What Life Was Really Like for King Edward III | History for Sleep

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Welcome back, friends. 
I know my content helps you fall

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asleep. 
So let's snuggle up quickly, 

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because tonight we're traveling 
back to Medieval England, not to

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witness Grand battles or 
dramatic confrontations. 

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But to walk quietly, alongside a
king, whose life was far more 

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complicated than the history. 
Books often admit Edward the 

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Third The name conjures, images 
of military, triumphs and golden

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crowns. 
That's right. 

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We're going to spend the next 
hour in Edward's World, feeling 

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the weight of his crown, the 
dampness of his Castle's and the

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Relentless grind of medieval 
King ship. 

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No rush, no drama. 
Just the steady rhythm of one 

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complicated life unfolding 
season by season. 

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So, if you're new here, as 
always joining the community is 

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super easy, just tap, subscribe,
like the video. 

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And let me know, where in the 
world, you're watching from and 

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what time it is for you. 
Now, get comfortable and let's 

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start where all hard lives, 
begin. 

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With a childhood that wasn't 
quite what anyone hoped it would

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be. 
That's the trick. 

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You've learned living in your 
mother's household, make 

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yourself small, keep your 
opinions quiet and For Heaven's 

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Sake. 
Don't remind anyone that your 

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technically supposed to inherit 
a kingdom someday Your father is

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still King though. 
Barely anyone takes him 

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seriously anymore. 
Edward, the second has become 

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England's, embarrassment, and 
you've learned that being his 

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son means wearing that shame 
like an ill-fitting cloak. 

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The castle smells like wet stone
and old rushes today. 

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Same as always, someone's 
cooking something with onions 

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down in the kitchens and the 
scent drift up through the 

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drafty corridors. 
You're sitting in a window seat.

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Supposedly studying Latin with 
your tutor but really you're 

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watching your mother Pace back 
and forth across the chamber. 

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Isabella of France, doesn't 
taste like normal people, she 

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Glides even when she is angry 
and today she is furious about 

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something your father did or 
didn't. 

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Do you've stopped keeping track 
Your tutor clears, his throat. 

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Trying to reclaim your 
attention. 

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He's a nervous man with ink 
stained fingers. 

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Who always? 
Looks like. 

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He'd rather be anywhere else. 
You don't blame him. 

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Your mother's mood for a room 
like smoke. 

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And right now, the atmosphere is
suffocating the conjugation my 

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Lord. 
He whispers tapping the page. 

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You recited dutifully your 
voice. 

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Barely audible, this is another 
skill, you've mastered being 

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present without being noticed. 
Your mother doesn't acknowledge 

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you as she sweeps passed. 
Trailing silk and determination.

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She's meeting with Roger 
Mortimer later. 

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Everyone knows this though. 
No one says it out loud. 

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Mortimer is your father's enemy 
technically but he's also become

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the most important man in your 
mother's life. 

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The arrangement is obvious to 
anyone with eyes and deeply 

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uncomfortable for a boy, who is 
supposed to respect both his 

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parents. 
The summer heat makes the stone 

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walls, sweat, you can feel 
moisture in the air that 

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particular dampness. 
That medieval buildings, never 

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quite shake your tunic sticks to
your back. 

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You're growing again, your 
clothes never fit properly 

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anymore. 
There's a new tunic being made 

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deep blue wool. 
That will be too warm for summer

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and too thin for winter because 
that's how these things work. 

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Your younger siblings are 
somewhere else. 

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In the castle being children, 
you hear their laughter 

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occasionally drifting up from 
the garden's. 

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You're not sure when you stopped
being included in their games, 

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that somewhere along the way, 
you became different. 

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The are the future, the boy, who
can't afford to, just be a boy, 

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My Lord, the tutor again, 
patient. 

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But persistent. 
You finish the conjugation. 

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He nods satisfied. 
And assigns, you a passage to 

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translate. 
Something about Roman virtue and

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Duty. 
Everyone's always teaching you 

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about Duty. 
The afternoon, wears on your 

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mother leaves. 
Finally, taking her energy with 

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her, the room feels larger 
without her empty. 

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You stretch your legs feeling 
your knees crack. 12 years old 

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and already your body feels 
wrong ganglion. 

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Awkward. 
You're going to be tall, people 

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say like your grandfather Edward
the first Longshanks. 

