The Calm Agreement That Couldn’t Stop What Came Next | History for Sleep

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Welcome to another quiet corner 
of History. 

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My tired little friends. 
Let's snuggle up because this is

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a place where diplomats chose 
careful, words, overdrawn swords

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and delay itself became a form 
of victory tonight. 

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You'll walk the marble halls of 
the Congress of Vienna in 1814 

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and 1815 where European powers 
gathered after Napoleon's 

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abdication to redraw the map of 
their continent. 

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But before we start, I'd love to
know how you're doing down below

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where in the world you're 
listening in from, and what time

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it is for you. 
Now, while I do my brief little 

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pause, make sure to turn on a 
fan of some kind for some 

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comforting, white noise. 
And let's get some perfect rest.

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You step off a carriage onto the
cobblestones of Vienna on a 

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September afternoon in 1814 and 
your legs ache from three weeks 

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of travel. 
The city smells of roasted 

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chestnuts and chimney smoke and 
somewhere nearby a street. 

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Vendor selling hot wine, that 
sends cinnamon centered. 

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Steam, curling into the Autumn 
are your diplomatic credentials,

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sit heavy in your leather 
satchel and you're frankly 

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amazed. 
They got you this far without 

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someone asking too many 
questions about your 

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qualifications. 
The truth is that Europe is 

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exhausted for 23 years. 
The continent has lurched from 

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one conflict to another and now 
Napoleon Bonaparte sits in Exile

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on Elba, That small 
Mediterranean island that 

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everyone hopes will be quite 
sufficient for containing one 

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diminished Emperor, the man, who
once commanded Army stretching 

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from Spain to Moscow, now 
governs 21 square miles of Rocky

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Coastline, and the great Powers 
gathering in Vienna would very 

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much. 
Like, to keep things that way 

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you'll hear because someone 
decided your minor principality 

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deserved a seat at the table, 
even if that seat will be 

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somewhere near the back, whether
the refreshments run out first. 

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But you're not complaining the 
Congress of Vienna promises to 

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be the social event of the 
decade complete with balls, 

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every evening, and enough 
pastries to reconstruct, the 

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Austrian economy entirely 
through butter consumption, your

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lodgings occupy three rooms 
above a watchmaker's shop and 

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the constant ticking from 
downstairs creates a peculiar 

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sort of lullaby. 
The watchmaker himself a 

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gentleman named her Mueller with
spectacular mutton chopped 

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whiskers brings, you coffee each
morning at precisely 6:00 

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though, you've never requested 
this service. 

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He simply appears sets down the 
tray and departs without comment

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as if caffeine delivery were 
encoded in Austrian law, the 

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preliminary sessions begin 
within the week and already the 

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city buzzers with rumor and 
counter. 

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Rumor Prince Metallica of 
Austria, intends to dominate the

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proceedings. 
Lord Castel from Britain won't 

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concede an inch on the balance 
of power. 

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Talon. 
Representing, France. 

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Yes, France, the nation. 
Everyone. 

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Just finished. 
Has arrived with enough charm 

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and cunning to somehow make his 
defeated country relevant again 

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and Tsar. 
Alexander of Russia keeps 

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proposing Grand moral schemes 
that would remake Europe 

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according to Orthodox, Christian
principles which makes everyone 

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else profoundly nervous. 
You attend. 

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Your first reception on a 
Thursday evening, squeezed into 

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formal attire. 
That hasn't quite recovered from

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being packed in a trunk. 
The ballroom of the hofburg 

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palace stretches before you like
a jeweled Cavern, all crystal 

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chandeliers and gilded molding 
and mirrors, positioned to 

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multiply the candlelight into 
something approaching daylight 

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at midnight women in gowns, that
probably cost, more than your 

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annual salary. 
Glide passed in conversational 

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with men, whose medal suggest 
they've personally defeated 

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Napoleon several times each a 
servant offers you champagne 

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from a silver tray, new 
accepting greatly if only to 

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have something to do with your 
hands. 

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The bubbles, tickle your nose as
you take a sip and you find 

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yourself wandering. 
Whether anyone actually came 

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here to negotiate Eat. 
Or if the whole Congress, might 

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simply be an extended Viennese 
party, that happens to 

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occasionally discuss. 
Boarders near the windows. 

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You spot a cluster of delegates 
engaged in. 

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What appears to be serious 
conversation though. 

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They keep getting interrupted by
waiters bearing tiny pastries. 

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One of them, a Swedish 
representative whose name. 

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You can't quite recall is 
explaining something with 

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elaborate hand gestures. 
While simultaneously, trying not

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to drop his eclair. 
Watching diplomacy conducted 

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around desert gives you an 
unexpected appreciation for the 

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absurdity of the whole 
Enterprise. 

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The music swells a waltz that 
everyone seems to know except 

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you and suddenly the room 
reorganizes itself into dancing,

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couples, you Retreat to a corner
near a potted palm and observe 

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the swirl of colors and 
conversation. 

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This is how piece gets made 
apparently not through Grand 

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pronouncements or heroic 
gestures through tired. 

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People in expensive clothing 
eaten too much and trying to 

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find common ground before the 
orchestra finishes. 

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Its set Prince, metallic himself
passes within a few feet of you 

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deep in conversation with 
someone important enough to 

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command his full attention, the 
Austrian foreign minister moves 

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through the crowd. 
Like he owns it which in a sense

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he does Vienna being his City 
and the Congress very much his 

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show. 
He's orchestrated this entire 

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Gathering to restore something, 
he calls the concert of Europe A

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system where the great Powers 
consult each other regularly 

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instead of immediately reaching 
for their cannons, you notice 

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how metaxas never stop moving 
even while he's nodding politely

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at whatever is companion is 
saying he's tracking 

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conversations across the room 
noting who's speaking with whom 

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and calculating alliances and 
potential problems before they 

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fully materialize. 
It's exhausting just watching 

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him work. 
The evening stretches toward 

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midnight and you've learned that
International diplomacy involves

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far more standing than you'd 
anticipated, your feet hurt. 

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The champagne is given you a 
mild headache and you've made 

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exactly 0 Pro any actual 
negotiation. 

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Because apparently the real work
doesn't happen at balls. 

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It happens in smaller, meetings 
in quiet rooms during those 

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unglamorous hours when 
everyone's too tired to maintain

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their official positions and 
might accidentally tell the 

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truth, the first formal session 
takes place on a Tuesday Morning

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in October, and you file into 
the conference room, alongside 

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200 other delegates representing
kingdoms Empires, principalities

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dutchies, and various other 
political entities, that may or 

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may not survive. 
The next few months of 

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negotiation, the room itself, 
smells of furniture polish and 

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anxiety. 
You find your assigned seat. 

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Yes, there's an assigned seating
chart because heaven forbid. 

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A Bavarian represent. 
Of accidentally sit next to 

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someone from Baden and arrange 
your papers with what you hope 

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looks like. 
Professional competence around 

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you conversations, come in 
German, French, Italian English,

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and several languages. 
You can't identify but which 

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sound vaguely Slavic and 
slightly annoyed the agenda. 

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For today's meeting distributed 
on heavy paper that probably 

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cost someone's annual salary to 
produce this 14 items for 

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discussion. 
You scan through them, the 

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status of Poland, the future of 
the German states, the 

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territorial compensation, for 
Prussia the situation in Italy. 

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The question of who gets what 
pieces of Napoleon's former 

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Empire. 
And several other matters that 

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could each spark a war. 
If handled poorly metallic 

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calls, the session to order the 
small brass bell that produces a

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surprisingly authoritative chime
the room, settles into attentive

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silence except for one elderly 
delicate who appears to a fallen

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sleep before things even 
started, nobody wakes him. 

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Perhaps, he's earned his nap 
after Decades of service to some

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minor German Court. the first 
Speaker begins presenting 

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prussia's position on Saxon 
territory and you realize within

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minutes that this will be a long
morning Prussian thoroughness is

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legendary and the speakers 
apparently decided to prove this

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reputation by addressing, every 
conceivable aspect of the Saxon 

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question, including several 
aspects that nobody had 

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previously considered 
conceivable, he produces Maps, 

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he references, treaties from 
1648, He quotes philosophers on 

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the nature of sovereignty. 
You take notes due to flee, 

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though? 
Your mainly drawing, small 

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sketches of the chandelier and 
trying to estimate how many 

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candles, it holds probably 
several hundred. 

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The austrians Don't Do Anything 
by half measures around you 

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other delegates. 
Engage in varying levels of 

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attention. 
Some scribble furiously 

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recording every word for later 
analysis. 

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Others at the ceiling, as if 
finding secret message in the 

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plaster work. 
One dignified representative 

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from somewhere in Italy has 
perfected the art of appearing 

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deeply engaged, while quite 
clearly thinking about lunch, 

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the Prussian speaker concludes 
after 40 minutes and there's a 

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brief moment where everyone 
hopes for a break. 

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But Metternich immediately 
recognizes the Russian delegate 

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who Rises to present an 
alternative view on the Saxon 

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question that somehow manages to
be even more detail than the 

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Russian version the Russians. 
It turns out have opinions about

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Saxony that date back to 
treaties. 

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Nobody else remembered existed. 
Coffee appears at mid-morning 

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carried in by servants who Moved
Through the room with the silent

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efficiency of ghosts. 
You accept a cup greatly and add

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an inadvisable amount of sugar, 
because staying alert seems more

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important than maintaining 
sophisticated preferences. 

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The coffee is strong enough to 
Wake the Dead, which might 

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explain why the elderly delegate
to rows ahead suddenly sits up 

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and starts taking notes by noon.
You've heard six different 

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positions on Saxony alone, none 
of them compatible with each 

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other. 
All of them, defended with 

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extensive historical precedent 
and moral reasoning. 

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The basic problem is simple 
enough. 

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Russia wants Saxony as 
compensation for territories, 

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its losing elsewhere, but 
Austria objects because a 

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Prussian Saxony would strengthen
pressure too much which Russia 

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doesn't mind but France, opposes
on principle while Britain tries

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to maintain a balance that keeps
everyone moderately dissatisfied

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when metric finally declares a 
launcher, assess the room xhale,

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You fill your plate and find a 
seat near a window that 

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overlooks the palace Gardens 
outside Vienna continues. 

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Its daily life, completely 
unaware that a few hundred men 

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in one building are trying to 
reorganize the entire continent.

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A gardener trims. 
Hedges with methodical 

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Precision. 
Two children. 

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Chase each other around a 
fountain. 

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A couple strolls passed arm and 
arm discussing something that 

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makes them both laugh. 
The afternoon session focuses on

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Poland, which presents even more
complications than Saxony 

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because Poland no longer fishy 
exists as an independent state. 

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Having been carved up by its 
neighbors in three separate 

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partitions between 1772 and 1795
Russia. 

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Currently controls most of what 
used to be Poland and shows. 

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No inclination to give any of 
it. 

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Back Austria and Prussia having 
participated in those earlier. 

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Partitions find themselves in 
the awkward position of arguing 

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for Polish restoration while 
also, keeping the Polish 

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territory. 
They previously grabbed Tsar, 

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Alexander himself has come to 
Vienna to handle the Polish 

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question personally, which adds 
both gravitas and complication 

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to the proceedings, the Tsar is 
a fascinating contradiction, a 

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Russian autocrat, who speaks 
eloquently about Liberty and 

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constitutional government while 
ruling as an absolute monarch. 

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He proposes creating a Polish 
King with himself as its 

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constitutional King, which he 
presents as a generous 

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compromise, that gives polls 
their Nation back while keeping 

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them safely under Russian 
supervision. 

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Nobody quite knows what to do 
with this proposal. 

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Simultaneously Progressive and 
entirely self-serving idealistic

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and pragmatic a gift, and a trap
the Austrian and Prussian 

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delegates. 
Exchanged glances that contain 

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entire conversations about 
Russian Ambitions and the danger

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of letting Alexander control 
that much territory in Central 

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Europe, you watch meta, next 
phases. 

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Alexander speaks and the 
Austrian foreign ministers 

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expression reveals, nothing 
which is itself, revealing meta,

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Nick has built his career on the
premise, that dramatic change 

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leads to chaos. 
And here's the Russians are 

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proposing to remake Poland, 
according, to enlightened, 

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Prince of principles that meta 
considers dangerously 

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revolutionary. 
The fact that these principles 

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would also expand Russian power 
Westwood makes the whole 

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proposal ee threatening from the
Austrian perspective, November 

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arrives with cold rain, that 
turns Vienna streets into 

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rivers, of mud, and makes 
everyone grateful for indoor 

234
00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:01,400
negotiations. 
You've been here, two months. 

235
00:13:01,400 --> 00:13:04,400
Now, the Congress has developed 
at the Peculiar rhythm. 

236
00:13:05,300 --> 00:13:08,100
Formal sessions in the morning, 
when nothing gets decided 

237
00:13:08,100 --> 00:13:12,600
informal consultations in the 
afternoon where actual progress 

238
00:13:12,600 --> 00:13:16,000
occasionally happens and evening
entertainments, where people 

239
00:13:16,000 --> 00:13:18,700
relax in enough to say what they
actually think in stead of what 

240
00:13:18,700 --> 00:13:21,800
their governments instructed 
them to say the Breakthrough 

241
00:13:21,800 --> 00:13:25,900
such as it is comes from an 
unexpected Source delay itself. 

242
00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:30,300
When the major Powers can't 
agree on Poland or Saxony or the

243
00:13:30,300 --> 00:13:33,700
German question or Italian 
borders, they simply table the 

244
00:13:33,700 --> 00:13:35,400
discussion and move to something
else. 

245
00:13:35,400 --> 00:13:38,600
This drives the minor States 
crazy because they need 

246
00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:42,300
decisions, but the great powers 
of discovered that postponement 

247
00:13:42,300 --> 00:13:45,500
often works better than 
confrontation your present at 

248
00:13:45,508 --> 00:13:48,800
one of these postponement 
moments watching Metternich and 

249
00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:50,800
Castle Rey. 
Essentially agree to disagree 

250
00:13:50,800 --> 00:13:53,900
about prussia's territorial 
claims by scheduling another 

251
00:13:53,900 --> 00:13:56,900
meeting for next week. 
Next week arrives. 

252
00:13:56,900 --> 00:14:00,500
They schedule another meeting 
for the week after that and 

253
00:14:00,500 --> 00:14:04,100
gradually everyone realizes that
this process of infinite 

254
00:14:04,100 --> 00:14:08,100
rescheduling, actually prevent 
anyone from storming out of the 

255
00:14:08,100 --> 00:14:11,900
negotiations or issuing. 
Ultimatums the British approach 

256
00:14:11,900 --> 00:14:13,300
this differently than everyone 
else. 

257
00:14:14,300 --> 00:14:17,500
Lord costell Ray representing a 
nation protected by the English 

258
00:14:17,500 --> 00:14:21,000
Channel and the Royal Navy 
mainly cares about preventing 

259
00:14:21,000 --> 00:14:24,100
any single Continental power 
from dominating Europe. 

260
00:14:24,100 --> 00:14:26,900
He doesn't particularly care 
where the pressure or Austria 

261
00:14:26,900 --> 00:14:29,100
controls this, or that German 
principality. 

262
00:14:29,100 --> 00:14:32,400
As long as neither become strong
enough to threaten Britain's 

263
00:14:32,400 --> 00:14:34,900
interests. 
This gives him flexibility that 

264
00:14:34,900 --> 00:14:38,500
other delegates, lack, and he 
uses it to broker compromises. 

265
00:14:38,500 --> 00:14:41,500
That everyone can tolerate. 
Even if nobody particularly 

266
00:14:41,500 --> 00:14:45,100
likes them, you attend a smaller
meeting in late November, where 

267
00:14:45,100 --> 00:14:48,700
Castle raid proposes a solution 
to the sex and question that 

268
00:14:48,700 --> 00:14:50,400
amounts to splitting the 
difference. 

269
00:14:51,200 --> 00:14:54,900
Pressure gets part of Saxony but
not all of it with the remainder

270
00:14:54,900 --> 00:14:58,000
staying independent under, its 
traditional ruling house. 

271
00:14:58,000 --> 00:15:01,700
It's not elegant and it 
satisfies, nobody's sense of 

272
00:15:01,700 --> 00:15:04,900
historical justice, but it might
actually work because it 

273
00:15:04,900 --> 00:15:08,600
prevents the kind of maximalist 
outcome that would drive other 

274
00:15:08,600 --> 00:15:12,000
powers to opposition. 
The room Falls silent as people 

275
00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:15,900
calculate the implications. 
Pressures representative looks 

276
00:15:15,900 --> 00:15:19,500
disappointed, but not outraged. 
Austria's delegation. 

277
00:15:19,500 --> 00:15:22,900
Seems relieved the Saxon. 
Representative are dignified, 

278
00:15:22,900 --> 00:15:25,900
older gentleman, who spent three
months arguing for a state's 

279
00:15:25,900 --> 00:15:28,700
complete and dependents slumps 
slightly in his chair. 

280
00:15:28,700 --> 00:15:31,400
But doesn't object. 
Everyone understands that. 

281
00:15:31,400 --> 00:15:33,800
This is probably the best 
outcome of available, given the 

282
00:15:33,808 --> 00:15:37,600
circumstances met in exists. 
A journey for the day to let 

283
00:15:37,600 --> 00:15:40,600
everyone consult with their 
governments which is diplomatic 

284
00:15:40,600 --> 00:15:43,400
language for. 
Let's not make any commitments 

285
00:15:43,400 --> 00:15:44,800
while. 
We're all in the same room. 

286
00:15:45,600 --> 00:15:49,100
The meeting breaks up and you 
step outside into a Vienna 

287
00:15:49,100 --> 00:15:51,900
evening that smells of wood 
smoke and approaching winter 

288
00:15:51,900 --> 00:15:55,500
walking back to your lodgings 
you reflect on how strange this 

289
00:15:55,500 --> 00:15:59,500
whole process is these men. 
And they're all men because this

290
00:15:59,500 --> 00:16:03,600
is 1814 and women don't get 
seats at diplomatic congresses. 

291
00:16:03,600 --> 00:16:06,000
Despite often being smarter than
the delegates? 

292
00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:10,100
Actually present are trying to 
prevent future Wars by arguing 

293
00:16:10,100 --> 00:16:13,700
about borders and compensations 
and balances of power. 

294
00:16:13,700 --> 00:16:16,400
But underneath all the formal 
language and historical 

295
00:16:16,400 --> 00:16:19,400
precedence, they're simply 
trying to create a situation 

296
00:16:19,400 --> 00:16:22,100
where going to war becomes more 
trouble than it's worth. 

297
00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:25,400
The delay tactic serve this 
purpose perfectly. 

298
00:16:25,400 --> 00:16:29,300
Every postpone decision is a 
decision not to fight about it 

299
00:16:29,300 --> 00:16:32,100
today. 
Every rescheduled meeting is 

300
00:16:32,100 --> 00:16:35,400
another week where armies stay 
in their Barracks, the minor 

301
00:16:35,400 --> 00:16:37,300
States complain about the slow 
pace. 

302
00:16:37,300 --> 00:16:40,500
That the great Powers understand
that speed itself can be 

303
00:16:40,508 --> 00:16:42,800
dangerous when you're redrawing 
a continent. 

304
00:16:42,800 --> 00:16:45,700
December brings the first 
serious social crisis. 

305
00:16:45,700 --> 00:16:48,000
The Congress though nobody calls
it. 

306
00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:51,300
That officially the problem is 
that Tsar Alexander has been 

307
00:16:51,308 --> 00:16:54,900
attending every ball and 
reception dancing with every 

308
00:16:54,900 --> 00:16:57,600
Lady of importance and generally
behaving. 

309
00:16:57,600 --> 00:17:00,100
Like he's running for some kind 
of international popularity 

310
00:17:00,100 --> 00:17:04,300
contest, this wouldn't matter 
except that the czar's presents 

311
00:17:04,300 --> 00:17:08,300
tends to dominate any Gathering 
he attends And smaller 

312
00:17:08,300 --> 00:17:11,599
delegations are starting to 
Grumble that they never get 

313
00:17:11,599 --> 00:17:15,099
FaceTime with important decision
makers because Alexander is 

314
00:17:15,099 --> 00:17:19,300
always holding Court in the 
center of the room, met an ex 

315
00:17:19,300 --> 00:17:22,000
solves this by the simple, 
expedient of scheduling even 

316
00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:24,200
more. 
Social events essentially, 

317
00:17:24,200 --> 00:17:26,800
diluting the czar's impact 
across a large number of 

318
00:17:26,808 --> 00:17:30,700
parties, if Alexander can only 
attend two bulls per evening, 

319
00:17:30,708 --> 00:17:34,300
while Vienna is hosting five, 
then at least three, Gatherings 

320
00:17:34,300 --> 00:17:37,200
will be Zafar free zones where 
other conversations can happen. 

321
00:17:37,200 --> 00:17:41,300
It's a very Austrian solution, 
more of everything until the 

322
00:17:41,300 --> 00:17:43,900
original problem becomes 
statistically insignificant. 

323
00:17:43,900 --> 00:17:47,600
You find yourself at one of 
these additional events, a 

324
00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:50,700
concert followed by a separate 
Noble residents, that you're 

325
00:17:50,700 --> 00:17:53,900
fairly certain didn't exist. 
Last week, the music is lovely, 

326
00:17:53,900 --> 00:17:57,600
something by Mozart performed by
musicians, who clearly wish they

327
00:17:57,600 --> 00:17:59,200
were playing for a more 
attentive audience. 

328
00:18:00,100 --> 00:18:03,500
But diplomats make terrible 
concert goers treating the 

329
00:18:03,500 --> 00:18:06,900
performance as background noise 
for their ongoing negotiations. 

330
00:18:06,900 --> 00:18:10,700
During the intermission you 
strike up a conversation with a 

331
00:18:10,700 --> 00:18:13,400
Bavarian delegate who shares 
your appreciation for the 

332
00:18:13,400 --> 00:18:17,000
absurdity of the situation. 
He's a practical man who spent 

333
00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:20,600
20 years, administering rural 
districts and finds the Vienna 

334
00:18:20,600 --> 00:18:23,200
social World, both fascinating, 
and exhausting. 

335
00:18:24,100 --> 00:18:28,000
We're also very serious, he 
observes gesturing, at the crowd

336
00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:31,800
with his wine glass acting as if
we're reshaping civilization 

337
00:18:31,800 --> 00:18:33,600
itself. 
When really, we're just trying 

338
00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:35,600
to make sure the armies go home 
and stay there. 

339
00:18:36,400 --> 00:18:39,800
You nod, because he's 
absolutely, right, strip away. 

340
00:18:39,800 --> 00:18:42,600
All the formal language and 
philosophical justifications. 

341
00:18:42,600 --> 00:18:45,800
And the Congress of Vienna 
amounts to a group of exhausted 

342
00:18:45,800 --> 00:18:49,400
Nations, trying to create enough
stability that they can stop 

343
00:18:49,400 --> 00:18:52,800
fighting for a while. 
The fact that this requires nine

344
00:18:52,800 --> 00:18:55,500
months of negotiations and 
countless, pastries doesn't, 

345
00:18:55,500 --> 00:19:00,300
make it less necessary. 
March 1815 brings spring to 

346
00:19:00,300 --> 00:19:02,300
Vienna and disaster to the 
Congress. 

347
00:19:02,300 --> 00:19:04,800
You're in your rooms about the 
watchmaker shop. 

348
00:19:04,800 --> 00:19:08,900
When the news arrives Napoleon 
has escaped from Elba, the 

349
00:19:08,900 --> 00:19:11,600
former Emperor left his Island 
prison with a thousand men 

350
00:19:11,600 --> 00:19:15,500
landed in France and his 
marching toward Paris. 

351
00:19:15,500 --> 00:19:19,000
While the French army supposedly
loyal to the restored. 

352
00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:23,100
Bourbon King defects to Napoleon
in regiments and entire 

353
00:19:23,100 --> 00:19:25,700
division's hair, Miller delivers
this information. 

354
00:19:25,700 --> 00:19:28,400
Along with your morning coffee, 
his face grave. 

355
00:19:28,400 --> 00:19:32,400
The watchmaker has family and 
Alsace and understands what 

356
00:19:32,400 --> 00:19:35,300
renewed War means better than 
most of the delegates currently 

357
00:19:35,300 --> 00:19:39,000
panicking in their lodgings the 
Congress transforms overnight. 

358
00:19:39,700 --> 00:19:43,200
All those careful negotiations, 
about borders and compensations 

359
00:19:43,200 --> 00:19:46,700
suddenly become secondary to the
immediate question of what to do

360
00:19:46,700 --> 00:19:50,900
about Bonaparte metallic calls, 
an emergency session and you 

361
00:19:50,900 --> 00:19:53,400
hurry to the hofburg Palace 
through streets where people 

362
00:19:53,400 --> 00:19:57,400
cluster in anxious conversations
speaking too quickly and too 

363
00:19:57,400 --> 00:19:59,700
loudly. 
As if volume might somehow 

364
00:19:59,700 --> 00:20:03,100
change the news from France. 
The conference room fills within

365
00:20:03,100 --> 00:20:06,900
minutes delegates arriving out 
of breath and out of sorts with 

366
00:20:06,900 --> 00:20:09,600
several still adjusting their 
formal attire because they 

367
00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:13,700
dressed in such Haste, The 
Prussian delegation looks grimly

368
00:20:13,700 --> 00:20:17,800
satisfied as if Napoleon's 
return somehow validates their 

369
00:20:17,800 --> 00:20:20,000
skepticism about the whole peace
process. 

370
00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:24,200
The austrians appear concerned 
but organized all ready, 

371
00:20:24,200 --> 00:20:27,700
Distributing updated 
intelligence reports, the French

372
00:20:27,700 --> 00:20:29,600
Representatives, loyal to King 
Louis. 

373
00:20:29,600 --> 00:20:32,500
The 18th whose about to lose his
throne again, sit pale and 

374
00:20:32,500 --> 00:20:35,400
Silent, metanee doesn't waste 
time. 

375
00:20:35,400 --> 00:20:38,700
On preliminary is Napoleon, has 
made himself An Outlaw by 

376
00:20:38,700 --> 00:20:42,200
breaking his Exile and the 
assembled Powers must decide how

377
00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:45,100
to respond. 
Does the Congress continued, its

378
00:20:45,100 --> 00:20:47,100
work while also preparing for 
war. 

379
00:20:47,100 --> 00:20:51,500
Do they suspend negotiations 
until bonaparte's dealt with can

380
00:20:51,500 --> 00:20:54,000
they even maintain Unity? 
Now that the crisis they 

381
00:20:54,000 --> 00:20:56,200
thought, they'd solved to 
suddenly on solved itself. 

382
00:20:56,200 --> 00:21:00,100
Zara Alexander proposes, 
immediate military action which 

383
00:21:00,100 --> 00:21:03,200
surprises nobody because 
Alexander has been looking for 

384
00:21:03,200 --> 00:21:06,600
an excuse to deploy his army 
somewhere useful ever since 

385
00:21:06,600 --> 00:21:09,800
arriving in Vienna. 
Prussia seconds, this motion 

386
00:21:09,800 --> 00:21:13,200
with enthusiasm, Britain's 
Castle array supports military 

387
00:21:13,200 --> 00:21:16,200
preparation but wants to 
coordinate properly, rather than

388
00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:19,500
rushing off in different 
directions, Austria agrees with 

389
00:21:19,500 --> 00:21:22,500
Britain, which is meta Knicks 
polite, way of saying that 

390
00:21:22,500 --> 00:21:25,300
Austria doesn't want Russian 
armies, marching through Central

391
00:21:25,300 --> 00:21:27,400
Europe. 
Even if they're technically 

392
00:21:27,400 --> 00:21:31,300
marching toward France, you sit 
through hours of discussion that

393
00:21:31,300 --> 00:21:35,700
circles the same basic points. 
Napoleon Must Be Stopped. 

394
00:21:35,700 --> 00:21:39,500
Military force will be 
necessary, but the alliance must

395
00:21:39,500 --> 00:21:42,700
hold together while applying 
that Force which means more 

396
00:21:42,700 --> 00:21:45,800
negotiation. 
Even as armies, mobilize its 

397
00:21:45,800 --> 00:21:50,300
diplomatic complexity layered on
Military urgency and watching it

398
00:21:50,300 --> 00:21:53,700
unfold gives you a headache that
no amount of coffee can cure. 

399
00:21:54,600 --> 00:21:58,100
The remarkable thing is that the
Congress doesn't fall apart you,

400
00:21:58,100 --> 00:22:01,100
half expected, these exhausted. 
Quarrelsome powers to 

401
00:22:01,100 --> 00:22:03,100
immediately. 
Blame each other for Napoleon's 

402
00:22:03,100 --> 00:22:06,500
escape, or to use the crisis as 
an excuse to abandon 

403
00:22:06,500 --> 00:22:09,300
negotiations and return to their
previous rivalries. 

404
00:22:09,300 --> 00:22:13,400
But in Stead, they dig in the 
threat of Bonaparte. 

405
00:22:13,400 --> 00:22:17,400
Concentrates Minds wonderfully, 
reminding, everyone, why they 

406
00:22:17,400 --> 00:22:20,700
came to Vienna in the first 
place to create a system that 

407
00:22:20,700 --> 00:22:23,400
prevents one man from 
destabilizing an entire 

408
00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:26,500
continent within days. 
The great power sign. 

409
00:22:26,500 --> 00:22:29,300
A new alliance committing 
themselves to bonapartes defeat 

410
00:22:29,300 --> 00:22:34,200
and pledging 200,000 men each to
the cause it's an enormous 

411
00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:37,900
commitment representing the kind
of cooperation that seemed 

412
00:22:37,900 --> 00:22:42,000
impossible just months ago when 
everyone was arguing about sex 

413
00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:44,700
and borders. 
Fear works wonders for 

414
00:22:44,700 --> 00:22:48,800
diplomatic, Unity the military 
preparations, proceed alongside 

415
00:22:48,800 --> 00:22:52,300
continued, negotiations on 
everything else, creating a 

416
00:22:52,300 --> 00:22:56,000
strange duel reality, where 
delegates discuss constitutional

417
00:22:56,000 --> 00:23:00,200
arrangements for German states 
in the morning and troop 

418
00:23:00,200 --> 00:23:02,500
movements against France in the 
afternoons. 

419
00:23:02,500 --> 00:23:05,700
Vienna fills with officers 
appearing for strategy. 

420
00:23:05,700 --> 00:23:08,900
Session's, their uniforms adding
new colors to the Social Scene, 

421
00:23:08,900 --> 00:23:13,100
the balls continue because meta 
insists on maintaining normalcy 

422
00:23:13,100 --> 00:23:16,400
but now they're punctuated by 
men excusing themselves to 

423
00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:18,400
review dispatches from the 
French border. 

424
00:23:18,400 --> 00:23:21,500
You find yourself a sign to a 
minor committee dealing with 

425
00:23:21,500 --> 00:23:23,600
logistical arrangements for the 
Allied armies. 

426
00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:27,100
Which sounds important. 
But mainly involves arguing 

427
00:23:27,100 --> 00:23:29,900
about whether Supply wagons 
should travel on certain roads 

428
00:23:29,900 --> 00:23:34,500
or different roads and whose 
responsibility it is to provide 

429
00:23:34,500 --> 00:23:36,700
fodder for horses passing 
through neutral. 

430
00:23:36,700 --> 00:23:40,400
Territories is unglamorous work 
that nevertheless matters 

431
00:23:40,400 --> 00:23:43,500
immensely to the soldiers who 
will need those supplies while 

432
00:23:43,500 --> 00:23:47,600
marching toward France. 
April passes in a blur of 

433
00:23:47,608 --> 00:23:50,600
activity and anxiety. 
News from France. 

434
00:23:50,600 --> 00:23:54,800
Remain scarce and contradictory.
Napoleon has entered Paris in 

435
00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:58,200
Triumph or he's met armed 
resistance or King. 

436
00:23:58,200 --> 00:24:02,400
Louie has fled the king remains 
in the trailer is Palace or 

437
00:24:02,400 --> 00:24:04,900
possibly both Louis and Napoleon
are in Paris. 

438
00:24:04,900 --> 00:24:08,400
Simultaneously through some kind
of quantum diplomatic 

439
00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:11,800
superposition eventually. 
The truth settles in to focus, 

440
00:24:11,800 --> 00:24:16,400
Napoleon controls France. 
Again Lewis has fled to Belgium 

441
00:24:16,400 --> 00:24:19,700
and the emperor has about 100 
days to prepare for the Allied 

442
00:24:19,700 --> 00:24:21,900
armies marching toward his 
borders. 

443
00:24:21,900 --> 00:24:25,500
The Congress continues its 
negotiations with renewed 

444
00:24:25,500 --> 00:24:27,900
urgency now. 
Everyone understands that if 

445
00:24:27,900 --> 00:24:30,200
they don't finish this work 
before the armies defeat 

446
00:24:30,200 --> 00:24:33,900
Napoleon, they'll be right back 
where they started Victorious 

447
00:24:33,900 --> 00:24:37,200
Powers with no agreed framework 
for managing piece. 

448
00:24:37,900 --> 00:24:41,600
Territorial questions that 
seemed abstract in January now 

449
00:24:41,600 --> 00:24:44,800
carry immediate weight because 
the Army's mobilizing against 

450
00:24:44,800 --> 00:24:47,300
France will need to know where 
borders should be drawn. 

451
00:24:47,300 --> 00:24:51,700
Once they win May arrives with 
unusual warmth and Vienna's 

452
00:24:51,700 --> 00:24:55,400
Gardens explode into bloom just 
as the Allied armies explode 

453
00:24:55,400 --> 00:24:57,900
into Belgium. 
When Napoleon has positioned 

454
00:24:57,900 --> 00:25:01,500
himself for one last campaign, 
you receive daily updates from 

455
00:25:01,500 --> 00:25:05,600
the front though front is too 
generous a word for the confused

456
00:25:05,600 --> 00:25:09,200
situation in the low countries 
where three armies Prussian, 

457
00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:13,700
British and Napoleonic maneuver 
for advantage while trying to 

458
00:25:13,708 --> 00:25:16,900
remember which Villages belong 
to, which Coalition Partners. 

459
00:25:16,900 --> 00:25:20,700
The negotiations in Vienna, take
on a frantic quality now 

460
00:25:20,700 --> 00:25:24,300
committee's, that previously met
weekly now convene daily. 

461
00:25:24,300 --> 00:25:27,200
The Polish question, the Saxon 
question. 

462
00:25:27,200 --> 00:25:31,100
The German question, the Italian
question, all these carefully 

463
00:25:31,100 --> 00:25:33,300
postponed issues? 
Suddenly demand resolution 

464
00:25:33,300 --> 00:25:37,100
before the military situation, 
changes everything met each. 

465
00:25:38,100 --> 00:25:42,000
Acceleration with characteristic
Precision scheduling overlapping

466
00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:45,800
meetings and shuttle diplomacy 
between delegations essentially,

467
00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:49,100
forcing decisions through sheer 
organizational momentum. 

468
00:25:49,100 --> 00:25:52,400
You attend a session on German 
constitutional Arrangements. 

469
00:25:52,400 --> 00:25:56,000
Were 39, different German 
states, try to agree on a basic 

470
00:25:56,000 --> 00:26:00,400
framework for cooperation. 39, 
States means 39, different 

471
00:26:00,400 --> 00:26:04,300
interests, 39, different 
histories and 39. 

472
00:26:04,300 --> 00:26:07,900
Different reasons why someone 
else's reasonable proposal won't

473
00:26:07,900 --> 00:26:10,200
work for their particular 
circumstances. 

474
00:26:10,200 --> 00:26:14,000
And yet somehow by late 
afternoon, they've sketched out,

475
00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:18,200
the German Confederation not a 
unified Germany, which nobody 

476
00:26:18,200 --> 00:26:21,200
wants except some impractical 
professors in Highland Berg. 

477
00:26:21,800 --> 00:26:24,700
But elusive Association that 
provides collective security, 

478
00:26:24,700 --> 00:26:27,600
while preserving everyone's 
precious sovereignty. 

479
00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:32,100
It's a masterpiece of creative, 
ambiguity specifying, just 

480
00:26:32,100 --> 00:26:34,900
enough structure to be 
meaningful while leaving enough 

481
00:26:34,900 --> 00:26:37,300
flexibility. 
That even pressure and Austria 

482
00:26:37,300 --> 00:26:40,600
can both join without feeling. 
They've surrendered too much. 

483
00:26:40,608 --> 00:26:44,200
You suspect it won't last 
forever, things build on 

484
00:26:44,200 --> 00:26:48,100
creative ambiguity rarely do. 
But it might last long enough 

485
00:26:48,100 --> 00:26:51,900
for the current crisis to pass 
and that's all anyone's asking 

486
00:26:51,900 --> 00:26:54,200
for. 
Right now, the news from Belgium

487
00:26:54,200 --> 00:26:57,800
arrives, on June 18th. 
Napoleon has been defeated at 

488
00:26:57,800 --> 00:27:00,400
Waterloo by the combined British
and Prussian armies. 

489
00:27:00,400 --> 00:27:04,600
The battle was apparently a 
closed thing decided by late 

490
00:27:04,600 --> 00:27:07,900
afternoon Prussian 
reinforcements arriving just as 

491
00:27:07,900 --> 00:27:11,200
Napoleon's Imperial Guard was 
making a final push against 

492
00:27:11,200 --> 00:27:15,700
Wellington's position but closed
or not Bonaparte is finished his

493
00:27:15,700 --> 00:27:18,800
gambled. 
His army is shattered and the 

494
00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:21,600
Allies are already discussing 
where to Exile in this time. 

495
00:27:21,600 --> 00:27:25,200
Ideally somewhere more remote 
than Elba and preferably with 

496
00:27:25,208 --> 00:27:28,400
better security Vienna 
celebrates with appropriate. 

497
00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:33,800
Austrian thoroughness fireworks,
illuminations concerts balls and

498
00:27:33,800 --> 00:27:35,100
enough. 
Champagne to float. 

499
00:27:35,100 --> 00:27:37,700
The Austrian Navy of Austria had
a Navy to float. 

500
00:27:37,700 --> 00:27:41,300
You attend the festivities with 
mixed feelings because yes, 

501
00:27:41,300 --> 00:27:43,300
Napoleon's defeat is worth 
celebrating. 

502
00:27:43,300 --> 00:27:47,200
But you've also spent nine 
months with these people and 

503
00:27:47,200 --> 00:27:49,900
understand that military 
Victory, only creates the 

504
00:27:49,900 --> 00:27:53,800
opportunity for peace. 
It doesn't guarantee anything. 

505
00:27:53,800 --> 00:27:57,100
The Congress accelerates its 
remaining work driven by the 

506
00:27:57,100 --> 00:28:00,000
knowledge that arm is returned 
home, and Alliance is weaken 

507
00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:01,800
once the immediate threat 
disappears. 

508
00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:05,400
Throughout late June and into 
early July the final piece of 

509
00:28:05,400 --> 00:28:08,500
fall into place. 
Russia keeps most of Poland, but

510
00:28:08,500 --> 00:28:11,700
not all of it. 
Pressure gets part of Saxony and

511
00:28:11,700 --> 00:28:13,400
substantial territory in the 
Rhineland. 

512
00:28:13,400 --> 00:28:16,800
Austria secures its interest in 
Italy and Germany. 

513
00:28:16,800 --> 00:28:19,900
Britain doesn't take much 
Continental territory because 

514
00:28:19,900 --> 00:28:24,000
Britain never wanted Continental
territory but does acquire 

515
00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:26,900
various strategic islands and 
Colonial outposts that 

516
00:28:26,908 --> 00:28:31,500
strengthen, its Global position.
France defeated again loses the 

517
00:28:31,500 --> 00:28:35,100
territories at gained under 
Napoleon but retains its basic 

518
00:28:35,100 --> 00:28:37,900
borders and isn't subjected to 
punitive dismemberment. 

519
00:28:38,700 --> 00:28:41,400
Partly because tally around 
argued brilliantly against it 

520
00:28:41,400 --> 00:28:45,300
and partly because the victors 
remember what happened when they

521
00:28:45,300 --> 00:28:49,500
humiliated France to thoroughly 
after previous Wars the smallest

522
00:28:49,500 --> 00:28:51,600
states. 
Receive varying deals based on 

523
00:28:51,608 --> 00:28:53,700
their importance and negotiating
skill. 

524
00:28:54,500 --> 00:28:57,800
Some disappearing entirely 
absorbed into larger, neighbors,

525
00:28:57,800 --> 00:29:01,400
other survived by virtue of 
being useful, buffers between 

526
00:29:01,400 --> 00:29:05,400
greater powers. 
Few even expands slightly having

527
00:29:05,400 --> 00:29:09,400
chosen, their alliances wisely. 
Your own minor principality 

528
00:29:09,400 --> 00:29:12,800
emerges intact though not 
enhanced which under the 

529
00:29:12,800 --> 00:29:16,700
circumstances counts as success.
The Final Act of the Congress of

530
00:29:16,700 --> 00:29:21,100
Vienna feels 121 pages. 
When finally published on June 

531
00:29:21,100 --> 00:29:25,600
9th, 1815, you receive a copy on
heavy paper sealed with the 

532
00:29:25,608 --> 00:29:29,500
official stamp and holding. 
It gives you an unexpected sense

533
00:29:29,500 --> 00:29:32,500
of accomplishment, even though 
your contribution to these 

534
00:29:32,500 --> 00:29:36,100
proceedings, mostly involved, 
taking notes and trying not to 

535
00:29:36,108 --> 00:29:40,300
fall asleep during particularly 
tedious, session's, the document

536
00:29:40,300 --> 00:29:44,100
itself reads like what it is. 
A committee written compromise 

537
00:29:44,100 --> 00:29:47,400
that tries to satisfy everyone 
and therefore fully satisfies. 

538
00:29:47,400 --> 00:29:50,100
Nobody But that's rather the 
point. 

539
00:29:50,100 --> 00:29:53,400
Perfect agreements, don't exist 
when your dealing with 

540
00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:57,300
conflicting national interests, 
different political systems and 

541
00:29:57,300 --> 00:30:01,500
several centuries of accumulated
grievances what you can achieve 

542
00:30:01,500 --> 00:30:04,200
as an agreement that everyone 
can live with at least for a 

543
00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:06,500
while. 
The territorial Arrangements 

544
00:30:06,500 --> 00:30:09,900
received the most attention 
naturally pages of carefully, 

545
00:30:09,900 --> 00:30:13,700
worded descriptions establishing
borders, assigning territories, 

546
00:30:13,700 --> 00:30:17,000
creating new States and 
dissolving old ones. 

547
00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:20,600
But the real Innovation lies in 
the sections dealing with how 

548
00:30:20,600 --> 00:30:22,500
these Powers will interact going
forward. 

549
00:30:23,500 --> 00:30:27,100
The Congress establishes, 
regular meetings, consultation 

550
00:30:27,100 --> 00:30:31,100
procedures and mechanisms for 
resolving disputes before they 

551
00:30:31,100 --> 00:30:34,000
escalate to war. 
It's not a world government, 

552
00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:38,300
which would terrify everyone 
involved, but it is a system for

553
00:30:38,300 --> 00:30:41,900
managing, power relationships 
through diplomacy rather than 

554
00:30:41,900 --> 00:30:45,700
automatic recourse to violence. 
You spend an evening reading 

555
00:30:45,700 --> 00:30:48,600
through the entire document, 
while her Mueller's clocks tick 

556
00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:51,400
peacefully below. 
The language is formal to the 

557
00:30:51,400 --> 00:30:55,300
point of rigidity every phrase, 
negotiated and approved by 

558
00:30:55,300 --> 00:30:59,200
multiple delegations, nothing 
left to chance or interpretation

559
00:30:59,200 --> 00:31:02,800
where Clarity can be achieved, 
yet, underneath the Diplomatic 

560
00:31:02,800 --> 00:31:05,300
verbiage. 
You can trace the arguments 

561
00:31:05,300 --> 00:31:09,300
compromises and creative delays 
that produced each provision. 

562
00:31:10,300 --> 00:31:13,600
The article on Poland, reflects 
months of carefully, balanced 

563
00:31:13,600 --> 00:31:16,900
concessions, the German 
Confederation Clauses show, the 

564
00:31:16,900 --> 00:31:20,200
Fingerprints of everyone who 
touched them the Italian 

565
00:31:20,200 --> 00:31:23,200
Arrangements, reveal Austrian 
priorities, while acknowledging.

566
00:31:23,200 --> 00:31:26,900
Other interests, just enough to 
prevent opposition and threading

567
00:31:26,900 --> 00:31:29,700
through everything is the 
balance of power principle. 

568
00:31:29,700 --> 00:31:33,800
The idea that European stability
requires no single state 

569
00:31:33,800 --> 00:31:36,100
becoming strong enough to 
dominate all others. 

570
00:31:36,100 --> 00:31:39,100
Will it work? 
You find yourself wondering this

571
00:31:39,100 --> 00:31:42,100
as you reach the final pages 
with their elaborate signatures 

572
00:31:42,100 --> 00:31:45,400
and seals the Congress of Vienna
has delayed the inevitable 

573
00:31:45,400 --> 00:31:49,200
conflicts postponed, the 
unavoidable tensions and bought 

574
00:31:49,200 --> 00:31:52,400
times through careful, 
negotiation and calculated 

575
00:31:52,400 --> 00:31:55,700
ambiguity. 
But delay isn't resolution and 

576
00:31:55,700 --> 00:31:59,600
buying time only matters. 
If you use that time wisely, The

577
00:31:59,600 --> 00:32:02,500
remarkable thing is that it does
work though. 

578
00:32:02,500 --> 00:32:06,000
You won't live to see the full 
extent of it, the Vienna system 

579
00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:08,900
as it comes to be called 
maintains General peace. 

580
00:32:08,900 --> 00:32:11,000
Among the great powers for four 
decades. 

581
00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:16,400
Not perfect peace because there 
are still Wars, but limited Wars

582
00:32:16,400 --> 00:32:18,100
that don't engulf the entire 
continent. 

583
00:32:18,100 --> 00:32:21,500
The concert of Europe created in
Vienna becomes. 

584
00:32:21,500 --> 00:32:23,500
The first serious attempt at 
what might be called 

585
00:32:23,500 --> 00:32:27,400
International Organization, 
where major Powers consult 

586
00:32:27,400 --> 00:32:30,800
regularly and coordinate their 
foreign policies in stead of 

587
00:32:30,808 --> 00:32:35,100
Simply competing for Advantage. 
The revolution of 1848 will 

588
00:32:35,100 --> 00:32:37,200
shake this system, but not 
destroy it. 

589
00:32:38,100 --> 00:32:41,500
The Crimean War in the 1850s 
will strain the concert, but not

590
00:32:41,500 --> 00:32:44,600
break it completely not until 
1914. 

591
00:32:44,600 --> 00:32:47,900
Nearly 100 years after Vienna, 
will the balance of power 

592
00:32:47,900 --> 00:32:50,300
system, finally collapsed under 
stresses. 

593
00:32:50,300 --> 00:32:54,100
It was never designed to handle 
and even then when diplomats 

594
00:32:54,100 --> 00:32:57,500
Gathering Versailles to make 
peace after World War 1, they'll

595
00:32:57,500 --> 00:33:00,700
look back to Vienna as a model. 
Trying to understand what made 

596
00:33:00,700 --> 00:33:03,700
it work well enough for, as long
as it did July brings 

597
00:33:03,700 --> 00:33:07,000
preparations for departure as 
delegations begin packing up and

598
00:33:07,000 --> 00:33:09,900
heading home. 
He spends your final days in 

599
00:33:09,900 --> 00:33:13,700
Vienna settling accounts saying,
farewells and trying to memorize

600
00:33:13,700 --> 00:33:16,600
details, that will fade once you
return to regular life. 

601
00:33:16,600 --> 00:33:20,100
The watchmaker's shop below has 
become familiar territory. 

602
00:33:20,100 --> 00:33:24,000
The regular tick of clocks are 
comforting backdrop, you'll miss

603
00:33:24,000 --> 00:33:26,800
more than you expected hair. 
Mueller, presents you with a 

604
00:33:26,800 --> 00:33:29,800
small traveling clock on your 
last morning, refusing payment 

605
00:33:29,800 --> 00:33:33,600
to spite your insistence. 
It's a thoughtful gesture from a

606
00:33:33,600 --> 00:33:35,900
man whose hosted you for nine 
months without complaint. 

607
00:33:35,900 --> 00:33:39,300
Bringing coffee every morning. 
While Europe, reorganized itself

608
00:33:39,300 --> 00:33:41,800
up, stairs. 
The clock will travel with you, 

609
00:33:41,800 --> 00:33:44,700
back to your prints of Pally, 
where it will keep excellent 

610
00:33:44,700 --> 00:33:48,700
time for decades eventually 
becoming a family heirloom that 

611
00:33:48,700 --> 00:33:52,000
your grandchildren will wind 
carefully while wondering about 

612
00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:55,500
the Diplomatic Congress. 
Where grandfather acquired such 

613
00:33:55,500 --> 00:34:00,000
a fine, timepiece, you attend a 
final reception smaller than the

614
00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:03,500
massive balls of previous months
with an informal atmosphere. 

615
00:34:03,500 --> 00:34:07,300
That allows actual conversation 
instead of diplomatic 

616
00:34:07,300 --> 00:34:09,900
maneuvering. 
Mechanic makes the rounds 

617
00:34:09,900 --> 00:34:13,100
looking exhausted, but satisfied
in the way of someone who's 

618
00:34:13,100 --> 00:34:16,500
completed enormous task without 
completely failing. 

619
00:34:16,500 --> 00:34:20,199
His age visibly over these nine 
months, the stress of 

620
00:34:20,208 --> 00:34:23,300
coordinating, this massive 
negotiation showing in new 

621
00:34:23,300 --> 00:34:26,699
lines, around his eyes, castrate
departs, the next morning, 

622
00:34:26,699 --> 00:34:30,199
headed back to London where 
Parliament wants detailed 

623
00:34:30,199 --> 00:34:32,400
reports on what Britain gained 
from the Congress. 

624
00:34:32,400 --> 00:34:35,900
You see him briefly during his 
preparations and he offers a 

625
00:34:35,900 --> 00:34:39,199
characteristically British 
assessment We've accomplished 

626
00:34:39,199 --> 00:34:41,900
what was possible. 
Given the circumstances, which 

627
00:34:41,900 --> 00:34:44,199
is rather better than I expected
in March. 

628
00:34:44,199 --> 00:34:49,600
When Bonaparte returned Prussian
delegation leaves on mass 

629
00:34:49,600 --> 00:34:53,000
efficient to the end. 
Their carriages loaded with 

630
00:34:53,000 --> 00:34:56,199
documents and territorial maps 
showing their expanded 

631
00:34:56,199 --> 00:34:58,500
influence. 
They didn't get everything, they

632
00:34:58,500 --> 00:35:00,200
wanted. 
Prussian never does. 

633
00:35:01,000 --> 00:35:01,900
But they've positioned 
themselves. 

634
00:35:01,900 --> 00:35:04,500
Well, for the next Century of 
German politics. 

635
00:35:04,500 --> 00:35:09,000
Even if they don't fully realize
it yet, Russia's 

636
00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:11,800
Representatives, begin their 
long journey back to Saint 

637
00:35:11,800 --> 00:35:14,600
Petersburg carrying mixed 
results for Tsar. 

638
00:35:14,600 --> 00:35:17,800
Alexander the Russian Emperor 
gained influence in Poland but 

639
00:35:17,800 --> 00:35:21,000
not the complete dominance. 
He initially sought and His, 

640
00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:24,500
holy Alliance proposal of vague 
scheme to organize European 

641
00:35:24,500 --> 00:35:26,000
relations. 
According to Christian 

642
00:35:26,000 --> 00:35:30,300
principles has been politely, 
filed under interesting ideas 

643
00:35:30,300 --> 00:35:33,800
will definitely consider later 
by nearly every signature, the 

644
00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:37,400
French delegation departs. 
Last having spent these final 

645
00:35:37,400 --> 00:35:40,200
weeks and sharing that France 
isn't completely excluded from 

646
00:35:40,200 --> 00:35:43,100
the new European order. 
Despite being on the losing 

647
00:35:43,100 --> 00:35:47,300
side, Talleyrand diplomatic 
skill, produced minor Miracles 

648
00:35:47,300 --> 00:35:51,400
transforming France from a 
defeated Pariah to an accepted 

649
00:35:51,400 --> 00:35:54,200
member of the great power Club 
in the space of nine months. 

650
00:35:54,200 --> 00:35:57,500
It's a masterclass in 
negotiation that historians will

651
00:35:57,500 --> 00:35:59,700
study for Generations the right 
now. 

652
00:35:59,700 --> 00:36:02,800
Tally on probably just wants to 
go home and sleep for a week. 

653
00:36:02,800 --> 00:36:05,400
Your own departure. 
Comes on a Thursday morning in 

654
00:36:05,400 --> 00:36:08,800
Late, July the city already 
warming under the Summer Sun, as

655
00:36:08,808 --> 00:36:10,300
your Carriage rolled out of 
Vienna. 

656
00:36:10,300 --> 00:36:13,900
You look back at the city once 
taking in the spires and palaces

657
00:36:13,900 --> 00:36:16,600
where you've spent nearly a year
of your life, watching history, 

658
00:36:16,600 --> 00:36:19,800
get made through the slow, 
accumulation of compromises and 

659
00:36:19,800 --> 00:36:22,300
postpone. 
Decision's the journey home 

660
00:36:22,300 --> 00:36:25,400
takes three weeks passing 
through territories, whose 

661
00:36:25,400 --> 00:36:27,800
borders may or may not match. 
What you remember from your 

662
00:36:27,800 --> 00:36:32,000
initial journey to Vienna. 
Some borders have shifted some 

663
00:36:32,000 --> 00:36:35,300
states have new names, some 
rulers, find themselves, 

664
00:36:35,300 --> 00:36:38,100
governing different territories 
than they controlled last year. 

665
00:36:38,900 --> 00:36:41,600
But the changes have been 
managed through negotiation 

666
00:36:41,600 --> 00:36:45,200
rather than Conquest which 
represents genuine progress. 

667
00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:48,200
Even if it doesn't feel 
particularly dramatic, you 

668
00:36:48,200 --> 00:36:50,800
arrive home to discover that 
nothing has changed. 

669
00:36:50,800 --> 00:36:55,100
And everything has changed your 
principality looks exactly as 

670
00:36:55,100 --> 00:36:58,500
you left it same buildings. 
Same streets. 

671
00:36:58,500 --> 00:37:02,900
Same people going about their 
lives in reassuring continuity, 

672
00:37:02,900 --> 00:37:05,500
but the context is shifted 
fundamentally. 

673
00:37:05,500 --> 00:37:09,500
You are now part of the German 
Confederation subject to 

674
00:37:09,500 --> 00:37:13,200
Collective Security, rangements 
and consultation procedures that

675
00:37:13,200 --> 00:37:15,900
didn't exist. 
When you departed, your prints 

676
00:37:15,900 --> 00:37:18,600
must consider how decisions 
affect relationships with 

677
00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:21,700
neighboring states in ways that 
previous generations. 

678
00:37:21,700 --> 00:37:26,100
Never contemplated the local 
population, doesn't particularly

679
00:37:26,100 --> 00:37:27,800
care about the Congress of 
Vienna. 

680
00:37:27,800 --> 00:37:32,100
They want to know if taxes will 
increase whether the Harvest 

681
00:37:32,100 --> 00:37:35,700
looks promising and why you were
gone for nearly a year attending

682
00:37:35,700 --> 00:37:39,300
some conference in Austria that 
may or may not have Accomplished

683
00:37:39,300 --> 00:37:41,800
anything useful their questions,
really? 

684
00:37:41,800 --> 00:37:44,800
And you find yourself struggling
to explain what happened in 

685
00:37:44,800 --> 00:37:48,000
Vienna in terms that resonate 
with people whose primary 

686
00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:51,600
concerns involve crop prices and
whether the Millers charging 

687
00:37:51,600 --> 00:37:54,800
Fair rates, eventually you 
settle on a simple explanation, 

688
00:37:54,800 --> 00:37:58,300
the great Powers sat down 
together and talked until they 

689
00:37:58,300 --> 00:38:01,700
agreed not to fight each other 
for a while, which means armies 

690
00:38:01,700 --> 00:38:04,800
won't March through your 
principality, destroying fields,

691
00:38:04,800 --> 00:38:07,600
and demanding supplies, this 
explanation. 

692
00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:10,600
Satisfies most people because 
they understand armies and 

693
00:38:10,600 --> 00:38:14,400
destruction very clearly, having
experienced both during the 

694
00:38:14,400 --> 00:38:17,400
Napoleonic Wars, your prints 
more attuned. 

695
00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:20,700
To diplomatic subtleties. 
Once details reports on 

696
00:38:20,700 --> 00:38:24,400
everything you witnessed, you 
spend weeks preparing documents 

697
00:38:24,400 --> 00:38:27,900
that summarize the territorial 
settlements, the Constitutional 

698
00:38:27,900 --> 00:38:31,400
Arrangements, the balance of 
power mechanisms and the 

699
00:38:31,400 --> 00:38:34,600
consultation procedures that now
govern European international 

700
00:38:34,600 --> 00:38:37,700
relations the prince reads, 
these with careful attention, 

701
00:38:38,800 --> 00:38:41,300
Occasionally asking questions 
that reveal, he understands the 

702
00:38:41,300 --> 00:38:43,600
implications better than the new
initially realized. 

703
00:38:43,600 --> 00:38:46,600
What emerges from these 
discussions is a practical 

704
00:38:46,600 --> 00:38:49,300
assessment. 
The Congress of Vienna bought 

705
00:38:49,300 --> 00:38:52,300
time it didn't solve, the 
fundamental tensions. 

706
00:38:52,300 --> 00:38:55,900
Between great Powers competing 
for influence, did an eliminate 

707
00:38:55,900 --> 00:38:58,600
the nationalist movements that 
will eventually reshape Europe 

708
00:38:58,600 --> 00:39:02,000
and didn't create permanent 
institutions strong enough to 

709
00:39:02,008 --> 00:39:06,700
prevent all future conflicts but
it did establish a framework for

710
00:39:06,700 --> 00:39:10,600
managing these tensions through 
diplomacy rather than automatic 

711
00:39:10,600 --> 00:39:13,200
Warfare. 
And that framework might last 

712
00:39:13,200 --> 00:39:15,800
long enough for circumstances to
change in ways. 

713
00:39:15,800 --> 00:39:19,300
Nobody can currently predict the
years that follow seem to 

714
00:39:19,300 --> 00:39:24,100
validate this cautious optimism.
Of Europe functions in perfectly

715
00:39:24,100 --> 00:39:27,700
but genuinely with regular 
conferences addressing crises 

716
00:39:27,700 --> 00:39:29,800
before. 
They explode into Continental 

717
00:39:29,800 --> 00:39:34,300
Wars, the great Powers consult 
each other, coordinate policies,

718
00:39:34,300 --> 00:39:37,700
and occasionally even cooperated
in ways that would have seemed 

719
00:39:37,700 --> 00:39:39,900
impossible during the Napoleonic
period. 

720
00:39:40,800 --> 00:39:43,400
Minor disputes. 
Get resolved through negotiation

721
00:39:43,400 --> 00:39:46,600
major tensions. 
Get postponed through diplomatic

722
00:39:46,600 --> 00:39:48,900
delay tactics that everyone 
learned in Vienna. 

723
00:39:49,600 --> 00:39:51,900
You watch these developments 
from your principality, 

724
00:39:51,900 --> 00:39:55,600
receiving reports and 
occasionally traveling to minor 

725
00:39:55,600 --> 00:39:59,100
conferences yourself, The 
Diplomatic skills learned during

726
00:39:59,100 --> 00:40:00,700
those nine months in Vienna 
serve you. 

727
00:40:00,708 --> 00:40:03,700
Well, and you develop a 
reputation as someone who 

728
00:40:03,700 --> 00:40:06,900
understands how the system 
works, how to postpone 

729
00:40:06,900 --> 00:40:10,800
inconvenient decision, and until
circumstances improve and how to

730
00:40:10,800 --> 00:40:14,800
find the compromise that nobody 
loves, but everyone can accept 

731
00:40:14,800 --> 00:40:19,300
the 1820s bring challenges. 
Revolutions in Italy and Spain 

732
00:40:19,300 --> 00:40:21,200
that test. 
Whether the great powers can 

733
00:40:21,200 --> 00:40:23,700
agree on how to respond to 
internal upheavals in other 

734
00:40:23,700 --> 00:40:27,200
countries. 
Mechanic pushes for intervention

735
00:40:27,200 --> 00:40:30,500
to suppress revolutionary 
movements Britain resists 

736
00:40:30,500 --> 00:40:33,200
arguing that internal politics 
shouldn't trigger. 

737
00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:36,600
Automatic great power 
involvement, Russia offers to 

738
00:40:36,600 --> 00:40:39,200
send armies anywhere. 
They might be useful, which 

739
00:40:39,200 --> 00:40:42,900
makes everyone else nervous, but
somehow through conferences and 

740
00:40:42,900 --> 00:40:46,700
consultations and carefully 
worded statements, they manage 

741
00:40:46,700 --> 00:40:51,000
these crises without the system 
collapsing, entirely the 1830s, 

742
00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:54,500
bring more upheaval, another 
French Revolution, that topples 

743
00:40:54,500 --> 00:40:57,700
the bourbon monarchy. 
A Belgian revolt against Dutch 

744
00:40:57,700 --> 00:40:59,100
rule, that creates a new 
country. 

745
00:40:59,100 --> 00:41:03,000
Nobody anticipated and various 
other disruptions that were 

746
00:41:03,000 --> 00:41:05,200
required. 
Diplomatic management, the 

747
00:41:05,200 --> 00:41:09,000
Vienna system bends, but doesn't
break adapting to change 

748
00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:11,800
circumstances while maintaining 
its core commitment to 

749
00:41:11,800 --> 00:41:15,900
consultation over confrontation 
your older now less involved in 

750
00:41:15,908 --> 00:41:18,400
active diplomacy, but still 
watching with interest. 

751
00:41:18,400 --> 00:41:21,300
As younger Representatives carry
forward the practices 

752
00:41:21,300 --> 00:41:24,000
established in Vienna. 
They don't always realize 

753
00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:26,900
whether these practices came 
From treating regular 

754
00:41:26,900 --> 00:41:28,500
conferences and balance of 
power. 

755
00:41:28,500 --> 00:41:32,200
Calculations are simply how 
international relations work 

756
00:41:32,200 --> 00:41:35,400
rather than as innovations that 
required, nine months of 

757
00:41:35,400 --> 00:41:38,000
negotiations. 
And countless pastries to 

758
00:41:38,008 --> 00:41:41,300
establish your in your study, on
a winter evening, in the early, 

759
00:41:41,300 --> 00:41:45,400
1840s reviewing papers and 
correspondence while snowfall 

760
00:41:45,400 --> 00:41:48,000
silently outside your window 
hermiller's. 

761
00:41:48,000 --> 00:41:50,600
Traveling clock, ticks steadily,
on the desk, keeping perfect 

762
00:41:50,600 --> 00:41:52,500
time. 
After 25 years of faithful 

763
00:41:52,500 --> 00:41:57,000
service, the sound brings back 
memories of Vienna the larger 

764
00:41:57,000 --> 00:41:59,500
clocks, ticking in the 
watchmakers shop below your 

765
00:41:59,500 --> 00:42:03,600
lodgings, the measured pace of 
negotiations and the careful 

766
00:42:03,600 --> 00:42:06,600
progress will agreements that 
seemed impossibly distant. 

767
00:42:06,600 --> 00:42:11,000
When you first arrived in that 
Autumn of 1814, a young girl 

768
00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:14,300
colleague visits someone being 
prepared for diplomatic service 

769
00:42:14,300 --> 00:42:17,500
and asks you about the Congress 
of Vienna because he's heard you

770
00:42:17,500 --> 00:42:21,100
were there and witnessed the 
proceedings first hand where to 

771
00:42:21,100 --> 00:42:24,400
begin, how do you explain nine 
months of negotiations? 

772
00:42:24,400 --> 00:42:26,900
To someone who Has grown up in 
the relative stability. 

773
00:42:26,900 --> 00:42:29,900
Those negotiations. 
Produced, you start with the 

774
00:42:29,900 --> 00:42:33,600
basics. 
Europe was exhausted after 23 

775
00:42:33,600 --> 00:42:36,900
years of almost continuous 
Warfare and the great Powers 

776
00:42:36,900 --> 00:42:40,900
decided to sit down together and
try to create a system that 

777
00:42:40,900 --> 00:42:44,300
might prevent future conflicts 
from immediately escalating to 

778
00:42:44,300 --> 00:42:47,800
Continental War. 
Not prevent all conflicts that 

779
00:42:47,800 --> 00:42:51,700
would be impossible but create 
mechanisms for managing disputes

780
00:42:51,700 --> 00:42:54,900
through diplomacy rather than 
automatically reaching for 

781
00:42:54,900 --> 00:42:57,900
weapons. 
Your colleague nods takes notes 

782
00:42:57,900 --> 00:43:01,200
and asks intelligent questions 
about specific territorial 

783
00:43:01,200 --> 00:43:04,900
arrangements and constitutional 
Provisions, but you sent his 

784
00:43:04,900 --> 00:43:07,400
missing the larger points. 
So you try a different approach,

785
00:43:07,400 --> 00:43:11,000
the Congress of Vienna 
succeeded, you explain precisely

786
00:43:11,000 --> 00:43:12,400
because it failed to solve 
everything. 

787
00:43:13,200 --> 00:43:17,200
This confuses him naturally, how
can failure equal success. 

788
00:43:17,200 --> 00:43:20,600
But that's the essential Insight
that everyone in Vienna 

789
00:43:20,600 --> 00:43:24,100
eventually learned. 
Perfect Solutions don't exist. 

790
00:43:24,100 --> 00:43:27,300
When dealing with competing 
national interests and centuries

791
00:43:27,300 --> 00:43:30,700
of accumulated grievances what 
you can achieve a good enough 

792
00:43:30,700 --> 00:43:34,100
solution that everyone can live 
with at least temporarily. 

793
00:43:35,300 --> 00:43:37,800
And temporarily can last 
surprisingly long. 

794
00:43:37,800 --> 00:43:41,900
If you've created proper 
mechanisms for extending it, the

795
00:43:41,900 --> 00:43:45,700
delayed tactics that frustrated 
minor States at the time, the 

796
00:43:45,700 --> 00:43:48,700
postponed decisions, the 
rescheduled meetings, the 

797
00:43:48,700 --> 00:43:51,900
carefully maintained ambiguity, 
these weren't failures of 

798
00:43:51,908 --> 00:43:55,300
diplomacy but rather is greatest
achievements. 

799
00:43:55,300 --> 00:43:58,600
Every postpone decision was 
another day without War. 

800
00:43:59,300 --> 00:44:02,200
Every rescheduled meeting was 
another opportunity for 

801
00:44:02,200 --> 00:44:06,700
circumstances to change for 
tempers to cool and for better 

802
00:44:06,700 --> 00:44:09,700
options to emerge. 
The great Powers learned in 

803
00:44:09,700 --> 00:44:13,600
Vienna that delay itself. 
Could be a form of progress that

804
00:44:13,600 --> 00:44:16,700
buying time through careful 
negotiation often accomplished 

805
00:44:16,700 --> 00:44:19,100
more than forcing immediate 
decisions. 

806
00:44:19,100 --> 00:44:22,200
That might prove disastrous, you
walk your colleague through 

807
00:44:22,200 --> 00:44:25,900
specific examples. 
The Saxon question took months 

808
00:44:25,900 --> 00:44:29,800
to resolve not because anyone 
was incompetent, but because 

809
00:44:29,800 --> 00:44:33,100
rushing toward a solution would 
have forced sides to take hard 

810
00:44:33,100 --> 00:44:35,100
positions. 
They couldn't back down from 

811
00:44:35,100 --> 00:44:38,000
without losing face. 
The careful delays allowed. 

812
00:44:38,000 --> 00:44:41,000
Everyone to gradually, adjust 
their positions to find 

813
00:44:41,000 --> 00:44:44,900
face-saving compromises and to 
discover creative formulas, that

814
00:44:44,900 --> 00:44:48,500
addressed core interests while 
abandoning maximalist demands, 

815
00:44:48,500 --> 00:44:51,700
the Polish question, never 
really got solved at all Russia 

816
00:44:51,700 --> 00:44:55,500
kept most of Poland, which 
nobody liked except Russia, but 

817
00:44:55,500 --> 00:44:58,300
the careful diplomatic language 
wrapped around this outcome 

818
00:44:58,300 --> 00:45:00,500
allowed. 
Everyone else to claim, they'd 

819
00:45:00,500 --> 00:45:03,600
protected polish interests, as 
much as possible. 

820
00:45:03,600 --> 00:45:06,400
Given the circumstances was this
ideal? 

821
00:45:06,400 --> 00:45:10,200
Know, did it prevent a media War
over Poland? 

822
00:45:10,200 --> 00:45:13,300
Yes. 
And that yes, mattered more than

823
00:45:13,308 --> 00:45:15,400
perfect Justice. 
When the alternative was 

824
00:45:15,400 --> 00:45:18,600
renewed, Continental conflict, 
the balance of power. 

825
00:45:18,600 --> 00:45:22,000
Principal itself represents a 
form of institutionalized delay.

826
00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:25,900
Instead of one power, seeking 
absolute dominance, which would 

827
00:45:25,900 --> 00:45:28,100
force everyone else in to a 
defensive Alliance. 

828
00:45:29,100 --> 00:45:32,300
System accepted ongoing 
competition within a Greek 

829
00:45:32,300 --> 00:45:34,600
constraints. 
No, final victories. 

830
00:45:34,600 --> 00:45:37,400
No permanent. 
Defeats just continuous 

831
00:45:37,400 --> 00:45:39,500
adjustment and occasional 
rebalancing. 

832
00:45:39,500 --> 00:45:42,500
It's frustrating. 
If you want, decisive outcomes, 

833
00:45:42,500 --> 00:45:46,400
but it's remarkably effective at
preventing the kind of Total 

834
00:45:46,400 --> 00:45:47,900
War. 
That characterized the 

835
00:45:47,900 --> 00:45:51,300
Napoleonic period, your 
colleague, absorbs this you can 

836
00:45:51,308 --> 00:45:54,300
see him reconsidering his 
assumptions about what diplomacy

837
00:45:54,300 --> 00:45:57,100
should accomplish. 
He'd been taught to think of 

838
00:45:57,100 --> 00:46:01,000
treaties as solving problems 
creating clear outcomes and 

839
00:46:01,000 --> 00:46:03,100
establishing definitive 
Arrangements. 

840
00:46:03,100 --> 00:46:06,700
But the lesson from Vienna is 
that the best treaties often 

841
00:46:06,700 --> 00:46:10,600
simply postpone problems until 
better Solutions become possible

842
00:46:10,600 --> 00:46:14,600
create Frameworks for ongoing 
negotiation rather than final 

843
00:46:14,600 --> 00:46:18,400
settlements and establish 
processes, rather than outcomes 

844
00:46:18,400 --> 00:46:22,300
the evening grows late and your 
colleague departs with much to 

845
00:46:22,300 --> 00:46:26,600
think about You return to your 
study to have Miller's clock and

846
00:46:26,600 --> 00:46:30,200
it's steady, ticking and reflect
on what the Congress of Vienna 

847
00:46:30,200 --> 00:46:32,600
actually achieved. 
It delayed. 

848
00:46:32,600 --> 00:46:37,500
The Crimean War until 1853 four 
decades after Vienna, when the 

849
00:46:37,500 --> 00:46:40,700
balance of power system. 
Finally encountered a crisis, it

850
00:46:40,700 --> 00:46:44,100
couldn't postpone successfully, 
it delayed German unification 

851
00:46:44,100 --> 00:46:48,500
until 1871 giving the German 
states time to develop 

852
00:46:48,500 --> 00:46:50,700
economically and politically 
before facing that. 

853
00:46:50,700 --> 00:46:54,500
Fundamental question of unity, 
it delayed Italian unification. 

854
00:46:54,500 --> 00:46:58,400
Similarly, allowing the various 
Italian states to evolve before 

855
00:46:58,400 --> 00:47:00,600
being Consolidated into a single
nation. 

856
00:47:00,600 --> 00:47:04,100
It delayed major, European War 
until 1914. 

857
00:47:04,100 --> 00:47:07,800
A full Century after Vienna. 
When the system established in 

858
00:47:07,800 --> 00:47:10,400
1815 finally collapsed under 
stresses. 

859
00:47:10,400 --> 00:47:14,600
It was never designed to handle 
Century of relative peace among 

860
00:47:14,600 --> 00:47:17,600
the great Powers achieved 
through mechanisms of 

861
00:47:17,600 --> 00:47:21,100
consultation postponement and 
carefully managed delay. 

862
00:47:21,100 --> 00:47:25,900
That's the legacy of those nine 
months and Vienna not perfect 

863
00:47:25,900 --> 00:47:29,900
peace because there were still 
Wars not permanent stability 

864
00:47:29,900 --> 00:47:32,700
because circumstances constantly
changed. 

865
00:47:33,500 --> 00:47:36,300
But a framework for managing 
international relations that 

866
00:47:36,300 --> 00:47:38,500
bought Europe enough, time to 
develop in ways. 

867
00:47:38,500 --> 00:47:42,000
Nobody in 1815 could have 
predicted were different 

868
00:47:42,000 --> 00:47:44,700
decisions in Vienna have 
produced better outcomes. 

869
00:47:44,700 --> 00:47:47,700
Possibly. 
But they also might have 

870
00:47:47,700 --> 00:47:50,700
produced worse outcomes. 
Triggering immediate conflicts 

871
00:47:50,700 --> 00:47:54,300
or creating Arrangements that 
proved unsustainable, The Genius

872
00:47:54,300 --> 00:47:57,800
of Vienna, lay an accepting that
Perfect Solutions don't exist 

873
00:47:57,800 --> 00:48:01,500
and the good enough Solutions. 
Sustained through diplomatic 

874
00:48:01,500 --> 00:48:03,800
delay. 
Might accomplish more than 

875
00:48:03,800 --> 00:48:07,100
Brilliant Solutions that nobody 
can actually Implement. 

876
00:48:07,100 --> 00:48:10,500
You look at the clock again 
watching its hands Mark the 

877
00:48:10,500 --> 00:48:14,500
passage of time with mechanical 
Precision Time itself was the 

878
00:48:14,500 --> 00:48:17,400
great accomplishment of Vienna 
by buying time through 

879
00:48:17,400 --> 00:48:21,900
negotiation extending time 
through postponement and using 

880
00:48:21,900 --> 00:48:25,700
time to allow circumstances to 
evolve in potentially beneficial

881
00:48:25,700 --> 00:48:29,700
ways the delegates who Gather in
Vienna understood, perhaps 

882
00:48:29,700 --> 00:48:32,600
better than any diplomatic 
assembly before or since 

883
00:48:33,500 --> 00:48:37,400
Sometimes the greatest service 
diplomacy can provide is simply 

884
00:48:37,400 --> 00:48:40,400
preventing to today's crisis 
from becoming tomorrow's War. 

885
00:48:40,400 --> 00:48:43,600
The snow continues falling 
outside, covering your 

886
00:48:43,600 --> 00:48:47,400
principality in quiet, white 
accumulation, Somewhere in the 

887
00:48:47,408 --> 00:48:49,500
distance. 
A church bell, marks the hour 

888
00:48:49,500 --> 00:48:53,500
and hermiller's clock ticks. 
Steadily onward counting the 

889
00:48:53,500 --> 00:48:56,700
seconds of peace that vienes 
careful delays made possible. 

890
00:48:56,700 --> 00:48:59,100
One postponed decision at a 
time. 

891
00:49:08,900 --> 00:49:12,200
You open your eyes Before, Dawn.
And the first thing you notice 

892
00:49:12,200 --> 00:49:15,100
is how quiet everything is not 
silent. 

893
00:49:15,100 --> 00:49:19,600
Egypt is never truly silent, but
hushed in that particular way, 

894
00:49:19,600 --> 00:49:22,000
that happens when an entire 
Palace is holding. 

895
00:49:22,000 --> 00:49:25,500
Its breath waiting for you to 
wake up somewhere beyond your 

896
00:49:25,500 --> 00:49:28,600
bed chamber, you can hear the 
distant sound of water being 

897
00:49:28,600 --> 00:49:33,000
poured, the soft padding of bare
feet on Limestone floors and the

898
00:49:33,000 --> 00:49:35,900
gentle rustle of linen. 
A servants prepare for your day,

899
00:49:35,900 --> 00:49:39,000
but none of them will enter 
until you signal that you're 

900
00:49:39,000 --> 00:49:41,600
ready. 
Being a God, has its perks. 

901
00:49:41,600 --> 00:49:45,800
And previously Before Sunrise is
one of them, the bed beneath you

902
00:49:45,800 --> 00:49:47,600
a surprisingly comfortable for 
something? 

903
00:49:47,600 --> 00:49:50,300
That looks like it was designed 
by someone, who never actually 

904
00:49:50,300 --> 00:49:52,800
slept before. 
It's a wooden frame with a 

905
00:49:52,808 --> 00:49:56,700
football carved to look like 
protective Spirits, part Lyon 

906
00:49:56,700 --> 00:49:59,400
part something else entirely 
that you're not entirely sure 

907
00:49:59,400 --> 00:50:01,800
about but the artists seemed 
confident. 

908
00:50:01,800 --> 00:50:04,500
So you went with it. 
The mattress is woven Reed, 

909
00:50:04,500 --> 00:50:07,600
covered with linen sheets that 
somehow stay cool even in the 

910
00:50:07,600 --> 00:50:11,100
Egyptian Heat. 
Your headrest, a curved piece of

911
00:50:11,108 --> 00:50:14,900
wood that cradles your neck has 
taken some getting used to over 

912
00:50:14,900 --> 00:50:18,000
the years when you were younger 
you thought it was a torture 

913
00:50:18,000 --> 00:50:21,600
device disguised as Furniture. 
Now, you can't sleep without it.

914
00:50:21,600 --> 00:50:25,700
The room smells like myrrh and 
frankincense from the sensors 

915
00:50:25,700 --> 00:50:29,200
that burn through the night 
mixed with the peculiar scent of

916
00:50:29,200 --> 00:50:32,000
Old Stone. 
That permeates every building in

917
00:50:32,000 --> 00:50:36,500
Egypt, it's not unpleasant. 
Actually it's become so familiar

918
00:50:36,500 --> 00:50:39,700
that you find it comforting, 
like the smell of rain to 

919
00:50:39,700 --> 00:50:42,900
someone who grew up in a wetter 
climate through the high wind 

920
00:50:42,900 --> 00:50:46,000
Windows, you can see the sky 
turning from black to Deep Blue.

