Boring History | What Was Life REALLY Like in the Byzantine Empire and more

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Hey, my friends. 
Tonight, we're not talking about

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Kings and conquests though, 
there will be plenty of both. 

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Instead, we're going to peek 
behind the palace walls and 

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Marketplace curtains to see what
it was really like to wake up 

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each morning in the Byzantine 
Empire that remarkable 

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civilization that lasted over 
1000 years and somehow managed 

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to keep the lights on while the 
rest of Europe, was fumbling 

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around in what we rather 
unfairly call the Dark Ages. 

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So, before we begin, take a 
moment to like the video and let

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us know. 
Where are you listening in from,

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and what time it is for you now,
pull up that blanket, get 

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comfortable and let's begin our 
journey. 

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You know how sometimes you look 
at historical paintings and 

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wonder what people actually 
smelled like. 

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Well tonight you're going to 
find out and trust me, it's not 

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always Pleasant. 
We're going to walk the 

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cobblestone streets of 
Constantinople peek into 

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workshops where Artisans created
Marvels that still make our jaws

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drop and discover why Byzantine 
citizens had bathroom habits 

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that would make a modern 
germaphobe week with despair, it

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in the year, 975 CE, and you're 
about to experience a day in the

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life of the most sophisticated 
city in the world. 

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A place where East truly met 
West where silk was worth its 

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weight in gold and where the 
emperor's morning bathroom 

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routine was considered a matter 
of State importance. 

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The first thing that would hit 
you as you opened your eyes. 

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In medieval Constantinople 
wouldn't be the site of the 

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Magnificent. 
Hagia Sophia's Dome catching the

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morning light though. 
That was certainly impressive 

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know, it would be the smell. 
A complex bouquet of wood smoke 

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baking bread horse manure. 
Incense from a dozen different 

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churches and the unmistakable 
Aroma of a city where a million 

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people were doing their best to 
stay clean with limited soap and

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even more limited privacy, your 
lie on what passes for a bed in 

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your modest apartment and yes 
apartment buildings existed in 

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Constantinople rise in four and 
five stories high like ancient 

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New York tenements. 
Your mattress is stuffed with 

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straw that you really should 
have changed last month. 

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But quality straw, doesn't come 
cheap, the wealthy. 

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Folks up the social ladder are 
sleeping on feathers, but you're

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making do just like most people 
in this sprawling Metropolis. 

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As you stretch and yawn, you can
already hear the city waking up 

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around you. 
There's the clip-clop of horses,

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hooves on Stone The Creeks of 
wooden cart wheels, that 

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desperately need oil and the 
distant sound of church bells, 

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beginning their mourning 
Symphony Constantinople had more

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churches per square mile than 
anywhere else in the Christian 

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world. 
And each one seemed to 

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determined to out the others in 
announcing the dawn, your 

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apartment really just two small 
rooms sits on the third floor of

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a building that houses about 20 
families. 

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The ground floor is reserved for
shops and workshops. 

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Because in Byzantine cities, you
lived where you worked and you 

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worked where you lived. 
Smell of fresh bread. 

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What's up from the baker's shop 
below? 

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Mixing with Less Pleasant? 
Odors from the Fullers Workshop.

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Next door, where they're already
hard at work, cleaning cloth 

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with what can only be described 
as industrial strength urine. 

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Yes, urine. 
It was the ammonia of the 

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ancient world and fullest 
collected. 

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It like liquid gold. 
You swing your legs over the 

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side of your bed and immediately
feel the cold of the wooden 

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floor through your thin shoes. 
Central heating is still about 

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800 years in the future. 
So your morning routine starts 

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with shivering and trying to 
cope some life back into the 

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Embers in your small brazier. 
Fire is both your best friend 

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and your greatest fear in this 
wooden framed tightly packed 

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City. 
Everyone's heard stories of 

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entire neighborhoods Going Up in
Flames. 

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Faster. 
Than you could say Byzantine 

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bureaucracy the water in your 
ceramic Basin, has a thin layer 

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of ice on top. 
It's November and 

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constantinople's Winters and 
nothing to joke about You break 

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through the ice and splash the 
shockingly cold water on your 

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face, which wakes you up better 
than any amount of caffeine ever

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could coffee won't reach Europe 
for several more centuries. 

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So your morning, pick me up 
consists of bread, perhaps some 

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water down wine, because the 
water isn't always trustworthy 

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and the sheer excitement of 
trying to make it through 

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another day. 
In one of history is most 

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vibrant cities. 
As you pull on your tunic, a 

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simple practical garment that 
seen better days, but still has 

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some life in it. 
You can hear your neighbor's 

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beginning their own morning 
routines. 

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There's the family next door, 
arguing about whose turn it is 

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to fetch water from the public 
fountain down the street. 

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The Woman Upstairs is already at
her Loom, the steady quack, 

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quack of her weaving, providing 
a rhythmic sound track to the 

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morning. 
And somewhere below the small 

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child is crying, probably 
because they've just discovered 

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that breakfast is going to be 
yesterday's bread. 

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Again, you're not rich, let's be
honest. 

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You'll nowhere close to it but 
you're not desperately poor 

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either. 
You're what we might call middle

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class, though that term wouldn't
be invented for several 

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centuries. 
You work as a Craftsman, making 

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leather goods or working metal 
and you earn enough to afford 

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your own apartment. 
Some decent clothes and food 

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that isn't just bread and water.
You might even own a book or 

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two, which makes you practically
an intellectual by medieval 

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standards. 
Now comes the daily challenge of

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breakfast and this is where 
Byzantine life gets interesting 

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in ways that might surprise you.
You see the byzantines had some 

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rather peculiar ideas about when
and what people should eat. 

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The official Christian position.
Was that really devout people 

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should fast until noon every day
eating only one main meal? 

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Of course, this rule was about 
as universally followed as speed

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limits on a highway, which is to
say honored more in the breach 

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that in The Observers. 
Your breakfast is simple, but 

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satisfying you have bread, not 
the fluffy white stuff. 

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We used to but a dense dark loaf
that could probably double as a 

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weapon if necessary. 
This bread is your constant 

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companion throughout the day. 
Byzantines ate bread with 

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everything, dipped it in 
everything and used its plates 

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when they ran out of actual 
plates. 

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It was the smartphone of the 
Medieval World, ubiquitous 

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essential and impossible to 
imagine life without with your 

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bread. 
You might have some olive oil 

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for dipping perhaps a handful of
Olives themselves. 

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And if you're feeling fancy a 
small piece of cheese, the 

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cheese is hard and salty 
designed to last week's without 

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spoiling in your unrefrigerated 
apartment. 

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Fresh milk is almost impossible 
to come by unless you happen to 

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live next door. 
To someone who keeps goats and 

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even then, you'd better drink it
fast before, it turns into 

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something resembling cottage 
cheese with attitude. 

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If you're lucky enough to have 
some wine left from yesterday, 

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you'll mix it with water not 
because you're trying to be 

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moderate but because undiluted 
wine is considered barbaric. 

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The bazan teens inherited. 
This custom from the ancient 

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Greeks and Romans, and they took
it, seriously, drinking straight

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wine was something that 
barbarians did right up there 

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with wearing pants and of 
opportunists and speaking 

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languages that didn't sound like
music. 

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As you eat your mentally 
preparing for the day ahead, 

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your Workshop weights, along 
with the customers who will try 

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to haggle down your prices, The 
Guild officials who will inspect

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your work to make sure you're 
not cutting corners. 

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And the tax collectors who seem 
to appear with the same 

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regularity as sunrise and twice 
as much enthusiasm. 

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Presenting bureaucracy was 
legendary in its complexity and 

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thoroughness. 
They had forms for forms and tax

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categories. 
That would make a modern 

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accountant wheat, with 
frustration, the sound of the 

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city grows louder, as more 
people Venture onto the streets,

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you can hear, Merchants setting 
up their stalls. 

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Their voices already rising in 
the Singsong cadences of 

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salesmanship. 
That sound remarkably similar to

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Modern Market vendors. 
Fresh fish caught this morning 

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translation, caught sometime 
this week and still mostly 

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edible Silk from the Orient 
translation, probably silk 

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definitely expensive origin. 
Negotiable your neighbors are 

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emerging from their Apartments. 
Now each beginning their own 

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version of the present in Daily 
dance. 

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The woman from upstairs nods, as
she passes your door, carrying 

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her water, jugs, toward the 
public Fountain, she is dressed 

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in a long tunic with a cloak 
wrapped. 

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Around her shoulders, her hair 
covered with a scarf as modesty 

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demands. 
Her husband follows a few 

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minutes later, heading toward 
his job. 

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At one of the silk workshops 
that make Constantinople famous 

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throughout the known world. 
When you finally step out your 

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immediately immersed in sensory 
overload that makes modern city.

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Life seemed peaceful by 
comparison Constantinople in. 

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Its Heyday was home to somewhere
between 400,000 and a million 

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people. 
Historians argue about the exact

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number but everyone agrees. 
It was enormous by medieval 

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standards, all those people are 
packed into a space smaller than

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modern Manhattan and they're all
trying to make a living, raise 

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their families and get through 
their daily routines without 

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getting trampled robbed or 
inadvertently involved in one of

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the political riots that break 
out with the regularity of 

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thunderstorms. 
The street, you live on is 

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typical of constantinople's 
residential areas, narrow, paved

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with stone when the city 
treasury has money for repairs 

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and lined with buildings. 
That seem to lean toward each 

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other like old friends sharing 
secrets. 

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The ground floors house shops 
and workshops. 

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There are owners already busy 
with the days work. 

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There's the baker, you smelled 
early, his oven producing a 

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steady stream of loaves that 
will feed half the neighborhood 

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next door. 
A blacksmith is already heating 

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his Forge, the glow visible 
through his open, doorway in the

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ring of hammer on Anvil. 
Adding percussion to the morning

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Symphony, the street itself is a
river of humanity flowing. 

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In all directions, Merchants are
leading pack animals, loaded 

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with goods from every corner of 
the known world. 

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The train of mules passes by 
loaded with silk, that might 

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have traveled the entire Silk 
Road from China. 

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Behind them. 
I can't filled with amphi of 

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wine, from Greece Creeks, along 
the driver shouting at 

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pedestrians to clear the way in 
language that would make a 

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sailor blush water. 
Carriers move through the crowd 

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with large ceramic vessels, 
balanced on their shoulders or 

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loaded onto donkeys. 
Clean water is precious in a 

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city, this size and the public 
fountains fed by Massive 

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aqueducts, that are marvels of 
engineering are always busy. 

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You can see people lined up at 
the fountain at the end of your 

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street chatting with neighbors 
while they wait their turn. 

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The fountain is more than just a
water source, it's a Social Hub,

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the place where Newsreaders and 
marriages are, sometimes 

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arranged between families who 
meet while their children Splash

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in the Overflow. 
As you walk toward your 

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Workshop, you navigate around, 
piles of refuse, that won't be 

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collected until the city 
sanitation workers, make their 

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rounds later in the day. 
Medieval cities had Waste 

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Management systems that they 
were primitive by modern 

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standards. 
Most people simply through their

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garbage out their Windows aiming
for the street, rather than 

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their neighbor's heads though. 
Accuracy wasn't always 

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guaranteed. 
The lucky ones had access to 

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public latrines. 
While others may do with chamber

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pots that were emptied into 
designated areas. 

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Outside the city walls, the 
smell of cooking food mingles 

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with Less Pleasant. 
Odors Horseman neuro, rotting 

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vegetables. 
And the distinctive Aroma of the

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Tanners workshops where animal 
hides a processed using methods 

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that haven't changed much since 
ancient times. 

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Tanning requires urine oak bark 
and animal fat. 

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Combined in proportions, that 
create a stench capable of 

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stopping conversations three 
blocks away. 

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Tanners always set up shop 
downwind of residential areas, 

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which tells you something about 
medieval city planning 

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priorities. 
Your Workshop sits on a side 

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street that specializes in 
metalworking. 

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This isn't coincidence. 
Byzantine cities were organized 

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by trade with similar Craftsman,
clustering together like modern 

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business districts. 
It made sense economically and 

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socially you shared techniques, 
borrowed tools and competed for 

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00:11:26,200 --> 00:11:27,800
customers. 
While maintaining the kind of 

231
00:11:27,800 --> 00:11:30,600
professional camaraderie. 
That comes from facing the same 

232
00:11:30,600 --> 00:11:34,500
challenges every day, The Guild 
system governs every aspect of 

233
00:11:34,500 --> 00:11:37,800
your working life and it's both 
a blessing and a bureaucratic 

234
00:11:37,800 --> 00:11:40,100
nightmare. 
Your guild sets quality 

235
00:11:40,100 --> 00:11:44,400
standards, regulates prices 
controls who can enter the trade

236
00:11:44,400 --> 00:11:47,600
and provides a social safety net
for members who fall on hard 

237
00:11:47,600 --> 00:11:50,100
times. 
It also tells you exactly how 

238
00:11:50,100 --> 00:11:53,600
many apprentices you can have, 
what hours you can work, where 

239
00:11:53,600 --> 00:11:56,800
you can set up shop and probably
what you should eat for lunch if

240
00:11:56,800 --> 00:11:59,600
they could get away with it, to 
your working on a commission 

241
00:11:59,600 --> 00:12:02,300
from one of the Cities. 
Wealthy merchants a set of 

242
00:12:02,308 --> 00:12:04,100
bronze fittings for a shipping 
vessel. 

243
00:12:04,800 --> 00:12:08,800
Bronze, work requires skill, 
patience and the ability to work

244
00:12:08,800 --> 00:12:11,700
near a forge that turns your 
Workshop into a sauna even in 

245
00:12:11,700 --> 00:12:14,100
winter. 
You heat the metal until it 

246
00:12:14,100 --> 00:12:17,400
glows, like a small piece of the
sun, then shape it with hammers 

247
00:12:17,400 --> 00:12:20,700
and tools that your grandfather 
probably used and that your 

248
00:12:20,700 --> 00:12:23,900
grandson might inherit someday. 
Your Apprentice arrives shortly 

249
00:12:23,900 --> 00:12:27,500
after you do a boy, of maybe 14 
who's been with you for two 

250
00:12:27,500 --> 00:12:31,400
years now, he's passed the stage
of being completely useless, and

251
00:12:31,400 --> 00:12:34,400
has progressed, to being only 
occasionally useless, which 

252
00:12:34,400 --> 00:12:36,000
represents significant 
Improvement. 

253
00:12:36,900 --> 00:12:39,500
He tends the fire organizes 
tools and practices. 

254
00:12:39,500 --> 00:12:42,100
The basic techniques that will 
eventually make him a Craftsman 

255
00:12:42,100 --> 00:12:44,900
in his own, right? 
The Apprentice system works. 

256
00:12:44,900 --> 00:12:48,100
Well, it provides skilled 
workers for the future while 

257
00:12:48,100 --> 00:12:50,800
giving young men a path out of 
poverty and into respectable 

258
00:12:50,800 --> 00:12:52,700
trades. 
The work is steady and 

259
00:12:52,700 --> 00:12:55,300
satisfying in a way that's hard 
to explain to people who've 

260
00:12:55,300 --> 00:12:57,400
never created something 
beautiful and functional with 

261
00:12:57,400 --> 00:13:00,300
their own hands. 
Each piece of bronze you shape 

262
00:13:00,300 --> 00:13:03,500
will Outlast You by centuries. 
Some of your work might end up 

263
00:13:03,508 --> 00:13:06,400
in churches where it will be 
touched by thousands of 

264
00:13:06,400 --> 00:13:09,700
worshipers other pieces will 
travel on ships to distant 

265
00:13:09,700 --> 00:13:11,600
ports. 
Carrying a small piece of 

266
00:13:11,608 --> 00:13:14,900
Constantinople to places your 
never seen as the morning. 

267
00:13:14,900 --> 00:13:16,700
Progresses customers began 
arriving. 

268
00:13:16,700 --> 00:13:19,700
There's the ship captain who 
needs repairs to his vessels 

269
00:13:19,700 --> 00:13:22,200
fittings before his next Voyage 
to Alexandria. 

270
00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:26,200
He's a weathered man with hands 
like leather and stories that 

271
00:13:26,200 --> 00:13:28,100
grow more fantastic with each 
telling. 

272
00:13:29,000 --> 00:13:32,000
Today, he's describing a storm 
off the coast of Cyprus that was

273
00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:35,700
apparently sent by Poseidon 
himself judging by his dramatic 

274
00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:38,500
gestures and increasingly 
creative profanity. 

275
00:13:38,500 --> 00:13:42,100
A wealthy woman arrives with her
servant, looking for decorative,

276
00:13:42,100 --> 00:13:45,900
bronze work, for her mansion. 
She's dressed in silk so fine. 

277
00:13:45,900 --> 00:13:48,500
It seems to move like liquid and
her jewelry. 

278
00:13:48,500 --> 00:13:52,500
Probably costs more than five 
years but she pays well and 

279
00:13:52,500 --> 00:13:55,100
doesn't argue about prices. 
So you treat her with the 

280
00:13:55,108 --> 00:13:57,100
respect due to valued customers 
everywhere. 

281
00:13:57,100 --> 00:14:00,700
She wants something unique. 
Something that will impress her 

282
00:14:00,700 --> 00:14:03,600
friends at dinner parties where 
the wine flows like water. 

283
00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:07,800
And the gossip is more valuable 
than gold by noon, the Sun as 

284
00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:10,500
warm, the stones of the street, 
and the city, as reached his 

285
00:14:10,500 --> 00:14:13,900
daily Crescendo of activity, 
this is when Constantinople 

286
00:14:13,900 --> 00:14:17,000
truly comes alive. 
When the mornings tentative, 

287
00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:21,000
Commerce explodes into the full 
throated Roar of one of the 

288
00:14:21,008 --> 00:14:24,500
world's great trading centers, 
the main boulevards are packed 

289
00:14:24,500 --> 00:14:27,900
with people from every corner of
the Known World, Merchants from 

290
00:14:27,900 --> 00:14:30,400
Venice and Genoa, Traders from 
Russia. 

291
00:14:30,400 --> 00:14:34,200
Carrying Furs and Amber spicy 
dealers from India and Ceylon 

292
00:14:34,200 --> 00:14:37,400
and diplomats from Kingdom. 
So, distant their name, sound 

293
00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:40,400
like poetry you take a break 
from your work to venture out 

294
00:14:40,408 --> 00:14:43,300
for the day's main meal lunch, 
as we know, it doesn't really 

295
00:14:43,300 --> 00:14:45,900
exist. 
Byzantines, eat their big meal 

296
00:14:45,900 --> 00:14:48,900
in the early afternoon after the
mornings work is done but while 

297
00:14:48,900 --> 00:14:50,500
they're still plenty of daylight
left. 

298
00:14:51,200 --> 00:14:53,500
You head toward one of the 
tavernas that cater to working. 

299
00:14:53,500 --> 00:14:56,200
People like yourself places 
where the food is, simple 

300
00:14:56,200 --> 00:15:00,100
filling and reasonably priced. 
The Taverna you choose its near 

301
00:15:00,100 --> 00:15:03,200
the Hippodrome that enormous 
Arena, where Constantinople 

302
00:15:03,200 --> 00:15:06,900
citizens gather for chariot, 
races, political demonstrations,

303
00:15:06,900 --> 00:15:11,000
and the occasional riot. 
The Hippodrome is quiet now, but

304
00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:14,200
you can see vendors setting up 
for tonight's races, arranging 

305
00:15:14,200 --> 00:15:16,500
their Wares and preparing for 
the crowds that will pack the 

306
00:15:16,500 --> 00:15:19,100
arena. 
Chariot racing is more than 

307
00:15:19,100 --> 00:15:23,000
entertainment in Constantinople.
It's a passion that divides the 

308
00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:25,800
city into competing factions 
with the further of modern 

309
00:15:25,800 --> 00:15:29,400
sports fans inside the Taverna, 
the air is thick with the smell 

310
00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:31,500
of cooking food and animated 
conversation. 

311
00:15:32,200 --> 00:15:35,700
The proprietor Stout man with 
arms like tree trunks Greeks 

312
00:15:35,700 --> 00:15:39,500
regular customers by name and 
somehow remember exactly how 

313
00:15:39,500 --> 00:15:41,200
Everyone likes their food 
prepared. 

314
00:15:42,700 --> 00:15:45,300
Today's offering is a wooden 
board in letters. 

315
00:15:45,300 --> 00:15:47,400
Large enough to be seen through 
the Smoky interior. 

316
00:15:47,400 --> 00:15:51,500
Lamb stew with vegetables, fish 
caught in the boss for us this 

317
00:15:51,500 --> 00:15:54,700
morning, bread that still warm 
from the oven and wine from 

318
00:15:54,700 --> 00:15:56,400
Vineyards outside the city 
walls. 

319
00:15:56,400 --> 00:15:59,600
You choose the fish Fresh 
seafood is one of 

320
00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:01,500
constantinople's great 
advantages. 

321
00:16:01,500 --> 00:16:05,100
The city sits where two 
continents meet surrounded by 

322
00:16:05,100 --> 00:16:09,000
water, that provides an endless 
supply of fish shellfish and 

323
00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:11,800
other Seafood that makes its way
to tables throughout the city, 

324
00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:15,100
the fish's grilled over charcoal
and seasoned with herbs that 

325
00:16:15,100 --> 00:16:18,900
grow wild on the Hills, outside 
Constantinople It's simple food 

326
00:16:18,900 --> 00:16:21,000
prepared. 
Well, the kind of meal that 

327
00:16:21,000 --> 00:16:23,700
sustains working people and 
keeps them coming back while you

328
00:16:23,700 --> 00:16:25,600
eat. 
You listen to the conversation, 

329
00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:28,500
swirling around you at the next 
table, too. 

330
00:16:28,500 --> 00:16:31,000
Merchants are arguing about 
trade routes to the Black Sea, 

331
00:16:31,000 --> 00:16:33,900
their voices Rising. 
As they debate whether Overland 

332
00:16:33,900 --> 00:16:36,000
or sea transport, offers better 
profits. 

333
00:16:37,000 --> 00:16:40,200
Behind you, the group of artists
from the silk workshops are 

334
00:16:40,200 --> 00:16:42,200
complaining about new 
regulations from their Guild 

335
00:16:42,200 --> 00:16:44,800
regulations that apparently make
no sense. 

336
00:16:44,800 --> 00:16:47,800
And what obviously, written by 
people who have never actually 

337
00:16:47,800 --> 00:16:51,000
worked with silk in their lives,
the Taverna serves as an 

338
00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:54,000
unofficial new center where 
information spreads faster than 

339
00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:57,000
Wildfire. 
Today's Hot Topic is a rumor 

340
00:16:57,000 --> 00:17:00,400
that the emperor's planning new 
taxes on imported goods news 

341
00:17:00,400 --> 00:17:03,600
that has Merchants calculating 
profit margins and ordinary 

342
00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:06,400
citizens wandering, how much 
more expensive everything is 

343
00:17:06,400 --> 00:17:09,300
about to become. 
Someone mentioned that there's 

344
00:17:09,300 --> 00:17:12,200
trouble brewing with the 
bulgarians again which strolls 

345
00:17:12,200 --> 00:17:15,099
knowing nods from veterans. 
Who remember previous conflicts 

346
00:17:15,099 --> 00:17:18,200
with constantinople's Northern 
neighbors of your meal? 

347
00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:21,300
You return to work refreshed and
ready for the afternoon's 

348
00:17:21,300 --> 00:17:23,599
challenges. 
This is typically the most 

349
00:17:23,599 --> 00:17:25,500
productive part of the day for 
Craftsman. 

350
00:17:25,500 --> 00:17:29,400
You're well-fed, the light is 
good and you've had time to plan

351
00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:31,900
your approach to whatever 
project demands attention. 

352
00:17:31,900 --> 00:17:34,600
The bronze fittings are taking 
shape nicely under, your 

353
00:17:34,600 --> 00:17:37,200
experienced hands. 
Each piece fitting perfectly 

354
00:17:37,200 --> 00:17:39,400
with its neighbors in the 
complex assembly. 

355
00:17:39,400 --> 00:17:41,600
That will help keep a trading 
vessel C worthy. 

356
00:17:41,600 --> 00:17:45,100
Your Apprentice has returned 
from his own meal and his eager 

357
00:17:45,100 --> 00:17:48,100
to continue learning today. 
Your teaching him, the delicate 

358
00:17:48,100 --> 00:17:51,900
art of finishing work, the 
patient filing polishing, and 

359
00:17:51,900 --> 00:17:56,100
adjusting that transforms rough 
bronze into pieces, worthy of a 

360
00:17:56,100 --> 00:17:58,800
merchant ship. 
It's tedious work that requires 

361
00:17:58,800 --> 00:18:02,400
attention to detail and steady 
hands qualities that separate 

362
00:18:02,400 --> 00:18:04,200
true. 
Craftsmen from Mere laborers, 

363
00:18:04,200 --> 00:18:07,000
the afternoon brings a steady 
stream of visitors to your 

364
00:18:07,000 --> 00:18:09,700
Workshop. 
There's the guild inspector, a 

365
00:18:09,700 --> 00:18:12,500
thin man, with sharp eyes who 
examines your work for any 

366
00:18:12,500 --> 00:18:15,700
deviation from established 
standards, The Guild takes 

367
00:18:15,700 --> 00:18:18,400
quality control. 
Seriously, their reputation 

368
00:18:18,400 --> 00:18:21,100
depends on maintaining standards
that customers throughout the 

369
00:18:21,100 --> 00:18:25,400
Mediterranean can trust Single 
shoddy piece bearing the Guild's

370
00:18:25,400 --> 00:18:28,700
Mark could damage relationships 
that took decades to build a 

371
00:18:28,700 --> 00:18:31,700
fellow Craftsmen stops by to 
borrow a specialized tool and 

372
00:18:31,700 --> 00:18:34,000
you spend a few minutes 
discussing techniques and 

373
00:18:34,000 --> 00:18:37,500
sharing professional gossip. 
He tells you about a new method 

374
00:18:37,500 --> 00:18:40,700
for creating decorative patterns
in bronze that he learned from a

375
00:18:40,700 --> 00:18:43,600
visiting Artisan from Damascus. 
In return. 

376
00:18:43,600 --> 00:18:46,200
You share a tip about heat 
treatment that produces a 

377
00:18:46,200 --> 00:18:48,900
particularly attractive finish. 
This kind of professional 

378
00:18:48,900 --> 00:18:51,600
exchange is how techniques 
spread and improve over the 

379
00:18:51,600 --> 00:18:53,700
centuries. 
Late in the afternoon, you 

380
00:18:53,700 --> 00:18:56,700
receive an unexpected commission
from a church official, who 

381
00:18:56,700 --> 00:18:59,800
needs repairs to bronze fixtures
in one of Constantinople smaller

382
00:18:59,800 --> 00:19:02,700
churches. 
Church workers, prestigious and 

383
00:19:02,700 --> 00:19:04,900
pays well. 
But it also comes with the 

384
00:19:04,900 --> 00:19:08,500
pressure of creating something 
worthy of divine service, the 

385
00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:10,600
official examined, some of your 
previous work and not 

386
00:19:10,600 --> 00:19:12,700
approvingly before describing 
what he needs. 

387
00:19:13,500 --> 00:19:16,500
Replacements for decorative 
elements that were damaged when 

388
00:19:16,500 --> 00:19:18,900
part of the church roof 
collapsed, during a recent storm

389
00:19:18,900 --> 00:19:22,100
as the sun begins, its descent 
toward the Western Hills. 

390
00:19:22,100 --> 00:19:25,800
You start thinking about closing
up shop for the day but first, 

391
00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:29,300
there are tools to clean an 
organized materials to secure 

392
00:19:29,300 --> 00:19:32,100
against their plans to make for 
tomorrow's work. 

393
00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:36,000
Your Workshop is more than just 
a place of business, it's your 

394
00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:38,800
professional identity. 
The space where your skills 

395
00:19:38,800 --> 00:19:41,800
transform, raw materials, into 
useful and beautiful objects, 

396
00:19:41,800 --> 00:19:44,200
the transition from our 
afternoon to evening in 

397
00:19:44,200 --> 00:19:47,100
Constantinople, is a daily 
spectacle that never gets old. 

398
00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:51,400
As the sun angles lower in the 
Western sky, it transforms the 

399
00:19:51,400 --> 00:19:53,200
city's. 
White marble buildings into 

400
00:19:53,200 --> 00:19:57,300
golden jewels that catch and 
reflect light in constantly 

401
00:19:57,300 --> 00:20:01,000
changing patterns. 
The great Dome of Hagia, Sophia 

402
00:20:01,000 --> 00:20:04,300
seems to glow from within while 
the Waters of the Golden Horn, 

403
00:20:04,300 --> 00:20:06,000
turn the color of the molten 
bronze. 

404
00:20:06,800 --> 00:20:10,000
Cite, that makes even the most 
jaded residents in their daily 

405
00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:12,300
routines. 
You secure your workshop and 

406
00:20:12,300 --> 00:20:14,500
begin the walk home through 
streets that are taking on their

407
00:20:14,500 --> 00:20:17,300
evening character. 
The Urgent pace of midday 

408
00:20:17,300 --> 00:20:20,800
Commerce gives way to something 
more relaxed and social people 

409
00:20:20,800 --> 00:20:22,300
have time to chat with 
neighbors. 

410
00:20:22,300 --> 00:20:25,300
Children play in the space as 
between buildings and the 

411
00:20:25,300 --> 00:20:27,600
tavernas begin preparing for 
their evening customers. 

412
00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:31,000
The smell of cooking food, 
drifts from Windows and 

413
00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:35,100
doorways, a mixture of roasting 
meat, baking bread and the herbs

414
00:20:35,100 --> 00:20:37,100
and spices that make Paz in 
Cuisine. 

415
00:20:37,100 --> 00:20:40,400
Distinctive Street vendors 
appear with Goods, targeted at 

416
00:20:40,400 --> 00:20:43,800
the evening crowd, hot food for 
people walking home from work 

417
00:20:43,800 --> 00:20:46,000
oil for lamps that will soon be 
needed. 

418
00:20:46,000 --> 00:20:49,600
As Darkness Falls and small 
luxuries that make the end of a 

419
00:20:49,600 --> 00:20:50,800
working day. 
Feel special. 

420
00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:54,600
A man with a portable Brazier as
roasting chestnuts that fill the

421
00:20:54,600 --> 00:20:56,100
air with their distinctive 
aroma. 

422
00:20:57,100 --> 00:21:00,000
A woman sells honey cake from a 
basket balanced. 

423
00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:02,700
Expertly on her head. 
Her voice calling out their 

424
00:21:02,700 --> 00:21:05,700
virtues in the rhythmic chant 
that street vendors of probably 

425
00:21:05,700 --> 00:21:09,000
used since cities were invented 
as you walk, you notice the 

426
00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:11,100
subtle changes that Mark the 
approach of evening. 

427
00:21:11,800 --> 00:21:14,500
Shutters are being pulled closed
on ground floor shops as 

428
00:21:14,500 --> 00:21:16,700
Merchants secure their Wares 
against theft. 

429
00:21:17,400 --> 00:21:19,800
Public fountains become 
gathering places where people 

430
00:21:19,800 --> 00:21:22,600
linger to chat while filling 
their evening Water Supplies 

431
00:21:22,600 --> 00:21:26,400
churches, begin preparing for 
Vespers their Bells, calling the

432
00:21:26,400 --> 00:21:28,800
faithful to evening prayers with
the same insistence. 

433
00:21:28,800 --> 00:21:31,800
They showed at dawn, the 
residential streets, take on a 

434
00:21:31,800 --> 00:21:34,100
cozy atmosphere as families 
gather for their evening meal. 

435
00:21:34,900 --> 00:21:37,800
Through open Windows, you can 
see women preparing food while 

436
00:21:37,800 --> 00:21:41,000
children, help with simple tasks
or play with toys carved from 

437
00:21:41,008 --> 00:21:43,300
wood or fashioned from scraps of
cloth. 

438
00:21:44,100 --> 00:21:47,400
Men returned from workshops and 
markets their faces, showing the

439
00:21:47,400 --> 00:21:50,600
satisfaction of honest work 
completed and the anticipation 

440
00:21:50,600 --> 00:21:53,900
of home, cooked food, and family
conversation, your only evening 

441
00:21:53,900 --> 00:21:56,800
meal awaits and it's the social 
highlight of the day. 

442
00:21:56,800 --> 00:22:00,000
If you are unmarried, you might 
join other Craftsmen. 

443
00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:02,400
At one of the neighborhood to 
Vernors where the food is 

444
00:22:02,400 --> 00:22:06,400
hearty, the wine flows freely 
and the conversation ranges from

445
00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:08,100
professional gossip to 
philosophy. 

446
00:22:08,900 --> 00:22:11,000
If you have a family, the 
evening meal is a time for 

447
00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:13,400
connection. 
For sharing the days experience 

448
00:22:13,400 --> 00:22:16,500
is and for maintaining the bonds
that hold households together. 

449
00:22:16,500 --> 00:22:19,400
Tonight's meal reflects the 
abundance and diversity. 

450
00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:22,100
That make Constantinople a 
culinary Crossroads. 

451
00:22:22,100 --> 00:22:25,300
There's fresh bread. 
Of course no business in meal is

452
00:22:25,300 --> 00:22:28,100
complete without it. 
The bread is accompanied by 

453
00:22:28,108 --> 00:22:30,000
olive oil. 
That was pressed from trees 

454
00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:33,500
growing on Greek, hillside's 
oil, so pure and flavorful. 

455
00:22:33,500 --> 00:22:35,800
It seems to capture sunshine in 
liquid form. 

456
00:22:36,500 --> 00:22:40,000
There are olives themselves, 
some small and black others, 

457
00:22:40,000 --> 00:22:42,700
large and green. 
Each variety offering its own 

458
00:22:42,700 --> 00:22:45,400
distinct flavor. 
The main course might be fish 

459
00:22:45,400 --> 00:22:48,900
stew made with the day's catch 
from the Bosphorus seasoned with

460
00:22:48,900 --> 00:22:51,900
herbs and vegetables that grow 
in the gardens outside, the city

461
00:22:51,900 --> 00:22:55,800
walls or perhaps lamb, that was 
raised on the Anatolian planes 

462
00:22:55,800 --> 00:22:58,500
and butchered this morning 
prepared with the spices that 

463
00:22:58,500 --> 00:23:01,900
flow through constantinople's 
markets from India, Persia and 

464
00:23:01,900 --> 00:23:04,600
Arabia. 
The variety of available 

465
00:23:04,600 --> 00:23:06,900
ingredients is staggering 
compared to what people in 

466
00:23:06,900 --> 00:23:10,200
Western Europe. 
Can obtain Constantinople sits 

467
00:23:10,200 --> 00:23:12,500
at the crossroads of trade 
routes that bring flavors from 

468
00:23:12,500 --> 00:23:14,600
three continents to a single 
Marketplace. 

469
00:23:14,600 --> 00:23:17,100
Why a company is the meal mixed 
with water? 

470
00:23:17,100 --> 00:23:20,800
According to proper custom, the 
wine might come from Vineyards 

471
00:23:20,800 --> 00:23:24,400
in Greece, Macedonia, or even 
from vines that grow on the 

472
00:23:24,408 --> 00:23:26,400
Hills surrounding Constantinople
itself. 

473
00:23:26,400 --> 00:23:30,800
It served in cups, that range 
from simple Pottery to elaborate

474
00:23:30,800 --> 00:23:33,600
metal work. 
Depending on the households for 

475
00:23:33,600 --> 00:23:36,700
the formality of the occasion, 
conversation during the meal 

476
00:23:36,700 --> 00:23:39,800
covers the days of events 
neighborhood, gossip and topics 

477
00:23:39,800 --> 00:23:42,900
of broader interest People 
discussed the quality of this 

478
00:23:42,900 --> 00:23:45,100
year's harvest. 
The latest news from the 

479
00:23:45,100 --> 00:23:48,600
Imperial Court and the prospects
for trade with distant lands. 

480
00:23:49,400 --> 00:23:53,300
Politics, inevitably enters the 
conversation byzantines are 

481
00:23:53,300 --> 00:23:55,700
passionate about politics. 
The way others are passionate 

482
00:23:55,700 --> 00:23:59,000
about sports and everyone has 
opinions about The Emperor's 

483
00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:02,400
policies, the competence of his 
advisors, and the Empire's 

484
00:24:02,400 --> 00:24:05,500
relationships with neighbors, 
both friendly and hostile as the

485
00:24:05,500 --> 00:24:07,400
meal progresses and the wine 
takes effect. 

486
00:24:07,400 --> 00:24:10,600
The conversation becomes more 
animated and wide-ranging. 

487
00:24:11,500 --> 00:24:14,300
philosophy, enters the 
discussion along with theology 

488
00:24:14,300 --> 00:24:17,500
literature and the kind of 
speculative thinking that 

489
00:24:17,500 --> 00:24:20,000
emerges when people have enough 
Leisure Time to consider 

490
00:24:20,000 --> 00:24:23,400
questions Beyond immediate 
survival, this is one of the 

491
00:24:23,400 --> 00:24:26,700
great advantages of living in 
Constantinople, the city's 

492
00:24:26,700 --> 00:24:30,000
wealth, and sophistication 
provides space for intellectual 

493
00:24:30,000 --> 00:24:32,000
Pursuits. 
That would be impossible in 

494
00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:34,500
smaller poorer communities. 
As Darkness. 

495
00:24:34,500 --> 00:24:37,300
Settles over Constantinople the 
city doesn't go to sleep. 

496
00:24:37,300 --> 00:24:41,900
It transforms Oil lamps, begin 
flickering to life in Windows 

497
00:24:41,900 --> 00:24:44,600
and doorways. 
Creating cools of warm light 

498
00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:47,900
that push back the darkness. 
The wealthy neighborhoods are 

499
00:24:47,900 --> 00:24:51,000
better lit than the poor ones, 
but even modest areas maintained

500
00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:53,800
enough illumination to allow 
limited nighttime activity. 

501
00:24:54,600 --> 00:24:57,900
Public areas like major streets 
and markets, have torches or 

502
00:24:57,900 --> 00:25:00,800
large oil lamps that burn 
through the night, maintained by

503
00:25:00,800 --> 00:25:02,700
the city authorities as a public
service. 

504
00:25:02,700 --> 00:25:06,500
The night brings its own sounds 
and rhythms church bells. 

505
00:25:06,500 --> 00:25:10,000
Mark the hours with their bronze
voices, calling the faithful to 

506
00:25:10,000 --> 00:25:12,800
night prayers, and providing a 
temporal framework that helps 

507
00:25:12,800 --> 00:25:16,600
people navigate The Darkness. 
Nightwatchman begin their rounds

508
00:25:16,600 --> 00:25:19,300
their footsteps. 
Echoing off stone walls as they 

509
00:25:19,300 --> 00:25:22,000
Patrol neighborhoods and 
marketplaces their cause of 

510
00:25:22,008 --> 00:25:25,500
all's well or Warnings of fire 
or thieves become part of the 

511
00:25:25,500 --> 00:25:29,000
nighttime, soundscape tavernas, 
that cater to the evening crowd.

512
00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:32,100
Come alive with music 
conversation and the kind of 

513
00:25:32,100 --> 00:25:35,100
social interaction that helps 
people unwind from the days 

514
00:25:35,100 --> 00:25:38,200
labors. 
Musicians, with Liars, flutes, 

515
00:25:38,200 --> 00:25:42,100
and drums, provide entertainment
performing traditional songs, 

516
00:25:42,100 --> 00:25:45,100
alongside newer, compositions 
that reflect the cultural mixing

517
00:25:45,100 --> 00:25:46,800
that makes Constantinople 
unique. 

518
00:25:46,800 --> 00:25:50,400
The music Blends Greek, Melodies
with influences from the Arab 

519
00:25:50,400 --> 00:25:54,300
world Persia and the Slavic 
lands to the north for those who

520
00:25:54,300 --> 00:25:57,000
can afford it the evening offers
sophisticated entertainment. 

521
00:25:57,900 --> 00:26:00,800
Wealthy households, host dinner 
parties where guests and joy 

522
00:26:00,800 --> 00:26:04,500
elaborate meals while discussing
literature philosophy and 

523
00:26:04,500 --> 00:26:07,100
politics. 
These gatherings might feature 

524
00:26:07,100 --> 00:26:10,900
professional entertainers, 
musicians, storytellers, or even

525
00:26:10,900 --> 00:26:14,000
Scholars, who can discourse 
eloquently on subjects ranging 

526
00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:18,300
from theology to mathematics? 
The conversation at such 

527
00:26:18,308 --> 00:26:22,300
Gatherings is both intellectual 
and social serving to reinforce 

528
00:26:22,300 --> 00:26:25,200
relationships within 
constantinople's Elite while 

529
00:26:25,200 --> 00:26:27,400
providing forums for the 
exchange of ideas. 

530
00:26:27,400 --> 00:26:30,600
The night also has its dangers 
and its less respectable 

531
00:26:30,600 --> 00:26:34,200
activities, Constantinople after
dark can be dangerous for the 

532
00:26:34,200 --> 00:26:37,000
unwary, the thieves operate in 
poorly lit areas. 

533
00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:40,800
Drunken arguments can escalate 
into violence and the city's 

534
00:26:40,800 --> 00:26:42,700
maze-like. 
Street layout provides plenty of

535
00:26:42,708 --> 00:26:44,400
places for criminals to 
disappear. 

536
00:26:45,200 --> 00:26:48,300
Most respectable citizens avoid 
unnecessary travel after dark. 

537
00:26:48,300 --> 00:26:51,500
And those who must venture out 
often travel in groups or higher

538
00:26:51,500 --> 00:26:55,400
guards as the evening deepens 
into night, Constantinople 

539
00:26:55,400 --> 00:26:57,600
gradually, settles into quieter 
rhythms. 

540
00:26:58,400 --> 00:27:01,700
The last customers, leave the 
tavernas Craftsman, extinguish 

541
00:27:01,700 --> 00:27:04,400
their workshop, fires and 
families, gather around their 

542
00:27:04,400 --> 00:27:06,700
own haves for the final 
activities of the day. 

543
00:27:06,700 --> 00:27:10,200
This is the time for intimate 
conversation for reading if 

544
00:27:10,200 --> 00:27:13,500
you're literate and can afford 
books or for the simple pleasure

545
00:27:13,500 --> 00:27:16,100
of sitting quietly, while 
reflecting on the days of events

546
00:27:16,100 --> 00:27:18,700
in your apartment, you prepare 
for sleep with the same 

547
00:27:18,700 --> 00:27:21,200
practical, rituals that people 
have followed for millennia. 

548
00:27:21,900 --> 00:27:24,600
Oil lamps were extinguished. 
One by one leaving. 

549
00:27:24,600 --> 00:27:26,700
Perhaps a single light burning 
for safety. 

550
00:27:28,100 --> 00:27:30,700
The Brazier that provided warmth
during the day is banked 

551
00:27:30,700 --> 00:27:33,400
carefully. 
Fire is too precious to waste, 

552
00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:35,700
but also too dangerous to leave 
unattended. 

553
00:27:36,700 --> 00:27:39,200
Windows are shuttered against 
the night air and potential 

554
00:27:39,200 --> 00:27:41,500
thieves though. 
In summer, they might be left. 

555
00:27:41,500 --> 00:27:43,900
Partially open for ventilation 
your bed. 

556
00:27:43,908 --> 00:27:47,200
Awaits with its straw mattress 
and wool blankets that provide 

557
00:27:47,200 --> 00:27:48,700
warmth against the November 
chill. 

558
00:27:49,600 --> 00:27:52,300
The blankets are heavy and 
practical rather than luxurious,

559
00:27:52,300 --> 00:27:54,900
but they're clean and sufficient
for comfort. 

560
00:27:56,600 --> 00:28:00,200
The chamber pot sits nearby for 
nighttime Necessities indoor 

561
00:28:00,200 --> 00:28:03,200
plumbing exists in 
Constantinople but it's limited 

562
00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:06,400
to public buildings and the 
homes of the very wealthy as you

563
00:28:06,400 --> 00:28:08,200
settle into bed. 
The sounds of the city, 

564
00:28:08,200 --> 00:28:10,700
continuous outside your 
shuttered windows, but their 

565
00:28:10,700 --> 00:28:12,400
muted. 
Now transformed into the 

566
00:28:12,400 --> 00:28:14,400
nighttime Symphony of urban 
life. 

567
00:28:15,100 --> 00:28:18,600
Distant church, bells Mark the 
passage of time night Watchman 

568
00:28:18,600 --> 00:28:21,300
called their reassurance is and 
occasionally, you might hear the

569
00:28:21,308 --> 00:28:23,800
rumble of a late cart carrying 
goods through the streets. 

570
00:28:23,800 --> 00:28:26,500
All the voices of people walking
home from evening 

571
00:28:26,500 --> 00:28:29,100
entertainments. 
The darkness that surrounds you 

572
00:28:29,100 --> 00:28:30,600
is different from Modern 
Darkness. 

573
00:28:31,400 --> 00:28:35,300
Deeper and more complete broken,
only by occasional, flickers of 

574
00:28:35,308 --> 00:28:38,200
artificial light. 
There's no electric glow on the 

575
00:28:38,208 --> 00:28:42,500
horizon, no constant hum of 
Machinery, know digital displays

576
00:28:42,500 --> 00:28:44,100
marking time and glowing 
numbers. 

577
00:28:44,100 --> 00:28:48,400
A knight is truly dark making 
the stars above Constantinople 

578
00:28:48,400 --> 00:28:51,300
shine with intensity that City 
dwellers today. 

579
00:28:51,300 --> 00:28:54,800
Rarely experienced sleep in the 
Byzantine world comes with its 

580
00:28:54,800 --> 00:28:58,000
own rhythms and challenges 
without artificial lighting. 

581
00:28:58,000 --> 00:29:00,600
People naturally follow patterns
more closely aligned with 

582
00:29:00,600 --> 00:29:03,700
sunrise and sunset. 
They tend to sleep longer in 

583
00:29:03,700 --> 00:29:06,900
winter when days are short and 
wake earlier in summer, when 

584
00:29:06,900 --> 00:29:10,100
Dawn arrives with the birds, 
your sleep might be interrupted 

585
00:29:10,100 --> 00:29:13,300
by The nightwatch Calling The 
Hours by church bells, marking, 

586
00:29:13,300 --> 00:29:15,900
midnight, prayers, or by the 
sounds of your neighbors, 

587
00:29:15,900 --> 00:29:19,400
dealing with crying children or 
sick, family members Dreams Come

588
00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:20,700
easily. 
In this world, where the 

589
00:29:20,700 --> 00:29:23,700
boundary between the spiritual 
and material seems thinner than 

590
00:29:23,700 --> 00:29:27,200
in modern times. 
Bizant take dreams seriously. 

591
00:29:27,200 --> 00:29:31,300
They're considered messages from
God, warnings of future events 

592
00:29:31,300 --> 00:29:33,900
or Communications from deceased 
relatives. 

593
00:29:33,900 --> 00:29:37,000
A particularly Vivid dream, 
might influence important 

594
00:29:37,000 --> 00:29:39,200
decisions or send someone to 
consult with a priest. 

595
00:29:39,200 --> 00:29:42,600
About its meaning The dream 
world is as real and significant

596
00:29:42,600 --> 00:29:46,500
as Waking Life, perhaps more. 
So the night passes quietly 

597
00:29:46,500 --> 00:29:50,200
marked by the subtle sounds that
indicate a city at rest, but 

598
00:29:50,200 --> 00:29:53,600
never completely asleep. 
Guard dogs, bark, occasionally 

599
00:29:53,600 --> 00:29:57,200
at real or imagined threats, a 
baby cries and a neighboring 

600
00:29:57,200 --> 00:30:00,200
apartment quickly soothed by a 
mother's lullaby. 

601
00:30:00,900 --> 00:30:03,800
Somewhere in the distance, a 
drunk staggers home, singing a 

602
00:30:03,800 --> 00:30:06,300
song that might be romantic or 
patriotic or simply 

603
00:30:06,300 --> 00:30:09,400
incomprehensible as morning 
approaches the city begins. 

604
00:30:09,400 --> 00:30:13,100
Its gradual Awakening Church 
bells, start their Dawn Chorus 

605
00:30:13,100 --> 00:30:17,000
early now calling the faithful 
to morning prayers Bakers. 

606
00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:20,200
Fire up their ovens to begin the
day's bread production filling 

607
00:30:20,200 --> 00:30:22,700
the air with the smell of yeast 
and flour transforming into 

608
00:30:22,700 --> 00:30:26,200
sustenance water. 
Carriers begin their rounds and 

609
00:30:26,200 --> 00:30:28,800
the clip-clop of hooves 
announces the arrival of farmers

610
00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:30,800
bringing fresh produce from the 
countryside. 

611
00:30:30,800 --> 00:30:34,500
You stir in your bed as familiar
sounds signal the beginning of 

612
00:30:34,500 --> 00:30:37,300
another day. 
The cycle is about to begin. 

613
00:30:37,300 --> 00:30:41,900
Again, the same routines, the 
same challenges, the same small 

614
00:30:41,900 --> 00:30:44,700
Pleasures that make up daily 
life in the greatest city of the

615
00:30:44,700 --> 00:30:47,900
Medieval World. 
But each day also, brings its 

616
00:30:47,900 --> 00:30:51,200
own possibilities. 
Its own small Adventures, its 

617
00:30:51,200 --> 00:30:54,500
own opportunities to create 
something, beautiful, or useful,

618
00:30:54,500 --> 00:30:57,200
or meaningful. 
This is how life unfolds in 

619
00:30:57,200 --> 00:31:00,300
Constantinople day after day 
season after season year. 

620
00:31:00,300 --> 00:31:03,300
After year, The rhythms are 
ancient and comforting 

621
00:31:03,300 --> 00:31:06,400
connecting you to generations of
people who have followed similar

622
00:31:06,400 --> 00:31:09,700
patterns of work and rest, 
creation and Community. 

623
00:31:09,700 --> 00:31:13,000
Your grandfather, lived this way
and your grandchildren will 

624
00:31:13,000 --> 00:31:15,800
likely continue these same 
essential patterns long after 

625
00:31:15,800 --> 00:31:18,700
your gone, there's something 
deeply satisfying about this 

626
00:31:18,700 --> 00:31:22,300
continuity, this sense of being 
part of something larger and 

627
00:31:22,300 --> 00:31:24,300
more enduring than individual 
lives. 

628
00:31:24,300 --> 00:31:27,200
Your work contributes to the 
city's Prosperity. 

629
00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:31,000
Your taxes support the Empire's 
Administration, your 

630
00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:34,100
participation in community life 
helps maintain the social fabric

631
00:31:34,100 --> 00:31:38,200
that holds everything together. 
You're not just surviving you're

632
00:31:38,200 --> 00:31:39,200
contributing to one of 
History's. 

633
00:31:39,200 --> 00:31:43,000
Greatest civilizations, the 
Byzantine Empire will endure for

634
00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:46,200
centuries after your lifetime 
maintaining traditions and 

635
00:31:46,200 --> 00:31:49,000
innovations that influence the 
entire Medieval World. 

636
00:31:50,100 --> 00:31:52,800
The techniques you use in your 
Workshop will be passed down 

637
00:31:52,800 --> 00:31:55,600
through generations of Craftsmen
the goods. 

638
00:31:55,600 --> 00:31:58,800
You create will Outlast your 
memory carrying your skills into

639
00:31:58,800 --> 00:32:02,100
a future, you'll never see. 
The community, you helps sustain

640
00:32:02,100 --> 00:32:06,600
will continue to thrive adapt 
and evolve long after individual

641
00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:09,600
lives have ended yet for all its
Grandeur and historical 

642
00:32:09,600 --> 00:32:13,000
significance daily life. 
In Constantinople comes down to 

643
00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:15,300
the same fundamental human 
experiences. 

644
00:32:15,300 --> 00:32:18,900
That people have always shared 
the satisfaction of work. 

645
00:32:18,900 --> 00:32:21,800
Well done the pleasure of 
sharing meals with family and 

646
00:32:21,800 --> 00:32:24,300
friends, the comfort of familiar
routines. 

647
00:32:24,300 --> 00:32:27,500
And the hope that tomorrow will 
bring its own small improvements

648
00:32:27,500 --> 00:32:30,400
and opportunities as you drift 
off to sleep in your modest. 

649
00:32:30,400 --> 00:32:34,000
Apartment surrounded by The 
Quiet Sounds of a city at rest, 

650
00:32:34,000 --> 00:32:37,500
your part of something 
magnificent, a civilization, 

651
00:32:37,500 --> 00:32:41,100
that Bridges East, and West, 
ancient and modern the 

652
00:32:41,100 --> 00:32:45,400
Practical, and the sublime. 
Constantinople in its golden age

653
00:32:45,400 --> 00:32:49,200
represents Humanity at its most 
creative and ambitious, a place 

654
00:32:49,200 --> 00:32:51,600
where different cultures meet 
and mingled to create something 

655
00:32:51,600 --> 00:32:54,300
entirely new. 
The last thing you hear before 

656
00:32:54,300 --> 00:32:56,500
sleep takes, you is the distant 
sound of church. 

657
00:32:56,500 --> 00:33:00,100
Bells, marking midnight, their 
bronze voices carrying across 

658
00:33:00,100 --> 00:33:01,600
the sleeping City like a 
blessing. 

659
00:33:02,400 --> 00:33:04,800
Tomorrow will bring its own 
challenges and opportunities. 

660
00:33:04,800 --> 00:33:08,800
But tonight all is well in the 
queen of cities, the great 

661
00:33:08,800 --> 00:33:12,600
Empire sleeps peacefully under 
its canopy of stars secure in 

662
00:33:12,600 --> 00:33:14,200
its strength and confident in 
its future. 

663
00:33:14,200 --> 00:33:18,100
And In This Moment drifting 
between waking and sleeping in a

664
00:33:18,108 --> 00:33:20,200
civilization that would 
influence the world for a 

665
00:33:20,200 --> 00:33:22,400
thousand years. 
You're exactly where you belong 

666
00:33:22,400 --> 00:33:25,500
part of the Magnificent 
complicated endlessly, 

667
00:33:25,500 --> 00:33:27,900
fascinating. 
Tapestry of human experience 

668
00:33:27,900 --> 00:33:31,100
that we call daily life. 
In Byzantium, the bells Fade 

669
00:33:31,100 --> 00:33:35,200
Into silence the city, settles 
into deeper rest and another day

670
00:33:35,200 --> 00:33:38,100
in the life of the Byzantine 
Empire draws to its gentle 

671
00:33:38,100 --> 00:33:40,500
clothes. 
Tomorrow, the cycle will begin 

672
00:33:40,500 --> 00:33:44,300
again, as it has for centuries, 
as it will for centuries more 

673
00:33:44,300 --> 00:33:47,900
carrying forward, the dreams and
Ambitions of ordinary people who

674
00:33:47,900 --> 00:33:50,500
built something extraordinary 
with their daily labors, and 

675
00:33:50,500 --> 00:33:52,800
their shared hopes for the 
future sleep. 

676
00:33:52,800 --> 00:33:56,900
Well, citizen of Constantinople,
your city in dues, your work 

677
00:33:56,900 --> 00:34:00,300
matters and your life. 
However, modest it might seem, 

678
00:34:00,300 --> 00:34:02,700
is part of something truly 
Magnificent. 

679
00:34:02,700 --> 00:34:06,500
The Empire rests peacefully 
tonight, sustained by the 

680
00:34:06,500 --> 00:34:09,900
efforts of people like you 
protected by Walls by hands, 

681
00:34:09,900 --> 00:34:12,900
like yours and enriched by the 
daily Miracle of human, 

682
00:34:12,900 --> 00:34:15,699
creativity and community. 
That makes civilization possible

683
00:34:15,699 --> 00:34:18,199
the end rest. 
Well, dear listener. 

684
00:34:18,900 --> 00:34:22,300
Until tomorrow's Journey Through
Time, may your dreams, be filled

685
00:34:22,300 --> 00:34:26,000
with the sounds of ancient bells
and the satisfaction of work. 

686
00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:29,500
Well done in Humanity's Greatest
Adventure, the simple 

687
00:34:29,500 --> 00:34:32,800
extraordinary experience of 
being alive in history. 

688
00:34:39,400 --> 00:34:41,699
You know how sometimes the most 
important things happen, in 

689
00:34:41,699 --> 00:34:44,199
plain sight yet, nobody really 
talks about them. 

690
00:34:44,199 --> 00:34:47,300
That's exactly what the 
Underground Railroad was like, 

691
00:34:47,300 --> 00:34:51,699
picture yourself living in 1850 
and everywhere you look, there 

692
00:34:51,699 --> 00:34:54,300
are these little signs that 
something big is happening, but 

693
00:34:54,300 --> 00:34:57,000
it's all happening in Whispers 
And winks and very careful 

694
00:34:57,000 --> 00:35:00,000
conversations. 
The thing is calling it. 

695
00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:03,900
A railroad was actually pretty 
clever even if it confused the 

696
00:35:03,900 --> 00:35:07,000
heck out of people later on 
there were no actual trains 

697
00:35:07,000 --> 00:35:09,200
involved. 
No steel tracks, cutting through

698
00:35:09,200 --> 00:35:12,200
the countryside and no 
conductors in funny hats. 

699
00:35:12,200 --> 00:35:14,700
Checking tickets. 
But the people who ran this 

700
00:35:14,700 --> 00:35:17,900
network was smart Cookie's who 
knew that if you're going to 

701
00:35:17,900 --> 00:35:21,100
move people secretly, you better
have a system that makes sense 

702
00:35:21,100 --> 00:35:23,900
to insiders, but sounds totally 
boring to Outsiders. 

703
00:35:23,900 --> 00:35:27,700
So they borrowed railroad 
language because frankly it was 

704
00:35:27,700 --> 00:35:31,800
perfect. the stations were safe 
houses, where escaped slaves 

705
00:35:31,800 --> 00:35:35,700
could rest, eat and hide, the 
conductors were the brave souls 

706
00:35:35,700 --> 00:35:39,400
who guided people from One safe 
spot to the next The passengers 

707
00:35:39,400 --> 00:35:43,000
were the men women and children 
seeking freedom, and the tracks 

708
00:35:43,000 --> 00:35:45,900
were the secret routes that 
crisscross the country like 

709
00:35:45,900 --> 00:35:48,100
invisible. 
Highways you have to understand 

710
00:35:48,100 --> 00:35:52,200
this wasn't some small-time 
operation run by a handful of do

711
00:35:52,200 --> 00:35:54,300
gooders. 
We're talking about thousands of

712
00:35:54,300 --> 00:35:57,100
people across multiple States 
who somehow managed to 

713
00:35:57,100 --> 00:35:58,800
coordinate. 
One of the most successful 

714
00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:02,700
rescue operations in American 
history without email cell 

715
00:36:02,700 --> 00:36:06,300
phones or even decent Maps. 
They pulled this off using 

716
00:36:06,300 --> 00:36:10,100
nothing but Word of Mouth coded 
messages and an impressive 

717
00:36:10,100 --> 00:36:13,300
amount of sheer guts. 
The network stretched from the 

718
00:36:13,300 --> 00:36:16,400
Deep South all the way up to 
Canada, with branches spreading 

719
00:36:16,400 --> 00:36:19,000
out like tree roots. 
Some Roots went through 

720
00:36:19,000 --> 00:36:22,600
Philadelphia and New York. 
Others wound through a higher in

721
00:36:22,600 --> 00:36:25,400
Indiana. 
Few brave souls, even tried 

722
00:36:25,400 --> 00:36:27,900
going through the western 
territories though, that was 

723
00:36:27,900 --> 00:36:30,400
like, choosing the expert level,
when you were still figuring out

724
00:36:30,400 --> 00:36:33,800
the basic controls. 
What made it work was that it 

725
00:36:33,800 --> 00:36:36,700
operated on the same Principle 
as any good gossip Network. 

726
00:36:37,500 --> 00:36:41,200
Information, traveled person to 
person but only to people you 

727
00:36:41,200 --> 00:36:45,200
absolutely trusted your neighbor
might be helping runaway slaves 

728
00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:48,600
but unless you were directly 
involved, you might never know. 

729
00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:51,200
And that neighbor certainly 
wasn't going to tell you about 

730
00:36:51,200 --> 00:36:52,500
it. 
Over The Back Fence while 

731
00:36:52,500 --> 00:36:55,600
hanging laundry. 
The whole thing started, small, 

732
00:36:55,600 --> 00:36:58,500
really individual families, 
helping individual people 

733
00:36:58,500 --> 00:37:01,900
usually on impulse. 
Rather than as part of any grand

734
00:37:01,900 --> 00:37:05,300
plan, maybe someone would show 
up at your door hungry and 

735
00:37:05,300 --> 00:37:08,100
desperate and you'd think well I
can't just turn them away. 

736
00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:11,800
Before you knew it, you'd be 
part of something bigger than 

737
00:37:11,800 --> 00:37:15,200
you ever imagined. 
But here's what's really wild 

738
00:37:15,200 --> 00:37:18,200
about the whole operation. 
The Underground Railroad wasn't 

739
00:37:18,200 --> 00:37:21,600
run by politicians or wealthy 
philanthropists or any of The 

740
00:37:21,600 --> 00:37:23,600
Usual Suspects who end up in 
history books. 

741
00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:27,500
It was run by ordinary people 
who decided that some things 

742
00:37:27,500 --> 00:37:29,300
were more important than 
personal safety. 

743
00:37:30,200 --> 00:37:34,900
Farmers shopkeepers ministers, 
seamstresses, free black 

744
00:37:34,900 --> 00:37:38,500
Americans who made it North 
White families who couldn't 

745
00:37:38,500 --> 00:37:42,300
stand in Justice and Quakers, 
whose Faith demanded action. 

746
00:37:43,100 --> 00:37:45,900
These were professional 
revolutionaries most of them 

747
00:37:45,900 --> 00:37:48,400
were just regular folks who 
happen to believe that helping 

748
00:37:48,400 --> 00:37:51,400
people escape slavery was the 
right thing to do, even if it 

749
00:37:51,400 --> 00:37:52,800
meant risking everything they 
had. 

750
00:37:52,800 --> 00:37:57,100
And trust me, they were risking 
everything getting caught meant 

751
00:37:57,100 --> 00:38:00,300
huge fines, prison time and 
complete social disgrace. 

752
00:38:01,300 --> 00:38:03,900
For black Americans, helping 
with the network, the 

753
00:38:03,900 --> 00:38:08,100
consequences were often much 
worse yet, somehow year after 

754
00:38:08,100 --> 00:38:12,000
year, the network kept growing 
more route, more safe, houses 

755
00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:15,000
and more people willing to risk 
their next for strangers. 

756
00:38:15,800 --> 00:38:17,900
It's enough to make you wonder 
what ordinary people might 

757
00:38:17,900 --> 00:38:20,900
accomplish when they decide 
something needs to change. 

758
00:38:20,900 --> 00:38:24,200
Imagine trying to coordinate a 
massive rescue operation using 

759
00:38:24,200 --> 00:38:27,900
nothing but subtle hints. 
Shared glances and the 

760
00:38:27,900 --> 00:38:31,800
occasional cryptic note passed 
hand to hand, that's exactly 

761
00:38:31,800 --> 00:38:34,500
what Underground Railroad 
operators had to master and 

762
00:38:34,500 --> 00:38:37,500
honestly they got better at 
secret communication than most 

763
00:38:37,500 --> 00:38:39,000
spy novels would have you 
believe? 

764
00:38:39,600 --> 00:38:41,500
The coded language was just the 
beginning. 

765
00:38:42,200 --> 00:38:45,200
Sure, everyone knows about 
calling safe houses, stations 

766
00:38:45,200 --> 00:38:48,300
and guides conductors. 
But the real communication 

767
00:38:48,300 --> 00:38:51,000
happened in ways that would make
a modern intelligence agency 

768
00:38:51,000 --> 00:38:53,300
jealous. 
Church services became 

769
00:38:53,300 --> 00:38:56,700
information exchanges, quilts 
hanging on clotheslines carried 

770
00:38:56,700 --> 00:38:59,300
messages. 
Even him sang in a certain way. 

771
00:38:59,300 --> 00:39:02,700
Could signal danger or safety? 
You'd walk into a town, as a 

772
00:39:02,700 --> 00:39:04,900
stranger, not knowing who to 
trust, or where to go. 

773
00:39:04,900 --> 00:39:08,500
But if you knew the right words,
doors would open, A casual 

774
00:39:08,500 --> 00:39:11,200
mention of following. 
The Drinking Gourd might get you

775
00:39:11,200 --> 00:39:13,000
a knowing nod. 
From someone who understood you 

776
00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:15,300
were talking about the Big 
Dipper constellation pointing 

777
00:39:15,300 --> 00:39:19,400
North ask about friends in the 
right way and suddenly you'd 

778
00:39:19,400 --> 00:39:22,600
find yourself being directed to 
a basement or attic where other 

779
00:39:22,600 --> 00:39:26,100
Travelers were waiting. 
The Quakers blessed them turned 

780
00:39:26,100 --> 00:39:29,700
being cryptic into an art form. 
they developed their own way of 

781
00:39:29,708 --> 00:39:33,000
talking that sounded perfectly 
innocent to Outsiders, but was 

782
00:39:33,000 --> 00:39:36,700
loaded with meaning for people 
in the know, A Quaker might 

783
00:39:36,700 --> 00:39:39,500
mention that their bond needs 
cleaning when they mean, they 

784
00:39:39,500 --> 00:39:42,500
have space for passengers or 
they talk about expecting 

785
00:39:42,500 --> 00:39:45,300
packages from the south when 
they were planning to receive 

786
00:39:45,300 --> 00:39:49,400
escaped slaves. but the Real 
Genius was in the everyday stuff

787
00:39:49,400 --> 00:39:54,700
lanterns in Windows position, 
just so Certain hymns are sung 

788
00:39:54,700 --> 00:39:57,800
during church services, even the
way someone hung, their laundry 

789
00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:00,300
could carry a message, a white 
sheet hanging. 

790
00:40:00,300 --> 00:40:03,100
A certain way might mean all 
clear, while a colored cloth 

791
00:40:03,100 --> 00:40:04,600
could signal dangerous stay 
away. 

792
00:40:05,400 --> 00:40:07,800
The whole system relied on 
people being incredibly 

793
00:40:07,800 --> 00:40:10,600
observant and remembering 
details that seem trivial. 

794
00:40:11,200 --> 00:40:14,100
You had to notice which houses 
had yellow candles and of white 

795
00:40:14,100 --> 00:40:17,700
ones which Barnes had doors 
left, slightly ajar and which 

796
00:40:17,700 --> 00:40:20,500
family seemed to be cooking 
larger meals than usual. 

797
00:40:20,500 --> 00:40:24,000
All of these tiny details were 
pieces of a massive puzzle. 

798
00:40:24,000 --> 00:40:28,600
That only made sense if you knew
how to read the signs, Letters 

799
00:40:28,600 --> 00:40:30,900
were particularly tricky to 
write because you never knew who

800
00:40:30,908 --> 00:40:33,700
might intercept them. 
So people developed elaborate 

801
00:40:33,700 --> 00:40:35,800
codes that made their 
correspondence sound like 

802
00:40:35,800 --> 00:40:39,400
perfectly normal family updates 
or business discussions. 

803
00:40:40,200 --> 00:40:43,000
A letter about shipping Goods, 
might actually be about moving 

804
00:40:43,000 --> 00:40:45,500
people. 
News that the weather has been 

805
00:40:45,508 --> 00:40:48,700
stormy, but is clearing could 
mean that it is dangerous to 

806
00:40:48,700 --> 00:40:51,500
travel right now, but conditions
will improve soon. 

807
00:40:52,600 --> 00:40:55,900
Some conductors got so good at 
this coded communication that 

808
00:40:55,900 --> 00:40:58,100
they could have entire 
conversations about Underground 

809
00:40:58,100 --> 00:41:00,400
Railroad business. 
While seeming to discuss, 

810
00:41:00,400 --> 00:41:03,700
completely mundane topics like 
crop prices or family news. 

811
00:41:04,600 --> 00:41:07,000
They developed an almost 
telepathic ability to understand

812
00:41:07,000 --> 00:41:10,800
what wasn't being said directly.
The fascinating thing was how 

813
00:41:10,800 --> 00:41:13,100
quickly word could spread 
through the network when it 

814
00:41:13,100 --> 00:41:17,400
needed to If slave catchers were
spotted in an area, somehow, 

815
00:41:17,400 --> 00:41:20,400
everyone involved would know 
about it within hours, even 

816
00:41:20,400 --> 00:41:22,700
though they couldn't exactly 
send out a group text. 

817
00:41:23,900 --> 00:41:26,900
Information flowed through the 
network fast of the nude. 

818
00:41:26,900 --> 00:41:31,000
Expect carried by Peddlers, 
ministers, traveling salesman 

819
00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:33,800
and anyone else who had 
legitimate reasons to move from 

820
00:41:33,800 --> 00:41:36,800
town to town. 
Of course, all this secrecy 

821
00:41:36,800 --> 00:41:40,100
meant that mistakes happen and 
people misunderstood signals 

822
00:41:40,100 --> 00:41:43,100
went to the wrong House's or 
showed up at safe House's. 

823
00:41:43,100 --> 00:41:46,600
When the owners work prepared, 
sometimes coded messages got 

824
00:41:46,600 --> 00:41:49,000
garbled. 
Leaving everyone confused about 

825
00:41:49,000 --> 00:41:50,300
what was actually supposed to 
happen. 

826
00:41:51,300 --> 00:41:54,600
Somehow the network was flexible
enough to handle these Mix-Ups 

827
00:41:54,600 --> 00:41:56,500
without falling apart 
completely. 

828
00:41:57,600 --> 00:42:00,500
The most impressive part was how
ordinary people became experts 

829
00:42:00,500 --> 00:42:03,500
at Living double lives. 
During the day, they'd go about 

830
00:42:03,500 --> 00:42:07,000
their normal business, chatting 
with neighbors, running errands 

831
00:42:07,000 --> 00:42:09,100
and acting like nothing unusual 
was happening. 

832
00:42:09,100 --> 00:42:12,400
Then at night, they transform 
into efficient operators. 

833
00:42:12,400 --> 00:42:16,500
In a clandestine Network moving 
people, passing messages and 

834
00:42:16,500 --> 00:42:18,700
making life or death decisions 
with remarkable. 

835
00:42:18,700 --> 00:42:20,700
Calm. 
Here's something that doesn't 

836
00:42:20,700 --> 00:42:23,600
show up in most history, books 
running the Underground. 

837
00:42:23,600 --> 00:42:26,300
Railroad was basically like 
managing the world's most 

838
00:42:26,300 --> 00:42:29,900
complicated travel agency. 
Accept your clients could not 

839
00:42:29,900 --> 00:42:33,800
make reservations, you couldn't 
advertise your services and if 

840
00:42:33,800 --> 00:42:36,900
you messed up, people could die.
Think about what was actually 

841
00:42:36,900 --> 00:42:39,600
involved in moving. 
One person safely from say 

842
00:42:39,600 --> 00:42:42,600
Georgia to Canada, you needed to
know safe routes through 

843
00:42:42,600 --> 00:42:46,300
multiple States, identify 
trustworthy contacts in dozens 

844
00:42:46,300 --> 00:42:49,400
of towns, coordinate timing. 
So, that safe houses were not 

845
00:42:49,400 --> 00:42:52,500
overwhelmed and do it all while 
keeping everything secret from 

846
00:42:52,500 --> 00:42:54,800
authorities who were actively 
trying to shut you down. 

847
00:42:56,400 --> 00:42:58,400
The food situation alone was 
mind-boggling. 

848
00:42:58,400 --> 00:43:01,400
Imagine suddenly, having three 
extra people show up at your 

849
00:43:01,400 --> 00:43:03,200
house. 
At midnight, people who have 

850
00:43:03,200 --> 00:43:06,100
eaten properly in days and need 
enough energy to keep traveling.

851
00:43:06,900 --> 00:43:09,400
You couldn't exactly run to the 
corner store for supplies. 

852
00:43:09,400 --> 00:43:12,500
Especially not without raising 
questions about why you suddenly

853
00:43:12,500 --> 00:43:14,400
needed. 
So much bread and cheese at odd 

854
00:43:14,400 --> 00:43:16,900
hours. 
Smart operators, learn to keep 

855
00:43:16,908 --> 00:43:20,400
extra food on hand at all times,
but it had to be stuff that 

856
00:43:20,400 --> 00:43:23,200
wouldn't spoil and wouldn't seem
suspicious if neighbors. 

857
00:43:23,200 --> 00:43:27,100
Noticed root, vegetables, stored
in Cellars preserved, meat, 

858
00:43:27,100 --> 00:43:30,100
dried, beans and cornmeal that 
could be quickly turned into 

859
00:43:30,100 --> 00:43:33,000
filling meals. 
Some families got creative and 

860
00:43:33,000 --> 00:43:35,400
started keeping larger Gardens 
than they actually needed. 

861
00:43:35,400 --> 00:43:38,700
Just so they'd have legitimate 
reasons for storing extra food. 

862
00:43:39,500 --> 00:43:41,200
Clothing was another constant 
headache. 

863
00:43:41,200 --> 00:43:44,600
People escaping slavery, often 
arrived, wearing whatever they'd

864
00:43:44,600 --> 00:43:47,200
had on when they fled, which was
usually work clothes. 

865
00:43:47,200 --> 00:43:49,500
That screamed I don't belong in 
polite. 

866
00:43:49,500 --> 00:43:53,100
Society getting people dressed 
appropriately for their Journey.

867
00:43:53,100 --> 00:43:56,500
North meant maintaining a secret
stash of clothing, in various 

868
00:43:56,500 --> 00:44:00,100
sizes plush shoes, which were 
particularly hard to come by and

869
00:44:00,100 --> 00:44:02,900
expensive to replace. 
Some Underground Railroad 

870
00:44:02,900 --> 00:44:05,500
operators, became surprisingly 
proficient at emergency 

871
00:44:05,500 --> 00:44:08,000
tailoring. 
They take ill-fitting donated 

872
00:44:08,000 --> 00:44:10,300
clothes and quickly alter them 
so Travelers. 

873
00:44:10,300 --> 00:44:13,500
Would blend in better. 
Others established networks of 

874
00:44:13,508 --> 00:44:16,700
empathetic seamstresses. 
Providing reliable assistance 

875
00:44:16,700 --> 00:44:19,100
for last minute clothing. 
Emergencies, without excessive 

876
00:44:19,100 --> 00:44:22,000
inquiries. 
Then there was Transportation, 

877
00:44:22,000 --> 00:44:25,700
which was way more complicated 
than just pointing people North 

878
00:44:25,700 --> 00:44:28,300
and wishing them luck. 
Different routes required 

879
00:44:28,300 --> 00:44:31,000
different. 
Approaches some areas were safe 

880
00:44:31,000 --> 00:44:33,700
for daytime travel While others 
were death traps unless you 

881
00:44:33,700 --> 00:44:36,400
moved at night. 
Some regions had enough 

882
00:44:36,400 --> 00:44:39,100
Underground Railroad activity 
that you could pass people from 

883
00:44:39,100 --> 00:44:40,900
Station to Station every few 
miles. 

884
00:44:41,600 --> 00:44:44,600
Other areas had huge gaps. 
That required careful planning 

885
00:44:44,600 --> 00:44:47,700
and lots of supplies. 
The timing had to be perfect. 

886
00:44:47,700 --> 00:44:51,400
Show up at a safe house too 
early in your host, might not be

887
00:44:51,400 --> 00:44:54,000
ready. 
Show up too late, and you might 

888
00:44:54,000 --> 00:44:57,500
find the place watch by slave 
catchers or local authorities. 

889
00:44:57,500 --> 00:45:00,500
Who'd gotten suspended. 
Arrived on a night when your 

890
00:45:00,500 --> 00:45:03,500
contact was out of town or 
dealing with a family emergency 

891
00:45:03,500 --> 00:45:06,400
and you could be stuck hiding in
a barn for days. 

892
00:45:07,500 --> 00:45:10,200
Whether added another layer of 
complexity that nobody could 

893
00:45:10,200 --> 00:45:13,800
control, rain could make travel 
miserable but also covered 

894
00:45:13,800 --> 00:45:16,100
tracks and kept people indoors 
where they couldn't spot 

895
00:45:16,100 --> 00:45:19,200
suspicious activity. 
Snow May tracking easier for 

896
00:45:19,200 --> 00:45:21,200
pursuers, but also made travel 
dangerous. 

897
00:45:21,900 --> 00:45:24,600
Heat waves meant you could move 
more comfortably at night but 

898
00:45:24,600 --> 00:45:26,100
needed extra water during the 
day. 

899
00:45:26,100 --> 00:45:29,600
Some Underground Railroad 
operators developed a backup 

900
00:45:29,600 --> 00:45:33,000
plans for when things went 
wrong, they'd identify alternate

901
00:45:33,000 --> 00:45:36,900
routes secondary safe, houses 
and emergency contacts who could

902
00:45:36,900 --> 00:45:40,600
be trusted in a crisis. 
The really organized ones, 

903
00:45:40,600 --> 00:45:43,100
maintain detailed mental maps of
their regions. 

904
00:45:43,100 --> 00:45:46,600
Complete with information about 
which roads were safest Which 

905
00:45:46,600 --> 00:45:50,200
towns to avoid and which local 
officials might be sympathetic 

906
00:45:50,200 --> 00:45:52,300
versus those who were definitely
hostile. 

907
00:45:53,400 --> 00:45:56,000
Money was always tight because 
everything had to be paid for 

908
00:45:56,000 --> 00:45:59,900
out of pocket. 
Food clothing, Transportation 

909
00:45:59,900 --> 00:46:03,900
bribes, when necessary and 
emergency funds for situations 

910
00:46:03,900 --> 00:46:07,800
nobody could predict. 
Some operators went into debt 

911
00:46:07,800 --> 00:46:09,200
helping strangers, reach, 
freedom. 

912
00:46:10,100 --> 00:46:12,800
Others organized, quiet 
fundraising among sympathetic 

913
00:46:12,800 --> 00:46:15,400
friends and family members. 
Though, they had to be careful 

914
00:46:15,400 --> 00:46:18,300
not to reveal too much about 
what the money was actually for.

915
00:46:19,200 --> 00:46:21,600
Most challenging part might have
been the unpredictability. 

916
00:46:22,600 --> 00:46:24,900
You never knew when someone 
might show up needing help. 

917
00:46:24,900 --> 00:46:28,200
How many people would arrive 
together, what condition laid? 

918
00:46:28,200 --> 00:46:31,600
Be in what special circumstances
might complicate their Journey? 

919
00:46:32,700 --> 00:46:35,800
Pregnant women needed different 
care than children who needed 

920
00:46:35,800 --> 00:46:38,600
different care than elderly 
Travelers, who needed different 

921
00:46:38,600 --> 00:46:41,800
care than injured people. 
Despite all these logistical 

922
00:46:41,800 --> 00:46:44,200
nightmares. 
The network somehow kept 

923
00:46:44,200 --> 00:46:47,500
functioning year after year, 
helping thousands of people 

924
00:46:47,500 --> 00:46:50,800
reach, Freedom through sheer 
determination, and remarkably 

925
00:46:50,800 --> 00:46:53,100
good organization. 
You'd think a network. 

926
00:46:53,100 --> 00:46:56,500
This big in the successful would
be run by some kind of Central 

927
00:46:56,500 --> 00:46:59,500
Committee or famous leaders 
giving orders from headquarters.

928
00:47:00,900 --> 00:47:03,200
But the Underground Railroad 
worked precisely because it 

929
00:47:03,208 --> 00:47:04,500
wasn't organized that way at 
all. 

930
00:47:04,508 --> 00:47:08,100
Instead it was powered by an 
amazing collection of 

931
00:47:08,100 --> 00:47:11,300
individuals who decided to act 
on their own and then somehow 

932
00:47:11,300 --> 00:47:13,800
found ways to work together 
without anyone officially being 

933
00:47:13,800 --> 00:47:17,500
in charge. 
Take William still who became 

934
00:47:17,500 --> 00:47:19,500
known as the father of the 
Underground Railroad. 

935
00:47:19,500 --> 00:47:23,000
Not because he founded it, but 
because he was obsessively 

936
00:47:23,000 --> 00:47:26,900
organized about keeping records.
This guy worked in Philadelphia 

937
00:47:26,900 --> 00:47:29,900
and helped coordinate The Escape
of hundreds of people. 

938
00:47:29,900 --> 00:47:33,200
But what made him special was 
that he wrote everything down 

939
00:47:33,200 --> 00:47:37,700
names, dates routes family 
connections and stories about 

940
00:47:37,700 --> 00:47:40,600
how people are escaped and where
they were hoping to go. 

941
00:47:40,600 --> 00:47:43,600
You have to understand how 
dangerous this record, keeping 

942
00:47:43,600 --> 00:47:46,900
was if authorities had ever 
found Stills files. 

943
00:47:46,900 --> 00:47:49,300
They would have had enough 
information to destroy the 

944
00:47:49,308 --> 00:47:51,500
entire Philadelphia branch of 
the network. 

945
00:47:52,500 --> 00:47:55,700
But still kept writing because 
he understood that someday when 

946
00:47:55,700 --> 00:47:58,900
slavery was over, families would
want to find each other again. 

947
00:47:58,900 --> 00:48:01,900
His records became the 
foundation for thousands of 

948
00:48:01,900 --> 00:48:03,800
reunions stories after the Civil
War. 

949
00:48:04,600 --> 00:48:08,200
Then there was Harriet Tubman 
whose famous for good reason but

950
00:48:08,200 --> 00:48:11,600
probably not for the reasons. 
Most people think yes she made 

951
00:48:11,600 --> 00:48:14,100
multiple trips back in to the 
South to guide people North. 

952
00:48:14,100 --> 00:48:17,000
But what made her extraordinary 
wasn't just her courage. 

953
00:48:17,000 --> 00:48:20,500
It was her strategic thinking 
and her ability to keep people 

954
00:48:20,500 --> 00:48:23,900
calm Under Pressure Tubman 
possessed a remarkable ability 

955
00:48:23,900 --> 00:48:27,400
to detect impending danger and 
swiftly alter their plans. 

956
00:48:28,500 --> 00:48:32,200
He carried a gun not primarily 
to fight off slave catchers but 

957
00:48:32,200 --> 00:48:35,600
to convince exhausted, terrified
travelers to keep moving when 

958
00:48:35,600 --> 00:48:38,600
they wanted to give up. 
She understood that one person's

959
00:48:38,600 --> 00:48:40,400
Panic. 
Could get everyone captured so 

960
00:48:40,400 --> 00:48:43,000
she do whatever it took to 
maintain discipline and keep 

961
00:48:43,000 --> 00:48:46,300
groups together. 
But the network was full of less

962
00:48:46,300 --> 00:48:49,200
famous people whose 
contributions were just as 

963
00:48:49,200 --> 00:48:51,900
crucial. 
Levi Coffin. 

964
00:48:51,900 --> 00:48:55,000
And his wife, Catherine turn 
their house in Indiana into one 

965
00:48:55,000 --> 00:48:56,900
of the busiest stations on the 
Underground Railroad. 

966
00:48:57,900 --> 00:49:01,600
They helped over 3,000 people 
reach Freedom, earning Lie by 

967
00:49:01,600 --> 00:49:04,800
the nickname president of the 
Underground Railroad though, he 

968
00:49:04,800 --> 00:49:07,500
never held any official title 
and certainly didn't have any 

969
00:49:07,500 --> 00:49:09,200
actual authority over anyone 
else. 

970
00:49:09,200 --> 00:49:12,700
What made the coffins affective 
was their systematic approach? 

971
00:49:12,700 --> 00:49:15,600
They approached Underground. 
Railroad operations as a 

972
00:49:15,600 --> 00:49:17,500
business at hearing to 
meticulous. 

973
00:49:17,500 --> 00:49:21,300
Schedule's, collaborating with 
other operators and consistently

974
00:49:21,300 --> 00:49:25,100
anticipating future needs. 
Catherine became an expert at 

975
00:49:25,100 --> 00:49:27,800
quickly feeding large numbers of
unexpected guests. 

976
00:49:27,800 --> 00:49:31,000
While Levi, developed an 
extensive network of contacts 

977
00:49:31,000 --> 00:49:34,300
throughout the Midwest. 
The network also depended on 

978
00:49:34,300 --> 00:49:37,200
people who contributed in ways 
that weren't dramatic but were 

979
00:49:37,200 --> 00:49:40,400
absolutely essential. 
John Rankin and Ohio Minister. 

