> 04:35:29,800
you'll saved. 
If not rationing becomes severe 

4978
04:35:29,800 --> 04:35:32,099
for the final push to the next 
certain water. 

4979
04:35:33,000 --> 04:35:36,000
The Rocks arrive. 
Later afternoon, Solid Ground 

4980
04:35:36,000 --> 04:35:38,300
feels foreign after 10 days on 
salt. 

4981
04:35:38,300 --> 04:35:41,500
Your feet almost stumble on the 
slight unevenness. 

4982
04:35:42,400 --> 04:35:45,900
The Caravan Master finds the 
path described in old accounts 

4983
04:35:45,900 --> 04:35:48,599
and narrow gap. 
Between two Cliff faces. 

4984
04:35:48,599 --> 04:35:53,500
The shade inside is shocking 
after endless exposure, your 

4985
04:35:53,500 --> 04:35:55,200
eyes need time to adjust to 
Darkness. 

4986
04:35:55,200 --> 04:35:59,700
The Weeping stone is exactly 
where the maps promised water 

4987
04:35:59,700 --> 04:36:02,700
runs down of vertical rock face,
and slows streams. 

4988
04:36:02,700 --> 04:36:06,800
Not abundant, not fast, but 
steady and clear. 

4989
04:36:06,800 --> 04:36:09,200
You can weep yourself from 
relief. 

4990
04:36:09,200 --> 04:36:14,599
Everyone fills their containers 
drinks, fully fills again, the 

4991
04:36:14,599 --> 04:36:17,700
spring provides enough for 
complete restoration that night 

4992
04:36:17,700 --> 04:36:20,400
the camp feels celebratory, 
despite exhaustion. 

4993
04:36:21,099 --> 04:36:24,599
The hardest section is behind 
you from here, the route passes 

4994
04:36:24,599 --> 04:36:28,599
through more varied, terrain, 
Hill's scattered vegetation, 

4995
04:36:28,599 --> 04:36:34,500
real shelter. the mathematics of
survival shift back toward 

4996
04:36:34,500 --> 04:36:38,099
comfortable, You wash your face 
and hands thoroughly for the 

4997
04:36:38,099 --> 04:36:41,099
first time in 10 days. 
The feeling is transcendent 

4998
04:36:41,099 --> 04:36:43,500
Clean. 
Skin, clean cloth. 

4999
04:36:43,500 --> 04:36:46,700
You'd forgotten how good simple 
cleanliness feels. 

5000
04:36:47,599 --> 04:36:51,200
Another lesson filed away. 
Never take fresh water for 

5001
04:36:51,200 --> 04:36:54,500
granted. 
It is Wealth Beyond gold. 

5002
04:36:54,500 --> 04:36:56,900
The young Merchant sits by your 
fire. 

5003
04:36:56,900 --> 04:37:00,800
He looks different older. 
Somehow The Crossing has marked 

5004
04:37:00,800 --> 04:37:04,599
him, he tells you he understands
now why his father always spoke 

5005
04:37:04,599 --> 04:37:07,400
of the desert with respect 
bordering on fear. 

5006
04:37:08,300 --> 04:37:11,000
It is not dramatic. 
Not violent. 

5007
04:37:11,000 --> 04:37:15,599
Just relentlessly indifferent. 
You survive through preparation 

5008
04:37:15,599 --> 04:37:17,200
and luck. 
Nothing else. 

5009
04:37:17,200 --> 04:37:20,800
You agree. 
The desert is the ultimate on 

5010
04:37:20,800 --> 04:37:23,500
his place. 
It measures capability without 

5011
04:37:23,500 --> 04:37:27,000
caring about confidence. 
Your belief in your self means, 

5012
04:37:27,000 --> 04:37:30,900
nothing only your water supply 
and foot care and navigation 

5013
04:37:30,900 --> 04:37:34,000
matter. 
This honesty is brutal, but also

5014
04:37:34,000 --> 04:37:37,099
clarifying. 
Sleep comes deep and dreamless 

5015
04:37:37,099 --> 04:37:40,099
your body. 
Finally believes the worst is 

5016
04:37:40,099 --> 04:37:42,800
passed. 
Tomorrow walking will still be 

5017
04:37:42,800 --> 04:37:47,700
hard, but hard in normal ways, 
not the existential difficulty 

5018
04:37:47,700 --> 04:37:49,700
of salt flats and uncertain 
water. 

5019
04:37:49,700 --> 04:37:53,400
Just the regular challenge of 
distance and heat and tired 

5020
04:37:53,400 --> 04:37:55,700
feet. 
You wake once in the night and 

5021
04:37:55,700 --> 04:37:59,000
look at stars, they seem 
brighter after the flat Crossing

5022
04:37:59,000 --> 04:38:02,400
or perhaps, You're simply more 
grateful for their guidance for 

5023
04:38:02,400 --> 04:38:06,300
patterns that stay reliable when
everything else shifts for light

5024
04:38:06,300 --> 04:38:08,900
that reaches across impossible 
distance to show you the way 

5025
04:38:08,900 --> 04:38:14,000
forward, 10 days crossed, the 
deserts hardest test passed. 

5026
04:38:14,000 --> 04:38:17,400
You are becoming what you needed
to become a merchant. 

5027
04:38:17,400 --> 04:38:21,000
Who can endure, who can 
calculate, who can walk through 

5028
04:38:21,000 --> 04:38:25,700
difficulty without breaking. 
The transformation feels quiet, 

5029
04:38:25,700 --> 04:38:29,200
but complete. 
The Oasis appears on day 17. 

5030
04:38:30,099 --> 04:38:33,900
First is dark smudge on Horizon?
Then there's definite shapes 

5031
04:38:33,900 --> 04:38:37,000
that might be trees. 
Finally, as unmistakable 

5032
04:38:37,000 --> 04:38:41,800
reality. 
Palm trees water building's, the

5033
04:38:41,800 --> 04:38:45,300
end of empty space is your body 
responds before your mind. 

5034
04:38:45,300 --> 04:38:48,900
Fully processes Pace. 
Quickens breath comes fast 

5035
04:38:48,900 --> 04:38:52,800
faster, even Ramen picks up her 
speed slightly, but the Caravan 

5036
04:38:52,800 --> 04:38:56,200
Master does not rush, he signals
for measured approach. 

5037
04:38:57,099 --> 04:39:01,599
OIC is a complicated places. 
Some welcome Traders, others. 

5038
04:39:01,599 --> 04:39:04,099
Charge exorbitant fees for water
and shelter. 

5039
04:39:04,099 --> 04:39:07,700
A few Harbor thieves. 
Who prey on exhausted Merchants.

5040
04:39:07,700 --> 04:39:13,099
You must enter carefully assess 
before committing Settlement is 

5041
04:39:13,099 --> 04:39:18,400
medium-sized perhaps 200 
permanent residents buildings, 

5042
04:39:18,400 --> 04:39:22,900
cluster around a Central Pool 
fed by underground Springs, date

5043
04:39:22,900 --> 04:39:26,700
palms, provide shade, and food. 
Small gardens. 

5044
04:39:26,700 --> 04:39:30,700
Grove vegetables in irrigated 
plots Chicken, Scratch in the 

5045
04:39:30,700 --> 04:39:35,000
dirt children play near the 
water, normal life, continuing 

5046
04:39:35,000 --> 04:39:36,800
in the middle of enormous, 
nothing. 

5047
04:39:38,000 --> 04:39:41,700
A man approaches as the Caravan 
Holtz, he wears the head wrap 

5048
04:39:41,700 --> 04:39:45,300
style of local tribes. 
His Arabic is accented but 

5049
04:39:45,300 --> 04:39:48,100
clear. 
He welcomes the Caravan formerly

5050
04:39:48,100 --> 04:39:51,200
offers water for animals and 
people States. 

5051
04:39:51,200 --> 04:39:55,300
The fees for camping in trade 
the prices are fair, not 

5052
04:39:55,300 --> 04:40:00,000
generous, but not exploitative. 
The Caravan Master agrees, you 

5053
04:40:00,000 --> 04:40:02,800
help establish camp in the 
desert native area outside the 

5054
04:40:02,800 --> 04:40:05,100
main settlement. 
The routine is familiar now, 

5055
04:40:05,100 --> 04:40:09,300
unload animals, check for sores 
or injuries set up sleeping 

5056
04:40:09,300 --> 04:40:11,600
areas but today includes 
additions. 

5057
04:40:11,600 --> 04:40:16,000
You can wash properly, maybe 
purchase fresh food, certainly 

5058
04:40:16,000 --> 04:40:18,200
rest with without calculating 
water consumption. 

5059
04:40:19,200 --> 04:40:22,600
The communal bath is gender 
separated and cost a small fee 

5060
04:40:22,600 --> 04:40:26,400
worth every coin. 
You soak in lukewarm water. 

5061
04:40:26,400 --> 04:40:30,600
That feels luxurious after weeks
of dust soap, actually lathers 

5062
04:40:30,600 --> 04:40:34,400
you scrub skin that has 
accumulated, layers of dirt and 

5063
04:40:34,400 --> 04:40:38,800
salt the water around. 
You turns gray, you soak until 

5064
04:40:38,800 --> 04:40:43,200
your fingers prune then soak 
longer Clean clothes feel like 

5065
04:40:43,200 --> 04:40:46,700
ceremony, you've been washing 
your spare rope in minimal water

5066
04:40:46,700 --> 04:40:49,600
and drying it in Sun but truly 
clean. 

5067
04:40:49,600 --> 04:40:52,400
Fabric is different. 
The cotton is soft again. 

5068
04:40:52,400 --> 04:40:57,800
No crusty salt, patches. 
No sand embedded in weave, you 

5069
04:40:57,800 --> 04:41:00,600
dress slowly, appreciating each 
sensation. 

5070
04:41:01,600 --> 04:41:03,700
The evening meal is purchased 
from local Cooks. 

5071
04:41:03,700 --> 04:41:08,000
Vegetable stew with actual 
vegetables, flatbread still warm

5072
04:41:08,000 --> 04:41:12,700
dates fresh off trees, goat 
cheese, mint tea with real mint 

5073
04:41:12,700 --> 04:41:15,700
leaves. 
Your stomach almost rebelles 

5074
04:41:15,700 --> 04:41:19,800
from richness after weeks of 
dried food but you eat slowly 

5075
04:41:19,800 --> 04:41:23,100
and everything. 
Settles Taste his overwhelming. 

5076
04:41:24,000 --> 04:41:26,900
You had forgotten food. 
Could have this much flavor, The

5077
04:41:26,900 --> 04:41:29,900
Oasis operates on different time
than desert people. 

5078
04:41:29,900 --> 04:41:34,200
Stay awake later talk more 
socialized children, run around 

5079
04:41:34,200 --> 04:41:38,300
Long passed, dark music comes 
from somewhere, a stringed 

5080
04:41:38,300 --> 04:41:41,800
instrument played with skill, 
The normalcy is almost 

5081
04:41:41,800 --> 04:41:45,900
disturbing these people live 
here, they did not endure Salt 

5082
04:41:45,900 --> 04:41:49,600
Flats to arrive, they simply 
exist in this green pocket 

5083
04:41:49,600 --> 04:41:53,300
surrounded by hostility. 
You walk to the central pool. 

5084
04:41:53,300 --> 04:41:55,400
After eating, the water is 
clear. 

5085
04:41:55,400 --> 04:41:58,600
Enough to see bottom. 
Small, fish Dart between 

5086
04:41:58,600 --> 04:42:03,400
submerged, rocks, dragonflies 
hunt, mosquitoes, frogs, call 

5087
04:42:03,400 --> 04:42:06,900
from the edges an entire 
ecosystem thriving, because 

5088
04:42:06,900 --> 04:42:09,800
water allows it. 
The pool is perhaps 60 feet 

5089
04:42:09,800 --> 04:42:13,300
across supplied by Springs. 
That are flowed for thousands of

5090
04:42:13,300 --> 04:42:16,800
years. 
A local woman sits nearby, she's

5091
04:42:16,800 --> 04:42:20,300
weaving Palm fronds into 
baskets, her hands move with 

5092
04:42:20,300 --> 04:42:23,400
unconscious skill. 
You watch the pattern emerge 

5093
04:42:23,400 --> 04:42:29,600
over under twist, pull tight. 
She notices your interest in 

5094
04:42:29,600 --> 04:42:34,900
Smiles, asks, where you travel 
from you tell her and she nods, 

5095
04:42:34,900 --> 04:42:39,500
she has seen many Merchants pass
through some stop for one night,

5096
04:42:39,500 --> 04:42:43,700
others, rest for weeks. 
You ask how long her family has 

5097
04:42:43,700 --> 04:42:46,300
lived? 
Here, she laughs forever. 

5098
04:42:46,300 --> 04:42:50,300
She says, since the Spring's 
first emerge from Rock since 

5099
04:42:50,300 --> 04:42:53,800
Palms, first, grew her ancestors
is a buried in the small 

5100
04:42:53,800 --> 04:42:56,700
cemetery on the hill. 
Her children will bury her 

5101
04:42:56,700 --> 04:42:59,700
there. 
Someday The Oasis is not a 

5102
04:42:59,700 --> 04:43:04,000
stopping point for her. 
It is the entire world, this 

5103
04:43:04,000 --> 04:43:07,100
perspective, shifts something in
you, you are passing through 

5104
04:43:07,100 --> 04:43:10,600
resting briefly before 
continuing toward distant 

5105
04:43:10,600 --> 04:43:13,200
cities. 
But for her, this is permanent 

5106
04:43:13,200 --> 04:43:17,000
the pool and palms and Dusty 
streets, are not temporary 

5107
04:43:17,000 --> 04:43:19,300
shelter. 
They are home in its deepest 

5108
04:43:19,300 --> 04:43:22,300
sense. 
She knows every family, every 

5109
04:43:22,300 --> 04:43:25,500
tree, every corner where Wind 
Blows differently. 

5110
04:43:25,500 --> 04:43:29,600
You purchase a basket from her. 
It is beautiful and functional 

5111
04:43:29,600 --> 04:43:34,400
perfect for organizing small 
items in your pack. but mainly 

5112
04:43:34,400 --> 04:43:37,300
you buy it to honor her 
rootedness, her knowledge of 

5113
04:43:37,300 --> 04:43:40,900
place, her contentment with 
enough rather than Hunger for 

5114
04:43:40,900 --> 04:43:44,300
More That night, you sleep 
better than you have in weeks. 

5115
04:43:44,300 --> 04:43:48,500
The ground is softer here. 
Sandy soil rather than rock or 

5116
04:43:48,500 --> 04:43:53,700
salt, the S smells of growing. 
Things water scent, green scent,

5117
04:43:53,700 --> 04:43:56,900
Palm pollen. 
The sounds are gentle. 

5118
04:43:57,700 --> 04:44:01,700
Frogs night, birds, distant 
conversation. 

5119
04:44:02,400 --> 04:44:05,000
Your body releases tension. 
You did not know you were 

5120
04:44:05,000 --> 04:44:07,900
holding. 
Morning brings decision time. 

5121
04:44:07,900 --> 04:44:11,900
The Caravan will rest here three
days enough to recover but not 

5122
04:44:11,900 --> 04:44:15,100
so long, that schedules break, 
you must choose how to use this 

5123
04:44:15,100 --> 04:44:20,500
time rest, completely or explore
or work on gear maintenance or 

5124
04:44:20,500 --> 04:44:22,900
socialize with locals, you 
choose maintenance. 

5125
04:44:22,900 --> 04:44:28,100
First day, your sandals need 
repair, straps of one Thin in 

5126
04:44:28,100 --> 04:44:30,800
places, a local cobbler has a 
shop near the market. 

5127
04:44:30,800 --> 04:44:35,600
He examines your Footwear with 
Expert Eyes asks where you have 

5128
04:44:35,600 --> 04:44:40,200
walked nods when you describe 
the Salt Flats, he reinforces 

5129
04:44:40,200 --> 04:44:44,000
weak points. 
Replaces one strap, entirely 

5130
04:44:44,000 --> 04:44:48,800
charges fairly your feet. 
Will thank you for the next 1000

5131
04:44:48,800 --> 04:44:51,500
miles. 
Second day, you explore the 

5132
04:44:51,500 --> 04:44:55,400
Oasis edges, The Palms extend, 
perhaps half a mile in all 

5133
04:44:55,400 --> 04:44:59,100
directions from the Central Pool
beyond that vegetation's 

5134
04:44:59,100 --> 04:45:01,600
rapidly. 
Within a mile. 

5135
04:45:01,600 --> 04:45:03,900
There is nothing but sand and 
rock again. 

5136
04:45:04,800 --> 04:45:08,000
The transition is abrupt. 
This is what makes her Oasis 

5137
04:45:08,000 --> 04:45:11,400
film miraculous. 
Sharp border between impossible,

5138
04:45:11,400 --> 04:45:15,200
life and possible, death. 
You find the cemetery. 

5139
04:45:15,200 --> 04:45:19,600
The woman mentioned simple, 
Grave's marked with Stones Some 

5140
04:45:19,600 --> 04:45:23,300
of carved names others. 
Just rocks arranged in patterns 

5141
04:45:23,300 --> 04:45:25,700
dates. 
Suggest people of died here, 

5142
04:45:25,700 --> 04:45:28,500
across centuries infant's 
Elders. 

5143
04:45:28,500 --> 04:45:33,800
Everyone in between life is 
finite, but the Oasis continues.

5144
04:45:34,500 --> 04:45:39,600
People pass, but Place remains 
IBN battuta wrote about Oasis in

5145
04:45:39,600 --> 04:45:43,200
his 14th century travels. 
He noted how they function as 

5146
04:45:43,200 --> 04:45:46,500
more than water sources. 
They are cultural crossroads 

5147
04:45:46,500 --> 04:45:50,700
information exchanges places 
where news from distant cities 

5148
04:45:50,700 --> 04:45:54,800
meets news from remote tribes. 
Where languages blend and 

5149
04:45:54,800 --> 04:45:58,400
stories transfer between 
Travelers you see this happening

5150
04:45:58,400 --> 04:46:01,800
in the evening Market, merchants
from your Caravan, mix with 

5151
04:46:01,800 --> 04:46:03,600
locals and Traders going 
opposite. 