921
00:50:46,800 --> 00:50:50,000
That particular shade that only 
exists for about 15 minutes, 

922
00:50:50,000 --> 00:50:53,400
each morning before the sun 
decides to make its dramatic 

923
00:50:53,400 --> 00:50:57,400
entrance, you sit up slowly 
because even Pharaoh's need a 

924
00:50:57,400 --> 00:51:01,100
moment to let their backs adjust
after line down all night, The 

925
00:51:01,100 --> 00:51:04,400
Golden lapis lazuli, Peck Hall, 
you ought to bed, you'll never 

926
00:51:04,400 --> 00:51:07,900
completely unadorned, even in 
sleep catches, the pre-dawn 

927
00:51:07,900 --> 00:51:10,500
light and throws. 
Tiny blue stars across the wall.

928
00:51:10,500 --> 00:51:14,400
It's one of your favorite 
actually less ostentatious than 

929
00:51:14,400 --> 00:51:17,600
some of the ceremonial pieces, 
but beautiful in a way that 

930
00:51:17,600 --> 00:51:19,200
doesn't scream. 
Look at me. 

931
00:51:19,200 --> 00:51:23,500
I'm incredibly important and 
wealthy. it just Whispers it 

932
00:51:23,500 --> 00:51:28,400
politely there's a gentle cough 
from Beyond the Door, not an 

933
00:51:28,400 --> 00:51:30,800
impatient cough because nobody 
in their right mind would cough 

934
00:51:30,800 --> 00:51:33,800
impatiently at a pharaoh. 
But a we're ready when you are 

935
00:51:33,800 --> 00:51:37,600
but also the sun waits for no 
one kind of cough you call out 

936
00:51:37,600 --> 00:51:40,700
that you're awake and the door 
opens to admit a small 

937
00:51:40,700 --> 00:51:43,900
procession of people whose 
entire job is to make sure you 

938
00:51:43,900 --> 00:51:47,500
don't have to dress yourself. 
Leading them is amenhotep, your 

939
00:51:47,500 --> 00:51:50,200
chief steward who has perfected,
the art of looking 

940
00:51:50,200 --> 00:51:52,900
simultaneously alert and Serene,
at an hour. 

941
00:51:52,908 --> 00:51:55,200
When most people look like 
they've been hit with a brick, 

942
00:51:55,200 --> 00:51:59,300
the purification ritual happens 
first before you can eat or 

943
00:51:59,300 --> 00:52:02,200
drink or do anything else, 
because you can't very well 

944
00:52:02,200 --> 00:52:04,500
commune with the gods while 
smelling like you've been asleep

945
00:52:04,500 --> 00:52:08,500
for eight hours, two Precinct a 
carrying Alabaster jars of water

946
00:52:08,500 --> 00:52:11,100
drawn from the Nile at a sacred 
spot Upstream. 

947
00:52:11,100 --> 00:52:15,600
The water is cool and clean and 
they pour it over your hands and

948
00:52:15,600 --> 00:52:19,200
feet while reciting prayers that
you've heard so many times you 

949
00:52:19,200 --> 00:52:22,400
could recite them backwards 
probably shouldn't mention that 

950
00:52:22,400 --> 00:52:25,300
you want to try doing exactly 
that during a particularly 

951
00:52:25,300 --> 00:52:27,700
boring ceremony when you were 
13. 

952
00:52:28,800 --> 00:52:32,400
Your high priest wasn't amused. 
The washing is methodical and 

953
00:52:32,400 --> 00:52:36,600
strangely peaceful one, priest 
focuses on your right side, the 

954
00:52:36,600 --> 00:52:39,600
other on your left, moving in 
perfect synchronization. 

955
00:52:39,600 --> 00:52:42,100
Like they've been practicing 
this routine for years. 

956
00:52:42,100 --> 00:52:46,600
Which, of course they have. 
Water runs over your skin and 

957
00:52:46,600 --> 00:52:48,900
collects in a bronze bass and 
beneath your feet. 

958
00:52:49,600 --> 00:52:53,200
Carrying away the night and 
symbolically at least any 

959
00:52:53,200 --> 00:52:56,600
impurities that might have 
accumulated while you slept, you

960
00:52:56,600 --> 00:53:00,200
watch ripples form in the Basin 
and think about how the Nile 

961
00:53:00,200 --> 00:53:02,300
itself must be going through its
own morning. 

962
00:53:02,300 --> 00:53:05,700
Routines, Downstream preparing 
for another day of keeping 

963
00:53:05,700 --> 00:53:10,200
millions of people alive. 
Next comes the anointing with 

964
00:53:10,200 --> 00:53:13,000
oils. 
These aren't your everyday oils.

965
00:53:13,000 --> 00:53:16,200
Nobody's rubbing you down with 
whatever they used to keep door 

966
00:53:16,200 --> 00:53:20,300
hinges from squeaking. 
These are sacred oils, expensive

967
00:53:20,300 --> 00:53:24,100
oils oils that had to be 
imported from places so far away

968
00:53:24,100 --> 00:53:27,200
that the merchants who brought 
them spent months traveling 

969
00:53:27,200 --> 00:53:31,500
through deserts and across Seas.
The chief oil is Merrick mixed 

970
00:53:31,500 --> 00:53:33,900
with cinnamon and something 
floral that you can never quite 

971
00:53:33,900 --> 00:53:36,200
identify. 
But smells like, what you 

972
00:53:36,200 --> 00:53:37,900
imagine? 
The gods Garden would smell like

973
00:53:37,900 --> 00:53:41,200
if God's needed, Guardians the 
priest applies the oil to your 

974
00:53:41,200 --> 00:53:45,200
forehead, first drawing symbols,
you can't see, but can feel in 

975
00:53:45,200 --> 00:53:49,700
the patterns, his fingers, make 
then your chest your arms and 

976
00:53:49,700 --> 00:53:53,600
your feet. 
The oil soaks in slowly leaving 

977
00:53:53,600 --> 00:53:56,700
your skin gleaming in the 
Lamplight, you smell like a 

978
00:53:56,700 --> 00:54:00,000
temple now which is appropriate,
considering you're about to 

979
00:54:00,000 --> 00:54:03,100
become the primary link between 
Egypt and every God who is 

980
00:54:03,100 --> 00:54:07,200
paying attention this morning. 
The dressing process is its own 

981
00:54:07,200 --> 00:54:09,900
kind of ritual first. 
The linen killed. 

982
00:54:10,600 --> 00:54:13,900
Not just any linen but Royal 
linen woven. 

983
00:54:13,900 --> 00:54:16,300
So finally you can barely feel 
it against your skin. 

984
00:54:17,100 --> 00:54:18,800
It's pleated within an inch of 
its life. 

985
00:54:18,800 --> 00:54:23,100
Each fold sharp enough to cut 
Papyrus and it's held in place 

986
00:54:23,100 --> 00:54:25,600
with a belt that weighs 
approximately as much as a small

987
00:54:25,600 --> 00:54:27,900
cat. 
The belt is gold because of 

988
00:54:27,900 --> 00:54:31,200
course it is. 
Inlaid with semi-precious stones

989
00:54:31,200 --> 00:54:34,200
arranged in patterns that tell 
stories about your Divine Right 

990
00:54:34,200 --> 00:54:37,900
To Rule and your ancestors 
Divine Right To Rule and 

991
00:54:37,900 --> 00:54:40,700
basically everyone in your 
family's divine right to do 

992
00:54:40,700 --> 00:54:43,400
whatever they want. 
Then the color. 

993
00:54:43,400 --> 00:54:45,600
This is where things get 
serious. 

994
00:54:45,600 --> 00:54:48,600
Wait wise. 
The broad color is a masterpiece

995
00:54:48,600 --> 00:54:53,100
of goldsmithing rows upon rows 
of gold Carnelian, turquoise and

996
00:54:53,100 --> 00:54:56,100
Lapis, Lazuli beads strung 
together to create something 

997
00:54:56,100 --> 00:55:00,100
that's part jewelry, part armor 
and part statement piece that 

998
00:55:00,100 --> 00:55:04,200
says, yes, I could buy your 
entire village with what I'm 

999
00:55:04,200 --> 00:55:07,400
wearing around my neck. 
It settles onto your shoulders 

1000
00:55:07,400 --> 00:55:09,300
with a familiar. 
Heavy heaviness new 

1001
00:55:09,300 --> 00:55:11,700
automatically straighten, your 
posture to compensate. 

1002
00:55:11,700 --> 00:55:16,100
You've been wearing these colors
since you were crowned neck 

1003
00:55:16,100 --> 00:55:18,100
muscles. 
That could Probably support a 

1004
00:55:18,100 --> 00:55:21,900
small building the crown comes 
last, not the elaborate double 

1005
00:55:21,900 --> 00:55:23,700
crown, you'll wear for major 
ceremonies. 

1006
00:55:23,700 --> 00:55:26,700
That thing requires its own 
support staff, and gives you a 

1007
00:55:26,700 --> 00:55:30,300
headache after about 20 minutes.
But the simple names, headdress,

1008
00:55:30,300 --> 00:55:33,800
the striped linen cloth that 
frames your face and makes you 

1009
00:55:33,800 --> 00:55:37,700
instantly recognizable. 
As Pharaoh is, surprisingly, 

1010
00:55:37,700 --> 00:55:41,700
practical actually keeps the sun
off your head, keeps your hair 

1011
00:55:41,700 --> 00:55:44,500
out of your face and looks 
sufficiently impressive. 

1012
00:55:44,500 --> 00:55:48,300
That people remember their, in 
the presence of royalty Finally 

1013
00:55:48,300 --> 00:55:50,100
they hand you the crook and 
flail. 

1014
00:55:50,100 --> 00:55:53,100
These are your symbols of 
kingship, the tools that Mark 

1015
00:55:53,100 --> 00:55:56,900
you as both Shepherd and Warrior
of Egypt, the crook is hooked at

1016
00:55:56,900 --> 00:55:59,500
the top symbolizing, your role 
in guiding your people. 

1017
00:56:00,300 --> 00:56:03,000
Fail is a kind of whip thing 
that honestly serves no 

1018
00:56:03,000 --> 00:56:07,000
practical purpose, but looks 
great in reliefs and reminds 

1019
00:56:07,000 --> 00:56:09,800
everyone that you could 
theoretically, Smite them if 

1020
00:56:09,800 --> 00:56:11,900
necessary. 
You hold them crossed against 

1021
00:56:11,900 --> 00:56:14,800
your chest, in the traditional 
pose and catch sight of yourself

1022
00:56:14,800 --> 00:56:18,900
in a polished bronze mirror. 
You look like a pharaoh, you 

1023
00:56:18,900 --> 00:56:22,500
look like power personified, you
look like someone who definitely

1024
00:56:22,500 --> 00:56:25,200
knows what they're doing and has
everything under control. 

1025
00:56:25,200 --> 00:56:28,800
It's a good look even if you 
know that underneath all the 

1026
00:56:28,808 --> 00:56:32,600
gold and oil and carefully 
arranged linen, you're just a 

1027
00:56:32,600 --> 00:56:34,508
person who's going to need to 
visit the previous at some point

1028
00:56:34,516 --> 00:56:38,200
today and would really like some
breakfast this Sun. 

1029
00:56:38,200 --> 00:56:42,000
God Ra is making his appearance 
on the Eastern Horizon, which 

1030
00:56:42,000 --> 00:56:44,200
means it's time for you to make 
yours at the temple. 

1031
00:56:44,200 --> 00:56:48,100
This is non-negotiable you could
be dying and actually one of 

1032
00:56:48,100 --> 00:56:50,900
your predecessors did perform 
the morning ritual while dying, 

1033
00:56:50,900 --> 00:56:54,300
which everyone agreed was 
impressively dedicated, but 

1034
00:56:54,300 --> 00:56:56,100
also, maybe taking things a bit 
far. 

1035
00:56:56,100 --> 00:56:59,600
And you'd still need to show up 
to help the sun rise because 

1036
00:56:59,600 --> 00:57:02,900
according to theology, the sun 
doesn't rise on its own. 

1037
00:57:03,700 --> 00:57:07,300
It rises because you as the 
living embodiment of Horus 

1038
00:57:07,300 --> 00:57:10,000
perform the correct rituals to 
make it happen. 

1039
00:57:10,000 --> 00:57:13,200
No pressure. 
The walk to the temple. 

1040
00:57:13,200 --> 00:57:15,800
Takes you through corridors, 
that are starting to come alive 

1041
00:57:15,800 --> 00:57:18,900
with activity servants. 
Press themselves against the 

1042
00:57:18,900 --> 00:57:22,000
walls. 
As you pass heads bowed, because

1043
00:57:22,000 --> 00:57:24,900
looking directly at you is 
considered bold of best and 

1044
00:57:24,900 --> 00:57:28,000
sacrilegious at worst. 
You've tried to tell people, 

1045
00:57:28,000 --> 00:57:30,900
they can look at you, like a 
normal person, but apparently 

1046
00:57:30,900 --> 00:57:32,900
that's not how Divine King ship 
works. 

1047
00:57:32,900 --> 00:57:35,200
So, you've learned to 
acknowledge them without 

1048
00:57:35,200 --> 00:57:38,000
requiring I contact. 
Small nod here. 

1049
00:57:38,000 --> 00:57:40,200
A gesture there enough to show 
you. 

1050
00:57:40,200 --> 00:57:43,100
See them without forcing them, 
into an awkward theological 

1051
00:57:43,100 --> 00:57:48,000
situation, the temple is cool 
and dark lit, only by oil lamps,

1052
00:57:48,000 --> 00:57:49,900
that create pools of golden 
light. 

1053
00:57:49,900 --> 00:57:53,100
In the darkness, the air is 
thick with incense so thick you 

1054
00:57:53,100 --> 00:57:56,200
can practically taste it and 
you've developed the ability to 

1055
00:57:56,200 --> 00:57:58,700
breathe through your mouth 
without being obvious about it. 

1056
00:57:58,700 --> 00:58:01,700
The walls are covered in higher 
or glyphs and images that tell 

1057
00:58:01,700 --> 00:58:05,800
the story of Creation, The Gods,
Your Divine ancestry, and 

1058
00:58:05,800 --> 00:58:07,800
several of your own 
accomplishments that may have 

1059
00:58:07,808 --> 00:58:12,500
been slightly exaggerated by the
artists that battle you won in 

1060
00:58:12,500 --> 00:58:15,600
real life, it was messy and 
terrifying and you nearly got 

1061
00:58:15,600 --> 00:58:18,600
knocked off your chariot on the 
temple wall, your 

1062
00:58:18,600 --> 00:58:21,200
single-handedly defeating 
thousands of enemies while 

1063
00:58:21,200 --> 00:58:24,400
remaining perfectly quaffed. 
The high priest is waiting for 

1064
00:58:24,400 --> 00:58:27,400
you at the sanctuary entrance 
along with a collection of other

1065
00:58:27,400 --> 00:58:30,800
priests who form a kind of 
religious Entourage, they're all

1066
00:58:30,808 --> 00:58:34,000
shaved, completely bald. 
Not just their heads, but 

1067
00:58:34,000 --> 00:58:38,100
eyebrows everything because body
hair is considered impure in 

1068
00:58:38,100 --> 00:58:41,400
sacred spaces. 
You've always found this a bit 

1069
00:58:41,408 --> 00:58:44,800
extreme but you're not the one 
who made the rules will 

1070
00:58:44,800 --> 00:58:47,200
technically you are the one who 
could change the rules being 

1071
00:58:47,200 --> 00:58:50,700
fair and all but some traditions
are so old and so ingrained that

1072
00:58:50,700 --> 00:58:53,700
even you don't mess with them. 
The inner Sanctuary is where the

1073
00:58:53,700 --> 00:58:57,900
god actually Live's, not 
metaphorically lives the statue 

1074
00:58:57,900 --> 00:59:01,000
in their house is the actual 
essence of the god, making it 

1075
00:59:01,000 --> 00:59:04,000
the most sacred, and most 
dangerous spot in all of Egypt. 

1076
00:59:04,700 --> 00:59:08,600
Only you and the high priest can
enter and even then only during 

1077
00:59:08,600 --> 00:59:11,500
specific rituals. 
The door is sealed with the 

1078
00:59:11,500 --> 00:59:14,600
previous day seal which you 
break with the ceremonial knife,

1079
00:59:14,600 --> 00:59:19,400
the wax cracks with a satisfying
snap and the heavy doors, swing 

1080
00:59:19,400 --> 00:59:21,100
open to reveal the gods 
dwelling. 

1081
00:59:22,000 --> 00:59:26,100
Statue is magnificent covered in
Gold Leaf and precious stones. 

1082
00:59:26,100 --> 00:59:28,600
Wearing its own set of 
ceremonial garments that get 

1083
00:59:28,600 --> 00:59:31,700
changed daily. 
It stands in the dim, lamp light

1084
00:59:31,700 --> 00:59:34,700
looking appropriately, Divine 
and slightly intimidating. 

1085
00:59:34,700 --> 00:59:38,400
The deities I seem to follow you
as you approach, which is either

1086
00:59:38,400 --> 00:59:41,400
a trick of the light or proof 
that the God is indeed present. 

1087
00:59:42,300 --> 00:59:44,400
You prefer not to think about it
too deeply. 

1088
00:59:44,400 --> 00:59:48,100
The morning ritual is always the
same you approach the statue. 

1089
00:59:48,100 --> 00:59:50,800
Reciting prayers in the ancient 
tongue that you learned 

1090
00:59:50,800 --> 00:59:53,100
phonetically. 
As a child, even though your 

1091
00:59:53,100 --> 00:59:55,200
fluent in them. 
Now, there's something about the

1092
00:59:55,200 --> 00:59:59,400
sound of the words rounded and 
formal and heavy with Millennia 

1093
00:59:59,400 --> 01:00:02,100
of repetition, that makes them 
feel powerful. 

1094
01:00:02,100 --> 01:00:06,500
You're not just speaking your 
activating something connecting 

1095
01:00:06,500 --> 01:00:08,300
to a power that existed before 
your 

1096
01:00:08,300 --> 01:00:10,600
great-great-great-grandparents 
were born. 

1097
01:00:11,400 --> 01:00:15,400
You purify the statue with water
and nature and carefully washing

1098
01:00:15,400 --> 01:00:18,300
the gods face and hands. 
Then you dress it in. 

1099
01:00:18,300 --> 01:00:21,000
Fresh Linen, removing 
yesterday's garments, and 

1100
01:00:21,000 --> 01:00:23,300
replacing them with new ones 
that have been specially 

1101
01:00:23,300 --> 01:00:26,800
prepared and consecrated. 
The god gets jewelry, too 

1102
01:00:26,800 --> 01:00:31,200
necklaces and bracelets that you
fasten with steady hands, taking

1103
01:00:31,200 --> 01:00:34,600
care, not to let them tangle. 
You've gotten quite good at 

1104
01:00:34,600 --> 01:00:36,500
this. 
Over the years, the first time 

1105
01:00:36,500 --> 01:00:39,800
you did it, you were so nervous.
You nearly dropped a Priceless 

1106
01:00:39,800 --> 01:00:42,200
amulet. 
The high priest face went 

1107
01:00:42,200 --> 01:00:44,700
through several shades of pale 
before you caught it. 

1108
01:00:45,500 --> 01:00:49,100
Food offerings come next a small
Feast is laid out before the 

1109
01:00:49,100 --> 01:00:52,800
statue bread beer. 
Roasted dark fresh fruit and 

1110
01:00:52,800 --> 01:00:55,100
vegetables prepared. 
Exactly the way the god, 

1111
01:00:55,100 --> 01:00:58,400
prefers, the irony isn't lost on
you, that the god probably 

1112
01:00:58,400 --> 01:01:01,400
doesn't actually eat the food. 
What happens is that? 

1113
01:01:01,400 --> 01:01:04,500
The gods Essence consumes, the 
spiritual part of the meal, 

1114
01:01:04,500 --> 01:01:08,200
leaving the physical part to be 
distributed among the priests 

1115
01:01:08,200 --> 01:01:10,300
later. 
It's an official system really 

1116
01:01:10,300 --> 01:01:14,500
the gods get fed, the priests 
get fed, and everyone's happy. 

1117
01:01:15,300 --> 01:01:18,700
You like incense and make the 
final offerings, reciting the 

1118
01:01:18,700 --> 01:01:22,000
prayers, that release the Gods, 
power to flow through Egypt, for

1119
01:01:22,000 --> 01:01:24,300
another day. 
It's during these moments that 

1120
01:01:24,300 --> 01:01:27,300
you sometimes feel something 
shift in the air, something you 

1121
01:01:27,300 --> 01:01:29,900
can't quite explain, but that 
makes the hair on your arms. 

1122
01:01:29,900 --> 01:01:32,600
Stand up. 
Maybe it's just the incense 

1123
01:01:32,600 --> 01:01:33,800
smoke Playing Tricks on your 
mind. 

1124
01:01:33,800 --> 01:01:37,000
Maybe it's the weight of belief 
from millions of Egyptians 

1125
01:01:37,000 --> 01:01:39,800
flowing through you. 
Maybe the gods really are 

1126
01:01:39,800 --> 01:01:41,800
listening? 
When you emerge from the 

1127
01:01:41,808 --> 01:01:44,100
sanctuary? 
The sun is fully risen. 

1128
01:01:44,100 --> 01:01:47,600
This is important. 
If you'd fail in your duties, 

1129
01:01:47,600 --> 01:01:49,800
theoretically, the sun wouldn't 
have risen. 

1130
01:01:49,800 --> 01:01:52,900
Egypt would have fallen into 
chaos and it would have been 

1131
01:01:52,900 --> 01:01:56,700
entirely your fault. 
But the sun is shining, the Nile

1132
01:01:56,700 --> 01:02:00,800
is flowing, and the world 
continues to exist, which means 

1133
01:02:00,800 --> 01:02:04,000
you've successfully fulfilled, 
your Cosmic responsibilities for

1134
01:02:04,000 --> 01:02:07,200
another morning. 
You allow yourself a moment of 

1135
01:02:07,200 --> 01:02:10,900
quiet satisfaction. 
The rest of the morning involves

1136
01:02:10,900 --> 01:02:14,800
more temples and more Gods. 
Each Egypt has a lot of gods and

1137
01:02:14,800 --> 01:02:16,400
almost embarrassing number of 
gods. 

1138
01:02:16,400 --> 01:02:19,600
Really, and while you can't 
personally visit all of them. 

1139
01:02:19,600 --> 01:02:22,200
Every day you need to make 
regular appearances. 

1140
01:02:22,200 --> 01:02:25,400
At the major temples. 
There's the Temple of a moon, 

1141
01:02:25,400 --> 01:02:28,900
the king of Gods, whose priests 
wheeled almost as much power as 

1142
01:02:28,900 --> 01:02:31,000
you do and need to be kept 
happy. 

1143
01:02:32,000 --> 01:02:35,400
There's the Temple of tar, 
patron of Kraft's man, whose 

1144
01:02:35,400 --> 01:02:37,000
favor you need. 
If you want your building 

1145
01:02:37,000 --> 01:02:41,100
projects to succeed as the 
Temple of hathor goddess of love

1146
01:02:41,100 --> 01:02:44,500
and joy, whose festivals are 
significantly more fun than the 

1147
01:02:44,500 --> 01:02:48,100
other gods festivals, each 
Temple, visit follows a similar 

1148
01:02:48,100 --> 01:02:50,300
pattern approach with 
appropriate. 

1149
01:02:50,300 --> 01:02:54,100
Reverence perform the rituals, 
make the offerings and listen to

1150
01:02:54,100 --> 01:02:57,600
the priest reports about Temple 
business and their requests for 

1151
01:02:57,600 --> 01:03:01,300
more funding. 
The request for funding are 

1152
01:03:01,300 --> 01:03:04,700
constant, every priest believes 
that God, deserves a bigger 

1153
01:03:04,700 --> 01:03:07,800
Temple, more offerings and 
additional staff. 

1154
01:03:07,800 --> 01:03:11,200
You've become skilled at the 
political dance of appearing to 

1155
01:03:11,200 --> 01:03:14,400
consider every request. 
Seriously, while committing to 

1156
01:03:14,400 --> 01:03:17,000
nothing specific between 
temples. 

1157
01:03:17,000 --> 01:03:19,700
You're carried on a litter by 
bearers who move with 

1158
01:03:19,700 --> 01:03:22,700
synchronized Precision. 
Making the journey smoother 

1159
01:03:22,700 --> 01:03:25,300
enough that you could probably 
balance a cup of wine on your 

1160
01:03:25,300 --> 01:03:28,300
head without spilling a drop. 
Not that you've tried. 

1161
01:03:28,300 --> 01:03:31,900
That would be undignified. 
The streets are crowded with 

1162
01:03:31,900 --> 01:03:35,000
people who've come out to see 
you pass and you maintain the 

1163
01:03:35,000 --> 01:03:38,000
appropriate expression of 
benevolent Divine Authority. 

1164
01:03:38,000 --> 01:03:41,000
While privately wondering, if 
you remember to have someone 

1165
01:03:41,000 --> 01:03:44,200
check on your favorite hunting, 
dog, who seemed a bit off 

1166
01:03:44,200 --> 01:03:47,200
yesterday by mid-morning. 
Your back at the palace for the 

1167
01:03:47,200 --> 01:03:50,200
less spiritual, but equally 
important part of being Pharaoh 

1168
01:03:50,200 --> 01:03:53,900
actually running the country. 
The audience Hall is already 

1169
01:03:53,900 --> 01:03:55,900
filling with people who need 
something from. 

1170
01:03:55,900 --> 01:04:00,700
You officials Nobles, foreign 
ambassadors, priests Architects,

1171
01:04:00,700 --> 01:04:05,300
Merchants Farmers with disputes.
Criminals are waiting, judgment 

1172
01:04:05,300 --> 01:04:09,100
and that one persistent inventor
who keeps trying to convince you

1173
01:04:09,100 --> 01:04:12,000
to fund his revolutionary new 
irrigation system. 

1174
01:04:12,000 --> 01:04:14,000
That will definitely work this 
time. 

1175
01:04:14,000 --> 01:04:18,300
Unlike the last three times, you
settle onto your throne, which 

1176
01:04:18,300 --> 01:04:20,900
is magnificent and uncomfortable
in equal measure. 

1177
01:04:20,900 --> 01:04:24,800
It's designed to make you look 
powerful, not to provide lumbar 

1178
01:04:24,800 --> 01:04:28,300
support. 
The throne is gold plated inlaid

1179
01:04:28,300 --> 01:04:31,800
with Ivory and Ebony and carved 
with images of you defeating 

1180
01:04:31,800 --> 01:04:35,700
enemies communing with gods and 
generally being excellent. 

1181
01:04:35,700 --> 01:04:39,500
At everything, the arms are 
shaped like rearing cobras which

1182
01:04:39,500 --> 01:04:41,400
looks impressive, but means you 
have to be careful. 

1183
01:04:41,400 --> 01:04:44,300
Not to scratch herself on the 
Cobra fangs when you adjust your

1184
01:04:44,300 --> 01:04:48,800
position. 
Your Vizio tahp approaches with 

1185
01:04:48,800 --> 01:04:51,600
the days of gender. 
He's been your second in command

1186
01:04:51,600 --> 01:04:55,400
for five years now and you trust
him more than almost anyone. 

1187
01:04:55,400 --> 01:04:58,900
He's brilliant and efficient and
has the rare quality of being 

1188
01:04:58,900 --> 01:05:01,900
willing to tell you when you're 
wrong, but doing it in such a 

1189
01:05:01,900 --> 01:05:04,700
diplomatic way that you don't 
feel like having him thrown to 

1190
01:05:04,700 --> 01:05:07,400
the crocodiles. 
He's also apparently immune to 

1191
01:05:07,400 --> 01:05:10,100
border which is essential when 
dealing with Palace 

1192
01:05:10,100 --> 01:05:13,600
Administration. 
The first matter is a border 

1193
01:05:13,600 --> 01:05:16,500
dispute between two provincial 
Governors who both claim the 

1194
01:05:16,500 --> 01:05:19,800
same stretch of Farmland. 
The dispute has been going on 

1195
01:05:19,800 --> 01:05:23,000
for three years which seems 
excessive for an argument about 

1196
01:05:23,000 --> 01:05:26,000
dirt but apparently this 
particular dirt is extremely 

1197
01:05:26,000 --> 01:05:29,100
fertile and produces exceptional
barley. 

1198
01:05:29,100 --> 01:05:32,800
Both Governors are present each 
with Scrolls of evidence 

1199
01:05:32,800 --> 01:05:34,900
Witnesses and arguments 
prepared. 

1200
01:05:35,600 --> 01:05:38,500
You let them present their 
cases, which takes approximately

1201
01:05:38,500 --> 01:05:42,300
forever and involves a lot of 
dramatic gesturing and appeals 

1202
01:05:42,300 --> 01:05:45,200
to ancient precedence. 
The truth is, you could probably

1203
01:05:45,200 --> 01:05:47,600
solve this by simply declaring, 
one of them, the winner and 

1204
01:05:47,600 --> 01:05:51,000
moving on your Pharaoh, your 
word is law. 

1205
01:05:51,000 --> 01:05:53,500
But you've learned that 
arbitrary decisions. 

1206
01:05:53,500 --> 01:05:56,200
Even when you have the power to 
make them tend to create 

1207
01:05:56,200 --> 01:05:58,100
resentment and problems down the
line. 

1208
01:05:58,100 --> 01:06:02,400
So you listen, ask questions and
eventually propose a solution 

1209
01:06:02,400 --> 01:06:04,300
that involves surveying the land
properly. 

1210
01:06:05,000 --> 01:06:08,400
Splitting it based on the survey
results and both Governors 

1211
01:06:08,400 --> 01:06:11,500
contributing to a new irrigation
project that will benefit the 

1212
01:06:11,500 --> 01:06:14,300
entire region. 
Neither Governor looks entirely 

1213
01:06:14,300 --> 01:06:16,900
happy, which probably means it's
a fair solution. 

1214
01:06:16,900 --> 01:06:21,000
Next is a delegation from Nubia 
with tribute and trade 

1215
01:06:21,000 --> 01:06:23,500
proposals. 
The Nubians are skilled 

1216
01:06:23,500 --> 01:06:27,400
diplomats who dressed in their 
finest gold jewelry that Rivals,

1217
01:06:27,400 --> 01:06:30,900
your own Fine Fabrics, and 
elaborate hairstyles. 

1218
01:06:30,900 --> 01:06:34,700
They present their gifts with 
appropriate ceremony gold. 

1219
01:06:34,700 --> 01:06:39,200
Ivory ebony exotic, animal skins
and a live leopard, that seems 

1220
01:06:39,200 --> 01:06:41,600
less than thrilled about being a
diplomatic gift. 

1221
01:06:41,600 --> 01:06:44,800
The leopard is beautiful, but 
looks like it's considering 

1222
01:06:44,800 --> 01:06:47,800
making a break for Freedom, 
which would certainly liven up 

1223
01:06:47,808 --> 01:06:50,500
the proceedings. 
You accept the tribute 

1224
01:06:50,500 --> 01:06:54,000
graciously, and listen to their 
trade proposals which are 

1225
01:06:54,000 --> 01:06:58,500
actually quite reasonable Nubia,
has resources, Egypt needs and 

1226
01:06:58,500 --> 01:07:00,800
Egypt has grain and manufactured
goods. 

1227
01:07:00,800 --> 01:07:04,200
New beer wants. 
Its basic economics dressed up 

1228
01:07:04,200 --> 01:07:07,100
in diplomatic language. 
You agree to most of their 

1229
01:07:07,100 --> 01:07:10,600
requests modify, a few details 
and send them away. 

1230
01:07:10,600 --> 01:07:14,200
Happy the leopard goes to the 
Royal Menagerie where hopefully 

1231
01:07:14,200 --> 01:07:17,600
it will feel less homicidal. 
Then there's the criminal case. 

1232
01:07:17,600 --> 01:07:20,900
A merchant is accused of using 
false weights to cheat 

1233
01:07:20,900 --> 01:07:23,900
customers. 
The evidence is presented the 

1234
01:07:23,900 --> 01:07:27,600
weights and questioned testimony
from customers and the merchants

1235
01:07:27,600 --> 01:07:31,100
protests of Innocence, you 
examine the weights yourself, 

1236
01:07:31,100 --> 01:07:34,700
comparing them to the standard 
measures kept in the palace, 

1237
01:07:34,700 --> 01:07:38,000
there definitely lighter than 
they should be, which means the 

1238
01:07:38,000 --> 01:07:40,600
merchant was selling people, 
less grain than they paid for 

1239
01:07:41,400 --> 01:07:45,500
Not the crime of the century but
dishonest nonetheless Egyptian 

1240
01:07:45,500 --> 01:07:49,900
lore is supposed to be based on 
Matt truth justice Harmony and 

1241
01:07:49,900 --> 01:07:51,900
the fundamental order of the 
universe. 

1242
01:07:52,900 --> 01:07:55,300
In practice, it means trying to 
be fair while. 

1243
01:07:55,300 --> 01:07:57,800
Also making sure people don't 
think they can cheat each other 

1244
01:07:57,800 --> 01:08:00,900
with impunity. 
You find the merchant guilty and

1245
01:08:00,900 --> 01:08:04,200
sentence him to pay back double 
what he stole plus a fine to the

1246
01:08:04,200 --> 01:08:06,800
temple. 
It Stern enough to discourage 

1247
01:08:06,800 --> 01:08:08,200
others from trying the same 
thing. 

1248
01:08:08,200 --> 01:08:11,200
But not so harsh that it 
destroys the man's life. 

1249
01:08:11,200 --> 01:08:13,900
He leaves looking relieved that 
you didn't order anything 

1250
01:08:13,900 --> 01:08:17,399
involving crocodiles, the 
architect arrives with updated 

1251
01:08:17,399 --> 01:08:20,800
plans, for your Mortuary Temple.
This is the building that will 

1252
01:08:20,800 --> 01:08:22,800
serve as your cult center after 
you die. 

1253
01:08:22,800 --> 01:08:25,500
Where priests will make 
offerings to your memory for 

1254
01:08:25,500 --> 01:08:27,200
centuries. 
No. 

1255
01:08:27,200 --> 01:08:29,000
Pressure to make it impressive 
or anything. 

1256
01:08:29,000 --> 01:08:33,200
The architect on roles Papyrus. 
After Papyrus showing you 

1257
01:08:33,200 --> 01:08:36,200
designs for Courtyards, columns,
statues and reliefs. 

1258
01:08:37,100 --> 01:08:40,800
Everything is calculated to 
inspire or and demonstrate your 

1259
01:08:40,800 --> 01:08:42,600
divine nature to Future 
Generations. 

1260
01:08:42,600 --> 01:08:47,100
You suggest some modifications, 
a larger Courtyard here, 

1261
01:08:47,100 --> 01:08:51,800
different proportions, there may
be fewer images of you smiting 

1262
01:08:51,800 --> 01:08:55,300
enemies, and more of you making 
offerings to Gods because you 

1263
01:08:55,300 --> 01:08:59,399
want to be remembered as Pious. 
Not just violent, the architect 

1264
01:08:59,399 --> 01:09:02,899
makes notes nodding 
enthusiastically at your ideas 

1265
01:09:02,899 --> 01:09:05,600
even though you suspect. 
He's going to gently talk you 

1266
01:09:05,600 --> 01:09:09,100
out of half of them later by 
explaining various architectural

1267
01:09:09,100 --> 01:09:12,500
principles, you don't fully 
understand between official 

1268
01:09:12,500 --> 01:09:15,100
audience is tahp updates you on 
the Kingdom's. 

1269
01:09:15,100 --> 01:09:18,899
Finances Egypt is wealthy but 
wealth requires management. 

1270
01:09:19,800 --> 01:09:23,800
There are granaries to maintain 
armies to pay building projects 

1271
01:09:23,800 --> 01:09:27,800
to fund temples to support and 
foreign trade to manage the 

1272
01:09:27,800 --> 01:09:31,000
Niles flood this year was good, 
which means the Harvest should 

1273
01:09:31,000 --> 01:09:33,200
be abundant, which means tax 
revenue. 

1274
01:09:33,200 --> 01:09:37,100
Should be solid. 
But there's always something a 

1275
01:09:37,100 --> 01:09:40,200
warehouse that needs repairs. 
A Garrison, that needs supplies,

1276
01:09:40,200 --> 01:09:44,500
a canal that needs dredging. 
You approved budgets sign off on

1277
01:09:44,500 --> 01:09:48,100
expenditures and make decisions 
about resource allocation. 

1278
01:09:48,100 --> 01:09:50,000
That would probably bore you to 
tears. 

1279
01:09:50,000 --> 01:09:52,899
If they weren't. 
So crucial to keeping Egypt 

1280
01:09:52,899 --> 01:09:55,200
functioning the truth about 
ruling. 

1281
01:09:55,200 --> 01:09:58,100
An Empire is that it's less 
about dramatic pronouncements 

1282
01:09:58,100 --> 01:10:02,200
and more about making sure grain
gets from where it's grown to 

1283
01:10:02,200 --> 01:10:06,200
where it's needed workers. 
Get paid infrastructure gets 

1284
01:10:06,200 --> 01:10:10,300
maintained and the complex 
machine of civilization keeps 

1285
01:10:10,300 --> 01:10:12,700
turning a messenger arrives with
news. 

1286
01:10:12,700 --> 01:10:15,300
From the Army. 
There's been a skirmish on the 

1287
01:10:15,300 --> 01:10:17,200
eastern border. 
Nothing major. 

1288
01:10:17,200 --> 01:10:19,800
Just Raiders testing. 
Egypt's defense's. 

1289
01:10:19,800 --> 01:10:23,800
Your general has handled it 
efficiently but he's requesting 

1290
01:10:23,800 --> 01:10:25,900
additional troops to reinforce 
the Garrison. 

1291
01:10:25,900 --> 01:10:29,400
You approve the request and 
dictator response, praising the 

1292
01:10:29,400 --> 01:10:32,000
General's. 
Vigilance Military matters. 

1293
01:10:32,000 --> 01:10:36,000
Require careful attention. 
Egypt is powerful but the world 

1294
01:10:36,000 --> 01:10:38,400
is full of neighbors. 
Who would love to claim a piece 

1295
01:10:38,408 --> 01:10:40,700
of the Niles wealth by early 
afternoon? 

1296
01:10:40,700 --> 01:10:44,100
You're ready for a break from 
audience is an administrative 

1297
01:10:44,100 --> 01:10:46,800
decision. 
You retired to the private 

1298
01:10:46,800 --> 01:10:50,700
quarters of the palace where the
rooms are cooler, quieter and 

1299
01:10:50,700 --> 01:10:54,900
significantly less formal here. 
You can actually relax or at 

1300
01:10:54,900 --> 01:10:58,100
least engage in the fairy onic 
version of relaxation which 

1301
01:10:58,100 --> 01:11:00,100
still involves some level of 
ceremony. 

1302
01:11:00,100 --> 01:11:02,800
But with fewer people watching 
your every move. 

1303
01:11:02,800 --> 01:11:07,100
The palace is a city unto 
itself, a sprawling complex of 

1304
01:11:07,100 --> 01:11:09,800
buildings Courtyards Gardens and
Halls. 

1305
01:11:09,800 --> 01:11:13,700
Your private quarters are in the
heart of it all protected by 

1306
01:11:13,700 --> 01:11:16,800
multiple layers of guards walls 
and protocol. 

1307
01:11:16,800 --> 01:11:20,700
The rooms are beautiful painted 
walls showing Gardens and 

1308
01:11:20,700 --> 01:11:25,900
Wildlife flaws of polished, 
Stone and Furniture in laid with

1309
01:11:25,900 --> 01:11:29,200
precious materials. 
But they're all so surprisingly 

1310
01:11:29,200 --> 01:11:31,200
comfortable you've made sure of 
that. 

1311
01:11:31,200 --> 01:11:34,500
Yes you are a god king but 
you're also someone who 

1312
01:11:34,500 --> 01:11:39,100
appreciates a good chair, Your 
chief wife nefertari is waiting 

1313
01:11:39,100 --> 01:11:41,500
in the garden. 
Courtyard, she is dressed more 

1314
01:11:41,500 --> 01:11:43,300
casually than you'd see her in 
public. 

1315
01:11:43,300 --> 01:11:46,300
Still elegant still wearing 
enough jewelry to fund a small 

1316
01:11:46,300 --> 01:11:49,900
army but in lighter linen 
suitable for the afternoon heat,

1317
01:11:49,900 --> 01:11:53,100
she has been dealing with her 
own administrative duties all 

1318
01:11:53,100 --> 01:11:55,300
morning. 
The Royal household doesn't run 

1319
01:11:55,300 --> 01:11:59,100
itself and she manages a staff 
of 100s with the efficiency of a

1320
01:11:59,100 --> 01:12:02,500
military commander. 
You discuss the day over light 

1321
01:12:02,500 --> 01:12:05,900
Refreshments, she tells you 
about a dispute between two 

1322
01:12:05,900 --> 01:12:09,500
servants that she had to mediate
a request from the Temple of 

1323
01:12:09,500 --> 01:12:12,400
hathor for her to attend an 
upcoming festival and her 

1324
01:12:12,400 --> 01:12:14,400
concerns about your eldest son's
education. 

1325
01:12:14,400 --> 01:12:17,900
He's showing more interest in 
hunting than in learning the 

1326
01:12:17,900 --> 01:12:20,600
administrative skills he'll need
when he eventually becomes 

1327
01:12:20,600 --> 01:12:23,100
Pharaoh. 
You make a mental note to spend 

1328
01:12:23,100 --> 01:12:26,800
some time with him, maybe find a
way to make governance seem as 

1329
01:12:26,800 --> 01:12:28,900
exciting as chasing gazelles 
through the desert. 

1330
01:12:29,800 --> 01:12:32,700
The garden is one of your 
favorite places in the palace. 

1331
01:12:32,700 --> 01:12:36,900
It's noises of green in a 
landscape of stone and sand with

1332
01:12:36,900 --> 01:12:41,000
carefully, tended trees flowers 
and a pool stocked with fish. 

1333
01:12:41,900 --> 01:12:45,900
The Egyptians of managed to make
garden art form, creating spaces

1334
01:12:45,900 --> 01:12:49,100
that are both beautiful and 
functional. the trees, provide 

1335
01:12:49,100 --> 01:12:52,800
shade, the flowers, provide 
perfume and the pool provides a 

1336
01:12:52,800 --> 01:12:55,700
spot for actual relaxation that 
doesn't involve sitting on a 

1337
01:12:55,708 --> 01:12:59,500
throne covered in angry cobras 
You spend some time with your 

1338
01:12:59,500 --> 01:13:03,300
children who are brought to you 
by their nurses, Royal children 

1339
01:13:03,300 --> 01:13:05,500
live somewhat separate lives 
from their parents. 

1340
01:13:05,500 --> 01:13:09,400
It's tradition and also 
practical given the demands of 

1341
01:13:09,408 --> 01:13:11,800
kingship But you make time for 
them. 

1342
01:13:11,800 --> 01:13:14,400
When you can your daughter shows
your drawing? 

1343
01:13:14,400 --> 01:13:17,400
She made, which is supposed to 
be a lotus flower, but looks 

1344
01:13:17,400 --> 01:13:21,000
more like an enthusiastic blob. 
You praise it, appropriately, 

1345
01:13:21,000 --> 01:13:25,100
you're youngest son, who's about
three is more interested in 

1346
01:13:25,100 --> 01:13:28,500
trying to grab your ceremonial 
beard, which is attached to your

1347
01:13:28,500 --> 01:13:32,200
chin with some kind of ancient 
Egyptian adhesive technology 

1348
01:13:32,200 --> 01:13:36,100
that works better than it has 
any right to these moments are 

1349
01:13:36,100 --> 01:13:40,400
precious not because their grand
or ceremonial but because their 

1350
01:13:40,400 --> 01:13:44,300
normal in these moments you're 
not a fairer or a God or the 

1351
01:13:44,300 --> 01:13:47,600
living embodiment of cosmic 
order, you're just a parent. 

1352
01:13:47,600 --> 01:13:50,200
Trying to keep a toddler from 
destroying your Royal regalia 

1353
01:13:50,200 --> 01:13:52,700
while pretending to understand a
child's artwork. 

1354
01:13:54,200 --> 01:13:58,600
Later you review reports from 
your various Estates as Pharaoh,

1355
01:13:58,600 --> 01:14:01,200
you personally own significant 
amounts of land throughout Egypt

1356
01:14:01,200 --> 01:14:03,900
managed by stewards who send 
regular updates. 

1357
01:14:03,900 --> 01:14:06,800
The reports are written on 
papyrus in the neat. 

1358
01:14:06,800 --> 01:14:09,800
Higher attic script that scribes
used for business documents 

1359
01:14:09,800 --> 01:14:13,800
faster than hieroglyphs though. 
Significantly less impressive 

1360
01:14:13,800 --> 01:14:15,600
looking. 
You've learned to read these 

1361
01:14:15,600 --> 01:14:18,500
reports quickly scanning for 
important information. 

1362
01:14:18,500 --> 01:14:21,800
While skipping the elaborate 
formalities that every scribe 

1363
01:14:21,800 --> 01:14:25,600
feels compelled to include. 
This estate had a good harvest 

1364
01:14:25,600 --> 01:14:29,300
that a state had some problems 
with locusts but managed to save

1365
01:14:29,300 --> 01:14:32,800
most of the crop, this estate 
Steward is requesting permission

1366
01:14:32,800 --> 01:14:36,400
to build a new irrigation 
channel that is State Steward. 

1367
01:14:36,400 --> 01:14:39,600
Once to know if you'd like any 
of the particularly fine cattle 

1368
01:14:39,600 --> 01:14:44,700
they've bred you may make notes 
approve or deny requests and 

1369
01:14:44,700 --> 01:14:47,300
generally ensure that your 
personal wealth which is 

1370
01:14:47,308 --> 01:14:50,000
considerable is being managed 
competently. 

1371
01:14:50,000 --> 01:14:52,400
There's a relaxing interlude of 
music. 

1372
01:14:52,400 --> 01:14:56,400
You have court musician. 
Who are genuinely talented, not 

1373
01:14:56,400 --> 01:14:59,200
just employed because they're 
good at flattering the Pharaoh, 

1374
01:14:59,200 --> 01:15:02,400
a harpist plays while you 
recline on a comfortable couch, 

1375
01:15:02,400 --> 01:15:05,300
the music filling the room with 
something beautiful and 

1376
01:15:05,300 --> 01:15:08,100
temporary, and completely 
divorced from politics or 

1377
01:15:08,100 --> 01:15:11,900
religion or responsibility. 
The harp is a beautiful 

1378
01:15:11,900 --> 01:15:15,600
instrument. 
It sound clear and resonant and 

1379
01:15:15,600 --> 01:15:18,100
the musicians fingers move 
across the strings with 

1380
01:15:18,100 --> 01:15:23,600
practiced Grace, You close your 
eyes and just listen, the music 

1381
01:15:23,600 --> 01:15:27,200
washes over you and for a few 
minutes, your mind is empty of 

1382
01:15:27,200 --> 01:15:30,000
Border disputes. 
Budget, concerns diplomatic 

1383
01:15:30,000 --> 01:15:32,700
negotiations and Theological 
responsibilities. 

1384
01:15:32,700 --> 01:15:37,000
There's just the music, the cool
air from the garden and the 

1385
01:15:37,000 --> 01:15:40,100
distant sound of the palace, 
continuing its Daily Business. 

1386
01:15:40,100 --> 01:15:43,700
Without You a bath follows, 
Which is less, a quick, rinse 

1387
01:15:43,700 --> 01:15:46,700
and More in elaborate process 
involving servants oils and 

1388
01:15:46,700 --> 01:15:49,200
water at exactly the right 
temperature. 

1389
01:15:50,200 --> 01:15:53,200
The bath is in a dedicated room 
with a limestone tub. 

1390
01:15:53,200 --> 01:15:55,900
That's been polished. 
Smooth by years of use, the 

1391
01:15:55,900 --> 01:15:59,800
water is centered with lotus oil
and as you sink into it, you 

1392
01:15:59,800 --> 01:16:02,800
feel muscle's, relaxed that you 
didn't realize were tents. 

1393
01:16:03,700 --> 01:16:06,200
Being a fair arrow is physically
demanding in ways. 

1394
01:16:06,200 --> 01:16:09,500
People don't often consider all 
that standing sitting on 

1395
01:16:09,500 --> 01:16:12,700
uncomfortable throws, wearing 
heavy jewelry and maintaining 

1396
01:16:12,700 --> 01:16:16,300
perfect posture. 
Your body keeps a running tally.

1397
01:16:16,300 --> 01:16:20,200
The afternoon, He is building. 
The palace has grown quiet. 

1398
01:16:20,200 --> 01:16:23,800
During the hottest hours, this 
is when sensible people, rest, 

1399
01:16:23,800 --> 01:16:28,100
and even pharaohs need to be 
sensible occasionally You retire

1400
01:16:28,100 --> 01:16:30,900
to your sleeping quarters, where
the air is cooler. 

1401
01:16:30,900 --> 01:16:33,900
Thanks to fix stonewalls and 
servants who have been waving 

1402
01:16:33,900 --> 01:16:36,200
fans and sprinkling water on. 
Read maps. 

1403
01:16:36,200 --> 01:16:39,200
You lie down on your bed. 
The same one. 

1404
01:16:39,200 --> 01:16:42,500
You woke up in this morning. 
Let yourself drift into sleep. 

1405
01:16:43,400 --> 01:16:47,500
The afternoon nap is sacred not 
theologically sacred. 

1406
01:16:47,500 --> 01:16:50,900
Just personally, sacred is one 
of the few parts of your day. 

1407
01:16:50,900 --> 01:16:54,400
That's entirely your own when 
nobody needs anything from you. 

1408
01:16:54,400 --> 01:16:56,700
And you don't need to make 
decisions about anything more 

1409
01:16:56,700 --> 01:17:00,300
important than which side to 
sleep on the palace knows not to

1410
01:17:00,300 --> 01:17:01,600
disturb. 
You unless something is 

1411
01:17:01,600 --> 01:17:05,000
literally on fire and even then 
they'd better be sure. 

1412
01:17:05,000 --> 01:17:08,900
It's a really important fire. 
You wake refreshed as the worst 

1413
01:17:08,900 --> 01:17:12,200
heat of the day begins to fade. 
The Nile is calling. 

1414
01:17:12,200 --> 01:17:16,000
Not literally though in poetry 
and hymns the Egyptian certainly

1415
01:17:16,000 --> 01:17:17,700
right about the river like it 
speaks. 

1416
01:17:17,700 --> 01:17:20,500
And you've decided to take a 
journey on the Royal. 

1417
01:17:20,500 --> 01:17:25,200
Barge, the Nile is Egypt's 
Lifeline, its source of water, 

1418
01:17:25,200 --> 01:17:28,400
food, transportation and 
fertility. 

1419
01:17:29,500 --> 01:17:32,900
Understanding the river means 
understanding your kingdom and 

1420
01:17:32,900 --> 01:17:35,400
besides, its pleasant to be on 
the water. 

1421
01:17:35,400 --> 01:17:38,200
When the air is Cooling, and the
light is turning golden, the 

1422
01:17:38,200 --> 01:17:41,900
Royal barge is magnificent, 
which is practically a 

1423
01:17:41,900 --> 01:17:44,900
requirement for anything 
associated with royalty, but 

1424
01:17:44,900 --> 01:17:46,700
it's also surprisingly 
practical. 

1425
01:17:46,700 --> 01:17:50,300
It's large enough to be stable 
decorated enough to be 

1426
01:17:50,308 --> 01:17:53,400
impressive and equipped with a 
cabin that provides shade and 

1427
01:17:53,408 --> 01:17:56,100
privacy. 
The boat itself is painted in 

1428
01:17:56,100 --> 01:18:00,800
bright colors, red, blue, green,
and gold with the sacred Eye of 

1429
01:18:00,808 --> 01:18:02,700
Horus on the Proud. 
To ward off, evil. 

1430
01:18:02,700 --> 01:18:04,900
The Ordnance killed 
professionals. 

1431
01:18:04,900 --> 01:18:07,600
Who can navigate the Niles 
currents with the kind of 

1432
01:18:07,608 --> 01:18:09,900
precision that comes from years 
of practice. 

1433
01:18:09,900 --> 01:18:14,600
You bored with a small retinue. 
So, some guards, a few servants 

1434
01:18:14,600 --> 01:18:18,600
tarot Hotel who apparently never
takes time off and a priest 

1435
01:18:18,600 --> 01:18:20,900
because you're still pharaoh, 
and still connected to the 

1436
01:18:20,900 --> 01:18:23,300
Divine. 
Even when you're just taking a 

1437
01:18:23,300 --> 01:18:26,500
boat ride, the barge pushes away
from the dock and immediately 

1438
01:18:26,500 --> 01:18:29,400
you feel the difference on land 
your surrounded by. 

1439
01:18:29,500 --> 01:18:33,600
Stone and politics on the water,
there's movement are and a sense

1440
01:18:33,600 --> 01:18:36,200
of Freedom that is rare, when 
you're responsible for an entire

1441
01:18:36,200 --> 01:18:40,100
civilization, the Nile flows 
Northwood which confuses 

1442
01:18:40,100 --> 01:18:44,700
foreigners and he explained that
in Egypt, North means Downstream

1443
01:18:44,700 --> 01:18:48,300
toward the Mediterranean, and 
South means Upstream toward new 

1444
01:18:48,300 --> 01:18:51,600
beer, the current carries you 
gently along and when the wind 

1445
01:18:51,600 --> 01:18:54,700
is right, the sale can catch it 
and supplement the Allman's 

1446
01:18:54,700 --> 01:18:57,700
efforts. 
Today, the wind is perfect 

1447
01:18:57,700 --> 01:19:01,900
filling the sale with a 
satisfying snap of fabric and 

1448
01:19:01,900 --> 01:19:05,400
the boat Glides along with 
minimal effort from the water. 

1449
01:19:05,400 --> 01:19:09,400
You see, Egypt differently, the 
Riverbanks aligned with green, 

1450
01:19:09,400 --> 01:19:13,400
the fertile strip of land, where
everything grows where life is 

1451
01:19:13,400 --> 01:19:17,700
possible and where your people 
farm and build and live beyond 

1452
01:19:17,700 --> 01:19:21,300
the green, is the desert, the 
Red Land stretching away to 

1453
01:19:21,300 --> 01:19:24,900
distant Horizons. 
The contrast is Stark, green 

1454
01:19:24,900 --> 01:19:29,600
means life, red means death, the
Nile creates the green by 

1455
01:19:29,600 --> 01:19:32,900
flooding. 
Every year depositing Rich silt 

1456
01:19:32,900 --> 01:19:35,700
that makes Egypt soil, some of 
the most fertile on Earth. 

1457
01:19:36,400 --> 01:19:39,400
You pass Villages and towns, 
their mud brick buildings, 

1458
01:19:39,400 --> 01:19:42,900
clustered near the water, people
working in the fields, look up 

1459
01:19:42,900 --> 01:19:45,800
and see the Royal barge, 
recognizing it by its 

1460
01:19:45,800 --> 01:19:49,800
decoration, and size, some 
waves, some ball, some simply 

1461
01:19:49,800 --> 01:19:53,500
stare, you're a distant figure 
to most Egyptians more symbol 

1462
01:19:53,500 --> 01:19:57,000
than person and moments like 
this, where they can actually 

1463
01:19:57,000 --> 01:20:00,500
see you even from a distance 
matter more than you might 

1464
01:20:00,500 --> 01:20:03,300
think. 
Fishman in small Papyrus boats 

1465
01:20:03,300 --> 01:20:06,500
are working their Nets. 
The ancient dance of casting and

1466
01:20:06,500 --> 01:20:08,200
pulling that has been performed 
on the Nile. 

1467
01:20:08,200 --> 01:20:11,300
Since before, the pyramids were 
built Fisher plentiful in the 

1468
01:20:11,300 --> 01:20:15,200
River perched, catfish and 
tilapia, and fishing provides 

1469
01:20:15,200 --> 01:20:18,700
food for Millions. 
You watch one fishermen, make a 

1470
01:20:18,700 --> 01:20:21,700
perfect cast. 
The weighted net, spreading into

1471
01:20:21,700 --> 01:20:23,700
a circle before dropping into 
the water. 

1472
01:20:23,700 --> 01:20:27,900
It's a simple act, but there's 
Grace in it, skill in it and the

1473
01:20:27,900 --> 01:20:30,700
kind of practical Mastery that 
keeps civilization fed. 

1474
01:20:31,700 --> 01:20:35,300
Field stretch away from the 
river green with growing grain. 

1475
01:20:35,300 --> 01:20:38,800
This is barley and Emma wheat. 
The crops that make bread and 

1476
01:20:38,800 --> 01:20:41,500
beer. 
The Staples of the Egyptian diet

1477
01:20:41,500 --> 01:20:44,200
farmers are working. 
The irrigation channels 

1478
01:20:44,200 --> 01:20:47,600
directing water from the river 
to their fields through a 

1479
01:20:47,600 --> 01:20:50,500
network of canals and basins 
that represent centuries of 

1480
01:20:50,508 --> 01:20:53,600
engineering knowledge. 
The system works because people 

1481
01:20:53,600 --> 01:20:57,700
understand the Niles rhythms and
no one to flood the fields when 

1482
01:20:57,700 --> 01:21:01,800
to plant and when to harvest You
pass a temple under 

1483
01:21:01,800 --> 01:21:04,800
construction. 
Its Limestone walls gleaming 

1484
01:21:04,800 --> 01:21:07,800
white in the afternoon. 
Sun workers are everywhere, 

1485
01:21:07,800 --> 01:21:12,400
hauling Stones mixing mortar and
carving decorations, building a 

1486
01:21:12,400 --> 01:21:15,800
temple as a massive undertaking 
that can last years or even 

1487
01:21:15,800 --> 01:21:19,800
decades, employing hundreds of 
workers and consuming resources 

1488
01:21:19,800 --> 01:21:23,600
on a scale that would bankrupt 
smaller kingdoms, the temples 

1489
01:21:23,600 --> 01:21:27,500
are investments in the Divine, 
in my art and in the cosmic 

1490
01:21:27,500 --> 01:21:31,000
order that keeps Egypt 
prosperous They're also 

1491
01:21:31,000 --> 01:21:35,000
admittedly very effective ways 
to demonstrate fairy. 

1492
01:21:35,000 --> 01:21:37,100
Onic power to anyone, who needs 
reminding. 

1493
01:21:37,100 --> 01:21:40,500
The barge stops at a landing 
where local officials are 

1494
01:21:40,500 --> 01:21:42,600
waiting. 
This is part of the purpose of 

1495
01:21:42,600 --> 01:21:46,100
the journey being seen hearing 
concerns and maintaining the 

1496
01:21:46,100 --> 01:21:47,700
connection between pharaoh and 
people. 

1497
01:21:47,700 --> 01:21:51,400
The officials present themselves
with appropriate ceremony and 

1498
01:21:51,400 --> 01:21:54,800
you listen to their reports 
about The Harvest local disputes

1499
01:21:54,800 --> 01:21:57,800
that have been resolved and 
requests for assistance with 

1500
01:21:57,800 --> 01:22:02,100
various projects, its king ship 
on a smaller scale, more 

1501
01:22:02,100 --> 01:22:04,300
personal than the audience is at
the palace. 

1502
01:22:04,300 --> 01:22:08,300
But just as important A farmer 
approaches nervous but 

1503
01:22:08,300 --> 01:22:11,500
determined, he's been granted an
audience because his farm 

1504
01:22:11,500 --> 01:22:15,200
produces exceptional wine and 
he's brought to sample for your 

1505
01:22:15,200 --> 01:22:17,900
consideration. 
You try the wine. 

1506
01:22:17,900 --> 01:22:21,700
It's actually quite good with 
complexity that surprises you 

1507
01:22:21,700 --> 01:22:25,800
and compliment him on his work. 
His face lights up with pride 

1508
01:22:25,800 --> 01:22:28,800
and you make a note to have the 
palace acquire more of his 

1509
01:22:28,800 --> 01:22:31,700
vintage. 
Supporting excellent Craftsmen 

1510
01:22:31,700 --> 01:22:35,400
is part of your role and besides
you enjoy good wine. 

1511
01:22:36,300 --> 01:22:39,800
Back on the barge, you can 
continue Downstream the sun is 

1512
01:22:39,800 --> 01:22:42,900
getting lower now painting the 
sky in shades of orange and 

1513
01:22:42,900 --> 01:22:45,700
pink. 
The Nile reflects the colors 

1514
01:22:45,700 --> 01:22:50,000
turning the water into something
magical and you understand why 

1515
01:22:50,000 --> 01:22:52,500
the ancient Egyptians saw 
Divinity and everything. 

1516
01:22:52,500 --> 01:22:56,300
How could you not when the world
produces Beauty like this on a 

1517
01:22:56,300 --> 01:22:58,900
daily basis? 
You think about the rivers 

1518
01:22:58,900 --> 01:23:03,400
cycle, how it floods every year 
with reliable precision and how 

1519
01:23:03,400 --> 01:23:06,400
the ancient Egyptians built 
their entire calendar around. 

1520
01:23:06,400 --> 01:23:10,000
This Rhythm Arquette, the 
inundation season is when the 

1521
01:23:10,008 --> 01:23:13,500
river Rises and covers the 
fields parrot, is the growing 

1522
01:23:13,500 --> 01:23:18,000
season when crops are planted 
and tended, Shemu the harvest 

1523
01:23:18,000 --> 01:23:22,200
season is when all that work 
turns into food three seasons 

1524
01:23:22,200 --> 01:23:26,500
each a central each dependent on
the Nile doing what it's done 

1525
01:23:26,500 --> 01:23:29,100
for thousands of years. 
It strikes. 

1526
01:23:29,100 --> 01:23:31,300
You sometimes how much depends 
on this River. 

1527
01:23:31,300 --> 01:23:35,200
If the flood is too small, this 
famine, if it's too large, 

1528
01:23:35,200 --> 01:23:38,600
there's destruction. 
The Nile has to be just right 

1529
01:23:38,600 --> 01:23:42,900
here after year or Egypt, 
suffers your ancestors claimed. 

1530
01:23:42,900 --> 01:23:45,800
They could control the flood 
through their divine power and 

1531
01:23:45,800 --> 01:23:48,700
you maintain that claim because 
pharaohs are supposed to control

1532
01:23:48,700 --> 01:23:50,800
everything. 
But privately, you know the 

1533
01:23:50,800 --> 01:23:53,100
truth, the Nile does what it 
will. 

1534
01:23:53,100 --> 01:23:57,100
And humans, just try to adapt. 
you're grateful that in your 

1535
01:23:57,100 --> 01:24:01,900
Reign so far, the river has been
kind as the barge returns to the

1536
01:24:01,900 --> 01:24:04,500
Palace. 
Doc, the Sun is setting and the 

1537
01:24:04,500 --> 01:24:07,300
evening meal. 
Awaits Egyptian, feasts are 

1538
01:24:07,308 --> 01:24:11,200
elaborate affairs. 
Especially Royal ones and 

1539
01:24:11,200 --> 01:24:14,900
tonight is a formal dinner with 
high-ranking officials foreign 

1540
01:24:14,900 --> 01:24:18,200
ambassadors, and Nobles who've 
been angling for an invitation 

1541
01:24:18,200 --> 01:24:20,600
for months. 
You've changed from your day 

1542
01:24:20,600 --> 01:24:23,600
clothes into evening, regalia. 
Fresh Kilt. 

1543
01:24:23,600 --> 01:24:26,800
A different collar and the kind 
of jewelry that catches 

1544
01:24:26,800 --> 01:24:29,200
Lamplight and makes everything 
Sparkle. 

1545
01:24:30,100 --> 01:24:33,600
The bank would Haul is 
speculative, columns painted 

1546
01:24:33,600 --> 01:24:37,300
with lotus designs rise to a 
ceiling decorated with stars and

1547
01:24:37,300 --> 01:24:40,800
sacred symbols oil lamps in 
elaborate bronze. 

1548
01:24:40,800 --> 01:24:44,500
Stands light, the room with 
warming light the florist 

1549
01:24:44,500 --> 01:24:46,200
scattered with fresh lotus. 
Flowers. 

1550
01:24:46,200 --> 01:24:49,600
Their scent mixing with 
frankincense from the sensors. 

1551
01:24:50,500 --> 01:24:53,500
Tables are arranged in a u-shape
with your seat at the head 

1552
01:24:53,500 --> 01:24:56,900
elevated slightly. 
So everyone can see you, because

1553
01:24:56,900 --> 01:24:58,400
even at dinner, you're on 
display. 

1554
01:24:59,400 --> 01:25:02,600
Guests arrive in their finest 
clothes, which in Egypt means. 

1555
01:25:02,600 --> 01:25:05,800
Lots of pleated linen. 
Lots of jewelry, elaborate wigs 

1556
01:25:05,800 --> 01:25:10,100
and enough eye makeup to supply 
a modern cosmetic counter for a 

1557
01:25:10,100 --> 01:25:12,200
year. 
The women's dresses are Sheeran 

1558
01:25:12,200 --> 01:25:14,400
enough to be slightly 
scandalous, to foreign visitors,

1559
01:25:14,400 --> 01:25:17,500
but perfectly normal by Egyptian
standards. 

1560
01:25:18,200 --> 01:25:22,000
The men's Kilts are crisp and 
white their collars glittering 

1561
01:25:22,000 --> 01:25:24,000
with gold. 
And semi-precious stones, 

1562
01:25:24,000 --> 01:25:26,700
everyone has gone to 
considerable effort to look 

1563
01:25:26,708 --> 01:25:30,700
impressive and the overall 
effect is dazzling You take your

1564
01:25:30,700 --> 01:25:33,300
seat and servants immediately. 
Begin bringing food. 

1565
01:25:34,100 --> 01:25:36,500
Egyptian feasts are not subtle 
Affairs. 

1566
01:25:36,500 --> 01:25:40,200
There's roasted duck goose, beef
and fish prepared. 

1567
01:25:40,200 --> 01:25:43,300
A dozen different ways. 
This bread in various forms 

1568
01:25:43,300 --> 01:25:46,900
flatbread, raised, bread and 
bread flavored with honey, or 

1569
01:25:46,900 --> 01:25:49,700
dates or coriander. 
There are vegetables. 

1570
01:25:49,700 --> 01:25:54,500
Lettuce onions, garlic, 
cucumbers and beans. 

1571
01:25:54,500 --> 01:26:01,200
There are fruits, figs dates, 
pomegranates and melons there 

1572
01:26:01,200 --> 01:26:03,100
are sweets made from honey and 
nuts. 

1573
01:26:03,100 --> 01:26:06,200
There's enough food to feed 
everyone twice over which is the

1574
01:26:06,200 --> 01:26:10,900
point abundance demonstrates 
prosperity. wine flows freely, 

1575
01:26:10,900 --> 01:26:14,800
served in elegant cuts by 
servants who glide through the 

1576
01:26:14,800 --> 01:26:18,200
crowd with practiced Grace, The 
wine is good. 

1577
01:26:18,200 --> 01:26:23,100
Some from your own estate's some
imported from abroad Egyptians 

1578
01:26:23,100 --> 01:26:25,600
loved wine though. 
Beer is more common for everyday

1579
01:26:25,600 --> 01:26:28,000
drinking. 
Tonight is not an everyday 

1580
01:26:28,008 --> 01:26:31,600
occasion though. 
So why it is you sip from a 

1581
01:26:31,600 --> 01:26:34,600
golden cup while watching the 
room, observing the social 

1582
01:26:34,600 --> 01:26:38,900
dynamics, the alliances forming,
and shifting and the careful 

1583
01:26:38,900 --> 01:26:43,200
dance of Court politics. 
Musicians play Harps, loots 

1584
01:26:43,200 --> 01:26:46,900
drums and a sistrum whose 
metallic rattle is supposed to. 

1585
01:26:46,908 --> 01:26:51,200
Please the goddess a Thor. 
The music is Lively meant to 

1586
01:26:51,200 --> 01:26:54,800
encourage celebration rather 
than contemplation dancers, 

1587
01:26:54,800 --> 01:26:58,000
perform their movements graceful
and athletic. 

1588
01:26:58,000 --> 01:27:01,800
Their costumes designed more for
visual impact than coverage. 

1589
01:27:02,800 --> 01:27:05,900
Egyptian dancing involves a lot 
of acrobatic moves that look 

1590
01:27:05,900 --> 01:27:08,900
impossible but that these 
performers make seem effortless 

1591
01:27:08,900 --> 01:27:12,400
between courses. 
There's conversation the 

1592
01:27:12,400 --> 01:27:16,600
Ambassador from Hattie Egypt, 
sometimes Ally, sometimes rival 

1593
01:27:16,600 --> 01:27:20,400
to the north, Gus's trade 
agreements and mutual defense. 

1594
01:27:20,400 --> 01:27:24,000
The high priest of immune 
mentioned very casually that the

1595
01:27:24,000 --> 01:27:28,000
gods Temple could benefit from 
some renovations A provincial 

1596
01:27:28,000 --> 01:27:31,000
Governor, complements your 
wisdom in resolving that border 

1597
01:27:31,000 --> 01:27:33,300
dispute. 
Earlier, everyone is charming 

1598
01:27:33,300 --> 01:27:36,600
polite and carefully advancing 
their own interests while 

1599
01:27:36,600 --> 01:27:38,000
pretending. 
They're just here for the 

1600
01:27:38,008 --> 01:27:41,400
pleasure of your company, you 
make conversation with practice,

1601
01:27:41,400 --> 01:27:46,000
ease asking questions, listening
to responses and making the kind

1602
01:27:46,000 --> 01:27:49,400
of small talk that oils, the 
wheels of diplomacy, you 

1603
01:27:49,400 --> 01:27:51,300
compliment. 
The ambassadors wife on her 

1604
01:27:51,300 --> 01:27:55,200
jewelry, Egyptian gold. 
You notice, which is either a 

1605
01:27:55,200 --> 01:27:57,400
genuine preference or strategic 
flattery. 

1606
01:27:57,400 --> 01:28:01,100
You discuss architecture with a 
nobleman who's building a new 

1607
01:28:01,108 --> 01:28:03,200
Villa. 
You listen to a merchant 

1608
01:28:03,200 --> 01:28:06,900
describe his recent trading 
expedition to punt, a mysterious

1609
01:28:06,900 --> 01:28:10,400
land of the South that produces 
frankincense, Murr and exotic 

1610
01:28:10,400 --> 01:28:12,300
Goods. 
The food keeps coming. 

1611
01:28:12,300 --> 01:28:15,700
There's a whole Roasted Ox that 
required most of the afternoon 

1612
01:28:15,700 --> 01:28:18,400
to prepare. 
There are delicate pastries that

1613
01:28:18,400 --> 01:28:21,200
dissolve on your tongue. 
There are dates stuffed with 

1614
01:28:21,200 --> 01:28:24,700
nuts and honey that are probably
too sweet, but tastes amazing. 

1615
01:28:24,700 --> 01:28:27,400
Anyway, you eat moderately aware
that. 

1616
01:28:27,500 --> 01:28:30,800
That overeating in public is 
undignified, but also aware that

1617
01:28:30,800 --> 01:28:34,000
completely ignoring the food. 
Might offend the cooks who have 

1618
01:28:34,000 --> 01:28:38,100
spent days preparing this feast?
Entertainment continues between 

1619
01:28:38,100 --> 01:28:40,700
courses. 
There are acrobats, who form 

1620
01:28:40,700 --> 01:28:43,700
human pyramids and Tumble across
the floor with alarming 

1621
01:28:43,700 --> 01:28:46,500
precision. 
There are singers whose voices 

1622
01:28:46,500 --> 01:28:50,200
rise above the ambient noise, 
telling stories of gods and 

1623
01:28:50,200 --> 01:28:54,200
heroes and romantic Adventures. 
There's a magician who performs 

1624
01:28:54,200 --> 01:28:57,000
illusions that you can't quite 
figure out, but that Delight. 

1625
01:28:57,000 --> 01:28:59,900
The audience caught 
entertainment is supposed to be 

1626
01:28:59,900 --> 01:29:03,400
impressive and tonight's 
performers have clearly received

1627
01:29:03,400 --> 01:29:05,500
that memo as the evening 
progresses. 

1628
01:29:05,500 --> 01:29:09,800
The formality, relaxes slightly.
People are well fed, well 

1629
01:29:09,800 --> 01:29:12,900
watered with wine and in the 
kind of good mood that comes 

1630
01:29:12,900 --> 01:29:15,900
from being warm comfortable and 
surrounded by abundance. 

1631
01:29:15,900 --> 01:29:19,400
Conversation grows louder 
laughter more frequent. 

1632
01:29:19,400 --> 01:29:23,400
You allow yourself to relax too 
to enjoy the moment rather than 

1633
01:29:23,400 --> 01:29:26,900
constantly analyzing it. 
These Gathering serve political 

1634
01:29:26,900 --> 01:29:30,300
purposes but they're all so 
genuinely pleasant when you stop

1635
01:29:30,300 --> 01:29:34,000
treating them as work. 
Nefertari is at your side 

1636
01:29:34,000 --> 01:29:37,200
managing the social dynamics 
with her usual skill. 

1637
01:29:37,200 --> 01:29:40,700
She notices when someone feels 
ignored and draws them into 

1638
01:29:40,700 --> 01:29:44,600
conversation, She Smooths over a
potential argument between two 

1639
01:29:44,600 --> 01:29:46,200
Nobles who have had too much 
wine. 

1640
01:29:46,200 --> 01:29:50,600
She signals servants to refill, 
Cuts, clear plates, and adjust 

1641
01:29:50,600 --> 01:29:53,100
lighting. 
She makes it all look effortless

1642
01:29:53,100 --> 01:29:55,500
which is how, you know, she's 
working hard. 

1643
01:29:56,500 --> 01:30:00,400
Running a royal Feast is its own
kind of governance eventually 

1644
01:30:00,400 --> 01:30:04,100
the feast winds down guests, 
begin to leave offering. 

1645
01:30:04,100 --> 01:30:05,900
Elaborate, thanks and 
compliments. 

1646
01:30:05,900 --> 01:30:08,500
You accept their gratitude with 
appropriate. 

1647
01:30:08,500 --> 01:30:12,000
Royal graciousness privately, 
relieved that you can soon 

1648
01:30:12,000 --> 01:30:14,900
retire to quarters where you 
won't have to be on anymore. 

1649
01:30:15,700 --> 01:30:18,800
The servants will spend hours 
cleaning up, but that's not your

1650
01:30:18,800 --> 01:30:21,200
concern. 
Your concern is saying good 

1651
01:30:21,200 --> 01:30:24,200
night to the last few stragglers
without being rude or appearing 

1652
01:30:24,200 --> 01:30:27,700
to eager to get rid of them. 
The next morning brings you to 

1653
01:30:27,700 --> 01:30:32,300
your greatest Obsession and most
enduring Legacy your building 

1654
01:30:32,300 --> 01:30:36,200
projects. 
Every Fair Oaks practically a 

1655
01:30:36,200 --> 01:30:38,800
job requirement but you've taken
it to new levels. 

1656
01:30:38,800 --> 01:30:41,900
You're not just maintaining 
existing structures. 

1657
01:30:41,900 --> 01:30:45,200
You're creating monuments that 
will Outlast You by Millennia, 

1658
01:30:45,200 --> 01:30:48,400
your Mortuary Temple. 
Your additions to the Great 

1659
01:30:48,400 --> 01:30:51,800
temple complexes and the statues
bearing your face. 

1660
01:30:51,800 --> 01:30:54,800
These will tell future 
Generations that you were here 

1661
01:30:54,800 --> 01:30:58,200
that you mattered and that you 
did things worth remembering. 

1662
01:30:58,200 --> 01:31:01,400
You're at the construction site 
of your Mortuary Temple. 

1663
01:31:01,400 --> 01:31:04,900
Accompanied by the Chief 
Architect, the project overseer 

1664
01:31:04,900 --> 01:31:08,600
and approximately 1000 workers 
who are currently moving stone 

1665
01:31:08,600 --> 01:31:12,100
blocks that way more than 
several people combined, the 

1666
01:31:12,100 --> 01:31:16,100
sound of construction fills, the
air chisels on Stone, wooden 

1667
01:31:16,100 --> 01:31:19,800
sledges scraping across sand 
Foreman shouting instructions 

1668
01:31:19,800 --> 01:31:22,500
and workers. 
Chanting rhythmic work songs to 

1669
01:31:22,500 --> 01:31:27,200
coordinate their efforts Scale 
of the project is staggering the

1670
01:31:27,200 --> 01:31:31,000
temple complex will cover Acres 
with massive pylons at the 

1671
01:31:31,008 --> 01:31:35,700
entrance Courtyard, surrounded 
by columns hypostyle Halls, 

1672
01:31:35,700 --> 01:31:38,700
where Forest sized Stone 
pillars, create artificial shade

1673
01:31:38,700 --> 01:31:42,600
sanctuaries for the gods and 
Chambers for the rituals that 

1674
01:31:42,600 --> 01:31:45,400
will maintain your cult after 
death right now. 

1675
01:31:45,400 --> 01:31:49,500
It's a construction site chaotic
and dusty, but the Architects 

1676
01:31:49,500 --> 01:31:52,400
plans show you what it will 
become and the vision is 

1677
01:31:52,400 --> 01:31:56,400
magnificent You walk through the
site, stepping carefully over 

1678
01:31:56,400 --> 01:31:59,400
tools and cut. 
Stone workers, pause in their 

1679
01:31:59,400 --> 01:32:04,100
labor to Bow as you pass and you
not acknowledgement these men. 

1680
01:32:04,100 --> 01:32:07,300
And they are almost all men, 
though, women participate in 

1681
01:32:07,300 --> 01:32:10,800
some aspects of construction, a 
skilled professionals. 

1682
01:32:10,800 --> 01:32:14,000
The stonecutters can split 
Granite with Precision, that 

1683
01:32:14,000 --> 01:32:17,100
seems impossible. 
The Masons can fit blocks 

1684
01:32:17,100 --> 01:32:19,500
together so tightly that you 
couldn't slip a knife blade 

1685
01:32:19,500 --> 01:32:23,200
between them, the artist carving
reliefs can turn flat stone into

1686
01:32:23,200 --> 01:32:25,500
images. 
So life, like they seem ready to

1687
01:32:25,500 --> 01:32:28,500
step off the wall. 
The architect shows, you the 

1688
01:32:28,500 --> 01:32:30,100
foundation work for the Great 
Hall. 