980
00:49:40,400 --> 00:49:43,500
Consistently placed a lantern in
his window each night for years 

981
00:49:43,500 --> 00:49:46,800
indicating that his home served 
as a secure Refuge. 

982
00:49:46,800 --> 00:49:50,500
That one simple consistent 
action, guided hundreds of 

983
00:49:50,500 --> 00:49:53,400
people to safety but Rankin. 
Never got the kind of attention 

984
00:49:53,400 --> 00:49:56,200
that more flamboyant. 
Operators, received free black 

985
00:49:56,200 --> 00:49:58,900
Americans played, crucial roles 
that often don't receive enough 

986
00:49:58,900 --> 00:50:02,400
recognition in history books. 
They faced enormous personal 

987
00:50:02,400 --> 00:50:05,200
risks because they could be 
enslaved themselves if caught 

988
00:50:05,200 --> 00:50:08,500
helping runaways, but many of 
them felt a special obligation 

989
00:50:08,500 --> 00:50:12,000
to help others escape bondage. 
They also had advantages that 

990
00:50:12,000 --> 00:50:15,100
white operators, didn't have 
like the ability to travel in 

991
00:50:15,100 --> 00:50:17,400
slave states without 
automatically arousing 

992
00:50:17,400 --> 00:50:20,200
suspicion. 
Robert Purvis and Philadelphia 

993
00:50:20,200 --> 00:50:22,900
used his wealth and social 
connections to support 

994
00:50:22,900 --> 00:50:26,500
Underground Railroad activities 
on a scale that few others could

995
00:50:26,500 --> 00:50:29,500
match. 
David Ruggles in New York helped

996
00:50:29,500 --> 00:50:32,300
over 600 people, reach, freedom,
and published. 

997
00:50:32,300 --> 00:50:34,200
One of the first abolitionist 
magazines. 

998
00:50:34,900 --> 00:50:37,700
These individuals conceal, their
underground, railroad activities

999
00:50:37,700 --> 00:50:40,200
behind their legitimate 
businesses and social positions.

1000
00:50:40,200 --> 00:50:44,300
The Quakers deserve special 
mention because their religious 

1001
00:50:44,300 --> 00:50:47,300
beliefs made them natural allies
for the Underground Railroad. 

1002
00:50:47,300 --> 00:50:50,500
That they also brought 
organizational skills that other

1003
00:50:50,500 --> 00:50:53,200
groups lacked. 
Quaker communities had 

1004
00:50:53,200 --> 00:50:55,700
experience making group 
decisions without formal, 

1005
00:50:55,700 --> 00:51:00,000
hierarchies communicating across
long distances and maintaining 

1006
00:51:00,000 --> 00:51:03,600
secrecy when necessary. 
Many Quaker settlements became, 

1007
00:51:03,600 --> 00:51:06,000
reliable stops on underground. 
Railroad routes. 

1008
00:51:06,600 --> 00:51:09,700
What's remarkable is, how these 
diverse people manage to work 

1009
00:51:09,700 --> 00:51:12,900
together, effectively, despite 
having different backgrounds 

1010
00:51:12,900 --> 00:51:15,900
motivations and ideas about the 
best ways to help escaping 

1011
00:51:15,900 --> 00:51:18,900
slaves. 
They developed in formal systems

1012
00:51:18,900 --> 00:51:22,200
for sharing information, 
coordinating activities and 

1013
00:51:22,200 --> 00:51:24,600
resolving conflicts. 
Without any Central Authority, 

1014
00:51:24,600 --> 00:51:27,900
telling them what to do. 
Some operators specialized in 

1015
00:51:27,900 --> 00:51:31,200
particular aspects of the work 
others would generally who did 

1016
00:51:31,200 --> 00:51:34,000
whatever needed doing. 
Some focused on their local 

1017
00:51:34,000 --> 00:51:36,700
areas, While others traveled 
extensively to maintain 

1018
00:51:36,700 --> 00:51:40,100
connections, across state lines,
that somehow they all manage to 

1019
00:51:40,100 --> 00:51:42,700
function as part of a coherent 
Network, that accomplished 

1020
00:51:42,700 --> 00:51:45,700
something extraordinary, if you 
imagine the Underground Railroad

1021
00:51:45,700 --> 00:51:48,800
as a straightforward Journey 
from south to North, you're in 

1022
00:51:48,808 --> 00:51:52,300
for some surprises. the reality 
was far more complicated, 

1023
00:51:52,300 --> 00:51:56,100
Securitas, and frankly, weird 
than most people realize 

1024
00:51:57,000 --> 00:51:59,900
Escaping slavery wasn't like 
following a map from point A to 

1025
00:51:59,908 --> 00:52:02,500
point B. 
It was more like navigating a 

1026
00:52:02,500 --> 00:52:05,200
constantly changing maze where 
the walls moved every few days 

1027
00:52:05,200 --> 00:52:07,700
and some paths led to dead ends 
or worse. 

1028
00:52:08,600 --> 00:52:13,000
First off, North was relative. 
For someone escaping from 

1029
00:52:13,000 --> 00:52:15,200
Georgia. 
North might mean getting to 

1030
00:52:15,200 --> 00:52:17,900
South Carolina first, then 
working their way up through the

1031
00:52:17,900 --> 00:52:21,300
Carolinas to Virginia. 
From that point they might 

1032
00:52:21,300 --> 00:52:23,300
venture into Maryland followed 
by Pennsylvania. 

1033
00:52:23,300 --> 00:52:27,400
Each state had its laws, its 
level of hostility toward 

1034
00:52:27,400 --> 00:52:30,800
escaped slaves and its network 
of people who might help or 

1035
00:52:30,800 --> 00:52:34,000
hinder your progress. 
But here's the thing, nobody 

1036
00:52:34,000 --> 00:52:36,900
talks about. 
Sometimes the best route, North 

1037
00:52:36,900 --> 00:52:41,200
actually went South first or 
east or west because taking the 

1038
00:52:41,200 --> 00:52:43,900
obvious path was exactly what 
slave catchers expected. 

1039
00:52:43,900 --> 00:52:46,900
Smart conductors learned to 
think like chess players, 

1040
00:52:46,900 --> 00:52:50,000
considering not just the next 
move, but several moves ahead. 

1041
00:52:50,900 --> 00:52:54,100
Sometimes the safest way to get 
from Alabama to Ohio was to go 

1042
00:52:54,100 --> 00:52:57,100
through Mississippi and 
Louisiana Furst, then up the 

1043
00:52:57,100 --> 00:52:59,400
Mississippi River and Overland 
through Illinois. 

1044
00:53:00,700 --> 00:53:03,300
The Underground Railroad had to 
adjust to the terrain in ways 

1045
00:53:03,300 --> 00:53:05,700
that would challenge the 
capabilities of modern GPS 

1046
00:53:05,700 --> 00:53:08,300
systems River. 
Crossings were natural choke 

1047
00:53:08,300 --> 00:53:09,800
points. 
Were authorities knew to watch 

1048
00:53:09,800 --> 00:53:11,500
but you couldn't avoid them 
entirely. 

1049
00:53:12,400 --> 00:53:15,500
Some operators became experts at
finding unusual Crossing points,

1050
00:53:15,500 --> 00:53:18,800
like areas where Rivers were 
shallow enough to forward or 

1051
00:53:18,800 --> 00:53:21,200
where friendly boat owners could
provide transportation without 

1052
00:53:21,200 --> 00:53:23,800
asking questions. 
Mountain areas. 

1053
00:53:23,800 --> 00:53:26,400
Offered excellent hiding places 
but terrible traveling 

1054
00:53:26,400 --> 00:53:28,900
conditions. 
Especially for people who are 

1055
00:53:28,900 --> 00:53:30,700
already exhausted and 
malnourished. 

1056
00:53:31,300 --> 00:53:34,300
Desert regions in the southwest 
were nearly impossible to cross 

1057
00:53:34,300 --> 00:53:36,500
without extensive preparation 
and supplies. 

1058
00:53:36,500 --> 00:53:39,500
Even seemingly, safe, Farmland 
could be dangerous. 

1059
00:53:39,500 --> 00:53:42,400
If you didn't know which farmers
were sympathetic and which ones 

1060
00:53:42,400 --> 00:53:43,900
would turn you in for the reward
money. 

1061
00:53:45,200 --> 00:53:47,700
The seasonal timing of escapes 
wasn't random either. 

1062
00:53:47,700 --> 00:53:51,600
Winter travel was miserable but 
had advantages because fewer 

1063
00:53:51,600 --> 00:53:54,200
people were out and about to 
spot suspicious activity. 

1064
00:53:55,000 --> 00:53:57,800
Spring planting and fall Harvest
times were busy periods. 

1065
00:53:57,800 --> 00:54:01,200
When extra people on farms might
not attract attention Some 

1066
00:54:01,200 --> 00:54:04,100
offered the best weather but 
also the most active slave, 

1067
00:54:04,100 --> 00:54:07,900
patrols and bounty hunters. 
Most Escape started on weekends 

1068
00:54:07,900 --> 00:54:10,900
particularly Saturday nights 
because it gave people the 

1069
00:54:10,900 --> 00:54:13,900
maximum time before their 
absence would be noticed and 

1070
00:54:13,900 --> 00:54:17,600
search parties organized. 
The circumstances meant that 

1071
00:54:17,600 --> 00:54:20,200
Underground Railroad. 
Operators, had to be prepared 

1072
00:54:20,200 --> 00:54:23,800
for weekend, surges in activity.
Then quieter periods during the 

1073
00:54:23,800 --> 00:54:25,300
week when Travelers were laying 
low. 

1074
00:54:25,300 --> 00:54:28,700
At safehouse houses, the pace of
travel was much slower than you 

1075
00:54:28,700 --> 00:54:30,700
might expect. 
A journey that could 

1076
00:54:30,700 --> 00:54:33,700
theoretically be completed in a 
few weeks, might take months or 

1077
00:54:33,700 --> 00:54:36,900
even years with extended stays 
at safehouse houses when 

1078
00:54:36,900 --> 00:54:38,700
conditions become too dangerous 
for travel. 

1079
00:54:39,500 --> 00:54:41,700
Some people made it North 
quickly during favourable 

1080
00:54:41,700 --> 00:54:43,900
periods. 
While others had to take long 

1081
00:54:43,900 --> 00:54:45,600
detours or wait for better 
opportunities. 

1082
00:54:46,700 --> 00:54:49,300
Family groups face special 
challenges because traveling 

1083
00:54:49,300 --> 00:54:52,100
with children or elderly 
relatives meant slower movement 

1084
00:54:52,100 --> 00:54:54,900
and greater visibility. 
Some families made the 

1085
00:54:54,900 --> 00:54:58,300
heartbreaking decision to split 
up temporarily with stronger. 

1086
00:54:58,300 --> 00:55:01,400
Members going first to establish
themselves in the north then 

1087
00:55:01,400 --> 00:55:05,200
sending help for those left 
behind Are the families refused 

1088
00:55:05,200 --> 00:55:07,700
to separate and accepted the 
additional risks of traveling 

1089
00:55:07,700 --> 00:55:10,200
together. 
The Underground Railroad had to 

1090
00:55:10,200 --> 00:55:12,900
account for physical limitations
that seem obvious now. 

1091
00:55:12,900 --> 00:55:15,400
But required constant 
adaptation, then. 

1092
00:55:16,500 --> 00:55:20,300
Pregnant, women could not travel
as far as fast injured or sick 

1093
00:55:20,300 --> 00:55:22,900
people needed medical attention.
That wasn't easy to locate 

1094
00:55:22,900 --> 00:55:25,300
children. 
Needed different kinds of food 

1095
00:55:25,300 --> 00:55:28,400
and care and adults. 
Elderly Travelers might have 

1096
00:55:28,400 --> 00:55:31,700
mobility issues that require 
special Arrangements where the 

1097
00:55:31,708 --> 00:55:34,300
sun suddenly transformed a 
manageable journey into a 

1098
00:55:34,300 --> 00:55:36,800
nightmare. 
Sudden storms could force people

1099
00:55:36,800 --> 00:55:40,200
to seek shelter at places that 
were prepared for the flooding 

1100
00:55:40,200 --> 00:55:41,900
could make planned River 
Crossings impossible. 

1101
00:55:41,900 --> 00:55:45,600
Ice storms could make any travel
treacherous trout could make 

1102
00:55:45,600 --> 00:55:48,700
water sources. 
Unreliable operators, learn to 

1103
00:55:48,700 --> 00:55:50,800
read weather signs and adjust 
plans accordingly. 

1104
00:55:51,900 --> 00:55:54,600
The psychological aspects of the
journey were as challenging as 

1105
00:55:54,600 --> 00:55:57,400
the physical ones. 
People who'd never been more 

1106
00:55:57,400 --> 00:55:58,800
than a few miles from where they
were. 

1107
00:55:58,800 --> 00:56:02,100
Born suddenly found themselves. 
Traveling hundreds of miles 

1108
00:56:02,100 --> 00:56:05,400
through unfamiliar territory 
dependent on Strangers for 

1109
00:56:05,400 --> 00:56:07,100
survival. 
Never sure. 

1110
00:56:07,100 --> 00:56:09,900
Whether the next person they met
would help them or turn them in.

1111
00:56:10,800 --> 00:56:13,300
While some Travelers thrived on 
the adventure and excitement. 

1112
00:56:13,300 --> 00:56:17,600
Others come to fear and 
uncertainty conductors learned 

1113
00:56:17,600 --> 00:56:20,700
to manage group dynamics. 
Keeping people motivated when 

1114
00:56:20,700 --> 00:56:24,300
Spirits, flagged maintaining 
discipline when fear led to poor

1115
00:56:24,300 --> 00:56:27,000
decision-making and providing 
emotional support when the 

1116
00:56:27,000 --> 00:56:30,600
stress became over. 
The journey didn't end when 

1117
00:56:30,600 --> 00:56:33,600
people reach the north either. 
Many found that the northern 

1118
00:56:33,600 --> 00:56:36,700
states did not live up to their 
expectations as they face 

1119
00:56:36,700 --> 00:56:40,000
significant discrimination and 
limited opportunities for people

1120
00:56:40,000 --> 00:56:42,500
of color. 
Some continued all the way to 

1121
00:56:42,500 --> 00:56:45,900
Canada, While others settled in 
Northern cities where they tried

1122
00:56:45,900 --> 00:56:47,900
to build new lives. 
While always looking over their 

1123
00:56:47,900 --> 00:56:50,700
shoulders, every Underground 
Railroad, operator has 

1124
00:56:50,700 --> 00:56:54,100
captivating Tales to share and 
it's remarkable how numerous 

1125
00:56:54,100 --> 00:56:57,900
near disaster's by quick 
thinking, extraordinary luck, 

1126
00:56:57,900 --> 00:57:00,600
and sometimes divine 
intervention resulted in 

1127
00:57:00,600 --> 00:57:04,300
successful rescues. 
The network survived not because

1128
00:57:04,300 --> 00:57:07,000
everything went smoothly but 
because people got really good 

1129
00:57:07,000 --> 00:57:10,600
at improvising when things went 
terribly wrong, take the time. 

1130
00:57:11,600 --> 00:57:14,300
William still was coordinating. 
The Escape of a large group 

1131
00:57:14,300 --> 00:57:16,600
through Philadelphia. 
When someone tipped off the 

1132
00:57:16,600 --> 00:57:20,200
authorities, instead of 
panicking still quickly, spread 

1133
00:57:20,200 --> 00:57:22,600
the word through his Network, to
scatter everyone to different 

1134
00:57:22,600 --> 00:57:26,200
safe houses throughout the city.
When the slave catchers showed 

1135
00:57:26,200 --> 00:57:28,900
up at the primary location, they
found nothing but a very 

1136
00:57:28,900 --> 00:57:32,100
confused elderly woman who 
claimed she had no idea what 

1137
00:57:32,100 --> 00:57:34,500
they were talking about and 
offered them tea while they 

1138
00:57:34,500 --> 00:57:36,200
searched her completely empty 
house. 

1139
00:57:36,900 --> 00:57:40,200
Consider what transpired when 
Harry at Tubman leading a group.

1140
00:57:40,208 --> 00:57:42,900
North found their plan, Safe 
House, compromised. 

1141
00:57:43,600 --> 00:57:46,500
Instead of turning back, she 
marched her charges straight to 

1142
00:57:46,500 --> 00:57:50,000
a hotel, in the middle of town 
and brazenly, registered them as

1143
00:57:50,000 --> 00:57:53,000
a servants traveling. 
With her to visit relatives, the

1144
00:57:53,000 --> 00:57:55,700
hotel Clarke never questioned 
the story of a respectable woman

1145
00:57:55,700 --> 00:57:57,200
traveling with her household 
staff. 

1146
00:57:57,200 --> 00:58:00,400
Even though he might have been 
suspicious of a group of obvious

1147
00:58:00,400 --> 00:58:03,500
runaways hiding in the woods, 
some of the closest calls came 

1148
00:58:03,500 --> 00:58:06,100
from misunderstanding and 
communication failures that, 

1149
00:58:06,100 --> 00:58:09,900
nobody could have predicted. 
A group of escaping slaves once 

1150
00:58:09,900 --> 00:58:12,700
showed up at what they thought 
was a safe house, only to 

1151
00:58:12,700 --> 00:58:14,800
discover they'd gotten the 
address wrong and were knocking 

1152
00:58:14,800 --> 00:58:16,100
on the door of the local 
sheriff. 

1153
00:58:16,700 --> 00:58:20,400
Fortunately, the sheriff's wife 
was simply to their cause though

1154
00:58:20,400 --> 00:58:24,000
her husband definitely wasn't. 
She managed to get them fed and 

1155
00:58:24,000 --> 00:58:26,400
redirected to the correct 
address before her husband came 

1156
00:58:26,400 --> 00:58:28,500
home. 
But the whole thing could have 

1157
00:58:28,500 --> 00:58:30,000
ended. 
The Network's operations in that

1158
00:58:30,000 --> 00:58:34,300
town Whether emergent is created
some of the most dramatic near 

1159
00:58:34,300 --> 00:58:37,000
disasters. 
A blizzard once trapped a group 

1160
00:58:37,008 --> 00:58:40,100
of Travellers in a barn for 
nearly a week during which time 

1161
00:58:40,100 --> 00:58:43,000
their supplies ran out and 
several people became seriously 

1162
00:58:43,000 --> 00:58:45,900
ill. 
The local Underground Railroad. 

1163
00:58:45,900 --> 00:58:48,800
Operator had to figure out how 
to get medical attention and 

1164
00:58:48,800 --> 00:58:51,200
food to people. 
He couldn't acknowledge were 

1165
00:58:51,200 --> 00:58:53,300
there while maintaining 
plausible explanations for his 

1166
00:58:53,300 --> 00:58:55,800
unusual behavior to increase in 
the suspicious neighbors. 

1167
00:58:56,700 --> 00:59:00,200
Timing failures were constant 
sources of anxiety, Travelers 

1168
00:59:00,200 --> 00:59:03,100
would arrive at safehouse to 
find their host unexpectedly 

1169
00:59:03,100 --> 00:59:05,800
away. 
Forcing them to hide in Barns or

1170
00:59:05,800 --> 00:59:07,600
Roots sellers for days longer 
than planned. 

1171
00:59:08,500 --> 00:59:11,300
Or conductors would show up to 
collect passengers only to 

1172
00:59:11,300 --> 00:59:14,300
discover that previous delays at
thrown off the entire schedule. 

1173
00:59:14,300 --> 00:59:18,200
Leaving everyone scrambling to 
improvise new Arrangements, some

1174
00:59:18,200 --> 00:59:21,300
operators, devised, intricate 
contingency plans, that were 

1175
00:59:21,300 --> 00:59:22,800
almost absurd in their 
complexity. 

1176
00:59:24,000 --> 00:59:27,400
One station master in Ohio kept 
a coffin in his barn and 

1177
00:59:27,400 --> 00:59:30,300
instructed, arriving passengers 
to climb inside and pretend to 

1178
00:59:30,300 --> 00:59:32,500
be dead. 
If Authority showed up for 

1179
00:59:32,500 --> 00:59:37,000
unexpected searches, The plan 
worked perfectly until the day 

1180
00:59:37,000 --> 00:59:39,300
are genuine. 
Funeral procession, got confused

1181
00:59:39,300 --> 00:59:41,900
about directions and ended up at
his house. 

1182
00:59:41,900 --> 00:59:44,900
Looking for the cemetery leading
to an extremely awkward 

1183
00:59:44,900 --> 00:59:46,400
conversation about. 
Why? 

1184
00:59:46,400 --> 00:59:49,400
He had an apparently occupied 
coffin in his barn, instead of 

1185
00:59:49,400 --> 00:59:52,800
at the church, betrayals were 
fortunately rare, but when they 

1186
00:59:52,800 --> 00:59:56,000
happened, they created chaos. 
That rippled through entire 

1187
00:59:56,000 --> 00:59:59,500
regions once arrested and 
threatened with lengthy prison 

1188
00:59:59,500 --> 01:00:03,400
time, a trusted conductor in 
Maryland, turned informant, his 

1189
01:00:03,400 --> 01:00:06,400
treachery jeopardized. 
Numerous safe houses and assess 

1190
01:00:06,400 --> 01:00:08,700
stated a comprehensive 
restructuring of routes across 

1191
01:00:08,700 --> 01:00:11,900
the region. 
The network survived, but only 

1192
01:00:11,900 --> 01:00:14,900
because other operators, noticed
unusual, Authority, activity, 

1193
01:00:14,900 --> 01:00:17,700
and managed to warn people 
before the betrayer could do 

1194
01:00:17,700 --> 01:00:20,600
maximum damage. 
Medical emergencies were 

1195
01:00:20,600 --> 01:00:23,800
particularly challenging because
you couldn't exactly take of the

1196
01:00:23,800 --> 01:00:27,100
escaped slaves, to local doctors
without raising questions 

1197
01:00:27,100 --> 01:00:29,800
Network. 
Operators had to become amateur.

1198
01:00:29,800 --> 01:00:33,700
Medics learning to treat 
injuries deliver, babies and 

1199
01:00:33,700 --> 01:00:35,700
handle illnesses with whatever 
supplies. 

1200
01:00:35,700 --> 01:00:37,500
They could obtain without a 
rousing suspicion. 

1201
01:00:39,000 --> 01:00:42,800
Through necessity some developed
impressive medical skills, While

1202
01:00:42,800 --> 01:00:45,500
others maintained quiet 
relationships with sympathetic 

1203
01:00:45,500 --> 01:00:47,400
doctors they could trust in 
emergencies. 

1204
01:00:48,400 --> 01:00:50,800
Children created special 
challenges, because they 

1205
01:00:50,800 --> 01:00:53,600
couldn't always be expected to 
understand the need for absolute

1206
01:00:53,600 --> 01:00:57,600
silence and could inadvertently 
concealed away hiding places or 

1207
01:00:57,600 --> 01:00:59,200
reveal information to the wrong 
people. 

1208
01:01:00,000 --> 01:01:03,700
Smart operators, learn to engage
children's imaginations, turning

1209
01:01:03,700 --> 01:01:06,800
the journey into a game of hide 
and seek or an adventure story 

1210
01:01:06,800 --> 01:01:09,800
where staying quiet and 
following instructions, was part

1211
01:01:09,800 --> 01:01:12,200
of the fun rather than a matter 
of life and death. 

1212
01:01:13,000 --> 01:01:16,100
Perhaps the most nerve-racking 
situations involved Split Second

1213
01:01:16,100 --> 01:01:19,400
decisions about whether to trust
strangers who claim to be 

1214
01:01:19,400 --> 01:01:22,200
sympathetic. 
Sometimes people claiming to 

1215
01:01:22,200 --> 01:01:25,100
offer help or actually bounty 
hunters trying to trap escaping 

1216
01:01:25,100 --> 01:01:28,400
slaves. 
Other times genuine offers of 

1217
01:01:28,400 --> 01:01:31,500
assistance, came from unexpected
sources who didn't fit the usual

1218
01:01:31,500 --> 01:01:35,100
profile of Underground. 
Railroad supporters operators 

1219
01:01:35,100 --> 01:01:37,300
had to develop almost 
Supernatural, instincts for 

1220
01:01:37,300 --> 01:01:39,500
reading people and situations 
quickly and accurately. 

1221
01:01:40,600 --> 01:01:43,500
The remarkable thing is, how 
often pure chance worked in 

1222
01:01:43,500 --> 01:01:46,400
favor of the Underground. 
Railroad slave catchers would 

1223
01:01:46,400 --> 01:01:49,100
search houses thoroughly but 
somehow Miss hidden rooms or 

1224
01:01:49,100 --> 01:01:52,100
concealed passages. 
Authority figures were asked 

1225
01:01:52,100 --> 01:01:54,900
pointed questions, but except 
implausible explanations. 

1226
01:01:55,700 --> 01:01:58,200
Suspicious neighbors would 
notice unusual activity but 

1227
01:01:58,208 --> 01:01:59,900
decide it wasn't worth 
investigating. 

1228
01:02:01,100 --> 01:02:04,200
The network succeeded partly 
through careful planning, but 

1229
01:02:04,200 --> 01:02:07,300
also, through a remarkable 
series of fortunate, accidents. 

1230
01:02:07,300 --> 01:02:10,300
And lucky breaks, when you step 
back and look at the Underground

1231
01:02:10,300 --> 01:02:13,600
Railroad as a whole, what's most
striking isn't the famous 

1232
01:02:13,600 --> 01:02:16,600
stories or dramatic rescues that
ended up in history books. 

1233
01:02:17,400 --> 01:02:20,600
It's the quiet everyday, 
decision made by thousands of 

1234
01:02:20,600 --> 01:02:23,200
ordinary people to risk. 
Everything they had for 

1235
01:02:23,200 --> 01:02:25,700
strangers they'd never met 
before and might never see 

1236
01:02:25,700 --> 01:02:29,000
again. 
That decision multiplied, across

1237
01:02:29,000 --> 01:02:32,600
decades and States changed 
American history, and ways were 

1238
01:02:32,600 --> 01:02:35,500
still discovering. 
The numbers alone are staggering

1239
01:02:35,500 --> 01:02:36,700
when you really think about 
them. 

1240
01:02:37,500 --> 01:02:40,000
Historians estimate that the 
Underground Railroad helped 

1241
01:02:40,000 --> 01:02:43,000
somewhere between 40,000 and 
100,000 people. 

1242
01:02:44,000 --> 01:02:47,500
Escape slavery though. 
The real number will never be 

1243
01:02:47,500 --> 01:02:50,800
known because record keeping was
necessarily limited and much of 

1244
01:02:50,800 --> 01:02:52,800
what was written down. 
Was later, destroyed for 

1245
01:02:52,800 --> 01:02:57,200
security reasons. but even the 
conservative estimate is more 

1246
01:02:57,200 --> 01:03:00,500
than most cities had their What 
makes those numbers even more 

1247
01:03:00,500 --> 01:03:02,900
impressive? 
Is that each successful Escape 

1248
01:03:02,900 --> 01:03:06,400
required, the coordinated effort
of dozens of people If you 

1249
01:03:06,400 --> 01:03:09,000
figure an average of 20, people 
were directly involved in 

1250
01:03:09,000 --> 01:03:12,200
getting each person to safety. 
You're looking at a network that

1251
01:03:12,200 --> 01:03:15,800
included somewhere between 
800,000 and 2 million Americans,

1252
01:03:15,800 --> 01:03:18,600
who actively participated in 
Underground, Railroad 

1253
01:03:18,600 --> 01:03:21,600
activities. 
That's a significant percentage 

1254
01:03:21,600 --> 01:03:24,600
of the northern population. 
Making a conscious choice to 

1255
01:03:24,600 --> 01:03:27,300
break federal law in service of 
what they believed was a higher 

1256
01:03:27,300 --> 01:03:30,500
moral law. 
The Ripple effects extended far 

1257
01:03:30,500 --> 01:03:33,200
beyond, the people who were 
directly rescued, every 

1258
01:03:33,200 --> 01:03:36,100
successful Escape demonstrated 
that the system of slavery 

1259
01:03:36,100 --> 01:03:39,800
wasn't as secure as its 
Defenders, claimed, every safe 

1260
01:03:39,800 --> 01:03:41,400
house that operated openly 
challenged. 

1261
01:03:41,400 --> 01:03:44,700
The idea that helping escaped 
slaves was too dangerous or too 

1262
01:03:44,700 --> 01:03:46,600
difficult for ordinary people to
attempt. 

1263
01:03:47,500 --> 01:03:50,000
Every conductor who made 
multiple trips prove that 

1264
01:03:50,000 --> 01:03:52,600
individual action could make a 
meaningful difference in 

1265
01:03:52,600 --> 01:03:56,900
seemingly impossible situations.
The Underground Railroad also 

1266
01:03:56,900 --> 01:03:59,500
served as a training ground for 
the abolition movement and later

1267
01:03:59,500 --> 01:04:03,100
civil rights activism. 
Individuals who acquired the 

1268
01:04:03,100 --> 01:04:05,800
skills to secretly. 
Organized communicating code, 

1269
01:04:05,800 --> 01:04:09,800
coordinate intricate operations 
across state lines and sustained

1270
01:04:09,800 --> 01:04:11,500
morale. 
Amidst, seemingly insurmountable

1271
01:04:11,500 --> 01:04:14,200
challenges were laying the 
groundwork for later. 

1272
01:04:14,200 --> 01:04:17,800
Social justice movements Many 
Underground, Railroad veterans 

1273
01:04:17,800 --> 01:04:20,800
became leaders in the fight for 
women's suffrage, labor rights 

1274
01:04:20,800 --> 01:04:24,100
and other reform calls. 
Most importantly, the 

1275
01:04:24,100 --> 01:04:26,600
Underground Railroad proved that
ordinary Americans could 

1276
01:04:26,600 --> 01:04:30,400
organize effective resistance to
unjust laws without waiting for 

1277
01:04:30,400 --> 01:04:32,000
political leaders to show them 
the way. 

1278
01:04:33,100 --> 01:04:35,800
The network developed 
organically from Individual acts

1279
01:04:35,800 --> 01:04:38,700
of conscience, grew through 
informal networks of trust and 

1280
01:04:38,700 --> 01:04:41,800
communication and succeeded 
through decentralized 

1281
01:04:41,800 --> 01:04:44,600
decision-making that didn't 
depend on any Central Authority 

1282
01:04:44,600 --> 01:04:48,500
or charismatic leadership. 
This model of Grassroots 

1283
01:04:48,500 --> 01:04:51,800
organizing became a template for
later, social movements from the

1284
01:04:51,800 --> 01:04:55,700
Civil Rights Movement of the 
1950s and 1960s to Modern 

1285
01:04:55,700 --> 01:04:59,700
immigrant rights activism. 
The basic principles remain the 

1286
01:04:59,700 --> 01:05:04,100
same identify people who share 
your values, build networks of 

1287
01:05:04,100 --> 01:05:08,000
mutual support, develop secure, 
communication methods, create 

1288
01:05:08,000 --> 01:05:11,100
safe spaces for people in danger
and maintain hope. 

1289
01:05:11,100 --> 01:05:14,100
Even when progress seems 
impossible, the Underground 

1290
01:05:14,100 --> 01:05:17,100
Railroad also demonstrated the 
power of what we might Now, call

1291
01:05:17,100 --> 01:05:20,800
intersectional cooperation, The 
network brought together people 

1292
01:05:20,800 --> 01:05:24,100
who disagreed about many things 
but found common ground in their

1293
01:05:24,100 --> 01:05:27,200
opposition to slavery. 
Religious groups that normally 

1294
01:05:27,200 --> 01:05:30,600
didn't associate work together 
People from different social 

1295
01:05:30,600 --> 01:05:34,400
classes, collaborated, as equals
racial barriers that seemed in 

1296
01:05:34,408 --> 01:05:36,600
some mountable in other contexts
became irrelevant. 

1297
01:05:36,600 --> 01:05:39,200
When the goal was helping people
escape bondage. 

1298
01:05:40,200 --> 01:05:43,200
The Underground Railroad had its
limitations and contradictions, 

1299
01:05:43,200 --> 01:05:46,100
most operators, were 
concentrated in border states 

1300
01:05:46,100 --> 01:05:49,000
rather than the Deep South where
help was most desperately 

1301
01:05:49,000 --> 01:05:51,200
needed. 
The network could only help a 

1302
01:05:51,200 --> 01:05:53,800
small percentage of enslaved. 
People leaving Millions still in

1303
01:05:53,800 --> 01:05:56,400
bondage. 
Some operators held 

1304
01:05:56,400 --> 01:05:59,600
paternalistic attitudes toward 
the people, they helped viewing 

1305
01:05:59,600 --> 01:06:03,000
them as victims to be rescued 
rather than Partners in a shared

1306
01:06:03,000 --> 01:06:06,100
struggle for justice. 
Despite these limitations the 

1307
01:06:06,100 --> 01:06:08,900
accomplishments remain 
significant the Underground 

1308
01:06:08,900 --> 01:06:12,000
Railroad, proved that seemingly 
powerless individuals could band

1309
01:06:12,000 --> 01:06:13,800
together to challenge powerful 
institutions. 

1310
01:06:13,800 --> 01:06:17,400
When they were motivated by 
moral conviction and willing to 

1311
01:06:17,400 --> 01:06:20,500
accept personal risk. 
It showed that changed didn't 

1312
01:06:20,500 --> 01:06:22,700
have to wait for perfect 
conditions or ideal lead. 

1313
01:06:28,400 --> 01:06:31,100
And we think of the Great 
Depression, we see dust storms 

1314
01:06:31,100 --> 01:06:34,100
and bread, lines and sepia. 
Before we can appreciate the 

1315
01:06:34,100 --> 01:06:36,400
cycle impact of the economic 
collapse. 

1316
01:06:36,400 --> 01:06:39,700
We must remember the world that 
was lost a world of 

1317
01:06:39,700 --> 01:06:42,400
extraordinary optimism, and 
excessive consumerism that 

1318
01:06:42,400 --> 01:06:46,800
future today can imagine. 
By 1988 Americans believed in 

1319
01:06:46,800 --> 01:06:48,800
Endless Prosperity, almost 
religiously. 

1320
01:06:48,800 --> 01:06:52,000
The typical manufacturing pay 
has increased by approximately 

1321
01:06:52,000 --> 01:06:56,700
40% since the early 1920s, most 
new, urban homes have indoor 

1322
01:06:56,700 --> 01:07:00,100
plumbing longer luxury. 
In less than a decade car 

1323
01:07:00,100 --> 01:07:02,600
ownership rows from 8 million to
23 million. 

1324
01:07:03,500 --> 01:07:07,400
Perhaps most telling 40% of 
American families, not just the 

1325
01:07:07,400 --> 01:07:11,900
wealthy, but teachers Clarks and
Factory workers invested in the 

1326
01:07:11,900 --> 01:07:14,600
stock market. 
We thought we discovered 

1327
01:07:14,600 --> 01:07:18,000
economic immortality said 
Philadelphia, radio salesperson,

1328
01:07:18,000 --> 01:07:22,200
Martin Steinberg, my customers 
bought philco's an rcas on 

1329
01:07:22,200 --> 01:07:26,500
installment plans with 10% down.
I set up their new consoles as 

1330
01:07:26,500 --> 01:07:29,400
they discussed their 
Investments, Milkman gave stock 

1331
01:07:29,400 --> 01:07:31,108
advice. 
Stock tips were given to the 

1332
01:07:31,116 --> 01:07:34,200
shoe shine, boy, those should 
have been warning signs, but we 

1333
01:07:34,200 --> 01:07:37,700
were drunk with affluence. 
Often forgotten is how boom 

1334
01:07:37,700 --> 01:07:40,800
times generated. 
A strange isolation extended 

1335
01:07:40,800 --> 01:07:42,900
families that lived together for
economic reasons. 

1336
01:07:42,900 --> 01:07:46,700
Split into nuclear units, many 
young couples bought homes in 

1337
01:07:46,700 --> 01:07:48,200
new projects. 
Far from parents and 

1338
01:07:48,200 --> 01:07:51,000
grandparents. 
Americans, individualism and 

1339
01:07:51,000 --> 01:07:53,500
materialism, damaged Community 
institutions. 

1340
01:07:53,500 --> 01:07:56,800
Sunday became a day for new car 
drives reducing Church, 

1341
01:07:56,800 --> 01:08:00,300
attendance, local, Social Clubs 
became commercial entertainment,

1342
01:08:00,300 --> 01:08:04,500
establishments, When the crash 
came we discovered how much we'd

1343
01:08:04,500 --> 01:08:07,800
sacrificed for material Goods, 
remarked late, 1920s, Boston, 

1344
01:08:07,800 --> 01:08:11,800
girl, Eleanor Winthrop. 
At an insurance company. 

1345
01:08:11,800 --> 01:08:15,500
My father was well-positioned. 
We owned a Packard Frigidaire 

1346
01:08:15,500 --> 01:08:18,100
and phone. 
We scarcely knew our neighbors. 

1347
01:08:18,100 --> 01:08:21,600
Everyone competed for new 
gadgets and things we had little

1348
01:08:21,600 --> 01:08:24,500
when my father lost his job in 
1930. 

1349
01:08:25,700 --> 01:08:29,100
We had limited resources. 
They didn't know us well enough 

1350
01:08:29,100 --> 01:08:32,700
to help and we were ashamed to 
ask for assistance American 

1351
01:08:32,700 --> 01:08:34,899
societies atomization would be 
deadly. 

1352
01:08:34,899 --> 01:08:38,700
During the economic crisis, many
families suffered a loan without

1353
01:08:38,700 --> 01:08:42,500
Community safety nets. 
American Banks were unexpectedly

1354
01:08:42,500 --> 01:08:44,300
vulnerable to financial 
instabilities. 

1355
01:08:44,300 --> 01:08:48,600
First tremors in the 1920s bank 
accounts were uninsured. 

1356
01:08:48,600 --> 01:08:51,500
Unlike today's fdic-insured 
deposits. 

1357
01:08:52,100 --> 01:08:54,300
Most Americans didn't know their
deposits. 

1358
01:08:54,300 --> 01:08:58,000
Finance speculative Investments.
People viewed, the collapse of 

1359
01:08:58,000 --> 01:09:01,000
rural banks in the late, 19th 
and early 20th, centuries as a 

1360
01:09:01,000 --> 01:09:05,399
local issue, affecting backward,
rural communities, Continental, 

1361
01:09:05,399 --> 01:09:08,500
Illinois Banks tell her Harold 
Jenkins, recalls the denial. 

1362
01:09:09,100 --> 01:09:10,200
Management. 
Assured us. 

1363
01:09:10,200 --> 01:09:13,600
These rural bank failures in 28,
were isolated cases as a 

1364
01:09:13,600 --> 01:09:16,100
tributable to deteriorating. 
Agricultural prices. 

1365
01:09:16,100 --> 01:09:19,600
The crucial connections were 
missed our loan, officers 

1366
01:09:19,600 --> 01:09:22,200
approved mortgages with low 
down, payments, and margin 

1367
01:09:22,200 --> 01:09:25,600
loans, for stock buyers after 
the crash are leaders to 

1368
01:09:25,600 --> 01:09:28,500
correctly. 
This institutional, blindness 

1369
01:09:28,500 --> 01:09:32,399
included government in early 
1930, treasury secretary Andrew 

1370
01:09:32,399 --> 01:09:35,600
Mellon, famously said, 
gentlemen, liquidate labor 

1371
01:09:35,600 --> 01:09:39,100
stocks farms and real estate, we
will eradicate the rot. 

1372
01:09:39,700 --> 01:09:43,000
A virtually medieval 
understanding of economic nomics

1373
01:09:43,000 --> 01:09:46,899
held that economic hardship was 
necessary to purify and rebuild 

1374
01:09:46,899 --> 01:09:49,200
the economy. 
This approach would delay 

1375
01:09:49,200 --> 01:09:52,500
significant involvement until 
Millions were bankrupt. 

1376
01:09:52,500 --> 01:09:55,500
The psychological modifications 
forced on everyday? 

1377
01:09:55,500 --> 01:09:59,500
Americans were most acute, the 
1920s influence, consumer 

1378
01:09:59,500 --> 01:10:02,800
Behavior, significantly. 
Advertisements pitched products 

1379
01:10:02,800 --> 01:10:05,000
as conveniences and identity 
markers. 

1380
01:10:05,800 --> 01:10:07,500
A car or cigarette brand. 
Defined one. 

1381
01:10:07,500 --> 01:10:10,700
Social status. 
Many suffered financial and 

1382
01:10:10,700 --> 01:10:13,600
existential crises when these 
material indicators disappeared.

1383
01:10:14,600 --> 01:10:17,700
We lost more than our money 
said, Mildred Hayes a store 

1384
01:10:17,700 --> 01:10:20,500
Clark. 
We forgot who we were the life 

1385
01:10:20,500 --> 01:10:22,700
and future Stories, We Told 
ourselves crashed. 

1386
01:10:22,700 --> 01:10:25,000
My husband was promoted to floor
manager. 

1387
01:10:25,000 --> 01:10:28,600
We saved for a Suburban house 
down payment, after his job 

1388
01:10:28,600 --> 01:10:30,100
loss. 
We moved in with his parents and

1389
01:10:30,100 --> 01:10:32,100
slept on a fold-out couch, in 
their parlor. 

1390
01:10:32,100 --> 01:10:34,300
How do you explain this 
reversal? 

1391
01:10:35,600 --> 01:10:38,300
For millions of Americans. 
This cognitive dissonance 

1392
01:10:38,300 --> 01:10:40,900
between expectations and 
reality, Define the early 

1393
01:10:40,900 --> 01:10:43,500
depression. 
The world, they were promised to

1394
01:10:43,508 --> 01:10:46,800
vanished overnight leaving them 
in strange territory without 

1395
01:10:46,800 --> 01:10:49,600
maps. 
All goal guides the financial 

1396
01:10:49,600 --> 01:10:53,900
collapse of 1929 to 1933 wasn't 
just about stock market losses 

1397
01:10:53,900 --> 01:10:57,700
affecting wealthy investors. 
What truly devastated ordinary 

1398
01:10:57,700 --> 01:10:59,900
Americans was the destruction of
the banking system. 

1399
01:10:59,900 --> 01:11:05,000
And with it, their life savings 
between 1930 and 1933 over. 

1400
01:11:05,000 --> 01:11:09,200
9,000 banks failed, nearly 40% 
of all banks in the United 

1401
01:11:09,200 --> 01:11:11,400
States. 
Each closure, triggered, 

1402
01:11:11,400 --> 01:11:14,400
cascading losses in communities 
where those Banks operated 

1403
01:11:14,400 --> 01:11:18,300
unlike today's news cycle, which
might report bank failures as 

1404
01:11:18,300 --> 01:11:21,300
abstract statistics. 
Those closures were visceral 

1405
01:11:21,300 --> 01:11:24,900
Community, altering events, I 
was walking to school, when I 

1406
01:11:24,908 --> 01:11:27,500
saw the crowd outside First 
National remembered Eunice 

1407
01:11:27,500 --> 01:11:30,100
Templeton, who was 12 years old,
in Galesburg Illinois. 

1408
01:11:30,100 --> 01:11:34,100
When her towns largest Bank 
closed, People were pounding on 

1409
01:11:34,100 --> 01:11:38,100
the doors, some women were 
crying Mr. Hall Hobart, who 

1410
01:11:38,100 --> 01:11:41,200
owned the hardware store, sat on
the curb with his head in his 

1411
01:11:41,200 --> 01:11:45,100
hands my father lost 800 dollars
his entire savings. 

1412
01:11:46,400 --> 01:11:49,200
That night mother cut up an old 
dress to make me a new one for 

1413
01:11:49,200 --> 01:11:51,300
school. 
We have to be creative. 

1414
01:11:51,300 --> 01:11:54,000
Now, she said her voice all 
tight, like she was holding 

1415
01:11:54,000 --> 01:11:57,200
something back. 
What's rarely discussed in 

1416
01:11:57,200 --> 01:12:00,200
depression, histories is how the
crisis transformed attitudes 

1417
01:12:00,200 --> 01:12:04,500
toward money itself. 
Before 1929 cash had been 

1418
01:12:04,508 --> 01:12:07,100
migrating from the mattress to 
the bank account as Americans 

1419
01:12:07,100 --> 01:12:10,800
embraced financial institutions.
After the banking collapse, many

1420
01:12:10,800 --> 01:12:13,100
developed, a profound distrust 
of banks, that would last 

1421
01:12:13,100 --> 01:12:15,900
Generations communities 
responded by developing 

1422
01:12:15,900 --> 01:12:18,800
extraordinary alternatives to 
traditional currency. 

1423
01:12:19,500 --> 01:12:22,800
In Minneapolis, the organized 
unemployed created script 

1424
01:12:22,800 --> 01:12:26,400
certificates, tied to hours of 
work in California's Imperial 

1425
01:12:26,400 --> 01:12:30,600
Valley Farmers traded promissory
notes backed by Future crops. 

1426
01:12:31,400 --> 01:12:34,900
In Seattle professionals, formed
exchange networks, where doctors

1427
01:12:34,900 --> 01:12:37,400
and lawyers traded Services 
directly with plumbers and 

1428
01:12:37,400 --> 01:12:40,400
electricians. 
Wayne Thornton plumbing, 

1429
01:12:40,400 --> 01:12:42,700
contractor in Des Moines 
described his experience. 

1430
01:12:43,400 --> 01:12:46,800
Money just disappeared. 
I had customers who needed leaks

1431
01:12:46,800 --> 01:12:50,300
but couldn't pay cash. 
I started taking chickens home 

1432
01:12:50,300 --> 01:12:53,600
vegetables and even Furniture in
exchange for work. 

1433
01:12:53,600 --> 01:12:56,100
My secretary kept a ledger of 
who owed. 

1434
01:12:56,100 --> 01:13:00,100
What by 1922, I was only getting
about 30% of my payments in 

1435
01:13:00,100 --> 01:13:04,000
actual currently, the rest was 
barter or promises, this 

1436
01:13:04,000 --> 01:13:06,100
collapse of conventional 
currency revealed. 

1437
01:13:06,100 --> 01:13:09,500
Something profound about money 
itself that it exists primarily 

1438
01:13:09,500 --> 01:13:12,100
as a social agreement rather 
than an inherent value. 

1439
01:13:12,900 --> 01:13:15,700
When that agreement faltered 
communities improvised 

1440
01:13:15,700 --> 01:13:18,300
Alternatives based on trust and 
shared necessity. 

1441
01:13:19,100 --> 01:13:20,800
For children. 
The depression's monetary 

1442
01:13:20,800 --> 01:13:22,400
lessons were particularly 
complex. 

1443
01:13:23,200 --> 01:13:26,300
Kathryn Wagner who grew up in 
San Francisco, recalled. 

1444
01:13:26,300 --> 01:13:29,400
My father had been a successful 
attorney before the crash 

1445
01:13:29,400 --> 01:13:31,700
suddenly. 
He was accepting payment in 

1446
01:13:31,700 --> 01:13:34,500
firewood or fish. 
I remember asking for a nickel 

1447
01:13:34,500 --> 01:13:37,500
for candy and my mother cried, 
not because we didn't have a 

1448
01:13:37,500 --> 01:13:40,700
nickel, we did, but because she 
understood that money now had to

1449
01:13:40,700 --> 01:13:43,700
be hoarded save for absolute 
necessities. 

1450
01:13:44,700 --> 01:13:47,300
The depression's monetary 
transformation was also visible 

1451
01:13:47,300 --> 01:13:50,000
in how physical currency was 
treated bills. 

1452
01:13:50,000 --> 01:13:54,300
Were pressed, flat coins were 
counted repeatedly and cache was

1453
01:13:54,300 --> 01:13:56,600
hidden, increasingly creative 
locations. 

1454
01:13:57,300 --> 01:14:00,400
Laura Hillman, whose father was 
a bank manager in Cincinnati 

1455
01:14:00,400 --> 01:14:03,300
described finding money 
throughout their home after his 

1456
01:14:03,300 --> 01:14:06,800
death in 1940. 
There were silver dollars in to 

1457
01:14:06,800 --> 01:14:10,300
the hems of curtains bills, 
tucked between book, pages coins

1458
01:14:10,300 --> 01:14:12,300
and sealed mason jars, buried in
the garden. 

1459
01:14:13,100 --> 01:14:16,700
Farther new beta than anyone how
fragile Banks were and it marked

1460
01:14:16,700 --> 01:14:19,900
in permanently beyond the 
Practical aspects of monies, 

1461
01:14:19,900 --> 01:14:22,500
transformation was a deeper 
philosophical shift. 

1462
01:14:23,300 --> 01:14:26,300
Americans who had embraced 
consumer culture and defined 

1463
01:14:26,300 --> 01:14:29,000
themselves through purchases. 
Now found themselves questioning

1464
01:14:29,000 --> 01:14:32,800
the basis of value itself. 
The arbitrary nature of monetary

1465
01:14:32,800 --> 01:14:34,800
value, became unavoidably 
apparent. 

1466
01:14:34,800 --> 01:14:38,400
When homes with 5,000 mortgages 
sold at auction for 1,000. 

1467
01:14:38,400 --> 01:14:42,000
And when a skilled labor is 
daily wage fell from four 

1468
01:14:42,000 --> 01:14:44,400
dollars to one dollar. 
If work could be found at all. 

1469
01:14:45,500 --> 01:14:48,500
We realized money was fictional 
explained former Banker Thomas 

1470
01:14:48,508 --> 01:14:50,800
Whitfield. 
Not just paper money. 

1471
01:14:51,400 --> 01:14:54,600
But the whole concept. 
A house didn't change physically

1472
01:14:54,600 --> 01:14:58,600
when its price dropped 80%, but 
suddenly the banks said, it was 

1473
01:14:58,600 --> 01:15:00,700
worth a fifth of what they'd 
claimed last year. 

1474
01:15:00,700 --> 01:15:04,900
A man's labor didn't change when
his was cut, but now an hour of 

1475
01:15:04,900 --> 01:15:06,900
sweat was worth half ordered 
Bean. 

1476
01:15:07,600 --> 01:15:09,600
This change made people question
everything. 

1477
01:15:09,600 --> 01:15:14,100
This questioning extended to 
Authority itself when presidents

1478
01:15:14,100 --> 01:15:16,300
Hoover and Roosevelt made 
pronouncements about the 

1479
01:15:16,300 --> 01:15:18,500
economy. 
Many Americans had become 

1480
01:15:18,500 --> 01:15:22,100
skeptical of official narrative,
having watched sound Banks 

1481
01:15:22,100 --> 01:15:24,400
collapse and blue chip stocks 
become worthless. 

1482
01:15:24,400 --> 01:15:28,000
They developed a weary towards 
institutional pronouncements 

1483
01:15:28,000 --> 01:15:30,000
that would influence American 
politics for decades. 

1484
01:15:30,000 --> 01:15:33,800
The depression's monetary chaos.
Also produced unexpected, social

1485
01:15:33,800 --> 01:15:38,000
effects as cash became scarce. 
Those who still had it gained 

1486
01:15:38,000 --> 01:15:40,500
outside. 
Influence, small town Bankers, 

1487
01:15:40,500 --> 01:15:43,400
who had maintained liquidity. 
Landlords, who owned properties 

1488
01:15:43,400 --> 01:15:46,400
outright and business owners? 
Who had avoided debt found 

1489
01:15:46,400 --> 01:15:48,500
themselves with disproportionate
Community power. 

1490
01:15:49,600 --> 01:15:52,400
This shift, created new, social 
hierarchies, based Less on 

1491
01:15:52,400 --> 01:15:56,900
traditional status markers and 
more on financial Prudence a 

1492
01:15:56,900 --> 01:15:59,400
virtue that had been largely 
dismissed during the exuberant 

1493
01:15:59,400 --> 01:16:02,300
1920s. 
The social order flipped 

1494
01:16:02,300 --> 01:16:05,500
observed Harriet, Crawley a 
schoolteacher from Virginia. 

1495
01:16:06,300 --> 01:16:10,100
The flashy Spenders of the 20s 
were now destitute while 

1496
01:16:10,100 --> 01:16:12,400
cautious, Savers became 
Community leaders. 

1497
01:16:13,100 --> 01:16:15,800
Everyone thought our principal 
was a Frugal Miser. 

1498
01:16:16,400 --> 01:16:18,900
But he was the only one who 
could provide small loans to 

1499
01:16:18,900 --> 01:16:21,000
prevent faculty members from 
losing their homes. 

1500
01:16:21,700 --> 01:16:25,600
His influence grew tremendously,
the psychological impact of the 

1501
01:16:25,600 --> 01:16:28,300
depression created wounds that 
statistics can't capture 

1502
01:16:28,300 --> 01:16:32,800
invisible scars, that shape 
behaviors relationships and 

1503
01:16:32,800 --> 01:16:36,700
World Views for Generations. 
While historians often focus on 

1504
01:16:36,700 --> 01:16:40,000
economic metrics, the True 
Legacy lived in changed minds 

1505
01:16:40,000 --> 01:16:43,000
and hearts. 
For adults who had established 

1506
01:16:43,000 --> 01:16:47,100
identities and expectations 
before the crash, the cycle was 

1507
01:16:47,100 --> 01:16:50,800
particularly severe. 
Edwin Matthews who practiced 

1508
01:16:50,800 --> 01:16:53,400
medicine in Cleveland throughout
the 1930s observed. 

1509
01:16:54,100 --> 01:16:57,300
I treated physical ailments, 
malnutrition tuberculosis 

1510
01:16:57,300 --> 01:17:01,000
exacerbated by poor housing 
industrial injuries, but the 

1511
01:17:01,000 --> 01:17:04,100
most common problems were cycle 
insomnia. 

1512
01:17:04,100 --> 01:17:07,800
Plagued former businessman 
digestive disorders, affected 

1513
01:17:07,800 --> 01:17:10,500
women, trying to feed families 
on inadequate budgets. 

1514
01:17:10,500 --> 01:17:14,000
I observe Tremors in hands that 
have previously been steady. 

1515
01:17:14,900 --> 01:17:17,600
These stress-related ailments 
rarely appear in depression. 

1516
01:17:17,600 --> 01:17:19,700
Statistics yet. 
They're affected Millions. 

1517
01:17:20,800 --> 01:17:22,200
More startling with the 
invisible. 

1518
01:17:22,200 --> 01:17:25,100
Behavioral changes. 
People who had been outgoing 

1519
01:17:25,100 --> 01:17:27,700
became withdrawn 
decision-making, became 

1520
01:17:27,700 --> 01:17:30,800
Paralyzed by fear. 
Marriage is strained under 

1521
01:17:30,800 --> 01:17:33,700
Financial pressure developed 
communication pattern centered 

1522
01:17:33,700 --> 01:17:35,600
on avoidance rather than 
confrontation. 

1523
01:17:36,300 --> 01:17:39,400
My mother changed completely 
said, Richard Neville, who was 

1524
01:17:39,400 --> 01:17:42,100
10 years old when his father 
lost his accounting position in 

1525
01:17:42,100 --> 01:17:44,300
1931. 
Before she'd been the 

1526
01:17:44,308 --> 01:17:47,200
neighborhood social organizer 
card, parties Community, Theater

1527
01:17:47,200 --> 01:17:50,000
Church of events. 
After we lost our home and moved

1528
01:17:50,000 --> 01:17:52,700
to a rental across town, she 
stopped seeing friends entirely,

1529
01:17:52,700 --> 01:17:55,500
she'd say she was too busy, but 
I would find her sitting 

1530
01:17:55,500 --> 01:17:57,000
motionless by the window for 
hours. 

1531
01:17:57,000 --> 01:18:00,400
The woman wants the heart of our
community became nearly mute. 

1532
01:18:01,400 --> 01:18:04,300
This social withdrawal emerged 
as a common coping mechanism. 

1533
01:18:04,300 --> 01:18:08,000
Shame about downward Mobility 
led many to isolate themselves 

1534
01:18:08,000 --> 01:18:10,400
rather than maintain 
relationships that reminded them

1535
01:18:10,400 --> 01:18:12,700
of their losses. 
This isolation, often 

1536
01:18:12,700 --> 01:18:16,200
compounded, depression, creating
cycle of emotional decline that 

1537
01:18:16,200 --> 01:18:18,900
remained unaddressed in an era. 
When Mental Health Care was 

1538
01:18:18,900 --> 01:18:23,200
primitive and stigmatized For 
children, the cycle, impacts 

1539
01:18:23,200 --> 01:18:26,500
manifested differently, many 
developed extreme risk of 

1540
01:18:26,508 --> 01:18:29,000
versions and preoccupation with 
security that would influence 

1541
01:18:29,000 --> 01:18:33,400
their decisions decades later. 
School teachers reported 

1542
01:18:33,400 --> 01:18:36,000
students, holding lunch 
leftovers, and school supplies. 

1543
01:18:36,800 --> 01:18:39,600
Children as young as six began 
asking anxious questions about 

1544
01:18:39,600 --> 01:18:42,700
family finances. 
Clara Mortensen, who taught 

1545
01:18:42,700 --> 01:18:46,700
third grade in Omaha noted for 
the depression children would 

1546
01:18:46,700 --> 01:18:50,900
trade sandwich halves or share 
treats by. 1932 I observed 

1547
01:18:50,900 --> 01:18:53,700
students carefully wrapping 
uneven portions to take home. 

1548
01:18:53,700 --> 01:18:57,000
They'd count crayons repeatedly 
to ensure none were lost. 

1549
01:18:57,000 --> 01:18:59,300
These weren't behaviors. 
Their parents are directly 

1550
01:18:59,300 --> 01:19:01,500
taught them. 
The children were absorbing the 

1551
01:19:01,500 --> 01:19:03,000
anxiety from the atmosphere 
around them. 

1552
01:19:04,500 --> 01:19:07,200
What's particularly striking 
about depression neuropsychology

1553
01:19:07,200 --> 01:19:09,200
was the disproportionate impact 
on men. 

1554
01:19:10,000 --> 01:19:12,500
In a culture that primarily 
defined masculine Success 

1555
01:19:12,500 --> 01:19:15,200
Through provider ship 
unemployment, profoundly 

1556
01:19:15,200 --> 01:19:18,700
impacted the core of male 
identity women, though, 

1557
01:19:18,700 --> 01:19:20,100
certainly not immune to 
depression. 

1558
01:19:20,100 --> 01:19:23,900
Trauma often had secondary 
identities as caregivers and 

1559
01:19:23,900 --> 01:19:25,900
home managers. 
That remained intact despite 

1560
01:19:25,900 --> 01:19:29,300
Financial collapse, Henry 
Gladwell who spent two years, 

1561
01:19:29,300 --> 01:19:31,700
riding the rails after losing 
his Factory job in Akron. 

1562
01:19:31,700 --> 01:19:35,400
Described this gender, 
differential, a man with without

1563
01:19:35,400 --> 01:19:37,200
working in these days, wasn't a 
man at all. 

1564
01:19:37,200 --> 01:19:40,400
Women could still be mothers and
wives without paychecks. 

1565
01:19:40,400 --> 01:19:44,000
Women faced severe, hardships, 
but their experiences were 

1566
01:19:44,000 --> 01:19:47,400
different from Men. 
For us men unemployment wasn't 

1567
01:19:47,400 --> 01:19:51,000
just economic hardship. 
It was a masculine, some 

1568
01:19:51,000 --> 01:19:52,400
fellows. 
I knew would leave home each 

1569
01:19:52,408 --> 01:19:54,900
morning pretending to seek 
employment, but would actually 

1570
01:19:54,900 --> 01:19:57,600
spend the day in the public 
library just to maintain the 

1571
01:19:57,600 --> 01:19:59,000
fiction that they were still 
trying. 

1572
01:20:00,300 --> 01:20:03,400
This gendered experience created
lasting imprints on family. 

1573
01:20:03,400 --> 01:20:07,200
Dynamics children, who watched 
fathers struggle with identity 

1574
01:20:07,200 --> 01:20:10,600
loss, often developed complex 
relationships with authority and

1575
01:20:10,600 --> 01:20:13,200
achievement. 
Many Depression era children 

1576
01:20:13,200 --> 01:20:15,900
grew up to become Workaholics 
driving themselves. 

1577
01:20:15,900 --> 01:20:17,800
Relentlessly to avoid the 
vulnerability. 

1578
01:20:17,800 --> 01:20:21,700
They had witnessed in there at 
parents the cycleogical impact, 

1579
01:20:21,700 --> 01:20:24,900
extended to how people viewed 
institutions, trust in Banks 

1580
01:20:24,900 --> 01:20:28,000
corporations and government 
suffered damage that would never

1581
01:20:28,000 --> 01:20:30,200
fully heal. 
For many, who had believed in 

1582
01:20:30,200 --> 01:20:33,500
American capitalism, as an 
essentially Fair system at 

1583
01:20:33,500 --> 01:20:36,200
rewarded hard work, the 
depression destroyed, this 

1584
01:20:36,200 --> 01:20:41,100
foundational, assumption. my 
father was a True Believer in 

1585
01:20:41,100 --> 01:20:45,400
the American dream explained, 
Catherine Oaks whose family lost

1586
01:20:45,400 --> 01:20:48,900
their Michigan Farm to 
foreclosure He'd emigrated from 

1587
01:20:48,900 --> 01:20:53,100
Poland, worked, 18 hours, a day,
and saved every penny. 

1588
01:20:54,700 --> 01:20:58,500
When the bank took our farm 
something broken in him, not 

1589
01:20:58,500 --> 01:21:02,900
just sadness, his entire 
worldview collapsed, he'd 

1590
01:21:02,900 --> 01:21:05,400
believed there was a moral order
where virtue was rewarded. 

1591
01:21:05,400 --> 01:21:09,600
After that, he viewed all 
institutions with suspicion, he 

1592
01:21:09,600 --> 01:21:11,800
wouldn't even trust the Post 
Office with packages. 

1593
01:21:13,000 --> 01:21:16,100
This institutional, distrust 
manifested in behaviors that 

1594
01:21:16,100 --> 01:21:19,700
Outsiders often found in 
comprehensible people who had 

1595
01:21:19,700 --> 01:21:22,200
survived bank failures might 
divide their modest savings 

1596
01:21:22,200 --> 01:21:26,300
between multiple hiding places. 
important documents were kept at

1597
01:21:26,300 --> 01:21:30,100
home rather than in safe deposit
boxes government assistance 

1598
01:21:30,100 --> 01:21:33,200
programs were viewed with 
suspicion even by those who 

1599
01:21:33,200 --> 01:21:38,000
desperately needed help, perhaps
most profoundly The depression 

1600
01:21:38,000 --> 01:21:41,100
altered America's relationship 
with possibility itself. 

1601
01:21:41,100 --> 01:21:44,300
The assumption that tomorrow 
would likely be better than 

1602
01:21:44,300 --> 01:21:46,500
today. 
A quintessentially, American 

1603
01:21:46,500 --> 01:21:49,500
Outlook was replaced for many by
a persistent expectation of 

1604
01:21:49,508 --> 01:21:53,000
calamity. 
This anticipatory anxiety became

1605
01:21:53,000 --> 01:21:56,200
so ingrained that many 
depression survivors maintained 

1606
01:21:56,200 --> 01:21:59,800
emergency preparation throughout
their lives long after economic 

1607
01:21:59,800 --> 01:22:02,500
recovery. 
Grandmother kept a suitcase 

1608
01:22:02,500 --> 01:22:06,700
packed until the day she died in
1992, called Tom Whitaker about 

1609
01:22:06,700 --> 01:22:10,100
his grandmother who lived 
through bank runs in 1931. 

1610
01:22:10,100 --> 01:22:13,600
She insisted every family member
memorized, a meeting location, 

1611
01:22:13,600 --> 01:22:17,000
if things fell apart again. 
She maintained a pantry that 

1612
01:22:17,000 --> 01:22:19,900
could feed 20 people for months.
When we cleaned out her 

1613
01:22:19,900 --> 01:22:23,000
apartment, we found gold coins. 
Sewn into the lining of her 

1614
01:22:23,000 --> 01:22:25,200
winter coat. 
The depression never ended in 

1615
01:22:25,200 --> 01:22:28,200
her mind when we examine the 
depression Beyond economic 

1616
01:22:28,200 --> 01:22:30,700
statistics. 
We discover how profoundly it 

1617
01:22:30,700 --> 01:22:35,200
transformed every day routines 
and practices necessity forced 

1618
01:22:35,200 --> 01:22:38,100
innovation in ways that 
fundamentally reshaped American 

1619
01:22:38,100 --> 01:22:41,000
domestic life. 
Perhaps the most remarkable 

1620
01:22:41,000 --> 01:22:44,500
transformation happened in 
kitchens Across America cooking 

1621
01:22:44,500 --> 01:22:47,300
practices that had been trending
toward convenience Foods in the 

1622
01:22:47,300 --> 01:22:50,300
1920s. 
Reverse dramatically women, who 

1623
01:22:50,300 --> 01:22:52,400
had never baked bread found 
themselves studying their 

1624
01:22:52,400 --> 01:22:55,400
grandmother's recipes complex 
systems for food. 

1625
01:22:55,400 --> 01:22:57,300
Preservation. 
Emerged in Urban Apartments. 

1626
01:22:57,300 --> 01:22:58,700
Never designed for such 
activities. 

1627
01:22:58,700 --> 01:23:02,200
Evelyn Carruthers, who managed 
to household in Baltimore 

1628
01:23:02,200 --> 01:23:04,400
described this color and 
revolution. 

1629
01:23:05,300 --> 01:23:08,500
Before 29, I bought Baker's 
bread and canned vegetables 

1630
01:23:08,500 --> 01:23:12,100
without thinking after my 
husband's pay was cut by 2/3. 

1631
01:23:12,100 --> 01:23:15,900
I had to relearn everything. 
I converted our fire escape into

1632
01:23:15,900 --> 01:23:18,900
a cooling rack for bread. 
I learned to make five different

1633
01:23:18,900 --> 01:23:21,900
meals from a single chicken. 
Nothing was wasted. 

1634
01:23:21,900 --> 01:23:25,600
Potato peels became super stock 
and meat bones were boiled 

1635
01:23:25,600 --> 01:23:28,100
repeatedly. 
We strained the bacon, grease 

1636
01:23:28,100 --> 01:23:29,800
and used it for cooking 
throughout the week. 

1637
01:23:29,800 --> 01:23:33,500
This culinary transformation 
wasn't merely about frugality, 

1638
01:23:33,500 --> 01:23:36,900
it represented a fundamental 
change in how Americans related 

1639
01:23:36,900 --> 01:23:39,900
to their food. 
The direct involvement in food 

1640
01:23:39,900 --> 01:23:42,900
production, created new 
relationships with ingredients 

1641
01:23:42,900 --> 01:23:46,900
and nutrition. despite financial
hardship, many depression 

1642
01:23:46,900 --> 01:23:49,900
survivors reported that their 
diets improved in quality as 

1643
01:23:49,900 --> 01:23:54,600
they replaced processed foods 
with scratch cooking, Home 

1644
01:23:54,600 --> 01:23:56,200
Maintenance underwent, similar 
reinvention. 

1645
01:23:56,200 --> 01:23:59,500
The service economy that had 
begun emerging in the 1920s 

1646
01:23:59,500 --> 01:24:01,500
collapsed. 
As families could no longer 

1647
01:24:01,508 --> 01:24:04,500
afford repairmen cleaners or 
delivery services. 

1648
01:24:04,500 --> 01:24:07,808
This scenario necessitated a 
massive re-skilling of the 

1649
01:24:07,816 --> 01:24:10,500
American population. 
Particularly among middle-class 

1650
01:24:10,500 --> 01:24:13,600
men who had specialized 
professionally but now needed to

1651
01:24:13,600 --> 01:24:17,400
become generalists. 
Robert Thornhill who'd worked as

1652
01:24:17,400 --> 01:24:20,000
an accountant in Chicago. 
Exemplified this transition. 

1653
01:24:21,200 --> 01:24:23,600
Before the crash I called 
Professionals for everything 

1654
01:24:23,600 --> 01:24:25,500
electricians. 
Plumbers Carpenters. 

1655
01:24:25,500 --> 01:24:29,600
After losing my position, I 
couldn't afford 15 cents for A 

1656
01:24:29,600 --> 01:24:31,800
Streetcar, fare let alone 
dollars for repairs. 

1657
01:24:31,800 --> 01:24:34,800
I traded accounting. 
Help to a hardware store owner 

1658
01:24:34,800 --> 01:24:38,300
for tools and manuals. 
I rewired our lighting, fixed 

1659
01:24:38,300 --> 01:24:42,600
the toilet, and rebuilt, our 
kitchen table, My father had 

1660
01:24:42,600 --> 01:24:45,400
been a farmer who could fix 
anything skills? 

1661
01:24:45,400 --> 01:24:47,800
I dismissed as unnecessary and 
modern times. 

1662
01:24:48,700 --> 01:24:51,100
The depression brought me back 
to his world with humility. 

1663
01:24:52,300 --> 01:24:55,300
This reskilling extended Beyond 
maintenance to a complete 

1664
01:24:55,300 --> 01:24:58,600
re-imagining of household 
objects Americans developed 

1665
01:24:58,600 --> 01:25:00,700
ingenious systems for 
repurposing items. 

1666
01:25:00,700 --> 01:25:02,100
That would otherwise be 
discarded. 

1667
01:25:02,900 --> 01:25:06,000
Flour sacks became dresses. 
Car tires became shoe, soles 

1668
01:25:06,000 --> 01:25:09,200
newspapers, became insulation, 
and cardboard was transformed 

1669
01:25:09,200 --> 01:25:13,000
into Furniture reinforcement. 
Martha Simmons, who grew up in 

1670
01:25:13,000 --> 01:25:15,300
Tulsa. 
Recalled her mother's Ingenuity.

1671
01:25:15,300 --> 01:25:18,800
Mum turned old wool coats into 
children's clothing. 

1672
01:25:19,700 --> 01:25:22,900
She unraveled worn out sweaters 
to renit the yarn into socks, 

1673
01:25:22,900 --> 01:25:26,700
but her most extraordinary 
creation was our new living room

1674
01:25:26,700 --> 01:25:31,100
set. she couldn't afford 
upholstery she needed fabric, so

1675
01:25:31,100 --> 01:25:34,000
she gathered, burlap coffee 
sacks from local shops, dyed 

1676
01:25:34,000 --> 01:25:36,800
them, with walnut, husks to 
achieve a consistent color and 

1677
01:25:36,800 --> 01:25:39,600
refinished our worn out 
furniture She stuffed the 

1678
01:25:39,608 --> 01:25:42,000
cushions with unraveled cotton 
from worn out. 

1679
01:25:42,008 --> 01:25:45,300
Mattresses guests complemented, 
our rustic decor. 

1680
01:25:45,300 --> 01:25:48,900
Never realizing it was born of 
desperation Transportation 

1681
01:25:48,900 --> 01:25:50,900
underwent, perhaps the most 
visible transformation. 

1682
01:25:51,600 --> 01:25:54,800
The automobile, which had become
Central to American identity in 

1683
01:25:54,800 --> 01:25:57,800
the 1920s was now often 
unaffordable to operate. 

1684
01:25:58,700 --> 01:26:01,600
Family, who kept their cars 
developed elaborate systems to 

1685
01:26:01,600 --> 01:26:05,200
extend their utility adding 
cargo platforms to carry Goods. 

1686
01:26:05,200 --> 01:26:08,800
Converting sedans in to pick up 
trucks by removing rear sections

1687
01:26:08,800 --> 01:26:11,800
and modifying engines to burn 
lower quality fuels. 

1688
01:26:11,800 --> 01:26:15,700
Many families return to pre 
Automotive Transportation, Urban

1689
01:26:15,700 --> 01:26:19,600
bicycle usage surged, Alan 
Parker who delivered groceries 

1690
01:26:19,600 --> 01:26:23,400
and Philadelphia noted. 
A 1932 the streets had changed 

1691
01:26:23,400 --> 01:26:26,900
completely, for weeks at a time 
people Park, their cars up on 

1692
01:26:26,900 --> 01:26:30,600
blocks to reduce tire. 
Wear bicycles were everywhere. 

1693
01:26:30,600 --> 01:26:35,000
Often carrying entire families. 
I saw a father pedaling with his

1694
01:26:35,000 --> 01:26:37,000
wife on the handlebars and two 
children on the back. 

1695
01:26:37,000 --> 01:26:40,600
Fender people rigged, incredible
trailers to bite for moving 

1696
01:26:40,600 --> 01:26:43,500
larger items. 
Leisure activities were 

1697
01:26:43,500 --> 01:26:48,200
similarly reinvented commercial 
entertainment movies, nightclubs

1698
01:26:48,200 --> 01:26:51,200
and sports events became 
unaffordable luxuries for many 

1699
01:26:51,200 --> 01:26:55,200
in response Americans. 
Rediscovered, participatory and 

1700
01:26:55,200 --> 01:26:58,200
entertainment, Community 
singing, amateur theatricals and

1701
01:26:58,200 --> 01:27:01,400
storytelling circles 
experienced, unexpected, 

1702
01:27:01,400 --> 01:27:04,700
revivals or games enjoyed, 
unprecedented popularity. 

1703
01:27:04,700 --> 01:27:07,900
With families, often making 
their own version of commercial 

1704
01:27:07,900 --> 01:27:10,400
games. 
The depression also forced 

1705
01:27:10,400 --> 01:27:12,000
reconsideration of living 
arrangements. 

1706
01:27:12,900 --> 01:27:16,400
Extended families, Consolidated 
into shared housing creating new

1707
01:27:16,400 --> 01:27:19,700
intergenerational Dynamics. 
In urban areas, apartment 

1708
01:27:19,700 --> 01:27:23,600
sharing became common among 
unrelated adults creating ad hoc

1709
01:27:23,600 --> 01:27:26,500
family structures that pulled 
resources and distributed 

1710
01:27:26,500 --> 01:27:29,500
household labor. 
Margaret Wilson who shared a 

1711
01:27:29,500 --> 01:27:32,000
Chicago apartment with five 
other women, described these 

1712
01:27:32,000 --> 01:27:34,400
Arrangements. 
We each contributed, what we 

1713
01:27:34,400 --> 01:27:37,800
could Helen worked part-time as 
a secretary and provided most of

1714
01:27:37,800 --> 01:27:40,100
our cashing come with my sewing 
machine. 

1715
01:27:40,100 --> 01:27:42,500
Still in working order. 
I made clothes for everyone 

1716
01:27:42,500 --> 01:27:45,100
Dorothy had trained as a nurse 
and handled medical needs. 

1717
01:27:45,100 --> 01:27:48,500
We developed a system as precise
as any factorie schedule for 

1718
01:27:48,500 --> 01:27:50,100
cooking cleaning and job 
hunting. 

1719
01:27:50,100 --> 01:27:53,600
We were not relatives but 
necessity made us close to the 

1720
01:27:53,600 --> 01:27:57,600
many families. 
Perhaps most significant was the

1721
01:27:57,600 --> 01:28:01,800
transformation of time itself. 
The standardized workday which 

1722
01:28:01,800 --> 01:28:05,700
had been increasingly normalized
in the 1920s, disintegrated for 

1723
01:28:05,700 --> 01:28:09,700
many Americans work when 
available might come at any 

1724
01:28:09,700 --> 01:28:11,400
hour. 
The unemployed developed 

1725
01:28:11,400 --> 01:28:14,100
elaborate routines to provide 
structure to days, no longer 

1726
01:28:14,108 --> 01:28:17,900
defined by workplace schedules. 
William Harrington laid off from

1727
01:28:17,900 --> 01:28:20,400
Pittsburgh steel, mills 
described, this temporal shift. 

1728
01:28:21,500 --> 01:28:24,500
After three months without work,
I realized time was becoming my 

1729
01:28:24,500 --> 01:28:27,000
enemy, empty hours bred to 
spare. 

1730
01:28:27,000 --> 01:28:31,400
So I created a schedule as rigid
as the Mills up at 5:30 

1731
01:28:31,400 --> 01:28:33,400
breakfast job hunting until 
noon. 

1732
01:28:33,400 --> 01:28:37,300
After noon for repair work or 
gardening, I dedicate my 

1733
01:28:37,300 --> 01:28:40,900
evening's to reading in order to
enhance my skills on Sundays, I 

1734
01:28:40,900 --> 01:28:44,000
dedicate myself to church and 
spending time with my family, it

1735
01:28:44,000 --> 01:28:46,800
wasn't about efficiency. 
It was about maintaining sanity 

1736
01:28:46,800 --> 01:28:48,500
when the clock no longer ruled 
my life. 

1737
01:28:49,500 --> 01:28:51,700
This reinvention of daily 
routines wasn't merely 

1738
01:28:51,700 --> 01:28:53,900
adaptation. 
It represented a profound 

1739
01:28:53,900 --> 01:28:56,900
cultural shift in how Americans 
related to material Goods 

1740
01:28:56,900 --> 01:29:01,100
services and time itself. 
The depression forced a 

1741
01:29:01,100 --> 01:29:05,000
nationwide reassessment of needs
versus wants durability versus 

1742
01:29:05,000 --> 01:29:08,600
disposability and self-reliance 
versus specialization. 

1743
01:29:09,500 --> 01:29:12,200
These values would influence 
consumption, patterns, and 

1744
01:29:12,200 --> 01:29:14,800
domestic practices for decades 
after economic recovery. 

1745
01:29:14,800 --> 01:29:18,500
The depression is famous for 
individual hardships, but its 

1746
01:29:18,500 --> 01:29:21,200
most impressive story may be how
communities devise survival 

1747
01:29:21,200 --> 01:29:24,100
strategies, that changed 
American Social organization. 

1748
01:29:24,100 --> 01:29:27,200
Together, these responses 
provided resilience where 

1749
01:29:27,200 --> 01:29:29,700
individual efforts failed, 
highly sophisticated 

1750
01:29:29,700 --> 01:29:33,500
neighborhood, support systems 
arose, informal communication, 

1751
01:29:33,500 --> 01:29:36,900
networks, convey information 
about jobs Assistance, programs 

1752
01:29:36,900 --> 01:29:39,300
and local credit providers in 
metropolitan areas. 

1753
01:29:40,000 --> 01:29:42,900
These networks spanned ethnic 
and religious divides by using 

1754
01:29:42,900 --> 01:29:46,600
tenement hallways laundry lines 
and front Stoops to spread 

1755
01:29:46,600 --> 01:29:48,800
information. 
Before the crash. 

1756
01:29:48,800 --> 01:29:50,300
The Jewish families in our 
building. 

1757
01:29:50,300 --> 01:29:52,100
Barely spoke to the Italian 
families. 

1758
01:29:52,100 --> 01:29:54,500
Two floors down said, 
Williamsburg resident, Sarah 

1759
01:29:54,500 --> 01:29:56,400
Goldstein. 
Mrs. Esposito. 

1760
01:29:56,400 --> 01:29:59,700
And my mother ran a Soup pot for
both families in 1931. 

1761
01:29:59,700 --> 01:30:03,300
After learning about the 
warehouse job Mr. Esposito 

1762
01:30:03,300 --> 01:30:06,300
informed. 
My father old boundaries fell 

1763
01:30:06,300 --> 01:30:10,100
because survival demanded. 
Cooperation Mrs. Esposito lit. 

1764
01:30:10,100 --> 01:30:13,200
Candles with us on Friday nights
because we are family, not 

1765
01:30:13,200 --> 01:30:15,800
because she was Jewish. 
Community. 

1766
01:30:15,800 --> 01:30:19,400
Cohesion, led to practical 
assistance systems organic Child

1767
01:30:19,400 --> 01:30:21,600
Care cooperatives. 
Let parents switch job hunting 

1768
01:30:21,600 --> 01:30:25,200
days tool library's let neighbor
expensive gear. 

1769
01:30:26,000 --> 01:30:28,900
Urban vacant sites become 
fertile land with communal 

1770
01:30:28,900 --> 01:30:31,800
Gardens. 
The depression also saw formal 

1771
01:30:31,800 --> 01:30:35,100
mutual help organizations grow, 
many histories focus on 

1772
01:30:35,100 --> 01:30:38,000
government relief programs, 
although community-based 

1773
01:30:38,000 --> 01:30:40,800
structures delivered faster and 
more culturally relevant Aid. 

1774
01:30:41,500 --> 01:30:44,800
Religious fraternal and ethnic 
benefit societies extended their

1775
01:30:44,800 --> 01:30:46,600
roles to meet economic 
requirements. 

1776
01:30:47,600 --> 01:30:51,200
The black fraternal group Prince
Hall Masons exhibited this 

1777
01:30:51,200 --> 01:30:54,100
expansion. 
Detroit Lodge officer Thomas 

1778
01:30:54,100 --> 01:30:57,200
Washington said. 
Our organization, traditionally 

1779
01:30:57,200 --> 01:30:59,600
provides burial benefits and 
social connections. 

1780
01:30:59,600 --> 01:31:02,800
We became a job office Food, 
Distribution Center and housing,

1781
01:31:02,800 --> 01:31:06,300
referral agency overnight during
the Depression, every working 

1782
01:31:06,300 --> 01:31:07,800
brother supported the 
unemployed. 

1783
01:31:07,800 --> 01:31:10,800
When the economy faild, our 
community retained dignity, 

1784
01:31:11,900 --> 01:31:15,000
Labor unions, expanded Beyond 
workplace activism to provide 

1785
01:31:15,000 --> 01:31:18,000
overall support. 
The international ladies garment

1786
01:31:18,000 --> 01:31:20,900
Workers Union in New York 
sponsored health clinics, 

1787
01:31:20,900 --> 01:31:23,400
Cooperative, housing, and adult 
education. 

1788
01:31:25,100 --> 01:31:27,100
Michigan United Auto Workers are
employment. 

1789
01:31:27,100 --> 01:31:31,100
Councils organized, direct 
action to avoid eviction later, 

1790
01:31:31,100 --> 01:31:33,800
UAB leader, Walter Rutha 
remembered early, Depression era

1791
01:31:33,800 --> 01:31:37,600
activities, Hundreds of workers 
block the sheriff, when a family

1792
01:31:37,600 --> 01:31:40,800
received an eviction notice, 
then we negotiate lower, rent, 

1793
01:31:40,800 --> 01:31:43,800
or payment schedule with the 
landlord, we'd return the 

1794
01:31:43,800 --> 01:31:45,800
family's possessions after 
authorities left. 

1795
01:31:45,800 --> 01:31:49,400
If eviction was inevitable. 
Now we fought for Community 

1796
01:31:49,400 --> 01:31:53,600
survival, not pay. 
Rural communities established 

1797
01:31:53,600 --> 01:31:57,700
unique mutual help systems. 
Besides advocacy, The Grange 

1798
01:31:57,700 --> 01:32:00,900
coordinated seed exchanges, 
equipment, sharing and labor 

1799
01:32:00,900 --> 01:32:03,600
pooling. 
Farmers formed, communal lending

1800
01:32:03,600 --> 01:32:06,300
circles, based on European and 
African Customs. 

1801
01:32:06,300 --> 01:32:09,100
When bank failures devastated, 
the conventional credit system, 

1802
01:32:10,100 --> 01:32:13,700
Transformations were specially 
profound in churches, religion 

1803
01:32:13,700 --> 01:32:16,800
became a distribution employment
and housing coordinators. 

1804
01:32:16,800 --> 01:32:19,700
In addition, to spiritual 
assistance, when public 

1805
01:32:19,700 --> 01:32:22,700
education funds, fell Church, 
basements became schools, 

1806
01:32:22,700 --> 01:32:25,700
religious communities, that had 
focused on spirituality. 

1807
01:32:25,700 --> 01:32:29,400
Now, addressed material, 
concerns directly, The 

1808
01:32:29,408 --> 01:32:32,800
depression, charity was a minor 
part of our ministry, said data.

1809
01:32:32,800 --> 01:32:35,400
And First Methodist Church, 
Pastor Michael Thompson. 

1810
01:32:35,400 --> 01:32:40,700
We turned our refuge into a 
nighttime dormitory by 1932 Our 

1811
01:32:40,700 --> 01:32:43,500
Sunday School classes became 
Healthcare Clinic with volunteer

1812
01:32:43,500 --> 01:32:47,200
nurse's, we broadened Christian 
responsibility from Spirits to 

1813
01:32:47,200 --> 01:32:49,700
bodies. 
Theological consequences were 

1814
01:32:49,700 --> 01:32:51,500
huge. 
We couldn't preach about 

1815
01:32:51,500 --> 01:32:53,600
Paradise while neglecting 
Earthly misery. 