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The king who conquered Scotland 
and terrified his enemies. 

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That's a lot to live up to when 
you can barely get through a 

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Latin lesson without 
daydreaming. 

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Someone brings you dinner bread 
cheese and a bit of dried fish. 

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You eat alone, which is typical 
Your mother dines with Mortimer 

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and the important Nobles your 
important in theory but in 

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practice you're just a 
complication the boy who 

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represents the future but gets 
in the way of the present night 

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falls and the castle settles in 
to its evening routine torches. 

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A lit voices echoed down 
corridors you lie in your narrow

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bed, listening to the distance 
sound of adult life happening 

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without you. 
Somewhere your father is 

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probably drinking himself into 
stupidity with his favorites 

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somewhere, your mother is 
plotting, the Kingdom's future 

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with her lover and here you are 
suspended between them belonging

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to neither. 
You pull the wool blanket up to 

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your chin. 
It's scratches everything in 

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medieval life. 
Scratches the clothes, the 

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blankets, the very are. 
Sometimes your cold. 

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Even though it's summer that 
bone deep, chill that comes from

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stonewalls and uncertainty. 
This is your childhood not 

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Adventure, not pageantry, just 
waiting, waiting to grow up 

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waiting for things to change, 
waiting for a future that 

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everyone promises is glorious 
but feels mostly heavy. 

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You close your eyes and try to 
sleep knowing tomorrow will be 

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exactly the same more Latin more
pacing. 

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More being the heir who doesn't 
quite matter yet. 

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The really funny part someday, 
you'll look back on these years,

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as the simple ones you're 14 
when they make you king. 

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And the crown is heavier than 
you imagined not physically, 

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though it is quite heavy and 
uncomfortable circle of gold, 

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that gives you headaches, but in
all the ways that matter your 

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father is dead or deposed and 
then dead or murdered. 

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The details keep changing 
depending on, who's telling the 

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story and you've learned not to 
ask too many questions. 

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What matters is that Edward? 
The second is gone and your 

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Edward, the third. 
Now, which sounds impressive 

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Until you realize, what is 
actually means. 

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It means Roger Mortimer. 
Runs everything you're sitting 

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in the Great Hall. 
At Westminster attending yet 

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another council meeting where 
decisions get made around you 

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rather than by you mortimer's 
holding forth about taxes, his 

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voice filling the chamber with 
confidence. 

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You certainly don't feel He's a 
big commanding, man. 

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The kind of person who makes 
rooms feel smaller just by 

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entering them. 
Your mother sits beside him, 

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beautiful, and terrifying 
nodding at all the right 

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moments. 
You're supposed to not to agree 

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sign things be the Royal seal of
approval for whatever. 

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They've already decided. 
The whole smells like old wood 

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and ambition. 50 Nobles are 
packed in here ostensibly or 

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subjects actually mortimer's 
audience. 

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They watch you sometimes these 
powerful men and you can see 

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them calculating, how long until
the boy becomes a man how long 

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until he matters? 
Your Grace agrees. 

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Of course. 
Mortimer says, not quite making 

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it a question. 
You agree, you always agree. 

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What else can you do? 
Your nights are spent in Royal 

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Apartments. 
That feel designed to remind you

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how small you are. 
Vast Chambers with painted 

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ceilings and Furniture size, for
Kings, who filled the role 

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better. 
Your father's things are mostly 

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gone now. 
Cleared away like embarrassing 

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evidence you sleep in his bed 
though and sometimes you wonder 

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if he was scared too lying here,
feeling inadequate. 

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Probably not your father's 
problem, wasn't fear, it was 

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poor judgment. 
He loved the wrong people. 

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Trusted the wrong allies and 
ignored, the Kingdom's, business

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for personal pleasure. 
Your determined not to make 

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those mistakes which mostly 
means making no decisions at 

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all. 
Your wife arrives in the spring 

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Philippe of hey no cheerful and 
kind and absolutely terrified 

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though she hides it better than 
you do. 

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You're both teenagers playing at
marriage going through motions 

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that adults have arranged. 
The wedding is elaborate and 

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expensive designed to show 
England that everything's fine. 

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The succession is secure and 
there's nothing to worry about. 

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Philip a trees. 
You have to give her that. 