5152
04:46:03,600 --> 04:46:07,800
Directions stories are shared a 
merchant heading back toward 

5153
04:46:07,800 --> 04:46:11,300
your origin City tells of 
political changes their new 

5154
04:46:11,300 --> 04:46:14,100
Governors. 
New taxes, you file this 

5155
04:46:14,100 --> 04:46:17,400
information for later. 
Use knowledge is trade, good as 

5156
04:46:17,400 --> 04:46:20,700
valuable as spice. 
The third day, you simply rest 

5157
04:46:20,700 --> 04:46:26,000
sit by the pool watch Life 
happen, children, Splash women 

5158
04:46:26,000 --> 04:46:30,300
wash clothes, men discuss 
matters of local importance, The

5159
04:46:30,300 --> 04:46:34,200
rhythms are ancient and calm. 
For one day, you are not a 

5160
04:46:34,200 --> 04:46:37,300
merchant calculating profit. 
You are just a personally 

5161
04:46:37,300 --> 04:46:40,800
existing in a pleasant place, 
the young Merchant finds you 

5162
04:46:40,800 --> 04:46:43,300
there. 
He sits quietly for a long time 

5163
04:46:43,300 --> 04:46:46,000
before speaking. 
Then asks, if you ever consider 

5164
04:46:46,000 --> 04:46:50,800
staying choosing an oasis 
settling into rootedness instead

5165
04:46:50,800 --> 04:46:54,300
of endless movement? 
You think carefully before 

5166
04:46:54,300 --> 04:46:59,100
answering the pull is real. 
You say after hard, Crossings 

5167
04:46:59,100 --> 04:47:02,900
the idea of permanence appeals 
of waking to the same trees 

5168
04:47:02,900 --> 04:47:06,800
knowing every neighbor having 
routines that repeat and 

5169
04:47:06,800 --> 04:47:10,400
comfortable patterns, but you 
are built for movement. for 

5170
04:47:10,400 --> 04:47:14,700
curiosity about what lies Beyond
Horizon settling would feel like

5171
04:47:14,700 --> 04:47:19,300
giving up part of yourself, He 
nods, he feels the same, but 

5172
04:47:19,300 --> 04:47:22,600
wanted confirmation. 
That the restlessness is normal 

5173
04:47:22,600 --> 04:47:25,500
that choosing travel over 
stability as valid. 

5174
04:47:26,100 --> 04:47:28,400
You tell him Merchant. 
Life is not for everyone. 

5175
04:47:28,400 --> 04:47:33,300
Some need Roots, others. 
Need roads, neither choices. 

5176
04:47:33,300 --> 04:47:38,000
Superior only different. 
That evening, the Caravan packs 

5177
04:47:38,000 --> 04:47:40,800
for departure the three days. 
Have restored. 

5178
04:47:40,800 --> 04:47:47,400
Every one clean rested well fed 
water Skins are full fresh food 

5179
04:47:47,400 --> 04:47:49,900
is stocked. 
The next leg should be easier. 

5180
04:47:49,900 --> 04:47:53,900
Established route through Hills 
several reliable Wells. 

5181
04:47:53,900 --> 04:47:57,100
Possibly meeting other Caravans 
traveling opposite direction. 

5182
04:47:58,000 --> 04:48:01,500
You thanked the woman who sold 
you the basket, she wishes you 

5183
04:48:01,500 --> 04:48:03,700
safe. 
Travel says, if you pass through

5184
04:48:03,700 --> 04:48:07,900
on return Journey, look for her.
She will remember you this 

5185
04:48:07,900 --> 04:48:10,600
kindness touches. 
You more than expected being 

5186
04:48:10,600 --> 04:48:14,100
remembered, being seen as 
individual rather than just 

5187
04:48:14,100 --> 04:48:17,600
another Merchant. 
The Oasis Fades behind you on 

5188
04:48:17,600 --> 04:48:21,200
the fourth morning, the green 
shrinks, Palms, become tiny, 

5189
04:48:21,200 --> 04:48:25,800
then disappear, the desert, 
reclaims everything you're back 

5190
04:48:25,800 --> 04:48:27,900
in emptiness. 
But now you carry memory of 

5191
04:48:27,900 --> 04:48:31,500
green proof that life is 
possible that islands of 

5192
04:48:31,508 --> 04:48:35,100
thriving exist. 
In Seas of barely surviving the 

5193
04:48:35,100 --> 04:48:38,000
psychological impact of the 
Oasis matters more than physical

5194
04:48:38,000 --> 04:48:40,200
rest. 
You are reminded that 

5195
04:48:40,200 --> 04:48:44,900
destinations exist that Journeys
end in real places with real 

5196
04:48:44,900 --> 04:48:49,000
people that all this walking 
serves, purpose Beyond simply 

5197
04:48:49,000 --> 04:48:53,000
enduring your moving towards 
something, not just away from 

5198
04:48:53,000 --> 04:48:56,300
Comfort. 
Rama walks, deadly beside you. 

5199
04:48:56,300 --> 04:48:58,900
She'll benefited from a Oasis 
Time. 

5200
04:48:58,900 --> 04:49:01,300
Fresh fodder. 
Long drinks. 

5201
04:49:01,300 --> 04:49:04,400
Rest with without load. 
She is ready for the next 

5202
04:49:04,400 --> 04:49:07,800
section as a. 
You the Deep Crossing is behind.

5203
04:49:07,800 --> 04:49:13,100
The Oasis is behind. 
What remains is the final pushed

5204
04:49:13,100 --> 04:49:16,900
towards your destination? 
The stars appear clearer tonight

5205
04:49:16,900 --> 04:49:20,100
after three nights under Palm 
shade, you have missed them, 

5206
04:49:20,100 --> 04:49:23,600
they're reliable patterns. 
They're in different to human 

5207
04:49:23,600 --> 04:49:25,100
struggle. 
They marked time. 

5208
04:49:25,100 --> 04:49:29,200
When you crossed Salt Flats, 
they guide, you still Polaris 

5209
04:49:29,200 --> 04:49:32,300
steady and North Orion rising in
East. 

5210
04:49:32,300 --> 04:49:36,800
The Familiar lights of 
navigation and timekeeping sleep

5211
04:49:36,800 --> 04:49:39,300
comes easily despite returning 
to hard ground. 

5212
04:49:40,100 --> 04:49:43,200
Your body is remembered, how to 
rest anywhere, how to find 

5213
04:49:43,200 --> 04:49:45,200
positions that minimize 
discomfort. 

5214
04:49:45,200 --> 04:49:49,300
How to sink into whatever sleep 
is available without demanding. 

5215
04:49:49,300 --> 04:49:52,800
Perfect conditions, the desert 
has trained, you thoroughly 

5216
04:49:52,800 --> 04:49:57,600
tomorrow, brings new miles, new 
challenges, but tonight you a 

5217
04:49:57,608 --> 04:49:59,600
clean and fair and your feet are
sound. 

5218
04:49:59,600 --> 04:50:04,900
Tonight is gifted enough. day 
23, brings the first real 

5219
04:50:04,900 --> 04:50:09,500
complication, a sandstorm builds
from the south You can see it 

5220
04:50:09,500 --> 04:50:13,100
coming for hours, a wall of 
brown that grows taller, as it 

5221
04:50:13,100 --> 04:50:18,100
approaches the Caravan Master 
calls immediate halt, everyone 

5222
04:50:18,100 --> 04:50:19,900
knows the drill but speed 
matters. 

5223
04:50:19,900 --> 04:50:23,100
Now, shade cloths must be 
secured over people and animals 

5224
04:50:23,100 --> 04:50:27,400
water, skins must be sealed, 
completely face, wraps must be 

5225
04:50:27,400 --> 04:50:31,400
tripled, the storm hits like 
physical force winds, strong 

5226
04:50:31,408 --> 04:50:35,200
enough to push you sideways. 
Saint that stings any Exposed 

5227
04:50:35,200 --> 04:50:38,600
Skin, Visibility drops to arms 
length. 

5228
04:50:38,600 --> 04:50:41,500
The world becomes Brown noise 
and pressure. 

5229
04:50:41,500 --> 04:50:43,800
You huddle under your secured 
cloth. 

5230
04:50:43,800 --> 04:50:47,200
Next to Rama. 
She stays calm camels. 

5231
04:50:47,200 --> 04:50:49,100
Understand storms. 
Better than people. 

5232
04:50:49,900 --> 04:50:52,400
Time loses. 
Meaning in the constant Roar 

5233
04:50:52,400 --> 04:50:57,400
minutes or hours impossible to 
tell, You breathe through the 

5234
04:50:57,400 --> 04:51:00,700
cloth and try not to think about
sand getting into water, 

5235
04:51:00,700 --> 04:51:04,000
supplies into food into 
everything. 

5236
04:51:04,000 --> 04:51:09,700
This is the cost of setback 
possible damage. 

5237
04:51:09,700 --> 04:51:14,600
Always something when the storm 
finally passes assessment 

5238
04:51:14,600 --> 04:51:18,900
begins, one camel has a leg 
injury, not severe, but needs 

5239
04:51:18,900 --> 04:51:21,900
rest. 
Several water, skins have seal 

5240
04:51:21,900 --> 04:51:24,800
failures from Sand abrasion. 
Salvageable. 

5241
04:51:24,800 --> 04:51:28,700
But requiring careful repair 
everyone's food stores are 

5242
04:51:28,700 --> 04:51:32,300
contaminated to some degree. 
No avoiding grit in every meal 

5243
04:51:32,300 --> 04:51:34,500
for the next week the delay 
cost. 

5244
04:51:34,500 --> 04:51:39,200
Two days waiting for visibility 
to return treating the injured 

5245
04:51:39,200 --> 04:51:43,900
camel repairing damaged the 
Caravan Master recalculates, the

5246
04:51:43,900 --> 04:51:46,800
destination city is still 
reachable on schedule if no 

5247
04:51:46,800 --> 04:51:50,600
other problems arise big if you 
use the forced rest to 

5248
04:51:50,600 --> 04:51:54,800
thoroughly clean your gear Sand 
has infiltrated incredible 

5249
04:51:54,800 --> 04:51:58,600
places inside your Journal 
between the pages of your 

5250
04:51:58,600 --> 04:52:02,200
careful records in the folds of 
your cleanest robe. 

5251
04:52:02,200 --> 04:52:05,500
You spend hours shaking and 
brushing and wiping. 

5252
04:52:05,500 --> 04:52:11,000
The work is meditative 
necessary, but endless, the 

5253
04:52:11,000 --> 04:52:14,200
young Merchant is discouraged. 
This feels like backward, 

5254
04:52:14,200 --> 04:52:18,200
progress to him all that 
preparation and still storms. 

5255
04:52:18,200 --> 04:52:21,200
Damaged goods, still delays 
happen. 

5256
04:52:21,900 --> 04:52:24,900
You tell him about a merchant, 
you who lost everything to a 

5257
04:52:24,900 --> 04:52:27,900
flash, flood water. 
In the desert is rare except 

5258
04:52:27,900 --> 04:52:31,600
when it is catastrophic She 
survived but walked out with 

5259
04:52:31,600 --> 04:52:35,800
only the clothes on her back. 
Active helps Day. 26 brings 

5260
04:52:35,800 --> 04:52:38,600
better Fortune. 
The Caravan meets another group 

5261
04:52:38,600 --> 04:52:39,900
traveling the opposite 
direction. 

5262
04:52:39,900 --> 04:52:44,400
Information exchanges immediate 
they report good water at all. 

5263
04:52:44,408 --> 04:52:48,800
Wells ahead, no unusual weather 
Bandits quiet this season. 

5264
04:52:48,800 --> 04:52:51,800
The trade goods. 
You carry are fetching excellent

5265
04:52:51,800 --> 04:52:55,200
prices in their origin cities. 
This news lifts Spirit 

5266
04:52:55,200 --> 04:52:59,300
significantly, you trade some of
your salted meat for their dried

5267
04:52:59,300 --> 04:53:02,900
figs different foods. 
After weeks of repetition, feels

5268
04:53:02,900 --> 04:53:06,400
like luxury, the other Merchants
group has news from distant 

5269
04:53:06,400 --> 04:53:11,000
places, political marriages, new
trade, agreements cities, 

5270
04:53:11,000 --> 04:53:14,100
growing or shrinking. 
You file, everything away 

5271
04:53:14,100 --> 04:53:18,300
information is, currently in 
merchant work a woman from the 

5272
04:53:18,300 --> 04:53:21,000
other Caravan recognizes your 
Indigo cakes. 

5273
04:53:21,000 --> 04:53:24,900
She offers good price for one, 
you negotiate fairly and make 

5274
04:53:24,900 --> 04:53:27,300
the sale. 
This is your first trade of the 

5275
04:53:27,300 --> 04:53:29,300
journey. 
Proof that you carry something 

5276
04:53:29,300 --> 04:53:32,300
valuable enough to sell before 
reaching Final Destination. 

5277
04:53:33,400 --> 04:53:38,600
The coins feel solid in your 
hand, real exchange, real value,

5278
04:53:38,600 --> 04:53:42,900
created through travel Hill's 
appear on day, 28, real 

5279
04:53:42,900 --> 04:53:48,200
elevation, after weeks of flat, 
the landscape transforms rock 

5280
04:53:48,200 --> 04:53:53,100
formations scattered trees, 
evidence of seasonal water, and 

5281
04:53:53,100 --> 04:53:56,200
dry creek beds. 
The air smells different, less 

5282
04:53:56,200 --> 04:53:59,100
purely dry hints of distant 
green. 

5283
04:54:00,600 --> 04:54:02,500
Climbing Hills with loaded 
camels. 

5284
04:54:02,500 --> 04:54:05,000
Requires new rhythm. 
Shorter steps. 

5285
04:54:05,000 --> 04:54:09,700
More frequent rests different 
balance, your calves burn, from 

5286
04:54:09,700 --> 04:54:13,500
the change angle, but the 
variety is welcome your eyes 

5287
04:54:13,500 --> 04:54:16,800
hunger for typography after 
endless flat Horizons. 

5288
04:54:16,800 --> 04:54:21,000
Each rise provides new views. 
Each Valley holds potential 

5289
04:54:21,000 --> 04:54:23,500
Discovery. 
You find a fossil in a rock 

5290
04:54:23,500 --> 04:54:27,000
outcrop during mid-day rest. 
A shell pattern pressed into 

5291
04:54:27,000 --> 04:54:30,700
stone evidence that oceans once 
covered these high places. 

5292
04:54:31,700 --> 04:54:35,300
Time scale is incomprehensible. 
Your journey measures weaks. 

5293
04:54:35,300 --> 04:54:40,700
This rock measures millennia. 
Yet, here you both are existing 

5294
04:54:40,700 --> 04:54:43,900
in the same moment. 
Water becomes easier to find in 

5295
04:54:43,900 --> 04:54:47,300
Hills small Springs emerge, 
where Rock layers Force 

5296
04:54:47,300 --> 04:54:51,100
underground flow to surface. 
Not every spring is reliable, 

5297
04:54:51,100 --> 04:54:54,500
but the odds improve. 
You still calculate carefully 

5298
04:54:54,500 --> 04:54:58,700
but with less desperation, the 
mathematics shift from Pure 

5299
04:54:58,700 --> 04:55:00,600
survival toward comfortable 
margin. 

5300
04:55:01,600 --> 04:55:04,500
Daithi 32. 
You notice smoke on Horizon 

5301
04:55:04,500 --> 04:55:09,000
distant but definite Caravan 
Master steers toward it 

5302
04:55:09,000 --> 04:55:12,800
cautiously smoke means people, 
people might mean trade 

5303
04:55:12,800 --> 04:55:16,800
opportunities or danger cannot 
tell from distance as you 

5304
04:55:16,800 --> 04:55:19,300
approach. 
The source becomes clear, a 

5305
04:55:19,300 --> 04:55:21,600
caravan serai a Travelers Rest 
station. 

5306
04:55:22,500 --> 04:55:26,400
These structures dot major 
routes by wealthy patrons or 

5307
04:55:26,400 --> 04:55:30,100
governments to support trade. 
They provide walled enclosure 

5308
04:55:30,100 --> 04:55:34,100
for security Wells. 
Sometimes food available for 

5309
04:55:34,100 --> 04:55:38,200
purchase shelter, from weather, 
the architecture of varies by 

5310
04:55:38,208 --> 04:55:40,300
region. 
But purpose stays constant. 

5311
04:55:41,200 --> 04:55:44,300
Safe stopping points for 
merchants this particular 

5312
04:55:44,300 --> 04:55:47,500
Caravan. 
Sorry is old stone walls. 

5313
04:55:47,500 --> 04:55:50,800
Weathered to smooth Gates that 
have opened for centuries of 

5314
04:55:50,808 --> 04:55:54,200
Travelers the keeper greets, 
your Caravan with practice 

5315
04:55:54,200 --> 04:55:56,300
hospitality. 
States. 

5316
04:55:56,300 --> 04:56:00,700
Please shows water source 
indicates where animals can be 

5317
04:56:00,708 --> 04:56:02,900
tethered professional, but not 
warm. 

5318
04:56:02,900 --> 04:56:06,800
He has seen thousands of 
merchants you are routine. 

5319
04:56:07,700 --> 04:56:11,100
Structure is beautiful in its 
utility, Central Courtyard. 

5320
04:56:11,100 --> 04:56:15,200
Open to Sky rooms along the 
walls, simple, but clean 

5321
04:56:15,200 --> 04:56:18,300
designed for function over 
decoration. 

5322
04:56:19,600 --> 04:56:22,800
Arab Architects perfected, these
buildings during medieval trade 

5323
04:56:22,800 --> 04:56:25,200
Boom, the design is so 
effective. 

5324
04:56:25,200 --> 04:56:29,300
It is barely changed across. 
Centuries, you claim a room for 

5325
04:56:29,300 --> 04:56:32,700
walls and a door that closed his
privacy for the first time in 

5326
04:56:32,700 --> 04:56:35,200
weeks. 
You sit in the enclosed space 

5327
04:56:35,200 --> 04:56:37,100
and feel strange. 
Wolves. 

5328
04:56:37,100 --> 04:56:41,700
Feel confining after endless 
Open Sky You leave the door. 

5329
04:56:41,700 --> 04:56:44,700
Propped open need to see Horizon
still. 

5330
04:56:46,000 --> 04:56:49,600
That evening multiple Caravans, 
share the space Merchants from 

5331
04:56:49,600 --> 04:56:54,300
different routes, different 
languages, different Goods, the 

5332
04:56:54,300 --> 04:56:57,900
courtyard becomes Marketplace 
and Social Hub, stories are 

5333
04:56:57,908 --> 04:57:02,300
exchanged prices. 
Are compared routes are debated,

5334
04:57:02,300 --> 04:57:06,000
this is how Merchants knowledge,
spreads oral tradition. 