1816
01:32:55,000 --> 01:32:57,300
Across cutting aspect of these 
Community Systems was 

1817
01:32:57,300 --> 01:33:01,200
significant organizations that 
service ethnic religious or 

1818
01:33:01,200 --> 01:33:04,200
occupational. 
Groups expanded their reach, the

1819
01:33:04,200 --> 01:33:06,600
result opened up Social 
relationships across boundaries 

1820
01:33:06,600 --> 01:33:10,100
intentional, communities plan, 
Cooperative living arrangements 

1821
01:33:10,100 --> 01:33:13,400
that pulled resources to Foster 
security grew during the 

1822
01:33:13,400 --> 01:33:16,200
Depression. 
These included official Ventures

1823
01:33:16,200 --> 01:33:19,400
like West, Virginia's Arthur 
Dale community and spontaneous 

1824
01:33:19,400 --> 01:33:21,900
settlements like unemployed 
workers Cooperative camps 

1825
01:33:21,900 --> 01:33:25,900
outside major towns. 
According to Joseph Collins, who

1826
01:33:25,900 --> 01:33:27,600
founded a Cooperative Camp? 
Outside? 

1827
01:33:27,600 --> 01:33:31,500
Seattle, 60, families. 
Erected shelters from salvaged 

1828
01:33:31,500 --> 01:33:36,200
materials on vacant ground. 
We had sanitation, education and

1829
01:33:36,200 --> 01:33:38,200
food production committees. 
Like a little town. 

1830
01:33:39,000 --> 01:33:42,700
Everyone contributed skills. 
A fired teacher taught kids 

1831
01:33:42,700 --> 01:33:46,600
restaurant, veterans, ran our 
shared kitchen, we printed 

1832
01:33:46,600 --> 01:33:49,300
labor, backed script. 
It was more than survival. 

1833
01:33:49,300 --> 01:33:52,000
We were developing an 
alternative to the failed 

1834
01:33:52,000 --> 01:33:54,900
economy. 
These Villages were social and 

1835
01:33:54,900 --> 01:33:57,900
economic Innovation Labs. 
Many tried Cooperative 

1836
01:33:57,900 --> 01:34:01,300
ownership, labor exchange and 
non-monetary economies to 

1837
01:34:01,300 --> 01:34:04,600
replace capitalism. most of 
these attempts were absorbed 

1838
01:34:04,600 --> 01:34:07,800
into mainstream Economic 
Institutions, but the shaped 

1839
01:34:07,800 --> 01:34:11,600
American Community organization,
Community structures generated 

1840
01:34:11,600 --> 01:34:14,700
psychological resilience that 
individuals couldn't most 

1841
01:34:14,700 --> 01:34:17,600
notably. 
Mutual Aid, participants had 

1842
01:34:17,600 --> 01:34:20,600
lower depression and suicide 
rates than those who struggled 

1843
01:34:20,600 --> 01:34:22,900
alone. 
Community responses brought 

1844
01:34:22,900 --> 01:34:25,000
meaning to suffering, that may 
have seemed useless. 

1845
01:34:26,600 --> 01:34:29,300
Chicago settlement house. 
Worker Margaret Wilson, said 

1846
01:34:30,100 --> 01:34:32,300
Community connections kept 
Spirits alive. 

1847
01:34:32,300 --> 01:34:36,300
A huge psychological difference,
existed between unemployed men 

1848
01:34:36,300 --> 01:34:39,300
who joined our workers Council. 
And those who stayed alienated 

1849
01:34:39,300 --> 01:34:42,800
meaning and perseverance came 
from shared hardship. 

1850
01:34:42,800 --> 01:34:46,500
The council members endured 
hunger and pain with friends not

1851
01:34:46,500 --> 01:34:49,300
shamefully alone. 
These Collective survival 

1852
01:34:49,300 --> 01:34:51,000
structures. 
Challenged American 

1853
01:34:51,000 --> 01:34:54,200
individualism greatly, they 
showed that interdependence not 

1854
01:34:54,200 --> 01:34:57,900
self-reliance, determined 
economic disaster, survivability

1855
01:34:59,200 --> 01:35:02,500
Long after the Depression, this 
lesson shaped social policy and 

1856
01:35:02,500 --> 01:35:04,700
Community. 
Organizing the Great Depression 

1857
01:35:04,700 --> 01:35:07,900
affected, almost all Americans. 
Or some of events are forgotten,

1858
01:35:07,900 --> 01:35:11,700
black Americans suffered greatly
during the Depression, but 

1859
01:35:11,700 --> 01:35:15,500
conventional narrative, rarely 
mention it already discriminated

1860
01:35:15,500 --> 01:35:17,500
against him, work housing and 
education. 

1861
01:35:17,500 --> 01:35:20,500
Black communities saw the 
depression as a worsening of 

1862
01:35:20,500 --> 01:35:23,600
their poverty. 
Atlanta domestic worker, Lillian

1863
01:35:23,600 --> 01:35:25,500
Thompson characterized this 
continuity. 

1864
01:35:26,200 --> 01:35:27,700
White's discussed the 
depression. 

1865
01:35:27,700 --> 01:35:31,200
Like it ended the world. 
Historically colored people were

1866
01:35:31,200 --> 01:35:33,700
economically insecure last 
hired. 

1867
01:35:33,700 --> 01:35:37,300
First dismissed, was our Norm we
lost even on minimal security, 

1868
01:35:37,300 --> 01:35:40,200
my spouse, and I saved 400 
dollars for a house. 

1869
01:35:40,200 --> 01:35:42,900
When Citizens Trust Bank fail 
that money vanished. 

1870
01:35:42,900 --> 01:35:46,300
No government officials worried 
about black Banks, like they did

1871
01:35:46,300 --> 01:35:49,200
white ones. 
Black agricultural workers 

1872
01:35:49,200 --> 01:35:52,600
suffered most in rural areas in 
addition to Chronic debt from 

1873
01:35:52,600 --> 01:35:55,100
sharecropping, they faced 
falling cotton prices and 

1874
01:35:55,100 --> 01:35:58,600
agricultural mechanization. 
Mechanical cotton, Pickers 

1875
01:35:58,600 --> 01:36:02,000
eliminated, thousands of jobs in
the 1930s when Alternatives were

1876
01:36:02,000 --> 01:36:04,500
scarce. 
This agricultural, displacement 

1877
01:36:04,500 --> 01:36:07,500
spurred the great migration of 
black Americans to Northern 

1878
01:36:07,500 --> 01:36:10,600
cities, the housing 
discrimination forced them into 

1879
01:36:10,600 --> 01:36:15,000
overcrowded, poor dwellings, 
Many New Deal initiatives helped

1880
01:36:15,000 --> 01:36:17,800
Americans find housing but 
redlining excluded black 

1881
01:36:17,800 --> 01:36:20,800
neighborhoods indigenous. 
Populations experience the 

1882
01:36:20,800 --> 01:36:25,000
depression through a complicated
mix of economic breakdown and 

1883
01:36:25,000 --> 01:36:28,000
Colonial policy. 
The failure of the cash economy 

1884
01:36:28,000 --> 01:36:30,700
had less of an impact on 
traditional subsistence tribes. 

1885
01:36:30,700 --> 01:36:34,700
The non-native those forced into
wage labor by previous 

1886
01:36:34,700 --> 01:36:36,700
government. 
Legislation were specially, 

1887
01:36:36,700 --> 01:36:40,800
vulnerable Joseph Blackhawk and 
Omaha Tribal member who worked 

1888
01:36:40,800 --> 01:36:43,500
in Nebraska Meatpacking 
facilities said government 

1889
01:36:43,500 --> 01:36:45,700
schools and reservation 
regulations destroyed. 

1890
01:36:45,700 --> 01:36:49,500
Our grandparents, land-based 
abilities, any of us relied on 

1891
01:36:49,500 --> 01:36:52,300
wage work, that disappeared 
during the Depression, the 

1892
01:36:52,300 --> 01:36:55,300
transformation of our hunting 
grounds into farms and our plant

1893
01:36:55,300 --> 01:36:56,800
Gathering sights into paved 
areas. 

1894
01:36:56,800 --> 01:37:00,000
Prevented us from reverting to 
our ancient Customs, the 

1895
01:37:00,000 --> 01:37:03,300
simultaneous failure of both 
systems, put us Between Worlds. 

1896
01:37:04,100 --> 01:37:08,300
The 1934 Indian reorganization 
Act, despite its promotion as a 

1897
01:37:08,300 --> 01:37:11,800
progressive reform, resulted in 
increased economic dependency 

1898
01:37:11,800 --> 01:37:14,900
during the Depression 
constitutions, that prioritize 

1899
01:37:14,900 --> 01:37:18,000
resource exploitation have 
reformed tribes promoting 

1900
01:37:18,000 --> 01:37:20,100
outside interests over 
indigenous communities. 

1901
01:37:21,100 --> 01:37:23,700
Mexican-americans in the 
south-west had particularly 

1902
01:37:23,700 --> 01:37:26,800
depression problems. 
Large producers slashed wages 

1903
01:37:26,800 --> 01:37:29,100
drastically. 
But still demanded hard work 

1904
01:37:29,100 --> 01:37:32,700
when crop prices plummeted 
Mexican and Mexican-American 

1905
01:37:32,700 --> 01:37:35,800
workers faced violence, 
oppression and deportation due 

1906
01:37:35,800 --> 01:37:38,700
to their organizing efforts. 
The federal government's 

1907
01:37:38,700 --> 01:37:41,700
repatriation plans, demonstrate 
economic distress and racial 

1908
01:37:41,700 --> 01:37:44,900
targeting. 
About 60% of the one to two 

1909
01:37:44,900 --> 01:37:47,600
million, Mexican Americans, 
deported, or pushed to leave. 

1910
01:37:47,600 --> 01:37:51,900
The US between 1929 and 1936. 
Were US citizens. 

1911
01:37:51,900 --> 01:37:55,000
The result was one of the 
largest forced migration in 

1912
01:37:55,000 --> 01:37:58,100
American history frequently with
without legal procedure. 

1913
01:37:59,100 --> 01:38:03,300
Elena Ramirez whose family was 
deported to Mexico in. 1932 

1914
01:38:03,300 --> 01:38:06,300
said, immigration agents in 
circled, our Los Angeles, 

1915
01:38:06,308 --> 01:38:08,600
neighborhood and loaded everyone
onto trucks. 

1916
01:38:08,600 --> 01:38:12,000
The fact that my brother and I 
were born in California and held

1917
01:38:12,000 --> 01:38:13,800
American citizenship did not 
matter. 

1918
01:38:13,800 --> 01:38:18,100
We only had a few hours to pack.
My father worked at the same 

1919
01:38:18,100 --> 01:38:21,300
Factory for nine years. 
Our church school and Friends 

1920
01:38:21,300 --> 01:38:24,000
vanished. 
Overnight we landed in Mexico as

1921
01:38:24,000 --> 01:38:27,100
strangers, 20 years, after my 
parents departed. 

1922
01:38:27,100 --> 01:38:30,700
We were considered pachos 
neither Mexican nor American 

1923
01:38:30,700 --> 01:38:33,900
Urban Americans rarely saw the 
hardship of rural white 

1924
01:38:33,900 --> 01:38:38,100
populations in apalachia and the
Ozarks economic deterioration in

1925
01:38:38,100 --> 01:38:42,000
these areas began before 1929 
owing to Resource extraction and

1926
01:38:42,000 --> 01:38:46,100
changing agricultural markets. 
The depression sank economically

1927
01:38:46,100 --> 01:38:49,300
marginalized groups into deep 
poverty, these regions 

1928
01:38:49,300 --> 01:38:52,200
emphasized, the difference 
between deserving and 

1929
01:38:52,200 --> 01:38:54,700
undeserving poor. 
New Deal. 

1930
01:38:54,700 --> 01:38:57,200
Initiatives favored, recent 
middle class dropouts over 

1931
01:38:57,200 --> 01:39:00,000
multi-generational. 
Poor Such multi-tiered 

1932
01:39:00,000 --> 01:39:02,700
assistance schemes, occasionally
excluded, the most desperate. 

1933
01:39:03,700 --> 01:39:06,800
Disability during depression is 
another underestimated pain 

1934
01:39:06,800 --> 01:39:10,400
Factor family support systems 
and philanthropic institutions 

1935
01:39:10,400 --> 01:39:13,800
crumbled, putting Americans with
Disabilities in unparalleled 

1936
01:39:13,800 --> 01:39:16,700
hardship. 
When demand for disabled 

1937
01:39:16,700 --> 01:39:20,400
American Services expanded 
Financial Cuts, deteriorated 

1938
01:39:20,400 --> 01:39:23,000
their facilities. 
A Massachusetts state 

1939
01:39:23,000 --> 01:39:25,200
psychiatric hospitals. 
Dr. Margaret Chan. 

1940
01:39:25,200 --> 01:39:28,000
Observed. 
This declined we were 

1941
01:39:28,000 --> 01:39:32,100
understaffed and underfunded 
before the crash after State, 

1942
01:39:32,100 --> 01:39:34,400
budgets fell circumstances were 
terrible. 

1943
01:39:34,400 --> 01:39:37,700
Our patient base increased while
staff shrank by a third. 

1944
01:39:38,300 --> 01:39:41,300
Food quality, plummeted 
treatment became confinement. 

1945
01:39:42,100 --> 01:39:44,300
We ran out of resources during 
acute illness. 

1946
01:39:44,300 --> 01:39:47,000
So many individuals who could 
have recovered were 

1947
01:39:47,000 --> 01:39:51,400
institutionalized for life. 
Depression devastated, carefully

1948
01:39:51,400 --> 01:39:54,100
developed support systems for 
physically challenged Americans 

1949
01:39:54,100 --> 01:39:57,300
living freely. 
When informal helpers focused on

1950
01:39:57,300 --> 01:40:00,000
their own Survival. 
Disabled people who had retained

1951
01:40:00,000 --> 01:40:02,500
autonomy through Community 
networks were forced into 

1952
01:40:02,500 --> 01:40:05,400
institutionalization. 
The depression produced, new 

1953
01:40:05,400 --> 01:40:09,100
disability categories, childhood
malnutrition caused lifelong, 

1954
01:40:09,100 --> 01:40:11,800
developmental problems. 
Safety requirements were 

1955
01:40:11,800 --> 01:40:15,400
abandoned to minimize costs, 
increasing workplace accidents, 

1956
01:40:15,400 --> 01:40:18,200
depression related, 
psychological, trauma caused 

1957
01:40:18,200 --> 01:40:21,500
untreated mental health issues. 
However, economic disaster. 

1958
01:40:21,500 --> 01:40:24,100
Affected youth is often 
forgotten in depression accounts

1959
01:40:24,100 --> 01:40:27,400
schools, in various locations, 
cutter academic years or 

1960
01:40:27,400 --> 01:40:30,800
shuttered, due to budget, 
limitations child labor, which 

1961
01:40:30,800 --> 01:40:33,600
had been falling for decades 
rows as families, required cash 

1962
01:40:33,600 --> 01:40:37,200
from everyone malnutrition. 
A key development had lifelong 

1963
01:40:37,200 --> 01:40:41,100
physical and cognitive damage. 
Helen Morrison aural Kentucky. 

1964
01:40:41,100 --> 01:40:44,600
Teacher saw these changes. 
Planting and harvest attendance 

1965
01:40:44,600 --> 01:40:47,500
was intermittent before the 
catastrophe, many children 

1966
01:40:47,500 --> 01:40:51,800
vanished by 1932, I found them 
working full-time at anything 

1967
01:40:51,800 --> 01:40:53,900
they could find when I visited 
their home's. 

1968
01:40:53,900 --> 01:40:56,400
Some families have broken up 
with children living with 

1969
01:40:56,400 --> 01:40:59,000
relatives or neighbors while 
parents looked for jobs. 

1970
01:40:59,000 --> 01:41:02,600
Many of my students lost the 
idea of infancy as a protected 

1971
01:41:02,600 --> 01:41:05,800
period of development. 
These forgotten depression 

1972
01:41:05,800 --> 01:41:08,400
scenes, show how economic 
disaster deepened, social 

1973
01:41:08,400 --> 01:41:11,600
divisions, while popular 
narratives highlight shared pain

1974
01:41:11,600 --> 01:41:15,000
that linked Americans, these 
Forgotten Tales show how crises 

1975
01:41:15,000 --> 01:41:17,700
reinforced race region aptitude 
and age. 

1976
01:41:17,700 --> 01:41:20,900
Hierarchies the Great Depression
created enduring legacies. 

1977
01:41:20,900 --> 01:41:23,900
That shaped American Society for
Generations, in ways that you 

1978
01:41:23,908 --> 01:41:26,600
could have predicted these 
influences, transformed 

1979
01:41:26,600 --> 01:41:29,200
behaviors and attitudes that 
would persist long after 

1980
01:41:29,200 --> 01:41:32,200
economic recovery. 
The most visible Legacy was 

1981
01:41:32,200 --> 01:41:34,400
American's relationship with 
Financial Risk. 

1982
01:41:35,400 --> 01:41:38,000
Depression survivors developed 
what marketers later called, 

1983
01:41:38,000 --> 01:41:41,400
depression syndrome, Financial 
behaviors that prioritize 

1984
01:41:41,400 --> 01:41:44,500
security over opportunity. 
Even when economically 

1985
01:41:44,500 --> 01:41:48,300
irrational, Millionaires who had
survived bank failures 

1986
01:41:48,300 --> 01:41:50,500
maintained multiple modest 
accounts rather than 

1987
01:41:50,500 --> 01:41:54,000
Consolidated ones. 
Successful professionals refused

1988
01:41:54,000 --> 01:41:55,900
mortgages despite having ample 
income. 

1989
01:41:56,700 --> 01:41:59,800
Families stockpiled Necessities 
due to concerns about future 

1990
01:41:59,800 --> 01:42:04,000
shortages Dorothy, Klein, a 
consumer researcher in the 1950s

1991
01:42:04,000 --> 01:42:07,000
noted that conventional 
advertising cannot persuade 

1992
01:42:07,000 --> 01:42:10,300
depression survive as they 
evaluated purchases through a 

1993
01:42:10,300 --> 01:42:13,000
trauma lens. 
I interviewed a doctor who kept 

1994
01:42:13,000 --> 01:42:14,800
25 pounds of coffee in his 
Pantry. 

1995
01:42:14,800 --> 01:42:18,100
When coffee was rattling during 
the war he developed anxiety, 

1996
01:42:18,100 --> 01:42:22,500
about shortages. 20 years later 
despite abundant supplies, he 

1997
01:42:22,500 --> 01:42:25,500
maintained this buffer against a
threat that no longer existed. 

1998
01:42:26,500 --> 01:42:29,500
This security-oriented mindset 
was passed down to children, 

1999
01:42:29,500 --> 01:42:33,500
raised by depression survivors. 
The silent generation and early 

2000
01:42:33,500 --> 01:42:35,700
baby boomers inherited their 
parents risk. 

2001
01:42:35,700 --> 01:42:39,900
Aversion, despite growing up in 
unprecedented prosperity, This 

2002
01:42:39,900 --> 01:42:42,700
generational transmission of 
financial trauma influenced 

2003
01:42:42,700 --> 01:42:45,200
banking, housing and Retail 
sectors for decades. 

2004
01:42:45,200 --> 01:42:48,700
As these sectors are knowingly, 
catered to customers whose 

2005
01:42:48,700 --> 01:42:51,600
decision-making was influenced 
by psychological patterns form. 

2006
01:42:51,600 --> 01:42:54,800
During the 1930s, The 
depression, fundamentally 

2007
01:42:54,800 --> 01:42:56,700
altered, Americans relationship 
with government. 

2008
01:42:57,900 --> 01:43:01,900
Before 1929 most citizens had 
minimal interaction with federal

2009
01:43:01,900 --> 01:43:04,900
agencies. 
By 1940, government had become 

2010
01:43:04,900 --> 01:43:08,000
an everyday presence through 
relief, programs employment 

2011
01:43:08,000 --> 01:43:11,300
projects and Regulatory 
Frameworks this created 

2012
01:43:11,300 --> 01:43:14,400
expectations that transcended 
traditional political division. 

2013
01:43:15,500 --> 01:43:19,000
Frank Holloway who administered 
WPA projects in Tennessee noted.

2014
01:43:19,800 --> 01:43:22,700
Before the depression mentioning
I worked for the federal 

2015
01:43:22,700 --> 01:43:25,600
government, Drew suspicion by 
1936. 

2016
01:43:25,600 --> 01:43:28,800
People welcomed me because I 
represented jobs and assistance 

2017
01:43:28,800 --> 01:43:32,500
people who philosophically 
opposed government interference.

2018
01:43:32,500 --> 01:43:36,300
Now, expect Government 
Solutions, this Evolution wasn't

2019
01:43:36,300 --> 01:43:38,900
about liberal or conservative 
was at a fundamental 

2020
01:43:38,900 --> 01:43:41,400
recalibration of what government
was for. 

2021
01:43:42,600 --> 01:43:46,400
Cultural expressions, underwent 
profound transformation the Arts

2022
01:43:46,400 --> 01:43:49,400
developed dual, impulses that 
seemed contradictory, but often 

2023
01:43:49,400 --> 01:43:51,000
existed. 
Within the same Works 

2024
01:43:51,000 --> 01:43:54,900
unflinching documentation of 
suffering alongside Escapist 

2025
01:43:54,900 --> 01:43:57,200
entertainment. 
The documentary tradition 

2026
01:43:57,200 --> 01:44:00,700
emerged in photography, Walker 
Evans Dorothea Lange, and 

2027
01:44:00,700 --> 01:44:04,100
literature Steinbeck Wright 
while escapism flourished in 

2028
01:44:04,108 --> 01:44:06,500
Hollywood musicals, and 
superhero comics. 

2029
01:44:07,100 --> 01:44:10,300
Playwright Arthur Miller 
explained this Duality the 

2030
01:44:10,300 --> 01:44:12,400
theater. 
Swung between Agate prop realism

2031
01:44:12,400 --> 01:44:15,400
and Pure Fantasy. 
What endured were works that 

2032
01:44:15,400 --> 01:44:18,100
somehow managed both 
acknowledging suffering, while 

2033
01:44:18,100 --> 01:44:21,500
suggesting Transcendence 
audiences needed both truth and 

2034
01:44:21,500 --> 01:44:24,500
hope reality and possibility. 
The depression created a 

2035
01:44:24,508 --> 01:44:26,700
generation that approached 
community building with 

2036
01:44:26,700 --> 01:44:29,800
deliberate intention. 
Having experience helped the 

2037
01:44:29,800 --> 01:44:32,400
economic disaster. 
Could isolate individuals, many 

2038
01:44:32,400 --> 01:44:34,800
survivors became what 
sociologists later called. 

2039
01:44:35,500 --> 01:44:38,300
Intentional neighbors, 
deliberately cultivating 

2040
01:44:38,300 --> 01:44:40,600
Community connections as 
insurance against future 

2041
01:44:40,600 --> 01:44:44,300
hardship, the explosion of Civic
organizations in post 

2042
01:44:44,300 --> 01:44:47,900
depression, America, from pta's 
to Neighborhood association's 

2043
01:44:47,900 --> 01:44:52,500
reflected this impulse. 
While often viewed as expression

2044
01:44:52,500 --> 01:44:56,300
of 1950s conformity. 
These organizations actually 

2045
01:44:56,300 --> 01:44:59,300
represented lessons learned from
1930s, isolation. 

2046
01:45:00,400 --> 01:45:03,200
Perhaps most profound was the 
depression's impact, on 

2047
01:45:03,200 --> 01:45:07,100
Americans relationship, with 
work itself employment became 

2048
01:45:07,100 --> 01:45:10,700
more than an economic necessity,
it became psychological 

2049
01:45:10,700 --> 01:45:13,400
validation. 
The experience of involuntary 

2050
01:45:13,400 --> 01:45:16,700
joblessness created lasting 
associations between work and 

2051
01:45:16,700 --> 01:45:18,500
identity. 
That influenced retirement 

2052
01:45:18,500 --> 01:45:22,600
patterns for decades. 
To Samuel Weinstein, who studied

2053
01:45:22,608 --> 01:45:26,600
Aging in the 1970s Foundation, 
survivors approached retirement 

2054
01:45:26,600 --> 01:45:28,600
differently than subsequent 
Generations. 

2055
01:45:28,600 --> 01:45:31,600
They often could articulate. 
Why continued work felt 

2056
01:45:31,600 --> 01:45:34,000
accentual? 
Once successful businessman told

2057
01:45:34,000 --> 01:45:37,000
me, I know, I don't need the 
money but I need to be needed. 

2058
01:45:37,900 --> 01:45:41,600
their concern was about income, 
but about avoiding the cycle of 

2059
01:45:41,600 --> 01:45:43,900
uselessness, they had 
experienced during unemployment 

2060
01:45:43,900 --> 01:45:48,000
decades earlier, Looking back, 
many aspects of American life, 

2061
01:45:48,000 --> 01:45:51,100
we take for granted from Social 
Security, to bank deposit, 

2062
01:45:51,100 --> 01:45:55,300
Insurance emerged directly from 
depression experiences these 

2063
01:45:55,300 --> 01:45:58,700
institutional responses to 
catastrophe became so normalized

2064
01:45:58,700 --> 01:46:02,500
that their Origins and crisis 
were forgotten their existence 

2065
01:46:02,500 --> 01:46:06,200
seemingly natural rather than a 
response to specific historical 

2066
01:46:06,200 --> 01:46:09,600
trauma. 
What remains most remarkable 

2067
01:46:09,600 --> 01:46:12,600
about the depression's legacy is
how it demonstrated both human 

2068
01:46:12,600 --> 01:46:15,300
vulnerability and resilience is 
simultaneously. 

2069
01:46:15,300 --> 01:46:18,500
It revealed how quickly 
Prosperity could vanish and how 

2070
01:46:18,500 --> 01:46:20,500
fragile social structures could 
prove. 

2071
01:46:21,300 --> 01:46:23,600
Yet it also showed how 
communities could adapt and 

2072
01:46:23,600 --> 01:46:26,000
societies could reimagine 
themselves in response to 

2073
01:46:26,000 --> 01:46:28,300
catastrophe. 
As depression. 

2074
01:46:28,300 --> 01:46:30,200
Survivor Eleanor, Winthrop 
reflected. 

2075
01:46:30,200 --> 01:46:33,400
What stayed with me wasn't the 
hardship itself but the 

2076
01:46:33,400 --> 01:46:36,400
discovery of what humans could 
withstand and create from ruins,

2077
01:46:36,400 --> 01:46:40,000
we lost our innocence, about 
Economic Security, but gained 

2078
01:46:40,000 --> 01:46:43,500
wisdom about human connection. 
The Disappearance of the money 

2079
01:46:43,500 --> 01:46:45,600
did not diminish. 
The value of the ingenious 

2080
01:46:45,600 --> 01:46:49,300
adaptations, extraordinary 
kindnesses, and communities, 

2081
01:46:49,300 --> 01:46:51,100
forged and struggle that 
replaced it. 

2082
01:46:52,200 --> 01:46:54,900
The Paradox of catastrophe is 
that it takes with one hand, but

2083
01:46:54,900 --> 01:46:57,900
gives with the other and 
sometimes the gifts out last, 

2084
01:46:57,900 --> 01:47:06,000
the losses. 
Now imagine yourself City in 

2085
01:47:06,000 --> 01:47:10,000
your favorite armchair in 1939, 
perhaps for the lukewarm cup of 

2086
01:47:10,000 --> 01:47:13,100
tea on the side table as the 
world prepares to undergo 

2087
01:47:13,100 --> 01:47:16,900
unprecedented transformations. 
But the people who are about to 

2088
01:47:16,900 --> 01:47:19,200
change, it had no idea. 
They were writing the most 

2089
01:47:19,200 --> 01:47:24,500
expensive recipe ever the recipe
required approximately 130,000 

2090
01:47:24,500 --> 01:47:28,700
individuals, a duration of three
years and sufficient funds to 

2091
01:47:28,700 --> 01:47:32,300
establish a modest Nation. 
It all started because some very

2092
01:47:32,300 --> 01:47:35,900
smart people, got very worried 
Imagine the feeling you get when

2093
01:47:35,900 --> 01:47:38,700
you realize you left the stove 
on and imagine that feeling 

2094
01:47:38,700 --> 01:47:41,000
multiplied by the entire future 
of civilization. 

2095
01:47:42,300 --> 01:47:45,200
That's roughly what Leo silard 
felt when he heard that German 

2096
01:47:45,200 --> 01:47:47,900
scientists had figured out how 
to split uranium atoms. 

2097
01:47:48,700 --> 01:47:51,300
Soulard was a genius who could 
probably calculate the 

2098
01:47:51,300 --> 01:47:53,500
trajectory of falling toast in 
his pajamas. 

2099
01:47:53,500 --> 01:47:56,800
But even he couldn't foresee the
consequences of his concern. 

2100
01:47:56,800 --> 01:48:00,300
The amusing thing about salad is
that he was the kind of guy who 

2101
01:48:00,300 --> 01:48:03,000
would patent an idea for a 
nuclear reactor, then 

2102
01:48:03,000 --> 01:48:05,500
immediately realized, it might 
be dangerous and try to keep it 

2103
01:48:05,500 --> 01:48:08,200
secret. 
It's like inventing dynamite and

2104
01:48:08,200 --> 01:48:12,100
then Whispering the recipe. 
He spent most of 1939 pacing 

2105
01:48:12,100 --> 01:48:14,800
around New York, likely 
frightening, pigeons with his 

2106
01:48:14,800 --> 01:48:17,600
intense expression. 
Trying to persuade anyone who 

2107
01:48:17,600 --> 01:48:20,300
would listen that American 
needed to outpace Germany in the

2108
01:48:20,300 --> 01:48:23,100
atomic race. 
But you can't just walk into the

2109
01:48:23,100 --> 01:48:26,300
White House and say, hey, we 
need to build a massive bomb. 

2110
01:48:26,300 --> 01:48:29,800
Well, you can try, but they'll 
probably escort you out rather 

2111
01:48:29,800 --> 01:48:32,800
quickly. 
So hard did, what any reasonable

2112
01:48:32,800 --> 01:48:35,500
person would do, he got, 
Einstein to write a letter. 

2113
01:48:36,300 --> 01:48:39,900
Apparently even in 1939 name 
recognition held significant 

2114
01:48:39,900 --> 01:48:43,100
importance, Einstein, who 
probably just wanted to work on 

2115
01:48:43,100 --> 01:48:45,000
his theories. 
In peace, found himself 

2116
01:48:45,000 --> 01:48:47,800
accidentally becoming the 
Godfather of the atomic age. 

2117
01:48:48,600 --> 01:48:52,100
He later recognized the irony 
given that he was a pacifist who

2118
01:48:52,100 --> 01:48:54,200
had previously expressed a 
preference for being a 

2119
01:48:54,200 --> 01:48:57,700
Lighthouse Keeper. 
Over a physicist Roosevelt got 

2120
01:48:57,700 --> 01:49:01,200
the letter in October 1939, 
right around the time, he was 

2121
01:49:01,200 --> 01:49:03,500
dealing with a dozen of the 
world ending problems. 

2122
01:49:03,500 --> 01:49:07,300
You have to admire the man's 
ability to prioritize most of 

2123
01:49:07,300 --> 01:49:09,600
us, get overwhelmed choosing 
what to watch on streaming 

2124
01:49:09,600 --> 01:49:13,500
services, but FDR was juggling 
potential, nuclear weapons, a 

2125
01:49:13,500 --> 01:49:16,600
World War and probably wondering
if his morning coffee was strong

2126
01:49:16,600 --> 01:49:19,600
enough for any of this. 
The initial response was about 

2127
01:49:19,600 --> 01:49:22,500
as enthusiastic as you'd expect 
from a government bureaucracy. 

2128
01:49:22,500 --> 01:49:26,200
They formed a committee. 
Nothing conveys, the urgency of 

2129
01:49:26,200 --> 01:49:28,900
a world-changing, scientific 
breakthrough, more effectively 

2130
01:49:28,900 --> 01:49:30,200
than the formation of a 
committee. 

2131
01:49:31,000 --> 01:49:33,700
The Iranian committee as they 
called it met a few times, 

2132
01:49:33,700 --> 01:49:36,600
allocated. 
A wapping 6,000 dollars for 

2133
01:49:36,600 --> 01:49:38,800
research and probably spent more
on coffee. 

2134
01:49:38,800 --> 01:49:41,600
The uranium, it was the 
governmental equivalent of 

2135
01:49:41,600 --> 01:49:45,300
putting a Band-Aid on a volcano.
But here's where the story gets 

2136
01:49:45,300 --> 01:49:47,700
intriguing in. 
That uniquely American Way. 

2137
01:49:48,500 --> 01:49:51,100
While the committee was busy 
being committee like Pearl, 

2138
01:49:51,100 --> 01:49:54,300
Harbor happened. 
Suddenly the abstract concept 

2139
01:49:54,300 --> 01:49:56,600
of, maybe we should look into 
this Atomic thing. 

2140
01:49:56,600 --> 01:50:00,100
Became we need this Atomic thing
yesterday and will build it 

2141
01:50:00,100 --> 01:50:02,100
bigger than anyone has ever 
built anything. 

2142
01:50:02,900 --> 01:50:06,100
Enter General Leslie, Groves, a 
man who had just finished 

2143
01:50:06,100 --> 01:50:09,200
building the Pentagon and was 
probably looking forward to a 

2144
01:50:09,200 --> 01:50:12,700
comfortable quiet desk job. 
Instead, he got handed the 

2145
01:50:12,700 --> 01:50:15,500
Manhattan Project which was like
being asked to organize the 

2146
01:50:15,500 --> 01:50:18,700
world's most dangerous science 
fair with unlimited funding and 

2147
01:50:18,700 --> 01:50:21,200
a deadline, that could determine
the fate of democracy. 

2148
01:50:21,900 --> 01:50:24,900
Groves was the kind of military 
mind who could look at an 

2149
01:50:24,900 --> 01:50:26,400
impossible task, and 
immediately. 

2150
01:50:26,400 --> 01:50:30,100
Start figuring out how to make 
it slightly less impossible, one

2151
01:50:30,100 --> 01:50:33,300
spreadsheet at a time. 
The beautiful absurdity of the 

2152
01:50:33,300 --> 01:50:35,300
Manhattan Project was already 
becoming clear. 

2153
01:50:36,100 --> 01:50:38,900
You had theoretical physicists 
who could barely balance their 

2154
01:50:38,900 --> 01:50:41,500
checkbooks being asked to create
the most practical and 

2155
01:50:41,500 --> 01:50:44,500
devastating weapon in history. 
While military men who 

2156
01:50:44,500 --> 01:50:47,700
understood Logistics had to wrap
their heads around Concepts that

2157
01:50:47,700 --> 01:50:50,700
sounded like they belonged in 
comic books and so began the 

2158
01:50:50,700 --> 01:50:54,100
most improbable collaboration in
human history where the marriage

2159
01:50:54,100 --> 01:50:56,900
of pure science and applied 
paranoia would reshape 

2160
01:50:56,900 --> 01:50:59,300
everything. 
Now, you might think that 

2161
01:50:59,300 --> 01:51:02,500
assembling the world's greatest 
scientific Minds would be like 

2162
01:51:02,500 --> 01:51:04,900
organizing a really intellectual
dinner party. 

2163
01:51:04,900 --> 01:51:08,000
You'd be wrong. 
It was more like trying to hurt 

2164
01:51:08,000 --> 01:51:10,200
cats. 
If the cats were Nobel Prize 

2165
01:51:10,200 --> 01:51:13,200
winners with strong opinions 
about quantum mechanics, and an 

2166
01:51:13,200 --> 01:51:16,200
alarming tendency to argue about
theoretical physics at 

2167
01:51:16,200 --> 01:51:20,100
inappropriate volume's. 
General Groves, blesses 

2168
01:51:20,100 --> 01:51:22,400
practical, heart approach, this 
challenge, the way. 

2169
01:51:22,400 --> 01:51:27,600
Any good military man, would he 
made lists lots of lists, lists 

2170
01:51:27,600 --> 01:51:31,000
of scientists list of locations 
list of things they need and 

2171
01:51:31,000 --> 01:51:33,800
probably a list of reasons why 
this was either the best or 

2172
01:51:33,800 --> 01:51:37,700
worst assignment of his career. 
He realized pretty quickly that 

2173
01:51:37,700 --> 01:51:40,400
managing brilliant people was 
like, managing regular people 

2174
01:51:40,400 --> 01:51:43,100
except they could prove you 
wrong with math. 

2175
01:51:44,000 --> 01:51:46,500
The first real breakthrough 
came, when someone suggested 

2176
01:51:46,500 --> 01:51:49,200
they recruit Robert Oppenheimer 
to lead the scientific effort. 

2177
01:51:50,000 --> 01:51:52,200
Now, Oppenheimer was an 
interesting choice. 

2178
01:51:52,200 --> 01:51:55,200
He was brilliant. 
Absolutely, but he was all the 

2179
01:51:55,200 --> 01:51:58,700
kind of guy who quoted Sanskrit 
at cocktail parties and had a 

2180
01:51:58,700 --> 01:52:01,100
habit of making everyone around 
him feel slightly under 

2181
01:52:01,100 --> 01:52:03,600
educated. 
He was like that friend, who can

2182
01:52:03,600 --> 01:52:06,900
discuss wine literature and 
nuclear physics with equal 

2183
01:52:06,900 --> 01:52:10,700
fluency except instead of being 
annoying at dinner parties. 

2184
01:52:10,700 --> 01:52:13,800
He was about to become the most 
famous scientists in America. 

2185
01:52:14,900 --> 01:52:16,700
What made Oppenheimer, perfect 
for the job. 

2186
01:52:16,700 --> 01:52:19,100
Wasn't just his scientific 
credentials though. 

2187
01:52:19,100 --> 01:52:22,400
Those were impressive enough. 
It was his ability to translate 

2188
01:52:22,400 --> 01:52:25,800
between the language of pure 
science and the language of we 

2189
01:52:25,800 --> 01:52:26,900
need results. 
Now, please. 

2190
01:52:27,800 --> 01:52:30,200
He could talk to a theoretical 
physicist about quantum 

2191
01:52:30,200 --> 01:52:33,000
mechanics in the morning and 
explain to a general why they 

2192
01:52:33,000 --> 01:52:34,400
needed more funding in the 
afternoon. 

2193
01:52:34,400 --> 01:52:38,000
All while maintaining the kind 
of cool demeanor that suggested.

2194
01:52:38,000 --> 01:52:40,700
He found the whole thing 
intellectually fascinating 

2195
01:52:40,700 --> 01:52:44,100
rather than terrifying. 
You can't run a massive 

2196
01:52:44,100 --> 01:52:46,400
scientific project from 
University offices, and 

2197
01:52:46,408 --> 01:52:50,500
borrowed, Laboratories, they 
needed space and not just any 

2198
01:52:50,500 --> 01:52:53,800
space. 
They needed secret space, really

2199
01:52:53,800 --> 01:52:56,800
secret space. 
The kind of secret space where 

2200
01:52:56,800 --> 01:52:59,300
you could accidentally change 
the world without anyone 

2201
01:52:59,300 --> 01:53:04,000
noticing, until it was too late.
Enter Los Alamos, New Mexico, a 

2202
01:53:04,000 --> 01:53:05,700
location. 
So remote that it made the 

2203
01:53:05,700 --> 01:53:07,800
middle of nowhere look like 
downtown Manhattan. 

2204
01:53:07,800 --> 01:53:11,500
It was perfect in the way that 
only truly imperfect places can 

2205
01:53:11,500 --> 01:53:14,900
be perfect, The site was 
isolated enough, that any 

2206
01:53:14,900 --> 01:53:17,500
accidental explosions would 
mostly just bother the local 

2207
01:53:17,500 --> 01:53:20,800
Wildlife, but accessible enough 
that they could actually 

2208
01:53:20,800 --> 01:53:23,700
transport equipment and people 
without requiring pack mules. 

2209
01:53:24,500 --> 01:53:27,600
The original plan was to house, 
maybe 30 scientists there. 

2210
01:53:27,600 --> 01:53:31,300
This was a bit like planning, a 
small dinner party and having it

2211
01:53:31,300 --> 01:53:33,800
turned into a wedding reception 
for 500 people. 

2212
01:53:34,700 --> 01:53:37,400
By the end of the project, Los 
Alamos had grown from a sleepy 

2213
01:53:37,400 --> 01:53:40,800
Ranch School into a secret City 
with its own post office school 

2214
01:53:40,800 --> 01:53:43,900
system and probably the highest 
concentration of advanced 

2215
01:53:43,900 --> 01:53:47,700
degrees per square mile in human
history but Los Alamos was just 

2216
01:53:47,700 --> 01:53:50,800
one piece of the puzzle. 
The Manhattan Project ended up 

2217
01:53:50,800 --> 01:53:53,000
requiring an entire secret 
infrastructure. 

2218
01:53:53,000 --> 01:53:56,200
Spread across the country. 
They built massive facilities in

2219
01:53:56,200 --> 01:53:59,500
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where they
would separate uranium Isotopes,

2220
01:53:59,500 --> 01:54:02,100
using methods that were equal 
parts, brilliant and Brute 

2221
01:54:02,100 --> 01:54:06,500
Force, They constructed another 
enormous complex in Hanford, 

2222
01:54:06,500 --> 01:54:09,600
Washington for producing 
plutonium, because apparently 

2223
01:54:09,600 --> 01:54:12,000
one type of nuclear material 
wasn't enough for their 

2224
01:54:12,000 --> 01:54:15,500
ambitious plans, the logistics 
alone were mind-boggling. 

2225
01:54:15,500 --> 01:54:18,200
Try explaining to your 
accountant that you need to 

2226
01:54:18,200 --> 01:54:21,500
build several cities from 
scratch hire tens of thousands 

2227
01:54:21,500 --> 01:54:24,600
of people and consume more 
electricity than some entire 

2228
01:54:24,600 --> 01:54:26,800
States. 
All for a project, you can't 

2229
01:54:26,800 --> 01:54:30,500
actually tell anyone about the 
Tennessee Valley Authority found

2230
01:54:30,500 --> 01:54:34,000
itself powering what looked like
the industrial equivalent of a 

2231
01:54:34,000 --> 01:54:37,300
small Alien Invasion and they 
just had to trust that someone 

2232
01:54:37,300 --> 01:54:39,600
somewhere knew what they were 
doing. 

2233
01:54:40,900 --> 01:54:43,400
The security measures were so 
elaborate they boarded on 

2234
01:54:43,400 --> 01:54:45,300
comedy. 
Workers at Oak. 

2235
01:54:45,300 --> 01:54:47,700
Ridge were told they were 
helping with the war effort but 

2236
01:54:47,700 --> 01:54:50,000
most had no idea what they were 
actually producing. 

2237
01:54:50,800 --> 01:54:54,000
Some thought they were making 
Industrial Equipment, others 

2238
01:54:54,000 --> 01:54:55,900
assumed it was, some kind of 
super fuel. 

2239
01:54:56,700 --> 01:54:59,100
A few probably suspected. 
They were involved in something 

2240
01:54:59,100 --> 01:55:02,000
important but the 
compartmentalization was so 

2241
01:55:02,000 --> 01:55:04,000
thorough. 
You could work on the Manhattan 

2242
01:55:04,000 --> 01:55:07,300
Project for three years and 
still have only the vaguest idea

2243
01:55:07,300 --> 01:55:08,600
what you'd actually 
accomplished. 

2244
01:55:08,600 --> 01:55:12,300
Meanwhile, back at Los Alamos. 
Oppenheimer was facing the 

2245
01:55:12,300 --> 01:55:15,700
unique challenge of creating a 
functional Community where the 

2246
01:55:15,700 --> 01:55:18,500
residents included, some of the 
most brilliant and temperamental

2247
01:55:18,500 --> 01:55:22,300
people on the planet, all living
in temporary housing in the 

2248
01:55:22,308 --> 01:55:25,100
middle of the desert working on 
something that might either end 

2249
01:55:25,100 --> 01:55:28,300
the war or accidentally end, 
everything else it was like 

2250
01:55:28,300 --> 01:55:31,000
summer camp for adults. 
If summer, camp involved, 

2251
01:55:31,000 --> 01:55:33,200
nuclear physics and the fate of 
Civilization. 

2252
01:55:33,200 --> 01:55:36,500
Now, here's where things get 
really interesting in the 

2253
01:55:36,508 --> 01:55:39,000
special way that only 
theoretical physics can be 

2254
01:55:39,000 --> 01:55:41,300
interesting. 
Your dealing with people who 

2255
01:55:41,300 --> 01:55:44,300
spend their days thinking about 
things so small, you can't see 

2256
01:55:44,300 --> 01:55:46,000
them. 
Even with the most powerful 

2257
01:55:46,000 --> 01:55:49,600
microscopes yet these invisible 
things contain enough energy to 

2258
01:55:49,600 --> 01:55:52,500
level cities, it's like 
discovering that dust bunnies 

2259
01:55:52,500 --> 01:55:54,900
under your couch could power 
your entire neighborhood. 

2260
01:55:54,900 --> 01:55:57,800
If only, you could figure out 
how Convince them to cooperate. 

2261
01:55:57,800 --> 01:56:01,100
The basic concept of nuclear 
fission sounds almost simple. 

2262
01:56:01,100 --> 01:56:04,700
When you say it quickly, you 
take a uranium, atom, he split 

2263
01:56:04,700 --> 01:56:08,300
it, and it releases energy. 
But saying that is like saying 

2264
01:56:08,300 --> 01:56:11,100
baking a cake when you're 
actually trying to construct a 

2265
01:56:11,100 --> 01:56:13,700
12 tier wedding cake. 
While blindfolded using 

2266
01:56:13,700 --> 01:56:16,600
ingredients, you've never seen 
before and following a recipe 

2267
01:56:16,600 --> 01:56:19,000
written in a language that was 
just invented yesterday. 

2268
01:56:20,400 --> 01:56:22,900
The first challenge was getting 
the right kind of uranium 

2269
01:56:22,900 --> 01:56:27,600
natural, uranium is mostly 
uranium 238, which is about as 

2270
01:56:27,600 --> 01:56:29,800
useful for making bombs as a 
chocolate teapot. 

2271
01:56:29,800 --> 01:56:34,000
What they needed was 
uranium-235, which makes up less

2272
01:56:34,000 --> 01:56:37,700
than 1% of natural uranium. 
It's like needing to separate 

2273
01:56:37,700 --> 01:56:41,300
red M&Ms from a swimming pool 
full of mixed M&M's, except the 

2274
01:56:41,300 --> 01:56:44,200
M&M's are invisible. 
They're trying to kill you and 

2275
01:56:44,200 --> 01:56:46,500
you can only tell them apart 
using methods, that hadn't been 

2276
01:56:46,500 --> 01:56:49,900
invented yet. 
The scientists at Oak Ridge 

2277
01:56:49,900 --> 01:56:51,400
approached. 
This problem with the kind of 

2278
01:56:51,400 --> 01:56:54,100
methodical determination that 
only comes from having 

2279
01:56:54,100 --> 01:56:57,200
absolutely no choice. 
They tried several different 

2280
01:56:57,200 --> 01:57:00,700
separation methods, including 
one that involved giant Electro 

2281
01:57:00,700 --> 01:57:04,000
magnets called calutron. 
These machines were enormous and

2282
01:57:04,000 --> 01:57:07,300
consumed so much electricity 
that they basically turned the 

2283
01:57:07,300 --> 01:57:10,700
separation of uranium Isotopes 
into an industrial process. 

2284
01:57:10,700 --> 01:57:13,900
That could be seen from space of
satellites had existed. 

2285
01:57:13,900 --> 01:57:17,600
Then, however, the uranium was 
not the soul option of available

2286
01:57:17,600 --> 01:57:22,200
nuclear, reactors could create 
plutonium an element in nature. 

2287
01:57:23,100 --> 01:57:26,100
Plutonium was like, uranium's 
more complicated cousin, 

2288
01:57:26,100 --> 01:57:29,800
potentially more powerful but 
also more difficult to work with

2289
01:57:29,800 --> 01:57:32,600
and with a personality that 
could charitably be described as

2290
01:57:32,600 --> 01:57:35,500
temperamental. 
Creating plutonium required 

2291
01:57:35,500 --> 01:57:39,000
building nuclear reactors, which
brought its own special set of 

2292
01:57:39,008 --> 01:57:41,500
challenges. 
The first reactor was built 

2293
01:57:41,500 --> 01:57:43,800
under the football stadium at 
the University of Chicago 

2294
01:57:43,800 --> 01:57:46,300
because apparently someone 
thought that the best place to 

2295
01:57:46,308 --> 01:57:49,900
test Humanities first controlled
nuclear chain reaction was 

2296
01:57:49,900 --> 01:57:52,100
directly underneath a major 
American city. 

2297
01:57:52,900 --> 01:57:56,300
The physicists in charge of this
experiment in Rica fairy was 

2298
01:57:56,300 --> 01:57:58,900
reportedly betting on whether 
the reaction would stop when 

2299
01:57:58,900 --> 01:58:01,800
they wanted it to which shows 
how well they understood what 

2300
01:58:01,800 --> 01:58:03,400
they were doing. 
Fairy. 

2301
01:58:03,400 --> 01:58:06,000
Incidentally was the kind of 
scientist who could calculate 

2302
01:58:06,000 --> 01:58:07,900
complex physics problems in his 
head. 

2303
01:58:07,900 --> 01:58:11,500
While other people were still 
looking for their calculator, he

2304
01:58:11,500 --> 01:58:14,400
was also famous for his ability 
to estimate almost anything, 

2305
01:58:14,400 --> 01:58:17,000
give him a few minutes and some 
basic information. 

2306
01:58:17,000 --> 01:58:19,600
And he could tell you 
approximately how many piano 

2307
01:58:19,600 --> 01:58:23,100
tuners lived in Chicago or how 
much energy would be released by

2308
01:58:23,100 --> 01:58:25,200
various theoretical nuclear 
explosions. 

2309
01:58:26,100 --> 01:58:29,100
This skill turned out to be 
surprisingly useful when dealing

2310
01:58:29,100 --> 01:58:32,000
with weapons that released more 
energy than anyone had ever 

2311
01:58:32,000 --> 01:58:34,800
handled before the Chicago 
reactor worked. 

2312
01:58:34,800 --> 01:58:38,500
Thankfully without accidentally 
eliminating the Midwest and it 

2313
01:58:38,500 --> 01:58:41,500
provided the proof of concept 
needed to build much larger 

2314
01:58:41,500 --> 01:58:45,200
reactors at Hanford. 
These reactors were designed to 

2315
01:58:45,200 --> 01:58:47,500
produce plutonium on an 
industrial scale. 

2316
01:58:47,500 --> 01:58:51,200
Turning the abstract concept of 
artificially created elements 

2317
01:58:51,200 --> 01:58:54,500
into something measured in 
tonnes rather than microscopic 

2318
01:58:54,500 --> 01:58:57,500
quantities. 
However, obtaining nuclear 

2319
01:58:57,500 --> 01:58:59,000
material was only half the 
challenge. 

2320
01:58:59,700 --> 01:59:02,800
The other half was figuring out 
how to make it explode in a 

2321
01:59:02,800 --> 01:59:05,900
controlled predictable, way that
would release all that energy at

2322
01:59:05,900 --> 01:59:08,900
exactly the right moment. 
This step turned out to be 

2323
01:59:08,908 --> 01:59:11,800
significantly more complicated 
than anyone had anticipated. 

2324
01:59:11,800 --> 01:59:15,400
Like the difference between 
lighting a candle and conducting

2325
01:59:15,400 --> 01:59:17,600
a symphony, orchestra made 
entirely of Fire. 

2326
01:59:18,400 --> 01:59:22,400
The simplest design called gun 
type worked by shooting, one 

2327
01:59:22,400 --> 01:59:25,100
piece of uranium in to another 
piece of uranium rapidly. 

2328
01:59:25,900 --> 01:59:29,200
It was elegant in its Simplicity
like Nuclear Physics designed by

2329
01:59:29,200 --> 01:59:30,900
someone who really understood 
hammers. 

2330
01:59:31,700 --> 01:59:35,800
But this method only worked with
uranium 235 and they didn't have

2331
01:59:35,800 --> 01:59:40,000
enough for more than one bomb. 
A plutonium bomb required, a 

2332
01:59:40,000 --> 01:59:43,700
completely different approach 
called implosion which involved 

2333
01:59:43,700 --> 01:59:47,000
surrounding a ball of plutonium 
with conventional explosives and

2334
01:59:47,000 --> 01:59:49,400
detonating them all at. 
Exactly the same moment 

2335
01:59:49,400 --> 01:59:52,700
compressing the plutonium until 
it reached critical mass. 

2336
01:59:53,800 --> 01:59:56,400
Achieving this required such 
Precision that it would make 

2337
01:59:56,400 --> 02:00:00,200
Swiss watchmakers nervous. 
If the timing was off by even a 

2338
02:00:00,200 --> 02:00:03,200
few microseconds, the result 
would be an expensive dud 

2339
02:00:03,200 --> 02:00:07,200
instead of a nuclear explosion. 
This was the kind of problem 

2340
02:00:07,200 --> 02:00:10,500
that kept brilliant people awake
at night, staring at the ceiling

2341
02:00:10,500 --> 02:00:13,400
and wondering if they were about
to change the world or just 

2342
02:00:13,400 --> 02:00:16,900
create the most elaborate 
failure in scientific history by

2343
02:00:16,900 --> 02:00:20,400
the summer of 1945 Los Alamos 
scientists had been engaged in 

2344
02:00:20,400 --> 02:00:23,100
the world's most expensive 
science project for over two 

2345
02:00:23,100 --> 02:00:27,300
years despite possessing, 
numerous theories calculations 

2346
02:00:27,300 --> 02:00:30,300
and mathematical equations. 
They remained uncertain. 

2347
02:00:30,300 --> 02:00:34,200
If any of them would truly 
function It's akin to dedicating

2348
02:00:34,200 --> 02:00:38,300
three years to the construction 
of a car, only to discover that 

2349
02:00:38,300 --> 02:00:40,300
you've never actually attempted 
to operate the key. 

2350
02:00:41,400 --> 02:00:44,400
The gun type uranium bomb was 
simple enough, that they felt 

2351
02:00:44,400 --> 02:00:46,300
confident it would work without 
testing. 

2352
02:00:47,200 --> 02:00:50,100
This level of confidence in an 
untested, nuclear weapon was 

2353
02:00:50,100 --> 02:00:54,100
either remarkably bold or 
extremely naive, depending on 

2354
02:00:54,100 --> 02:00:57,500
how you looked at it. 
However, the plutonium implosion

2355
02:00:57,500 --> 02:00:59,500
bomb presented a distinct 
challenge. 

2356
02:01:00,300 --> 02:01:02,800
It was so complex and 
temperamental that betting the 

2357
02:01:02,800 --> 02:01:05,800
war on it without a test would 
have been like performing brain 

2358
02:01:05,800 --> 02:01:07,900
surgery based on a cookbook, 
you'd return yourself. 

2359
02:01:08,700 --> 02:01:12,000
So they decided to conduct a 
test which presented its own 

2360
02:01:12,000 --> 02:01:15,400
unique set of challenges. 
What would be the most suitable 

2361
02:01:15,400 --> 02:01:17,300
location to test a nuclear 
weapon? 

2362
02:01:17,300 --> 02:01:21,200
You cannot simply head to the 
nearby firing range and hope for

2363
02:01:21,200 --> 02:01:23,900
a favorable outcome. 
You need somewhere remote 

2364
02:01:23,900 --> 02:01:24,800
enough. 
That if something goes 

2365
02:01:24,800 --> 02:01:28,300
spectacularly wrong you won't 
accidentally eliminate half of 

2366
02:01:28,300 --> 02:01:30,200
civilization. 
Before you've had a chance to 

2367
02:01:30,200 --> 02:01:33,700
use your weapon on the enemy. 
They chose a site in the New 

2368
02:01:33,700 --> 02:01:36,100
Mexico. 
Desert about 200 miles south of 

2369
02:01:36,100 --> 02:01:39,400
Los Alamos, called Trinity. 
The name was oppenheimer's 

2370
02:01:39,400 --> 02:01:43,000
Choice inspired by a John Donne 
poem because apparently even 

2371
02:01:43,000 --> 02:01:45,500
when you're about to test 
Humanity's first nuclear weapon,

2372
02:01:45,500 --> 02:01:47,200
you still have time for 
literature. 

2373
02:01:48,100 --> 02:01:52,000
The site was flat empty and Far 
Enough from major population 

2374
02:01:52,000 --> 02:01:55,500
centers that any unexpected 
consequences would mostly affect

2375
02:01:55,500 --> 02:01:59,400
lizards and tumbleweeds. 
Preparing for the test was like 

2376
02:01:59,400 --> 02:02:01,700
planning the world's most 
dangerous camping trip. 

2377
02:02:01,700 --> 02:02:04,500
They had to transport an 
incredibly delicate and 

2378
02:02:04,500 --> 02:02:08,400
expensive nuclear device across 
desert roads that were barely 

2379
02:02:08,400 --> 02:02:09,800
suitable for regular 
automobiles. 

2380
02:02:09,800 --> 02:02:13,900
Then assemble it in a temporary 
laboratory that had been built 

2381
02:02:13,900 --> 02:02:17,400
in the middle of nowhere. 
The bomb itself was nicknamed, 

2382
02:02:17,400 --> 02:02:20,700
the gadget with the kind of 
casual understatement that 

2383
02:02:20,700 --> 02:02:24,000
suggested, they were discussing 
a new kitchen, appliance rather 

2384
02:02:24,000 --> 02:02:25,700
than a weapon that could level a
city. 

2385
02:02:26,600 --> 02:02:29,200
The scientists and military 
personnel involved in the tests.

2386
02:02:29,200 --> 02:02:31,200
Were dealing with unprecedented 
questions. 

2387
02:02:32,000 --> 02:02:34,800
How far away did you need to be 
to observe a nuclear explosion 

2388
02:02:34,800 --> 02:02:37,800
safely? 
Nobody knew because nobody had 

2389
02:02:37,800 --> 02:02:39,800
ever observed a nuclear 
explosion before. 

2390
02:02:40,700 --> 02:02:43,600
They made their best guesses 
based on calculations and hope 

2391
02:02:43,600 --> 02:02:44,900
they weren't catastrophically 
wrong. 

2392
02:02:44,900 --> 02:02:49,100
Some of the scientists brought 
suntan lotion as if protecting 

2393
02:02:49,100 --> 02:02:52,000
against nuclear radiation, was 
similar to preventing a mild 

2394
02:02:52,000 --> 02:02:54,600
sunburn. 
The test was scheduled for the 

2395
02:02:54,608 --> 02:02:59,600
early morning hours of July, 
16th, 1945, partly for security 

2396
02:02:59,600 --> 02:03:02,300
reasons, and partly, because 
someone thought it would be 

2397
02:03:02,300 --> 02:03:05,000
easier to see the explosion 
against the pre-dawn sky. 

2398
02:03:06,200 --> 02:03:09,400
As the countdown approached, the
level of tension at the site was

2399
02:03:09,400 --> 02:03:11,600
probably measurable with 
scientific instruments. 

2400
02:03:12,400 --> 02:03:14,900
These were people who had spent 
years of their lives working 

2401
02:03:14,900 --> 02:03:17,900
toward this moment and they were
about to find out if they'd 

2402
02:03:17,900 --> 02:03:20,900
created a revolutionary weapon, 
all the world's most expensive 

2403
02:03:20,900 --> 02:03:24,400
firework Oppenheimer and the 
other key scientists gathered at

2404
02:03:24,400 --> 02:03:27,700
control bunker about six miles 
from Ground Zero, which seemed 

2405
02:03:27,700 --> 02:03:30,400
like a safe distance Until you 
realize that nobody actually 

2406
02:03:30,400 --> 02:03:34,100
knew what constituted a safe 
distance from Humanity's first 

2407
02:03:34,100 --> 02:03:37,500
nuclear explosion, they laid 
down on the ground faceing away 

2408
02:03:37,500 --> 02:03:40,400
from the blast site with 
instructions to look only after 

2409
02:03:40,400 --> 02:03:43,700
the initial flash of passed, it 
was like being told to watch the

2410
02:03:43,700 --> 02:03:46,000
world's most important Sunrise 
through your eyelids. 

2411
02:03:46,800 --> 02:03:49,800
About 529, mm. 
The gadget detonated with a 

2412
02:03:49,800 --> 02:03:53,000
force equivalent to about 21,000
tons of TNT. 

2413
02:03:54,000 --> 02:03:56,800
For a brief moment, the 
explosion created temperatures 

2414
02:03:56,800 --> 02:04:00,300
comparable to the surface of the
Sun and light brighter than the 

2415
02:04:00,300 --> 02:04:03,100
sun itself. 
The Flash was visible from over 

2416
02:04:03,100 --> 02:04:07,000
160 miles away, and the sound of
the explosion Was Heard nearly 

2417
02:04:07,000 --> 02:04:10,700
100 miles distant. 
Several observers reported that 

2418
02:04:10,700 --> 02:04:14,100
for a few seconds, it was as if 
there were two sons in the sky, 

2419
02:04:14,100 --> 02:04:18,400
the mushroom cloud, Rose to over
40,000 feet and the heat from 

2420
02:04:18,400 --> 02:04:21,000
the explosion turned. 
The desert sand into a greenish 

2421
02:04:21,000 --> 02:04:23,000
glass that they later called 
trinitite. 

2422
02:04:23,700 --> 02:04:26,700
The steel tower that held the 
bomb vaporized along with 

2423
02:04:26,700 --> 02:04:29,400
everything else within a 
substantial radius of ground 

2424
02:04:29,400 --> 02:04:31,800
zero in the space of a few 
seconds. 

2425
02:04:31,800 --> 02:04:35,800
The theoretical had become 
devastatingly real Oppenheimer 

2426
02:04:35,800 --> 02:04:38,600
later said that he watched the 
explosion aligned from the 

2427
02:04:38,600 --> 02:04:43,400
pagadi came to mind. 
Now, I am become death destroyer

2428
02:04:43,400 --> 02:04:46,100
of worlds. 
It was the kind of literary 

2429
02:04:46,100 --> 02:04:48,800
reference that seemed almost 
absurdly intellectual, give them

2430
02:04:48,800 --> 02:04:51,700
the circumstances but it 
captured the magnitude of what 

2431
02:04:51,700 --> 02:04:55,100
they had just witnessed. 
They had successfully created a 

2432
02:04:55,100 --> 02:04:57,300
weapon that could destroy entire
cities in an instant. 

2433
02:04:58,100 --> 02:05:01,700
The test was a complete success 
which meant that the Manhattan 

2434
02:05:01,700 --> 02:05:05,200
Project had achieved its primary
goal, they had beaten Germany to

2435
02:05:05,200 --> 02:05:08,400
the atomic bomb. 
Of course by this point Germany 

2436
02:05:08,400 --> 02:05:11,200
had already surrendered. 
So the original motivation for 

2437
02:05:11,200 --> 02:05:14,800
the project was somewhat moot. 
But there was still Japan to 

2438
02:05:14,800 --> 02:05:17,500
consider and the war in the 
Pacific was far from over. 

2439
02:05:18,500 --> 02:05:22,200
As the mushroom cloud dissipated
over the New Mexico desert, the 

2440
02:05:22,200 --> 02:05:25,300
scientists and military 
personnel at Trinity began 

2441
02:05:25,300 --> 02:05:27,500
grappling with the implications 
of what they had. 

2442
02:05:27,500 --> 02:05:30,200
Just accomplished, they had 
unlocked a portal that would 

2443
02:05:30,200 --> 02:05:32,400
never reopen. 
Now, comes the part of the 

2444
02:05:32,400 --> 02:05:34,900
story, where things get 
complicated in ways that make 

2445
02:05:34,900 --> 02:05:36,400
quantum physics look 
straightforward. 

2446
02:05:36,400 --> 02:05:40,100
You have this incredibly 
powerful weapon that works 

2447
02:05:40,100 --> 02:05:44,600
exactly as advertised a war that
still raging in the Pacific and 

2448
02:05:44,600 --> 02:05:47,700
a bunch of very smart people. 
Suddenly realizing that creating

2449
02:05:47,700 --> 02:05:51,500
the thing was actually the easy 
part The real challenge in 

2450
02:05:51,500 --> 02:05:55,100
deciding what to do with it. 
Press President Truman, who had 

2451
02:05:55,108 --> 02:05:57,800
inherited both the president's 
he and the Manhattan Project 

2452
02:05:57,800 --> 02:06:00,700
from Roosevelt found himself in 
the position of having to make 

2453
02:06:00,700 --> 02:06:04,400
decisions about weapons. 
He barely understood imagine 

2454
02:06:04,400 --> 02:06:07,700
being given the keys to a weapon
that could destroy cities and 

2455
02:06:07,700 --> 02:06:09,800
being told to learn how to use 
it in a few weeks. 

2456
02:06:10,600 --> 02:06:13,100
Truman was a practical man who 
preferred straightforward 

2457
02:06:13,100 --> 02:06:16,300
problems with straightforward 
Solutions but there was nothing 

2458
02:06:16,300 --> 02:06:19,900
straightforward about Atomic 
weapons, the military estimates 

2459
02:06:19,900 --> 02:06:22,400
for the invasion. 
Of Japan were extremely sobering

2460
02:06:22,400 --> 02:06:25,900
operation downfall as it was 
known, had the potential to 

2461
02:06:25,900 --> 02:06:29,500
cause over a million American 
casualties and several million 

2462
02:06:29,500 --> 02:06:32,400
Japanese deaths. 
These weren't abstract numbers 

2463
02:06:32,400 --> 02:06:36,000
on a strategic planning document
they represented real people 

2464
02:06:36,000 --> 02:06:40,700
families and entire communities.
The alternative was using Atomic

2465
02:06:40,700 --> 02:06:44,200
weapons against Japanese cities,
which would also kill enormous 

2466
02:06:44,200 --> 02:06:47,200
numbers of civilians but might 
end the war quickly enough to 

2467
02:06:47,200 --> 02:06:49,000
prevent an even larger 
catastrophe. 

2468
02:06:49,800 --> 02:06:52,300
It's the kind of decision that 
would keep anyone awake at 

2469
02:06:52,300 --> 02:06:55,800
night, the kind of moral 
calculation that has no clearly.

2470
02:06:55,800 --> 02:06:58,300
Right answer. 
Do you choose the option that 

2471
02:06:58,300 --> 02:07:01,600
kills fewer people overall, but 
involves using weapons of 

2472
02:07:01,600 --> 02:07:04,900
unprecedented destructive power.
Or do you choose the 

2473
02:07:04,900 --> 02:07:07,900
conventional Invasion? 
That might ultimately cost more 

2474
02:07:07,900 --> 02:07:10,900
lives but doesn't cross the 
threshold into nuclear warfare. 

2475
02:07:12,400 --> 02:07:15,600
Some of the scientists involved 
in the Manhattan Project was 

2476
02:07:15,600 --> 02:07:18,300
seriously reconsidering their 
involvement in its creation? 

2477
02:07:19,200 --> 02:07:22,500
Leo silard, who had started the 
whole thing with his worries 

2478
02:07:22,500 --> 02:07:25,600
about German Atomic research. 
Now, found himself trying to 

2479
02:07:25,608 --> 02:07:29,200
stop the use of the weapons. 
He had helped create He and 

2480
02:07:29,200 --> 02:07:31,600
several other scientists 
petition Truman to demonstrate 

2481
02:07:31,600 --> 02:07:33,700
the bomb's power. 
Without using it against 

2482
02:07:33,700 --> 02:07:37,000
populated areas, perhaps by 
detonating it over an 

2483
02:07:37,000 --> 02:07:40,300
uninhabited area where Japanese 
leaders could witness its 

2484
02:07:40,300 --> 02:07:43,300
destructive potential. 
But military planners argued 

2485
02:07:43,300 --> 02:07:46,100
that a demonstration might not 
be convincing enough to force 

2486
02:07:46,100 --> 02:07:49,500
Japanese surrender, especially 
if the bomb to detonate 

2487
02:07:49,500 --> 02:07:52,200
properly. 
They had exactly two. 

2488
02:07:52,200 --> 02:07:56,500
Operational, Atomic weapons. 
Little boy, the uranium bomb and

2489
02:07:56,500 --> 02:08:00,200
fat, man, the plutonium bomb and
using one for a demonstration, 

2490
02:08:00,200 --> 02:08:03,300
would leave them with only one 
weapon for actual combat use. 

2491
02:08:04,100 --> 02:08:06,700
It was like having two bullets 
and wondering whether to file 

2492
02:08:06,700 --> 02:08:08,100
one into the air as a warning 
shot. 

2493
02:08:09,200 --> 02:08:12,100
The decision-making process was 
complicated by the fact that 

2494
02:08:12,100 --> 02:08:14,500
many of the people involved 
still didn't fully understand 

2495
02:08:14,500 --> 02:08:17,800
what they were dealing with. the
long-term effects of radiation 

2496
02:08:17,800 --> 02:08:20,600
exposure weren't well, 
understood the political 

2497
02:08:20,600 --> 02:08:23,300
implications of introducing 
nuclear weapons to Warfare, 

2498
02:08:23,300 --> 02:08:26,800
hadn't been fully considered 
They were making decisions about

2499
02:08:26,800 --> 02:08:30,600
the future of human conflict 
with incomplete information and 

2500
02:08:30,600 --> 02:08:34,300
under enormous time pressure, 
Japanese resistance was fierce 

2501
02:08:34,300 --> 02:08:36,000
and showed no signs of 
diminishing. 

2502
02:08:36,700 --> 02:08:39,400
The battle of Okinawa had 
demonstrated the terrible cost 

2503
02:08:39,400 --> 02:08:42,700
of invading fortified Japanese 
positions, and intelligence 

2504
02:08:42,700 --> 02:08:45,500
suggested that the Japanese were
preparing to defend their home 

2505
02:08:45,500 --> 02:08:47,700
islands with even greater 
determination. 

2506
02:08:48,500 --> 02:08:51,400
Kamikaze attacks were in 
frequency and intensity. 

2507
02:08:52,200 --> 02:08:54,900
From a purely military 
perspective, anything that could

2508
02:08:54,900 --> 02:08:57,300
end the war quickly was worth 
serious consideration. 

2509
02:08:58,400 --> 02:09:01,400
On the other hand, several 
high-ranking military officials 

2510
02:09:01,400 --> 02:09:04,000
questioned whether Atomic 
weapons were necessary at all. 

2511
02:09:04,600 --> 02:09:06,800
Some argued that Japan was 
already on the verge of 

2512
02:09:06,808 --> 02:09:10,700
surrender due to Conventional 
bombing Naval blockade and the 

2513
02:09:10,700 --> 02:09:12,600
Soviet entry into the war 
against Japan. 

2514
02:09:12,600 --> 02:09:16,000
Others suggested that the 
primary motivation for using the

2515
02:09:16,000 --> 02:09:19,700
bombs was not to defeat Japan 
but to demonstrate American 

2516
02:09:19,700 --> 02:09:21,900
nuclear capability to the Soviet
Union. 

2517
02:09:21,900 --> 02:09:26,600
Thereby initiating the Cold War.
The target selection process was

2518
02:09:26,600 --> 02:09:30,200
grimly, methodically military 
planners wanted cities that were

2519
02:09:30,200 --> 02:09:33,300
militarily significant but had 
not been heavily damaged by 

2520
02:09:33,300 --> 02:09:36,500
conventional bombing so that the
effects of the atomic weapon 

2521
02:09:36,500 --> 02:09:38,200
could be clearly observed and 
documented. 

2522
02:09:38,200 --> 02:09:41,900
They also wanted targets that 
would have maximum psychological

2523
02:09:41,900 --> 02:09:45,900
impact on Japanese leadership. 
Final Target list included. 

2524
02:09:45,900 --> 02:09:49,400
Hiroshima, kakura niggaa and 
Nagasaki. 

2525
02:09:50,100 --> 02:09:51,700
Kyoto was initially on the list 
as well. 

2526
02:09:51,700 --> 02:09:54,700
But Secretary of War Henry 
Stimson, reportedly removed it 

2527
02:09:54,700 --> 02:09:57,600
from consideration because he 
had visited the city and 

2528
02:09:57,600 --> 02:10:00,200
appreciated, its cultural and 
historical significance. 

2529
02:10:01,200 --> 02:10:03,800
It's one of those small human 
moments that had enormous 

2530
02:10:03,800 --> 02:10:07,500
consequences the single person's
aesthetic, sensibility 

2531
02:10:07,500 --> 02:10:10,800
potentially saving a city and 
its hundreds of thousands of 

2532
02:10:10,800 --> 02:10:12,500
inhabitants from nuclear 
destruction. 

2533
02:10:14,100 --> 02:10:17,200
As the decision deadline 
approached Truman was receiving 

2534
02:10:17,200 --> 02:10:20,700
advice from multiple directions,
much of it contradictory 

2535
02:10:20,700 --> 02:10:24,100
military commanders wanted to 
use the weapons to save American

2536
02:10:24,100 --> 02:10:26,200
lives. 
There was a divide among 

2537
02:10:26,200 --> 02:10:29,100
scientists between those seeking
to demonstrate the bombs power 

2538
02:10:29,100 --> 02:10:33,500
and those advocating for its 
decisive use. political advisors

2539
02:10:33,500 --> 02:10:36,200
were thinking about post-war 
relationships with both Japan 

2540
02:10:36,200 --> 02:10:40,000
and the Soviet Union in the end 
Truman, made the decision that 

2541
02:10:40,000 --> 02:10:43,000
he believed would end the war, 
most quickly, and save the most 

2542
02:10:43,008 --> 02:10:46,600
lives overall whether he was 
right or wrong as a question 

2543
02:10:46,600 --> 02:10:50,400
that historians and ethicist 
continue to debate today, But in

2544
02:10:50,400 --> 02:10:53,900
the summer of 1945, with 
incomplete information and 

2545
02:10:53,900 --> 02:10:57,600
enormous pressure, he chose to 
authorize the use of atomic 

2546
02:10:57,600 --> 02:11:00,500
weapons, against Japan. 
It was a decision that would 

2547
02:11:00,500 --> 02:11:02,800
define, not just the end of 
World War Two, but the beginning

2548
02:11:02,800 --> 02:11:07,400
of the nuclear age on the 
morning of August, 6th, 1945 the

2549
02:11:07,400 --> 02:11:11,700
crew of the Enola, Gay, a B-29, 
bomber named after the Pilot's 

2550
02:11:11,700 --> 02:11:14,500
mother took off from Tiny and 
Ireland, carrying little boy, 

2551
02:11:14,500 --> 02:11:18,000
the uranium bomb that had never 
been tested, but was expected to

2552
02:11:18,000 --> 02:11:20,100
work based on theoretical 
calculations. 

2553
02:11:20,100 --> 02:11:23,500
It's important to take a moment 
to appreciate the surreal nature

2554
02:11:23,500 --> 02:11:25,800
of this moment. 
They were piloting. 

2555
02:11:25,800 --> 02:11:29,200
An untested nuclear weapon over 
the Pacific, Ocean relying on 

2556
02:11:29,208 --> 02:11:31,900
three years of theoretical 
physics, and Engineering to 

2557
02:11:31,900 --> 02:11:34,500
perform precisely as intended at
The crucial moment. 

2558
02:11:35,500 --> 02:11:38,200
Colonel Paul. 
Tibbets the pilot probably had 

2559
02:11:38,200 --> 02:11:40,900
the strangest job description in
military history that morning. 

2560
02:11:40,900 --> 02:11:44,600
He was essentially a delivery 
driver except his package could 

2561
02:11:44,600 --> 02:11:48,400
destroy an entire city and his 
route included flying over enemy

2562
02:11:48,400 --> 02:11:51,100
territory while carrying the 
most expensive and dangerous 

2563
02:11:51,100 --> 02:11:55,000
Cargo in human history. 
The crew had been told, they 

2564
02:11:55,000 --> 02:11:58,000
were carrying a very powerful 
bomb, but most didn't know they 

2565
02:11:58,000 --> 02:12:00,300
were about to witness the first 
use of nuclear weapons. 

2566
02:12:00,300 --> 02:12:04,600
In Warfare Hiroshima was chosen 
as the primary target partly 

2567
02:12:04,600 --> 02:12:07,300
because it was an important 
military Center and partly 

2568
02:12:07,300 --> 02:12:10,000
because it had been largely 
spared from conventional bombing

2569
02:12:10,000 --> 02:12:13,100
making it ideal for observing 
the effects of atomic weapons. 

2570
02:12:14,100 --> 02:12:17,900
The city had about 350,000. 
People going about their morning

2571
02:12:17,900 --> 02:12:21,400
routines unaware that they were 
about to witness a historic 

2572
02:12:21,400 --> 02:12:24,700
moment. 
At 8:15 a.m. local time. 

2573
02:12:24,700 --> 02:12:28,400
Little boy, detonated about 
1,000,900 feet above the city 

2574
02:12:28,400 --> 02:12:31,200
center. 
The explosion created a fireball

2575
02:12:31,200 --> 02:12:33,700
with temperatures exceeding. 
Those at the center of the sun 

2576
02:12:33,700 --> 02:12:36,600
followed by a Shockwave that 
destroyed virtually, everything 

2577
02:12:36,600 --> 02:12:39,800
within a one-mile radius. 
The mushroom cloud. 

2578
02:12:39,800 --> 02:12:43,700
Rose to over 60,000 feet and the
Flash of light was visible for 

2579
02:12:43,700 --> 02:12:46,900
miles. 
Suddenly a bustling Metropolis, 

2580
02:12:46,900 --> 02:12:49,500
transformed into the epicenter 
of the nuclear era. 

2581
02:12:50,200 --> 02:12:52,800
The immediate destruction was 
almost incomprehensible 

2582
02:12:52,800 --> 02:12:56,500
buildings, simply vanished, 
people who are close to the 

2583
02:12:56,500 --> 02:12:59,500
hyper Center were vaporized. 
So quickly that their Shadows 

2584
02:12:59,500 --> 02:13:03,000
were burned into concrete and 
Stone Surfaces the intense heat,

2585
02:13:03,000 --> 02:13:06,400
the crushing force of the 
Shockwave or the collapse of 

2586
02:13:06,408 --> 02:13:10,900
buildings killed, others Tens of
thousands died immediately and 

2587
02:13:10,900 --> 02:13:12,800
tens of thousands. 
More would die in the following 

2588
02:13:12,800 --> 02:13:15,600
days and weeks from radiation 
sickness Burns and injuries. 

2589
02:13:16,900 --> 02:13:20,100
Back in Washington, the news of 
Hiroshima has destruction was 

2590
02:13:20,100 --> 02:13:23,900
received with a mixed of relief 
satisfaction and growing 

2591
02:13:23,900 --> 02:13:26,000
awareness of what had just been 
Unleashed. 

2592
02:13:26,900 --> 02:13:29,800
Truman announced the attack 
publicly explaining that the 

2593
02:13:29,800 --> 02:13:33,200
United States had developed the 
new and revolutionary increase 

2594
02:13:33,200 --> 02:13:37,000
in destruction and warning, 
Japan to surrender or face A 

2595
02:13:37,000 --> 02:13:40,500
Reign of Ruin from the air, the 
like of which has never been 

2596
02:13:40,500 --> 02:13:43,200
seen on the earth. 
The Japan did not immediately 

2597
02:13:43,200 --> 02:13:45,500
surrender. 
The Japanese government was 

2598
02:13:45,500 --> 02:13:47,700
still processing, the 
implications of what had 

2599
02:13:47,700 --> 02:13:49,900
happened to Hiroshima, when 
three days later. 

2600
02:13:49,900 --> 02:13:54,300
Another B-29 took off from 
tinian, carrying Fatman the 

2601
02:13:54,300 --> 02:13:57,100
plutonium bomb that had been 
successful tested at Trinity. 

2602
02:13:57,900 --> 02:14:01,800
The original Target was kakura 
but cloud cover forced the crew 

2603
02:14:01,800 --> 02:14:04,500
to divert to their secondary 
Target Nagasaki. 

2604
02:14:06,200 --> 02:14:09,600
Nagasaki was a port city with 
significant military industry, 

2605
02:14:09,600 --> 02:14:15,200
home to about 240,000 people. 
fat man detonated at 11:02 a.m. 

2606
02:14:15,200 --> 02:14:19,300
on August 9th, creating another 
mushroom cloud, and another zone

2607
02:14:19,300 --> 02:14:23,000
of complete devastation, The 
bomb was actually more powerful 

2608
02:14:23,000 --> 02:14:26,100
than little boy, but the hilly 
terrain of Nagasaki limited. 

2609
02:14:26,100 --> 02:14:28,600
The destruction somewhat 
compared to the flat geography 

2610
02:14:28,600 --> 02:14:31,500
of Hiroshima. 
The two atomic bombings killed 

2611
02:14:31,500 --> 02:14:34,900
over 200,000 people. 
Most of them civilians and 

2612
02:14:34,900 --> 02:14:37,800
demonstrated that the United 
States possessed weapons of 

2613
02:14:37,800 --> 02:14:41,300
unprecedented destructive power.
More importantly, from a 

2614
02:14:41,300 --> 02:14:44,100
strategic perspective, they 
showed that America could 

2615
02:14:44,100 --> 02:14:46,300
produce these weapons and was 
willing to use them. 

2616
02:14:47,500 --> 02:14:50,000
The message to both Japan and 
the rest of the world was 

2617
02:14:50,000 --> 02:14:53,500
unmistakable, the rules of 
warfare had fundamentally 

2618
02:14:53,500 --> 02:14:55,600
changed. 
Emperor. 

2619
02:14:55,600 --> 02:14:59,400
Hirohito announced Japan's, 
surrender on August 15th, 1945, 

2620
02:14:59,400 --> 02:15:04,000
citing, a new and most cruel 
bomb as one of the factors in 

2621
02:15:04,000 --> 02:15:07,300
his decision. 
The war was over, but the 

2622
02:15:07,300 --> 02:15:10,600
nuclear age had begun, the 
scientists and Engineers who had

2623
02:15:10,608 --> 02:15:13,300
worked on the Manhattan Project 
found themselves. 

2624
02:15:13,300 --> 02:15:16,800
Grappling with the reality that 
their theoretical calculations 

2625
02:15:16,800 --> 02:15:19,300
are translated into actual human
destruction. 

2626
02:15:19,300 --> 02:15:23,200
On an unprecedented scale. 
Some like, Oppenheimer were 

2627
02:15:23,200 --> 02:15:26,200
haunted by what they had helped 
create others, argued that the 

2628
02:15:26,200 --> 02:15:29,600
bombs had actually saved lives 
by ending the war quickly and 

2629
02:15:29,600 --> 02:15:31,600
preventing a costly invasion of 
Japan. 

2630
02:15:32,500 --> 02:15:35,600
Whether the atomic bombings were
necessary or Justified remains a

2631
02:15:35,600 --> 02:15:38,800
topic of debate, but it is 
undeniable that they represented

2632
02:15:38,800 --> 02:15:40,800
a significant shift in human 
history. 

2633
02:15:42,400 --> 02:15:44,900
The Manhattan Project had 
succeeded in its primary 

2634
02:15:44,900 --> 02:15:48,100
objective, it had created 
weapons powerful enough to end 

2635
02:15:48,100 --> 02:15:52,600
World War 2 but it also created 
something else a world where the

2636
02:15:52,608 --> 02:15:54,800
complete destruction of 
civilization was now 

2637
02:15:54,800 --> 02:15:57,800
theoretically possible, where 
the stakes of international 

2638
02:15:57,800 --> 02:16:01,100
conflict had been raised beyond 
anything previously imaginable? 