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She learns English phrases 
Smiles at the right moments and 

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doesn't complain about the 
drafty English Castle's after 

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her comfortable. 
Continental upbringing, At night

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in the massive Royal bed, you 
lie side by side like nervous 

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strangers, which is exactly what
you are. 

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Do you think it gets easier? 
She asks one night her accent, 

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making the words Charming? 
Probably not you admit. 

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She laughs surprised by your 
honesty it's a nice sound of the

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darkness. 
Maybe you'll be friends of Entry

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is more than many Royal 
marriages manage the seasons 

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blur together, some of 
progressed through the kingdom, 

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you and your mother. 
And Mortimer showing the flag, 

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accepting Hospitality from 
Nobles who can't afford it, but 

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can't refuse. 
Autumn in Westminster signing 

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documents, you barely understand
winter at Windsor watching 

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snowfall on the Thames. 
While Mortimer makes decisions 

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about your realm your learning 
though. 

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Slowly quietly you're paying 
attention you notice which 

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Nobles resent mortimer's power. 
You see how money flows through 

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the kingdom, who profits, and 
who loses your developing 

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opinions about things even if 
you can't express them yet. 

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Your 16th birthday comes and 
goes with ceremony but little 

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change. 
You're taller. 

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Now filling out and starting to 
look like a king even if you 

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don't feel like one people Bow, 
Low Noble's petition, you 

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directly sometimes though, 
everyone knows the real 

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decisions happen elsewhere. 
Mortimer is getting comfortable.

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That's his mistake. 
Probably he stopped being 

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careful and stopped pretending 
that you matter. 

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He takes lands Grant's titles 
and enriches himself and his 

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allies. 
Your mother seems not to notice,

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or, perhaps she doesn't care, 
she's got what she wanted, her 

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son on the throne, her lover in 
power and her hated her husband 

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gone. 
But your noticing, your 17 now, 

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then 18 and the boy who learned 
to make himself invisible is 

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watching everything. 
You see, which guards are loyal 

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to Mortimer and which ones might
waver, you understand the 

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Castle's rhythms, who goes where
and when defenses are lacks, 

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you're still agreeing to 
everything in Council. 

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Still playing the compliant 
young king. 

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But inside, in the parts of 
yourself, you keep hidden. 

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You're getting angry. 
This is your kingdom, your 

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crown, your responsibility, and 
you're tired of being a 

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decoration. 
The funny thing about being 

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underestimated is how useful it 
becomes more than thinks your 

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week. 
Your mother thinks your 

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manageable the Noble's. 
Think you're young. 

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There are so busy congratulating
themselves on controlling you 

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that they don't notice you 
growing up. 

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Later at night in those quiet 
hours when the castle sleeps you

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lie, awake planning. 
Not Rebellion, exactly, you're 

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not your father prone to 
dramatic gestures. 

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That fail, something quieter, 
something certain, you'll still 

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young, still learning, still 
waiting but not for much longer.

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Your 23 actually ruling now, and
the work is endless. 

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It's barely passed Dawn, and 
you're already in Council 

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listening to your Treasurer 
explain. 

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Why the kingdom is broke again. 
The extra runs on chaos, 

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apparently taxes, that should be
collected on. 

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Expenses that shouldn't exist. 
Do in somewhere in the model. 

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Your grandfather's Legacy of 
financial stability as 

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evaporated, like Morning Mist, 
The Scottish campaign requires 

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funds. 
Your Grace, the treasurer is 

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saying. 
He's a thin man with worry lines

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etched deep everyone involved in
Royal Finance. 

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Looks like that. 
Eventually Everything requires 

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funds, you mutter rubbing your 
temples, the headache that's 

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been your constant companion, 
for three years. 

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Throbs steadily What do we 
actually have? 

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The answer presented in, careful
detail is not enough, never 

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enough. 
You need to pay soldiers, 

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maintain castles support your 
growing household, fun, 

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diplomatic missions, and keep 
your Nobles happy. 

233
00:11:55,700 --> 00:11:58,700
The list is infinite. 
The treasury is finite. 

234
00:11:59,600 --> 00:12:03,100
By mid-morning, your hearing 
petitions a disputed inheritance

235
00:12:03,100 --> 00:12:06,700
in Yorkshire a merchant. 
Claiming unfair, taxation two, 

236
00:12:06,700 --> 00:12:09,300
Nobles who hate each other are 
arguing about grazing rights. 