5335
04:57:06,000 --> 04:57:09,900
In sheltered spaces, an Old 
Trader from the Silk Road tells 

5336
04:57:09,900 --> 04:57:12,700
of crossing the premieres in 
winter, Temperatures. 

5337
04:57:12,700 --> 04:57:17,800
So cold water Frozen, canteens 
passes, So High breathing became

5338
04:57:17,800 --> 04:57:20,700
difficult. 
He lost two fingers to frostbite

5339
04:57:20,700 --> 04:57:24,500
but gained knowledge worth the 
cost, he knows which Roots, stay

5340
04:57:24,500 --> 04:57:28,300
possible, which monasteries 
shelter Travelers, which local 

5341
04:57:28,300 --> 04:57:32,400
guides can be trusted you listen
and offer your own knowledge in 

5342
04:57:32,400 --> 04:57:35,100
return. 
The Salt Flat crossing the 

5343
04:57:35,100 --> 04:57:38,400
Weeping Stone spring, the sand 
storm timing. 

5344
04:57:38,400 --> 04:57:43,100
This exchange is ancient 
practice Merchants teaching 

5345
04:57:43,100 --> 04:57:45,700
Merchants, building Collective 
wisdom. 

5346
04:57:45,700 --> 04:57:47,700
That no single Journey could 
accumulate. 

5347
04:57:48,700 --> 04:57:52,100
Sleep in the enclosed room, 
feels wrong at first too quiet 

5348
04:57:52,100 --> 04:57:57,000
to still. 
But exhaustion wins, you sink 

5349
04:57:57,000 --> 04:58:01,100
into deep rest, your body. 
Recognizing that walls mean 

5350
04:58:01,100 --> 04:58:03,400
security. 
That locked doors reduce 

5351
04:58:03,400 --> 04:58:06,500
vigilance requirements. 
That tonight, you can fully 

5352
04:58:06,500 --> 04:58:10,400
relax morning departure from the
Caravan serai feels like leaving

5353
04:58:10,400 --> 04:58:13,500
civilization. 
Structure represents human 

5354
04:58:13,500 --> 04:58:16,100
order. 
Beyond its walls is in different

5355
04:58:16,100 --> 04:58:18,800
nature. 
You carry the contrast with you 

5356
04:58:18,800 --> 04:58:21,400
reminder. 
That safety is temporary. 

5357
04:58:21,400 --> 04:58:25,600
That desert is default that 
preparation matters always. 

5358
04:58:26,700 --> 04:58:30,900
Final week of Journey Begins 
destination, city is five days 

5359
04:58:30,900 --> 04:58:33,500
ahead. 
If travel stay smooth, the 

5360
04:58:33,500 --> 04:58:35,800
Caravan Master pushes slightly 
harder Pace. 

5361
04:58:35,800 --> 04:58:40,800
Everyone is eager to arrive to 
convert travel into profit to 

5362
04:58:40,800 --> 04:58:43,400
eat food. 
That is not dried to sleep in 

5363
04:58:43,400 --> 04:58:47,100
actual beds but you feel 
unexpected reluctance. 

5364
04:58:47,100 --> 04:58:51,300
The journey has become familiar,
The rhythms of walking and 

5365
04:58:51,300 --> 04:58:54,400
resting, this simple 
calculations of water and 

5366
04:58:54,400 --> 04:58:57,800
distance. 
The clarity of purpose cities, 

5367
04:58:57,800 --> 04:59:03,600
bring complexity negotiation 
social navigation performance of

5368
04:59:03,600 --> 04:59:06,900
merchants identity, you're not 
sure you're ready to end the 

5369
04:59:06,900 --> 04:59:10,200
simplicity. 
Rama walks steadily. 

5370
04:59:10,700 --> 04:59:12,700
She does not know destination is
near. 

5371
04:59:13,400 --> 04:59:17,700
For her each day is just 
walking, no anticipation, no 

5372
04:59:17,700 --> 04:59:22,800
complexity, just one foot. 
Then another you envy this the 

5373
04:59:22,800 --> 04:59:26,400
animal clarity The lack of 
projection into future or 

5374
04:59:26,400 --> 04:59:29,700
reflection on past. 
Pure present, existence. 

5375
04:59:30,600 --> 04:59:34,400
The Stars wheel overhead is 
always Polaris marking North, 

5376
04:59:34,400 --> 04:59:37,500
The Familiar patterns that 
guided you across salt and 

5377
04:59:37,500 --> 04:59:40,400
through Hills soon, you will 
sleep under roofs. 

5378
04:59:40,400 --> 04:59:43,700
That hide the sky will now 
navigate by street names. 

5379
04:59:43,700 --> 04:59:48,300
Instead of constellation, the 
shift will be jarring, but 

5380
04:59:48,300 --> 04:59:52,100
tonight, you are still in desert
Still Counting Stars, still 

5381
04:59:52,100 --> 04:59:56,000
measuring time by Celestial 
movement to night, your still a 

5382
04:59:56,000 --> 04:59:59,000
merchant of empty places, 
tomorrow is soon enough for 

5383
04:59:59,000 --> 05:00:03,200
arrival. 
The city appears on day 37 first

5384
05:00:03,200 --> 05:00:07,100
is Shimmer, that might be Mirage
then as definite structures 

5385
05:00:07,100 --> 05:00:11,700
breaking the horizon line. 
Finally, as unmistakable reality

5386
05:00:11,700 --> 05:00:16,700
walls, building's the organized 
chaos of human density. 

5387
05:00:17,500 --> 05:00:21,000
Your heart rating, creases and 
anticipation mixed with 

5388
05:00:21,000 --> 05:00:24,300
something like grief. 
The journey is ending. 

5389
05:00:25,500 --> 05:00:28,200
Caravan stops one final time 
before entering. 

5390
05:00:28,200 --> 05:00:32,700
Everyone had just clothing 
arranges goods for presentation 

5391
05:00:32,700 --> 05:00:36,100
transforms from Desert Travelers
back into merchants. 

5392
05:00:37,000 --> 05:00:40,300
Performance of success matters. 
You must look capable despite 

5393
05:00:40,300 --> 05:00:43,900
weeks of hardship must project 
confidence in your goods and 

5394
05:00:43,900 --> 05:00:47,200
prices. 
The city gates are tall and 

5395
05:00:47,200 --> 05:00:50,000
well-guarded trade cities, takes
security. 

5396
05:00:50,000 --> 05:00:52,500
Seriously, taxes must be 
collected. 

5397
05:00:52,500 --> 05:00:56,900
Contraband prevented order 
maintained the guards of 

5398
05:00:56,900 --> 05:00:59,900
professional. 
They check manifests ask 

5399
05:00:59,900 --> 05:01:03,900
questions about origin intent, 
assess, each Merchants 

5400
05:01:03,900 --> 05:01:07,600
legitimacy, you answer, clearly 
and provide documentation. 

5401
05:01:07,600 --> 05:01:13,500
They wave you through inside the
noise is shocking after weeks of

5402
05:01:13,500 --> 05:01:16,200
wind and footsteps and 
occasional conversation. 

5403
05:01:16,200 --> 05:01:20,300
The urban volume overwhelms 
vendors calling animals 

5404
05:01:20,300 --> 05:01:23,600
protesting carts. 
Clattering, children shouting 

5405
05:01:23,600 --> 05:01:28,100
conversation's overlapping music
from multiple sources. 

5406
05:01:28,100 --> 05:01:30,500
Your ears ring from 
overstimulation. 

5407
05:01:30,500 --> 05:01:35,300
The smells are equally intense. 
Cooking food animal. 

5408
05:01:35,300 --> 05:01:39,100
Waste perfume's, incense sweat 
spices sewage. 

5409
05:01:39,100 --> 05:01:43,500
The olfactory assault makes your
eyes water Desert Air was clean,

5410
05:01:43,500 --> 05:01:47,100
simple. 
This is Located human density, 

5411
05:01:47,100 --> 05:01:51,500
all its benefits and costs 
compressed into narrow streets. 

5412
05:01:52,400 --> 05:01:55,600
Caravan Master leads to a 
designated Merchant quarter 

5413
05:01:55,600 --> 05:01:59,700
warehouses, and lodging for 
Traders here, the chaos 

5414
05:01:59,700 --> 05:02:03,200
organizers slightly. 
This is where business happens 

5415
05:02:03,200 --> 05:02:07,600
where Goods exchanged hands, 
where fortunes are made or lost 

5416
05:02:07,600 --> 05:02:10,900
through negotiation, you have 
entered your professional 

5417
05:02:10,900 --> 05:02:14,100
element, you secure warehouse 
space for your Goods. 

5418
05:02:14,100 --> 05:02:17,400
Pay the deposit. 
Begin, unloading rahmah with 

5419
05:02:17,400 --> 05:02:18,000
careful. 
Attention. 

5420
05:02:18,000 --> 05:02:21,100
Every bundle must be accounted 
for every. 

5421
05:02:21,100 --> 05:02:24,100
Seal must be checked. 
Any damage from the journey 

5422
05:02:24,100 --> 05:02:27,600
noted, this documentation 
protects you in disputes, 

5423
05:02:27,600 --> 05:02:30,300
medieval? 
Merchants guides stress this 

5424
05:02:30,300 --> 05:02:33,400
process repeatedly. 
The Indigo cakes are intact. 

5425
05:02:34,200 --> 05:02:37,900
Some salt damage to wrapping but
the product is sound the spices,

5426
05:02:37,900 --> 05:02:41,800
sealed perfectly, no moisture 
intrusion, the cotton shows 

5427
05:02:41,800 --> 05:02:45,500
where but remains valuable, you 
calculate potential profit and 

5428
05:02:45,500 --> 05:02:48,500
feel satisfaction. 
The journey was worth it. 

5429
05:02:48,500 --> 05:02:53,200
The goods you carried commanded.
The distance successfully Rama 

5430
05:02:53,200 --> 05:02:57,000
is led to Merchants Stables 
clean, straw, freshwater, good. 

5431
05:02:57,000 --> 05:03:00,700
Father, she has earned luxury. 
You visit her before, securing 

5432
05:03:00,700 --> 05:03:03,200
your own logic, run your hand 
along her neck. 

5433
05:03:03,200 --> 05:03:06,500
Thank her quietly. 
She has been steady companion 

5434
05:03:06,500 --> 05:03:09,500
reliable when everything else 
was uncertain. 

5435
05:03:09,500 --> 05:03:11,700
The bond. 
Formed over weeks will not 

5436
05:03:11,700 --> 05:03:14,900
simply disappear. 
The lodging is simple, but feels

5437
05:03:14,900 --> 05:03:19,600
palatial an actual bed. 
Clean sheets a door that locks 

5438
05:03:19,600 --> 05:03:24,400
windows that open to let in air.
You sit on the bed and it feels 

5439
05:03:24,400 --> 05:03:28,600
wrong, too soft. 
You have slept on hard ground 

5440
05:03:28,600 --> 05:03:31,100
for so long that cushioning 
seems excessive. 

5441
05:03:31,900 --> 05:03:35,200
But you bathe first, a real bath
with hot water. 

5442
05:03:35,200 --> 05:03:39,600
The luxury is almost painful you
scrub away weaks of 

5443
05:03:39,608 --> 05:03:43,000
accumulation. 
Watch brown Water swirl away 

5444
05:03:43,000 --> 05:03:47,500
your skin emerges, pink and raw.
But clean, you dress in your 

5445
05:03:47,500 --> 05:03:51,100
Market clothes, the formal robes
kept packed for this moment. 

5446
05:03:51,100 --> 05:03:54,500
The transformation from traveler
to Merchants is complete 

5447
05:03:54,500 --> 05:03:57,000
evening. 
You walk the market quarter, 

5448
05:03:57,000 --> 05:04:01,900
assessing competition noting 
prices identifying potential 

5449
05:04:01,900 --> 05:04:04,500
buyers. 
Other Merchants from your 

5450
05:04:04,500 --> 05:04:08,800
Caravan are doing the same, the 
young Merchant looks lost, the 

5451
05:04:08,800 --> 05:04:12,500
urban complexity overwhelms. 
Him, you guide him to a 

5452
05:04:12,500 --> 05:04:16,500
recommended Tea House suggests. 
He spend one day just observing 

5453
05:04:16,500 --> 05:04:19,900
before the beginning 
negotiation, The older Merchants

5454
05:04:19,900 --> 05:04:23,900
sits at a good table, he 
gestures you to join orders tea,

5455
05:04:23,900 --> 05:04:27,800
without asking or preference. 
It arrives hot and sweetened 

5456
05:04:27,800 --> 05:04:30,900
with honey. 
The Taste is incredible after 

5457
05:04:30,900 --> 05:04:33,600
weeks of basic. 
Brew from remaining leaves. 

5458
05:04:33,600 --> 05:04:39,600
You drink slowly making it last 
He asks about your plans, you 

5459
05:04:39,600 --> 05:04:42,800
outline, your selling strategy, 
which Goods to offer first, 

5460
05:04:42,800 --> 05:04:46,600
which to hold for better prices,
how to present yourself to 

5461
05:04:46,600 --> 05:04:50,900
serious buyers. 
He listens and nods suggests a 

5462
05:04:50,900 --> 05:04:55,800
few modifications names of 
merchants, who pay fairly ones 

5463
05:04:55,800 --> 05:04:58,200
to avoid, who undervalue good 
systematically. 

5464
05:04:59,100 --> 05:05:01,200
This knowledge sharing is 
Merchant culture. 

5465
05:05:01,200 --> 05:05:03,800
You helped each other survive 
the desert. 

5466
05:05:03,800 --> 05:05:07,400
Now you help each other navigate
Market complexity. 

5467
05:05:07,400 --> 05:05:10,400
The bonds formed through shared 
difficulty. 

5468
05:05:10,400 --> 05:05:13,300
Persist, this is valuable 
Network. 

5469
05:05:14,500 --> 05:05:16,200
Trust established through 
endurance. 

5470
05:05:17,200 --> 05:05:20,300
That night's sleep is difficult.
The bed is too soft. 

5471
05:05:20,300 --> 05:05:24,100
The room to quiet? 
No stars visible through the 

5472
05:05:24,100 --> 05:05:26,700
window? 
No, Rama breathing nearby. 

5473
05:05:26,700 --> 05:05:32,300
No sense of Camp around you. 
Urban life feels alien after the

5474
05:05:32,300 --> 05:05:36,100
desert simplicity. 
You lie, awake remembering the 

5475
05:05:36,100 --> 05:05:40,900
crossing the Salt Flats, The 
Oasis, the sandstorm. 

5476
05:05:41,900 --> 05:05:44,200
Already, the journey has 
becoming story. 

5477
05:05:45,000 --> 05:05:48,400
Morning brings business. 
Your first buyer arrives early. 

5478
05:05:49,300 --> 05:05:51,700
Textile Merchant interested in 
the cotton. 

5479
05:05:52,300 --> 05:05:54,900
She examined the bolts carefully
notes. 

5480
05:05:54,900 --> 05:05:58,200
The quality asks about origin 
and transport. 

5481
05:05:58,200 --> 05:06:01,500
You answer. 
Honestly, highlight that desert 

5482
05:06:01,500 --> 05:06:05,500
Crossing proves durability 
fabric that survived Salt Flats 

5483
05:06:05,500 --> 05:06:09,000
Will Survive anything. 
She makes an offer fair but not 

5484
05:06:09,000 --> 05:06:12,600
generous you counter slightly 
higher, she accepts. 

5485
05:06:13,500 --> 05:06:16,300
The negotiation is brief and 
professional coins. 

5486
05:06:16,300 --> 05:06:20,800
Exchange hands documentation is 
prepared, your first major sale 

5487
05:06:20,800 --> 05:06:25,000
is complete the prophet covers. 
Half the Journey cost remaining 

5488
05:06:25,000 --> 05:06:28,000
Goods should put you. 
Well ahead, the Indigo attracts 

5489
05:06:28,000 --> 05:06:32,400
multiple buyers, competition 
drives price up, you negotiate 

5490
05:06:32,400 --> 05:06:35,000
carefully. 
Take the second best offer 

5491
05:06:35,000 --> 05:06:37,600
because that Merchant commits to
purchasing your next shipment 

5492
05:06:37,600 --> 05:06:40,400
sight. 
Unseen building relationships 

5493
05:06:40,400 --> 05:06:42,200
matters. 
More than maximizing single 

5494
05:06:42,200 --> 05:06:46,200
transactions, think long-term 
think reputation. 

5495
05:06:47,000 --> 05:06:48,800
By Third Day, all your goods are
sold. 

5496
05:06:48,800 --> 05:06:52,800
The prophet is excellent better 
than projected the journey 

5497
05:06:52,800 --> 05:06:54,600
expenses covered three times 
over. 

5498
05:06:54,600 --> 05:06:58,600
You have capital for next 
venture plus reputation, as 

5499
05:06:58,600 --> 05:07:02,800
Merchants to complete difficult.
Crossings this matters in trade 

5500
05:07:02,800 --> 05:07:05,700
networks? 
Reliability is currency. 

5501
05:07:05,700 --> 05:07:10,700
The Caravan Master calls final 
meeting settles accounts returns

5502
05:07:10,700 --> 05:07:13,100
deposits. 
Thanks everyone for 

5503
05:07:13,100 --> 05:07:14,600
professionalism during the 
journey. 

5504
05:07:14,600 --> 05:07:18,300
He's already organizing the next
Crossing back toward your 

5505
05:07:18,300 --> 05:07:19,200
origin. 
City. 

5506
05:07:19,200 --> 05:07:21,800
Different route, different 
season. 

5507
05:07:21,800 --> 05:07:24,100
Some Merchants sign on 
immediately. 

5508
05:07:24,100 --> 05:07:28,000
Others will rest. 
First, you can consider the pool

5509
05:07:28,000 --> 05:07:31,500
is already there. 
Cross again to test yourself 

5510
05:07:31,500 --> 05:07:34,500
against different terrain to see
what else you can endure. 

5511
05:07:34,500 --> 05:07:38,400
But first, you need time in the 
city to recover fully. 