2639
02:16:02,300 --> 02:16:05,700
As the aftermath of Hiroshima 
and Nagasaki receded, the 

2640
02:16:05,700 --> 02:16:09,200
scientists who had dedicated 
three years to their clandestine

2641
02:16:09,200 --> 02:16:12,500
work, came to understand that 
their efforts were far from 

2642
02:16:12,500 --> 02:16:15,000
concluded. 
They had sold the technical 

2643
02:16:15,000 --> 02:16:17,900
challenge of nuclear weapons. 
But they had also created 

2644
02:16:17,900 --> 02:16:21,600
political ethical, and strategic
challenges that would define in 

2645
02:16:21,600 --> 02:16:25,000
international relations for 
generations to come, the atomic 

2646
02:16:25,000 --> 02:16:28,400
age had arrived and there was no
going back when the celebration 

2647
02:16:28,400 --> 02:16:31,200
parade ended and the newspaper. 
Stopped running headlines about 

2648
02:16:31,200 --> 02:16:33,100
the miracle weapons that had 
ended the war. 

2649
02:16:33,799 --> 02:16:36,700
The people who had created those
weapons found themselves dealing

2650
02:16:36,700 --> 02:16:38,400
with a peculiar kind of 
Hangover. 

2651
02:16:38,400 --> 02:16:41,900
It wasn't the sort you get from 
too much champagne at a victory 

2652
02:16:41,907 --> 02:16:45,299
party, but the kind that comes 
from realizing you fundamentally

2653
02:16:45,299 --> 02:16:47,900
changed the world and aren't 
entirely. 

2654
02:16:47,900 --> 02:16:49,700
Sure. 
Whether you should feel proud or

2655
02:16:49,700 --> 02:16:54,299
terrified, the Manhattan Project
had been such a massive 

2656
02:16:54,299 --> 02:16:57,400
all-consuming effort that many 
of the scientists involved. 

2657
02:16:57,400 --> 02:17:00,000
Hadn't really had time to think 
about what would happen after 

2658
02:17:00,000 --> 02:17:03,100
they succeeded. 
It's akin to devoting three 

2659
02:17:03,100 --> 02:17:06,400
years to the construction of a 
race car only to abruptly 

2660
02:17:06,400 --> 02:17:08,000
discovered, you don't know where
to steer it. 

2661
02:17:08,799 --> 02:17:11,600
They had sold the technical 
problem of nuclear weapons with 

2662
02:17:11,600 --> 02:17:15,000
brilliant efficiency, but they 
had inadvertently created 

2663
02:17:15,000 --> 02:17:16,900
problems. 
That were much more complicated 

2664
02:17:16,900 --> 02:17:20,000
than mere physics. 
Oppenheimer who had led the 

2665
02:17:20,000 --> 02:17:23,299
scientific effort at Los Alamos 
found himself in the strange 

2666
02:17:23,299 --> 02:17:27,200
position of being simultaneously
celebrated as a hero and viewed 

2667
02:17:27,200 --> 02:17:29,900
with suspicion as a potential 
security risk. 

2668
02:17:30,900 --> 02:17:33,000
He had become the most famous 
scientists in America. 

2669
02:17:33,000 --> 02:17:36,500
The father of the atomic bomb, 
but he was also, someone who 

2670
02:17:36,508 --> 02:17:40,200
quoted Sanskrit, poetry and had 
complicated, political views 

2671
02:17:40,200 --> 02:17:41,900
that made government officials 
nervous. 

2672
02:17:42,900 --> 02:17:44,299
Challenging to be a national 
icon. 

2673
02:17:44,299 --> 02:17:46,600
When you keep reminding people 
that the thing that made you 

2674
02:17:46,600 --> 02:17:48,600
famous could also destroy 
civilization. 

2675
02:17:49,400 --> 02:17:51,700
The other scientists went to 
universities and research 

2676
02:17:51,700 --> 02:17:54,600
institutions taking with them 
the knowledge of how to build 

2677
02:17:54,600 --> 02:17:57,299
nuclear weapons and the burden 
of knowing what those weapons 

2678
02:17:57,299 --> 02:17:59,799
could do. 
Some through themselves into 

2679
02:17:59,799 --> 02:18:03,500
peaceful applications of nuclear
technology hoping to balance the

2680
02:18:03,500 --> 02:18:06,500
destructive potential of their 
work with beneficial uses for 

2681
02:18:06,500 --> 02:18:09,100
atomic energy. 
Others became advocates for 

2682
02:18:09,100 --> 02:18:11,799
nuclear disarmament arguing that
the weapons. 

2683
02:18:11,799 --> 02:18:14,500
They had helped create were too 
dangerous for Any Nation to 

2684
02:18:14,500 --> 02:18:17,600
possess. 
But the most significant change 

2685
02:18:17,600 --> 02:18:20,200
was in how countries thought 
about war and international 

2686
02:18:20,200 --> 02:18:22,799
relations. 
The atomic bomb had made the 

2687
02:18:22,799 --> 02:18:25,799
concept of total Victory 
obsolete because it now 

2688
02:18:25,799 --> 02:18:28,000
potentially meant total 
Destruction for everyone 

2689
02:18:28,000 --> 02:18:30,299
involved. 
It was like discovering that 

2690
02:18:30,299 --> 02:18:32,700
winning an argument could result
in both, participants being 

2691
02:18:32,700 --> 02:18:36,100
struck by lightning, The 
traditional logic of warfare 

2692
02:18:36,100 --> 02:18:38,600
where you could defeat your 
enemies without destroying 

2693
02:18:38,600 --> 02:18:41,000
yourself. 
No longer applied when nuclear 

2694
02:18:41,000 --> 02:18:44,500
weapons were involved. 
The Soviet Union which had been 

2695
02:18:44,500 --> 02:18:47,799
America's Allied during the war 
immediately began working on its

2696
02:18:47,799 --> 02:18:51,700
own nuclear weapons program. 
Joseph Stalin was not the sort 

2697
02:18:51,700 --> 02:18:53,700
of leader who was comfortable 
with other countries having 

2698
02:18:53,700 --> 02:18:56,100
weapons. 
He didn't possess especially 

2699
02:18:56,100 --> 02:18:58,000
weapons, that could level entire
cities. 

2700
02:18:58,799 --> 02:19:01,600
The race to develop nuclear 
weapons became the foundation of

2701
02:19:01,600 --> 02:19:03,200
what would be called the Cold 
War. 

2702
02:19:03,200 --> 02:19:06,900
A decade's long stand-off 
between superpowers armed with 

2703
02:19:06,900 --> 02:19:09,299
enough nuclear weapons to 
destroy each other. 

2704
02:19:09,299 --> 02:19:12,700
Many times over the scientists 
who had worked on the Manhattan 

2705
02:19:12,700 --> 02:19:15,100
Project. 
Watch this development with a 

2706
02:19:15,100 --> 02:19:19,500
mixture of resignation and 
horror Many thought that nuclear

2707
02:19:19,500 --> 02:19:23,100
weapons would be so obviously 
bad that no sane leader would 

2708
02:19:23,100 --> 02:19:26,299
want to make more. 
Instead, they discovered that 

2709
02:19:26,299 --> 02:19:29,000
human nature was more 
complicated than nuclear physics

2710
02:19:29,000 --> 02:19:31,799
and that the existence of 
nuclear weapons seem to make 

2711
02:19:31,799 --> 02:19:34,799
other countries want nuclear 
weapons even more desperately. 

2712
02:19:35,700 --> 02:19:39,299
Nuclear testing became a regular
occurrence with both the United 

2713
02:19:39,299 --> 02:19:42,799
States and the Soviet Union 
detonating increasingly powerful

2714
02:19:42,799 --> 02:19:45,400
weapons in remote locations 
around the world. 

2715
02:19:46,400 --> 02:19:50,100
The hydrogen bomb developed in 
the early 1950s made the weapons

2716
02:19:50,100 --> 02:19:53,400
used against Japan. 
Looks small by comparison, it 

2717
02:19:53,400 --> 02:19:56,000
was comparable to the difference
between a firecracker and a 

2718
02:19:56,000 --> 02:19:59,500
volcano with both having the 
potential to destroy human 

2719
02:19:59,500 --> 02:20:03,300
civilization if misused The 
legacy of the Manhattan Project 

2720
02:20:03,300 --> 02:20:07,100
extended far beyond military 
applications nuclear power. 

2721
02:20:07,100 --> 02:20:10,500
Plants began generating 
electricity nuclear medicine, 

2722
02:20:10,500 --> 02:20:14,300
revolutionized cancer treatment 
and radioactive isotopes became 

2723
02:20:14,300 --> 02:20:16,100
essential tools for scientific 
research. 

2724
02:20:16,900 --> 02:20:19,400
The same knowledge that had 
created the most destructive 

2725
02:20:19,400 --> 02:20:22,200
weapons in history. 
Also led to innovations that 

2726
02:20:22,200 --> 02:20:25,100
saved lives and advanced human 
understanding of the natural 

2727
02:20:25,100 --> 02:20:27,700
world. 
But perhaps the most lasting 

2728
02:20:27,700 --> 02:20:31,100
Legacy of the Manhattan Project 
was the way it changed, how we 

2729
02:20:31,100 --> 02:20:33,700
think about the relationship 
between science and Society. 

2730
02:20:34,800 --> 02:20:38,600
Before 1945, most people viewed 
scientific research as 

2731
02:20:38,600 --> 02:20:41,900
inherently beneficial a pure 
pursuit of knowledge that 

2732
02:20:41,900 --> 02:20:43,800
inevitably led to human 
progress. 

2733
02:20:44,700 --> 02:20:48,200
After Hiroshima and Nagasaki it 
became clear that scientific 

2734
02:20:48,200 --> 02:20:50,100
knowledge. 
Could be used for purposes that 

2735
02:20:50,100 --> 02:20:52,800
were anything but beneficial and
that scientists had 

2736
02:20:52,800 --> 02:20:57,200
responsibilities that extended 
beyond their Laboratories The 

2737
02:20:57,200 --> 02:21:00,000
Manhattan Project demonstrated 
that given enough resources, 

2738
02:21:00,000 --> 02:21:03,900
brilliant people and sufficient 
motivation, humans could solve 

2739
02:21:03,900 --> 02:21:07,800
almost any technical problem. 
But it also showed that solving 

2740
02:21:07,800 --> 02:21:10,100
technical problems was often 
easier than dealing with the 

2741
02:21:10,100 --> 02:21:13,900
consequences of those Solutions.
The scientists had successfully 

2742
02:21:13,900 --> 02:21:17,300
built nuclear weapons, but they 
had also built a world where the

2743
02:21:17,300 --> 02:21:20,800
continued existence of human 
civilization depended on the 

2744
02:21:20,800 --> 02:21:24,400
wisdom and Restraint of 
political leaders. as you settle

2745
02:21:24,400 --> 02:21:27,500
in for sleep tonight it's worth 
remembering that the story of 

2746
02:21:27,508 --> 02:21:30,900
the Manhattan Project is 
ultimately a story about human 

2747
02:21:30,900 --> 02:21:34,200
beings trying to solve an 
unprecedented problem under 

2748
02:21:34,200 --> 02:21:37,400
enormous pressure making 
decisions with incomplete 

2749
02:21:37,400 --> 02:21:40,200
information and dealing with 
consequences, they couldn't 

2750
02:21:40,200 --> 02:21:44,800
fully anticipate The scientists 
engineers and military 

2751
02:21:44,800 --> 02:21:47,200
personnel. 
Involved were not fundamentally 

2752
02:21:47,200 --> 02:21:50,300
different from people today. 
They were just people trying to 

2753
02:21:50,300 --> 02:21:54,300
do their jobs in extraordinary, 
circumstances, the atomic age 

2754
02:21:54,300 --> 02:21:58,700
that began in the New Mexico. 
Desert in 1945 is still with us 

2755
02:21:58,700 --> 02:22:03,100
today and probably always will 
be the knowledge of how to split

2756
02:22:03,100 --> 02:22:05,200
atoms and release enormous 
amounts of energy. 

2757
02:22:05,200 --> 02:22:08,500
Cannot be uninvented, and the 
weapons created during the 

2758
02:22:08,508 --> 02:22:11,400
Manhattan Project of shaped 
international relations for over

2759
02:22:11,400 --> 02:22:14,400
70 years. 
But perhaps, that's not entirely

2760
02:22:14,400 --> 02:22:17,200
a bad thing. 
The existence of nuclear weapons

2761
02:22:17,200 --> 02:22:20,500
has made large-scale Wars 
between major Powers extremely 

2762
02:22:20,500 --> 02:22:23,200
risky. 
Creating a strange kind of peace

2763
02:22:23,200 --> 02:22:24,900
through the threat of mutual 
destruction. 

2764
02:22:24,900 --> 02:22:28,000
It's not the most comforting 
foundation for international 

2765
02:22:28,000 --> 02:22:30,300
stability, but it has worked so 
far. 

2766
02:22:35,700 --> 02:22:37,200
And people today. 
Imagine King. 

2767
02:22:37,200 --> 02:22:40,200
Arthur the often picture a 
gleaming throne room in a 

2768
02:22:40,200 --> 02:22:43,200
fairytale Castle yet. 
The earliest roots of the legend

2769
02:22:43,200 --> 02:22:47,400
traced to a far greater era sub 
Roman Britain roughly the 5th or

2770
02:22:47,400 --> 02:22:50,600
6th century. 
The Roman Legions had withdrawn 

2771
02:22:50,600 --> 02:22:55,100
leaving behind roads, ruins of 
Villas and a power vacuum that 

2772
02:22:55,100 --> 02:22:57,200
invited wave of Saxon 
incursions. 

2773
02:22:57,900 --> 02:23:01,500
Into this terminal, stepped 
local Warlords, tribal Chiefs 

2774
02:23:01,500 --> 02:23:04,400
and self-styled Kings who fought
to protect fragmented 

2775
02:23:04,400 --> 02:23:07,400
territories. 
If a historical author existed, 

2776
02:23:07,400 --> 02:23:11,200
he likely emerged from this 
violent Mosaic of Clan rivalries

2777
02:23:11,200 --> 02:23:13,500
and shifting alliances in the 
centuries. 

2778
02:23:13,500 --> 02:23:16,300
After Rome's departure, Britain 
lacked a unifying government 

2779
02:23:16,300 --> 02:23:20,000
pockets of Romano, British 
Aristocrats clung to vestiges of

2780
02:23:20,008 --> 02:23:23,800
Imperial culture. 
Fortified hilltops bristled with

2781
02:23:23,800 --> 02:23:26,500
wooden Palisades, inhabited by 
leaders. 

2782
02:23:26,500 --> 02:23:29,300
Who tried to hold on to what 
remained of civilized trade and 

2783
02:23:29,300 --> 02:23:32,500
Technology. 
Meanwhile coastal regions faced 

2784
02:23:32,500 --> 02:23:34,500
constant raids from a cross. 
The North Sea. 

2785
02:23:35,100 --> 02:23:38,200
Archaeological evidence such as 
the ruins of tintagel, in 

2786
02:23:38,200 --> 02:23:41,200
Cornwall hints at a region 
influenced by the Mediterranean 

2787
02:23:41,200 --> 02:23:43,300
Goods. 
Even while local power struggles

2788
02:23:43,300 --> 02:23:47,300
raged amid, these unsettled 
conditions a figure. 

2789
02:23:47,300 --> 02:23:50,000
Sometimes identified as our 
father may have gained a 

2790
02:23:50,000 --> 02:23:53,400
following by Leading successful 
defensive campaigns early 

2791
02:23:53,400 --> 02:23:56,700
medieval sources, like the 
analyst, Cambria mentioned 

2792
02:23:56,700 --> 02:24:00,500
battles associated with him, 
espec A crucial victory at Mount

2793
02:24:00,500 --> 02:24:03,100
badon. 
Yet, the historical record is 

2794
02:24:03,100 --> 02:24:06,500
thin names. 
Get jumbled, timelines, blur and

2795
02:24:06,500 --> 02:24:10,600
Arthur may have originally been 
a title, not a personal name, 

2796
02:24:12,100 --> 02:24:14,900
What survived from this period 
were oral Traditions among 

2797
02:24:14,900 --> 02:24:17,600
Celts. 
Who revered Warrior Heroes 

2798
02:24:17,600 --> 02:24:21,400
capable of uniting, fractures 
tribes these seeds of eventually

2799
02:24:21,400 --> 02:24:23,800
took root in. 
Welsh, poetry with references to

2800
02:24:23,800 --> 02:24:26,100
an Arthur known for both prowess
and moral leadership. 

2801
02:24:27,000 --> 02:24:29,200
Bald's. 
Recited tales that Blended real 

2802
02:24:29,200 --> 02:24:33,000
events with Mythic flourishes in
that Arthur's reputation grew. 

2803
02:24:33,700 --> 02:24:37,400
Over time as monastic, scribes 
copied Legends into Latin. 

2804
02:24:37,400 --> 02:24:42,200
They combined folk memory with 
Pious invention, by the 9th, or 

2805
02:24:42,200 --> 02:24:45,400
10th Century Arthur's presence. 
In Welsh heroic Cycles. 

2806
02:24:45,400 --> 02:24:49,700
Was well established a champion 
blessed by Providence who 

2807
02:24:49,700 --> 02:24:52,700
protected his people from 
Heathen Invaders yet. 

2808
02:24:52,700 --> 02:24:55,300
It wasn't until Geoffrey of 
monmouth's famous 12th century 

2809
02:24:55,300 --> 02:25:00,200
work historia regum britanniae 
The Arthur attained, sweeping 

2810
02:25:00,200 --> 02:25:03,800
recognition Jeffries narrative 
while often dismissed as 

2811
02:25:03,800 --> 02:25:07,600
fanciful by modern historians, 
reshaped Europe's perception of 

2812
02:25:07,600 --> 02:25:10,900
the British Isles. 
He wove oldest Celtic Traditions

2813
02:25:10,900 --> 02:25:12,700
together with his own creative 
additions. 

2814
02:25:12,700 --> 02:25:16,800
Describing how Arthur inherited 
the throne subdued rebellious, 

2815
02:25:16,800 --> 02:25:20,900
Nobles and even marched, an army
and Gaul and Nobles across 

2816
02:25:20,900 --> 02:25:23,600
Medieval Europe, treated 
Jeffries account as quasi 

2817
02:25:23,600 --> 02:25:27,200
history as they searched for 
genealogical links to Arthur's 

2818
02:25:27,200 --> 02:25:30,000
greatness. 
Thus the once shadowy War leader

2819
02:25:30,000 --> 02:25:33,400
of Roman Britain, morphed into a
medieval Monarch with global 

2820
02:25:33,400 --> 02:25:36,700
renown. 
A key reason for arthas enduring

2821
02:25:36,700 --> 02:25:39,800
appeal lies in the tension 
between the harsh reality of 

2822
02:25:39,800 --> 02:25:42,600
subgroup, Roman Warfare. 
And the later romantic veneer 

2823
02:25:42,600 --> 02:25:46,900
applied to his Legend, One hand,
the real context was likely 

2824
02:25:46,900 --> 02:25:50,700
Bleak characterized by small 
wooden forts on the Windswept. 

2825
02:25:50,700 --> 02:25:54,800
Hillside's retinues of spearmen 
and precarious alliances that 

2826
02:25:54,800 --> 02:25:58,700
often changed on a whim. 
On the other Arthur's story of 

2827
02:25:58,708 --> 02:26:01,700
evolved into an ideal of 
chivalry, complete with jousts 

2828
02:26:01,700 --> 02:26:03,700
Castle halls, and elaborate 
courtly. 

2829
02:26:03,700 --> 02:26:06,600
Love. 
This Duality resonates even now 

2830
02:26:06,600 --> 02:26:09,600
we want to believe in a leader 
who transcended the everyday 

2831
02:26:09,600 --> 02:26:13,800
violence forging a realm of 
justice and unity curiously. 

2832
02:26:13,800 --> 02:26:16,500
The early glimpses of Arthur do 
not include references to 

2833
02:26:16,500 --> 02:26:19,700
objects like the Holy Grail or 
images of a magical sword. 

2834
02:26:19,700 --> 02:26:21,600
Bestowed by a lake dwelling 
enchantress. 

2835
02:26:22,500 --> 02:26:25,500
These elements arrived later 
grafted onto the tradition. 

2836
02:26:25,500 --> 02:26:28,600
As a medieval writers sought to 
marry in indigenous British myth

2837
02:26:28,600 --> 02:26:31,800
with Christian symbolism. 
The original Tales like he 

2838
02:26:31,800 --> 02:26:36,000
focused on Victory feasts and 
the Heroes final stand rather 

2839
02:26:36,000 --> 02:26:39,200
than mystical relics, the 
deepest spiritual Dimension, 

2840
02:26:39,200 --> 02:26:42,500
emphasizing moral quests, and 
the search for divine, grace 

2841
02:26:42,500 --> 02:26:45,600
would come with the romances in 
subsequent centuries. 

2842
02:26:46,700 --> 02:26:48,700
Still one thread remains 
consistent. 

2843
02:26:48,700 --> 02:26:52,400
Arthur is portrayed as a unifier
who rallied disparate people's, 

2844
02:26:52,400 --> 02:26:56,200
Britain's Western regions from 
Wales to Cornwall claimed him as

2845
02:26:56,200 --> 02:26:59,600
their champion. 
Even the name Arthur suggests 

2846
02:26:59,600 --> 02:27:02,700
residents with the Welsh word 
for bear. 

2847
02:27:02,700 --> 02:27:05,400
A Titanic animal symbolizing 
strength. 

2848
02:27:06,100 --> 02:27:09,700
As Saxon influence, spread 
Nostalgia for a time when the 

2849
02:27:09,700 --> 02:27:13,800
britons had heroic protector 
grew Oral storytellers carried 

2850
02:27:13,800 --> 02:27:18,200
that longing, forward layering 
each retelling with new wonders.

2851
02:27:19,000 --> 02:27:21,700
Thus the stage was set for King 
Arthur to emerge. 

2852
02:27:21,700 --> 02:27:25,400
Both the mirror for the past and
a beacon for the future, from a 

2853
02:27:25,400 --> 02:27:28,900
realm battered by Raiders. 
A figure real, or semi legendary

2854
02:27:28,900 --> 02:27:30,600
Rose to claim the people's 
imagination. 

2855
02:27:31,400 --> 02:27:34,200
Long before Camelot became The 
Shining castle of romances, 

2856
02:27:34,200 --> 02:27:37,200
there was likely a rough wooden 
Hall on a rainy, prestigious 

2857
02:27:37,200 --> 02:27:40,700
Hilltop where a leader called 
Arthur once rallied his men over

2858
02:27:40,700 --> 02:27:43,400
the centuries that leaders 
memory would transform into a 

2859
02:27:43,408 --> 02:27:47,600
tapestry of Epic Battles, 
courtly Grace and moral ideals. 

2860
02:27:47,600 --> 02:27:51,000
That still Captivate Us though 
Geoffrey of monmouth's work gave

2861
02:27:51,000 --> 02:27:53,600
Arthur a grand historical, 
sweet, the French and Anglo 

2862
02:27:53,600 --> 02:27:55,700
Norman Poets of the 12th and 
13th. 

2863
02:27:55,700 --> 02:27:59,000
Centuries fused that Chronicle 
based narrative with the ethos 

2864
02:27:59,000 --> 02:28:01,700
of chivalry. 
Writers such as criteria, 

2865
02:28:01,700 --> 02:28:06,300
introduced Knights on quests, 
enchanting ladies and moral 

2866
02:28:06,300 --> 02:28:09,900
challenges, far beyond the blunt
tribal Warfare of sub, Rome and 

2867
02:28:09,900 --> 02:28:12,600
Britain. 
It was in these romantic verses 

2868
02:28:12,600 --> 02:28:15,500
that King Arthur's Court. 
Camelot crystallized in the 

2869
02:28:15,508 --> 02:28:18,700
medieval mind as an epicenter of
refinement and virtue. 

2870
02:28:19,300 --> 02:28:21,300
Camelot was more than a single 
Castle. 

2871
02:28:22,000 --> 02:28:26,000
It symbolized an ideal realm at 
a time when feudal Europe was 

2872
02:28:26,000 --> 02:28:29,600
grappling with violent feuds and
nightly rivalries within 

2873
02:28:29,600 --> 02:28:31,800
Arthur's Kingdom, courtesy and 
Valor. 

2874
02:28:31,800 --> 02:28:34,800
Reigned Supreme anchored. 
By the notion that Knights, 

2875
02:28:34,800 --> 02:28:37,800
should uphold Justice, protect 
the weak and respect the 

2876
02:28:37,800 --> 02:28:41,700
sovereignty of the church. 
This moral code was never a 

2877
02:28:41,700 --> 02:28:44,700
given it emerged gradually as 
poets reimagined. 

2878
02:28:44,700 --> 02:28:48,400
The old warlord, Arthur into a 
wise King who presided over the 

2879
02:28:48,400 --> 02:28:51,000
round table. 
The round table itself was a 

2880
02:28:51,008 --> 02:28:54,400
powerful metaphor for a quality.
Among his Knights, a stark 

2881
02:28:54,400 --> 02:28:57,500
contrast to the real feudal 
hierarchy that often hinged on 

2882
02:28:57,500 --> 02:29:00,900
exploitation. 
Creatine undertale, introduced 

2883
02:29:00,900 --> 02:29:03,800
characters, like Lance Lot and 
explored the conflict between 

2884
02:29:03,800 --> 02:29:05,700
martial Duty and romantic 
devotion. 

2885
02:29:06,600 --> 02:29:07,900
His tale. 
Lance a lot. 

2886
02:29:07,908 --> 02:29:11,200
The Knight of the cart was 
groundbreaking portraying, the 

2887
02:29:11,200 --> 02:29:12,900
night's passion for Queen 
Guinevere. 

2888
02:29:12,900 --> 02:29:16,700
As both, uplifting demonstrating
profound of ocean and troubling.

2889
02:29:17,400 --> 02:29:19,400
Because it threatened, the 
stability of Camelot. 

2890
02:29:20,100 --> 02:29:24,100
This tension, lending loyalty 
and Forbidden Love gave ithorian

2891
02:29:24,100 --> 02:29:28,200
law and new cycle depth. 
Suddenly the Kings Authority 

2892
02:29:28,200 --> 02:29:32,600
faced internal strain, not just 
external Wars in parallel. 

2893
02:29:32,600 --> 02:29:36,000
Welsh Traditions developed their
own sets of Arthurian, Tales 

2894
02:29:36,000 --> 02:29:39,600
known collectively as the Mawby.
Noggin replete with magical 

2895
02:29:39,600 --> 02:29:43,500
hunts, shapeshifting creatures. 
And cryptic references to Old 

2896
02:29:43,500 --> 02:29:47,200
Celtic deities, these Tales 
portrayed Arthur as more than 

2897
02:29:47,200 --> 02:29:50,300
just a mortal King. 
Weaving him into an ethereal 

2898
02:29:50,300 --> 02:29:53,500
tapestry, courteous and 
warriors, in these Welsh 

2899
02:29:53,500 --> 02:29:54,800
stories. 
Navigated, a realm where 

2900
02:29:54,808 --> 02:29:59,100
Illusions might mask, deeper, 
truths and heroic Feats often, 

2901
02:29:59,100 --> 02:30:03,000
demanded Supernatural insight. 
Arthur came off as a liminal 

2902
02:30:03,000 --> 02:30:07,200
figure part champion, in the 
Mortal sphere part Catalyst in 

2903
02:30:07,200 --> 02:30:11,600
the realm of myth, By the early 
13th century, the so called 

2904
02:30:11,600 --> 02:30:14,500
Vulgate cycle, also known as the
Lancelot Grail. 

2905
02:30:14,500 --> 02:30:18,500
Cycle emerged in French prose 
adding layer upon layer to The 

2906
02:30:18,500 --> 02:30:22,700
Saga, the Holy Grail took Center
Stage turning Arthur's Kingdom 

2907
02:30:22,700 --> 02:30:24,600
Into The Crucible of a spiritual
Quest. 

2908
02:30:24,600 --> 02:30:28,800
Knights like Galahad introduced 
in these texts, embodied, Purity

2909
02:30:28,800 --> 02:30:32,000
and the hope of divine 
revelation The round table 

2910
02:30:32,000 --> 02:30:34,500
Knights no longer merely sought 
Fame on the battlefield. 

2911
02:30:34,500 --> 02:30:38,000
The yearned for mystical 
encounters with a relic link to 

2912
02:30:38,000 --> 02:30:41,200
Christ Last Supper. 
This infusion of Christian 

2913
02:30:41,200 --> 02:30:43,900
allegory, transformed Arthur's 
Court into a place where the 

2914
02:30:43,900 --> 02:30:46,500
line between Earthly power and 
Heavenly purpose. 

2915
02:30:46,500 --> 02:30:51,000
Blurred through these expansions
King, Arthur's story ceased to 

2916
02:30:51,000 --> 02:30:53,500
be a single consistent 
narrative, and became more of a 

2917
02:30:53,508 --> 02:30:56,700
shared Mythos different. 
Authors selected episodes that 

2918
02:30:56,700 --> 02:31:00,000
suited their tastes, some 
highlighted guinevere's, moral 

2919
02:31:00,000 --> 02:31:04,200
dilemma others fixated on 
lancelot's Feats while still 

2920
02:31:04,200 --> 02:31:06,400
others delved into the grail's 
riddles. 

2921
02:31:07,100 --> 02:31:09,500
Arthur himself at times, slipped
into the background as his 

2922
02:31:09,500 --> 02:31:12,400
Knights took Center Stage 
grappling with Illusions 

2923
02:31:12,400 --> 02:31:16,800
prophecies and moral failings 
yet the concept of Camelot as a 

2924
02:31:16,808 --> 02:31:19,800
golden era. 
Endured, Testament to a kingdom.

2925
02:31:19,800 --> 02:31:23,400
So just and Noble that it 
attracted Divine interest, even 

2926
02:31:23,400 --> 02:31:25,600
if it was eventually undone by 
human Frailty. 

2927
02:31:26,600 --> 02:31:28,900
Despite the high minded 
chivalry, these were immense is 

2928
02:31:28,900 --> 02:31:31,200
extolled they also contained 
warnings. 

2929
02:31:32,000 --> 02:31:35,200
Arthur's rail offered a vision 
of perfect rule, but the seeds 

2930
02:31:35,200 --> 02:31:37,300
of its fall were sown within its
ranks. 

2931
02:31:38,200 --> 02:31:41,700
Lancelot's betrayal Mordred 
treachery and the Knights 

2932
02:31:41,700 --> 02:31:44,800
fragmentation underscored how 
easily greatness could unravel. 

2933
02:31:45,800 --> 02:31:49,200
In reflecting on these fictional
events medieval audiences. 

2934
02:31:49,200 --> 02:31:52,700
Might Ponder the fragility of 
their societies, Royal courts 

2935
02:31:52,700 --> 02:31:55,100
and Noble houses existed in 
Perpetual tension. 

2936
02:31:55,100 --> 02:31:59,000
Threatened by ambition, 
jealousies and Foreign Wars. 

2937
02:31:59,700 --> 02:32:03,100
Authors downfall was thus a 
cautionary mirror, reminding 

2938
02:32:03,100 --> 02:32:06,600
them that no Empire. 
However, I realized was immune 

2939
02:32:06,600 --> 02:32:10,400
to the foibles of humanity. 
At the same time, the Arthurian 

2940
02:32:10,400 --> 02:32:14,200
cycle provided a spiritual 
Dimension, that comforted or 

2941
02:32:14,200 --> 02:32:17,500
challenged believers. 
The Quest for the Grail 

2942
02:32:17,500 --> 02:32:22,400
especially as told in the Cuesta
dissing Grell championed a set 

2943
02:32:22,400 --> 02:32:26,400
of system over my prowess. 
Knights, who succeeded did so by

2944
02:32:26,400 --> 02:32:29,500
humility and moral Purity, 
rather than Brute Force. 

2945
02:32:30,400 --> 02:32:33,400
This concept of Sanctified 
heroism was novel in an age. 

2946
02:32:33,400 --> 02:32:37,500
When military might typically 
Define power through the lens of

2947
02:32:37,500 --> 02:32:40,200
Arthur's story. 
Audiences could imagine a higher

2948
02:32:40,200 --> 02:32:43,200
calling one, that demanded 
introspection as much as 

2949
02:32:43,200 --> 02:32:46,700
external Victory. 
Thus, by the high Middle Ages, 

2950
02:32:46,700 --> 02:32:49,900
Arthur had become both a 
glittering Monarch and a figure 

2951
02:32:49,900 --> 02:32:52,200
over shadowed by the 
complexities of his realm. 

2952
02:32:52,900 --> 02:32:55,800
Whether in thrown at Camelot or 
overshadowed by Lance lots and 

2953
02:32:55,800 --> 02:32:59,700
gains exploits, he represented a
cultural Wellspring that authors

2954
02:32:59,700 --> 02:33:03,800
and audiences reshape to reflect
their aspirations anxieties and 

2955
02:33:03,800 --> 02:33:08,200
Theological preoccupations. 
The warlord of an obscure 

2956
02:33:08,200 --> 02:33:11,100
British Epoch had been 
thoroughly recast as the load 

2957
02:33:11,100 --> 02:33:12,700
star of Chevelle Rex 
civilization. 

2958
02:33:13,400 --> 02:33:15,900
Transformation that would 
resonate for centuries to come 

2959
02:33:15,900 --> 02:33:20,300
while medieval audiences reveled
in Arthurian romances, the 

2960
02:33:20,300 --> 02:33:23,000
Renaissance brought a degree of 
skepticism toward medieval 

2961
02:33:23,000 --> 02:33:25,300
chivalry. 
As Europe, rediscovered 

2962
02:33:25,300 --> 02:33:28,400
classical Antiquity tastes 
shifted, toward realism and 

2963
02:33:28,400 --> 02:33:30,900
historical inquiry. 
Yet King Arthur proved 

2964
02:33:30,900 --> 02:33:33,700
remarkably resilient inspiring 
new works. 

2965
02:33:33,700 --> 02:33:36,900
Even in an era that questioned 
medieval faith in the 

2966
02:33:36,900 --> 02:33:40,000
miraculous. 
Writers dramatists and 

2967
02:33:40,000 --> 02:33:43,500
pamphleteers recognized that the
Epic scope of arthas saga. 

2968
02:33:43,500 --> 02:33:46,200
Could be reinterpreted to 
address the ideological battles 

2969
02:33:46,200 --> 02:33:49,900
of the 16th and 17th centuries. 
A prime example of this, 

2970
02:33:49,900 --> 02:33:54,100
adaptability is Edmond 
Spencer's, the fairy queen 1590s

2971
02:33:54,100 --> 02:33:57,800
which Drew heavily on author in 
motifs though it cast its hero 

2972
02:33:57,800 --> 02:34:01,200
in allegorical form. 
Spencer depicted Prince Arthur 

2973
02:34:01,200 --> 02:34:04,900
as the embodiment of perfection 
seeking the fairy queen 

2974
02:34:04,900 --> 02:34:07,200
representing Queen, Elizabeth 
first. 

2975
02:34:07,200 --> 02:34:10,000
This conflation of our theory in
Tradition. 

2976
02:34:10,000 --> 02:34:13,000
With contemporary Royal 
symbolism turned the old Legend 

2977
02:34:13,000 --> 02:34:15,100
into a vehicle for praising 
Tudor rule. 

2978
02:34:15,100 --> 02:34:18,700
Even if the real Tudors had 
tenuous claims to genealogical 

2979
02:34:18,700 --> 02:34:21,800
descent from Arthur the 
mythology, served as a potent 

2980
02:34:21,800 --> 02:34:25,400
piece of propaganda, implying a 
lineage stretching back to the 

2981
02:34:25,400 --> 02:34:29,000
dawn of British greatness. 
Simultaneously, the printing, 

2982
02:34:29,000 --> 02:34:31,900
press facilitated, the 
widespread circulation of Sir 

2983
02:34:31,900 --> 02:34:36,000
Thomas malory's, Le motto, first
published by William caxton in 

2984
02:34:36,000 --> 02:34:39,100
1485. 
Though Mallory wrote in the 15th

2985
02:34:39,100 --> 02:34:41,800
century, the Renaissance 
generation rediscovered, his 

2986
02:34:41,800 --> 02:34:44,900
compilation, which fused French 
and English sources into a 

2987
02:34:44,908 --> 02:34:49,000
comprehensive Arthurian epic. 
Its themes of loyalty betrayal 

2988
02:34:49,000 --> 02:34:52,300
and the tragic cost of internal 
Discord found New resonances 

2989
02:34:52,300 --> 02:34:54,900
England, grappled with the 
religious schisms, and dynastic,

2990
02:34:54,900 --> 02:34:59,800
uncertainties, Text appealed to 
those craving heroism, but wary 

2991
02:34:59,800 --> 02:35:02,100
of the illusions that wants 
cloaked medieval piety. 

2992
02:35:02,900 --> 02:35:07,200
In the broader European context 
in King Arthur spark debate 

2993
02:35:07,200 --> 02:35:10,500
overall thin City. 
Scholars asked whether Geoffrey 

2994
02:35:10,500 --> 02:35:12,400
of monmouth's or Mallory's 
accounts contained. 

2995
02:35:12,400 --> 02:35:14,100
A colonel of fact or pure 
invention. 

2996
02:35:15,000 --> 02:35:18,200
And to quarians poured, over 
genealogical charts, local place

2997
02:35:18,200 --> 02:35:21,200
names, and fragmentary 
manuscripts, trying to prove or 

2998
02:35:21,200 --> 02:35:22,900
disprove Arthur's. 
Real existence. 

2999
02:35:23,700 --> 02:35:26,100
Some claimed, he was a Celtic 
champion who fought off Saxon 

3000
02:35:26,100 --> 02:35:28,600
Invaders, While others labeled 
him a total fabrication. 

3001
02:35:29,700 --> 02:35:32,600
Interestingly, these historical 
controversies did little to 

3002
02:35:32,600 --> 02:35:36,100
dampen The public's appetite for
authority and plays poems, 

3003
02:35:36,100 --> 02:35:40,400
pageants, real or not Arthur 
remained a cultural Touchstone 

3004
02:35:40,400 --> 02:35:44,300
during the Elizabethan era. 
Chevrolet Nostalgia blended with

3005
02:35:44,300 --> 02:35:47,800
the Monkees political agenda. 
Spectacles at court, sometimes 

3006
02:35:47,800 --> 02:35:51,500
featured tilts and tournaments 
staged in an Arthurian spirit. 

3007
02:35:52,400 --> 02:35:55,900
Sensui the monarchy's claim to a
glorious British past. 

3008
02:35:55,900 --> 02:36:00,600
However, as the 17th century 
wore on, Civil War erupted in 

3009
02:36:00,600 --> 02:36:02,700
England, toppling the monarchy 
for a Time. 

3010
02:36:03,300 --> 02:36:06,500
The old stories of knights Bound
by Honor felt distant in a world

3011
02:36:06,500 --> 02:36:09,800
split by ideological conflict 
between parliamentarians and 

3012
02:36:09,800 --> 02:36:12,500
royalists. 
Despite this references to a 

3013
02:36:12,500 --> 02:36:14,500
lost age of unity dotted, 
royalist propaganda. 

3014
02:36:15,500 --> 02:36:18,500
Arthur symbol of around table 
that transcended factionalism 

3015
02:36:18,500 --> 02:36:21,900
served, as a subtle, critique of
contemporary divisiveness. 

3016
02:36:22,800 --> 02:36:24,800
By the 18th century. 
The so called Age of 

3017
02:36:24,808 --> 02:36:28,200
Enlightenment or turned toward 
rationalism, medieval romance, 

3018
02:36:28,200 --> 02:36:31,800
seemed quaint or superstitious 
to many intellectuals, even so 

3019
02:36:31,800 --> 02:36:35,800
Arthur persisted in popular 
imagination, writers toyed with 

3020
02:36:35,800 --> 02:36:38,900
comedic or satirical takes 
highlighting the gap between 

3021
02:36:38,900 --> 02:36:41,200
medieval Illusions and modern 
rational thought. 

3022
02:36:42,200 --> 02:36:44,600
In these retellings, the Feats 
of Arthur's. 

3023
02:36:44,600 --> 02:36:47,400
Knights slaying dragons, or 
embarking on magical quests, 

3024
02:36:47,400 --> 02:36:51,400
looked increasingly improbable. 
Yet these parodies, only 

3025
02:36:51,400 --> 02:36:54,600
increased public familiarity 
with the legend, ensuring that 

3026
02:36:54,600 --> 02:36:58,000
the name of Arthur remained in 
circulation. throughout this 

3027
02:36:58,000 --> 02:37:01,000
period, British national 
identity slowly coalesced, 

3028
02:37:01,000 --> 02:37:04,900
especially after the 1707 Act of
union merged, England, and 

3029
02:37:04,900 --> 02:37:08,600
Scotland, Authors in search of a
unifying myth frequently, 

3030
02:37:08,600 --> 02:37:11,900
referenced authors, promise, a 
king, who wants unified the 

3031
02:37:11,900 --> 02:37:15,300
realm only to be undone by 
internal betrayals. 

3032
02:37:15,300 --> 02:37:19,000
This Motif mirrored anxieties 
about whether Britain's newly 

3033
02:37:19,000 --> 02:37:22,200
emerged kingdoms could truly 
Stand Together, Arthur's Legend,

3034
02:37:22,200 --> 02:37:25,800
functioned as both inspiration 
and a cautionary, tale a 

3035
02:37:25,800 --> 02:37:29,200
reflection on the costs of 
disunity, scholarly curiosity 

3036
02:37:29,200 --> 02:37:32,400
about Celtic Heritage. 
Also played a role spurred by 

3037
02:37:32,400 --> 02:37:36,200
the romanticization of ancient 
bartik Traditions, researchers 

3038
02:37:36,200 --> 02:37:40,300
scoured, Welsh, Bretton and 
Cornish, folklore curious to 

3039
02:37:40,300 --> 02:37:43,300
find evidence that Mike clarify 
Arthur's, historical basis. 

3040
02:37:43,300 --> 02:37:47,100
Sometimes researchers would we 
fragments of old poems or place 

3041
02:37:47,100 --> 02:37:50,100
named Legends interactional 
arguments about arthas possible 

3042
02:37:50,100 --> 02:37:53,200
birth date or the location of 
specific battles. 

3043
02:37:53,200 --> 02:37:55,600
All the definitive proof 
remained elusive. 

3044
02:37:55,600 --> 02:37:59,300
Each attempt underscored how the
figure of Arthur Bridge 

3045
02:37:59,300 --> 02:38:02,800
scholarship and myth standing at
the intersection of Legends 

3046
02:38:02,800 --> 02:38:05,500
emotional power and history is 
demand for evidence. 

3047
02:38:06,100 --> 02:38:09,600
Thus between the Renaissance and
the enlightenment King Arthur 

3048
02:38:09,600 --> 02:38:12,900
was never a static figure. 
He became a mirror for each year

3049
02:38:12,900 --> 02:38:17,000
as hopes Illusions and debates 
about monarchy unity, and 

3050
02:38:17,000 --> 02:38:20,100
cultural identity. 
Where the cast is a courtly 

3051
02:38:20,100 --> 02:38:22,300
night. 
A symbolic ancestor of present 

3052
02:38:22,300 --> 02:38:25,900
rulers or a relic of 
superstition Arthur retain, the 

3053
02:38:25,900 --> 02:38:28,900
ability to inspire provoke and 
challenge. 

3054
02:38:29,700 --> 02:38:33,000
By the dawn of the Romantic Era 
he was poised for, yet another 

3055
02:38:33,000 --> 02:38:36,500
grand Revival this time in 
poetry and the emerging novel 

3056
02:38:36,500 --> 02:38:40,100
form, ensuring his endurance for
centuries to come. 

3057
02:38:40,900 --> 02:38:43,600
The Romantic Movement of the 
late 18th and early, 19th 

3058
02:38:43,600 --> 02:38:47,000
centuries, and embraced 
medievalism with gusto seeking 

3059
02:38:47,000 --> 02:38:50,000
inspiration in distant ages, 
perceived as more authentic and 

3060
02:38:50,000 --> 02:38:53,400
emotionally resonant. 
King Arthur's law fit perfectly 

3061
02:38:53,400 --> 02:38:57,600
into this artistic wave writers,
such as Sir, Walter Scott wolf 

3062
02:38:57,600 --> 02:38:59,600
Chevalier elements in his 
historical novels. 

3063
02:38:59,600 --> 02:39:03,300
While lesser known poets invoke 
off Theory and motifs to evoke 

3064
02:39:03,300 --> 02:39:05,700
the sublime. 
And the melancholic crucially, 

3065
02:39:05,700 --> 02:39:09,500
this period saw a reimagining of
the Arthurian Legend, not just 

3066
02:39:09,500 --> 02:39:12,900
as a national myth but as a 
repository of human longing and 

3067
02:39:12,900 --> 02:39:16,000
natural wonder. 
The romantic's valorized 

3068
02:39:16,000 --> 02:39:19,700
medieval ruins, folk ballards, 
and the sense that modern 

3069
02:39:19,700 --> 02:39:22,500
industrial society had lost 
contact with deeper truths. 

3070
02:39:23,300 --> 02:39:26,900
In this context, Arthur's Court 
represented, a realm where honor

3071
02:39:26,900 --> 02:39:30,400
and Beauty reigned untainted by 
mechanized progress. 

3072
02:39:30,400 --> 02:39:36,100
Landscapes Misty Moors, ancient 
stone circles, Hidden Lakes, 

3073
02:39:36,100 --> 02:39:39,400
acquired near mystical qualities
frequently. 

3074
02:39:39,400 --> 02:39:42,500
Associated with Tales of 
Arthur's, final departure for 

3075
02:39:42,500 --> 02:39:45,500
the Isle of Avalon. 
Paintings of the era depicting 

3076
02:39:45,500 --> 02:39:49,500
Guinevere or the Lady of Shalott
combined Lush color, and a 

3077
02:39:49,500 --> 02:39:52,100
dreamy atmosphere to create a 
longing for an irretrievable 

3078
02:39:52,100 --> 02:39:55,400
past. 
The most significant revivalist.

3079
02:39:55,400 --> 02:39:57,000
During the Victorian age was 
Alfred. 

3080
02:39:57,000 --> 02:39:59,900
Lord Tennyson. 
Whose Idols of the king 

3081
02:39:59,900 --> 02:40:05,600
published between 1859 and 1885,
Arthur as a moral Exemplar 

3082
02:40:05,600 --> 02:40:07,900
struggling against the 
corruption within his realm. 

3083
02:40:08,700 --> 02:40:11,700
Tennyson's vs sword with 
idealism, yet carried, and under

3084
02:40:11,700 --> 02:40:14,100
current of disillusion, in his 
hands. 

3085
02:40:14,100 --> 02:40:17,600
Camelot became a metaphor for 
Victorian, Britain's aspirations

3086
02:40:17,600 --> 02:40:21,000
Empire technology and moral 
righteousness. 

3087
02:40:21,000 --> 02:40:24,400
While the knights failures 
reflected, the era's anxiety is 

3088
02:40:24,400 --> 02:40:26,500
about hypocrisy and social 
decay. 

3089
02:40:27,900 --> 02:40:30,400
The story of Lancelot and 
Guinevere became a tragic 

3090
02:40:30,400 --> 02:40:33,900
Testament, to human 
vulnerability overshadowing, the

3091
02:40:33,900 --> 02:40:38,000
early illusions of gallantry. 
Tennyson's work was no mere 

3092
02:40:38,000 --> 02:40:40,600
literary. 
Exercise it shaped, Victorian, 

3093
02:40:40,600 --> 02:40:44,300
cultural consciousness. 
Stained glass windows tapestries

3094
02:40:44,300 --> 02:40:47,600
and even up to our ham and 
Architectural, Motif spring up 

3095
02:40:47,600 --> 02:40:49,300
in wealthy homes and public 
buildings. 

3096
02:40:49,300 --> 02:40:53,400
All referencing Arthurian 
scenes, critics lauded Tennyson 

3097
02:40:53,400 --> 02:40:56,600
for elevating, the legend to a 
moral epic while detractors, 

3098
02:40:56,600 --> 02:40:59,600
argued that he sanitized, the 
more raw or ambiguous aspects, 

3099
02:40:59,600 --> 02:41:03,900
nonetheless, Idols of the king 
remained wildly popular 

3100
02:41:03,900 --> 02:41:06,800
reinforcing the notion. 
That Arthur's tale offered, 

3101
02:41:06,800 --> 02:41:11,500
moral guidance for a modern age 
even Queen Victoria, reportedly 

3102
02:41:11,500 --> 02:41:14,100
admired. 
Tennyson's interpretation seeing

3103
02:41:14,100 --> 02:41:16,500
in Arthur's, struggle, or 
reflection of her desire to 

3104
02:41:16,500 --> 02:41:18,500
maintain moral Authority in a 
changing world. 

3105
02:41:19,300 --> 02:41:23,200
Outside poetry the Arts and 
Crafts movement led by figures 

3106
02:41:23,200 --> 02:41:26,700
like William Morris found in our
Theory and romance and antidote 

3107
02:41:26,700 --> 02:41:31,500
to Industrial mass-production. 
Morris's designs from wallpapers

3108
02:41:31,500 --> 02:41:34,900
to book bindings invoked the 
swirling lines and medieval 

3109
02:41:34,900 --> 02:41:36,700
patterns, reminiscent of 
illuminated. 

3110
02:41:36,700 --> 02:41:40,300
Manuscripts, he even wrote his 
own ithorian based works. 

3111
02:41:41,000 --> 02:41:43,000
For Morris. 
And his Circle, The Legend 

3112
02:41:43,000 --> 02:41:45,900
represented a craftsmanship 
ethic and a sense of community 

3113
02:41:45,900 --> 02:41:49,000
lost a factory labor. 
Decorating ones, home with 

3114
02:41:49,000 --> 02:41:52,900
Arthurian motifs hinted at a 
quest for authenticity in an 

3115
02:41:52,900 --> 02:41:56,000
increasingly mechanized Society.
Across the channel. 

3116
02:41:56,000 --> 02:41:58,900
French and German intellectuals 
took note of this English 

3117
02:41:58,900 --> 02:42:03,400
Fascination translations of 
Tennyson circulated and cultural

3118
02:42:03,400 --> 02:42:06,700
salons discussed the universal 
quality of the Arthurian myth. 

3119
02:42:07,300 --> 02:42:10,100
A noble ruler of betrayal and 
human weakness. 

3120
02:42:10,100 --> 02:42:13,700
A reflection on how the grandest
vision can collapse from within.

3121
02:42:14,800 --> 02:42:18,000
The story of a once cohesive 
realm, fracturing resonated 

3122
02:42:18,000 --> 02:42:21,200
broadly in a Time marked by 
Revolution and the unification 

3123
02:42:21,200 --> 02:42:22,800
of States like Italy and 
Germany. 

3124
02:42:23,800 --> 02:42:26,900
Yet the more the victorians 
idealized Arthur, the more some 

3125
02:42:26,900 --> 02:42:29,800
critics pushed back. 
Realistic authors found the 

3126
02:42:29,800 --> 02:42:33,500
legend arcade, they lampooned 
the knights as naive dreamers or

3127
02:42:33,500 --> 02:42:37,300
castigated the Romantic 
Obsession as escapism ignoring 

3128
02:42:37,300 --> 02:42:39,800
pressing social issues like 
poverty and inequality. 

3129
02:42:40,800 --> 02:42:43,500
Novelists such as Charles 
Dickens or Elizabeth Gaskell. 

3130
02:42:43,500 --> 02:42:48,000
Focused on contemporary life. 
Rarely referencing Arthur still 

3131
02:42:48,000 --> 02:42:51,300
even in their works. 
The notion of a lost moral 

3132
02:42:51,300 --> 02:42:54,600
Center alert. 
As if Camelot Shadow lay over an

3133
02:42:54,600 --> 02:42:58,800
industrial landscape that had 
lost, its spiritual Mooring. by 

3134
02:42:58,800 --> 02:43:02,200
the late 19th century, the 
medieval Revival reached its 

3135
02:43:02,200 --> 02:43:05,800
peak pre-raphaelite painters, 
like Edward Byrne, Jones 

3136
02:43:05,800 --> 02:43:09,300
rendered, Sumptuous scenes of 
knights questing in forests 

3137
02:43:09,300 --> 02:43:13,100
dappled with improbable light, 
Guinevere's hair glowed with 

3138
02:43:13,108 --> 02:43:18,500
golden Hues, lancelot's armor 
gleaned and Arthur himself stood

3139
02:43:18,500 --> 02:43:21,500
as a solemn. 
Almost tragic figure the 

3140
02:43:21,500 --> 02:43:24,400
emphasis on color texture and 
emotion. 

3141
02:43:24,400 --> 02:43:27,300
Showcased how thoroughly the 
legend had been claimed by the 

3142
02:43:27,300 --> 02:43:30,400
aesthetic movement? 
King Arthur was no longer just a

3143
02:43:30,400 --> 02:43:33,100
steam taught in school. 
He was a cultural phenomenon, 

3144
02:43:33,100 --> 02:43:37,000
bridging literature art, 
interior design and public 

3145
02:43:37,000 --> 02:43:40,800
discourse about morality and 
progress, this further romantic 

3146
02:43:40,800 --> 02:43:43,900
and Victorian Reclamation set 
the stage for a 20th century, 

3147
02:43:43,900 --> 02:43:46,100
that would wrestle a new with 
Arthur's meaning. 

3148
02:43:47,100 --> 02:43:50,800
As Empire gave way to Modern War
and the illusions of Unstoppable

3149
02:43:50,800 --> 02:43:53,400
progress cracked the question 
loomed. 

3150
02:43:54,000 --> 02:43:57,200
With the ithorian legend remain 
relevant, or would it be 

3151
02:43:57,200 --> 02:44:00,700
relegated to the dusty corners 
of library's overshadowed by 

3152
02:44:00,700 --> 02:44:04,500
more pragmatic Narrative of 
Science and modernity becoming 

3153
02:44:04,500 --> 02:44:08,900
era would test that question in 
unexpected ways in the tale of 

3154
02:44:08,908 --> 02:44:12,700
Britain's mythical King can 
continue to evolve. the early 

3155
02:44:12,700 --> 02:44:15,800
20th century confronted, the 
ithorian legend, with two world 

3156
02:44:15,800 --> 02:44:19,800
wars, and a changing cultural 
landscape that tested all forms 

3157
02:44:19,800 --> 02:44:23,100
of romanticized History, Yet the
legend adapted. 

3158
02:44:23,100 --> 02:44:26,800
Once more on the literary front,
novelists and Scholars 

3159
02:44:26,800 --> 02:44:30,600
Revisited, the medieval sources 
sifting myth from alleged fact, 

3160
02:44:30,600 --> 02:44:34,800
with renewed vigor, Th White's 
The Once and Future King 

3161
02:44:34,800 --> 02:44:40,100
serialized between 1938 and 1958
stood out in this period, as a 

3162
02:44:40,100 --> 02:44:42,200
bold reinterpretation. 
That combined Whimsy with 

3163
02:44:42,200 --> 02:44:45,400
philosophical introspection, 
white began with a 

3164
02:44:45,400 --> 02:44:48,100
light-hearted, portrayal of a 
young Arthur tutored, by Merlin 

3165
02:44:48,100 --> 02:44:51,600
who transforms him into various 
animals to learn life lessons. 

3166
02:44:52,700 --> 02:44:56,100
But as the narrative Advanced it
delved into darker, ethical 

3167
02:44:56,100 --> 02:44:59,800
complexities power, Justice and 
betrayal echoing. 

3168
02:44:59,800 --> 02:45:01,500
The cataclysms of the world 
outside. 

3169
02:45:02,700 --> 02:45:05,200
The Once and Future King 
resonated with readers living 

3170
02:45:05,200 --> 02:45:08,000
through global conflict. 
Arthur's. 

3171
02:45:08,000 --> 02:45:10,900
Dream of a just Society felt 
like a parallel to the Allies 

3172
02:45:10,900 --> 02:45:12,400
rhetoric about defending 
democracy. 

3173
02:45:13,600 --> 02:45:16,800
The tragedy that performs, 
Camelot, particularly the moral 

3174
02:45:16,800 --> 02:45:19,300
struggles of Lancelot and the 
Heartbreak of Guinevere. 

3175
02:45:19,300 --> 02:45:22,800
Reflected, a broader 
disillusionment even Noble 

3176
02:45:22,800 --> 02:45:26,200
intention can unravel under the 
strain of ambition or human 

3177
02:45:26,200 --> 02:45:30,300
fallibility. 
White comedic touches balance, 

3178
02:45:30,300 --> 02:45:33,600
these weighty themes, allowing 
the novel to remain accessible 

3179
02:45:33,600 --> 02:45:36,900
to a wide audience. 
Critics praised, his ability to 

3180
02:45:36,908 --> 02:45:41,000
weave personal growth, political
ideology and Mythic Grandeur 

3181
02:45:41,000 --> 02:45:44,400
into a single tapestry. 
Academic Circle. 

3182
02:45:44,400 --> 02:45:46,700
Also turned a fresh eye toward 
Arthur's, historical 

3183
02:45:46,700 --> 02:45:50,100
underpinnings. 
Archaeologists launched Digs at 

3184
02:45:50,100 --> 02:45:51,900
sites like Cadbury Castle in 
Somerset. 

3185
02:45:51,900 --> 02:45:55,300
Some identifying it with Camelot
uncovered evidence of a 

3186
02:45:55,308 --> 02:45:59,700
significant fifth or sixth 
Century fort All though no 

3187
02:45:59,700 --> 02:46:03,300
definitive proof of an Arthur 
materialized the findings hinted

3188
02:46:03,300 --> 02:46:05,800
at the possibility of a powerful
Chieftain operating from a 

3189
02:46:05,808 --> 02:46:10,100
stronghold in that region. 
Meanwhile historians re-examined

3190
02:46:10,100 --> 02:46:13,200
sub Roman texts searching for 
references to a figure. 

3191
02:46:13,200 --> 02:46:15,700
Commanding battles against the 
Saxons Walden. 

3192
02:46:15,700 --> 02:46:18,800
Conclusive identity was pinned 
down a measured stance emerged, 

3193
02:46:18,800 --> 02:46:23,500
perhaps an actual War leader. 
Existed, whose memory Amplified 

3194
02:46:23,500 --> 02:46:28,100
by oral tradition evolved into 
Legend Cinema followed with its 

3195
02:46:28,100 --> 02:46:32,500
portrayal. 
In 1953 Knights of the Round 

3196
02:46:32,500 --> 02:46:34,800
Table, starring Robert, Taylor 
and Ava Gardner. 

3197
02:46:34,800 --> 02:46:39,000
Showcased a Technicolor Camelot 
brimming with courtly spectacle 

3198
02:46:39,000 --> 02:46:42,600
and Florida romance, continuing 
the tradition of a shining 

3199
02:46:42,600 --> 02:46:47,300
Arthur but in the late 20th 
century filmmakers occasionally 

3200
02:46:47,300 --> 02:46:51,800
tried grittier approaches John 
borman's, 1981 film Excalibur 

3201
02:46:51,800 --> 02:46:54,500
combined stylized visuals with 
raw violence. 

3202
02:46:54,500 --> 02:46:58,400
Depicting, a more Primal 
medieval setting Merlin played 

3203
02:46:58,400 --> 02:47:01,600
by nickel Williamson stole 
scenes with cryptic monologues 

3204
02:47:01,600 --> 02:47:04,800
about fate or the blossoming and
decay of Camelot took on an 

3205
02:47:04,800 --> 02:47:08,500
almost hallucinatory quality. 
Audiences were Jarred by the 

3206
02:47:08,500 --> 02:47:11,300
film's blend of Gore mysticism 
and grandeur. 

3207
02:47:12,000 --> 02:47:14,800
Critics either applauded its 
boldness or founded, excessive 

3208
02:47:14,800 --> 02:47:19,300
but it certainly broke with the 
gentle Arthur of earlier screen 

3209
02:47:19,300 --> 02:47:23,300
adaptations. 
Meanwhile, pop culture began to 

3210
02:47:23,300 --> 02:47:25,800
incorporate our Theory and 
references beyond the realm of 

3211
02:47:25,800 --> 02:47:30,900
Cinema Monty, Python's 1975, 
comedy Monty Python and the Holy

3212
02:47:30,900 --> 02:47:35,300
Grail Lampoon the legend in a 
reference style, featuring 

3213
02:47:35,300 --> 02:47:39,900
coconuts in lieu of horses and 
absurd Misadventures, despite or

3214
02:47:39,900 --> 02:47:42,700
perhaps because of its 
silliness, it became a cult 

3215
02:47:42,700 --> 02:47:45,200
classic. 
Proving that Arthur's story 

3216
02:47:45,200 --> 02:47:47,900
could be subverted for comedic 
effect without losing audience, 

3217
02:47:47,900 --> 02:47:50,700
interest, even in parody, the 
core elements. 

3218
02:47:50,700 --> 02:47:54,100
Galahad The Grail Quest. 
The round table remained 

3219
02:47:54,100 --> 02:47:56,800
recognizable. 
This comedic distance from the 

3220
02:47:56,800 --> 02:47:59,500
old texts, underscored How 
Deeply Arthur's image had 

3221
02:47:59,500 --> 02:48:01,600
embedded itself in Western 
consciousness. 

3222
02:48:02,800 --> 02:48:06,100
In literature for younger 
readers, Mary Stewart's, the 

3223
02:48:06,100 --> 02:48:10,200
Merlin Trilogy reimagined, the 
Wizards perspective, grounding 

3224
02:48:10,200 --> 02:48:13,000
the Magic in psychological 
realism and meticulously 

3225
02:48:13,000 --> 02:48:16,500
rendered British geography. 
Stuart minimized overt, 

3226
02:48:16,500 --> 02:48:20,000
Supernatural, events, preferring
to show how Illusions or cunning

3227
02:48:20,000 --> 02:48:23,100
might be perceived as sorcery 
and a credulous age. 

3228
02:48:24,400 --> 02:48:27,100
Stewart's strategy tapped into 
the mid-century desire for 

3229
02:48:27,100 --> 02:48:30,200
historical fantasy, effectively 
connecting a realistic. 

3230
02:48:30,200 --> 02:48:33,600
Roman British setting with the 
mythical aspect of Arthur's 

3231
02:48:33,600 --> 02:48:38,200
assent, By the dawn of the 21st 
century, the legend was a global

3232
02:48:38,200 --> 02:48:40,500
phenomenon. 
Writers from diverse 

3233
02:48:40,500 --> 02:48:42,500
backgrounds. 
Introduced new Vantage points 

3234
02:48:42,500 --> 02:48:46,100
summary told Arthur story from 
the Viewpoint of Morgan, Le Fay 

3235
02:48:46,100 --> 02:48:49,200
or other female figures 
marginalized in older, 

3236
02:48:49,200 --> 02:48:53,100
narratives others transposed it 
into futuristic, or dystopian 

3237
02:48:53,100 --> 02:48:56,200
settings, using the Arthur's, 
Motif to explore power, and 

3238
02:48:56,200 --> 02:48:59,200
identity in contexts. 
Far removed, from medieval 

3239
02:48:59,200 --> 02:49:02,800
Britain, Thus, King Arthur's 
world became a mirror for 

3240
02:49:02,800 --> 02:49:06,000
contemporary concerns. 
Reaffirming the Legends agility.

3241
02:49:06,900 --> 02:49:09,900
Curious outcome of all these 
reinterpretations is that none 

3242
02:49:09,900 --> 02:49:14,100
seem to diminish Arthur's draw. 
If anything, the multiplicity of

3243
02:49:14,108 --> 02:49:17,500
versions cements his place in 
popular culture, as a figure who

3244
02:49:17,500 --> 02:49:20,400
can shift shape to match an 
errors dreams or anxieties. 

3245
02:49:20,400 --> 02:49:33,600
Well once During elasticity a 
tests, the stories. 

3246
02:49:33,600 --> 02:49:35,700
Profound roots. 
In the collective imagination. 

3247
02:49:35,700 --> 02:49:39,400
Perpetually setting the stage 
for new guests and new stories 

3248
02:49:39,400 --> 02:49:43,500
in parallel with the cultural 
expansion of Arthur's, Legend, a

3249
02:49:43,500 --> 02:49:46,200
robust subfield of scholarship, 
continually probed, the 

3250
02:49:46,208 --> 02:49:50,100
question, how much of Arthur is 
history and how much is layered 

3251
02:49:50,100 --> 02:49:53,100
invention academic conferences 
and journals wrestled with 

3252
02:49:53,100 --> 02:49:57,100
topics like this historical? 
Arthur the Celtic Twilight and 

3253
02:49:57,100 --> 02:49:59,600
post-colonial reading of the 
ithorian myth. 

3254
02:50:00,500 --> 02:50:02,300
Some Scholars fixate, on 
gleaning. 

3255
02:50:02,300 --> 02:50:05,400
Every trace of authenticity from
early medieval records. 

3256
02:50:05,400 --> 02:50:09,400
Others, see Arthur primarily as 
a literary phenomenon shaped 

3257
02:50:09,400 --> 02:50:12,200
less by actual events and more 
by cultural narratives that 

3258
02:50:12,200 --> 02:50:16,100
shift with each retelling. 
One provocative angle is the 

3259
02:50:16,100 --> 02:50:20,000
possibility that arthas name 
reflects, not one person, but a 

3260
02:50:20,000 --> 02:50:23,100
composite of leaders. 
British historians note multiple

3261
02:50:23,100 --> 02:50:26,900
characters named Arthur or 
Artorias in subramani, early 

3262
02:50:26,900 --> 02:50:29,600
medieval contexts, some from 
Southern Scotland, others from 

3263
02:50:29,600 --> 02:50:32,200
Wales or Cornwall. 
Each might have contributed 

3264
02:50:32,200 --> 02:50:35,800
pieces to the Mosaic that later 
generations unified into a 

3265
02:50:35,800 --> 02:50:39,500
single legendary King. 
The idea of a collective memory,

3266
02:50:39,500 --> 02:50:42,800
forging one, iconic hero is 
hardly unique to Arthurian lore,

3267
02:50:42,800 --> 02:50:46,900
many cultures craft Craft 
similar symbols to Rally 

3268
02:50:46,900 --> 02:50:49,900
identity. 
If Arthur was indeed a tapestry 

3269
02:50:49,900 --> 02:50:53,100
of Warlords, that might explain 
the scattered battles, assigned 

3270
02:50:53,100 --> 02:50:57,000
to him across wide, Geographic 
sways, another line of research 

3271
02:50:57,000 --> 02:51:01,600
examines the political uses of 
Arthur in 12th and 13th century.

3272
02:51:01,600 --> 02:51:05,500
Wales for instance, Welsh rulers
invoke, Arthur's memory to 

3273
02:51:05,500 --> 02:51:09,300
legitimize resistance, to Norman
encroachment English monarchs 

3274
02:51:09,300 --> 02:51:12,700
conversely sometimes 
appropriated as lineage to 

3275
02:51:12,700 --> 02:51:15,300
strengthen their own claims or 
diminish Welsh claims. 

3276
02:51:16,300 --> 02:51:20,600
Centuries later, the Tudors with
Welsh Roots, further shape The 

3277
02:51:20,600 --> 02:51:24,200
Narrative of Arthur's, Once and 
Future, kingship aligning 

3278
02:51:24,200 --> 02:51:26,800
themselves with the prophecy 
that a Great British rule of 

3279
02:51:26,800 --> 02:51:31,600
such manipulation highlight. 
How historical memory even if 

3280
02:51:31,600 --> 02:51:35,200
partly invented wields, tangible
power in shape and political 

3281
02:51:35,200 --> 02:51:38,800
discourse Archeology stepped 
into the conversation as well 

3282
02:51:38,800 --> 02:51:42,900
findings at tintagel in Cornwall
revealed, High status buildings 

3283
02:51:42,900 --> 02:51:46,700
from the 5th and 6th centuries. 
Suggesting a region engaged in 

3284
02:51:46,708 --> 02:51:49,200
Mediterranean trade some 
Scholars. 

3285
02:51:49,200 --> 02:51:52,400
Speculated a link to King 
Arthur's, birthplace but others 

3286
02:51:52,400 --> 02:51:55,100
cautioned that no direct 
evidence ties Arthur to 

3287
02:51:55,100 --> 02:51:58,100
tintagel. 
Similarly, excavations at South 

3288
02:51:58,108 --> 02:52:01,000
Cadbury castle and covered 
Earthworks that were reformed 

3289
02:52:01,000 --> 02:52:04,000
around the same time, fueling 
speculation that it could be 

3290
02:52:04,000 --> 02:52:06,900
Camelot. 
Yet, conclusive proof remains 

3291
02:52:06,900 --> 02:52:10,200
elusive even if sub Roman 
Warlords, inhabited, these 

3292
02:52:10,200 --> 02:52:13,500
sites, linking them specifically
to Arthur often liens on 

3293
02:52:13,500 --> 02:52:16,700
inference or local law. 
Still these discoveries at 

3294
02:52:16,700 --> 02:52:19,500
texture to the environment from 
which Anthea like figure could 

3295
02:52:19,500 --> 02:52:22,600
have emerged. 
Hill forts bustling with trade 

3296
02:52:22,600 --> 02:52:27,000
goods imposing ramparts and 
fleeting glimpses of renewed, 

3297
02:52:27,000 --> 02:52:30,600
local power. 
As for the Holy Grail Scholars, 

3298
02:52:30,600 --> 02:52:33,700
Trace its introduction to 
literary creativity rather than 

3299
02:52:33,700 --> 02:52:37,200
any early Celtic tradition. 
The grail's first mention 

3300
02:52:37,200 --> 02:52:39,300
appears in criti undertale's 
12th century. 

3301
02:52:39,300 --> 02:52:42,500
French Romance. 
Over subsequent centuries 

3302
02:52:42,500 --> 02:52:44,800
writers. 
Redefined at variously as a 

3303
02:52:44,808 --> 02:52:49,900
dish, a chalice or a holy Relic.
By Mallory's era, symbolized 

3304
02:52:49,900 --> 02:52:53,900
divine grace though evocative it
likely has no root in actual 

3305
02:52:53,900 --> 02:52:57,200
subramanian yet. 
Ironically, The Grail Quest 

3306
02:52:57,200 --> 02:53:00,100
would become one of Arthur's, 
best known storylines showing 

3307
02:53:00,100 --> 02:53:02,700
again how later imaginings 
overshadow in the original 

3308
02:53:02,700 --> 02:53:05,200
kernel. 
The final element Often 

3309
02:53:05,200 --> 02:53:08,200
dissected by historians is the 
notion of Arthur's, final battle

3310
02:53:08,200 --> 02:53:10,600
at kamlan and his supposed 
immortality. 

3311
02:53:11,300 --> 02:53:14,600
Tales insists, he didn't die, 
but journey to Avalon waiting, 

3312
02:53:14,600 --> 02:53:16,300
the time to return and save his 
people. 

3313
02:53:17,300 --> 02:53:21,000
This motif of the sleeping hero 
resonates in multiple 

3314
02:53:21,000 --> 02:53:24,300
mythologies from Finnish to 
balcon, where a Legendary 

3315
02:53:24,300 --> 02:53:27,900
Champions in a secret realm, 
ready to defend the land in its 

3316
02:53:27,900 --> 02:53:30,800
hour of greatest need. 
If arthas earliest known, 

3317
02:53:30,800 --> 02:53:34,100
mentions already included, an 
ambiguous death, it might 

3318
02:53:34,100 --> 02:53:37,400
indicate a broader Mythic 
pattern cultures often prefer 

3319
02:53:37,400 --> 02:53:40,700
that their great Heroes linger. 
Promising cyclical, renewal. 

3320
02:53:41,500 --> 02:53:44,400
Contemporary scholarship. 
Then juggles these layers, the 

3321
02:53:44,400 --> 02:53:46,900
possible subgroup Roman 
Commander, the medieval 

3322
02:53:46,900 --> 02:53:50,400
expansion, the Victorian 
romanticization and the modern 

3323
02:53:50,400 --> 02:53:54,100
reinterpretations, if a purely 
factual author, existed it 

3324
02:53:54,100 --> 02:53:56,700
Remains overshadowed by 
centuries of imaginative 

3325
02:53:56,700 --> 02:53:58,200
flourish. 
Yeah. 

3326
02:53:58,200 --> 02:54:00,900
The continued scholarly debate 
underscores that the Legends 

3327
02:54:00,900 --> 02:54:04,400
Essence is not about verifying a
single historical biography 

3328
02:54:04,400 --> 02:54:07,100
instead. 
It's about the interplay between

3329
02:54:07,100 --> 02:54:12,300
memory identity and creativity 
each era projects its questions 

3330
02:54:12,300 --> 02:54:15,800
and values on to Arthur. 
Cleaning nuances from the same 

3331
02:54:15,800 --> 02:54:19,700
set of age old motifs within 
this dialogue lies a paradox. 

3332
02:54:19,700 --> 02:54:23,300
While we yearn to know the real 
Arthur is the transformations of

3333
02:54:23,308 --> 02:54:25,500
his story. 
That keep him relevant the 

3334
02:54:25,500 --> 02:54:28,600
search for authenticity endures.
But so does the tradition of 

3335
02:54:28,600 --> 02:54:32,000
rewriting him ensuring that 
every generation Finds Its 

3336
02:54:32,000 --> 02:54:36,200
Reflection in camelot's mirror? 
That dual Dynamic archaeological

3337
02:54:36,200 --> 02:54:40,400
hunts for evidence alongside 
fresh literary, spins continues 

3338
02:54:40,400 --> 02:54:43,700
to enrich Arthur's Mystique, 
bridging academic, rigor, and 

3339
02:54:43,708 --> 02:54:46,000
imaginative flight. 
Today. 

3340
02:54:46,000 --> 02:54:49,000
King Arthur stands as a cultural
Mainstay. 

3341
02:54:49,000 --> 02:54:51,700
Simultaneously ancient and never
evolving. 

3342
02:54:52,300 --> 02:54:55,000
From glimmering blockbusters to 
meet his historical novels. 

3343
02:54:55,000 --> 02:54:58,100
He resonates with modern 
audiences for reasons, that 

3344
02:54:58,100 --> 02:55:00,300
extend far beyond medieval 
romance? 

3345
02:55:00,300 --> 02:55:04,200
Why does he endure? 
Perhaps because the ithorian 

3346
02:55:04,200 --> 02:55:08,500
legend at its core addresses, 
Universal yearnings, the dream 

3347
02:55:08,500 --> 02:55:11,700
of a just Society, the pain of 
betrayal, by those closest to 

3348
02:55:11,700 --> 02:55:13,600
us. 
And the hope that even in times 

3349
02:55:13,600 --> 02:55:17,800
of Darkness, a champion, might 
arise or return in the realm of 

3350
02:55:17,808 --> 02:55:21,200
Pop Culture, Arthur's story, 
reappears in Myriad forms, 

3351
02:55:22,000 --> 02:55:25,200
Television series were cast, 
Camelot, as a gritty drama, or 

3352
02:55:25,200 --> 02:55:28,200
comedic parody role-playing 
games include Knights and 

3353
02:55:28,208 --> 02:55:31,300
wizards referencing Arthurian 
tropes, even science. 

3354
02:55:31,300 --> 02:55:34,300
Fiction riffs on The Motif 
depicting Cosmic Quests for 

3355
02:55:34,300 --> 02:55:37,300
futuristic rails. 
Each adaptation tweaks, the 

3356
02:55:37,308 --> 02:55:40,100
formula exalting or subverting 
the round table. 

3357
02:55:40,100 --> 02:55:44,400
Focusing on Arthur's naive 
optimism or Merlin's ambiguous 

3358
02:55:44,400 --> 02:55:47,300
Council. 
The Legends adaptability seems 

3359
02:55:47,300 --> 02:55:50,900
Limitless thriving precisely 
because it does not lock itself 

3360
02:55:50,900 --> 02:55:55,500
into a single vantage point. 
Moreover, modern creators, often

3361
02:55:55,500 --> 02:55:58,000
Place greater emphasis on 
peripheral characters, 

3362
02:55:58,000 --> 02:56:02,100
guinevere's perspective. 
Once overshadowed by Lancelot 

3363
02:56:02,100 --> 02:56:05,300
and Arthur now emerges in 
retelling that highlight her 

3364
02:56:05,300 --> 02:56:09,000
agency. 
Morgan, Le Faye long pigeonholed

3365
02:56:09,000 --> 02:56:12,800
as a seductive antagonist, gains
complexity as a powerful 

3366
02:56:12,800 --> 02:56:17,100
sorcerer shaped by a political 
marginalization nightlife Gawain

3367
02:56:17,100 --> 02:56:20,400
or Tristan star in spin-off 
narratives that delve into their

3368
02:56:20,400 --> 02:56:24,700
motivations trials and moral 
failings this expansion under 

3369
02:56:24,700 --> 02:56:26,700
schools and inclusive Trend in 
storytelling. 

3370
02:56:26,700 --> 02:56:30,100
The Supporting Cast can hold as 
much Intrigue as the central 

3371
02:56:30,100 --> 02:56:34,500
hero adding depth and Nuance. 
Another dimension is how authors

3372
02:56:34,500 --> 02:56:36,800
ethos intercepts with 
contemporary debates on 

3373
02:56:36,800 --> 02:56:39,300
leadership and ethics. 
The round table has been cited 

3374
02:56:39,300 --> 02:56:41,500
and discussion about 
participatory decision-making, 

3375
02:56:41,500 --> 02:56:44,500
corporate governance and 
Community leadership. 

3376
02:56:45,900 --> 02:56:49,600
People often pose questions such
as how can we ensure honesty and

3377
02:56:49,600 --> 02:56:53,200
loyalty and organizations or 
what if our boardroom resembled 

3378
02:56:53,200 --> 02:56:55,000
around table where every voice 
is equal. 

3379
02:56:56,400 --> 02:56:58,600
The metaphor of camelot's unity.
Hans. 

3380
02:56:58,600 --> 02:57:01,800
These dialogues reminding us 
that ideals are fragile and 

3381
02:57:01,808 --> 02:57:05,300
require constant vigilance 
against corruption. even a 

3382
02:57:05,300 --> 02:57:08,000
figure as iconic as Arthur 
cannot sustain or just Kingdom 

3383
02:57:08,000 --> 02:57:11,000
alone if the underlying 
structures give way to jealousy 

3384
02:57:11,000 --> 02:57:15,600
and power struggles, Meanwhile 
historians continue refining 

3385
02:57:15,600 --> 02:57:17,500
their judgments on this 
historical author. 

3386
02:57:17,500 --> 02:57:20,600
Some proposed that no single 
warlord can account for the 

3387
02:57:20,600 --> 02:57:23,100
entire tradition. 
While others cling to the 

3388
02:57:23,100 --> 02:57:25,500
possibility that a noteworthy 
battle leader around Mount 

3389
02:57:25,500 --> 02:57:29,000
baiden, spark the legend. 
Though, conclusive proof remains

3390
02:57:29,000 --> 02:57:32,000
elusive. 
Each new archaeological, find or

3391
02:57:32,000 --> 02:57:34,900
textual analysis can stir a 
fresh wave of Interest. 

3392
02:57:34,900 --> 02:57:38,500
The pursuit itself. 
Testifies to an enduring desire 

3393
02:57:38,500 --> 02:57:40,600
to ground, the legend intangible
fact. 

3394
02:57:41,400 --> 02:57:45,100
As if verifying Arthur, might 
restore some sense of continuity

3395
02:57:45,100 --> 02:57:48,700
between past ideals and present 
realities educational. 

3396
02:57:48,700 --> 02:57:51,600
So, plays A Part children, 
encounter author and school 

3397
02:57:51,600 --> 02:57:54,400
anthologies. 
Cleaning rudimentary knowledge 

3398
02:57:54,400 --> 02:57:58,200
of nights Queen's and magical 
swords University's hold 

3399
02:57:58,200 --> 02:58:01,500
seminars on the ithorian, Canon 
exploring, everything from 

3400
02:58:01,500 --> 02:58:04,400
Celtic myth to psychoanalytic 
reading of the Grail Quest. 

3401
02:58:05,200 --> 02:58:08,200
For many King Arthur as their 
first taste of medieval 

3402
02:58:08,200 --> 02:58:11,500
literature and accessible portal
into broader historical 

3403
02:58:11,500 --> 02:58:14,300
currents. 
Hence, the legend perpetuates 

3404
02:58:14,300 --> 02:58:18,000
itself academically weaving into
curricula that are spark each, 

3405
02:58:18,000 --> 02:58:21,100
generation's imagination. 
The future of our Theory and 

3406
02:58:21,100 --> 02:58:24,800
Legend seems as secure as its 
past technological tools. 

3407
02:58:24,800 --> 02:58:27,500
Like virtual reality 
interactive, digital 

3408
02:58:27,500 --> 02:58:29,800
storytelling and immersive 
theater. 

3409
02:58:29,800 --> 02:58:33,500
Open New Frontiers imagine 
wandering a VR Camelot 

3410
02:58:33,500 --> 02:58:37,300
conversing with AI driven 
versions of Lancelot or Morgan 

3411
02:58:37,300 --> 02:58:40,100
shaping The Narrative by your 
own moral choices. 

3412
02:58:40,100 --> 02:58:44,300
The possibilities speak to the 
Legends, adaptability far from 

3413
02:58:44,300 --> 02:58:47,700
being stuck in Dusty manuscripts
Arthur's realm, can flourish in 

3414
02:58:47,708 --> 02:58:51,000
Cutting Edge, mediums, Bridging,
the ancient with the future of 

3415
02:58:51,000 --> 02:58:54,100
stick yet, for all the modern 
flourishes, the core themes, 

3416
02:58:54,100 --> 02:58:56,700
remain consistent, the 
Heartbreak of betrayal. 

3417
02:58:56,700 --> 02:58:59,900
The aspiration for a Roundtable 
of equals is a prevalent theme 

3418
02:58:59,900 --> 02:59:02,300
the story. 
Explores the interplay between 

3419
02:59:02,300 --> 02:59:05,300
Magic and Mortal ambition. 
Whether we view our Earth as a 

3420
02:59:05,300 --> 02:59:08,200
half forgotten submarine in 
general or a shining Mythic 

3421
02:59:08,200 --> 02:59:10,100
King. 
His story touches on something 

3422
02:59:10,100 --> 02:59:11,600
perennial in The Human 
Condition. 

3423
02:59:12,600 --> 02:59:15,100
The suggest that greatness is 
possible, but precarious 

3424
02:59:15,100 --> 02:59:18,300
dependent on Unity loyalty and 
moral Clarity. 

3425
02:59:18,300 --> 02:59:22,100
And even when that greatness 
falters, the idea of a wants and

3426
02:59:22,100 --> 02:59:25,300
Future King offers hope that 
renewal can always emerge. 

3427
02:59:26,800 --> 02:59:30,000
In closing King Arthur's, 
narrative defies neat 

3428
02:59:30,000 --> 02:59:34,400
categorization part History. 
Part myth part moral Parable 

3429
02:59:34,400 --> 02:59:38,400
over 15 centuries. 
It has transformed from local 

3430
02:59:38,400 --> 02:59:40,000
folklore into a global 
phenomenon. 

3431
02:59:41,000 --> 02:59:44,900
Shaped by the Christian allegory
chivalric romance National 

3432
02:59:44,900 --> 02:59:47,600
myth-making and modern 
reinterpretations. 

3433
02:59:48,300 --> 02:59:51,700
Each retelling adds a new layer 
ensuring the story remains 

3434
02:59:51,700 --> 02:59:55,900
alive, not fossilized to trace. 
Its evolution is to Glimpse our 

3435
02:59:55,900 --> 02:59:59,500
own cultural Evolution. 
We find an Arthur a mirror for 

3436
02:59:59,500 --> 03:00:02,200
our Collective dreams and 
dissolution months an 

3437
03:00:02,200 --> 03:00:05,200
ever-shifting Testament to 
Humanity's enduring quest for a 

3438
03:00:05,200 --> 03:00:07,700
noble realm. 
We might call Camelot 

3439
03:00:18,600 --> 03:00:22,900
William Tecumseh, Sherman was 
born on February 8th 1820 in 

3440
03:00:22,900 --> 03:00:26,800
Lancaster Ohio, Frontier Town, 
on the verge of tremendous 

3441
03:00:26,800 --> 03:00:29,500
development. 
His mother dubbed him come. 

3442
03:00:29,500 --> 03:00:32,900
And he displayed a Restless 
Spirit from a young age for 

3443
03:00:32,900 --> 03:00:35,500
shadowing, the vast influence, 
he would one day wheeled on the 

3444
03:00:35,500 --> 03:00:38,600
nation's battlefields. 
Although his father Charles 

3445
03:00:38,600 --> 03:00:42,200
Robert, Sherman was a respected,
Ohio Supreme Court Judge the 

3446
03:00:42,200 --> 03:00:45,100
family struggled, financially, 
then tragedy came. 