1689
01:32:30,100 --> 01:32:33,400
Limestone blocks have been laid 
with mathematical Precision, 

1690
01:32:33,400 --> 01:32:36,800
creating a level platform for 
the columns that will support 

1691
01:32:36,800 --> 01:32:40,100
the roof. 
Each block has been cut to exact

1692
01:32:40,100 --> 01:32:45,300
specifications, its surfaces 
smooth to near-perfect flatness.

1693
01:32:45,300 --> 01:32:49,100
The ancient Egyptians don't have
the tools future civilizations 

1694
01:32:49,100 --> 01:32:52,000
will develop, but they've 
mastered the art of working 

1695
01:32:52,000 --> 01:32:55,700
stone with copper tools 
abrasives and an apparently 

1696
01:32:55,700 --> 01:32:58,400
infinite capacity for patient 
precise labor. 

1697
01:32:58,400 --> 01:33:02,300
You examine the columns being 
carved nearby These will be 

1698
01:33:02,300 --> 01:33:05,600
Papyrus form. 
Columns shaped like bundles of 

1699
01:33:05,600 --> 01:33:09,400
Papyrus stems topped with 
capitals that look like opened 

1700
01:33:09,400 --> 01:33:12,600
Papyrus flowers. 
The symbolism is deliberate. 

1701
01:33:12,600 --> 01:33:17,000
Papyrus grows in the marshes of 
Lower Egypt, representing the 

1702
01:33:17,000 --> 01:33:20,300
northern part of your kingdom. 
The Craftsmen are working on the

1703
01:33:20,308 --> 01:33:23,000
decorative elements. 
Now carving higher glyphs that 

1704
01:33:23,000 --> 01:33:26,500
will describe your victories, 
your Devotion, to the gods and 

1705
01:33:26,500 --> 01:33:30,400
your legitimate right to rule. 
The reliefs on the walls are 

1706
01:33:30,400 --> 01:33:32,400
taking shape under the artist 
chisels. 

1707
01:33:32,400 --> 01:33:36,000
These aren't just decorative 
their narrative, theological, 

1708
01:33:36,000 --> 01:33:39,700
and political statements. 
Here showing making offerings to

1709
01:33:39,700 --> 01:33:42,100
the gods. 
Maintaining the cosmic order? 

1710
01:33:42,800 --> 01:33:46,400
They're your defeating enemies 
protecting Egypt from chaos. 

1711
01:33:46,400 --> 01:33:49,900
In another scene you receiving 
the symbols of kingship from the

1712
01:33:49,900 --> 01:33:52,800
gods themselves. 
Visual Proof of Your Divine 

1713
01:33:52,800 --> 01:33:55,400
mandate. 
The artists are working from 

1714
01:33:55,400 --> 01:33:59,300
approved designs but within 
those parameters they're 

1715
01:33:59,300 --> 01:34:00,600
creating art that will last for 
ages. 

1716
01:34:00,600 --> 01:34:04,500
A master sculptor is working on 
a colossal statue of you in the 

1717
01:34:04,500 --> 01:34:09,900
traditional fairy onic pose. 
Standing left leg forward arms 

1718
01:34:09,900 --> 01:34:13,500
at your sides, wearing the neems
headdress and holding Royal 

1719
01:34:13,500 --> 01:34:16,200
Insignia. 
The statue is carved from Red, 

1720
01:34:16,200 --> 01:34:19,700
Granite quarried, hundreds of 
miles, south and transported 

1721
01:34:19,700 --> 01:34:23,100
here by boat and sledge at 
enormous effort and expense. 

1722
01:34:23,100 --> 01:34:26,000
It's not finished yet. 
The face needs more refining and

1723
01:34:26,008 --> 01:34:28,900
details need to be added, but 
already, it's impressive. 

1724
01:34:28,900 --> 01:34:33,200
The statue is three times your 
actual height because subtlety 

1725
01:34:33,200 --> 01:34:37,400
is not the point here. 
The point is to inspire or you 

1726
01:34:37,400 --> 01:34:40,500
discuss proportions with the 
sculptor, whose been working on 

1727
01:34:40,500 --> 01:34:43,900
Royal statues for decades. 
He explains the mathematical 

1728
01:34:43,900 --> 01:34:47,600
ratios that governed Egyptian 
art, the relationships between 

1729
01:34:47,600 --> 01:34:50,500
different body parts. 
The angles that create the ideal

1730
01:34:50,500 --> 01:34:54,700
form and the conventions that 
make a statue unmistakably Ferry

1731
01:34:54,700 --> 01:34:58,300
on it, Egyptian art isn't 
realistic in the way later. 

1732
01:34:58,300 --> 01:35:03,100
Cultures will Define realism 
it's idealized formalized and 

1733
01:35:03,100 --> 01:35:06,400
designed to represent truth 
rather than mere appearance. 

1734
01:35:07,000 --> 01:35:09,700
Your statute doesn't need to 
look exactly like you. 

1735
01:35:09,700 --> 01:35:13,500
It needs to look like the 
Eternal perfect idea of you. 

1736
01:35:13,500 --> 01:35:15,800
The overseer shows you the work 
schedule. 

1737
01:35:15,800 --> 01:35:19,100
Thousands of workers are 
employed on this project alone. 

1738
01:35:19,100 --> 01:35:22,200
Organized into teams with 
specialized skills. 

1739
01:35:22,200 --> 01:35:26,900
There are Quarrymen haulers 
Masons Carvers painters, 

1740
01:35:26,900 --> 01:35:30,400
plasterers tool makers, Cooks to
feed everyone. 

1741
01:35:30,400 --> 01:35:34,700
Scribes to track supplies and 
wages and Foreman to coordinate 

1742
01:35:34,700 --> 01:35:36,900
efforts. 
It's a massive logistical 

1743
01:35:36,900 --> 01:35:40,400
undertaking that requires 
careful planning, consistent 

1744
01:35:40,400 --> 01:35:42,500
resources and competent 
management. 

1745
01:35:43,500 --> 01:35:46,700
You asked about the workers 
conditions because despite what 

1746
01:35:46,700 --> 01:35:49,900
future people will believe these
aren't slaves. 

1747
01:35:49,900 --> 01:35:53,900
Their paid laborers, some 
working full-time, others, 

1748
01:35:53,900 --> 01:35:57,700
fulfilling their annual labor, 
obligation to the state they 

1749
01:35:57,700 --> 01:36:01,900
receive rations of grain beer, 
vegetables, and occasionally 

1750
01:36:01,900 --> 01:36:05,500
meet They have off days for 
festivals, they live in 

1751
01:36:05,508 --> 01:36:09,000
purpose-built, work of villages,
with houses, Medical Care and 

1752
01:36:09,000 --> 01:36:11,300
even a kind of Labor, dispute 
resolution system. 

1753
01:36:12,300 --> 01:36:15,400
It's not luxury, but it's also 
not the brutal. 

1754
01:36:15,400 --> 01:36:18,900
Oppression that pyramids and 
slavery myths would suggest the 

1755
01:36:18,900 --> 01:36:22,300
project is on schedule. 
The overseer assures you though,

1756
01:36:22,300 --> 01:36:24,900
on schedule for ancient 
Egyptian, construction means 

1757
01:36:24,900 --> 01:36:28,300
years or decades. 
You won't see this Temple 

1758
01:36:28,300 --> 01:36:32,600
completed your successor, might 
not see it completed, but it 

1759
01:36:32,608 --> 01:36:36,100
will be completed. 
And when it is it will stand as 

1760
01:36:36,100 --> 01:36:39,500
a testament to your Reign, your 
Devotion to the gods and your 

1761
01:36:39,500 --> 01:36:42,800
determination to be remembered 
you visit the workshops where 

1762
01:36:42,800 --> 01:36:45,300
Artisans are creating the 
smaller but still important 

1763
01:36:45,300 --> 01:36:49,400
elements, the gold leaf that 
will cover certain surfaces the 

1764
01:36:49,400 --> 01:36:53,300
precious stone inlays, the 
bronze doors and the elaborate 

1765
01:36:53,300 --> 01:36:55,400
furniture, for the temples 
various Chambers. 

1766
01:36:55,400 --> 01:36:59,400
Each item is being made by hand 
by craftsmen who learn their 

1767
01:36:59,400 --> 01:37:03,100
skills from Masters, who learned
from their masters maintaining 

1768
01:37:03,100 --> 01:37:05,500
Traditions that stretch back 
Generations. 

1769
01:37:05,500 --> 01:37:08,700
There's something profound about
what watching these Works, take 

1770
01:37:08,700 --> 01:37:12,900
shape, every chisel strike every
careful measurement, and every 

1771
01:37:12,900 --> 01:37:16,900
artistic decision is an Act of 
Creation that will Outlast every

1772
01:37:16,900 --> 01:37:19,400
one involved. 
The workers will die. 

1773
01:37:19,400 --> 01:37:22,400
You will die. 
Even the gods might change. 

1774
01:37:22,400 --> 01:37:26,800
But these stones will remain 
these images will endure and 

1775
01:37:26,900 --> 01:37:29,700
These hieroglyphs will continue 
telling your story to people who

1776
01:37:29,700 --> 01:37:33,200
have not been born yet. 
It is as close to immortality as

1777
01:37:33,200 --> 01:37:36,300
human's. 
Get As evening, approaches you 

1778
01:37:36,300 --> 01:37:40,100
find yourself on the palace 
roof, watching the sun, descend 

1779
01:37:40,100 --> 01:37:43,200
toward the Western desert. 
This has become something of a 

1780
01:37:43,200 --> 01:37:45,800
ritual for you. 
A quiet moment at the end of the

1781
01:37:45,800 --> 01:37:50,200
day to think to process to 
Simply exist without the weight 

1782
01:37:50,200 --> 01:37:54,100
of performance up here with the 
city spreading out below and the

1783
01:37:54,100 --> 01:37:57,100
desert Beyond you can see your 
kingdom in microcosm. 

1784
01:37:58,000 --> 01:38:00,700
The Nile cuts through the 
landscape, like a dark ribbon 

1785
01:38:00,700 --> 01:38:04,000
reflecting. 
The sunset colors along, its 

1786
01:38:04,000 --> 01:38:07,000
banks fields are darkening, from
green to black as the light 

1787
01:38:07,000 --> 01:38:10,700
Fades towns and Villages are 
coming alive with Lamplight. 

1788
01:38:10,700 --> 01:38:14,400
Tiny golden points appearing as 
family settle in for the 

1789
01:38:14,408 --> 01:38:17,300
evening. 
Smoke rises from cooking fires, 

1790
01:38:17,300 --> 01:38:21,600
carrying the smell of bread and 
grilled fish, Somewhere in the 

1791
01:38:21,608 --> 01:38:25,300
distance, you can hear singing 
probably from avern, where 

1792
01:38:25,300 --> 01:38:27,400
workers are relaxing after the 
day's labor. 

1793
01:38:27,400 --> 01:38:31,900
You think about the enormity of 
your responsibility, Those 

1794
01:38:31,900 --> 01:38:35,700
lights represent people. 
Millions of them who depend on 

1795
01:38:35,700 --> 01:38:38,800
you to maintain that to keep the
Nile flowing. 

1796
01:38:38,800 --> 01:38:43,600
The Harvest coming the border 
secure and the gods satisfied. 

1797
01:38:43,600 --> 01:38:47,100
You didn't ask for this 
responsibility, you were born 

1798
01:38:47,108 --> 01:38:50,300
into it, trained for it from 
childhood, had it placed on your

1799
01:38:50,300 --> 01:38:54,200
head with a crown and declared 
inevitable, by every priest and 

1800
01:38:54,200 --> 01:38:57,600
official in Egypt. 
But you've accepted it and most 

1801
01:38:57,600 --> 01:38:59,700
days you believe you're doing an
adequate job. 

1802
01:38:59,700 --> 01:39:03,100
The concept of Mount occupies 
your thoughts off often. 

1803
01:39:03,100 --> 01:39:07,000
It's more than just law or 
Justice, it's Cosmic order. 

1804
01:39:07,000 --> 01:39:10,500
The way things should be the 
balance between chaos and 

1805
01:39:10,500 --> 01:39:14,000
civilization. 
Your entire Reign is Judge by 

1806
01:39:14,000 --> 01:39:17,400
how well, you maintain my heart.
Do you speak truth? 

1807
01:39:17,400 --> 01:39:21,800
Do you ensure Fair judgment? 
Do you support the gods temples?

1808
01:39:21,800 --> 01:39:25,400
Do you keep Egypt? 
Prosperous and secure every 

1809
01:39:25,400 --> 01:39:28,200
decision you make is supposed to
reinforce all order and push 

1810
01:39:28,200 --> 01:39:32,200
back against chaos is fat the 
force that wants to unmake 

1811
01:39:32,200 --> 01:39:34,500
everything. 
It's an impossible standard 

1812
01:39:34,500 --> 01:39:38,500
really your human, despite what 
the theology says. 

1813
01:39:38,500 --> 01:39:42,600
You make mistakes. 
You have biases, you get tired 

1814
01:39:42,600 --> 01:39:45,400
and cranky and occasionally 
makes decisions because they're 

1815
01:39:45,400 --> 01:39:49,300
easier rather than because 
they're right, you try every 

1816
01:39:49,300 --> 01:39:51,500
morning, you wake up and try to 
be the fairer. 

1817
01:39:51,500 --> 01:39:55,900
Egypt needs the living Horus, 
the son of raw, The Shepherd of 

1818
01:39:55,900 --> 01:39:59,500
the people, You think about 
mortality, which is, ironic 

1819
01:39:59,500 --> 01:40:03,000
considering you're supposed to 
be divine, but Divinity doesn't 

1820
01:40:03,000 --> 01:40:06,300
make you immune to death. 
It just means you're expected to

1821
01:40:06,300 --> 01:40:09,600
continue being important. 
After death, your tomb is being 

1822
01:40:09,608 --> 01:40:11,700
prepared. 
In the Valley of the Kings cut 

1823
01:40:11,700 --> 01:40:14,800
deep into the mountain. 
Rock, its walls covered with 

1824
01:40:14,800 --> 01:40:18,200
religious texts and images to 
guide you through the afterlife,

1825
01:40:18,200 --> 01:40:22,400
your burial goods are 
accumulating furniture clothes, 

1826
01:40:22,400 --> 01:40:26,000
jewelry food, everything you 
might need in the next world. 

1827
01:40:26,800 --> 01:40:29,900
The ancient Egyptians have made 
an art form of dealing with 

1828
01:40:29,900 --> 01:40:31,700
death. 
You don't just die. 

1829
01:40:31,700 --> 01:40:35,600
You transform Journey Through 
the underworld face judgment 

1830
01:40:35,600 --> 01:40:38,200
before the gods. 
And if you pass join, the 

1831
01:40:38,200 --> 01:40:41,400
Blessed dead Who Live Forever. 
The Book of the Dead, which 

1832
01:40:41,400 --> 01:40:43,900
isn't actually a book, but a 
collection of spells and 

1833
01:40:43,900 --> 01:40:47,200
instructions will be placed in 
your tomb to help you navigate 

1834
01:40:47,200 --> 01:40:50,100
the dangers of the afterlife. 
You've read it. 

1835
01:40:50,100 --> 01:40:53,600
Of course, it's comforting. 
In a way, all those details 

1836
01:40:53,600 --> 01:40:57,500
instructions about what to say 
and do as if death is just 

1837
01:40:57,500 --> 01:41:00,200
another Journey that can be 
planned for your 

1838
01:41:00,200 --> 01:41:03,000
accomplishments, run through 
your mind, like a scroll on 

1839
01:41:03,000 --> 01:41:06,200
rolling treaties. 
Negotiated temples, billed, 

1840
01:41:06,200 --> 01:41:10,400
enemies defeated laws, enacted, 
canals and Justice administered.

1841
01:41:11,100 --> 01:41:14,200
Some of it was significant. 
Some of it will be forgotten by 

1842
01:41:14,200 --> 01:41:17,000
next year, but you've tried to 
make Egypt, better than you 

1843
01:41:17,000 --> 01:41:21,000
found it to leave something 
lasting those buildings rising 

1844
01:41:21,000 --> 01:41:23,900
from the desert floor. 
Those inscriptions on Temple 

1845
01:41:23,900 --> 01:41:27,500
walls, those legal precedents. 
They're your legacy. 

1846
01:41:27,500 --> 01:41:31,600
The proof that you existed and 
mattered, but there are failures

1847
01:41:31,600 --> 01:41:35,200
too things. 
You regret hasty decisions that 

1848
01:41:35,200 --> 01:41:38,100
caused problems. 
Later people, you trusted who 

1849
01:41:38,100 --> 01:41:39,000
betrayed that? 
Trust? 

1850
01:41:39,900 --> 01:41:44,000
Projects that consumed resources
but delivered little moments 

1851
01:41:44,000 --> 01:41:47,600
when you chose political 
expediency over Justice because 

1852
01:41:47,600 --> 01:41:51,100
the alternative seemed to costly
the weight of rule includes 

1853
01:41:51,100 --> 01:41:54,400
carrying those failures learning
from them if possible and 

1854
01:41:54,400 --> 01:41:56,300
accepting them, when learning 
isn't enough. 

1855
01:41:57,000 --> 01:42:00,900
The sun touches the Horizon and 
the sky erupts in Reds and 

1856
01:42:00,900 --> 01:42:04,200
oranges and purples. 
The Egyptians believed the sun 

1857
01:42:04,200 --> 01:42:06,500
god rare travels through the 
underworld each night. 

1858
01:42:07,300 --> 01:42:11,500
Fighting The Serpent of Chaos in
the sun rises again each morning

1859
01:42:11,500 --> 01:42:15,200
you've helped that process 
through your rituals but 

1860
01:42:15,200 --> 01:42:17,400
watching the sunset. 
You wonder if Iran needs the 

1861
01:42:17,400 --> 01:42:21,400
help or if the Sun would rise 
anyway, theology says, one 

1862
01:42:21,400 --> 01:42:25,400
thing, your secret thoughts, 
sometimes suggest another, you 

1863
01:42:25,400 --> 01:42:27,700
think about your children and 
what kind of Egypt they'll 

1864
01:42:27,700 --> 01:42:31,500
inherit Your eldest son will 
likely be the next Pharaoh, the 

1865
01:42:31,500 --> 01:42:34,100
royal succession in Egypt isn't 
always straightforward. 

1866
01:42:34,100 --> 01:42:38,500
He's young still more interested
in the glory of kingship than 

1867
01:42:38,500 --> 01:42:41,800
its tedious reality. 
You hope he'll learn and hope 

1868
01:42:41,800 --> 01:42:43,700
you'll understand that being 
Pharaoh means more 

1869
01:42:43,700 --> 01:42:47,100
responsibility than power. 
You hope he'll be wise enough to

1870
01:42:47,100 --> 01:42:49,700
listen to good advisors and 
strong enough to ignore bad 

1871
01:42:49,700 --> 01:42:52,200
ones. 
Stars are appearing now, 

1872
01:42:52,200 --> 01:42:56,200
familiar constellations, the 
Egyptians of named and mapped 

1873
01:42:56,200 --> 01:42:58,400
and incorporated into their 
religious beliefs. 

1874
01:42:58,400 --> 01:43:02,400
Those Stars will be there long 
after your gone looking down on 

1875
01:43:02,400 --> 01:43:04,300
future. 
Pharaohs future, Egypt, and 

1876
01:43:04,300 --> 01:43:08,200
future worlds, you can't imagine
it's humbling in a way to think 

1877
01:43:08,200 --> 01:43:11,000
about the vastness of time in 
your tiny place in it. 

1878
01:43:11,800 --> 01:43:15,000
But it's also comforting your 
part of something larger than 

1879
01:43:15,000 --> 01:43:18,700
yourself, part of a chain of 
Kings, stretching back to normal

1880
01:43:18,700 --> 01:43:23,000
who first United Egypt and 
forward to rulers, you'll never 

1881
01:43:23,000 --> 01:43:27,000
meet the evening call to prayer,
rises from the Temple's Priest, 

1882
01:43:27,000 --> 01:43:30,100
singing hymns to the gods 
thanking them for the day, 

1883
01:43:30,100 --> 01:43:33,700
asking for their protection. 
Through the night, the sound 

1884
01:43:33,700 --> 01:43:37,200
carries across the city and you 
find yourself humming along with

1885
01:43:37,200 --> 01:43:41,100
the familiar melodies. 
You may be a pharaoh but you're 

1886
01:43:41,100 --> 01:43:44,100
also a worshiper. 
Someone who acknowledges Powers 

1887
01:43:44,100 --> 01:43:47,700
greater than yourself as 
Darkness settles over Egypt. 

1888
01:43:47,700 --> 01:43:51,100
You feel the day's tensions. 
Releasing tomorrow will bring 

1889
01:43:51,100 --> 01:43:54,300
new challenges, new 
responsibilities and new 

1890
01:43:54,300 --> 01:43:57,200
opportunities to maintain mayor 
or fail trying. 

1891
01:43:57,200 --> 01:44:01,500
But for now, this moment is 
enough standing on your Palace 

1892
01:44:01,500 --> 01:44:05,700
roof, watching your kingdoms, 
settle into night being simply 

1893
01:44:05,700 --> 01:44:07,900
yourself before you have to be 
fairer again. 

1894
01:44:07,900 --> 01:44:11,500
You turn away from The View and 
head back inside, ready for the 

1895
01:44:11,500 --> 01:44:14,600
evening meal, for the rituals 
that will prepare you for sleep,

1896
01:44:14,600 --> 01:44:17,900
and for another night's rest 
before another day's rain. 

1897
01:44:18,600 --> 01:44:22,100
The palace swallows you back 
into its routines, but you carry

1898
01:44:22,100 --> 01:44:25,300
the piece of that roof top 
moment with you a reminder that 

1899
01:44:25,300 --> 01:44:29,100
underneath all the ceremony and 
responsibility, your human 

1900
01:44:29,100 --> 01:44:34,000
living, a life measured in 
Sunset, and decisions, trying to

1901
01:44:34,000 --> 01:44:38,000
do right in a world that rarely 
makes rightness easy, you lie in

1902
01:44:38,000 --> 01:44:40,300
bed. 
Again, the day circuit complete 

1903
01:44:40,300 --> 01:44:44,500
tomorrow, you'll wake and do it 
all again, the rituals, the 

1904
01:44:44,500 --> 01:44:48,800
governance, the building the 
responsibility, It's a rhythm as

1905
01:44:48,800 --> 01:44:52,700
reliable as the Niles flood, as 
predictable as the sun's daily 

1906
01:44:52,700 --> 01:44:55,400
Journey. 
You're not Immortal, despite the

1907
01:44:55,400 --> 01:44:58,300
Divine titles. 
You're a person doing a job that

1908
01:44:58,300 --> 01:45:01,700
happens to involve being treated
like a god, your legacy will be 

1909
01:45:01,700 --> 01:45:05,900
stoned and law temples and 
treaties children who carry your

1910
01:45:05,900 --> 01:45:09,700
bloodline forward and officials 
who learned from your decisions.

1911
01:45:10,500 --> 01:45:13,900
Some of it will last Millennia, 
some will be forgotten within a 

1912
01:45:13,900 --> 01:45:18,800
generation such as the nature of
human endeavor but for now you 

1913
01:45:18,800 --> 01:45:22,000
sleep knowing the sun will rise 
again because Rah travels 

1914
01:45:22,000 --> 01:45:25,400
through the night or because the
Earth rotates or because that 

1915
01:45:25,400 --> 01:45:29,900
simply what Sons do your job is 
to be there when it rises to 

1916
01:45:29,900 --> 01:45:34,000
perform the rituals to govern 
justly and to maintain that for 

1917
01:45:34,000 --> 01:45:37,300
another day. 
The weight of the crown rests on

1918
01:45:37,300 --> 01:45:41,500
a stand nearby silent and 
patient waiting for more morning

1919
01:45:41,500 --> 01:45:44,100
outside the Nile flows 
Northwood. 

1920
01:45:44,100 --> 01:45:47,400
As it always has carrying 
Egypt's life toward the sea, and

1921
01:45:47,400 --> 01:45:50,400
in the Eternal cycle of rising, 
and setting of flooding, and 

1922
01:45:50,400 --> 01:45:54,300
planting, and harvesting of life
and death and life again. 

1923
01:45:54,300 --> 01:45:58,700
You are Pharaoh Divine mortal, 
powerful. 

1924
01:45:58,700 --> 01:46:03,400
Vulnerable responsible for 
everything master of nothing, 

1925
01:46:03,400 --> 01:46:07,800
but your intention sleep. 
Comes gently carrying you toward

1926
01:46:07,800 --> 01:46:11,400
dreams of the perfect Egypt, you
building each night and wake to 

1927
01:46:11,400 --> 01:46:20,600
approximate each day. 
Imagine yourself in a muddy 

1928
01:46:20,600 --> 01:46:22,400
Marketplace. 
In what would become France in? 

1929
01:46:22,400 --> 01:46:26,700
1347 Horse manure, roasting meat
unwashed bodies. 

1930
01:46:26,700 --> 01:46:29,700
And what you hope is just 
spoiled, cabbage, are all in the

1931
01:46:29,708 --> 01:46:32,800
air. 
Around you pilgrims grip their 

1932
01:46:32,800 --> 01:46:35,700
possessions anxiously Traders 
bargain in three different 

1933
01:46:35,700 --> 01:46:38,600
languages and a lute player 
plays with more passion and 

1934
01:46:38,600 --> 01:46:41,000
skill. 
Imagine now that you're a spy 

1935
01:46:41,000 --> 01:46:44,500
and not just a tourist in this 
medieval seen But set aside, 

1936
01:46:44,500 --> 01:46:47,500
your preconceived notions about 
Espionage based on television 

1937
01:46:47,500 --> 01:46:50,400
and film. 
This is not a place for tuxedos 

1938
01:46:50,400 --> 01:46:54,600
Martini slick, technology or 
dramatic car chases rather your 

1939
01:46:54,600 --> 01:46:56,400
boots. 
Leak your most likely wearing 

1940
01:46:56,400 --> 01:46:59,600
the same rough wool and tunic. 
You've owned for three years and

1941
01:46:59,600 --> 01:47:02,300
your idea of Cutting Edge. 
Technology is a quill pen that 

1942
01:47:02,300 --> 01:47:05,300
doesn't split when you write 
medieval Espionage, was more. 

1943
01:47:05,300 --> 01:47:07,800
Akin to being a traveling 
salesman with trust issues and 

1944
01:47:07,800 --> 01:47:10,900
less James Bond. 
In actuality the majority of 

1945
01:47:10,900 --> 01:47:13,800
medieval spies were regular 
people carrying out risky tasks 

1946
01:47:13,800 --> 01:47:17,400
for Mega pay in a time when both
were far more delicate than they

1947
01:47:17,400 --> 01:47:22,100
are now a patchwork of Kingdoms 
dutchies city-states and 

1948
01:47:22,100 --> 01:47:25,600
ecclesiastical territories. 
The Medieval World was viewed 

1949
01:47:25,600 --> 01:47:28,000
with the same suspicion. 
You might have for a neighbor 

1950
01:47:28,000 --> 01:47:30,300
who constantly plays music too 
loudly. 

1951
01:47:31,200 --> 01:47:34,400
Although information was 
powerful, it spread quickly and 

1952
01:47:34,400 --> 01:47:37,200
obtaining it frequently required
someone to travel hundreds of 

1953
01:47:37,208 --> 01:47:40,300
miles through areas where being 
caught asking the wrong 

1954
01:47:40,300 --> 01:47:43,400
questions, could land on 
anywhere from incarceration to 

1955
01:47:43,400 --> 01:47:46,500
being stretched on a rack 
medieval rulers had to rely on 

1956
01:47:46,500 --> 01:47:48,900
human intelligence networks. 
That functioned with the 

1957
01:47:48,900 --> 01:47:51,000
efficiency of a medieval Postal 
Service. 

1958
01:47:51,000 --> 01:47:54,600
Meaning that letters arrived 
when they arrived, assuming they

1959
01:47:54,600 --> 01:47:56,900
arrived at all. 
And often contained information 

1960
01:47:56,900 --> 01:47:59,200
that was already outdated. 
By the time they reach their 

1961
01:47:59,200 --> 01:48:01,800
destination. 
This was in contrast to our 

1962
01:48:01,808 --> 01:48:04,500
modern world of instant 
communication and satellites 

1963
01:48:04,500 --> 01:48:07,500
surveillance, the individuals 
who became medieval spies were 

1964
01:48:07,500 --> 01:48:09,600
not chosen for their Advanced 
degrees in international 

1965
01:48:09,600 --> 01:48:13,000
relations or recruited from 
prestigious academies, they were

1966
01:48:13,000 --> 01:48:14,800
traders. 
Who could track troop movements 

1967
01:48:14,800 --> 01:48:17,900
priests who could learn about 
noble families, from confession 

1968
01:48:17,900 --> 01:48:21,000
servants, who worked in high 
profile homes and could listen 

1969
01:48:21,000 --> 01:48:24,000
in on conversations and 
travelers of all Stripes who 

1970
01:48:24,000 --> 01:48:26,300
could move between areas without
drawing too much. 

1971
01:48:26,308 --> 01:48:29,300
Notice in the world in which 
these early Intelligence 

1972
01:48:29,300 --> 01:48:32,900
Officers worked, the dist. 
Between Espionage and lawful 

1973
01:48:32,900 --> 01:48:35,600
business was as hazy as that 
between Magic and Medicine. 

1974
01:48:36,300 --> 01:48:39,200
Military fortifications may also
be noted by a merchant 

1975
01:48:39,200 --> 01:48:41,200
collecting information about 
trade routes. 

1976
01:48:41,900 --> 01:48:44,600
A pilgrim visiting places of 
worship might notice political 

1977
01:48:44,600 --> 01:48:47,300
unrest in other areas 
correspondence. 

1978
01:48:47,300 --> 01:48:50,400
Containing diplomatic Secrets 
could be discovered by a 

1979
01:48:50,400 --> 01:48:52,200
scholar, copying manuscripts in 
different. 

1980
01:48:52,200 --> 01:48:56,100
Monasteries the work required, a
certain kind of Courage, not the

1981
01:48:56,100 --> 01:49:00,100
heroic heroism of combat Glory, 
but the quiet bravery of someone

1982
01:49:00,100 --> 01:49:03,200
who was prepared to like 
convincingly, keep up a full 

1983
01:49:03,200 --> 01:49:06,900
identity for months at a time 
and accept that being discovered

1984
01:49:06,900 --> 01:49:09,600
could mean, not just death, but 
a particularly unpleasant death 

1985
01:49:09,600 --> 01:49:12,400
that was preceded by intense 
interrogation of about exactly 

1986
01:49:12,400 --> 01:49:16,600
what you knew and Who You'd told
the majority of medieval spies 

1987
01:49:16,600 --> 01:49:19,700
were always aware that they were
balancing on a tightrope over a 

1988
01:49:19,700 --> 01:49:23,300
very deep Abyss, their life, and
career could end in an instant. 

1989
01:49:23,300 --> 01:49:26,400
If they say something 
inappropriate acts, suspiciously

1990
01:49:26,400 --> 01:49:30,500
or are recognized by someone 
from a past assignment, it was a

1991
01:49:30,500 --> 01:49:32,900
job that required psychological 
fortitude. 

1992
01:49:32,900 --> 01:49:35,800
In addition to courage, which 
most people just lacked. 

1993
01:49:35,800 --> 01:49:38,400
There was very little truth to 
the romanticized. 

1994
01:49:38,400 --> 01:49:41,900
Portrayal of the enigmatic 
medieval spy Slinking through 

1995
01:49:41,900 --> 01:49:45,100
shadows and luring information 
from unwearing Nobles. 

1996
01:49:45,800 --> 01:49:48,800
The majority of Espionage work 
involved living conditions, that

1997
01:49:48,800 --> 01:49:52,100
would make modern Backpackers 
complain Place, scales that 

1998
01:49:52,100 --> 01:49:55,400
hardly covered basic survival 
needs and long stretches of 

1999
01:49:55,400 --> 01:49:57,700
boredom interspersed with 
genuine Terror. 

2000
01:49:57,700 --> 01:50:00,400
Yet, these ordinary individuals 
built the networks of 

2001
01:50:00,400 --> 01:50:04,400
intelligence that influence the 
outcome of Wars molded, medieval

2002
01:50:04,400 --> 01:50:07,000
politics and sometimes altered 
the path of History. 

2003
01:50:07,900 --> 01:50:11,200
Their work was dangerous 
necessary and nearly 

2004
01:50:11,200 --> 01:50:14,900
unacknowledged by the societies.
They served their tails should 

2005
01:50:14,900 --> 01:50:17,400
be told because they were the 
unsung heroes of medieval 

2006
01:50:17,400 --> 01:50:19,900
statecraft. 
Imagine managing a medieval 

2007
01:50:19,900 --> 01:50:22,800
intelligence agency which is 
essentially the same as a 

2008
01:50:22,800 --> 01:50:25,000
tempting to set up a 
neighborhood watch program in 

2009
01:50:25,000 --> 01:50:27,400
multiple Nations where the 
majority of people are 

2010
01:50:27,400 --> 01:50:29,600
illiterate and everyone speaks a
different language. 

2011
01:50:30,300 --> 01:50:32,900
For this unachievable position. 
Who would you hire? 

2012
01:50:32,900 --> 01:50:35,800
Almost anyone who could travel 
without drawing suspicion? 

2013
01:50:35,800 --> 01:50:39,000
Had a good reason to ask 
questions and had the emotional 

2014
01:50:39,000 --> 01:50:40,900
strength to keep up a false 
identity. 

2015
01:50:40,900 --> 01:50:43,800
While constantly running the 
risk of being caught was the 

2016
01:50:43,800 --> 01:50:46,700
answer. 
It turned out, Medieval spy 

2017
01:50:46,700 --> 01:50:50,000
Master's needed people who could
complete the task regardless of 

2018
01:50:50,000 --> 01:50:51,500
their background or social 
standing. 

2019
01:50:51,500 --> 01:50:54,900
So, they weren't very picky. 
It makes sense, that medieval 

2020
01:50:54,900 --> 01:50:57,000
intelligence networks were 
anchored by Merchants. 

2021
01:50:57,000 --> 01:51:00,100
They had good reason to inquire 
about everything from local 

2022
01:51:00,100 --> 01:51:03,800
prices to political stability, 
travelled widely, and frequently

2023
01:51:03,800 --> 01:51:07,200
crossed political boundaries. 
While conducting perfectly 

2024
01:51:07,200 --> 01:51:10,200
normal business operations, a 
wool Merchants traveling from 

2025
01:51:10,200 --> 01:51:13,400
England to Flanders could 
observe military preparations. 

2026
01:51:13,400 --> 01:51:17,400
Record changes in fortifications
and learn about diplomatic 

2027
01:51:17,400 --> 01:51:20,100
relationships. 
These Merchants spies worked in 

2028
01:51:20,100 --> 01:51:22,700
a society where politics and 
business were closely linked. 

2029
01:51:23,700 --> 01:51:26,400
Trader who purchased your grain 
may be tallying the number of 

2030
01:51:26,400 --> 01:51:29,500
soldiers in your Garrison and 
the same person who sold you, 

2031
01:51:29,500 --> 01:51:32,200
silke may also be assessing the 
defenses of your city. 

2032
01:51:32,900 --> 01:51:35,300
In a time, when most people 
understood business better than 

2033
01:51:35,300 --> 01:51:38,100
they understood International 
politics, it was Espionage 

2034
01:51:38,100 --> 01:51:41,100
masquerading as capitalism and 
it worked remarkably. 

2035
01:51:41,100 --> 01:51:44,100
Well for various reasons, 
religious leaders were good 

2036
01:51:44,100 --> 01:51:47,700
spies throughout Europe monks 
priests and Friars could move 

2037
01:51:47,700 --> 01:51:51,000
between monasteries and churches
frequently bringing with them 

2038
01:51:51,000 --> 01:51:52,600
official letters that made for 
ideal. 

2039
01:51:52,600 --> 01:51:55,500
Cover for intelligence 
operations due to their 

2040
01:51:55,500 --> 01:51:58,300
religious responsibilities. 
They were able to enter Noble 

2041
01:51:58,300 --> 01:52:01,100
homes and were typically 
literate, which was uncommon in 

2042
01:52:01,100 --> 01:52:04,700
medieval Society, while 
traveling between monasteries a 

2043
01:52:04,700 --> 01:52:07,300
Franciscan Friar could pretend 
to be on Strictly religious 

2044
01:52:07,300 --> 01:52:10,700
business while carrying messages
between intelligence Networks. 

2045
01:52:11,500 --> 01:52:14,300
Confessions could reveal 
political secrets about a family

2046
01:52:14,300 --> 01:52:16,200
to a priest. 
Letters. 

2047
01:52:16,200 --> 01:52:19,400
Exposing diplomatic schemes may 
be found by a monk copying 

2048
01:52:19,400 --> 01:52:22,800
manuscripts in a Noble's 
Library, intelligence Services 

2049
01:52:22,800 --> 01:52:25,400
made full use of the freedom 
with which religious leaders 

2050
01:52:25,400 --> 01:52:28,500
moved through medieval Society. 
Although historians have 

2051
01:52:28,500 --> 01:52:30,200
frequently ignored their 
contributions. 

2052
01:52:30,200 --> 01:52:34,400
Women played important roles in 
medieval espionage, Well, women 

2053
01:52:34,400 --> 01:52:37,300
from lower social classes could 
work as servants in important 

2054
01:52:37,300 --> 01:52:40,000
households, where they could 
listen in on conversations and 

2055
01:52:40,000 --> 01:52:41,900
watch activities. 
That provided important 

2056
01:52:41,900 --> 01:52:45,300
information Noble, women had 
access to court circles and 

2057
01:52:45,300 --> 01:52:48,600
family networks, that were 
closed to men the duchess's lady

2058
01:52:48,600 --> 01:52:50,900
in waiting, May gain knowledge 
of marriage talks, that could 

2059
01:52:50,900 --> 01:52:54,200
Forge New political Connections 
in a Bishop's Home. 

2060
01:52:54,200 --> 01:52:56,200
A kitchen. 
Maid May overhear conversations 

2061
01:52:56,200 --> 01:52:59,900
about church politics in order 
to provide information about 

2062
01:52:59,900 --> 01:53:02,500
military movements a Tavern. 
Keepers wife. 

2063
01:53:02,500 --> 01:53:05,900
Might overhear conversations 
between traveling Nobles because

2064
01:53:05,900 --> 01:53:08,500
of their alleged lack of 
visibility in medieval politics.

2065
01:53:08,500 --> 01:53:12,200
Women were actually very good 
spies in the multi-lingual 

2066
01:53:12,200 --> 01:53:15,200
political environment of 
medieval Europe, the ability to 

2067
01:53:15,200 --> 01:53:17,800
read and write in multiple 
languages made Scholars and 

2068
01:53:17,808 --> 01:53:20,300
Clark's valuable recruits for 
intelligence work. 

2069
01:53:21,600 --> 01:53:24,100
While a Clark who handled 
correspondence for a noble 

2070
01:53:24,100 --> 01:53:27,200
household might copy 
confidential documents or add 

2071
01:53:27,200 --> 01:53:30,000
false information to 
Communications a scholar, who 

2072
01:53:30,000 --> 01:53:32,600
could read Latin French, and 
German could also act as a 

2073
01:53:32,600 --> 01:53:36,200
translator and analysts most 
unexpectedly a large number of 

2074
01:53:36,208 --> 01:53:39,200
medieval spies were what we 
might refer to as Freelancers. 

2075
01:53:39,200 --> 01:53:42,500
People who obtained information 
and sold it to anyone who would 

2076
01:53:42,500 --> 01:53:45,400
pay for it. 
These included artists who 

2077
01:53:45,400 --> 01:53:48,200
worked on Military 
fortifications itinerant, 

2078
01:53:48,200 --> 01:53:51,400
entertainers, who entertained in
aristocratic courts, and even 

2079
01:53:51,400 --> 01:53:54,600
Beggars, who were so prevalent 
in medieval society that they 

2080
01:53:54,600 --> 01:53:57,700
were practically invisible. 
A Minstrel could convey messages

2081
01:53:57,700 --> 01:54:00,800
between various factions and 
observed political relationships

2082
01:54:00,800 --> 01:54:02,300
while performing in different 
courts. 

2083
01:54:03,200 --> 01:54:06,000
Detailed information about 
defensive capabilities could be 

2084
01:54:06,000 --> 01:54:08,500
obtained, from a Mason working 
on Castle fortifications. 

2085
01:54:08,500 --> 01:54:11,900
It's possible for a beggar 
outside of Noble's. 

2086
01:54:11,900 --> 01:54:14,000
Home to overhear conversations 
that contain crucial 

2087
01:54:14,000 --> 01:54:16,900
information. 
Their capacity to integrate into

2088
01:54:16,900 --> 01:54:18,900
medieval Society. 
While retaining the cycle, 

2089
01:54:18,900 --> 01:54:22,400
fortitude required for Espionage
work, was what bound these 

2090
01:54:22,400 --> 01:54:25,600
disparate recruits together? 
They needed to be at ease with 

2091
01:54:25,600 --> 01:54:28,800
lying, able to retain 
complicated information without 

2092
01:54:28,800 --> 01:54:31,400
writing it down and prepared to 
live with the ongoing 

2093
01:54:31,400 --> 01:54:33,500
possibility that their actions 
would be caught. 

2094
01:54:33,500 --> 01:54:36,700
The actual hiring procedure was 
typically, opportunistic and 

2095
01:54:36,700 --> 01:54:40,500
informal An agency, a messenger,
may approach, a merchant who 

2096
01:54:40,500 --> 01:54:44,300
demonstrated intelligence and 
discretion. during his travels, 

2097
01:54:44,300 --> 01:54:48,100
a priest who showed loyalty to a
certain political faction, might

2098
01:54:48,100 --> 01:54:51,800
be asked to collect information,
A servant who demonstrated 

2099
01:54:51,800 --> 01:54:55,000
exceptional Insight could be 
developed as a source of 

2100
01:54:55,000 --> 01:54:57,200
information about their 
employers operations. 

2101
01:54:57,200 --> 01:55:00,500
The majority of medieval spies 
were regular people who took up 

2102
01:55:00,500 --> 01:55:04,000
Espionage as a side job rather 
than professional Intelligence 

2103
01:55:04,000 --> 01:55:06,600
Officers. 
While working covertly for 

2104
01:55:06,600 --> 01:55:09,400
intelligence networks, They 
carried on with their regular 

2105
01:55:09,400 --> 01:55:12,600
lives and careers, which gave 
them the ideal cover for their 

2106
01:55:12,600 --> 01:55:14,200
operations. 
But also meant that they were 

2107
01:55:14,200 --> 01:55:16,900
rarely given the support and 
training that professional spies

2108
01:55:16,900 --> 01:55:19,300
might anticipate medieval 
Espionage. 

2109
01:55:19,300 --> 01:55:23,100
As amateur status had benefits 
and drawbacks intelligence 

2110
01:55:23,100 --> 01:55:26,900
networks could on the one hand 
easily integrate into medieval 

2111
01:55:26,900 --> 01:55:29,700
Society. 
However, it meant that the 

2112
01:55:29,700 --> 01:55:32,900
majority of spies acquired their
skills through trial and error 

2113
01:55:32,900 --> 01:55:36,100
frequently with deadly results, 
for those who made mistakes, 

2114
01:55:36,100 --> 01:55:39,000
shut your eyes and visualize 
organizing a business trip. 

2115
01:55:39,000 --> 01:55:42,200
During the Middle Ages. 
No hotel, reservations, no GPS 

2116
01:55:42,200 --> 01:55:46,300
to direct, you know, AAA to call
in case of an emergency and no 

2117
01:55:46,300 --> 01:55:49,700
Airline website to check. 
Instead, you may have to travel 

2118
01:55:49,700 --> 01:55:53,300
for weeks or months through 
areas where the local government

2119
01:55:53,300 --> 01:55:55,600
may find. 
You suspicious the roads may be 

2120
01:55:55,600 --> 01:55:58,000
under Bandit control, and your 
lodging will make a low cost, 

2121
01:55:58,008 --> 01:56:01,200
Motel seem like a five-star 
hotel, traveling in the Middle. 

2122
01:56:01,200 --> 01:56:04,300
Ages was a test of endurance 
mask rating, as transportation. 

2123
01:56:05,300 --> 01:56:08,200
When Rhodes did exist, they were
frequently little more than dirt

2124
01:56:08,200 --> 01:56:10,900
tracks. 
That in wet weather became muddy

2125
01:56:10,900 --> 01:56:13,800
quagmires and in dry weather, 
dusty nightmares. 

2126
01:56:14,800 --> 01:56:17,800
After centuries of neglect, the 
well known Roman roads that had 

2127
01:56:17,800 --> 01:56:20,900
once connected Europe were in 
disrepair and the majority of 

2128
01:56:20,900 --> 01:56:23,400
medieval governments were more 
concerned with constructing 

2129
01:56:23,400 --> 01:56:25,300
Castle's. 
Then with keeping up with 

2130
01:56:25,300 --> 01:56:28,700
Highway Maintenance, traveling 
was not only uncomfortable for a

2131
01:56:28,700 --> 01:56:31,700
medieval spy but it was a 
continual risk management 

2132
01:56:31,700 --> 01:56:34,300
exercise. 
You might run into local 

2133
01:56:34,300 --> 01:56:35,900
officials. 
Who might insist on seeing 

2134
01:56:35,900 --> 01:56:37,800
documents. 
You didn't have fellow 

2135
01:56:37,800 --> 01:56:41,000
Travelers, who might recognize 
you from past assignments, or 

2136
01:56:41,000 --> 01:56:43,800
Bandits, who viewed Travelers as
mobile treasure chests, every 

2137
01:56:43,800 --> 01:56:47,100
mile you traveled. 
Just getting from point A to 

2138
01:56:47,100 --> 01:56:49,900
point B, could reveal your cover
and put an end to your mission 

2139
01:56:49,900 --> 01:56:53,000
before it even started. 
Medieval spies had few options 

2140
01:56:53,000 --> 01:56:56,200
for transportation and each had 
its own set of difficulties. 

2141
01:56:56,200 --> 01:57:00,300
It was inexpensive but slow to 
walk and you were exposed to the

2142
01:57:00,300 --> 01:57:03,200
weather Bandits and the 
inquisitive questions of 

2143
01:57:03,208 --> 01:57:06,100
everyone. 
You met An individual traveling 

2144
01:57:06,100 --> 01:57:08,300
alone on foot was either 
extremely impoverished, 

2145
01:57:08,300 --> 01:57:13,000
extremely desperate or extremely
suspicious, all of which are not

2146
01:57:13,008 --> 01:57:15,800
suitable cover identities. 
For intelligence operations, 

2147
01:57:15,800 --> 01:57:18,700
although they offered speed and 
a certain level of social 

2148
01:57:18,700 --> 01:57:21,900
respectability horses. 
Also came with high maintenance,

2149
01:57:21,900 --> 01:57:25,600
feeding and cost Since a good 
horse, was an expensive 

2150
01:57:25,600 --> 01:57:28,600
investment. 
Losing one to disease accident 

2151
01:57:28,600 --> 01:57:32,000
or thieves could leave a spy 
stranded, far from home and 

2152
01:57:32,000 --> 01:57:35,500
unable to finish their mission. 
Additionally horses, required, 

2153
01:57:35,500 --> 01:57:39,300
food water and rest, which meant
making frequent stops at 

2154
01:57:39,300 --> 01:57:42,900
locations where inquisitive in 
Keepers, like awkwardly inquire 

2155
01:57:42,900 --> 01:57:46,400
about your destination and line 
of work carrying supplies and 

2156
01:57:46,400 --> 01:57:49,000
keeping a Merchants cover 
identity were two benefits of 

2157
01:57:49,000 --> 01:57:52,900
traveling by Cartel wagon but it
was slow and required good 

2158
01:57:52,900 --> 01:57:57,200
roads, which were frequently 
non-existent, Carts broke down 

2159
01:57:57,200 --> 01:58:00,400
on rough ground got stuck in mud
and caught the attention of 

2160
01:58:00,400 --> 01:58:04,300
Bandits who rightly thought that
anyone with enough Goods to fill

2161
01:58:04,300 --> 01:58:07,200
a wagon might be worth robbing 
Travelers in the Middle Ages. 

2162
01:58:07,200 --> 01:58:09,500
Could find accommodations that 
were anything from hardly 

2163
01:58:09,500 --> 01:58:12,900
suitable to downright hazardous 
When Innes did exist. 

2164
01:58:12,900 --> 01:58:15,700
They were usually a little more 
than spacious rooms with straw 

2165
01:58:15,700 --> 01:58:18,300
mattresses in which Travelers 
shared space with strangers. 

2166
01:58:18,300 --> 01:58:20,900
Who could range from 
professional thieves to honest 

2167
01:58:20,900 --> 01:58:24,500
merchants Food was whatever The 
Innkeeper happened to be serving

2168
01:58:24,500 --> 01:58:26,700
that day. 
There was no privacy and 

2169
01:58:26,700 --> 01:58:30,100
sanitation was rudimentary 
medieval ins were a constant 

2170
01:58:30,100 --> 01:58:32,900
source of difficulty for Aspire 
tempting to keep up a cover 

2171
01:58:32,908 --> 01:58:35,700
identity. 
Other visitors May inquire in 

2172
01:58:35,700 --> 01:58:38,500
depth about your background, 
your destination or your 

2173
01:58:38,500 --> 01:58:40,900
business. 
By collecting information about 

2174
01:58:40,900 --> 01:58:43,300
tourists to sell to local 
authorities or anybody else. 

2175
01:58:43,300 --> 01:58:46,500
Who would pay in Keepers 
frequently served as unofficial 

2176
01:58:46,500 --> 01:58:50,200
intelligence agents themselves. 
Your entire Mission could be 

2177
01:58:50,200 --> 01:58:53,500
jeopardized by a thornless 
remark made during dinner or a 

2178
01:58:53,500 --> 01:58:56,600
suspicious object spotted in 
your luggage even worse, was the

2179
01:58:56,600 --> 01:58:59,600
alternative to ins Travelers 
could take refuge in 

2180
01:58:59,600 --> 01:59:02,700
monasteries, which provided 
rudimentary logging but also put

2181
01:59:02,700 --> 01:59:05,600
them under the roof of religious
leaders who might feel compelled

2182
01:59:05,600 --> 01:59:08,300
to alert, local authorities to 
questionable activities. 

2183
01:59:09,300 --> 01:59:12,000
Although country priest had 
strong ties to local nobility 

2184
01:59:12,000 --> 01:59:14,300
and could provide information 
about odd. 

2185
01:59:14,300 --> 01:59:17,100
Travelers rural churches, 
occasionally offered Sanctuary, 

2186
01:59:17,100 --> 01:59:20,900
although camping outside, had 
its own risks, it avoided the 

2187
01:59:20,900 --> 01:59:24,300
social complications of formal 
logic, Travelers who were alone 

2188
01:59:24,300 --> 01:59:27,400
and vulnerable with the targets 
of Bandit attacks and sleeping 

2189
01:59:27,400 --> 01:59:30,100
outside exposed one to. 
Whether that could be anything 

2190
01:59:30,100 --> 01:59:33,900
from mildly uncomfortable to, 
actually fatal If a spy becomes 

2191
01:59:33,900 --> 01:59:36,800
ill or hurts themself while 
camping by themselves, they 

2192
01:59:36,800 --> 01:59:39,500
might just vanish leaving their 
mission uncompleted. 

2193
01:59:39,500 --> 01:59:42,700
And their fate uncertain for 
travelers in the Middle Ages. 

2194
01:59:42,700 --> 01:59:46,200
The weather was a continual 
enemy extreme heat or cold, 

2195
01:59:46,200 --> 01:59:49,400
could kill unprepared, 
Travelers, snow made navigation,

2196
01:59:49,400 --> 01:59:53,900
impossible and rain turned roads
into impossible swamps There 

2197
01:59:53,900 --> 01:59:58,300
were no emergencies to call no 
weather forecast to refer to and

2198
01:59:58,300 --> 02:00:00,900
no assurance that assistance 
would be accessible in the 

2199
02:00:00,900 --> 02:00:02,600
event. 
That conditions deteriorated 

2200
02:00:02,600 --> 02:00:06,000
travel conditions and political 
requirements had to be balanced 

2201
02:00:06,000 --> 02:00:08,800
and medieval spies had to 
schedule their trips around 

2202
02:00:08,800 --> 02:00:12,900
seasonal weather patterns. 
In certain cases the best travel

2203
02:00:12,900 --> 02:00:15,700
times occur during times when 
heightened security made 

2204
02:00:15,700 --> 02:00:19,100
Espionage work more hazardous. 
And in other cases, urgent 

2205
02:00:19,100 --> 02:00:21,800
intelligence had to be delivered
in spite of hazardous weather. 

2206
02:00:21,800 --> 02:00:24,900
Media evil travel was a 
difficult on the mind as it was 

2207
02:00:24,900 --> 02:00:28,200
on the body, in addition to 
continuously assuming false 

2208
02:00:28,200 --> 02:00:31,400
identities and remaining on the 
lookout for potential threats. 

2209
02:00:32,100 --> 02:00:35,600
Spies spent weeks or months away
from their homes families and 

2210
02:00:35,600 --> 02:00:39,300
any emotional support systems. 
Even seasoned agents could 

2211
02:00:39,300 --> 02:00:41,800
become emotionally weary and 
prone to making potentially 

2212
02:00:41,800 --> 02:00:45,100
fatal mistakes, due to the 
isolation and stress of medieval

2213
02:00:45,100 --> 02:00:48,100
travel, another ongoing. 
Worry, on medieval travels was 

2214
02:00:48,100 --> 02:00:52,000
food long trips, necessitated 
resupplying, along the way, 

2215
02:00:52,000 --> 02:00:55,000
which meant relying on local 
markets that might not exist, 

2216
02:00:55,000 --> 02:00:58,800
local Cuisine that might not be 
edible, and local prices. 

2217
02:00:58,800 --> 02:01:00,700
That might be exorbitant 
foreigners. 

2218
02:01:00,700 --> 02:01:02,900
Travellers brought what 
Provisions. 

2219
02:01:02,900 --> 02:01:06,300
They could a spies ability to 
finish their mission could be 

2220
02:01:06,300 --> 02:01:10,200
severely jeopardized if they 
became ill from eating poorly or

2221
02:01:10,200 --> 02:01:13,100
unable to find enough food 
during the Middle Ages. 

2222
02:01:13,100 --> 02:01:15,500
Even the basic tasks of 
navigation was difficult. 

2223
02:01:16,300 --> 02:01:19,300
When Maps were available, they 
were frequently erroneous and 

2224
02:01:19,300 --> 02:01:22,400
depicted political boundaries 
that may have changed since they

2225
02:01:22,400 --> 02:01:24,800
were created. 
The majority of tourists 

2226
02:01:24,800 --> 02:01:27,600
depended on locals for 
Direction's who may have been 

2227
02:01:27,600 --> 02:01:31,100
helpful deceptive or entirely 
incorrect about Roots. 

2228
02:01:31,100 --> 02:01:34,600
They had never taken themselves 
medieval spies somehow managed 

2229
02:01:34,600 --> 02:01:36,100
to keep up intelligence 
networks. 

2230
02:01:36,100 --> 02:01:39,000
That crossed continents 
transmitted information across 

2231
02:01:39,000 --> 02:01:42,200
political boundaries, an updated
their employers on political 

2232
02:01:42,200 --> 02:01:45,200
developments in far-off places. 
In spite of all these obstacles.

2233
02:01:46,700 --> 02:01:49,300
Their accomplishments 
demonstrated, human tenacity 

2234
02:01:49,300 --> 02:01:53,400
resourcefulness and flexibility 
in the face of adversity, that 

2235
02:01:53,400 --> 02:01:55,500
would have tested. 
Even the most advanced, modern 

2236
02:01:55,500 --> 02:01:57,900
Travelers. 
Imagine attempting to send a 

2237
02:01:57,900 --> 02:02:01,100
text message with just a quill 
pen parchment and the hope that 

2238
02:02:01,100 --> 02:02:04,300
it will reach its recipient 
within the next few months, then

2239
02:02:04,300 --> 02:02:08,500
settle back in your cozy chair, 
Now picture yourself stretched 

2240
02:02:08,500 --> 02:02:11,300
on a rack or hanging from a 
gibbet if someone reads that 

2241
02:02:11,300 --> 02:02:14,500
message and intercepts it. 
Greetings from the world of 

2242
02:02:14,500 --> 02:02:17,400
secret communication in the 
Middle Ages when Ingenuity 

2243
02:02:17,400 --> 02:02:20,700
literally, meant the difference 
between life and death because 

2244
02:02:20,700 --> 02:02:23,600
they had no other option. 
Medieval spies had to become 

2245
02:02:23,600 --> 02:02:26,600
expert at the delicate art of 
concealing information from the 

2246
02:02:26,600 --> 02:02:29,400
public. 
Intelligence Officers created 

2247
02:02:29,400 --> 02:02:32,200
increasingly complex techniques 
to hide their actual 

2248
02:02:32,200 --> 02:02:35,700
Communications within seemingly 
innocent correspondence, because

2249
02:02:35,700 --> 02:02:38,000
every message carried the 
potential for execution. 

2250
02:02:38,000 --> 02:02:41,000
If it were discovered the 
simplest method was invisible 

2251
02:02:41,000 --> 02:02:44,300
ink which may sound fancy but 
was typically created using 

2252
02:02:44,300 --> 02:02:47,800
common placing ingredients like 
milk urine or lemon juice? 

2253
02:02:48,600 --> 02:02:50,200
These materials would become 
Brown. 

2254
02:02:50,200 --> 02:02:53,900
When heated exposing hidden text
between the lines of a regular 

2255
02:02:53,900 --> 02:02:56,200
letter. 
While the true message about 

2256
02:02:56,200 --> 02:02:59,700
troop movements was written in 
milk between the lines invisible

2257
02:02:59,700 --> 02:03:03,100
and until the recipient of the 
parchment near a fire, a 

2258
02:03:03,100 --> 02:03:05,900
medieval spy might write a 
perfectly normal business letter

2259
02:03:05,900 --> 02:03:08,800
about wool prices. 
The problem with invisible ink 

2260
02:03:08,800 --> 02:03:11,500
was that the recipient had to be
aware of the existence of a 

2261
02:03:11,500 --> 02:03:13,900
hidden message and know how to 
make it visible. 

2262
02:03:14,700 --> 02:03:17,400
In order to identify when 
letters contained classified 

2263
02:03:17,400 --> 02:03:20,100
information. 
Medieval intelligence networks 

2264
02:03:20,100 --> 02:03:22,100
created complex signaling 
systems. 

2265
02:03:22,900 --> 02:03:26,500
Certain words in the visible 
text a unique signature or a 

2266
02:03:26,500 --> 02:03:29,200
certain Wax Seal, could all be 
signs that the letter contains 

2267
02:03:29,200 --> 02:03:32,500
secret information, but codes 
were more advanced with 

2268
02:03:32,500 --> 02:03:35,300
references to particular words 
or letters in books that both 

2269
02:03:35,300 --> 02:03:38,100
the sender and the recipient 
owned indicating the true 

2270
02:03:38,100 --> 02:03:40,800
message. 
When a letter refers to the 

2271
02:03:40,800 --> 02:03:44,200
wisdom found in the third word 
of the seventh line on page, 42 

2272
02:03:44,200 --> 02:03:47,000
of the chronicle, it may be 
referencing a particular book 

2273
02:03:47,000 --> 02:03:49,700
and providing detailed 
instructions on how to decode 

2274
02:03:49,700 --> 02:03:52,400
the message. 
This approach necessitated, 

2275
02:03:52,400 --> 02:03:55,800
extensive preparation and 
cooperation amongst intelligence

2276
02:03:55,800 --> 02:03:58,900
agents because books were scarce
and costly during the Middle 

2277
02:03:58,900 --> 02:04:01,200
Ages. 
Neil cyphers were a specially 

2278
02:04:01,200 --> 02:04:04,000
ingenious methods in which the 
actual message was concealed 

2279
02:04:04,000 --> 02:04:06,000
using preset patterns inside the
text. 

2280
02:04:06,000 --> 02:04:09,200
That was visible The first 
letter of each sentence, May 

2281
02:04:09,200 --> 02:04:12,500
spell out the secret information
or every third word, making the 

2282
02:04:12,500 --> 02:04:15,700
actual intelligence. 
A business letter might hide 

2283
02:04:15,700 --> 02:04:18,900
Military Intelligence in the 
final word of each paragraph or 

2284
02:04:18,900 --> 02:04:20,800
a love letter. 
Might have a secret message in 

2285
02:04:20,800 --> 02:04:23,700
the first letter of each line 
using religious texts. 

2286
02:04:23,700 --> 02:04:26,100
As a cover for intelligence 
messages was one of the most 

2287
02:04:26,100 --> 02:04:27,600
inventive ways to hide 
information. 

2288
02:04:27,600 --> 02:04:31,700
A spy might copy out a prayer or
a passage from the Bible, but 

2289
02:04:31,700 --> 02:04:34,300
with extra markings or slightly 
changed letters that would 

2290
02:04:34,300 --> 02:04:36,200
reveal the true. 
Meaning to someone who knew 

2291
02:04:36,200 --> 02:04:38,400
where to look this method 
provided. 

2292
02:04:38,400 --> 02:04:41,000
Excellent cover. 
Because religious, texts were 

2293
02:04:41,000 --> 02:04:44,200
often carried by Travelers and 
religious copying was common 

2294
02:04:44,200 --> 02:04:48,000
steganography, the technique of 
concealing messages within other

2295
02:04:48,000 --> 02:04:52,300
objects, was also employed by 
medieval spies, A wax tablets 

2296
02:04:52,300 --> 02:04:55,200
wooden backing, could have text 
written on it, that would not be

2297
02:04:55,200 --> 02:04:56,700
visible until the wax was 
removed. 

2298
02:04:56,700 --> 02:05:00,100
Messages, could be inscribed on 
the inside of the leather goods 

2299
02:05:00,100 --> 02:05:03,900
stitched into garments, or even 
Inked on a messenger scalp and 

2300
02:05:03,908 --> 02:05:07,500
concealed by hair growth. 
Finding concealment techniques 

2301
02:05:07,500 --> 02:05:10,100
that would withstand the rough 
treatment of medieval travel was

2302
02:05:10,100 --> 02:05:12,600
crucial. 
Medieval intelligence networks, 

2303
02:05:12,600 --> 02:05:16,000
gave rise to coded languages in 
which common words had hidden 

2304
02:05:16,000 --> 02:05:19,900
meaning that only Network 
participants knew While a letter

2305
02:05:19,908 --> 02:05:23,300
from a merchant discussing the 
purchase of fine wool, like be 

2306
02:05:23,300 --> 02:05:26,000
reporting on Military 
fortifications, a discussion of 

2307
02:05:26,008 --> 02:05:27,800
grain. 
Prices might be revealing 

2308
02:05:27,800 --> 02:05:29,600
information about political 
alliances. 

2309
02:05:30,600 --> 02:05:33,400
To prevent detection, these 
codes needed to be carefully 

2310
02:05:33,400 --> 02:05:36,600
used and thoroughly memorized in
ways that are nearly impossible 

2311
02:05:36,600 --> 02:05:40,000
for modern Minds to comprehend. 
Physical objects were used as 

2312
02:05:40,000 --> 02:05:43,200
messaging systems. 
For someone who understood how 

2313
02:05:43,200 --> 02:05:46,000
to read these signals, the 
placement of a candle in a 

2314
02:05:46,000 --> 02:05:49,500
window, the way a cloak was hung
or the arrangement of objects on

2315
02:05:49,500 --> 02:05:50,900
the table could all provide 
information. 

2316
02:05:51,800 --> 02:05:54,500
In order to transmit messages 
without leaving, any written 

2317
02:05:54,500 --> 02:05:57,700
records, that could be found and
used as proof medieval 

2318
02:05:57,700 --> 02:06:00,200
intelligence agents. 
Created complex nonverbal 

2319
02:06:00,200 --> 02:06:03,500
communication systems, the more 
educated members of medieval, 

2320
02:06:03,500 --> 02:06:06,900
intelligence networks used, 
mathematical codes, basic 

2321
02:06:06,900 --> 02:06:09,200
security, for written 
communication was offered by 

2322
02:06:09,208 --> 02:06:12,700
simple substitution ciphers in 
which a different letter or 

2323
02:06:12,700 --> 02:06:16,400
symbol was used for each letter.
More advanced agents employed 

2324
02:06:16,400 --> 02:06:19,400
poly alphabetic ciphers which 
made it much harder for 

2325
02:06:19,400 --> 02:06:22,500
unauthorized readers to decipher
the codes by altering the 

2326
02:06:22,500 --> 02:06:25,700
substitution pattern in 
accordance with preset rules, 

2327
02:06:25,700 --> 02:06:29,400
medieval cryptography, face the 
difficulty of striking a balance

2328
02:06:29,400 --> 02:06:33,500
between security and usefulness.
Better protection was offered by

2329
02:06:33,500 --> 02:06:37,100
complex codes but they also took
longer to encode and decode 

2330
02:06:37,100 --> 02:06:39,400
increased. 
The possibility of mistakes that

2331
02:06:39,400 --> 02:06:42,000
could make messages in 
comprehensible and placed more 

2332
02:06:42,000 --> 02:06:44,100
strain on the user's memory and 
educational. 

2333
02:06:44,900 --> 02:06:47,400
It was worse than useless to 
have a code that was impossible 

2334
02:06:47,400 --> 02:06:50,900
to crack, but impossible to use 
properly, the issue of key 

2335
02:06:50,900 --> 02:06:54,100
distribution or making sure that
senders and recipients have the 

2336
02:06:54,100 --> 02:06:57,300
data required to encode and 
decode messages was another 

2337
02:06:57,300 --> 02:06:59,500
challenge. 
Faced by medieval intelligence 

2338
02:06:59,500 --> 02:07:02,600
Networks, Sharing the secrets 
required for secret, 

2339
02:07:02,600 --> 02:07:05,800
communication, created a paradox
that took a great deal of 

2340
02:07:05,800 --> 02:07:08,900
Ingenuity to resolve in an era 
without secure communication. 

2341
02:07:08,900 --> 02:07:12,000
Medieval secret communication, 
was further Complicated by 

2342
02:07:12,000 --> 02:07:15,200
timing codes. 
It's possible for messages to be

2343
02:07:15,200 --> 02:07:18,300
sent in segments with each 
segment arriving at a different 

2344
02:07:18,300 --> 02:07:21,200
time and only making sense when 
put together correctly. 

2345
02:07:22,200 --> 02:07:25,100
Alternatively, the coded 
information may include the 

2346
02:07:25,100 --> 02:07:28,500
delivery time and date, which 
recipients must account for when

2347
02:07:28,500 --> 02:07:32,000
decoding the message working 
with secret messages, put a lot 

2348
02:07:32,008 --> 02:07:33,800
of psychological strain on 
employees. 

2349
02:07:33,800 --> 02:07:37,100
A single encoding error could 
give the intended recipient. 

2350
02:07:37,100 --> 02:07:39,000
No. 
Meaning at all an entire 

2351
02:07:39,000 --> 02:07:41,300
intelligence Network could be 
exposed by a mistaken 

2352
02:07:41,300 --> 02:07:44,300
concealment. 
Important intelligence could end

2353
02:07:44,300 --> 02:07:46,900
up in the hands of the enemy of 
the wrong Messengers, chose him.

2354
02:07:47,500 --> 02:07:50,300
Under circumstances that made 
Perfection all but impossible 

2355
02:07:50,300 --> 02:07:53,000
medieval spies had to be 
Flawless. 

2356
02:07:53,000 --> 02:07:56,200
Cryptographers medieval secret, 
communication systems were 

2357
02:07:56,200 --> 02:07:58,500
remarkably successful in spite 
of these obstacles. 

2358
02:07:59,500 --> 02:08:01,900
Intelligence networks were able 
to coordinate intricate 

2359
02:08:01,900 --> 02:08:04,600
operations sustained 
Communications over long 

2360
02:08:04,600 --> 02:08:07,900
distances and protect their most
sensitive data from hostile 

2361
02:08:07,900 --> 02:08:11,900
interception Ingenuity, 
meticulous planning and the kind

2362
02:08:11,900 --> 02:08:14,000
of attention to detail. 
That could mean the difference 

2363
02:08:14,000 --> 02:08:17,400
between personal destruction, 
and Mission success with the 

2364
02:08:17,400 --> 02:08:20,800
foundations of their success. 
Pour yourself another cup of 

2365
02:08:20,800 --> 02:08:23,900
tea, and think about how you 
would budget for an intelligence

2366
02:08:23,900 --> 02:08:26,000
network. 
If you were a medieval, King 

2367
02:08:26,000 --> 02:08:29,600
attempting to manage one, There 
are no accounting departments to

2368
02:08:29,600 --> 02:08:34,000
monitor operating costs, no 
standardized pay scales and no 

2369
02:08:34,000 --> 02:08:37,400
corporate expense accounts. 
In Stead, you're dealing with a 

2370
02:08:37,408 --> 02:08:40,800
shadow economy, where your most 
critical employees are unable to

2371
02:08:40,800 --> 02:08:44,600
provide receipts and where in 
order to protect all parties, 

2372
02:08:44,600 --> 02:08:47,400
payment must frequently be 
disguised as something 

2373
02:08:47,400 --> 02:08:50,400
completely different. 
The financial theories used in 

2374
02:08:50,400 --> 02:08:53,300
medieval Espionage would make 
modern accountants shudder 

2375
02:08:53,300 --> 02:08:56,600
generally speaking spies 
received, a rattic compensation 

2376
02:08:56,600 --> 02:08:59,600
that varied greatly based on the
value of the information they 

2377
02:08:59,600 --> 02:09:02,600
provided the risk of their 
missions and the financial 

2378
02:09:02,600 --> 02:09:05,600
standing of their employers. 
It was the Pinnacle of 

2379
02:09:05,600 --> 02:09:07,900
freelancing with no job 
security, and retirement 

2380
02:09:07,900 --> 02:09:11,600
planning, limited to wishing you
lived, long enough to retired 

2381
02:09:11,600 --> 02:09:14,300
evil spies were, typically paid 
a combination of bonuses for 

2382
02:09:14,300 --> 02:09:17,100
certain pieces of valuable 
intelligence and regular 

2383
02:09:17,100 --> 02:09:21,400
stipends for continuing agents. 
To keep him loyal, a merchant 

2384
02:09:21,400 --> 02:09:24,000
who frequently covered political
events in the cities visited. 

2385
02:09:24,000 --> 02:09:26,200
Mike, get a small annual 
payment. 

2386
02:09:27,100 --> 02:09:29,800
For more significant 
information, he might get larger

2387
02:09:29,800 --> 02:09:32,700
sums. 
Maintaining incredible 

2388
02:09:32,700 --> 02:09:35,800
justifications for these 
Financial transactions, was a 

2389
02:09:35,800 --> 02:09:38,100
challenge for both the spy and 
the Spy Master. 

2390
02:09:38,100 --> 02:09:41,300
As luring as that image may be 
for Hollywood money. 

2391
02:09:41,300 --> 02:09:44,500
Couldn't just be handed over in 
Denali ways, payments had to be 

2392
02:09:44,500 --> 02:09:47,100
made under false pretenses that 
would pass muster if they were 

2393
02:09:47,108 --> 02:09:49,900
caught. 
Spy may be compensated by 

2394
02:09:49,900 --> 02:09:52,600
inflated prices for goods. 
They purportedly sold to their 

2395
02:09:52,600 --> 02:09:55,900
Handler loans that were never 
meant to be paid back or 

2396
02:09:55,900 --> 02:09:58,700
winnings from gambling that were
actually intelligence payments. 

2397
02:09:58,700 --> 02:10:01,800
The Practical realities of 
medieval life complicated, the 

2398
02:10:01,800 --> 02:10:05,100
cost structure of medieval 
Espionage in order to maintain 

2399
02:10:05,100 --> 02:10:08,200
their cover identities. 
And obtain information spies had

2400
02:10:08,200 --> 02:10:11,700
to pay for their own travel 
logging and the various bribes 

2401
02:10:11,700 --> 02:10:14,800
and gifts, they would need in 
order to keep their credibility,

2402
02:10:14,800 --> 02:10:18,100
a spy Mass grading, as a 
merchant might have to genuinely

2403
02:10:18,100 --> 02:10:21,300
buy and sell Goods which would 
require them to invest money in 

2404
02:10:21,308 --> 02:10:24,200
inventory in the hopes that 
their trading operations would 

2405
02:10:24,200 --> 02:10:27,200
generate enough Revenue to fund.
Their intelligence operations, 

2406
02:10:27,200 --> 02:10:30,400
medieval spies to Specialty. 
High Travel costs. 

2407
02:10:31,100 --> 02:10:33,300
A spies earnings from 
intelligence work could easily 

2408
02:10:33,300 --> 02:10:37,400
be outweighed by the cost of 
horses, food, lodging, and the 

2409
02:10:37,400 --> 02:10:40,200
numerous fees and told us 
associated with medieval travel.

2410
02:10:41,200 --> 02:10:43,600
It's likely that many medieval 
spies lost money on their 

2411
02:10:43,600 --> 02:10:46,900
operations, either accepting a 
lesser standard of living than 

2412
02:10:46,900 --> 02:10:49,600
they could have obtained through
legal employment, or funding, 

2413
02:10:49,600 --> 02:10:51,900
their Espionage efforts with 
other sources of income. 

2414
02:10:51,900 --> 02:10:55,400
For medieval spies financial 
planning was practically 

2415
02:10:55,400 --> 02:10:58,100
impossible due to the erratic 
nature of intelligence work. 

2416
02:10:58,800 --> 02:11:02,400
After months of collecting 
information for free, a spy may 

2417
02:11:02,400 --> 02:11:04,800
be paid handsomely for a, 
particularly useful piece of 

2418
02:11:04,800 --> 02:11:07,600
intelligence. 
The ability to maintain a cover 

2419
02:11:07,600 --> 02:11:10,400
identity, even in times of 
financial hardship and 

2420
02:11:10,400 --> 02:11:12,200
significant personal financial 
management. 

2421
02:11:12,200 --> 02:11:14,900
Skills were necessary in this 
feast or famine economy. 

2422
02:11:14,900 --> 02:11:18,200
Currency exchange issues that 
did not exist for contemporary 

2423
02:11:18,200 --> 02:11:21,100
International operations, where 
another issue that medieval 

2424
02:11:21,100 --> 02:11:24,700
intelligence networks had to 
handle exchange rates varied. 

2425
02:11:24,700 --> 02:11:27,700
According to political ties, and
the availability of precious 

2426
02:11:27,700 --> 02:11:30,800
metals and different regions 
used different coins with 

2427
02:11:30,800 --> 02:11:32,600
varying weight and Purity 
requirements. 

2428
02:11:33,700 --> 02:11:36,400
Spy, who worked in several 
different areas had to be able 

2429
02:11:36,400 --> 02:11:38,900
to handle the intricate 
Financial aspects of medieval 

2430
02:11:38,900 --> 02:11:41,300
trade while. 
Also working as an intelligence 

2431
02:11:41,300 --> 02:11:44,900
officer and a currency Trader 
medieval spies who were able to 

2432
02:11:44,900 --> 02:11:47,600
combine their intelligence work 
with legal business ventures 

2433
02:11:47,600 --> 02:11:51,100
that offered both cover and 
extra cash were frequently, the 

2434
02:11:51,100 --> 02:11:54,200
most successful. 
Carefully selecting trade routes

2435
02:11:54,200 --> 02:11:57,200
allowed a Merchants by to 
conduct lucrative business that 

2436
02:11:57,200 --> 02:11:59,000
Finance their intelligence 
operations. 

2437
02:11:59,000 --> 02:12:02,700
While simultaneously, obtaining 
useful intelligence, A scholar 

2438
02:12:02,700 --> 02:12:04,100
spy. 
Could obtain information about 

2439
02:12:04,100 --> 02:12:07,300
political connections, and get 
paid for writing services, like,

2440
02:12:07,300 --> 02:12:10,000
copying manuscripts for 
Aristocrats because they had 

2441
02:12:10,000 --> 02:12:13,400
fewer economic options than men.
Women who worked in medieval 

2442
02:12:13,400 --> 02:12:16,000
intelligence for faced unique 
financial difficulties. 

2443
02:12:16,800 --> 02:12:20,700
In a noble home, a female spy 
might serve as a servant earning

2444
02:12:20,700 --> 02:12:24,100
Amiga salary while obtaining 
intelligence but medieval social

2445
02:12:24,100 --> 02:12:27,100
norms limited her options for 
career progression or other 

2446
02:12:27,100 --> 02:12:29,900
employment. 
Because they frequently had to 

2447
02:12:29,900 --> 02:12:32,200
depend more on their handlers 
for financial support. 

2448
02:12:32,200 --> 02:12:36,100
Female spies were more 
susceptible to abuse for many 

2449
02:12:36,100 --> 02:12:39,100
agents, regular banking 
relationships were impossible 

2450
02:12:39,100 --> 02:12:41,900
due to the security requirements
of medieval espionage. 

2451
02:12:42,400 --> 02:12:45,300
Operating under a false 
identity, prevented a spy from 

2452
02:12:45,300 --> 02:12:47,100
keeping accounts under their 
real name. 

2453
02:12:47,100 --> 02:12:49,700
And from having Financial 
records, that could be used to 

2454
02:12:49,700 --> 02:12:51,600
expose their intelligence 
operations. 

2455
02:12:52,400 --> 02:12:55,500
Precious metals or gems were 
likely carried by many medieval 

2456
02:12:55,500 --> 02:12:59,000
spies making them easy targets 
for theft while on the road 

2457
02:12:59,000 --> 02:13:01,900
medieval spies hardly ever plan 
for retirement. 

2458
02:13:01,900 --> 02:13:05,100
There were no Social Security 
Programs or Pension funds. 

2459
02:13:05,100 --> 02:13:08,000
And there was no assurance that 
an intelligence organization 

2460
02:13:08,000 --> 02:13:11,600
would keep paying agents who are
no longer actively contributing.

2461
02:13:12,900 --> 02:13:15,400
If they lived long enough to 
reach old age successful 

2462
02:13:15,400 --> 02:13:17,900
medieval spies had to amasse 
enough wealth, during their 

2463
02:13:17,900 --> 02:13:21,100
active careers to sustain 
themselves in their later years.

2464
02:13:21,100 --> 02:13:24,600
Medieval spies families had to 
deal with financial instability.