5512
05:07:38,400 --> 05:07:42,600
To remember why you travel to 
let the desert become memory 

5513
05:07:42,600 --> 05:07:44,300
before. 
Encountering it again as 

5514
05:07:44,300 --> 05:07:47,300
reality. 
The young Merchant asks, if you 

5515
05:07:47,300 --> 05:07:52,600
will cross again, you tell him. 
Yes, eventually this is what you

5516
05:07:52,600 --> 05:07:55,000
do. 
Now, not just buying and selling

5517
05:07:55,000 --> 05:07:58,300
in markets. 
But the movement between markets

5518
05:07:58,300 --> 05:08:02,800
the transformation of goods 
through distance, the Alchemy of

5519
05:08:02,808 --> 05:08:05,800
endurance into profit. 
He says he will cross again, 

5520
05:08:05,800 --> 05:08:10,000
too, once to try the northern 
route next, the mountains and 

5521
05:08:10,000 --> 05:08:16,100
high passes different challenges
different knowledge to gain He 

5522
05:08:16,100 --> 05:08:19,400
recognized the hunger in his 
voice desert as marked him. 

5523
05:08:20,100 --> 05:08:21,900
Given him taste for testing 
limits. 

5524
05:08:23,000 --> 05:08:25,600
That evening, you walk to a 
rooftop, overlooking the city, 

5525
05:08:25,600 --> 05:08:31,600
The View extends for Miles 
buildings, Gardens the river 

5526
05:08:31,600 --> 05:08:35,300
running through the center, 
human civilization in full 

5527
05:08:35,300 --> 05:08:38,900
complexity. 
Beautiful and overwhelming. 

5528
05:08:39,900 --> 05:08:41,500
You appreciate it. 
More for having left. 

5529
05:08:41,500 --> 05:08:45,100
It the contrast makes both 
places more Vivid. 

5530
05:08:46,200 --> 05:08:49,900
But your eyes go to the Horizon.
We're City ends and desert 

5531
05:08:49,900 --> 05:08:53,400
Begins. 
The empty space is waiting the 

5532
05:08:53,400 --> 05:08:55,800
roots, not yet. 
Traveled the crossing still 

5533
05:08:55,800 --> 05:08:58,500
ahead. 
You feel the pool already? 

5534
05:08:58,500 --> 05:09:02,500
The restlessness that made you a
merchant in stead of shopkeeper 

5535
05:09:02,500 --> 05:09:07,100
the need to see what lies Beyond
known places stars appear. 

5536
05:09:07,100 --> 05:09:10,800
As light Fades, the same stars 
that guide you across, Salt 

5537
05:09:10,800 --> 05:09:16,500
Flats, Polaris deadly in North? 
Orion Rising familiar patterns 

5538
05:09:16,500 --> 05:09:18,300
that now mean, navigation, and 
time. 

5539
05:09:18,300 --> 05:09:21,300
And survival, you will always 
see stars differently. 

5540
05:09:21,300 --> 05:09:26,500
Now, not decoration but tools, 
not distant, but intimate guides

5541
05:09:26,500 --> 05:09:29,500
you return to your lodging, 
count, your profit carefully 

5542
05:09:29,500 --> 05:09:34,500
calculate options, the northern 
route, the west and passes the 

5543
05:09:34,500 --> 05:09:38,200
coastal Trails, each offers 
different challenges, different 

5544
05:09:38,200 --> 05:09:41,700
goods, different knowledge. 
The choice can wait. 

5545
05:09:42,500 --> 05:09:46,200
Tonight is for rest for 
integration, for letting the 

5546
05:09:46,200 --> 05:09:49,600
journey settle into your bones. 
Sleep comes easier. 

5547
05:09:49,600 --> 05:09:54,500
Your body is readjusted to soft 
surfaces to quiet nights to 

5548
05:09:54,500 --> 05:09:56,700
safety. 
That does not require vigilance 

5549
05:09:56,700 --> 05:10:01,600
but your dreams are of walking 
always, walking feet, finding 

5550
05:10:01,600 --> 05:10:06,200
Rhythm on hard ground Sky 
overhead distance measured by 

5551
05:10:06,200 --> 05:10:10,000
endurance and stars morning 
brings letters from home, 

5552
05:10:10,000 --> 05:10:15,200
business opportunities social 
obligations the complexity of 

5553
05:10:15,200 --> 05:10:18,100
settled life. 
You read them while drinking tea

5554
05:10:18,100 --> 05:10:22,700
respond to Urgent matters to 
further rest, you're not quite 

5555
05:10:22,700 --> 05:10:25,000
ready to fully reenter normal 
complexity. 

5556
05:10:25,000 --> 05:10:29,800
Part of your remains in desert 
walking calculating water, 

5557
05:10:29,800 --> 05:10:33,500
Counting Stars. 
The older Merchant finds you one

5558
05:10:33,500 --> 05:10:35,900
final time. 
He is leaving on tomorrow's. 

5559
05:10:35,900 --> 05:10:39,500
Caravan back toward home. 
He says the crossing was good 

5560
05:10:39,500 --> 05:10:43,200
hard, but good, the kind that 
tests without breaking. 

5561
05:10:43,200 --> 05:10:47,500
He hopes to see you on future 
routes Chateau at distant waste.

5562
05:10:47,500 --> 05:10:52,500
Trade stories at caravansary, 
you tell him the same that the 

5563
05:10:52,500 --> 05:10:56,000
shared Journey matters, that 
Merchant bonds formed through 

5564
05:10:56,000 --> 05:10:58,900
difficulty are worth keeping 
that you will look for him on 

5565
05:10:58,900 --> 05:11:01,600
future Crossing's, he nods and 
leave. 

5566
05:11:02,500 --> 05:11:05,000
Another farewell more distance 
opening? 

5567
05:11:05,800 --> 05:11:09,800
Now afternoon, you visit rammer 
at the Stables, she's resting in

5568
05:11:09,800 --> 05:11:12,600
clean. 
Straw, well, fed content. 

5569
05:11:13,500 --> 05:11:16,600
You bring her dates and she 
accepts them with familiar 

5570
05:11:16,600 --> 05:11:19,000
patients. 
You tell her about the next 

5571
05:11:19,000 --> 05:11:21,000
Journey. 
Different route. 

5572
05:11:21,000 --> 05:11:25,200
Different challenges asked. 
If she is willing, she choose 

5573
05:11:25,200 --> 05:11:27,300
her dates and watches you with 
dark eyes. 

5574
05:11:27,300 --> 05:11:31,700
Patient steady ready? 
This is the life. 

5575
05:11:31,700 --> 05:11:36,200
Now, the rhythm of crossing and 
recovering of testing limits and

5576
05:11:36,200 --> 05:11:39,900
integrating lessons of 
transforming distance into 

5577
05:11:39,900 --> 05:11:43,800
profit and hardship into 
capability your becoming what 

5578
05:11:43,800 --> 05:11:46,900
the desert requires not harder. 
Exactly. 

5579
05:11:46,900 --> 05:11:51,400
But more flexible more confident
in your ability to endure. 

5580
05:11:51,400 --> 05:11:56,000
What comes the sun sets over the
city lights, begin appearing in 

5581
05:11:56,000 --> 05:11:59,400
Windows the evening, call to 
prayer Echoes from mosque's 

5582
05:11:59,400 --> 05:12:03,300
normal rhythms of urban life, 
you appreciate them more. 

5583
05:12:03,300 --> 05:12:08,400
Now, the variety the complexity,
the simple Miracle of a abundant

5584
05:12:08,400 --> 05:12:13,400
water and available food desert 
to notice, what works to 

5585
05:12:13,400 --> 05:12:16,400
inventory blessings, even when 
surrounded by difficulty. 

5586
05:12:17,800 --> 05:12:20,300
But tomorrow, you will begin 
planning the next Crossing. 

5587
05:12:21,200 --> 05:12:25,400
Because this is what you do. 
What you are a merchant of empty

5588
05:12:25,400 --> 05:12:28,100
places? 
A Trader in distance and 

5589
05:12:28,100 --> 05:12:31,100
endurance, someone who carries 
valuable things across 

5590
05:12:31,100 --> 05:12:33,900
impossible spaces, because the 
journey itself is the 

5591
05:12:33,900 --> 05:12:38,400
transformation. 
Stars appear overhead Polaris 

5592
05:12:38,400 --> 05:12:41,700
marking North as always the sky 
that guided. 

5593
05:12:41,700 --> 05:12:46,100
You then guides you still, you 
will sleep under roofs now but 

5594
05:12:46,100 --> 05:12:50,000
you carry the desert with you in
your calculations, in your 

5595
05:12:50,000 --> 05:12:53,700
preparedness, in your quiet 
confidence that you can walk 

5596
05:12:53,700 --> 05:12:57,800
through difficulty without 
breaking 60 days, thousands of 

5597
05:12:57,808 --> 05:13:02,400
miles, Salt Flats and Oasis, 
storms, and clear, skies water 

5598
05:13:02,400 --> 05:13:06,000
carefully, managed Stars 
carefully, followed, and here 

5599
05:13:06,000 --> 05:13:10,500
you stand arrived successful. 
Ready, or ready for the next 

5600
05:13:10,500 --> 05:13:12,200
Journey? 
This is Merchant life. 

5601
05:13:12,200 --> 05:13:16,600
This is what distant teaches 
that capability grows through. 

5602
05:13:16,600 --> 05:13:20,300
Testing that the Horizon, always
offers another crossing. 

5603
05:13:20,300 --> 05:13:23,800
The desert is waiting. 
It was waiting before you 

5604
05:13:23,800 --> 05:13:26,300
crossed. 
It will wait after you cross 

5605
05:13:26,300 --> 05:13:29,000
again. 
Patient and indifferent and 

5606
05:13:29,000 --> 05:13:31,900
perfect. 
In its honesty, you will return 

5607
05:13:31,900 --> 05:13:36,300
to it. because some spaces, 
teach what cities cannot because

5608
05:13:36,300 --> 05:13:40,000
some silences speak louder than 
noise because walking through 

5609
05:13:40,000 --> 05:13:42,100
emptiness shows you what you 
actually contain. 

5610
05:13:43,100 --> 05:13:45,400
Tonight, you rest in Comfort 
tomorrow. 

5611
05:13:45,400 --> 05:13:47,300
You begin preparing for the next
Journey. 

5612
05:13:48,100 --> 05:13:52,200
This is the Rhythm now, cross 
and recover test and integrate 

5613
05:13:52,200 --> 05:13:54,900
walk until the Horizon becomes 
familiar. 

5614
05:13:54,900 --> 05:14:00,200
Then find New Horizons to walk 
toward Sweet dreams. 

5615
05:14:00,200 --> 05:14:03,500
My tired potatoes. 
May your own Crossing's, teach 

5616
05:14:03,500 --> 05:14:07,300
you what you need to learn. 
May your water last may your 

5617
05:14:07,300 --> 05:14:11,400
feet, stay strong May the Stars 
guide you through and when you 

5618
05:14:11,400 --> 05:14:14,600
arrive and you already be 
planning the next departure. 

5619
05:14:15,500 --> 05:14:17,000
Because the journey never really
ends. 

5620
05:14:17,000 --> 05:14:20,900
It just pulls his between 
Crossing's waiting for you, to 

5621
05:14:20,900 --> 05:14:23,300
be ready. 
Waiting for the desert to call. 

5622
05:14:23,300 --> 05:14:27,600
You back to its owner spaces. 
If this story helped you drift 

5623
05:14:27,600 --> 05:14:30,600
towards sleep tonight, perhaps 
you might enjoy the next desert 

5624
05:14:30,600 --> 05:14:33,400
Crossing you know where to find 
me sleep. 

5625
05:14:33,400 --> 05:14:42,800
Well, Helen Keller began her 
life against a backdrop of 

5626
05:14:42,800 --> 05:14:46,300
Reconstruction Era, Alabama. 
A place where social norms were 

5627
05:14:46,300 --> 05:14:49,600
frayed and family, legacies 
weighed heavily on each new 

5628
05:14:49,600 --> 05:14:53,200
generation. 
Born on June 27th, 1880 in 

5629
05:14:53,200 --> 05:14:55,700
Tuscumbia. 
She was part of a region, still 

5630
05:14:55,700 --> 05:14:57,700
grappling with the aftermath of 
the Civil War. 

5631
05:14:57,700 --> 05:15:01,900
Her Father, Arthur Keller, had 
served as a Confederate officer.

5632
05:15:01,900 --> 05:15:05,100
And though the war was over, its
Echoes shaped the households, 

5633
05:15:05,100 --> 05:15:09,200
underlying sense of Pride and 
anxiety from the start Helen's. 

5634
05:15:09,200 --> 05:15:11,200
Life was bound. 
By both the contradictions of 

5635
05:15:11,200 --> 05:15:14,200
her time and her family quietly 
nursing unspoken wounds of 

5636
05:15:14,200 --> 05:15:18,800
History, earliest, memories 
were, of course, colored by a 

5637
05:15:18,800 --> 05:15:21,200
devastating change that came 
when she was just a toddler 

5638
05:15:21,200 --> 05:15:23,700
sometime. 
Before she turned two and 

5639
05:15:23,700 --> 05:15:27,700
unidentified illness often 
described as brain fever robbed 

5640
05:15:27,700 --> 05:15:29,900
her of sight and hearing in many
retellings. 

5641
05:15:29,900 --> 05:15:32,900
This moment is painted as a 
heart-rending tragedy. 

5642
05:15:32,900 --> 05:15:36,400
Yet for Helen herself. 
It was a shift in perception. 

5643
05:15:36,400 --> 05:15:40,100
She never spoke of it in purely 
sorrowful terms later in life, 

5644
05:15:40,100 --> 05:15:42,100
perhaps. 
Because she was too young to 

5645
05:15:42,100 --> 05:15:44,400
fully process. 
What she had lost in essence, 

5646
05:15:44,400 --> 05:15:47,400
the deprivation of two key 
census, simply rearranged her 

5647
05:15:47,400 --> 05:15:50,900
experience of the world. 
The Keller family on the Other 

5648
05:15:50,908 --> 05:15:54,600
hand was plunged into a haze of 
uncertainty Force to adapt in 

5649
05:15:54,600 --> 05:15:58,300
ways they were hardly prepared 
for the household was a swirl of

5650
05:15:58,300 --> 05:16:02,500
tension, a child with no means 
of communication safe for raw 

5651
05:16:02,500 --> 05:16:06,100
gestures and the occasional 
shriek tested, everyone's limits

5652
05:16:06,100 --> 05:16:10,000
Helen's mother Kate, wrestled 
with both heartbreak and 

5653
05:16:10,008 --> 05:16:12,800
determination searching 
frantically for some method to 

5654
05:16:12,808 --> 05:16:15,800
reach her daughter. 
The era offered little guidance,

5655
05:16:15,800 --> 05:16:19,000
doctors gave vague sometimes 
contradictory advice. 

5656
05:16:19,000 --> 05:16:23,200
Neighbors whispered about God's 
will or Nature's cruelty Many 

5657
05:16:23,200 --> 05:16:26,300
believe that being both deaf and
blind was a lifelong sentence of

5658
05:16:26,300 --> 05:16:29,100
isolation. 
Yet Kate Keller refused to 

5659
05:16:29,108 --> 05:16:32,500
surrender to that conventional 
wisdom and began a tireless 

5660
05:16:32,500 --> 05:16:35,700
Journey, that would eventually 
take her to experts in distant 

5661
05:16:35,700 --> 05:16:38,200
cities. 
Within the walls of Ivy Green, 

5662
05:16:38,200 --> 05:16:41,900
the family's Homestead Helen's 
days were filled with tactile 

5663
05:16:41,900 --> 05:16:44,000
Explorations. 
She felt the sun in the 

5664
05:16:44,000 --> 05:16:46,100
courtyard. 
The rough bark of trees, near 

5665
05:16:46,100 --> 05:16:49,000
the garden and the lingering 
vibrations of household chores. 

5666
05:16:49,000 --> 05:16:52,300
She could sense footsteps 
vibrations on wooden floors and 

5667
05:16:52,300 --> 05:16:55,500
followed faint scents in the 
breeze to understand who was 

5668
05:16:55,500 --> 05:16:58,100
nearby. 
Though, it sounds romantic to 

5669
05:16:58,100 --> 05:17:00,900
Modern ears to Young Helen, it 
was purely survival. 

5670
05:17:01,800 --> 05:17:05,500
She used every tool. 
She had taste touch smell the 

5671
05:17:05,500 --> 05:17:08,500
delicate Tremors of movement, 
and discovered how to navigate 

5672
05:17:08,500 --> 05:17:12,000
to chaotic environment. 
Still such adaptation wasn't 

5673
05:17:12,000 --> 05:17:14,800
enough to give her a vocabulary 
or a means of expression Beyond 

5674
05:17:14,800 --> 05:17:17,400
basic wants. 
She would throw Tantrums to 

5675
05:17:17,400 --> 05:17:19,400
convey frustration grabbing at 
objects. 

5676
05:17:19,400 --> 05:17:21,600
She desired or wailing at 
moments of confusion? 

5677
05:17:21,600 --> 05:17:25,000
Her parents walked on eggshells,
never knowing when their 

5678
05:17:25,000 --> 05:17:27,200
daughter's frustration might 
explode into yet. 

5679
05:17:27,200 --> 05:17:30,000
Another outburst occasionally 
distant. 

5680
05:17:30,000 --> 05:17:33,400
Visitors from the Family Circle 
of acquaintances arrived, but 

5681
05:17:33,400 --> 05:17:37,600
few had hoped for Helen's future
one or two suggested asylums, 

5682
05:17:37,600 --> 05:17:41,400
most simply stared polite. 
Smiles masking pity. 

5683
05:17:42,400 --> 05:17:45,600
These moments of external doubt.
Only spurred, Kate Keller to 

5684
05:17:45,600 --> 05:17:48,200
keep searching. 
Perhaps the less talked about 

5685
05:17:48,200 --> 05:17:51,400
aspect of Helen's, early life is
how her father and extended 

5686
05:17:51,400 --> 05:17:52,900
relatives perceived her 
condition. 

5687
05:17:52,900 --> 05:17:56,500
While some recounted that Arthur
Keller doted on his daughter, 

5688
05:17:56,500 --> 05:17:59,900
more nuanced family letters, 
indicate a father caught between

5689
05:17:59,900 --> 05:18:04,000
love and a certain resignation. 
He harbored paternal hopes but 

5690
05:18:04,000 --> 05:18:06,400
also carried the baggage of his 
sense of masculinity. 