3447
03:00:45,100 --> 03:00:48,300
When Sherman was nine years old,
his father died, abruptly 

3448
03:00:48,300 --> 03:00:52,300
leaving behind a poor household.
The boy's future while uncertain

3449
03:00:52,300 --> 03:00:55,100
found a guiding influence in the
form of his father's close 

3450
03:00:55,100 --> 03:00:58,500
friend, Thomas Ewing who 
welcomed him into his own Lively

3451
03:00:58,500 --> 03:01:02,000
home, growing up in the Ewing 
household exposure and to a more

3452
03:01:02,008 --> 03:01:05,500
privileged Society. 
But it was not Carefree Ewing 

3453
03:01:05,500 --> 03:01:08,000
was politically connected. 
Having worked in government 

3454
03:01:08,000 --> 03:01:11,300
positions, that exposed Sherman 
to the complexity of national 

3455
03:01:11,300 --> 03:01:15,000
policy and political squabbling.
Something about those encounters

3456
03:01:15,000 --> 03:01:18,700
prepared him to see the country 
as a web of dynamic forces, law 

3457
03:01:18,700 --> 03:01:22,400
Commerce, and ambition, 
interacting in ways that altered

3458
03:01:22,400 --> 03:01:25,600
entire neighborhoods despite his
academic abilities. 

3459
03:01:25,600 --> 03:01:28,900
He was never a standout student 
in the traditional sense. 

3460
03:01:28,900 --> 03:01:32,400
His true app to dude was in 
observation and the ability to 

3461
03:01:32,400 --> 03:01:36,300
translate what he saw into Deer 
strategic insights Sherman. 

3462
03:01:36,300 --> 03:01:38,800
Absorb the action with an 
intense that occasionally 

3463
03:01:38,800 --> 03:01:42,400
surprised others, whether it was
a local election or heated 

3464
03:01:42,400 --> 03:01:46,000
dinner table dispute, Sherman 
was 16 when he received a 

3465
03:01:46,000 --> 03:01:49,100
coveted invitation to the United
States Military Academy at West 

3466
03:01:49,100 --> 03:01:52,300
Point, Thanks in part to Ewing's
political clout. 

3467
03:01:53,200 --> 03:01:56,400
When he arrived at West Point in
1836, he discovered that the 

3468
03:01:56,400 --> 03:01:59,800
regiment was both difficult and 
stimulating mathematics 

3469
03:01:59,800 --> 03:02:02,800
engineering and tactics. 
Dominated the curriculum 

3470
03:02:02,800 --> 03:02:06,800
combining practical skills with 
theoretical knowledge, although 

3471
03:02:06,800 --> 03:02:10,800
he did not Excel academically 
graduated sixth in his class. 

3472
03:02:10,800 --> 03:02:13,700
He was known for being clever, 
pragmatic. 

3473
03:02:13,700 --> 03:02:15,700
And unromantic about his 
military service. 

3474
03:02:16,700 --> 03:02:19,700
Classmates noticed his Frank 
demeanor, which would become a 

3475
03:02:19,708 --> 03:02:21,900
defining feature of his 
personality throughout his 

3476
03:02:21,900 --> 03:02:25,400
career. 
Sherman enlisted in the Army as 

3477
03:02:25,400 --> 03:02:26,900
a second lieutenant in the 
third. 

3478
03:02:26,900 --> 03:02:30,800
US Artillery. 
After graduating in 1840, He 

3479
03:02:30,800 --> 03:02:33,600
served in many outposts from 
Florida to the distant Frontiers

3480
03:02:33,600 --> 03:02:36,500
dealing with the problems of 
arising Nation. 

3481
03:02:36,500 --> 03:02:40,200
The Florida job in broiled him 
in the Seminole Wars, a brutal 

3482
03:02:40,200 --> 03:02:42,600
milieu of swamp Warfare and 
uncertain goals. 

3483
03:02:43,300 --> 03:02:46,100
Sherman, quite quietly recorded 
the lessons combat was chaotic 

3484
03:02:46,100 --> 03:02:49,500
objectives, shifted quickly, and
success required a combination 

3485
03:02:49,500 --> 03:02:53,300
of planning and sheer tenacity. 
He also developed a dislike for 

3486
03:02:53,300 --> 03:02:56,300
half-hearted confrontations 
believing that, if a battle was 

3487
03:02:56,300 --> 03:02:58,900
unavoidable, it must be pursued 
with utmost. 

3488
03:02:58,900 --> 03:03:02,400
Determination despite periodic 
promotions in the Allure of new 

3489
03:03:02,400 --> 03:03:05,000
assignments. 
Sherman, never felt completely 

3490
03:03:05,000 --> 03:03:09,300
at ease in the peace time Army. 
Bureaucratic red tape restricted

3491
03:03:09,300 --> 03:03:12,300
chances for growth and a desire 
for new experiences. 

3492
03:03:12,300 --> 03:03:15,900
Nord at him his restlessness, 
prompted him to quit from the 

3493
03:03:15,900 --> 03:03:20,500
Army in 1853 in the decade that 
followed, he dabbled in various 

3494
03:03:20,500 --> 03:03:24,300
Endeavors, including banking in 
San Francisco law, practice and 

3495
03:03:24,300 --> 03:03:27,600
Company Management in New York. 
Each position deepened, his 

3496
03:03:27,600 --> 03:03:30,100
understanding of the fundamental
principles of American Business,

3497
03:03:30,100 --> 03:03:33,600
the importance of risk-taking 
and the vulnerability of trust 

3498
03:03:33,600 --> 03:03:36,500
in a period marked by frequent 
booms and busts. 

3499
03:03:37,300 --> 03:03:40,700
The banking crisis of 1857 
devastated, him financially 

3500
03:03:40,700 --> 03:03:43,800
demonstrating how rapidly 
richest might vanish when 

3501
03:03:43,800 --> 03:03:46,700
markets crashed. 
During his civilian years, 

3502
03:03:46,700 --> 03:03:49,400
Sherman made friends from both 
the North and the South 

3503
03:03:49,400 --> 03:03:52,100
including plantation owners and 
entrepreneurs. 

3504
03:03:53,200 --> 03:03:56,900
He noticed the growing conflict 
over slavery, state rights, and 

3505
03:03:56,900 --> 03:03:59,500
economic disparities. 
While living in Louisiana. 

3506
03:03:59,500 --> 03:04:03,100
He was the superintendent of the
Louisiana state, Seminary of 

3507
03:04:03,100 --> 03:04:06,000
learning and Military Academy 
which would eventually become 

3508
03:04:06,000 --> 03:04:09,200
Louisiana State University. 
He was recognized for his 

3509
03:04:09,208 --> 03:04:11,900
organizational talents, but he 
treaded carefully when 

3510
03:04:11,900 --> 03:04:15,300
discussions became political 
Despite not being a passionate 

3511
03:04:15,300 --> 03:04:18,700
abolitionist, he did not take to
the concept of secession. 

3512
03:04:19,600 --> 03:04:22,900
For Sherman. 
Unity was America's best Hope 

3513
03:04:22,900 --> 03:04:26,100
For Success. 
Nonetheless, he saw worrisome 

3514
03:04:26,100 --> 03:04:28,700
signals of Discord and concluded
that the country was on the 

3515
03:04:28,708 --> 03:04:31,500
verge of War. 
Sherman on the verge of the 

3516
03:04:31,500 --> 03:04:33,400
Civil War stood at a pivotal 
juncture. 

3517
03:04:34,000 --> 03:04:37,300
He had a family a diverse set of
experiences in both service and 

3518
03:04:37,308 --> 03:04:40,000
civilian sectors. 
And a perspective that grasped 

3519
03:04:40,000 --> 03:04:41,600
how badly the country was 
fracturing. 

3520
03:04:42,300 --> 03:04:45,400
He was concerned if war occurred
it would be unlike the 

3521
03:04:45,400 --> 03:04:48,500
small-scale battles of previous 
decades, the tremendous 

3522
03:04:48,500 --> 03:04:50,400
industrial potential of both 
parts. 

3523
03:04:50,400 --> 03:04:54,300
Combined with the moral further 
around slavery, predicted a 

3524
03:04:54,300 --> 03:04:57,900
devastating Clash despite his 
reluctance to enter the battle. 

3525
03:04:57,900 --> 03:05:02,700
Sherman returned to service in 
early, 1861 motivated by a sense

3526
03:05:02,700 --> 03:05:04,500
of responsibility to maintain 
the Union. 

3527
03:05:05,700 --> 03:05:08,400
In the early months of the Civil
War, William to come to Sherman.

3528
03:05:08,400 --> 03:05:11,700
Served in several positions 
looking for a secure footing, in

3529
03:05:11,700 --> 03:05:15,300
a war that appeared chaotic from
the start, initially assigned to

3530
03:05:15,308 --> 03:05:18,300
a training facility. 
He disagreed with authorities 

3531
03:05:18,300 --> 03:05:20,800
when he anticipated that the 
fight would require at least 

3532
03:05:20,800 --> 03:05:24,500
200,000 men in his area alone. 
His fourth, right? 

3533
03:05:24,500 --> 03:05:27,100
Remarked, that the union was 
underestimating, the scale of 

3534
03:05:27,100 --> 03:05:30,400
the Insurrection listed 
suspicion if not derision. 

3535
03:05:31,000 --> 03:05:33,400
However, time would vindicate, 
his misgivings? 

3536
03:05:34,500 --> 03:05:37,400
By late 1861. 
Sherman had arrived in Kentucky,

3537
03:05:37,400 --> 03:05:41,100
an important border state with 
conflicting loyalties, he was 

3538
03:05:41,100 --> 03:05:43,700
responsible for the Cumberland 
Department there, but he quickly

3539
03:05:43,700 --> 03:05:47,300
became overwhelmed reports of 
Confederate, military movements 

3540
03:05:47,300 --> 03:05:50,700
armed shortages and conflicting 
orders from Washington, left, 

3541
03:05:50,700 --> 03:05:53,300
him tired. 
Some sources suggest he was on 

3542
03:05:53,300 --> 03:05:54,400
the verge of a nervous 
breakdown. 

3543
03:05:54,400 --> 03:05:58,800
He requested relief from command
and when he left rumors 

3544
03:05:58,800 --> 03:06:02,100
circulated about his 
instability, such suspicions 

3545
03:06:02,100 --> 03:06:03,900
threatened to wreck his career 
in an era. 

3546
03:06:03,900 --> 03:06:06,100
When mental stress was less, 
tolerated. 

3547
03:06:06,100 --> 03:06:10,200
Nevertheless Sherman recovered 
gained new Purpose. 

3548
03:06:10,200 --> 03:06:14,300
With General Ulysses, S Grant's 
direct help their bond will form

3549
03:06:14,300 --> 03:06:19,400
the foundation of Union success 
Grant was calm silent and 

3550
03:06:19,400 --> 03:06:23,000
unyielding under duress, where a
Sherman was more combustible 

3551
03:06:23,000 --> 03:06:25,800
publicly expressing concerns or 
complaints. 

3552
03:06:26,900 --> 03:06:30,000
Their Mutual regard however was 
established through shared 

3553
03:06:30,000 --> 03:06:35,400
Battlefield experiences in early
1862 grants daring Maneuvers 

3554
03:06:35,400 --> 03:06:38,300
Fort Henry and Fort, Donaldson 
secured, critical Confederate, 

3555
03:06:38,300 --> 03:06:42,000
outposts and Sherman's role 
though supporting it displayed 

3556
03:06:42,000 --> 03:06:43,600
dependability in the face of 
Fire. 

3557
03:06:45,000 --> 03:06:48,100
The Battle of Shiloh in April, 
1862 would be Sherman's. 

3558
03:06:48,100 --> 03:06:52,100
True baptism into large-scale 
fighting Confederate, surprise 

3559
03:06:52,100 --> 03:06:55,500
strike near Pittsburgh upon 
Landing in Tennessee waves of 

3560
03:06:55,508 --> 03:06:57,700
enemy soldiers. 
Smashed the union defenses, 

3561
03:06:57,700 --> 03:07:00,700
Sherman's division took the 
brunt of the early fighting 

3562
03:07:00,700 --> 03:07:04,900
despite being taken by surprise.
He rallied his troops riding 

3563
03:07:04,900 --> 03:07:07,000
along. 
The front lines, ignoring her 

3564
03:07:07,000 --> 03:07:09,200
personal danger, and encouraging
them to hold. 

3565
03:07:10,100 --> 03:07:12,900
Despite massive fatalities 
Union, with stood, the attack 

3566
03:07:12,900 --> 03:07:16,300
and grants counter-attack, the 
following day, forced the 

3567
03:07:16,300 --> 03:07:19,300
Confederates to retire. 
Sherman's leadership under 

3568
03:07:19,300 --> 03:07:22,200
duress gained him to her 
promotion to Major General and 

3569
03:07:22,200 --> 03:07:26,400
more crucial, strengthened, his 
alliance with Grant, the two men

3570
03:07:26,400 --> 03:07:29,200
came from Shiloh with a stronger
determination to achieve total 

3571
03:07:29,200 --> 03:07:33,100
Victory acknowledging, the 
confederacy's tenacity Sherman 

3572
03:07:33,100 --> 03:07:35,800
followed Shiloh with operations 
along the Mississippi River 

3573
03:07:35,800 --> 03:07:39,200
ending in the Vicksburg campaign
Vicksburg. 

3574
03:07:39,200 --> 03:07:42,600
A fortress stronghold was 
essential to Confederate control

3575
03:07:42,600 --> 03:07:46,100
of the Mississippi River, Union,
soldiers and anticipated that 

3576
03:07:46,100 --> 03:07:49,100
seizing, it would split the 
Confederacy in two isolating, 

3577
03:07:49,100 --> 03:07:52,500
the state's west of the river. 
Grant Siege was long with 

3578
03:07:52,500 --> 03:07:54,500
supply, line, strained, and 
morale shaky. 

3579
03:07:55,100 --> 03:07:58,400
Sherman's, involvement included,
skirmishes, faints and ensuring 

3580
03:07:58,400 --> 03:08:00,700
that Confederate reinforcements 
could not break through the 

3581
03:08:00,700 --> 03:08:03,800
siege. 
Vicksburg finally fell on July 

3582
03:08:03,800 --> 03:08:08,700
4th 1863 marking a watershed 
moment in the western theater. 

3583
03:08:09,700 --> 03:08:13,400
Sherman's famed sword, although 
he frequently downplayed 

3584
03:08:13,400 --> 03:08:16,800
personal responsibility publicly
praising grants strategic 

3585
03:08:16,800 --> 03:08:19,500
vision. 
Sherman did not take command of 

3586
03:08:19,500 --> 03:08:21,900
Union forces in the west until 
1864. 

3587
03:08:21,900 --> 03:08:24,800
When Grant was ordered to the 
Eastern theater to confront 

3588
03:08:24,800 --> 03:08:28,500
Robert E Lee. 
His primary aim is Atlantis. 

3589
03:08:28,500 --> 03:08:32,600
The city was a confederate hub 
for railroads manufacturing and 

3590
03:08:32,600 --> 03:08:35,300
supply. 
Taking, it could jeopardize the 

3591
03:08:35,300 --> 03:08:37,700
southern battle effort. 
Sherman launched. 

3592
03:08:37,700 --> 03:08:41,700
The Atlantic campaign in May 
1864 moving across North Eastern

3593
03:08:41,700 --> 03:08:46,200
Georgia, confederate, general 
Joseph E, Johnson utilized an 

3594
03:08:46,200 --> 03:08:49,600
effective defensive plan but 
Sherman's numerical superiority,

3595
03:08:49,600 --> 03:08:53,000
and willingness to engage in 
flanking actions, gradually 

3596
03:08:53,000 --> 03:08:56,300
pushed Johnston back. 
Johnston's replacement, by the 

3597
03:08:56,300 --> 03:08:59,800
more aggressive, John Bell, Hood
increased Confederate. 

3598
03:08:59,800 --> 03:09:03,800
Casualties by September 
Sherman's Army had conquered at 

3599
03:09:03,800 --> 03:09:07,400
Lanta dealing a strategic and 
cycleogical blow to the South. 

3600
03:09:07,400 --> 03:09:10,800
The cities fall echoed 
throughout the north helping 

3601
03:09:10,800 --> 03:09:14,000
President, Lincoln's 
re-election, chances, Sherman 

3602
03:09:14,000 --> 03:09:16,900
believed that simply occupying 
Atlanta would be insufficient. 

3603
03:09:17,500 --> 03:09:20,500
He wanted to crippled the 
Confederate capacity for future 

3604
03:09:20,500 --> 03:09:23,300
resistance. 
After ordering civilian 

3605
03:09:23,300 --> 03:09:25,900
evacuations, he permitted 
elements of the city's 

3606
03:09:25,900 --> 03:09:29,400
infrastructure to be destroyed. 
fueling suspicions that he was 

3607
03:09:29,400 --> 03:09:32,800
carrying out a destruction 
campaign, Sherman then focused 

3608
03:09:32,800 --> 03:09:36,500
on a bold and controversial 
strategy, the march to the sea. 

3609
03:09:36,500 --> 03:09:40,500
The plan was to cut lines of 
communication damage resources, 

3610
03:09:40,500 --> 03:09:43,300
critical to the southern War 
Machine and show that 

3611
03:09:43,300 --> 03:09:46,000
Confederate authorities could no
longer Safeguard their heart. 

3612
03:09:47,400 --> 03:09:51,500
In mid-november 1864, he led 
60,000 men from Atlanta to 

3613
03:09:51,500 --> 03:09:54,700
Savannah, cutting a path across 
Georgia and like traditional 

3614
03:09:54,700 --> 03:09:56,400
movements tether by supply 
lines. 

3615
03:09:56,400 --> 03:09:59,200
Sherman's columns would live off
the land. 

3616
03:09:59,200 --> 03:10:02,700
Foraging freely demolishing, 
railroads Madden targeting 

3617
03:10:02,700 --> 03:10:05,400
factorize. 
This bold tactic at the time, 

3618
03:10:05,400 --> 03:10:08,600
the tempted to break the South's
resolved to continue fighting. 

3619
03:10:09,700 --> 03:10:13,000
During these campaigns Sherman's
views on Wars solidified, he 

3620
03:10:13,000 --> 03:10:14,800
believes that the faster and 
harder. 

3621
03:10:14,800 --> 03:10:17,800
The conflict was pursued the 
sooner, it would be resolved. 

3622
03:10:18,600 --> 03:10:22,400
In his letters to subordinates. 
He emphasized a harsh Lord of 

3623
03:10:22,400 --> 03:10:24,700
logic. 
If southern people felt the 

3624
03:10:24,708 --> 03:10:27,300
effects of the war, a 
confederacies morale would 

3625
03:10:27,300 --> 03:10:30,900
plummet While many union leaders
sought Victory, through pitched 

3626
03:10:30,900 --> 03:10:33,700
battles alone. 
Sherman embraced, Total War 

3627
03:10:33,700 --> 03:10:36,100
leaving a reputation. 
That would Eclipse his other 

3628
03:10:36,100 --> 03:10:38,500
accomplishments and to find his 
place in American military 

3629
03:10:38,500 --> 03:10:41,500
history. 
The march to the Seas started on

3630
03:10:41,500 --> 03:10:46,700
November 1564 as Union troops 
departed, from the charred 

3631
03:10:46,700 --> 03:10:50,200
remains of Atlanta, the trip to 
Savannah covered about 300 

3632
03:10:50,200 --> 03:10:55,100
miles, calculating about 483 
kilometers and lasted almost a 

3633
03:10:55,100 --> 03:10:57,200
month. 
Contrary to popular belief, 

3634
03:10:57,200 --> 03:10:59,900
Sherman didn't order his 
soldiers to burn every home or 

3635
03:10:59,900 --> 03:11:03,900
Farm they encountered, however, 
the foraging so wide-spread 

3636
03:11:03,900 --> 03:11:07,200
occasionally turning into 
looting, the local population's 

3637
03:11:07,200 --> 03:11:10,400
remembered the campaign with 
lasting bitterness Union 

3638
03:11:10,400 --> 03:11:13,200
Soldiers. 
Destroyed Rail lines, twisting 

3639
03:11:13,200 --> 03:11:15,700
them into what was mockingly 
called, Sherman's neckties 

3640
03:11:15,700 --> 03:11:21,000
warehouses and factories. 
Burned Cotton Gins destroyed and

3641
03:11:21,000 --> 03:11:24,300
livestock taken. 
Many Southern civilians fled 

3642
03:11:24,300 --> 03:11:26,800
before the advancing columns 
While others remained, 

3643
03:11:26,800 --> 03:11:30,600
witnessing Guardians Barnes and 
personal property, consumed by 

3644
03:11:30,600 --> 03:11:33,400
Union, torches or opportunistic 
soldiers. 

3645
03:11:34,400 --> 03:11:36,900
Sherman's official position was 
that his troupe should only 

3646
03:11:36,900 --> 03:11:40,400
target items with military or 
logistical significance? 

3647
03:11:40,400 --> 03:11:44,600
But in practice those boundaries
quickly became unclear years 

3648
03:11:44,600 --> 03:11:46,700
later. 
The question lingard were these 

3649
03:11:46,700 --> 03:11:50,100
acts Justified militarily or 
simply avenge for Rampage. 

3650
03:11:51,100 --> 03:11:53,900
Sherman supporters claimed that 
the confederacy's capacity to 

3651
03:11:53,900 --> 03:11:57,100
fight relied on its Agricultural
and Industrial resources. 

3652
03:11:57,100 --> 03:12:00,600
Rendering such destruction are 
regrettable necessity. 

3653
03:12:01,500 --> 03:12:04,400
Critics argued that the campaign
violated moral boundaries by 

3654
03:12:04,400 --> 03:12:07,800
punishing innocent civilians. 
Sherman believed that only by 

3655
03:12:07,800 --> 03:12:10,300
breaking the South's ability and
determination to fight. 

3656
03:12:10,300 --> 03:12:12,800
Could the wars violence, be 
decisively ended. 

3657
03:12:13,800 --> 03:12:16,400
Sherman's forces entered 
Savannah on December the 20th, 

3658
03:12:16,400 --> 03:12:21,700
1864 facing minimal resistance. 
He sent a telegram to President 

3659
03:12:21,700 --> 03:12:24,900
Lincoln proposing the city of 
Savannah as a Christmas gift. 

3660
03:12:26,200 --> 03:12:27,700
Capture of the nearly intact 
Port. 

3661
03:12:27,700 --> 03:12:29,800
Offered a strategic base on the 
Atlantic coast. 

3662
03:12:30,800 --> 03:12:34,600
Enabling Union forces to advance
into the Carolinas Northern 

3663
03:12:34,600 --> 03:12:37,400
newspapers, celebrated the 
success lording. 

3664
03:12:37,400 --> 03:12:41,200
Sherman as a master strategist, 
Southern newspapers erupted in 

3665
03:12:41,208 --> 03:12:44,900
Anger, portraying him as a 
ruthless Destroyer Confederate 

3666
03:12:44,900 --> 03:12:46,900
civilians. 
Criticized, the perceived 

3667
03:12:46,900 --> 03:12:50,500
barbarism in Diaries and letters
while some Northern Voices All 

3668
03:12:50,500 --> 03:12:54,100
Over discomfort at the 
campaign's brutality, the union 

3669
03:12:54,100 --> 03:12:58,000
War Machine continued and 
Sherman's prominence grew in 

3670
03:12:58,000 --> 03:13:03,300
early 1865 Sherman, North to 
unite, with Grant, The Carolinas

3671
03:13:03,300 --> 03:13:05,700
campaign sought to pressure 
Confederate resources from a new

3672
03:13:05,700 --> 03:13:07,900
angle. 
Potentially trapping, Robert E, 

3673
03:13:07,900 --> 03:13:11,900
Lee's army between two. 
Formidable Union forces as his 

3674
03:13:11,900 --> 03:13:15,400
men move through South Carolina,
the birthplace of succession 

3675
03:13:15,400 --> 03:13:20,200
Sherman's tactics, became even 
harsher. in February 1865, 

3676
03:13:20,200 --> 03:13:24,100
Columbia burned with ongoing 
debate over whether Union or 

3677
03:13:24,100 --> 03:13:28,200
Confederate forces started the 
fire Sherman denied starting the

3678
03:13:28,200 --> 03:13:31,500
fire, that suspicion remains 
woven into local. 

3679
03:13:31,500 --> 03:13:33,800
Tales that the union 
intentionally set, a blaze, the 

3680
03:13:33,808 --> 03:13:37,100
birthplace of rebellion. 
Sherman Advanced into North 

3681
03:13:37,100 --> 03:13:40,500
Carolina with a slightly softer 
approach, recognizing that the 

3682
03:13:40,500 --> 03:13:42,900
state had not been. 
As eager to see the South 

3683
03:13:42,900 --> 03:13:47,400
Carolina, the operational logic.
Persisted weaken, Confederate 

3684
03:13:47,400 --> 03:13:50,900
capabilities disrupt, railroads 
and harassed. 

3685
03:13:50,900 --> 03:13:53,700
The demoralized southern forces 
in April. 

3686
03:13:53,700 --> 03:13:57,000
It was reported that Lee's army 
of Northern Virginia surrendered

3687
03:13:57,000 --> 03:14:00,300
to granted at Appomattox 
Sherman's men, sensed the war 

3688
03:14:00,300 --> 03:14:03,300
was nearing its conclusion, 
hopes rose that they could 

3689
03:14:03,300 --> 03:14:04,800
finish the campaign without more
major. 

3690
03:14:04,800 --> 03:14:08,900
Clashes And unforeseen twist 
occurred when John Wilkes Booth 

3691
03:14:08,900 --> 03:14:12,700
assassinated President Lincoln 
on April 14th 1865. 

3692
03:14:12,700 --> 03:14:18,100
Shocking the entire Union High 
command, grief and anger surged 

3693
03:14:18,100 --> 03:14:21,900
through Sherman's ranks. 
After Lincoln's, death, stalks 

3694
03:14:21,900 --> 03:14:24,700
with confederate general, Joseph
E Johnston in North Carolina 

3695
03:14:24,700 --> 03:14:28,700
became increasingly strained. 
Sherman aiming for a quick 

3696
03:14:28,708 --> 03:14:32,200
reconciliation proposed terms 
that many in Washington viewed 

3697
03:14:32,200 --> 03:14:35,600
as excessively generous 
including political concessions 

3698
03:14:35,600 --> 03:14:39,400
that exceeded his authority. 
The war department shaken by 

3699
03:14:39,408 --> 03:14:41,900
Lincoln's assassination and 
favoring tougher actions 

3700
03:14:41,900 --> 03:14:45,900
rejected Shermans agreement. 
Reports suggested that Sherman 

3701
03:14:45,900 --> 03:14:47,600
was either naive or 
overreaching. 

3702
03:14:47,600 --> 03:14:50,300
The Fiasco, briefly damaged, his
reputation. 

3703
03:14:50,300 --> 03:14:53,400
A revised negotiation resulted 
in Johnston. 

3704
03:14:53,400 --> 03:14:56,800
Surrender on April 26th, 
effectively ending the war in 

3705
03:14:56,808 --> 03:15:00,300
the Carolinas, Sherman's desire 
to heal wounds quickly 

3706
03:15:00,300 --> 03:15:03,100
conflicted with the mood in 
Washington creating 

3707
03:15:03,100 --> 03:15:05,200
misunderstanding that would 
persist for years. 

3708
03:15:05,200 --> 03:15:09,000
Despite the friction points, the
north celebrated Sherman as a 

3709
03:15:09,000 --> 03:15:12,200
hero is soldiers. 
Admired him referring to him as 

3710
03:15:12,200 --> 03:15:15,700
Uncle Billy impressed by his 
Relentless energy and talent for

3711
03:15:15,700 --> 03:15:18,600
boosting morale. 
Southerners condemned him as the

3712
03:15:18,600 --> 03:15:22,300
cause of Devastation you rarely 
attempted to soften that image 

3713
03:15:22,300 --> 03:15:25,900
stating that war was cruelty and
efforts to refine. 

3714
03:15:25,900 --> 03:15:29,200
It were pointless. 
That straightforward view shape,

3715
03:15:29,200 --> 03:15:32,500
his strategic approach. 
Sherman believed that war should

3716
03:15:32,500 --> 03:15:36,500
be pursued with full commitment 
or not at all after the fall 

3717
03:15:36,500 --> 03:15:38,700
Sherman oversaw, military 
districts in the South 

3718
03:15:38,700 --> 03:15:41,700
attempting to maintain order 
during reconstructions tumult. 

3719
03:15:42,400 --> 03:15:45,500
He found the political 
squabbling exhausting, favoring 

3720
03:15:45,500 --> 03:15:48,400
direct military leadership over 
the complexities of civil 

3721
03:15:48,400 --> 03:15:51,200
policy. 
Sherman's Legacy was solidified 

3722
03:15:51,200 --> 03:15:54,000
by his wartime campaigns. 
Despite the post-war 

3723
03:15:54,000 --> 03:15:55,400
complexities that overshadowed 
it. 

3724
03:15:56,200 --> 03:15:59,100
The challenge for him. 
And for the nation was how to 

3725
03:15:59,100 --> 03:16:02,400
address the resentment caused by
Total War, while also focusing 

3726
03:16:02,400 --> 03:16:06,500
on rebuilding a unified country.
After hostilities concluded, 

3727
03:16:06,500 --> 03:16:09,300
William to come to Sherman 
expected. 

3728
03:16:09,300 --> 03:16:12,500
The clear structure of wartime 
command to translate into a 

3729
03:16:12,500 --> 03:16:15,700
simple post-war position. 
However, the aftermath of 

3730
03:16:15,700 --> 03:16:19,800
conflict, rarely produces smooth
transitions in 1865. 

3731
03:16:19,800 --> 03:16:22,300
He was appointed commander of 
the military division of the 

3732
03:16:22,300 --> 03:16:26,300
Mississippi covering most of the
devastated South During 

3733
03:16:26,300 --> 03:16:29,300
Reconstruction conflicts arose, 
between President and Andrew 

3734
03:16:29,300 --> 03:16:32,400
Johnson's, conciliatory, 
approach, and the severe demands

3735
03:16:32,400 --> 03:16:33,900
of Radical Republicans and 
Congress. 

3736
03:16:35,200 --> 03:16:38,800
Sherman proceeded, gingerly in 
this climate, avoiding political

3737
03:16:38,800 --> 03:16:42,100
disputes constantly differed 
with civil officials and 

3738
03:16:42,100 --> 03:16:44,800
politicians about how to best 
manage the amount to Painted 

3739
03:16:44,800 --> 03:16:48,300
African American population. 
Former Confederates and the 

3740
03:16:48,308 --> 03:16:51,000
Region's destroyed 
infrastructure, Sherman 

3741
03:16:51,000 --> 03:16:52,600
believes. 
The Army's job was to maintain 

3742
03:16:52,600 --> 03:16:56,300
order, not to influence, the 
inevitable social upheaval. 

3743
03:16:57,100 --> 03:16:59,600
He questioned whether Union 
troops should remain in the 

3744
03:16:59,600 --> 03:17:02,700
South indefinitely. 
Citing the lack of a quick way 

3745
03:17:02,700 --> 03:17:05,100
to heal. 
Grave wounds his reluctance to 

3746
03:17:05,100 --> 03:17:06,400
fully Embrace reconstruction 
ideas. 

3747
03:17:06,400 --> 03:17:09,700
Frustrated, radical reformers, 
who wanted strong Federal 

3748
03:17:09,700 --> 03:17:13,700
enforcement of civil rights, 
white Southerners, apprehensive 

3749
03:17:13,700 --> 03:17:16,900
of the northern presents 
frequently, opposed even basic 

3750
03:17:16,900 --> 03:17:20,200
Army commands understanding that
he was in a precarious 

3751
03:17:20,200 --> 03:17:24,000
situation, Sherman, sought 
solace in his family life in 

3752
03:17:24,000 --> 03:17:28,800
1866, he relocated St. 
Louis, Missouri to oversee the 

3753
03:17:28,808 --> 03:17:32,100
military division of Missouri. 
The territory stretched from the

3754
03:17:32,100 --> 03:17:34,100
Mississippi River to the 
Rockies. 

3755
03:17:35,500 --> 03:17:38,400
Conflict Fred Westwood as 
American expansion collided with

3756
03:17:38,400 --> 03:17:41,700
numerous indigenous groups. 
Sherman's order's, required him,

3757
03:17:41,700 --> 03:17:43,400
to protect settlers and 
railroads. 

3758
03:17:44,000 --> 03:17:46,900
Which frequently resulted in 
battles with tribes that opposed

3759
03:17:46,900 --> 03:17:50,200
the invasion of their areas this
period of Sherman's career is 

3760
03:17:50,200 --> 03:17:51,600
not as well. 
Known as his Civil War 

3761
03:17:51,600 --> 03:17:54,400
achievements. 
Native people beset with 

3762
03:17:54,408 --> 03:17:57,700
violated treaties and forced 
relocations met Sherman. 

3763
03:17:57,700 --> 03:18:01,100
A military figure who advocated 
employing Superior, Force to 

3764
03:18:01,100 --> 03:18:03,900
achieve Federal objectives 
Sherman's perspective. 

3765
03:18:03,900 --> 03:18:06,500
On the Indian Wars, mirrored his
entire War philosophy. 

3766
03:18:06,500 --> 03:18:10,700
Decisively smash resistance to 
minimize prolonged Carnage. 

3767
03:18:10,700 --> 03:18:13,400
He ordered campaigns that 
destroyed communities, 

3768
03:18:13,400 --> 03:18:17,100
decimated, Buffalo, herds and 
pushed people onto reserves 

3769
03:18:17,100 --> 03:18:21,200
historians decried, his measures
likening them to his previous 

3770
03:18:21,200 --> 03:18:23,900
scorched. 
Earth policies, Sherman strategy

3771
03:18:23,900 --> 03:18:27,700
was straightforward. 
Smash any opposition as quickly 

3772
03:18:27,700 --> 03:18:31,200
and decisively as possible. 
He perceived, no, ethical. 

3773
03:18:31,200 --> 03:18:34,000
Dilemma in forcefully. 
Displaying indigenous peoples in

3774
03:18:34,008 --> 03:18:35,800
pursuit of the nation's ultimate
goal. 

3775
03:18:35,800 --> 03:18:39,800
This unwavering stance cemented 
his reputation as a sort of 

3776
03:18:39,808 --> 03:18:43,300
strong answers. 
Changes in Washington impacted 

3777
03:18:43,300 --> 03:18:47,700
Sherman's career path, Ulysses. 
S Grant became president in 1869

3778
03:18:47,700 --> 03:18:50,700
and Sherman was appointed 
Commanding General of the United

3779
03:18:50,700 --> 03:18:54,300
States Army, His new position 
allowed wide oversight of 

3780
03:18:54,300 --> 03:18:57,100
military operations but 
disagreements with the water 

3781
03:18:57,100 --> 03:19:00,200
department arose fast. 
Sherman believed that the line 

3782
03:19:00,200 --> 03:19:03,000
of command was harmed by 
civilian authorities, desire for

3783
03:19:03,000 --> 03:19:04,600
greater control, over Army 
matters. 

3784
03:19:05,500 --> 03:19:07,900
The tension Rose under Secretary
of War, William W. 

3785
03:19:09,000 --> 03:19:11,300
Belknap who resigned under 
scandal? 

3786
03:19:12,400 --> 03:19:15,200
Sherman's private letters into 
indicated, this displeasure with

3787
03:19:15,208 --> 03:19:18,600
the political milia and a desire
for the disciplined cooperation 

3788
03:19:18,600 --> 03:19:21,800
of wartime. 
Sherman suffered family issues, 

3789
03:19:21,800 --> 03:19:25,500
Ellen, hailed from a devout 
Catholic household where a 

3790
03:19:25,500 --> 03:19:28,200
Sherman had no interest in 
organized religion, there are 

3791
03:19:28,208 --> 03:19:30,400
opposing viewpoints 
occasionally, produced tension, 

3792
03:19:30,400 --> 03:19:35,000
one son, Willie died, tragically
during the war leaving an 

3793
03:19:35,000 --> 03:19:37,800
emotional scar on the family and
other son Thomas. 

3794
03:19:37,800 --> 03:19:41,300
Ewing, Sherman became a Jesuit 
priest, which Sherman? 

3795
03:19:41,300 --> 03:19:44,100
Reluctantly accepted Sherman 
composed. 

3796
03:19:44,100 --> 03:19:47,100
His Memoirs during these changes
and they were first published in

3797
03:19:47,100 --> 03:19:51,200
1875. 
This two-volume book, Memoirs of

3798
03:19:51,200 --> 03:19:54,000
General William t-shirt and 
gives a plain account of his 

3799
03:19:54,000 --> 03:19:57,700
life from birth until the Civil 
War critics praised, its 

3800
03:19:57,700 --> 03:20:00,500
readability, and honesty. 
While several Express concern 

3801
03:20:00,500 --> 03:20:03,900
about a mission and biases. 
He openly said at the outset 

3802
03:20:03,900 --> 03:20:07,200
that he would report events as 
he saw them, regardless of 

3803
03:20:07,200 --> 03:20:11,200
whether they Disturbed anyone, 
The Memoirs shape, the Public's 

3804
03:20:11,200 --> 03:20:13,700
perception of him as a general 
who believed in direct action 

3805
03:20:13,700 --> 03:20:17,200
and open communication. 
Sherman, headed, an army that 

3806
03:20:17,200 --> 03:20:19,600
was struggling to find its place
in a changing country in the 

3807
03:20:19,600 --> 03:20:22,800
1870s. 
Industrialization accelerated 

3808
03:20:22,800 --> 03:20:26,000
questions about global 
development arose and the 

3809
03:20:26,008 --> 03:20:29,900
frontier vanished. 
The Army shrank overshadowed by 

3810
03:20:29,900 --> 03:20:32,900
new Millionaires and the 
volatile politics of the Gilded 

3811
03:20:32,900 --> 03:20:34,700
Age. 
Sherman frequently. 

3812
03:20:34,700 --> 03:20:37,400
Bemoaned that the populace had 
grown complacent about National 

3813
03:20:37,400 --> 03:20:40,200
Defense. 
Ignoring the painful lessons of 

3814
03:20:40,208 --> 03:20:42,700
the Civil War in quiet a 
moments. 

3815
03:20:42,700 --> 03:20:46,100
He realized that a diminished 
Army presence was precisely what

3816
03:20:46,100 --> 03:20:49,600
a reunited country needed. 
Even if it left him feeling a 

3817
03:20:49,600 --> 03:20:54,200
little lost, the great Railroad 
Strike of 1877, which saw 

3818
03:20:54,200 --> 03:20:56,500
federal troops dispatched to 
quell labor unrest. 

3819
03:20:57,300 --> 03:20:59,300
Was the final major dispute of 
his tenure. 

3820
03:21:00,300 --> 03:21:03,000
Sherman struck a compromise 
between compassion for workers 

3821
03:21:03,000 --> 03:21:07,000
concerns and the city for order.
Directing a reaction that sought

3822
03:21:07,000 --> 03:21:10,300
to minimize Bloodshed. 
The incident pointed as a new 

3823
03:21:10,308 --> 03:21:14,100
sort of internal conflict 
industrial turmoil, supplanting 

3824
03:21:14,100 --> 03:21:18,000
sectional conflicts Sherman 
noted for his darkness and 

3825
03:21:18,000 --> 03:21:20,800
rigidity was reminded that war 
is never static. 

3826
03:21:20,800 --> 03:21:24,800
It changes with the intricacies 
of civilization Because the 

3827
03:21:24,800 --> 03:21:28,200
1880s began William to come to 
Sherman entered retirement but 

3828
03:21:28,200 --> 03:21:32,100
stayed a notable public figure 
in 1882 he stepped down as 

3829
03:21:32,100 --> 03:21:35,800
Commanding General concluding 
nearly 20 years of consistent 

3830
03:21:35,800 --> 03:21:37,400
leadership in a transforming 
Army. 

3831
03:21:38,200 --> 03:21:41,600
Civic groups, lecture circuits 
and political activists often 

3832
03:21:41,600 --> 03:21:44,000
pursued him. 
Some urged him to run for 

3833
03:21:44,000 --> 03:21:46,600
president thinking. 
His combat experience and 

3834
03:21:46,600 --> 03:21:49,400
integrity would resonate with 
Americans Sherman famously 

3835
03:21:49,400 --> 03:21:53,100
declined stating. 
I will not accept if nominated 

3836
03:21:53,100 --> 03:21:56,300
and will not serve if elected 
the statement reflected his 

3837
03:21:56,300 --> 03:21:58,900
post-war identity as a someone 
who had witnessed the harsh 

3838
03:21:58,900 --> 03:22:01,900
realities of politics, leading 
him to avoid more profound 

3839
03:22:01,900 --> 03:22:04,500
involvement. 
His reluctance to run for 

3840
03:22:04,500 --> 03:22:06,400
government came from several 
factors. 

3841
03:22:06,400 --> 03:22:09,700
He was wary of the constant 
maneuvering that characterized 

3842
03:22:09,700 --> 03:22:12,600
national elections. 
His straightforward attitude 

3843
03:22:12,600 --> 03:22:15,400
conflicted with the need to 
appease groups and trade favors.

3844
03:22:15,400 --> 03:22:18,800
He understood that his 
reputation forged through tough 

3845
03:22:18,800 --> 03:22:21,500
tactics in Georgia, and the 
Carolinas could provoke 

3846
03:22:21,500 --> 03:22:24,700
significant backlash in the 
South and among modern voters. 

3847
03:22:25,700 --> 03:22:28,300
He felt his skills were better 
suited for organizing and 

3848
03:22:28,300 --> 03:22:29,900
leading in challenging 
situations. 

3849
03:22:29,900 --> 03:22:32,600
Rather than in standard 
governance. 

3850
03:22:32,600 --> 03:22:36,600
Negotiations Sherman traveled 
extensively, giving speeches on 

3851
03:22:36,600 --> 03:22:39,600
Civil War events, and promoting 
a strong practical military 

3852
03:22:39,600 --> 03:22:42,200
policy, even after leaving 
formal duties. 

3853
03:22:43,000 --> 03:22:46,900
He seldom softened his remarks, 
a veterans reunions, he 

3854
03:22:46,900 --> 03:22:49,700
portrayed the stern, Uncle 
reminding former troops, that 

3855
03:22:49,700 --> 03:22:52,700
war was not a glorious 
Adventure, he emphasized to 

3856
03:22:52,708 --> 03:22:55,800
younger audiences that the Civil
War was much more complex than 

3857
03:22:55,800 --> 03:22:58,700
just heroes and villains. 
He stood firm in his decision 

3858
03:22:58,700 --> 03:23:01,700
asserting that his aggressive 
campaigns had reduced the 

3859
03:23:01,700 --> 03:23:04,500
conflicts length. 
He was honest about his views on

3860
03:23:04,500 --> 03:23:07,700
reconstructions outcomes, he 
observed the South's economic 

3861
03:23:07,700 --> 03:23:11,300
recovery, the emergence of Jim 
Crow laws and ongoing social 

3862
03:23:11,300 --> 03:23:15,300
inequalities he did not advocate
for radical solutions to racial 

3863
03:23:15,300 --> 03:23:19,000
disparity viewing, it mainly. 
As a civilian issue, some 

3864
03:23:19,000 --> 03:23:22,000
critics viewed Sherman's 
attitude as a veces claiming he 

3865
03:23:22,000 --> 03:23:23,700
was dodging moral 
responsibility. 

3866
03:23:24,400 --> 03:23:26,900
He said his main name was to 
preserve the union, not to 

3867
03:23:26,900 --> 03:23:29,900
create an equal Society. 
Well though Sherman was 

3868
03:23:29,900 --> 03:23:32,500
strategically skilled his 
limited view on. 

3869
03:23:32,500 --> 03:23:35,700
Social fairness reflects the 
shortcomings of his era which is

3870
03:23:35,700 --> 03:23:39,600
clear in hindsight. 
At the same time narrative is 

3871
03:23:39,600 --> 03:23:41,400
about his private life became 
gentler. 

3872
03:23:41,400 --> 03:23:45,700
He enjoyed engaging with former 
allies, especially Ulysses, S 

3873
03:23:45,700 --> 03:23:49,100
Grant whose presidency concluded
amid controversy and failure. 

3874
03:23:49,700 --> 03:23:52,800
Sherman stayed loyal to Grant 
honoring their bond from the war

3875
03:23:52,800 --> 03:23:55,700
despite any controversies. 
They occasionally gathered to 

3876
03:23:55,700 --> 03:23:58,200
voice their discontent, 
regarding how their legacy is 

3877
03:23:58,200 --> 03:24:02,700
turned into political issues. 
when grant deed in 1885 Sherman 

3878
03:24:02,700 --> 03:24:05,600
mourned publicly, delivering 
eulogies that highlighted 

3879
03:24:05,600 --> 03:24:08,600
Loyalty, The Virtue that had 
United them, through numerous 

3880
03:24:08,600 --> 03:24:12,500
conflicts, In the 1880s, new 
Industries and Technologies, 

3881
03:24:12,500 --> 03:24:15,900
captured public attention 
railroaded, the continent 

3882
03:24:15,900 --> 03:24:19,500
telephones, connected people, 
and corporation's grew. 

3883
03:24:20,800 --> 03:24:23,700
Sherman felt torn after 
observing these changes, he 

3884
03:24:23,700 --> 03:24:26,500
appreciated America's ambition 
for growth, but worried about 

3885
03:24:26,500 --> 03:24:30,300
possible societal in stability. 
The great Railroad Strike 

3886
03:24:30,300 --> 03:24:32,700
indicated, Rising unrest among 
industrial workers. 

3887
03:24:32,700 --> 03:24:36,100
He warned that class tensions 
weren't handled correctly. 

3888
03:24:36,100 --> 03:24:38,800
They could erupt violently well,
though. 

3889
03:24:38,800 --> 03:24:41,800
He wasn't an economist, the 
identified conflict patterns, 

3890
03:24:41,800 --> 03:24:44,500
and warned, political leaders 
that neglecting labor demands 

3891
03:24:44,500 --> 03:24:47,400
could lead to chaos, similar to 
the devastation of War. 

3892
03:24:48,300 --> 03:24:51,200
Sherman, who relocated to New 
York City later in the decade 

3893
03:24:51,200 --> 03:24:54,800
joined various clubs and wrote 
letters condemning the rise of 

3894
03:24:54,800 --> 03:24:57,900
Sensational journalism. 
He was accustomed to Media 

3895
03:24:57,900 --> 03:25:00,500
scrutiny during the war. 
He was portrayed as either a 

3896
03:25:00,500 --> 03:25:04,800
hero or a criminal tabloids 
thrived on sensationalism making

3897
03:25:04,800 --> 03:25:08,200
him cautious about interviews. 
Young journalists sought his 

3898
03:25:08,200 --> 03:25:11,500
views on military issues. 
He emphasized that future Wars 

3899
03:25:11,500 --> 03:25:13,400
could lead to unimaginable 
destruction. 

3900
03:25:13,400 --> 03:25:17,500
If not quickly contained 
particularly with Advanced 

3901
03:25:17,500 --> 03:25:21,600
Weaponry, he insisted that the 
only real strategy was to either

3902
03:25:21,600 --> 03:25:23,700
fully engage in war or not at 
all. 

3903
03:25:25,400 --> 03:25:27,000
Sherman's Health declined as he 
got older. 

3904
03:25:28,000 --> 03:25:31,600
Stiff joints, persistent pain, 
and years of fatigue, in uniform

3905
03:25:31,600 --> 03:25:34,600
consumed him. 
He refused to disguise himself 

3906
03:25:34,600 --> 03:25:38,600
as a weak elderly General. 
He walked through the streets of

3907
03:25:38,600 --> 03:25:41,200
Manhattan in casual clothes 
tipping his hat. 

3908
03:25:41,200 --> 03:25:44,100
To those who noticed his 
distinctive gray hair, he 

3909
03:25:44,100 --> 03:25:45,900
visited West Point and other 
Army locations. 

3910
03:25:45,900 --> 03:25:50,700
Rarely providing straightforward
advice train with discipline but

3911
03:25:50,700 --> 03:25:52,700
hope you never have to use it in
a civil war. 

3912
03:25:52,700 --> 03:25:55,000
Listeners felt that beneath his 
tough. 

3913
03:25:55,000 --> 03:25:59,200
Exterior would deep wounds shape
by the harsh realities of war in

3914
03:25:59,200 --> 03:26:01,300
his late years. 
The people embraced him as a 

3915
03:26:01,300 --> 03:26:04,700
grandfather figure his once. 
Fierce demeanor mellowed over 

3916
03:26:04,700 --> 03:26:08,100
time fundamentally, he was the 
man who bravely marched through 

3917
03:26:08,100 --> 03:26:11,700
Georgia firmly, believing that 
such harshness was essential. 

3918
03:26:12,400 --> 03:26:15,900
In the evolving landscape of 
modern America, William to come 

3919
03:26:15,900 --> 03:26:19,000
to Sherman remained prominent 
his influence softened rather 

3920
03:26:19,000 --> 03:26:21,600
than faded. 
A reminder of when cities 

3921
03:26:21,600 --> 03:26:25,500
trembled at the sight of blue, 
clad troops, William to comes as

3922
03:26:25,500 --> 03:26:27,900
Sherman spent his final months 
in New York, surrounded by 

3923
03:26:27,908 --> 03:26:31,100
family and friends. 
He was stoic, Yeti occasionally,

3924
03:26:31,100 --> 03:26:34,000
made sad remarks about how the 
Civil War ruined his reputation.

3925
03:26:34,000 --> 03:26:37,600
He recognized that for many 
Southerners, his name, 

3926
03:26:37,600 --> 03:26:41,400
symbolized Terror, a reminder of
burned houses, ruined, railroads

3927
03:26:41,400 --> 03:26:44,800
and the unrelenting. 
March of Union forces to many 

3928
03:26:44,800 --> 03:26:47,700
particularly in the north, he 
was the driving factor in the 

3929
03:26:47,700 --> 03:26:50,200
confederacy's demise ultimately 
sparing. 

3930
03:26:50,200 --> 03:26:53,700
Many lives, by ending the war, 
The dichotomy left him. 

3931
03:26:53,700 --> 03:26:58,300
Resigned historical assessments 
are rarely balanced, especially 

3932
03:26:58,300 --> 03:27:00,800
for those who shape conflict in 
new disputed ways. 

3933
03:27:00,800 --> 03:27:04,400
Sherman became ill with 
pneumonia, in January 1891, 

3934
03:27:04,400 --> 03:27:07,700
doctors tried to restore his 
health, but difficulties 

3935
03:27:07,700 --> 03:27:10,300
occurred by early February. 
It was clear. 

3936
03:27:10,300 --> 03:27:13,200
He was unlikely to recover. 
He faced his declined, 

3937
03:27:13,200 --> 03:27:16,200
discreetly, assuming some 
treatments and facing his 

3938
03:27:16,200 --> 03:27:20,100
mortality with the same candle, 
he used in strategy Family 

3939
03:27:20,100 --> 03:27:22,800
members watched him closely 
recalling how the once 

3940
03:27:22,800 --> 03:27:25,700
Unstoppable man appeared weak 
under the light of the bedside 

3941
03:27:25,700 --> 03:27:29,100
lamp. 
He died on February 14th, 1891 

3942
03:27:29,100 --> 03:27:33,900
at the age of 71 new spread 
across the country Southerners 

3943
03:27:33,900 --> 03:27:36,700
reacted, calmly to the 
announcement, some newspapers, 

3944
03:27:36,700 --> 03:27:39,800
ran brief obituaries, While 
others recalled, the misery 

3945
03:27:39,800 --> 03:27:43,800
caused in the north. 
Praises poured in hailing him as

3946
03:27:43,800 --> 03:27:46,200
a hero who broke the walls 
Illusions, and drove the South 

3947
03:27:46,200 --> 03:27:49,100
to its knees. 
Foreign commentators reflected 

3948
03:27:49,100 --> 03:27:52,200
on how the American Civil War 
influenced worldwide military 

3949
03:27:52,200 --> 03:27:54,900
thinking. 
Observing that Sherman's death 

3950
03:27:54,900 --> 03:27:57,800
marked, the end of an era of 
bold large-scale. 

3951
03:27:57,800 --> 03:28:00,900
Maneuver a Warfare. 
Sherman's funeral in New York, 

3952
03:28:00,900 --> 03:28:04,100
Drew massive crowds to the 
streets veterans, wearing 

3953
03:28:04,100 --> 03:28:06,400
uniforms saluted, the casket 
young. 

3954
03:28:06,400 --> 03:28:09,300
Observers were captivated by The
Legend and listened to Serious 

3955
03:28:09,300 --> 03:28:11,300
comments from generals who had 
served under him. 

3956
03:28:11,300 --> 03:28:13,900
The Army provided full honors as
a final. 

3957
03:28:13,900 --> 03:28:16,400
Homage to the man, whose 
worldview was defined by his 

3958
03:28:16,400 --> 03:28:19,600
dedication to duty. 
Pall, bearers included, notable 

3959
03:28:19,600 --> 03:28:22,900
Civic and Military figures, 
emphasizing his life's impact on

3960
03:28:22,900 --> 03:28:25,400
American growth. 
They brought his remains to 

3961
03:28:25,400 --> 03:28:28,500
Saint Louis with quiet solemnity
where he was buried. 

3962
03:28:28,500 --> 03:28:31,800
Alongside his wife, Ellen who 
had died a few years before 

3963
03:28:31,800 --> 03:28:34,900
afterward newspapers and 
magazines began to look back 

3964
03:28:34,900 --> 03:28:39,400
writers debated morality and 
necessity determines campaigns 

3965
03:28:39,400 --> 03:28:41,300
and hands combat or spark new 
conflicts. 

3966
03:28:42,100 --> 03:28:45,000
Some editorial lists credited 
him with inventing the concept 

3967
03:28:45,000 --> 03:28:49,600
of modern Total War emphasizing 
how entire communities not just 

3968
03:28:49,600 --> 03:28:52,500
soldiers become involved in 
massive Warfare. 

3969
03:28:53,300 --> 03:28:55,800
Some voiced worried about the 
impact on civilian, life and 

3970
03:28:55,800 --> 03:28:58,000
property. 
Claiming that his approach 

3971
03:28:58,000 --> 03:29:00,600
called into question. 
The ethics of War military 

3972
03:29:00,600 --> 03:29:02,600
academies around the world 
evaluated. 

3973
03:29:02,600 --> 03:29:06,500
His Maneuvers adopting or 
criticizing his ideas before 

3974
03:29:06,500 --> 03:29:10,000
World War 1 German officers 
thoroughly researched the march 

3975
03:29:10,000 --> 03:29:12,400
to the sea to establish their 
philosophy. 

3976
03:29:13,300 --> 03:29:15,100
Sherman's notion that war should
be conducted. 

3977
03:29:15,100 --> 03:29:18,200
Decisively eliminating Illusions
and safe. 

3978
03:29:18,200 --> 03:29:21,300
Haven's has far reaching 
consequences Beyond American 

3979
03:29:21,300 --> 03:29:24,000
borders. 
Many nations romanticized, 

3980
03:29:24,000 --> 03:29:26,600
notion of combat, would conflict
with the brutal reality. 

3981
03:29:26,600 --> 03:29:30,500
He highlighted Decades later 
European nation's would 

3982
03:29:30,500 --> 03:29:33,200
participate in even more 
devastating Wars prompting. 

3983
03:29:33,200 --> 03:29:36,200
The question was Sherman. 
A Visionary, a prophet of 

3984
03:29:36,200 --> 03:29:39,600
mechanized destruction. 
Personal stories about Uncle. 

3985
03:29:39,600 --> 03:29:43,100
Billy were well known among 
aging, Union, veterans, hanak, 

3986
03:29:43,100 --> 03:29:46,000
show him pausing to speak with a
terrified child or having a 

3987
03:29:46,000 --> 03:29:47,300
humble lunch with a rural 
household. 

3988
03:29:48,200 --> 03:29:50,600
These pieces attempted to 
portray the man who was 

3989
03:29:50,600 --> 03:29:52,400
frequently despised by many 
Southerners. 

3990
03:29:53,400 --> 03:29:56,100
Historians who read his letters 
discovered that he had a comic 

3991
03:29:56,100 --> 03:29:59,600
side frequently calming tense 
situations with dry humor. 

3992
03:30:00,300 --> 03:30:04,100
Contradictions are bound a kind,
Father Figure to his men and 

3993
03:30:04,100 --> 03:30:07,500
unrelenting Terror to his 
adversaries and escaping critic 

3994
03:30:07,500 --> 03:30:11,100
of half measures in combat. 
Sherman along with Grant Lee and

3995
03:30:11,100 --> 03:30:14,300
Jackson was recognized as 
pivotal figures in the Civil War

3996
03:30:14,300 --> 03:30:17,208
over time. 
Statues appeared some in the 

3997
03:30:17,216 --> 03:30:21,100
north depicting him on Horseback
with a determined expression and

3998
03:30:21,100 --> 03:30:24,100
fewer in the South where he was 
frequently overshadowed by Local

3999
03:30:24,100 --> 03:30:26,600
Heroes. 
The older generation that lived 

4000
03:30:26,600 --> 03:30:28,200
through the conflict as died 
away. 

4001
03:30:28,200 --> 03:30:32,300
Leaving a legacy characterized 
by textbooks speeches and 

4002
03:30:32,300 --> 03:30:34,900
Battlefield tours. 
Sherman's historical 

4003
03:30:34,900 --> 03:30:37,700
significance, was substantial, 
but challenging for a nice and 

4004
03:30:37,700 --> 03:30:40,100
Nation. 
Historians developed fresh 

4005
03:30:40,100 --> 03:30:43,100
perspectives over time. 
Some of them investigated the 

4006
03:30:43,100 --> 03:30:45,700
cycle impact of the Florida 
Wetlands on the young 

4007
03:30:45,700 --> 03:30:48,000
lieutenant. 
Some of suggested that his 

4008
03:30:48,000 --> 03:30:50,500
family's links to Thomas, Ewing 
had an important impact on his 

4009
03:30:50,508 --> 03:30:53,600
early success. 
Many questioned his performance 

4010
03:30:53,600 --> 03:30:56,400
during the Indian Wars 
questioning, how a commander 

4011
03:30:56,400 --> 03:30:59,100
known for defending the union 
could Advocate harsh measures 

4012
03:30:59,100 --> 03:31:02,300
against indigenous tribes. 
These layers underscore the 

4013
03:31:02,300 --> 03:31:05,500
complexities of his life. 
He was neither a simple hero or 

4014
03:31:05,500 --> 03:31:09,700
a villain but rather a figure of
a changing America managing 

4015
03:31:09,700 --> 03:31:13,000
crises technological 
developments and expanding 

4016
03:31:13,000 --> 03:31:16,000
Frontiers. 
Sherman's name conjures up, 

4017
03:31:16,000 --> 03:31:19,600
pictures of Relentless columns 
flaming Depots and a war that 

4018
03:31:19,608 --> 03:31:23,300
changed the face of conflict. 
William to comes, as Sherman is 

4019
03:31:23,300 --> 03:31:25,400
still regarded as a key 
character in The Civil War 

4020
03:31:25,400 --> 03:31:29,400
Pantheon, yet views of his 
actions continue to shift over 

4021
03:31:29,400 --> 03:31:34,500
130 years after his death, 
historians military Scholars and

4022
03:31:34,500 --> 03:31:37,000
interested. 
Amateurs revisit his Wars in 

4023
03:31:37,000 --> 03:31:40,100
search of nuanced insights. 
Many people are talking about 

4024
03:31:40,100 --> 03:31:44,100
his hardwar theory, which holds 
that determinator struggle and 

4025
03:31:44,100 --> 03:31:46,300
Nation must attack. 
The opponents of ability to 

4026
03:31:46,308 --> 03:31:49,800
sustain itself, rather than 
simply defeating forces in open 

4027
03:31:49,800 --> 03:31:53,900
battle His Effectiveness in this
area is widely attributed to 

4028
03:31:53,900 --> 03:31:55,600
hastening the confederacies 
demise. 

4029
03:31:56,400 --> 03:31:58,900
Sherman's techniques are 
sometimes compared to those used

4030
03:31:58,900 --> 03:32:02,100
in 20th century. 
Total conflicts in which entire 

4031
03:32:02,100 --> 03:32:04,300
economies and civilian 
populations are targeted 

4032
03:32:04,300 --> 03:32:07,600
critics, questioned. 
If the practice establishes a 

4033
03:32:07,600 --> 03:32:10,000
troubling precedent that moral 
barriers can be crossed for the 

4034
03:32:10,008 --> 03:32:13,300
sake of expediency. 
Others argue that Sherman's, 

4035
03:32:13,300 --> 03:32:15,800
tough attitude, undoubtedly 
shorten the walls, duration, 

4036
03:32:15,800 --> 03:32:19,000
preventing thousands of further,
Battlefield casualties. 

4037
03:32:20,000 --> 03:32:22,900
When military doctrines develop 
Beyond Frontline, engagements 

4038
03:32:22,900 --> 03:32:25,600
the attention between 
practicality and morality 

4039
03:32:25,600 --> 03:32:30,000
becomes increasingly essential. 
In the South memories of Sherman

4040
03:32:30,000 --> 03:32:34,000
are still shaped by generational
stories families, carry down 

4041
03:32:34,000 --> 03:32:37,700
stories about ancestors, who 
lost my houses animals or 

4042
03:32:37,700 --> 03:32:40,900
Enterprises, along his path 
museums in Georgia, South 

4043
03:32:40,900 --> 03:32:43,600
Carolina and other states. 
Periodically display, 

4044
03:32:43,600 --> 03:32:46,300
exhibitions about the march to 
the Seas local influence. 

4045
03:32:46,300 --> 03:32:49,400
Some historians work to 
differentiate myth from reality 

4046
03:32:49,400 --> 03:32:54,200
was not every fire was started 
by a Union soldier nor was every

4047
03:32:54,200 --> 03:32:57,500
structured torched. 
However, the psychological toll 

4048
03:32:57,500 --> 03:33:00,500
of an Unstoppable Army marching 
across the countryside was 

4049
03:33:00,500 --> 03:33:04,400
evident Meanwhile, Northern 
cities that formerly supported 

4050
03:33:04,400 --> 03:33:06,600
him attempt to analyze his full 
Legacy. 

4051
03:33:07,300 --> 03:33:10,500
War memorials in areas like New 
York and Ohio depict him as a 

4052
03:33:10,500 --> 03:33:12,100
pivotal figure in the Union's 
Deliverance. 

4053
03:33:13,000 --> 03:33:16,000
School textbooks, stress his 
Devotion, to Grant his 

4054
03:33:16,000 --> 03:33:18,700
operational genius. 
And the conclusion, he helped 

4055
03:33:18,700 --> 03:33:21,700
bring to award the threatened to
fraction of the country of 

4056
03:33:21,700 --> 03:33:24,100
Africa. 
Lee a few paragraphs might 

4057
03:33:24,100 --> 03:33:26,600
describe how he disliked 
political power and preferred 

4058
03:33:26,600 --> 03:33:29,100
clear command younger 
Generations. 

4059
03:33:29,100 --> 03:33:33,500
Perceive a nearly cinematic, 
figure Brazen Unstoppable, a 

4060
03:33:33,500 --> 03:33:36,600
contradiction of savagery and 
compassion who altered Americans

4061
03:33:36,600 --> 03:33:40,600
perceptions of battle. 
Sherman's personal documents, 

4062
03:33:40,600 --> 03:33:43,700
which are preserved in 
libraries, Illustrate, the 

4063
03:33:43,700 --> 03:33:47,200
intricacies of his relationships
letters to his wife, Ellen 

4064
03:33:47,200 --> 03:33:50,300
express love, and parental care.
Particularly, when they lost 

4065
03:33:50,300 --> 03:33:53,700
their son, William Memphis. 
Correspondence with fellow 

4066
03:33:53,700 --> 03:33:56,108
officers illustrates the stress 
that weighed on him. 

4067
03:33:56,900 --> 03:33:59,700
Particularly in the Dark 
Knights, preceding important 

4068
03:33:59,700 --> 03:34:02,000
operations. 
There's a fleeting impression 

4069
03:34:02,000 --> 03:34:04,300
that beneath the stern General's
public face. 

4070
03:34:05,100 --> 03:34:07,800
A man struggled with the 
internal reservations about the 

4071
03:34:07,800 --> 03:34:12,000
Unstoppable machine, he'd set in
Motion in scholarly areas 

4072
03:34:12,000 --> 03:34:15,300
studies of reconstruction 
address his post-war Deeds. 

4073
03:34:16,000 --> 03:34:18,700
Some argue that despite his 
ability to affect Southern 

4074
03:34:18,700 --> 03:34:22,100
reintegration, he mostly 
deferred to Civil Authorities 

4075
03:34:22,100 --> 03:34:23,900
and focused on limited Army 
duties. 

4076
03:34:23,900 --> 03:34:26,400
Did he demonstrate smart 
statesmanship? 

4077
03:34:26,400 --> 03:34:28,900
Or did he allow systemic 
Injustice to continue? 

4078
03:34:29,700 --> 03:34:33,600
The discussion continues, 
according to the record Sherman,

4079
03:34:33,600 --> 03:34:36,100
considered himself, first and 
foremost, to Soldier. 

4080
03:34:36,100 --> 03:34:39,300
And he rarely saw the Army as an
instrument for sweeping social 

4081
03:34:39,300 --> 03:34:42,400
engineering. 
This perspective aligning with 

4082
03:34:42,400 --> 03:34:45,400
his pragmatic approach 
significantly shaped the course 

4083
03:34:45,400 --> 03:34:48,000
of reconstruction, both 
positively and negatively. 

4084
03:34:48,000 --> 03:34:51,400
Sherman's image appears in 
novels documentaries and 

4085
03:34:51,400 --> 03:34:54,500
historical, dramas, the name to 
capture the passion of the Civil

4086
03:34:54,500 --> 03:34:57,000
War. 
Filmmakers show, him poised on 

4087
03:34:57,008 --> 03:35:01,700
Horseback watching a horizon. 
Tinged orange by fires or in 

4088
03:35:01,700 --> 03:35:03,900
frenetic staff meetings with 
maps strewn out over. 

4089
03:35:03,900 --> 03:35:07,400
Rickety tables these portrayals 
frequently exaggerated for 

4090
03:35:07,400 --> 03:35:10,500
dramatic effect. 
But they reflect a long-standing

4091
03:35:10,500 --> 03:35:14,400
fascination with the man who 
accepted the brutal facts of war

4092
03:35:14,400 --> 03:35:17,800
and forced the South to taste 
the bitter fruit of defeat. 

4093
03:35:18,500 --> 03:35:21,300
The conflict between actuality 
and myth is really fully 

4094
03:35:21,300 --> 03:35:23,700
resolved. 
Expressing the essence of a 

4095
03:35:23,700 --> 03:35:25,400
character who thrived on 
contradiction. 

4096
03:35:26,200 --> 03:35:29,800
Finally, Sherman's story is a 
microcosm of American history in

4097
03:35:29,800 --> 03:35:33,300
the mid-19th century, a country.
Stumbling from compromised, to 

4098
03:35:33,308 --> 03:35:36,500
confrontation debating, whether 
to remain a single political 

4099
03:35:36,500 --> 03:35:40,000
unit or split irreparably. 
Sherman's life. 

4100
03:35:40,000 --> 03:35:42,800
Followed that trajectory from 
Frontier, Boyhood to the 

4101
03:35:42,800 --> 03:35:46,200
Pinnacle of military leadership 
from the sorrow of personal loss

4102
03:35:46,200 --> 03:35:49,000
to the molding of an unwavering 
approach in The Crucible of 

4103
03:35:49,000 --> 03:35:51,400
battle. 
His traces are still visible, 

4104
03:35:51,400 --> 03:35:54,800
not only on Georgian territory 
but also in how America deals 

4105
03:35:54,800 --> 03:35:56,900
with the duties and costs of 
military Conflict. 

4106
03:35:56,900 --> 03:36:01,100
For those looking for simple 
labels hero or villain Visionary

4107
03:36:01,100 --> 03:36:04,100
or brute Sherman. 
Defies the mall reminding us 

4108
03:36:04,100 --> 03:36:07,100
that history is woven from the 
threads of both success and the 

4109
03:36:07,100 --> 03:36:10,900
tragedy Sculpted by the Steely 
will of individuals who wants 

4110
03:36:10,900 --> 03:36:13,700
marched across the stage of an 
evolving National drama. 

4111
03:36:19,400 --> 03:36:23,100
Faded color, photographs from 
1938 Germany present a paradox 

4112
03:36:23,100 --> 03:36:27,100
smiling families at lakeside. 
Resorts industrial workers 

4113
03:36:27,100 --> 03:36:30,000
leaving modern factories with 
steady paychecks and cultural 

4114
03:36:30,000 --> 03:36:32,200
festivals celebrating Regional 
Traditions. 

4115
03:36:32,200 --> 03:36:35,300
These images clashed 
dramatically with the historical

4116
03:36:35,300 --> 03:36:39,000
narrative, many of internalized,
yet for millions of ordinary 

4117
03:36:39,000 --> 03:36:42,400
Germans, the late, 1930s 
represented, not Darkness to 

4118
03:36:42,400 --> 03:36:45,000
sending, but rather a 
bewildering economic 

4119
03:36:45,000 --> 03:36:48,900
Renaissance. 
Horst Mueller, a machinist from 

4120
03:36:48,900 --> 03:36:51,700
duesberg represented. 
A typical experience. 

4121
03:36:53,200 --> 03:36:55,600
After years, of humiliating 
unemployment, during the 

4122
03:36:55,600 --> 03:36:59,100
hyperinflation of the vimara 
public by 1938. 

4123
03:36:59,100 --> 03:37:03,000
He supervised 12 workers in a 
steel, manufacturing plant. 

4124
03:37:04,500 --> 03:37:08,000
His salary, afforded him simple.
But previously unimaginable 

4125
03:37:08,000 --> 03:37:12,400
luxuries, small radio occasional
restaurant meals and a savings 

4126
03:37:12,400 --> 03:37:15,100
account for his family's future.
Politics. 

4127
03:37:15,100 --> 03:37:17,600
We discussed little is surviving
letters reveal. 

4128
03:37:17,600 --> 03:37:21,200
The feeling was like question 
what seems to be working? 

4129
03:37:22,200 --> 03:37:24,700
Propaganda, Minister, Joseph 
Goebbels, built this economic 

4130
03:37:24,700 --> 03:37:27,600
transformation. 
Dubbed, the German economic 

4131
03:37:27,600 --> 03:37:30,400
Miracle on unsustainable 
foundations. 

4132
03:37:30,400 --> 03:37:33,900
Massive military spending. 
The accumulating foreign debt 

4133
03:37:33,900 --> 03:37:36,900
and fiscal sleight of hand 
disguised by the appropriation 

4134
03:37:36,900 --> 03:37:39,400
of Jewish assets and later 
plundering of foreign resources,

4135
03:37:39,400 --> 03:37:41,700
but for ordinary Germans like 
Mueller. 

4136
03:37:42,200 --> 03:37:45,400
These macroeconomic realities 
remained abstracted from daily 

4137
03:37:45,400 --> 03:37:48,300
experience. 
The contrast with the traumatic 

4138
03:37:48,300 --> 03:37:51,000
post World War one year's proved
powerful enough to Garner 

4139
03:37:51,000 --> 03:37:55,500
genuine if contingent popular 
support. the regime's 

4140
03:37:55,500 --> 03:37:58,600
cultivation of Volkswagen 
Mineshaft People's Community, 

4141
03:37:58,600 --> 03:38:01,700
fostered, a paradoxical 
environment where many Germans 

4142
03:38:01,700 --> 03:38:05,100
simultaneously experienced new 
forms of social Mobility me 

4143
03:38:05,100 --> 03:38:08,900
while witnessing increasing 
exclusion of designated outside,

4144
03:38:08,900 --> 03:38:14,200
as Organizations like craft Durk
freuder strength through Joy 

4145
03:38:14,200 --> 03:38:18,200
offered working class Germans 
unprecedented access to leisure 

4146
03:38:18,200 --> 03:38:21,400
activities previously reserved 
for the wealthy subsidized, 

4147
03:38:21,400 --> 03:38:25,200
cruises concert tickets and 
Sparta treatments that fostered 

4148
03:38:25,200 --> 03:38:27,200
a sense of national unity and 
advancement. 

4149
03:38:28,200 --> 03:38:32,600
Helga Schneider. a secretary at 
a Berlin Insurance firm recorded

4150
03:38:32,600 --> 03:38:36,400
in her diary Attended the Berlin
Philharmonic for the first time,

4151
03:38:36,400 --> 03:38:39,500
father would never have imagined
his daughter in such 

4152
03:38:39,508 --> 03:38:42,200
surroundings. 
It is strange to think about how

4153
03:38:42,200 --> 03:38:45,300
much has changed in five years. 
This sense of social 

4154
03:38:45,300 --> 03:38:48,500
transformation, created genuine 
attachment to the regime among 

4155
03:38:48,500 --> 03:38:51,800
many who had previously felt 
marginalized the educational 

4156
03:38:51,800 --> 03:38:53,800
system. 
Underwent Swift transformation. 

4157
03:38:54,400 --> 03:38:57,700
Curriculum changes emphasized 
Germanic cultural contributions 

4158
03:38:57,700 --> 03:39:00,300
while gradually diminishing 
humanistic education. 

4159
03:39:01,300 --> 03:39:04,700
Teachers navigated complex 
allegiances with many quietly 

4160
03:39:04,700 --> 03:39:07,600
preserving older, educational 
Traditions, while superficially 

4161
03:39:07,600 --> 03:39:09,900
complying with the ideological 
mandates. 

4162
03:39:10,900 --> 03:39:13,800
Students found themselves caught
between competing value systems.

4163
03:39:13,800 --> 03:39:17,000
Traditional parental values 
versus new ideological, 

4164
03:39:17,000 --> 03:39:20,400
imperatives and classrooms and 
youth organizations religion. 

4165
03:39:20,400 --> 03:39:23,700
Contrary to simplified 
historical accounts, maintained 

4166
03:39:23,700 --> 03:39:27,000
considerable influence. 
While some not see, officials 

4167
03:39:27,000 --> 03:39:29,500
envisioned. 
Eventually eliminating religious

4168
03:39:29,500 --> 03:39:32,500
institutions, the pragmatic 
reality saw complex 

4169
03:39:32,500 --> 03:39:37,700
accommodations the 1933 with the
Vatican temporarily stabilized, 

4170
03:39:37,700 --> 03:39:40,800
Catholic State relations, while 
Protestant churches fragmented 

4171
03:39:40,800 --> 03:39:43,700
between the regime aligned 
German Christians and the 

4172
03:39:43,700 --> 03:39:47,200
oppositional confessing Church. 
Most Germans maintained 

4173
03:39:47,200 --> 03:39:50,600
religious practices creating 
compartmentalized belief systems

4174
03:39:50,600 --> 03:39:53,500
that allowed simultaneous 
adherence to traditional 

4175
03:39:53,500 --> 03:39:57,900
ideological commitments. 
Media transformation proceeded 

4176
03:39:57,900 --> 03:40:01,300
rapidly after 1933. 
State control of radio 

4177
03:40:01,300 --> 03:40:04,700
broadcasting Film Production and
print media created an 

4178
03:40:04,700 --> 03:40:07,600
information environment where 
alternative perspectives became 

4179
03:40:07,600 --> 03:40:11,400
increasingly inaccessible. 
Foreign radio broadcast remained

4180
03:40:11,400 --> 03:40:14,200
technically available but were 
criminalized in 1939. 

4181
03:40:15,100 --> 03:40:18,200
The sophisticated propaganda 
apparatus under gerbils, didn't 

4182
03:40:18,200 --> 03:40:21,400
simply fabricate reality but 
rather selectively emphasized 

4183
03:40:21,400 --> 03:40:23,100
certain facts while suppressing 
others. 

4184
03:40:23,100 --> 03:40:26,500
Making critical evaluation 
increasingly difficult for 

4185
03:40:26,500 --> 03:40:29,200
average citizens as 
International tensions. 

4186
03:40:29,200 --> 03:40:33,200
Mounted through 1938 and 9 
ordinary Germans responded with 

4187
03:40:33,200 --> 03:40:36,800
complex emotions, the bloodless 
annexation of Austria and the 

4188
03:40:36,800 --> 03:40:40,300
Sudan generated. 
Genuine nationalist Pride, yet 

4189
03:40:40,300 --> 03:40:43,600
War fears remained pronounced 
the generation that had 

4190
03:40:43,600 --> 03:40:46,400
experienced the catastrophic 
losses of the first world war 

4191
03:40:46,400 --> 03:40:49,000
Harbor. 
Deep anxiety is about renewed 

4192
03:40:49,000 --> 03:40:51,800
conflict. 
When mobilization orders finally

4193
03:40:51,800 --> 03:40:55,500
arrived in August 1939, 
contemporary accounts, reveal 

4194
03:40:55,500 --> 03:40:57,100
more resignation than 
enthusiasm. 

4195
03:40:58,100 --> 03:41:01,200
Stark contrast to the jubilant 
crowds of, August 1914. 

4196
03:41:02,400 --> 03:41:04,800
As German forces massed on the 
Polish border. 

4197
03:41:05,600 --> 03:41:09,200
The foundation for catastrophe 
was set the economic Miracle. 

4198
03:41:09,200 --> 03:41:12,300
Had created, genuine material 
improvements without sustainable

4199
03:41:12,300 --> 03:41:15,400
foundations. 
Ideological in, doctrination had

4200
03:41:15,400 --> 03:41:18,800
proceeded unevenly, but had 
successfully isolated critical 

4201
03:41:18,800 --> 03:41:21,800
perspectives. 
Most crucially, the moral 

4202
03:41:21,800 --> 03:41:24,300
framework for evaluating 
leadership decisions had been 

4203
03:41:24,308 --> 03:41:28,100
systematically undermined. 
Millions of ordinary Germans 

4204
03:41:28,100 --> 03:41:30,400
became participants in 
extraordinary crimes. 

4205
03:41:30,400 --> 03:41:35,900
Setting the stage. 
On September 27th, 1939 Warsaw 

4206
03:41:35,900 --> 03:41:38,700
capitulated to German forces as 
Feld. 

4207
03:41:38,700 --> 03:41:42,800
Vable Sergeant called degenhart,
wrote home the campaign ended so

4208
03:41:42,800 --> 03:41:45,000
quickly, many of us still have 
the food rations, we packed 

4209
03:41:45,000 --> 03:41:47,900
three weeks ago. 
My company lost just two men. 

4210
03:41:47,900 --> 03:41:50,900
Father's stories of the Somme 
seemed like Tales From Another 

4211
03:41:50,900 --> 03:41:53,800
Universe. 
The Polish campaign established 

4212
03:41:53,800 --> 03:41:57,300
a cycle pattern that would prove
devastating in the coming years.

4213
03:41:57,300 --> 03:42:02,000
Military success came so swiftly
and at such minimal cost. 

4214
03:42:02,000 --> 03:42:05,200
That it fundamentally altered 
German perceptions of warfare 

4215
03:42:05,200 --> 03:42:07,700
itself. 
Unlike the protracted trench 

4216
03:42:07,700 --> 03:42:11,900
warfare of 1914 to 1918 that a 
traumatized degeneration, 

4217
03:42:11,900 --> 03:42:16,100
Blitzkrieg Victory is reinforced
to dangerous misconception that 

4218
03:42:16,100 --> 03:42:19,700
Modern Warfare could be limited 
decisive and relatively 

4219
03:42:19,700 --> 03:42:22,500
bloodless for the victors. 
This perception would later. 

4220
03:42:22,500 --> 03:42:25,100
Make the grinding attritional 
Warfare on the Eastern Front. 

4221
03:42:25,100 --> 03:42:26,900
All the more cycle, logically 
devastating. 

4222
03:42:28,000 --> 03:42:30,900
The domestic experience of these
early victories created an 

4223
03:42:30,900 --> 03:42:35,500
atmosphere that historians now 
term performance legitimacy, the

4224
03:42:35,500 --> 03:42:38,300
regime's ability to deliver 
military successes, temporarily 

4225
03:42:38,300 --> 03:42:41,300
overshadowed critiques. 
Even among those Germans 

4226
03:42:41,300 --> 03:42:46,100
harboring private reservations. 
Newsreels showing German forces,

4227
03:42:46,100 --> 03:42:49,500
entering Paris in June 1940 
generated authentic national 

4228
03:42:49,500 --> 03:42:53,300
pride across political divides. 
As one Social Democratic 

4229
03:42:53,300 --> 03:42:56,400
Underground activist reluctantly
confessed in a monitored 

4230
03:42:56,400 --> 03:42:59,600
conversation. 
I detest everything about them 

4231
03:42:59,600 --> 03:43:02,800
but I never imagined I would 
live to see France defeated in 

4232
03:43:02,800 --> 03:43:05,600
six weeks. 
Occupation policies, across 

4233
03:43:05,600 --> 03:43:07,900
Western Europe. 
Initially reflected strategic 

4234
03:43:07,900 --> 03:43:11,600
restraint more than ideological 
moderation in countries deemed 

4235
03:43:11,600 --> 03:43:15,900
racially acceptable. 
Like Denmark Norway and parts of

4236
03:43:15,900 --> 03:43:18,400
France. 
Occupational authorities, 

4237
03:43:18,400 --> 03:43:19,800
established. 
What historians now? 

4238
03:43:19,800 --> 03:43:23,600
Termed soft hegemony maintaining
fundamental control while 

4239
03:43:23,600 --> 03:43:26,100
allowing substantial autonomy in
non-military matters. 

4240
03:43:27,000 --> 03:43:29,500
This calculated approach 
minimized resistance while 

4241
03:43:29,500 --> 03:43:32,100
extracting economic benefits at 
sustainable levels. 

4242
03:43:32,100 --> 03:43:35,400
Food rationing in Germany 
remained, remarkably generous 

4243
03:43:35,400 --> 03:43:39,400
through 1940 and 1941 compared 
to WWE standards. 

4244
03:43:39,400 --> 03:43:42,900
Creating an illusion of economic
sustainability. 

4245
03:43:42,900 --> 03:43:46,800
German civilians, received 
approximately 20,400, calories 

4246
03:43:46,800 --> 03:43:50,500
daily during this period. 
Stark contrast to the turnip 

4247
03:43:50,500 --> 03:43:55,100
winter of 1916 and 17 when 
rationals fell below 1,000 

4248
03:43:55,100 --> 03:43:57,700
calories. 
This relative abundance. 

4249
03:43:57,700 --> 03:44:00,400
Stemmed from systematic 
exploitation of occupied 

4250
03:44:00,400 --> 03:44:04,400
territories, particularly 
Poland, where caloric intake for

4251
03:44:04,400 --> 03:44:07,200
non-germans, was deliberately 
depressed to support German 

4252
03:44:07,200 --> 03:44:10,200
consumption. 
The ethical implications of this

4253
03:44:10,200 --> 03:44:13,100
Comfort remained largely 
invisible to ordinary Germans 

4254
03:44:13,100 --> 03:44:16,400
military success transformed. 
The relationship between the 

4255
03:44:16,400 --> 03:44:19,600
vermac and the regime before 
1939. 

4256
03:44:19,600 --> 03:44:22,900
The officer Corps had maintained
a certain institutional distance

4257
03:44:22,900 --> 03:44:27,200
from Nazi ideology preserving 
vestiges of traditional military

4258
03:44:27,200 --> 03:44:29,700
values. 
The unexpected triumph over 

4259
03:44:29,700 --> 03:44:32,900
France shattered. 
This Detachment General Wilhelm 

4260
03:44:32,900 --> 03:44:35,500
Keitel reflected the 
institutional shift when he 

4261
03:44:35,500 --> 03:44:39,900
declared in July 1940, Fura has 
proven himself, a military, 

4262
03:44:39,900 --> 03:44:43,100
genius, beyond the comprehension
traditional strategy. 

4263
03:44:43,100 --> 03:44:45,700
We are privileged to serve in 
this historic mission. 

4264
03:44:46,800 --> 03:44:49,400
This subordination of 
professional military judgment. 