237
00:12:09,300 --> 00:12:13,300
You're supposed to be wise fair 
and decisive mostly you're just 

238
00:12:13,308 --> 00:12:16,500
tired. 
Split the difference, you tell 

239
00:12:16,500 --> 00:12:19,300
the Noble's knowing neither will
be satisfied, but at least 

240
00:12:19,300 --> 00:12:21,800
they'll be equally unhappy. 
Next case. 

241
00:12:23,200 --> 00:12:25,900
Philippa, find you at midday and
interrupt your meeting with the 

242
00:12:25,900 --> 00:12:29,100
Flemish and bassadors to remind 
you that your son needs 

243
00:12:29,100 --> 00:12:31,200
attention. 
Which son? 

244
00:12:32,100 --> 00:12:34,700
Edward, the eldest is currently 
having a tantrum about 

245
00:12:34,700 --> 00:12:37,100
something, you're a father four 
times over. 

246
00:12:37,100 --> 00:12:40,400
Now, with more children, 
probably coming each one, a 

247
00:12:40,400 --> 00:12:42,800
blessing. 
Theoretically also, each one is 

248
00:12:42,800 --> 00:12:45,900
another responsibility. 
Another line in the budget and 

249
00:12:45,900 --> 00:12:49,500
another piece of your attention 
divided, the excuse yourself and

250
00:12:49,500 --> 00:12:53,100
follow Philippa to the nursery 
little Edward is red-faced and 

251
00:12:53,100 --> 00:12:55,500
Furious about being denied some 
toy or treat. 

252
00:12:55,500 --> 00:12:58,900
These three years old and 
already a stubborn as his 

253
00:12:58,900 --> 00:13:00,600
grandfather. 
You pick him up. 

254
00:13:00,600 --> 00:13:02,000
Feel him. 
Struggle briefly before, 

255
00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:03,300
collapsing against your 
shoulder. 

256
00:13:03,300 --> 00:13:07,200
And dramatic sobs, They're now 
you murmur swaying slightly 

257
00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:10,700
fatherhood wasn't covered in 
your education, but you're 

258
00:13:10,700 --> 00:13:12,000
learning. 
You're all right. 

259
00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:15,300
He sniffles and White's his nose
on your expensive, tunic 

260
00:13:15,300 --> 00:13:18,600
Philippa hides, a smile. 
You're getting snot and tears on

261
00:13:18,600 --> 00:13:21,000
cloth of gold. 
And somehow this feels more real

262
00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:22,900
than the council. 
Meeting's better. 

263
00:13:22,900 --> 00:13:26,300
You are Edwards already 
recovering children are 

264
00:13:26,300 --> 00:13:29,100
resilient that way he wriggles 
down and toddles off to 

265
00:13:29,100 --> 00:13:32,700
terrorize his sisters crisis 
resolved, your return to the 

266
00:13:32,700 --> 00:13:35,700
Flemish and bassadors, who 
pretend not to notice the stains

267
00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:38,800
on your clothes. 
After noon brings military 

268
00:13:38,800 --> 00:13:41,200
planning. 
Your Scottish campaign isn't 

269
00:13:41,200 --> 00:13:43,200
going well, shocking, 
absolutely. 

270
00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:45,900
Nobody since Scottish campaigns 
never go. 

271
00:13:45,900 --> 00:13:50,100
Well, the terrain is impossible,
the weather worse and the Scots 

272
00:13:50,100 --> 00:13:52,800
have centuries of practice, 
making English armies miserable,

273
00:13:52,800 --> 00:13:56,300
but you're committed now your 
pride involved, your 

274
00:13:56,300 --> 00:13:59,500
grandfather's Legacy demanding 
you succeed, where your father 

275
00:13:59,500 --> 00:14:02,600
failed. 
Maps are spread across the 

276
00:14:02,600 --> 00:14:04,400
table. 
Little wooden markers, 

277
00:14:04,400 --> 00:14:07,100
represent, armies, castles and 
supply lines. 

278
00:14:07,100 --> 00:14:11,100
Your commanders are confident, 
which worries you confidence 

279
00:14:11,100 --> 00:14:12,800
before. 
A Scottish campaign, usually 

280
00:14:12,800 --> 00:14:15,700
precedes disaster. 
Will advance here. 