2465
02:13:24,600 --> 02:13:25,900
That went beyond the agents 
themselves. 

2466
02:13:25,900 --> 02:13:29,600
There was no life insurance, no 
survivor benefits, and 

2467
02:13:29,600 --> 02:13:32,400
frequently no recognition that 
Aspire been working for their 

2468
02:13:32,400 --> 02:13:35,100
employer if they were killed or 
vanished during a mission. 

2469
02:13:35,800 --> 02:13:38,300
Medieval spies wives and kids 
could find themselves 

2470
02:13:38,300 --> 02:13:41,200
unexpectedly poor with no way to
support themselves. 

2471
02:13:41,200 --> 02:13:44,900
And no reason for their loss, 
medieval intelligence networks 

2472
02:13:44,900 --> 02:13:47,600
were able to recruit and retain 
agents who offered their 

2473
02:13:47,600 --> 02:13:50,500
employers valuable services in 
spite of these financial 

2474
02:13:50,500 --> 02:13:53,300
difficulties. 
People who found that Espionage 

2475
02:13:53,300 --> 02:13:55,900
offered better opportunities 
than traditional employment in 

2476
02:13:55,900 --> 02:13:58,700
their social class or who are 
prepared to accept Financial 

2477
02:13:58,700 --> 02:14:01,400
uncertainty. 
In exchange for the thrill of 

2478
02:14:01,400 --> 02:14:04,400
intelligence work were drawn to 
the work with its own Payment 

2479
02:14:04,400 --> 02:14:06,500
Systems. 
Financial difficulties and 

2480
02:14:06,500 --> 02:14:08,900
strategies for handling. 
The interplay between money and 

2481
02:14:08,900 --> 02:14:11,500
secrecy. 
Shadow economy that ran 

2482
02:14:11,500 --> 02:14:14,700
concurrently with the legal 
medieval economy is revealed by 

2483
02:14:14,700 --> 02:14:16,400
the economics of medieval 
espionage. 

2484
02:14:17,200 --> 02:14:19,500
It was capitalism with a 
conspiracy twist, where 

2485
02:14:19,500 --> 02:14:22,300
information was the most 
valuable resource and the cost 

2486
02:14:22,300 --> 02:14:25,700
of Discovery was frequently the 
highest turned down the lights a

2487
02:14:25,700 --> 02:14:27,900
little bit and imagine what it 
would be like to get out of bed.

2488
02:14:27,900 --> 02:14:30,300
Each morning and put on, not 
just your clothes, but a 

2489
02:14:30,300 --> 02:14:33,400
completely different persona. 
Imagine posing as someone else 

2490
02:14:33,400 --> 02:14:36,700
for months or years at a time, 
never being able to let your 

2491
02:14:36,700 --> 02:14:39,700
guard down and never knowing, if
those around, you are buying 

2492
02:14:39,700 --> 02:14:41,300
into your carefully, crafted 
lies. 

2493
02:14:42,100 --> 02:14:44,600
In a world where authenticity 
was a luxury, they couldn't 

2494
02:14:44,600 --> 02:14:48,000
afford medieval spies had to 
learn, not only the methods of 

2495
02:14:48,000 --> 02:14:51,100
obtaining intelligence but also 
the far more challenging art of 

2496
02:14:51,108 --> 02:14:54,200
psychological survival 
maintaining full side dentists 

2497
02:14:54,200 --> 02:14:57,100
for extended periods of time 
while residing close to people 

2498
02:14:57,100 --> 02:15:00,500
who might discover the deception
was the main Obstacle of 

2499
02:15:00,500 --> 02:15:03,400
medieval espionage. 
Compared to contemporary 

2500
02:15:03,400 --> 02:15:05,900
communities. 
Medieval Society was more 

2501
02:15:05,900 --> 02:15:10,500
intimate smaller and suspicious.
Individuals inquired about 

2502
02:15:10,508 --> 02:15:13,900
strangers, new their neighbors, 
and looked for clues that might 

2503
02:15:13,900 --> 02:15:17,200
indicate someone's true 
motivations or background, a 

2504
02:15:17,200 --> 02:15:19,900
medieval spy masquerading as a 
merchant needed to be familiar 

2505
02:15:19,900 --> 02:15:22,400
with the finer points. 
That would persuade seasoned 

2506
02:15:22,400 --> 02:15:24,900
traders. 
In addition to the fundamentals 

2507
02:15:24,900 --> 02:15:28,500
of business life They had to 
comprehend seasonal Market. 

2508
02:15:28,500 --> 02:15:33,000
Swings trade route, challenges, 
Regional price disparities and 

2509
02:15:33,000 --> 02:15:35,900
the interpersonal ties between 
merchants and various cities. 

2510
02:15:36,800 --> 02:15:39,600
One discussion with an actual 
Merchants could reveal knowledge

2511
02:15:39,600 --> 02:15:41,800
gaps that could take years to 
fill on their own. 

2512
02:15:41,800 --> 02:15:45,500
There was no way to alleviate 
the cycle stress brought on by 

2513
02:15:45,500 --> 02:15:48,500
the ongoing attention to detail 
needed to maintain cover 

2514
02:15:48,500 --> 02:15:51,800
identities. 
While medieval spies frequently 

2515
02:15:51,800 --> 02:15:54,400
went months without speaking to 
their actual employers or 

2516
02:15:54,400 --> 02:15:57,500
co-workers, modern undercover 
agents can at least communicate 

2517
02:15:57,500 --> 02:16:00,900
with their handlers or take 
breaks from their duties, they 

2518
02:16:00,900 --> 02:16:03,800
maintained personalities that 
were their own lived in total 

2519
02:16:03,800 --> 02:16:07,300
seclusion and were surrounded by
untrustworthy people for 

2520
02:16:07,300 --> 02:16:11,600
medieval spies memory, became 
both a logical burden and an 

2521
02:16:11,600 --> 02:16:15,100
essential survival skill. 
They had to recall the intricate

2522
02:16:15,100 --> 02:16:17,200
fictional history. 
They had written for their cover

2523
02:16:17,200 --> 02:16:19,600
identities. 
In addition to the intelligence,

2524
02:16:19,600 --> 02:16:23,900
they had gathered If the Spy was
unable to reliably recall, the 

2525
02:16:23,900 --> 02:16:27,100
specifics of their fake 
background, a casual inquiry 

2526
02:16:27,100 --> 02:16:29,900
about early life or familial 
ties, could turn into a risky 

2527
02:16:29,900 --> 02:16:33,299
situation, medieval Society, 
placed a great value on social 

2528
02:16:33,299 --> 02:16:37,000
connections and Community ties. 
Making the social isolation of 

2529
02:16:37,008 --> 02:16:39,200
medieval Espionage especially 
challenging. 

2530
02:16:39,900 --> 02:16:42,500
Suspicion was immediately raised
against those who appeared to 

2531
02:16:42,508 --> 02:16:46,600
have no family ties roots or 
long-standing Community ties. 

2532
02:16:47,400 --> 02:16:50,000
In the Middle Ages had to 
establish credible social 

2533
02:16:50,000 --> 02:16:53,100
networks, while steering, clear 
of intimate connections, that 

2534
02:16:53,100 --> 02:16:54,900
could expose their true 
identities. 

2535
02:16:54,900 --> 02:16:58,600
Medieval Espionage was further 
complicated psychologically by 

2536
02:16:58,600 --> 02:17:02,400
religious conflicts spies 
frequently had to maintain cover

2537
02:17:02,400 --> 02:17:04,700
identities that required them to
support. 

2538
02:17:04,700 --> 02:17:06,900
Political causes they 
personally, opposed 

2539
02:17:06,900 --> 02:17:10,000
participating religious 
ceremonies that might violate 

2540
02:17:10,000 --> 02:17:13,200
their conscience or pretend to 
hold religious beliefs that were

2541
02:17:13,208 --> 02:17:17,100
at odds with their true beliefs.
Moral stress resulting from the 

2542
02:17:17,100 --> 02:17:19,700
internal struggle between one's 
personal convictions. 

2543
02:17:19,700 --> 02:17:23,400
And professional obligations. 
Could jeopardize an agent cycle,

2544
02:17:23,400 --> 02:17:27,400
stability, and evil spies lived 
in a state of chronic anxiety. 

2545
02:17:27,400 --> 02:17:29,900
That pervaded every part of 
their lives due to their 

2546
02:17:29,900 --> 02:17:31,500
constant fear of being 
discovered. 

2547
02:17:32,200 --> 02:17:35,600
They couldn't afford to unwind. 
They couldn't believe their gut,

2548
02:17:35,600 --> 02:17:38,400
feelings about people, and they 
couldn't make true friends with 

2549
02:17:38,400 --> 02:17:39,299
anyone. 
They met. 

2550
02:17:39,299 --> 02:17:42,700
While on missions, physical 
fatigue was only one aspect of 

2551
02:17:42,700 --> 02:17:45,400
the exhaustion brought on by the
hyper-vigilance required for 

2552
02:17:45,400 --> 02:17:48,000
survival. 
The moral ambiguity, and guilt 

2553
02:17:48,000 --> 02:17:50,900
of their work were other issues 
that medieval spies had to cope 

2554
02:17:50,900 --> 02:17:53,200
with, in order to obtain 
intelligence. 

2555
02:17:53,200 --> 02:17:56,000
They frequently had to lie to 
people, they thought were their 

2556
02:17:56,008 --> 02:17:58,400
friends. 
The trade, the confidence of 

2557
02:17:58,400 --> 02:18:01,200
those who had been kind to them,
or support military, and 

2558
02:18:01,200 --> 02:18:03,600
political initiatives, that 
could endanger innocent people. 

2559
02:18:04,400 --> 02:18:06,700
Over time. 
The psychological toll of these 

2560
02:18:06,700 --> 02:18:10,400
ethical concessions mounted 
resulting in internal strife 

2561
02:18:10,400 --> 02:18:14,400
that might be just as damaging 
as outside, dangers, medieval 

2562
02:18:14,400 --> 02:18:17,000
Espionage, is mental, healthy. 
Shoes, were especially severe 

2563
02:18:17,000 --> 02:18:19,700
because of the inability to get 
support or assistance when 

2564
02:18:19,700 --> 02:18:21,500
experiencing psychological 
issues. 

2565
02:18:22,400 --> 02:18:24,000
When missions became too much to
handle. 

2566
02:18:24,000 --> 02:18:27,600
There were no supervisors to 
offer support know colleagues to

2567
02:18:27,600 --> 02:18:29,900
confide in and no counselors to 
consult. 

2568
02:18:30,700 --> 02:18:34,000
In order to maintain complete 
operational security, when evil 

2569
02:18:34,000 --> 02:18:37,100
spies had to create their own 
coping strategies, medieval 

2570
02:18:37,100 --> 02:18:39,900
Espionage, put a tremendous 
strain on family relationships. 

2571
02:18:41,000 --> 02:18:43,799
Married spies were required to 
lie to their wives about their 

2572
02:18:43,799 --> 02:18:47,600
whereabouts activities and 
frequently their core values and

2573
02:18:47,600 --> 02:18:50,900
allegiances. 
Medieval spies had fathers or 

2574
02:18:50,900 --> 02:18:53,799
mothers who were mysteriously, 
evasive about their work and 

2575
02:18:53,799 --> 02:18:56,200
often absent. 
The most significant 

2576
02:18:56,200 --> 02:18:59,900
interpersonal relationships in 
an agent's, life were tainted by

2577
02:18:59,900 --> 02:19:03,100
the secrecy required for 
operational security after 

2578
02:19:03,100 --> 02:19:05,600
completing intelligence missions
returning to normal. 

2579
02:19:05,600 --> 02:19:08,799
Life was frequently just as 
psychologically, taxing, as the 

2580
02:19:08,799 --> 02:19:12,200
actual Espionage work. 
In addition to readjusting to 

2581
02:19:12,200 --> 02:19:15,100
their true identities. 
Medieval spies had to make 

2582
02:19:15,100 --> 02:19:18,200
amends with emotionally distant,
family members, and friends, and

2583
02:19:18,200 --> 02:19:21,600
somehow cope with months or 
years of Deceit and seclusion 

2584
02:19:21,600 --> 02:19:24,799
without being able to talk about
their experiences with others 

2585
02:19:24,799 --> 02:19:28,100
because of the ongoing danger, 
the cycleogical strain of 

2586
02:19:28,100 --> 02:19:31,200
assuming full identities and the
moral dilemma that came with 

2587
02:19:31,200 --> 02:19:33,500
their job. 
Some medieval spies most likely 

2588
02:19:33,500 --> 02:19:35,100
experienced. 
What is now known as 

2589
02:19:35,100 --> 02:19:39,600
post-traumatic stress disorder. 
Medieval Society lacked 

2590
02:19:39,600 --> 02:19:42,400
resources to assist intelligence
agents in recovering from the 

2591
02:19:42,400 --> 02:19:45,900
cycle of their service, because 
it lacked knowledge about mental

2592
02:19:45,900 --> 02:19:48,200
health and effective treatment 
techniques. 

2593
02:19:48,200 --> 02:19:51,000
Those who were able to 
compartmentalize their emotions.

2594
02:19:51,000 --> 02:19:54,100
Keep a clear separation between 
their true and false identities 

2595
02:19:54,100 --> 02:19:57,800
and find ways to defend the 
moral complexity of their work 

2596
02:19:57,800 --> 02:20:00,600
were likely, the most successful
spies. 

2597
02:20:01,400 --> 02:20:04,100
However, even these 
psychologically strong people 

2598
02:20:04,100 --> 02:20:07,500
had to pay a price in terms of 
their capacity to build genuine,

2599
02:20:07,500 --> 02:20:10,500
bonds and sustained emotional 
ties with others, medieval 

2600
02:20:10,500 --> 02:20:12,500
intelligence, networks 
maintained operations, 

2601
02:20:12,500 --> 02:20:15,800
throughout Europe for centuries 
and attracted new recruits in 

2602
02:20:15,800 --> 02:20:18,600
spite of these significant 
psychological obstacles. 

2603
02:20:19,400 --> 02:20:21,100
The thrill of doing meaningful 
work. 

2604
02:20:21,100 --> 02:20:24,700
The Fulfillment of supporting 
causes they supported or just 

2605
02:20:24,700 --> 02:20:26,800
the Allure of a life. 
Very different from the few 

2606
02:20:26,800 --> 02:20:29,000
options available to the 
majority of people in medieval 

2607
02:20:29,000 --> 02:20:32,400
Society must have been the 
satisfactions that offset the 

2608
02:20:32,400 --> 02:20:35,600
cycle costs of the job. 
Medieval Espionage is 

2609
02:20:35,600 --> 02:20:37,200
psychological reality 
highlights. 

2610
02:20:37,200 --> 02:20:40,500
The human cost of intelligence 
work in a time when mental 

2611
02:20:40,500 --> 02:20:43,200
health was poorly understood and
there were no resources 

2612
02:20:43,200 --> 02:20:46,000
available to support those who 
compromise their psychological 

2613
02:20:46,000 --> 02:20:48,800
well-being to further military 
and political goals. 

2614
02:20:48,800 --> 02:20:52,700
These forgotten Heroes of 
medieval statecraft cycleogical 

2615
02:20:52,700 --> 02:20:56,300
burden's long after their active
service ended in addition to the

2616
02:20:56,300 --> 02:20:58,000
physical risks of their 
mission's. 

2617
02:20:58,000 --> 02:21:02,600
Now, let's take a step back and 
examine the larger picture much 

2618
02:21:02,600 --> 02:21:05,700
like when you examine a medieval
tapestry where individual 

2619
02:21:05,700 --> 02:21:08,600
threats come together to form, 
patterns, that are not visible. 

2620
02:21:08,600 --> 02:21:12,800
When you concentrate on any, one
of them without computers phones

2621
02:21:12,800 --> 02:21:15,500
or any other communication 
technology that we now 

2622
02:21:15,500 --> 02:21:17,600
considered necessary, for 
organizing large-scale 

2623
02:21:17,600 --> 02:21:20,600
operations, medieval? 
Intelligence networks were 

2624
02:21:20,600 --> 02:21:24,600
organizational Marvels rather 
they depended on human memory, 

2625
02:21:24,600 --> 02:21:27,600
interpersonal, connections, and 
Trust structures that were both 

2626
02:21:27,608 --> 02:21:30,900
necessary and brittle, imagine 
attempting to manage a 

2627
02:21:30,900 --> 02:21:32,800
contemporary business. 
With only handwritten letters 

2628
02:21:32,800 --> 02:21:36,300
that take weeks to deliver 
in-person meetings, that require

2629
02:21:36,300 --> 02:21:40,000
days or weeks of travel to set 
up and staff members who are 

2630
02:21:40,000 --> 02:21:43,800
unable to accept their position.
When medieval spymasters 

2631
02:21:43,800 --> 02:21:46,400
established, intelligence 
networks that crossed continents

2632
02:21:46,400 --> 02:21:50,100
and impacted the results of Wars
succession disputes and 

2633
02:21:50,100 --> 02:21:53,000
diplomatic negotiations. 
They essentially achieved that 

2634
02:21:53,000 --> 02:21:56,400
although they didn't call it. 
That the cell structure served 

2635
02:21:56,400 --> 02:22:00,300
as the Cornerstone of medieval 
intelligence Networks, Agents, 

2636
02:22:00,300 --> 02:22:03,400
collaborated in small groups, 
each with a limited 

2637
02:22:03,400 --> 02:22:04,900
understanding of the larger 
Network. 

2638
02:22:05,900 --> 02:22:08,900
The identity of two or three 
other agents, may be known to a 

2639
02:22:08,900 --> 02:22:11,600
Merchants Buy in one city, but 
they would have known knowledge 

2640
02:22:11,600 --> 02:22:15,100
of intelligence activities in 
other areas, in the event that a

2641
02:22:15,100 --> 02:22:17,300
single agent was apprehended and
interrogated. 

2642
02:22:17,300 --> 02:22:20,600
The network was shielded by this
division of medieval, 

2643
02:22:20,600 --> 02:22:23,800
intelligence networks, relied on
complex networks of cutouts, and

2644
02:22:23,800 --> 02:22:27,200
intermediaries to facilitate 
communication between various 

2645
02:22:27,200 --> 02:22:29,900
components. 
Spy in London, might give 

2646
02:22:29,900 --> 02:22:32,600
information to a merchant. 
Who would then give it to a 

2647
02:22:32,600 --> 02:22:35,700
monkey in Dover who would then 
include it in a letter to a 

2648
02:22:35,700 --> 02:22:38,800
monastery in Calais. 
From there, another Monk would 

2649
02:22:38,800 --> 02:22:42,300
extract the information and give
it to a local agent, who would 

2650
02:22:42,300 --> 02:22:44,800
then deliver it to a French 
nobleman who was working for 

2651
02:22:44,800 --> 02:22:47,600
English interests. 
Because everyone in this chain 

2652
02:22:47,600 --> 02:22:50,400
was only familiar with their 
closest Associates, ignorance 

2653
02:22:50,400 --> 02:22:54,000
provided security, the 
authentication problem or how to

2654
02:22:54,008 --> 02:22:55,700
confirm that information was 
authentic. 

2655
02:22:55,700 --> 02:22:58,800
And that agents were who they 
said they were was a challenge 

2656
02:22:58,800 --> 02:23:00,500
for medieval intelligence 
Networks. 

2657
02:23:01,300 --> 02:23:04,100
To enable agents to recognize 
one another and verify their 

2658
02:23:04,100 --> 02:23:08,000
legitimacy, they created systems
of codes, passwords, and 

2659
02:23:08,000 --> 02:23:11,300
recognition signals agents who 
had never met before. 

2660
02:23:11,300 --> 02:23:14,900
Could authenticate each other, 
using a unique letter signing 

2661
02:23:14,900 --> 02:23:18,700
style, a phrase incorporated 
into conversation or a 

2662
02:23:18,700 --> 02:23:21,700
distinctive piece of clothing. 
Without official schools were 

2663
02:23:21,700 --> 02:23:23,900
training programs. 
New agents had to be recruited 

2664
02:23:23,900 --> 02:23:26,800
and trained. 
Potential recruits were found by

2665
02:23:26,800 --> 02:23:29,600
seasoned agents who then 
gradually exposed them to 

2666
02:23:29,600 --> 02:23:32,900
intelligence work and offered 
unofficial apprenticeships, that

2667
02:23:32,900 --> 02:23:35,300
allowed them to gain the skills 
they needed through hands-on 

2668
02:23:35,300 --> 02:23:38,100
experience. 
Before taking on more difficult 

2669
02:23:38,100 --> 02:23:41,400
tasks, requiring Advanced trade 
craft a new recruit. 

2670
02:23:41,400 --> 02:23:44,600
May start out carrying simple 
messages and work their way up 

2671
02:23:44,600 --> 02:23:48,000
to Gathering basic information, 
medieval intelligence networks 

2672
02:23:48,000 --> 02:23:51,600
face ongoing, quality control 
challenges, multiple sources, 

2673
02:23:51,600 --> 02:23:54,500
had to, be used to confirm 
information and because medieval

2674
02:23:54,500 --> 02:23:57,600
communication was slow, this 
could take weeks or months. 

2675
02:23:58,500 --> 02:24:01,100
False information may have 
already affected significant 

2676
02:24:01,100 --> 02:24:03,700
choices or military operations. 
By the time it was discovered 

2677
02:24:03,700 --> 02:24:06,300
and fixed. 
In order to assess The 

2678
02:24:06,300 --> 02:24:10,100
credibility of sources and 
information, medieval spymasters

2679
02:24:10,100 --> 02:24:13,100
had to cultivate their 
intuition, medieval intelligence

2680
02:24:13,100 --> 02:24:16,100
networks needed to be funded 
creatively to avoid, drawing the

2681
02:24:16,100 --> 02:24:18,000
attention of adversarial 
authorities. 

2682
02:24:18,900 --> 02:24:21,800
Without leaving visible Paper, 
Trails money had to be 

2683
02:24:21,800 --> 02:24:24,900
transferred between various 
territories and exchanged 

2684
02:24:24,900 --> 02:24:28,100
between currencies. 
Trade profits were used to fund 

2685
02:24:28,100 --> 02:24:31,900
Espionage activities and 
legitimate companies, places of 

2686
02:24:31,900 --> 02:24:34,300
worship and Merchants 
Enterprises frequently. 

2687
02:24:34,300 --> 02:24:37,000
Functioned as fronts for 
intelligence funding, in 

2688
02:24:37,000 --> 02:24:40,200
addition, medieval intelligence 
networks had to coordinate 

2689
02:24:40,200 --> 02:24:43,300
intricate operations involving 
numerous agents in various 

2690
02:24:43,300 --> 02:24:45,800
locations while maintaining 
operational security. 

2691
02:24:46,700 --> 02:24:49,300
Coordination between agents in 
multiple cities. 

2692
02:24:49,300 --> 02:24:52,100
May be necessary for a plan to 
obtain Intelligence on an 

2693
02:24:52,100 --> 02:24:55,600
enemy's military preparation and
timing is crucial to its 

2694
02:24:55,600 --> 02:24:58,300
success. 
However, coordinating these 

2695
02:24:58,300 --> 02:25:01,100
activities necessitated 
communication that if 

2696
02:25:01,100 --> 02:25:03,400
intercepted might jeopardize the
network. 

2697
02:25:03,400 --> 02:25:07,000
As a whole medieval intelligence
networks were both strong and 

2698
02:25:07,000 --> 02:25:08,800
weak due to their inherent 
redundancy. 

2699
02:25:08,800 --> 02:25:12,500
The same information could be 
gathered by multiple agents, 

2700
02:25:12,500 --> 02:25:14,900
which would increase the 
likelihood that someone would 

2701
02:25:14,900 --> 02:25:18,400
notice unusual interest in 
certain topics while also 

2702
02:25:18,400 --> 02:25:22,000
providing verification. 
In order to ensure that Vital 

2703
02:25:22,000 --> 02:25:25,300
Information would reach its 
destination, even in the event 

2704
02:25:25,300 --> 02:25:28,500
that some channels were 
compromised networks frequently.

2705
02:25:28,500 --> 02:25:32,000
Maintained parallel channels for
important intelligence because 

2706
02:25:32,000 --> 02:25:34,500
of the potential for allies to 
suddenly turn into enemies. 

2707
02:25:34,500 --> 02:25:37,500
Medieval intelligence networks 
had to adjust to shifting 

2708
02:25:37,500 --> 02:25:41,500
political conditions after a 
political marriage, a succession

2709
02:25:41,500 --> 02:25:45,200
crisis, or a change. 
In diplomatic ties an agent who 

2710
02:25:45,200 --> 02:25:48,700
had spent years cultivating 
sources in a certain Court, may 

2711
02:25:48,700 --> 02:25:50,900
find themselves operating in 
hostile territory. 

2712
02:25:51,800 --> 02:25:54,400
To withstand these political 
upheavals and continue to 

2713
02:25:54,400 --> 02:25:56,700
function. 
Effectively networks required 

2714
02:25:56,700 --> 02:26:00,400
adaptability because medieval 
intelligence operations lasted 

2715
02:26:00,400 --> 02:26:02,400
so long. 
They faced particular 

2716
02:26:02,400 --> 02:26:05,000
difficulties that are uncommon 
in contemporary intelligence 

2717
02:26:05,000 --> 02:26:08,400
services within the same 
families or organizations. 

2718
02:26:08,400 --> 02:26:12,000
Some networks can continue to 
function for decades with 

2719
02:26:12,000 --> 02:26:14,800
agents, transmitting information
from one generation to the next.

2720
02:26:15,600 --> 02:26:19,500
Before he retires, a monk may 
choose to hire his successor in 

2721
02:26:19,500 --> 02:26:23,000
continuity of operations, while 
simultaneously building up 

2722
02:26:23,000 --> 02:26:25,100
institutional knowledge, that 
could be disastrous. 

2723
02:26:25,100 --> 02:26:29,100
If hostile forces find out the 
seasonality of medieval life 

2724
02:26:29,100 --> 02:26:31,900
presented another challenge for 
medieval intelligence Networks. 

2725
02:26:32,600 --> 02:26:34,900
Well, summer campaigns and 
harvest Seasons, brought 

2726
02:26:34,900 --> 02:26:38,000
opportunities and challenges 
that necessitated careful timing

2727
02:26:38,000 --> 02:26:41,100
of network operations, winter 
weather, May travel and 

2728
02:26:41,100 --> 02:26:42,500
communication much more 
difficult. 

2729
02:26:43,300 --> 02:26:45,400
Political intelligence had to 
take into consideration. 

2730
02:26:45,400 --> 02:26:48,700
The seasonal movements of noble 
courts, while Military 

2731
02:26:48,700 --> 02:26:51,500
Intelligence had to be collected
and disseminated in accordance 

2732
02:26:51,500 --> 02:26:54,200
with campaign schedules. 
In order to concentrate 

2733
02:26:54,200 --> 02:26:56,300
resources on specific kinds of 
information. 

2734
02:26:56,300 --> 02:26:59,700
The most advanced medieval 
intelligence networks created 

2735
02:26:59,700 --> 02:27:03,900
specializations some networks 
kept agents close to military 

2736
02:27:03,900 --> 02:27:06,600
headquarters and key 
fortifications in order to focus

2737
02:27:06,600 --> 02:27:09,600
on Military Intelligence, others
developed sources in 

2738
02:27:09,608 --> 02:27:12,500
aristocratic courts and places 
of worship in order to 

2739
02:27:12,500 --> 02:27:15,300
concentrate on political 
intelligence, economic 

2740
02:27:15,300 --> 02:27:17,800
intelligence networks. 
Monitored resource availability,

2741
02:27:17,800 --> 02:27:20,700
currency fluctuations, and trade
Trends. 

2742
02:27:20,700 --> 02:27:23,800
Despite not having the formal 
safeguards that contemporary 

2743
02:27:23,800 --> 02:27:26,700
intelligence services. 
Do medieval networks were 

2744
02:27:26,700 --> 02:27:29,000
constantly concerned about 
intelligence. 

2745
02:27:29,900 --> 02:27:31,100
Because their adversaries were 
all. 

2746
02:27:31,100 --> 02:27:34,000
So conducting intelligence 
operations medieval. 

2747
02:27:34,000 --> 02:27:36,500
Spies had to be on the lookout 
for any indication that their 

2748
02:27:36,500 --> 02:27:40,100
own actions were being watched. 
As agents, grew weary of one. 

2749
02:27:40,100 --> 02:27:43,300
Another, the paranoia required 
for survival, in this setting 

2750
02:27:43,300 --> 02:27:46,300
could demolish networks. 
From within, although networks 

2751
02:27:46,300 --> 02:27:49,300
had to keep some records in 
order to track agents coordinate

2752
02:27:49,300 --> 02:27:52,300
operations and preserve 
institutional knowledge, the 

2753
02:27:52,300 --> 02:27:54,700
documentation of medieval 
intelligence operations was 

2754
02:27:54,700 --> 02:27:58,300
inevitably minimal. 
There was a continual conflict 

2755
02:27:58,300 --> 02:28:02,000
between operational security and
administrative necessity because

2756
02:28:02,000 --> 02:28:05,100
these records had to be kept 
safe while still being available

2757
02:28:05,100 --> 02:28:08,600
to authorized personnel. 
To avoid Discovery. 

2758
02:28:08,600 --> 02:28:11,500
It is likely that many medieval 
intelligence archives were 

2759
02:28:11,500 --> 02:28:14,800
routinely destroyed in the end. 
The personal traits of those who

2760
02:28:14,800 --> 02:28:17,400
established and maintained 
medieval intelligence networks, 

2761
02:28:17,400 --> 02:28:20,800
determine their success. 
Spymasters had to be able to 

2762
02:28:20,800 --> 02:28:23,800
inspire loyalty while keeping 
the secrecy that made such 

2763
02:28:23,800 --> 02:28:27,600
loyalty dangerous, diplomatic 
skills with brutal, pragmatism 

2764
02:28:27,600 --> 02:28:31,200
and strategic thinking with 
meticulous attention to detail. 

2765
02:28:32,100 --> 02:28:35,000
Those in charge of the most 
successful medieval intelligence

2766
02:28:35,000 --> 02:28:38,100
operations were most likely, 
those who were aware of both the

2767
02:28:38,100 --> 02:28:39,900
potential and constraints of 
human nature. 

2768
02:28:39,900 --> 02:28:43,200
Breathe deeply and prepare 
yourself for what may be the 

2769
02:28:43,200 --> 02:28:46,000
most sobering portion of our 
medieval Espionage Adventure. 

2770
02:28:47,200 --> 02:28:49,800
Although we have discussed the 
achievements and Innovations of 

2771
02:28:49,800 --> 02:28:53,000
medieval intelligence work. 
The truth is that many 

2772
02:28:53,000 --> 02:28:54,800
operations were a complete 
failure. 

2773
02:28:55,600 --> 02:28:58,400
Frequently, with immediate 
severe and long-lasting effect 

2774
02:28:58,400 --> 02:29:01,200
on those involved. 
In the high stakes world of 

2775
02:29:01,200 --> 02:29:05,100
medieval Espionage, failure 
frequently resulted in torture 

2776
02:29:05,100 --> 02:29:09,300
execution and the dismantling of
entire intelligence networks. 

2777
02:29:09,300 --> 02:29:12,700
In addition to professional 
humiliation or career, setbacks 

2778
02:29:12,700 --> 02:29:16,200
months or years of meticulous. 
Network building could be undone

2779
02:29:16,200 --> 02:29:18,000
by the discovery of a single 
spy. 

2780
02:29:18,000 --> 02:29:20,900
Even the most committed agents 
had a limit to how much 

2781
02:29:20,900 --> 02:29:22,200
suffering they could take 
before. 

2782
02:29:22,200 --> 02:29:25,300
Disclosing what they knew and 
medieval interrogation 

2783
02:29:25,300 --> 02:29:28,200
techniques, were intended to 
elicit information, regardless 

2784
02:29:28,200 --> 02:29:32,100
of the subjects, willingness to 
cooperate, A captured spy could 

2785
02:29:32,100 --> 02:29:34,900
jeopardize the identities and 
whereabouts of dozens of other 

2786
02:29:34,900 --> 02:29:37,200
agents, in addition to their own
mission. 

2787
02:29:37,200 --> 02:29:40,200
The human propensity to grow 
accustomed to successful. 

2788
02:29:40,200 --> 02:29:43,500
Routines was one of the most 
frequent reasons why medieval 

2789
02:29:43,500 --> 02:29:47,400
Espionage efforts failed. 
After years of using the same 

2790
02:29:47,400 --> 02:29:50,500
contact methods travel routes 
and cover story. 

2791
02:29:50,500 --> 02:29:52,900
An agent. 
May become predictable enough 

2792
02:29:52,900 --> 02:29:55,500
for enemy counterintelligence to
recognize and follow. 

2793
02:29:56,300 --> 02:30:00,200
Complacency was fostered by 
success and complacency resulted

2794
02:30:00,200 --> 02:30:02,300
in potentially lethal 
carelessness. 

2795
02:30:02,300 --> 02:30:05,500
When compromised the 
authentication mechanisms that 

2796
02:30:05,500 --> 02:30:08,700
safeguarded medieval 
intelligence networks might also

2797
02:30:08,700 --> 02:30:12,800
turn into a vulnerability Enemy 
agents could infiltrate a 

2798
02:30:12,800 --> 02:30:15,300
network and feed false 
information while identifying 

2799
02:30:15,300 --> 02:30:18,600
legitimate agents if they 
learned the codes passwords or 

2800
02:30:18,600 --> 02:30:20,700
recognition signals that the 
network uses. 

2801
02:30:21,500 --> 02:30:23,900
Because it fostered false 
confidence while actually 

2802
02:30:23,900 --> 02:30:25,500
advancing the objectives of the 
enemy. 

2803
02:30:25,500 --> 02:30:29,000
A compromised authentication 
system was worse than none at 

2804
02:30:29,000 --> 02:30:32,800
all people, they trusted could 
betray medieval spies sometimes 

2805
02:30:32,800 --> 02:30:35,000
for reasons, unrelated to their 
intelligence work. 

2806
02:30:35,800 --> 02:30:39,000
In order to avoid being 
captured, a fellow agent, May 

2807
02:30:39,000 --> 02:30:42,900
divulge Network Secrets, 
personal grievances Financial 

2808
02:30:42,900 --> 02:30:46,000
strains or shifting political 
allegiances could cause a 

2809
02:30:46,000 --> 02:30:49,400
contact to turn against them. 
If family members felt it was 

2810
02:30:49,400 --> 02:30:52,600
essential to their own Survival,
they might even turn on spy 

2811
02:30:52,600 --> 02:30:55,800
relatives medieval intelligence 
networks were susceptible to 

2812
02:30:55,800 --> 02:30:59,100
catastrophic failures due to 
their sluggish Communications 

2813
02:30:59,100 --> 02:31:02,100
systems by the time. 
It arrived at its destination 

2814
02:31:02,100 --> 02:31:05,100
information, that was correct 
when it was collected could 

2815
02:31:05,100 --> 02:31:08,500
become dangerously out of date. 
When friendly commanders, 

2816
02:31:08,500 --> 02:31:11,300
finally received Military 
Intelligence about enemy troop 

2817
02:31:11,300 --> 02:31:13,300
movements. 
It may have been weeks old 

2818
02:31:13,300 --> 02:31:16,400
causing them to base tactical 
decisions on outdated 

2819
02:31:16,400 --> 02:31:19,600
information vulnerabilities 
created by currency and 

2820
02:31:19,600 --> 02:31:22,600
financial systems are not 
encountered by contemporary 

2821
02:31:22,600 --> 02:31:25,800
intelligence Services. 
If enemy agents, were able to 

2822
02:31:25,800 --> 02:31:29,100
identify odd coins or track down
the origins of financial 

2823
02:31:29,100 --> 02:31:32,000
transactions. 
They could betray a spy using 

2824
02:31:32,000 --> 02:31:35,700
the very funds that were used to
pay them, medieval Espionage 

2825
02:31:35,700 --> 02:31:38,500
employed, a regular payment 
systems, which made it possible 

2826
02:31:38,500 --> 02:31:41,400
for agents to be recognized by 
their suspicious Financial 

2827
02:31:41,400 --> 02:31:45,100
activity, or unexplained wealth 
Intelligence Officers face 

2828
02:31:45,100 --> 02:31:48,000
particular risks due to the 
medical realities of medieval 

2829
02:31:48,000 --> 02:31:52,000
life when working under a full 
identity, a spy who gets 

2830
02:31:52,000 --> 02:31:54,500
seriously ill may not be able to
keep up their cover. 

2831
02:31:55,200 --> 02:31:57,500
Particularly if the medical 
care, they require reveals 

2832
02:31:57,500 --> 02:31:59,700
details about their true 
activities or background. 

2833
02:31:59,700 --> 02:32:03,000
If disease, kept important 
Agents from fulfilling their 

2834
02:32:03,000 --> 02:32:06,200
responsibilities or meeting 
their contacts, it could 

2835
02:32:06,208 --> 02:32:09,600
jeopardize, entire networks 
medieval spies were working 

2836
02:32:09,608 --> 02:32:12,800
across sectarian lines, face 
unique risks, due to religious 

2837
02:32:12,800 --> 02:32:16,500
conflicts If an agent made 
mistakes that exposed their true

2838
02:32:16,500 --> 02:32:19,700
religious background, they could
be exposed because their cover 

2839
02:32:19,700 --> 02:32:21,500
identity. 
Required them to take part in 

2840
02:32:21,500 --> 02:32:24,800
religious ceremonies due to the 
strong religious beliefs of the 

2841
02:32:24,800 --> 02:32:27,100
Middle. 
Ages, religious deception, was 

2842
02:32:27,100 --> 02:32:30,100
both essential for many 
operations and very risky of 

2843
02:32:30,100 --> 02:32:33,200
Court, medieval legal systems, 
produced unpredictable, and 

2844
02:32:33,200 --> 02:32:36,600
challenging to manage risks a 
spy working, under a false 

2845
02:32:36,600 --> 02:32:39,400
identity, could find themselves 
embroiled in legal proceedings 

2846
02:32:39,400 --> 02:32:41,500
that could reveal their true 
Origins. 

2847
02:32:42,300 --> 02:32:45,600
Local regulations pertaining to 
travel business or religion. 

2848
02:32:45,600 --> 02:32:48,800
Could present unseen challenges 
that compelled agents to divulge

2849
02:32:48,800 --> 02:32:51,700
more personal information than 
was safe agents or their 

2850
02:32:51,700 --> 02:32:54,700
handlers had no control over how
weather and natural disasters. 

2851
02:32:54,700 --> 02:32:57,800
Could ruin meticulously planned 
intelligence operations. 

2852
02:32:57,800 --> 02:33:01,400
A spy may be forced to take an 
alternate route that exposes 

2853
02:33:01,400 --> 02:33:03,900
them to Discovery. 
If a bridge is washed out by 

2854
02:33:03,900 --> 02:33:06,900
flooding. 
Time sensitive operations may be

2855
02:33:06,900 --> 02:33:09,000
disrupted. 
If sold meeting's are impossible

2856
02:33:09,000 --> 02:33:12,000
due to an exceptionally harsh 
winter over the course of 

2857
02:33:12,000 --> 02:33:14,200
long-term operations spies 
developed. 

2858
02:33:14,200 --> 02:33:16,700
Personal relationships, that 
could lead to both operational 

2859
02:33:16,700 --> 02:33:21,100
success and disastrous failure. 
When an agent maintained, a full

2860
02:33:21,100 --> 02:33:23,700
side density, while forming real
friendships, or romantic 

2861
02:33:23,700 --> 02:33:26,900
relationships, they ran the risk
of developing emotional issues 

2862
02:33:26,900 --> 02:33:28,000
that could impair their 
judgment. 

2863
02:33:28,000 --> 02:33:32,000
However, abruptly terminating 
these relationships, may also 

2864
02:33:32,000 --> 02:33:35,600
raise suspicions that result in 
Discovery when led by a student 

2865
02:33:35,600 --> 02:33:38,200
suspicious leaders. 
Medieval counterintelligence 

2866
02:33:38,200 --> 02:33:41,100
operations, could be 
surprisingly successful despite 

2867
02:33:41,100 --> 02:33:43,100
being less organized than 
contemporary ones. 

2868
02:33:44,100 --> 02:33:47,000
A shrewd nobleman might see 
Trends in the inquiries made by 

2869
02:33:47,008 --> 02:33:49,700
various guests or note that 
particular kinds of information 

2870
02:33:49,700 --> 02:33:52,100
appeared to leak to adversaries 
on a regular basis. 

2871
02:33:52,900 --> 02:33:55,300
Experienced medieval leaders 
were occasionally able to 

2872
02:33:55,300 --> 02:33:58,000
recognize and stop enemy 
intelligence operations. 

2873
02:33:58,000 --> 02:34:00,900
Even in the absence of official 
counterintelligence training, 

2874
02:34:00,900 --> 02:34:04,500
failures in medieval Espionage, 
had far-reaching effects that 

2875
02:34:04,500 --> 02:34:08,200
went well, beyond the specific 
agents involved, Inaccurate 

2876
02:34:08,200 --> 02:34:11,800
intelligence could cost military
leaders battles and thousands of

2877
02:34:11,800 --> 02:34:13,800
soldiers could lose their lives 
as a result. 

2878
02:34:14,500 --> 02:34:17,100
Diplomatic choices made by 
political leaders who were 

2879
02:34:17,100 --> 02:34:19,600
tricked by enemy operatives 
could undermine their standing 

2880
02:34:19,600 --> 02:34:22,500
for decades failures. 
In intelligent, could have 

2881
02:34:22,500 --> 02:34:25,800
repercussions that affect entire
kingdoms and the outcome of Wars

2882
02:34:25,800 --> 02:34:29,200
most tragically failed. 
Medieval spies frequently 

2883
02:34:29,200 --> 02:34:31,300
suffered alongside their 
families and Associates. 

2884
02:34:32,200 --> 02:34:34,800
The associates of spies who were
caught may have been punished 

2885
02:34:34,800 --> 02:34:37,300
for their involvement in 
intelligence operations alone. 

2886
02:34:37,300 --> 02:34:41,200
As medieval Justice did not 
always distinguish between major

2887
02:34:41,200 --> 02:34:44,800
offenders and their families. 
Failures in medieval Espionage, 

2888
02:34:44,800 --> 02:34:48,000
could have a personal cost to 
those who are unaware of or did 

2889
02:34:48,000 --> 02:34:51,600
not participate in intelligence 
operations, surviving network 

2890
02:34:51,600 --> 02:34:54,700
members to additional 
difficulties as a result of the 

2891
02:34:54,700 --> 02:34:57,600
psychological effects of seeing 
or hearing about Espionage 

2892
02:34:57,600 --> 02:35:00,800
failures. 
Agents, who are aware that their

2893
02:35:00,800 --> 02:35:03,100
co-workers have been taken 
prisoner and subjected to 

2894
02:35:03,100 --> 02:35:06,200
torture had to carry on with 
their own perilous work while 

2895
02:35:06,200 --> 02:35:08,600
dealing with the trauma of 
knowing that they could suffer 

2896
02:35:08,600 --> 02:35:11,600
the same Fate In addition to 
their other psychological 

2897
02:35:11,600 --> 02:35:15,000
burdens medieval spies also had 
to deal with the fear of 

2898
02:35:15,000 --> 02:35:17,400
failure. 
Medieval intelligence networks, 

2899
02:35:17,400 --> 02:35:20,100
persisted in functioning and 
growing throughout the Medieval 

2900
02:35:20,100 --> 02:35:23,400
era in spite of these 
significant risks and frequent 

2901
02:35:23,400 --> 02:35:26,000
breakdowns. 
Despite being aware of the 

2902
02:35:26,000 --> 02:35:27,700
possible, repercussions of 
failure. 

2903
02:35:27,700 --> 02:35:31,100
The individuals involved were 
strong enough to persevere, and 

2904
02:35:31,100 --> 02:35:33,400
the accomplishments were 
noteworthy enough to offset the 

2905
02:35:33,408 --> 02:35:37,300
expenses, their contributions to
Medieval statecraft are all the 

2906
02:35:37,300 --> 02:35:39,500
more noteworthy for their 
bravery, in the face of such 

2907
02:35:39,500 --> 02:35:41,800
dangers. 
Pour yourself, another cup of 

2908
02:35:41,808 --> 02:35:46,300
tea and Marvel at this medieval 
spies desperate inventiveness in

2909
02:35:46,300 --> 02:35:48,800
trying to solve impossible 
problems, with whatever 

2910
02:35:48,800 --> 02:35:51,500
materials they could find led to
some of the most brilliant 

2911
02:35:51,500 --> 02:35:53,500
technological advancements in 
human history. 

2912
02:35:53,500 --> 02:35:56,200
Not from universities or Royal 
workshops. 

2913
02:35:56,200 --> 02:35:59,300
These were not science fiction 
devices, but rather workable 

2914
02:35:59,300 --> 02:36:02,100
Solutions, developed by 
individuals, who realized that 

2915
02:36:02,100 --> 02:36:05,200
staying one step ahead of their 
adversaries was essential to 

2916
02:36:05,200 --> 02:36:07,800
their survival, though. 
Most of it would seem laughably 

2917
02:36:07,800 --> 02:36:11,000
archaic by today's standards. 
The Medieval Era, saw some 

2918
02:36:11,000 --> 02:36:14,300
amazing advancements in what we 
might call sb&j technology. 

2919
02:36:15,000 --> 02:36:18,300
However, medieval spies 
developed truly sophisticated 

2920
02:36:18,300 --> 02:36:21,500
and frequently, remarkably 
effective tools and techniques 

2921
02:36:21,500 --> 02:36:24,700
within the limitations of 
medieval Materials Science, and 

2922
02:36:24,700 --> 02:36:28,000
Manufacturing capabilities. 
Spies pushed the limits of what 

2923
02:36:28,000 --> 02:36:30,900
could be done with pens, income 
parchment, and writing, 

2924
02:36:30,900 --> 02:36:33,500
technology was essential for 
intelligence operations during 

2925
02:36:33,500 --> 02:36:36,500
the Middle Ages. 
They created inks that when 

2926
02:36:36,500 --> 02:36:39,300
heated or exposed to particular 
chemicals could change color 

2927
02:36:39,300 --> 02:36:43,300
making messages appear or vanish
as needed inks that were 

2928
02:36:43,308 --> 02:36:46,100
invisible until exposed to 
specific substances. 

2929
02:36:46,100 --> 02:36:50,000
That only the intended recipient
would know how to apply were 

2930
02:36:50,000 --> 02:36:53,200
made by some medieval spies 
another medieval invention that 

2931
02:36:53,200 --> 02:36:56,100
called for exceptional patience.
And skill was the production of 

2932
02:36:56,100 --> 02:36:59,800
microscopic text. 
In order to conceal entire 

2933
02:36:59,800 --> 02:37:02,100
intelligence reports, in what 
seemed to be ornamental 

2934
02:37:02,100 --> 02:37:05,700
flourishes on common documents, 
spies learned to write messages.

2935
02:37:05,700 --> 02:37:09,000
So tiny, that they were nearly 
imperceptible to the human eye, 

2936
02:37:09,000 --> 02:37:12,800
only magnifying glasses, which 
were uncommon and costly during 

2937
02:37:12,800 --> 02:37:15,400
the Middle Ages. 
Could read these messages, the 

2938
02:37:15,400 --> 02:37:18,700
hands of medieval intelligence 
networks sealing wax developed 

2939
02:37:18,700 --> 02:37:22,400
into a highly Advanced security 
technology in order to make it 

2940
02:37:22,400 --> 02:37:25,500
nearly impossible to detect 
tampering, spies developed 

2941
02:37:25,500 --> 02:37:27,500
methods for melting and 
reselling wax. 

2942
02:37:27,500 --> 02:37:30,800
Seals, they develop techniques 
for encoding confidential 

2943
02:37:30,800 --> 02:37:34,300
information into the wax itself 
and made unique seal designs 

2944
02:37:34,300 --> 02:37:37,500
with concealed elements, that 
could confirm authenticity by 

2945
02:37:37,500 --> 02:37:40,500
producing phony letters, 
official seals and travel 

2946
02:37:40,500 --> 02:37:42,400
documents that could withstand 
close examination. 

2947
02:37:42,400 --> 02:37:46,100
Medieval spies also made 
significant advances in the 

2948
02:37:46,100 --> 02:37:49,800
field of document forgery. this 
called for in-depth familiarity 

2949
02:37:49,800 --> 02:37:53,700
with the materials methods and 
administrative processes 

2950
02:37:53,700 --> 02:37:58,400
utilized in various regions, in 
addition to artistic talent A 

2951
02:37:58,400 --> 02:38:00,900
successful forger needed to be 
familiar with the writing style 

2952
02:38:00,900 --> 02:38:05,100
Inc, formulations and paper, 
making procedures, utilized in 

2953
02:38:05,100 --> 02:38:07,000
different, administrative and 
Court settings. 

2954
02:38:07,000 --> 02:38:11,100
Despite being archaic by today's
standards optical devices were 

2955
02:38:11,100 --> 02:38:15,100
crucial to Medieval intelligence
operations, Spies developed 

2956
02:38:15,100 --> 02:38:18,900
methods for using glass and 
crystal to magnify small text or

2957
02:38:18,900 --> 02:38:21,100
images. 
Made Simple, telescopes to 

2958
02:38:21,108 --> 02:38:24,100
observe activities in the 
distance and used mirrors, to 

2959
02:38:24,100 --> 02:38:26,000
send light signals over long 
distances. 

2960
02:38:27,000 --> 02:38:29,700
These Optical advancements. 
Necessitated a thorough 

2961
02:38:29,700 --> 02:38:32,400
comprehension of medieval mirror
making and lens. 

2962
02:38:32,400 --> 02:38:35,700
Grinding methods, medieval spies
were able to operate more 

2963
02:38:35,700 --> 02:38:38,100
effectively and with less chance
of being caught. 

2964
02:38:38,100 --> 02:38:40,700
Thanks to the development of 
portable writing and message 

2965
02:38:40,700 --> 02:38:43,400
systems. 
They designed message containers

2966
02:38:43,400 --> 02:38:45,900
that could be hidden in places 
where casual searches wouldn't 

2967
02:38:45,900 --> 02:38:48,200
find them. 
They developed inks, that could 

2968
02:38:48,200 --> 02:38:51,300
be quickly mixed from everyday 
materials and they made writing 

2969
02:38:51,300 --> 02:38:53,600
kits, that could be hidden 
inside every day objects. 

2970
02:38:53,600 --> 02:38:56,600
Even though clock and timing 
Technologies were still in their

2971
02:38:56,600 --> 02:38:57,900
infancy. 
During the Middle Ages 

2972
02:38:57,900 --> 02:39:01,000
intelligence networks, adopted 
them for security and 

2973
02:39:01,000 --> 02:39:04,600
coordination Reasons by using 
natural phenomena like tide 

2974
02:39:04,600 --> 02:39:08,100
cycles star positions and Shadow
lengths to coordinate activities

2975
02:39:08,100 --> 02:39:12,100
across multiple locations, spies
created technique for timing 

2976
02:39:12,100 --> 02:39:15,300
meetings and message deliveries.
That did not rely on mechanical 

2977
02:39:15,300 --> 02:39:18,900
clocks as spies produced more 
precise and in depth maps of 

2978
02:39:18,900 --> 02:39:22,300
regions, fortifications and 
routes of travel, medieval 

2979
02:39:22,300 --> 02:39:24,600
cartography evolved into an 
intelligence tool. 

2980
02:39:25,400 --> 02:39:29,300
Militarily sensitive information
such as the locations of Supply 

2981
02:39:29,300 --> 02:39:33,300
caches defensive weaknesses, and
secret routes was frequently 

2982
02:39:33,300 --> 02:39:36,700
included on these Maps. 
Making Maps, required knowledge 

2983
02:39:36,700 --> 02:39:38,700
of military engineering and 
strategic planning. 

2984
02:39:38,700 --> 02:39:41,700
In addition, to geography, 
despite being constrained by 

2985
02:39:41,700 --> 02:39:43,700
medieval manufacturing 
capabilities. 

2986
02:39:43,700 --> 02:39:47,300
Mechanical Devices were 
surprisingly sophisticatedly 

2987
02:39:47,300 --> 02:39:49,000
modified for intelligence 
purposes. 

2988
02:39:50,300 --> 02:39:53,800
Spies made mechanical aids for 
scaling walls or getting around 

2989
02:39:53,800 --> 02:39:57,100
security measures made lock 
picking tools that looked like 

2990
02:39:57,108 --> 02:40:00,300
commonplace tools and made 
secret compartments in every day

2991
02:40:00,300 --> 02:40:03,700
objects despite being founded on
what is now regarded as 

2992
02:40:03,700 --> 02:40:06,800
primitive science, medieval 
intelligence practitioners 

2993
02:40:06,800 --> 02:40:09,800
possess a sophisticated chemical
knowledge. 

2994
02:40:10,600 --> 02:40:14,300
Spies knew how to make sabotage 
related explosives poisons. 

2995
02:40:14,300 --> 02:40:17,500
That could be used covertly and 
chemical tests that could detect

2996
02:40:17,500 --> 02:40:20,900
tampered documents or materials 
technologies that could Shield 

2997
02:40:20,900 --> 02:40:24,800
confidential documents from 
moisture, insects theft and 

2998
02:40:24,800 --> 02:40:27,900
accidental Discovery were needed
for the preservation and storage

2999
02:40:27,900 --> 02:40:32,200
of intelligence data waterproof,
containers hiding spots that 

3000
02:40:32,200 --> 02:40:34,800
could withstand building 
Renovations and storage systems 

3001
02:40:34,800 --> 02:40:37,900
that would keep data safe for 
years or decades while still 

3002
02:40:37,900 --> 02:40:40,600
being available to authorized 
users were all inventions of 

3003
02:40:40,600 --> 02:40:43,300
medieval. 
Spies medieval spies had to 

3004
02:40:43,300 --> 02:40:46,300
invent innovative ways to modify
existing Technologies. 

3005
02:40:46,300 --> 02:40:49,800
In order to communicate over 
great distances, they 

3006
02:40:49,800 --> 02:40:53,100
established networks of human 
Messengers who could transmit 

3007
02:40:53,100 --> 02:40:56,300
information more quickly than 
traditional commercial or 

3008
02:40:56,300 --> 02:40:58,900
diplomatic channels. 
Employed trained Birds to 

3009
02:40:58,900 --> 02:41:02,200
deliver messages and device 
systems of signal fires and 

3010
02:41:02,200 --> 02:41:03,600
mirror flashes for quick 
communication. 

3011
02:41:03,600 --> 02:41:07,100
Medieval spies were able to 
better conceal their activities 

3012
02:41:07,100 --> 02:41:09,700
and change their appearances. 
Thanks to Technologies for 

3013
02:41:09,700 --> 02:41:13,300
disguise and concealment. 
Using the tools and resources 

3014
02:41:13,300 --> 02:41:16,700
available in medieval Society, 
they created ways to alter their

3015
02:41:16,700 --> 02:41:19,700
physical appearance, social 
standing and perceived age. 

3016
02:41:19,700 --> 02:41:23,100
These disguise is needed to be 
convincing enough to fool. 

3017
02:41:23,100 --> 02:41:25,500
Anyone who might come into 
contact with the spy on a 

3018
02:41:25,500 --> 02:41:27,100
regular basis. 
Over a long period of Time, 

3019
02:41:27,100 --> 02:41:31,000
Medieval intelligence networks, 
created authentication and 

3020
02:41:31,000 --> 02:41:34,200
verification systems that were 
incredibly difficult to forge 

3021
02:41:34,200 --> 02:41:36,300
and frequently cleverly 
straightforward. 

3022
02:41:37,000 --> 02:41:39,900
They developed physical tokens 
that were almost impossible to 

3023
02:41:39,900 --> 02:41:42,600
counterfeit identification 
systems. 

3024
02:41:42,600 --> 02:41:46,100
Based on information that only 
authorized agents would know and

3025
02:41:46,100 --> 02:41:48,100
recognition. 
Protocols, that could confirm 

3026
02:41:48,100 --> 02:41:51,000
identity without written 
records, the creation of 

3027
02:41:51,000 --> 02:41:53,900
information processing and 
Analysis systems by medieval 

3028
02:41:53,900 --> 02:41:56,800
spies who lacked formal 
bureaucratic structures. 

3029
02:41:56,800 --> 02:42:00,600
And computers may have been the 
most remarkable development They

3030
02:42:00,600 --> 02:42:03,500
produce systems for monitoring 
shifting political ties. 

3031
02:42:03,500 --> 02:42:06,900
Techniques for integrating data.
From various sources and 

3032
02:42:06,900 --> 02:42:09,900
analytical Frameworks that could
spot patterns and Trends in 

3033
02:42:09,900 --> 02:42:12,400
intricate political 
circumstances these 

3034
02:42:12,400 --> 02:42:15,000
technological advancements. 
Show how extraordinary 

3035
02:42:15,000 --> 02:42:18,000
creativity was driven by 
practical necessity in the field

3036
02:42:18,000 --> 02:42:22,600
of medieval intelligence work. 
Devil spies operating under 

3037
02:42:22,600 --> 02:42:24,300
strict material and 
technological. 

3038
02:42:24,300 --> 02:42:27,900
Limitations developed solutions 
that were sophisticated in their

3039
02:42:27,900 --> 02:42:32,100
application, but often elegant 
in their simplicity, The 

3040
02:42:32,100 --> 02:42:34,800
intelligence technologies that 
would develop over centuries 

3041
02:42:34,800 --> 02:42:37,800
into the systems, utilized by 
contemporary, intelligence 

3042
02:42:37,800 --> 02:42:40,900
agencies were made possible by 
their Innovations. 

3043
02:42:40,900 --> 02:42:42,800
Let's take a step back and 
track. 

3044
02:42:42,800 --> 02:42:45,800
The Unseen strands that link 
those mud splattered medieval 

3045
02:42:45,800 --> 02:42:48,600
spies to the advanced 
intelligence operations of 

3046
02:42:48,608 --> 02:42:52,100
today, as you approach the 
bottom of your cup and feel the 

3047
02:42:52,100 --> 02:42:55,900
soft pull of impending sleep, 
With the end of the Medieval 

3048
02:42:55,900 --> 02:42:58,900
Era, the methods networks and 
values they created. 

3049
02:42:58,900 --> 02:43:03,600
Did not vanish rather. 
They changed adapted and served 

3050
02:43:03,600 --> 02:43:05,900
as the Cornerstone for 
intelligence operations that 

3051
02:43:05,900 --> 02:43:08,600
still influence our world. 
Today, the establishment of 

3052
02:43:08,600 --> 02:43:11,400
intelligence gathering as a 
crucial government function, was

3053
02:43:11,400 --> 02:43:15,300
the most fundamental Legacy of 
medieval Espionage initially, 

3054
02:43:15,300 --> 02:43:19,100
considering spying a repugnant 
necessity, medieval rulers, 

3055
02:43:19,100 --> 02:43:22,000
eventually realized that 
information was just as crucial 

3056
02:43:22,000 --> 02:43:26,100
to preserving political power, 
as armies as a result of this 

3057
02:43:26,100 --> 02:43:29,200
acknowledgment permanent 
intelligence organizations were 

3058
02:43:29,200 --> 02:43:32,000
established which later 
developed into the National 

3059
02:43:32,000 --> 02:43:34,400
Intelligence Services of 
contemporary nation's. 

3060
02:43:34,400 --> 02:43:37,600
Medieval intelligence networks 
created recruitment guidelines 

3061
02:43:37,600 --> 02:43:40,100
that set trends that are still 
used by contemporary 

3062
02:43:40,100 --> 02:43:43,300
organizations intelligence 
recruitment, still heavily 

3063
02:43:43,300 --> 02:43:46,700
favors those who could travel 
without suspicion, who naturally

3064
02:43:46,700 --> 02:43:50,000
asked questions and who have the
psychological fortitude to keep 

3065
02:43:50,000 --> 02:43:54,400
up full identities The most 
successful spies as demonstrated

3066
02:43:54,400 --> 02:43:57,700
by medieval spies a frequently, 
those who can blend in with the 

3067
02:43:57,700 --> 02:44:00,300
general population. 
The foundation for contemporary 

3068
02:44:00,300 --> 02:44:03,600
intelligence, communication was 
established by medieval advances

3069
02:44:03,600 --> 02:44:05,700
in Secure, communication and 
cryptography. 

3070
02:44:06,500 --> 02:44:09,400
The complex encryption systems 
that Safeguard contemporary 

3071
02:44:09,400 --> 02:44:12,900
intelligence Communications were
developed from the codes and 

3072
02:44:12,900 --> 02:44:14,700
cyphers created by medieval 
Networks. 

3073
02:44:15,600 --> 02:44:18,900
The fundamental concepts of 
secure, communication message, 

3074
02:44:18,900 --> 02:44:22,100
authentication, and key 
distribution that medieval spies

3075
02:44:22,100 --> 02:44:25,400
found difficult to grasp 
continue to be major obstacles 

3076
02:44:25,400 --> 02:44:28,200
for contemporary intelligence 
organizations, modern 

3077
02:44:28,200 --> 02:44:30,900
intelligence Services, continue 
to employ the organizational 

3078
02:44:30,900 --> 02:44:33,600
principles established by the 
network structures developed by 

3079
02:44:33,608 --> 02:44:35,400
medieval intelligence 
organizations. 

3080
02:44:36,200 --> 02:44:39,200
Modern intelligence 
compartmentalization was based 

3081
02:44:39,200 --> 02:44:41,800
on the cell structures that 
prevented medieval networks from

3082
02:44:41,800 --> 02:44:44,400
being totally compromised. 
When individual agents were 

3083
02:44:44,400 --> 02:44:47,800
apprehended one of the main 
challenges for contemporary 

3084
02:44:47,800 --> 02:44:50,300
intelligence operations is 
maintaining the operational 

3085
02:44:50,300 --> 02:44:53,500
security, and coordination, 
balance that medieval networks 

3086
02:44:53,500 --> 02:44:56,300
were able to achieve the 
fundamentals of contemporary 

3087
02:44:56,300 --> 02:44:58,500
defensive intelligence work were
established by the 

3088
02:44:58,500 --> 02:45:02,100
counterintelligence awareness 
that medieval spies developed in

3089
02:45:02,100 --> 02:45:05,300
reaction to enemy. 
Intelligence activities, modern 

3090
02:45:05,300 --> 02:45:08,500
counterintelligence doctrines, 
which assumed hostile 

3091
02:45:08,500 --> 02:45:10,800
intelligence services, are 
continuously attempting to 

3092
02:45:10,800 --> 02:45:13,800
compromise friendly operations. 
A based on the medieval 

3093
02:45:13,800 --> 02:45:16,800
understanding that intelligence 
Services must defend themselves 

3094
02:45:16,800 --> 02:45:20,200
against deception. 
And penetration modern forensic,

3095
02:45:20,200 --> 02:45:22,600
methods for examining 
intelligence materials are the 

3096
02:45:22,608 --> 02:45:25,400
result of medieval advancements 
in document analysis and 

3097
02:45:25,400 --> 02:45:28,600
verification. 
Modern intelligence analysis 

3098
02:45:28,600 --> 02:45:31,200
techniques which employ 
technology, but adhere to 

3099
02:45:31,208 --> 02:45:34,200
similar logical principles 
evolved from the abilities that 

3100
02:45:34,200 --> 02:45:37,200
medieval spies developed for 
identifying forged documents, 

3101
02:45:37,200 --> 02:45:41,300
evaluating writing styles and 
confirming the reliability of 

3102
02:45:41,300 --> 02:45:44,200
information sources. 
Modern knowledge of intelligence

3103
02:45:44,200 --> 02:45:46,300
operations. 
Incorporates the psychological 

3104
02:45:46,300 --> 02:45:49,900
understanding of human 
motivation deceit and loyalty 

3105
02:45:49,900 --> 02:45:52,300
that medieval intelligence 
practitioners acquired. 

3106
02:45:53,000 --> 02:45:57,000
Medieval spies acquired skills, 
in motivating agents, evaluating

3107
02:45:57,000 --> 02:46:00,000
The credibility of sources and 
preserving operational security 

3108
02:46:00,000 --> 02:46:02,000
while fostering fruitful 
collaborations. 

3109
02:46:02,000 --> 02:46:05,600
These realizations continue to 
be essential to contemporary 

3110
02:46:05,600 --> 02:46:09,000
human intelligence activities, 
medieval networks successful, 

3111
02:46:09,000 --> 02:46:11,600
integration of military and 
diplomatic operations with 

3112
02:46:11,600 --> 02:46:14,800
intelligence work, created 
models, that contemporary 

3113
02:46:14,800 --> 02:46:18,500
governments continue to adhere 
to The effective coordination of

3114
02:46:18,500 --> 02:46:22,200
military action diplomacy and 
intelligence was a lesson 

3115
02:46:22,200 --> 02:46:25,000
learned by medieval rulers that 
are still applicable to 

3116
02:46:25,000 --> 02:46:28,400
contemporary National Security 
strategy, modern intelligence 

3117
02:46:28,400 --> 02:46:30,700
funding and financial management
have their roots. 

3118
02:46:30,700 --> 02:46:34,000
In the economic principles that 
guided medieval intelligence 

3119
02:46:34,000 --> 02:46:36,900
operations. 
Just as it was for medieval, 

3120
02:46:36,900 --> 02:46:39,300
spymasters attempting, to pay 
agents covertly. 

3121
02:46:39,300 --> 02:46:43,000
The problem of financing covert 
operations without leaving, 

3122
02:46:43,000 --> 02:46:45,700
audit trails, that hostile 
Services could use is still 

3123
02:46:45,700 --> 02:46:48,300
present today. 
Modern intelligent services are 

3124
02:46:48,300 --> 02:46:51,000
still confronted with the moral 
and legal, dilemmas brought up 

3125
02:46:51,000 --> 02:46:52,800
by medieval Espionage 
operations. 

3126
02:46:53,600 --> 02:46:56,400
Modern democratic societies, 
must strike a balance between 

3127
02:46:56,400 --> 02:47:00,200
security requirements, legal 
restrictions, and ethical 

3128
02:47:00,200 --> 02:47:03,200
principles. 
Medieval societies grappled with

3129
02:47:03,200 --> 02:47:05,200
the conflict, between the 
Practical necessity of 

3130
02:47:05,208 --> 02:47:08,000
intelligence work and 
traditional moral and legal 

3131
02:47:08,000 --> 02:47:11,200
principles, modern intelligence.
Technology development is 

3132
02:47:11,200 --> 02:47:14,800
characterized by patterns of 
adaptation and creativity that 

3133
02:47:14,800 --> 02:47:17,200
were established by the 
technological innovations. 

3134
02:47:17,200 --> 02:47:19,500
Pioneered by medieval 
intelligence Networks. 

3135
02:47:20,300 --> 02:47:22,300
In the same way that 
contemporary intelligence 

3136
02:47:22,300 --> 02:47:25,100
agencies, modify commercial 
Technologies for security 

3137
02:47:25,100 --> 02:47:29,000
applications, medieval spies who
modified civilian Technologies 

3138
02:47:29,000 --> 02:47:32,300
for intelligence purposes. 
Started a tradition, medieval 

3139
02:47:32,300 --> 02:47:35,400
intelligence Works global Scopes
set the stage for contemporary 

3140
02:47:35,400 --> 02:47:38,200
intelligence competition and 
collaboration cross. 

3141
02:47:38,200 --> 02:47:41,300
Political, medieval intelligence
networks, created models for 

3142
02:47:41,300 --> 02:47:44,500
state to state intelligence 
cooperation and competition. 

3143
02:47:44,500 --> 02:47:47,100
That still have an impact on 
contemporary International 

3144
02:47:47,100 --> 02:47:51,100
intelligence, cooperation 
literature entertainment and the

3145
02:47:51,100 --> 02:47:54,200
general Public's perception of 
intelligence work, all reflect 

3146
02:47:54,200 --> 02:47:57,500
the cultural influence of 
medieval Espionage and continued

3147
02:47:57,500 --> 02:48:00,600
to shape how contemporary 
societies view spies and 

3148
02:48:00,600 --> 02:48:04,100
intelligence organizations. 
The way intelligence work is 

3149
02:48:04,100 --> 02:48:06,500
portrayed and understood in 
popular culture is still 

3150
02:48:06,500 --> 02:48:09,600
influenced by The Narrative 
patterns created by medieval 

3151
02:48:09,600 --> 02:48:11,600
Tales of spies and secret 
agents. 

3152
02:48:11,600 --> 02:48:15,100
The value of historical analysis
for contemporary intelligence 

3153
02:48:15,100 --> 02:48:18,100
work was established by the 
institutional memory, that 

3154
02:48:18,100 --> 02:48:22,400
medieval intelligence networks 
Preserve Medieval practitioners 

3155
02:48:22,400 --> 02:48:24,500
set the standard for 
contemporary intelligence 

3156
02:48:24,500 --> 02:48:27,700
services that preserve 
historical records and analyze 

3157
02:48:27,700 --> 02:48:30,800
past operations to enhance 
present performance by learning 

3158
02:48:30,800 --> 02:48:33,500
from the successes and failures 
of early operations. 

3159
02:48:33,500 --> 02:48:38,100
Most significantly medieval 
Espionage showed that at its 

3160
02:48:38,100 --> 02:48:41,400
core intelligence work is not 
about technology or 

3161
02:48:41,400 --> 02:48:44,900
institutional Frameworks but 
rather about human relationships

3162
02:48:44,900 --> 02:48:49,600
and psychology, the success or 
failure of medieval spies was 

3163
02:48:49,600 --> 02:48:52,600
determined by their capacity to 
comprehend and influence human 

3164
02:48:52,600 --> 02:48:55,200
behavior. 
A skill that is essential to 

3165
02:48:55,200 --> 02:48:58,100
intelligence operations, even 
with all of the modern era's 

3166
02:48:58,100 --> 02:49:01,100
technological, advancements. 
Modern intelligent services are 

3167
02:49:01,100 --> 02:49:03,700
still influenced by the moral 
and Professional Standards set 

3168
02:49:03,700 --> 02:49:06,600
by The Bravery and commitment of
medieval intelligence agents. 

3169
02:49:07,500 --> 02:49:09,900
Modern intelligence 
professionals are still inspired

3170
02:49:09,900 --> 02:49:13,500
by the traditions of Service 
established by medieval spies 

3171
02:49:13,500 --> 02:49:17,000
who risk their lives for causes.
They supported upheld 

3172
02:49:17,000 --> 02:49:19,700
Professional Standards in the 
face of personal danger, and 

3173
02:49:19,700 --> 02:49:23,400
serve their societies without 
much credit or compensation, the

3174
02:49:23,400 --> 02:49:25,800
principles and techniques that 
were initially developed by 

3175
02:49:25,800 --> 02:49:29,900
those Anonymous medieval agents,
who traveled, muddy roads, slept

3176
02:49:29,900 --> 02:49:33,100
in flea-infested ins and risk 
their lives to gather 

3177
02:49:33,100 --> 02:49:35,900
information that would shape, 
the course of history are still 

3178
02:49:35,908 --> 02:49:38,700
used by modern intelligence 
agencies, as they confront new 

3179
02:49:38,700 --> 02:49:42,400
challenges, from International 
terrorism, technological change,

3180
02:49:42,400 --> 02:49:46,300
and evolving security threats. 
Think about the amazing people 

3181
02:49:46,300 --> 02:49:48,600
whose stories we have told 
tonight, as you get ready to 

3182
02:49:48,600 --> 02:49:51,500
close this, chapter of history 
and go to sleep, they were 

3183
02:49:51,508 --> 02:49:54,700
regular people who made 
extraordinary Life Choices. 

3184
02:49:54,700 --> 02:49:58,700
People who put up with 
discomfort risk and anonymity 

3185
02:49:58,700 --> 02:50:01,300
for causes that frequently. 
Brought them little reward and 

3186
02:50:01,300 --> 02:50:03,800
little recognition. 
The glitzy character of 

3187
02:50:03,800 --> 02:50:06,800
contemporary fiction were not 
the medieval spies whose stories

3188
02:50:06,800 --> 02:50:09,200
we have exam. 
And rather they were perhaps 

3189
02:50:09,200 --> 02:50:11,900
more admirable. 
Actual people who bravely 

3190
02:50:11,900 --> 02:50:15,600
creatively and resolutely face 
real challenges, They 

3191
02:50:15,600 --> 02:50:17,500
contributed to historical 
advancements. 

3192
02:50:17,500 --> 02:50:20,500
That shape, the world we 
inherited solved problems. 

3193
02:50:20,500 --> 02:50:23,000
That would have challenged 
contemporary professionals and 

3194
02:50:23,000 --> 02:50:25,600
upheld their integrity and 
situations that would have 

3195
02:50:25,600 --> 02:50:28,900
broken many others. 
These underappreciated Heroes of

3196
02:50:28,900 --> 02:50:32,300
medieval statecraft servers a 
reminder that history has shaped

3197
02:50:32,300 --> 02:50:35,500
by the innumerable people who 
labor silently in the background

3198
02:50:35,500 --> 02:50:39,800
to maintain Communications, 
gather information and provide 

3199
02:50:39,800 --> 02:50:43,300
the intelligence necessary for 
effective leadership not just by

3200
02:50:43,300 --> 02:50:45,700
kings and queens, conflicts and 
treaties. 

3201
02:50:46,500 --> 02:50:48,700
Their contribution should be 
honored because they were the 

3202
02:50:48,708 --> 02:50:52,200
unsung heroes of their time. 
Their experience is also serve 

3203
02:50:52,200 --> 02:50:54,700
as a reminder that the problems 
intelligence professionals. 

3204
02:50:54,700 --> 02:50:57,900
Face such as striking, a balance
between security and 

3205
02:50:57,900 --> 02:51:01,200
Effectiveness juggling personal,
and professional commitments, 

3206
02:51:01,200 --> 02:51:04,400
and balancing morally 
challenging, but necessary work 

3207
02:51:04,400 --> 02:51:08,500
a universal human struggles that
cut across all time periods, 

3208
02:51:08,500 --> 02:51:12,800
dreams of moonlit castle walls. 
Coded messages, concealed in 

3209
02:51:12,808 --> 02:51:14,900
merchant letters or courageous 
people. 

3210
02:51:14,900 --> 02:51:17,800
Walking perilous roads in 
support of causes they believed 

3211
02:51:17,800 --> 02:51:20,300
in they come to mind as you 
drift off to sleep. 

3212
02:51:21,600 --> 02:51:24,100
These dreams introduce you to a 
never-ending tale of 

3213
02:51:24,100 --> 02:51:28,100
selflessness service, and unsung
bravery that has influenced our 

3214
02:51:28,100 --> 02:51:29,900
world. 
In ways we hardly ever recognize

3215
02:51:29,900 --> 02:51:33,200
all the lives of the medieval 
spies we've met tonight were 

3216
02:51:33,200 --> 02:51:36,500
frequently uncomfortable. 
Dangerous and little known. 

3217
02:51:36,500 --> 02:51:38,900
Their work was vital to the 
societies. 

3218
02:51:38,900 --> 02:51:41,500
They served They serve as a 
reminder. 

3219
02:51:41,508 --> 02:51:44,500
That Civilization is not solely 
dependent on the well known 

3220
02:51:44,500 --> 02:51:46,300
people whose names. 
We can still recall. 

3221
02:51:46,300 --> 02:51:49,700
But also on the innumerable, 
unnamed people who make in 

3222
02:51:49,700 --> 02:51:53,600
calculable frequently unseen, 
but always vital contributions 

3223
02:51:53,600 --> 02:51:56,400
to the common good rest easy. 
Knowing that you've spent the 

3224
02:51:56,408 --> 02:51:59,000
evening with some of the bravest
and most devoted people in 

3225
02:51:59,000 --> 02:52:01,400
history. 
People, whose dedication to 

3226
02:52:01,400 --> 02:52:04,600
service and willingness to make 
sacrifices for the greater good 

3227
02:52:04,600 --> 02:52:06,800
made. 
Traditions, that still serve and

3228
02:52:06,800 --> 02:52:10,500
protect our contemporary world. 
Every intelligence, professional

3229
02:52:10,500 --> 02:52:12,700
who carries on their work, 
carries on their legacy. 

3230
02:52:13,300 --> 02:52:16,100
And their memory is honored. 
Every time we remember that true

3231
02:52:16,100 --> 02:52:19,800
heroism frequently doesn't wear 
a uniform and doesn't seek 

3232
02:52:19,800 --> 02:52:23,600
recognition, sweet dreams and 
may you rest in peace, knowing 

3233
02:52:23,600 --> 02:52:26,100
that courageous people have 
always worked in silence to 

3234
02:52:26,100 --> 02:52:28,700
defend the society. 
As they served requesting 

3235
02:52:28,700 --> 02:52:31,000
nothing more than the 
Fulfillment of their Duty and 

3236
02:52:31,000 --> 02:52:33,000
service to cause his bigger than
themselves. 

3237
02:52:42,500 --> 02:52:45,200
Think about how cool it would be
to where all of your savings on 

3238
02:52:45,200 --> 02:52:47,600
your wrist. 
This is not a smartwatch that 

3239
02:52:47,600 --> 02:52:51,000
displays your bank balance but 
rather real money transformed 

3240
02:52:51,000 --> 02:52:54,300
into something beautiful. 
The compliments, any outfit for 

3241
02:52:54,300 --> 02:52:57,300
more than a 1000 years? 
Such jewelry wasn't a fantasy. 

3242
02:52:57,300 --> 02:53:00,700
It was the everyday life of 
millions of people in Africa and

3243
02:53:00,700 --> 02:53:05,100
Beyond Bracelet money, which had
different names in different 

3244
02:53:05,100 --> 02:53:09,700
cultures was precisely what it 
sounds like money that you could

3245
02:53:09,700 --> 02:53:11,700
wear. 
These were carefully, crafted 

3246
02:53:11,700 --> 02:53:15,300
metal bands, they were carefully
made pieces of functional art. 

3247
02:53:15,300 --> 02:53:17,400
Each one representing a 
different value. 

3248
02:53:17,400 --> 02:53:20,600
Each one was designed to catch 
the light as you moved your arm 

3249
02:53:20,600 --> 02:53:23,300
and they were all Heavy enough 
that you could feel your wealth 

3250
02:53:23,300 --> 02:53:26,600
with every gesture. 
We used to paper bills and 

3251
02:53:26,600 --> 02:53:29,500
plastic cards. 
So the idea may seem strange to 

3252
02:53:29,500 --> 02:53:32,700
us but bracelet money solved, 
many problems that would be hard

3253
02:53:32,700 --> 02:53:34,900
for any ancient economy to deal 
with first. 