5691
05:18:06,400 --> 05:18:11,000
He was next Soldier a newspaper,
man, a man who prided himself on

5692
05:18:11,000 --> 05:18:13,400
discipline. 
He struggled to reconcile his 

5693
05:18:13,400 --> 05:18:16,000
own sense of masculine and see 
with the demands of a disabled 

5694
05:18:16,000 --> 05:18:18,100
daughter. 
Whose needs he struggled to meet

5695
05:18:19,000 --> 05:18:22,000
family law points to occasional 
Rifts between Arthur and Kate. 

5696
05:18:22,000 --> 05:18:25,500
Regarding what next steps to 
take, what rarely gets mentioned

5697
05:18:25,500 --> 05:18:28,400
in, simplified biographies is 
the emotional terrain, they 

5698
05:18:28,400 --> 05:18:32,100
navigated the Knights of hush 
debates, the fleeting moments 

5699
05:18:32,100 --> 05:18:36,500
where blame seeped in In these 
formative years, Helen became a 

5700
05:18:36,500 --> 05:18:39,400
puzzled to many, and she likely 
felt her sense of Disconnect 

5701
05:18:39,400 --> 05:18:41,700
connection. 
She was aware of other people's 

5702
05:18:41,700 --> 05:18:44,700
presence in the house, but had 
no structured way to relate to 

5703
05:18:44,700 --> 05:18:46,900
them. 
She had glimpses of old social 

5704
05:18:46,900 --> 05:18:49,900
cues laughter without 
understanding what triggered it 

5705
05:18:49,900 --> 05:18:53,200
scolding tones with no contacts 
for her wrongdoing. 

5706
05:18:54,000 --> 05:18:56,400
Every day stretched like an 
unsolvable riddle. 

5707
05:18:56,400 --> 05:19:00,700
The present was not a tidally 
packaged sad prologue, but an 

5708
05:19:00,700 --> 05:19:03,700
emotionally complex time a 
swirling mix of curiosity. 

5709
05:19:03,700 --> 05:19:06,100
Friction and fleeting moments of
joy. 

5710
05:19:07,100 --> 05:19:10,000
Among the lesson known anecdotes
is the story of how Helen wants 

5711
05:19:10,000 --> 05:19:12,700
attempted to mimic the actions 
of someone reading a newspaper. 

5712
05:19:13,700 --> 05:19:16,600
She had felt the crisp pages and
sensed her father's engagement 

5713
05:19:16,600 --> 05:19:19,100
with the words with no framework
for reading. 

5714
05:19:19,100 --> 05:19:22,900
She simply crumpled pages in her
hands straining to extract. 

5715
05:19:22,900 --> 05:19:25,800
Meaning from the tangles of 
paper, these silent acts of 

5716
05:19:25,808 --> 05:19:28,800
longing, spoke of a mine 
desperate to connect, and share 

5717
05:19:28,800 --> 05:19:30,800
in what everyone else seemed to 
experience. 

5718
05:19:30,800 --> 05:19:34,800
So naturally the tragedy was not
simply her lack of Senses, but 

5719
05:19:34,800 --> 05:19:38,400
her isolation within a household
of how to decode her yearning 

5720
05:19:39,300 --> 05:19:42,600
Despite this Gloomy Vantage 
seeds of determination were 

5721
05:19:42,600 --> 05:19:46,400
embedded in these early years. 
Helen did not Wilt into passive 

5722
05:19:46,400 --> 05:19:49,000
acceptance. 
Instead she poured at the 

5723
05:19:49,000 --> 05:19:52,200
Mysteries around her employing 
every sense left at her 

5724
05:19:52,200 --> 05:19:54,900
disposal. 
It was raw unrefined 

5725
05:19:54,900 --> 05:19:58,400
perseverance. 
Kate Keller fueled by maternal 

5726
05:19:58,400 --> 05:20:00,400
resolved on her quest to find 
someone. 

5727
05:20:00,400 --> 05:20:05,000
Anyone who could unlock her 
daughter's to LaPorte world. 

5728
05:20:05,900 --> 05:20:09,100
The combination of a stubborn 
child and a mother determined to

5729
05:20:09,108 --> 05:20:11,000
persevere pave. 
The way for a significant 

5730
05:20:11,000 --> 05:20:14,400
transformation that would 
eventually become legendary in 

5731
05:20:14,400 --> 05:20:17,000
time that shift would arrive and
the name. 

5732
05:20:17,000 --> 05:20:20,200
Helen Keller would be uttered 
across the globe in ore and 

5733
05:20:20,208 --> 05:20:24,400
admiration, but as we shall see,
the full story was never as tidy

5734
05:20:24,400 --> 05:20:27,700
as popular Lord would have it. 
And Sullivan stepped onto the 

5735
05:20:27,700 --> 05:20:30,100
scene. 
In 1887, as a slender 

5736
05:20:30,100 --> 05:20:34,100
serious-minded, young woman with
her Litany of difficulties, a 

5737
05:20:34,100 --> 05:20:36,700
product of poverty with limited 
sight herself. 

5738
05:20:37,500 --> 05:20:40,600
Sullivan had recently graduated 
from Laura Perkins School for 

5739
05:20:40,600 --> 05:20:43,300
the Blind. 
Many accounts portray her as a 

5740
05:20:43,300 --> 05:20:46,800
saintly figure with near 
miraculous teaching Powers yet. 

5741
05:20:46,800 --> 05:20:50,700
If we peel away the veneer of 
hero worship, we find a fiercely

5742
05:20:50,700 --> 05:20:53,600
practical individual who 
approached Helen not merely with

5743
05:20:53,600 --> 05:20:57,000
compassion, but with a 
no-nonsense determination, He 

5744
05:20:57,000 --> 05:21:00,000
did not see a pitiable child, 
but a human being aching to 

5745
05:21:00,000 --> 05:21:02,300
connect. 
And she was well, aware that her

5746
05:21:02,300 --> 05:21:05,700
struggles from an impoverished 
childhood to surgery that had 

5747
05:21:05,700 --> 05:21:08,900
partially restored, her vision 
armed, her with empathy for 

5748
05:21:08,900 --> 05:21:12,000
Helen's condition in ways. 
A more privileged teacher might 

5749
05:21:12,000 --> 05:21:15,600
never grasp their introduction, 
didn't spark instant Harmony. 

5750
05:21:16,500 --> 05:21:19,000
The colors were skeptical about 
a single young woman's ability 

5751
05:21:19,000 --> 05:21:20,500
to manage their turbulent 
daughter. 

5752
05:21:20,500 --> 05:21:23,800
Helen herself was accustomed to 
controlling the household 

5753
05:21:23,800 --> 05:21:27,200
through Tantrums during the 
initial week, the teacher and 

5754
05:21:27,200 --> 05:21:29,500
the student engaged in a 
failures battle that could have 

5755
05:21:29,500 --> 05:21:33,400
resulted in catastrophe of an 
had given in Instead Sullivan 

5756
05:21:33,400 --> 05:21:36,700
insisted on an establishing 
boundaries, she famously 

5757
05:21:36,700 --> 05:21:40,000
demanded to stay alone with 
Helen in a small cottage on the 

5758
05:21:40,000 --> 05:21:42,700
estate away from indulgent 
family members. 

5759
05:21:42,700 --> 05:21:44,800
So that real instruction could 
begin. 

5760
05:21:45,700 --> 05:21:48,700
It is often recounted that 
Helen's breakthrough came at the

5761
05:21:48,700 --> 05:21:52,800
water pump where Sullivan 
spelled w, a t e r into Helen's 

5762
05:21:52,800 --> 05:21:54,900
Palm as water. 
Rushed over her other hand, 

5763
05:21:55,700 --> 05:21:58,600
Stage and Screen have replicated
that scene to the point of 

5764
05:21:58,600 --> 05:22:01,900
cliche. 
However, the dramatic flash of 

5765
05:22:01,900 --> 05:22:03,800
realization. 
Helen felt wasn't a single 

5766
05:22:03,800 --> 05:22:06,800
moment in isolation. 
It was part of a chain reaction.

5767
05:22:07,800 --> 05:22:11,000
Sullivan had been systematically
spelling words into Helen's hand

5768
05:22:11,000 --> 05:22:14,900
for weeks patiently associating 
objects with finger spelled 

5769
05:22:14,900 --> 05:22:17,200
letters. 
The water pump incident was 

5770
05:22:17,200 --> 05:22:20,300
simply The Tipping Point when 
Helen last understood that 

5771
05:22:20,300 --> 05:22:22,800
everything around. 
Her had a label that language 

5772
05:22:22,800 --> 05:22:25,700
itself was possible that she was
not trapped in some private 

5773
05:22:25,700 --> 05:22:28,900
bubble, but living in a shared, 
nameable reality. 

5774
05:22:30,000 --> 05:22:31,600
Less celebrated moments 
peppered. 

5775
05:22:31,600 --> 05:22:34,500
This Learning Journey. 
For instance, Anne would 

5776
05:22:34,500 --> 05:22:38,000
demonstrate the concept of cool 
by pressing Helen's hand to a 

5777
05:22:38,000 --> 05:22:41,700
window pane on a chilly day. 
She Illustrated soft by letting 

5778
05:22:41,700 --> 05:22:45,200
Helen stroke, the fur of a 
nearby cat and then spelled the 

5779
05:22:45,200 --> 05:22:48,700
corresponding letters. 
It wasn't about memorizing 

5780
05:22:48,700 --> 05:22:52,500
discrete items, it was about 
teaching a conceptual framework 

5781
05:22:52,500 --> 05:22:55,900
of the world. 
Helen began to realize that 

5782
05:22:55,900 --> 05:22:57,900
there was a logic to everything 
she touched. 

5783
05:22:58,700 --> 05:23:02,200
That each texture and object had
its identity and that these 

5784
05:23:02,200 --> 05:23:05,500
identities could be conveyed 
through symbolic letters, traced

5785
05:23:05,500 --> 05:23:08,600
onto her hand. 
The social dimension of this 

5786
05:23:08,600 --> 05:23:10,400
breakthrough is perhaps the most
profound. 

5787
05:23:11,400 --> 05:23:14,500
Before an arrived Helen had been
a solitary figure. 

5788
05:23:14,500 --> 05:23:18,700
In a family that couldn't truly 
speak her language suddenly an 

5789
05:23:18,700 --> 05:23:20,600
entire universe of relationships
opened up. 

5790
05:23:20,600 --> 05:23:24,800
She could inquire all be at a 
basic level, but what her mother

5791
05:23:24,800 --> 05:23:27,500
was doing in the kitchen, she 
could express frustration in 

5792
05:23:27,500 --> 05:23:30,700
ways that might be understood 
rather than a physical 

5793
05:23:30,700 --> 05:23:34,200
outbursts, the blossoming of 
Helen's, curiosity was immediate

5794
05:23:34,200 --> 05:23:37,500
and intense, she demanded the 
name of everything Furniture 

5795
05:23:37,500 --> 05:23:40,600
Cutlery flowers, the horse in 
the stable and even more 

5796
05:23:40,600 --> 05:23:44,700
abstract terms like love. 
Indeed the lesson on love was 

5797
05:23:44,700 --> 05:23:47,600
pivotal how to convey an 
intangible concept to a child, 

5798
05:23:47,608 --> 05:23:50,600
who had thus far, only learned 
words, anchored to physical 

5799
05:23:50,600 --> 05:23:53,000
things. 
And try to explain that. 

5800
05:23:53,000 --> 05:23:56,300
You can feel the warmth of love,
just as you can feel the warmth 

5801
05:23:56,300 --> 05:23:59,900
of the sun even though you 
cannot hold it in your hand, the

5802
05:23:59,900 --> 05:24:03,800
struggle to grasp in tangible 
ideas which shape Helens future 

5803
05:24:03,800 --> 05:24:06,000
explorations of philosophy, 
Religion and Ethics. 

5804
05:24:06,900 --> 05:24:09,900
Yet the real significance goes 
beyond the novelty of a once 

5805
05:24:09,900 --> 05:24:11,400
silent, child learning to 
communicate. 

5806
05:24:12,600 --> 05:24:14,200
Helen's transformation, 
signaled. 

5807
05:24:14,200 --> 05:24:17,700
A subtle rearrangement of the 
households Dynamics, the 

5808
05:24:17,700 --> 05:24:20,100
friction between teacher and 
parents over discipline. 

5809
05:24:20,100 --> 05:24:24,200
For instance, highlights, how an
stood in not treating Helen as a

5810
05:24:24,200 --> 05:24:27,900
fragile curiosity. 
She insisted on correcting Helen

5811
05:24:27,900 --> 05:24:29,800
when she made mistakes and 
guiding her towards 

5812
05:24:29,800 --> 05:24:33,000
self-reliance. 
Those who witnessed Anne's 

5813
05:24:33,000 --> 05:24:35,900
methods might have called her 
strict, perhaps even harsh at 

5814
05:24:35,900 --> 05:24:40,000
times, but the results were 
under deny of Helen was evolving

5815
05:24:40,000 --> 05:24:43,800
from a wild misunderstood child 
into a student who recognized. 

5816
05:24:43,800 --> 05:24:47,300
There were rules processes and 
consequences in life. 

5817
05:24:48,100 --> 05:24:51,500
An intriguing anecdote rarely 
highlighted, is how Helen would 

5818
05:24:51,500 --> 05:24:54,500
sometimes mimic the attitudes or
behaviors of an herself? 

5819
05:24:55,200 --> 05:24:57,400
Because so much of Helen's 
learning was through touch. 

5820
05:24:57,400 --> 05:25:00,900
She picked up on subtle cues 
like Anne's posture or even the 

5821
05:25:00,900 --> 05:25:02,700
way Anne's face set in 
determination. 

5822
05:25:02,700 --> 05:25:06,800
It was as if Helen by holding on
to Anne's hand, was also 

5823
05:25:06,800 --> 05:25:08,300
absorbing her teacher's 
worldview. 

5824
05:25:08,900 --> 05:25:12,900
The two grew into dependent and 
Found A Renewed sense of purpose

5825
05:25:12,900 --> 05:25:15,400
and fought her insecurities 
through Helen's progress. 

5826
05:25:16,100 --> 05:25:18,500
While Helen Drew mental 
nourishment and discipline from 

5827
05:25:18,500 --> 05:25:21,900
Anne's guidance, this era. 
Therefore marked the dawn of 

5828
05:25:21,900 --> 05:25:24,200
Helen Keller's social and 
intellectual Awakening. 

5829
05:25:25,500 --> 05:25:27,800
Quickly surpassed the 
rudimentary finger, spelling 

5830
05:25:27,800 --> 05:25:31,200
lessons and delved into Braille,
then speechless lessons and 

5831
05:25:31,200 --> 05:25:33,800
eventually more advanced 
academic Pursuits, but the 

5832
05:25:33,800 --> 05:25:35,200
foundational wasn't just 
Scholastic. 

5833
05:25:35,200 --> 05:25:38,500
It was relational. 
The bond between an Sullivan and

5834
05:25:38,500 --> 05:25:41,000
Helen Keller. 
Formed the emotional Matrix that

5835
05:25:41,000 --> 05:25:44,600
made further education possible 
without Sullivan's firm hand and

5836
05:25:44,600 --> 05:25:47,400
shared battle, scarred empathy, 
Helen might never have 

5837
05:25:47,400 --> 05:25:50,300
discovered the Unstoppable 
curiosity that came to defend 

5838
05:25:50,300 --> 05:25:53,200
her and she shows her by the 
time Helen reached her 

5839
05:25:53,200 --> 05:25:56,000
adolescents, her thirst for 
knowledge had surpassed the 

5840
05:25:56,000 --> 05:25:58,700
capacity of anyone in her 
immediate circle to predict. 

5841
05:25:59,500 --> 05:26:02,400
She devoured each lesson like a 
person part for water. 

5842
05:26:03,300 --> 05:26:04,800
It wasn't just about reading or 
writing. 

5843
05:26:04,800 --> 05:26:07,500
She seemed driven to understand 
the Machinery of the world. 

5844
05:26:08,500 --> 05:26:10,100
She became fascinated by the 
ways. 

5845
05:26:10,100 --> 05:26:14,000
Different people navigated life.
And she asked endless questions 

5846
05:26:14,000 --> 05:26:16,700
about Concepts that most 
teenagers is rarely pondered 

5847
05:26:16,700 --> 05:26:20,500
philosophical puzzles. 
The nature of Ethics, why wars 

5848
05:26:20,500 --> 05:26:22,500
happened? 
And what it meant to be just in 

5849
05:26:22,500 --> 05:26:25,800
an unjust Society? 
A formal education became a 

5850
05:26:25,800 --> 05:26:29,100
patchwork of experiences 
although Helen studied at the 

5851
05:26:29,100 --> 05:26:32,400
Perkins School for the Blind for
a while and later at the right 

5852
05:26:32,400 --> 05:26:36,000
hummus and School for the Deaf 
her Mainstay remained and 

5853
05:26:36,000 --> 05:26:40,000
Sullivan's tireless instruction.
Eventually the two set their 

5854
05:26:40,000 --> 05:26:43,100
sights on something even more 
ambitious preparing Helen for 

5855
05:26:43,100 --> 05:26:45,400
college. 
At a time when few women 

5856
05:26:45,400 --> 05:26:48,400
pursued, higher education, let 
alone women with multiple 

5857
05:26:48,400 --> 05:26:51,300
sensory disabilities. 
This ambition was close to 

5858
05:26:51,300 --> 05:26:55,200
revolutionary, this necessitated
the creation of new Pathways in 

5859
05:26:55,200 --> 05:26:58,900
adaptive instruction as Anne had
to constantly innovate by 

5860
05:26:58,900 --> 05:27:02,000
converting textbooks into 
Braille spelling out lectures 

5861
05:27:02,000 --> 05:27:05,200
and accompanying Helen to 
classes, their collaboration, 

5862
05:27:05,200 --> 05:27:08,700
blurred the lines of teacher 
translator and companion in ways

5863
05:27:08,700 --> 05:27:12,200
Uncharted by conventional 
educational practices during 

5864
05:27:12,200 --> 05:27:15,300
this time and often overlooked 
aspect of Helen's development 

5865
05:27:15,300 --> 05:27:19,600
was her emotional blossoming. 
She wasn't merely an academic 

5866
05:27:19,600 --> 05:27:22,000
machine. 
She navigated the usual teenage 

5867
05:27:22,000 --> 05:27:26,300
swirl of insecurities mild, 
rebellion's, and curiosity about

5868
05:27:26,300 --> 05:27:30,200
romance and friendship. 
Family letters, rarely cited, in

5869
05:27:30,200 --> 05:27:33,200
popular biographies. 
Reveal that Helen wanted to 

5870
05:27:33,208 --> 05:27:37,200
understand how relationships 
worked, why people courted, how 

5871
05:27:37,200 --> 05:27:40,400
love flourished and sometimes 
fizzled and the role of marriage

5872
05:27:40,400 --> 05:27:44,300
in a woman's life? 
She read voraciously exploring 

5873
05:27:44,300 --> 05:27:47,700
everything from Shakespeare's on
its to newly published novels. 