281
00:14:15,700 --> 00:14:18,700
One says pointing to terrain, 
that looks suspiciously 

282
00:14:18,700 --> 00:14:20,300
difficult. 
Supplies. 

283
00:14:20,300 --> 00:14:22,500
You ask. 
A pause. 

284
00:14:23,200 --> 00:14:26,300
Being arranged your grace. 
Which means they have not 

285
00:14:26,300 --> 00:14:30,200
figured out yet. 
You sigh make notes and try to 

286
00:14:30,200 --> 00:14:32,900
think of solutions to problems 
that might not even be the real 

287
00:14:32,900 --> 00:14:35,000
problems. 
Dinner is a performance. 

288
00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:38,700
He sit at the height, table 
Philippa beside you dozens of 

289
00:14:38,700 --> 00:14:40,900
nobles. 
Watching your every move your 

290
00:14:40,900 --> 00:14:45,000
supposed to be kingly dignified,
confident, and inspiring. 

291
00:14:45,700 --> 00:14:49,100
Actually, you're exhausted and 
your back hurts from hours of 

292
00:14:49,100 --> 00:14:53,200
city in uncomfortable chairs. 
But you smile make conversation 

293
00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:55,500
and complement the venison. 
That's too tough. 

294
00:14:55,500 --> 00:14:57,200
And the wine. 
That's too sweet. 

295
00:14:58,000 --> 00:15:01,800
After dinner more work, 
documents to sign letters to 

296
00:15:01,800 --> 00:15:05,400
dictate disputes to settle, your
secretary reads aloud, while you

297
00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:07,800
paste the chamber trying to keep
your mind focused. 

298
00:15:08,600 --> 00:15:11,000
A monastery wants confirmation 
of its privileges. 

299
00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:13,200
A town needs permission for a 
market. 

300
00:15:13,200 --> 00:15:16,800
A noble feels insulted by 
something another Noble said, 

301
00:15:16,800 --> 00:15:19,200
and wants you to care. 
Tell them. 

302
00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:22,500
You start then realize you've 
forgotten what the problem was, 

303
00:15:22,500 --> 00:15:26,400
tell them, we'll consider it. 
Your secretary makes notes. 

304
00:15:26,400 --> 00:15:28,500
He's diplomatic enough. 
Not to point out. 

305
00:15:28,500 --> 00:15:30,700
That will consider. 
It is what you say about. 

306
00:15:30,700 --> 00:15:32,100
Everything you don't want to 
deal with. 

307
00:15:33,000 --> 00:15:34,600
Midnight comes before you 
finish. 

308
00:15:35,600 --> 00:15:38,100
Philippa is already asleep when 
you finally make it to bed 

309
00:15:38,100 --> 00:15:41,400
curled on her side breathing 
Softly. 

310
00:15:42,200 --> 00:15:43,700
You slip in beside her 
carefully. 

311
00:15:43,700 --> 00:15:47,100
Trying not to wait. 
Her your mind is still racing. 

312
00:15:47,100 --> 00:15:50,800
The Scottish problem, the French
situation developing the Noble's

313
00:15:50,800 --> 00:15:53,900
plotting the treasury, depleting
the children growing and the 

314
00:15:53,908 --> 00:15:58,400
kingdom demanding. sleep when it
comes is fractured you, dream 

315
00:15:58,400 --> 00:16:01,800
about documents endless, Scrolls
of parchment, requiring your 

316
00:16:01,800 --> 00:16:04,900
seal You dream about your 
grandfather watching. 

317
00:16:04,900 --> 00:16:08,400
Disapprovingly you dream about 
drowning in administrative 

318
00:16:08,400 --> 00:16:10,800
details while everyone expects 
you to be heroic. 

319
00:16:11,500 --> 00:16:14,600
You wake Before Dawn already 
behind on tomorrow's impossible 

320
00:16:14,600 --> 00:16:17,000
schedule. 
This is kingship your learning, 

321
00:16:17,000 --> 00:16:21,700
not Glory not Adventure just an 
endless grind of decisions and 

322
00:16:21,700 --> 00:16:24,100
demands. 
Each one important to someone 

323
00:16:24,100 --> 00:16:27,100
all of them, your 
responsibility, you're the 

324
00:16:27,100 --> 00:16:29,900
richest man in England and you 
haven't had a moment to yourself

325
00:16:29,900 --> 00:16:32,800
in three years. 
You command armies, but can't 

326
00:16:32,800 --> 00:16:35,600
command your own schedule and 
the funny part and you're 

327
00:16:35,600 --> 00:16:37,300
developing a dark sense of humor
about these things. 