3254
02:53:34,900 --> 02:53:38,200
It was portable in a way that 
made sense for societies where 

3255
02:53:38,200 --> 02:53:41,500
people move frequently, trade 
Traders, herders and seasonal 

3256
02:53:41,500 --> 02:53:44,600
farmers, who needed to carry 
their wealth with them second, 

3257
02:53:44,600 --> 02:53:47,900
it was valuable in and of itself
because it was made of metals 

3258
02:53:47,900 --> 02:53:49,900
that were worth more than just 
their money value. 

3259
02:53:49,900 --> 02:53:52,600
Third. 
And maybe the smartest thing, it

3260
02:53:52,600 --> 02:53:56,100
was both useful and lovely 
working as both money and 

3261
02:53:56,100 --> 02:53:59,000
decoration. 
These bracelets came in many 

3262
02:53:59,000 --> 02:54:02,300
different shapes and sizes with 
the area, making its own unique 

3263
02:54:02,300 --> 02:54:05,800
style, and rules some with thick
and heavy and wearing. 

3264
02:54:05,800 --> 02:54:08,200
A lot of them would make a 
satisfying metallic sound. 

3265
02:54:08,200 --> 02:54:10,900
With every movement. 
Some were fragile and 

3266
02:54:10,900 --> 02:54:14,700
complicated made to fit nicely 
on a forearm copper and bronze, 

3267
02:54:14,700 --> 02:54:17,400
both valuable and easy to work 
with the most common. 

3268
02:54:17,400 --> 02:54:22,100
However, some special pieces 
used iron brass or even precious

3269
02:54:22,100 --> 02:54:24,400
metals for transactions that 
were very valuable. 

3270
02:54:25,100 --> 02:54:28,600
The weight of the bracelet money
was crucial to how it worked in 

3271
02:54:28,600 --> 02:54:31,100
contrast to Modern currency 
where the physical object has 

3272
02:54:31,100 --> 02:54:32,800
little to do with its stated 
value. 

3273
02:54:32,800 --> 02:54:35,900
The value of bracelet money was 
directly related to how much 

3274
02:54:35,900 --> 02:54:38,000
metal it had. 
This meant that a heavier 

3275
02:54:38,008 --> 02:54:40,000
bracelet was worth more than a 
lighter one. 

3276
02:54:40,000 --> 02:54:43,100
Which made it very difficult to 
fake or lower, the value of the 

3277
02:54:43,100 --> 02:54:45,300
money. 
You couldn't just print more 

3278
02:54:45,300 --> 02:54:48,500
money when you needed it, you 
had to mine the metal melt it 

3279
02:54:48,508 --> 02:54:50,400
down and shape it into the right
shape. 

3280
02:54:50,400 --> 02:54:53,400
What was intelligent about 
bracelet money was how it solved

3281
02:54:53,400 --> 02:54:56,600
the problem of making change. 
You could break up big bracelets

3282
02:54:56,600 --> 02:54:59,900
into smaller pieces for smaller 
purchases and when you needed 

3283
02:54:59,900 --> 02:55:02,200
to, you could melt down the 
smaller pieces and make them 

3284
02:55:02,200 --> 02:55:04,700
into bigger ones, it was a 
flexible system that could 

3285
02:55:04,700 --> 02:55:06,800
handle any size transaction, you
need to make. 

3286
02:55:06,800 --> 02:55:10,300
However, if you needed to break 
your money to buy groceries, you

3287
02:55:10,300 --> 02:55:13,600
would have had to plan ahead. 
The bracelets luxurious 

3288
02:55:13,600 --> 02:55:16,200
appearance, played a significant
role in its functioning. 

3289
02:55:16,200 --> 02:55:20,100
People were more likely to trade
beautiful things except the 

3290
02:55:20,100 --> 02:55:23,300
cross cultural lines and not 
melt them down for their raw 

3291
02:55:23,300 --> 02:55:25,900
materials. 
Trader coming to a foreign 

3292
02:55:25,900 --> 02:55:29,200
market with a bunch of nice 
bracelets was easy to spot as 

3293
02:55:29,200 --> 02:55:32,900
someone with money and style. 
These characteristics open doors

3294
02:55:32,900 --> 02:55:35,400
that might have stayed closed 
for someone carrying shapeless, 

3295
02:55:35,400 --> 02:55:38,300
lumps of metal. 
It was interesting and 

3296
02:55:38,300 --> 02:55:39,900
complicated, how wearing your 
wealth? 

3297
02:55:39,900 --> 02:55:42,700
Affected your social life, one 
aspect of bracelet money. 

3298
02:55:42,700 --> 02:55:45,000
Safety was its physical 
attachment to your body. 

3299
02:55:45,000 --> 02:55:48,500
Making it difficult for thieves 
to steal on the other hand, 

3300
02:55:48,500 --> 02:55:51,300
wearing your wealth made it 
clear to everyone around you how

3301
02:55:51,300 --> 02:55:53,900
rich you were. 
You couldn't hide your wealth or

3302
02:55:53,900 --> 02:55:55,500
poverty. 
When your bank account was on 

3303
02:55:55,500 --> 02:55:58,900
display, this visibility made 
for some intriguing social 

3304
02:55:58,900 --> 02:56:02,900
situations rich people might 
wear dozens of bracelets which 

3305
02:56:02,900 --> 02:56:05,500
would make music every time they
moved and let people know. 

3306
02:56:05,500 --> 02:56:08,300
They were Rich from a distance, 
you could hear a rich person 

3307
02:56:08,300 --> 02:56:11,600
coming before you saw them and 
the soft clinking of metal on 

3308
02:56:11,600 --> 02:56:13,600
metal served as a kind of status
soundtrack. 

3309
02:56:14,600 --> 02:56:17,700
In many ancient societies, women
didn't have much Financial 

3310
02:56:17,700 --> 02:56:19,700
Freedom but bracelet money gave 
them. 

3311
02:56:19,700 --> 02:56:22,800
Some you could better track your
money when your jewelry was your

3312
02:56:22,800 --> 02:56:25,100
wealth. 
And with other currencies, a 

3313
02:56:25,100 --> 02:56:27,700
woman could earn bracelet money 
through her own work, or trade, 

3314
02:56:27,700 --> 02:56:31,800
where it is jewelry and keep it.
Even after she got married, the 

3315
02:56:31,800 --> 02:56:34,400
practice was a practical and 
empowering way to have Financial

3316
02:56:34,400 --> 02:56:37,400
Security making good bracelet, 
money required. 

3317
02:56:37,400 --> 02:56:40,700
A lot of skill which turn 
metalworking from a simple trade

3318
02:56:40,700 --> 02:56:43,700
into a complex art form. 
Master Craftsman made bracelets,

3319
02:56:43,700 --> 02:56:46,000
that were both pretty and useful
as currently. 

3320
02:56:46,000 --> 02:56:49,200
They used twisting braiding and 
hammering to make unique 

3321
02:56:49,200 --> 02:56:52,600
patterns and textures. 
People often kept these methods 

3322
02:56:52,600 --> 02:56:55,800
of secret passing them down 
through families or guilds. 

3323
02:56:55,800 --> 02:56:58,900
This is why some areas are known
for the beauty and quality of 

3324
02:56:58,900 --> 02:57:01,800
their Fine Jewelry. 
Another big plus was the 

3325
02:57:01,800 --> 02:57:03,500
bracelet money lasted a long 
time. 

3326
02:57:03,500 --> 02:57:07,800
Paper money can be ruined by 
water fire or just normal wear 

3327
02:57:07,800 --> 02:57:10,500
and tear conversely. 
If properly cared, for metal, 

3328
02:57:10,500 --> 02:57:14,000
bracelets can endure for 
Generations because they lasted 

3329
02:57:14,000 --> 02:57:15,500
so long. 
They were excellent. 

3330
02:57:15,500 --> 02:57:17,600
Stores of value. 
That could keep wealth for 

3331
02:57:17,600 --> 02:57:20,900
decades or even centuries, 
archaeological sites in Africa. 

3332
02:57:20,900 --> 02:57:23,100
And other parts of the world 
still showing examples of 

3333
02:57:23,100 --> 02:57:26,500
bracelet money, which shows how 
long they last and how wide they

3334
02:57:26,500 --> 02:57:29,500
were used. 
Think of the first metal worker 

3335
02:57:29,500 --> 02:57:32,500
who saw copper as a useful 
material, rather than just raw 

3336
02:57:32,500 --> 02:57:36,700
material, Somewhere In The Mists
of prehistory like in a small 

3337
02:57:36,700 --> 02:57:39,600
Workshop, filled with the Warm 
Glow of Forge fires and the 

3338
02:57:39,608 --> 02:57:42,600
rhythmic sound of hammering. 
Someone made the creative 

3339
02:57:42,600 --> 02:57:45,600
transition from crafting tools 
to crafting money. 

3340
02:57:45,600 --> 02:57:49,500
It wasn't just Metallurgy. 
It was economic philosophy that 

3341
02:57:49,500 --> 02:57:52,900
had been hammered into shape 
Bracelet money has been around 

3342
02:57:52,900 --> 02:57:55,900
for thousands of years. 
It started in different parts of

3343
02:57:55,900 --> 02:57:59,000
Africa on its own and spread 
through trade networks, that 

3344
02:57:59,000 --> 02:58:02,600
connected far away communities 
long before Europeans ever 

3345
02:58:02,600 --> 02:58:03,700
thought about going around the 
world. 

3346
02:58:03,700 --> 02:58:07,700
The oldest examples we have are 
from around 500 C but the 

3347
02:58:07,700 --> 02:58:09,200
practice was probably much 
older. 

3348
02:58:09,200 --> 02:58:11,600
These weren't simple attempts at
making money. 

3349
02:58:11,600 --> 02:58:15,000
They were smart ways to solve 
challenging economic problems 

3350
02:58:15,000 --> 02:58:19,200
made by societies that knew more
about trade value and human 

3351
02:58:19,200 --> 02:58:22,600
psychology than most people give
them credit for archaeological 

3352
02:58:22,600 --> 02:58:25,900
evidence points to the Copper 
rich areas of what is now. 

3353
02:58:25,900 --> 02:58:27,500
The Democratic Republic of 
Congo. 

3354
02:58:27,500 --> 02:58:31,600
As the place where the practice 
began there, there were many raw

3355
02:58:31,600 --> 02:58:34,600
materials, and a lot of advanced
metallurgical knowledge, for 

3356
02:58:34,600 --> 02:58:37,400
thousands of years, ancient 
African societies worked with 

3357
02:58:37,400 --> 02:58:41,000
metals and came up with mining 
smelting and shaping methods 

3358
02:58:41,000 --> 02:58:44,000
that were as effective as or 
better than those used anywhere 

3359
02:58:44,000 --> 02:58:46,700
else in the world. 
These societies needed a way to 

3360
02:58:46,700 --> 02:58:49,400
trade over long distances, so 
they naturally turned to their 

3361
02:58:49,400 --> 02:58:52,800
strongest technology. 
Change from Trading goods for 

3362
02:58:52,800 --> 02:58:56,300
money to using bracelets as 
money, probably took hundreds of

3363
02:58:56,308 --> 02:58:59,000
years to fully happen rather 
than a curing. 

3364
02:58:59,000 --> 02:59:02,700
All at once early versions were 
just Twisted copper rods, which 

3365
02:59:02,700 --> 02:59:05,700
were worth more for the metal 
than for their quality as time 

3366
02:59:05,700 --> 02:59:09,100
went on and the system proved 
itself artists and started to 

3367
02:59:09,100 --> 02:59:12,100
add decorative elements to the 
basic design to make the 

3368
02:59:12,100 --> 02:59:15,700
bracelets more appealing. 
And as a result easier to trade 

3369
02:59:16,600 --> 02:59:19,000
There was a reason why most 
bracelet money was made of 

3370
02:59:19,000 --> 02:59:22,200
copper and bronze. 
These Metals had all the right 

3371
02:59:22,200 --> 02:59:23,600
properties for a monetary 
system. 

3372
02:59:23,600 --> 02:59:26,700
They were valuable enough to 
give the money worth yet. 

3373
02:59:26,700 --> 02:59:29,900
Common enough to allow small 
purchases, they could be used at

3374
02:59:29,900 --> 02:59:33,900
relatively low temperatures, so 
local blacksmiths could make and

3375
02:59:33,900 --> 02:59:35,700
change them without needing 
Advanced industrial 

3376
02:59:35,700 --> 02:59:38,000
infrastructure. 
They were also resistant to 

3377
02:59:38,008 --> 02:59:40,400
rust, so your money wouldn't 
literally disappear in your 

3378
02:59:40,408 --> 02:59:44,000
hands. 
When iron was used for bracelet 

3379
02:59:44,000 --> 02:59:46,200
money, it changed the way things
worked iron. 

3380
02:59:46,200 --> 02:59:49,000
Bracelets were often worth more 
than copper ones because iron 

3381
02:59:49,000 --> 02:59:51,700
was harder to work with and 
because people always needed 

3382
02:59:51,700 --> 02:59:55,200
iron tools and weapons. 
An iron bracelet was a sign of 

3383
02:59:55,208 --> 02:59:57,700
wealth that could be turned into
useful things. 

3384
02:59:57,700 --> 03:00:00,000
When needed. 
For example, your money could 

3385
03:00:00,000 --> 03:00:02,400
become a spear point or a hole 
blade if you needed it to. 

3386
03:00:03,200 --> 03:00:06,100
Standardizing bracelet money was
a big step forward in early. 

3387
03:00:06,100 --> 03:00:09,400
Economics Community is across 
large areas, somehow came up 

3388
03:00:09,400 --> 03:00:12,400
with consistent standards for 
weight and Purity that made 

3389
03:00:12,400 --> 03:00:14,200
their currencies acceptable to 
each other. 

3390
03:00:14,200 --> 03:00:17,100
Even though, there were no 
Central Banking systems or 

3391
03:00:17,100 --> 03:00:19,700
government, oversight, this 
indicates a degree of 

3392
03:00:19,700 --> 03:00:23,400
intercommunity communication and
collaboration, that contests 

3393
03:00:23,400 --> 03:00:26,600
simplistic perceptions of 
ancient African societies as 

3394
03:00:26,600 --> 03:00:30,200
isolated or primitive. 
The different styles of bracelet

3395
03:00:30,200 --> 03:00:33,800
money in different regions, tell
fascinating stories about trade 

3396
03:00:33,800 --> 03:00:36,600
relationships, and cultural 
identity in some areas. 

3397
03:00:36,600 --> 03:00:39,600
People like thick heavy 
bracelets that showed how rich 

3398
03:00:39,600 --> 03:00:42,000
they were. 
Some people liked delicate, 

3399
03:00:42,000 --> 03:00:44,700
detail designs that showed off 
the skill of the people who made

3400
03:00:44,700 --> 03:00:46,700
them. 
Some people even made unique 

3401
03:00:46,700 --> 03:00:49,200
twisting patterns or Surface 
decorations that made their 

3402
03:00:49,200 --> 03:00:51,600
bracelets easy to spot in 
far-off markets. 

3403
03:00:52,500 --> 03:00:55,000
The religious and spiritual 
aspects of bracelet money gave 

3404
03:00:55,000 --> 03:00:56,700
it a lot more. 
Meaning than just money. 

3405
03:00:56,700 --> 03:01:00,100
Many African cultures thought 
that Metals had spiritual powers

3406
03:01:00,100 --> 03:01:02,800
and wearing metal bracelets. 
Could have protective or 

3407
03:01:02,800 --> 03:01:05,300
ceremonial purposes. 
In addition to being valuable 

3408
03:01:05,300 --> 03:01:09,000
this spiritual aspect helped 
bracelet money become a big part

3409
03:01:09,000 --> 03:01:12,400
of cultural practices making it 
more than just a way to trade 

3410
03:01:12,400 --> 03:01:14,500
it. 
Became a part of Social and 

3411
03:01:14,500 --> 03:01:17,900
religious life. 
Making successful bracelet money

3412
03:01:17,900 --> 03:01:19,700
required, a lot of specialized 
knowledge. 

3413
03:01:19,700 --> 03:01:23,000
Smith's needed to know more than
just the basics of metal allergy

3414
03:01:23,000 --> 03:01:25,600
the needed to know what their 
money system needed. 

3415
03:01:25,600 --> 03:01:29,000
They needed to know the right 
weight, ratios, how to make sure

3416
03:01:29,000 --> 03:01:32,100
their products were always pure 
and what decorative Styles would

3417
03:01:32,100 --> 03:01:34,800
make them acceptable. 
In different markets, those who 

3418
03:01:34,800 --> 03:01:38,000
had this knowledge often kept it
to the themselves leading, to 

3419
03:01:38,000 --> 03:01:40,100
the formation of specialized 
communities. 

3420
03:01:40,100 --> 03:01:41,900
That were the mint masters of 
their areas. 

3421
03:01:42,700 --> 03:01:45,300
Making bracelet money had a big 
effect on the environment 

3422
03:01:45,300 --> 03:01:48,900
because it needed a lot of 
Mining and fuel for smelting. 

3423
03:01:48,900 --> 03:01:52,000
This made the economic ties 
between mining towns, 

3424
03:01:52,000 --> 03:01:54,400
metalworking centers and trading
networks. 

3425
03:01:54,400 --> 03:01:57,800
Very complicated. 
The need for bracelet money, led

3426
03:01:57,800 --> 03:02:00,000
to the search for and 
development of mineral resources

3427
03:02:00,000 --> 03:02:03,100
all over Africa. 
Such developments helped mining 

3428
03:02:03,100 --> 03:02:06,100
Technologies and trade routes 
grow which would have a big 

3429
03:02:06,100 --> 03:02:08,700
impact on the continent's 
economy for hundreds of years 

3430
03:02:08,700 --> 03:02:11,400
years. 
In stead of government rules 

3431
03:02:11,400 --> 03:02:14,700
quality control in the making of
bracelet, money was based on 

3432
03:02:14,700 --> 03:02:17,000
community standards and 
reputation. 

3433
03:02:17,000 --> 03:02:19,200
Smiths, who consistently made 
bracelets? 

3434
03:02:19,200 --> 03:02:22,500
That were the right weight and 
Purity would build reputation 

3435
03:02:22,500 --> 03:02:26,000
that let them charge high prices
for their work in individuals 

3436
03:02:26,000 --> 03:02:29,300
who compromise quality or 
violated standards to immediate 

3437
03:02:29,300 --> 03:02:32,100
exclusion from trade networks. 
That depended on trust and 

3438
03:02:32,100 --> 03:02:35,200
dependability. 
Because a lot of ancient African

3439
03:02:35,200 --> 03:02:38,500
economic activity was seasonal 
bracelet, money had to do many 

3440
03:02:38,500 --> 03:02:40,600
different things throughout the 
year. 

3441
03:02:40,600 --> 03:02:43,800
Farmers, might trade bracelets 
for seeds, or tools during 

3442
03:02:43,800 --> 03:02:46,300
planting season. 
They could obtain bracelets 

3443
03:02:46,300 --> 03:02:48,300
during the Harvest by selling 
extra crops. 

3444
03:02:49,000 --> 03:02:51,700
When it was dry and travel was 
easier, they might have used 

3445
03:02:51,700 --> 03:02:55,200
their savings to trade with 
people far away this cyclical. 

3446
03:02:55,200 --> 03:02:57,900
Use pattern necessitated, a 
monetary system, capable of 

3447
03:02:57,900 --> 03:03:01,300
maintaining value over time and 
facilitating easy changes. 

3448
03:03:01,300 --> 03:03:05,000
When necessary Picture. 
The sound of a caravan getting 

3449
03:03:05,000 --> 03:03:06,300
ready to leave in the early 
morning. 

3450
03:03:06,300 --> 03:03:10,200
Mist the soft lowing of cows, 
the soft conversations of 

3451
03:03:10,208 --> 03:03:12,600
Traders, checking their goods 
and the musical. 

3452
03:03:12,600 --> 03:03:15,500
Chiming of hundreds of metal 
bracelets as their wearers. 

3453
03:03:15,500 --> 03:03:19,100
Moved around getting ready. 
Were all part of the scene for 

3454
03:03:19,100 --> 03:03:21,200
hundreds of years. 
This was the music that played 

3455
03:03:21,200 --> 03:03:23,800
in African markets. 
Bracelet money was both the 

3456
03:03:23,800 --> 03:03:26,900
instrument and the symphony. 
The major trade routes of 

3457
03:03:26,900 --> 03:03:29,300
medieval Africa were like the 
internet of their time. 

3458
03:03:29,300 --> 03:03:32,500
They were invisible networks, 
that linked far off communities 

3459
03:03:32,500 --> 03:03:36,500
and let people trade goods ideas
and cultures on a scale that 

3460
03:03:36,500 --> 03:03:38,900
would have impressed any modern 
Logistics manager. 

3461
03:03:38,900 --> 03:03:41,900
The famous Silk Road receives 
most of the historical 

3462
03:03:41,900 --> 03:03:44,100
attention. 
But African trade routes were 

3463
03:03:44,100 --> 03:03:46,700
often fluid and seasonal 
changing with the weather 

3464
03:03:46,700 --> 03:03:48,800
politics and business 
opportunities. 

3465
03:03:50,300 --> 03:03:53,300
Bracelet money was a perfect fit
for this fast-paced trading 

3466
03:03:53,300 --> 03:03:56,000
World bracelets. 
Could go anywhere there. 

3467
03:03:56,000 --> 03:03:59,200
Whereas could go unlike big 
items or items that could spoil.

3468
03:03:59,200 --> 03:04:01,300
They didn't need special 
storage. 

3469
03:04:01,300 --> 03:04:04,700
They couldn't spoil or break 
easily, and their values stayed 

3470
03:04:04,700 --> 03:04:07,200
the same regardless of what the 
market was like in the area. 

3471
03:04:07,200 --> 03:04:10,200
A Trader could go from the 
copper mines and katanga to the 

3472
03:04:10,200 --> 03:04:14,200
goldfields in Zimbabwe to the 
Ivory markets in East Africa and

3473
03:04:14,200 --> 03:04:16,900
their bracelet money would be 
accepted and recognized all 

3474
03:04:16,900 --> 03:04:19,600
along the way. 
Along with other types of money 

3475
03:04:19,600 --> 03:04:23,200
bracelet money was widely used 
on the trans-saharan trade 

3476
03:04:23,200 --> 03:04:25,300
routes, that connected 
sub-Saharan Africa to North 

3477
03:04:25,300 --> 03:04:27,300
Africa. 
And the Mediterranean World 

3478
03:04:27,300 --> 03:04:30,200
these routes were like highways 
through one of the hardest 

3479
03:04:30,200 --> 03:04:32,300
places on Earth and to get 
through them. 

3480
03:04:32,300 --> 03:04:36,100
You needed to plan ahead have a 
lot of resources and work well 

3481
03:04:36,100 --> 03:04:38,700
with people from other 
communities bracelet, money 

3482
03:04:38,700 --> 03:04:41,500
helped, these Partnerships by 
giving people a way to trade 

3483
03:04:41,500 --> 03:04:43,600
that was accepted across 
cultures and languages. 

3484
03:04:44,500 --> 03:04:47,200
Because a lot of African trade 
happened only at certain times 

3485
03:04:47,200 --> 03:04:49,900
the year. 
Traders needed a type of money 

3486
03:04:49,900 --> 03:04:53,600
that could hold value, even when
they weren't working, when it 

3487
03:04:53,600 --> 03:04:57,200
rained, traveled, became hard or
impossible and trade would stop 

3488
03:04:57,200 --> 03:05:00,300
for months at a time. 
Bracelet, money was perfect for 

3489
03:05:00,300 --> 03:05:02,900
these times because it didn't go
bad, while it was being stored, 

3490
03:05:02,900 --> 03:05:06,300
it didn't need any upkeep and it
was ready to use right away. 

3491
03:05:06,300 --> 03:05:10,200
When trading season started 
again, Using bracelet money was 

3492
03:05:10,200 --> 03:05:13,300
different along river routes, 
especially along the Niger Congo

3493
03:05:13,300 --> 03:05:16,800
and Zambezi River systems, River
trade made it possible to move 

3494
03:05:16,800 --> 03:05:19,600
heavier goods and more money but
it also needed different 

3495
03:05:19,600 --> 03:05:23,100
security, measures canoe Traders
devised ways to wear and store 

3496
03:05:23,100 --> 03:05:25,900
their bracelet money so it 
wouldn't get wet and was easy to

3497
03:05:25,900 --> 03:05:28,800
access. 
The spread of bracelet money 

3498
03:05:28,800 --> 03:05:31,100
along trade routes wasn't just 
about making money. 

3499
03:05:31,100 --> 03:05:35,000
It was also about passing on and
adapting culture as Traders, 

3500
03:05:35,000 --> 03:05:36,300
brought their money to new 
places. 

3501
03:05:36,300 --> 03:05:39,500
Local Craftsmen would watch how 
they made things and slowly 

3502
03:05:39,500 --> 03:05:41,800
change them to fit, local tastes
and materials. 

3503
03:05:41,800 --> 03:05:45,200
This process led to differences 
between regions that show how 

3504
03:05:45,200 --> 03:05:49,100
cultures and Technologies spread
across medieval Africa Different

3505
03:05:49,100 --> 03:05:52,100
mining areas had their own 
unique ways of using bracelet 

3506
03:05:52,100 --> 03:05:54,800
money communities. 
Close to copper mines, often 

3507
03:05:54,800 --> 03:05:57,000
became specialized centers for 
making bracelets. 

3508
03:05:57,700 --> 03:06:00,300
They use their access to raw 
materials to build Advanced 

3509
03:06:00,300 --> 03:06:03,200
metalworking Industries. 
These centers would then send 

3510
03:06:03,200 --> 03:06:06,600
finished bracelet money along 
trade routes making economic 

3511
03:06:06,600 --> 03:06:09,600
Ties That linked mining 
communities to far off markets 

3512
03:06:09,600 --> 03:06:13,500
in complicated, webs of 
interdependence Fact, that 

3513
03:06:13,508 --> 03:06:16,500
bracelet money had the same 
weight in different parts of 

3514
03:06:16,508 --> 03:06:18,100
Africa. 
Is a great example of how 

3515
03:06:18,100 --> 03:06:21,600
advanced African trade networks 
Were Somehow even though there 

3516
03:06:21,600 --> 03:06:24,100
was no Central Authority or 
modern communication systems 

3517
03:06:24,100 --> 03:06:27,600
communities over large areas 
were able to agree on and keep 

3518
03:06:27,600 --> 03:06:30,700
consistent standards that made 
their currencies acceptable, to 

3519
03:06:30,700 --> 03:06:33,600
each other traders, who were 
always on the move and acted as 

3520
03:06:33,600 --> 03:06:36,100
living repositories of Market, 
information and standards, 

3521
03:06:36,100 --> 03:06:38,900
likely helped make this 
standardization happen. 

3522
03:06:39,800 --> 03:06:43,300
Bracelet money was used a lot on
salt routes, especially those 

3523
03:06:43,300 --> 03:06:46,600
that connected the Sahara. 
Assault Minds to markets in 

3524
03:06:46,600 --> 03:06:49,100
sub-Saharan Africa. 
Salt was very important for 

3525
03:06:49,100 --> 03:06:51,900
keeping food fresh and staying 
healthy in tropical climates. 

3526
03:06:51,900 --> 03:06:54,200
This made it. 
One of the most important trade 

3527
03:06:54,200 --> 03:06:57,100
goods in medieval Africa, the 
salt trade needed, currency 

3528
03:06:57,100 --> 03:06:59,900
systems that could handle both 
big wholesale deals and smaller 

3529
03:06:59,900 --> 03:07:02,600
retail sales. 
Bracelet money was perfect for 

3530
03:07:02,600 --> 03:07:05,400
these different business needs 
because it could be used in many

3531
03:07:05,400 --> 03:07:08,100
different ways. 
Pastoralist communities moved 

3532
03:07:08,100 --> 03:07:11,400
around a lot during the seasons 
which created mobile markets 

3533
03:07:11,400 --> 03:07:14,900
that bracelet money was perfect 
for as heard as moved their cows

3534
03:07:14,900 --> 03:07:17,300
sheep and goats around looking 
for food and water. 

3535
03:07:17,300 --> 03:07:20,200
They made temporary trading 
spots, wherever they stopped 

3536
03:07:20,200 --> 03:07:22,900
these communities could trade 
with each other using bracelet 

3537
03:07:22,900 --> 03:07:25,600
money, which was easier than 
using barter systems, or 

3538
03:07:25,600 --> 03:07:27,100
carrying a lot of other types of
money. 

3539
03:07:27,800 --> 03:07:30,700
Trade fairs and markets that 
sprang up at key points along 

3540
03:07:30,700 --> 03:07:33,700
major routes became places, 
where people could see different

3541
03:07:33,700 --> 03:07:35,300
Regional styles of bracelet 
money. 

3542
03:07:35,300 --> 03:07:38,500
These meetings gave Traders a 
chance to compare currencies 

3543
03:07:38,500 --> 03:07:41,300
from different areas, sharing 
information about market 

3544
03:07:41,300 --> 03:07:44,000
conditions and build the 
relationships that would make 

3545
03:07:44,000 --> 03:07:46,900
future trade easier. 
These markets have a wide range 

3546
03:07:46,900 --> 03:07:49,900
of bracelets Styles which would 
have been like looking through a

3547
03:07:49,900 --> 03:07:52,300
physical catalog of African 
metal working traditions. 

3548
03:07:53,200 --> 03:07:55,800
Taxes paid in bracelet money 
were often used to pay for the 

3549
03:07:55,800 --> 03:07:58,900
protection of trade routes in 
exchange for tribute payments 

3550
03:07:58,900 --> 03:08:01,600
which were often made in the 
form of metal bracelets. 

3551
03:08:01,600 --> 03:08:04,600
Local rulers, would protect 
traders who passed through their

3552
03:08:04,600 --> 03:08:07,000
lands. 
This set up systems of rewards 

3553
03:08:07,000 --> 03:08:09,800
that encourage people to keep 
trade peaceful and build things 

3554
03:08:09,800 --> 03:08:12,200
like Wells, rest stops, and 
storage spaces. 

3555
03:08:12,200 --> 03:08:14,900
Imagine walking through a busy 
Market. 

3556
03:08:14,900 --> 03:08:18,100
In medieval Timbuktu with 
several pounds of carefully, 

3557
03:08:18,100 --> 03:08:21,400
made copper bracelets on your 
arms that jingle softly, with 

3558
03:08:21,400 --> 03:08:23,000
each step the air in the 
morning. 

3559
03:08:23,000 --> 03:08:26,200
Smells like spices, leather and 
wood smoke from many cooking 

3560
03:08:26,200 --> 03:08:28,300
fires. 
Vendor shout out their goods in 

3561
03:08:28,300 --> 03:08:31,800
many languages and soon you'll 
see how useful it was to wear 

3562
03:08:31,800 --> 03:08:34,500
your money. 
Using bracelet money every day. 

3563
03:08:34,500 --> 03:08:37,400
Made shopping both more personal
and more difficult than 

3564
03:08:37,400 --> 03:08:38,900
anything. 
We're used to today. 

3565
03:08:38,900 --> 03:08:43,000
Every transaction was a physical
experience, you could feel the 

3566
03:08:43,000 --> 03:08:45,400
weight of your money, leaving 
your arms as you made purchases.

3567
03:08:45,400 --> 03:08:48,400
This made you aware of how much 
you were spending right away 

3568
03:08:48,400 --> 03:08:51,900
which is something that modern 
digital transactions don't do at

3569
03:08:51,900 --> 03:08:54,900
all. 
In medieval Africa, people often

3570
03:08:54,900 --> 03:08:56,700
use bracelet money to pay for 
groceries. 

3571
03:08:56,700 --> 03:09:00,000
A farmer who brought my little 
sorghum to Market, might take 

3572
03:09:00,000 --> 03:09:01,600
small copper bracelets as 
payment. 

3573
03:09:02,300 --> 03:09:05,000
They would weigh the bracelets 
carefully, to make sure they got

3574
03:09:05,000 --> 03:09:08,100
a fair price for their grain. 
Making change often meant 

3575
03:09:08,100 --> 03:09:10,900
breaking up larger bracelets 
into smaller pieces, which 

3576
03:09:10,900 --> 03:09:14,100
required both skill and trust. 
You couldn't just give the exact

3577
03:09:14,100 --> 03:09:16,300
amount of money. 
You had to talk about how to 

3578
03:09:16,300 --> 03:09:18,000
break it into the right size 
pieces. 

3579
03:09:18,000 --> 03:09:21,000
Buying clothes was one of the 
most interesting ways to use 

3580
03:09:21,000 --> 03:09:23,500
bracelet money. 
In many parts of medieval 

3581
03:09:23,500 --> 03:09:25,800
Africa. 
Textile production was a very 

3582
03:09:25,800 --> 03:09:28,400
Advanced field. 
They had elaborate cotton 

3583
03:09:28,400 --> 03:09:31,500
weaving traditions and 
complicated dying methods that 

3584
03:09:31,500 --> 03:09:34,400
made Fabrics that were as good 
as anything made anywhere else 

3585
03:09:34,400 --> 03:09:36,900
in the world. 
A piece of high-quality cloth 

3586
03:09:36,900 --> 03:09:39,500
could cost several heavy 
bracelets so you would have to 

3587
03:09:39,508 --> 03:09:42,000
be very careful when talking 
about weights and Purity. 

3588
03:09:42,000 --> 03:09:45,000
It was ironic that you were 
using jewelry to buy things to 

3589
03:09:45,000 --> 03:09:48,900
make other kinds of jewelry food
vendors in busy markets, became 

3590
03:09:48,900 --> 03:09:51,500
very good at dealing with 
bracelet money transactions 

3591
03:09:51,500 --> 03:09:53,600
while they were cooking and 
serving customers. 

3592
03:09:53,600 --> 03:09:56,300
They had to be able to quickly 
figure out how much different 

3593
03:09:56,300 --> 03:09:59,800
bracelets were worth. 
A bowl of Stew, could cost one 

3594
03:09:59,800 --> 03:10:03,400
small bracelet but a full meal 
with meat and vegetables could 

3595
03:10:03,400 --> 03:10:06,500
cost several these vendors 
probably had very strong arms 

3596
03:10:06,500 --> 03:10:08,800
because they were lifting 
weights all day as part of their

3597
03:10:08,800 --> 03:10:11,200
job. 
Buying and selling, livestock 

3598
03:10:11,200 --> 03:10:13,900
was one of the most valuable 
ways to use bracelet money in 

3599
03:10:13,900 --> 03:10:16,800
everyday business. 
A cow could be worth dozens of 

3600
03:10:16,800 --> 03:10:19,800
heavy bracelets while a goat or 
sheep could be worth a few 

3601
03:10:19,800 --> 03:10:22,000
smaller ones. 
These deals often had a 

3602
03:10:22,008 --> 03:10:24,900
ceremonial field to them. 
For example, the buyer would 

3603
03:10:24,900 --> 03:10:27,600
show off their wealth by wearing
all the payment bracelets at 

3604
03:10:27,600 --> 03:10:29,300
once before giving them to the 
seller. 

3605
03:10:30,100 --> 03:10:32,400
Picture how impressive it would 
be to see someone walking 

3606
03:10:32,400 --> 03:10:34,600
through a market. 
With enough, metal coins to buy 

3607
03:10:34,600 --> 03:10:36,600
a cow. 
They would have sounded like a 

3608
03:10:36,608 --> 03:10:40,200
one-person percussion section. 
People who bought crafts, 

3609
03:10:40,200 --> 03:10:42,700
basically traded their skills 
for money that they could wear. 

3610
03:10:42,700 --> 03:10:45,900
The skilled Potter might trade a
set of cooking pots for a few 

3611
03:10:45,908 --> 03:10:49,000
bracelets, which they could wear
until they needed to buy more 

3612
03:10:49,000 --> 03:10:50,800
things. 
This led to some interesting 

3613
03:10:50,800 --> 03:10:53,800
situations where successful 
artists could become very 

3614
03:10:53,800 --> 03:10:56,600
wealthy. 
Shown by the heavy bracelets on 

3615
03:10:56,600 --> 03:10:58,900
their arms. 
In traditional African 

3616
03:10:58,900 --> 03:11:01,200
societies. 
People often paid for medical 

3617
03:11:01,200 --> 03:11:04,000
services with bracelet money. 
This made for interesting 

3618
03:11:04,000 --> 03:11:06,300
relationships between healers 
and their patients. 

3619
03:11:07,100 --> 03:11:10,100
If depending on how complicated 
the treatment was a traditional 

3620
03:11:10,100 --> 03:11:13,700
healer might charge different 
amounts, for example, serious 

3621
03:11:13,700 --> 03:11:16,100
illnesses might need a lot of 
money and heavy bracelets 

3622
03:11:16,100 --> 03:11:18,800
because they're income was 
directly tied to how well they 

3623
03:11:18,800 --> 03:11:21,800
treated patients. 
This system gave healers reasons

3624
03:11:21,800 --> 03:11:23,900
to keep their reputations and 
Effectiveness up. 

3625
03:11:24,700 --> 03:11:27,200
Bracelet money payments were 
often used to pay for school, 

3626
03:11:27,200 --> 03:11:31,000
especially for specialized 
training in trades or crafts. 

3627
03:11:31,000 --> 03:11:34,000
A young person learning metal, 
working weaving, or other useful

3628
03:11:34,000 --> 03:11:36,000
skills, might pay their teacher 
with bracelets. 

3629
03:11:36,000 --> 03:11:38,800
That their family has collected 
over time, this led to 

3630
03:11:38,800 --> 03:11:41,600
investment relationships were 
families would literally wear 

3631
03:11:41,600 --> 03:11:44,700
their children's educational 
savings on their arms until it 

3632
03:11:44,700 --> 03:11:48,400
was time to pay for school. 
In the past, when people had 

3633
03:11:48,400 --> 03:11:52,200
different ideas about property 
ownership housing transactions, 

3634
03:11:52,200 --> 03:11:55,000
sometimes involved bracelet 
money, you could use metal 

3635
03:11:55,000 --> 03:11:58,000
bracelets to pay for building 
materials, construction, work 

3636
03:11:58,000 --> 03:12:01,200
and rental agreements. 
However, because you needed so 

3637
03:12:01,200 --> 03:12:03,900
many of them, you often had to 
melt them down and make them 

3638
03:12:03,900 --> 03:12:07,400
into more useful shapes. 
The social aspects of buying 

3639
03:12:07,400 --> 03:12:10,000
things with bracelet money gave 
each purchase more meaning. 

3640
03:12:10,000 --> 03:12:13,300
When you took off your bracelets
to pay for something, you were 

3641
03:12:13,300 --> 03:12:15,700
telling the world about your 
wealth and what was important to

3642
03:12:15,700 --> 03:12:17,600
you. 
This visibility puts social 

3643
03:12:17,600 --> 03:12:20,900
pressure on people to spend 
wisely and show off their wealth

3644
03:12:20,900 --> 03:12:23,000
in a way that was appropriate 
for their social status. 

3645
03:12:24,200 --> 03:12:26,500
People started to shop at 
certain times of the year 

3646
03:12:26,500 --> 03:12:29,500
because of the way farming and 
trade worked in Cycles. 

3647
03:12:29,500 --> 03:12:32,400
Farmers would turn their crops 
into wearable wealth during 

3648
03:12:32,400 --> 03:12:35,200
Harvest Seasons which would lead
to more bracelet money 

3649
03:12:35,200 --> 03:12:38,100
circulating and markets during 
planting Seasons. 

3650
03:12:38,100 --> 03:12:40,600
The flow would change as people 
turn their stored bracelet 

3651
03:12:40,600 --> 03:12:44,500
wealth, back into seeds, tools 
and other things they needed for

3652
03:12:44,500 --> 03:12:47,800
the next growing season. 
Taking care of and maintaining 

3653
03:12:47,800 --> 03:12:50,900
bracelet money made its own mini
economy of services. 

3654
03:12:50,900 --> 03:12:54,700
Metal workers cleaned, fixed and
changed worn out or broken 

3655
03:12:54,700 --> 03:12:56,900
bracelets. 
They could also make larger 

3656
03:12:56,900 --> 03:13:00,100
bracelets out of smaller, ones 
or break larger bracelets into 

3657
03:13:00,100 --> 03:13:03,200
smaller ones as needed. 
These Services were necessary to

3658
03:13:03,200 --> 03:13:06,200
keep the currency system working
and gave skilled Craftsmen. 

3659
03:13:06,200 --> 03:13:09,400
A steady income different 
strategies were needed to store 

3660
03:13:09,400 --> 03:13:11,400
and protect bracelet money than 
modern money. 

3661
03:13:11,400 --> 03:13:13,500
Rich. 
People might have special boxes 

3662
03:13:13,500 --> 03:13:15,700
or cloths to keep their 
bracelets when they were wearing

3663
03:13:15,700 --> 03:13:18,600
them, but the safest place to 
keep them was usually on their 

3664
03:13:18,600 --> 03:13:20,700
own arms. 
This made for interesting, 

3665
03:13:20,700 --> 03:13:23,600
sleeping Arrangements going to 
bed with a lot of money on. 

3666
03:13:23,600 --> 03:13:26,400
You probably made for some 
uncomfortable nights but it was 

3667
03:13:26,400 --> 03:13:29,500
usually the safest Choice. 
Get even more comfortable and 

3668
03:13:29,500 --> 03:13:33,000
picture the steady rhythm of 
feet on Old Perthes, the slow 

3669
03:13:33,000 --> 03:13:37,200
plodding of Pac-Man's and the 
soft metallic music of thousands

3670
03:13:37,200 --> 03:13:39,700
of bracelets, moving with their 
wearers, along trade routes, 

3671
03:13:39,700 --> 03:13:40,900
that crossed the whole 
continent. 

3672
03:13:40,900 --> 03:13:44,300
These were random wandering. 
They were the arteries of a 

3673
03:13:44,300 --> 03:13:48,100
sophisticated economic system 
that Moved Goods ideas and 

3674
03:13:48,100 --> 03:13:50,800
bracelet money across distances 
that were challenged modern 

3675
03:13:50,800 --> 03:13:53,700
logistics companies. 
The spread of bracelet money 

3676
03:13:53,700 --> 03:13:55,300
along established trade routes 
happen. 

3677
03:13:55,300 --> 03:13:58,200
Naturally like water flowing 
along the path of least 

3678
03:13:58,200 --> 03:14:02,300
resistance traders, who are 
always practical quickly saw the

3679
03:14:02,300 --> 03:14:05,600
benefits of a currency, that was
easy to carry store and keep its

3680
03:14:05,600 --> 03:14:08,100
value across cultures. 
They not only carry their own 

3681
03:14:08,100 --> 03:14:11,200
bracelet, well, along their 
usual paths, but they also 

3682
03:14:11,200 --> 03:14:13,900
brought the idea of wearable 
money to new communities. 

3683
03:14:14,700 --> 03:14:18,000
The Swahili Coast with its 
advanced cities and large 

3684
03:14:18,000 --> 03:14:21,400
networks of Maritime trade 
became an important center for 

3685
03:14:21,400 --> 03:14:24,200
the flow of bracelet money. 
Indian Ocean trade brought 

3686
03:14:24,200 --> 03:14:28,000
together, Merchants from Arabia 
Persia, India and China. 

3687
03:14:28,700 --> 03:14:31,800
This made Cosmopolitan markets, 
where bracelet money competed 

3688
03:14:31,800 --> 03:14:34,000
with and worked well with other 
currency systems. 

3689
03:14:34,000 --> 03:14:36,400
The fact that bracelet money 
could be used in these 

3690
03:14:36,400 --> 03:14:39,200
Multicultural settings, showed 
that it was a good way to trade 

3691
03:14:39,200 --> 03:14:41,900
Coastal communities. 
May their own versions of 

3692
03:14:41,908 --> 03:14:44,600
bracelet money that showed how 
much they cared about the sea. 

3693
03:14:44,600 --> 03:14:47,700
These Coastal versions were 
often made from Alloys that were

3694
03:14:47,700 --> 03:14:50,800
less likely to corrode in salt 
are their designs sometimes 

3695
03:14:50,800 --> 03:14:54,800
included patterns related to sea
life or Maritime activities, a 

3696
03:14:54,800 --> 03:14:57,300
Trader coming from the interior 
with regular copper bracelets 

3697
03:14:57,300 --> 03:14:59,600
might trade them for these 
special Coastal ones before 

3698
03:14:59,600 --> 03:15:03,300
doing business at sea. 
Bracelet money was widely used 

3699
03:15:03,300 --> 03:15:05,900
in the Great Lakes region of 
East Africa because Lakes 

3700
03:15:05,900 --> 03:15:09,800
Victoria Tanganyika and others 
made it easy to move Goods by 

3701
03:15:09,800 --> 03:15:12,700
water canoe base trade, 
networks, brought bracelet 

3702
03:15:12,700 --> 03:15:16,600
money, Ivory iron goods and 
agricultural Goods to places 

3703
03:15:16,600 --> 03:15:20,000
where people fished farmed and 
traded these networks linked 

3704
03:15:20,000 --> 03:15:22,900
fishing communities with farming
areas and trading centers. 

3705
03:15:22,900 --> 03:15:26,100
Local Merchants must have been 
happy to see a loaded canoe. 

3706
03:15:26,100 --> 03:15:29,200
Pull up to a Lakeside Market 
with its passengers wearing the 

3707
03:15:29,200 --> 03:15:31,200
musical. 
Wealth of many trading trips. 

3708
03:15:32,000 --> 03:15:34,900
In mining areas. 
People had special relationships

3709
03:15:34,900 --> 03:15:38,100
with bracelet money that went 
beyond, just using it as money. 

3710
03:15:38,100 --> 03:15:41,100
People who live near iron 
deposits often made Iron 

3711
03:15:41,100 --> 03:15:42,800
bracelets. 
That could be used for two 

3712
03:15:42,800 --> 03:15:46,700
things as money, when worn. 
And as tools, or weapons were 

3713
03:15:46,700 --> 03:15:49,500
needed, iron, bracelets were, 
especially useful in Frontier 

3714
03:15:49,500 --> 03:15:52,300
areas, where useful tools were 
just as important as money. 

3715
03:15:53,400 --> 03:15:55,300
Spread of Islam. 
Along trade routes made it 

3716
03:15:55,300 --> 03:15:56,900
interesting to use bracelet 
money. 

3717
03:15:56,900 --> 03:16:00,400
Islamic law had strict rules 
about usury and money exchange. 

3718
03:16:00,400 --> 03:16:03,000
That didn't always match up with
How African currencies were 

3719
03:16:03,000 --> 03:16:06,600
usually used, but bracelet money
is intrinsic value and ability 

3720
03:16:06,600 --> 03:16:08,300
to be both a commodity and a 
currency. 

3721
03:16:08,300 --> 03:16:11,800
Made it more adaptable to 
Islamic commercial law than 

3722
03:16:11,800 --> 03:16:16,400
purely symbolic currencies. 
In agricultural areas people 

3723
03:16:16,400 --> 03:16:19,500
used bracelet money in ways that
match the seasons of their 

3724
03:16:19,500 --> 03:16:22,500
farming Farmers would turn, 
stored bracelet, wealth into 

3725
03:16:22,500 --> 03:16:25,100
seeds, tools and labor, during 
planting Seasons. 

3726
03:16:25,100 --> 03:16:28,100
They would gather bracelets by 
selling extra crops during the 

3727
03:16:28,100 --> 03:16:30,500
Harvest traders who had been 
doing this for a while. 

3728
03:16:30,500 --> 03:16:33,600
And to expect and take advantage
of these predictable flows of 

3729
03:16:33,600 --> 03:16:36,500
money. 
Setting up permanent markets at 

3730
03:16:36,500 --> 03:16:39,500
key points along trade routes 
created places where people 

3731
03:16:39,500 --> 03:16:43,000
could trade bracelet money, 
which was almost like modern 

3732
03:16:43,000 --> 03:16:46,300
foreign exchange markets, these 
markets let Traders switch 

3733
03:16:46,300 --> 03:16:48,700
between different Regional 
styles of bracelet money. 

3734
03:16:48,700 --> 03:16:51,600
Making sure that their money 
would be accepted no matter 

3735
03:16:51,600 --> 03:16:54,100
where they went next. 
The exchange rates between 

3736
03:16:54,100 --> 03:16:57,100
different types of bracelets 
were based on complicated math, 

3737
03:16:57,100 --> 03:17:00,000
that took into account, the 
quality of the metal, the 

3738
03:17:00,000 --> 03:17:03,000
quality of the craftsmanship and
the preferences of the region. 

3739
03:17:04,000 --> 03:17:07,000
Royal courts along major trade 
routes often got a lot of 

3740
03:17:07,000 --> 03:17:08,800
bracelet money from tribute 
taxes. 

3741
03:17:08,800 --> 03:17:11,500
And trade these collections have
many uses. 

3742
03:17:11,500 --> 03:17:15,400
They were stores of wealth 
symbols of power and practical 

3743
03:17:15,400 --> 03:17:18,100
reserves that could be used to 
pay for military campaigns or 

3744
03:17:18,100 --> 03:17:21,000
Public Works projects seeing 
Royal regalia. 

3745
03:17:21,000 --> 03:17:23,400
With hundreds of expensive 
bracelets would have shown off 

3746
03:17:23,400 --> 03:17:25,900
both and cultural sophistication
in a big way. 

3747
03:17:27,100 --> 03:17:29,900
The use of bracelet money to 
create Credit Systems, showed 

3748
03:17:29,900 --> 03:17:33,700
how advanced African business, 
practices were trusted Traders, 

3749
03:17:33,700 --> 03:17:35,900
could often get Goods by 
promising, to pay in bracelets 

3750
03:17:35,900 --> 03:17:38,900
at a later date. 
This created debt relationships 

3751
03:17:38,900 --> 03:17:41,000
that made it easier to trade 
over long distances. 

3752
03:17:41,000 --> 03:17:44,000
These credit Arrangements needed
a level of knowledge about 

3753
03:17:44,000 --> 03:17:47,400
market conditions, trade, a 
reputations and currency values 

3754
03:17:47,400 --> 03:17:50,800
that was on par with what you 
would find in modern European or

3755
03:17:50,800 --> 03:17:53,800
middle eastern business centers.
There was a lot of bracelet 

3756
03:17:53,800 --> 03:17:57,000
money going around on pilgrimage
routes, especially those used, 

3757
03:17:57,000 --> 03:18:00,200
by Muslims, going to, and from 
Mecca, pilgrims needed money 

3758
03:18:00,200 --> 03:18:02,800
that they could carry with them.
And that would keep its value 

3759
03:18:02,800 --> 03:18:05,800
while they traveled bracelet. 
Money was perfect for this 

3760
03:18:05,800 --> 03:18:07,600
during certain times of the 
year. 

3761
03:18:07,600 --> 03:18:10,300
A lot of pilgrims would come 
together and this would create 

3762
03:18:10,300 --> 03:18:12,900
temporary markets, where 
bracelet money from all over the

3763
03:18:12,900 --> 03:18:16,200
world would be shown and traded 
The use of bracelet money in 

3764
03:18:16,200 --> 03:18:19,200
diplomacy gave it a new 
dimension as it spread along 

3765
03:18:19,200 --> 03:18:22,400
trade routes to start or keep 
political relationships. 

3766
03:18:22,400 --> 03:18:25,300
Rulers often sent each other 
elaborate bracelets as gifts. 

3767
03:18:26,100 --> 03:18:28,900
These diplomatic gifts helped 
make designs and values more 

3768
03:18:28,900 --> 03:18:30,400
consistent across different 
areas. 

3769
03:18:30,400 --> 03:18:33,700
A very beautiful set of 
diplomatic bracelets could set 

3770
03:18:33,700 --> 03:18:36,600
design trends that would last 
for generations and affect local

3771
03:18:36,600 --> 03:18:39,500
Craftsmen. 
In many cases, the borders 

3772
03:18:39,500 --> 03:18:41,800
between different political 
groups, became places where 

3773
03:18:41,800 --> 03:18:45,300
people could trade and change 
bracelet money in this place. 

3774
03:18:45,300 --> 03:18:48,400
Bracelets from one area could be
melted down and made into Stiles

3775
03:18:48,400 --> 03:18:50,000
that were more popular. 
In nearby areas. 

3776
03:18:50,000 --> 03:18:52,900
These border markets were places
where different cultures and 

3777
03:18:52,900 --> 03:18:56,200
economies could mix and share 
ideas about how to design and 

3778
03:18:56,200 --> 03:18:59,100
use bracelet money. 
Get ready for a more thoughtful 

3779
03:18:59,100 --> 03:19:02,400
part of our story, by pouring 
yourself, another cup of tea, 

3780
03:19:02,400 --> 03:19:05,900
every currency system, no matter
how well it works or how well it

3781
03:19:05,900 --> 03:19:09,500
fits will eventually run into 
problems that test its strength.

3782
03:19:09,500 --> 03:19:13,100
The era of bracelet money was no
different and the factors that 

3783
03:19:13,100 --> 03:19:15,900
caused its slow decline reveal 
as much about the evolving 

3784
03:19:15,900 --> 03:19:19,700
nature of African societies as 
its emergence illustrates their 

3785
03:19:19,700 --> 03:19:23,200
historical sophistication. 
The end of bracelet money wasn't

3786
03:19:23,200 --> 03:19:26,300
sudden or terrible. 
It was more like watching a 

3787
03:19:26,300 --> 03:19:29,000
Tides slowly. 
Go out leaving behind signs of 

3788
03:19:29,008 --> 03:19:32,300
its presence while slowly giving
way to New Economic realities. 

3789
03:19:32,300 --> 03:19:36,200
This change happened over the 
course of several centuries from

3790
03:19:36,200 --> 03:19:40,200
the 1400s to the 1800s. 
It was caused by a complicated 

3791
03:19:40,200 --> 03:19:44,200
mix of technological advances, 
political changes and outside 

3792
03:19:44,200 --> 03:19:48,200
forces that change African 
economies, European contact with

3793
03:19:48,200 --> 03:19:52,200
Africa, started in the 1400s 
along the coasts and brought new

3794
03:19:52,200 --> 03:19:54,300
types of money. 
That competed with older 

3795
03:19:54,300 --> 03:19:57,700
systems, European Traders, 
brought, silver coins, gold 

3796
03:19:57,700 --> 03:20:00,800
pieces, and later things that 
were made by people that could 

3797
03:20:00,800 --> 03:20:03,600
be used as trade goods. 
These new currencies were 

3798
03:20:03,600 --> 03:20:05,900
better. 
In some situations, for example,

3799
03:20:05,900 --> 03:20:08,400
they were often lighter than 
bracelet money for the same 

3800
03:20:08,400 --> 03:20:12,000
value and they were easy to use 
in global markets that African 

3801
03:20:12,000 --> 03:20:15,400
Traders were becoming more 
interested in, The Atlantic 

3802
03:20:15,400 --> 03:20:19,100
slave trade, which was very sad.
Also messed up traditional 

3803
03:20:19,100 --> 03:20:22,200
currency systems by making 
people want different kinds of 

3804
03:20:22,200 --> 03:20:24,800
trade goods. 
European slave Traders, often 

3805
03:20:24,800 --> 03:20:27,900
like to trade in things that 
were made like textiles guns and

3806
03:20:27,900 --> 03:20:30,200
alcohol. 
Instead of traditional African 

3807
03:20:30,200 --> 03:20:32,700
currencies. 
This change in trade patterns, 

3808
03:20:32,700 --> 03:20:35,500
slowly, made bracelet money, 
less useful, in coastal areas 

3809
03:20:35,500 --> 03:20:37,600
where Europeans had the most 
contact. 

3810
03:20:38,400 --> 03:20:41,100
Changes in technology and 
Metallurgy and Manufacturing 

3811
03:20:41,100 --> 03:20:44,000
started to have an effect on the
economics of making bracelet 

3812
03:20:44,000 --> 03:20:45,200
money. 
As European. 

3813
03:20:45,200 --> 03:20:48,300
Industrial methods became 
available, the cost advantage of

3814
03:20:48,300 --> 03:20:50,800
traditional African metal 
working started to go away. 

3815
03:20:50,800 --> 03:20:54,200
Handmade bracelets often cost 
more than mass-produced Metal 

3816
03:20:54,200 --> 03:20:56,500
Goods. 
So bracelet money wasn't as good

3817
03:20:56,500 --> 03:20:59,500
of a store of value. 
In many parts of Africa, 

3818
03:20:59,500 --> 03:21:03,200
centralized political systems 
grew, which made people want 

3819
03:21:03,200 --> 03:21:06,700
more standard currency systems 
when kingdoms and Empires were 

3820
03:21:06,700 --> 03:21:08,000
trying to strengthen their 
power. 

3821
03:21:08,000 --> 03:21:11,300
They often liked currencies that
they could control and regulate 

3822
03:21:11,300 --> 03:21:13,800
more easily, than the 
traditional bracelet money 

3823
03:21:13,800 --> 03:21:16,200
systems that had grown up 
naturally through trade. 

3824
03:21:16,200 --> 03:21:19,300
Networks rulers, had more direct
control over their economies 

3825
03:21:19,300 --> 03:21:20,800
when they used government-issued
money. 

3826
03:21:21,500 --> 03:21:24,200
Changes in religion, like the 
spread of Christianity, through 

3827
03:21:24,200 --> 03:21:27,700
missionary work sometimes, put 
cultural pressure on people to 

3828
03:21:27,700 --> 03:21:30,400
stop doing things like using 
bracelet money. 

3829
03:21:30,400 --> 03:21:33,200
Some missionaries were wary of 
traditional African practices 

3830
03:21:33,200 --> 03:21:36,400
and urge their converts to adopt
European style economic 

3831
03:21:36,400 --> 03:21:39,400
practices, including the use of 
European currency. 

3832
03:21:40,600 --> 03:21:43,400
As African economies became part
of global trade networks. 

3833
03:21:43,400 --> 03:21:47,100
There was a need for currencies.
That could easily be exchanged 

3834
03:21:47,100 --> 03:21:49,300
in international markets 
bracelet. 

3835
03:21:49,300 --> 03:21:52,300
Money worked, well for trade 
between African countries, but 

3836
03:21:52,300 --> 03:21:54,300
it wasn't as useful. 
For trade between countries 

3837
03:21:54,300 --> 03:21:55,800
where European and Middle 
Eastern. 

3838
03:21:55,800 --> 03:21:58,600
Currencies were becoming 
standard people who wanted to 

3839
03:21:58,600 --> 03:22:00,600
trade in global markets needed 
money. 

3840
03:22:00,600 --> 03:22:03,100
That would be accepted in London
Paris or Cairo. 

3841
03:22:03,100 --> 03:22:05,700
A cities grew in many parts of 
Africa. 

3842
03:22:05,700 --> 03:22:09,000
The economy changed in ways that
weren't as good for bracelet 

3843
03:22:09,000 --> 03:22:12,100
money in cities with a lot of 
people where people worked in 

3844
03:22:12,108 --> 03:22:15,000
more specialized jobs and didn't
have as much direct contact with

3845
03:22:15,000 --> 03:22:18,600
farming Cycles, the seasonal 
patterns of bracelet, money used

3846
03:22:18,600 --> 03:22:21,900
became less important people who
lived in cities, often liked 

3847
03:22:21,900 --> 03:22:24,900
currencies, that were easier to 
store and move around in small 

3848
03:22:24,900 --> 03:22:27,700
spaces. 
As Banking and Credit Systems 

3849
03:22:27,700 --> 03:22:31,200
based on European models. 
Grew they slowly took over some 

3850
03:22:31,200 --> 03:22:34,300
of the jobs that bracelet money 
used to do these new Banks, 

3851
03:22:34,300 --> 03:22:37,000
could give out loans. 
Keep money safe and make it 

3852
03:22:37,000 --> 03:22:40,300
easier to do business over long 
distances, which was often 

3853
03:22:40,300 --> 03:22:43,700
better than the old bracelet 
money systems specially for big 

3854
03:22:43,700 --> 03:22:46,600
businesses. 
When colonial governments came 

3855
03:22:46,600 --> 03:22:50,300
to different parts of Africa, 
they actively tried to get rid 

3856
03:22:50,300 --> 03:22:53,800
of traditional currency systems 
in favor of colonial currencies 

3857
03:22:53,800 --> 03:22:55,400
that were easier to control and 
tax. 

3858
03:22:55,400 --> 03:22:58,100
Colonial governments had strong 
reasons to get rid of 

3859
03:22:58,100 --> 03:23:00,900
traditional currencies that they
didn't directly supervise or 

3860
03:23:00,900 --> 03:23:04,500
control, the drop wasn't the 
same in every area or Community 

3861
03:23:04,500 --> 03:23:09,000
people in rural areas, places 
with few European contacts and 

3862
03:23:09,000 --> 03:23:11,300
places where traditional 
political systems were still 

3863
03:23:11,308 --> 03:23:13,900
strong. 
Often used bracelet money long 

3864
03:23:13,900 --> 03:23:15,900
after it disappeared from 
coastal cities. 

3865
03:23:15,900 --> 03:23:18,500
Some communities kept two types 
of money. 

3866
03:23:19,200 --> 03:23:21,800
Bracelet money for everyday 
transactions and newer 

3867
03:23:21,800 --> 03:23:23,700
currencies for trading with 
other markets. 

3868
03:23:24,600 --> 03:23:27,200
Same durability that made 
bracelet money, such a good 

3869
03:23:27,208 --> 03:23:30,100
currency. 
Also meant that examples kept 

3870
03:23:30,100 --> 03:23:34,100
going around long after nuanced.
Stopped being made for decades. 

3871
03:23:34,100 --> 03:23:35,600
After they stopped being made as
money. 

3872
03:23:35,608 --> 03:23:38,800
People could reuse meltdown or 
passed down old bracelets. 

3873
03:23:38,800 --> 03:23:41,900
This made the bracelet money 
systems useful for a long time. 

3874
03:23:41,900 --> 03:23:45,300
After they stopped being made, 
it wasn't always easy or welcome

3875
03:23:45,300 --> 03:23:48,500
to stop using bracelet money. 
A lot of communities had strong 

3876
03:23:48,500 --> 03:23:52,100
cultural ties to their old money
systems and the loss of bracelet

3877
03:23:52,100 --> 03:23:54,400
money was more than just a 
change in the economy. 

3878
03:23:54,400 --> 03:23:57,800
It was the loss of traditions 
that had linked communities to 

3879
03:23:57,800 --> 03:23:59,200
their ancestors and to each 
other. 

3880
03:23:59,200 --> 03:24:02,200
It was often harder to find a 
replacement for bracelet, money,

3881
03:24:02,200 --> 03:24:05,400
social and ceremonial uses than 
for its purely economic ones. 

3882
03:24:06,100 --> 03:24:08,900
Some groups tried to keep 
bracelet money systems going by 

3883
03:24:08,900 --> 03:24:10,800
making changes to fit new 
situations. 

3884
03:24:10,800 --> 03:24:13,900
They could keep making bracelets
for ceremonial use while 

3885
03:24:13,900 --> 03:24:15,900
switching to newer currencies 
for every day business. 

3886
03:24:15,900 --> 03:24:18,800
Well, they could change 
traditional designs to use new 

3887
03:24:18,800 --> 03:24:21,300
materials or techniques that 
made them more competitive with 

3888
03:24:21,300 --> 03:24:24,200
imported options as demand for 
Quality bracelet money. 

3889
03:24:24,200 --> 03:24:26,800
Went down the skills and 
knowledge needed to make. 

3890
03:24:26,800 --> 03:24:29,800
It started to fade away. 
Master craftsmen who had spent 

3891
03:24:29,800 --> 03:24:32,800
their whole lives, perfecting 
traditional skills, found it 

3892
03:24:32,800 --> 03:24:35,600
harder to find apprentices who 
wanted to learn skills that 

3893
03:24:35,600 --> 03:24:38,500
seemed to be going out of style.
This loss of technical 

3894
03:24:38,500 --> 03:24:40,700
knowledge, was a kind of 
cultural loss that went far 

3895
03:24:40,700 --> 03:24:44,000
beyond just money. 
As you sip your bedtime drink. 

3896
03:24:44,000 --> 03:24:45,900
And maybe look at the jewelry on
your wrists. 

3897
03:24:45,900 --> 03:24:49,200
Think about this. 
Amazing fact, the traditions and

3898
03:24:49,200 --> 03:24:52,400
new ideas that led to bracelet 
money didn't just go away when 

3899
03:24:52,400 --> 03:24:55,600
the currency itself stopped 
being used like all truly 

3900
03:24:55,600 --> 03:24:58,700
important human inventions 
bracelet money left behind marks

3901
03:24:58,700 --> 03:25:01,500
that still have an impact on 
African societies and Global 

3902
03:25:01,500 --> 03:25:03,700
culture. 
In ways that may surprise you 

3903
03:25:03,700 --> 03:25:06,800
the metalworking Traditions that
made bracelet money. 

3904
03:25:06,800 --> 03:25:09,900
Didn't die out. 
They changed and grew. 

3905
03:25:09,900 --> 03:25:12,900
Many of the methods used to make
currency bracelets will also 

3906
03:25:12,900 --> 03:25:16,500
used to make decorative jewelry 
ceremonial items and works of 

3907
03:25:16,500 --> 03:25:18,900
art. 
Modern African metalsmiths still

3908
03:25:18,900 --> 03:25:21,500
used techniques that can be 
traced back to The Artisans who 

3909
03:25:21,500 --> 03:25:23,900
made jewelry that medieval 
Traders could wear as well. 

3910
03:25:25,000 --> 03:25:27,900
There are clear links between 
modern African jewelry style and

3911
03:25:27,900 --> 03:25:29,500
old bracelet. 
Money Styles. 

3912
03:25:29,500 --> 03:25:32,800
Many African cultures today 
prefer big meaningful jewelry. 

3913
03:25:32,800 --> 03:25:35,800
This is because jewelry and 
wealth used to be the same 

3914
03:25:35,800 --> 03:25:38,300
thing. 
The heavy Bangles, fancy armlets

3915
03:25:38,300 --> 03:25:40,600
and big necklaces that are 
popular all over Africa. 

3916
03:25:40,600 --> 03:25:44,000
Today a similar to the design 
ideas that made bracelet money, 

3917
03:25:44,000 --> 03:25:48,500
both useful and pretty in modern
Africa, where the economy is 

3918
03:25:48,500 --> 03:25:50,200
unstable and there aren't many 
banks. 

3919
03:25:50,200 --> 03:25:52,600
The idea of portable wealth is 
still important. 

3920
03:25:52,600 --> 03:25:55,900
Traditional Western Financial 
systems aren't as reliable. 

3921
03:25:56,700 --> 03:25:59,700
Many African communities still, 
like to keep their money in 

3922
03:25:59,700 --> 03:26:03,000
forms, that are easy to move 
last a long time and keep their 

3923
03:26:03,000 --> 03:26:04,700
value. 
Even when the economy or 

3924
03:26:04,700 --> 03:26:08,800
politics change, for example, 
gold jewelry today, does many of

3925
03:26:08,808 --> 03:26:11,600
the same things that bracelet 
money did hundreds of years ago.

3926
03:26:12,400 --> 03:26:14,200
Many cultural ceremonies in 
Africa. 

3927
03:26:14,200 --> 03:26:16,500
Include things that are clearly 
based on bracelet money. 

3928
03:26:16,500 --> 03:26:19,000
Traditions people often wear or 
giveaway. 

3929
03:26:19,000 --> 03:26:22,300
Big metal jewelry at weddings 
Coming of Age, ceremonies and 

3930
03:26:22,300 --> 03:26:25,500
religious celebrations. 
This jewelry has symbolic 

3931
03:26:25,500 --> 03:26:28,700
meanings related to wealth 
status and being part of a 

3932
03:26:28,700 --> 03:26:30,900
community. 
These Traditions, keep the 

3933
03:26:30,900 --> 03:26:33,700
social and ceremonial roles that
bracelet money used to have in 

3934
03:26:33,700 --> 03:26:37,000
African cultures. 
With more people interested in 

3935
03:26:37,000 --> 03:26:39,300
traditional African culture, 
bracelet money. 

3936
03:26:39,300 --> 03:26:42,600
Is once again being appreciated 
as both a historical artifact 

3937
03:26:42,600 --> 03:26:46,500
and an artistic inspiration, 
modern African artists often 

3938
03:26:46,500 --> 03:26:49,500
used bracelet money designs in 
their jewelry making peace. 

3939
03:26:49,500 --> 03:26:52,600
Is that connect whereas to their
cultural heritage while also 

3940
03:26:52,600 --> 03:26:55,900
looking good museums all over 
Africa and the world now see 

3941
03:26:55,900 --> 03:26:59,300
bracelet money as important 
cultural objects that should be 

3942
03:26:59,300 --> 03:27:02,900
preserved and studied. 
When creating alternatives to 

3943
03:27:02,900 --> 03:27:06,100
traditional banking, some 
economic development programs, 

3944
03:27:06,100 --> 03:27:08,900
in modern Africa, look to 
traditional systems like 

3945
03:27:08,900 --> 03:27:12,200
bracelet money for ideas 
microfinance programs Community,

3946
03:27:12,200 --> 03:27:15,100
Savings groups and local 
currency initiatives frequently.

3947
03:27:15,100 --> 03:27:18,400
Embodied principles of 
portability Community governance

3948
03:27:18,400 --> 03:27:21,700
and intrinsic value, that 
defined effective traditional 

3949
03:27:21,700 --> 03:27:25,100
currency systems. 
The archaeological examination 

3950
03:27:25,100 --> 03:27:27,200
of bracelet. 
Money sites has yielded 

3951
03:27:27,200 --> 03:27:29,700
significant insights into 
African economic history and 

3952
03:27:29,700 --> 03:27:32,600
technological advancement. 
These Studies have shown that 

3953
03:27:32,600 --> 03:27:35,300
African societies and their 
economies were more advanced 

3954
03:27:35,300 --> 03:27:38,400
than previously thought. 
Going against the idea that 

3955
03:27:38,400 --> 03:27:40,200
Africa was economically 
primitive. 

3956
03:27:40,200 --> 03:27:43,500
Before Europeans came into 
contact with it bracelet, money 

3957
03:27:43,500 --> 03:27:46,200
is proof of how smart and 
creative Africans are when it 

3958
03:27:46,200 --> 03:27:49,300
comes to business. 
As part of a larger effort to 

3959
03:27:49,300 --> 03:27:52,600
connect young people with their 
cultural heritage schools, all 

3960
03:27:52,600 --> 03:27:54,600
over Africa. 
Now, teach about bracelet, money

3961
03:27:54,600 --> 03:27:57,600
students, learn to appreciate 
the depth and complexity of 

3962
03:27:57,600 --> 03:28:01,100
African civilizations and 
develop pride in their cultural 

3963
03:28:01,100 --> 03:28:04,100
heritage when they learn about 
traditional economic systems. 

3964
03:28:04,100 --> 03:28:07,300
These programs often, let you 
try out traditional metalworking

3965
03:28:07,300 --> 03:28:10,400
techniques for yourself. 
In many parts of Africa 

3966
03:28:10,400 --> 03:28:12,800
bracelet, money. 
History is now a part of 

3967
03:28:12,800 --> 03:28:16,000
cultural heritage tours. 
While buying modern copies of 

3968
03:28:16,000 --> 03:28:19,400
old bracelet money designs 
visitors can learn about how 

3969
03:28:19,400 --> 03:28:21,400
traditional African economies 
worked. 

3970
03:28:21,400 --> 03:28:24,500
This kind of Tourism helps, 
local artists, and lets people 

3971
03:28:24,500 --> 03:28:26,500
all over the world, learn about 
African culture. 

3972
03:28:27,800 --> 03:28:29,600
Kemetic research on bracelet 
money. 

3973
03:28:29,600 --> 03:28:32,300
Has enhanced the comprehension 
of the evolution and operation 

3974
03:28:32,300 --> 03:28:35,900
of currency systems economists 
and anthropologists examined. 

3975
03:28:35,900 --> 03:28:38,400
Bracelet money as a case study 
of house, societies can 

3976
03:28:38,400 --> 03:28:41,900
establish complex Financial 
systems devoid of centralized 

3977
03:28:41,900 --> 03:28:44,900
Authority or governmental 
oversight these studies offer, 

3978
03:28:44,900 --> 03:28:47,800
insights pertinent to current 
dialogues, regarding alternative

3979
03:28:47,800 --> 03:28:50,300
currencies and decentralized 
financial systems. 

3980
03:28:51,000 --> 03:28:53,600
When creating programs for 
communities that don't have 

3981
03:28:53,600 --> 03:28:56,400
access to regular Banks, 
International development 

3982
03:28:56,400 --> 03:28:59,800
organizations have looked at 
traditional African currency 

3983
03:28:59,800 --> 03:29:02,700
systems like bracelet money. 
Development workers can make 

3984
03:29:02,700 --> 03:29:05,600
programs that are more likely to
work by learning how traditional

3985
03:29:05,600 --> 03:29:09,400
systems worked in just using 
Western Financial models. 

3986
03:29:10,100 --> 03:29:13,100
Bracelet money has an aesthetic 
impact, that goes beyond Africa 

3987
03:29:13,100 --> 03:29:16,600
because African people live all 
over the world and people all 

3988
03:29:16,600 --> 03:29:18,500
over the world. 
Appreciate African art and 

3989
03:29:18,500 --> 03:29:20,600
design. 
Modern jewelry designers all 

3990
03:29:20,600 --> 03:29:22,300
over the world. 
Get ideas from traditional 

3991
03:29:22,300 --> 03:29:25,300
African metal work, like 
bracelet money designs, they 

3992
03:29:25,300 --> 03:29:27,800
make modern pieces that keep the
old Styles alive. 

3993
03:29:27,800 --> 03:29:30,200
Some of the new technologies in 
Africa. 

3994
03:29:30,200 --> 03:29:32,800
Today are based on the same 
ideas that made bracelet money. 

3995
03:29:32,800 --> 03:29:35,900
Work mobile money, systems, for 
instance, share bracelet, 

3996
03:29:35,900 --> 03:29:39,800
money's, focus on being easy to 
carry giving users control and 

3997
03:29:39,800 --> 03:29:41,800
not relying on a central banking
system. 

3998
03:29:41,800 --> 03:29:45,400
Even though the technology is 
very different, the ideas behind

3999
03:29:45,400 --> 03:29:47,600
user empowerment and 
decentralized control. 

4000
03:29:47,600 --> 03:29:50,800
A similar to the Democratic 
nature of traditional bracelet 

4001
03:29:50,800 --> 03:29:54,200
money systems. 
Modern African fashion is using 

4002
03:29:54,200 --> 03:29:56,800
more and more elements from 
traditional bracelet. 

4003
03:29:56,800 --> 03:30:00,100
Money designs fashion designers 
all over the continent, make 

4004
03:30:00,100 --> 03:30:02,800
clothes and accessories that are
inspired by the geometric 

4005
03:30:02,800 --> 03:30:06,400
patterns metallic finishes and 
big shapes that were common on 

4006
03:30:06,400 --> 03:30:09,200
Old currency bracelets. 
This fashion movement, helps 

4007
03:30:09,200 --> 03:30:11,500
keep traditional Stars alive in 
today's world. 

4008
03:30:11,500 --> 03:30:14,300
While also making new ways for 
people to express themselves. 

4009
03:30:14,300 --> 03:30:18,700
Culturally The examination of 
bracelet money has shaped 

4010
03:30:18,700 --> 03:30:21,800
contemporary comprehension of 
African economic history, 

4011
03:30:21,800 --> 03:30:25,200
contributing to a more precise 
depiction of the continents 

4012
03:30:25,200 --> 03:30:28,100
commercial sophistication prior 
to European colonization. 

4013
03:30:28,100 --> 03:30:32,000
This scholarship has been very 
important in fighting racist 

4014
03:30:32,000 --> 03:30:34,100
stories about what Africans can 
do and have done. 

4015
03:30:34,100 --> 03:30:37,300
It has shown that Africans have 
come up with new ways to do 

4016
03:30:37,300 --> 03:30:40,800
business, work with metals and 
trade over long distances. 

4017
03:30:41,700 --> 03:30:45,200
When making modern institutions 
Community groups in Africa, 

4018
03:30:45,200 --> 03:30:47,800
sometimes use symbolic parts 
from bracelet money. 

4019
03:30:47,800 --> 03:30:51,000
Traditions Credit Unions 
Cooperative societies and 

4020
03:30:51,008 --> 03:30:54,000
Community Development groups, 
may use images or ceremonies 

4021
03:30:54,000 --> 03:30:57,100
that refer to old ways of 
organizing the economy and 

4022
03:30:57,100 --> 03:31:00,400
communities linking their modern
goals to those of the past. 

4023
03:31:01,400 --> 03:31:04,200
The environmental lessons of 
bracelet, money are still 

4024
03:31:04,200 --> 03:31:07,400
important when talking about how
to grow the economy in a way 

4025
03:31:07,400 --> 03:31:08,700
that is good for the 
environment. 

4026
03:31:08,700 --> 03:31:12,000
Modern disposable consumer 
culture is very different from 

4027
03:31:12,000 --> 03:31:14,900
traditional African currency 
systems, which focused on 

4028
03:31:14,900 --> 03:31:19,500
durability recyclability. 
And using local materials, these

4029
03:31:19,500 --> 03:31:22,900
historical instances serve as a 
catalyst for modern initiatives 

4030
03:31:22,900 --> 03:31:25,600
aimed at fostering more 
sustainable economic practices. 

4031
03:31:26,600 --> 03:31:29,900
As your evening becomes more 
peaceful and your body adjusts 

4032
03:31:29,900 --> 03:31:31,300
to the soothing rhythms of 
sleep. 

4033
03:31:31,300 --> 03:31:35,000
Let's look into the deep meaning
of bracelet money that go beyond

4034
03:31:35,000 --> 03:31:37,600
just buying and selling this old
system of money. 

4035
03:31:37,600 --> 03:31:40,900
Gives us a look into human 
nature, how societies are set up

4036
03:31:40,908 --> 03:31:42,900
and the link between Beauty and 
usefulness. 

4037
03:31:42,900 --> 03:31:46,300
That is still as true today, as 
it was 1,000 years ago. 

4038
03:31:47,400 --> 03:31:49,900
Bracelet money is a 
fundamentally different way of 

4039
03:31:49,900 --> 03:31:52,600
Designing currency than what we 
are used to today. 

4040
03:31:52,600 --> 03:31:55,600
It combines aesthetic Beauty 
with practical function. 

4041
03:31:55,600 --> 03:31:59,700
Modern money is only a symbol. 
Its physical form, has nothing 

4042
03:31:59,700 --> 03:32:02,000
to do with its value. 
Bracelet money. 