5874
05:27:48,500 --> 05:27:51,200
Cleaning insights into the 
emotional tapestry of Human 

5875
05:27:51,200 --> 05:27:53,800
Relationships. 
One particularly striking 

5876
05:27:53,800 --> 05:27:56,400
instant revolves around Helen's 
experiment with speech. 

5877
05:27:57,000 --> 05:28:00,100
After mastering finger spelling 
and Braille she yearned to 

5878
05:28:00,100 --> 05:28:03,000
communicate verbally. 
Speechless lessons for the deaf.

5879
05:28:03,000 --> 05:28:06,600
Blind were still rudimentary and
progress could be excruciatingly

5880
05:28:06,600 --> 05:28:10,100
slow under the guidance of 
Sarah, Fuller at the Horace. 

5881
05:28:10,100 --> 05:28:13,000
Mann school for the deaf. 
Helen spent hours positioning 

5882
05:28:13,000 --> 05:28:14,700
her lips and tongue to replicate
sale. 

5883
05:28:14,700 --> 05:28:18,100
She could not hear She placed 
her sensitive fingertips on her 

5884
05:28:18,100 --> 05:28:20,900
teacher's face to feel the 
vibration of words. 

5885
05:28:20,900 --> 05:28:23,600
Over months of painstaking 
effort. 

5886
05:28:23,600 --> 05:28:27,600
She managed to form spoken 
phrases that were intelligible 

5887
05:28:27,600 --> 05:28:30,400
to those who knew her. 
Well, But the Triumph was 

5888
05:28:30,400 --> 05:28:31,200
Bitter. 
Sweet. 

5889
05:28:31,200 --> 05:28:34,700
Her sweet would never be as 
fluid or comprehensible to 

5890
05:28:34,700 --> 05:28:37,900
strangers and it required 
Relentless practice to maintain.

5891
05:28:38,800 --> 05:28:42,500
Yet in typical Helen fashion, 
she refused to see this 

5892
05:28:42,500 --> 05:28:45,400
limitation as defeat. 
It was merely another dimension 

5893
05:28:45,400 --> 05:28:49,300
of communication to explore. 
Socially these teenage years 

5894
05:28:49,300 --> 05:28:51,900
also brought Helen under the 
spotlight in a ways, both 

5895
05:28:51,908 --> 05:28:55,200
thrilling and uncomfortable. 
The media caught wind of a 

5896
05:28:55,200 --> 05:28:57,400
miracle child, who was deaf and 
blind yet. 

5897
05:28:57,400 --> 05:29:00,800
Flourishing academically 
journalists occasionally visited

5898
05:29:00,800 --> 05:29:03,800
to watch her articulate a few 
words or to see her read entire 

5899
05:29:03,800 --> 05:29:06,800
passages in Braille. 
Some articles were sympathetic 

5900
05:29:06,800 --> 05:29:08,600
Marvels. 
Others boarded on The 

5901
05:29:08,600 --> 05:29:13,000
Sensational depicting Helen as a
curiosity or wonder the term 

5902
05:29:13,000 --> 05:29:15,800
wander child. 
In fact appeared so frequently 

5903
05:29:15,800 --> 05:29:18,500
that Helen later expressed mixed
feelings about it. 

5904
05:29:19,400 --> 05:29:22,600
She feared, it reduced her to an
oddity rather than recognizing 

5905
05:29:22,600 --> 05:29:25,600
her as a young woman with 
complex intellect and emotions. 

5906
05:29:26,600 --> 05:29:30,200
However, the publicity had its 
advantages it introduced Helen 

5907
05:29:30,200 --> 05:29:32,500
to networks of Educators 
philanthropists. 

5908
05:29:32,500 --> 05:29:36,000
And activists who took an 
interest in her future, she 

5909
05:29:36,000 --> 05:29:38,600
began corresponding with Noble 
intellectuals of the era, 

5910
05:29:38,600 --> 05:29:41,900
forging connections, that would 
cede her later involvement in 

5911
05:29:41,900 --> 05:29:44,800
social activism. 
Mark Twain was one such figure. 

5912
05:29:44,800 --> 05:29:47,900
He was captivated by her wit and
breadth of knowledge. 

5913
05:29:48,700 --> 05:29:50,700
And their letters, showed a 
mutual admiration that 

5914
05:29:50,700 --> 05:29:53,400
transcended her disabilities. 
In an era. 

5915
05:29:53,400 --> 05:29:56,100
When conversation itself was 
often limited to those within 

5916
05:29:56,100 --> 05:29:59,700
one's immediate circle, Helen 
was forging relationships across

5917
05:29:59,700 --> 05:30:02,800
continents, Guided by Sullivan's
interpreting hands. 

5918
05:30:02,800 --> 05:30:06,600
Not everything was 
straightforward. by her late, 

5919
05:30:06,600 --> 05:30:10,100
teens Helen grappled, with the 
perennial adolescent tug of war 

5920
05:30:10,100 --> 05:30:15,600
Independence vs reliance, Anne 
Sullivan was both Guardian Angel

5921
05:30:15,600 --> 05:30:18,800
and gatekeeper the closeness. 
They shared sometimes led to 

5922
05:30:18,800 --> 05:30:21,400
friction Helen wanted more 
autonomy. 

5923
05:30:21,400 --> 05:30:25,700
Some space to make mistakes to 
be alone with a thoughts to test

5924
05:30:25,700 --> 05:30:29,400
her boundaries. 
And for her part recognized, 

5925
05:30:29,400 --> 05:30:32,600
that without her intervention, 
Helen could become overwhelmed 

5926
05:30:32,600 --> 05:30:35,900
in new environments, this 
tension, rarely escalated into 

5927
05:30:35,900 --> 05:30:40,100
open conflict, but it's simmered
for shadowing later complexities

5928
05:30:40,100 --> 05:30:43,700
in their relationship. 
One revealing episode took 

5929
05:30:43,700 --> 05:30:45,500
place. 
When Helen visited the ocean for

5930
05:30:45,500 --> 05:30:48,900
the first time she eagerly 
waited Beyond her comfort zone 

5931
05:30:48,900 --> 05:30:52,800
enthralled by the sensation of 
waves, crashing against her body

5932
05:30:52,800 --> 05:30:56,800
and worry about Helen safety 
yanked her back. 

5933
05:30:56,800 --> 05:31:00,200
This encounter illuminated the 
risk inherent in discovering the

5934
05:31:00,200 --> 05:31:02,000
world, throughout the partial 
census. 

5935
05:31:02,000 --> 05:31:04,900
Each new experience was 
exhilarating to Helen. 

5936
05:31:04,900 --> 05:31:08,300
But a sense of danger was 
limited by her lack of sight and

5937
05:31:08,300 --> 05:31:11,700
hearing a teacher and companion 
felt the weight of constant. 

5938
05:31:11,700 --> 05:31:16,300
Vigilance It was a dance of 
trust and caution exploration 

5939
05:31:16,300 --> 05:31:19,300
and safeguarding. 
One that would color Helen's 

5940
05:31:19,300 --> 05:31:21,800
life for decades to come in many
ways. 

5941
05:31:21,800 --> 05:31:25,700
These teenage years were an 
incubator for the fierce 

5942
05:31:25,700 --> 05:31:28,900
intellect and strong-willed that
the world would come to know, he

5943
05:31:28,900 --> 05:31:32,300
was no longer the Tantrum prone 
toddler, nor simply a novelty 

5944
05:31:32,300 --> 05:31:34,900
act. 
She was a growing scholar and a 

5945
05:31:34,900 --> 05:31:37,500
burgeoning thinker laying the 
groundwork for her adult 

5946
05:31:37,500 --> 05:31:40,700
Pursuits every day. 
She discovered more about the 

5947
05:31:40,700 --> 05:31:43,900
Labyrinth of human experiences 
determined to map it out, with 

5948
05:31:43,900 --> 05:31:45,500
whatever Century tools she could
muster. 

5949
05:31:46,600 --> 05:31:49,600
The next Frontier would be 
College a world of lectures, 

5950
05:31:49,600 --> 05:31:52,000
syllabi, Social Clubs and new 
ideas. 

5951
05:31:52,000 --> 05:31:54,700
That would both excited and 
challenged her in ways she had 

5952
05:31:54,700 --> 05:31:58,200
yet to imagine Helen Keller's 
enrollment at Radcliffe College 

5953
05:31:58,200 --> 05:32:02,400
in 1900, had a profound impact, 
she was the first deaf blind 

5954
05:32:02,400 --> 05:32:04,500
person to undertake a full 
course of study. 

5955
05:32:04,500 --> 05:32:07,100
At one of the nation's most 
rigorous academic institutions. 

5956
05:32:07,100 --> 05:32:11,100
From the outset, it was clear 
that neither the college nor her

5957
05:32:11,100 --> 05:32:12,800
fellow students quite knew, what
to expect. 

5958
05:32:13,800 --> 05:32:16,300
Though, Radcliffe was more 
Progressive than many, the 

5959
05:32:16,300 --> 05:32:18,500
logistics of accommodating 
Helen's needs, were 

5960
05:32:18,500 --> 05:32:22,100
unprecedented at times, 
professors struggled to organize

5961
05:32:22,100 --> 05:32:23,900
their lectures. 
For a student who is unable to 

5962
05:32:23,900 --> 05:32:25,800
see the board or hear their 
explanations. 

5963
05:32:26,700 --> 05:32:31,000
Fortunately Helen's, Unstoppable
curiosity and Anne Sullivan 

5964
05:32:31,000 --> 05:32:34,400
support filled in many gaps 
Sullivan attended lectures with 

5965
05:32:34,400 --> 05:32:37,900
her translating the spoken 
material into rapid fire finger 

5966
05:32:37,900 --> 05:32:41,400
spelling. when the course load 
approved overwhelming, a small 

5967
05:32:41,400 --> 05:32:44,900
circle of classmates pitched in 
helping to transcribe reading 

5968
05:32:44,900 --> 05:32:48,100
assignments into Braille Still, 
it was not just process. 

5969
05:32:49,200 --> 05:32:52,000
Helen joked privately that it 
felt like reading everything 

5970
05:32:52,000 --> 05:32:56,500
twice once in real time as an 
spelled it into a hand and again

5971
05:32:56,500 --> 05:33:00,300
in Braille to fully comprehend 
the text She also cultivated 

5972
05:33:00,300 --> 05:33:03,700
friendships that challenged her 
to think beyond the usual limits

5973
05:33:03,700 --> 05:33:07,300
of it as special needs student. 
Many of her new peers were 

5974
05:33:07,300 --> 05:33:10,100
ambitious, young women. 
Eager to discuss, literature 

5975
05:33:10,100 --> 05:33:14,200
art, the suffrage movement, and 
current events over tea. 

5976
05:33:15,600 --> 05:33:17,700
Helen found herself at the 
center of intellectual 

5977
05:33:17,700 --> 05:33:21,200
discourse, no longer a mere 
Curiosity on the fringes. 

5978
05:33:21,200 --> 05:33:24,300
It was during this period that 
Helen encountered, The Works of 

5979
05:33:24,300 --> 05:33:29,000
great philosophers, Plato 
Spinosa can't and wrestled with 

5980
05:33:29,000 --> 05:33:32,300
abstract Concepts in a way that 
surprised even her instructors. 

5981
05:33:33,300 --> 05:33:35,900
She was particularly taken with 
kant's ideas, about innate 

5982
05:33:35,900 --> 05:33:39,300
structures of the Mind, finding 
a parallel and her quest to 

5983
05:33:39,300 --> 05:33:42,200
conceptualize the world, despite
missing two key senses. 

5984
05:33:42,200 --> 05:33:45,400
The result was a unique 
perspective on knowledge itself.

5985
05:33:45,400 --> 05:33:49,500
Helen believed, even then that 
much of learning came from 

5986
05:33:49,500 --> 05:33:53,400
inside an internal scaffolding 
onto Which experiences could be 

5987
05:33:53,400 --> 05:33:56,100
attached. 
When classmates debated the 

5988
05:33:56,100 --> 05:33:58,500
nature of reality or the 
possibility of knowing truth 

5989
05:33:58,500 --> 05:34:01,700
Helen's contributions, had a 
resonance that came from living 

5990
05:34:01,700 --> 05:34:03,700
in a realm. 
So different from the norm. 

5991
05:34:03,700 --> 05:34:07,500
Socially Helen refused to let 
her disabilities Define her 

5992
05:34:07,500 --> 05:34:10,200
interactions. 
She attended student Gatherings 

5993
05:34:10,200 --> 05:34:12,300
though, she relied on 
interpreters to follow 

5994
05:34:12,300 --> 05:34:16,200
conversations. 
She tried however, awkwardly to 

5995
05:34:16,200 --> 05:34:19,400
engage in the typical of 
undergraduates complaining about

5996
05:34:19,400 --> 05:34:21,700
heavy workloads arguing about 
politics. 

5997
05:34:21,700 --> 05:34:24,800
Swapping opinions, on novels 
some classmates, found 

5998
05:34:24,800 --> 05:34:27,400
intimidating to speak with her 
worried. 

5999
05:34:27,400 --> 05:34:29,500
They might say something 
offensive or fail to communicate

6000
05:34:29,500 --> 05:34:33,200
properly, Helen a custom to 
these hesitations frequently 

6001
05:34:33,200 --> 05:34:37,100
introduced to self with sharp 
humor, she'd eavesdrop on Petty 

6002
05:34:37,100 --> 05:34:39,400
gossip by laying her hand on a 
conversation Partners. 

6003
05:34:39,400 --> 05:34:43,200
Lips to feel the vibration of 
their whispered words then would

6004
05:34:43,200 --> 05:34:46,000
interject a witty. 
Remark, this approach those 

6005
05:34:46,000 --> 05:34:49,300
startling at first earned her, a
circle of devoted friends, who 

6006
05:34:49,300 --> 05:34:51,000
cherished, her candle and 
intelligence. 

6007
05:34:51,000 --> 05:34:54,400
An underexplored angle is how 
this phase of Helen's life 

6008
05:34:54,400 --> 05:34:56,100
further shape her political 
Consciousness. 

6009
05:34:56,100 --> 05:34:58,900
Through her coursework and 
conversations with radical 

6010
05:34:58,900 --> 05:35:00,700
minded. 
Classmates, she became 

6011
05:35:00,700 --> 05:35:03,900
increasingly aware of social 
inequalities class struggles, 

6012
05:35:03,900 --> 05:35:07,300
and the limitations placed on 
women, this environment and 

6013
05:35:07,300 --> 05:35:09,600
doubtedly laid the seeds for her
later Act of activism in 

6014
05:35:09,600 --> 05:35:13,200
socialist movements, and 
suffrage campaigns, she no 

6015
05:35:13,200 --> 05:35:14,500
longer simply read. 
About these issues. 

6016
05:35:14,500 --> 05:35:16,500
She encountered them in the 
flesh. 

6017
05:35:16,500 --> 05:35:20,300
Fellow students worried about 
tuition or suffragists 

6018
05:35:20,300 --> 05:35:23,400
protesting in Boston, streets, 
or editorials in newspapers 

6019
05:35:23,400 --> 05:35:26,800
calling for changes in labor 
laws, Helen was struck by the 

6020
05:35:26,800 --> 05:35:30,300
disparity between the privileged
Gates of Academia and the harsh 

6021
05:35:30,300 --> 05:35:34,200
realities experienced by many 
outside them. reading the works 

6022
05:35:34,200 --> 05:35:36,800
of HG, Wells, and other Forward,
Thinking authors who challenged 

6023
05:35:36,800 --> 05:35:41,100
the status quo, escalated this 
tension, She corresponded with 

6024
05:35:41,100 --> 05:35:44,600
some of these writers forging a 
network of ideas that far 

6025
05:35:44,600 --> 05:35:47,100
surpass the typical College 
penpal relationships. 

6026
05:35:47,900 --> 05:35:50,900
Most people know of her 
friendship with Mark Twain, but 

6027
05:35:50,900 --> 05:35:53,700
fewer realized she also 
exchanged letters with reformers

6028
05:35:53,700 --> 05:35:57,400
like Jane Addams, discussing not
only disability rights but also 

6029
05:35:57,400 --> 05:36:00,500
broader social reforms. 
Her identity began to 

6030
05:36:00,500 --> 05:36:03,400
crystallize around the idea that
her life was not just about 

6031
05:36:03,400 --> 05:36:06,100
personal triumphs, but also 
about dismantling, the 

6032
05:36:06,100 --> 05:36:09,900
obstacles, social economic and 
political that held others back 

6033
05:36:09,900 --> 05:36:12,400
amid. 
All these intellectual Pursuits,

6034
05:36:12,400 --> 05:36:15,400
daily life at Radcliffe was 
still physically exhausting. 

6035
05:36:16,200 --> 05:36:18,900
Helen's Health, sometimes waiver
due to the enormous strain of 

6036
05:36:18,900 --> 05:36:22,300
Reading Writing and deciphering,
a deluge of new material. 

6037
05:36:23,000 --> 05:36:24,700
And Sullivan too felt the 
pressure. 

6038
05:36:24,700 --> 05:36:28,200
She was effectively ordering the
entire curriculum while juggling

6039
05:36:28,200 --> 05:36:31,700
her role as interpreter 
companion and caretaker. 

6040
05:36:31,700 --> 05:36:34,700
The two had to invent coping 
mechanisms like scheduling 

6041
05:36:34,700 --> 05:36:37,800
strict breaks to rest, Helens 
fingers and avoiding Marathon 

6042
05:36:37,800 --> 05:36:39,200
reading sessions late into the 
night. 

6043
05:36:39,200 --> 05:36:42,800
However neither woman was 
willing to compromise and they 

6044
05:36:42,800 --> 05:36:44,400
persevered in pursuit of 
Excellence. 