4265
03:44:49,400 --> 03:44:52,000
Hitler's intuitive 
decision-making would have 

4266
03:44:52,000 --> 03:44:55,500
catastrophic consequences when 
facing the Soviet Union. 

4267
03:44:56,600 --> 03:44:59,900
Tourism represents an overlooked
aspect of early War experiences 

4268
03:44:59,900 --> 03:45:06,000
between 1940 and 1941 over 
150,000, German civilians, 

4269
03:45:06,000 --> 03:45:09,400
visited Paris as tourists 
staying in requisition hotels 

4270
03:45:09,400 --> 03:45:12,500
and enjoying preferential 
exchange rates that made luxury 

4271
03:45:12,500 --> 03:45:15,100
goods affordable to middle-class
Germans for the first time. 

4272
03:45:16,400 --> 03:45:18,900
Photographs show, German 
families pausing at the Eiffel 

4273
03:45:18,900 --> 03:45:20,800
Tower while wearing their best 
clothes. 

4274
03:45:20,800 --> 03:45:24,100
An experience of Imperial 
tourism that normalized 

4275
03:45:24,100 --> 03:45:27,200
occupation and created an 
emotional investment and 

4276
03:45:27,200 --> 03:45:30,500
continued German dominance. 
The absence of significant 

4277
03:45:30,500 --> 03:45:33,600
Allied bombing during this 
period maintained, an artificial

4278
03:45:33,600 --> 03:45:36,000
barrier between military fronts 
and civilian experience. 

4279
03:45:36,000 --> 03:45:40,800
Luftwaffe pilot helmet Bergman 
wrote home in October 1940. 

4280
03:45:40,800 --> 03:45:44,100
We fly daily against England. 
While our cities remain 

4281
03:45:44,100 --> 03:45:47,500
untouched, the presence seems a 
different kind of War entirely 

4282
03:45:47,500 --> 03:45:51,400
than what grandfather described.
This separation of combat from 

4283
03:45:51,408 --> 03:45:54,300
home, front experience would 
collapse dramatically and 

4284
03:45:54,300 --> 03:45:57,700
subsequent years, educational 
institutions, intensified 

4285
03:45:57,700 --> 03:46:01,300
ideological components as 
victories accumulated, chemistry

4286
03:46:01,300 --> 03:46:04,300
lessons, Incorporated examples 
from poison, gas development, 

4287
03:46:04,300 --> 03:46:09,400
mathematics problems, calculated
bomb trajectories and literature

4288
03:46:09,400 --> 03:46:12,700
classes studied only a probe 
texts emphasizing Germanic 

4289
03:46:12,700 --> 03:46:16,300
cultural superiority. 
This curricular transformation 

4290
03:46:16,300 --> 03:46:18,800
accelerated. 
Pre-existing Tendencies, while 

4291
03:46:18,800 --> 03:46:21,600
systematically eliminating 
alternative perspectives. 

4292
03:46:22,700 --> 03:46:24,600
Preparations for Operation 
Barbarossa. 

4293
03:46:24,600 --> 03:46:28,600
The invasion of the Soviet Union
in early 1941, revealed the 

4294
03:46:28,600 --> 03:46:30,700
first serious resource 
constraints. 

4295
03:46:31,500 --> 03:46:35,400
Strategic materials like rubber 
certain metals and petroleum 

4296
03:46:35,400 --> 03:46:37,200
products faced increasing 
restrictions. 

4297
03:46:38,200 --> 03:46:40,900
These limitations were presented
to the public as temporary 

4298
03:46:40,900 --> 03:46:43,600
sacrifices. 
Necessary for the final great 

4299
03:46:43,600 --> 03:46:46,500
campaign, that would secure 
Germany's resource needs 

4300
03:46:46,500 --> 03:46:49,800
permanently. 
This framing established a cycle

4301
03:46:49,800 --> 03:46:53,200
pattern that would persist even 
as military setbacks accumulated

4302
03:46:53,200 --> 03:46:56,700
present difficulties were always
portrayed as temporary obstacles

4303
03:46:56,700 --> 03:46:58,000
before. 
Inevitable victory. 

4304
03:46:59,000 --> 03:47:02,100
As German forces prepared to 
invade the Soviet Union in June 

4305
03:47:02,100 --> 03:47:04,800
1941. 
A fundamental transformation. 

4306
03:47:04,800 --> 03:47:08,800
Had occurred in German Society. 
Military success had created 

4307
03:47:08,800 --> 03:47:11,500
genuine popular investment in 
continued expansion. 

4308
03:47:12,400 --> 03:47:14,800
Economic benefits. 
Derived from Conquest to 

4309
03:47:14,800 --> 03:47:17,300
established material 
dependencies, on the continued 

4310
03:47:17,300 --> 03:47:20,200
occupation. 
Professional institutions had 

4311
03:47:20,200 --> 03:47:22,600
surrendered critical 
Independence to align with 

4312
03:47:22,600 --> 03:47:26,600
perceived historical momentum. 
Most crucially alternative 

4313
03:47:26,600 --> 03:47:29,400
perspectives had been 
systematically eliminated from 

4314
03:47:29,400 --> 03:47:32,600
public discourse, creating an 
information environment, where 

4315
03:47:32,600 --> 03:47:35,600
even pragmatic assessment of 
risks became nearly impossible. 

4316
03:47:36,500 --> 03:47:39,500
The German invasion of the 
Soviet Union on the June 22nd 

4317
03:47:39,500 --> 03:47:43,100
1941 proceeded with such initial
momentum. 

4318
03:47:43,100 --> 03:47:44,500
That Victory appeared 
inevitable. 

4319
03:47:45,900 --> 03:47:49,200
By early October Army group 
Center had encircled, massive 

4320
03:47:49,200 --> 03:47:52,700
Soviet formations of the asthma 
and bryansk, capturing over 

4321
03:47:52,700 --> 03:47:57,000
600,000 prisoners, German 
newsreels proclaim the Soviet 

4322
03:47:57,000 --> 03:48:00,100
military effectively destroyed 
as a fighting force. 

4323
03:48:01,700 --> 03:48:03,200
Maps. 
Displayed in public spaces 

4324
03:48:03,200 --> 03:48:06,300
throughout Germany. 
Showed dramatic Eastern advances

4325
03:48:06,300 --> 03:48:09,200
represented by flags and arrows 
sweeping toward Moscow. 

4326
03:48:09,800 --> 03:48:12,800
This visual propaganda created a
widespread expectation. 

4327
03:48:12,800 --> 03:48:15,300
That the war would end by 
Christmas 1941. 

4328
03:48:15,300 --> 03:48:18,900
This expectation made the 
subsequent winter crisis, all 

4329
03:48:18,900 --> 03:48:20,700
the more cycle. 
Logically devastating. 

4330
03:48:22,000 --> 03:48:24,500
Letters from soldiers on the 
Eastern Front revealed a 

4331
03:48:24,500 --> 03:48:28,200
shocking transformation left. 
Verna Haas wrote in September, 

4332
03:48:28,200 --> 03:48:32,200
1941 the campaign proceeds 
faster than we can follow on our

4333
03:48:32,208 --> 03:48:35,200
maps by December. 
His tone had fundamentally 

4334
03:48:35,200 --> 03:48:38,100
changed. 
We sleep in holes scraped and 

4335
03:48:38,100 --> 03:48:41,100
frozen ground. 
Our equipment fails in the cold,

4336
03:48:41,100 --> 03:48:44,700
the enemy keeps coming with 
fresh troops from somewhere. 

4337
03:48:45,800 --> 03:48:48,800
This abrupt reversal shattered, 
confidence across military ranks

4338
03:48:48,800 --> 03:48:50,900
and created. 
The first significant 

4339
03:48:50,900 --> 03:48:53,500
credibility, gap between 
Frontline reality and Homefront 

4340
03:48:53,500 --> 03:48:55,600
perceptions. 
The logistical systems 

4341
03:48:55,600 --> 03:48:58,200
sustaining, German forces 
collapsed under the Dual 

4342
03:48:58,200 --> 03:49:01,300
pressures of distance and 
whether Railway gauges in the 

4343
03:49:01,300 --> 03:49:04,600
Soviet Union differed from 
European standards, requiring 

4344
03:49:04,600 --> 03:49:08,100
extensive conversion work, 
Soviet scorched-earth policies, 

4345
03:49:08,100 --> 03:49:11,600
left, few usable resources in 
captured territories most 

4346
03:49:11,600 --> 03:49:14,800
critically equipment designed 
for Western European conditions.

4347
03:49:14,800 --> 03:49:18,600
Failed catastrophically an 
extreme cold tank engines 

4348
03:49:18,600 --> 03:49:22,300
wouldn't start weapon lubricants
froze and soldiers suffered 

4349
03:49:22,300 --> 03:49:25,900
frostbite due to inadequate. 
Winter clothing. these failures 

4350
03:49:25,900 --> 03:49:28,900
revealed fundamental flaws in 
German planning assumptions 

4351
03:49:28,900 --> 03:49:32,900
about the campaign's duration, 
and nature, Herbert Richter, a 

4352
03:49:32,900 --> 03:49:35,700
supply officer with the sixth 
Army documented, the 

4353
03:49:35,700 --> 03:49:39,600
deterioration, Our requisition 
system, assumed short, 

4354
03:49:39,600 --> 03:49:41,700
Transportation, distances and 
Rapid Victory. 

4355
03:49:41,700 --> 03:49:45,500
We Now operate beyond all 
planned parameters, improvising,

4356
03:49:45,500 --> 03:49:47,500
daily solutions, to Impossible 
problems. 

4357
03:49:48,400 --> 03:49:51,200
The German Advanced stalled not 
primarily from enemy action. 

4358
03:49:51,200 --> 03:49:54,900
But from internal systemic 
failures that revealed planning 

4359
03:49:54,900 --> 03:49:58,700
shortsightedness. 
On the home front, the winter of

4360
03:49:58,700 --> 03:50:01,600
1941 and 2 marked. 
The first significant erosion of

4361
03:50:01,600 --> 03:50:04,300
Civilian morale. 
The winter relief collection 

4362
03:50:04,300 --> 03:50:07,900
winter Hillsborough took on 
Desperate urgency, as 

4363
03:50:07,900 --> 03:50:10,400
authorities scrambled to collect
warm clothing for freezing 

4364
03:50:10,400 --> 03:50:12,600
troops. 
This emergency measure 

4365
03:50:12,600 --> 03:50:15,100
inadvertently signaled to 
observance civilians that the 

4366
03:50:15,100 --> 03:50:19,600
campaign faced unforeseen 
difficulties Elaine Schmidt. 

4367
03:50:19,600 --> 03:50:23,000
A school teacher from Dresden 
recorded in her diary. 

4368
03:50:23,800 --> 03:50:26,700
We are told to donate our 
warmest items for men, fighting 

4369
03:50:26,700 --> 03:50:29,200
in Russia. 
If the situation was as 

4370
03:50:29,200 --> 03:50:32,800
favorable as reported, why would
they need our civilian coats? 

4371
03:50:32,800 --> 03:50:37,000
So urgently, The declaration of 
war against the United States 

4372
03:50:37,000 --> 03:50:38,800
following the Japanese attack on
Pearl. 

4373
03:50:38,800 --> 03:50:42,800
Harbor received surprisingly, 
little attention in Germany, 

4374
03:50:42,800 --> 03:50:44,800
compared to Eastern Front 
developments. 

4375
03:50:44,800 --> 03:50:48,400
This, deliberate minimization 
reflected leadership awareness 

4376
03:50:48,400 --> 03:50:52,300
that adding another major power 
to the conflict represented a 

4377
03:50:52,300 --> 03:50:55,400
strategic catastrophe. a few 
Germans with International 

4378
03:50:55,400 --> 03:50:57,800
perspective, recognized the 
implications immediately 

4379
03:50:58,600 --> 03:51:01,900
Economist Heinrich, Bruning, 
wrote privately, American 

4380
03:51:01,900 --> 03:51:05,100
industrial capacity alone makes 
opposition ultimately untenable.

4381
03:51:05,100 --> 03:51:07,600
This decision ranks among 
history is biggest 

4382
03:51:07,600 --> 03:51:11,000
miscalculation. 
Resource constraints, became 

4383
03:51:11,000 --> 03:51:15,400
increasingly visible throughout 
1942 rubber shortages led to The

4384
03:51:15,400 --> 03:51:19,300
Disappearance of Civilian tires,
metal collection drives stripped

4385
03:51:19,300 --> 03:51:20,900
public spaces of decorative 
elements. 

4386
03:51:21,700 --> 03:51:25,000
Textile rationing introduced 
increasingly synthetic fabrics 

4387
03:51:25,000 --> 03:51:27,500
into clothing. 
These material changes 

4388
03:51:27,500 --> 03:51:29,300
represented. 
Daily reminders that the 

4389
03:51:29,300 --> 03:51:33,100
promised short Victorious War 
had transformed into something 

4390
03:51:33,100 --> 03:51:36,900
far more demanding Government 
messaging shifted accordingly 

4391
03:51:36,900 --> 03:51:40,200
emphasizing resilience rather 
than imminent Triumph. 

4392
03:51:41,000 --> 03:51:43,800
The character of the Eastern 
fronts, fighting degraded moral 

4393
03:51:43,800 --> 03:51:47,000
constraints, with shocking, 
repeatedly surviving letters, 

4394
03:51:47,000 --> 03:51:50,300
reveal this transformation. 
Infantry Soldier. 

4395
03:51:50,300 --> 03:51:52,800
Friedrich Kellner, wrote in July
1941. 

4396
03:51:53,600 --> 03:51:56,400
We conduct ourselves as a 
disciplined Force, representing 

4397
03:51:56,400 --> 03:52:00,300
European civilization. 
By October his perspective had 

4398
03:52:00,300 --> 03:52:03,600
shifted drastically. 
The things occurring here, defy 

4399
03:52:03,600 --> 03:52:05,900
description. 
We have entered a conflict 

4400
03:52:05,900 --> 03:52:07,900
Beyond conventional military 
understanding. 

4401
03:52:08,800 --> 03:52:11,700
This moral degradation, stemmed 
partly from ideological 

4402
03:52:11,700 --> 03:52:15,100
indoctrination, but equally from
the extreme conditions and 

4403
03:52:15,100 --> 03:52:19,200
countered constant partisan 
threats logistical desperation 

4404
03:52:19,200 --> 03:52:23,800
and survivalists psychology The 
first significant industrial 

4405
03:52:23,800 --> 03:52:27,700
bombing of German cities in 1942
shattered, the psychological 

4406
03:52:27,700 --> 03:52:30,400
separation between military 
fronts and civilian experience. 

4407
03:52:31,400 --> 03:52:35,500
The Lubec raid of March 1942 
destroyed 30% of the historic 

4408
03:52:35,500 --> 03:52:38,700
City Center, raising Vivid 
awareness, that Germany itself 

4409
03:52:38,700 --> 03:52:42,400
had become a Battleground civil 
defense preparations intensified

4410
03:52:42,400 --> 03:52:45,200
with civilian spending 
increasing time in shelters, and

4411
03:52:45,208 --> 03:52:49,000
basements work productivity, 
suffered as sleep, deprivation 

4412
03:52:49,000 --> 03:52:51,100
became endemic in targeted 
areas. 

4413
03:52:51,800 --> 03:52:54,100
Medical Systems showed 
increasing strain throughout 

4414
03:52:54,100 --> 03:52:58,600
1942 Hospital trains returning 
from the Eastern Front overmeld 

4415
03:52:58,600 --> 03:53:01,300
facilities, designed for much 
lower casualty. 

4416
03:53:01,300 --> 03:53:04,300
Rational, The wounded became 
visible throughout German 

4417
03:53:04,300 --> 03:53:06,800
cities. 
Their presence contradicted 

4418
03:53:06,800 --> 03:53:10,100
official Narrative of manageable
military challenges, Dr. 

4419
03:53:10,100 --> 03:53:14,400
Elizabeth Krueger working at a 
Berlin Military Hospital noted 

4420
03:53:15,300 --> 03:53:18,400
We receive men with injuries in 
indicating prolonged exposure 

4421
03:53:18,400 --> 03:53:21,400
before treatment frostbitten 
limbs required. 

4422
03:53:21,400 --> 03:53:23,900
Amputation. 
Infections Advanced Beyond 

4423
03:53:23,900 --> 03:53:26,800
normal progress. 
Something is clearly failing in 

4424
03:53:26,800 --> 03:53:31,600
our Frontline Medical Systems by
late 1942 rationing expanded to 

4425
03:53:31,600 --> 03:53:35,100
previously protected categories,
coffee disappeared, entirely, 

4426
03:53:35,100 --> 03:53:37,400
replaced. 
By Earth's substitute versions 

4427
03:53:37,400 --> 03:53:40,700
made from roasted grains. 
Meet allocations, dropped below,

4428
03:53:40,700 --> 03:53:45,600
300 grams weekly, Bread quality 
deteriorated as wheat flour was 

4429
03:53:45,600 --> 03:53:48,200
extended with potato starch and 
other fillers. 

4430
03:53:48,200 --> 03:53:52,000
These daily deprivations created
a visceral understanding that 

4431
03:53:52,000 --> 03:53:54,100
Germany faced increasing 
constraint rather than 

4432
03:53:54,100 --> 03:53:57,300
approaching victory. 
Stalingrad encirclement in 

4433
03:53:57,300 --> 03:54:01,600
November 1942 represented, the 
decisive psychological turning 

4434
03:54:01,600 --> 03:54:04,300
point though. 
It's full implications weren't 

4435
03:54:04,300 --> 03:54:07,300
immediately comprehended. 
The regime attempted to frame 

4436
03:54:07,300 --> 03:54:10,200
the situation as a temporary 
setback, within a still viable, 

4437
03:54:10,200 --> 03:54:13,500
larger strategy. 
Radio announcements emphasized 

4438
03:54:13,500 --> 03:54:16,300
heroic resistance, rather than 
strategic catastrophe. 

4439
03:54:16,300 --> 03:54:19,300
This message in temporarily 
delayed full public. 

4440
03:54:19,300 --> 03:54:22,700
Recognition of the disaster 
magnitude, but could not prevent

4441
03:54:22,700 --> 03:54:25,600
information leakage through 
millions of concerned families 

4442
03:54:25,600 --> 03:54:30,300
with relatives in the encircled 
forces, As 1942 concluded, 

4443
03:54:30,300 --> 03:54:33,400
German Society, had entered a 
fundamentally different 

4444
03:54:33,400 --> 03:54:37,100
relationship with the war. 
The certainties of 1940 had 

4445
03:54:37,100 --> 03:54:39,600
evaporated. 
Material conditions, 

4446
03:54:39,600 --> 03:54:43,000
deteriorated, visibly, 
informational management became 

4447
03:54:43,000 --> 03:54:46,000
increasingly difficult as gaps 
between official narrative, and 

4448
03:54:46,000 --> 03:54:49,700
observable reality, widened, 
most significantly, the cycle 

4449
03:54:49,700 --> 03:54:53,500
momentum had reversed rather 
than anticipating imminent 

4450
03:54:53,500 --> 03:54:56,200
victory. 
Both military personnel, and 

4451
03:54:56,200 --> 03:54:58,700
civilians began adjusting to an 
open-ended struggle with. 

4452
03:54:58,700 --> 03:55:02,600
No clearly articulated endpoint.
The foundations for eventual 

4453
03:55:02,600 --> 03:55:07,500
collapse were now, firmly 
established, By early 1943, the 

4454
03:55:07,500 --> 03:55:09,500
confirmation of the Stalingrad 
disaster. 

4455
03:55:09,500 --> 03:55:12,400
Forced a fundamental 
recalibration of German war time

4456
03:55:12,400 --> 03:55:15,100
consciousness. 
The announcement of the sixth. 

4457
03:55:15,100 --> 03:55:18,200
Armies destruction couldn't be 
disguised as a tactical setback 

4458
03:55:18,200 --> 03:55:21,200
over 90,000 men. 
Had been lost in a single 

4459
03:55:21,200 --> 03:55:24,800
catastrophic defeat. 
Three days of official morning 

4460
03:55:24,800 --> 03:55:28,100
were declared. 
An unprecedented acknowledgment 

4461
03:55:28,100 --> 03:55:30,700
of military failure. 
Public spaces. 

4462
03:55:30,700 --> 03:55:33,300
Displayed black crate 
decorations, while theaters 

4463
03:55:33,300 --> 03:55:35,400
Cinemas and restaurants closed 
temporarily. 

4464
03:55:35,400 --> 03:55:38,600
This organized grieving ritual 
marked to decisive. 

4465
03:55:38,600 --> 03:55:41,400
Transition point in how Germans 
understood the wars trajectory 

4466
03:55:41,400 --> 03:55:45,300
the regime's response centered 
around Joseph Goebbels famous 

4467
03:55:45,300 --> 03:55:48,400
Total War speech. 
At the Berlin Sport Palace on 

4468
03:55:48,400 --> 03:55:53,100
February 18th 1943 this 
carefully choreographed event 

4469
03:55:53,100 --> 03:55:56,300
represented a sophisticated 
attempt to transform military 

4470
03:55:56,300 --> 03:55:58,700
disaster into cycle 
mobilization. 

4471
03:55:59,500 --> 03:56:03,000
When Goebbels asked his 
audience, do you want Total War?

4472
03:56:03,000 --> 03:56:06,100
The enthusiastic affirmative 
response captured on film 

4473
03:56:06,100 --> 03:56:09,700
reflected, not necessarily 
ideological fanaticism, but 

4474
03:56:09,700 --> 03:56:12,700
rather a psychological mechanism
that social psychologists now 

4475
03:56:12,700 --> 03:56:16,600
term escalation of commitment, 
having invested heavily in the 

4476
03:56:16,608 --> 03:56:19,600
war effort, many Germans 
responded to setbacks by 

4477
03:56:19,600 --> 03:56:21,800
increasing rather than 
questioning their investment. 

4478
03:56:21,800 --> 03:56:25,000
Civilian life, underwent 
accelerated militarization 

4479
03:56:25,000 --> 03:56:29,600
throughout 1943 work weeks 
extended to 60 plus hours in 

4480
03:56:29,600 --> 03:56:32,100
Armament. 
Industries women previously, 

4481
03:56:32,100 --> 03:56:35,200
Exempted from Labor Service 
received conscription notices 

4482
03:56:35,900 --> 03:56:38,100
Children's education 
increasingly focused on 

4483
03:56:38,100 --> 03:56:42,500
practical walk contributions 
rather than academic content. 16

4484
03:56:42,500 --> 03:56:45,700
year old Eric Kastner recorded 
his experience school. 

4485
03:56:45,700 --> 03:56:49,300
Now consists primarily of 
Salvage Collection, Air Raid 

4486
03:56:49,300 --> 03:56:52,300
response, training, and 
agricultural, labor assignments,

4487
03:56:52,300 --> 03:56:55,800
actual classroom, instruction 
occupies, perhaps, 10 hours 

4488
03:56:55,800 --> 03:56:59,500
weekly. 
Material conditions deteriorated

4489
03:56:59,500 --> 03:57:03,100
as resource allocation shifted 
decisively toward military 

4490
03:57:03,100 --> 03:57:05,700
priorities. 
Civilian clothing production 

4491
03:57:05,700 --> 03:57:09,100
virtually ceased families 
adapted by endlessly. 

4492
03:57:09,100 --> 03:57:12,900
Modifying existing garments. 
A dark joke, circulated. 

4493
03:57:12,900 --> 03:57:16,000
How do you recognize a 1943 
fashion design? 

4494
03:57:16,000 --> 03:57:18,800
It's made from curtains with the
rod holes still visible. 

4495
03:57:20,300 --> 03:57:23,500
Building Maintenance ended for 
non-essential structures with 

4496
03:57:23,500 --> 03:57:25,200
weathering damage left 
unrepaired. 

4497
03:57:25,200 --> 03:57:29,300
Public transportation operated 
on reduced schedules leading to 

4498
03:57:29,300 --> 03:57:32,900
overcrowded vehicles. 
These daily frictions created 

4499
03:57:32,900 --> 03:57:35,400
cumulative, psychological 
strain, that affected 

4500
03:57:35,400 --> 03:57:37,100
productivity and social 
cohesion. 

4501
03:57:37,900 --> 03:57:40,500
The Allied bombing campaign 
intensified dramatically 

4502
03:57:40,500 --> 03:57:44,900
reaching sustained strategic 
Levels by mid 1943. 

4503
03:57:44,900 --> 03:57:49,500
The Hamburg fire storm of July 
1943, Operation Gomorrah killed,

4504
03:57:49,500 --> 03:57:54,100
approximately 307,000 civilians 
and destroyed over 250,000 

4505
03:57:54,100 --> 03:57:56,400
homes. 
In a single concentrated attack 

4506
03:57:56,400 --> 03:58:00,300
sequence, The psychological 
impact extended far beyond 

4507
03:58:00,300 --> 03:58:03,200
hamburger itself, citizens 
throughout Germany now, 

4508
03:58:03,200 --> 03:58:05,300
understand that similar 
destruction, could visit their 

4509
03:58:05,300 --> 03:58:08,800
communities at any time. 
Air raid precautions consumed 

4510
03:58:08,800 --> 03:58:12,100
increasing energy and resources.
With substantial portions of the

4511
03:58:12,100 --> 03:58:14,600
population experienced in. 
Chronic sleep, deprivation, from

4512
03:58:14,600 --> 03:58:18,000
Nighttime alerts. 
Private correspondence, reflects

4513
03:58:18,000 --> 03:58:21,200
this deteriorating cycle, 
climate Ursula. 

4514
03:58:21,200 --> 03:58:24,100
Maura a municipal office worker 
in Stuttgart wrote to her 

4515
03:58:24,100 --> 03:58:27,200
evacuated children. 
One lives from alert to all 

4516
03:58:27,200 --> 03:58:31,300
clear signal sleeping in daytime
hours when possible carrying 

4517
03:58:31,300 --> 03:58:35,300
critical documents and valuables
everywhere, normal life rhythms 

4518
03:58:35,300 --> 03:58:38,700
have dissolved entirely. 
This Perpetual stress State 

4519
03:58:38,700 --> 03:58:41,500
contributed to declining Health 
metrics across the civilian 

4520
03:58:41,500 --> 03:58:44,600
population with stress-related 
ailments increasing 

4521
03:58:44,600 --> 03:58:47,300
dramatically. 
Food security became an 

4522
03:58:47,300 --> 03:58:49,200
increasing concern, as 
agricultural production, 

4523
03:58:49,200 --> 03:58:53,200
suffered from Manpower shortages
and fertilizer constraints, 

4524
03:58:53,200 --> 03:58:56,700
Urban residents established in 
formal networks with rural 

4525
03:58:56,700 --> 03:59:00,000
connections, arranging weekend 
trips to farming areas for 

4526
03:59:00,000 --> 03:59:03,400
direct food purchases or barter 
exchanges, authorities, 

4527
03:59:03,400 --> 03:59:05,100
tolerated. 
This technically illegal 

4528
03:59:05,100 --> 03:59:08,100
circumvention of rationing 
systems, recognizing its 

4529
03:59:08,100 --> 03:59:10,200
necessity for maintaining 
minimal nutrition. 

4530
03:59:10,200 --> 03:59:15,500
Standards By late 1943 official,
rations provided approximately 

4531
03:59:15,500 --> 03:59:19,600
1500 daily calories for normal 
consumers, technically 

4532
03:59:19,600 --> 03:59:22,500
sufficient for survival but 
inadequate for workers 

4533
03:59:22,500 --> 03:59:26,200
performing physical labor. 
Information Management became 

4534
03:59:26,200 --> 03:59:28,300
increasingly challenging for 
authorities. 

4535
03:59:28,300 --> 03:59:32,100
The Reich Security, main office,
documented growing defeated 

4536
03:59:32,100 --> 03:59:35,900
conversations in public spaces 
while intercepted private 

4537
03:59:35,900 --> 03:59:38,200
correspondence, revealed 
declining, confidence in 

4538
03:59:38,200 --> 03:59:42,500
official narratives rather than 
direct censorship which would 

4539
03:59:42,500 --> 03:59:45,700
acknowledge Him information. 
Problems, authorities responded 

4540
03:59:45,700 --> 03:59:49,400
with intensified propaganda, 
emphasizing Miracle weapons, 

4541
03:59:49,400 --> 03:59:53,000
underdevelopment and potential 
divisions, among allied powers 

4542
03:59:53,800 --> 03:59:56,200
these narratives lost 
credibility among segments of 

4543
03:59:56,200 --> 03:59:59,500
the population who had access to
Alternative information sources,

4544
04:00:00,300 --> 04:00:03,000
Specially those who could listen
to forbidden foreign radio 

4545
04:00:03,000 --> 04:00:05,600
broadcasts. 
Religious institutions 

4546
04:00:05,600 --> 04:00:09,000
experienced a notable Revival. 
During this period Church. 

4547
04:00:09,000 --> 04:00:12,400
Attendance increased 
significantly in both Protestant

4548
04:00:12,400 --> 04:00:15,100
and Catholic congregations. 
With religious authorities, 

4549
04:00:15,100 --> 04:00:17,900
carefully balancing spiritual 
comfort against regime 

4550
04:00:17,900 --> 04:00:20,300
opposition. 
Pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer 

4551
04:00:20,300 --> 04:00:23,500
secret Seminary activities. 
Represented the most organized 

4552
04:00:23,500 --> 04:00:26,600
theological resistance. 
The thousands of local clergy 

4553
04:00:26,600 --> 04:00:29,000
provided more subtle. 
Moral alternatives to official 

4554
04:00:29,000 --> 04:00:32,600
World Views, this religious 
revitalization represented, a 

4555
04:00:32,600 --> 04:00:35,600
significant cultural current 
running counter to the regime 

4556
04:00:35,600 --> 04:00:39,000
totalitarian aspirations. 
The family unit, underwent 

4557
04:00:39,000 --> 04:00:42,000
profound transformation, as 
female-headed households became 

4558
04:00:42,000 --> 04:00:43,500
the norm rather than the 
exception. 

4559
04:00:44,400 --> 04:00:47,500
With most working age, just men 
in military service, women 

4560
04:00:47,500 --> 04:00:50,600
assumed unprecedented 
responsibilities managing family

4561
04:00:50,600 --> 04:00:54,100
finances, making educational 
decisions and maintaining 

4562
04:00:54,100 --> 04:00:57,000
property. 
This practical experience 

4563
04:00:57,000 --> 04:01:00,900
contradicted official, gender 
ideology while creating post-war

4564
04:01:00,900 --> 04:01:03,000
expectations. 
That would prove impossible to 

4565
04:01:03,000 --> 04:01:06,000
reverse. 
Sociologist Elizabeth heinemann 

4566
04:01:06,000 --> 04:01:08,300
terms. 
This the negotiated patriarchy 

4567
04:01:08,300 --> 04:01:12,100
nominal adherence to traditional
gender roles while practical 

4568
04:01:12,100 --> 04:01:14,800
circumstances required their 
systematic violation. 

4569
04:01:15,800 --> 04:01:19,700
By late 1943, German Society 
existed in a state of 

4570
04:01:19,700 --> 04:01:23,300
contradictory consciousness. 
I shall rhetoric maintained 

4571
04:01:23,300 --> 04:01:25,700
Victory remained. 
Achievable, while daily 

4572
04:01:25,700 --> 04:01:28,400
experience provided mounting 
evidence of unsustainable 

4573
04:01:28,400 --> 04:01:30,900
decline. 
This cognitive dissonance 

4574
04:01:30,900 --> 04:01:34,300
produced social behaviors that 
external observers often 

4575
04:01:34,300 --> 04:01:38,100
misinterpreted as fanaticism, 
but actually represented 

4576
04:01:38,100 --> 04:01:40,600
adaptive mechanisms for 
navigating impossible, 

4577
04:01:40,600 --> 04:01:43,900
contradictions German Society 
had entered a condition of 

4578
04:01:43,900 --> 04:01:48,000
paradoxical functionality 
maintaining productive activity.

4579
04:01:48,000 --> 04:01:50,700
While fundamental systems, 
degraded beneath the surface, 

4580
04:01:50,700 --> 04:01:54,400
this tenuous equilibrium would 
face even greater challenges as 

4581
04:01:54,400 --> 04:01:56,900
military reversals accelerated 
in the coming year. 

4582
04:01:57,900 --> 04:02:02,800
The Allied Landings in Normandy 
on June 6th 1944 shattered, a 

4583
04:02:02,808 --> 04:02:07,900
critical psychological bulwark. 
Since 1940 German propaganda had

4584
04:02:07,900 --> 04:02:10,800
emphasized, the pregnant ability
of the Atlantic Wall defensive 

4585
04:02:10,800 --> 04:02:13,500
system. 
Labor at media reports, had 

4586
04:02:13,500 --> 04:02:17,600
showcased massive, concrete 
bunkers underwater obstacles and

4587
04:02:17,600 --> 04:02:22,000
dense minefields supposedly 
making Invasion impossible. when

4588
04:02:22,000 --> 04:02:24,500
anglo-american forces 
established a viable, beachhead,

4589
04:02:24,500 --> 04:02:27,600
despite these defenses, The 
credibility gap between official

4590
04:02:27,600 --> 04:02:31,600
claims and observable reality, 
widened irreparably, Hinds 

4591
04:02:31,600 --> 04:02:35,000
guderian later wrote. 
The psychological impact of the 

4592
04:02:35,000 --> 04:02:38,200
successful Invasion exceeded its
immediate military significance.

4593
04:02:38,200 --> 04:02:41,800
It demonstrated that nothing 
proclaimed Impossible by our 

4594
04:02:41,800 --> 04:02:44,200
leadership was actually Beyond 
Allied capabilities. 

4595
04:02:45,200 --> 04:02:47,700
The assassination attempt 
against Hitler on the July, the 

4596
04:02:47,700 --> 04:02:51,200
20th. 1944 revealed deep 
fractures. 

4597
04:02:51,200 --> 04:02:53,700
Within the German Elite that had
been carefully, concealed from 

4598
04:02:53,708 --> 04:02:56,100
public view. 
The involvement of senior 

4599
04:02:56,100 --> 04:02:59,700
Military Officers Aristocrats 
diplomats, and civil servants 

4600
04:02:59,700 --> 04:03:02,200
contradicted, the image of 
unified National purpose, 

4601
04:03:02,200 --> 04:03:06,200
carefully, cultivated since 1933
the regime's response, 

4602
04:03:06,200 --> 04:03:11,000
approximately 5,000 executions 
and 7,000 arrests represents an 

4603
04:03:11,000 --> 04:03:13,100
unprecedented internal security 
crisis. 

4604
04:03:13,100 --> 04:03:17,600
Requiring substantial, resources
diverted from military needs 

4605
04:03:17,600 --> 04:03:20,300
this internal Purge particularly
devastated. 

4606
04:03:20,300 --> 04:03:24,000
Professional military leadership
removing experienced officers 

4607
04:03:24,000 --> 04:03:26,100
during a period of Maximum 
external threat. 

4608
04:03:26,900 --> 04:03:30,200
Industrial as production 
achieved paradoxical Peak 

4609
04:03:30,200 --> 04:03:34,700
outputs in mid 1944 despite 
intensifying Allied bombing 

4610
04:03:34,700 --> 04:03:38,700
Albert speer's, rationalization 
initiatives coupled with the 

4611
04:03:38,700 --> 04:03:42,500
exploitation of approximately 
7.6 million foreign forced 

4612
04:03:42,500 --> 04:03:45,500
laborers, temporarily offset 
resource limitations. 

4613
04:03:45,500 --> 04:03:49,500
This production, Miracle created
false confidence among some 

4614
04:03:49,500 --> 04:03:53,000
leadership circles while masking
fundamental systemic 

4615
04:03:53,000 --> 04:03:55,500
vulnerabilities, the 
transportation infrastructure 

4616
04:03:55,500 --> 04:03:58,900
supporting this industrial 
output particularly Railways and

4617
04:03:58,900 --> 04:04:01,800
canals faced increasing 
disruption from Precision 

4618
04:04:01,800 --> 04:04:04,100
bombing creating distribution 
bottle. 

4619
04:04:04,100 --> 04:04:06,500
Necks that left finish weapons 
stranded at production 

4620
04:04:06,500 --> 04:04:10,200
facilities foreign workers 
represented at an increasingly 

4621
04:04:10,200 --> 04:04:12,000
visible presence throughout 
Germany. 

4622
04:04:12,800 --> 04:04:14,800
Creating complex daily 
interactions. 

4623
04:04:14,800 --> 04:04:16,500
That contradicted racial 
ideology. 

4624
04:04:17,300 --> 04:04:21,600
By 1944, approximately 1/4 of 
the German Workforce consisted 

4625
04:04:21,600 --> 04:04:25,200
of foreign Nationals, some 
voluntary workers from Allied or

4626
04:04:25,200 --> 04:04:29,000
neutral countries. 
Others conscripted laborers, and

4627
04:04:29,000 --> 04:04:33,300
still others concentration camp,
inmates allocated to Industrial 

4628
04:04:33,300 --> 04:04:36,700
Enterprise's. while official 
policy mandated strict 

4629
04:04:36,700 --> 04:04:40,500
separation practical necessity 
required working, relationships 

4630
04:04:40,500 --> 04:04:42,900
that sometimes developed into 
human connections, despite 

4631
04:04:42,900 --> 04:04:46,300
severe penalties, Factory 
supervisor Wilhelm Hauser 

4632
04:04:46,300 --> 04:04:49,600
recorded Theory, dictates 
minimum interaction with Polish 

4633
04:04:49,600 --> 04:04:51,800
workers. 
Reality requires, teaching, the 

4634
04:04:51,800 --> 04:04:54,900
Machinery operation, which 
inevitably leads to conversation

4635
04:04:54,900 --> 04:04:58,400
Beyond technical matters. 
The Soviet summer offensive, 

4636
04:04:58,400 --> 04:05:05,100
operation bagration, beginning 
June 22nd 1944, destroyed Army 

4637
04:05:05,100 --> 04:05:08,100
group Center inflicting losses 
from which the vermac never 

4638
04:05:08,100 --> 04:05:11,500
recovered the scale of This 
Disaster surpassed even Starling

4639
04:05:11,500 --> 04:05:14,900
grad. 
With approximately 350000 

4640
04:05:14,900 --> 04:05:17,100
German, casualties in a five 
week period. 

4641
04:05:17,100 --> 04:05:20,600
The cycle impact was magnified 
by the timing. 

4642
04:05:20,600 --> 04:05:23,400
The current simultaneously with 
the Normandy campaign. 

4643
04:05:24,100 --> 04:05:26,800
It created in escapable 
Awareness, that Germany faced 

4644
04:05:26,800 --> 04:05:30,000
overwhelming pressure on 
multiple fronts without adequate

4645
04:05:30,000 --> 04:05:31,700
resources for Effective 
response. 

4646
04:05:32,600 --> 04:05:36,000
Military Communications from 
this period reflect Dawning 

4647
04:05:36,000 --> 04:05:39,000
recognition of Inevitable. 
Defeat among field commanders 

4648
04:05:39,000 --> 04:05:41,500
though such as assessments 
remained, criminalized if 

4649
04:05:41,500 --> 04:05:45,000
expressed officially. 
Civilian evacuation programs 

4650
04:05:45,000 --> 04:05:49,000
expanded dramatically as Eastern
territories became threatened. 

4651
04:05:49,700 --> 04:05:52,700
Approximately 1.8 million 
Germans fled from East Prussia 

4652
04:05:52,700 --> 04:05:57,300
and other Eastern regions in 
late 1944, creating massive 

4653
04:05:57,300 --> 04:06:00,800
resource demands for temporary 
housing, food distribution and 

4654
04:06:00,800 --> 04:06:03,600
administrative services in 
receiving areas already under 

4655
04:06:03,600 --> 04:06:06,900
severe strain. 
These Refugee populations 

4656
04:06:06,900 --> 04:06:09,800
brought first-hand accounts of 
the military collapse that 

4657
04:06:09,800 --> 04:06:11,800
contradicted. 
Sanitized official information 

4658
04:06:11,800 --> 04:06:15,400
accelerating awareness of the 
Strategic situation among 

4659
04:06:15,400 --> 04:06:19,100
Western populations previously 
insulated from direct War 

4660
04:06:19,100 --> 04:06:21,400
effects. 
Transportation Systems 

4661
04:06:21,400 --> 04:06:24,100
approached. 
Systemic failure by Autumn 1944.

4662
04:06:25,000 --> 04:06:27,800
Allied bombings, specifically 
targeted, Railway Junctions, 

4663
04:06:27,800 --> 04:06:31,700
Bridges, and Canal, locks 
creating cascading, disruptions 

4664
04:06:31,700 --> 04:06:33,100
throughout the logistics 
Network. 

4665
04:06:33,900 --> 04:06:36,800
Coal deliveries to urban areas, 
became increasingly unreliable 

4666
04:06:36,800 --> 04:06:40,300
leading to heating restrictions 
even before winter weather 

4667
04:06:40,300 --> 04:06:43,600
arrived, the Ripple effects 
extended through all sectors 

4668
04:06:43,600 --> 04:06:47,000
industrial production declined 
despite of available raw 

4669
04:06:47,000 --> 04:06:49,900
materials and labor. 
Food distribution suffered, 

4670
04:06:49,900 --> 04:06:53,600
despite adequate harvests in 
some regions military units. 

4671
04:06:53,600 --> 04:06:55,600
Received decreasing Supply 
percentages. 

4672
04:06:55,600 --> 04:06:59,300
Despite prioritization efforts, 
this logistical unraveling 

4673
04:06:59,300 --> 04:07:01,300
represented. 
The Practical manifestation of 

4674
04:07:01,300 --> 04:07:03,800
strategic defeat that 
theoretical analyzes had 

4675
04:07:03,800 --> 04:07:07,300
predicted months earlier, 
Propaganda messaging underwent 

4676
04:07:07,300 --> 04:07:11,200
subtle but significant Evolution
emphasizing endurance, rather 

4677
04:07:11,200 --> 04:07:13,900
than Victory. 
The concept of holding out to 

4678
04:07:13,900 --> 04:07:17,200
Durham replaced previous 
narratives of inevitable 

4679
04:07:17,200 --> 04:07:19,500
Triumph. 
References to historical 

4680
04:07:19,500 --> 04:07:23,000
examples of national resilience 
became prominent, particularly 

4681
04:07:23,000 --> 04:07:25,600
the Seven Years War, when 
Frederick the Great's Prussia 

4682
04:07:25,600 --> 04:07:27,400
survived. 
Despite seemingly. 

4683
04:07:27,400 --> 04:07:31,400
Hopeless military circumstances,
this messaging shift, implicitly

4684
04:07:31,400 --> 04:07:33,400
acknowledged. 
The deteriorating situation 

4685
04:07:33,400 --> 04:07:37,000
while attempting to maintain 
civilian cooperation with the 

4686
04:07:37,008 --> 04:07:41,200
Desperate Measures. 
The volkssturm people storm 

4687
04:07:41,200 --> 04:07:45,400
militia established in September
1944 represented, both practical

4688
04:07:45,400 --> 04:07:49,200
military, desperation, and 
psychological manipulation by 

4689
04:07:49,200 --> 04:07:52,300
conscripting males between 16 to
60 previously, Exempted from 

4690
04:07:52,300 --> 04:07:55,000
service. 
Authorities gained approximately

4691
04:07:55,000 --> 04:07:57,800
175,000 poorly. 
Trained Personnel. 

4692
04:07:57,800 --> 04:08:01,100
While simultaneously creating 
broader investment in continued 

4693
04:08:01,100 --> 04:08:04,600
resistance? 
The cycle calculation proved 

4694
04:08:04,600 --> 04:08:08,300
partly successful families with 
Volkswagen members Felton 

4695
04:08:08,300 --> 04:08:11,800
increased commitment to defense 
measures despite recognition of 

4696
04:08:11,800 --> 04:08:15,400
the overall strategic situation.
This force was military 

4697
04:08:15,400 --> 04:08:18,500
ineffective, but played a 
socially significant role in 

4698
04:08:18,500 --> 04:08:20,700
maintaining civil functioning 
during the accelerating 

4699
04:08:20,700 --> 04:08:24,500
collapse. 
Christmas 1914 marked a poignant

4700
04:08:24,500 --> 04:08:28,300
cycle, Milestone, despite 
unprecedented material, 

4701
04:08:28,300 --> 04:08:31,400
shortages families, maintained 
holiday traditions with 

4702
04:08:31,400 --> 04:08:34,400
remarkable. 
Determination Surviving records 

4703
04:08:34,400 --> 04:08:36,100
show. 
Elaborate efforts to create 

4704
04:08:36,100 --> 04:08:39,100
meaningful, celebrations, 
decorations, manufactured from 

4705
04:08:39,100 --> 04:08:43,000
salvaged materials gifts, 
fashioned from repurposed items.

4706
04:08:43,000 --> 04:08:47,400
Special meals assembled from 
hoarded ration portions. this 

4707
04:08:47,400 --> 04:08:50,100
determination reflected, not 
necessarily ideological 

4708
04:08:50,100 --> 04:08:52,700
commitment, but rather 
psychological necessity 

4709
04:08:52,700 --> 04:08:58,400
maintaining cultural continuity 
amid disintegration The contrast

4710
04:08:58,400 --> 04:09:00,300
between these intimate 
celebrations and the 

4711
04:09:00,300 --> 04:09:03,500
catastrophic military situation.
The Ardennes offensive had 

4712
04:09:03,500 --> 04:09:07,300
already stalled, created a 
dissociative experience that 

4713
04:09:07,300 --> 04:09:12,000
many survivors later struggled 
to articulate coherently As 1944

4714
04:09:12,000 --> 04:09:15,400
concluded, German Society 
existed in multiple 

4715
04:09:15,400 --> 04:09:17,200
contradictory realities 
simultaneously. 

4716
04:09:18,500 --> 04:09:21,300
Military defeat had become 
mathematically, inevitable given

4717
04:09:21,300 --> 04:09:23,700
resource disparities and 
territorial losses. 

4718
04:09:24,700 --> 04:09:27,800
Yet daily life continued with 
remarkable functionality in 

4719
04:09:27,800 --> 04:09:30,300
areas, not directly affected by 
combat. 

4720
04:09:31,000 --> 04:09:33,600
Institutional structures 
maintained operational, 

4721
04:09:33,600 --> 04:09:37,000
continuity, despite leadership 
losses and resource constraints 

4722
04:09:37,000 --> 04:09:39,800
individual Germans navigated 
impossible. 

4723
04:09:39,800 --> 04:09:42,500
Ethical dilemmas with varying 
degrees of compromise and 

4724
04:09:42,500 --> 04:09:44,800
resistance. 
This complex condition 

4725
04:09:44,800 --> 04:09:48,300
functioning organizations within
a failing system and ethical 

4726
04:09:48,300 --> 04:09:51,500
individuals within a criminal 
State defies, simplified 

4727
04:09:51,500 --> 04:09:53,900
historical categorization and 
continues to challenge 

4728
04:09:53,900 --> 04:09:58,200
historical, understanding 
decades later, January, 1945 

4729
04:09:58,200 --> 04:10:01,100
marked, the beginning of 
comprehensive system, collapse. 

4730
04:10:01,100 --> 04:10:04,400
The Soviet Vistula odor 
offensive launched on January 

4731
04:10:04,400 --> 04:10:06,400
12. 
Represent Warfare of 

4732
04:10:06,400 --> 04:10:08,700
unprecedented ferocity on German
soil. 

4733
04:10:09,400 --> 04:10:13,700
Civilized behaviors deteriorated
rapidly on all sides Johannes 

4734
04:10:13,700 --> 04:10:16,300
Henshaw a municipal 
administrator in East Prussia, 

4735
04:10:16,300 --> 04:10:20,500
documented, the psychological 
environment, survival replaced 

4736
04:10:20,500 --> 04:10:23,200
all other considerations, those 
with Transportation fled 

4737
04:10:23,200 --> 04:10:26,200
Westward immediately those 
without became desperate Beyond 

4738
04:10:26,200 --> 04:10:29,500
description civil Authority. 
Ceased functioning entirely 

4739
04:10:29,500 --> 04:10:33,000
within hours, this dissolution 
of organized Society occurred 

4740
04:10:33,000 --> 04:10:35,700
with shocking rapidity in 
eastern Region's creating 

4741
04:10:35,700 --> 04:10:38,600
behavioral dynamics, that 
institutional structures had 

4742
04:10:38,600 --> 04:10:42,700
previously constrained. 
The refugee crisis reached 

4743
04:10:42,700 --> 04:10:46,600
catastrophic proportions 
approximately 8.5 million 

4744
04:10:46,600 --> 04:10:50,300
Germans fled Westward during the
Wars final months, most during 

4745
04:10:50,300 --> 04:10:52,700
harsh winter conditions with 
minimal provisions. 

4746
04:10:53,600 --> 04:10:56,600
The Baltic Sea evacuation 
operation, Hannibal moved, 

4747
04:10:56,600 --> 04:10:59,300
approximately two million 
civilians from East Prussia and 

4748
04:10:59,300 --> 04:11:01,500
surrounding regions. 
Despite Soviet submarine 

4749
04:11:01,500 --> 04:11:03,700
attacks. 
The produced Maritime disaster 

4750
04:11:03,700 --> 04:11:07,400
as like The Wilhelm gustloff 
sinking 9400 deaths. 

4751
04:11:07,400 --> 04:11:11,000
These desperate population, 
movements created overcoming 

4752
04:11:11,000 --> 04:11:13,800
humanitarian challenges and 
hindered effective defense 

4753
04:11:13,800 --> 04:11:16,500
preparations in the western 
regions that were receiving this

4754
04:11:16,500 --> 04:11:19,700
influx of people. 
Allied bombing reached maximum 

4755
04:11:19,700 --> 04:11:22,100
intensity. 
During this period, targeting 

4756
04:11:22,100 --> 04:11:25,400
mid-sized cities, previously, 
spared, systematic destruction. 

4757
04:11:25,400 --> 04:11:31,100
The Dresden firebombing of 
February 13-15, 1945, killed 

4758
04:11:31,100 --> 04:11:35,300
approximately 25,000, civilians 
and devastated, a city swollen 

4759
04:11:35,300 --> 04:11:38,800
with refugees. 
Similar attacks struck four time

4760
04:11:38,800 --> 04:11:42,200
wuertzburg and dozens of smaller
communities with limited 

4761
04:11:42,200 --> 04:11:43,400
Military. 
Significance. 

4762
04:11:43,400 --> 04:11:47,500
This final bombing phase created
profound psychological trauma 

4763
04:11:47,500 --> 04:11:51,100
that post-war German Society 
struggled for decades to process

4764
04:11:51,100 --> 04:11:54,600
adequately. the apparent 
purposelessness of Destruction 

4765
04:11:54,600 --> 04:11:57,400
at this late stage generated 
lasting moral questions that 

4766
04:11:57,400 --> 04:12:00,900
transcended typical War, 
narratives, resource systems, 

4767
04:12:00,900 --> 04:12:04,500
collapsed entirely Food 
distribution became localised in

4768
04:12:04,500 --> 04:12:07,800
a regular municipal water and 
sanitation services. 

4769
04:12:07,800 --> 04:12:10,800
Functioned intermittently 
electricity, availability 

4770
04:12:10,800 --> 04:12:15,000
declined to a few hours daily in
most regions medical supplies 

4771
04:12:15,000 --> 04:12:18,100
disappeared from civilian 
facilities, currency, 

4772
04:12:18,100 --> 04:12:22,400
effectively lost practical 
value, replaced by direct barter

4773
04:12:22,400 --> 04:12:24,000
arrangements for essential 
items. 

4774
04:12:24,000 --> 04:12:27,800
Despite these catastrophic 
conditions, remarkable instances

4775
04:12:27,800 --> 04:12:31,100
of organizational continuity, 
persisted hospital, 

4776
04:12:31,100 --> 04:12:33,000
administrator Ruth, Elke 
documented. 

4777
04:12:33,000 --> 04:12:36,300
We maintain surgical Services 
despite lacking basic 

4778
04:12:36,300 --> 04:12:39,700
antiseptics staff perform 
procedures during daylight 

4779
04:12:39,700 --> 04:12:41,900
hours, due to frequent 
electricity failures. 

4780
04:12:41,900 --> 04:12:45,200
Instead of using Supply systems 
staff guard, Gardens provide 

4781
04:12:45,200 --> 04:12:48,800
food to patients medicine 
continues amid societal 

4782
04:12:48,800 --> 04:12:51,300
collapse. 
Military age. 

4783
04:12:51,300 --> 04:12:55,400
Males face, impossible choices, 
desertion rates increased 

4784
04:12:55,400 --> 04:12:58,600
dramatically despite field 
execution for undermining 

4785
04:12:58,600 --> 04:13:02,400
military morale. 
Approximately 30,000 German 

4786
04:13:02,400 --> 04:13:05,200
soldiers were executed for 
disciplinary violations during 

4787
04:13:05,200 --> 04:13:08,300
the war with the majority 
occurring during these final 

4788
04:13:08,300 --> 04:13:10,700
months. 
Many soldiers, sought medical 

4789
04:13:10,700 --> 04:13:14,600
excuses, self-inflicted 
injuries, or unauthorized home 

4790
04:13:14,600 --> 04:13:16,400
visits, rather than formal 
desertion. 

4791
04:13:17,200 --> 04:13:20,200
Others continue to fighting 
despite recognizing strategic 

4792
04:13:20,200 --> 04:13:24,100
hopelessness, motivated by unit,
cohesion rather than ideological

4793
04:13:24,100 --> 04:13:27,200
commitment. 
This complex response, pattern 

4794
04:13:27,200 --> 04:13:31,900
defies simple, categorization as
either fanaticism or resistance 

4795
04:13:31,900 --> 04:13:35,200
most participants navigated 
impossible ethical terrain with 

4796
04:13:35,200 --> 04:13:38,500
limited available options. 
Leadership psychology 

4797
04:13:38,500 --> 04:13:42,200
deteriorated markedly Hitler's 
physical decline. 

4798
04:13:42,200 --> 04:13:45,800
Accelerated following the July 
1944 assassination attempt. 

4799
04:13:46,500 --> 04:13:49,300
With Witnesses describing. 
Trembling Hands, shuffling. 

4800
04:13:49,300 --> 04:13:52,700
Gait and increasing Detachment 
from operational realities. 

4801
04:13:53,500 --> 04:13:56,400
His strategic directives became 
increasingly divorced from 

4802
04:13:56,400 --> 04:13:59,800
military capabilities, often 
ordering non-existent units to 

4803
04:13:59,800 --> 04:14:03,500
conduct impossible operations, 
this leadership collapse created

4804
04:14:03,500 --> 04:14:08,500
a vacuum filled by competing 
power centers himmler's and 

4805
04:14:08,500 --> 04:14:11,100
various military factions 
pursued contradictory agendas 

4806
04:14:11,100 --> 04:14:13,100
while maintaining nominal 
loyalty. 

4807
04:14:14,000 --> 04:14:16,600
This fragmentation prevented 
coordinated surrender, 

4808
04:14:16,600 --> 04:14:18,600
negotiations. 
That might have limited Final 

4809
04:14:18,600 --> 04:14:21,900
Phase destruction. 
The Concentration Camp system. 

4810
04:14:21,900 --> 04:14:25,100
Underwent frantic evacuation as 
Allied Forces approached 

4811
04:14:25,100 --> 04:14:29,700
producing notorious deathmatches
with extraordinary mortality 

4812
04:14:29,700 --> 04:14:32,400
rates. 
Camp guards forced inmates to 

4813
04:14:32,400 --> 04:14:35,000
walk westward in harsh. 
Winter conditions with minimal 

4814
04:14:35,000 --> 04:14:38,700
Provisions executing, those 
unable to maintain Pace, 

4815
04:14:38,700 --> 04:14:43,300
approximately 250,000, prisoners
died during these evacuations. 

4816
04:14:44,000 --> 04:14:47,000
German civilians and communities
along these routes faced moral 

4817
04:14:47,000 --> 04:14:50,400
decisions about intervention 
Assistance or passive 

4818
04:14:50,400 --> 04:14:53,900
observation choices many would 
later struggle to explain 

4819
04:14:53,900 --> 04:14:56,300
satisfactorily during post-war 
accounting. 

4820
04:14:57,300 --> 04:15:00,800
This Final Phase of systemic 
atrocity occurred amid broader 

4821
04:15:00,800 --> 04:15:04,800
societal disintegration creating
complex moral entanglements, 

4822
04:15:04,800 --> 04:15:09,400
between perpetrators victims and
bystanders children experience 

4823
04:15:09,400 --> 04:15:12,000
particularly severe 
psychological trauma during this

4824
04:15:12,000 --> 04:15:14,500
period with schools closed 
indefinitely. 

4825
04:15:14,500 --> 04:15:17,200
Normal developmental structures 
disappeared. 

4826
04:15:17,200 --> 04:15:20,400
Many youths assumed adult 
responsibilities managing 

4827
04:15:20,400 --> 04:15:24,700
households with absent parents. 
The Hitler Youth Organization 

4828
04:15:24,700 --> 04:15:27,700
transformed from ideological 
indoctrination, into practical 

4829
04:15:27,700 --> 04:15:30,600
military, auxiliary with 
teenagers, operating 

4830
04:15:30,600 --> 04:15:34,500
anti-aircraft batteries serving 
as Courier Runners and providing

4831
04:15:34,500 --> 04:15:36,800
Emergency Services during 
bombing raids. 

4832
04:15:36,800 --> 04:15:40,300
This militarization of childhood
created lasting psychological 

4833
04:15:40,300 --> 04:15:43,900
effects that psychiatrists would
document for decades afterward 

4834
04:15:43,900 --> 04:15:46,900
religious resources provided 
crucial cycle. 

4835
04:15:46,900 --> 04:15:49,900
Support for many Germans during 
this terminal phase. 

4836
04:15:50,900 --> 04:15:53,600
Church attendance reached 
unprecedented levels despite 

4837
04:15:53,600 --> 04:15:57,000
building damage and clergy 
shortages, improvised worship 

4838
04:15:57,000 --> 04:16:00,700
Services occurred in basements, 
bunkers and damaged sanctuaries.

4839
04:16:01,400 --> 04:16:04,700
Theology emphasized apocalyptic 
themes while providing 

4840
04:16:04,700 --> 04:16:07,300
Frameworks for understanding 
suffering outside political 

4841
04:16:07,300 --> 04:16:10,800
narratives. 
Pastor Ernst Neuwirth recorded. 

4842
04:16:11,700 --> 04:16:14,400
People who never previously 
showed religious interests. 

4843
04:16:14,400 --> 04:16:18,200
Now crowd, our damage Church 
They seek meaning system that 

4844
04:16:18,200 --> 04:16:20,100
transcends immediate 
catastrophe. 

4845
04:16:21,200 --> 04:16:24,000
This religious revival 
represented significant movement

4846
04:16:24,000 --> 04:16:28,400
away from State ideology toward 
alternative, value Frameworks as

4847
04:16:28,400 --> 04:16:31,800
Allied, Forces penetrated deeper
into Germany, civilian 

4848
04:16:31,800 --> 04:16:34,900
encounters with Western troops 
often contradicted propaganda 

4849
04:16:34,900 --> 04:16:37,800
expectations. 
Their marked veteran Heinrich 

4850
04:16:37,800 --> 04:16:41,400
boell later wrote American 
soldiers, Distributing chocolate

4851
04:16:41,400 --> 04:16:43,500
to children, did more to 
demolish nutsy. 

4852
04:16:43,500 --> 04:16:46,500
Ideology, the 12 years of 
opposition could accomplish 

4853
04:16:46,500 --> 04:16:50,000
these direct interactions 
revealed enemy monsters as 

4854
04:16:50,000 --> 04:16:53,500
recognizably human accelerating 
psychological separation. 

4855
04:16:53,500 --> 04:16:58,100
From regime narratives Soviet 
zone experience is often proved 

4856
04:16:58,100 --> 04:17:01,000
dramatically different. 
With widespread atrocities 

4857
04:17:01,000 --> 04:17:04,000
creating last and Trauma that 
shaped postwar political 

4858
04:17:04,000 --> 04:17:07,100
alignments. 
Hitler's suicide on April 30th. 

4859
04:17:07,100 --> 04:17:10,900
1945, followed by Germany's 
unconditional surrender on May 

4860
04:17:10,900 --> 04:17:14,300
8th created the formal endpoint 
of the Nazi State. 

4861
04:17:14,300 --> 04:17:17,500
However, the psychological 
process of regime collapsed 

4862
04:17:17,500 --> 04:17:21,300
unevenly across German Society 
over the preceding months and 

4863
04:17:21,300 --> 04:17:24,600
would continue long afterward. 
Military historian. 

4864
04:17:24,600 --> 04:17:28,100
Joachim Fest noted. 
Germany experienced not one 

4865
04:17:28,100 --> 04:17:32,200
surrender, but thousands of 
local capitulations occurring at

4866
04:17:32,200 --> 04:17:33,700
different moments for different 
reasons. 

4867
04:17:35,100 --> 04:17:38,300
This fragmented ending created 
inconsistent experiences that 

4868
04:17:38,300 --> 04:17:41,500
complicated post-war memory 
formation and accountability 

4869
04:17:41,500 --> 04:17:44,000
processes. 
The walls conclusion found 

4870
04:17:44,000 --> 04:17:46,700
German Society in catastrophic 
material condition. 

4871
04:17:46,700 --> 04:17:50,300
Approximately 20% of housing 
stock had been destroyed. 

4872
04:17:50,300 --> 04:17:54,300
Transportation infrastructure 
had collapsed in industrial 

4873
04:17:54,300 --> 04:17:58,100
production had ceased almost 
entirely food production had 

4874
04:17:58,100 --> 04:18:01,400
fallen to approximately 35% of 
pre-war levels. 

4875
04:18:02,400 --> 04:18:06,200
Beyond physical Devastation, the
cycle condition, proved equally 

4876
04:18:06,200 --> 04:18:10,000
damaged Collective, trauma 
disrupted, identity formation, 

4877
04:18:10,000 --> 04:18:13,400
and moral compromise, created 
lasting effects that would 

4878
04:18:13,400 --> 04:18:15,500
shape, German development for 
Generations. 

4879
04:18:15,500 --> 04:18:18,900
The societal challenge 
transitioned from military 

4880
04:18:18,900 --> 04:18:21,800
conflict to fundamental 
questions of physical survival. 

4881
04:18:21,800 --> 04:18:25,400
Ethical, reconstruction and 
cultural meaning-making. 

4882
04:18:25,400 --> 04:18:29,900
Amid unprecedented devastation. 
The immediate post surrender, 

4883
04:18:29,900 --> 04:18:32,900
period created experience that 
defied conventional categories 

4884
04:18:32,900 --> 04:18:37,400
of peace or post-war for most 
Germans daily existence centered

4885
04:18:37,400 --> 04:18:40,300
on basic survival challenges 
rather than political 

4886
04:18:40,300 --> 04:18:43,300
reorientation. 
Caloric intake in the British 

4887
04:18:43,300 --> 04:18:46,500
American occupation zones, 
averaged approximately 1200 

4888
04:18:46,500 --> 04:18:51,500
daily calories through. 1945 and
6 above starvation levels, but 

4889
04:18:51,500 --> 04:18:54,500
producing chronic malnutrition 
and Associated health 

4890
04:18:54,500 --> 04:18:57,400
conditions. 
Housing shortages forced 

4891
04:18:57,400 --> 04:19:00,300
multiple families into damage, 
dwellings designed for single 

4892
04:19:00,300 --> 04:19:03,100
households. 
Fuels guest, he made winter 

4893
04:19:03,100 --> 04:19:05,500
Heating in complete while 
destroyed infrastructure. 

4894
04:19:05,500 --> 04:19:09,100
Limited Basic Sanitation. 
These material conditions 

4895
04:19:09,100 --> 04:19:12,900
created a persistent, emergency 
mentality that hindered the 

4896
04:19:12,900 --> 04:19:15,900
community's ability to cycle 
process recent events. 

4897
04:19:15,900 --> 04:19:19,000
The current currency collapse. 
Produced, economic conditions 

4898
04:19:19,000 --> 04:19:21,000
that normalized irregular 
transactions. 

4899
04:19:21,000 --> 04:19:25,000
The cigarette emerged as the 
functional monetary unit with 

4900
04:19:25,000 --> 04:19:29,100
complex exchange rate systems. 
Developing spontaneously a 

4901
04:19:29,100 --> 04:19:32,300
skilled workers daily wage might
purchase two cigarettes, which 

4902
04:19:32,300 --> 04:19:35,200
could be traded for three pounds
of potatoes, or half a pound of 

4903
04:19:35,208 --> 04:19:38,200
butter on Gray markets. 
This economic disruption, 

4904
04:19:38,200 --> 04:19:40,900
particularly disadvantaged those
lacking access to Agricultural 

4905
04:19:40,900 --> 04:19:44,400
Connections or valuable trade 
items specially, the urban 

4906
04:19:44,400 --> 04:19:47,100
elderly, and War widows. 
Social worker. 

4907
04:19:47,100 --> 04:19:50,800
Mr. Vs gear noted those who 
survived bombing and Invasion 

4908
04:19:50,800 --> 04:19:54,200
now, faced starvation amid 
technical piece, many questioned

4909
04:19:54,200 --> 04:19:57,900
whether survival itself, 
constitutes victory, Do 

4910
04:19:57,900 --> 04:20:00,600
notification procedures, created
profound ambiguity for 

4911
04:20:00,600 --> 04:20:02,900
individuals. 
Navigating occupation systems. 

4912
04:20:02,900 --> 04:20:06,100
The classification categories, 
major offenders. 

4913
04:20:06,100 --> 04:20:10,600
Offenders lesser offenders 
followers, exonerated required 

4914
04:20:10,600 --> 04:20:14,000
complex, documentation 
character, Witnesses and 

4915
04:20:14,000 --> 04:20:16,100
narrative explanations of past 
activities. 

4916
04:20:16,100 --> 04:20:19,600
This process generated. 
What historian Norbert Frey, 

4917
04:20:19,600 --> 04:20:24,500
terms, exculpatory, creativity, 
retrospective reinterpretation 

4918
04:20:24,500 --> 04:20:28,100
of actions within acceptable, 
Frameworks by 1948. 

4919
04:20:28,100 --> 04:20:32,100
Approximately. 25% of adult 
Germans had completed some form 

4920
04:20:32,100 --> 04:20:35,700
of denaturation procedure, 
creating inconsistent 

4921
04:20:35,700 --> 04:20:38,300
accountability that satisfied. 
Neither Justice requirements. 

4922
04:20:38,300 --> 04:20:41,300
Nor practical reintegration 
needs family. 

4923
04:20:41,300 --> 04:20:45,200
Reunification proceeded unevenly
as approximately 11 million 

4924
04:20:45,200 --> 04:20:48,100
military personnel returned from
captivity over several years. 

4925
04:20:48,100 --> 04:20:52,700
Soviet, prisoners and particular
extended detention with the last

4926
04:20:52,700 --> 04:20:57,000
of them returning, only in 1945 
these delayed homecoming created

4927
04:20:57,300 --> 04:20:59,900
Complex reintegration challenges
as families. 

4928
04:20:59,900 --> 04:21:02,900
Had established new functional 
patterns during men's absence. 

4929
04:21:03,700 --> 04:21:06,400
Psychologist. 
Alexander Mitchell, documented 

4930
04:21:06,400 --> 04:21:09,500
widespread reintegration 
syndrome psychological 

4931
04:21:09,500 --> 04:21:12,800
difficulties as returning men 
encountered, wives and children,

4932
04:21:12,800 --> 04:21:15,300
who had developed Independence 
and decisional autonomy 

4933
04:21:15,300 --> 04:21:18,000
children. 
Often struggled with fathers, 

4934
04:21:18,000 --> 04:21:21,400
they barely remembered or never 
knew creating intergenerational 

4935
04:21:21,400 --> 04:21:24,900
communication barriers that 
persisted for decades, the 

4936
04:21:24,900 --> 04:21:27,800
standard null zero. 
Our concept emerged as 

4937
04:21:27,800 --> 04:21:31,500
psychological framework, for 
managing recent, past these 

4938
04:21:31,500 --> 04:21:34,700
metaphors suggested, complete 
historical, rupture dividing, 

4939
04:21:34,700 --> 04:21:38,000
experience into separate before,
and after periods with minimal 

4940
04:21:38,000 --> 04:21:41,000
continuity. 
While historically inaccurate, 

4941
04:21:41,000 --> 04:21:44,900
this conceptualization provided 
psychological utility by 

4942
04:21:44,900 --> 04:21:48,500
allowing, compartmentalization 
of uncomfortable, memories and 

4943
04:21:48,500 --> 04:21:51,700
moral compromises. 
Historian Conrad gerau 

4944
04:21:51,700 --> 04:21:54,600
identifies, the practice of 
protective periodization 

4945
04:21:54,600 --> 04:21:58,400
creating mental boundaries, that
facilitated daily functioning 

4946
04:21:58,400 --> 04:22:01,400
while postponing genuine 
historical Reckoning. 

4947
04:22:01,400 --> 04:22:05,000
This separation particularly 
manifested in family Silence 

4948
04:22:05,000 --> 04:22:08,600
about not see era experiences. 
Creating what psychologists 

4949
04:22:08,600 --> 04:22:10,700
later termed? 
The communicative Gap. 

4950
04:22:12,000 --> 04:22:14,500
Many German households 
established implicit rules 

4951
04:22:14,500 --> 04:22:17,700
against discussing, certain 
topics, particularly personal 

4952
04:22:17,700 --> 04:22:20,200
involvement, in Nazi 
organizations, knowledge of 

4953
04:22:20,200 --> 04:22:23,700
atrocities or moral compromises 
made during the regime years. 

4954
04:22:24,400 --> 04:22:27,700
children, born after 1945, often
reported growing up with 

4955
04:22:27,700 --> 04:22:30,400
nebula's, understanding of their
parents, War experiences, 

4956
04:22:30,400 --> 04:22:33,300
receiving fragmentary, or 
sanitized accounts that 

4957
04:22:33,300 --> 04:22:37,200
emphasize suffering rather than 
agency This intergenerational 

4958
04:22:37,200 --> 04:22:40,200
silence created psychological 
inheritance patterns that 

4959
04:22:40,200 --> 04:22:44,200
psychoanalyst Nicholas barbian 
called transmitted trauma. 

4960
04:22:44,200 --> 04:22:46,700
Younger Generations, 
experiencing emotional 

4961
04:22:46,700 --> 04:22:49,800
disturbances from events. 
They never personally witnessed,

4962
04:22:49,800 --> 04:22:54,200
but absorbed through family 
Dynamics, The Silence about the 

4963
04:22:54,200 --> 04:22:57,400
Nazi passed within families, 
reflected a broader societal 

4964
04:22:57,400 --> 04:22:59,700
pattern where public discourse 
focused. 

4965
04:22:59,700 --> 04:23:03,200
Overwhelmingly on German 
suffering bombing expulsion from

4966
04:23:03,200 --> 04:23:06,800
Eastern territories, post-war 
hardships, while minimizing 

4967
04:23:06,800 --> 04:23:10,500
questions of complicity or 
responsibility This selective 

4968
04:23:10,500 --> 04:23:13,100
memory approach allowed. 
Many Germans to navigate daily 

4969
04:23:13,100 --> 04:23:14,900
existence. 
Without crippling guilt. 

4970
04:23:15,500 --> 04:23:18,600
But created substantial barriers
to genuine moral Reckoning. 

4971
04:23:18,600 --> 04:23:22,100
That would only be confronted 
decades later by a subsequent 

4972
04:23:22,100 --> 04:23:30,900
Generations. 
Imagine yourself sitting in a 

4973
04:23:30,900 --> 04:23:34,500
cozy Chair by a crackling fire, 
ready to hear about a man who 

4974
04:23:34,500 --> 04:23:37,500
never meant to be Scotland's. 
Greatest folk hero, William 

4975
04:23:37,500 --> 04:23:39,800
Wallace didn't come into the 
world with a crown on his head 

4976
04:23:39,800 --> 04:23:42,000
or a plan for the battlefield in
his hand. 

4977
04:23:42,000 --> 04:23:46,200
He was born around 1270 as the 
second son of a minor Scottish 

4978
04:23:46,200 --> 04:23:48,000
Noble. 
This meant that he was going to 

4979
04:23:48,008 --> 04:23:52,300
live a quiet life. 
That history tends to forget You

4980
04:23:52,300 --> 04:23:55,300
might picture young William 
growing up in renfrewshire and 

4981
04:23:55,300 --> 04:23:57,700
getting into the usual. 
Kinds of trouble that boys do 

4982
04:23:57,700 --> 04:24:00,700
like climbing trees. 
He shouldn't tracking mud 

4983
04:24:00,700 --> 04:24:03,500
through his mother's, clean 
Hall, and learning to swing a 

4984
04:24:03,508 --> 04:24:06,700
sword that was still too heavy 
for his skinny arms, Malcolm 

4985
04:24:06,700 --> 04:24:10,000
Wallace, his father owned, some 
land around, elderly was enough 

4986
04:24:10,000 --> 04:24:12,500
to make them respectable, but 
not enough to make them Rich. 

4987
04:24:12,500 --> 04:24:15,700
It's like being the family that 
lives on a quiet street, but has

4988
04:24:15,700 --> 04:24:18,400
the nicest house. 
It's not like living in a castle

4989
04:24:18,400 --> 04:24:21,500
but it's nice. 
It wasn't William's birth or his

4990
04:24:21,500 --> 04:24:25,000
money that set him apart. 
It was the time he was born, he 

4991
04:24:25,000 --> 04:24:28,000
was born and raised in Scotland.
During a time when things were 

4992
04:24:28,000 --> 04:24:31,600
really bad King. 
Alexander the third died in 1286

4993
04:24:31,600 --> 04:24:34,600
leaving behind a mess that would
make today's family and 

4994
04:24:34,600 --> 04:24:37,000
heritance fight seem like polite
dinner conversations. 

4995
04:24:37,000 --> 04:24:39,100
The Scottish nobles were 
fighting over. 

4996
04:24:39,100 --> 04:24:41,900
Who should be the next king? 
Like, kids fighting over the 

4997
04:24:41,900 --> 04:24:44,900
last piece of cake, but this 
cake was a whole Kingdom. 

4998
04:24:44,900 --> 04:24:48,300
Edward the first of England came
along, he was a subtle as a 

4999
04:24:48,300 --> 04:24:51,100
sledgehammer, and his patient as
a Hungry, Cat watching a mouse 

5000
04:24:51,100 --> 04:24:54,300
hole, Ed Would saw the political
chaos in Scotland and thought 

5001
04:24:54,300 --> 04:24:57,600
this looks like a great chance 
to add another kingdom to my 

5002
04:24:57,608 --> 04:25:02,100
collection in 1296, when William
was probably in his mid-twenties

5003
04:25:02,100 --> 04:25:05,300
and more interested in taking 
care of his family's land than 

5004
04:25:05,300 --> 04:25:08,700
in politics, Edward decided to 
invade Scotland with the same 

5005
04:25:08,700 --> 04:25:11,400
excitement as someone moving 
furniture around in a house that

5006
04:25:11,400 --> 04:25:13,900
wasn't theirs. 
The Invasion wasn't just a 

5007
04:25:13,900 --> 04:25:17,100
military Victory, it was a 
planned humiliation Edward took 

5008
04:25:17,100 --> 04:25:18,400
away. 
Scotland's symbols of 

5009
04:25:18,400 --> 04:25:21,600
Independence like a tourist 
taking home a huge souvenir. 

5010
04:25:21,600 --> 04:25:23,800
He took the stone of Destiny 
away. 

5011
04:25:23,800 --> 04:25:27,100
He put English officials in 
charge of Scottish Affairs and 

5012
04:25:27,100 --> 04:25:29,700
acted like the worst kind of 
micromanaging boss you've ever 

5013
04:25:29,700 --> 04:25:32,400
had. 
Except this boss was in charge 

5014
04:25:32,400 --> 04:25:35,100
of your whole country for 
William who lived in the 

5015
04:25:35,100 --> 04:25:38,400
Scottish lowlands, Edwards job. 
Probably felt like having 

5016
04:25:38,400 --> 04:25:40,700
strangers moving to his 
neighborhood and tell him how to

5017
04:25:40,700 --> 04:25:43,100
paint his fence. 
The new English rulers made, 

5018
04:25:43,100 --> 04:25:46,000
people pay taxes, set their own 
rules and didn't care about 

5019
04:25:46,000 --> 04:25:48,700
Scottish Customs any more than 
you would care about a crumpled 

5020
04:25:48,700 --> 04:25:52,100
grocery list every day was full 
of small annoyances and Big 

5021
04:25:52,100 --> 04:25:55,300
problems that built up over 
time, like pressure in a kettle,

5022
04:25:55,300 --> 04:25:57,800
you can almost picture William 
going about his business, 

5023
04:25:57,800 --> 04:26:01,300
managing his smallest states, 
dealing with English, tax 

5024
04:26:01,300 --> 04:26:04,400
collectors, and watching English
soldiers, Swaggart through 

5025
04:26:04,400 --> 04:26:07,300
Scottish towns. 
You can also picture him feeling

5026
04:26:07,300 --> 04:26:09,800
that special kind of anger that 
comes from being told, you're 

5027
04:26:09,800 --> 04:26:12,600
not good enough to run your own 
Affairs, he wasn't planning a 

5028
04:26:12,600 --> 04:26:15,300
revolution yet. 
He was just a man watching his 

5029
04:26:15,300 --> 04:26:17,800
country, slowly Fade Away under 
the rules of someone else. 

5030
04:26:17,800 --> 04:26:20,500
But here's the thing about 
quiet, people who reach their 

5031
04:26:20,500 --> 04:26:23,600
Breaking Point. 
When they finally lose it, they 

5032
04:26:23,600 --> 04:26:25,800
don't just make noise. 
They write history. 

5033
04:26:25,800 --> 04:26:28,900
William Wallace was about to 
learn that the heroes who are 

5034
04:26:28,900 --> 04:26:31,600
most afraid to act are the ones 
who make the biggest difference 

5035
04:26:31,600 --> 04:26:34,300
because they reach a point where
they can't stand to watch 

5036
04:26:34,300 --> 04:26:36,100
anymore. 
His change from a small 

5037
04:26:36,108 --> 04:26:39,400
landowner to a famous Rebel was 
still to come like a storm 

5038
04:26:39,400 --> 04:26:42,300
gathering on the horizon. 
You might be wondering what 

5039
04:26:42,300 --> 04:26:44,800
makes a fairly peaceful 
landowner into Scotland's most 

5040
04:26:44,800 --> 04:26:47,000
famous Rebel. 
Like most turning points in 

5041
04:26:47,000 --> 04:26:48,300
life. 
The answer came down to 

5042
04:26:48,300 --> 04:26:52,100
something very personal and 
annoyingly small William Wallace

5043
04:26:52,100 --> 04:26:54,400
was called to testify in May 
1297. 

5044
04:26:54,400 --> 04:26:57,600
Before William Hessler, rig, the
English, Sheriff of Lanark 

5045
04:26:57,600 --> 04:27:00,300
historians still argue about why
this happened. 

5046
04:27:00,300 --> 04:27:03,700
Just like people argue about 
what really happened at a family

5047
04:27:03,700 --> 04:27:07,300
reunion years ago. 
Imagine this, you have to meet 

5048
04:27:07,300 --> 04:27:10,000
with someone who embodies 
everything you've come to hate 

5049
04:27:10,000 --> 04:27:13,500
about, your current situation. 
He's already was one of those 

5050
04:27:13,500 --> 04:27:16,200
English officials who like to 
remind Scotts that they were now

5051
04:27:16,200 --> 04:27:18,600
subjects and of citizens of 
their own country. 

5052
04:27:18,600 --> 04:27:21,400
He was like every annoying 
interaction you've ever had with

5053
04:27:21,400 --> 04:27:23,400
the government. 
But this bureaucrat could have 

5054
04:27:23,400 --> 04:27:26,600
you killed if he wanted to. 
Depending on which story you 

5055
04:27:26,600 --> 04:27:28,700
believe what happens next is 
different. 

5056
04:27:28,700 --> 04:27:30,700
However they all end the same 
way. 

5057
04:27:30,700 --> 04:27:34,200
He is dead and Wallace is 
suddenly Scotland's Most Wanted 

5058
04:27:34,200 --> 04:27:36,300
man. 
Some people say it started 

5059
04:27:36,300 --> 04:27:38,600
because of taxes. 
Others say it was because of 

5060
04:27:38,600 --> 04:27:41,800
land disputes and still others 
say it had to do with a woman 

5061
04:27:41,800 --> 04:27:45,000
Wallace cared about Specifics, 
don't matter as much as the 

5062
04:27:45,000 --> 04:27:48,700
outcome. 
William Wallace crossed a line 

5063
04:27:48,700 --> 04:27:50,500
that couldn't be uncrossed in a 
fit of rage. 

5064
04:27:50,500 --> 04:27:53,700
It wasn't the same as 
accidentally breaking a vase. 

5065
04:27:53,700 --> 04:27:55,400
At someone's house to kill an 
English Sheriff. 

5066
04:27:55,400 --> 04:27:58,500
This was like setting fire to a 
police station in the Middle 

5067
04:27:58,500 --> 04:28:00,800
Ages. 
There was no way to explain it 

5068
04:28:00,800 --> 04:28:03,400
away. 
No way to say sorry and no way 

5069
04:28:03,400 --> 04:28:06,100
to go back to your quiet life of
managing, Estates and 

5070
04:28:06,108 --> 04:28:09,600
complaining about taxes Wallace 
was with about 30 friends in 

5071
04:28:09,608 --> 04:28:12,200
Lanark that day and all of a 
sudden they were all criminals 

5072
04:28:12,200 --> 04:28:14,500
like the most important crime 
spree in history. 

5073
04:28:14,500 --> 04:28:17,900
But here's where the story gets 
interesting Wallace didn't Panic

5074
04:28:17,900 --> 04:28:20,500
or run away to hide in the 
highlands like smart criminals 

5075
04:28:20,500 --> 04:28:23,800
would have instead he did 
something that surprised 

5076
04:28:23,800 --> 04:28:27,800
everyone even himself. 
He began to get more followers 

5077
04:28:27,800 --> 04:28:31,100
word, spread through Scotland 
faster than gossip in a small 

5078
04:28:31,108 --> 04:28:34,400
town, William Wallace had 
finally stood up to the English.

5079
04:28:34,400 --> 04:28:37,700
You need to know how badly 
people want to hear this kind of

5080
04:28:37,708 --> 04:28:40,100
news for months. 
Scotts have been watching. 

5081
04:28:40,100 --> 04:28:43,200
Foreigners changed their 
country, ignore their traditions

5082
04:28:43,200 --> 04:28:46,200
and other kill their leaders. 
Send them into Exile or work 

5083
04:28:46,200 --> 04:28:48,800
with the Occupiers then out of 
nowhere. 

5084
04:28:48,800 --> 04:28:51,700
There was this minor nobleman 
who seem to have made up his 

5085
04:28:51,700 --> 04:28:54,100
mind, that he would rather be a 
dead Rebel than a living 

5086
04:28:54,108 --> 04:28:57,300
collaborator Wallace found out. 
He was good at something he'd 

5087
04:28:57,300 --> 04:29:00,500
never done before getting people
to fight when it seemed like 

5088
04:29:00,500 --> 04:29:04,000
there was no hope. 
Men began to arrive at his Camp 

5089
04:29:04,000 --> 04:29:07,200
Farmers, brought pitchforks, 
young nobleman brought swords 

5090
04:29:07,200 --> 04:29:10,300
Craftsman, brought Hammers, and 
a lot of people brought nothing 

5091
04:29:10,300 --> 04:29:12,300
but anger and a desire to use 
it. 

5092
04:29:12,300 --> 04:29:15,800
It was like watching a snowball 
roll down a hill, but this one 

5093
04:29:15,800 --> 04:29:18,900
was picking up Scots who were 
armed and angry at the same 

5094
04:29:18,908 --> 04:29:20,300
time. 
The English government was 

5095
04:29:20,300 --> 04:29:23,400
having its own bad day at work. 
One minute, they're running a 

5096
04:29:23,400 --> 04:29:25,600
conquered territory, like any 
other occupying force. 