4043
03:32:02,000 --> 03:32:05,200
On the other hand showed its 
worth in both its material form 

4044
03:32:05,200 --> 03:32:08,300
and its artistic achievement. 
This integration implies 

4045
03:32:08,300 --> 03:32:11,300
societies that esteemed Beauty 
as fundamental rather than 

4046
03:32:11,300 --> 03:32:15,300
Superfluous, where utilitarian 
items were anticipated to be 

4047
03:32:15,300 --> 03:32:18,100
aesthetically pleasing in 
addition to fulfilling their 

4048
03:32:18,100 --> 03:32:21,800
purpose. 
The bracelet money, that made 

4049
03:32:21,800 --> 03:32:25,200
wealth visible to others had 
complicated effects on people's 

4050
03:32:25,200 --> 03:32:27,300
minds and behavior bracelet 
money. 

4051
03:32:27,300 --> 03:32:30,000
Made it clear to everyone in the
community what their economic 

4052
03:32:30,000 --> 03:32:32,800
status was. 
Modern banking systems. 

4053
03:32:32,800 --> 03:32:35,400
On the other hand can hide 
economic inequality, behind 

4054
03:32:35,400 --> 03:32:37,800
privacy laws and complicated 
financial instruments. 

4055
03:32:37,800 --> 03:32:41,100
This openness could put social 
pressure on people, to be both 

4056
03:32:41,100 --> 03:32:44,000
generous and responsible. 
It was hard to ignore poverty 

4057
03:32:44,000 --> 03:32:47,200
when wealth was literally on 
display and it was just as hard 

4058
03:32:47,200 --> 03:32:50,100
to get rich without taking on 
social obligations to share it. 

4059
03:32:51,000 --> 03:32:54,100
The physical link between people
and their money that bracelet 

4060
03:32:54,100 --> 03:32:56,900
money needed made people have 
different relationships with 

4061
03:32:56,900 --> 03:33:00,200
money than abstract Financial 
systems did when your money had 

4062
03:33:00,200 --> 03:33:04,500
weight texture and temperature. 
When you could feel it move with

4063
03:33:04,508 --> 03:33:08,300
your body and hear it chime with
your gestures money, became a 

4064
03:33:08,300 --> 03:33:10,900
more physical experience than 
the numbers on bank statements 

4065
03:33:10,900 --> 03:33:14,200
or digital displays that show 
how much money you have now. 

4066
03:33:15,200 --> 03:33:18,300
Bracelet money systems are 
democratic, which goes against 

4067
03:33:18,300 --> 03:33:20,800
what, most people think about, 
how currencies grow and work. 

4068
03:33:20,800 --> 03:33:24,200
African communities made their 
own money systems that worked 

4069
03:33:24,200 --> 03:33:25,900
across large areas and different
cultures. 

4070
03:33:25,900 --> 03:33:28,800
Even though there were no 
central banks, government 

4071
03:33:28,800 --> 03:33:31,500
oversight or standard minting 
facilities. 

4072
03:33:31,500 --> 03:33:34,400
This success shows that 
Grassroots cooperation and 

4073
03:33:34,400 --> 03:33:38,100
shared cultural values can lead 
to effective, monetary systems, 

4074
03:33:38,100 --> 03:33:40,600
not just top-down institutional 
control. 

4075
03:33:41,600 --> 03:33:44,800
Craftsmanship was important in 
making bracelet money because it

4076
03:33:44,800 --> 03:33:47,300
turned currency production into 
an art form. 

4077
03:33:47,300 --> 03:33:50,600
People who are proud of their 
skills and reputation made each 

4078
03:33:50,600 --> 03:33:54,000
bracelet as a way to trade. 
And as a work of art, this link 

4079
03:33:54,000 --> 03:33:57,000
between art and money led to 
economic systems where aesthetic

4080
03:33:57,000 --> 03:33:59,500
value and monetary value worked 
together in stead of against 

4081
03:33:59,500 --> 03:34:02,500
each other. 
The white people used bracelet 

4082
03:34:02,500 --> 03:34:04,200
money in different seasons and 
Cycles. 

4083
03:34:04,200 --> 03:34:07,000
Showed that the economy was 
closely linked to Natural 

4084
03:34:07,000 --> 03:34:10,100
rhythms and farming Cycles. 
Modern economies try to keep 

4085
03:34:10,100 --> 03:34:13,100
growth and activity going. 
All the time, no matter what 

4086
03:34:13,100 --> 03:34:16,400
natural patterns are happening 
in contrast, bracelet money 

4087
03:34:16,400 --> 03:34:19,400
systems worked with an adapted 
to the changing seasons of 

4088
03:34:19,400 --> 03:34:21,100
farming, trading and social 
life. 

4089
03:34:21,100 --> 03:34:24,100
The fact that wearing your 
wealth could make you less safe 

4090
03:34:24,100 --> 03:34:27,100
may trust community and personal
safety more complicated 

4091
03:34:27,100 --> 03:34:29,900
bracelet. 
Money systems could only work in

4092
03:34:29,900 --> 03:34:32,800
societies where people were 
close to each other and safe 

4093
03:34:32,800 --> 03:34:36,100
enough to where valuable things 
without fear this implies that 

4094
03:34:36,100 --> 03:34:39,100
the effective utilization of 
bracelet money was both a result

4095
03:34:39,100 --> 03:34:41,700
of and a factor in the stability
and functionality of 

4096
03:34:41,700 --> 03:34:45,500
communities. 
The gender Dynamics surrounding 

4097
03:34:45,500 --> 03:34:48,700
the use of bracelet money. 
Differ, amongst Society, is it 

4098
03:34:48,700 --> 03:34:51,700
frequently afforded women 
economic independence, and 

4099
03:34:51,700 --> 03:34:53,800
security that were less 
successful in alternative 

4100
03:34:53,800 --> 03:34:57,700
currency systems when women wore
and controlled jewelry as a form

4101
03:34:57,700 --> 03:35:00,000
of wealth. 
It opened up chances for women 

4102
03:35:00,000 --> 03:35:03,000
to be involved in the economy 
that may not have been possible 

4103
03:35:03,000 --> 03:35:07,000
with other types of money. 
Transfer of wealth, between 

4104
03:35:07,000 --> 03:35:10,600
Generations, through bracelet 
money, led to different ways of 

4105
03:35:10,600 --> 03:35:12,900
inheriting and family. 
Economic relationships than 

4106
03:35:12,900 --> 03:35:16,300
those seen insistence. 
That only use abstract money is,

4107
03:35:16,300 --> 03:35:19,000
could pass down bracelet money, 
as both useful items and 

4108
03:35:19,000 --> 03:35:22,000
meaningful items that linked 
generations to their ancestors 

4109
03:35:22,000 --> 03:35:25,400
and cultural traditions. 
Bracelet money's ability to 

4110
03:35:25,400 --> 03:35:28,700
resist inflation and debasement 
showed that its currency systems

4111
03:35:28,700 --> 03:35:30,900
were very different from today's
Fiat. 

4112
03:35:30,900 --> 03:35:34,000
Currencies authorities, couldn't
change the value of bracelet 

4113
03:35:34,000 --> 03:35:36,500
money for political reasons 
because it was based on the 

4114
03:35:36,500 --> 03:35:38,700
materials and work that went 
into making it. 

4115
03:35:39,500 --> 03:35:42,100
The cultural integration of 
bracelet money into religious 

4116
03:35:42,100 --> 03:35:46,400
ceremonial and social practices 
resulted in currency systems 

4117
03:35:46,400 --> 03:35:48,500
that transcended mere economic 
instruments. 

4118
03:35:48,500 --> 03:35:52,100
They were important parts of 
cultural identity spiritual 

4119
03:35:52,100 --> 03:35:54,700
practice and social 
organization. 

4120
03:35:54,700 --> 03:35:57,700
In ways that modern currencies, 
that only serve a purpose, 

4121
03:35:57,700 --> 03:36:01,100
cannot match. 
The technological needs of 

4122
03:36:01,100 --> 03:36:04,900
making bracelet money led to the
growth and upkeep of advanced 

4123
03:36:04,900 --> 03:36:07,200
metallurgical knowledge. 
That was useful for more than 

4124
03:36:07,200 --> 03:36:10,300
just making money, people who 
made bracelet money were usually

4125
03:36:10,300 --> 03:36:13,200
also good at making tools, 
weapons and other kinds of metal

4126
03:36:13,200 --> 03:36:16,400
work that were useful for both 
everyday life and War. 

4127
03:36:17,300 --> 03:36:20,000
The trading relationships made 
possible by bracelet money, 

4128
03:36:20,000 --> 03:36:23,200
built networks of trust and 
cooperation that went well 

4129
03:36:23,200 --> 03:36:25,600
beyond just buying and selling 
these networks. 

4130
03:36:25,600 --> 03:36:29,500
Laid the groundwork for cultural
exchange diplomatic ties and 

4131
03:36:29,500 --> 03:36:33,400
mutual Aid during crises which 
made African societies stronger.

4132
03:36:33,400 --> 03:36:38,200
In ways that economic analysis 
alone cannot fully explain As we

4133
03:36:38,200 --> 03:36:40,900
get ready for the last chapter 
of our journey through the world

4134
03:36:40,900 --> 03:36:43,800
of bracelet money. 
Take a moment to think about how

4135
03:36:43,800 --> 03:36:46,800
this old way of making money 
might help us understand today's

4136
03:36:46,800 --> 03:36:49,500
economic problems. 
The ideas that made bracelet 

4137
03:36:49,500 --> 03:36:52,600
money work for hundreds of 
years, still apply today, even 

4138
03:36:52,600 --> 03:36:55,700
though we now do most of our 
transactions online and the 

4139
03:36:55,700 --> 03:36:57,500
world of Finance is much more 
complicated. 

4140
03:36:58,700 --> 03:37:02,000
Bracelet money was based on 
intrinsic value, which is very 

4141
03:37:02,000 --> 03:37:05,200
different from Modern currency 
systems that are based only on 

4142
03:37:05,200 --> 03:37:08,400
faith and government support. 
In a time when inflation can 

4143
03:37:08,400 --> 03:37:11,600
make money worth less without 
anyone noticing and financial 

4144
03:37:11,600 --> 03:37:15,700
crises can wipe out Savings in a
Flash, the idea of currency that

4145
03:37:15,700 --> 03:37:18,200
keeps its value through. 
Its physical substance has 

4146
03:37:18,200 --> 03:37:20,900
become more appealing though. 
It is improbable that we will 

4147
03:37:20,900 --> 03:37:24,000
revert to wearing our wealth. 
The concept of underpinning 

4148
03:37:24,000 --> 03:37:27,200
currency with tangible value, 
instead of mere promises 

4149
03:37:27,200 --> 03:37:30,600
warrants examination, The 
Democratic and decentralized 

4150
03:37:30,600 --> 03:37:34,100
nature of bracelet. 
Money systems provides insights 

4151
03:37:34,100 --> 03:37:36,700
for current dialogues, regarding
alternative current seasons, and

4152
03:37:36,708 --> 03:37:39,400
financial autonomy, people, who 
are interested in 

4153
03:37:39,400 --> 03:37:42,200
cryptocurrencies often want to 
bring back the peer to peer 

4154
03:37:42,200 --> 03:37:45,200
government independent features 
that traditional African 

4155
03:37:45,200 --> 03:37:47,700
currency systems had by working 
together. 

4156
03:37:47,700 --> 03:37:51,200
And following the same rules, 
the success of bracelet money 

4157
03:37:51,200 --> 03:37:53,700
shows that currencies can work. 
Well, when they come from the 

4158
03:37:53,700 --> 03:37:57,600
ground up, instead of from 
institutions, The combination of

4159
03:37:57,608 --> 03:38:00,500
beauty and function that 
bracelet money had goes against 

4160
03:38:00,500 --> 03:38:03,700
what we think we know about 
efficiency and specialization 

4161
03:38:03,700 --> 03:38:05,700
today. 
In today's world, we often 

4162
03:38:05,700 --> 03:38:08,000
separate aesthetic concerns from
practical ones. 

4163
03:38:08,000 --> 03:38:11,700
This leads to the creation of 
objects that are only useful and

4164
03:38:11,700 --> 03:38:14,700
don't provide any sensory. 
Pleasure bracelet money says 

4165
03:38:14,700 --> 03:38:17,300
that this separation isn't 
needed in my even be harmful 

4166
03:38:17,300 --> 03:38:19,600
things that are both beautiful 
and useful. 

4167
03:38:19,600 --> 03:38:22,800
Might work better because people
take better care of beautiful 

4168
03:38:22,800 --> 03:38:27,300
things. 
Seasonal and cyclical patterns 

4169
03:38:27,300 --> 03:38:29,500
of bracelet money. 
Use can help us understand how 

4170
03:38:29,500 --> 03:38:32,500
to build a long-term economy. 
Modern economies that expect 

4171
03:38:32,500 --> 03:38:35,300
growth all the time no matter 
what the natural cycles are 

4172
03:38:35,300 --> 03:38:38,000
often caused social and 
environmental problems. 

4173
03:38:38,000 --> 03:38:41,200
That traditional systems, didn't
the capacity of bracelet money 

4174
03:38:41,200 --> 03:38:43,800
systems to integrate natural. 
Rhythms, while preserving 

4175
03:38:43,800 --> 03:38:47,400
economic functionality, 
indicates potential Avenue, for 

4176
03:38:47,400 --> 03:38:50,000
cultivating more sustainable 
methods of economic 

4177
03:38:50,000 --> 03:38:54,800
organization. 
The social openness of bracelet 

4178
03:38:54,800 --> 03:38:58,200
money wealth goes against modern
ideas about financial privacy 

4179
03:38:58,200 --> 03:39:00,500
and its benefits. 
It is clear that privacy. 

4180
03:39:00,500 --> 03:39:03,900
And financial matters is 
important, but the visibility of

4181
03:39:03,900 --> 03:39:06,900
well in bracelet money, systems 
may have led to more responsible

4182
03:39:06,900 --> 03:39:10,600
and socially conscious economic 
behavior than our current 

4183
03:39:10,600 --> 03:39:14,100
systems of hidden wealth, and 
Anonymous transactions. 

4184
03:39:16,000 --> 03:39:18,600
The connection between 
craftsmanship and currency that 

4185
03:39:18,600 --> 03:39:20,900
bracelet. 
Money represented shows how 

4186
03:39:20,900 --> 03:39:24,200
modern economies could better 
combined artistic expression 

4187
03:39:24,200 --> 03:39:27,500
with practical production, the 
tradition of bracelet money, 

4188
03:39:27,500 --> 03:39:30,900
reminds us that in a time of 
mass production and automated 

4189
03:39:30,900 --> 03:39:33,200
manufacturing. 
It's important to connect 

4190
03:39:33,200 --> 03:39:36,300
individual skill and creativity 
to making useful things. 

4191
03:39:37,400 --> 03:39:40,100
The community-based standards 
that made bracelet money work in

4192
03:39:40,100 --> 03:39:42,700
different parts of the world 
show that International 

4193
03:39:42,700 --> 03:39:45,500
cooperation is possible. 
Without formal institutional 

4194
03:39:45,500 --> 03:39:48,500
Frameworks, in this time of 
complicated International, 

4195
03:39:48,500 --> 03:39:50,700
negotiations and bureaucratic 
trade deals. 

4196
03:39:50,700 --> 03:39:54,000
The fact that African Community 
is came up with compatible 

4197
03:39:54,000 --> 03:39:57,200
currently standards on their own
shows that Grassroots 

4198
03:39:57,200 --> 03:40:00,300
cooperation can sometimes do 
what formal diplomacy? 

4199
03:40:00,300 --> 03:40:03,700
Can't the long-lasting and 
durable nature of bracelet, 

4200
03:40:03,700 --> 03:40:06,400
money, teaches us about how to 
make and use things in a way 

4201
03:40:06,408 --> 03:40:07,600
that is good for the 
environment. 

4202
03:40:07,600 --> 03:40:11,100
Modern disposable culture makes 
a lot of trash and hurts the 

4203
03:40:11,100 --> 03:40:13,600
environment. 
But older systems avoided, this 

4204
03:40:13,600 --> 03:40:16,600
by focusing on making things 
that last and can be used again.

4205
03:40:16,600 --> 03:40:19,600
We can't go back to the way 
bracelets were made in the past,

4206
03:40:19,600 --> 03:40:23,100
but the ideas of durability and 
longevity that guided their 

4207
03:40:23,100 --> 03:40:27,700
creation are still useful. 
The educational aspects of 

4208
03:40:27,700 --> 03:40:30,800
bracelet money systems, where 
successful participation 

4209
03:40:30,800 --> 03:40:33,800
required, understanding 
Metallurgy, trade routes and 

4210
03:40:33,800 --> 03:40:37,400
market conditions, suggest ways 
that economic systems can serve 

4211
03:40:37,400 --> 03:40:39,700
educational functions beyond 
their primary purposes. 

4212
03:40:39,700 --> 03:40:42,800
Contemporary financial literacy 
initiatives could gain from 

4213
03:40:42,800 --> 03:40:45,800
comprehending how conventional 
systems integrated economic 

4214
03:40:45,800 --> 03:40:48,000
education into everyday 
practices. 

4215
03:40:48,900 --> 03:40:51,800
The conflict resolution 
mechanisms that enabled bracelet

4216
03:40:51,800 --> 03:40:55,300
money systems to operate, across
cultural and linguistic divides,

4217
03:40:55,300 --> 03:40:57,900
provide valuable insights for 
modern international relations. 

4218
03:40:57,900 --> 03:41:01,200
These traditional systems 
fostered, cooperation through 

4219
03:41:01,200 --> 03:41:04,800
mutual practical advantages, 
rather than formal treaties or 

4220
03:41:04,800 --> 03:41:08,200
institutional structures, 
indicating alternative methods 

4221
03:41:08,200 --> 03:41:11,200
for cultivating trust and 
collaboration among diverse 

4222
03:41:11,200 --> 03:41:15,700
groups. 
The function of bracelet money, 

4223
03:41:15,700 --> 03:41:18,700
and safeguarding conveying 
cultural values illustrates that

4224
03:41:18,700 --> 03:41:21,700
economic systems, can fulfill 
objectives Beyond mere 

4225
03:41:21,700 --> 03:41:25,500
efficiency in our globalized 
world where local cultures are 

4226
03:41:25,500 --> 03:41:28,800
pressured to become more alike. 
Example of currency systems that

4227
03:41:28,800 --> 03:41:31,300
strengthened rather than 
weakened, cultural identity 

4228
03:41:31,300 --> 03:41:34,400
shows that there are ways to 
develop the economy that support

4229
03:41:34,400 --> 03:41:36,800
rather than undermine local 
Traditions. 

4230
03:41:36,800 --> 03:41:40,300
The flexibility that allowed 
bracelet money systems to change

4231
03:41:40,300 --> 03:41:43,600
and grow, while keeping their 
basic features can teach us a 

4232
03:41:43,600 --> 03:41:45,000
lot about how to design 
institutions. 

4233
03:41:45,000 --> 03:41:48,300
Modern organizations often have 
trouble finding the right 

4234
03:41:48,300 --> 03:41:50,200
balance between stability and 
adaptability. 

4235
03:41:50,200 --> 03:41:54,300
However, bracelet money systems 
were able to keep their core 

4236
03:41:54,300 --> 03:41:57,700
functions while adapting to new 
technologies, political changes 

4237
03:41:57,700 --> 03:42:01,200
and market conditions. 
As we come to the end of our 

4238
03:42:01,200 --> 03:42:04,000
journey, through the world of 
bracelet money, let this story 

4239
03:42:04,000 --> 03:42:07,800
is gentle wait, settle in your 
mind like well-made bracelet on 

4240
03:42:07,800 --> 03:42:10,400
your wrist. 
Travel through centuries of 

4241
03:42:10,400 --> 03:42:12,600
African creativity, Invasion and
business. 

4242
03:42:12,600 --> 03:42:16,100
Savvy learning how our ancestors
dealt with problems that we 

4243
03:42:16,100 --> 03:42:21,400
still have today, but in 
different ways, Story of 

4244
03:42:21,400 --> 03:42:23,600
bracelet. 
Money is really about how smart 

4245
03:42:23,600 --> 03:42:26,300
people are and how creative they
are when it comes to making 

4246
03:42:26,300 --> 03:42:29,700
systems that are fair work. 
Well, and look beneficial for 

4247
03:42:29,700 --> 03:42:33,100
organizing their economic lives.
It serves as a reminder that our

4248
03:42:33,100 --> 03:42:36,300
current Financial systems like 
bracelet money, a subject to 

4249
03:42:36,300 --> 03:42:40,100
change Improvement and 
replacement when they no longer 

4250
03:42:40,100 --> 03:42:43,600
meet people's needs, When you 
wake up tomorrow, and view your 

4251
03:42:43,600 --> 03:42:47,100
bank balance on your phone or 
Tapper plastic card to pay for 

4252
03:42:47,100 --> 03:42:50,400
your coffee, take a moment to 
remember, the soft musical 

4253
03:42:50,400 --> 03:42:52,900
chiming of copper bracelets in 
an old African Market. 

4254
03:42:52,900 --> 03:42:56,200
Keep in mind, that money is just
a tool that people make to help 

4255
03:42:56,208 --> 03:42:59,500
them work together and trade the
best money systems are the ones 

4256
03:42:59,508 --> 03:43:02,100
that help people thrive instead 
of forcing them to work for 

4257
03:43:02,100 --> 03:43:04,700
them. 
The Artisans who hammered copper

4258
03:43:04,700 --> 03:43:08,400
into beautiful youthful 
bracelets 1000 years ago, were 

4259
03:43:08,400 --> 03:43:10,800
dealing with the same basic 
problems that Financial 

4260
03:43:10,800 --> 03:43:12,500
innovators are dealing with 
today. 

4261
03:43:12,500 --> 03:43:16,600
How to store, value safely, how 
to make trade easier between 

4262
03:43:16,600 --> 03:43:19,600
people from different cultures 
and distance is how to make 

4263
03:43:19,600 --> 03:43:22,900
economic systems available to 
everyone who needs them and how 

4264
03:43:22,900 --> 03:43:26,400
to make currencies that people 
trust and want to use. 

4265
03:43:28,200 --> 03:43:30,600
The most important thing to 
learn from bracelet money is 

4266
03:43:30,600 --> 03:43:33,500
that economies work best when 
they are part of and help human 

4267
03:43:33,500 --> 03:43:35,900
communities? 
Instead of being separate from 

4268
03:43:35,900 --> 03:43:38,500
them, the bracelets worked 
because they linked people to 

4269
03:43:38,500 --> 03:43:41,800
their wealth, in direct physical
ways and linked communities to 

4270
03:43:41,800 --> 03:43:43,900
each other through shared 
standards and recognition. 

4271
03:43:45,000 --> 03:43:47,300
In our time of Evermore, 
abstract and complicated 

4272
03:43:47,300 --> 03:43:50,200
Financial systems. 
It's smart to remember the 

4273
03:43:50,200 --> 03:43:52,800
simple beauty of money that you 
could wear money. 

4274
03:43:52,800 --> 03:43:55,800
That was pleasing to look at and
touch and wealth. 

4275
03:43:55,800 --> 03:43:58,500
That linked you to Skilled 
Craftsmen and old traditions in 

4276
03:43:58,500 --> 03:44:01,800
stead of far off companies and 
unknown algorithms. 

4277
03:44:03,200 --> 03:44:06,800
The slow pace of bracelet, 
money, transactions carefully, 

4278
03:44:06,800 --> 03:44:09,300
weighing feeling the quality, 
and talking to each other. 

4279
03:44:09,300 --> 03:44:12,800
During each exchange, made 
economic systems that were more 

4280
03:44:12,808 --> 03:44:15,300
community-oriented and human 
scale than what. 

4281
03:44:15,300 --> 03:44:18,100
We usually see today, we should 
not try to bring back the 

4282
03:44:18,100 --> 03:44:21,300
economies of medieval Africa, 
but we can learn from how they 

4283
03:44:21,300 --> 03:44:24,900
valued personal relationships 
Community standards and 

4284
03:44:24,900 --> 03:44:26,700
combining Beauty with 
usefulness. 

4285
03:44:27,700 --> 03:44:30,800
As you drift off to sleep, 
remember that you're part of the

4286
03:44:30,800 --> 03:44:34,000
same ongoing story of people. 
Coming up with new ideas, 

4287
03:44:34,000 --> 03:44:37,000
changing to fit, new situations 
and working together. 

4288
03:44:37,000 --> 03:44:41,300
The need for portable wealth, 
reliable, standards and systems 

4289
03:44:41,300 --> 03:44:44,300
that work across cultural 
boundaries are problems that 

4290
03:44:44,300 --> 03:44:46,900
every generation has to confront
in its own way. 

4291
03:44:48,000 --> 03:44:50,700
The sound of bracelet money may 
be gone from African markets 

4292
03:44:50,700 --> 03:44:54,100
that people are still coming up 
with new ways to work together 

4293
03:44:54,100 --> 03:44:57,400
and be creative, the spirit of 
bracelet money lives on. 

4294
03:44:57,400 --> 03:44:59,900
Every time someone comes up 
with, a new way to solve an old 

4295
03:44:59,908 --> 03:45:03,100
problem, every time communities 
work together to make something 

4296
03:45:03,100 --> 03:45:06,100
useful and beautiful. 
And every time people find ways 

4297
03:45:06,100 --> 03:45:09,300
to trade and share that make 
their relationships stronger 

4298
03:45:09,300 --> 03:45:13,300
instead of weaker. 
Rest easy knowing you are part 

4299
03:45:13,300 --> 03:45:15,300
of a long line of people who 
have run their businesses 

4300
03:45:15,300 --> 03:45:17,000
according to their values and 
goals. 

4301
03:45:17,000 --> 03:45:19,400
The story of bracelet money is 
also yours. 

4302
03:45:19,400 --> 03:45:22,600
It shows that people have always
been smart enough to change the 

4303
03:45:22,600 --> 03:45:24,700
systems. 
They need when they do and maybe

4304
03:45:24,700 --> 03:45:28,000
tonight in your dreams, you'll 
hear the distant sound of metal 

4305
03:45:28,000 --> 03:45:31,700
hitting metal, the soft beat of 
prosperity, moving through old 

4306
03:45:31,700 --> 03:45:35,700
markets, bringing with it, the 
hopes dreams, and practical 

4307
03:45:35,700 --> 03:45:38,500
advice of people who knew how to
make their money as beautiful as

4308
03:45:38,500 --> 03:45:49,900
their lives. 
You wake before the sun touches 

4309
03:45:49,900 --> 03:45:53,300
the Horizon wrapped in wool 
blankets that smell faintly of 

4310
03:45:53,300 --> 03:45:56,800
wood, smoke and sand. 
The air carries that particular 

4311
03:45:56,800 --> 03:46:01,800
chill, that only deserts know, 
sharp and clean making your 

4312
03:46:01,800 --> 03:46:05,800
breath visible in small clouds. 
Outside your tent. 

4313
03:46:05,800 --> 03:46:09,200
The world exists in shades of 
deep blue and purple. 

4314
03:46:09,200 --> 03:46:11,700
The Stars still brilliant 
overhead. 

4315
03:46:11,700 --> 03:46:15,300
Despite the approaching Dawn 
your feet, find your sandals in 

4316
03:46:15,300 --> 03:46:18,900
the darkness leather, warns, 
soft from months of travel. 

4317
03:46:20,000 --> 03:46:23,500
Camp around you stirs with the 
Quiet Sounds of early Rises. 

4318
03:46:24,300 --> 03:46:28,300
The soft nickering of camels. 
The rustle of fabric as someone 

4319
03:46:28,300 --> 03:46:32,500
tend to cooking fire and the 
gentle pour of water into clay 

4320
03:46:32,500 --> 03:46:35,100
vessels. 
You've traveled far to reach 

4321
03:46:35,100 --> 03:46:37,800
this place following trade 
routes that connect the 

4322
03:46:37,800 --> 03:46:39,900
Mediterranean to the Arabian 
Peninsula. 

4323
03:46:39,900 --> 03:46:43,300
And today you'll finally see 
what merchants and travelers 

4324
03:46:43,300 --> 03:46:45,500
speak about in hushed reverent 
tones. 

4325
03:46:45,500 --> 03:46:48,900
The first hint of Sunrise 
appears, as a thin line of gold 

4326
03:46:48,900 --> 03:46:52,000
along the eastern mountains. 
Turning the sky above it, the 

4327
03:46:52,000 --> 03:46:56,100
color of rose petals. 
You stand and stretch feeling 

4328
03:46:56,100 --> 03:46:58,400
your muscles. 
Adjust to the movement after a 

4329
03:46:58,400 --> 03:47:02,000
night on the ground. 
Around you, the desert begins to

4330
03:47:02,000 --> 03:47:06,100
reveal itself in layers, Rocky, 
outcrops emerging from Shadow, 

4331
03:47:06,100 --> 03:47:10,200
the pale tracks of last night's 
Beetle, Crossings visible in the

4332
03:47:10,200 --> 03:47:13,800
sand and the distant silhouette 
of cliffs that seemed to glow 

4333
03:47:13,800 --> 03:47:18,000
from within as light touches the
trade from your Caravan nods at 

4334
03:47:18,008 --> 03:47:19,700
you. 
His face already creased with 

4335
03:47:19,700 --> 03:47:21,700
smile lines despite the early 
hour. 

4336
03:47:22,400 --> 03:47:25,400
He gestures toward the cliffs 
with his chin where you can now 

4337
03:47:25,400 --> 03:47:29,500
make out something extraordinary
dark opening's in the rock face 

4338
03:47:29,500 --> 03:47:34,500
two regular to be natural caves 
too high to be easily reached. 

4339
03:47:35,500 --> 03:47:38,700
Tombs. 
He tells you though, his accent 

4340
03:47:38,700 --> 03:47:42,700
makes the word sound like a song
monuments to the Dead who watch 

4341
03:47:42,700 --> 03:47:45,600
over the living. 
You accept a cup of mint tea 

4342
03:47:45,600 --> 03:47:49,600
from the communal pot warming, 
your hands around the clay, the 

4343
03:47:49,600 --> 03:47:53,200
liquid steams in the cool air 
and the first sips spreads 

4344
03:47:53,200 --> 03:47:55,200
warmth down your throat and into
your chest. 

4345
03:47:56,300 --> 03:47:57,900
Around the fire are The 
Travelers. 

4346
03:47:57,900 --> 03:48:00,500
Gather, some rubbing sleep from 
their eyes. 

4347
03:48:00,500 --> 03:48:04,100
Others already animated with the
excitement of arrival. 

4348
03:48:05,100 --> 03:48:08,900
You've all heard the stories but
stories are just Shadows of 

4349
03:48:08,900 --> 03:48:12,800
reality and reality Waits just 
beyond those Cliffs. 

4350
03:48:12,800 --> 03:48:16,200
The sun breaks free from The 
Horizon properly now, and the 

4351
03:48:16,208 --> 03:48:20,000
transformation is startling 
Cliffs, don't just reflect 

4352
03:48:20,000 --> 03:48:23,000
light. 
They seem to capture it to hold 

4353
03:48:23,000 --> 03:48:27,600
it within the stone itself. 
The Rock glows in shades of pink

4354
03:48:27,600 --> 03:48:32,400
orange and deep Rose. 
Layered like frozen waves in a 

4355
03:48:32,408 --> 03:48:37,000
sea of sandstone You understand.
Now, why people call this the 

4356
03:48:37,000 --> 03:48:39,000
Rose City? 
Though the name feels an 

4357
03:48:39,000 --> 03:48:40,600
adequate for the reality before 
you. 

4358
03:48:40,600 --> 03:48:45,300
The trader shares bred with you,
flat rounds, baked in the coals 

4359
03:48:45,300 --> 03:48:47,400
last night. 
Still slightly warm. 

4360
03:48:47,400 --> 03:48:51,500
When you tear into them, the 
texture is chewy and satisfying 

4361
03:48:51,500 --> 03:48:55,200
with a faint smokiness. 
That complements the sweet tea 

4362
03:48:55,200 --> 03:48:58,100
perfectly. 
He tells you about his first 

4363
03:48:58,100 --> 03:49:02,000
visit to Petra, 20 years ago, 
when he was barely old enough to

4364
03:49:02,008 --> 03:49:06,500
travel with the Caravans, even 
then he says, even knowing what 

4365
03:49:06,500 --> 03:49:08,600
to expect from his father's 
descriptions. 

4366
03:49:08,600 --> 03:49:10,700
The reality struck him 
speechless. 

4367
03:49:10,700 --> 03:49:13,700
As you finish your tea and 
prepare for the Day's Journey. 

4368
03:49:13,708 --> 03:49:16,700
You notice how the temperature 
shifts quickly from cold to 

4369
03:49:16,700 --> 03:49:18,700
merely cool. 
And, you know, that by 

4370
03:49:18,700 --> 03:49:20,500
afternoon, it will be genuinely 
hot. 

4371
03:49:21,500 --> 03:49:23,100
The desert offers. 
No middle ground. 

4372
03:49:23,100 --> 03:49:25,800
No, gentle transitions. 
It demands. 

4373
03:49:25,800 --> 03:49:28,700
You pay attention. 
Stay present or suffer. 

4374
03:49:28,700 --> 03:49:33,400
The consequences of distraction.
You check your water skin full 

4375
03:49:33,400 --> 03:49:36,700
and heavy and adjust the cloth 
covering your head and neck. 

4376
03:49:37,400 --> 03:49:40,200
The locals have perfected, the 
art of desert clothing, over 

4377
03:49:40,200 --> 03:49:43,100
centuries, and you've learned to
trust their wisdom. 

4378
03:49:43,100 --> 03:49:46,400
The camp begins to break down 
around you, with practice 

4379
03:49:46,400 --> 03:49:50,900
deficiency, tents collapse and 
fold into surprise in compact 

4380
03:49:50,900 --> 03:49:55,600
bundles, camels are loaded with 
goods and supplies, complaining 

4381
03:49:55,600 --> 03:49:58,900
with their characteristic. 
Groaning sounds that always make

4382
03:49:58,900 --> 03:50:01,100
you smile. 
These creatures are 

4383
03:50:01,100 --> 03:50:05,200
magnificently adapted to Desert 
life, but apparently evolved 

4384
03:50:05,200 --> 03:50:08,600
with without dignity. 
One camel, nearby Spitz 

4385
03:50:08,600 --> 03:50:12,300
dramatically at nothing in 
particular, just to make a point

4386
03:50:12,300 --> 03:50:15,400
about the Dignity of being 
loaded with cargo at this hour, 

4387
03:50:15,400 --> 03:50:20,300
you gather your own belongings. 
Small pack with Essentials, your

4388
03:50:20,300 --> 03:50:23,100
water skin and a journal. 
You've been keeping of your 

4389
03:50:23,100 --> 03:50:26,200
travels. 
The journals pages are already 

4390
03:50:26,200 --> 03:50:29,600
filled with sketches notes from 
other stops along the trade 

4391
03:50:29,600 --> 03:50:31,800
routes. 
The ancient cities of Damascus 

4392
03:50:31,800 --> 03:50:35,800
and Palmyra the coastal ports 
were Mediterranean waves, crash 

4393
03:50:35,800 --> 03:50:39,300
against weather docks and the 
mountain passes were snow still 

4394
03:50:39,300 --> 03:50:41,200
clings to Northern slopes even 
in summer. 

4395
03:50:42,500 --> 03:50:45,000
But you've left several Pages, 
blank for Petra. 

4396
03:50:45,000 --> 03:50:48,000
So sending somehow that this 
place will require more space, 

4397
03:50:48,000 --> 03:50:52,000
more words and more attempts to 
capture something, fundamentally

4398
03:50:52,000 --> 03:50:55,600
difficult to express. 
The Caravan Master calls out his

4399
03:50:55,600 --> 03:50:58,500
voice carrying across the camp 
and people begin to gather 

4400
03:50:59,500 --> 03:51:02,200
You'll travel together to the 
entrance of Petra, but once 

4401
03:51:02,200 --> 03:51:05,400
they're each person, will 
explore at their own pace. 

4402
03:51:06,300 --> 03:51:09,300
Summer Merchants who have been 
him many times and know exactly 

4403
03:51:09,300 --> 03:51:12,900
where they're going. 
Others like you a visitors drawn

4404
03:51:12,900 --> 03:51:16,900
by curiosity and wonder ready to
wander wherever the day takes. 

4405
03:51:16,900 --> 03:51:19,300
You the walk from the camp to 
Petra's. 

4406
03:51:19,300 --> 03:51:22,600
Entrance takes, perhaps half an 
hour following a well-worn path.

4407
03:51:22,600 --> 03:51:24,200
That countless feet of travel 
before. 

4408
03:51:25,600 --> 03:51:30,100
The landscape here is harsh but 
beautiful in its austerity Rocky

4409
03:51:30,100 --> 03:51:34,200
ground dotted with scrub brush 
and the occasional Hardy tree 

4410
03:51:34,200 --> 03:51:36,100
that has found water somewhere 
deep underground. 

4411
03:51:37,400 --> 03:51:41,000
You spot a hawk circling 
overhead riding thermal 

4412
03:51:41,000 --> 03:51:43,600
currents. 
With barely a wingbeat scanning 

4413
03:51:43,600 --> 03:51:47,100
the ground for breakfast. 
As you walk, the trader tells 

4414
03:51:47,100 --> 03:51:50,300
you more about the nabataeans, 
the people who built this city. 

4415
03:51:50,300 --> 03:51:53,700
They were Arabs, originally 
nomadic traders who settled here

4416
03:51:53,700 --> 03:51:56,400
and transformed themselves into 
Master Builders and engineers. 

4417
03:51:57,400 --> 03:52:00,100
The, controlled the frankincense
and myrrh trade routes from 

4418
03:52:00,100 --> 03:52:03,700
Arabia to the Mediterranean, and
their strategic position, made 

4419
03:52:03,700 --> 03:52:07,200
them Wealthy on measure. 
Petra was both their capital and

4420
03:52:07,200 --> 03:52:10,300
their stronghold a city that 
could be easily defended. 

4421
03:52:10,300 --> 03:52:12,800
But also displayed their 
prosperity to anyone who 

4422
03:52:12,808 --> 03:52:15,200
entered. 
He points out a line of cliffs 

4423
03:52:15,200 --> 03:52:19,400
in the distance explaining that 
the nabataeans carved of tombs 

4424
03:52:19,400 --> 03:52:22,900
into those Rock faces. 
The most elaborate tombs belong 

4425
03:52:22,900 --> 03:52:25,900
to Kings and Nobles. 
While simpler ones housed 

4426
03:52:25,900 --> 03:52:29,800
merchants and citizens. everyone
who could afford it wanted to be

4427
03:52:29,800 --> 03:52:33,800
buried in the Rock to become 
part of the Eternal Stone to 

4428
03:52:33,800 --> 03:52:37,400
rest in Chambers that would 
Outlast Empires and ages the 

4429
03:52:37,400 --> 03:52:41,200
entrance to Petra reveals itself
gradually, which somehow make it

4430
03:52:41,200 --> 03:52:44,900
more magnificent than if it had 
appeared all at once, You 

4431
03:52:44,900 --> 03:52:45,100
approach? 
What? 

4432
03:52:45,100 --> 03:52:47,200
Looks like a simple crack in the
Cliff face. 

4433
03:52:47,200 --> 03:52:50,500
Barely wide enough for two 
camels to pass side by side. 

4434
03:52:51,300 --> 03:52:55,100
This is the Sikh the narrow 
Gorge that serves as the main 

4435
03:52:55,100 --> 03:52:58,300
entrance to the city and 
standing at its mouth, you feel 

4436
03:52:58,300 --> 03:53:00,700
like you're about to step into 
another world entirely. 

4437
03:53:00,700 --> 03:53:04,500
The walls on either side, rise 
immediately to dizzying Heights,

4438
03:53:04,500 --> 03:53:08,800
perhaps 80 feet, perhaps more 
your eyes, follow the vertical 

4439
03:53:08,800 --> 03:53:11,700
sweep of stone upward until your
neck protests. 

4440
03:53:12,400 --> 03:53:15,900
The Rock here, shows its age and
history and horizontal bands of 

4441
03:53:15,908 --> 03:53:20,400
color. 
Cream rust, burgundy, pale pink 

4442
03:53:20,400 --> 03:53:23,900
and deep Rose geological time 
made visible. 

4443
03:53:23,900 --> 03:53:27,500
Each layer representing 
Millennia compressed into stone.

4444
03:53:27,500 --> 03:53:31,800
You step forward, and the 
temperature drops noticeably the

4445
03:53:31,800 --> 03:53:35,300
high walls block, the direct 
sunlight creating a corridor of 

4446
03:53:35,300 --> 03:53:39,800
cool shadow. 
Your footsteps, Echo slightly a 

4447
03:53:39,800 --> 03:53:43,600
quiet percussion against the 
ancient pathway warns Smooth by 

4448
03:53:43,600 --> 03:53:48,400
countless feet before yours in 
some places, you can still see 

4449
03:53:48,400 --> 03:53:50,300
the remnants of the original 
Paving. 

4450
03:53:51,200 --> 03:53:54,700
Its stones that once made this 
journey, even easier for the 

4451
03:53:54,700 --> 03:53:57,800
heavily Laden caravan's that 
were Petras lifeblood. 

4452
03:53:57,800 --> 03:54:01,500
Above you, the narrow ribbon of 
Sky seems impossibly blue. 

4453
03:54:02,200 --> 03:54:05,000
The color so intense, it almost 
hurts to look at directly. 

4454
03:54:05,900 --> 03:54:07,800
Occasionally a bird passes 
overhead. 

4455
03:54:07,800 --> 03:54:11,100
Its shadow flickering across the
walls before disappearing. 

4456
03:54:12,600 --> 03:54:16,300
The walls themselves seemed to 
breathe their surfaces carved by

4457
03:54:16,300 --> 03:54:19,600
wind and water into waves and 
curves that play tricks. 

4458
03:54:19,600 --> 03:54:22,600
On your vision. 
In certain light, you could 

4459
03:54:22,600 --> 03:54:26,500
swear the stone actually moves, 
the rock faces on either side 

4460
03:54:26,500 --> 03:54:30,400
display and astonishing variety 
of colors and patterns. you 

4461
03:54:30,400 --> 03:54:34,000
stopped to examine one section 
where the Sandstone swirls in 

4462
03:54:34,000 --> 03:54:39,100
Shades ranging from cream to 
deep Berg and the layers twisted

4463
03:54:39,100 --> 03:54:42,700
and folded by ancient geological
forces into patterns that 

4464
03:54:42,700 --> 03:54:46,900
resemble abstract art Running 
your fingers across the surface.

4465
03:54:46,900 --> 03:54:49,900
You can feel the different 
textures where harder and 

4466
03:54:49,900 --> 03:54:51,900
softer. 
Stone have eroded at different 

4467
03:54:51,900 --> 03:54:54,600
rates, creating a landscape in 
miniature. 

4468
03:54:54,600 --> 03:54:58,000
Halfway through the sick. 
You notice channels carved into 

4469
03:54:58,000 --> 03:54:59,400
the walls at about shoulder 
height. 

4470
03:55:00,300 --> 03:55:03,500
These are water conduits 
engineered with such Precision 

4471
03:55:03,500 --> 03:55:06,200
that They Carried water from 
Mountain Springs into the city 

4472
03:55:06,200 --> 03:55:09,200
with almost no lost to 
evaporation or leakage. 

4473
03:55:10,300 --> 03:55:13,600
You run your fingers along one, 
feeling the smooth interior 

4474
03:55:13,600 --> 03:55:15,700
warned by centuries of flowing 
water. 

4475
03:55:16,700 --> 03:55:20,300
The nabateans understood, 
something fundamental in the 

4476
03:55:20,300 --> 03:55:24,200
desert water is power and 
controlling water means 

4477
03:55:24,200 --> 03:55:27,800
controlling trade prosperity and
survival itself. 

4478
03:55:27,800 --> 03:55:30,200
Looking more closely at the 
water Channel. 

4479
03:55:30,200 --> 03:55:33,800
You can see how the engineers 
calculated the angle of descent 

4480
03:55:33,800 --> 03:55:37,600
with remarkable accuracy. 
Too steep in the water would 

4481
03:55:37,600 --> 03:55:40,700
flow too fast. 
Eroding the channel to shallow 

4482
03:55:40,700 --> 03:55:43,400
and sediment would accumulate 
clogging the system. 

4483
03:55:44,900 --> 03:55:47,600
They found the perfect gradient 
and maintained it for the entire

4484
03:55:47,600 --> 03:55:51,100
length of the sick. 
Eat the required, not just skill

4485
03:55:51,100 --> 03:55:55,300
but deep understanding of 
hydraulics and Mathematics the 

4486
03:55:55,300 --> 03:55:58,300
path curves and narrows then 
widens slightly. 

4487
03:55:58,300 --> 03:56:02,400
Then Narrows again this winding 
approach serves multiple 

4488
03:56:02,400 --> 03:56:04,900
purposes. 
It makes the city easier to 

4489
03:56:04,900 --> 03:56:09,100
defend it provides shade, and it
builds anticipation with each 

4490
03:56:09,100 --> 03:56:12,000
turn. 
You can't see what's ahead until

4491
03:56:12,000 --> 03:56:16,800
you're almost upon it and each 
Bend reveals new details, a 

4492
03:56:16,800 --> 03:56:20,400
carved Niche that once held a 
sacred stone, a section where 

4493
03:56:20,400 --> 03:56:23,400
the rock appears almost 
translucent, when light hits it 

4494
03:56:23,400 --> 03:56:27,100
at the right angle, and a place 
where flash flood debris from 

4495
03:56:27,100 --> 03:56:29,200
centuries ago, still Kings to a 
high Ledge. 

4496
03:56:29,200 --> 03:56:33,500
In one of these niches you spot 
a small carved figure Wornall, 

4497
03:56:33,500 --> 03:56:36,700
most Smooth by time but still 
recognizable as a deity or 

4498
03:56:36,700 --> 03:56:40,100
protective spirit. 
Someone has left an offering a 

4499
03:56:40,100 --> 03:56:43,000
flower that is base recent 
enough that they haven't 

4500
03:56:43,000 --> 03:56:46,300
completely dried out. 
You wonder if this is a 

4501
03:56:46,300 --> 03:56:49,400
continuation of ancient practice
or a new tradition started by 

4502
03:56:49,400 --> 03:56:54,000
modern visitors, either way it 
speaks to something persistent 

4503
03:56:54,000 --> 03:56:57,100
in human nature. 
This desire to acknowledge the 

4504
03:56:57,100 --> 03:57:01,000
sacred to leave something behind
to participate in ritual. 

4505
03:57:01,000 --> 03:57:04,100
You pause at one section where 
the walls, nearly touch 

4506
03:57:04,100 --> 03:57:08,800
overhead, creating a natural 
Archway of stone here in the 

4507
03:57:08,800 --> 03:57:11,800
coolest part of the sick. 
You can smell the mineral Center

4508
03:57:11,800 --> 03:57:15,200
of ancient Rock clean and 
somehow timeless. 

4509
03:57:16,100 --> 03:57:19,400
Small lizard watches you from a 
crevice it scales. 

4510
03:57:19,400 --> 03:57:22,400
Catching what little light 
penetrates this far into the 

4511
03:57:22,400 --> 03:57:26,300
Gorge. 
It blinks Slowly unimpressed by 

4512
03:57:26,300 --> 03:57:28,900
yet, another human passing 
through its territory. 

4513
03:57:28,900 --> 03:57:31,300
The sick is not completely 
straight. 

4514
03:57:31,300 --> 03:57:34,400
And with each turn, you lose 
sight of the entrance behind you

4515
03:57:34,400 --> 03:57:36,200
and cannot yet, see what lies 
ahead. 

4516
03:57:36,200 --> 03:57:40,400
This creates a feeling of 
suspension of existing Between 

4517
03:57:40,400 --> 03:57:44,800
Worlds The modern world has 
fallen away not yet. 

4518
03:57:44,800 --> 03:57:48,500
Replaced by what ever Waits at 
the end of this Stone corridor. 

4519
03:57:49,400 --> 03:57:53,300
You're in a space that belongs 
entirely to itself governed by 

4520
03:57:53,300 --> 03:57:58,400
its own rules of light and 
Shadow sound and silence other 

4521
03:57:58,400 --> 03:58:00,200
Travelers. 
Move through the sick at their 

4522
03:58:00,208 --> 03:58:02,600
own pace. 
An elderly man, walks, slowly, 

4523
03:58:02,600 --> 03:58:05,000
stopping frequently to rest and 
look upward. 

4524
03:58:05,700 --> 03:58:09,100
A young couple hurries past 
eager and impatient their 

4525
03:58:09,100 --> 03:58:10,500
voices. 
Echoing off the walls. 

4526
03:58:10,500 --> 03:58:13,800
You settle into your own Rhythm 
not too fast. 

4527
03:58:13,800 --> 03:58:18,400
Not too slow trying to absorb 
everything your senses offer. 

4528
03:58:19,300 --> 03:58:21,400
The cool are the quality of 
light. 

4529
03:58:22,200 --> 03:58:25,700
The texture of stone and the 
vast sense of time pressing in 

4530
03:58:25,700 --> 03:58:28,500
from all sides. 
At one point you hear water, 

4531
03:58:28,500 --> 03:58:32,200
actual flowing water, not just 
the memory of it. 

4532
03:58:33,100 --> 03:58:35,500
Following the sound. 
You discover a small spring 

4533
03:58:35,500 --> 03:58:39,000
emerging from the rock face 
creating a wet patch on the wall

4534
03:58:39,000 --> 03:58:43,200
where moss and Tiny plants. 
Grow the water trickles down 

4535
03:58:43,200 --> 03:58:44,500
into one of the ancient 
channels. 

4536
03:58:44,500 --> 03:58:47,500
Still following the path carved 
for it, 2000 years ago. 

4537
03:58:48,300 --> 03:58:51,600
You cut your hand and catch some
of the water tasting it. 

4538
03:58:52,500 --> 03:58:54,900
It's cold and clean slightly 
mineral. 

4539
03:58:54,900 --> 03:58:58,000
Exactly what water should taste 
like when it comes straight from

4540
03:58:58,000 --> 03:59:01,900
deep inside the Earth. 
Sick begins to brighten ahead 

4541
03:59:01,900 --> 03:59:05,400
sunlight, spilling around a 
corner in a way that makes you 

4542
03:59:05,400 --> 03:59:08,300
squint. 
You can hear voices now too. 

4543
03:59:08,300 --> 03:59:11,800
Other visitors who have reached 
the end and are reacting to what

4544
03:59:11,808 --> 03:59:14,400
they found. 
Their They're exclamations, 

4545
03:59:14,400 --> 03:59:18,300
Echo, back to you wordless. 
Expressions of all that need no 

4546
03:59:18,300 --> 03:59:21,300
translation. 
Your pace quick and slightly, 

4547
03:59:21,300 --> 03:59:25,200
not because you're in a hurry. 
But because something in use is 

4548
03:59:25,200 --> 03:59:28,800
that the real Marvel lies. 
Just ahead around this next. 

4549
03:59:28,800 --> 03:59:32,700
Curve through this Corridor of 
stone that has funnel Travelers 

4550
03:59:32,700 --> 03:59:34,700
toward one Wonder for 2000 
years. 

4551
03:59:34,700 --> 03:59:38,900
You take a deep breath. 
Preparing yourself for whatever 

4552
03:59:38,900 --> 03:59:42,800
comes next, even though 
preparation is probably futile. 

4553
03:59:43,600 --> 03:59:47,300
Some experiences cannot be 
prepared for some moments exist 

4554
03:59:47,300 --> 03:59:51,200
outside, the realm of 
expectation dwelling instead in 

4555
03:59:51,200 --> 03:59:56,100
pure experience in the shock of 
beauty and in the confrontation 

4556
03:59:56,100 --> 03:59:58,900
with human capability that 
exceeds what you thought 

4557
03:59:58,900 --> 04:00:01,800
possible. 
This is one of those moments you

4558
04:00:01,800 --> 04:00:05,500
sentence and you're right. 
And then you see it though. 

4559
04:00:05,500 --> 04:00:09,300
See feels like two smaller word 
for what happens when the 

4560
04:00:09,300 --> 04:00:12,000
treasury reveals itself through 
the narrow gap of the essay. 

4561
04:00:12,000 --> 04:00:16,100
At first, just a vertical slice 
of facade appears between the 

4562
04:00:16,100 --> 04:00:18,900
canyon walls glowing rose gold 
in the morning. 

4563
04:00:18,900 --> 04:00:23,100
Sun then, as you take another 
step, another few feet of 

4564
04:00:23,108 --> 04:00:25,700
carved. 
Cliff face emerges, and another 

4565
04:00:25,700 --> 04:00:30,400
and another until finally, you 
stand in the open space, before 

4566
04:00:30,400 --> 04:00:35,500
it Your neck craned, back your 
mouth slightly open rendered 

4567
04:00:35,500 --> 04:00:39,800
completely silent by the sheer 
or DAC of what ancient hands 

4568
04:00:39,800 --> 04:00:43,400
created here. 
The treasury alhaz in the local 

4569
04:00:43,400 --> 04:00:48,800
language Rises 130 feet from the
Sandy Plaza, floor carved 

4570
04:00:48,800 --> 04:00:51,100
entirely from the living Rock of
the cliff behind it. 

4571
04:00:51,100 --> 04:00:56,400
Not built carved. 
The builders started at the top 

4572
04:00:56,400 --> 04:00:59,100
and worked downward chiseling 
away, everything. 

4573
04:00:59,100 --> 04:01:03,000
That wasn't This Magnificent 
facade revealing rather than 

4574
04:01:03,000 --> 04:01:06,600
constructing. 
You try to imagine the faith 

4575
04:01:06,600 --> 04:01:09,800
required to begin. 
Such a project, the certainty 

4576
04:01:09,800 --> 04:01:13,300
that the stone would cooperate. 
That the vision in someone's 

4577
04:01:13,300 --> 04:01:15,800
mind could be translated into 
this reality. 

4578
04:01:15,800 --> 04:01:20,200
The lower level features six 
massive columns, each one 

4579
04:01:20,200 --> 04:01:23,400
perfect despite being carved 
from the same continuous piece 

4580
04:01:23,400 --> 04:01:25,000
of Cliff as everything around 
it. 

4581
04:01:26,100 --> 04:01:28,500
Tween and Behind These columns 
doorways. 

4582
04:01:28,500 --> 04:01:32,200
Lead in to cool Darkness. 
Chambers cut deep into the Rock.

4583
04:01:33,000 --> 04:01:37,700
Above this a second level rises 
with more columns more detail 

4584
04:01:37,700 --> 04:01:41,200
and more impossible precision 
and crowning it all. 

4585
04:01:41,200 --> 04:01:45,200
A circular structure topped with
an urn that Legend says contains

4586
04:01:45,200 --> 04:01:47,000
the treasure that gave this 
Monument. 

4587
04:01:47,000 --> 04:01:50,000
Its name. 
You walk closer, your sandals 

4588
04:01:50,000 --> 04:01:53,000
quiet on the sand that has blown
into this Plaza over. 

4589
04:01:53,000 --> 04:01:56,800
Centuries, the morning light 
hits the facade at an angle, 

4590
04:01:56,800 --> 04:01:59,500
that makes the stones seem to 
glow from within and you 

4591
04:01:59,508 --> 04:02:02,500
understand that the nabateans 
didn't choose this Rose Colored 

4592
04:02:02,500 --> 04:02:07,200
Sandstone by accident. 
They built carved with light in 

4593
04:02:07,200 --> 04:02:10,700
mind, understanding how it would
transform their work throughout 

4594
04:02:10,700 --> 04:02:15,200
the day throughout the seasons 
and throughout the ages details 

4595
04:02:15,200 --> 04:02:20,000
emerge as you approach carved 
figures stand in niches dancing 

4596
04:02:20,000 --> 04:02:21,900
Amazons. 
According to local knowledge 

4597
04:02:21,900 --> 04:02:25,000
though, their features of 
softened over two Millennia of 

4598
04:02:25,000 --> 04:02:29,700
wind and rare rain. floral 
motifs curve, along capitals and

4599
04:02:29,700 --> 04:02:34,000
cornices, geometric patterns, 
create visual rhythms that draw 

4600
04:02:34,000 --> 04:02:38,200
your eye upward and upward until
your dizzy with looking you 

4601
04:02:38,200 --> 04:02:41,600
notice that the stone itself 
contains subtle color variations

4602
04:02:43,000 --> 04:02:47,300
A seam of deep burgundy here. 
A band of cream there and 

4603
04:02:47,300 --> 04:02:50,500
streaks of orange and pink 
swirling together like some 

4604
04:02:50,500 --> 04:02:54,200
Cosmic painters, palette a 
merchant, you met in the Caravan

4605
04:02:54,200 --> 04:02:57,200
stands, beside you now. 
And you realize, you've both 

4606
04:02:57,200 --> 04:02:59,300
been staring in silence for 
several minutes. 

4607
04:03:00,300 --> 04:03:03,200
He laughs quietly and says 
something about how he's seen 

4608
04:03:03,200 --> 04:03:06,500
the treasury, two dozen times 
and it still makes him feel like

4609
04:03:06,500 --> 04:03:11,300
a child seeing magic for the 
first time you nod understanding

4610
04:03:11,300 --> 04:03:14,000
completely. 
There's something about the 

4611
04:03:14,000 --> 04:03:17,700
scale of human ambition here. 
The sheer devotion required to 

4612
04:03:17,700 --> 04:03:21,600
imagine this and then make it 
real that shrinks your modern 

4613
04:03:21,600 --> 04:03:23,700
concerns down to their proper 
size. 

4614
04:03:23,700 --> 04:03:26,900
You notice now that the plaza in
front of the treasury is 

4615
04:03:26,900 --> 04:03:31,800
actually quite large capable of 
holding hundreds of people. this

4616
04:03:31,800 --> 04:03:35,700
wasn't just a tomb or a temple, 
it was a statement, a 

4617
04:03:35,700 --> 04:03:40,300
declaration carved in stone We 
are the nabataeans and this is 

4618
04:03:40,300 --> 04:03:43,600
what we can do. 
This is our power, our wealth, 

4619
04:03:43,600 --> 04:03:47,500
our skill, and our vision. 
Remember us, and you do remember

4620
04:03:47,500 --> 04:03:49,500
them standing here? 
2000 years later. 

4621
04:03:49,500 --> 04:03:52,500
Exactly. 
As they hoped the facade shows 

4622
04:03:52,500 --> 04:03:54,800
signs of damage in places, 
bullet. 

4623
04:03:54,800 --> 04:03:57,700
Holes from Treasure Hunters who 
took the legend of the Ernst 

4624
04:03:57,700 --> 04:04:01,900
contents literally cracks from 
earthquakes and sections. 

4625
04:04:01,900 --> 04:04:05,000
Where the softer Stone has 
eroded fast of the harder. 

4626
04:04:06,100 --> 04:04:10,200
But these imperfections somehow 
make it more real more touching.

4627
04:04:11,100 --> 04:04:13,700
Perfect preservation would make 
it a museum piece. 

4628
04:04:13,700 --> 04:04:18,300
The scars, remind you that the 
treasury has survived persisted 

4629
04:04:18,300 --> 04:04:21,900
and endured through everything 
time and humans could throw at 

4630
04:04:21,900 --> 04:04:23,900
it. 
He walked to one of the doorways

4631
04:04:23,900 --> 04:04:27,200
and step inside. 
The interior is surprisingly, 

4632
04:04:27,200 --> 04:04:30,200
simple, compared to the 
elaborate facade, large 

4633
04:04:30,200 --> 04:04:33,300
rectangular Chambers with smooth
walls and high ceilings. 

4634
04:04:34,300 --> 04:04:35,700
The temperature drops 
immediately. 

4635
04:04:35,700 --> 04:04:38,900
The thick rock walls, 
maintaining a coolness that 

4636
04:04:38,900 --> 04:04:42,600
feels almost shocking after the 
warm day outside, someone has 

4637
04:04:42,600 --> 04:04:45,900
left an offering a flowers in 
one corner already wilting in 

4638
04:04:45,900 --> 04:04:49,500
the dry air. small gesture of 
reverence to whoever this 

4639
04:04:49,500 --> 04:04:52,900
Monument was built to honor the 
main chamber measures roughly, 

4640
04:04:52,900 --> 04:04:57,100
40 feet square, the walls rising
to a sealing that disappears and

4641
04:04:57,100 --> 04:05:02,400
to Darkness of your footsteps 
echo in the empty space and you 

4642
04:05:02,400 --> 04:05:04,800
realize that Acoustics were 
probably considered in the 

4643
04:05:04,800 --> 04:05:08,000
design. 
Sound behaves differently in 

4644
04:05:08,000 --> 04:05:12,200
here softer but also somehow 
more present as if the stone 

4645
04:05:12,200 --> 04:05:15,200
itself remembers voices and 
occasionally Whispers them back.

4646
04:05:15,200 --> 04:05:19,000
You run your hand along the wall
feeling tool marks and visible 

4647
04:05:19,000 --> 04:05:23,100
to the eye but present touch 
Thousands of careful strikes 

4648
04:05:23,100 --> 04:05:26,500
with chisel and Hammer. 
Each one removing a tiny amount 

4649
04:05:26,508 --> 04:05:29,400
of stone, each one part of the 
larger vision. 

4650
04:05:30,200 --> 04:05:34,000
Patients required, staggers you.
This isn't work. 

4651
04:05:34,000 --> 04:05:36,900
That could be rushed. 
This is work that required 

4652
04:05:36,900 --> 04:05:41,600
dedication spanning years, 
probably decades, probably 

4653
04:05:41,600 --> 04:05:45,400
generations of Craftsmen passing
skills and knowledge down 

4654
04:05:45,400 --> 04:05:48,200
through their families in a 
corner of the chamber. 

4655
04:05:48,200 --> 04:05:51,800
You notice graffiti scratched 
into the stone, not modern 

4656
04:05:51,800 --> 04:05:55,100
vandalism, but ancient visitors 
leaving their marks. 

4657
04:05:56,000 --> 04:06:00,100
One inscription is in Napa in 
script another, in what might be

4658
04:06:00,100 --> 04:06:04,000
Greek and a third in a language,
you don't recognize at all. 

4659
04:06:04,900 --> 04:06:07,600
People have been visiting this 
place and wanting to record 

4660
04:06:07,600 --> 04:06:10,200
their presence for as long as 
the treasury has existed. 

4661
04:06:11,100 --> 04:06:14,100
You resist, the urge to add your
own Mark, feeling that the 

4662
04:06:14,100 --> 04:06:17,300
practice has shifted from 
documentation to desecration 

4663
04:06:17,300 --> 04:06:20,100
somewhere along the Millennia 
back outside. 

4664
04:06:20,100 --> 04:06:23,900
You find a spot of shade and 
simply sit watching how the 

4665
04:06:23,900 --> 04:06:27,000
light changes on the carved 
surface as the sun continues. 

4666
04:06:27,000 --> 04:06:30,900
Its climb Other Travelers 
arrive, gasping and pointing 

4667
04:06:30,900 --> 04:06:34,000
going through the same 
progression of all, you just 

4668
04:06:34,000 --> 04:06:36,800
experienced. 
You notice how the treasury 

4669
04:06:36,800 --> 04:06:38,900
seems to change color as the sun
moves? 

4670
04:06:38,900 --> 04:06:41,300
What was rose gold? 
An hour ago. 

4671
04:06:41,300 --> 04:06:44,800
Now, tends more toward deep 
salmon, and in another hour, it 

4672
04:06:44,800 --> 04:06:47,500
will shift. 
Again, a young woman, sits near 

4673
04:06:47,500 --> 04:06:52,100
you also just watching After a 
while, she says quietly that 

4674
04:06:52,100 --> 04:06:55,000
she's an architect. 
And this breaks her brain, the 

4675
04:06:55,000 --> 04:06:59,900
engineering required the vision,
the skill it all exceeds, what 

4676
04:06:59,900 --> 04:07:02,200
should be possible with the 
tools available at the time. 

4677
04:07:03,100 --> 04:07:06,800
You asked what she means. 
And she explains these aren't 

4678
04:07:06,800 --> 04:07:10,500
small decorative carvings. 
This is structural work at a 

4679
04:07:10,500 --> 04:07:13,700
massive scale and it had to be 
done perfectly because there are

4680
04:07:13,700 --> 04:07:17,000
no Second Chances. 
You can't add Stone back. 

4681
04:07:17,000 --> 04:07:20,300
Once it's removed. 
Every strike of the Chisel had 

4682
04:07:20,300 --> 04:07:24,500
to be precisely calculated and 
executed one major era and the 

4683
04:07:24,508 --> 04:07:26,300
entire facade could have been 
ruined. 

4684
04:07:26,300 --> 04:07:28,700
She stands and approaches the 
treasury. 

4685
04:07:28,700 --> 04:07:33,100
Again, gesturing at the columns 
to make columns that appear to 

4686
04:07:33,100 --> 04:07:35,800
be separate but are actually 
part of the continuous Cliff 

4687
04:07:35,800 --> 04:07:38,400
face. 
She says, you need to 

4688
04:07:38,400 --> 04:07:40,200
understand. 
Not just what the finished 

4689
04:07:40,200 --> 04:07:43,400
product should look like. 
But exactly how to remove Stone 

4690
04:07:43,400 --> 04:07:46,300
in three dimensions to create 
the illusion of independent 

4691
04:07:46,300 --> 04:07:49,900
structures. 
It's subtractive sculpture on an

4692
04:07:49,900 --> 04:07:53,800
impossible scale and its 
architectural engineering, and 

4693
04:07:53,800 --> 04:07:56,500
its mathematical Precision. 
All combined. 

4694
04:07:57,300 --> 04:07:59,800
The number Tans were operating 
at a level of sophistication 

4695
04:07:59,800 --> 04:08:03,500
that most people don't. 
Appreciate a vendor is set up a 

4696
04:08:03,500 --> 04:08:07,000
small carpet nearby selling, 
cool drinks and dried fruit to 

4697
04:08:07,000 --> 04:08:10,800
overwhelmed visitors. 
You accept a cup of pomegranate 

4698
04:08:10,800 --> 04:08:14,600
juice sweetened on your tongue 
and listen as he tells stories 

4699
04:08:14,600 --> 04:08:17,000
about the treasury in an 
accident thick as honey. 

4700
04:08:17,900 --> 04:08:19,800
Some stories are clearly 
exaggerated. 

4701
04:08:19,800 --> 04:08:23,200
No King Solomon's. 
Gin didn't carve this overnight.

4702
04:08:24,000 --> 04:08:25,800
But others hold the weight of 
possibility. 

4703
04:08:25,800 --> 04:08:29,300
Hidden Chambers. 
Not yet, discovered Treasures 

4704
04:08:29,300 --> 04:08:33,800
beyond the urn which he admits 
with a grin is solid Stone all 

4705
04:08:33,800 --> 04:08:37,200
the way through riddled with 
bullet holes from Fortune 

4706
04:08:37,200 --> 04:08:38,500
Seekers, who learned that 
lesson. 

4707
04:08:38,500 --> 04:08:42,000
The hard way, he tells you that 
local Bedouin Legends. 

4708
04:08:42,000 --> 04:08:45,500
Say the treasury was carved by a
fairer who pursued Moses across 

4709
04:08:45,500 --> 04:08:48,500
the desert and needed a place to
store his wealth. 

4710
04:08:49,300 --> 04:08:52,600
This is historically unlikely 
but you appreciate the story 

4711
04:08:52,600 --> 04:08:55,200
anyway. 
Every culture that encounters 

4712
04:08:55,200 --> 04:08:57,500
Petra creates explanations for 
it. 

4713
04:08:57,500 --> 04:09:01,100
We've sit into their own 
mythology and makes it part of 

4714
04:09:01,100 --> 04:09:04,200
their narrative. 
The treasury doesn't just belong

4715
04:09:04,200 --> 04:09:08,100
to the navane anymore. 
It belongs to human imagination.

4716
04:09:08,100 --> 04:09:11,200
You put some dates from the 
vendor and their perfect. 

4717
04:09:11,200 --> 04:09:14,300
Sweet and slightly chewy with 
that. 

4718
04:09:14,300 --> 04:09:17,600
Concentrated sugar flavor that 
makes them almost like candy. 

4719
04:09:17,600 --> 04:09:22,100
He tells you their from a Grove 
near a carbon in the same soil 

4720
04:09:22,100 --> 04:09:24,200
that's produced dates for 
thousands of years. 

4721
04:09:25,200 --> 04:09:28,700
The nabatian would have eaten 
dates, just like these carried 

4722
04:09:28,700 --> 04:09:31,800
them on Long, trading Journeys 
and used them to sweeten their 

4723
04:09:31,808 --> 04:09:36,300
lives in small ordinary ways the
morning advances toward midday 

4724
04:09:36,300 --> 04:09:39,600
and, you know, you should move 
on and explore more of Petra but

4725
04:09:39,600 --> 04:09:41,200
you're reluctant to leave the 
treasury. 

4726
04:09:42,000 --> 04:09:45,100
It has a gravity to it. 
An invisible pull. 

4727
04:09:45,100 --> 04:09:48,900
That makes departure difficult. 
Finally, you force yourself to 

4728
04:09:48,900 --> 04:09:52,800
stand to shoulder, your pack to 
turn away from the carved 

4729
04:09:52,800 --> 04:09:55,700
facade? 
But you look back three times 

4730
04:09:55,700 --> 04:10:00,000
before the plaza is out of sight
unwilling, to Let It Go needing.

4731
04:10:00,000 --> 04:10:03,400
These last glimpses to carry 
with you beyond the treasury, 

4732
04:10:03,400 --> 04:10:07,400
the City of Petra, and folds 
like a stone garden and you 

4733
04:10:07,400 --> 04:10:12,000
ventured deeper into its heart. 
The central Colonnade stretches 

4734
04:10:12,000 --> 04:10:15,900
before you abroad Avenue. 
That once bustled with trade is 

4735
04:10:15,900 --> 04:10:19,000
priests and citizens going about
their daily business. 

4736
04:10:20,300 --> 04:10:25,200
Now, it exists in partial ruin. 
Column standing at attention 

4737
04:10:25,200 --> 04:10:28,200
like soldiers, who never 
received orders to stand down 

4738
04:10:28,200 --> 04:10:31,900
others, toppled by earthquakes 
That Shook this region, 

4739
04:10:31,900 --> 04:10:34,900
centuries ago. 
You walk among these remnants 

4740
04:10:34,900 --> 04:10:37,200
trying to reconstruct the scene 
as it might have been. 

4741
04:10:38,100 --> 04:10:41,100
Market stalls would have lined 
the street their awnings 

4742
04:10:41,100 --> 04:10:44,500
providing shade, they're Goods 
creating a sensory Festival. 

4743
04:10:45,200 --> 04:10:50,100
spices from India, silk from 
China, frankincense from Arabia 

4744
04:10:50,100 --> 04:10:54,800
and olive oil from the 
Mediterranean The nabatian sat 

4745
04:10:54,800 --> 04:10:57,500
at the crossroads of the ancient
world and everything worth 

4746
04:10:57,500 --> 04:11:00,900
trading passed through their 
hands leaving a percentage of 

4747
04:11:00,900 --> 04:11:04,400
its value Behind The Colonnade 
itself shows, evidence of 

4748
04:11:04,408 --> 04:11:08,000
multiple construction phases, 
some columns are clearly older 

4749
04:11:08,000 --> 04:11:10,800
than others. 
The Stonewall weathered and the 

4750
04:11:10,800 --> 04:11:14,900
capitals different in style. 
The city grew and changed over 

4751
04:11:14,900 --> 04:11:19,800
centuries adapting to new 
influences, new wealth, and new 

4752
04:11:19,800 --> 04:11:22,500
needs. 
You can read this history in the

4753
04:11:22,508 --> 04:11:26,100
architecture, like rings in a 
tree, each layer, telling its 

4754
04:11:26,100 --> 04:11:29,700
own story ahead, you spot. 
What must have been a fountain, 

4755
04:11:29,700 --> 04:11:33,700
a large carved basins set, in to
an architectural niche. 

4756
04:11:34,400 --> 04:11:38,500
Dry now, but still beautiful. 
You approach it and see the 

4757
04:11:38,500 --> 04:11:42,300
remains of decorative carving 
around its Rim patterns that 

4758
04:11:42,300 --> 04:11:45,100
Echo the natural swirls in the 
Sandstone itself. 

4759
04:11:45,100 --> 04:11:48,700
You imagine it full of water 
surrounded by Travelers and 

4760
04:11:48,708 --> 04:11:51,500
locals alike. 
Everyone grateful for this 

4761
04:11:51,500 --> 04:11:53,500
precious resource in the desert 
heat. 

4762
04:11:53,500 --> 04:11:57,800
The Fountains basement is carved
from a single piece of stone and

4763
04:11:57,800 --> 04:12:01,200
you Marvel at the effort 
required to Quarry transport and

4764
04:12:01,200 --> 04:12:04,900
position something this large 
Even with modern equipment 

4765
04:12:04,900 --> 04:12:08,600
moving, this Basin would be 
challenging the nabatian, 

4766
04:12:08,600 --> 04:12:12,100
Managed IT with human and animal
power, with clever, use of 

4767
04:12:12,108 --> 04:12:14,700
levers and rollers. 
And with the kind of patient, 

4768
04:12:14,700 --> 04:12:17,800
determination. 
That seems almost extinct in 

4769
04:12:17,800 --> 04:12:20,000
your own era of instant 
gratification. 

4770
04:12:20,000 --> 04:12:24,300
A cat appears from behind a 
fallen column regarding you with

4771
04:12:24,300 --> 04:12:27,100
the universal expression of 
feline superiority. 

4772
04:12:27,800 --> 04:12:31,200
It's orange and white and well 
fed enough that clearly someone 

4773
04:12:31,200 --> 04:12:34,400
in the modern bedroom community,
that lives nearby takes care of 

4774
04:12:34,400 --> 04:12:37,400
it. 
The cat performs an elaborate 

4775
04:12:37,400 --> 04:12:42,100
stretch front legs extended rear
end elevated making it 

4776
04:12:42,100 --> 04:12:45,100
abundantly clear that it owns 
this particular section of 

4777
04:12:45,100 --> 04:12:48,900
ancient Street. 
Your merely visiting the cat 

4778
04:12:48,900 --> 04:12:50,800
approaches. 
You cautiously decides your 

4779
04:12:50,800 --> 04:12:54,000
acceptable and begins weaving 
around your ankles. 

4780
04:12:54,000 --> 04:12:57,900
In that way, cats have perfected
over Millennia of training 

4781
04:12:57,900 --> 04:13:02,200
humans to feed them. 
You scratch behind its ears and 

4782
04:13:02,200 --> 04:13:05,100
it purrs loud enough to Echo off
the nearby columns. 

4783
04:13:05,100 --> 04:13:08,700
From a moment, your connected to
every person who ever pulls on 

4784
04:13:08,700 --> 04:13:12,500
the street to pet a friendly cat
because something's transcend 

4785
04:13:12,500 --> 04:13:15,800
time and culture. 
People have always loved small 

4786
04:13:15,800 --> 04:13:18,800
animals, that deemed to tolerate
our presence along. 

4787
04:13:18,800 --> 04:13:22,300
The edges of the colonnade cave,
openings, Mark residential areas

4788
04:13:22,300 --> 04:13:26,200
carved into the cliff faces. 
These aren't the elaborate tomb 

4789
04:13:26,200 --> 04:13:27,800
facades you see throughout 
Petra. 

4790
04:13:27,800 --> 04:13:31,200
These are simpler more practical
spaces where people actually 

4791
04:13:31,200 --> 04:13:34,000
lived. 
He climb a rough un staircase, 

4792
04:13:34,000 --> 04:13:36,900
to reach one, your hand trailing
along, the rock wall for 

4793
04:13:36,900 --> 04:13:40,000
balance. 
The entrance is low, you duck to

4794
04:13:40,000 --> 04:13:44,000
enter and inside you find a 
series of rooms carved in a 

4795
04:13:44,000 --> 04:13:46,900
simple but efficient layout, the
main room would have been the 

4796
04:13:46,900 --> 04:13:48,900
living area with smaller 
Chambers. 

4797
04:13:48,900 --> 04:13:50,700
Branching off a storage and 
sleeping. 

4798
04:13:51,600 --> 04:13:55,300
The walls are surprisingly. 
Smooth showing tool marks only 

4799
04:13:55,300 --> 04:13:57,500
in the corners where Precision 
mattered less. 

4800
04:13:58,300 --> 04:14:01,000
You can see where shelves were 
carved directly into the Rock. 

4801
04:14:01,000 --> 04:14:04,600
Well, oil lamps would have sat 
in Nature's, and where the 

4802
04:14:04,600 --> 04:14:07,900
ceiling Rises higher to allow 
smoke from cooking fires to 

4803
04:14:07,900 --> 04:14:11,200
gather and escaped through a 
carefully, engineered vent 

4804
04:14:11,200 --> 04:14:15,100
standing in this ancient home. 
You can almost feel the lives 

4805
04:14:15,100 --> 04:14:18,100
that were lived. 
Here, a mother grinding grain in

4806
04:14:18,100 --> 04:14:20,900
the cool morning. 
Children playing in the doorway 

4807
04:14:20,900 --> 04:14:24,300
while their father prepared for 
a trading Journey evening meals,

4808
04:14:24,300 --> 04:14:28,000
were shared while the days heat.
Finally, broke arguments, and 

4809
04:14:28,000 --> 04:14:31,700
laughter births and deaths. 
All the ordinary moments that 

4810
04:14:31,700 --> 04:14:35,700
make up a life, played out in 
rooms carved, from living Stone,

4811
04:14:35,700 --> 04:14:37,800
one of the sleeping Chambers 
still has. 

4812
04:14:37,800 --> 04:14:41,200
What looks like the remnants of 
plaster on the walls painted 

4813
04:14:41,200 --> 04:14:44,200
plaster though? 
The pigments of faded to barely 

4814
04:14:44,200 --> 04:14:47,700
visible ghosts of color? 
You can just make out geometric 

4815
04:14:47,700 --> 04:14:52,500
patterns, perhaps floral designs
decoration that made this cave 

4816
04:14:52,500 --> 04:14:57,200
into a home that added Beauty to
function that proved even 2000 

4817
04:14:57,200 --> 04:14:59,000
years ago. 
People wanted more than just 

4818
04:14:59,000 --> 04:15:02,900
shelter They wanted 
aesthetically pleasing shelter, 

4819
04:15:02,900 --> 04:15:06,500
you noticed that the floors 
aren't level, they're slightly 

4820
04:15:06,500 --> 04:15:09,800
sloped toward the entrance. 
A deliberate design choice that 

4821
04:15:09,800 --> 04:15:12,700
would have helped water drain 
out during the rare, but intense

4822
04:15:12,700 --> 04:15:15,900
desert Reigns. 
Even in homes, carved from 

4823
04:15:15,900 --> 04:15:20,300
Stone, even in places that seem 
permanent and unchanging, the 

4824
04:15:20,300 --> 04:15:24,500
nabataeans prepared for water 
respected it and designed around

4825
04:15:24,500 --> 04:15:27,800
it. 
In the desert, water is Never 

4826
04:15:27,800 --> 04:15:30,300
Enough To thought returning to 
the colonnade. 