6045
05:36:45,600 --> 05:36:49,500
By the time Helen graduated with
honors in 1904, she had set a 

6046
05:36:49,500 --> 05:36:52,100
precedent that would serve as an
inspiration to numerous others. 

6047
05:36:52,100 --> 05:36:55,200
She demonstrated that a 
deaf-blind individual could 

6048
05:36:55,200 --> 05:36:58,300
excel in a challenging academic 
setting provided. 

6049
05:36:58,300 --> 05:37:01,600
They had the appropriate room 
bonders and determination, she 

6050
05:37:01,600 --> 05:37:04,800
broadened her philosophical and 
political perspectives, leaving 

6051
05:37:04,800 --> 05:37:07,700
college with convictions that 
would soon transform her from a 

6052
05:37:07,700 --> 05:37:11,100
Brazilian figure into an act of 
the distinct purpose. 

6053
05:37:11,100 --> 05:37:14,500
However, it's important to 
acknowledge that her academic 

6054
05:37:14,500 --> 05:37:16,800
achievements were only one 
aspect of her evolving 

6055
05:37:16,800 --> 05:37:19,400
character. 
Underneath the public accolades 

6056
05:37:19,400 --> 05:37:22,600
and personal Milestones, Helen 
was quietly, evolving into a 

6057
05:37:22,600 --> 05:37:24,900
thinker with a passionate 
commitment to Justice. 

6058
05:37:24,900 --> 05:37:28,200
Forging, a path few in her era 
could have predicted after 

6059
05:37:28,200 --> 05:37:31,600
completing her formal education.
Helen Keller entered the public 

6060
05:37:31,600 --> 05:37:35,000
sphere serving not only as a 
symbol but also as a conscience 

6061
05:37:35,000 --> 05:37:37,600
driven voice most mainstream 
biographies. 

6062
05:37:37,600 --> 05:37:40,600
Concentrate on her championing 
of disability rights which is 

6063
05:37:40,600 --> 05:37:43,700
undeniable. 
She worked tirelessly to improve

6064
05:37:43,700 --> 05:37:47,400
Braille systems, broaden, 
educational opportunities and 

6065
05:37:47,400 --> 05:37:50,100
secure funding for schools 
serving the visually and hearing

6066
05:37:50,100 --> 05:37:52,200
impaired. 
But that's only a fraction of 

6067
05:37:52,200 --> 05:37:55,600
her story Helen's convictions. 
Led her to join the Socialist 

6068
05:37:55,600 --> 05:37:59,000
Party in 1909 at a time when 
socialism was highly 

6069
05:37:59,000 --> 05:38:00,500
controversial in the United 
States. 

6070
05:38:01,400 --> 05:38:03,500
She believed that the same 
forces that marginalized 

6071
05:38:03,500 --> 05:38:07,400
disabled, individuals, also 
pressed workers immigrants and 

6072
05:38:07,400 --> 05:38:09,700
women. 
This stance brought her to the 

6073
05:38:09,708 --> 05:38:12,000
Forefront of priests disputes 
and political rallies. 

6074
05:38:12,000 --> 05:38:15,800
She wrote letters to newspapers,
penned essays and socialist 

6075
05:38:15,800 --> 05:38:18,600
periodicals, and even 
participated in public events to

6076
05:38:18,600 --> 05:38:22,100
advocate for fair wages 
universal, suffrage and better 

6077
05:38:22,100 --> 05:38:24,900
working conditions. 
While most people lauded her 

6078
05:38:24,900 --> 05:38:26,300
philanthropic efforts for the 
blind. 

6079
05:38:26,300 --> 05:38:29,500
Her radical politics made some 
of her admirers deeply 

6080
05:38:29,500 --> 05:38:32,700
uncomfortable. 
Suddenly the miracle child was 

6081
05:38:32,700 --> 05:38:35,100
speaking out in favor of Labor 
strikes and critiquing 

6082
05:38:35,100 --> 05:38:37,500
capitalism. 
Sponsors with Drew support 

6083
05:38:37,500 --> 05:38:40,500
newspapers that once hailed her 
as an American hero. 

6084
05:38:40,500 --> 05:38:45,100
Now, labeled her as misguided or
manipulated Helen remained under

6085
05:38:45,100 --> 05:38:47,300
heard. 
She wrote in one editorial. 

6086
05:38:48,000 --> 05:38:51,700
I cannot reconcile my admiration
of universal equality with the 

6087
05:38:51,708 --> 05:38:54,400
Toleration of a system that 
perpetuates privilege for the 

6088
05:38:54,408 --> 05:38:58,300
few Capturing a moral Clarity 
that resonated among the working

6089
05:38:58,300 --> 05:39:00,600
classes. 
In parallel to her political 

6090
05:39:00,600 --> 05:39:05,100
forays, she continued an active 
schedule of lectures, tours and 

6091
05:39:05,100 --> 05:39:06,900
fundraisers for the American 
foundation. 

6092
05:39:06,900 --> 05:39:11,100
For the blind, Helen traveled 
extensively accompanied by Anne 

6093
05:39:11,100 --> 05:39:13,700
Sullivan, who became Anne 
Sullivan Macy after marrying 

6094
05:39:13,700 --> 05:39:16,100
John Macy. 
They turned not just the United 

6095
05:39:16,100 --> 05:39:19,100
States, but also ventured 
international meeting with 

6096
05:39:19,100 --> 05:39:23,200
Educators activists and even 
heads of state to advocate for 

6097
05:39:23,200 --> 05:39:26,300
improved conditions for the 
visually and hearing impaired. 

6098
05:39:27,800 --> 05:39:31,000
In each Locale, Helen took note 
of broader social issues, 

6099
05:39:31,000 --> 05:39:35,500
Colonial exploitation, systemic 
poverty or the denial of women's

6100
05:39:35,500 --> 05:39:38,200
voting rights. 
These observations only 

6101
05:39:38,200 --> 05:39:40,700
fortified her belief that 
disability rights could not be 

6102
05:39:40,700 --> 05:39:42,600
divorced from the global fight 
for justice. 

6103
05:39:43,600 --> 05:39:46,400
One lesser known Alec involves 
Helen's, visit to Japan in the 

6104
05:39:46,400 --> 05:39:48,100
1930s. 
There. 

6105
05:39:48,100 --> 05:39:51,000
She met with Scholars and 
Community organizers, who were 

6106
05:39:51,000 --> 05:39:53,500
exploring ways to integrate 
blind workers into the local 

6107
05:39:53,500 --> 05:39:55,900
economy. 
Well, she was deeply impressed 

6108
05:39:55,900 --> 05:39:59,700
by aspects of Japanese culture. 
She also noted the undercurrents

6109
05:39:59,700 --> 05:40:02,700
of militarism that would soon 
lead to heightened tensions in 

6110
05:40:02,700 --> 05:40:05,100
her private Diaries. 
She lamented the seeds of 

6111
05:40:05,108 --> 05:40:08,500
aggression comparing them to the
imperialistic attitudes. 

6112
05:40:08,500 --> 05:40:12,000
She had witnessed elsewhere such
prescient Reflections seldom, 

6113
05:40:12,000 --> 05:40:15,100
make it into standard retellings
as they don't fit the neat 

6114
05:40:15,100 --> 05:40:18,700
Narrative of an inspirational 
figure but they reveal a woman 

6115
05:40:18,700 --> 05:40:21,600
engaged with the geopolitical 
complexities of her time. 

6116
05:40:21,600 --> 05:40:24,700
Her activism wasn't confined to 
socialist causes. 

6117
05:40:24,700 --> 05:40:28,100
She was a fervent supporter of 
women's suffrage and later 

6118
05:40:28,100 --> 05:40:31,200
championed and birth control 
aligning with figures like 

6119
05:40:31,200 --> 05:40:35,100
Margaret Sanger the stances too 
sparked controversy. 

6120
05:40:35,900 --> 05:40:38,700
Religious groups that had once 
invited her to speak, turned 

6121
05:40:38,700 --> 05:40:41,100
away from her when she supported
Reproductive Rights. 

6122
05:40:41,100 --> 05:40:45,000
Some critics accused her of 
being ungrateful to the Social 

6123
05:40:45,000 --> 05:40:48,100
and religious institution that 
had facilitated her education, 

6124
05:40:48,900 --> 05:40:51,000
Yet, Helen sense of justice was 
holistic. 

6125
05:40:51,000 --> 05:40:54,900
Refusing to compartmentalize, 
disability, advocacy from 

6126
05:40:54,900 --> 05:40:59,300
broader social reforms. 
She argued that women specially 

6127
05:40:59,300 --> 05:41:02,200
those with disabilities. 
Have the right to control their 

6128
05:41:02,200 --> 05:41:05,600
bodies and reproductive choices,
a stance that was League ahead 

6129
05:41:05,600 --> 05:41:08,300
of its time. 
Helen's engagement with the 

6130
05:41:08,300 --> 05:41:10,400
Eugenics movement of the early 
20th century. 

6131
05:41:10,400 --> 05:41:14,300
A stance that reveals her own 
internal complexities is another

6132
05:41:14,300 --> 05:41:17,500
aspect rarely featured in 
highlight reels in her youth. 

6133
05:41:17,500 --> 05:41:21,500
She showed some sympathies with 
eugenic ideas influenced by the 

6134
05:41:21,500 --> 05:41:25,300
era's scientific and cultural 
climate However, with time and 

6135
05:41:25,300 --> 05:41:27,800
further reflection, she 
distanced herself from these 

6136
05:41:27,800 --> 05:41:31,100
perspectives and advocated a 
more inclusive view of human 

6137
05:41:31,100 --> 05:41:34,500
potential. 
This shift was gradual and 

6138
05:41:34,500 --> 05:41:38,700
underscores that Helen Keller 
was not a static icon but a 

6139
05:41:38,700 --> 05:41:41,600
person capable of evolving her 
viewpoints as she absorbed new 

6140
05:41:41,600 --> 05:41:45,500
information and criticisms 
throughout these years and 

6141
05:41:45,500 --> 05:41:47,300
Sullivan remained. 
Her closest collaborator, 

6142
05:41:47,300 --> 05:41:49,800
though, their relationship had 
its strains. 

6143
05:41:49,800 --> 05:41:53,300
The strain of constant traveling
led to a decline in Anne's 

6144
05:41:53,300 --> 05:41:55,500
Health. 
Yet the teacher pupil Bond had 

6145
05:41:55,500 --> 05:41:57,500
evolved far beyond its original 
form. 

6146
05:41:57,500 --> 05:42:01,400
They were co-conspirators in 
activism confidants in personal 

6147
05:42:01,400 --> 05:42:04,200
matters and mutual sounding 
boards for each other's moral 

6148
05:42:04,200 --> 05:42:07,300
dilemmas. 
If friction arose, it was often 

6149
05:42:07,300 --> 05:42:08,900
because Helen's activism 
demanded. 

6150
05:42:08,900 --> 05:42:12,100
A pace that hand struggled to 
sustain or because Anne 

6151
05:42:12,100 --> 05:42:14,900
sometimes worry about the 
backlash Helen's radical stance 

6152
05:42:14,900 --> 05:42:17,700
is invited. 
But ultimately, they face the 

6153
05:42:17,700 --> 05:42:22,600
spotlight together Helen as the 
Unstoppable champion and as the 

6154
05:42:22,600 --> 05:42:25,800
essential if often overshadowed 
Pillar. 

6155
05:42:26,800 --> 05:42:30,600
By the mid-1920s Helen Keller 
was no longer just a household 

6156
05:42:30,600 --> 05:42:34,700
name but a force in Civic. 
Discourse challenging norms and 

6157
05:42:34,700 --> 05:42:37,000
expanding the conversation on 
disability rights. 

6158
05:42:37,000 --> 05:42:41,600
Labor conditions, women's 
Liberation and Beyond yet in 

6159
05:42:41,600 --> 05:42:44,700
popular imagination. 
These achievements paled beside 

6160
05:42:44,700 --> 05:42:47,500
the sanitized image of a girl 
who learned to speak and read 

6161
05:42:47,500 --> 05:42:51,000
media outlets and charitable 
organizations often prefer the 

6162
05:42:51,000 --> 05:42:54,000
simpler Tale. 
Finding her radical Zeal 

6163
05:42:54,000 --> 05:42:57,900
complicated to Market. 
But Helen pushed on convinced 

6164
05:42:57,900 --> 05:43:00,900
that an unexamined stance on 
social issues was a betrayal of 

6165
05:43:00,900 --> 05:43:03,200
her own personal Journey. 
For her. 

6166
05:43:04,100 --> 05:43:06,800
Victory over adversity. 
Served as a call to transform 

6167
05:43:06,800 --> 05:43:09,700
Society in that. 
Others would not have to endure.

6168
05:43:09,700 --> 05:43:13,000
The same struggles in the 
decades following her emergence 

6169
05:43:13,000 --> 05:43:16,000
as a public figure, Helen 
Keller, became something of an 

6170
05:43:16,000 --> 05:43:19,200
international phenomenon, she 
gave lectures around the globe, 

6171
05:43:19,200 --> 05:43:23,100
always with an interpreter by 
her side initially and Sullivan 

6172
05:43:23,100 --> 05:43:27,300
and later Polly Thompson Wentz 
health and large audience is 

6173
05:43:27,300 --> 05:43:30,600
gathered to see how a deaf blind
individual could stand on stage 

6174
05:43:30,600 --> 05:43:34,000
attempts spoken words and then 
communicate more fully through 

6175
05:43:34,000 --> 05:43:36,600
hand signals. 
Braille will the vibrant 

6176
05:43:36,600 --> 05:43:38,400
expressiveness of her face and 
body language. 

6177
05:43:39,500 --> 05:43:42,500
Though there was a measure of 
spectacle in these events Helen 

6178
05:43:42,500 --> 05:43:45,000
substance often transcended the 
Curiosity Factor. 

6179
05:43:45,800 --> 05:43:48,800
She was unabashed in calling 
out, injustices whether 

6180
05:43:48,800 --> 05:43:52,200
addressing Colonial practices in
India or the plight of European 

6181
05:43:52,200 --> 05:43:55,200
refugees fleeing Warfare. 
One memorable tour. 

6182
05:43:55,200 --> 05:43:58,400
Took her to South America where 
she visited schools for the 

6183
05:43:58,400 --> 05:44:02,000
blind in Brazil and Argentina. 
Unlike some Western Travelers 

6184
05:44:02,000 --> 05:44:05,300
have her day Helen didn't 
confine us to upscale reception 

6185
05:44:05,300 --> 05:44:07,500
halls. 
She insisted on meeting local 

6186
05:44:07,500 --> 05:44:10,600
activists and workers even 
venturing into factories and 

6187
05:44:10,600 --> 05:44:13,300
impoverished neighborhoods to 
speak with those whose lives 

6188
05:44:13,300 --> 05:44:15,000
rarely intersected with the 
privilege. 

6189
05:44:15,700 --> 05:44:17,900
While she couldn't hear the 
noise of Machinery or see the 

6190
05:44:17,908 --> 05:44:20,600
cramped living conditions? 
She felt the vibrations and 

6191
05:44:20,600 --> 05:44:23,800
glean details through incessant 
questioning, she touched the 

6192
05:44:23,800 --> 05:44:27,700
walls, the Warren tools, The 
Battered tables and spelled into

6193
05:44:27,700 --> 05:44:29,600
her companions. 
Hand refusing, to remain 

6194
05:44:29,600 --> 05:44:31,300
insulated from the reality's 
outside. 

6195
05:44:31,300 --> 05:44:34,700
The lecture circuits in each new
place, Helen encountered, both 

6196
05:44:34,700 --> 05:44:38,600
adoration and bewilderment. 
Some officials tried to dissuade

6197
05:44:38,600 --> 05:44:41,000
her from delving into Political 
matters. 

6198
05:44:41,000 --> 05:44:43,500
Hoping she'd stick to Safe 
topics about overcoming 

6199
05:44:43,500 --> 05:44:47,000
adversity, but Helen had 
outgrown that sanitized script. 

6200
05:44:47,900 --> 05:44:51,600
She understood that her personal
story, often trivialized into a 

6201
05:44:51,600 --> 05:44:53,600
field. 
Good narrative had the potential

6202
05:44:53,600 --> 05:44:57,300
to create opportunities and once
those opportunities presented 

6203
05:44:57,300 --> 05:45:01,200
themselves, She did not hesitate
to confront oppressive systems 

6204
05:45:01,200 --> 05:45:05,300
in private Diaries. 
She noted, the contradictions I 

6205
05:45:05,300 --> 05:45:07,700
am the invited guests. 
Brought here to display my 

6206
05:45:07,700 --> 05:45:11,100
fortitude, yet, I see how 
fortitude might serve us all. 

6207
05:45:11,100 --> 05:45:15,200
If we only broadened our sense 
of responsibility, During these 

6208
05:45:15,200 --> 05:45:18,900
travels Helen also experienced 
poignant human Connections. 

6209
05:45:18,900 --> 05:45:22,700
In one instance, she met an 
indigenous leader in Peru who 

6210
05:45:22,700 --> 05:45:25,700
communicated with her, through 
an interpreter, describing the 

6211
05:45:25,700 --> 05:45:28,600
Region's social stratification 
in the exploitation of local 

6212
05:45:28,600 --> 05:45:31,500
resources Helen through her 
interpreter. 

6213
05:45:31,500 --> 05:45:34,800
Conveyed solidarity and Drew 
parallels between being 

6214
05:45:34,800 --> 05:45:38,000
marginalized due to disability 
and being marginalized due to 

6215
05:45:38,000 --> 05:45:42,000
ethnicity or economic status. 
Such encounters reinforced her 

6216
05:45:42,000 --> 05:45:44,300
core belief that different 
struggles against depression. 

6217
05:45:44,300 --> 05:45:48,400
Shared the same route's the 
scope of her activism expanded 

6218
05:45:48,400 --> 05:45:51,500
as World War, Two loomed. 
Although Helen had long held 

6219
05:45:51,500 --> 05:45:53,900
pacifist. 
Leanings influenced by her 

6220
05:45:53,900 --> 05:45:56,500
reading of Tolstoy and her own 
moral convictions. 

6221
05:45:56,500 --> 05:45:59,100
The rise of fascism tested her 
ideals. 