5097
04:29:25,600 --> 04:29:28,800
And the next minute, some nobody
from renfrewshire has killed a 

5098
04:29:28,800 --> 04:29:31,500
sheriff and become a magnet for 
all the unhappy Scots in the 

5099
04:29:31,500 --> 04:29:33,700
lowlands. 
Edward, the first was not the 

5100
04:29:33,700 --> 04:29:35,800
kind of King who liked surprises
like this. 

5101
04:29:36,600 --> 04:29:39,100
Within a few weeks Wallace had 
gone from being a wanted 

5102
04:29:39,100 --> 04:29:41,900
criminal to the head of a group 
that was starting to look a lot 

5103
04:29:41,908 --> 04:29:44,700
like a rebellion. 
He was probably learning faster 

5104
04:29:44,700 --> 04:29:46,400
than he wanted. 
That there is a big difference 

5105
04:29:46,400 --> 04:29:49,900
between being angry enough to 
kill a sheriff and being ready 

5106
04:29:49,900 --> 04:29:52,500
to lead a war against the 
strongest military force in 

5107
04:29:52,500 --> 04:29:54,700
Britain. 
But sometimes life doesn't give 

5108
04:29:54,700 --> 04:29:56,300
you enough time to get ready for
the part. 

5109
04:29:56,300 --> 04:29:58,800
You have to play. 
Imagine trying to explain to 

5110
04:29:58,800 --> 04:30:01,300
someone why you chose to fight 
the medieval version of the 

5111
04:30:01,300 --> 04:30:05,100
Pentagon with a group of farmers
Craftsmen and younger sons who 

5112
04:30:05,100 --> 04:30:06,900
couldn't inherit their father's 
land. 

5113
04:30:06,900 --> 04:30:09,800
This was basically William 
Wallace's situation in the 

5114
04:30:09,800 --> 04:30:12,800
summer of 1297. 
If he had been the type of 

5115
04:30:12,800 --> 04:30:15,900
person to make smart choices 
Scottish history would have been

5116
04:30:15,900 --> 04:30:18,500
much shorter and less 
interesting Wallace had 

5117
04:30:18,500 --> 04:30:21,200
accidentally become the leader 
of what military historians 

5118
04:30:21,200 --> 04:30:23,200
politely. 
Call an asymmetric conflict, 

5119
04:30:23,200 --> 04:30:26,300
which is akademik speak for 
David vs Goliath. 

5120
04:30:26,300 --> 04:30:30,300
Except Goliath has professional 
soldiers and David has a lot of 

5121
04:30:30,300 --> 04:30:32,400
people who are really really 
angry. 

5122
04:30:33,300 --> 04:30:36,100
The English army that was coming
to Scotland was everything, a 

5123
04:30:36,100 --> 04:30:39,000
medieval military force was 
supposed to be well, trained. 

5124
04:30:39,000 --> 04:30:43,300
Well equipped experience in 
conquest and led by commanders, 

5125
04:30:43,300 --> 04:30:46,200
who knew what they were doing. 
On the other hand, Wallace's 

5126
04:30:46,200 --> 04:30:48,700
Army looked like, what happens 
when you tell people at a bar 

5127
04:30:48,700 --> 04:30:50,900
that drinks are free and then 
give them guns and stead of 

5128
04:30:50,900 --> 04:30:52,900
beer. 
Most of his followers had never 

5129
04:30:52,900 --> 04:30:55,500
been in a real battle. 
Many didn't have the right armor

5130
04:30:55,500 --> 04:30:58,500
and their plan was to hit the 
English with whatever you've got

5131
04:30:58,500 --> 04:31:01,600
until they go away. 
It wasn't a very promising 

5132
04:31:01,600 --> 04:31:04,300
situation. 
Wallace did have two advantages 

5133
04:31:04,300 --> 04:31:08,000
that weren't obvious right away.
First, his men were fighting for

5134
04:31:08,000 --> 04:31:11,000
their homes, which is a strong 
motivation that is hard to 

5135
04:31:11,008 --> 04:31:12,200
match. 
When you're a professional 

5136
04:31:12,200 --> 04:31:16,000
Soldier fighting for someone 
else's goals Wallace, also had a

5137
04:31:16,000 --> 04:31:17,600
natural understanding of what we
now. 

5138
04:31:17,600 --> 04:31:20,500
Call guerrilla warfare, though, 
he probably would have called it

5139
04:31:20,500 --> 04:31:23,400
practical fighting. 
This is the second and maybe 

5140
04:31:23,400 --> 04:31:25,700
more important. 
Point Wallace didn't want to 

5141
04:31:25,700 --> 04:31:28,200
fight the English in formal 
pitched battles were better 

5142
04:31:28,200 --> 04:31:30,800
training and Equipment would win
instead. 

5143
04:31:30,800 --> 04:31:34,500
He kept his troops moving, they 
attacked English supply lines 

5144
04:31:34,500 --> 04:31:37,800
quickly, then vanished before 
reinforcements could get there. 

5145
04:31:37,800 --> 04:31:41,000
They made life hard for the 
occupying forces who were trying

5146
04:31:41,000 --> 04:31:42,500
to control a hostile 
Countryside. 

5147
04:31:42,500 --> 04:31:45,900
Imagine being picked to death by
ducks in the Middle Ages. 

5148
04:31:45,900 --> 04:31:49,200
But these ducks had soared. 
The English commanders. 

5149
04:31:49,200 --> 04:31:52,100
Had been trained in traditional 
Warfare, but they were up 

5150
04:31:52,100 --> 04:31:54,500
against an enemy that didn't 
follow the rules of War. 

5151
04:31:54,500 --> 04:31:58,000
Wallace's troops would attack a 
Garrison disappear into the 

5152
04:31:58,000 --> 04:31:59,700
countryside. 
And then reappear, somewhere 

5153
04:31:59,700 --> 04:32:02,700
else, like the most dangerous 
game of whack-a-mole in the 

5154
04:32:02,708 --> 04:32:07,300
world by September 1297 Wallace.
Had caught the eye of Andrew 

5155
04:32:07,300 --> 04:32:09,700
Murray. 
Another young Scottish Noble, 

5156
04:32:09,700 --> 04:32:12,200
who was leading his own 
rebellion in the north when they

5157
04:32:12,200 --> 04:32:14,500
worked together. 
They made something that scared 

5158
04:32:14,500 --> 04:32:16,500
English commanders. 
A lot more than two, angry, 

5159
04:32:16,500 --> 04:32:19,400
Scots groups. 
They made a unified resistance 

5160
04:32:19,400 --> 04:32:21,400
with real strategic 
coordination. 

5161
04:32:21,400 --> 04:32:24,800
The partnership worked because 
Wallace and Murray were a 

5162
04:32:24,800 --> 04:32:28,200
perfect match for each other. 
More brought Noble connections 

5163
04:32:28,200 --> 04:32:31,800
and political legitimacy while 
Wallace brought charm and a 

5164
04:32:31,800 --> 04:32:33,800
growing reputation for making 
English soldiers. 

5165
04:32:33,800 --> 04:32:36,400
Very nervous. 
They were part of a Scottish 

5166
04:32:36,400 --> 04:32:40,000
resistance, that hadn't existed 
since Edwards Invasion, it 

5167
04:32:40,000 --> 04:32:42,400
looked like, it might actually 
do something besides get its 

5168
04:32:42,400 --> 04:32:45,300
members killed, the English 
government used, the tried and 

5169
04:32:45,300 --> 04:32:47,900
true method of sending a huge 
Army to fix the problem by using

5170
04:32:47,900 --> 04:32:50,500
over and force. 
The Earl of Surrey was sent 

5171
04:32:50,500 --> 04:32:52,900
North with orders. 
That probably came down to find 

5172
04:32:52,900 --> 04:32:56,000
these troublemakers and show 
them why were Rebellion is not a

5173
04:32:56,000 --> 04:32:58,300
good career choice. 
What sorry, didn't fully 

5174
04:32:58,300 --> 04:33:01,100
appreciate was that he was about
to face an opponent who had 

5175
04:33:01,100 --> 04:33:04,300
spent months learning how to 
turn military disadvantages into

5176
04:33:04,300 --> 04:33:07,000
tactical opportunities. 
Wallace had been studying. 

5177
04:33:07,000 --> 04:33:09,599
The English army like a chess 
player studies on opponents. 

5178
04:33:09,599 --> 04:33:13,099
Best moves, looking for patterns
and weaknesses that someone 

5179
04:33:13,099 --> 04:33:16,200
willing to try something new. 
Could take advantage of no one 

5180
04:33:16,200 --> 04:33:19,500
knew at the time, but the stage 
was set for what would become 

5181
04:33:19,500 --> 04:33:21,599
the most famous battle in 
Scottish history. 

5182
04:33:21,599 --> 04:33:27,300
September 11th 1297 began like 
any other day, but it would soon

5183
04:33:27,300 --> 04:33:30,000
become one of the most famous 
dates in Scottish history. 

5184
04:33:30,000 --> 04:33:32,599
The people who woke up that 
morning had no idea. 

5185
04:33:32,599 --> 04:33:35,000
They were about to see something
that would be talked about the 

5186
04:33:35,000 --> 04:33:38,800
hundreds of years. 
The Earl of Surrey led the 

5187
04:33:38,800 --> 04:33:41,200
English army which was camped on
the south side of the river 

5188
04:33:41,200 --> 04:33:44,000
forth near Sterling, they could 
see what looked like a 

5189
04:33:44,000 --> 04:33:46,500
medium-sized Scottish force on 
Abby Craig across the water. 

5190
04:33:47,300 --> 04:33:49,700
If you've ever had to choose 
between the safe choice and the 

5191
04:33:49,700 --> 04:33:52,800
dramatic choice, you can 
understand how sarri felt that 

5192
04:33:52,800 --> 04:33:54,800
morning. 
The safest thing to do was to 

5193
04:33:54,800 --> 04:33:57,400
cross the river at the Ford 
several miles Upstream. 

5194
04:33:57,400 --> 04:34:00,200
This would give his whole Army 
time to get ready before 

5195
04:34:00,200 --> 04:34:03,099
fighting the Scots. 
The dramatic Choice was to cross

5196
04:34:03,099 --> 04:34:06,099
at Stirling Bridge which was so 
narrow that his troops would 

5197
04:34:06,108 --> 04:34:09,000
have to cross in small groups. 
Making them easy targets, 

5198
04:34:09,000 --> 04:34:11,599
Surrey, picked the bridge 
because he was sure of himself 

5199
04:34:11,599 --> 04:34:15,200
since he had never lost a battle
to Scottish Rebels to be fair to

5200
04:34:15,200 --> 04:34:17,800
him, this probably seemed like 
the right choice because his 

5201
04:34:17,800 --> 04:34:21,200
army was bigger better trained 
and better armed, what could 

5202
04:34:21,200 --> 04:34:23,800
possibly go wrong with crossing 
a narrow bridge to attack 

5203
04:34:23,800 --> 04:34:26,500
Farmers with pitchforks, Wallace
and Moray. 

5204
04:34:26,500 --> 04:34:29,300
Who were watching from Abby. 
Craig were probably feeling the 

5205
04:34:29,300 --> 04:34:32,800
mix of fear and excitement that 
comes with putting everything 

5206
04:34:32,800 --> 04:34:36,099
you have on a single desperate, 
bet they had carefully placed 

5207
04:34:36,099 --> 04:34:39,099
their troops but their whole 
plan depended on the timing 

5208
04:34:39,099 --> 04:34:42,000
being just right. 
If they went to early, the 

5209
04:34:42,000 --> 04:34:44,599
English army would go back 
across the bridge, if they 

5210
04:34:44,599 --> 04:34:47,000
waited too long, they would be 
too many English soldiers. 

5211
04:34:47,300 --> 04:34:49,900
To deal with, you can picture 
Wallace watching, English 

5212
04:34:49,900 --> 04:34:53,000
soldiers, march across the 
bridge in neat lines, counting 

5213
04:34:53,000 --> 04:34:56,200
heads, and trying to figure out 
the exact moment when there 

5214
04:34:56,200 --> 04:34:58,700
would be enough enemies across 
for the attack to be worth it. 

5215
04:34:58,700 --> 04:35:02,200
But not so many that his troops 
would be overwhelmed. 

5216
04:35:02,200 --> 04:35:05,700
It was like, trying to time 
jumping onto a moving train if 

5217
04:35:05,700 --> 04:35:08,300
you missed by a second, in 
either direction the whole thing

5218
04:35:08,300 --> 04:35:10,900
goes wrong. 
Wallace gave the signal when the

5219
04:35:10,908 --> 04:35:13,900
English had gotten about half of
their army across from the 

5220
04:35:13,900 --> 04:35:16,200
Scottish point of view. 
What happened next was the best 

5221
04:35:16,200 --> 04:35:19,000
kind of chaos. 
The Scots charged down from 

5222
04:35:19,000 --> 04:35:20,800
Abby, Craig. 
With all the anger of people who

5223
04:35:20,800 --> 04:35:22,500
had been waiting months for this
chance. 

5224
04:35:22,500 --> 04:35:25,300
They hit the English forces at 
the worst possible time. 

5225
04:35:25,300 --> 04:35:27,900
When they were spread out along 
the bridge and couldn't move 

5226
04:35:27,900 --> 04:35:31,000
while this is plan was 
brilliant, because it turned the

5227
04:35:31,000 --> 04:35:32,800
English army strength into 
weaknesses. 

5228
04:35:32,800 --> 04:35:35,500
It didn't matter that they were 
better trained if there wasn't 

5229
04:35:35,500 --> 04:35:39,400
enough space to use it, they had
better gear but it didn't help 

5230
04:35:39,400 --> 04:35:41,000
them when they couldn't get into
battle. 

5231
04:35:41,000 --> 04:35:44,000
For nation's then numerical 
Advantage, didn't matter when 

5232
04:35:44,000 --> 04:35:46,500
only a small part of their 
troops could fight at any given 

5233
04:35:46,500 --> 04:35:49,000
time. 
The narrow bridge turned into a 

5234
04:35:49,000 --> 04:35:52,700
trap in a way to get across 
Scottish forces, had the upper 

5235
04:35:52,700 --> 04:35:55,300
hand and were moving quickly. 
While English soldiers, were 

5236
04:35:55,300 --> 04:35:58,000
stuck between them and their own
Army which was still trying to 

5237
04:35:58,000 --> 04:36:00,500
cross behind them. 
People who had already crossed, 

5238
04:36:00,500 --> 04:36:02,300
couldn't go back without 
fighting their own 

5239
04:36:02,300 --> 04:36:05,200
reinforcements and people who 
were still waiting to cross 

5240
04:36:05,200 --> 04:36:07,500
couldn't help without making the
traffic worse. 

5241
04:36:07,500 --> 04:36:10,099
So he watched as his 
well-planned, military Mission 

5242
04:36:10,099 --> 04:36:12,800
turned into what looked like a 
very costly disaster. 

5243
04:36:12,800 --> 04:36:16,599
The Earl of Surrey had probably 
fought in dozens of battles but 

5244
04:36:16,599 --> 04:36:20,200
he'd never seen anything like 
this. carefully planned attack 

5245
04:36:20,200 --> 04:36:23,599
turned into a nightmare of 
medieval traffic management, the

5246
04:36:23,599 --> 04:36:26,300
English lost, thousands of men, 
including Hugh de cressingham, 

5247
04:36:26,300 --> 04:36:29,700
Scotland's treasurer Scott, 
celebrated his death, with the 

5248
04:36:29,700 --> 04:36:32,099
same kind of excitement. 
They usually save for big, 

5249
04:36:32,099 --> 04:36:35,200
holidays Wallace and Moray had 
done something that seemed 

5250
04:36:35,200 --> 04:36:38,500
impossible just hours before 
They had beaten a professional 

5251
04:36:38,500 --> 04:36:41,099
English army with a group of 
rebels that most military 

5252
04:36:41,099 --> 04:36:42,800
experts would have thought was a
joke. 

5253
04:36:42,800 --> 04:36:45,599
The winner Sterling Bridge 
showed that, the English weren't

5254
04:36:45,599 --> 04:36:48,099
a safe in Scotland as everyone 
thought, and it made William 

5255
04:36:48,099 --> 04:36:51,400
Wallace famous all over Britain,
but probably not in the way he 

5256
04:36:51,400 --> 04:36:54,000
had planned, when he decided to 
kill the sheriff of Lanark. 

5257
04:36:54,000 --> 04:36:57,300
William Wallace found out, that 
being a famous military hero is 

5258
04:36:57,300 --> 04:36:59,400
very different from being a 
minor land owner. 

5259
04:36:59,400 --> 04:37:02,000
After the battle of Stirling 
Bridge, people, in Scotland 

5260
04:37:02,000 --> 04:37:04,599
started to look at him, like he 
might have answers to questions.

5261
04:37:04,599 --> 04:37:08,099
He had never thought of before. 
Like what do we do now that 

5262
04:37:08,099 --> 04:37:11,700
we've shown, we can beat the 
English and how do we run a 

5263
04:37:11,700 --> 04:37:14,300
country when half of it is still
occupied Wallace? 

5264
04:37:14,300 --> 04:37:16,599
Was smart enough to know that 
beating one English army? 

5265
04:37:16,599 --> 04:37:19,900
Didn't mean Scotland was free, 
even though the victory had made

5266
04:37:19,900 --> 04:37:22,900
him feel great, it meant that 
England would send a bigger Army

5267
04:37:22,900 --> 04:37:26,700
probably led by someone much 
better than the of Surrey who 

5268
04:37:26,700 --> 04:37:29,099
had gone home to tell Edward the
house, how he had lost a battle 

5269
04:37:29,099 --> 04:37:31,599
against some farmers who were 
acting up sadly. 

5270
04:37:31,599 --> 04:37:34,000
And Andrew Murray was hurt at, 
Sterling bridge and died. 

5271
04:37:34,000 --> 04:37:37,099
Soon after this meant that 
Wallace had to deal with the 

5272
04:37:37,400 --> 04:37:38,900
Article, Fallout from their 
success. 

5273
04:37:38,900 --> 04:37:41,500
Mostly on his own. 
This was like winning the 

5274
04:37:41,500 --> 04:37:43,400
lottery and then finding out, 
you have to run the whole 

5275
04:37:43,400 --> 04:37:46,700
financial system yourself. 
It sounds exciting in theory, 

5276
04:37:46,700 --> 04:37:49,500
but it's a lot harder in 
practice Wallace was made 

5277
04:37:49,500 --> 04:37:52,300
guardian of Scotland, which 
sounded great but came with 

5278
04:37:52,300 --> 04:37:55,099
duties, that no one had told him
about, he was now supposed to 

5279
04:37:55,099 --> 04:37:58,900
run parts of Scotland, talk to 
other countries set up defenses 

5280
04:37:58,900 --> 04:38:02,700
against the inevitable English 
retaliation and somehow turn a 

5281
04:38:02,700 --> 04:38:04,599
successful Rebellion into a 
working government. 

5282
04:38:04,599 --> 04:38:08,200
Wallace's life was probably at 
its most strange during the 

5283
04:38:08,200 --> 04:38:12,900
winter of 1297 to 1298. 
In just a few months, he went 

5284
04:38:12,900 --> 04:38:16,200
from being a wanted criminal to 
the defacto ruler of Scotland. 

5285
04:38:17,099 --> 04:38:19,300
Now, he had to figure out how to
do the job. 

5286
04:38:19,300 --> 04:38:22,500
He spent time trying to get the 
world to recognize Scotland's 

5287
04:38:22,500 --> 04:38:25,000
Independence. 
He sent people to France and 

5288
04:38:25,000 --> 04:38:27,800
Rome like someone in the Middle 
Ages, trying to get their 

5289
04:38:27,800 --> 04:38:30,099
startup noticed by big investors
Edward. 

5290
04:38:30,099 --> 04:38:32,900
The first was reacting the way 
you would expect a man to react 

5291
04:38:32,900 --> 04:38:34,900
after seeing his men lose a 
battle to people. 

5292
04:38:34,900 --> 04:38:37,200
He thought were barely more 
civilized than sheep. 

5293
04:38:37,200 --> 04:38:40,900
People called Edward Longshanks 
because he was tall and Hammer 

5294
04:38:40,900 --> 04:38:44,599
of the Scots because he didn't 
want Scotland to be free, he saw

5295
04:38:44,599 --> 04:38:47,700
the loss at Sterling Bridge, as 
a personal insult that needed to

5296
04:38:47,700 --> 04:38:50,400
be fixed right away in in a big 
way Wallace. 

5297
04:38:50,400 --> 04:38:52,700
Probably expected. 
And feared the English response,

5298
04:38:52,700 --> 04:38:55,900
Edward, put together an army 
that was bigger and better 

5299
04:38:55,900 --> 04:39:00,599
organized and led by him instead
of subordinates who might make 

5300
04:39:00,599 --> 04:39:02,900
tactical mistakes, that would 
make him look bad. 

5301
04:39:02,900 --> 04:39:06,500
This time, smart positioning and
good timing, wouldn't be enough 

5302
04:39:06,500 --> 04:39:09,300
to beat out better numbers and 
Equipment Wallace worked for 

5303
04:39:09,300 --> 04:39:12,099
months to get Scotland, ready 
for what was coming but he 

5304
04:39:12,099 --> 04:39:14,800
didn't have many resources in 
knew that his last victory was 

5305
04:39:14,800 --> 04:39:16,900
as much about English mistakes 
as Scottish. 

5306
04:39:17,099 --> 04:39:19,200
Brilliantes. 
He couldn't count on his enemies

5307
04:39:19,200 --> 04:39:22,300
to make the same mistakes twice.
The specially since they were 

5308
04:39:22,300 --> 04:39:25,500
now being led by a king who had 
personally conquered Wales and 

5309
04:39:25,500 --> 04:39:28,300
had no plans to let Scotland 
slip out of English control. 

5310
04:39:28,300 --> 04:39:31,200
Wallace had a problem that was 
almost impossible to solve. 

5311
04:39:32,000 --> 04:39:34,900
How do you protect a country 
with few resources from an 

5312
04:39:34,900 --> 04:39:36,800
enemy? 
With almost unlimited ones? 

5313
04:39:36,800 --> 04:39:39,600
It was like trying to keep a 
wildfire from getting to your 

5314
04:39:39,600 --> 04:39:41,900
house with just a garden. 
Hose, and your willpower. 

5315
04:39:42,600 --> 04:39:46,300
Wallace was very determined, but
determination alone isn't enough

5316
04:39:46,300 --> 04:39:49,600
to stop professional armies by 
the summer of 1298. 

5317
04:39:49,600 --> 04:39:52,700
It was clear that Scotland was 
about to be invaded in a way 

5318
04:39:52,700 --> 04:39:55,500
that would make Edwards last 
Conquest look like a warm-up 

5319
04:39:55,500 --> 04:39:58,400
while it's done the impossible 
once, but now, he had to do it 

5320
04:39:58,400 --> 04:40:01,800
again in much worse conditions 
with everyone watching to see if

5321
04:40:01,800 --> 04:40:04,500
the hero of Sterling Bridge 
could pull off another miracle, 

5322
04:40:04,500 --> 04:40:07,300
someone who had never asked to 
carry the weight of a whole 

5323
04:40:07,300 --> 04:40:10,300
country's hopes was now aware 
that this time clever tactics 

5324
04:40:10,300 --> 04:40:13,300
might not be enough. 
Well, as probably dreaded the 

5325
04:40:13,300 --> 04:40:16,100
summer of 1298, since it would 
be the time of Reckoning after 

5326
04:40:16,100 --> 04:40:19,000
his victory at Sterling Bridge. 
Edward, the first of put 

5327
04:40:19,000 --> 04:40:21,600
together an army that was bigger
more professional better 

5328
04:40:21,600 --> 04:40:24,700
supplied and led by a king who 
saw military failure. 

5329
04:40:24,700 --> 04:40:27,500
As a personal challenge to his 
ability Wallace was in the 

5330
04:40:27,500 --> 04:40:30,200
position of trying to do a 
miracle again, which is hard to 

5331
04:40:30,200 --> 04:40:31,800
do. 
Even when things are going well,

5332
04:40:31,800 --> 04:40:35,200
the Tactical advantages that 
made Sterling Bridge Possible. 

5333
04:40:35,200 --> 04:40:38,400
English, overconfident good 
terrain, and perfect timing. 

5334
04:40:38,400 --> 04:40:40,800
We're not available for a second
performance. 

5335
04:40:40,800 --> 04:40:43,800
Edward wasn't going to lead. 
His army across a narrow bridge,

5336
04:40:43,800 --> 04:40:46,200
into a trap that had been set up
just for them this time. 

5337
04:40:47,400 --> 04:40:51,900
The Battle of Falkirk on July 
22nd 1298 was not like the 

5338
04:40:51,900 --> 04:40:54,800
Battle of Stirling Bridge 
Wallace, didn't attack, an enemy

5339
04:40:54,808 --> 04:40:57,400
that was disorganized and stuck 
in an impossible situation 

5340
04:40:57,400 --> 04:41:00,700
instead. 
He faced a coordinated attack by

5341
04:41:00,700 --> 04:41:03,300
professional soldiers, who had 
learned from the mistakes of 

5342
04:41:03,300 --> 04:41:05,400
their predecessors Edward's 
Army. 

5343
04:41:05,400 --> 04:41:07,400
Had heavy Cavalry, professional 
infantry. 

5344
04:41:07,400 --> 04:41:10,600
And Welsh longbowmen who could 
kill Scottish soldiers from far 

5345
04:41:10,600 --> 04:41:14,400
away which made close combat 
tactics, useless Wallace. 

5346
04:41:14,400 --> 04:41:17,200
Had put his troops in defensive,
formations called chill troms, 

5347
04:41:17,200 --> 04:41:20,500
which were basically Circles of 
men with Spears pointed out like

5348
04:41:20,500 --> 04:41:23,400
medieval porcupine's. 
This was a good way to stop 

5349
04:41:23,400 --> 04:41:25,500
Cavalry Charges. 
And at first, the English 

5350
04:41:25,500 --> 04:41:27,700
Knights couldn't get through 
these walls of spear points. 

5351
04:41:27,700 --> 04:41:31,200
But Edward had brought those 
longbowmen from Wales for just 

5352
04:41:31,200 --> 04:41:34,100
this kind of thing, Harrow 
started to fall on the Scottish 

5353
04:41:34,100 --> 04:41:37,800
formation with deadly, accuracy 
and Spears aren't very good at 

5354
04:41:37,800 --> 04:41:40,600
defending against things that 
come from above the shield, 

5355
04:41:40,600 --> 04:41:42,700
trumps, which had successfully 
fought off. 

5356
04:41:42,700 --> 04:41:45,900
Cavalry attacks, the game, easy 
targets for Archers who could 

5357
04:41:45,900 --> 04:41:48,300
hit them from a distance that 
No, Scottish weapons could 

5358
04:41:48,300 --> 04:41:50,500
reach. 
You can imagine Wallace watching

5359
04:41:50,500 --> 04:41:52,800
his carefully. 
Planned defenses, fall apart in 

5360
04:41:52,800 --> 04:41:55,700
the storm of arrows and 
realizing that this battle was 

5361
04:41:55,700 --> 04:41:58,100
going to be very different from 
the one at Stirling Bridge 

5362
04:41:58,100 --> 04:42:00,300
instead of using traditional 
tactics. 

5363
04:42:00,300 --> 04:42:03,300
That worked well for the Scots, 
the English learned to use their

5364
04:42:03,300 --> 04:42:07,000
technological advantages. 
The loss at Falkirk was complete

5365
04:42:07,000 --> 04:42:10,400
and very discouraging. 
Wallace's Army didn't just lose.

5366
04:42:10,400 --> 04:42:13,100
It was no longer able to fight 
Wallace. 

5367
04:42:13,100 --> 04:42:15,800
Barely made it out alive, but 
thousands of Scots died. 

5368
04:42:16,500 --> 04:42:19,800
After Sterling Bridge people 
called The Man Scotland savior 

5369
04:42:19,800 --> 04:42:23,400
but now he was on the run. 
Again, this time without an army

5370
04:42:23,400 --> 04:42:25,600
to lead and no clear way to 
build one, back up. 

5371
04:42:25,600 --> 04:42:28,600
After full Kirk Wallace, stepped
down, as guardian of Scotland, 

5372
04:42:28,600 --> 04:42:32,200
he probably realized that he was
no longer useful as a regular 

5373
04:42:32,200 --> 04:42:35,400
military leader, the Nobles who 
had backed him started looking 

5374
04:42:35,400 --> 04:42:38,400
for other options such as 
talking to Edward in stead of 

5375
04:42:38,400 --> 04:42:41,700
continuing, a fight that seemed 
more and more pointless Wallace.

5376
04:42:41,700 --> 04:42:43,800
On the other hand couldn't or 
wouldn't accept that. 

5377
04:42:43,800 --> 04:42:45,500
Scotland's fight for 
independence was over. 

5378
04:42:46,300 --> 04:42:48,900
Instead of going into Exile or 
trying to make peace with their 

5379
04:42:48,900 --> 04:42:52,600
Edward, he spent the next few 
years acting as a diplomat and a

5380
04:42:52,600 --> 04:42:55,300
guerrilla fighter, he tried to 
get support from other countries

5381
04:42:55,300 --> 04:42:58,700
for Scottish independence, while
also attacking English positions

5382
04:42:58,700 --> 04:43:01,300
and Scotland. 
This was probably the most 

5383
04:43:01,300 --> 04:43:03,200
frustrating time in Wallace's 
life. 

5384
04:43:03,200 --> 04:43:06,000
He was well known in Europe as 
the man who had beaten in 

5385
04:43:06,000 --> 04:43:08,500
English army. 
But being famous, doesn't mean, 

5386
04:43:08,500 --> 04:43:09,900
you can get help from the 
military. 

5387
04:43:09,900 --> 04:43:12,100
It was easy. 
Foreign courts to meet with the 

5388
04:43:12,100 --> 04:43:15,000
famous William Wallace, but 
giving him troops or money to 

5389
04:43:15,000 --> 04:43:16,600
fighting. 
Glenn was a more complicated 

5390
04:43:16,600 --> 04:43:19,900
political decision Wallace. 
Spent time in France, where 

5391
04:43:19,900 --> 04:43:21,900
people treated him with the 
respect due to someone who had 

5392
04:43:21,900 --> 04:43:25,300
embarrassed the king of England.
However, he didn't get much real

5393
04:43:25,300 --> 04:43:27,400
help. 
He went to roam to get the pope 

5394
04:43:27,400 --> 04:43:29,700
support for Scottish 
independence, which is like 

5395
04:43:29,700 --> 04:43:33,300
trying to get the world to 
recognize a political cause The 

5396
04:43:33,300 --> 04:43:34,800
war went on in Scotland without 
him though. 

5397
04:43:34,800 --> 04:43:37,800
Other leaders joined the fight 
and sometimes they won and 

5398
04:43:37,800 --> 04:43:40,900
sometimes they lost Wallace. 
Had become more of a symbol than

5399
04:43:40,900 --> 04:43:43,800
an active participant in his 
country struggle, which was 

5400
04:43:43,800 --> 04:43:46,500
probably not how he had imagined
his career would go, when he 

5401
04:43:46,500 --> 04:43:49,200
killed the sheriff of Lanark. 
When he finally got back to 

5402
04:43:49,200 --> 04:43:52,800
Scotland around, 1303 he found a
country that had been fighting 

5403
04:43:52,800 --> 04:43:55,300
for years and was getting more 
and more tired of it. 

5404
04:43:56,000 --> 04:43:58,600
Edward strategy of constant 
pressure and harsh. 

5405
04:43:58,600 --> 04:44:01,700
Retaliation was working. 
The Scottish resistance was 

5406
04:44:01,700 --> 04:44:04,800
weakening and many nobles were 
starting to think that giving up

5407
04:44:04,800 --> 04:44:06,200
was better than more 
destruction. 

5408
04:44:07,400 --> 04:44:09,200
Wallace. 
On the other hand was, still 

5409
04:44:09,200 --> 04:44:11,700
committed to a cause that was 
starting to look hopeless. 

5410
04:44:11,700 --> 04:44:14,500
William Wallace had become 
something more and less than 

5411
04:44:14,500 --> 04:44:16,700
what he had planned to be by the
year 1305. 

5412
04:44:16,700 --> 04:44:20,400
He was no longer the leader of 
Scotland's resistance that job 

5413
04:44:20,400 --> 04:44:22,700
had gone to other people who 
were better at dealing with the 

5414
04:44:22,700 --> 04:44:24,900
complicated politics of medieval
warfare. 

5415
04:44:24,900 --> 04:44:27,600
But he had become something that
could be more dangerous to 

5416
04:44:27,600 --> 04:44:30,000
English interests. 
A simple of Scottish 

5417
04:44:30,000 --> 04:44:32,200
independence that couldn't be 
beaten by normal. 

5418
04:44:32,200 --> 04:44:35,600
Military means, Edward Divine 
knew, how powerful symbols could

5419
04:44:35,600 --> 04:44:38,600
be, which is why he made such a 
big deal out of taking Scottish 

5420
04:44:38,600 --> 04:44:41,700
regalia, like the stone of 
Destiny after he conquered the 

5421
04:44:41,700 --> 04:44:45,100
country, it was easier to move a
stone to Westminster Abbey than 

5422
04:44:45,100 --> 04:44:48,900
to stop a living legend. 
William Wallace's Freedom meant 

5423
04:44:48,900 --> 04:44:51,000
that Scottish resistance could 
always start up again. 

5424
04:44:51,000 --> 04:44:54,000
It was probably only a matter of
time before Wallace was caught 

5425
04:44:54,000 --> 04:44:57,600
near Glasgow on August 1305. 
He had been working without a 

5426
04:44:57,608 --> 04:45:00,900
solid base of support depending 
on a network of allies who are 

5427
04:45:00,908 --> 04:45:03,800
getting more and more pressure 
from English authorities, the 

5428
04:45:03,800 --> 04:45:06,500
man who had once LED armies was 
now forced to move quietly 

5429
04:45:06,500 --> 04:45:09,800
through the countryside where 
anyone who helped him was in 

5430
04:45:09,800 --> 04:45:10,900
great danger. 
The way. 

5431
04:45:10,900 --> 04:45:13,900
The English reacted to Wallace's
capture showed how much Edward 

5432
04:45:13,900 --> 04:45:16,700
the first had been bothered by 
this small, Scottish landowner 

5433
04:45:16,700 --> 04:45:19,800
who didn't want to accept. 
Defeat Wallace wasn't just 

5434
04:45:19,800 --> 04:45:23,100
killed as a rebel. 
He was put on trial and punished

5435
04:45:23,100 --> 04:45:25,500
in a way that would destroy not 
only the man, but also the 

5436
04:45:25,500 --> 04:45:29,200
symbol he had become Wallace was
charged with treason that this 

5437
04:45:29,200 --> 04:45:32,200
was legally murky because he had
never sworn loyalty to Edward. 

5438
04:45:33,200 --> 04:45:36,100
Phil wasn't so much about 
finding out who was guilty as it

5439
04:45:36,100 --> 04:45:38,700
was about making a public 
spectacle to show, how pointless

5440
04:45:38,700 --> 04:45:42,300
it was to fighting English rule.
Edward wanted Wallace's death to

5441
04:45:42,300 --> 04:45:45,300
be a warning to anyone else who 
might want to do the same thing 

5442
04:45:45,300 --> 04:45:49,500
Wallace was put to death in 
London on August 23rd. 1305. 

5443
04:45:49,500 --> 04:45:53,000
In the kind of cruel way that 
medieval authorities used to 

5444
04:45:53,000 --> 04:45:55,200
punish people. 
They wanted to make examples of 

5445
04:45:55,200 --> 04:45:59,200
the execution was meant to be as
public and scary as possible to 

5446
04:45:59,200 --> 04:46:01,800
show what happened to people who
went against English rule in 

5447
04:46:01,808 --> 04:46:04,100
Scotland. 
But Edward that I made a mistake

5448
04:46:04,100 --> 04:46:05,800
that many rulers of made in the 
past. 

5449
04:46:05,800 --> 04:46:09,000
He thought that killing a symbol
would destroy what it stood for 

5450
04:46:09,000 --> 04:46:12,200
Wallace's execution, on the 
other hand, turned him from a 

5451
04:46:12,200 --> 04:46:14,900
failed Rebel into a martyr for 
Scottish independence. 

5452
04:46:14,900 --> 04:46:18,300
He was more of a threat to 
English interest after he died 

5453
04:46:18,300 --> 04:46:21,800
the when he was alive, William 
Wallace's story didn't end when 

5454
04:46:21,800 --> 04:46:23,900
he died. 
It became something that was 

5455
04:46:23,908 --> 04:46:26,700
part History. 
Part Legend and completely 

5456
04:46:26,700 --> 04:46:29,300
Scottish Robert. 
The Bruce took up the cause of 

5457
04:46:29,300 --> 04:46:31,600
Scottish independence. 
A few years after Wallace was 

5458
04:46:31,608 --> 04:46:33,800
killed. 
He eventually reached the goal 

5459
04:46:33,800 --> 04:46:36,600
that Wallace had died. 
Fighting for Bruce's, success 

5460
04:46:36,600 --> 04:46:39,600
was built on the resistance that
Wallace had started and the 

5461
04:46:39,600 --> 04:46:43,000
inspiration that His death, gave
him Wallace became a symbol of 

5462
04:46:43,000 --> 04:46:46,400
not only Scottish independence, 
but also the idea that regular 

5463
04:46:46,400 --> 04:46:48,900
people could stand up to 
powerful forces over the years. 

5464
04:46:48,900 --> 04:46:52,600
His story was told again and 
again, with more details, added 

5465
04:46:52,600 --> 04:46:55,900
made more romantic and changed 
to fit the political needs of 

5466
04:46:55,900 --> 04:46:59,100
different times. 
But the main idea stayed the 

5467
04:46:59,100 --> 04:47:03,400
same a man who chose to fight in
giving up the irony of William. 

5468
04:47:03,400 --> 04:47:06,900
Wallace's Legacy is that he was 
a quiet landowner who never 

5469
04:47:06,900 --> 04:47:10,300
meant to lead a rebellion but he
ended up inspiring rebellions 

5470
04:47:10,300 --> 04:47:12,500
and movements for Independence 
all over the world. 

5471
04:47:12,500 --> 04:47:16,000
His life served as a paradigm of
how personal bravery could 

5472
04:47:16,000 --> 04:47:19,100
confront seemingly 
insurmountable Authority and his

5473
04:47:19,100 --> 04:47:22,400
demise Illustrated how martyrdom
could possess greater political 

5474
04:47:22,400 --> 04:47:24,400
significance than military 
Triumph. 

5475
04:47:24,400 --> 04:47:27,400
When you hear the name Wallace 
today, your hearing about a 

5476
04:47:27,400 --> 04:47:29,400
person who is somewhere between 
history and Legend. 

5477
04:47:30,200 --> 04:47:33,400
He is both what really happened 
in medieval Scotland and what 

5478
04:47:33,400 --> 04:47:35,100
people have needed, that history
to mean. 

5479
04:47:35,100 --> 04:47:38,300
The man who killed the sheriff 
of Lanark because he couldn't 

5480
04:47:38,300 --> 04:47:41,900
stand for an occupation had 
become immortal in the same way 

5481
04:47:41,900 --> 04:47:43,900
that would have shocked and 
probably amused him. 

5482
04:47:43,900 --> 04:47:47,200
The most, his story reminds us 
that sometimes the heroes who 

5483
04:47:47,200 --> 04:47:49,900
don't want to be heroes and 
never plan to change history. 

5484
04:47:49,900 --> 04:47:53,400
End up leaving the biggest marks
on it, this is because they 

5485
04:47:53,400 --> 04:47:56,100
reach a point where they can't 
stand to watch anymore and 

5486
04:47:56,100 --> 04:47:59,100
decide to do something about it.
No matter what the consequences.

5487
04:48:04,600 --> 04:48:09,100
Alexander Hamilton was born 
around, January 11th, 1755 or 

5488
04:48:09,100 --> 04:48:13,200
1757 given. 
Conflicting records in Nevis a 

5489
04:48:13,200 --> 04:48:16,300
small island in the Caribbean's 
Leeward chain, his father, 

5490
04:48:16,300 --> 04:48:19,100
James, Hamilton, hailed from 
Scotland and drifted 

5491
04:48:19,100 --> 04:48:21,800
financially. 
While his mother, Rachel Fawcett

5492
04:48:21,800 --> 04:48:23,700
was a strange from a prior 
marriage. 

5493
04:48:23,700 --> 04:48:27,700
So social stigma dogged the 
family as Hamilton was deemed, 

5494
04:48:27,700 --> 04:48:30,600
illegitimate childhood brought 
precarious, living conditions 

5495
04:48:30,600 --> 04:48:34,600
amid the sugar-based economy 
reliant on enslaved labor Still 

5496
04:48:34,600 --> 04:48:37,900
the bright Caribbean, Sun, and 
bustle of Ireland, trade shaped 

5497
04:48:37,900 --> 04:48:39,800
his early impressions of 
Commerce and hierarchy. 

5498
04:48:39,800 --> 04:48:43,700
By the time, Hamilton reached 
adolescence familial hardships, 

5499
04:48:43,700 --> 04:48:47,100
worsened his father left 
compounding, the family's 

5500
04:48:47,100 --> 04:48:50,100
instability. 
Then a fever to his mother when 

5501
04:48:50,100 --> 04:48:54,100
he was around 11:00 orphaned 
Hamilton found Refuge with local

5502
04:48:54,100 --> 04:48:57,200
Merchants who recognized Keen. 
Mind behind the boys formal, but

5503
04:48:57,200 --> 04:48:59,800
urgent letters. 
He took a clock in job at 

5504
04:48:59,800 --> 04:49:02,300
Beekman and Kruger's. 
Trading firm absorbing the 

5505
04:49:02,300 --> 04:49:05,600
mechanic of shipping manifests, 
currency exchange and 

5506
04:49:05,600 --> 04:49:09,200
negotiation. 
Observers noted a precocious 

5507
04:49:09,200 --> 04:49:11,400
skill in accountancy and a calm 
Under Pressure. 

5508
04:49:11,400 --> 04:49:15,300
When Storms disrupted, cargo 
arrivals, this apprenticeship 

5509
04:49:15,300 --> 04:49:17,900
would lay the groundwork for 
Hamilton's later Mastery of 

5510
04:49:17,900 --> 04:49:20,700
financial systems. 
A crucial moment arrived. 

5511
04:49:20,700 --> 04:49:23,700
When Hamilton Pender Vivid 
letter describing A hurricane's,

5512
04:49:23,700 --> 04:49:27,000
Devastation his prose published 
in a local paper. 

5513
04:49:27,000 --> 04:49:30,600
So impressed leading citizens 
that they raise funds to send 

5514
04:49:30,600 --> 04:49:33,000
him to Mainland. 
Colonies for Education, the 

5515
04:49:33,000 --> 04:49:36,300
budding writer set sail, 
eventually Landing in. 

5516
04:49:36,300 --> 04:49:39,400
British North America. 
They precisely how he arranged 

5517
04:49:39,400 --> 04:49:41,400
for the schooling remains partly
obscure. 

5518
04:49:42,100 --> 04:49:44,900
By the time he stepped onto 
Mainland soil, Hamilton 

5519
04:49:44,900 --> 04:49:48,100
possessed, an unshakable resolve
to escape the constraints of 

5520
04:49:48,100 --> 04:49:51,700
colonial class, Prejudice and 
prove his intellect in a broader

5521
04:49:51,700 --> 04:49:54,100
Arena. 
He enrolled at King's College 

5522
04:49:54,100 --> 04:49:56,600
later, Columbia University in 
New York City. 

5523
04:49:57,500 --> 04:50:00,700
Political tension sword as 
Britain, imposed new taxes and 

5524
04:50:00,700 --> 04:50:02,300
cracked down on Colonial 
resistance. 

5525
04:50:02,300 --> 04:50:06,800
Hamilton originally courses 
soon, found himself stirred by 

5526
04:50:06,800 --> 04:50:10,800
pamphlets on natural rights. 
He contributed Anonymous essays 

5527
04:50:10,800 --> 04:50:13,800
defending Colonial, protests 
revealing a knack for political 

5528
04:50:13,800 --> 04:50:16,700
writing Spike. 
His youthful status readers 

5529
04:50:16,700 --> 04:50:19,200
found, his arguments. 
Chris blending logic with moral 

5530
04:50:19,200 --> 04:50:21,600
further. 
However, the outbreak of open 

5531
04:50:21,600 --> 04:50:24,300
Conflict at Lexington and 
Concord disrupted studies at 

5532
04:50:24,300 --> 04:50:27,100
King's College. 
Hamilton though, short of 

5533
04:50:27,100 --> 04:50:30,700
stature was physically active 
and spirited He joined a 

5534
04:50:30,700 --> 04:50:33,700
volunteer artillery company 
drilling near City squares. 

5535
04:50:34,300 --> 04:50:36,800
Even a shots from British ships,
threatened Manhattan. 

5536
04:50:36,800 --> 04:50:41,000
He balanced academics with 
preparing for possible war in 

5537
04:50:41,000 --> 04:50:44,200
1776. 
Amid, the swirl of confusion 

5538
04:50:44,200 --> 04:50:47,700
over Independence, Hamilton left
formal schooling to commit, 

5539
04:50:47,700 --> 04:50:51,700
fully to the Patriot cause some 
peers found in bold to do so, 

5540
04:50:51,700 --> 04:50:55,400
but Hamilton believed in forging
a new order that might reward 

5541
04:50:55,400 --> 04:50:58,500
Merit over birth. 
After forming an artillery unit 

5542
04:50:58,500 --> 04:51:01,600
Hamilton, exhibited discipline 
and quick strategic. 

5543
04:51:01,600 --> 04:51:05,300
Thinking at the disastrous 
Battle of Long Island, his unit 

5544
04:51:05,300 --> 04:51:09,000
helped secure a retreat. 
The next months through near 

5545
04:51:09,000 --> 04:51:11,300
collapses, he drew the notice of
key figures. 

5546
04:51:12,200 --> 04:51:16,900
During the harsh winter of 1776 
to 1777 with the Army, battered 

5547
04:51:16,900 --> 04:51:19,700
Hamilton's diligence in 
orchestrating supplies. 

5548
04:51:19,700 --> 04:51:22,700
And maintaining morale, stood 
out, General, George Washington,

5549
04:51:22,700 --> 04:51:26,300
recognized these talents 
inviting Hamilton to serve as an

5550
04:51:26,300 --> 04:51:30,100
aide to Camp an assignment that 
while staff bound gave Hamilton 

5551
04:51:30,100 --> 04:51:33,500
unprecedented exposure to 
high-level decision-making in 

5552
04:51:33,500 --> 04:51:36,900
Washington's Camp, Hamilton 
became indispensable drafting 

5553
04:51:36,900 --> 04:51:40,100
letters, shaping policy briefs, 
and forging alliances with other

5554
04:51:40,100 --> 04:51:42,600
officers. 
He gleaned Leadership Lessons 

5555
04:51:42,600 --> 04:51:45,500
From the General's balancing of 
caution and daring, yet. 

5556
04:51:45,500 --> 04:51:47,700
Hamilton always seeking direct 
action. 

5557
04:51:47,700 --> 04:51:51,800
Occasionally chafed, at staff 
duties, yearned, to lead troops 

5558
04:51:51,800 --> 04:51:55,100
on the battlefield tensions, 
with senior officers, sometimes 

5559
04:51:55,100 --> 04:51:59,300
flared once Hamilton fell out 
with Washington, for a perceived

5560
04:51:59,300 --> 04:52:03,000
slight over tardiness, but they 
eventually reconciled despite 

5561
04:52:03,000 --> 04:52:07,000
these brief spats the Synergy 
between them grew anchored in 

5562
04:52:07,008 --> 04:52:09,400
mutual respect for diligence and
strategy. 

5563
04:52:10,300 --> 04:52:14,600
Throughout 1777 to 1778. 
Hamilton's writing skill 

5564
04:52:14,600 --> 04:52:16,100
extended to political 
commentary. 

5565
04:52:16,100 --> 04:52:19,400
He published essays advocating 
for a stronger Central 

5566
04:52:19,400 --> 04:52:22,900
authority, to unify the war 
effort, the rickety Continental 

5567
04:52:22,900 --> 04:52:26,100
Congress lacking stable finance 
and overshadowed by state 

5568
04:52:26,100 --> 04:52:29,100
autonomy. 
Troubled him, he believed only a

5569
04:52:29,100 --> 04:52:32,100
robust National structure, could
defeat Britain this conviction 

5570
04:52:32,100 --> 04:52:34,100
would later inform his 
championing of a Federal 

5571
04:52:34,100 --> 04:52:37,900
Constitution Meanwhile, in the 
immediate of War. 

5572
04:52:37,900 --> 04:52:42,100
He juggled mission after mission
for Washington, coordinating 

5573
04:52:42,100 --> 04:52:45,100
intelligence planning for 
Combined Franko, American 

5574
04:52:45,100 --> 04:52:48,600
operations. 
And refining Supply, requests by

5575
04:52:48,600 --> 04:52:52,400
17179 Hamilton stood, at the 
intersection of military and 

5576
04:52:52,400 --> 04:52:56,200
political Realms forging, the 
identity of an intellect who saw

5577
04:52:56,200 --> 04:52:58,600
National success hinged upon 
structure and cohesive 

5578
04:52:58,600 --> 04:53:02,500
governance. 
In early, 1780, Alexander 

5579
04:53:02,500 --> 04:53:05,700
Hamilton encountered, Elizabeth 
Schuyler daughter of General. 

5580
04:53:05,700 --> 04:53:08,800
Philip Schuyler a prominent New 
York, family patriarch. 

5581
04:53:09,700 --> 04:53:13,300
Their courtship blossomed 
swiftly, Elizabeth, often called

5582
04:53:13,300 --> 04:53:16,800
the Eliza shared Hamilton's 
patriotic further and admired 

5583
04:53:16,800 --> 04:53:20,300
his Restless intellect. 
They married in December, 1780 

5584
04:53:20,300 --> 04:53:23,000
forging a partnership that would
steady Hamilton through 

5585
04:53:23,000 --> 04:53:26,200
tumultuous times. 
The Skyler connection also 

5586
04:53:26,200 --> 04:53:28,900
raised his social standing, 
giving him a link to one of the 

5587
04:53:28,900 --> 04:53:32,700
colonies influential Clans. 
Some whispered that Hamilton are

5588
04:53:32,700 --> 04:53:35,800
once penniless immigrant had 
upped but he dismissed such 

5589
04:53:35,800 --> 04:53:39,000
insinuations cherishing Eliza's 
steadfast support. 

5590
04:53:39,000 --> 04:53:42,300
Meanwhile Hamilton's yearning 
for field command. 

5591
04:53:42,300 --> 04:53:46,400
Lingard, he finally saw the 
action at the siege of Yorktown 

5592
04:53:46,400 --> 04:53:52,000
in 1781 leading a knight of salt
on British redoubts this bold 

5593
04:53:52,000 --> 04:53:54,600
for a brief. 
Gave him the battlefield 

5594
04:53:54,600 --> 04:53:56,200
credibility. 
He had long craved. 

5595
04:53:57,100 --> 04:54:00,500
After Yorktown success. 
The wars momentum shifted. 

5596
04:54:01,400 --> 04:54:03,000
Peace negotiations. 
Advanced. 

5597
04:54:03,700 --> 04:54:05,900
Coleman dating in, Britain's 
formal acknowledgment of 

5598
04:54:05,900 --> 04:54:09,300
American independence. 
With the conflict winding down 

5599
04:54:09,300 --> 04:54:11,800
Hamilton resigned from 
Washington's staff. 

5600
04:54:11,800 --> 04:54:15,300
Now, his energy is turned to the
new nation's post-war 

5601
04:54:15,300 --> 04:54:18,000
reconstruction. 
He recognized that Independence 

5602
04:54:18,000 --> 04:54:21,100
alone, didn't guarantee 
Prosperity, a more cohesive 

5603
04:54:21,100 --> 04:54:24,700
Union was necessary. 
Back in civilian life, Hamilton 

5604
04:54:24,700 --> 04:54:29,500
studied law intensively. 
Passing the bar in 1782 settling

5605
04:54:29,500 --> 04:54:31,600
in New York. 
He found a city grappling with 

5606
04:54:31,600 --> 04:54:34,100
war debts. 
Local factionalism, intention 

5607
04:54:34,100 --> 04:54:36,200
between wealthy merchants and 
populist artists. 

5608
04:54:37,200 --> 04:54:39,800
Hamilton opened a law practice 
specializing in commercial 

5609
04:54:39,800 --> 04:54:43,400
disputes, revealing a knack for 
clarifying intricate financial 

5610
04:54:43,400 --> 04:54:46,100
matters. 
Through these cases, he saw 

5611
04:54:46,100 --> 04:54:48,700
first-hand how the Articles of 
Confederation left the national 

5612
04:54:48,700 --> 04:54:51,500
government too, weak to regulate
trade or imposed taxes. 

5613
04:54:52,300 --> 04:54:55,000
Leaving States in disarray and 
stifling economic growth. 

5614
04:54:55,000 --> 04:54:58,200
He started writing articles 
calling for a stronger Central 

5615
04:54:58,200 --> 04:55:01,300
Authority overshadowing the 
patchwork of State base 

5616
04:55:01,300 --> 04:55:05,000
Solutions in 1786. 
Shays Rebellion in Western 

5617
04:55:05,000 --> 04:55:08,200
Massachusetts alarmed, many 
national figures, including 

5618
04:55:08,200 --> 04:55:11,800
Hamilton that Revolt by indebted
Farmers demonstrated that 

5619
04:55:11,800 --> 04:55:14,100
unchecked local. 
Unrest, could threaten broader 

5620
04:55:14,100 --> 04:55:17,800
stability, Hamilton used it as 
fodder to argue that the current

5621
04:55:17,800 --> 04:55:20,400
Confederation risked fracturing 
under internal stress. 

5622
04:55:20,400 --> 04:55:24,500
He joined with others such as 
James Madison to push for a 

5623
04:55:24,500 --> 04:55:27,500
convention that would revise the
Articles although the Annapolis 

5624
04:55:27,500 --> 04:55:31,500
convention of 1786 was sparsely 
attended, it led to the more 

5625
04:55:31,500 --> 04:55:33,600
definitive Philadelphia 
Convention of 1787. 

5626
04:55:35,200 --> 04:55:38,700
Hamilton arrived in Philadelphia
with well-honed convictions. 

5627
04:55:38,700 --> 04:55:40,600
He believed the new government 
needed. 

5628
04:55:40,600 --> 04:55:44,200
Robust Powers the capacity 
attacks regulate commerce, 

5629
04:55:44,200 --> 04:55:47,500
maintain, an army and ensure 
domestic peace yet. 

5630
04:55:47,500 --> 04:55:50,600
He faced considerable skepticism
from delegates, who feared 

5631
04:55:50,600 --> 04:55:54,200
monarchy indeed Hamilton's 
personal proposal at the 

5632
04:55:54,208 --> 04:55:56,400
convention. 
Favoring lifetime terms for 

5633
04:55:56,400 --> 04:56:00,000
executives and Senators seem too
close to monarchy for many. 

5634
04:56:01,100 --> 04:56:04,100
Realizing the groups. 
Mood Hamilton set aside those 

5635
04:56:04,100 --> 04:56:07,000
extremes. 
He worked a broker compromises 

5636
04:56:07,000 --> 04:56:11,100
will overshadowed by Madison 
systematic plan, Hamilton's 

5637
04:56:11,100 --> 04:56:14,100
rhetorical skill and one-on-one 
lobbying helped shape the final 

5638
04:56:14,100 --> 04:56:17,800
Constitution. 
After four taxing months, the 

5639
04:56:17,800 --> 04:56:21,900
Constitutional was signed in 
September 1787, yet ratification

5640
04:56:21,900 --> 04:56:25,200
required, each State's approval,
sensing a fierce debate. 

5641
04:56:25,200 --> 04:56:27,400
Hamilton. 
Collaborated with Madison and 

5642
04:56:27,400 --> 04:56:30,300
John Jay to pen The Federalist 
Papers under the sudden in 

5643
04:56:30,300 --> 04:56:33,200
publicist. 
Hamilton wrote the majority to 

5644
04:56:33,200 --> 04:56:37,000
proposed structures like the 
president, see Senate and 

5645
04:56:37,000 --> 04:56:39,400
Judiciary and addressing 
Anti-Federalists. 

5646
04:56:39,400 --> 04:56:43,300
Fears His essays emphasized 
checks and balances the 

5647
04:56:43,300 --> 04:56:46,300
necessity of a central authority
to manage Commerce and defense. 

5648
04:56:47,200 --> 04:56:50,800
and the improbability of tyranny
under the new system, these 

5649
04:56:50,800 --> 04:56:53,700
Federalist essays profoundly 
influence, the ratification 

5650
04:56:53,700 --> 04:56:57,300
discourse marking Hamilton as a 
top tier constitutional, 

5651
04:56:57,300 --> 04:57:00,900
interpreter with the 
Constitution ratified in 1788 

5652
04:57:00,900 --> 04:57:04,100
Hamilton died. 
A new challenge forging actual 

5653
04:57:04,100 --> 04:57:07,500
governments. 
When George Washington became 

5654
04:57:07,500 --> 04:57:10,600
the first president, he tapped 
Hamilton as Secretary of the 

5655
04:57:10,600 --> 04:57:12,200
Treasury. 
Hamilton. 

5656
04:57:12,200 --> 04:57:15,300
Embracing, the role discovered, 
an untapped opportunity to 

5657
04:57:15,308 --> 04:57:17,100
establish a National Financial 
system. 

5658
04:57:17,900 --> 04:57:20,400
He inherited a war debt that 
threatened the new nation's 

5659
04:57:20,400 --> 04:57:22,600
credit. 
In a flurry of reports to 

5660
04:57:22,600 --> 04:57:25,100
Congress, he proposed the 
federal Assumption of State 

5661
04:57:25,100 --> 04:57:27,900
debts, the issuance of new 
government bonds and the 

5662
04:57:27,900 --> 04:57:30,800
creation of a National Bank, 
these measures aimed to unify 

5663
04:57:30,800 --> 04:57:33,100
Finance is spurring economic 
confidence. 

5664
04:57:33,100 --> 04:57:36,600
However, they ignited, Fierce 
opposition led by Thomas 

5665
04:57:36,600 --> 04:57:40,100
Jefferson and James Madison who 
deemed them, expansion of 

5666
04:57:40,100 --> 04:57:42,400
federal power to the detriment 
of State. 

5667
04:57:42,400 --> 04:57:46,100
Autonomy, despite pushback, 
Hamilton's financial plan, 

5668
04:57:46,100 --> 04:57:49,700
largely prevailed in Congress. 
And carefully negotiated with 

5669
04:57:49,700 --> 04:57:53,100
Southerners trading, the idea of
placing the national capital on 

5670
04:57:53,100 --> 04:57:56,400
the Potomac for their backing on
debt assumption, the bank of the

5671
04:57:56,400 --> 04:58:00,900
United States authorized in 1791
Consolidated. 

5672
04:58:00,900 --> 04:58:05,300
Federal financial might and 
fostered stable currently This 

5673
04:58:05,300 --> 04:58:08,700
forging of a national economy 
was overshadowed by ideological.

5674
04:58:08,700 --> 04:58:12,100
Splits what some labeled 
Hamilton's acceptance of 

5675
04:58:12,100 --> 04:58:16,600
Consolidated, Authority, even 
quasi monarchical forms but 

5676
04:58:16,600 --> 04:58:18,900
Hamilton believed it was 
essential for a dynamic 

5677
04:58:18,900 --> 04:58:23,600
Republic. by the early 1790s, he
had become a central figure in 

5678
04:58:23,600 --> 04:58:26,500
Washington's cabinet driving a 
vision of an industrial 

5679
04:58:26,500 --> 04:58:30,400
commercially robust, America, 
rivalries with Jefferson however

5680
04:58:30,400 --> 04:58:33,700
would soon erupt shaping the 
political landscape for years to

5681
04:58:33,700 --> 04:58:36,100
come a Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

5682
04:58:36,100 --> 04:58:39,800
Alexander Hamilton found himself
entwined in ideological 

5683
04:58:39,800 --> 04:58:44,000
showdowns with Thomas Jefferson,
then Secretary of State Jeffrey.

5684
04:58:44,000 --> 04:58:46,500
Jefferson envisioned, an 
agrarian Republic of independent

5685
04:58:46,500 --> 04:58:49,900
Farmers, with limited Federal 
intrusion, Hamilton. 

5686
04:58:49,900 --> 04:58:53,600
Conversely believed Camaros 
industry and robust National 

5687
04:58:53,600 --> 04:58:56,300
structures would anchor the 
nation's progress. 

5688
04:58:57,200 --> 04:59:00,000
Both men recognized George 
Washington, as a stabilizing 

5689
04:59:00,000 --> 04:59:03,300
presence, yet their friction, 
fueled early factional lines 

5690
04:59:03,300 --> 04:59:07,000
Federalists, rallied around 
Hamilton while Jefferson's 

5691
04:59:07,000 --> 04:59:10,300
faction later the Democratic 
Republicans grew around his 

5692
04:59:10,300 --> 04:59:12,000
agrarian, limited government 
stance. 

5693
04:59:13,200 --> 04:59:16,400
Foreign policy, stoked further 
tension the French Revolution 

5694
04:59:16,400 --> 04:59:21,600
launched in 1789, escalated into
European War by the early 1790s 

5695
04:59:21,600 --> 04:59:23,800
France pressed for us 
assistance. 

5696
04:59:23,800 --> 04:59:28,500
Citing the 1778 Alliance 
Hamilton mindful of Britain as a

5697
04:59:28,500 --> 04:59:31,000
crucial trading partner and 
believing the US lacked 

5698
04:59:31,000 --> 04:59:34,600
resources. 
Urged neutrality, Jefferson more

5699
04:59:34,600 --> 04:59:37,800
sympathetic to revolutionary 
ideals favored measured support 

5700
04:59:37,800 --> 04:59:41,400
for France Washington adopted a 
policy of official neutrality in

5701
04:59:41,400 --> 04:59:45,500
1793 endorsing Hamilton's 
pragmatic approach. 

5702
04:59:46,600 --> 04:59:49,500
This decision, outraged Ardent, 
francophiles in the public, but 

5703
04:59:49,500 --> 04:59:51,200
secured commercial ties with 
Britain. 

5704
04:59:51,900 --> 04:59:54,700
Meanwhile, Hamilton Advanced 
domestic policies that 

5705
04:59:54,700 --> 04:59:57,200
integrated State's deeper into 
the federal system. 

5706
04:59:57,900 --> 05:00:01,700
He introduced excise taxes, 
including one on Whiskey aiming 

5707
05:00:01,700 --> 05:00:06,100
to bolster federal revenue. 
In 1794, this whiskey, tax 

5708
05:00:06,100 --> 05:00:09,000
incited unrest among Frontier 
farmers in Western Pennsylvania.

5709
05:00:09,000 --> 05:00:12,000
Culminating in the so-called 
Whiskey Rebellion. 

5710
05:00:12,900 --> 05:00:15,500
Hamilton urged Washington to a 
certain National Authority. 

5711
05:00:15,500 --> 05:00:19,300
And the president dispatched 
militia to quell the Revolt, the

5712
05:00:19,300 --> 05:00:21,600
rebellious Farmers dispersed 
with without major Bloodshed 

5713
05:00:21,600 --> 05:00:25,800
Hamilton's critics though. 
Branded him a tyrant accusing 

5714
05:00:25,800 --> 05:00:29,800
him of trampling local freedoms.
Hamilton argued that only firm 

5715
05:00:29,800 --> 05:00:32,200
enforcement proved the 
Constitution's viability over 

5716
05:00:32,200 --> 05:00:35,500
the old feeble Articles of 
Confederation clashes, over the 

5717
05:00:35,508 --> 05:00:38,000
bank of the United States. 
Further deepened, the Hamilton 

5718
05:00:38,000 --> 05:00:40,700
Jefferson. 
Divide Jefferson viewed the bank

5719
05:00:40,700 --> 05:00:44,500
as constitutionally suspect not 
enumerated in the founding 

5720
05:00:44,500 --> 05:00:48,200
document Hamilton invoked. 
The Constitution's necessary and

5721
05:00:48,200 --> 05:00:51,900
proper clause contending that 
the bank was an implied power 

5722
05:00:51,900 --> 05:00:54,100
vital for the government's 
Financial operations. 

5723
05:00:54,800 --> 05:00:57,500
Washington sided with Hamilton 
signing. 

5724
05:00:57,500 --> 05:01:01,100
The bank bill into law, this 
incident set a precedent for 

5725
05:01:01,100 --> 05:01:03,900
broad constitutional 
interpretation to Jefferson's 

5726
05:01:03,900 --> 05:01:07,000
alarm the dispute laid, the 
ideological foundation for the 

5727
05:01:07,008 --> 05:01:10,700
two-party system with Hamilton's
Federalists championing, implied

5728
05:01:10,700 --> 05:01:13,200
federal powers and Jeff's 
Republican's. 

5729
05:01:13,200 --> 05:01:17,600
Insisting on narrower, 
interpretation by 1795 Hamilton 

5730
05:01:17,600 --> 05:01:21,400
having established, a stable 
Financial footing resigned as 

5731
05:01:21,400 --> 05:01:24,600
treasury secretary returning to 
New York City's legal sphere. 

5732
05:01:25,400 --> 05:01:28,700
He continued to provide discrete
advice to Washington, drafting 

5733
05:01:28,700 --> 05:01:32,100
speeches and shaping policy 
directions in 1796. 

5734
05:01:32,100 --> 05:01:35,900
Washington's Farewell Address, 
partly, or by Hamilton warned 

5735
05:01:35,900 --> 05:01:38,300
against parties in Tangled and 
foreign alliances. 

5736
05:01:38,300 --> 05:01:43,600
Ironically Hamilton himself was 
a Primark of lines, the 

5737
05:01:43,600 --> 05:01:46,600
presidential election that year.
Saw John Adams, a federalist 

5738
05:01:46,600 --> 05:01:50,200
defeat Jefferson Hamilton who 
harbored doubts about atoms 

5739
05:01:50,200 --> 05:01:53,600
endeavored to exert influence on
the administration from hidden 

5740
05:01:53,600 --> 05:01:56,300
position. 
But friction with atoms soon, 

5741
05:01:56,300 --> 05:01:58,500
spiraled. 
Culminating in an irreparable 

5742
05:01:58,500 --> 05:02:01,200
Rift. 
During Adams's presidency. 

5743
05:02:01,200 --> 05:02:04,400
The US found itself in a 
quasi-war with revolutionary 

5744
05:02:04,400 --> 05:02:07,300
France. 
Hamilton who believed in a 

5745
05:02:07,300 --> 05:02:10,300
robust defense, spurred the 
creation of a provisional army 

5746
05:02:10,300 --> 05:02:12,300
with himself as an influential 
Major General. 

5747
05:02:13,000 --> 05:02:16,400
He hoped to unify Federalist 
power, but Adams seeking to 

5748
05:02:16,408 --> 05:02:18,900
maintain peace. 
Eventually negotiated, with 

5749
05:02:18,900 --> 05:02:21,100
France. 
This scotched Hamilton's 

5750
05:02:21,100 --> 05:02:23,200
Ambitions for an expanded 
military role. 

5751
05:02:23,900 --> 05:02:26,600
The Federalist Party, the split 
between atoms, Loyalists, and 

5752
05:02:26,600 --> 05:02:29,500
Hamilton's faction. 
Meanwhile, the Alien and 

5753
05:02:29,500 --> 05:02:33,600
Sedition Acts championed by some
Federalists stifled free speech,

5754
05:02:33,600 --> 05:02:36,900
and outrage Republicans. 
Hamilton had mixed feelings 

5755
05:02:36,900 --> 05:02:40,600
recognizing the acts as 
overreaching but not vigorously 

5756
05:02:40,600 --> 05:02:43,000
condemning them. 
The controversy is fuel 

5757
05:02:43,000 --> 05:02:45,800
Jefferson's eventual victory in 
the 1800 election. 

5758
05:02:47,300 --> 05:02:50,500
That election turned bitter 
Hamilton disliked, both 

5759
05:02:50,500 --> 05:02:53,700
Jefferson and his Party's 
candidate, Aaron Burr. 

5760
05:02:53,700 --> 05:02:57,200
Whom he deemed unprincipled. 
When the Electoral College 

5761
05:02:57,200 --> 05:03:00,200
produced a tie between Jefferson
and Burr, the House of 

5762
05:03:00,200 --> 05:03:03,800
Representatives had to choose 
Hamilton Lobby for Jefferson 

5763
05:03:03,800 --> 05:03:06,200
feeling. 
He was at least consistent while

5764
05:03:06,200 --> 05:03:07,900
Burr was Dangerously 
opportunistic. 

5765
05:03:08,800 --> 05:03:11,900
Jefferson's win ended. 
The Federalist grip on power 

5766
05:03:11,900 --> 05:03:14,800
despite undermining his nominal 
Ally Burr. 

5767
05:03:14,800 --> 05:03:17,500
Hamilton saw it as the less 
harmful option. 

5768
05:03:17,500 --> 05:03:22,500
The feud with Burr was set to 
escalate post 1800 Hamilton 

5769
05:03:22,500 --> 05:03:24,100
retreated. 
Partially from National 

5770
05:03:24,100 --> 05:03:27,200
politics. 
He resumed law, founded the New 

5771
05:03:27,200 --> 05:03:29,700
York evening post to promote 
Federalist ideals. 

5772
05:03:29,700 --> 05:03:32,600
And wrote fervent editorials 
criticizing Jefferson's 

5773
05:03:32,600 --> 05:03:35,600
presidency. 
He also scolded John Adams in a 

5774
05:03:35,600 --> 05:03:38,600
notorious pamphlet fracturing 
Federalist. 

5775
05:03:38,600 --> 05:03:41,400
Unity further. 
Meanwhile tensions with burst 

5776
05:03:41,400 --> 05:03:46,000
simmered in 1804 Burr by then 
vice president ran for governor 

5777
05:03:46,000 --> 05:03:48,900
of New York. 
Hamilton openly opposed Birds 

5778
05:03:48,900 --> 05:03:52,800
bid, claiming he was unfit, 
burst blaming Hamilton for 

5779
05:03:52,800 --> 05:03:55,100
scarless remarks that cost him 
the election. 

5780
05:03:56,100 --> 05:03:59,700
There are acrimony peaked in 
personal insults culminating and

5781
05:03:59,700 --> 05:04:01,900
demands for an apology that 
Hamilton Shrugged off. 

5782
05:04:03,100 --> 05:04:06,700
The stage was set for a final 
confrontation, a duel that would

5783
05:04:06,700 --> 05:04:08,800
reverberate across the nation's 
Consciousness. 

5784
05:04:08,800 --> 05:04:15,100
Thus by 1803 to 1804 Hamilton's 
storied career in compass the 

5785
05:04:15,100 --> 05:04:18,400
forging of National Finance. 
The creation of a stable federal

5786
05:04:18,400 --> 05:04:22,100
government, deep personal 
rivalries, and the impetus for 

5787
05:04:22,100 --> 05:04:25,900
fractions Party politics. 
While overshadowed by his Feud 

5788
05:04:25,900 --> 05:04:28,600
with Burr, his broader impact on
shaping early. 

5789
05:04:28,600 --> 05:04:32,100
American governance, was vast 
the looming conflict with Burr 

5790
05:04:32,100 --> 05:04:34,100
in a Weehawken, duel, might 
overshadow many achievements. 

5791
05:04:34,100 --> 05:04:37,600
But it also exemplified the 
periods intense code of honor 

5792
05:04:37,600 --> 05:04:40,900
revealing how personal Pride 
could overshadow reason in The 

5793
05:04:40,900 --> 05:04:44,200
Early Republic. 
On the morning of July 11th, 

5794
05:04:44,200 --> 05:04:49,200
1804 Alexander Hamilton, and 
Aaron Burr meta to Dueling 

5795
05:04:49,200 --> 05:04:53,100
ground in Weehawken, New Jersey 
perched, above the Hudson River.

5796
05:04:54,100 --> 05:04:56,700
Duels were technically illegal 
in both New York and New Jersey,

5797
05:04:56,700 --> 05:04:59,400
but we can was a known neutral 
ground. 

5798
05:05:00,200 --> 05:05:03,700
The tradition, demanded formal 
rituals second oversaw, loaded 

5799
05:05:03,700 --> 05:05:07,500
pistols In fairness. 
Hamilton though in accomplished 

5800
05:05:07,500 --> 05:05:10,300
Marksman in the Revolutionary 
War, Harvard morals about 

5801
05:05:10,300 --> 05:05:12,400
dueling in letters to 
conference. 

5802
05:05:12,400 --> 05:05:15,700
He expressed an intention not to
fire at bourbon to throw away. 

5803
05:05:15,700 --> 05:05:17,500
His shot. 
Hoping to meet the code of honor

5804
05:05:17,500 --> 05:05:21,600
without a lethal outcome Burr 
next by Hamilton's public site 

5805
05:05:21,600 --> 05:05:25,500
approached the confrontation 
more aggressively as a Count's. 

5806
05:05:25,500 --> 05:05:28,400
Differ on the precise sequence. 
We rely on the second's 

5807
05:05:28,400 --> 05:05:31,000
conflicting Recollections one 
shot rang out. 

5808
05:05:31,000 --> 05:05:34,100
Then another Hamilton was struck
in the lower abdomen. 

5809
05:05:34,100 --> 05:05:38,000
The bullet lodging near his 
spine Burr, apparently unharmed 

5810
05:05:38,000 --> 05:05:42,200
realized Hamilton was fatally. 
Wounded Hamilton was carried 

5811
05:05:42,200 --> 05:05:45,100
back across the river delirious 
and in agony. 

5812
05:05:45,800 --> 05:05:48,900
By the next afternoon July 12th.
He died at a friend's house, 

5813
05:05:48,908 --> 05:05:53,200
newsreader with accusations of 
murder. 

5814
05:05:53,200 --> 05:05:55,900
Even many of Burr's allies found
his act. 

5815
05:05:55,900 --> 05:06:00,200
Reprehensible shock reverberated
Nationwide, Hamilton was just 

5816
05:06:00,200 --> 05:06:03,200
47. 
A Founding Father, the Chief 

5817
05:06:03,200 --> 05:06:06,500
Architect of federal finance, 
and a voice for a strong union 

5818
05:06:06,500 --> 05:06:10,100
that he fell in a personal duel 
seemed tragic, borderline 

5819
05:06:10,100 --> 05:06:14,200
barbaric, Burr faced immediate 
scorn, and though inducted for 

5820
05:06:14,200 --> 05:06:17,200
murder. 
He Slipped Away his political 

5821
05:06:17,200 --> 05:06:19,100
career never recovered the 
jewel. 

5822
05:06:19,100 --> 05:06:22,100
Also, propelled a reevaluation 
of such honor bound Traditions 

5823
05:06:22,100 --> 05:06:26,000
public condemnation swelled 
though dueling remained embedded

5824
05:06:26,000 --> 05:06:29,300
in certain subcultures for 
decades to come in the immediate

5825
05:06:29,300 --> 05:06:32,200
aftermath Hamilton's family 
faced Financial insecurity. 

5826
05:06:32,200 --> 05:06:35,900
His estate was less robust than 
many assumed reflecting that 

5827
05:06:35,900 --> 05:06:38,800
Hamilton had poured resources 
into speculative deals and 

5828
05:06:38,800 --> 05:06:41,800
lifestyle. 
Morning Federer lists championed

5829
05:06:41,800 --> 05:06:44,600
him as a martyr to Prince. 
Paul ignoring the messy politics

5830
05:06:44,600 --> 05:06:47,900
that led him to that, fateful 
ground, eulogies to his 

5831
05:06:47,900 --> 05:06:51,300
brilliant's managerial Acumen 
and unwavering patriotism 

5832
05:06:51,300 --> 05:06:53,400
critics. 
While acknowledging his 

5833
05:06:53,400 --> 05:06:56,800
achievements pointed out, how is
ambition and personal Feud shake

5834
05:06:56,800 --> 05:06:59,300
to harsh style that fanned party
rancor. 

5835
05:06:59,900 --> 05:07:03,200
Nonetheless, the sense of a 
towering figure losing too soon.

5836
05:07:03,200 --> 05:07:05,700
Overshadowed those critiques in 
the short term. 

5837
05:07:05,700 --> 05:07:09,900
His funeral in New York, Drew 
massive crowds processions in 

5838
05:07:09,900 --> 05:07:11,800
black with the city's shipping 
at half mast. 

5839
05:07:11,800 --> 05:07:14,300
Showcased, Hamilton's local 
significance. 

5840
05:07:15,200 --> 05:07:18,600
People recalled, his rise from 
impoverished Caribbean youth to 

5841
05:07:18,600 --> 05:07:20,900
key founding Statesman. 
Hush fell over. 

5842
05:07:20,900 --> 05:07:23,800
The city's usual clamor. 
This wave of Sorrow. 

5843
05:07:23,800 --> 05:07:26,700
Ironically, softened, some of 
the political vitriol that a dog

5844
05:07:26,708 --> 05:07:29,800
him in life. 
Over time though party. 

5845
05:07:29,800 --> 05:07:32,700
Lines continue to shift and the 
nation turned into new 

5846
05:07:32,700 --> 05:07:36,100
challenges from the War of 1812 
to expansion's West. 

5847
05:07:37,700 --> 05:07:40,400
Hamilton's memory lodged in 
history as the brilliant, but 

5848
05:07:40,400 --> 05:07:42,700
intense figure overshadowed by 
The Final Duel. 

5849
05:07:42,700 --> 05:07:47,000
In that Gloom and essential 
question, remained how to 

5850
05:07:47,000 --> 05:07:48,700
interpret Hamilton's lasting 
impact. 

5851
05:07:48,700 --> 05:07:53,400
As the immediate swirl of grief,
ease intellectuals examined, his

5852
05:07:53,400 --> 05:07:57,400
extensive writings reports on 
Public Credit, the Federalist 

5853
05:07:57,400 --> 05:08:01,500
essays and personal letters. 
They recognize that the federal 

5854
05:08:01,500 --> 05:08:04,500
government stable Finance is 
owed much to Hamilton's early 

5855
05:08:04,500 --> 05:08:07,600
Frameworks, the Constitution's, 
broad interpretation that 

5856
05:08:07,600 --> 05:08:10,000
spurred the bank of the United 
States shaped future 

5857
05:08:10,000 --> 05:08:11,600
developments in federal 
Authority. 

5858
05:08:12,400 --> 05:08:15,600
The tension he introduced with 
Jefferson over implied powers, 

5859
05:08:15,600 --> 05:08:18,000
would remain a fixture in legal 
debates for centuries? 

5860
05:08:19,000 --> 05:08:21,900
At the personal level Hamilton's
family, endured heartbreak, 

5861
05:08:21,900 --> 05:08:24,800
Eliza Hamilton survived decades 
longer. 

5862
05:08:25,400 --> 05:08:28,100
Dedicating herself to preserving
his papers and championing 

5863
05:08:28,100 --> 05:08:31,100
philanthropic work. 
She co-founded charitable 

5864
05:08:31,100 --> 05:08:34,800
societies, including an 
orphanage in New York, perhaps 

5865
05:08:34,800 --> 05:08:37,800
reflecting her empathy for 
fatherless children mindful of 

5866
05:08:37,808 --> 05:08:39,900
Hamilton's own orphaned 
beginnings. 

5867
05:08:40,800 --> 05:08:43,900
Over time Eliza's curation of 
Hamilton's letters and 

5868
05:08:43,900 --> 05:08:46,300
manuscripts. 
Cured that his role in founding 

5869
05:08:46,300 --> 05:08:49,000
the nation wouldn't fade without
her stewardship. 

5870
05:08:49,000 --> 05:08:52,700
Many of his insights might have 
been lost overshadowed by the 

5871
05:08:52,700 --> 05:08:57,200
swirl of other founding figures.
Meanwhile Aaron Burr slunk from 

5872
05:08:57,200 --> 05:09:00,800
public life, although he briefly
re-emerged in conspiratorial 

5873
05:09:00,800 --> 05:09:04,700
escapades in the west Coleman in
a high-profile treason trial 

5874
05:09:04,700 --> 05:09:08,800
that Fiasco, further tarnished 
his name over the 19th century, 

5875
05:09:08,800 --> 05:09:12,500
Burr's memory was entwined with 
villainy while Hamilton became 

5876
05:09:12,500 --> 05:09:16,100
the heroic victim. 
This moral narrative though. 

5877
05:09:16,100 --> 05:09:19,300
Over simple problem with 
simplified found residents in 

5878
05:09:19,300 --> 05:09:23,200
society seeking tidy lessons 
about the cost of personal feuds

5879
05:09:23,200 --> 05:09:26,400
among statement. 
Hence, the jewels tragedy 

5880
05:09:26,400 --> 05:09:28,800
overshadowed Hamilton's, final 
years of potential. 

5881
05:09:29,600 --> 05:09:34,100
He left behind partial drafts of
essays a life, cut short and a 

5882
05:09:34,100 --> 05:09:35,900
legacy that historians would 
piece together. 

5883
05:09:36,700 --> 05:09:39,800
The subsequent swirl of politics
or the Federalist Party fade 

5884
05:09:39,800 --> 05:09:44,200
overshadowed by Jeffersonian and
Jacksonian movements. yet as the

5885
05:09:44,200 --> 05:09:47,300
new Republic faced Wars and 
expansions Hamilton's 

5886
05:09:47,300 --> 05:09:50,700
institutional Frameworks, 
endured Shaping how the union 

5887
05:09:50,700 --> 05:09:54,300
Finance conflicts and integrated
new territories over time? 

5888
05:09:54,300 --> 05:09:57,600
The memory of Hamilton Grew From
the dust of partisan fights into

5889
05:09:57,600 --> 05:10:00,600
a near legend of the unsilence 
of all voice for a strong union,

5890
05:10:00,600 --> 05:10:05,000
a testament to how brilliant can
shine even after tragic, demise 

5891
05:10:05,000 --> 05:10:08,500
Hamilton's reputation 
experience, both highs and lows 

5892
05:10:08,500 --> 05:10:11,100
as the 19th century unfolded 
early. 

5893
05:10:11,100 --> 05:10:14,600
In the 1800s supporters, who 
revered his Federalist Vision 

5894
05:10:14,600 --> 05:10:17,700
championed him as an 
intellectual Giant. 

5895
05:10:18,700 --> 05:10:21,200
While Jeff Oso Sony and 
Loyalists found him dangerously 

5896
05:10:21,200 --> 05:10:24,500
elitist. 
The War of 1812 under scored the

5897
05:10:24,500 --> 05:10:28,100
value of robust, Federal 
finance's, an echo of Hamilton's

5898
05:10:28,100 --> 05:10:30,700
arguments. 
However, the rise in tide of 

5899
05:10:30,700 --> 05:10:34,000
Jacksonian Democracy in the 
1820s and 30s, resurrected 

5900
05:10:34,000 --> 05:10:36,800
negative images of Hamilton as 
the father of a financial 

5901
05:10:36,800 --> 05:10:39,500
aristocracy. 
His preference for a central 

5902
05:10:39,508 --> 05:10:42,500
bank and Industrial growth, 
clashed with The Agrarian 

5903
05:10:42,500 --> 05:10:44,600
populism. 
That saw big government as 

5904
05:10:44,600 --> 05:10:47,600
suspect in historical writing of
the mid-1800s. 

5905
05:10:47,600 --> 05:10:51,100
Hamilton was overshadowed by 
Washington, soldierly Aura, 

5906
05:10:51,100 --> 05:10:54,500
Jefferson's philosophical 
romance and the dramatic 

5907
05:10:54,500 --> 05:10:56,200
expansion. 
Shaping the continent. 