4827
04:15:30,300 --> 04:15:32,900
You find yourself thinking about
social structure in ancient 

4828
04:15:32,900 --> 04:15:37,300
Petra The elaborate tombs and 
temples suggest a higher, Oracle

4829
04:15:37,300 --> 04:15:41,700
Society, wealthy merchants and 
Nobles at the top priests and 

4830
04:15:41,700 --> 04:15:45,600
administrators next Craftsman 
and Traders in the middle and 

4831
04:15:45,600 --> 04:15:49,800
laborers at the bottom. but the 
shared Water Systems, the public

4832
04:15:49,800 --> 04:15:52,600
fountains and the relatively 
modest homes, even for the 

4833
04:15:52,608 --> 04:15:57,600
wealthy suggest a society that 
valued Community, cohesion, You 

4834
04:15:57,600 --> 04:15:59,700
can't run a successful trading 
empire. 

4835
04:15:59,700 --> 04:16:02,700
If your social structure 
constantly threatens to collapse

4836
04:16:02,700 --> 04:16:05,000
into conflict back on the Main 
Avenue. 

4837
04:16:05,000 --> 04:16:08,000
You notice a group of modern 
Bedouin guides taking their 

4838
04:16:08,000 --> 04:16:11,100
lunch in the shade of a 
particularly large and column. 

4839
04:16:11,800 --> 04:16:14,600
They wave you over with the 
immediate Hospitality that seems

4840
04:16:14,600 --> 04:16:16,900
to be programmed in to Desert 
people's everywhere. 

4841
04:16:17,800 --> 04:16:20,700
Within moments, your sitting 
cross-legged on a worn carpet, 

4842
04:16:20,700 --> 04:16:25,600
accepting flatbread and soft 
cheese listening to stories told

4843
04:16:25,600 --> 04:16:28,600
in a mix of languages. 
Supplemented with expansive 

4844
04:16:28,600 --> 04:16:33,700
gestures, the food is simple but
satisfying the bread still warm,

4845
04:16:33,700 --> 04:16:37,400
the cheese tangian, creamy and 
some olives that tastes like 

4846
04:16:37,400 --> 04:16:40,900
sunshine and salt. 
Someone passes you a cup of 

4847
04:16:40,908 --> 04:16:44,100
strong coffee, thick and sweet 
and you sip, it carefully, 

4848
04:16:44,100 --> 04:16:47,500
because it's very hot. 
The guides laugh at something, 

4849
04:16:47,508 --> 04:16:50,700
one of them said slapping their 
knees and even though you don't 

4850
04:16:50,700 --> 04:16:54,000
understand the joke, you smile 
because laughter is contagious 

4851
04:16:54,000 --> 04:16:56,700
and context. 
Independent, one of the older 

4852
04:16:56,700 --> 04:17:00,500
guys is faced like well-worn 
leather tells you about finding 

4853
04:17:00,500 --> 04:17:04,500
ancient coins after heavy rains 
about discovering new chambers 

4854
04:17:04,500 --> 04:17:08,100
that tourists never see and 
about the time of flash flood 

4855
04:17:08,100 --> 04:17:11,300
roared through the sick with 
such violence, that it moved 

4856
04:17:11,300 --> 04:17:15,500
Boulders, the size of camels. 
His hands shaped the story in 

4857
04:17:15,500 --> 04:17:18,400
the air and you can see the 
Water Rising and feel the 

4858
04:17:18,400 --> 04:17:21,200
Thunder of its passage he laughs
at the memory. 

4859
04:17:21,200 --> 04:17:24,800
Not because floods are dangerous
but because of surviving them 

4860
04:17:24,800 --> 04:17:28,300
and you breaking rights that 
last a lifetime the conversation

4861
04:17:28,300 --> 04:17:31,700
turns to daily life in ancient 
Petra and the guides share 

4862
04:17:31,700 --> 04:17:34,700
knowledge passed down through 
generations of living in and 

4863
04:17:34,700 --> 04:17:38,600
around these ruins. 
The nabataeans they explain were

4864
04:17:38,600 --> 04:17:41,200
practical people. 
They carved their City from 

4865
04:17:41,200 --> 04:17:44,600
Stone, not for Aesthetics alone 
but because Stone doesn't burn, 

4866
04:17:44,600 --> 04:17:47,900
doesn't rot. 
And last essentially forever in 

4867
04:17:47,900 --> 04:17:52,200
a desert climate, they built for
their descendants for eternity, 

4868
04:17:52,200 --> 04:17:55,300
and they succeeded Beyond 
probably even their own 

4869
04:17:55,300 --> 04:17:58,400
imaginations. 
You learn that during Petra's 

4870
04:17:58,400 --> 04:18:00,400
height. 
This Central Street would have 

4871
04:18:00,400 --> 04:18:03,800
been shaded, by fabric awnings 
stretched between the columns 

4872
04:18:03,800 --> 04:18:07,800
making it possible to shop and 
trade, even during the brutal, 

4873
04:18:07,800 --> 04:18:12,400
midday Heat, wealthy merchants 
lived in carved homes with 

4874
04:18:12,400 --> 04:18:16,600
multiple rooms and elaborate 
facades while poorest citizens, 

4875
04:18:16,600 --> 04:18:19,400
may do with simpler cave 
dwellings on the outskirts, 

4876
04:18:20,100 --> 04:18:23,900
Everyone, regardless of status 
had access to the city's water 

4877
04:18:23,900 --> 04:18:28,000
system, a democratic approach to
Precious resources that helped 

4878
04:18:28,000 --> 04:18:31,500
maintain social stability. 
One of the younger guides points

4879
04:18:31,500 --> 04:18:34,100
out, a section of the colonnade 
where you can still see post 

4880
04:18:34,100 --> 04:18:38,800
holes carved into the stone 
evidence of those awnings proof 

4881
04:18:38,800 --> 04:18:41,700
that this street once offered 
shade and relative comfort. 

4882
04:18:42,500 --> 04:18:45,100
He explains that the fabric 
would have been brightly colored

4883
04:18:45,100 --> 04:18:49,500
died in Reds and blues and 
yellows, creating a vibrant 

4884
04:18:49,500 --> 04:18:52,300
canopy overhead. 
The street would have been 

4885
04:18:52,300 --> 04:18:54,200
colorful in a way that's hard to
imagine. 

4886
04:18:54,200 --> 04:18:58,500
Now, looking at the best stone 
and Sam and trade goods would 

4887
04:18:58,500 --> 04:19:01,300
have been displayed on low 
tables or spread on carpets. 

4888
04:19:01,300 --> 04:19:05,800
The guy continues Merchants 
called out their Wares hagglers,

4889
04:19:05,800 --> 04:19:08,400
negotiated prices and money 
changers. 

4890
04:19:08,400 --> 04:19:12,000
Sat at small tables converting 
various currents because Traders

4891
04:19:12,000 --> 04:19:13,600
came from all over the known 
world. 

4892
04:19:14,500 --> 04:19:16,800
It would have been loud chaotic 
and exciting. 

4893
04:19:17,700 --> 04:19:21,300
A true Crossroads were different
languages mingled when news from

4894
04:19:21,300 --> 04:19:24,900
distant land spread and where 
the Exotic became ordinary 

4895
04:19:24,900 --> 04:19:28,000
through constant exposure. 
The guides also tell you about 

4896
04:19:28,000 --> 04:19:31,800
the social customs of ancient 
Petra, the little rituals of 

4897
04:19:31,800 --> 04:19:35,700
daily life When Traders arrived,
they would have been greeted by 

4898
04:19:35,700 --> 04:19:39,200
City officials who assess their 
goods for taxation purposes. 

4899
04:19:40,300 --> 04:19:43,900
Temples required offerings from 
those seeking Divine favor for 

4900
04:19:43,900 --> 04:19:46,600
their business deals. 
Public baths. 

4901
04:19:46,600 --> 04:19:49,500
Yes. 
The nabatian had public baths 

4902
04:19:49,500 --> 04:19:52,600
and Innovation borrowed from 
their Greek and Roman neighbors,

4903
04:19:52,600 --> 04:19:56,500
served as social centers, where 
business and gossip flowed. 

4904
04:19:56,500 --> 04:20:00,200
As freely as the water, you 
asked about entertainment and 

4905
04:20:00,200 --> 04:20:02,200
the guides exchanged glances 
Groening. 

4906
04:20:03,200 --> 04:20:06,200
There was a theater here. 
One of them, says, actually two 

4907
04:20:06,200 --> 04:20:07,700
theater's carved into the 
hillside. 

4908
04:20:09,700 --> 04:20:13,400
The nabataeans enjoyed Greek 
style, drama, comedy and music. 

4909
04:20:13,400 --> 04:20:17,800
They were not austere to 
setting, they were Cosmopolitan 

4910
04:20:17,800 --> 04:20:20,900
sophisticated in interested in 
art and culture as much as 

4911
04:20:20,900 --> 04:20:24,600
prophet They wanted to enjoy 
their wealth not just 

4912
04:20:24,600 --> 04:20:28,300
accumulated one guide mentioned 
the remains of what was probably

4913
04:20:28,300 --> 04:20:31,800
a Tavern or in near The Colony 
and suddenly you can imagine 

4914
04:20:31,800 --> 04:20:36,000
tired Traders stumbling in after
a long journey, calling for Wine

4915
04:20:36,000 --> 04:20:38,500
and Food. 
Swapping stories about dangerous

4916
04:20:38,500 --> 04:20:42,000
mountain passes and profitable 
deals, boasting about their 

4917
04:20:42,000 --> 04:20:44,400
exploits and complaining about 
their competitors. 

4918
04:20:45,500 --> 04:20:49,500
Human nature doesn't change much
the details shift but the 

4919
04:20:49,500 --> 04:20:51,600
fundamental patterns remain 
constant. 

4920
04:20:51,600 --> 04:20:55,300
The guides insist on showing you
what they consider Petra's true,

4921
04:20:55,300 --> 04:20:59,400
Marvel not the carved facades 
impressive as they are, but the 

4922
04:20:59,400 --> 04:21:01,600
water systems that made 
everything else possible. 

4923
04:21:03,000 --> 04:21:05,700
You follow them to what looks 
like an unremarkable Channel 

4924
04:21:05,700 --> 04:21:08,400
carved into the rock face along.
One Street. 

4925
04:21:09,600 --> 04:21:12,700
Water once flowed here. 
They explain brought from 

4926
04:21:12,700 --> 04:21:15,100
Springs in the mountains through
an engineering system. 

4927
04:21:15,100 --> 04:21:18,600
So sophisticated that modern 
experts, still study it with 

4928
04:21:18,600 --> 04:21:22,300
admiration and a touch of envy. 
You walk along this ancient 

4929
04:21:22,300 --> 04:21:26,000
Aqueduct following its path, as 
it curves with the natural 

4930
04:21:26,000 --> 04:21:30,500
Contours of the landscape. 
Every so often you spot evidence

4931
04:21:30,500 --> 04:21:32,800
of the nabatian engineers, 
cleverness. 

4932
04:21:33,800 --> 04:21:37,000
Settling Basin where sediment 
could drop out of the water 

4933
04:21:37,000 --> 04:21:39,600
flow. 
A gentle curved designed to 

4934
04:21:39,600 --> 04:21:43,100
maintain constant water pressure
and a covered section that 

4935
04:21:43,100 --> 04:21:46,700
prevented evaporation during the
hottest parts of the day, the 

4936
04:21:46,700 --> 04:21:50,300
system wasn't just one channel 
but a network of channels and 

4937
04:21:50,300 --> 04:21:54,200
dams that collected, every 
possible drop of water from the 

4938
04:21:54,200 --> 04:21:56,000
seasonal rains and Mountain 
runoff. 

4939
04:21:57,400 --> 04:22:00,300
The nabataeans understood, the 
water doesn't just appear. 

4940
04:22:00,300 --> 04:22:04,600
When you need it, it must be 
captured stored and distributed 

4941
04:22:04,600 --> 04:22:07,800
with care. 
In this understanding they built

4942
04:22:07,800 --> 04:22:11,200
an entire civilization. 
One of the guides kneels beside 

4943
04:22:11,200 --> 04:22:13,500
the channel and traces, the 
interior with his finger, 

4944
04:22:13,500 --> 04:22:17,300
showing you how smooth it is. 
This smoothness wasn't 

4945
04:22:17,300 --> 04:22:22,200
accidentally explains it reduced
friction allowing water to flow.

4946
04:22:22,200 --> 04:22:25,500
More efficiently. 
Every detail was calculated. 

4947
04:22:25,500 --> 04:22:29,200
Every feature served a purpose. 
The nabatanzi 

4948
04:22:43,100 --> 04:22:45,300
Carrying water to different 
districts of the city. 

4949
04:22:46,200 --> 04:22:49,800
Each branch had its own control 
mechanism Stone plugs that could

4950
04:22:49,800 --> 04:22:53,300
be removed or inserted to direct
water where it was needed. 

4951
04:22:53,300 --> 04:22:58,700
Most During droughts water would
be rationed with priority given 

4952
04:22:58,700 --> 04:23:02,600
to drinking and cooking. 
During abundant periods excess 

4953
04:23:02,600 --> 04:23:07,400
water, went to garden fountains 
and the public bars, you can 

4954
04:23:07,400 --> 04:23:10,200
continue following the main 
Channel and it leads you upward 

4955
04:23:10,200 --> 04:23:12,600
climbing the hillside in a 
carefully. 

4956
04:23:12,600 --> 04:23:16,300
Calculated gradient. 
The guides explained that this 

4957
04:23:16,300 --> 04:23:19,600
particular Aqueduct brought 
water from a spring over six 

4958
04:23:19,600 --> 04:23:23,300
miles away, maintaining a 
consistent, downward slope the 

4959
04:23:23,300 --> 04:23:27,200
entire distance, the engineering
survey work alone would have 

4960
04:23:27,200 --> 04:23:30,400
been an impressive feat. 
Imagine mapping a root over 

4961
04:23:30,408 --> 04:23:34,100
miles of Rocky terrain, 
calculating elevations, and 

4962
04:23:34,100 --> 04:23:37,600
determining the optimal path. 
All without modern instruments, 

4963
04:23:37,600 --> 04:23:39,600
at several points along the 
Route. 

4964
04:23:39,600 --> 04:23:43,700
You see evidence of repairs made
over the centuries, the number 

4965
04:23:43,700 --> 04:23:47,000
Tans maintain their water 
systems religiously because 

4966
04:23:47,000 --> 04:23:51,400
their survival depended on it. 
Later inhabitants Romans and 

4967
04:23:51,400 --> 04:23:53,800
byzantines. 
Continued the maintenance, 

4968
04:23:53,800 --> 04:23:58,000
because the system was too 
valuable to abandon Even after 

4969
04:23:58,000 --> 04:24:02,600
Petra was largely depopulated 
local Bedouin tribes used parts 

4970
04:24:02,600 --> 04:24:05,700
of the water system. 
Keeping sections functional up 

4971
04:24:05,700 --> 04:24:08,800
to the present day. 
One of the guides leads you to a

4972
04:24:08,800 --> 04:24:10,900
large system carved deep into 
the rock. 

4973
04:24:10,900 --> 04:24:13,800
It opening protected by a low 
wall. 

4974
04:24:13,800 --> 04:24:16,800
That prevents accidents Uline 
over carefully. 

4975
04:24:16,800 --> 04:24:18,700
And look down into cool 
Darkness. 

4976
04:24:19,600 --> 04:24:23,600
Somewhere, far below water, 
still collects, not much, but 

4977
04:24:23,600 --> 04:24:26,400
enough that you can hear the 
occasional drip echoing in the 

4978
04:24:26,400 --> 04:24:29,300
chamber. 
This particular system, you're 

4979
04:24:29,300 --> 04:24:32,100
told could hold enough water to 
supply the city for months. 

4980
04:24:32,100 --> 04:24:35,800
If rains failed which they 
sometimes did the systems 

4981
04:24:35,800 --> 04:24:39,200
interior walls, are plastered to
prevent seepage though. 

4982
04:24:39,200 --> 04:24:42,700
Much of the plaster has 
deteriorated over time at the 

4983
04:24:42,700 --> 04:24:45,100
bottom. 
You can just barely make out the

4984
04:24:45,100 --> 04:24:50,000
glint of water, perhaps 20 feet 
down a metal chain, hangs down 

4985
04:24:50,000 --> 04:24:52,900
the wall. 
A modern addition to help anyone

4986
04:24:52,900 --> 04:24:55,100
who accidentally Falls in 
though. 

4987
04:24:55,100 --> 04:24:58,100
The guides joke that falling 
into ancient systems is not 

4988
04:24:58,100 --> 04:25:01,200
recommended as a tourist 
activity near the system. 

4989
04:25:01,200 --> 04:25:05,300
Someone has carved a warning in 
nabataean, script still legible.

4990
04:25:05,300 --> 04:25:09,100
After all these centuries, the 
guide translates roughly it 

4991
04:25:09,100 --> 04:25:11,900
warns against polluting, the 
water supply and declares the 

4992
04:25:11,900 --> 04:25:15,100
punishment for such a crime, to 
be severe water. 

4993
04:25:15,100 --> 04:25:17,800
Theft was apparently the most 
serious offense, a person could 

4994
04:25:17,800 --> 04:25:21,600
commit in ancient Petra, worse 
than stealing gold, or Goods. 

4995
04:25:22,400 --> 04:25:26,700
You can understand why gold 
might make you rich but water 

4996
04:25:26,700 --> 04:25:30,600
keeps you alive the guide shares
a story about a 19th century 

4997
04:25:30,600 --> 04:25:35,100
explorer, who tried to map 
Petra's, entire water system and

4998
04:25:35,100 --> 04:25:39,600
gave up after weeks of work. 
Having traced only a fraction of

4999
04:25:39,600 --> 04:25:44,200
its extent The system was simply
too complex and too extensive 

5000
04:25:44,200 --> 04:25:48,300
with channels running under 
streets through buildings and 

5001
04:25:48,300 --> 04:25:50,900
across valleys on Aqueduct 
bridges that have since 

5002
04:25:50,900 --> 04:25:53,400
collapsed. 
Modern archaeologists. 

5003
04:25:53,400 --> 04:25:56,200
Using ground. 
Penetrating radar continue to 

5004
04:25:56,200 --> 04:25:58,700
discover previously unknown 
sections. 

5005
04:25:58,700 --> 04:26:02,100
You can continue following the 
water channels and they lead you

5006
04:26:02,100 --> 04:26:03,700
to what must have been a garden 
area. 

5007
04:26:04,600 --> 04:26:09,000
The soil here is different 
darker richer and clearly 

5008
04:26:09,000 --> 04:26:12,200
enriched by centuries of water 
flow and organic matter. 

5009
04:26:13,100 --> 04:26:16,400
You can still see the remnants 
of the irrigation system, small 

5010
04:26:16,400 --> 04:26:19,600
channels, brought off the main 
Aqueduct to water individual 

5011
04:26:19,600 --> 04:26:23,800
planting beds. 
In the desert a garden isn't 

5012
04:26:23,800 --> 04:26:27,700
just decoration. 
It's a statement of power, a 

5013
04:26:27,700 --> 04:26:31,000
demonstration that you command 
enough water to waste on beauty.

5014
04:26:31,000 --> 04:26:34,600
One of the younger guides Niels 
and digs in the soil, pulling up

5015
04:26:34,600 --> 04:26:37,900
A Shard of pottery. 
Its glazed, in a pale, green 

5016
04:26:37,900 --> 04:26:42,200
color decorated with a simple 
geometric pattern, part of a 

5017
04:26:42,208 --> 04:26:45,800
plant pot, He suggests or maybe 
a serving dish from when this 

5018
04:26:45,800 --> 04:26:49,300
Garden hosted parties and 
Gatherings, he hands it to you 

5019
04:26:49,300 --> 04:26:52,400
and you turn it over in your 
hands marveling at how 

5020
04:26:52,400 --> 04:26:54,200
something. 
So, fragile survived, when 

5021
04:26:54,200 --> 04:26:57,800
entire Empires crumbled, the 
Garden area, overlooks. 

5022
04:26:57,800 --> 04:27:01,900
The main city offering a view 
across cars in ancient streets. 

5023
04:27:02,800 --> 04:27:05,800
You can imagine nabataea Noble 
sitting here in the evening 

5024
04:27:05,800 --> 04:27:09,000
enjoying the cool air and the 
sound of water trickling through

5025
04:27:09,000 --> 04:27:12,500
irrigation channels, discussing 
politics and trade while 

5026
04:27:12,500 --> 04:27:15,300
surrounded by flowers and fruit 
trees that had no business 

5027
04:27:15,300 --> 04:27:18,900
surviving in a desert climate. 
The garden would have been a 

5028
04:27:18,900 --> 04:27:21,800
demonstration of their victory 
over nature, their ability to 

5029
04:27:21,808 --> 04:27:25,100
bend even the harsh desert. 
Their will looking at the 

5030
04:27:25,100 --> 04:27:27,300
gardens layout. 
You notice, it was terrorists 

5031
04:27:27,300 --> 04:27:30,100
with each level slightly lower 
than the one above it. 

5032
04:27:30,800 --> 04:27:33,600
This allowed water to flow 
naturally from one Terrace to 

5033
04:27:33,608 --> 04:27:36,900
the next ensuring even 
distribution and preventing 

5034
04:27:36,900 --> 04:27:40,300
waste. 
Even in ornamental space is even

5035
04:27:40,300 --> 04:27:43,700
in areas, designed purely for 
pleasure, the nabataeans 

5036
04:27:43,700 --> 04:27:47,200
maintained, their engineering 
precision and respect for Waters

5037
04:27:47,200 --> 04:27:49,600
value. 
The afternoon heat has built to 

5038
04:27:49,600 --> 04:27:52,800
its peak now, and you 
understand, viscerally why the 

5039
04:27:52,800 --> 04:27:56,700
nabhi and spent so much effort 
on water systems Without 

5040
04:27:56,700 --> 04:28:00,500
constant hydration, the desert 
becomes genuinely dangerous. 

5041
04:28:01,500 --> 04:28:05,700
You drink from your water skin 
grateful for it and think about 

5042
04:28:05,700 --> 04:28:09,400
how different life must have 
been when every drop had to be 

5043
04:28:09,400 --> 04:28:13,900
consciously managed when running
out meant death, and when rain 

5044
04:28:13,900 --> 04:28:17,700
was literally a blessing worth 
celebrating with festivals and 

5045
04:28:17,700 --> 04:28:21,100
offerings to the gods, one of 
the Gods mentioned that during 

5046
04:28:21,100 --> 04:28:24,400
major festivals, the nabatea of 
sometimes run through their 

5047
04:28:24,400 --> 04:28:27,900
Fountain systems and still have 
water a display of wealth. 

5048
04:28:27,900 --> 04:28:30,500
So extravagant in borders on 
absurd. 

5049
04:28:31,600 --> 04:28:34,900
Imagine standing in the plaza 
and seeing wine flowing from 

5050
04:28:34,900 --> 04:28:38,200
public fountains available to 
anyone who wanted it. 

5051
04:28:38,200 --> 04:28:42,100
It would have been both generous
hospitality and an unmistakable 

5052
04:28:42,100 --> 04:28:45,100
demonstration of power. 
We have so much wealth that we 

5053
04:28:45,108 --> 04:28:47,100
can literally pour wine into the
streets. 

5054
04:28:47,100 --> 04:28:50,800
You asked about water quality 
and the guides explained that 

5055
04:28:50,800 --> 04:28:54,100
the settling basins you saw were
just for removing sediment. 

5056
04:28:54,800 --> 04:28:58,100
The Napa Tans understood that 
allowing water to sit exposed to

5057
04:28:58,108 --> 04:29:01,100
air for a period. 
Improved its taste and quality 

5058
04:29:01,100 --> 04:29:04,400
they didn't know about 
irrational or oxidation in 

5059
04:29:04,400 --> 04:29:07,800
modern scientific terms but they
understood the Practical result 

5060
04:29:07,800 --> 04:29:11,600
water tasted better after 
setting in an open basement for 

5061
04:29:11,600 --> 04:29:14,100
a while. 
The Water Systems also included 

5062
04:29:14,100 --> 04:29:18,000
something unexpected, public 
fountains positioned at regular 

5063
04:29:18,000 --> 04:29:20,900
intervals, throughout the city 
available, to all residents 

5064
04:29:20,900 --> 04:29:25,200
regardless of wealth or status. 
This Democratic approach to 

5065
04:29:25,200 --> 04:29:28,200
water distribution, helped 
maintain social, cohesion. 

5066
04:29:29,000 --> 04:29:32,100
In a society where wealth 
inequality could easily lead to 

5067
04:29:32,108 --> 04:29:35,200
unrest, ensuring everyone had 
access to clean. 

5068
04:29:35,200 --> 04:29:39,000
Water was both practical 
governance and a humanitarian 

5069
04:29:39,000 --> 04:29:42,300
consideration as you walk back 
to all the main city. 

5070
04:29:42,300 --> 04:29:46,400
Following the aqueduct downhill.
You pass several more systems 

5071
04:29:46,400 --> 04:29:49,800
and other settling Basin and 
what looks like an ancient 

5072
04:29:49,800 --> 04:29:53,000
Watermill those so little 
remains that it's hard to be 

5073
04:29:53,000 --> 04:29:56,500
certain The guides, confirm your
guests. 

5074
04:29:57,000 --> 04:30:00,000
Yes. 
The nabatian used water power to

5075
04:30:00,000 --> 04:30:03,600
grind grain another borrowed 
Innovation that they adapted to 

5076
04:30:03,600 --> 04:30:06,700
their needs and refined through 
their characteristic. 

5077
04:30:06,700 --> 04:30:10,400
Engineering precision, as the 
sun begins, its slow descent 

5078
04:30:10,400 --> 04:30:12,800
toward the Western Horizon. 
You make your way to the 

5079
04:30:12,808 --> 04:30:16,800
religious heart of Petra, a 
complex of temples that show the

5080
04:30:16,800 --> 04:30:20,500
nabatian relationship with the 
divine The largest the Great 

5081
04:30:20,500 --> 04:30:23,600
temple sprawls across a 
terrorist carved and built into 

5082
04:30:23,600 --> 04:30:26,500
the hillside. 
Climbing the ancient steps. 

5083
04:30:26,500 --> 04:30:29,900
You feel the temperature still 
radiating from the Stone hours 

5084
04:30:29,900 --> 04:30:33,200
of absorbed sunlight. 
Slowly releasing, the Temple's 

5085
04:30:33,200 --> 04:30:37,400
layout reveals itself in layers.
First a large Courtyard where 

5086
04:30:37,400 --> 04:30:40,600
worshipers would have gathered 
then a series of columns, 

5087
04:30:40,600 --> 04:30:43,600
leading to the temple. 
Proper some Still Standing 

5088
04:30:43,600 --> 04:30:48,000
others reduced to Drums of stone
lying, like scattered coins. 

5089
04:30:49,000 --> 04:30:52,200
The Columns that remain upright,
cast Long Shadows in the late 

5090
04:30:52,200 --> 04:30:55,300
afternoon, light creating 
patterns on the ground that 

5091
04:30:55,300 --> 04:30:57,400
shift and dance as you moved 
between them. 

5092
04:30:57,400 --> 04:31:01,600
What strikes, you most is the 
synthesis of styles, the 

5093
04:31:01,600 --> 04:31:06,000
nabataeans were Traders exposed 
to Egyptian, Greek, Roman and 

5094
04:31:06,000 --> 04:31:09,000
Arabian influences and their 
religious architecture. 

5095
04:31:09,000 --> 04:31:12,700
Reflects this cultural 
crossroads You see, Egyptian 

5096
04:31:12,700 --> 04:31:16,000
style capitals, next to 
Corinthian columns and Arabian, 

5097
04:31:16,000 --> 04:31:20,500
geometric patterns alongside 
Hellenistic sculptures rather 

5098
04:31:20,500 --> 04:31:24,200
than creating confusion. 
This blending feels intentional 

5099
04:31:24,200 --> 04:31:28,000
even harmonious. 
A visual representation of the 

5100
04:31:28,000 --> 04:31:31,400
people comfortable. 
Moving Between Worlds, a columns

5101
04:31:31,400 --> 04:31:33,800
themselves are remarkable works 
of engineering. 

5102
04:31:33,800 --> 04:31:37,600
Each one is carved from a single
piece of stone floated with 

5103
04:31:37,600 --> 04:31:40,700
precision and topped with 
capitals that showed different 

5104
04:31:40,700 --> 04:31:43,500
decorative Styles. 
Some columns have been 

5105
04:31:43,508 --> 04:31:47,300
re-elected by archeologists and 
you can see the modern concrete 

5106
04:31:47,300 --> 04:31:49,200
used to join the ancient drums 
together. 

5107
04:31:50,200 --> 04:31:52,000
These repairs are obvious up 
close. 

5108
04:31:52,000 --> 04:31:54,700
But from a distance, The 
Columns. 

5109
04:31:54,700 --> 04:31:58,200
Once again, stand as they did 
centuries ago, supporting 

5110
04:31:58,200 --> 04:32:01,500
nothing but Sky yet, still 
magnificent. 

5111
04:32:01,500 --> 04:32:05,600
You enter what was once the 
inner sanctum now, open to the 

5112
04:32:05,600 --> 04:32:09,300
sky. the walls here are carved 
with niches that would have held

5113
04:32:09,300 --> 04:32:14,200
statues or offering some still 
contained fragments a stone hand

5114
04:32:14,200 --> 04:32:18,300
here, part of a face, their 
peace of God, whose names have 

5115
04:32:18,300 --> 04:32:22,200
been largely forgotten, The 
number 10s worshiped to Shara 

5116
04:32:22,200 --> 04:32:26,700
their primary day often 
represented as a block of stone 

5117
04:32:26,700 --> 04:32:29,800
rather than a human form. 
You spot. 

5118
04:32:29,800 --> 04:32:33,100
What might be one of these 
sacred blocks in a corner worn 

5119
04:32:33,100 --> 04:32:36,400
Smooth by time and the touch of 
countless faithful hands. 

5120
04:32:36,400 --> 04:32:39,700
The inner sanctum floor is paved
with fitted Stones. 

5121
04:32:39,700 --> 04:32:43,200
Many displaced by earthquakes 
but still showing the original 

5122
04:32:43,200 --> 04:32:47,600
pattern In the center, a 
rectangular depression marks. 

5123
04:32:47,600 --> 04:32:51,400
What was probably an altar where
priests made offerings animals 

5124
04:32:51,400 --> 04:32:56,500
sacrificed incense burned and 
wine poured out as libation. 

5125
04:32:57,700 --> 04:33:01,200
You can almost smell the smoke 
of ancient fires and here the 

5126
04:33:01,200 --> 04:33:04,200
prayers and chants that fill 
this space during religious 

5127
04:33:04,200 --> 04:33:07,000
ceremony is along one wall. 
You find a series of 

5128
04:33:07,000 --> 04:33:11,000
inscriptions in Napa in script. 
These are dedications from 

5129
04:33:11,000 --> 04:33:14,300
worshipers your told by a guide,
who is followed you into the 

5130
04:33:14,300 --> 04:33:18,500
temple, they thanked her Shara 
for safe Journeys, successful 

5131
04:33:18,500 --> 04:33:22,700
business deals, healthy children
and victory over enemies. 

5132
04:33:23,900 --> 04:33:27,700
The concerns of ancient people 
expressed in language, you can't

5133
04:33:27,700 --> 04:33:31,300
read, but can absolutely 
understand because human hopes 

5134
04:33:31,300 --> 04:33:34,599
and fears, don't change much 
across Millennia, a smaller 

5135
04:33:34,599 --> 04:33:38,400
temple nearby appears to have 
been dedicated to also a 

5136
04:33:38,400 --> 04:33:40,099
goddess. 
The number of teens identified 

5137
04:33:40,099 --> 04:33:43,599
with Venus, This structure 
features, more delicate, 

5138
04:33:43,599 --> 04:33:48,300
carvings flowers, and Vines wind
up the columns and you can still

5139
04:33:48,300 --> 04:33:51,300
make out what might be doves or 
other birds among the decorative

5140
04:33:51,300 --> 04:33:53,900
elements. 
Someone has left modern flowers 

5141
04:33:53,900 --> 04:33:57,800
at what was probably the altar a
continuation of devotion across 

5142
04:33:57,800 --> 04:34:01,599
2000 years. 
Even if the specific deity has 

5143
04:34:01,599 --> 04:34:04,900
changed the Eliza Temple is 
smaller but more intimate than 

5144
04:34:04,900 --> 04:34:07,700
the Great temple, its 
proportions feel more human 

5145
04:34:07,700 --> 04:34:12,000
scaled less intended to 
overwhelm with grandia and more 

5146
04:34:12,000 --> 04:34:14,800
designed to create a space for 
personal connection with the 

5147
04:34:14,800 --> 04:34:17,500
divine. 
The chambers here are smaller. 

5148
04:34:17,500 --> 04:34:20,300
The decorations more details 
suggesting. 

5149
04:34:20,300 --> 04:34:23,099
This was perhaps a place for 
individual prayer, rather than 

5150
04:34:23,099 --> 04:34:25,800
large public. 
Ceremonies you sit on a low 

5151
04:34:25,800 --> 04:34:27,500
wall. 
That wants separated Sacred 

5152
04:34:27,500 --> 04:34:30,599
Space from common ground and 
watch the light change. 

5153
04:34:30,599 --> 04:34:34,300
On the temples, the stone shifts
from Bright goal to deeper 

5154
04:34:34,300 --> 04:34:36,300
orange. 
Then toward that particular 

5155
04:34:36,300 --> 04:34:38,599
shade of red pink that seems to 
exist. 

5156
04:34:38,599 --> 04:34:42,599
Only in Petra. 
Other visitors wander through 

5157
04:34:42,599 --> 04:34:46,400
some photographing others. 
Just experiencing. 

5158
04:34:47,500 --> 04:34:51,300
Small child breaks away from her
parents and spins in circles 

5159
04:34:51,308 --> 04:34:56,300
Among The Columns her laughter 
echoing off ancient walls, you 

5160
04:34:56,300 --> 04:34:58,700
can't help but smile at the 
thought that children probably 

5161
04:34:58,700 --> 04:35:01,700
did exactly the same thing to 
Millennia ago. 

5162
04:35:01,700 --> 04:35:05,099
The wind picks up slightly and 
you notice how it sounds 

5163
04:35:05,099 --> 04:35:08,200
different moving through the 
temple, complex, whistling 

5164
04:35:08,200 --> 04:35:12,000
around columns, moaning through 
empty window frames and creating

5165
04:35:12,000 --> 04:35:15,900
unintentional music. 
The number 10s must have heard 

5166
04:35:15,900 --> 04:35:17,900
this same Wind Song and must 
have attributed. 

5167
04:35:17,900 --> 04:35:21,500
Meaning to its variations, 
perhaps certain winds were 

5168
04:35:21,500 --> 04:35:23,800
considered good Omens, others 
warnings. 

5169
04:35:23,800 --> 04:35:27,500
Perhaps the priests claimed to 
interpret the messages carried 

5170
04:35:27,500 --> 04:35:30,200
on desert. 
Are you stand and explore? 

5171
04:35:30,200 --> 04:35:31,800
The smallest structures 
surrounding. 

5172
04:35:31,800 --> 04:35:35,300
The main temples, what looked 
like administrative building's 

5173
04:35:35,300 --> 04:35:38,900
storage rooms and possibly 
living quarters for priests and 

5174
04:35:38,908 --> 04:35:41,900
Temple workers. 
These are less elaborate but no 

5175
04:35:41,900 --> 04:35:46,000
less interesting in their way 
One building still has sections 

5176
04:35:46,000 --> 04:35:50,400
of its roof intact creating a 
cool shadowed space that offers 

5177
04:35:50,400 --> 04:35:54,300
relief from the afternoon heat. 
You step inside and find what 

5178
04:35:54,300 --> 04:35:57,900
might have been an archive room 
with carved slots in the walls 

5179
04:35:57,900 --> 04:36:00,099
were Scrolls or tablets could 
have been stored. 

5180
04:36:00,099 --> 04:36:03,200
The archive room makes you think
about all the records that were 

5181
04:36:03,200 --> 04:36:06,700
kept here? 
Temple accounts, religious texts

5182
04:36:06,700 --> 04:36:10,099
copies of important. 
Contracts, blessed by priests 

5183
04:36:10,099 --> 04:36:13,200
and astronomical. 
Observations used to determine 

5184
04:36:13,200 --> 04:36:16,700
Festival dates. 
Almost all of it is gone now. 

5185
04:36:17,500 --> 04:36:21,099
Papyrus and parchment rotted 
away, centuries ago, knowledge 

5186
04:36:21,099 --> 04:36:24,200
lost to time and the deserts 
harsh preservation requirements,

5187
04:36:25,200 --> 04:36:27,900
Stone, survives, organic 
materials. 

5188
04:36:27,900 --> 04:36:30,599
Mostly don't in another small 
building. 

5189
04:36:30,599 --> 04:36:32,900
You find what was clearly a 
kitchen area. 

5190
04:36:32,900 --> 04:36:37,500
A half-built into one wall, a 
smoke black and ceiling and 

5191
04:36:37,500 --> 04:36:40,200
carved channels that would have 
directed water for washing. 

5192
04:36:41,099 --> 04:36:45,000
Even priests need to eat and 
Temple life included, mundane 

5193
04:36:45,000 --> 04:36:47,200
activities, alongside religious 
ceremonies. 

5194
04:36:47,200 --> 04:36:51,099
There's something comforting 
about finding this kitchen about

5195
04:36:51,099 --> 04:36:54,099
being reminded that sacred and 
ordinary coexisted. 

5196
04:36:54,099 --> 04:36:56,500
That Holiness didn't preclude 
hunger. 

5197
04:36:56,500 --> 04:37:00,200
You find Ancient Graffiti. 
Scratched into one wall of the 

5198
04:37:00,200 --> 04:37:03,900
kitchen area, names, dates and 
Declarations of Love or 

5199
04:37:03,900 --> 04:37:07,000
importance. 
One inscription makes you laugh.

5200
04:37:07,000 --> 04:37:10,599
It's a complaint about the 
quality of the bread written in 

5201
04:37:10,599 --> 04:37:15,000
nabataean script. 2000 years 
ago, some Temple worker was a 

5202
04:37:15,000 --> 04:37:18,800
parently so annoyed by bad bread
that he felt compelled to carve 

5203
04:37:18,800 --> 04:37:20,800
his displeasure into permanent 
Stone. 

5204
04:37:21,599 --> 04:37:25,700
Something's truly are Universal 
returning to the main Temple. 

5205
04:37:25,700 --> 04:37:29,300
Courtyard, you notice how the 
complex is oriented to catch 

5206
04:37:29,300 --> 04:37:32,200
specific, angles of sunlight 
during different seasons. 

5207
04:37:33,300 --> 04:37:36,400
During the summer solstice, the 
Rising Sun would have 

5208
04:37:36,400 --> 04:37:40,099
illuminated the main altar. 
During the winter solstice, it 

5209
04:37:40,099 --> 04:37:41,300
would have lit a different 
section. 

5210
04:37:42,300 --> 04:37:45,900
The nabataeans built their 
temples as solar calendars using

5211
04:37:45,900 --> 04:37:49,800
architecture to Mark times 
passage and connect human ritual

5212
04:37:49,800 --> 04:37:52,700
to Celestial Cycles. 
The temples position. 

5213
04:37:52,700 --> 04:37:55,700
All so offers commanding views 
of the surrounding City and 

5214
04:37:55,700 --> 04:37:57,800
Landscape. 
Standing here. 

5215
04:37:57,800 --> 04:38:00,400
You can see the entire Central 
Valley. 

5216
04:38:00,400 --> 04:38:04,200
The dark line of the sick 
cutting through Cliffs and 

5217
04:38:04,200 --> 04:38:07,200
distant tomb, facade's glowing 
in the afternoon light. 

5218
04:38:08,500 --> 04:38:10,500
This will not accidental 
positioning. 

5219
04:38:11,300 --> 04:38:14,200
The temples literally and 
figuratively looked down upon 

5220
04:38:14,200 --> 04:38:16,900
the city. 
Reminding everyone of the Gods 

5221
04:38:16,900 --> 04:38:20,900
presents, the priests Authority 
and the sacred Dimension 

5222
04:38:20,900 --> 04:38:24,500
underlying Every Day Life. 
You wonder what festivals looked

5223
04:38:24,500 --> 04:38:26,500
like here. 
Processions. 

5224
04:38:26,500 --> 04:38:27,700
Climbing the temple. 
Steps. 

5225
04:38:27,700 --> 04:38:31,900
Priests in elaborate robes. 
Musicians, playing instruments. 

5226
04:38:31,900 --> 04:38:35,200
Now lost and people singing 
hymns in languages, nobody 

5227
04:38:35,200 --> 04:38:39,500
speaks anymore. sacrificial 
animals were led to the altar, 

5228
04:38:39,500 --> 04:38:43,000
their blood offered to Gods who 
may, or may not have existed but

5229
04:38:43,000 --> 04:38:46,200
certainly existed in the hearts 
and minds of the faithful 

5230
04:38:47,200 --> 04:38:51,500
Incense smoke Rising toward the 
sky prayers are sending with it 

5231
04:38:51,500 --> 04:38:55,400
and hopes and fears laid. 
Before the Divine, one of the 

5232
04:38:55,400 --> 04:38:59,200
columns has fallen in such a way
that you can easily, examine its

5233
04:38:59,200 --> 04:39:04,599
capital up close The Carving is 
exquisite, a compass leaves curl

5234
04:39:04,599 --> 04:39:08,700
and spiral with Botanical 
accuracy and between them, small

5235
04:39:08,700 --> 04:39:13,200
figures emerge dancing women, 
musicians and creatures, that 

5236
04:39:13,200 --> 04:39:15,800
might be sacred animals or 
mythological beings. 

5237
04:39:16,800 --> 04:39:21,500
Each figure is distinct details 
and clearly carved by someone 

5238
04:39:21,500 --> 04:39:25,500
who cared about their work and 
to wanted it to be beautiful as 

5239
04:39:25,500 --> 04:39:28,700
well as structurally sound. 
The quality of light changes 

5240
04:39:28,700 --> 04:39:31,000
dramatically as the sun, 
approaches The Horizon, 

5241
04:39:31,000 --> 04:39:35,500
everything takes on a warmer 
glow, softer, somehow, as if the

5242
04:39:35,500 --> 04:39:39,300
desert itself is preparing for 
rest, You may make your way to 

5243
04:39:39,300 --> 04:39:43,100
the monastery, a deer, a 
structure, even larger than the 

5244
04:39:43,100 --> 04:39:44,900
treasury. 
But requiring a significant 

5245
04:39:44,900 --> 04:39:49,400
climb to reach 800 steps, carved
into the rock face LED upward 

5246
04:39:49,400 --> 04:39:53,100
and You Begin the ascent. 
The Climb is gradual enough that

5247
04:39:53,100 --> 04:39:56,700
it's not too taxing if you take 
it slowly pausing occasionally 

5248
04:39:56,700 --> 04:40:00,400
to look back at The View. 
With each level gained more of 

5249
04:40:00,400 --> 04:40:04,600
Petra reveals itself below you 
the entire Valley spreading out 

5250
04:40:04,600 --> 04:40:08,700
in shades of rows and gold. 
The carved facades catching the 

5251
04:40:08,708 --> 04:40:12,300
light and the dark snake of the 
Sikh, cutting through the 

5252
04:40:12,300 --> 04:40:15,100
cliffs. 
You can see why the Ancients put

5253
04:40:15,100 --> 04:40:16,700
important structures on High 
Ground. 

5254
04:40:16,700 --> 04:40:20,200
The View alone. 
Inspires reverence the steps 

5255
04:40:20,200 --> 04:40:22,800
themselves are fascinating in 
their variety. 

5256
04:40:23,600 --> 04:40:26,500
Some are carefully carved and 
uniform in height and depth. 

5257
04:40:26,500 --> 04:40:30,300
Others are natural formations 
modified just enough to be 

5258
04:40:30,308 --> 04:40:33,800
possible. 
A few sections include handholds

5259
04:40:33,800 --> 04:40:35,500
carved into the adjacent rock 
face. 

5260
04:40:35,500 --> 04:40:38,700
Suggesting that even the 
nabataeans found these 

5261
04:40:38,700 --> 04:40:40,400
particular stretches 
challenging. 

5262
04:40:41,200 --> 04:40:44,900
Your legs begin to protest the 
sustained climbing, but you push

5263
04:40:44,900 --> 04:40:48,400
on curious to see what weights 
at the top halfway up, you 

5264
04:40:48,400 --> 04:40:51,600
disturb a small herd of wild 
goats that apparently used these

5265
04:40:51,600 --> 04:40:53,700
ancient stares as their personal
Highway. 

5266
04:40:54,500 --> 04:40:57,400
They scatter with indignant 
bleeding Hooves. 

5267
04:40:57,400 --> 04:41:00,700
Clicking on Stone, then. 
Stop a safe, distance away to 

5268
04:41:00,700 --> 04:41:04,700
stare at you, accusingly. 
One kid performs, a little hop 

5269
04:41:04,700 --> 04:41:08,200
of pure goat exuberance 
apparently just because it can 

5270
04:41:08,200 --> 04:41:11,500
you have to laugh at its 
enthusiasm for verticality? 

5271
04:41:11,500 --> 04:41:14,200
The goats are perfectly adapted 
to this environment. 

5272
04:41:14,200 --> 04:41:18,700
Navigating steep Rock faces with
casual confidence that makes 

5273
04:41:18,700 --> 04:41:20,600
your careful climbing seem 
clumsy. 

5274
04:41:21,500 --> 04:41:24,100
He watched them for a moment as 
they resumed their own Journey. 

5275
04:41:24,100 --> 04:41:27,300
Moving almost vertically up a 
cliff face that you wouldn't 

5276
04:41:27,300 --> 04:41:29,200
attempt without modern climbing 
equipment. 

5277
04:41:30,100 --> 04:41:33,900
They reach an impossible ledge 
settle down in a patch of shade 

5278
04:41:33,900 --> 04:41:37,100
and proceeded to ignore you, 
completely, you pass several 

5279
04:41:37,100 --> 04:41:38,600
carved. 
Monuments on the way up. 

5280
04:41:39,400 --> 04:41:42,400
Smaller than the monastery. 
But still impressive, these are 

5281
04:41:42,408 --> 04:41:47,100
tombs shrines, or possibly, both
their facades simplified 

5282
04:41:47,100 --> 04:41:49,300
compared to the elaborate 
structures in the main city. 

5283
04:41:50,100 --> 04:41:52,200
Up here. 
The focus seems to have been 

5284
04:41:52,208 --> 04:41:55,700
less on decoration and more on 
the act of climbing itself. 

5285
04:41:55,700 --> 04:41:59,300
The pilgrimage aspect of 
reaching these Heights, one 

5286
04:41:59,300 --> 04:42:01,700
particularly interesting 
Monument features a large carved

5287
04:42:01,700 --> 04:42:04,800
Niche with a relief showing what
might be a deer or important 

5288
04:42:04,800 --> 04:42:07,500
figure. 
The Carving has been worn Smooth

5289
04:42:07,500 --> 04:42:11,900
by wind and time details lost 
but you can still make out the 

5290
04:42:11,900 --> 04:42:14,900
basic form. 
A standing figure with raised 

5291
04:42:14,900 --> 04:42:17,300
arms, perhaps in blessing 
perhaps in worship. 

5292
04:42:17,300 --> 04:42:21,300
Perhaps in simple, greeting to 
whoever made the climb to visit 

5293
04:42:21,300 --> 04:42:25,800
them as you climb higher, the 
vegetation changes down in the 

5294
04:42:25,800 --> 04:42:29,800
valley plant life is sparse. 
And specialized up here, you 

5295
04:42:29,800 --> 04:42:33,900
find slightly more variety. 
Hardy shrubs, small flowers, 

5296
04:42:33,900 --> 04:42:37,800
tucked into crevices and even a 
stunted tree growing at an angle

5297
04:42:37,808 --> 04:42:41,700
from a crack in the rock. 
Life finds a way even in the 

5298
04:42:41,708 --> 04:42:45,200
most unlikely, places and seeing
these plants thriving, despite 

5299
04:42:45,200 --> 04:42:48,200
everything fills you, with 
something like, hope the 

5300
04:42:48,200 --> 04:42:50,200
monastery finally appears around
a curve. 

5301
04:42:50,200 --> 04:42:53,500
And even though you were 
expecting it the scale, still 

5302
04:42:53,500 --> 04:42:59,500
shocks you this facade measures 
150 feet across and over 150 

5303
04:42:59,500 --> 04:43:03,700
feet tall larger than the 
treasury less ornate, but 

5304
04:43:03,700 --> 04:43:07,700
somehow more powerful in its 
relative simplicity The central,

5305
04:43:07,700 --> 04:43:12,600
doorway stands 46 ft High 
proportioned for Giants or Gods 

5306
04:43:12,600 --> 04:43:16,308
rather than ordinary humans. 
You cross the plaza in front of 

5307
04:43:16,316 --> 04:43:17,800
the monastery. 
Your footsteps. 

5308
04:43:17,800 --> 04:43:21,900
Echoing in the southern quiet. 
Most tourists don't make the 

5309
04:43:21,900 --> 04:43:24,000
climb. 
So up here you find relative 

5310
04:43:24,000 --> 04:43:28,700
Solitude, just you the monument 
and the vast desert landscape 

5311
04:43:28,700 --> 04:43:33,900
spreading in all directions. the
monastery faces West perfectly 

5312
04:43:33,900 --> 04:43:37,700
positioned to catch the sunset 
and you find a comfortable Rock 

5313
04:43:37,700 --> 04:43:41,000
to sit on settling in to wait 
for the light show you've been 

5314
04:43:41,000 --> 04:43:44,100
told about Sade show some 
weathering. 

5315
04:43:44,100 --> 04:43:47,600
The doorway frame is still crisp
and clear but decorative 

5316
04:43:47,600 --> 04:43:51,400
elements on the upper levels of 
softened details lost to 

5317
04:43:51,400 --> 04:43:55,700
Millennia of wind carrying sand 
particles that slowly erode even

5318
04:43:55,700 --> 04:43:58,300
Stone. 
Yet the overall structure 

5319
04:43:58,300 --> 04:44:02,000
remains sound Still Standing 
proud after 2000 years of 

5320
04:44:02,000 --> 04:44:06,100
Desert, weather, earthquakes and
simple passage of time. 

5321
04:44:06,100 --> 04:44:08,600
You walk to the doorway and step
inside. 

5322
04:44:09,700 --> 04:44:12,700
Like the treasury, the interior 
is relatively simple. 

5323
04:44:12,700 --> 04:44:16,600
One large chamber carved into 
the mountain with smooth and 

5324
04:44:16,600 --> 04:44:21,100
unadorned walls. but the space 
feels different up here, more 

5325
04:44:21,100 --> 04:44:25,500
sacred somehow or perhaps just 
more remote predated from the 

5326
04:44:25,500 --> 04:44:30,100
World by elevation and effort. 
Standing in the chamber, you can

5327
04:44:30,100 --> 04:44:32,300
hear the wind moving across the 
facade. 

5328
04:44:32,300 --> 04:44:35,900
Outside a low whistle. 
That might have been interpreted

5329
04:44:35,900 --> 04:44:38,600
as a Divine Voice by those who 
came here. 

5330
04:44:38,600 --> 04:44:42,700
Seeking guidance back out side. 
You noticed details, you missed 

5331
04:44:42,700 --> 04:44:46,900
at first small carved channels 
run along the plaza floor, 

5332
04:44:46,900 --> 04:44:51,800
another water collection system,
ensuring that even up here, at 

5333
04:44:51,800 --> 04:44:55,500
this remote height, precious 
rainwater could be captured and 

5334
04:44:55,500 --> 04:45:00,300
directed to systems, The 
nabataeans obsession with water 

5335
04:45:00,300 --> 04:45:03,300
management extended to every 
corner of their territory. 

5336
04:45:03,300 --> 04:45:07,000
Every structure, they built as 
the sun sinks lower. 

5337
04:45:07,000 --> 04:45:11,900
The Sandstone begins to Glow, 
not reflect light glow as if 

5338
04:45:11,900 --> 04:45:16,900
illuminated from within Color 
deepens from Rose to Coral to 

5339
04:45:16,900 --> 04:45:20,300
deep orange red. 
So vivid it almost seems 

5340
04:45:20,300 --> 04:45:25,000
artificial You watch the 
transformation understanding, 

5341
04:45:25,000 --> 04:45:29,100
why ancient peoples worship the 
sun seeing in its daily death, 

5342
04:45:29,100 --> 04:45:33,800
and Resurrection, a powerful 
metaphor for eternal return for 

5343
04:45:33,800 --> 04:45:37,100
Hope for the Persistence of Life
against Darkness. 

5344
04:45:37,100 --> 04:45:41,600
The mountains in the distance 
turn purple and deep blue, their

5345
04:45:41,600 --> 04:45:44,700
Shadows length, and cross The 
Valleys below the air cools. 

5346
04:45:44,700 --> 04:45:48,200
Noticeably that dramatic 
temperature shift that desert 

5347
04:45:48,200 --> 04:45:51,200
specializing. 
You pull a like cloak from your 

5348
04:45:51,208 --> 04:45:54,800
pack and wrap it around your 
shoulders grateful for the 

5349
04:45:54,800 --> 04:45:58,200
warmth while still enjoying the 
spectacular light show unfolding

5350
04:45:58,200 --> 04:46:01,700
before you a raven lands on the 
top of the monasteries earned 

5351
04:46:01,700 --> 04:46:06,000
silhouetted against the sky. 
It calls out a harsh. 

5352
04:46:06,000 --> 04:46:09,700
Echoing sound that somehow fits 
the moment perfectly. 

5353
04:46:10,900 --> 04:46:14,400
Another Raven answers from 
somewhere in the cliffs and for 

5354
04:46:14,400 --> 04:46:17,400
a moment, you're part of a 
conversation between Birds rocks

5355
04:46:17,400 --> 04:46:20,800
and the fading day, other 
visitors have made the climb and

5356
04:46:20,800 --> 04:46:22,300
now it's scattered across the 
plaza. 

5357
04:46:22,300 --> 04:46:25,300
All watching the same 
transformation, your witnessing.

5358
04:46:25,300 --> 04:46:30,100
Nobody speaks. 
There's nothing to say Sometimes

5359
04:46:30,100 --> 04:46:33,800
Beauty simply demands silence 
and this is one of those 

5360
04:46:33,800 --> 04:46:36,900
moments. 
The only sounds of the wind, the

5361
04:46:36,900 --> 04:46:40,100
occasional call of a bird and a 
quiet breathing of all humans, 

5362
04:46:40,100 --> 04:46:44,700
watching Stone turn to fire, the
sun, touches the Horizon and the

5363
04:46:44,700 --> 04:46:47,900
light intensifies, for just a 
minute or two, everything 

5364
04:46:47,900 --> 04:46:51,800
burning with color. 
The monastery facade seems to 

5365
04:46:51,808 --> 04:46:56,000
vibrate with intensity every 
carved detail picked out in 

5366
04:46:56,000 --> 04:46:59,300
brilliant relief Shadows deep 
and dramatic. 

5367
04:46:59,300 --> 04:47:03,700
This is the climax. 
The moment everything has been 

5368
04:47:03,700 --> 04:47:07,700
building toward and it exceeds 
all expectations, then it's gone

5369
04:47:07,700 --> 04:47:10,700
dropping below the Earth's Edge 
with the sudden that only 

5370
04:47:10,700 --> 04:47:14,700
happens in deserts and at sea, 
The stone faded immediately 

5371
04:47:14,700 --> 04:47:18,700
colored draining like water 
leaving behind graze and 

5372
04:47:18,708 --> 04:47:23,300
purple's and deepening Shadows. 
The show is over the desert 

5373
04:47:23,300 --> 04:47:26,700
night approaches and with it, 
the cold you were warned about 

5374
04:47:26,700 --> 04:47:30,100
in the Twilight. 
You begin your descent more. 

5375
04:47:30,100 --> 04:47:33,200
Careful. 
Now with reduced visibility The 

5376
04:47:33,200 --> 04:47:34,900
stairs seemed different in this 
light. 

5377
04:47:35,600 --> 04:47:40,500
Older somehow more mysterious. 
You can imagine ancient priests 

5378
04:47:40,500 --> 04:47:43,700
making this climb in the dark 
torches lighting their way 

5379
04:47:43,700 --> 04:47:47,600
chanting prayers or hymns that 
echoed off the canyon walls. 

5380
04:47:48,400 --> 04:47:51,400
You can almost hear those voices
and feel the weight of ritual 

5381
04:47:51,400 --> 04:47:54,300
and belief that saturated this 
place for centuries. 

5382
04:47:54,300 --> 04:47:57,300
The Descent takes longer than 
the climb because you're being 

5383
04:47:57,300 --> 04:47:59,600
cautious. 
Testing each step before 

5384
04:47:59,600 --> 04:48:03,100
committing your weight. 
Other visitors descend around 

5385
04:48:03,100 --> 04:48:06,200
you. 
Everyone quiet still processing 

5386
04:48:06,200 --> 04:48:09,700
what they've witnessed. 
Cooling air carries the center 

5387
04:48:09,700 --> 04:48:13,200
of stone and sparse, vegetation 
clean, and sharp in your 

5388
04:48:13,208 --> 04:48:16,600
nostrils about halfway down. 
You pause to look back at the 

5389
04:48:16,600 --> 04:48:17,800
monastery. 
One last time. 

5390
04:48:18,700 --> 04:48:21,100
In the Gathering Darkness, it's 
barely visible. 

5391
04:48:21,900 --> 04:48:23,900
Just a darker shape against the 
darkening. 

5392
04:48:23,900 --> 04:48:28,200
Cliff already receding into 
Shadow and memory tomorrow the 

5393
04:48:28,200 --> 04:48:30,900
sun will rise again and bring it
back to brilliant life. 

5394
04:48:30,900 --> 04:48:36,500
But for now it rests in darkness
patient and eternal waiting as 

5395
04:48:36,500 --> 04:48:40,600
it has waited for 2000 years 
back at the Caravan camp that 

5396
04:48:40,600 --> 04:48:43,900
night, you sit around the fire 
with the guide and other 

5397
04:48:43,900 --> 04:48:48,000
Travelers and conversation turns
to Petra's rediscovery by the 

5398
04:48:48,000 --> 04:48:51,900
Western world. 
The city was never truly lost. 

5399
04:48:52,700 --> 04:48:57,500
Local Bedouin tribes knew of it,
used it and protected it for 

5400
04:48:57,500 --> 04:48:59,500
centuries, while Europe, forgot 
it existed. 

5401
04:48:59,500 --> 04:49:05,500
But in 1812 a Swiss Explorer 
named Johannes Ludwig Burkhart 

5402
04:49:05,500 --> 04:49:10,100
arrived in the region disguised 
as an Arab Muslim and became the

5403
04:49:10,100 --> 04:49:12,900
first European to see Petra in 
modern times. 

5404
04:49:12,900 --> 04:49:16,000
One of the guides tells the 
story with obvious Amusement to 

5405
04:49:16,000 --> 04:49:19,000
how excited Burkhart apparently 
became, despite trying to 

5406
04:49:19,008 --> 04:49:23,500
maintain his disguise. 
Imagine he says pretending 

5407
04:49:23,500 --> 04:49:25,900
you're not interested while 
facing the treasury for the 

5408
04:49:25,900 --> 04:49:29,700
first time, trying not to stare.
While your mind is completely 

5409
04:49:29,700 --> 04:49:34,000
blown, the other guy's laugh, 
and someone adds that the local 

5410
04:49:34,000 --> 04:49:36,900
Bedouin who guided Burkhart 
there must have found his barely

5411
04:49:36,900 --> 04:49:40,300
contained enthusiasm. 
Highly entertaining Burkhart, 

5412
04:49:40,300 --> 04:49:42,900
couldn't stay long or examine 
the site properly without 

5413
04:49:42,900 --> 04:49:45,900
arousing suspicion about his 
true identity and purpose. 

5414
04:49:45,900 --> 04:49:49,600
The guide continues he made 
sketches from memory after 

5415
04:49:49,600 --> 04:49:52,500
leaving wrote descriptions based
on a brief visit. 

5416
04:49:52,700 --> 04:49:55,600
And died a few years later 
without ever returning. 

5417
04:49:57,200 --> 04:50:00,700
But his published accounts 
sparked Western imagination and 

5418
04:50:00,700 --> 04:50:03,100
soon. 
Other explorers are artists and 

5419
04:50:03,100 --> 04:50:06,700
archaeologists began, making the
journey to Petra the fire 

5420
04:50:06,700 --> 04:50:10,300
crackles and Pops sending Sparks
upward into the night sky. 

5421
04:50:11,100 --> 04:50:14,900
Someone adds more wood and the 
Flames leap higher casting 

5422
04:50:14,900 --> 04:50:18,000
dancing Shadows across faces 
gathered in the circle. 

5423
04:50:18,900 --> 04:50:22,600
The warmth feels good after the 
day's walking and climbing and 

5424
04:50:22,600 --> 04:50:24,700
you stretch your tired legs 
toward the heat. 

5425
04:50:24,700 --> 04:50:28,700
Gratefully the rediscovery 
brought archaeologists artists 

5426
04:50:28,700 --> 04:50:32,400
explorers and eventually 
tourists. the guides have mixed 

5427
04:50:32,400 --> 04:50:36,100
feelings about this Pride that 
their ancestral lands are 

5428
04:50:36,100 --> 04:50:40,200
recognized as important wariness
about the impact of thousands of

5429
04:50:40,200 --> 04:50:43,400
feet wearing down ancient 
Pathways and for frustration, 

5430
04:50:43,400 --> 04:50:47,700
when tourists treat the site 
carelessly, One, older guide 

5431
04:50:47,700 --> 04:50:49,700
mentioned that his grandfather 
remembered. 

5432
04:50:49,700 --> 04:50:54,100
When you could still find intact
Pottery, just flying in the sand

5433
04:50:54,100 --> 04:50:57,300
before collectors and museums 
took everything that wasn't 

5434
04:50:57,300 --> 04:51:01,400
nailed down and some things that
were a young guy argues that 

5435
04:51:01,400 --> 04:51:04,200
without International attention.
Petra might have crumbled 

5436
04:51:04,200 --> 04:51:07,300
completely the Jordanian, 
government might not have 

5437
04:51:07,300 --> 04:51:10,600
invested in preservation, 
archaeologists wouldn't have 

5438
04:51:10,600 --> 04:51:13,000
discovered so much about an 
appetite and culture and 

5439
04:51:13,000 --> 04:51:15,400
history. 
Tourism brings money. 

5440
04:51:15,400 --> 04:51:18,500
That supports local communities.
Complicated. 

5441
04:51:18,500 --> 04:51:22,100
He says, like, most things were 
thinking about carefully but 

5442
04:51:22,100 --> 04:51:24,900
they also acknowledge that 
International recognition has 

5443
04:51:24,900 --> 04:51:28,800
brought resources for 
preservation the study and for 

5444
04:51:28,800 --> 04:51:33,900
understanding Archaeologists 
continue to make discoveries new

5445
04:51:33,900 --> 04:51:37,900
tombs, new inscriptions, new 
evidence of how the navigation 

5446
04:51:37,900 --> 04:51:41,500
lived and died. 
Just last year, someone found 

5447
04:51:41,500 --> 04:51:45,300
what appears to be a previously.
Unknown theater carved into a 

5448
04:51:45,300 --> 04:51:48,000
cliff face that had been hidden 
behind a rock fall. 

5449
04:51:49,000 --> 04:51:52,800
Petrus still holds secrets and 
still has surprises to offer. 

5450
04:51:52,800 --> 04:51:56,300
You asked about the earthquakes 
that damaged so much of the city

5451
04:51:56,300 --> 04:51:58,700
and the conversation turned 
Sombra. 

5452
04:51:59,700 --> 04:52:02,600
The ancient world existed 
without the benefit of modern 

5453
04:52:02,600 --> 04:52:06,800
sized monology without warning 
systems or emergency response. 

5454
04:52:07,600 --> 04:52:12,000
When earthquake struck and they 
struck repeatedly, people just 

5455
04:52:12,000 --> 04:52:14,000
dealt with the aftermath as best
they could. 

5456
04:52:15,100 --> 04:52:19,000
Eventually after enough 
destruction after trade, route 

5457
04:52:19,000 --> 04:52:22,200
shifted after the center of 
power moved elsewhere. 

5458
04:52:22,200 --> 04:52:27,700
People simply stopped rebuilding
Petra was gradually abandoned 

5459
04:52:27,700 --> 04:52:31,200
and left to the desert and time 
the major earthquake Came In 

5460
04:52:31,200 --> 04:52:34,100
Waves. 
One guy explained first in the 

5461
04:52:34,100 --> 04:52:37,000
fourth Century then more in the 
sixth and 7th centuries. 

5462
04:52:37,000 --> 04:52:41,500
Each one brought buildings down 
killed people and destroyed 

5463
04:52:41,500 --> 04:52:45,500
infrastructure. 
The nabataeans Descendants try 

5464
04:52:45,500 --> 04:52:49,100
to rebuild after the first few 
Quakes but eventually the cost 

5465
04:52:49,100 --> 04:52:51,900
became too high. 
Maintaining a city. 

5466
04:52:51,900 --> 04:52:54,400
This elaborate requires enormous
resources. 

5467
04:52:54,400 --> 04:52:58,100
And as Petrus strategic 
importance declined, those 

5468
04:52:58,100 --> 04:53:00,900
resources dried up. 
Trade routes shifted. 

5469
04:53:00,900 --> 04:53:04,100
He continues gesturing with his 
hands to show paths, changing 

5470
04:53:04,800 --> 04:53:08,300
Maritime routes became more 
important different kingdoms 

5471
04:53:08,300 --> 04:53:09,900
Rose to power in different 
regions. 

5472
04:53:09,900 --> 04:53:13,400
Petra went from being the center
of everything to being on the 

5473
04:53:13,400 --> 04:53:16,800
periphery of nothing. 
And periphery cities, don't get 

5474
04:53:16,800 --> 04:53:19,600
the investment needed to rebuild
after natural disasters. 

5475
04:53:19,600 --> 04:53:23,100
Someone asked what happened to 
the population, and the guide 

5476
04:53:23,100 --> 04:53:28,200
shrugs, they scattered mostly 
some moved to other cities, some

5477
04:53:28,200 --> 04:53:32,200
return to nomadic Lifestyles, 
some probably stayed in Petra 

5478
04:53:32,200 --> 04:53:35,500
for Generations, after its East 
being a major Center living 

5479
04:53:35,500 --> 04:53:39,100
among the ruins, maintaining 
what they could remembering when

5480
04:53:39,100 --> 04:53:42,800
this place was magnificent. 
Eventually only the Bedouin 

5481
04:53:42,800 --> 04:53:45,700
remained and for them. 
Petra was just part of the 

5482
04:53:45,700 --> 04:53:48,500
landscape. 
Not a lost wandering 

5483
04:53:48,500 --> 04:53:50,700
rediscovery. 
The fire burns. 

5484
04:53:50,700 --> 04:53:54,600
Low and someone adds more wood 
sending Sparks spiraling upward 

5485
04:53:54,600 --> 04:53:58,400
into the night sky. 
Above Stars, Blaze with the 

5486
04:53:58,400 --> 04:54:01,500
intensity Possible. 
Only in places far from Electric

5487
04:54:01,500 --> 04:54:04,400
Light. 
You lie back and stare upward 

5488
04:54:04,400 --> 04:54:07,800
trying to pick out 
constellations and realize that 

5489
04:54:07,808 --> 04:54:12,400
the nabatian saw the same Stars 
navigated by them and told 

5490
04:54:12,400 --> 04:54:15,600
stories about them. 
The Stars don't care about the 

5491
04:54:15,600 --> 04:54:18,900
rise and fall of civilizations, 
they just keep burning. 

5492
04:54:18,900 --> 04:54:21,700
Keep Wheeling through their 
Eternal patterns. 

5493
04:54:21,700 --> 04:54:24,500
One of the older guides begins 
telling stories about the 

5494
04:54:24,500 --> 04:54:27,600
Bedouin relationship with Petra 
over the centuries. 

5495
04:54:27,600 --> 04:54:31,300
They guarded it how they showed 
it to Travelers sometimes for 

5496
04:54:31,300 --> 04:54:34,800
fees or gifts, how they 
protected it from Treasure 

5497
04:54:34,800 --> 04:54:38,600
hunters and vandals how they 
maintained oral Traditions about

5498
04:54:38,600 --> 04:54:41,900
what various buildings were used
for informational that later 

5499
04:54:41,900 --> 04:54:44,800
proved remarkably accurate. 
When archaeologists began 

5500
04:54:44,800 --> 04:54:48,700
serious excavation he tells 
about early archaeologists who 

5501
04:54:48,700 --> 04:54:52,100
came with Colonial attitudes 
treating, local knowledge as 

5502
04:54:52,100 --> 04:54:55,500
primitive Superstition. 
Only to discover later that 

5503
04:54:55,500 --> 04:54:59,500
these superstitions contained, 
genuine, historical information 

5504
04:54:59,500 --> 04:55:04,200
passed down through generations 
One archaeologist apparently 

5505
04:55:04,200 --> 04:55:07,200
spent weeks searching for a 
particular Temple, that a 

5506
04:55:07,200 --> 04:55:09,200
Bedouin guide, could have shown 
him immediately. 

5507
04:55:10,200 --> 04:55:13,300
But the archaeologists refused 
to believe that an uneducated, 

5508
04:55:13,300 --> 04:55:16,900
native could know better than 
his maps and theories. 

5509
04:55:16,900 --> 04:55:20,300
The younger guys laugh at this 
story but there's an edge to the

5510
04:55:20,300 --> 04:55:23,100
laughter. 
These tensions persist once says

5511
04:55:23,100 --> 04:55:26,400
foreign archaeologists still, 
sometimes dismiss local 

5512
04:55:26,400 --> 04:55:29,300
knowledge. 
Tourists treat Bedouin guides as

5513
04:55:29,300 --> 04:55:33,100
Curiosities rather than experts 
who know more about Petra than 

5514
04:55:33,100 --> 04:55:37,000
any Outsider ever will. 
The relationship between Petra 

5515
04:55:37,000 --> 04:55:40,400
and the outside world remains 
complicated full of power, 

5516
04:55:40,400 --> 04:55:44,100
dynamics, and cultural 
misunderstandings, but there are

5517
04:55:44,100 --> 04:55:46,300
also good stories. 
And other guide ads, 

5518
04:55:46,300 --> 04:55:50,700
archaeologists, who listen, who 
collaborate, who acknowledge 

5519
04:55:50,700 --> 04:55:53,400
that understanding a place 
requires, respecting the people 

5520
04:55:53,400 --> 04:55:56,400
who live there. 
Tourists who come with genuine 

5521
04:55:56,400 --> 04:55:59,200
curiosity and leave with genuine
appreciation. 

5522
04:56:00,600 --> 04:56:04,100
Scholars who helped preserve, 
not just stones, but also the 

5523
04:56:04,100 --> 04:56:06,800
oral traditions and cultural 
knowledge of the Bedouin. 

5524
04:56:06,800 --> 04:56:10,300
Community's, you ask about 
current archaeological work and 

5525
04:56:10,300 --> 04:56:13,400
the guides become animated. 
There's so much still to 

5526
04:56:13,400 --> 04:56:17,000
discover the explain ground. 
Penetrating radar show 

5527
04:56:17,000 --> 04:56:19,000
structures buried under sand and
debris. 

5528
04:56:19,000 --> 04:56:21,800
Entire sections of the city 
remain. 

5529
04:56:21,800 --> 04:56:26,000
Unexcavated new analysis, 
technique Supply to Old finds 

5530
04:56:26,000 --> 04:56:29,100
reveal information, previous 
generations of archaeologists 

5531
04:56:29,100 --> 04:56:31,400
missed. 
Someone mentioned the recent 

5532
04:56:31,400 --> 04:56:34,600
discovery of a massive platform 
buried under the plaza in front 

5533
04:56:34,600 --> 04:56:37,800
of the treasury. 
Archaeologists aren't sure yet 

5534
04:56:37,800 --> 04:56:41,700
what it was for maybe a massive 
altar, maybe a ceremonial 

5535
04:56:41,700 --> 04:56:44,000
platform. 
Maybe the foundation for 

5536
04:56:44,000 --> 04:56:45,700
something that was never 
completed. 

5537
04:56:45,700 --> 04:56:48,700
Each answer. 
They find generates three new 

5538
04:56:48,700 --> 04:56:51,100
questions. 
Petra keeps revealing itself 

5539
04:56:51,100 --> 04:56:55,000
slowly layer by layer never 
giving up all its Secrets. 

5540
04:56:55,000 --> 04:56:58,300
At once the conversation 
eventually winds down as 

5541
04:56:58,300 --> 04:57:02,600
tiredness sets in People drift 
off to their tents calling 

5542
04:57:02,600 --> 04:57:05,800
quiet, good nights. 
Leaving the fire to burn itself 

5543
04:57:05,800 --> 04:57:10,600
out. you remain a while longer 
watching the coals glow red and 

5544
04:57:10,600 --> 04:57:14,200
orange thinking about everything
you've seen and learned today 

5545
04:57:14,200 --> 04:57:18,100
tomorrow you'll leave this place
but you know it won't leave you 

5546
04:57:19,000 --> 04:57:22,800
Petra has a way of staying with 
people of occupying space in 

5547
04:57:22,800 --> 04:57:25,900
your thoughts long. 
After you've departed in the 

5548
04:57:25,900 --> 04:57:30,100
morning, you'll walk through the
essay One Last Time, say your 

5549
04:57:30,100 --> 04:57:33,000
goodbyes to the treasury and the
monastery and carry away. 

5550
04:57:33,000 --> 04:57:37,300
Memories carved as deeply as the
facades themselves morning comes

5551
04:57:37,300 --> 04:57:39,400
again. 
And this is your last day in 

5552
04:57:39,408 --> 04:57:43,600
Petra, you wake Before Dawn 
wanting to walk through the sick

5553
04:57:43,600 --> 04:57:45,100
one more time in the early 
light. 

5554
04:57:46,000 --> 04:57:48,900
Wanting to say goodbye properly 
to this place that has captured 

5555
04:57:48,900 --> 04:57:50,600
your imagination and won't let 
go. 

5556
04:57:50,600 --> 04:57:53,500
The sick is different to the 
Morning Light than it was. 

5557
04:57:53,500 --> 04:57:56,400
When you first arrived. 
You know what weights at the end

5558
04:57:56,400 --> 04:57:58,400
now. 
So in stead of rushing toward 

5559
04:57:58,400 --> 04:58:01,700
the reveal, you take your time. 
Noticing details. 

5560
04:58:01,700 --> 04:58:04,800
You missed before. 
The way water has carved 

5561
04:58:04,800 --> 04:58:08,900
specific patterns into the Rock.
The places where ancient tool 

5562
04:58:08,900 --> 04:58:12,300
marks are still visible, the 
small flowers growing an 

5563
04:58:12,300 --> 04:58:15,500
impossible, cracks their Roots 
finding purchase where none 

5564
04:58:15,500 --> 04:58:17,700
should exist. 
You run your hand along the 

5565
04:58:17,700 --> 04:58:20,000
wall. 
As you walk feeling the texture 

5566
04:58:20,000 --> 04:58:23,100
of the stone cool. 
In the early morning, this rock 

5567
04:58:23,100 --> 04:58:28,000
is 400 million years old. 
Formed when this entire region 

5568
04:58:28,000 --> 04:58:31,600
was under a shallow sea. 
The Sandstone contains the 

5569
04:58:31,600 --> 04:58:35,700
compressed remains of ancient 
beaches ancient tides and 

5570
04:58:35,700 --> 04:58:38,700
ancient life. 
Your touching deep time. 

5571
04:58:38,700 --> 04:58:41,600
Geologic time. 
A scale that makes human 

5572
04:58:41,600 --> 04:58:45,100
civilizations seem like brief 
flickers, the early morning, 

5573
04:58:45,100 --> 04:58:47,700
light enters the sick to 
different angle than you've seen

5574
04:58:47,700 --> 04:58:50,200
before. 
Illuminating sections, that were

5575
04:58:50,200 --> 04:58:52,200
shadowed during your previous 
passages. 

5576
04:58:53,300 --> 04:58:57,500
The Rock glows, softly colors, 
muted compared to full daylight 

5577
04:58:57,500 --> 04:59:02,200
but somehow more intimate You 
feel like you're seeing Petra's 

5578
04:59:02,200 --> 04:59:05,900
private face the version of its 
selfish shows, only to those 

5579
04:59:05,900 --> 04:59:08,100
willing to wake before the 
crowds are alive. 

5580
04:59:08,100 --> 04:59:11,600
You passed the water channels 
again and notice something you 

5581
04:59:11,600 --> 04:59:15,200
missed before. 
Small carved symbols at regular 

5582
04:59:15,200 --> 04:59:18,700
intervals along their length. 
Probably Marcus to help 

5583
04:59:18,708 --> 04:59:22,300
maintenance work as identify 
sections for repair or cleaning 

5584
04:59:22,300 --> 04:59:26,500
but they look like a secret 
language, a code written in 

5585
04:59:26,500 --> 04:59:29,900
stone that only the initiated 
could read the treasury appears 

5586
04:59:29,900 --> 04:59:32,200
again. 
Still magnificent. 

5587
04:59:32,800 --> 04:59:36,300
Still impossible. 
You stand before it one last 

5588
04:59:36,300 --> 04:59:39,200
time. 
Trying to fix every detail in 

5589
04:59:39,200 --> 04:59:42,500
your memory, knowing that memory
will fade and blur. 

5590
04:59:42,500 --> 04:59:45,600
But wanting to hold onto the 
essence of this moment. 

5591
04:59:47,300 --> 04:59:48,700
The light is different than 
yesterday. 