328
00:16:37,300 --> 00:16:39,500
Is that this is still the easy 
period. 

329
00:16:39,500 --> 00:16:43,400
Before the wars get serious 
before the plague arrives before

330
00:16:43,400 --> 00:16:45,100
everything gets exponentially 
harder. 

331
00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:48,700
But you don't know that yet 
right now you just know your 

332
00:16:48,700 --> 00:16:51,200
tired and there's another 
council meeting in an hour. 

333
00:16:51,200 --> 00:16:55,700
You drag yourself out of bed. 
Another day, another 100 demand.

334
00:16:55,700 --> 00:16:57,500
At least you're getting good at 
it. 

335
00:16:57,500 --> 00:17:00,800
Your 30 and something 
interesting has happened. 

336
00:17:01,600 --> 00:17:05,099
Figured out how to be king. 
Not perfectly, there's no such 

337
00:17:05,099 --> 00:17:08,900
thing but competently which 
turns out to be enough, you've 

338
00:17:08,900 --> 00:17:11,200
stopped trying to be your 
grandfather and started being 

339
00:17:11,200 --> 00:17:15,000
yourself and surprisingly, it's 
working the morning routine is 

340
00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:16,500
familiar. 
Now almost comfortable. 

341
00:17:16,500 --> 00:17:19,800
You wake early dressing clothes 
that actually fit properly, 

342
00:17:19,800 --> 00:17:22,400
you've got tailors, who 
understand your preferences? 

343
00:17:22,400 --> 00:17:26,500
Now down to the council chamber,
where your advisors wait men, 

344
00:17:26,500 --> 00:17:28,800
you've chosen yourself, people 
who are loyal and mostly 

345
00:17:28,800 --> 00:17:30,600
competent. 
France. 

346
00:17:30,600 --> 00:17:32,300
You say settling into your 
chair. 

347
00:17:32,300 --> 00:17:35,000
What's the latest your 
spymaster? 

348
00:17:35,000 --> 00:17:38,300
You have a spy Master now, which
feels very adult reports on 

349
00:17:38,300 --> 00:17:41,200
Philips Court. 
The French King is your cousin 

350
00:17:41,200 --> 00:17:43,900
technically though that hasn't 
stopped the two of you from 

351
00:17:43,900 --> 00:17:46,400
being enemies. 
There's a complicated situation 

352
00:17:46,400 --> 00:17:49,200
developing about your rightful 
inheritance of the French throne

353
00:17:49,200 --> 00:17:52,800
through your mother complicated.
Meaning almost certainly leading

354
00:17:52,800 --> 00:17:56,100
to war but not today. 
Today is about preparation. 

355
00:17:56,100 --> 00:17:59,600
Building alliances, securing 
funds, training armies. 

356
00:17:59,600 --> 00:18:03,000
You've learned patience and the 
value of laying groundwork 

357
00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:04,500
Mortimer. 
Taught you. 

358
00:18:04,500 --> 00:18:07,900
That ironically by showing you 
what happens when someone sees 

359
00:18:07,900 --> 00:18:11,300
his power to quickly. 
Sustainable control requires a 

360
00:18:11,300 --> 00:18:13,600
foundation. 
The treasury situation has 

361
00:18:13,600 --> 00:18:17,000
improved not dramatically but 
you'll no longer constantly 

362
00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:20,200
broke you've reorganized the 
executor replaced the corrupt 

363
00:18:20,200 --> 00:18:23,600
officials and found new Revenue 
sources, wall taxes, mostly 

364
00:18:23,600 --> 00:18:27,500
England producers wool Flanders 
wants wool and you've positioned

365
00:18:27,500 --> 00:18:28,900
yourself perfectly in the 
middle. 

366
00:18:28,900 --> 00:18:32,000
It's not exciting. 
But it fans your Ambitions 

367
00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:34,000
mid-morning. 
Brings your household. 