6222
05:45:59,800 --> 05:46:02,800
She publicly denounced Hitler's 
regime condemning its 

6223
05:46:02,800 --> 05:46:06,300
persecution of disabled 
individuals among others and 

6224
05:46:06,300 --> 05:46:09,400
wrote scathing editorials about 
book burnings that had included 

6225
05:46:09,400 --> 05:46:12,400
her Works. 
Yes not to Germany had burned. 

6226
05:46:12,400 --> 05:46:15,500
Some of Helen Keller's writings 
seeing them as emblematic of 

6227
05:46:15,500 --> 05:46:18,300
degenerate values. 
Simultaneously. 

6228
05:46:18,300 --> 05:46:21,400
She denounced the idea of forced
American isolationism and 

6229
05:46:21,400 --> 05:46:24,300
advocated for international 
solidarity against tyranny. 

6230
05:46:25,100 --> 05:46:28,700
This stance wasn't universally 
popular, some isolationists 

6231
05:46:28,700 --> 05:46:31,500
believe that Helen was meddling 
in political Affairs Beyond her 

6232
05:46:31,500 --> 05:46:34,800
scope, but she saw it 
differently in a letter. 

6233
05:46:34,808 --> 05:46:38,600
She wrote when a state turns 
upon its most vulnerable, it 

6234
05:46:38,600 --> 05:46:42,200
reveals, its moral bankruptcy 
for all to see who better to 

6235
05:46:42,200 --> 05:46:44,000
speak against these actions than
someone. 

6236
05:46:44,000 --> 05:46:46,300
Who knows what it is like to 
rely on the conscience of 

6237
05:46:46,300 --> 05:46:49,100
society. 
Despite the rigorous travel and 

6238
05:46:49,100 --> 05:46:52,300
public engagements, Helen found 
time to pursue cultural 

6239
05:46:52,300 --> 05:46:54,900
interests. 
She was fascinated by music, 

6240
05:46:54,900 --> 05:46:56,400
though. 
She could not hear it in the 

6241
05:46:56,408 --> 05:46:59,400
conventional sense. 
She would Place her fingertips 

6242
05:46:59,400 --> 05:47:03,400
on a piano surface to feel the 
vibration or rest to hand on a 

6243
05:47:03,408 --> 05:47:06,200
singer's throat. 
To sense the changes in Pitch. 

6244
05:47:07,100 --> 05:47:10,600
He called it an intimate ballet 
of my fingers describing how the

6245
05:47:10,600 --> 05:47:14,100
tactile Impressions, formed 
patterns in her mind allowing 

6246
05:47:14,100 --> 05:47:16,200
her a unique kind of musical 
experience. 

6247
05:47:17,300 --> 05:47:20,300
She also became enamored with 
world literature seeking 

6248
05:47:20,300 --> 05:47:23,000
translation in Braille from 
Russian classic to Japanese 

6249
05:47:23,000 --> 05:47:26,600
poetry, this, intellectual 
breadth, often surprised those 

6250
05:47:26,600 --> 05:47:29,400
who expected her to remain 
confined to topic of disability 

6251
05:47:29,400 --> 05:47:31,900
rights. 
Another rarely discussed 

6252
05:47:31,900 --> 05:47:34,400
dimension of Helen's. 
Journey was her evolving 

6253
05:47:34,400 --> 05:47:37,400
spirituality. 
Raised in a Christian household,

6254
05:47:37,400 --> 05:47:40,700
she later explored various 
philosophical and religious 

6255
05:47:40,700 --> 05:47:43,200
Traditions. 
She read translations of the 

6256
05:47:43,200 --> 05:47:46,500
parvat Gita delved into the 
teachings of Emmanuel. 

6257
05:47:46,500 --> 05:47:49,800
Swedenborg and even sampled the 
writings of Islamic scholars. 

6258
05:47:50,600 --> 05:47:53,300
These Explorations didn't 
produce a dramatic conversion 

6259
05:47:53,300 --> 05:47:56,200
story, but rather a composite 
view of faith. 

6260
05:47:57,000 --> 05:48:00,000
She saw spiritual teachings as a
kind of universal language 

6261
05:48:00,000 --> 05:48:03,500
speaking to Shared moral 
imperatives, kindness Justice, 

6262
05:48:03,500 --> 05:48:06,500
humility. 
This Viewpoint steered her 

6263
05:48:06,500 --> 05:48:10,100
toward a more inclusive activism
one that recognized spiritual 

6264
05:48:10,100 --> 05:48:13,700
impulses across cultural 
barriers, all the while her 

6265
05:48:13,700 --> 05:48:16,000
personals life was subject to 
speculation. 

6266
05:48:16,000 --> 05:48:19,600
People wondered if Helen had 
romantic attachments or yearned 

6267
05:48:19,600 --> 05:48:22,600
for marriage and children. 
Some whispered rumors about 

6268
05:48:22,600 --> 05:48:25,600
relationships with male 
companions journalists activists

6269
05:48:25,600 --> 05:48:29,200
or interpreters, she really 
addressed the speculations 

6270
05:48:29,200 --> 05:48:31,200
publicly in private 
correspondence. 

6271
05:48:31,200 --> 05:48:33,900
She alluded to fleeting 
affections but seemed to 

6272
05:48:33,908 --> 05:48:35,600
prioritize her mission of all 
else. 

6273
05:48:35,600 --> 05:48:39,400
She wants wrote to a friend. 
My life is Guided by a sense of 

6274
05:48:39,400 --> 05:48:41,500
Duty, not a longing for 
domestication. 

6275
05:48:42,200 --> 05:48:44,600
I find my solace in the broad 
love of humanity. 

6276
05:48:44,600 --> 05:48:47,200
Whether the statement was a 
genuine expression of 

6277
05:48:47,200 --> 05:48:50,200
contentment or a protective 
stance in a world that doubted 

6278
05:48:50,200 --> 05:48:53,500
the sexuality, and agency of 
disabled individuals is open to 

6279
05:48:53,500 --> 05:48:56,600
interpretation. 
By the end of her Global tours, 

6280
05:48:56,600 --> 05:49:00,000
Helen Keller had significantly 
influenced Global Affairs. 

6281
05:49:00,000 --> 05:49:04,100
A fact that many were unaware of
She was no longer just an 

6282
05:49:04,100 --> 05:49:06,400
American icon, she was an 
international Advocate, 

6283
05:49:06,400 --> 05:49:10,300
Connecting Threads of activism 
philosophy and personal 

6284
05:49:10,300 --> 05:49:13,400
determination. 
The seeds planted during these 

6285
05:49:13,400 --> 05:49:15,500
travels would germinate long 
after. 

6286
05:49:15,500 --> 05:49:19,000
She returned home, setting the 
stage for the final chapter of 

6287
05:49:19,000 --> 05:49:21,900
her extraordinary, life 
chapters, that revealed both the

6288
05:49:21,900 --> 05:49:25,400
triumphs by the end of her 
Global tours, Helen, Keller had 

6289
05:49:25,400 --> 05:49:27,400
significantly influenced Global 
Affairs. 

6290
05:49:27,400 --> 05:49:30,600
A fact that many were unaware of
and a legacy. 

6291
05:49:30,600 --> 05:49:34,700
This shapes and human life. 
Helen Keller's lady years often 

6292
05:49:34,700 --> 05:49:36,900
get overshadowed by the 
recounting of her childhood 

6293
05:49:36,900 --> 05:49:40,100
miracle and her Global tours, 
but they were marked by both 

6294
05:49:40,100 --> 05:49:43,200
measured tranquility and 
Relentless engagement with 

6295
05:49:43,200 --> 05:49:47,600
causes she deemed vital. 
As an Sullivan's Health declined

6296
05:49:47,600 --> 05:49:52,100
and eventually led to her 
passing in 1936 Helen face, a 

6297
05:49:52,100 --> 05:49:55,800
profound personal loss. 
An had been her teacher 

6298
05:49:55,800 --> 05:50:02,100
translator Confidant, and most 
importantly, a steadfast Ally in

6299
05:50:02,100 --> 05:50:05,200
all her endeavors. 
Although Polly Thompson and 

6300
05:50:05,200 --> 05:50:08,600
later when he core belief 
assisted Helen, none could 

6301
05:50:08,600 --> 05:50:10,200
replace the nearly mythical 
Bond. 

6302
05:50:10,200 --> 05:50:13,700
She shared with an in private 
letters, Helen described feeling

6303
05:50:13,700 --> 05:50:18,600
like a part of her gone silent. 
Yet even amid this grief, she 

6304
05:50:18,600 --> 05:50:22,400
pressed on translating sorrow 
into continued activism and 

6305
05:50:22,400 --> 05:50:25,600
public service. 
She intensified her Outreach to 

6306
05:50:25,600 --> 05:50:27,300
injured veterans during World 
War 2. 

6307
05:50:27,300 --> 05:50:30,600
As many of them returned from 
the front lines with Newfound 

6308
05:50:30,600 --> 05:50:34,000
disabilities, she visited 
hospitals, showcasing her 

6309
05:50:34,000 --> 05:50:36,300
Braille. 
And other adaptive methods could

6310
05:50:36,300 --> 05:50:39,900
provide access to education and 
employment opportunities for 

6311
05:50:39,900 --> 05:50:41,500
these men witnessing Helen 
Keller. 

6312
05:50:41,500 --> 05:50:44,700
A figure known worldwide for 
transcending sensory barriers 

6313
05:50:44,700 --> 05:50:48,800
offered tangible hope She didn't
sugarcoat, the challenge is 

6314
05:50:48,800 --> 05:50:52,100
instead she conveyed the message
that resilience was a 

6315
05:50:52,100 --> 05:50:54,300
discipline. 
Something cultivated through 

6316
05:50:54,300 --> 05:50:57,800
consistent determined effort 
bolstered by super supportive 

6317
05:50:57,800 --> 05:51:00,800
communities. 
By this point, her anti-fashion 

6318
05:51:00,800 --> 05:51:04,300
stance was unequivocal and she 
frequently linked the fight 

6319
05:51:04,300 --> 05:51:07,200
against a prison abroad to the 
fight for equality at home. 

6320
05:51:08,200 --> 05:51:11,000
In the postwar Years, Helen 
remained a champion for 

6321
05:51:11,000 --> 05:51:13,600
disability rights, but she never
abandoned her. 

6322
05:51:13,600 --> 05:51:17,100
Broader social conviction. 
She supported the burgeoning 

6323
05:51:17,100 --> 05:51:19,700
Civil Rights Movement drawing, 
parallels between the 

6324
05:51:19,700 --> 05:51:22,800
marginalization of people of 
color, and that of disabled 

6325
05:51:22,800 --> 05:51:26,900
individuals, She wrote letters 
to leaders like w e b Dubois 

6326
05:51:26,900 --> 05:51:31,400
voicing her unwavering support. 
And she cited the same moral 

6327
05:51:31,400 --> 05:51:34,600
logic, she'd relied on 
throughout her life that Society

6328
05:51:34,600 --> 05:51:36,800
cannot progress. 
When entire groups are 

6329
05:51:36,800 --> 05:51:40,300
systematically denied basic 
rights, While she was not as 

6330
05:51:40,300 --> 05:51:42,800
visible in civil rights actions,
as younger activists. 

6331
05:51:42,800 --> 05:51:45,900
Her public statements lent, 
moral weight to the cause. 

6332
05:51:45,900 --> 05:51:50,000
Meanwhile, her personal 
Reflections matured in a series 

6333
05:51:50,000 --> 05:51:51,900
of essays. 
She lamented the ways. 

6334
05:51:51,900 --> 05:51:55,000
Her socialist views had been 
either ignored or glossed over 

6335
05:51:55,000 --> 05:51:58,000
by organizations, eager to use 
her image for fundraising. 

6336
05:51:58,000 --> 05:52:02,000
She recognized that she'd become
a symbol often an inspirational 

6337
05:52:02,000 --> 05:52:02,500
one. 
Yes. 

6338
05:52:02,500 --> 05:52:05,900
But also a convenient caricature
that overshadowed her nuanced 

6339
05:52:05,900 --> 05:52:09,400
political beliefs. 
She wrote the world like to see 

6340
05:52:09,400 --> 05:52:12,500
a Triumph but it becomes uneasy 
when that Triumph calls for a 

6341
05:52:12,500 --> 05:52:16,300
radical shifting consciousness. 
These essays never garnered the 

6342
05:52:16,300 --> 05:52:18,800
attention of her earlier. 
Achievements partly, because 

6343
05:52:18,800 --> 05:52:21,600
they challenge readers to 
confront deep-seated prejudices 

6344
05:52:21,600 --> 05:52:26,400
about both disability and class.
She moved into her 70s, Helen's 

6345
05:52:26,400 --> 05:52:28,500
Pace. 
Slowed some what though she 

6346
05:52:28,500 --> 05:52:30,400
refused to slip quietly into 
retirement. 

6347
05:52:31,500 --> 05:52:34,900
Still traveled across the United
States visiting schools for the 

6348
05:52:34,900 --> 05:52:38,600
blind giving lectures at 
universities and meeting public 

6349
05:52:38,600 --> 05:52:40,100
figures. 
Who sought her endorsement? 

6350
05:52:41,000 --> 05:52:44,400
Hollywood occasionally Came 
Calling wanting to dramatize her

6351
05:52:44,400 --> 05:52:48,500
life for the umpteenth time. 
Despite her appreciation for the

6352
05:52:48,508 --> 05:52:51,500
renewed interest, she was 
cautious about repetitive 

6353
05:52:51,500 --> 05:52:55,000
storytelling that reduced her to
a mere child at the water pump. 

6354
05:52:55,000 --> 05:52:58,700
She often insisted that any 
portrayal include her advocacy 

6355
05:52:58,700 --> 05:53:01,600
work and her worldview. 
They producers weren't always 

6356
05:53:01,600 --> 05:53:04,300
receptive. 
She also kept she was writing 

6357
05:53:04,300 --> 05:53:07,600
producing articles letters and 
Reflections that hammered home, 

6358
05:53:07,600 --> 05:53:11,400
her belief in Humanities 
interconnected destiny, Helen's 

6359
05:53:11,400 --> 05:53:15,300
passing on June 1st. 1968 
brought tributes from Around the

6360
05:53:15,300 --> 05:53:19,500
Globe, obituaries lauded her as 
the miracle workers Miracle. 

6361
05:53:19,500 --> 05:53:23,800
A phrase that while meant to 
honor, her only reinforced, the 

6362
05:53:23,800 --> 05:53:27,100
simplistic narrative, she had 
wrestled with all her life. 

6363
05:53:28,000 --> 05:53:30,800
Yet behind the public memorials 
there was a Rippling 

6364
05:53:30,800 --> 05:53:33,900
acknowledgment that Helen Keller
had been far more than a figure 

6365
05:53:33,900 --> 05:53:36,000
of pity or even of personal 
Triumph. 

6366
05:53:37,000 --> 05:53:40,000
She had been a thinker and 
activist a woman of conviction 

6367
05:53:40,000 --> 05:53:42,100
whose reach extended into issues
of class. 

6368
05:53:42,100 --> 05:53:46,200
Struggle, International, Peace, 
Women rights and racial Justice.

6369
05:53:47,200 --> 05:53:50,600
In the decades, since her death 
historians and activists of 

6370
05:53:50,600 --> 05:53:54,000
labored to resurrect the parts 
of Helen's story that mainstream

6371
05:53:54,000 --> 05:53:56,800
culture brushed aside new 
scholarship. 

6372
05:53:56,800 --> 05:54:00,300
Highlights her political essays,
her critiques of capitalism her 

6373
05:54:00,300 --> 05:54:03,100
commitment to civil rights and 
even her flirtations with 

6374
05:54:03,100 --> 05:54:06,400
various Global philosophies 
disability rights Advocates 

6375
05:54:06,400 --> 05:54:09,700
often point to her, as an early 
champion who recognized that the

6376
05:54:09,700 --> 05:54:11,900
fight for equal education and 
social inclusion was 

6377
05:54:11,900 --> 05:54:14,700
fundamentally linked to broader 
societal reform. 

6378
05:54:15,600 --> 05:54:18,300
While some might still cling to 
the hagiographic tale of a 

6379
05:54:18,300 --> 05:54:21,800
little girl saved, by a saintly 
teacher, an increasing number of

6380
05:54:21,800 --> 05:54:24,400
people have come to appreciate 
the full tapestry of her life. 

6381
05:54:24,400 --> 05:54:28,300
Nuanced sometimes contradictory,
but always deeply engaged with 

6382
05:54:28,300 --> 05:54:32,000
the moral imperatives of hero. 
Helen Keller wasn't just the 

6383
05:54:32,000 --> 05:54:34,500
child at the pump, or The 
Smiling woman on stage 

6384
05:54:34,500 --> 05:54:37,600
demonstrating, how she spoke. 
She was an impassioned. 

6385
05:54:37,600 --> 05:54:42,400
Imperfect, evolving figure whose
challenges didn't simply end 

6386
05:54:42,400 --> 05:54:45,900
when she learned her first word.
That Victory merely marked, the 

6387
05:54:45,900 --> 05:54:49,200
beginning of a lifetime of 
struggles, fights for personal 

6388
05:54:49,200 --> 05:54:52,500
self-expression, and for a 
society, that valued all forms 

6389
05:54:52,500 --> 05:54:56,600
of existence and potential. 
Helen Keller's Legacy, surpasses

6390
05:54:56,600 --> 05:54:59,100
the common belief that one can 
achieve anything through hard 

6391
05:54:59,100 --> 05:55:03,400
work, it reaches toward a more 
profound truth empathy for 

6392
05:55:03,400 --> 05:55:06,300
others, combined, with the 
courage, to challenge Injustice,

6393
05:55:06,300 --> 05:55:09,100
can reshape how Society 
understands both its strengths 

6394
05:55:09,100 --> 05:55:12,900
and its responsibilities. 
In this light Helen, Keller 

6395
05:55:12,900 --> 05:55:16,100
stands not merely as a testament
to perseverance, but as a 

6396
05:55:16,100 --> 05:55:18,800
Clarion call for any generation 
that seeks to reconcile, the 

6397
05:55:18,800 --> 05:55:21,600
gulf between lofty, ideals and 
real-world inequalities. 

6398
05:55:22,300 --> 05:55:24,900
She reminds us that what begins 
as a personal struggle, can 

6399
05:55:24,900 --> 05:55:28,800
flour into a collective cause a 
cause that demands continuous 

6400
05:55:28,800 --> 05:55:33,700
effort Relentless curiosity and 
above all unwavering Humanity.