5592
04:59:49,800 --> 04:59:55,700
Softa Pinker gentler somehow. 
Or maybe you're different change

5593
04:59:55,700 --> 05:00:00,500
by exposure to this place to its
history, to the reminder of 

5594
05:00:00,500 --> 05:00:05,400
human capability and ambition, 
your facade slowly taking in 

5595
05:00:05,400 --> 05:00:07,300
details. 
You haven't focused on before. 

5596
05:00:08,200 --> 05:00:11,000
The capitals on, each column are
actually slightly different from

5597
05:00:11,000 --> 05:00:13,800
each other. 
Each one, a unique variation on 

5598
05:00:13,800 --> 05:00:16,600
the current theme. 
The carved figures in the 

5599
05:00:16,600 --> 05:00:20,200
niches, showed different poses 
different expressions and 

5600
05:00:20,200 --> 05:00:22,600
different relationships to the 
space, they inhabit. 

5601
05:00:23,500 --> 05:00:27,100
Every square foot of this facade
received individual attention, 

5602
05:00:27,100 --> 05:00:31,600
an individual Artistry, you 
notice a family of pigeons has 

5603
05:00:31,600 --> 05:00:33,400
made a nest in one of the 
carved. 

5604
05:00:33,400 --> 05:00:37,100
Decorative elements, high on the
facade, Fly in and out 

5605
05:00:37,108 --> 05:00:40,800
unconcerned with The Monuments 
historical significance or 

5606
05:00:40,808 --> 05:00:45,000
architectural magnificence. 
For them, it's just a really 

5607
05:00:45,000 --> 05:00:47,700
good nesting spot. 
Well protected from weather and 

5608
05:00:47,700 --> 05:00:50,300
predators. 
Somehow this makes you love the 

5609
05:00:50,300 --> 05:00:53,500
treasury even more. 
It's not a dead Monument. 

5610
05:00:53,500 --> 05:00:55,700
It's a living part of the 
landscape. 

5611
05:00:55,700 --> 05:00:58,900
Still serving purposes, still 
useful, in unexpected ways 

5612
05:00:58,900 --> 05:01:02,900
inside the main chamber you find
a quiet corner and simply sit 

5613
05:01:02,900 --> 05:01:05,700
for a while. 
The stone is cool against your 

5614
05:01:05,700 --> 05:01:07,400
back. 
The are still and peaceful. 

5615
05:01:08,500 --> 05:01:12,100
Close your eyes and listen to 
the sound of the space, the 

5616
05:01:12,100 --> 05:01:15,200
Acoustics that make tiny sounds 
Echo and blend. 

5617
05:01:16,300 --> 05:01:18,000
Footsteps of other early 
visitors. 

5618
05:01:18,000 --> 05:01:21,100
Quiet voices. 
Speaking in languages, you don't

5619
05:01:21,108 --> 05:01:23,800
understand. 
And the flutter of pigeon Wings 

5620
05:01:23,800 --> 05:01:27,400
outside when you open your eyes 
again, the light is shifted. 

5621
05:01:28,400 --> 05:01:30,900
Sunbeams enter through the 
doorway at a new angle, 

5622
05:01:30,900 --> 05:01:34,200
Illuminating dust particles 
floating in the air. 

5623
05:01:35,000 --> 05:01:38,600
They drift and swirl in 
invisible, currents cracking a 

5624
05:01:38,600 --> 05:01:42,800
kind of slow motion dance. 
You watch them mesmerized 

5625
05:01:42,800 --> 05:01:46,700
thinking about how many mornings
the same like patterns of played

5626
05:01:46,700 --> 05:01:50,300
out in the chamber and whether 
anyone has ever sat exactly 

5627
05:01:50,300 --> 05:01:53,900
where you and watched exactly 
what your watching. 

5628
05:01:53,900 --> 05:01:57,300
You take the long route back 
through the city saying goodbye 

5629
05:01:57,300 --> 05:02:00,500
to each section. 
The Colonnade in morning Shadow,

5630
05:02:00,500 --> 05:02:05,200
the temples catching their first
sunlight the residential caves 

5631
05:02:05,200 --> 05:02:09,100
where ordinary people lived, 
extraordinary lives, the water 

5632
05:02:09,100 --> 05:02:12,800
channels that made everything 
possible each structure. 

5633
05:02:12,800 --> 05:02:17,500
Each carved doorway and each 
ancient staircase represents 

5634
05:02:17,500 --> 05:02:21,700
someone's work, someone's vision
and someone's contribution to 

5635
05:02:21,700 --> 05:02:25,300
something larger than themselves
walking through the street of 

5636
05:02:25,308 --> 05:02:27,500
facades. 
You're struck again by the sheer

5637
05:02:27,500 --> 05:02:32,000
number of tombs carved into the 
Cliffs of them, ranging from 

5638
05:02:32,000 --> 05:02:35,300
simple cave, openings to 
elaborate multi-story for SARS, 

5639
05:02:35,300 --> 05:02:39,800
each one represented, a family's
wealth and grief, their desire 

5640
05:02:39,800 --> 05:02:42,000
to honor their dead with the 
Eternal monuments. 

5641
05:02:43,000 --> 05:02:45,600
Some facades are pristine others
badly. 

5642
05:02:45,600 --> 05:02:49,400
Eroded time plays favorites with
no discernible pattern. 

5643
05:02:49,400 --> 05:02:53,300
You climb up to one of the more 
elaborate tomb for swords one. 

5644
05:02:53,300 --> 05:02:57,300
You have an entered before and 
step inside the chamber is 

5645
05:02:57,300 --> 05:03:00,600
larger than expected with 
smaller rooms, branching off the

5646
05:03:00,600 --> 05:03:03,600
main space. 
Someone has left handles 

5647
05:03:03,600 --> 05:03:07,500
recently burned, down to Stubbs 
suggesting this Tombstone, 

5648
05:03:07,500 --> 05:03:09,800
serve, some ceremonial purpose 
for local bedroom. 

5649
05:03:10,600 --> 05:03:13,600
The wax is white and the scent 
of smoke is still fainting. 

5650
05:03:13,600 --> 05:03:17,100
The are the tombs walls show 
carved initiatives for burial 

5651
05:03:17,100 --> 05:03:20,600
though, they're empty now, 
whatever bones they held long, 

5652
05:03:20,600 --> 05:03:25,200
since removed or disintegrated 
You run your hand along one 

5653
05:03:25,200 --> 05:03:30,100
Niche, smooth and precisely 
carved sized to hold a human 

5654
05:03:30,100 --> 05:03:34,300
body in its final rest. 
The intimacy of this gesture 

5655
05:03:34,300 --> 05:03:37,900
touching a space meant to hold. 
A specific person's remains. 

5656
05:03:37,900 --> 05:03:42,000
Gives you pause. 
This wasn't just architecture. 

5657
05:03:42,000 --> 05:03:46,400
This was love. 
Made manifest in stone back on 

5658
05:03:46,400 --> 05:03:48,600
the main path. 
You encounter a Bedouin man 

5659
05:03:48,600 --> 05:03:52,600
leading a heavily laiden donkey.
The donkeys expression suggest 

5660
05:03:52,600 --> 05:03:56,300
deep philosophical resignation 
to its lot in life and you 

5661
05:03:56,300 --> 05:04:00,600
exchanged Smiles with the man. 
He nods at you, say something in

5662
05:04:00,600 --> 05:04:03,700
Arabic that you don't 
understand, but that sounds 

5663
05:04:03,700 --> 05:04:05,800
friendly and continues on his 
way. 

5664
05:04:07,200 --> 05:04:10,700
The donkeys who have beets Echo 
off the surround and cliffs a 

5665
05:04:10,700 --> 05:04:14,300
rhythm as old, as civilization 
itself, near the exit, you pass 

5666
05:04:14,300 --> 05:04:16,900
a Bedouin woman selling small 
carved Stones. 

5667
05:04:16,900 --> 05:04:21,900
Simple souvenirs for tourists 
she smiles at you gap tooth and 

5668
05:04:21,900 --> 05:04:25,700
whether you buy a small piece of
rose colored Sandstone polished 

5669
05:04:25,700 --> 05:04:29,500
smooth. 
It's not ancient probably carved

5670
05:04:29,500 --> 05:04:33,000
last week. 
But it's Petra Stone and that's 

5671
05:04:33,000 --> 05:04:35,500
enough. 
You'll keep it on your desk at 

5672
05:04:35,500 --> 05:04:37,600
home. 
A touchstone to remind you of 

5673
05:04:37,608 --> 05:04:41,800
this place these days and this 
journey through Stone and time. 

5674
05:04:41,800 --> 05:04:46,100
She wraps it carefully in cloth 
refusing at first to take your 

5675
05:04:46,100 --> 05:04:49,200
money because you're clearly 
leaving and she wants to give 

5676
05:04:49,200 --> 05:04:53,900
you a gift to remember Petra. 
You insist gently, and she 

5677
05:04:53,900 --> 05:04:58,300
finally accepts with good grace,
blessing your journey in Arabic 

5678
05:04:58,300 --> 05:05:03,200
and gesturing for safe travels. 
The small human exchanges matter

5679
05:05:03,200 --> 05:05:06,800
as much as The Monuments. 
You realize their part of what 

5680
05:05:06,800 --> 05:05:10,100
makes a place real, what 
transforms it from a tourist 

5681
05:05:10,100 --> 05:05:13,600
destination into a lived. 
Experience walking back through 

5682
05:05:13,600 --> 05:05:15,000
the siq, toward the outside 
world. 

5683
05:05:15,000 --> 05:05:19,000
You find yourself moving slower,
reluctant to leave other 

5684
05:05:19,000 --> 05:05:22,100
tourists pass. 
You heading in their faces with 

5685
05:05:22,100 --> 05:05:25,500
anticipation. 
You want to tell them things to 

5686
05:05:25,500 --> 05:05:28,300
look up. 
More often to touch the walls to

5687
05:05:28,300 --> 05:05:31,700
sit quietly and just listen to 
what the stones have to say. 

5688
05:05:31,700 --> 05:05:36,500
But you don't because Discovery 
is personal, and they need to 

5689
05:05:36,500 --> 05:05:38,300
find their own relationship with
this place. 

5690
05:05:38,300 --> 05:05:41,600
The sick, releases you back into
the modern world gradually. 

5691
05:05:41,600 --> 05:05:46,100
The walls lowering, the sky 
opening up and the temperature 

5692
05:05:46,100 --> 05:05:48,100
rising as you leave the cool 
shadows. 

5693
05:05:48,900 --> 05:05:52,400
And then you're out. 
Standing in regular sunlight. 

5694
05:05:52,400 --> 05:05:57,200
The magic contained behind you, 
the carved City returned to its 

5695
05:05:57,200 --> 05:06:01,400
Eternal patience waiting, for 
the next person to arrive with 

5696
05:06:01,400 --> 05:06:04,600
Wonder in their eyes, your 
Caravan will leave this 

5697
05:06:04,600 --> 05:06:07,500
afternoon heading back toward 
the routes that connect to the 

5698
05:06:07,508 --> 05:06:10,500
wider world. 
But you know with the certainty 

5699
05:06:10,500 --> 05:06:13,900
of bones and blood that you'll 
carry Petra with you, wherever 

5700
05:06:13,900 --> 05:06:18,200
you go, you'll remember the rose
red stone glowing in Sunset 

5701
05:06:18,200 --> 05:06:23,400
light, The Silence of ancient 
temples, the Ingenuity of people

5702
05:06:23,400 --> 05:06:27,300
who carved a civilization from 
living Rock and made it thrive 

5703
05:06:27,300 --> 05:06:29,600
in a landscape that should have 
defeated them. 

5704
05:06:29,600 --> 05:06:32,700
You'll remember that, humans are
capable of remarkable things 

5705
05:06:32,700 --> 05:06:35,900
when we combine Vision with 
persistence, when we build, not 

5706
05:06:35,900 --> 05:06:39,700
just for ourselves, but for 
centuries will never see. you'll

5707
05:06:39,700 --> 05:06:43,400
remember that beauty and 
practicality can co-exist that 

5708
05:06:43,400 --> 05:06:47,200
art and Engineering are not 
opposites, but partners, You'll 

5709
05:06:47,200 --> 05:06:49,600
remember that Stones can tell 
stories if you're willing to 

5710
05:06:49,600 --> 05:06:52,700
listen and that some places 
change, you just by being there 

5711
05:06:52,700 --> 05:06:56,000
solid and patient waiting to 
teach lessons. 

5712
05:06:56,000 --> 05:06:59,700
You didn't know you need to 
learn the desert wind blows warm

5713
05:06:59,700 --> 05:07:02,200
against your face as you take 
your last look back at the 

5714
05:07:02,200 --> 05:07:06,300
cliffs, the tombs and the 
distant glimpse of carved for 

5715
05:07:06,300 --> 05:07:11,300
SARS visible from this distance,
The sun climbs higher, the day 

5716
05:07:11,300 --> 05:07:14,600
grows hotter and somewhere in 
the city behind you, a cat 

5717
05:07:14,600 --> 05:07:18,600
stretches and a patch of shade, 
a raven calls from a high perch 

5718
05:07:18,600 --> 05:07:22,100
and the stones continue their 
slow conversation with time, 

5719
05:07:22,100 --> 05:07:26,900
utterly unconcerned with endings
or Beginnings, content to Simply

5720
05:07:26,900 --> 05:07:30,900
Be to endure to wait for the 
next sunrise. 

5721
05:07:30,900 --> 05:07:35,000
The next visitor, the next 
chance to inspire Wonder in a 

5722
05:07:35,000 --> 05:07:37,300
human heart. 
You think about Burkhart? 

5723
05:07:38,000 --> 05:07:42,000
First modern Western visitor 
trying to contain his excitement

5724
05:07:42,000 --> 05:07:45,600
while disguised as someone else,
you think about the Bedouin 

5725
05:07:45,600 --> 05:07:49,500
families who lived among these 
ruins for centuries, maintaining

5726
05:07:49,500 --> 05:07:52,700
their connection to this place 
even as The Wider World, forgot 

5727
05:07:52,700 --> 05:07:55,900
it existed. 
You think about the nabateans 

5728
05:07:55,900 --> 05:07:59,400
themselves carving their Vision 
into Eternal Stone? 

5729
05:07:59,400 --> 05:08:02,700
Never imagining their City would
one day be abandoned and 

5730
05:08:02,700 --> 05:08:05,700
rediscovered that their 
monuments would Outlast their 

5731
05:08:05,700 --> 05:08:08,100
culture by Millennia. 
And you think about all the 

5732
05:08:08,100 --> 05:08:11,000
other visitors who have stood 
where you're standing looking 

5733
05:08:11,000 --> 05:08:14,400
back at Petra, with the same 
reluctance, to leave the same 

5734
05:08:14,400 --> 05:08:17,900
sense of having experienced, 
something that exceeds normal 

5735
05:08:17,900 --> 05:08:20,100
categories of Tourism or 
sightseeing. 

5736
05:08:20,100 --> 05:08:23,900
This place gets under your skin 
into your imagination and 

5737
05:08:23,900 --> 05:08:27,400
refuses to be forgotten. 
The call comes from the Caravan 

5738
05:08:27,400 --> 05:08:31,000
Master time to prepare for 
departure, you turn away from 

5739
05:08:31,000 --> 05:08:33,600
Petra. 
Finally, completely and walk 

5740
05:08:33,600 --> 05:08:35,600
toward your pact belongings and 
waiting camel. 

5741
05:08:35,600 --> 05:08:39,600
The animal grumbles at you and 
greeting a sound, you've come to

5742
05:08:39,600 --> 05:08:42,300
find oddly endearing over weeks 
of travel. 

5743
05:08:43,100 --> 05:08:46,800
You load your pack, check your 
water skin, one more time, and 

5744
05:08:46,800 --> 05:08:49,700
prepare to rejoin the world of 
movement and commerce and 

5745
05:08:49,700 --> 05:08:52,900
everyday concerns. 
But as the Caravan begins to 

5746
05:08:52,900 --> 05:08:56,600
move heading back toward 
Damascus, or a carbon or 

5747
05:08:56,600 --> 05:09:00,300
wherever your journey takes you 
next, you look back one final 

5748
05:09:00,300 --> 05:09:03,300
time. 
The Cliffs glow in the morning 

5749
05:09:03,300 --> 05:09:07,900
sun holding this Secrets 
guarding their stories waiting 

5750
05:09:07,900 --> 05:09:11,000
patiently for the next person 
who needs to be reminded that 

5751
05:09:11,000 --> 05:09:14,200
humans want impossible things 
and made them beautiful. 

5752
05:09:15,100 --> 05:09:18,100
That we want to understood how 
to work with landscape rather 

5753
05:09:18,100 --> 05:09:21,600
than against it that we once had
the vision and patience to 

5754
05:09:21,600 --> 05:09:23,700
create for eternity. 
Good night. 

5755
05:09:23,700 --> 05:09:27,400
Traveler, may your dreams be 
filled with rose-colored stone 

5756
05:09:27,400 --> 05:09:30,900
and ancient Starlight with the 
memory of cool shadows in the 

5757
05:09:30,900 --> 05:09:33,800
sick, and the glow of sunset on 
carved facades. 

5758
05:09:34,800 --> 05:09:38,100
May you carry with you, the 
lesson of Petra, that beauty 

5759
05:09:38,100 --> 05:09:41,800
endures, that Vision matters, 
and that some things are worth 

5760
05:09:41,800 --> 05:09:45,600
building to last forever. 
Sleep well and wake with the 

5761
05:09:45,608 --> 05:09:49,300
certainty that wander still 
exists in the world waiting in 

5762
05:09:49,300 --> 05:09:54,200
stone, canyons and carved cities
ready to transform everyone who 

5763
05:09:54,200 --> 05:09:57,700
finds it. 
Rest now, and remember. 

5764
05:10:05,500 --> 05:10:09,100
Nikola Tesla's boyhood in the 
small village of Milan nestled 

5765
05:10:09,100 --> 05:10:11,000
in the rural reaches of the 
Austrian Empire. 

5766
05:10:11,000 --> 05:10:14,300
Now Croatia was, as far removed 
from the noise of modern 

5767
05:10:14,300 --> 05:10:15,800
Contraptions as one might 
imagine. 

5768
05:10:17,000 --> 05:10:20,100
Yet even amid this pastoral 
backdrop Tesla found ways to 

5769
05:10:20,100 --> 05:10:24,700
indulge his curiosity. 
His father milutin was an 

5770
05:10:24,700 --> 05:10:28,200
orthodox priest often occupied 
by religious duties, but he also

5771
05:10:28,200 --> 05:10:31,300
possessed a serious Library 
where young Nicholas snuck away 

5772
05:10:31,300 --> 05:10:34,000
to read. 
In fact, Tesla frequently, 

5773
05:10:34,000 --> 05:10:37,200
credited, these secretive 
Explorations for sparking, his 

5774
05:10:37,200 --> 05:10:41,500
fascination with science. 
Meanwhile, his mother duka a 

5775
05:10:41,500 --> 05:10:44,100
resourceful and gifted woman 
crafted household tools, with 

5776
05:10:44,100 --> 05:10:46,500
her hands, granting Tesla 
first-hand. 

5777
05:10:46,500 --> 05:10:49,900
Look at the interplay between 
imagination and utility. 

5778
05:10:50,700 --> 05:10:54,300
One story that rarely gets 
retold overshadowed perhaps by 

5779
05:10:54,300 --> 05:10:57,700
Granda, anecdotes involved a 
small wooden water wheel. 

5780
05:10:57,700 --> 05:11:01,600
He built at age 9 determined to 
harness the Turning stream that 

5781
05:11:01,600 --> 05:11:04,900
ran behind his home. 
Tesla carved, rough paddles, 

5782
05:11:04,900 --> 05:11:08,500
from scavenge Driftwood, an 
improvised and axle from a 

5783
05:11:08,500 --> 05:11:11,400
broken carpart. 
While the contrivance was crude,

5784
05:11:11,400 --> 05:11:16,000
it worked sought of its spotted 
and jammed more often than its 

5785
05:11:16,000 --> 05:11:18,900
fun, but this half success 
taught him, the power of 

5786
05:11:18,900 --> 05:11:23,100
redirecting Natural Forces even 
as a child, he recognized that 

5787
05:11:23,100 --> 05:11:26,400
nature has tremendous energy 
just waiting to be tapped. 

5788
05:11:27,300 --> 05:11:29,800
It was also, during these early 
years, that Tesla started 

5789
05:11:29,800 --> 05:11:32,800
experiencing a cute 
visualizations later. 

5790
05:11:32,800 --> 05:11:36,200
He described how bright flashes 
before his eyes would conjure 

5791
05:11:36,200 --> 05:11:38,500
Vivid images of objects. 
He hadn't even witnessed before 

5792
05:11:38,500 --> 05:11:42,700
this phenomenon, which he called
his mind's eye sometimes 

5793
05:11:42,700 --> 05:11:46,000
unsettled people around him, but
it had a silver lining. 

5794
05:11:46,000 --> 05:11:48,800
Whenever an idea flickered 
through his Consciousness. 

5795
05:11:48,800 --> 05:11:53,100
He could examine its details in 
these mental pictures rotating 

5796
05:11:53,100 --> 05:11:55,300
and refining them before we ever
set pen to paper. 

5797
05:11:56,100 --> 05:11:59,500
This unique ability often 
minimized in popular accounts 

5798
05:11:59,500 --> 05:12:03,500
shaped his inventive process. 
Of course, not all was idyllic 

5799
05:12:03,500 --> 05:12:07,500
as a Schoolboy Tesla nurse to 
rebellious streak and loathed 

5800
05:12:07,500 --> 05:12:10,600
wrote memorization. 
His teacher wants, scolded him 

5801
05:12:10,600 --> 05:12:13,700
for insisting that the Earth was
a giant magnet telling, the 

5802
05:12:13,700 --> 05:12:16,500
class that Tesla was letting his
imagination run wild. 

5803
05:12:17,400 --> 05:12:20,100
The teacher was unaware of how 
close Tesla was to the truth, 

5804
05:12:20,100 --> 05:12:23,500
nor how that minor humiliation 
inspired him to study, magnetism

5805
05:12:23,500 --> 05:12:26,300
more thoroughly. 
Some say the seeds of his 

5806
05:12:26,300 --> 05:12:29,800
future. 
AC motor began here in the 

5807
05:12:29,800 --> 05:12:33,500
tension between Authority and 
Tesla's unwavering self-belief 

5808
05:12:33,500 --> 05:12:37,000
in spare moments. 
The young Tesla found 

5809
05:12:37,000 --> 05:12:40,100
camaraderie with friends who 
joined in his experiments like 

5810
05:12:40,100 --> 05:12:42,700
building. 
Hand cranked contractions were 

5811
05:12:42,700 --> 05:12:45,500
trying to talk through Tin Can 
telephones yet. 

5812
05:12:45,500 --> 05:12:49,300
If a Contraption fails Tesla 
vanished into introspection 

5813
05:12:49,300 --> 05:12:52,300
recalculating every step in his 
mind. 

5814
05:12:53,100 --> 05:12:56,800
In those hours, no one could pry
him away from his Reflections. 

5815
05:12:56,800 --> 05:13:00,000
It was as if he was lost in that
luminous in a workshop. 

5816
05:13:00,800 --> 05:13:03,000
Despite bouts of quiet 
withdrawal. 

5817
05:13:03,000 --> 05:13:06,200
Tesla still lived in a household
that valued performance, 

5818
05:13:06,200 --> 05:13:10,600
especially rhetorical Flair, his
father believed in the power of 

5819
05:13:10,600 --> 05:13:13,400
eloquence and would often 
deliver stirring orations. 

5820
05:13:13,400 --> 05:13:17,000
Perhaps this is how Tesla 
learned to present radical ideas

5821
05:13:17,000 --> 05:13:19,500
with poise. 
He also gleaned from his mother,

5822
05:13:19,500 --> 05:13:23,200
the virtue of patient tinkering 
an aspect overshadowed by 

5823
05:13:23,200 --> 05:13:26,000
stories of His Brilliant. 
Flashes of insight though, 

5824
05:13:26,000 --> 05:13:29,400
untrained formerly Duke is 
improvisational skills. 

5825
05:13:29,400 --> 05:13:31,900
Showed him that great inventions
need not come from Grand. 

5826
05:13:31,900 --> 05:13:35,100
Laboratories they could begin at
a humble table or by the 

5827
05:13:35,100 --> 05:13:37,900
Riverside as long as one had the
drive to see them through. 

5828
05:13:37,900 --> 05:13:41,200
By the time he reached at 
lessons Tesla had devoured 

5829
05:13:41,200 --> 05:13:43,200
nearly every science book in his
father's Library. 

5830
05:13:43,200 --> 05:13:47,000
He immersed himself in 
electricity magnetism and 

5831
05:13:47,000 --> 05:13:49,900
mechanical wonders. 
His Fascination growing with 

5832
05:13:49,900 --> 05:13:54,100
each page, later at night, when 
the household slept, and a 

5833
05:13:54,100 --> 05:13:57,600
single kerosene lamp flickered 
in the corridor Tesla Moldova, 

5834
05:13:57,600 --> 05:14:01,400
new Concepts, making mental 
notes on how to apply them, He 

5835
05:14:01,400 --> 05:14:03,700
never just read he scouted for 
Clues. 

5836
05:14:04,500 --> 05:14:07,500
Each bit of knowledge layering 
onto his mental designs. 

5837
05:14:07,500 --> 05:14:11,600
These experiences in Smule form,
the Bedrock of a lifetime of 

5838
05:14:11,600 --> 05:14:15,100
invention while the world would 
one day witness Teslas 

5839
05:14:15,100 --> 05:14:17,800
theatrical experiments and 
transformative, discoveries. 

5840
05:14:17,800 --> 05:14:21,800
It All Began beside a murmuring 
Creek and within the hush of a 

5841
05:14:21,800 --> 05:14:25,800
modest Library there. 
Free from Urban clamor Tesla, 

5842
05:14:25,800 --> 05:14:29,800
learned the value of curiosity, 
observation and sustained, 

5843
05:14:29,800 --> 05:14:32,600
determination. 
It was in this unassuming 

5844
05:14:32,600 --> 05:14:36,000
domain, where wooden water 
wheels sputtered and a boy's 

5845
05:14:36,000 --> 05:14:39,200
imagination soared that the 
seeds of an extraordinary 

5846
05:14:39,200 --> 05:14:40,700
Destiny. 
First took Route. 

5847
05:14:41,500 --> 05:14:44,600
Perhaps most telling these 
formative years cemented in 

5848
05:14:44,600 --> 05:14:46,900
Tesla, a lifelong pattern of 
introspection and 

5849
05:14:46,900 --> 05:14:50,200
experimentation the young 
inventor, not only absorbed 

5850
05:14:50,200 --> 05:14:54,200
nollege, he reinvented it in his
imagination for him. 

5851
05:14:54,200 --> 05:14:58,500
Smilin was not a Backwater, it 
was a secluded incubator for 

5852
05:14:58,500 --> 05:15:02,600
unexplored possibilities. 
Tesla's departure from home was 

5853
05:15:02,600 --> 05:15:05,300
spurred by academic Pursuits 
that beckoned him to larger 

5854
05:15:05,300 --> 05:15:08,100
Arenas. 
Eventually Landing him at the 

5855
05:15:08,100 --> 05:15:11,800
Austrian Polytechnic in Graz. 
The environment there, demanded 

5856
05:15:11,800 --> 05:15:15,200
rigor, which suited Tesla's 
capacity for total immersion? 

5857
05:15:16,000 --> 05:15:18,800
He sank his teeth into 
mathematics physics and 

5858
05:15:18,800 --> 05:15:22,300
mechanics with a feverish 
intensity professors noted, his 

5859
05:15:22,300 --> 05:15:25,200
uncanny ability to answer 
complex theoretical questions 

5860
05:15:25,200 --> 05:15:28,400
without referencing textbooks. 
A result of his extraordinary 

5861
05:15:28,400 --> 05:15:33,200
mental visualization, However, 
the spark that truly lit. 

5862
05:15:33,200 --> 05:15:37,600
His imagination was the direct 
current DC electrical Machinery.

5863
05:15:37,600 --> 05:15:41,400
In the school's Labs 
conventional wisdom suggested DC

5864
05:15:41,400 --> 05:15:44,100
was the future of power. 
But Tesla found its 

5865
05:15:44,100 --> 05:15:47,900
inefficiencies, maddening 
observing, how DC motors 

5866
05:15:47,900 --> 05:15:49,800
generated Sparks and wasted 
energy. 

5867
05:15:49,800 --> 05:15:53,600
He questioned how nobody noticed
a better pathway when one 

5868
05:15:53,600 --> 05:15:56,000
Professor pronounced that 
harnessing alternating current 

5869
05:15:56,000 --> 05:15:58,900
AC at scale was an 
impossibility. 

5870
05:15:58,900 --> 05:16:03,000
Tesla resisted, the urge to 
argue instead, he spent late 

5871
05:16:03,000 --> 05:16:06,000
nights in his boarding room 
sketching out rotating magnetic 

5872
05:16:06,000 --> 05:16:09,200
fields in his head if he dozed 
off at all, it was with 

5873
05:16:09,200 --> 05:16:11,100
diagrams. 
Dancing across his eyelids 

5874
05:16:11,100 --> 05:16:15,200
despite his academic prowess 
Tesla stinting, grass did not 

5875
05:16:15,200 --> 05:16:19,100
end smoothly exhaustion and 
perhaps an underlying rebellious

5876
05:16:19,100 --> 05:16:22,600
streak contributed to friction 
with University administrators. 

5877
05:16:22,600 --> 05:16:26,600
He wants rigged an experiment to
demonstrate a refined method for

5878
05:16:26,600 --> 05:16:29,900
measuring electric resistance 
when the apparatus Short 

5879
05:16:29,900 --> 05:16:32,300
Circuit. 
It Tesla found himself facing 

5880
05:16:32,300 --> 05:16:35,400
the wrath of a professor, 
outraged by unorthodox 

5881
05:16:35,400 --> 05:16:39,100
experimentation. 
Feeling unwelcome Tesla walked 

5882
05:16:39,100 --> 05:16:41,400
out leaving conventional 
Academia behind. 

5883
05:16:42,700 --> 05:16:46,600
From grads, Tesla moved to other
opportunities, including a brief

5884
05:16:46,600 --> 05:16:48,400
and often overlooked period in 
Marburg. 

5885
05:16:48,400 --> 05:16:52,000
Now maribor Slovenia there, a 
shadow seemed to fall over him 

5886
05:16:52,000 --> 05:16:54,700
separated from the camera of 
classmates. 

5887
05:16:54,700 --> 05:16:59,100
Grappled with bouts of anxiety, 
without structured lab access 

5888
05:16:59,100 --> 05:17:02,300
Tesla turned to solitary 
experiments tinkering with 

5889
05:17:02,300 --> 05:17:04,900
leftover scraps of metal and 
wire yet. 

5890
05:17:04,900 --> 05:17:07,900
The Gloom of isolation Nord at 
him and he eventually returned 

5891
05:17:07,900 --> 05:17:12,000
home for a spell, his confidence
rattled but not shattered. 

5892
05:17:12,000 --> 05:17:16,300
It was in Budapest or working at
The Budapest telephone exchange.

5893
05:17:16,300 --> 05:17:18,300
The Tesla began to regain his 
footing. 

5894
05:17:18,300 --> 05:17:21,800
In that frenetic workspace, he 
was tasked with improving the 

5895
05:17:21,800 --> 05:17:25,700
nascent telephone systems 
design. one lesson circulated 

5896
05:17:25,700 --> 05:17:29,300
story details, how Tesla, once 
clambered onto a rooftop to 

5897
05:17:29,300 --> 05:17:32,400
adjust overhead lines, the 
lightning flashes, giving him 

5898
05:17:32,400 --> 05:17:36,100
new ideas about high frequency, 
current colleagues regarded him,

5899
05:17:36,100 --> 05:17:38,600
as eccentric competent, 
Crucially. 

5900
05:17:38,600 --> 05:17:42,000
It was during a routine walk 
through Budapest city park that 

5901
05:17:42,000 --> 05:17:44,900
the notion of the rotating 
magnetic field crystallized in 

5902
05:17:44,900 --> 05:17:49,700
his mind inspired by a poem. 
He recited aloud Tesla abruptly 

5903
05:17:49,700 --> 05:17:53,600
stopped drastic from the ground 
and began tracing swirling 

5904
05:17:53,600 --> 05:17:56,900
diagrams in the dirt He 
explained to His companion. 

5905
05:17:56,900 --> 05:18:00,400
How two or more alternating 
currents out of phase, could 

5906
05:18:00,400 --> 05:18:04,400
induce a rotating field capable 
of spinning a motor that Eureka 

5907
05:18:04,400 --> 05:18:05,800
moment. 
Set the course for his next 

5908
05:18:05,800 --> 05:18:08,500
inventions. 
It was an unveiling of practical

5909
05:18:08,500 --> 05:18:12,200
AC Concepts in the most 
unassuming of settings, Far From

5910
05:18:12,200 --> 05:18:15,800
Any official laboratory shortly.
After Tesla found himself with 

5911
05:18:15,800 --> 05:18:18,600
an opportunity in Paris working 
for the Continental Edison 

5912
05:18:18,600 --> 05:18:20,800
Company. 
His tasks involved 

5913
05:18:20,800 --> 05:18:24,500
troubleshooting installations of
Edison's DC Systems, the very 

5914
05:18:24,500 --> 05:18:27,600
technology that had vexed him 
back at grads even. 

5915
05:18:27,600 --> 05:18:30,500
So the job introduced him to 
real-world engineering 

5916
05:18:30,500 --> 05:18:34,700
challenges from power outages, 
to generate a malfunctions by 

5917
05:18:34,700 --> 05:18:38,200
day Tesla, tackle, these issues 
becoming something of a 

5918
05:18:38,200 --> 05:18:41,200
specialist in diagnosing. 
Electrical breakdowns by night. 

5919
05:18:41,200 --> 05:18:45,000
He refined sketches of his AC 
motor, desperately, wishing for 

5920
05:18:45,000 --> 05:18:48,700
the chance to build a prototype.
the interplay between The Daily 

5921
05:18:48,700 --> 05:18:51,500
Grind of DC, Hardware 
maintenance, and the nightly 

5922
05:18:51,500 --> 05:18:54,900
pursuit of AC Innovation, lent, 
Tesla's life are peculiar 

5923
05:18:54,900 --> 05:18:58,700
Duality, an unresolved tension 
between the present and what he 

5924
05:18:58,700 --> 05:19:01,700
believed the future should be 
well, though, overshadowed by 

5925
05:19:01,700 --> 05:19:05,300
the high drama of late years, 
These formative experience is 

5926
05:19:05,300 --> 05:19:08,300
taught Tesla resilience. 
He learned how to negotiate 

5927
05:19:08,300 --> 05:19:11,100
limited resources. 
How to observe the smallest 

5928
05:19:11,100 --> 05:19:12,700
anomalies in mechanical 
performance. 

5929
05:19:13,600 --> 05:19:16,800
And how to coax Visions from his
mind into workable sketches. 

5930
05:19:17,800 --> 05:19:21,400
More importantly, his confidence
in the feasibility of AC power 

5931
05:19:21,400 --> 05:19:25,000
solidified even as he undertook 
the tedium of dc-based 

5932
05:19:25,000 --> 05:19:28,400
assignments, the world around 
him might have regarded AC as a 

5933
05:19:28,400 --> 05:19:31,108
flight of fancy, but in his eyes
it was the rightful heir to the 

5934
05:19:31,116 --> 05:19:33,700
electrical Throne waiting for 
its moment to shine. 

5935
05:19:35,000 --> 05:19:39,000
Tesla's fateful Journey to the 
United States in 1884 has often 

5936
05:19:39,000 --> 05:19:42,400
been romanticized, yet. 
A host of lesser known details 

5937
05:19:42,400 --> 05:19:45,400
in Rich that narrative. 
He arrived in New York, with 

5938
05:19:45,400 --> 05:19:48,000
next to nothing carrying a 
letter of introduction to 

5939
05:19:48,000 --> 05:19:51,500
Thomas, Edison from his former 
employer in Paris. the letter 

5940
05:19:51,500 --> 05:19:54,900
supposedly claimed Tesla was an 
exceptional engineer who would 

5941
05:19:54,900 --> 05:19:59,700
produce wonders in popular, 
Italian counter frames, Tesla 

5942
05:19:59,700 --> 05:20:03,700
and Edison as instant Rivals, 
but in truth their relationship 

5943
05:20:03,700 --> 05:20:07,800
began with cautious respect 
Edison recognized Tesla's 

5944
05:20:07,800 --> 05:20:10,900
competence right away and put 
him to work on projects, deemed 

5945
05:20:10,900 --> 05:20:12,600
two, intricate or menial for 
others. 

5946
05:20:12,600 --> 05:20:16,700
There's a story one, not widely 
circulated, the Tesla fixed to 

5947
05:20:16,700 --> 05:20:18,300
defective shipboard lighting 
system. 

5948
05:20:19,300 --> 05:20:21,700
Saving Edison's company from 
contract penalties. 

5949
05:20:22,400 --> 05:20:23,900
Tesla. 
Never used it as Leverage. 

5950
05:20:24,700 --> 05:20:29,100
Still Edison noticed intrigued 
by Tesla's meticulous approach. 

5951
05:20:29,100 --> 05:20:34,200
He assigned him to redesign DC, 
generators Tesla toiled day. 

5952
05:20:34,200 --> 05:20:36,800
And night, confident, his 
improvements would prove their 

5953
05:20:36,800 --> 05:20:39,800
worth and they did. 
But when he sought remuneration 

5954
05:20:39,800 --> 05:20:43,500
misunderstandings piled up, it 
wasn't a single dispute. 

5955
05:20:43,500 --> 05:20:47,900
Over a massive bonus, more, a 
pattern of unkept promises and 

5956
05:20:47,900 --> 05:20:52,000
blurred expectations. 
By early 1885 the veneer of 

5957
05:20:52,000 --> 05:20:55,600
cordiality evaporated and Tesla 
left Edison's employee. 

5958
05:20:56,500 --> 05:20:58,500
That was the Genesis of a 
rivalry later. 

5959
05:20:58,500 --> 05:21:02,500
Amplified by newspapers driven 
more by conflicting Technologies

5960
05:21:02,500 --> 05:21:06,400
than personal hatred, Financial 
troubles Bessette Tesla almost 

5961
05:21:06,400 --> 05:21:09,200
immediately with fewer 
acquaintances in New York. 

5962
05:21:09,200 --> 05:21:11,700
He found himself digging ditches
for two dollars a day. 

5963
05:21:11,708 --> 05:21:16,200
It might have been that physical
labor under a harsh Sun, that 

5964
05:21:16,200 --> 05:21:19,200
sharpened his resolve. 
He told a friend that while his 

5965
05:21:19,200 --> 05:21:21,900
body dug ditches his mind was 
Far Away. 

5966
05:21:21,900 --> 05:21:24,400
Disrupt describing a elliptical 
arcs of thought. 

5967
05:21:25,500 --> 05:21:27,300
Where some might have fallen 
into despair. 

5968
05:21:27,300 --> 05:21:30,600
Tesla saw an interval to refine 
his intended path. 

5969
05:21:31,400 --> 05:21:34,100
That path led to the formation 
of Tesla electric light and 

5970
05:21:34,100 --> 05:21:36,700
Manufacturing. 
His first entrepreneurial 

5971
05:21:36,700 --> 05:21:40,600
venture in America, he secured 
backers, who at first promised 

5972
05:21:40,600 --> 05:21:43,300
to let him develop Arc Lighting 
systems and eventually his 

5973
05:21:43,300 --> 05:21:46,900
prized AC motor's. 
However, once Tesla delivered an

5974
05:21:46,900 --> 05:21:49,700
efficient Arc lighting solution,
those investors showed no 

5975
05:21:49,700 --> 05:21:54,500
interest in AC Capital wanted 
quick returns, not imaginative 

5976
05:21:54,500 --> 05:21:57,200
leaps. 
Frustrated, Tesla found himself 

5977
05:21:57,200 --> 05:22:00,800
pushed out of the very company. 
Bearing, his name This episode 

5978
05:22:00,800 --> 05:22:03,500
left him, wary of business 
Partnerships and taught him. 

5979
05:22:03,500 --> 05:22:06,200
That investors valued immediate 
profit over long-term Vision 

5980
05:22:06,200 --> 05:22:09,300
undeterred, Tesla began to 
demonstrate his. 

5981
05:22:09,300 --> 05:22:12,100
AC motor Concept in small. 
Lecture halls around the city, 

5982
05:22:12,100 --> 05:22:15,000
one venue. 
The back room of a modest 

5983
05:22:15,000 --> 05:22:17,800
Manhattan building had an 
audience of barely 20 people. 

5984
05:22:18,700 --> 05:22:22,200
But among them was Alfred S 
brown a Western Union 

5985
05:22:22,200 --> 05:22:26,000
superintendent, who recognized 
Tesla's potential another backer

5986
05:22:26,000 --> 05:22:29,400
Charles Peck also attended 
together. 

5987
05:22:29,400 --> 05:22:33,000
They formed a partnership with 
Tesla pledging to support his AC

5988
05:22:33,000 --> 05:22:36,100
technology. 
These unglamorous sessions laid 

5989
05:22:36,100 --> 05:22:38,300
vital groundwork for Tesla's 
next breakthrough. 

5990
05:22:38,300 --> 05:22:42,400
Soon with Newfound supporters, 
Tesla established a laboratory 

5991
05:22:42,408 --> 05:22:47,000
at 89 Liberty Street Manhattan. 
Amid coils of wire and 

5992
05:22:47,000 --> 05:22:49,500
improvised setups. 
He tinkered relentlessly. 

5993
05:22:50,400 --> 05:22:52,000
Space was cramped but offered 
freedom. 

5994
05:22:52,800 --> 05:22:55,400
He constructed prototypes of the
polyphase, AC motor 

5995
05:22:55,400 --> 05:22:58,900
painstakingly refining them 
until they could run smoothly 

5996
05:22:58,900 --> 05:23:01,500
under load. 
Maintaining a consistent 

5997
05:23:01,500 --> 05:23:04,900
rotating, magnetic field, was 
one challenge, ensuring it 

5998
05:23:04,900 --> 05:23:06,500
didn't damage the apparatus over
time. 

5999
05:23:06,500 --> 05:23:11,500
Was another Tesla, tackled each,
obstacle systematically relying 

6000
05:23:11,500 --> 05:23:15,600
on mental simulations before any
real world tests, one anecdote 

6001
05:23:15,600 --> 05:23:17,800
from this period. 
Recounts Tesla experimenting 

6002
05:23:17,800 --> 05:23:20,800
with high-speed turbines that 
let out unnerving wines. 

6003
05:23:21,600 --> 05:23:25,400
Passes by grew weary prompting 
multiple visits from the local 

6004
05:23:25,400 --> 05:23:28,000
fire brigade, after neighbors, 
complained of Sparks. 

6005
05:23:28,700 --> 05:23:32,500
Tesla oblivious to the fuss 
would apologize earnestly. 

6006
05:23:32,500 --> 05:23:34,900
Then resumed his adjustments. 
The moment they left. 

6007
05:23:35,700 --> 05:23:38,900
Such episodes highlight his 
tendency to live almost entirely

6008
05:23:38,900 --> 05:23:42,400
in his realm of ideas, paying 
little heed to outside alarm. 

6009
05:23:42,400 --> 05:23:45,600
While public fascination with 
the electricity, was on the rise

6010
05:23:45,600 --> 05:23:48,000
spurred by the novelty of 
electric lights. 

6011
05:23:48,000 --> 05:23:51,400
Most industrialists, still 
viewed a sea with caution. 

6012
05:23:52,300 --> 05:23:55,500
Tesla's goal was not simply to 
make a sea Motors feasible, but 

6013
05:23:55,500 --> 05:23:58,000
to persuade key players that 
this technology was reliable 

6014
05:23:58,000 --> 05:24:02,100
safe and profitable. 
Each small success in his lab 

6015
05:24:02,100 --> 05:24:04,800
bolstered. 
His resolve inching him closer 

6016
05:24:04,800 --> 05:24:08,200
to a grand future shaped by 
alternating current truly 

6017
05:24:08,200 --> 05:24:12,400
Unstoppable. 
By 1888 Tesla was ready to 

6018
05:24:12,400 --> 05:24:15,900
unveil his AC motor to the world
and the venue was the American 

6019
05:24:15,900 --> 05:24:17,500
Institute of electrical 
engineers. 

6020
05:24:18,800 --> 05:24:21,500
While typical accounts highlight
the significance of this event. 

6021
05:24:21,500 --> 05:24:24,600
If you explore the hushed. 
Excitement that filled that 

6022
05:24:24,600 --> 05:24:28,000
lecture hall, attendees 
included, professors journalists

6023
05:24:28,000 --> 05:24:31,800
and Industrial Titans, all a 
buzz with talk of a new era in 

6024
05:24:31,800 --> 05:24:34,900
electrical distribution. 
Some were openly skeptical 

6025
05:24:34,900 --> 05:24:37,600
others arrived hoping to witness
the demise of what they 

6026
05:24:37,600 --> 05:24:41,700
considered an Impossible Dream. 
Tesla walked onto the stage with

6027
05:24:41,700 --> 05:24:44,900
a calm demeanor, unveiling, his 
motor and discussing its 

6028
05:24:44,900 --> 05:24:46,800
principles with methodical 
precision. 

6029
05:24:47,500 --> 05:24:50,700
Crucially in the audience, sat 
George Westinghouse who had 

6030
05:24:50,700 --> 05:24:52,400
embraced AC for power 
transmission. 

6031
05:24:53,300 --> 05:24:56,508
Impressed by Tesla's Clarity and
the Elegance implicitly of his 

6032
05:24:56,516 --> 05:24:59,500
motor Westinghouse. 
Quickly reached out in 

6033
05:24:59,500 --> 05:25:02,100
negotiations. 
He purchased Tesla's patents for

6034
05:25:02,100 --> 05:25:05,100
a substantial sum and promised 
royalties for every horse power 

6035
05:25:05,100 --> 05:25:08,600
generated by his invention. 
while mainstream retellings, 

6036
05:25:08,600 --> 05:25:11,700
mentioned the deal, the Nuance 
of their discussion shaped by 

6037
05:25:11,700 --> 05:25:14,800
Tesla's vision for future 
expansion of AC off often 

6038
05:25:14,800 --> 05:25:18,500
remains overlooked with 
westinghouse's backing Tesla, 

6039
05:25:18,500 --> 05:25:21,700
moved into a well-resourced 
facility in Pittsburgh to refine

6040
05:25:21,700 --> 05:25:23,300
his designs for commercial 
production. 

6041
05:25:24,400 --> 05:25:26,800
The cultural shift from his 
Liberty Street lab to an 

6042
05:25:26,800 --> 05:25:30,800
industrial setting was Stark. 
Tesla sort perfect Synergy of 

6043
05:25:30,800 --> 05:25:33,800
frequency and voltage, while 
corporate Engineers focused on 

6044
05:25:33,800 --> 05:25:37,700
standardized Parts despite 
tension, seeing his Motors mass 

6045
05:25:37,700 --> 05:25:38,800
produced. 
Thrilled him. 

6046
05:25:38,800 --> 05:25:43,100
He was elated when AC systems 
lit, parts of the 1893 World 

6047
05:25:43,100 --> 05:25:44,900
Columbian. 
Exposition in Chicago, 

6048
05:25:44,900 --> 05:25:48,600
showcasing a cityscape of glow 
with alternating current 

6049
05:25:48,600 --> 05:25:50,800
courtesy of Westinghouse and 
Tesla. 

6050
05:25:51,600 --> 05:25:54,000
A lesser known interlude 
occurred or when Tesla visited 

6051
05:25:54,000 --> 05:25:58,400
Niagara Falls to serve a the 
planned hydroelectric station 

6052
05:25:58,400 --> 05:26:01,400
standing at the brink of the 
Thundering Cascade. 

6053
05:26:01,400 --> 05:26:05,100
He reportedly Muse that 
harnessing, such power would 

6054
05:26:05,100 --> 05:26:07,300
reflect Humanity's harmony with 
nature. 

6055
05:26:08,200 --> 05:26:11,400
When it went on line, delivering
electricity as far as Buffalo, 

6056
05:26:11,400 --> 05:26:16,100
it proved ACS potency yet the 
war of the currents fueled by 

6057
05:26:16,100 --> 05:26:19,700
Edison's campaign labeling, AC, 
dangerous cast, Shadows on these

6058
05:26:19,700 --> 05:26:23,200
achievements. 
Edison's allies staged gruesome 

6059
05:26:23,200 --> 05:26:25,900
demonstrations. 
Electrocuting animals to 

6060
05:26:25,900 --> 05:26:29,800
highlight Aces hazards, Tesla 
though offended voided. 

6061
05:26:29,800 --> 05:26:33,400
Direct public attacks. 
Instead, he showcased Aces 

6062
05:26:33,400 --> 05:26:36,400
safety and flamboyant ways. 
Passing high frequency, currents

6063
05:26:36,400 --> 05:26:40,400
through himself to light lamps, 
Newspapers seized on the spec 

6064
05:26:40,400 --> 05:26:44,200
circles Tesla disliked theatrics
for mere hype, but saw them as 

6065
05:26:44,200 --> 05:26:47,500
necessary to shift perception. 
Tesla's Finance is briefly 

6066
05:26:47,500 --> 05:26:50,600
soared his arrangement with 
Westinghouse promised 

6067
05:26:50,600 --> 05:26:54,600
substantial gains as AC spread. 
However, Westinghouse soon faced

6068
05:26:54,600 --> 05:26:56,900
Financial strain from the 
Niagara project and Market 

6069
05:26:56,900 --> 05:26:59,300
fluctuations. 
When Bankers threatened, the 

6070
05:26:59,300 --> 05:27:02,000
Westinghouse company. 
Tesla made a dramatic Choice. 

6071
05:27:02,000 --> 05:27:05,200
He released Westinghouse from 
the heavy royalty agreement. 

6072
05:27:05,200 --> 05:27:09,800
Some Caesars altruism others 
suspect that he believed broader

6073
05:27:09,800 --> 05:27:12,900
AC adoption would bring even 
greater wealth down the line. 

6074
05:27:12,900 --> 05:27:15,600
Either way, this decision cost 
him. 

6075
05:27:15,600 --> 05:27:18,300
Millions that shifted test 
Tesla's. 

6076
05:27:18,308 --> 05:27:22,200
Partnership with Westinghouse, 
meanwhile his growing celebrity 

6077
05:27:22,200 --> 05:27:25,700
pushed him to chase new ideas, 
fascinated by a high frequency 

6078
05:27:25,700 --> 05:27:28,500
currents, and wireless power 
heard that AC power 

6079
05:27:28,500 --> 05:27:30,200
distribution, was only a 
starting point. 

6080
05:27:31,100 --> 05:27:34,100
His pivot from danger to 
Visionary signal, the dawn of a 

6081
05:27:34,100 --> 05:27:37,900
new phase yet, the transition 
was uneasy industry leaders 

6082
05:27:37,900 --> 05:27:40,700
wanted Market. 
Ready products, not Grand at 

6083
05:27:40,700 --> 05:27:44,500
Tesla. 
Ever the dreamer to break 

6084
05:27:44,500 --> 05:27:48,300
boundaries, This Clash set the 
stage for his most audacious 

6085
05:27:48,300 --> 05:27:51,800
projects, some of which risk 
isolating him from commercial 

6086
05:27:51,800 --> 05:27:55,800
backers, even so, as AC quietly 
became the worldwide, standard 

6087
05:27:55,800 --> 05:27:58,700
Tesla's, decisive role could not
be denied. 

6088
05:27:58,700 --> 05:28:02,600
He had toppled the seemingly 
immovable dies, regime, and 

6089
05:28:02,600 --> 05:28:05,200
paved, the road for an era 
defined by alternating current. 

6090
05:28:06,000 --> 05:28:08,700
Feet that left him eager to 
explore even more Uncharted 

6091
05:28:08,700 --> 05:28:11,500
Terrain. 
These winds fuel Tesla's. 

6092
05:28:11,500 --> 05:28:15,200
Restless imagination propelling,
further innovation By the 

6093
05:28:15,200 --> 05:28:19,300
mid-1890s Tesla had garnered a 
reputation as an inventor, who 

6094
05:28:19,300 --> 05:28:22,100
might rewrite the laws of nature
with each new contrivance. 

6095
05:28:22,700 --> 05:28:26,700
In truth, his methods combined 
meticulous, trial and error with

6096
05:28:26,700 --> 05:28:31,100
knights of solitary reflection. 
He fashioned coils to produce 

6097
05:28:31,100 --> 05:28:33,700
high-voltage. 
High-frequency alternating 

6098
05:28:33,700 --> 05:28:36,900
currents, creating dramatic arcs
of artificial lightning. 

6099
05:28:37,700 --> 05:28:39,900
While crowds flocked to watch 
his public lectures in 

6100
05:28:39,908 --> 05:28:43,700
Manhattan, Tesla was growing 
Restless longing for a place 

6101
05:28:43,700 --> 05:28:46,400
where he could attempt even 
bigger experiments unencumbered 

6102
05:28:46,400 --> 05:28:50,100
by City constraints. 
That desire took him to Colorado

6103
05:28:50,100 --> 05:28:53,900
Springs in 1899 perched at a 
higher altitude where thinner 

6104
05:28:53,900 --> 05:28:56,600
are helped facilitate certain 
high voltage tests. 

6105
05:28:56,600 --> 05:29:01,100
The remote location was an ideal
Laboratory. he set up shop at 

6106
05:29:01,100 --> 05:29:03,700
the edge of town building, a 
structure equipped with a tall, 

6107
05:29:03,700 --> 05:29:07,500
Mast jutting above the roofline 
local spoke in hushed tones 

6108
05:29:07,500 --> 05:29:11,300
about lightning machines and 
Eerie after dark glows, some 

6109
05:29:11,300 --> 05:29:12,900
worry about potential 
catastrophe. 

6110
05:29:12,900 --> 05:29:15,800
Well, others were simply curious
about the lanky figure who 

6111
05:29:15,800 --> 05:29:19,200
wandered fields at odd hours. 
Studying the interplay of 

6112
05:29:19,200 --> 05:29:23,000
natural lightning. 
Inside that Workshop Tesla, 

6113
05:29:23,000 --> 05:29:26,200
probed Frontiers that mainstream
scientists scarcely. 

6114
05:29:26,200 --> 05:29:29,600
Imagined he fixated on the 
Resonance of Earth's ionosphere 

6115
05:29:29,600 --> 05:29:32,800
believing signals could be 
beamed wirelessly across vast 

6116
05:29:32,800 --> 05:29:36,200
distances if properly tuned 
according to diary entries he 

6117
05:29:36,200 --> 05:29:39,400
meticulously recorded Every 
Spark every flash, every 

6118
05:29:39,400 --> 05:29:43,300
ear-splitting crack of 
artificial Thunder on occasion. 

6119
05:29:43,300 --> 05:29:46,400
He produced such intense 
discharges that the crackle 

6120
05:29:46,400 --> 05:29:49,700
could be heard for miles. 
One account claims that he 

6121
05:29:49,700 --> 05:29:53,000
caused the local power stations 
generator to overheat prompting,

6122
05:29:53,000 --> 05:29:57,300
a short-lived blackout ever the 
polite, guest Tesla apologized, 

6123
05:29:57,300 --> 05:30:01,500
then resumed tinkering in 
Colorado, Tesla crystallized, 

6124
05:30:01,500 --> 05:30:05,100
his Grand Vision, a system of 
Global Wireless communication 

6125
05:30:05,100 --> 05:30:08,800
and power distribution. 
The townspeople hearing rumors 

6126
05:30:08,800 --> 05:30:12,800
of free electricity speculated, 
he might Supply Power at no cost

6127
05:30:12,800 --> 05:30:15,400
Tesla's goals. 
However, were subtler. 

6128
05:30:15,400 --> 05:30:18,500
He pictured networks of towers 
resonating with the Earth's 

6129
05:30:18,500 --> 05:30:21,400
natural electrical charge 
carrying Voice or energy 

6130
05:30:21,400 --> 05:30:24,100
anywhere. 
This concept was a precursor to 

6131
05:30:24,100 --> 05:30:26,300
technologies. 
That would surface decades later

6132
05:30:26,300 --> 05:30:30,300
from Radio Transmissions to 
radar and Beyond yet life in 

6133
05:30:30,300 --> 05:30:33,500
Colorado was more than just 
experiments and thunderous Arts.

6134
05:30:33,500 --> 05:30:36,700
Tesla, occasionally, mingled 
with the locals regaling, them 

6135
05:30:36,700 --> 05:30:39,800
with Tales of Europe and his 
early exploits in New York. 

6136
05:30:40,600 --> 05:30:44,200
Despite his eccentric schedule 
he possessed impeccable manners,

6137
05:30:44,200 --> 05:30:47,900
one story recounts how he gave a
personal demo of Wireless lamps 

6138
05:30:47,900 --> 05:30:51,200
to a bewildered blacksmith who 
later insisted Tesla was pulling

6139
05:30:51,200 --> 05:30:55,300
electricity from thin air. 
Such encounters spurred Legends 

6140
05:30:55,300 --> 05:30:58,100
of Tesla as a wizard blending 
science with something like 

6141
05:30:58,100 --> 05:31:01,300
sorcery. 
Still financing these colossal 

6142
05:31:01,300 --> 05:31:06,000
tests drain Tesla's resources 
his main backer JP Morgan had 

6143
05:31:06,000 --> 05:31:08,500
initially supported. 
The wireless project likely, 

6144
05:31:08,500 --> 05:31:10,900
anticipating a monopoly on 
global information. 

6145
05:31:10,900 --> 05:31:15,000
But once Morgan realized Tesla's
schemes were far, more ambitious

6146
05:31:15,000 --> 05:31:18,700
and riskier than mere Wireless. 
Telegraphy his enthusiasm 

6147
05:31:18,700 --> 05:31:22,100
cooled. 
Tesla pressed on convinced one 

6148
05:31:22,100 --> 05:31:25,600
decisive demonstration would 
open funding floodgates that 

6149
05:31:25,600 --> 05:31:29,200
breakthrough, however, remained 
a Lucifer newspapers, Amplified 

6150
05:31:29,200 --> 05:31:32,500
rumors about Tesla's activities.
Some claiming he was attempting 

6151
05:31:32,500 --> 05:31:34,700
to Signal distant planets 
though. 

6152
05:31:34,700 --> 05:31:37,600
Tesla did speculate about 
extraterrestrial intelligence. 

6153
05:31:37,600 --> 05:31:41,600
His real focus on terrestrial 
Wireless the lurid headlines. 

6154
05:31:41,600 --> 05:31:44,700
While fueling his Legend did 
little to alleviate his 

6155
05:31:44,700 --> 05:31:49,200
financial pressures eventually. 
Funds ran low forcing Tesla to 

6156
05:31:49,200 --> 05:31:53,600
close the Colorado lab in 1900. 
He left with crates of notes and

6157
05:31:53,600 --> 05:31:56,700
under diminished Zeal convinced,
he could still bring Wireless 

6158
05:31:56,700 --> 05:32:00,600
power to the masses. 
The townspeople Left Behind the 

6159
05:32:00,600 --> 05:32:04,600
memory of glowing skies and 
roiling static lingered a 

6160
05:32:04,600 --> 05:32:07,300
testament to the spectacular 
possibilities that science could

6161
05:32:07,300 --> 05:32:10,600
conjure. 
For Tesla, her Colorado Springs 

6162
05:32:10,600 --> 05:32:13,900
became a pivotal chapter, a 
Proving Ground, that fortified 

6163
05:32:13,900 --> 05:32:16,300
his belief in the Limitless 
potential of electrical 

6164
05:32:16,300 --> 05:32:17,900
resonance. 
It was there. 

6165
05:32:17,900 --> 05:32:21,300
He most clearly foresaw, a 
connected World boundless by 

6166
05:32:21,300 --> 05:32:24,600
wires than by the atmospheric 
and Earth circling energies. 

6167
05:32:24,600 --> 05:32:28,200
He aimed to harness in hindsight
Colorado was the Overture to his

6168
05:32:28,208 --> 05:32:30,100
next attempt at Global 
electrification. 

6169
05:32:30,100 --> 05:32:33,300
An attempt that would manifest 
in the Towering outline of 

6170
05:32:33,308 --> 05:32:35,000
warden cliff on Long Island 
Shores. 

6171
05:32:36,000 --> 05:32:39,300
Upon returning to New York, 
Tesla Consolidated, his findings

6172
05:32:39,300 --> 05:32:42,800
from Colorado Springs into an 
audacious new Venture, the 

6173
05:32:42,800 --> 05:32:46,600
warden Cliff Tower project With 
Finance in from JP Morgan 

6174
05:32:46,600 --> 05:32:48,400
initially obtained. 
Under the premise of 

6175
05:32:48,400 --> 05:32:51,400
groundbreaking Wireless 
telegraphy Tesla purchased land 

6176
05:32:51,400 --> 05:32:54,400
in Shoreham Long Island. 
Overlooking the Atlantic. 

6177
05:32:55,500 --> 05:32:58,800
Construction began in 1901, the 
looming structure. 

6178
05:32:58,800 --> 05:33:02,500
Stood nearly, Mandarin 87 ft. 
High topped by bulbous metal 

6179
05:33:02,500 --> 05:33:04,700
Dome. 
An extended deep below ground 

6180
05:33:04,700 --> 05:33:07,400
through a network of iron rods 
many. 

6181
05:33:07,400 --> 05:33:09,400
Observers had no idea what to 
make of it. 

6182
05:33:09,400 --> 05:33:14,200
Tesla ever enigmatic preferred 
sweeping claims about sending 

6183
05:33:14,200 --> 05:33:16,300
both signals and energy across 
continents. 

6184
05:33:16,300 --> 05:33:19,800
What often goes on appreciated 
is, How Deeply Tesla believed in

6185
05:33:19,800 --> 05:33:23,200
the underlying physics? 
His notes show that Warden Cliff

6186
05:33:23,200 --> 05:33:26,700
wasn't limited to broadcasting, 
Telegraph signals, he intended 

6187
05:33:26,700 --> 05:33:27,800
it. 
As the first of many 

6188
05:33:27,800 --> 05:33:31,200
transmitters, all resonating 
with Earth's natural, electrical

6189
05:33:31,200 --> 05:33:34,600
cavities to convey messages or 
even power to any matching 

6190
05:33:34,600 --> 05:33:39,100
receiver worldwide in his mind. 
It wasn't fantasy, it was a 

6191
05:33:39,100 --> 05:33:41,200
logical leap from the high 
voltage experiments. 

6192
05:33:41,200 --> 05:33:44,800
He had running Colorado Springs.
However, the timing was not in 

6193
05:33:44,800 --> 05:33:48,500
his favor in the same year that 
Warden Cliffs skeletal form. 

6194
05:33:48,500 --> 05:33:52,000
Emerged from the Treetops. 
Guly Elmo, Marconi successfully 

6195
05:33:52,000 --> 05:33:54,200
conducted the first 
transatlantic, radio, 

6196
05:33:54,200 --> 05:33:58,200
transmission reporters hailed, 
Marconi as a giant in Wireless. 

6197
05:33:58,200 --> 05:34:02,900
Communication Tesla, outraged 
pointed out that his own patents

6198
05:34:02,900 --> 05:34:04,300
on. 
Alternating current and related 

6199
05:34:04,300 --> 05:34:06,400
Technologies. 
Predated Marconi's work. 

6200
05:34:07,200 --> 05:34:09,800
Nevertheless, the public and 
financiers were smitten with 

6201
05:34:09,800 --> 05:34:12,900
Marconi's simpler, more 
immediately marketable setup. 

6202
05:34:13,900 --> 05:34:16,900
Morgan's patients were thin. 
Why bankroll testers? 

6203
05:34:16,900 --> 05:34:19,400
Massive Tower. 
If Marconi's apparatus suffice 

6204
05:34:19,400 --> 05:34:23,400
for long distance, signaling 
Warden, Cliff still incomplete 

6205
05:34:23,400 --> 05:34:26,300
hemorrhaged money. 
The crew building at dwindled. 

6206
05:34:26,300 --> 05:34:30,000
Salaries went on paid and Tesla 
found himself pleading for fresh

6207
05:34:30,000 --> 05:34:32,400
capital. 
Each conversation with Morgan 

6208
05:34:32,400 --> 05:34:35,900
ended in Thurston demands for 
tangible proof which Tesla 

6209
05:34:35,900 --> 05:34:39,300
couldn't produce fast enough 
desperate for funds. 

6210
05:34:39,300 --> 05:34:43,700
Tesla tried licensing, auxiliary
inventions turbines pumps. 

6211
05:34:43,700 --> 05:34:47,400
And even a plan to harness 
geothermal heat But investors 

6212
05:34:47,400 --> 05:34:50,700
questioned his broader 
intentions where he might have 

6213
05:34:50,700 --> 05:34:53,800
pivot their money into the tower
as Financial constraints 

6214
05:34:53,800 --> 05:34:56,900
tightened Warden, Clefairy 
remained, a half realized 

6215
05:34:56,900 --> 05:35:00,400
vision. 
By 1905, the site was 

6216
05:35:00,400 --> 05:35:04,500
effectively deserted the tower, 
a silent Monument to Tesla's 

6217
05:35:04,500 --> 05:35:08,000
Ambitions and the shifting tides
of investor faith during these 

6218
05:35:08,000 --> 05:35:11,100
Bleak years. 
Tesla's public Persona grew more

6219
05:35:11,100 --> 05:35:14,000
eccentric, journalists 
occasionally interviewed him 

6220
05:35:14,000 --> 05:35:18,400
only to hear about proposals for
death Rays or atmospheric power 

6221
05:35:18,400 --> 05:35:21,500
rumors circulated that he was 
becoming a recluse. 

6222
05:35:22,300 --> 05:35:25,900
Yet his mind State, agile, 
continuing to churn out 

6223
05:35:25,900 --> 05:35:28,900
possibilities. 
He Force solar energy as a 

6224
05:35:28,900 --> 05:35:31,000
future Mainstay though, few 
listened. 

6225
05:35:31,700 --> 05:35:34,200
The industrial World seemed 
enthralled by odd, oil, and 

6226
05:35:34,200 --> 05:35:36,900
coal. 
While Tesla's musings about sun,

6227
05:35:36,900 --> 05:35:40,200
powered engines, Drew smirks 
Warden, Cliff was never fully 

6228
05:35:40,200 --> 05:35:43,800
operational and the newspapers. 
Offered little sympathy some 

6229
05:35:43,800 --> 05:35:46,500
newspapers, ridiculed him 
portraying him as an unrealistic

6230
05:35:46,500 --> 05:35:49,200
idea list others. 
Barely mentioned his name 

6231
05:35:49,200 --> 05:35:52,800
focusing instead on Marconi's 
ongoing successes. 

6232
05:35:52,800 --> 05:35:57,708
The Sting of being overshadowed 
was palpable Tesla clung to the 

6233
05:35:57,716 --> 05:36:00,600
belief that one day the world 
would recognize the practicality

6234
05:36:00,600 --> 05:36:04,600
of Wireless power. 
Indeed, later generations would 

6235
05:36:04,600 --> 05:36:08,100
adapt many of his principles for
radio and Beyond But in his 

6236
05:36:08,100 --> 05:36:11,000
time, the towers failure, left 
him saddled with debt and 

6237
05:36:11,000 --> 05:36:13,500
weighed down by public 
skepticism even. 

6238
05:36:13,500 --> 05:36:15,600
So Tesla didn't abandon 
optimism. 

6239
05:36:15,600 --> 05:36:19,100
He often spoke as if Warden 
Cliff had simply been delayed, 

6240
05:36:19,100 --> 05:36:23,500
not canceled in private, he 
refined sketches of improved 

6241
05:36:23,500 --> 05:36:27,500
transmitters reimagine, the 
towers design and kept dreaming 

6242
05:36:27,500 --> 05:36:30,400
of a worldwide grid of resonance
stations. 

6243
05:36:30,400 --> 05:36:33,500
He believed that the planet 
itself with its vast. 

6244
05:36:33,500 --> 05:36:36,500
Electrical potential could be 
turned into a conduit of 

6245
05:36:36,500 --> 05:36:39,600
universal energy. 
The fact that Society was not 

6246
05:36:39,600 --> 05:36:43,100
ready, did little to dampen his 
conviction despite setbacks 

6247
05:36:43,100 --> 05:36:46,400
fragments of Tesla's Vision, 
crept into later technological. 

6248
05:36:46,400 --> 05:36:49,500
Revolution's Wireless 
communication would evolve in 

6249
05:36:49,500 --> 05:36:52,400
Leaps and Bounds though. 
Powered by the more conventional

6250
05:36:52,400 --> 05:36:55,700
means Concepts like Global 
connectivity and broadcast 

6251
05:36:55,700 --> 05:36:59,400
energy dismissed in Tesla's day,
surface decades, afterward, in 

6252
05:36:59,400 --> 05:37:02,000
varying forms. 
Yet at the dawn of the 20th 

6253
05:37:02,000 --> 05:37:05,500
century Tesla faced only 
mounting bills, evaporating 

6254
05:37:05,500 --> 05:37:08,200
capital and a towering away. 
On Long Island. 

6255
05:37:09,500 --> 05:37:12,000
The Heartbreak of warden. 
Cliff marked a turning point 

6256
05:37:12,000 --> 05:37:15,400
leaving Tesla to operate mostly 
on the margins of an industry. 

6257
05:37:15,400 --> 05:37:20,000
Hid once revolutionized as the 
20th century marched on the 

6258
05:37:20,000 --> 05:37:21,600
world. 
Tesla had done so much to 

6259
05:37:21,600 --> 05:37:24,800
illuminate. 
Surged ahead, the AC systems, he

6260
05:37:24,800 --> 05:37:28,300
championed became the backbone 
of modern infrastructure yet, 

6261
05:37:28,300 --> 05:37:32,400
Tesla himself slipped from the 
spotlight, He moved between New 

6262
05:37:32,400 --> 05:37:34,900
York hotels. 
Sometimes leaving unpaid bills 

6263
05:37:34,900 --> 05:37:38,700
behind public interviews, grew 
spaz when he did speak. 

6264
05:37:38,700 --> 05:37:42,800
He mentioned theories of beam. 
Weapons weather manipulation and

6265
05:37:42,800 --> 05:37:46,200
advanced propulsion sowing 
intrigued, even some questioned 

6266
05:37:46,200 --> 05:37:49,900
his grasp on reality. 
But his notebooks to the extent,

6267
05:37:49,900 --> 05:37:53,000
they survive reveal how these 
ideas built on earlier 

6268
05:37:53,000 --> 05:37:54,900
experiments rather than mere 
Whimsy. 

6269
05:37:55,800 --> 05:37:57,700
A lesser known facet of Tesla's 
later. 

6270
05:37:57,700 --> 05:38:00,700
Life was his nightly ritual of 
feeding, pigeons in Bryant Park,

6271
05:38:01,500 --> 05:38:05,600
Observers saw a solitary figure 
scattering seeds by Lamplight 

6272
05:38:05,600 --> 05:38:08,700
but Tesla found solace in caring
for those birds. 

6273
05:38:08,700 --> 05:38:12,000
Claiming a special bond with one
white pigeon in particular. 

6274
05:38:12,900 --> 05:38:15,600
It may have seemed an odd 
Pastime for a renowned inventor 

6275
05:38:15,600 --> 05:38:18,000
yet. 
It reflected a familiar pattern.

6276
05:38:18,800 --> 05:38:20,400
Tesla's. 
Deep empathy for natural, 

6277
05:38:20,400 --> 05:38:25,200
phenomena creatures included. 
Meanwhile, patent disputes raged

6278
05:38:25,200 --> 05:38:28,500
over the origins of radio. 
Tesla had filed patents before 

6279
05:38:28,500 --> 05:38:31,800
Marconi's breakthroughs yet. 
Marconi was lauded for bringing 

6280
05:38:31,800 --> 05:38:33,700
Wireless transmission into the 
mainstream. 

6281
05:38:34,900 --> 05:38:37,200
The legal entanglements dragged 
on for years. 

6282
05:38:37,200 --> 05:38:42,600
In 1943, the US Supreme Court 
finally recognized Tesla's 

6283
05:38:42,600 --> 05:38:44,300
priority for peace. 
Certain critical. 

6284
05:38:44,300 --> 05:38:47,800
Radio patents though, this 
Vindication arrived too late to 

6285
05:38:47,800 --> 05:38:51,200
alter his financial Straits. 
He was never able to capitalize 

6286
05:38:51,200 --> 05:38:54,300
on the official ruling nor did 
it quell, The public's 

6287
05:38:54,300 --> 05:38:56,500
Association of radio primarily 
with Marconi. 

6288
05:38:57,600 --> 05:39:00,400
Tesla spent his final stretch of
Life at the New Yorker Hotel. 

6289
05:39:00,400 --> 05:39:04,400
Though, short on funds, he still
scrolled ideas on scraps of 

6290
05:39:04,400 --> 05:39:08,600
paper proposing, cosmic ray 
engines and new power methods. 

6291
05:39:08,600 --> 05:39:10,700
Visitors, who managed to see 
him? 

6292
05:39:10,700 --> 05:39:12,600
Might find him animated and 
eloquent. 

6293
05:39:13,300 --> 05:39:16,400
Speaking in polished tones About
harnessing the energy of the Sun

6294
05:39:16,400 --> 05:39:19,200
or channeling power from the 
Earth's magnetic field. 

6295
05:39:20,100 --> 05:39:23,200
He believed that a teleforce 
beam could end War by making 

6296
05:39:23,200 --> 05:39:27,200
National borders in penetrable. 
To many these Notions sounded 

6297
05:39:27,200 --> 05:39:30,600
impossible yet Tesla's. 
Track record left room to wonder

6298
05:39:31,500 --> 05:39:36,600
When he passed away on January 
7th of 1943 in room, 3327, he 

6299
05:39:36,600 --> 05:39:39,500
left behind boxes of documents 
that soon, became the subject of

6300
05:39:39,500 --> 05:39:42,900
intense scrutiny authorities 
seized some of his papers 

6301
05:39:42,900 --> 05:39:46,000
fuelling Rumours of hidden 
Innovations, or weapons too 

6302
05:39:46,000 --> 05:39:47,300
dangerous for public 
consumption. 

6303
05:39:47,300 --> 05:39:51,200
Conspiracy theories. 
Flourished, while the reality 

6304
05:39:51,200 --> 05:39:54,900
likely involved routine, 
security concerns the secrecy 

6305
05:39:54,900 --> 05:39:58,900
lent, Mystique to Tesla's Legacy
It became hard to disentangle 

6306
05:39:58,900 --> 05:40:01,500
fact from folklore over the 
decades. 

6307
05:40:02,400 --> 05:40:04,900
Tesla standing in popular 
Consciousness swung wildly 

6308
05:40:04,900 --> 05:40:07,800
Edison's name. 
Overshadowed his for a time 

6309
05:40:07,800 --> 05:40:11,900
especially in school textbooks 
only later did your movements 

6310
05:40:11,900 --> 05:40:14,900
rise to credit Tesla for his 
revolutionary contributions, to 

6311
05:40:14,900 --> 05:40:20,200
AC power radio technology and 
more modern Engineers scientists

6312
05:40:20,200 --> 05:40:23,300
and curious people and covered 
his patents and writing's 

6313
05:40:23,300 --> 05:40:26,200
marveling at how he'd 
anticipated entire fields of 

6314
05:40:26,208 --> 05:40:29,500
inquiry from robotics to 
wireless communication. 

6315
05:40:30,400 --> 05:40:32,600
His pioneering theories on 
residents and frequency. 

6316
05:40:32,600 --> 05:40:36,000
Also, informed aspects of modern
electronics, though, that debt 

6317
05:40:36,000 --> 05:40:39,300
was seldom acknowledged until 
much later in daily life. 

6318
05:40:40,800 --> 05:40:43,500
Tesla's true genius shines in 
the simplest of ways. 

6319
05:40:43,500 --> 05:40:46,000
Flick, a light switch and you 
reap. 

6320
05:40:46,000 --> 05:40:49,800
The benefits of alternating 
current use wireless devices and

6321
05:40:49,800 --> 05:40:52,800
you operate on a principal Tesla
believed could reach across the 

6322
05:40:52,800 --> 05:40:55,800
planet. 
The Synergy envisioned between 

6323
05:40:55,800 --> 05:40:58,200
inventor nature and the 
Unstoppable. 

6324
05:40:58,200 --> 05:41:01,500
March of progress remains a 
potent, reminder of how one 

6325
05:41:01,500 --> 05:41:03,500
brilliant mind can shape hole 
errors. 

6326
05:41:04,200 --> 05:41:08,000
Tesla's story is above all a 
study, and perseverance and 

6327
05:41:08,000 --> 05:41:10,100
Paradox. 
He shunned the pursuit of 

6328
05:41:10,108 --> 05:41:12,600
wealth, yet needed Capital to 
materialize his dreams. 

6329
05:41:13,300 --> 05:41:15,000
He relished public 
demonstrations yet. 

6330
05:41:15,000 --> 05:41:17,800
Often worked Alone lost in 
interior worlds. 

6331
05:41:18,500 --> 05:41:22,500
He was both lauded and dismissed
recognized as a key figure in an

6332
05:41:22,500 --> 05:41:24,300
electrifying, the modern world 
yet. 

6333
05:41:24,300 --> 05:41:27,000
Branded at times as an 
eccentric, on the fringes of 

6334
05:41:27,000 --> 05:41:30,500
acceptable science. 
Even, so, he left an imprint 

6335
05:41:30,500 --> 05:41:33,300
rivaled by few long after his 
death. 

6336
05:41:33,300 --> 05:41:37,500
The hum of AC power lines, the 
glow of electric lamps and the 

6337
05:41:37,508 --> 05:41:40,500
chirp of Wireless signals Echo, 
Tesla's influence. 

6338
05:41:40,500 --> 05:41:44,100
He never saw the breadth of his 
Triumph in person, yet. 

6339
05:41:44,100 --> 05:41:46,300
The future, he glimpsed was Not 
Mere fantasy. 

6340
05:41:46,300 --> 05:41:50,000
It was an inevitable extension 
of the forces, he harnessed so 

6341
05:41:50,000 --> 05:41:52,500
elegantly. 
And though the man himself 

6342
05:41:52,500 --> 05:41:56,600
passed in relative, obscurity 
his ideas still crackle with a 

6343
05:41:56,600 --> 05:41:59,100
Vitality that defies the 
boundaries of time in 

6344
05:41:59,100 --> 05:41:59,700
imagination.