5908
05:10:56,200 --> 05:11:01,000
His ideas about manufacturing 
shaped by the reading adamson's 

5909
05:11:01,000 --> 05:11:03,300
tour. 
From Smith's Works found fresh 

5910
05:11:03,300 --> 05:11:05,900
appreciation in some northern 
states pushing early 

5911
05:11:05,900 --> 05:11:08,400
industrialization. 
But the memory of his direct 

5912
05:11:08,400 --> 05:11:12,000
political battles, had receded. 
Meanwhile his widow allies are 

5913
05:11:12,000 --> 05:11:14,900
persistently, championed her 
husband's memory carefully, 

5914
05:11:14,900 --> 05:11:18,700
organizing his letters. 
She lived until 1854, bridging 

5915
05:11:18,700 --> 05:11:21,500
errors, from the founding to the
eve of sectional crisis over 

5916
05:11:21,500 --> 05:11:24,300
slavery. 
As the Civil War approached, 

5917
05:11:24,300 --> 05:11:27,800
some Northern intellectuals, 
rediscovered Hamilton's emphasis

5918
05:11:27,800 --> 05:11:30,800
on a strong union. 
Seeing him as a prophet of 

5919
05:11:30,800 --> 05:11:34,100
National Authority. 
They noted that had Hamilton's 

5920
05:11:34,100 --> 05:11:37,400
brand of federal, cohesion, 
fully blossomed, perhaps State's

5921
05:11:37,400 --> 05:11:39,500
rights, doctor's. 
Fueling secession might have 

5922
05:11:39,500 --> 05:11:43,300
been curtailed earlier. 
Writers vote Hamilton, as the 

5923
05:11:43,300 --> 05:11:45,900
founder, who best grasped. 
The necessity of a controlling 

5924
05:11:45,900 --> 05:11:48,600
Center that could override local
fractiousness. 

5925
05:11:49,800 --> 05:11:52,300
Opponents of such 
interpretations pointed out that

5926
05:11:52,300 --> 05:11:55,500
Hamilton's Frameworks, never 
explicitly addressed the moral 

5927
05:11:55,500 --> 05:11:59,300
contradiction of slavery. 
Indeed, Hamilton personally, 

5928
05:11:59,300 --> 05:12:02,700
opposed enslavement but parted 
from radical anti-slavery moves 

5929
05:12:02,700 --> 05:12:06,500
his stance overshadowed by 
political pragmatism after the 

5930
05:12:06,500 --> 05:12:09,600
Civil War industrial capitalism 
boomed. 

5931
05:12:09,600 --> 05:12:12,300
Prompting new appreciation for 
Hamilton's foresight about 

5932
05:12:12,300 --> 05:12:15,400
Manufacturing. 
Gilded Age finances, admired him

5933
05:12:15,408 --> 05:12:18,000
as the original champion of a 
stable currency in big. 

5934
05:12:19,000 --> 05:12:22,100
Biz critics, including agrarian 
populists in. 

5935
05:12:22,100 --> 05:12:24,700
Turn, damned him for setting a 
pattern, favoring Capital over 

5936
05:12:24,700 --> 05:12:27,800
farmers. 
Debate over monetary policy 

5937
05:12:27,800 --> 05:12:30,000
frequently, referenced 
Hamilton's original Central 

5938
05:12:30,000 --> 05:12:32,600
Bank. 
Especially regarding gold versus

5939
05:12:32,600 --> 05:12:34,800
silver standards in the late. 
19th century. 

5940
05:12:35,700 --> 05:12:39,100
Some saw him as the father of 
stable credit others as the 

5941
05:12:39,100 --> 05:12:41,900
father of corporate over each 
this relit. 

5942
05:12:41,900 --> 05:12:45,200
His legacy fueling, a fresh wave
of scholarly interests. 

5943
05:12:45,200 --> 05:12:49,800
In the 20th century historian, 
systematically uncovered more of

5944
05:12:49,800 --> 05:12:53,200
Hamilton's personal writing's, 
they found a figure Often 

5945
05:12:53,200 --> 05:12:55,100
overshadowed by his own towering
intense City. 

5946
05:12:55,100 --> 05:12:58,700
Riven by internal anxiety, is 
about identity and acceptance 

5947
05:12:58,700 --> 05:13:01,400
born a legitimate and lacking 
wealth. 

5948
05:13:01,400 --> 05:13:03,900
He sawed through brilliant 
alone. 

5949
05:13:04,600 --> 05:13:06,700
That personal Dimension gave a 
new angle. 

5950
05:13:06,700 --> 05:13:10,700
Hamilton wasn't merely an aloof 
elitist, but a man forging 

5951
05:13:10,700 --> 05:13:14,200
personal progress in a world 
dominated by landed aristocracy.

5952
05:13:14,900 --> 05:13:18,000
Simultaneously, the renewed 
scholarship dissected how The 

5953
05:13:18,008 --> 05:13:20,300
Federalist Papers shaped the 
Supreme Court's approach to 

5954
05:13:20,308 --> 05:13:24,700
constitutional interpretation. 
Cultural depictions varied in 

5955
05:13:24,700 --> 05:13:28,900
some plays Hamilton was the 
stiff proud foiled to the warm 

5956
05:13:28,900 --> 05:13:32,700
Jefferson in textbooks. 
He appeared as the founder of 

5957
05:13:32,700 --> 05:13:36,400
the American Financial system. 
overshadowing, the fact that he 

5958
05:13:36,400 --> 05:13:40,200
also practiced law with further,
Championed reforms in local 

5959
05:13:40,200 --> 05:13:43,700
governance and penned scathing 
critiques of political 

5960
05:13:43,700 --> 05:13:46,800
adversaries. 
Hollywood took scantiness, 

5961
05:13:46,800 --> 05:13:50,000
overshadowed by the flamboyant 
stories of the war of 

5962
05:13:50,008 --> 05:13:53,600
independence, all the Civil War 
Hamilton's presence. 

5963
05:13:53,600 --> 05:13:56,800
Mostly stuck to academic circles
until the wave of musicals or 

5964
05:13:56,800 --> 05:13:59,700
pop culture references in the 
21st century suddenly 

5965
05:13:59,700 --> 05:14:02,100
catapulted, him back in to 
mainstream conversation. 

5966
05:14:03,100 --> 05:14:06,700
In that modern reimagining, a 
more complex, portrait emerges, 

5967
05:14:06,700 --> 05:14:10,000
the Visionary, who overcame 
humble Origins shaped 

5968
05:14:10,000 --> 05:14:12,900
institutions. 
But self-destructed in a lethal 

5969
05:14:12,900 --> 05:14:16,200
Feud This duel narrative, 
resonates with a public 

5970
05:14:16,200 --> 05:14:19,400
intrigued by Underdog success, 
stories and cautionary tales 

5971
05:14:19,400 --> 05:14:22,900
about ambition. 
Meanwhile historians continue 

5972
05:14:22,900 --> 05:14:26,200
unraveling his personal letters 
for glimpses of how he wrestled 

5973
05:14:26,200 --> 05:14:29,500
with his private identity 
overshadowing, any single label 

5974
05:14:29,500 --> 05:14:32,900
like nationalist or elitist. 
They see in him, the Deep 

5975
05:14:32,900 --> 05:14:35,800
tension between moral 
convictions and the messy realm 

5976
05:14:35,800 --> 05:14:39,100
of real-world politics. 
Consequently Hamilton's Legacy 

5977
05:14:39,100 --> 05:14:42,500
stands as a testament to a 
Founder, who's brilliant forged 

5978
05:14:42,500 --> 05:14:45,800
the Frameworks of the American 
Finance, ushering, in a strong 

5979
05:14:45,800 --> 05:14:50,100
union that could handle crises 
from 1812 to Beyond his life. 

5980
05:14:50,100 --> 05:14:53,700
Truncated by a bullet, in a 
duel, exemplifies the era's 

5981
05:14:53,700 --> 05:14:57,200
precarious, Norms of Honor Yet 
the institutional Frameworks, he

5982
05:14:57,200 --> 05:15:00,900
championed endured over 
shadowing, a femoral parties and

5983
05:15:00,900 --> 05:15:04,100
feuds as American Commerce and 
governance matured. 

5984
05:15:04,100 --> 05:15:08,500
Many of his ideas about credit 
outsystems minted, currency and 

5985
05:15:08,500 --> 05:15:12,200
regulated trade blossomed. 
Therefore the overshadowed and 

5986
05:15:12,208 --> 05:15:15,000
certain historical arcs 
Hamilton's, imprint remains 

5987
05:15:15,000 --> 05:15:19,100
woven into the fabric of the 
modern American state, Bridging,

5988
05:15:19,100 --> 05:15:21,700
the intangible line from 
rebellious colony to global 

5989
05:15:21,700 --> 05:15:24,400
economic power. 
Alexander Hamilton's Journey 

5990
05:15:24,400 --> 05:15:28,500
might Echo as one of Unstoppable
curiosity and drive born into 

5991
05:15:28,500 --> 05:15:31,100
adversity. 
He harnessed his intellect to 

5992
05:15:31,108 --> 05:15:34,300
climb political and financial 
Summits historian schools. 

5993
05:15:34,300 --> 05:15:37,000
How Relentless learning and a 
willingness to challenge and 

5994
05:15:37,000 --> 05:15:40,000
trench Norms can yield 
transformative results. 

5995
05:15:40,000 --> 05:15:44,500
And yet it also warns of how 
personal vendettas and impulsive

5996
05:15:44,500 --> 05:15:47,900
decisions like The Final Duel 
can overshadow, even the 

5997
05:15:47,908 --> 05:15:51,500
grandest achievements. 
The interplay of success and 

5998
05:15:51,500 --> 05:15:54,700
tragedy and Hamilton's life 
offers a cautionary Dimension 

5999
05:15:54,700 --> 05:15:57,200
about letting rivalry overshadow
reason. 

6000
05:15:58,300 --> 05:16:01,300
One, dimension, often overlooked
is Hamilton's approach to social

6001
05:16:01,300 --> 05:16:04,800
Mobility. 
He believed in meritocracy, that

6002
05:16:04,800 --> 05:16:08,200
Talent not lineage should Define
one station. 

6003
05:16:09,100 --> 05:16:11,900
His views clashed with the 
prevailing aristocratic mores 

6004
05:16:11,900 --> 05:16:15,100
that granted advantage to 
established families in 

6005
05:16:15,100 --> 05:16:18,200
championing, a strong central 
government Hamilton believed it 

6006
05:16:18,200 --> 05:16:20,700
would break. 
Local oligarchies allowing new 

6007
05:16:20,700 --> 05:16:24,000
men of skill to advance. 
That conviction shaped his 

6008
05:16:24,000 --> 05:16:27,700
financial blueprint that the 
nation's credit system, extended

6009
05:16:27,700 --> 05:16:29,300
Beyond a handful of wealthy 
Planters. 

6010
05:16:29,300 --> 05:16:31,700
Yet. 
It also invited accusation of 

6011
05:16:31,700 --> 05:16:35,300
favoritism toward banking. 
Elites ironically, suggesting 

6012
05:16:35,300 --> 05:16:38,500
that merits still found 
expression, primarily among 

6013
05:16:38,500 --> 05:16:41,800
well-connected City, financiers 
another lesson. 

6014
05:16:41,800 --> 05:16:44,800
Known angle is how Hamilton 
viewed foreign policy. 

6015
05:16:44,800 --> 05:16:47,400
He favored comma space to 
alliances. 

6016
05:16:47,400 --> 05:16:51,000
But distrusted in tangling, the 
US in ideological battles. 

6017
05:16:51,000 --> 05:16:54,300
While acknowledging Britain as a
trade partner, despite the 

6018
05:16:54,300 --> 05:16:57,500
rancor left from the revolution.
He saw stable trade routes as 

6019
05:16:57,500 --> 05:16:59,700
essential for revenue and Global
standing. 

6020
05:17:00,700 --> 05:17:04,300
Jefferson and Madison criticized
the strategy as an over cozy 

6021
05:17:04,300 --> 05:17:07,900
approach with a recent foe. 
But Hamilton saw post-war 

6022
05:17:07,900 --> 05:17:10,700
British power as a practical 
anchor for commercial expansion.

6023
05:17:11,600 --> 05:17:14,800
In this sense, his realism, 
overshadowed older, resentments,

6024
05:17:14,800 --> 05:17:18,900
that stance was a Harbinger for 
how modern States weigh economic

6025
05:17:18,900 --> 05:17:20,700
tires against historic 
grievances. 

6026
05:17:21,600 --> 05:17:24,500
Additionally, Hamilton's 
personal style at Social 

6027
05:17:24,500 --> 05:17:27,300
Gatherings and in Daily 
interactions reveals a man who 

6028
05:17:27,300 --> 05:17:30,300
could be both charmingly 
eloquent and abrasively direct. 

6029
05:17:31,100 --> 05:17:34,200
Contemporaries described him as 
intense with a quick mind, that 

6030
05:17:34,200 --> 05:17:37,100
occasionally battered 
conversation partners he thrived

6031
05:17:37,100 --> 05:17:39,500
on intellectual debate. 
Some say, he embraced 

6032
05:17:39,500 --> 05:17:41,900
confrontation to refine ideas 
yet. 

6033
05:17:41,900 --> 05:17:44,200
This habit might have 
contributed to the accumulation 

6034
05:17:44,200 --> 05:17:47,700
of enemies culminating in the 
Fateful spat with Burr. 

6035
05:17:48,400 --> 05:17:51,400
In an era where honor was a 
Cornerstone of social standing. 

6036
05:17:52,000 --> 05:17:55,600
Hamilton's cutting wit proved a 
dangerous asset at home 

6037
05:17:55,600 --> 05:17:57,700
Hamilton. 
And Eliza raise to Growing 

6038
05:17:57,700 --> 05:18:00,500
family though. 
Tragedies struck the death of 

6039
05:18:00,508 --> 05:18:03,200
their son, Philip in a duel. 
Reminiscent of his father's 

6040
05:18:03,200 --> 05:18:06,700
Fierce approached. 
A personal disputes, this sorrow

6041
05:18:06,700 --> 05:18:10,000
weighed heavily on Hamilton, 
intensifying his reflection on 

6042
05:18:10,000 --> 05:18:12,900
the code of honor. 
Paradoxically he's still ended 

6043
05:18:12,900 --> 05:18:17,200
up abiding by that same code 
accepting Burr's challenge, The 

6044
05:18:17,200 --> 05:18:19,700
Duality of a brilliant mind 
trapped by the period. 

6045
05:18:19,700 --> 05:18:23,300
Social norms emerges starkly in 
these personal heartbreaks for 

6046
05:18:23,300 --> 05:18:25,000
modern readers. 
The scenario. 

6047
05:18:25,000 --> 05:18:27,700
Underscores, how societal 
expectations can override 

6048
05:18:27,700 --> 05:18:32,300
individual caution, even for a 
pragmatic Statesman Examining 

6049
05:18:32,300 --> 05:18:35,500
Hamilton's religious evolution 
is another nuanced topic. 

6050
05:18:36,300 --> 05:18:38,900
Late in life, particularly after
Philip's death. 

6051
05:18:39,500 --> 05:18:41,700
He re-engaged with spiritual 
considerations. 

6052
05:18:42,900 --> 05:18:45,700
While not as devout as John Jay 
or Patrick Henry Hamilton 

6053
05:18:45,700 --> 05:18:48,900
expressed, his belief that moral
Frameworks were crucial to 

6054
05:18:48,900 --> 05:18:52,000
stable governance. 
Some Scholars, see a nearer to 

6055
05:18:52,000 --> 05:18:55,300
Christian Orthodoxy in his final
years overshadowing, the early 

6056
05:18:55,300 --> 05:18:58,400
secular aura. 
This dimension of moral or 

6057
05:18:58,400 --> 05:19:00,200
religious introspection is 
overshadowed. 

6058
05:19:00,200 --> 05:19:03,600
In many popular accounts that 
focus on battles of Finance or 

6059
05:19:03,600 --> 05:19:07,600
parties and ship. 
Lastly, the robust myth making 

6060
05:19:07,600 --> 05:19:10,600
around Hamilton in the 21st 
century, particularly following 

6061
05:19:10,600 --> 05:19:13,500
a certain successful musical 
reflects how malleable 

6062
05:19:13,500 --> 05:19:17,100
historical figures can become 
for decades overshadowed in 

6063
05:19:17,100 --> 05:19:20,200
public memory. 
Hamilton found new admirers in 

6064
05:19:20,200 --> 05:19:22,100
thrall by his Underdog 
narrative. 

6065
05:19:22,100 --> 05:19:25,900
The musical Drew from historical
sources but adapted them for 

6066
05:19:25,900 --> 05:19:29,800
modern, audiences highlighting, 
themes of immigration ambition 

6067
05:19:29,800 --> 05:19:33,800
and the forging of identity. 
Meanwhile professional 

6068
05:19:33,800 --> 05:19:37,000
historians maintain a more 
measured stance acknowledging, 

6069
05:19:37,000 --> 05:19:39,800
the genius behind the bank, and 
The Federalist Papers, but also 

6070
05:19:39,800 --> 05:19:43,200
the moral complexities 
involvement in a scandalous 

6071
05:19:43,200 --> 05:19:46,700
Reynolds affair. the backing of 
harsh policies like the Alien 

6072
05:19:46,700 --> 05:19:50,100
and Sedition Acts and the 
overshadowed complicity in a 

6073
05:19:50,100 --> 05:19:53,700
system that tolerated slavery, 
hence Hamilton's life, embodies 

6074
05:19:53,700 --> 05:19:57,100
many contradictions, Hamilton 
was a brilliant champion of 

6075
05:19:57,100 --> 05:20:00,700
American finance, an immigrant 
success story and a defender of 

6076
05:20:00,708 --> 05:20:02,400
robust. 
National institutions. 

6077
05:20:02,400 --> 05:20:06,100
He was also in Tangled in 
political vendettas, personal 

6078
05:20:06,100 --> 05:20:10,300
heartbreak and moral ambiguity. 
The lethal code of personal 

6079
05:20:10,300 --> 05:20:13,400
honor of the era, brought him 
down from the Pinnacle of policy

6080
05:20:13,400 --> 05:20:16,400
influence. 
Contemporary observers can glean

6081
05:20:16,400 --> 05:20:19,500
from his Saga. 
How Vision intellect and 

6082
05:20:19,500 --> 05:20:23,100
determination can reshape a 
society while cautioning that 

6083
05:20:23,100 --> 05:20:26,600
untempered ambition and rivalry 
over shadowing, even the 

6084
05:20:26,600 --> 05:20:30,100
grandest legacies in the modern 
Mosaic of American History. 

6085
05:20:30,100 --> 05:20:34,600
Alexander Hamilton occupies a 
unique Niche, straddling Realms 

6086
05:20:34,600 --> 05:20:37,500
of, Finance, politics and 
personal drama. 

6087
05:20:38,300 --> 05:20:41,200
Behind the scenes, he shaped the
national domain by delivering 

6088
05:20:41,200 --> 05:20:43,800
pragmatic, solutions, to 
fundamental questions about, 

6089
05:20:43,800 --> 05:20:47,300
governance and economy. 
Yet his flamboyant final act, 

6090
05:20:47,300 --> 05:20:50,500
the duel with Aaron Burr. 
Long overshadowed, the breadth 

6091
05:20:50,500 --> 05:20:54,300
of his achievements? 
Over the past two centuries, the

6092
05:20:54,300 --> 05:20:57,000
perception of Hamilton has 
fluctuated between critical 

6093
05:20:57,000 --> 05:21:00,500
weariness and near heroic 
adulation leading to a 

6094
05:21:00,500 --> 05:21:03,100
reexamination that highlights 
his full complexity. 

6095
05:21:03,900 --> 05:21:07,500
For many decades Hamilton served
as a reference point for strong 

6096
05:21:07,500 --> 05:21:10,400
central governance. 
In debates about tariffs, 

6097
05:21:10,400 --> 05:21:13,500
internal improvements and the 
role of a National Bank, 

6098
05:21:13,500 --> 05:21:17,700
legislators invoke his name. 
The hamiltonian Visions 

6099
05:21:17,700 --> 05:21:20,500
signified. 
A dynamic industrializing. 

6100
05:21:20,500 --> 05:21:22,300
America. 
That invests in large-scale 

6101
05:21:22,300 --> 05:21:24,900
infrastructure and cultivates. 
A robust bond market. 

6102
05:21:26,100 --> 05:21:29,100
Poland's retorted that such 
policies undercut, local 

6103
05:21:29,100 --> 05:21:32,000
autonomy. 
Echoing Jeffersonian concerns 

6104
05:21:32,000 --> 05:21:35,100
about overreach. 
This cyclical debate recurs 

6105
05:21:35,100 --> 05:21:37,700
whenever the nation. 
Confronts a crisis or looks to 

6106
05:21:37,700 --> 05:21:41,200
expand Federal influence. 
Bitten responding to economic 

6107
05:21:41,200 --> 05:21:44,600
depression, or modern Financial 
bailouts among Scholars, 

6108
05:21:44,600 --> 05:21:47,800
Hamilton's contribution to the 
Federalist remains a crowning 

6109
05:21:47,800 --> 05:21:51,000
literary feat. 
Essays like Federalist number 78

6110
05:21:51,000 --> 05:21:54,200
shape, the judiciaries 
conceptual role championing 

6111
05:21:54,200 --> 05:21:57,300
judicial Independence on the 
power of constitutional review 

6112
05:21:57,300 --> 05:22:01,800
Federalist number 84 argued that
enumerating rights might risk. 

6113
05:22:01,800 --> 05:22:04,400
Constraining them though. 
Ironically, the Bill of Rights 

6114
05:22:04,400 --> 05:22:06,500
was soon appended to the 
Constitution anyway. 

6115
05:22:07,200 --> 05:22:10,600
Such Works left a lasting 
intellectual deposit frequently,

6116
05:22:10,600 --> 05:22:12,300
cited and Supreme Court 
decisions. 

6117
05:22:12,300 --> 05:22:15,300
The interplay between Hamilton's
preference for strong federal 

6118
05:22:15,300 --> 05:22:18,800
courts, and modern jurisprudence
reveals the longevity of his 

6119
05:22:18,800 --> 05:22:21,300
influence. 
Public interests sword. 

6120
05:22:21,300 --> 05:22:25,000
A new in the 21st century with a
popular musical, recasting 

6121
05:22:25,000 --> 05:22:28,200
Hamilton as a hip Scrappy 
immigrant shaping the nation's 

6122
05:22:28,200 --> 05:22:30,700
destiny. 
That retelling lending. 

6123
05:22:30,700 --> 05:22:33,400
Hip hop, and historical 
references stoked. 

6124
05:22:33,400 --> 05:22:35,900
Fresh curiosity about details of
his Caribbean, youth. 

6125
05:22:35,900 --> 05:22:38,900
The Heartbreak of losing his 
mother and the unexpected 

6126
05:22:38,900 --> 05:22:42,100
mentorship from Merchants. 
It also reintroduced figures 

6127
05:22:42,100 --> 05:22:45,500
like John Lawrence, Hercules, 
Mulligan or Elizabeth Schuyler 

6128
05:22:45,500 --> 05:22:48,700
to mainstream conversation. 
This phenomenon demonstrates, 

6129
05:22:48,700 --> 05:22:52,200
how historical figures can be 
revived and reinterpreted to 

6130
05:22:52,200 --> 05:22:54,600
speak to current cultural 
dialogues about immigration 

6131
05:22:54,600 --> 05:22:59,100
representation and the forging 
of American identity that said 

6132
05:22:59,100 --> 05:23:01,100
the musicals creative Liberties 
overshadow. 

6133
05:23:01,100 --> 05:23:04,500
Certain complexities, for 
instance, the Deep potentials 

6134
05:23:04,500 --> 05:23:07,400
around slavery or Hamilton's 
relationship with Haitian 

6135
05:23:07,400 --> 05:23:10,500
Independence. 
Yet it undeniably catapulted him

6136
05:23:10,500 --> 05:23:14,300
back in to the public eye. 
Critically modern reflection 

6137
05:23:14,300 --> 05:23:16,500
contends with Hamilton stance on
slavery. 

6138
05:23:17,500 --> 05:23:20,500
So, personally, not an owner of 
large plantations, he married 

6139
05:23:20,500 --> 05:23:22,900
into a family that benefited 
from enslaved. 

6140
05:23:22,900 --> 05:23:25,600
Labor. 
The international slave trade, 

6141
05:23:25,600 --> 05:23:27,900
but was less vocal about 
immediate abolition. 

6142
05:23:28,700 --> 05:23:31,400
Some historians, see him as 
moderately anti-slavery and 

6143
05:23:31,400 --> 05:23:33,700
principle yet. 
Overshadowed by the era's 

6144
05:23:33,700 --> 05:23:37,600
political constraints This mild 
stance differs from the further 

6145
05:23:37,600 --> 05:23:41,500
of an abolitionist highlighting 
that even bright Minds can 

6146
05:23:41,500 --> 05:23:44,500
compromise on pressing moral 
issues for perceived political 

6147
05:23:44,500 --> 05:23:47,500
necessity. 
Another puzzle is how Hamilton 

6148
05:23:47,500 --> 05:23:50,900
would respond to the subsequent,
expansions he died before 

6149
05:23:50,900 --> 05:23:53,500
industrialization truly took 
flight or the question of 

6150
05:23:53,500 --> 05:23:56,400
slavery, overtook? 
National politics, would he have

6151
05:23:56,400 --> 05:23:59,400
advocated for federal solutions 
to keep the union intact in the 

6152
05:23:59,408 --> 05:24:01,800
1850s? 
Or would he have favored more 

6153
05:24:01,800 --> 05:24:05,400
localized pragmatic deals? 
The counterfactual is 

6154
05:24:05,400 --> 05:24:09,500
tantalizing that unanswerable. 
Like many Founders, his ideas 

6155
05:24:09,500 --> 05:24:12,500
formed the skeleton for future 
developments, but subsequent 

6156
05:24:12,500 --> 05:24:14,700
Generations, molded them to new 
contexts. 

6157
05:24:15,900 --> 05:24:20,100
Finally, Hamilton's, personal 
letters uncovered in archives 

6158
05:24:20,100 --> 05:24:22,800
over time. 
Reveal the emotional complexity 

6159
05:24:22,800 --> 05:24:27,100
Behind The Confident public 
Persona he could be warm witty 

6160
05:24:27,100 --> 05:24:30,600
or scathing anxious about 
respect and standing. 

6161
05:24:31,200 --> 05:24:35,400
The Specter of Orphan Hood never
fully left him, a sense of 

6162
05:24:35,408 --> 05:24:37,700
precariousness pervaded his 
ambition. 

6163
05:24:38,400 --> 05:24:41,700
He engaged in verbal battles 
with the Press establishing. 

6164
05:24:41,700 --> 05:24:44,800
A partisan strategy, the 
Reynolds Affair in which he 

6165
05:24:44,800 --> 05:24:47,700
admitted to an extramarital 
relationship tarnished. 

6166
05:24:47,700 --> 05:24:50,200
His moral standing yet 
underscored his willingness to 

6167
05:24:50,200 --> 05:24:53,400
publicly confess in a swirl of 
political blackmail. 

6168
05:24:54,100 --> 05:24:57,000
All these episodes illustrate, a
Founder who was no pristine 

6169
05:24:57,000 --> 05:24:59,000
statue. 
But a flawed participant in the 

6170
05:24:59,000 --> 05:25:02,900
messy birth of a republic in 
some Alexander, Hamilton's, 

6171
05:25:02,900 --> 05:25:07,100
Odyssey stands as an emblem of 
America's early audacity someone

6172
05:25:07,100 --> 05:25:10,800
forging National Frameworks with
unstoppable further, bridging 

6173
05:25:10,800 --> 05:25:14,200
personal adversity and political
upheaval, he hammered out 

6174
05:25:14,200 --> 05:25:17,000
Financial Machinery, that 
stabilized a precarious Union 

6175
05:25:17,000 --> 05:25:19,800
wrote constitutional 
commentaries that guided 

6176
05:25:19,800 --> 05:25:23,900
centuries of legal thought, and 
valiantly served in war only to 

6177
05:25:23,900 --> 05:25:27,000
be undone by personal Vendetta 
in a misguided duel. 

6178
05:25:27,800 --> 05:25:30,600
This story resonates with 
universal themes of ambition, 

6179
05:25:30,600 --> 05:25:34,700
printable rivalry, and the 
subtle interplay of personal and

6180
05:25:34,700 --> 05:25:37,300
public Realms. 
Hamilton's imprint endures in 

6181
05:25:37,300 --> 05:25:39,700
the institution. 
He shaped the arguments, he 

6182
05:25:39,700 --> 05:25:43,100
Advanced and the persistent 
puzzle of how brilliant mine can

6183
05:25:43,100 --> 05:25:44,900
fall. 
Victim to a bullet summoned, by 

6184
05:25:44,900 --> 05:25:46,800
the code of honor with confusing
reasoning. 

6185
05:25:52,100 --> 05:25:56,400
Imagine yourself waking up in 
ancient Rome, perhaps around 150

6186
05:25:56,400 --> 05:25:59,400
ad and stumbling towards your 
modest apartment's kitchen. 

6187
05:25:59,400 --> 05:26:03,100
Your stomach is growling and 
you're dreaming of scrambled 

6188
05:26:03,100 --> 05:26:06,300
eggs, toast with butter and 
maybe some orange juice. 

6189
05:26:06,300 --> 05:26:09,400
Well friend you're about to 
discover that Roman breakfast 

6190
05:26:09,400 --> 05:26:12,500
was about as exciting as 
watching paint dry on a humid 

6191
05:26:12,500 --> 05:26:15,000
day. 
You see Romans didn't really do 

6192
05:26:15,000 --> 05:26:16,400
breakfast, the way we think of 
it. 

6193
05:26:16,400 --> 05:26:19,900
They had something called iron 
tacular, which sounds fancy 

6194
05:26:19,900 --> 05:26:22,100
Until you realize it was 
basically, whatever leftover 

6195
05:26:22,100 --> 05:26:25,100
bread you could find from 
yesterday, maybe dipped in wine.

6196
05:26:25,100 --> 05:26:28,600
If you were feeling particularly
festive, There were no eggs, 

6197
05:26:28,600 --> 05:26:32,400
benedict served here, just you 
some stale bread and the faint. 

6198
05:26:32,400 --> 05:26:34,200
Hope that lunch might be more 
interesting. 

6199
05:26:34,900 --> 05:26:37,900
The Romans had this peculiar 
relationship with morning meals,

6200
05:26:37,900 --> 05:26:39,600
that would make modern 
nutritionist wheat. 

6201
05:26:40,300 --> 05:26:42,500
They considered eating a big 
breakfast to be somewhat 

6202
05:26:42,500 --> 05:26:44,700
gluttonous like wearing pajamas 
to abort me. 

6203
05:26:44,700 --> 05:26:47,400
It just wasn't done. 
If you had any sense of dignity,

6204
05:26:47,400 --> 05:26:51,300
instead they'd nibble on bread, 
perhaps some cheese, if they 

6205
05:26:51,308 --> 05:26:52,900
were lucky and call it good 
enough. 

6206
05:26:53,900 --> 05:26:56,500
If you were Rich enough to have 
servants Fanning you with palm 

6207
05:26:56,500 --> 05:26:59,300
fronds, you might have had honey
on your bread or olives. 

6208
05:27:00,000 --> 05:27:04,800
But for most Romans breakfast 
was less rise and shine and more

6209
05:27:04,800 --> 05:27:07,300
rise and make do with whatever's
not growing. 

6210
05:27:07,300 --> 05:27:10,800
Mold, the fascinating thing 
about Roman food culture is how 

6211
05:27:10,800 --> 05:27:14,000
backwards it seems to us. 
Now, we've got our coffee shops 

6212
05:27:14,000 --> 05:27:17,600
on every corner, our breakfast, 
burritos, and Our Endless cereal

6213
05:27:17,600 --> 05:27:21,800
aisles that stretch like 
ancient, Roman roads, But Romans

6214
05:27:21,800 --> 05:27:25,500
they save their energy for the 
real meal of the day which came 

6215
05:27:25,500 --> 05:27:28,500
much later. 
Breakfast was just fuel to get 

6216
05:27:28,500 --> 05:27:31,500
you through the morning's work. 
Like putting just enough gas in 

6217
05:27:31,500 --> 05:27:32,900
your car, to reach the next 
station. 

6218
05:27:32,900 --> 05:27:36,500
You'd wash down, your mega 
breakfast with water, maybe some

6219
05:27:36,500 --> 05:27:39,600
diluted wine if you were feeling
fancy or if the water looked 

6220
05:27:39,600 --> 05:27:43,200
particularly suspicious that 
day, Roman water systems were 

6221
05:27:43,200 --> 05:27:45,300
impressive Shore but you still 
have to be careful. 

6222
05:27:45,300 --> 05:27:48,200
A little wine in your morning, 
drink wasn't about getting 

6223
05:27:48,200 --> 05:27:51,700
tipsy, it was about not getting 
sick from whatever might be 

6224
05:27:51,700 --> 05:27:54,900
swimming around in your cup. 
The bread itself would have been

6225
05:27:54,900 --> 05:27:57,300
darker and coarser than what 
we're used to today. 

6226
05:27:58,100 --> 05:28:01,500
Think of it as the ancient 
equivalent of whole grain except

6227
05:28:01,500 --> 05:28:04,500
it wasn't a Health Choice. 
It was just what happened when 

6228
05:28:04,500 --> 05:28:06,000
you ground wheat with primitive 
tools. 

6229
05:28:06,000 --> 05:28:10,200
Sometimes you'd find intriguing 
surprises in your bread like 

6230
05:28:10,200 --> 05:28:13,700
bits of Stone from the grinding 
process, Romans had strong 

6231
05:28:13,700 --> 05:28:15,600
teeth. 
Or at least they did until they 

6232
05:28:15,600 --> 05:28:18,700
didn't, you could get goat's 
milk if you lived in the country

6233
05:28:18,700 --> 05:28:22,900
cows milk was more of a luxury 
item like truffle oil or premium

6234
05:28:22,900 --> 05:28:26,400
vanilla extract today. 
Most Romans in the city would 

6235
05:28:26,400 --> 05:28:28,200
have looked at you. 
Strangely, if you suggested 

6236
05:28:28,200 --> 05:28:31,400
starting the day with a big 
glass of cold milk, just wasn't 

6237
05:28:31,400 --> 05:28:34,300
part of their world. 
The relationship between the 

6238
05:28:34,300 --> 05:28:37,600
morning meal and social class 
was intricate and multifaceted. 

6239
05:28:38,500 --> 05:28:40,900
A wealthy Roman might have had 
slaves preparing. 

6240
05:28:40,900 --> 05:28:43,800
Elaborate breads with various 
seeds and nuts baked in. 

6241
05:28:43,800 --> 05:28:46,500
While a poor Roman was grateful 
for any bread at all. 

6242
05:28:47,400 --> 05:28:50,000
The disparity between the 
affluent and the impoverished. 

6243
05:28:50,000 --> 05:28:52,500
During breakfast time was 
comparable to the difference 

6244
05:28:52,500 --> 05:28:55,800
between a luxurious continental 
breakfast at a five-star hotel 

6245
05:28:55,800 --> 05:29:00,200
and a simple bowl of oatmeal 
five-star hotel and Amiga 

6246
05:29:00,200 --> 05:29:02,400
breakfast from a gas station at 
6:00 a.m. 

6247
05:29:02,400 --> 05:29:05,700
So there you are as an ancient 
Roman finishing, your modest 

6248
05:29:05,700 --> 05:29:07,200
breakfast and preparing for the 
day ahead. 

6249
05:29:08,100 --> 05:29:11,200
Your stomach isn't exactly 
singing with satisfaction but 

6250
05:29:11,200 --> 05:29:15,000
your fed enough to function. 
The real excitement, the actual 

6251
05:29:15,000 --> 05:29:19,100
meal worth waiting for is still 
hours away, but don't worry when

6252
05:29:19,100 --> 05:29:22,000
it comes, it'll be worth the 
wait, even if it's not what you 

6253
05:29:22,000 --> 05:29:24,900
expect, so you've made it 
through your underwear, Roman 

6254
05:29:24,900 --> 05:29:27,400
breakfast and now you're 
wondering about lunch. 

6255
05:29:28,300 --> 05:29:29,600
Here's where things get 
interesting. 

6256
05:29:30,400 --> 05:29:33,800
Romans had this meal called 
prandium which was sort of like 

6257
05:29:33,800 --> 05:29:36,600
lunch except it wasn't really 
launched the way we understand 

6258
05:29:36,600 --> 05:29:38,800
it. 
It resembled a snack with a 

6259
05:29:38,808 --> 05:29:42,700
sense of grandia think of prania
as the middle child of Roman 

6260
05:29:42,700 --> 05:29:46,000
meals, overlooked 
underappreciated and often 

6261
05:29:46,000 --> 05:29:49,400
forgotten entirely Most Romans 
would grab something quick and 

6262
05:29:49,400 --> 05:29:52,100
light around midday. 
Assuming they remembered to eat 

6263
05:29:52,100 --> 05:29:53,700
at all. 
They were busy people. 

6264
05:29:53,700 --> 05:29:56,300
These Romans, what were their 
empire building and their 

6265
05:29:56,300 --> 05:30:00,100
complex social hierarchies to 
maintain If you were a 

6266
05:30:00,100 --> 05:30:03,000
working-class Roman, your lunch 
might have been a chunk of bread

6267
05:30:03,000 --> 05:30:05,000
with some cheese, maybe an 
apple. 

6268
05:30:05,000 --> 05:30:07,400
If you were lucky enough to find
one that hadn't been claimed by 

6269
05:30:07,408 --> 05:30:10,600
someone higher up the social 
ladder, you need it quickly, 

6270
05:30:10,600 --> 05:30:14,000
probably while standing and then
get back to whatever important 

6271
05:30:14,000 --> 05:30:16,900
Roman business, you had to 
attend to There were no 

6272
05:30:16,908 --> 05:30:19,400
leisurely lunch breaks, where 
co-workers were discuss the 

6273
05:30:19,400 --> 05:30:23,000
latest Gladiator matches. 
The wealthy Romans naturally had

6274
05:30:23,000 --> 05:30:24,500
a different approach to mid-day 
eating. 

6275
05:30:24,500 --> 05:30:28,100
They might have had cold meats, 
some fruit and perhaps a bit of 

6276
05:30:28,108 --> 05:30:30,500
wine that was actually good in 
stead of the stuff that could 

6277
05:30:30,500 --> 05:30:33,100
strip paint. 
But even they didn't make a big 

6278
05:30:33,100 --> 05:30:35,800
production of it. 
Lunch was like a brief 

6279
05:30:35,800 --> 05:30:39,600
intermission in the play of 
daily life acknowledged but not 

6280
05:30:39,600 --> 05:30:42,000
the main event. 
Here's something that might 

6281
05:30:42,000 --> 05:30:44,600
surprise. 
You Romans were big on cold 

6282
05:30:44,600 --> 05:30:46,900
lunches. 
This was not due to their 

6283
05:30:46,900 --> 05:30:50,400
proclivity for meal prep, but 
rather due to the impracticality

6284
05:30:50,400 --> 05:30:54,300
of preparing, a full meal in the
middle of the day, most Romans 

6285
05:30:54,300 --> 05:30:56,700
living in cities didn't have 
proper kitchens anyway. 

6286
05:30:56,700 --> 05:30:59,700
They lived in apartment that 
would make modern studio 

6287
05:30:59,700 --> 05:31:02,500
dwellers, feel positively 
spacious and cooking for 

6288
05:31:02,500 --> 05:31:04,400
facilities were shared or 
non-existent. 

6289
05:31:05,200 --> 05:31:08,500
You'd find Romans eating lunch 
and taverns, which were 

6290
05:31:08,500 --> 05:31:10,900
scattered throughout the cities 
like ancient food courts. 

6291
05:31:10,900 --> 05:31:14,400
These weren't fancier 
establishments think more like a

6292
05:31:14,400 --> 05:31:16,000
combination of a gas station 
Daly. 

6293
05:31:16,000 --> 05:31:18,600
And a sports bar, minus the 
sports and the bar part. 

6294
05:31:19,400 --> 05:31:22,400
The food was cheap, quick and 
designed to keep you going 

6295
05:31:22,400 --> 05:31:26,000
rather than to impress anyone, 
the typical Tavern lunch might 

6296
05:31:26,000 --> 05:31:29,400
include some hard-boiled eggs, 
olives, bread and cheese. 

6297
05:31:29,400 --> 05:31:32,300
If you were feeling adventurous,
you might try some of the 

6298
05:31:32,308 --> 05:31:34,700
prepared foods. 
They had sitting out though. 

6299
05:31:34,700 --> 05:31:37,100
The concept of food safety was 
about as developed as their 

6300
05:31:37,100 --> 05:31:40,700
understanding of germs, which is
to say not at all. 

6301
05:31:41,600 --> 05:31:45,600
Fish was popular at lunch as if 
you live near the coast, Romans 

6302
05:31:45,600 --> 05:31:48,400
had this thing for fish sauce 
called garam, which was 

6303
05:31:48,400 --> 05:31:50,300
basically the catch up of the 
ancient world. 

6304
05:31:50,300 --> 05:31:53,600
They put it on everything. 
And I mean, everything. 

6305
05:31:54,600 --> 05:31:57,600
Imagine if someone today decided
that ranch dressing should go on

6306
05:31:57,600 --> 05:32:01,200
every single food item that's 
Romans with their fish sauce. 

6307
05:32:01,200 --> 05:32:05,400
It was made from fermented fish 
and testings which sounds 

6308
05:32:05,400 --> 05:32:08,900
absolutely horrified Until you 
realize its basically the 

6309
05:32:08,900 --> 05:32:10,300
ancestor of Worcestershire 
sauce. 

6310
05:32:10,300 --> 05:32:13,300
If you were traveling, your 
lunch options became even more 

6311
05:32:13,300 --> 05:32:15,700
limited. 
Roman roads were excellent for 

6312
05:32:15,708 --> 05:32:18,800
getting from point A to point B 
but they weren't exactly line 

6313
05:32:18,800 --> 05:32:22,000
with convenient restaurants. 
You'd pack some bread, maybe 

6314
05:32:22,000 --> 05:32:23,500
some dried meat and hope for the
best. 

6315
05:32:23,500 --> 05:32:26,900
It was the ancient equivalent of
grabbing a protein bar and 

6316
05:32:26,900 --> 05:32:28,500
hoping you'd find something 
better later. 

6317
05:32:29,600 --> 05:32:32,400
The timing of lunch was also 
flexible in a way that would 

6318
05:32:32,400 --> 05:32:35,800
confuse modern schedulers. 
Romans didn't have precise, 

6319
05:32:35,800 --> 05:32:38,800
timekeeping the way we do. 
So lunchtime was more of a 

6320
05:32:38,808 --> 05:32:40,900
general concept than a specific 
hour. 

6321
05:32:41,600 --> 05:32:44,200
You ate when you felt hungry and
when you had free time, which 

6322
05:32:44,200 --> 05:32:45,600
sometimes meant not eating at 
all. 

6323
05:32:46,500 --> 05:32:50,000
What's really fascinating, is 
how Romans viewed this meal or 

6324
05:32:50,000 --> 05:32:52,400
lack thereof? 
They didn't see skipping lunch 

6325
05:32:52,400 --> 05:32:54,800
as a hardship or a sign of being
too busy. 

6326
05:32:54,800 --> 05:32:58,300
It was just part of life. 
They were saving their energy 

6327
05:32:58,300 --> 05:33:00,200
and appetite for the real meal 
of the day. 

6328
05:33:00,200 --> 05:33:03,200
Everything else was just keeping
the engine running until the 

6329
05:33:03,200 --> 05:33:06,400
main event that comes the fun 
part shopping for the evening 

6330
05:33:06,400 --> 05:33:09,300
meal which was where Roman's 
really showed their coloring 

6331
05:33:09,300 --> 05:33:11,900
colors. 
But before you started imagining

6332
05:33:11,900 --> 05:33:14,000
neat grocery store aisles and 
shopping carts. 

6333
05:33:14,000 --> 05:33:16,800
Let me paint you a picture of 
what food shopping actually 

6334
05:33:16,800 --> 05:33:19,900
looked like in ancient Rome. 
First, you'd head to the local 

6335
05:33:19,900 --> 05:33:22,700
market which was less like a 
modern supermarket and more like

6336
05:33:22,700 --> 05:33:25,700
a chaotic Festival where 
everyone was trying to sell you 

6337
05:33:25,700 --> 05:33:27,900
something. 
The noise alone would have been 

6338
05:33:27,900 --> 05:33:30,500
overwhelming vendors shouting 
about their Wares. 

6339
05:33:30,500 --> 05:33:33,900
Customers haggling over prices 
and animals, making whatever 

6340
05:33:33,900 --> 05:33:36,200
sound animals make, when they're
about to become dinner. 

6341
05:33:36,200 --> 05:33:39,600
It was like Black Friday, but 
every day with more chickens, 

6342
05:33:40,400 --> 05:33:43,500
You'd start at the bread stalls 
because bread was the foundation

6343
05:33:43,500 --> 05:33:46,400
of every Roman meal. 
The Bakers would have their 

6344
05:33:46,400 --> 05:33:48,900
loaves displayed and you'd need 
to choose carefully. 

6345
05:33:49,600 --> 05:33:52,200
Some bread was better than 
others and you could tell a lot 

6346
05:33:52,208 --> 05:33:54,700
about someone social status by 
the quality of bread. 

6347
05:33:54,700 --> 05:33:57,200
They bought. 
White bread was for the wealthy,

6348
05:33:57,200 --> 05:33:59,100
darker bread was for everyone 
else. 

6349
05:33:59,100 --> 05:34:02,300
It was like a carbohydrate based
social hierarchy. 

6350
05:34:03,200 --> 05:34:05,100
The meat section would have been
an adventure in itself. 

6351
05:34:06,100 --> 05:34:09,600
Roman's consumed pork lamb goat 
and beef. 

6352
05:34:09,600 --> 05:34:13,600
However, beef was expensive and 
typically reserved for special 

6353
05:34:13,600 --> 05:34:16,200
occasions. 
You'd see whole animals hanging 

6354
05:34:16,200 --> 05:34:19,000
in the Stalls and the butcher 
would cut off whatever piece you

6355
05:34:19,000 --> 05:34:21,900
wanted right there. 
No neat packages wrapped in 

6356
05:34:21,900 --> 05:34:25,300
plastic, just you the Butcher 
and whatever animal was looking 

6357
05:34:25,300 --> 05:34:29,200
at you with those reproachful 
dead eyes. paltry was popular 

6358
05:34:29,200 --> 05:34:32,300
among the Romans, especially 
chicken, but they also consumed,

6359
05:34:32,300 --> 05:34:34,800
Duck's geese, And various other 
types of birds. 

6360
05:34:34,800 --> 05:34:38,200
They had a particular fondness 
for stuffed door, mice, which 

6361
05:34:38,200 --> 05:34:40,500
sounds adorable Until you 
realize they were being stuffed 

6362
05:34:40,500 --> 05:34:44,100
for dinner not as toys. 
Romans had some interesting 

6363
05:34:44,100 --> 05:34:46,200
ideas about what constituted 
good eating. 

6364
05:34:47,000 --> 05:34:49,600
The fish market would have been 
a sensory experience you'd never

6365
05:34:49,600 --> 05:34:52,700
forget. 
Romans love their seafood and 

6366
05:34:52,700 --> 05:34:55,200
they had access to both 
freshwater and saltwater fish. 

6367
05:34:55,200 --> 05:34:58,800
You'd find everything from 
simple sardines to elaborate 

6368
05:34:58,800 --> 05:35:00,700
preparations of mullet and sea 
bass. 

6369
05:35:01,400 --> 05:35:02,800
The smell would have been 
intense. 

6370
05:35:02,800 --> 05:35:05,500
Imagine the strongest fish 
market you've ever encountered 

6371
05:35:05,500 --> 05:35:10,100
then, multiply it by about 10. 
Vegetables were sold by farmers 

6372
05:35:10,100 --> 05:35:12,000
who bring their produce from the
countryside. 

6373
05:35:12,000 --> 05:35:16,500
You'd find onions, garlic leeks,
cabbage, turnips, and various 

6374
05:35:16,500 --> 05:35:20,500
greens, Tomatoes didn't exist 
yet, they were still hanging out

6375
05:35:20,500 --> 05:35:22,300
in the Americas, waiting to be 
discovered. 

6376
05:35:22,300 --> 05:35:25,200
So Roman Cuisine was a lot less 
red than you might expect. 

6377
05:35:26,100 --> 05:35:27,500
Fruits were seasonal and 
precious. 

6378
05:35:27,500 --> 05:35:32,000
Apple's, pears grapes and figs 
were common, but citrus fruits 

6379
05:35:32,000 --> 05:35:34,400
were exotic Imports that cost 
more than most people could 

6380
05:35:34,400 --> 05:35:37,500
afford. 
If you desired an orange, it 

6381
05:35:37,500 --> 05:35:40,000
would be advisable to have the 
ancient equivalent of a trust 

6382
05:35:40,000 --> 05:35:42,200
fund. 
The spice vendors will like 

6383
05:35:42,200 --> 05:35:45,000
ancient drug dealers, but legal 
and with better business 

6384
05:35:45,000 --> 05:35:48,100
license. 
Pepper was incredibly valuable. 

6385
05:35:48,100 --> 05:35:52,000
So valuable that it was 
sometimes used as currently Salt

6386
05:35:52,000 --> 05:35:55,200
was essential for preserving 
food and Romans had some pretty 

6387
05:35:55,200 --> 05:35:57,700
sophisticated ideas about 
different types of salt. 

6388
05:35:57,700 --> 05:36:01,200
And their uses wine was sold 
everywhere and it came in 

6389
05:36:01,200 --> 05:36:03,900
various qualities. 
The excellent stuff was for 

6390
05:36:03,900 --> 05:36:05,500
special occasions and wealthy 
people. 

6391
05:36:05,500 --> 05:36:09,900
While the everyday wine was more
like alcoholic vinegar, Romans 

6392
05:36:09,900 --> 05:36:13,200
mixed their wine with water 
which was partly about taste and

6393
05:36:13,200 --> 05:36:15,800
partly about not falling over 
before dinner was finished. 

6394
05:36:16,500 --> 05:36:18,300
Shopping wasn't just about 
buying food. 

6395
05:36:18,300 --> 05:36:22,900
It was a social activity, you'd 
run into neighbors, catch up on 

6396
05:36:22,900 --> 05:36:26,300
gossip, and probably hear about 
the latest political scandals. 

6397
05:36:26,300 --> 05:36:30,200
The market was like Facebook, 
but with actual faces and fewer 

6398
05:36:30,200 --> 05:36:33,300
privacy settings, you'd need to 
bring your containers for 

6399
05:36:33,300 --> 05:36:35,200
liquids and loose items. 
No. 

6400
05:36:35,200 --> 05:36:38,300
Convenient bottles or bags. 
Just whatever Pottery or baskets

6401
05:36:38,300 --> 05:36:42,000
you could carry If you lived in 
one of those multi-story, 

6402
05:36:42,000 --> 05:36:44,200
apartment buildings and had to 
carry everything up narrow 

6403
05:36:44,200 --> 05:36:46,800
stairs, shopping became a 
workout in itself. 

6404
05:36:46,800 --> 05:36:50,500
The whole experience would have 
taken most of the day and you'd 

6405
05:36:50,500 --> 05:36:53,200
need to be a skilled negotiator 
to get acceptable prices. 

6406
05:36:53,200 --> 05:36:57,300
Romans expected, haggling the 
way, we expect barcodes, it was 

6407
05:36:57,308 --> 05:37:00,600
just part of the process. 
Start with an outrageous price 

6408
05:37:00,600 --> 05:37:03,300
work your way down and 
eventually settle on something 

6409
05:37:03,300 --> 05:37:06,000
that made both parties. 
Slightly unhappy which meant it 

6410
05:37:06,000 --> 05:37:08,400
was probably fair. 
So you've survived the market 

6411
05:37:08,400 --> 05:37:10,600
experience and made it home with
your purchases. 

6412
05:37:10,600 --> 05:37:14,200
Now comes the fun part actually 
cooking the food. 

6413
05:37:15,400 --> 05:37:16,800
Here's where things get really 
interesting. 

6414
05:37:16,800 --> 05:37:19,800
Because Roman kitchens were 
nothing like what your 

6415
05:37:19,800 --> 05:37:21,800
imagining. 
If you lived in a typical Roman 

6416
05:37:21,800 --> 05:37:25,100
apartment, your kitchen might 
have been a small Brazier 

6417
05:37:25,100 --> 05:37:27,500
basically a metal bowl with some
charcoal in it. 

6418
05:37:27,508 --> 05:37:30,300
That's it. 
There were no counters cabinets 

6419
05:37:30,300 --> 05:37:32,300
or refrigerators humming in the 
corner. 

6420
05:37:32,300 --> 05:37:34,300
You do your cooking crouched 
over. 

6421
05:37:34,300 --> 05:37:36,300
This tiny fire. 
Probably in a space that was 

6422
05:37:36,300 --> 05:37:37,800
barely bigger than a modern 
closet. 

6423
05:37:37,800 --> 05:37:40,400
It was like trying to prepare 
Thanksgiving dinner. 

6424
05:37:40,400 --> 05:37:43,500
Using only a Hibachi Grill. 
The smoke from your cooking 

6425
05:37:43,500 --> 05:37:46,100
fire, had to go somewhere. 
And that's somewhere was usually

6426
05:37:46,100 --> 05:37:48,800
everywhere. 
Roman Apartments weren't known 

6427
05:37:48,808 --> 05:37:51,800
for their ventilation systems. 
You'd open a window if you had 

6428
05:37:51,800 --> 05:37:53,900
one but mostly you just live 
with the smoke. 

6429
05:37:53,900 --> 05:37:57,600
Everyone smelled like cooking 
food all the time which was 

6430
05:37:57,600 --> 05:37:59,900
either Charming or horrifying 
depending on your perspective. 

6431
05:38:01,000 --> 05:38:03,400
If you were wealthy enough to 
have a proper house, you might 

6432
05:38:03,400 --> 05:38:05,300
have had a real kitchen with the
stone half. 

6433
05:38:05,300 --> 05:38:08,500
Maybe even a small oven, but 
even these kitchens would have 

6434
05:38:08,508 --> 05:38:10,000
seen primitive by modern 
standards. 

6435
05:38:10,000 --> 05:38:13,400
The cooking area lacked running 
water and lacked knob, 

6436
05:38:13,400 --> 05:38:17,000
controlled gas burners. 
Everything was Firebase which 

6437
05:38:17,000 --> 05:38:19,000
meant it took longer and 
required more attention. 

6438
05:38:19,900 --> 05:38:23,100
Roman cooking was all about 
timing and patience you couldn't

6439
05:38:23,100 --> 05:38:26,300
just set a timer and walk away. 
You had to stay with your food 

6440
05:38:26,300 --> 05:38:30,100
watching it, adjusting the heat 
by moving, coals around and 

6441
05:38:30,100 --> 05:38:32,900
turning things by hand. 
It was like meditation. 

6442
05:38:32,900 --> 05:38:37,100
Except if you meditated wrong 
dinner burned The most common 

6443
05:38:37,100 --> 05:38:39,400
cooking vessel was a clay pot 
called Enola. 

6444
05:38:40,100 --> 05:38:42,400
These came in various sizes and 
were used for everything from 

6445
05:38:42,400 --> 05:38:46,700
boiling water to making. 
Stews, Romans also had pans, but

6446
05:38:46,700 --> 05:38:48,100
they were made of bronze or 
iron. 

6447
05:38:48,100 --> 05:38:51,900
Not the nonstick wonders, were 
used to everything stuck to it, 

6448
05:38:51,900 --> 05:38:55,400
which made cooking and exercise 
in both skill and frustration. 

6449
05:38:56,100 --> 05:38:59,800
Spices were Ground by hand using
a mortar and pestle, which was 

6450
05:38:59,800 --> 05:39:01,600
an excellent exercise for your 
arms. 

6451
05:39:01,600 --> 05:39:04,900
But time-consuming you'd spend a
good portion of your cooking 

6452
05:39:04,900 --> 05:39:08,700
time just preparing ingredients.
There were no food processors, 

6453
05:39:08,700 --> 05:39:13,400
no pre-chopped vegetables and no
shortcuts every meal was earned 

6454
05:39:13,400 --> 05:39:16,500
through actual physical labor. 
Storage was another challenge 

6455
05:39:16,500 --> 05:39:20,200
entirely without Refrigeration. 
You had to be creative about 

6456
05:39:20,200 --> 05:39:23,400
keeping food fresh. 
Romans used various preservation

6457
05:39:23,400 --> 05:39:27,100
techniques, salty, smoking 
drying and fermentation. 

6458
05:39:27,100 --> 05:39:30,400
They had underground storage 
areas called Sally for wine and 

6459
05:39:30,400 --> 05:39:34,100
other perishables but these were
mainly for the wealthy For most 

6460
05:39:34,100 --> 05:39:36,600
Romans, you bought what you 
needed for that day's meal and 

6461
05:39:36,600 --> 05:39:40,000
not much more leftovers were 
problematic without Proper 

6462
05:39:40,000 --> 05:39:42,000
Storage. 
So you learned to prepare just 

6463
05:39:42,000 --> 05:39:44,800
enough food for your family. 
This meant shopping more 

6464
05:39:44,800 --> 05:39:47,600
frequently, but it also meant 
your food was always fresh 

6465
05:39:47,600 --> 05:39:51,100
water, for cooking had to be 
carried from public fountains or

6466
05:39:51,100 --> 05:39:53,400
Wells. 
There was no turning on a tap. 

6467
05:39:53,400 --> 05:39:55,700
You'd fill your water jars and 
carry them home. 

6468
05:39:55,700 --> 05:39:59,600
Then use that water sparingly, 
this approach made cooking more 

6469
05:39:59,600 --> 05:40:02,500
deliberate and less wasteful 
than modern cooking tends to be.

6470
05:40:03,300 --> 05:40:05,800
The Romans had some clever 
cooking techniques that worked 

6471
05:40:05,800 --> 05:40:09,900
around their limitations, they'd
use honey as a preservative wine

6472
05:40:09,900 --> 05:40:13,200
as a cooking liquid and various 
herbs to mask the taste of food 

6473
05:40:13,200 --> 05:40:16,300
that was starting to turn. 
They became masters of one pot, 

6474
05:40:16,300 --> 05:40:19,600
cooking out of necessity, 
creating complex flavors in 

6475
05:40:19,608 --> 05:40:22,300
simple vessels. 
Baking was usually done, 

6476
05:40:22,300 --> 05:40:24,600
communally. 
Most people didn't have ovens, 

6477
05:40:24,600 --> 05:40:27,400
so they'd prepare their bread 
dough at home and then take it 

6478
05:40:27,400 --> 05:40:28,900
to a communal Bakery to be 
baked. 

6479
05:40:29,700 --> 05:40:32,600
This practice created a social 
aspect to bread making that 

6480
05:40:32,600 --> 05:40:34,700
we've completely lost in modern 
times. 

6481
05:40:35,600 --> 05:40:38,900
The timing of food preparation 
was crucial because Romans ate 

6482
05:40:38,900 --> 05:40:41,200
their main meal in the late 
afternoon or early evening. 

6483
05:40:41,200 --> 05:40:44,100
You'd need to start cooking 
hours before you plan to eat 

6484
05:40:44,100 --> 05:40:46,600
especially if you were preparing
anything complex. 

6485
05:40:47,700 --> 05:40:50,900
There was no ordering takeout. 
If you ran out of time, you ate 

6486
05:40:50,900 --> 05:40:53,300
what you managed to prepare, or 
you didn't eat much at all. 

6487
05:40:54,000 --> 05:40:56,700
Despite all these challenges 
Romans managed to create some 

6488
05:40:56,700 --> 05:41:01,000
truly sophisticated dishes, they
were creative resourceful, and 

6489
05:41:01,000 --> 05:41:03,300
surprisingly Innovative in their
approach to cooking. 

6490
05:41:03,300 --> 05:41:06,500
They had to be their survival 
depended on it. 

6491
05:41:06,500 --> 05:41:09,900
Finally, we reached the scene, 
her the main meal of the day and

6492
05:41:09,900 --> 05:41:13,000
the one Roman's actually cared 
about this meal was where they 

6493
05:41:13,000 --> 05:41:17,500
put their effort, their money, 
and their social energy. if 

6494
05:41:17,500 --> 05:41:20,400
breakfast was a handshake and 
lunch was a brief nod, dinner 

6495
05:41:20,400 --> 05:41:24,000
was a full embrace timing of 
dinner would seem strange to us.

6496
05:41:24,900 --> 05:41:27,900
Romans typically ate their main 
meal in the late afternoon or 

6497
05:41:27,900 --> 05:41:30,000
early evening. 
When the days work was done and 

6498
05:41:30,000 --> 05:41:31,800
there was still enough light to 
see what you were eating. 

6499
05:41:33,000 --> 05:41:34,900
This wasn't about candle At 
Romance. 

6500
05:41:34,900 --> 05:41:39,100
It was about practicality. 
Lamp oil was expensive and you 

6501
05:41:39,100 --> 05:41:41,400
wanted to enjoy your food while 
you could actually see it. 

6502
05:41:42,900 --> 05:41:46,300
For ordinary Romans dinner was a
simple but satisfying a fair, 

6503
05:41:46,308 --> 05:41:49,500
you'd gather with your family 
around a low table, sitting on 

6504
05:41:49,500 --> 05:41:53,300
stools or benches the meal would
center around bread which was 

6505
05:41:53,300 --> 05:41:55,500
eaten with everything and used 
as utensil. 

6506
05:41:55,500 --> 05:41:59,600
You tear off pieces and use them
to scoop up other foods, like an

6507
05:41:59,600 --> 05:42:02,000
ancient version of a dinner 
roll, that actually worked for 

6508
05:42:02,000 --> 05:42:04,600
something. 
The main dish was often a 

6509
05:42:04,600 --> 05:42:07,400
porridge or stew called pulse, 
which was made from various 

6510
05:42:07,400 --> 05:42:09,700
grains and whatever, vegetables,
meet or fish. 

6511
05:42:09,700 --> 05:42:13,600
You could afford It sounds 
boring Romans had perfected, the

6512
05:42:13,608 --> 05:42:16,700
art of making porridge 
fascinating, they'd add herbs 

6513
05:42:16,700 --> 05:42:20,300
spices, bits of meat vegetables 
and that ubiquitous fish sauce. 

6514
05:42:20,300 --> 05:42:23,200
It was like the ancient 
equivalent of a delicious 

6515
05:42:23,200 --> 05:42:26,400
risotto if Rosato were made from
whatever you happen to have on 

6516
05:42:26,400 --> 05:42:28,900
hand. 
If you could afford meat, it was

6517
05:42:28,900 --> 05:42:33,600
usually pork lamb or goat. 
Chicken was also popular and 

6518
05:42:33,600 --> 05:42:35,700
Romans had some intriguing ways 
of preparing it. 

6519
05:42:35,700 --> 05:42:39,500
They'd stuff it with various 
mixtures, roast it with herbs or

6520
05:42:39,500 --> 05:42:42,200
cook it in wine sauces, that 
would make modern chefs jealous.

6521
05:42:42,800 --> 05:42:45,300
The key was maximizing flavor 
with few ingredients. 

6522
05:42:46,300 --> 05:42:48,800
Vegetables played a sporting 
role but an important one, 

6523
05:42:48,800 --> 05:42:52,600
Romans ate a lot of cabbage, 
onions, leeks and various 

6524
05:42:52,600 --> 05:42:55,000
greens. 
They prepared vegetables in ways

6525
05:42:55,000 --> 05:42:58,100
that would surprise modern Cooks
often cooking them for much 

6526
05:42:58,100 --> 05:43:01,600
longer than we do today creating
soft flavorful dishes that were 

6527
05:43:01,600 --> 05:43:05,000
easy to digest. 
The wealthy Romans naturally had

6528
05:43:05,000 --> 05:43:07,900
completely different dinner 
experience their meals. 

6529
05:43:07,900 --> 05:43:10,400
Were elaborate Affairs that 
could last for hours and include

6530
05:43:10,400 --> 05:43:13,200
multiple courses. 
They'd recline on couches. 

6531
05:43:13,200 --> 05:43:17,100
Yes, they literally laid down to
eat, and be served by slaves who

6532
05:43:17,100 --> 05:43:21,000
brought course after course of 
increasingly exotic foods. 

6533
05:43:21,000 --> 05:43:25,300
Rich Romans might start with 
gusto appetizers like eggs, 

6534
05:43:25,300 --> 05:43:29,400
olives honey, glazed ham or 
various Seafood preparations. 

6535
05:43:30,300 --> 05:43:33,000
Then came the main courses, 
which could include roasted 

6536
05:43:33,000 --> 05:43:35,300
peacocks. 
Stuffed wild boar or elaborate 

6537
05:43:35,300 --> 05:43:37,900
fish dishes. 
They'd finish with sweet things.

6538
05:43:37,900 --> 05:43:41,100
Like Honey, Cakes or fruit. 
The really well, he would serve 

6539
05:43:41,100 --> 05:43:43,200
foods that were expensive. 
Not because they tasted 

6540
05:43:43,200 --> 05:43:45,200
excellent. 
But because they were rare or 

6541
05:43:45,200 --> 05:43:49,500
difficult to obtain Flamingo 
tongues for example were a 

6542
05:43:49,500 --> 05:43:52,000
delicacy not because they were 
delicious, but because they were

6543
05:43:52,008 --> 05:43:55,700
exotic and expensive. 
It was like serving gold, flake 

6544
05:43:55,700 --> 05:43:58,500
ice cream today. 
More about showing off than 

6545
05:43:58,500 --> 05:44:02,200
actual flavor. 
Wine was an essential part of 

6546
05:44:02,208 --> 05:44:03,900
dinner for everyone who could 
afford it. 

6547
05:44:04,500 --> 05:44:07,100
The Romans developed 
sophisticated ideas about why 

6548
05:44:07,100 --> 05:44:11,100
creating different types for 
various occasions, they'd mix 

6549
05:44:11,100 --> 05:44:13,700
their wine with water and 
sometimes with honey or spices. 

6550
05:44:14,500 --> 05:44:17,200
The quality of wine, you served 
said a lot about your social 

6551
05:44:17,200 --> 05:44:21,000
status and your hospitality. 
The social aspect of dinner was 

6552
05:44:21,000 --> 05:44:24,500
just as important as the food. 
This was when families came 

6553
05:44:24,500 --> 05:44:27,900
together, when friends visited, 
and when business was discussed,

6554
05:44:28,800 --> 05:44:31,300
Dinner was the social media of 
ancient Rome. 

6555
05:44:31,300 --> 05:44:35,100
It's where news was shared 
relationships were built and 

6556
05:44:35,100 --> 05:44:38,600
social hierarchies were 
reinforced Romans had specific 

6557
05:44:38,600 --> 05:44:41,100
etiquette around dinner. 
That would seem strange to us. 

6558
05:44:41,100 --> 05:44:44,100
They ate with their fingers, but
there were rules about which 

6559
05:44:44,100 --> 05:44:46,200
ones to use and how to use the 
grace for me. 

6560
05:44:46,900 --> 05:44:49,100
They'd wash their hands 
frequently throughout the meal 

6561
05:44:49,100 --> 05:44:52,000
and servants would bring water 
and towels between horses. 

6562
05:44:53,300 --> 05:44:55,400
The conversation at dinner was 
supposed to be pleasant and 

6563
05:44:55,400 --> 05:44:58,300
educational. 
Romans valued wit and 

6564
05:44:58,300 --> 05:45:01,100
intelligence at the dinner table
and a good host would guide the 

6565
05:45:01,100 --> 05:45:02,800
conversation to interesting 
topics. 

6566
05:45:02,800 --> 05:45:07,000
Politics, philosophy literature,
anything that would stimulate 

6567
05:45:07,000 --> 05:45:08,500
the mind. 
While the body was being 

6568
05:45:08,500 --> 05:45:11,000
nourished. 
After the main causes the sweet 

6569
05:45:11,000 --> 05:45:14,200
finale arrived, but Roman 
desserts were quite different 

6570
05:45:14,200 --> 05:45:17,000
from what you might expect. 
They didn't have sugar in the 

6571
05:45:17,008 --> 05:45:19,300
way we know it. 
That was still centuries away 

6572
05:45:19,300 --> 05:45:23,300
from being common in Europe. 
Stead Romans, relied on honey 

6573
05:45:23,300 --> 05:45:26,900
fruit and various inventive 
combinations to satiate their 

6574
05:45:26,900 --> 05:45:30,700
sweet cravings. 
Honey was the star of Roman 

6575
05:45:30,700 --> 05:45:33,200
desserts. 
They used it in everything, 

6576
05:45:33,200 --> 05:45:37,800
drizzled over fresh fruit, mixed
into cakes and combined with 

6577
05:45:37,808 --> 05:45:40,200
nuts to make early versions of 
new gat. 

6578
05:45:40,900 --> 05:45:44,200
Roman beekeepers were skilled 
Craftsmen and different types of

6579
05:45:44,200 --> 05:45:46,100
honey were prized for their 
unique flavors. 

6580
05:45:46,900 --> 05:45:49,900
Time honey was particularly 
valued and Romans would pay 

6581
05:45:49,900 --> 05:45:52,300
premium prices for honey from 
specific regions. 

6582
05:45:53,500 --> 05:45:56,000
Roman cakes were dense. 
Sweet Affairs! 

6583
05:45:56,000 --> 05:45:58,500
That bore little resemblance to 
Modern birthday cake cakes. 

6584
05:45:58,500 --> 05:46:03,400
They were made with flour egg's,
honey, and various nuts or dried

6585
05:46:03,400 --> 05:46:07,200
fruits. 
One popular dessert was libum a 

6586
05:46:07,200 --> 05:46:09,300
cheesecake like creation that 
was often used in religious 

6587
05:46:09,300 --> 05:46:10,900
ceremonies as well as eating for
pleasure. 

6588
05:46:10,900 --> 05:46:14,800
It was Heavy rich and probably 
would have left, you feeling 

6589
05:46:14,800 --> 05:46:18,100
pleasantly stuffed. 
Fruit was often the simplest and

6590
05:46:18,100 --> 05:46:21,900
most satisfying end to a meal. 
Romans had access to apples. 

6591
05:46:21,900 --> 05:46:24,200
Pears, grapes, figs and various 
berries. 

6592
05:46:24,200 --> 05:46:27,600
They'd sometimes cook fruit with
honey and wine to create compost

6593
05:46:27,600 --> 05:46:30,000
or they dry fruit. 
To preserve it for later. 

6594
05:46:30,000 --> 05:46:32,100
Use. 
Fresh fruit was seasonal and 

6595
05:46:32,100 --> 05:46:35,200
precious, making it feel special
when it appeared on the table, 

6596
05:46:35,200 --> 05:46:38,100
but here's where Roman Cuisine 
gets really interesting. 

6597
05:46:38,100 --> 05:46:41,600
They ate some things that would 
make modern diners run screaming

6598
05:46:41,600 --> 05:46:44,600
from the table. 
Remember those stuffed dormus? 

6599
05:46:44,600 --> 05:46:47,700
I mentioned earlier, Romans 
considered them a delicacy. 

6600
05:46:48,400 --> 05:46:50,500
They'd fatten up dorm in special
jars. 

6601
05:46:50,500 --> 05:46:53,800
Then stuff them with pork, pine 
nuts, and various seasonings 

6602
05:46:53,800 --> 05:46:54,700
before. 
Roasting them. 

6603
05:46:55,400 --> 05:46:58,800
It was like ancient Roman Tapas,
except with more adorable 

6604
05:46:58,800 --> 05:47:01,500
Woodland creatures. 
Roman's also had a thing for 

6605
05:47:01,500 --> 05:47:03,300
organ meats, that would 
challenge even the most 

6606
05:47:03,300 --> 05:47:07,600
adventurous modern foodie they 
ate brains kidneys, liver and 

6607
05:47:07,600 --> 05:47:10,800
various other parts of animals 
that we typically avoid These 

6608
05:47:10,800 --> 05:47:13,200
were not poverty Foods, they 
were often considered 

6609
05:47:13,200 --> 05:47:16,400
Delicacies. 
Roman Cooks at sophisticated 

6610
05:47:16,400 --> 05:47:20,100
ways of preparing these organs 
often disguise in their texture 

6611
05:47:20,100 --> 05:47:22,700
and enhancing their flavors with
herbs and spices. 

6612
05:47:23,900 --> 05:47:25,300
Sea. 
Urchins were another Roman 

6613
05:47:25,300 --> 05:47:27,300
favorite? 
That might surprise you, they 

6614
05:47:27,300 --> 05:47:30,500
eat them raw like, ancient Sushi
or cook them in various 

6615
05:47:30,500 --> 05:47:33,800
preparations. 
Romans living near the coast had

6616
05:47:33,800 --> 05:47:36,300
access to all sorts of seafood. 
That was both familiar and 

6617
05:47:36,300 --> 05:47:39,000
exotic. 
They did everything from simple 

6618
05:47:39,000 --> 05:47:41,800
sardines to elaborate 
preparations of eels and Rays. 

6619
05:47:41,800 --> 05:47:45,800
The famous Roman fish sauce. 
Garam deserves special mention 

6620
05:47:45,800 --> 05:47:48,600
because it was a ubiquitous 
ingredient in Roman Cuisine. 

6621
05:47:48,600 --> 05:47:52,000
Garam, The Source made from 
fermented fishing. 

6622
05:47:52,000 --> 05:47:54,900
Testings was considered the 
Umami bomb of the ancient world.

6623
05:47:54,900 --> 05:47:58,900
Romans put it on everything 
meets vegetables and even 

6624
05:47:58,900 --> 05:48:02,800
desserts sometimes it was salty,
pungent, and absolutely 

6625
05:48:02,800 --> 05:48:06,300
essential to Roman cooking. 
The best garam was made from 

6626
05:48:06,300 --> 05:48:08,900
tuner in testing and was 
expensive enough to be a luxury 

6627
05:48:08,900 --> 05:48:11,800
item. 
Romans also ate various birds 

6628
05:48:11,800 --> 05:48:13,500
that we don't typically consider
food today. 

6629
05:48:13,500 --> 05:48:17,100
Peacocks swans and even 
ostriches appeared on Wealthy 

6630
05:48:17,100 --> 05:48:19,800
Roman tables. 
These were often prepared as 

6631
05:48:19,800 --> 05:48:22,800
much for spectacle. 
As for Taste, imagine a roasted 

6632
05:48:22,800 --> 05:48:25,100
peacock with its feathers 
replaced for presentation. 

6633
05:48:25,900 --> 05:48:27,900
It was the epitome of elaborate 
dinner theater. 

6634
05:48:28,900 --> 05:48:33,300
One particularly strange, Roman 
delicacy was molsom a drink made

6635
05:48:33,300 --> 05:48:35,400
from wine and honey. 
That was often served at the 

6636
05:48:35,400 --> 05:48:38,400
beginning of meals. 
But the Romans also made a 

6637
05:48:38,400 --> 05:48:41,100
version with added spices that 
were supposed to a digestion. 

6638
05:48:41,800 --> 05:48:45,600
It was like ancient Pepto-Bismol
except it was alcoholic and 

6639
05:48:45,600 --> 05:48:47,400
probably didn't help with 
digestion at all. 

6640
05:48:48,500 --> 05:48:51,300
The Romans Had A peculiar 
relationship with eggs that went

6641
05:48:51,300 --> 05:48:54,100
beyond simple breakfast. 
Fare, they'd eat eggs from 

6642
05:48:54,100 --> 05:48:58,100
various Birds chickens, Ducks 
geese, and even ostriches 

6643
05:48:58,100 --> 05:49:02,000
ostrich eggs, were enormous and 
were often prepared as shared 

6644
05:49:02,000 --> 05:49:05,800
dishes for special occasions. 
Imagine cracking, open an egg 

6645
05:49:05,808 --> 05:49:10,100
that could feed a family of six.
What's fascinating is how Romans

6646
05:49:10,100 --> 05:49:12,900
combined flavors in ways that 
would seem strange to us today? 

6647
05:49:14,000 --> 05:49:17,300
They'd mix sweet and savory 
regularly adding honey to meet 

6648
05:49:17,300 --> 05:49:19,200
dishes and using fruit in 
preparations. 

6649
05:49:19,200 --> 05:49:22,600
We'd consider purely Savory 
they'd cook fish with fruit. 

6650
05:49:22,600 --> 05:49:26,000
Add honey to vegetables and 
create complex flavor, profiles 

6651
05:49:26,000 --> 05:49:29,300
that challenge, the palate. 
The end of a Romano wasn't just 

6652
05:49:29,300 --> 05:49:31,400
about food. 
It was about extending the 

6653
05:49:31,400 --> 05:49:33,200
social experience as long as 
possible. 

6654
05:49:33,200 --> 05:49:37,000
The meal would gradually wind 
down with more wine conversation

6655
05:49:37,000 --> 05:49:40,700
and sometimes entertainment It 
was the ancient equivalent of 

6656
05:49:40,700 --> 05:49:43,600
lingering over coffee and 
dessert, except with more 

6657
05:49:43,600 --> 05:49:46,900
reclining and fewer espresso 
machines as your Roman dinner, 

6658
05:49:46,900 --> 05:49:49,600
finally winds down and you lean 
back full and satisfied. 

6659
05:49:49,600 --> 05:49:52,800
It's worth thinking about how 
this ancient way of eating has 

6660
05:49:52,800 --> 05:49:56,500
shaped our modern world. the 
Romans were just eating, they 

6661
05:49:56,500 --> 05:49:58,900
were creating patterns and 
preferences that would influence

6662
05:49:58,900 --> 05:50:02,400
European Cuisine for centuries 
to come Many of the herbs and 

6663
05:50:02,400 --> 05:50:05,100
spices Romans used are still 
essential in Mediterranean 

6664
05:50:05,100 --> 05:50:08,300
cooking. 
Today, oregano thyme, Rosemary 

6665
05:50:08,300 --> 05:50:11,100
and Sage were Roman favorites. 
That modern Italian Cooks. 

6666
05:50:11,100 --> 05:50:14,500
Still rely on the Romans 
basically created the foundation

6667
05:50:14,500 --> 05:50:17,500
for what we now, call 
Mediterranean Cuisine even 

6668
05:50:17,500 --> 05:50:20,600
though they didn't have access 
to tomatoes, potatoes, or many 

6669
05:50:20,600 --> 05:50:23,000
of the other ingredients we 
associate with Italian food 

6670
05:50:23,000 --> 05:50:27,200
today, the Roman approach to 
Wine was revolutionary and set 

6671
05:50:27,208 --> 05:50:29,000
standards that winemakers still 
follow. 

6672
05:50:29,000 --> 05:50:33,500
They developed ideas about aging
about pairing wine with food and

6673
05:50:33,500 --> 05:50:36,100
about the social importance of 
wine that persisted today. 

6674
05:50:36,800 --> 05:50:39,300
Every time you choose a wine to 
go with dinner, your 

6675
05:50:39,300 --> 05:50:41,900
participating in a tradition 
that Romans helped to establish.

6676
05:50:42,800 --> 05:50:46,300
Roman attitudes toward communal.
Eating your European culture in 

6677
05:50:46,300 --> 05:50:49,800
ways we still see today. 
The idea that dinner should be a

6678
05:50:49,800 --> 05:50:52,800
social event that meals should 
bring people together and that 

6679
05:50:52,800 --> 05:50:54,400
food is about more than just 
nutrition. 

6680
05:50:54,400 --> 05:50:57,300
These are all Concepts that 
Romans championed. 

6681
05:50:57,900 --> 05:51:00,100
They understood that eating 
together was about building 

6682
05:51:00,100 --> 05:51:02,100
relationships and strengthening 
communities. 

6683
05:51:02,100 --> 05:51:06,000
The Roman class is to around 
food established patterns that 

6684
05:51:06,000 --> 05:51:09,800
took centuries to break down. 
The idea that certain foods were

6685
05:51:09,800 --> 05:51:12,800
for wealthy people and others 
were for the poor, that food 

6686
05:51:12,800 --> 05:51:16,300
could be a status symbol and 
that elaborate meals were a way 

6687
05:51:16,308 --> 05:51:19,000
to display wealth and power 
these Concepts. 

6688
05:51:19,000 --> 05:51:23,200
Persisted long after Rome fell, 
Perhaps, most importantly, 

6689
05:51:23,200 --> 05:51:27,100
Romans showed us that cooking is
about creativity and adaptation.

6690
05:51:28,000 --> 05:51:30,600
They took whatever ingredients 
they had available and found 

6691
05:51:30,600 --> 05:51:33,400
ways to make them delicious. 
They didn't have the global 

6692
05:51:33,400 --> 05:51:36,800
ingredient Market. 
We do now, but they may do, they

6693
05:51:36,800 --> 05:51:40,600
were resourceful, inventive and 
surprisingly sophisticated in 

6694
05:51:40,600 --> 05:51:44,000
their approach to food. 
The Roman kitchen with all its 

6695
05:51:44,000 --> 05:51:46,700
limitations produced, some truly
remarkable dishes. 

6696
05:51:46,700 --> 05:51:50,300
They developed techniques for 
preserving food for combining 

6697
05:51:50,300 --> 05:51:52,800
flavors and for creating complex
meals. 

6698
05:51:52,800 --> 05:51:55,900
From simple ingredients. 
They understood that cooking was

6699
05:51:55,900 --> 05:51:58,900
both an art and science. 
Requiring skill, patience and 

6700
05:51:58,900 --> 05:52:02,200
creativity. 
Roman eating habits also 

6701
05:52:02,200 --> 05:52:04,200
reminded us that food culture is
always changing. 

6702
05:52:05,000 --> 05:52:07,300
What seems normal to us today, 
would have been completely 

6703
05:52:07,300 --> 05:52:10,600
foreign to Romans just as their 
eating habits seemed strange to 

6704
05:52:10,600 --> 05:52:12,600
us. 
They adapted to their 

6705
05:52:12,600 --> 05:52:16,500
circumstances, made the most of 
their resources and created a 

6706
05:52:16,500 --> 05:52:18,500
food culture that was 
appropriate for their time and 

6707
05:52:18,500 --> 05:52:21,400
place. 
The social aspects of Roman 

6708
05:52:21,400 --> 05:52:24,900
dining, the conversation, the 
entertainment, the sense of 

6709
05:52:24,908 --> 05:52:27,900
community, a things we could 
perhaps, learn from today. 

6710
05:52:29,000 --> 05:52:31,500
Romans understood that meals 
were about more than just 

6711
05:52:31,500 --> 05:52:34,200
consuming calories. 
They were about connecting with 

6712
05:52:34,200 --> 05:52:37,000
other people sharing experiences
and creating memories. 

6713
05:52:37,800 --> 05:52:40,700
As you drift off to sleep 
tonight, full of this knowledge,

6714
05:52:40,700 --> 05:52:43,600
about Roman eating habits. 
You might find yourself thinking

6715
05:52:43,600 --> 05:52:46,800
differently about your meals. 
Every time you sit down to eat, 

6716
05:52:46,800 --> 05:52:49,100
you're participating in a 
tradition that stretches back, 

6717
05:52:49,100 --> 05:52:52,600
thousands of years, you're part 
of a long chain of people who 

6718
05:52:52,600 --> 05:52:56,300
have gathered around tables, 
shared food and used meals as a 

6719
05:52:56,300 --> 05:52:59,000
way to connect with others. 
The Romans may not have had our 

6720
05:52:59,000 --> 05:53:02,400
modern conveniences, our Global 
ingredients or are sophisticated

6721
05:53:02,400 --> 05:53:05,800
cooking equipment but they had 
something that's perhaps more 

6722
05:53:05,800 --> 05:53:08,100
valuable. 
They understood that food is 

6723
05:53:08,100 --> 05:53:11,700
about more than just nutrition. 
It's about Community creativity 

6724
05:53:11,700 --> 05:53:14,600
and the simple pleasure of 
sharing a meal with people you 

6725
05:53:14,600 --> 05:53:17,400
care about. 
So tomorrow morning when you're 

6726
05:53:17,400 --> 05:53:19,700
having your elaborate breakfast 
that would have amazed any 

6727
05:53:19,700 --> 05:53:22,500
Roman, remember that you're 
eating like royalty, compared to

6728
05:53:22,508 --> 05:53:26,700
most people throughout history, 
and maybe, just maybe you'll 

6729
05:53:26,700 --> 05:53:29,400
appreciate that morning meal. 
A little bit more knowing how 

6730
05:53:29,400 --> 05:53:31,100
far we've come from those 
simple. 

6731
05:53:31,100 --> 05:53:36,100
Roman breakfasts of bread and 
wine sweet dreams and may your 

6732
05:53:36,100 --> 05:53:37,700
meals be as satisfying as a 
Roman. 

6733
05:53:37,800 --> 05:53:39,600
Seen or minus the door mice.