368
00:18:34,000 --> 00:18:37,400
Your children are everywhere 
suddenly Edward is 8. 

369
00:18:37,400 --> 00:18:39,400
Now, serious and responsible in 
that way. 

370
00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:43,000
Eldest, son's become Isabella is
six clever. 

371
00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:45,900
And willful Joan is for and 
sweet. 

372
00:18:45,900 --> 00:18:48,200
Natured, William is two and 
chaotic. 

373
00:18:49,100 --> 00:18:51,300
There's another baby coming 
Philippa. 

374
00:18:51,300 --> 00:18:54,200
Waddles around hugely pregnant 
glowing despite the discomfort. 

375
00:18:55,000 --> 00:18:57,900
They need to see you. 
She insists herding children 

376
00:18:57,900 --> 00:18:59,900
into your chamber, like, 
determined ducklings. 

377
00:18:59,900 --> 00:19:03,300
You're supposed to be reviewing 
military contracts but instead, 

378
00:19:03,300 --> 00:19:06,500
you're letting William climb on 
your lap while Edward recites, 

379
00:19:06,500 --> 00:19:08,800
his Latin lessons and the girls 
show you drawings. 

380
00:19:08,800 --> 00:19:12,300
They've made its chaos sticky 
fingered and loud. 

381
00:19:12,300 --> 00:19:14,400
And you're surprised to realize 
you don't mind. 

382
00:19:15,200 --> 00:19:18,900
These small humans are yours 
your legacy Beyond crowns, and 

383
00:19:18,900 --> 00:19:21,200
conquests. 
Very good. 

384
00:19:21,200 --> 00:19:23,700
You tell Edward, who's actually 
quite impressive with his 

385
00:19:23,700 --> 00:19:26,600
conjugation your tutor says, 
you're ahead of schedule. 

386
00:19:26,600 --> 00:19:29,700
Edward beams. 
He wants your approval 

387
00:19:29,700 --> 00:19:32,300
desperately, this serious little
boy, with your features and his 

388
00:19:32,300 --> 00:19:35,100
grandmothers intensity. 
You ruffle his hair. 

389
00:19:35,100 --> 00:19:39,600
Earning a dignified squirm, 
eight years old and already too.

390
00:19:39,600 --> 00:19:42,500
Grown up Philippa rescues. 
You eventually collecting 

391
00:19:42,500 --> 00:19:46,000
children like scattered sheep. 
The Ambassador from hennur was 

392
00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:48,600
waiting. 
She reminds you write the 

393
00:19:48,600 --> 00:19:52,600
Ambassador, another Alliance to 
maintain another relationship to

394
00:19:52,600 --> 00:19:56,200
manage, you've got networks now,
spanning Europe, marriage, 

395
00:19:56,200 --> 00:19:58,800
connections trade agreements and
Military packs. 

396
00:19:59,300 --> 00:20:02,600
Your diplomatic web grows, 
steadily each Strand and other 

397
00:20:02,600 --> 00:20:05,800
tool for the coming conflict. 
The afternoon is spent with your

398
00:20:05,808 --> 00:20:08,500
commanders planning theoretical 
campaigns. 

399
00:20:08,500 --> 00:20:11,800
You've been studying Warfare. 
Seriously, reading your 

400
00:20:11,800 --> 00:20:14,700
grandfather's notes and 
Consulting with experienced, 

401
00:20:14,700 --> 00:20:17,500
Knights, your developing, your 
own theories about Mobility, 

402
00:20:17,500 --> 00:20:22,000
about combined arms, and about 
using archers effectively, The 

403
00:20:22,000 --> 00:20:24,700
French fight traditionally you 
explain moving markers on the 

404
00:20:24,700 --> 00:20:27,000
map. 
Heavy Cavalry Charges traveler 

405
00:20:27,000 --> 00:20:30,100
at combat. 
What if we don't Your 

406
00:20:30,100 --> 00:20:32,200
commanders. 
Looks skeptical Your Grace 

407
00:20:32,200 --> 00:20:34,700
proposes. 
Fighting to win rather than 

408
00:20:34,700 --> 00:20:37,800
fighting honorably. 
You say revolutionary, I know. 

409
00:20:38,700 --> 00:20:40,600
Someone laughs nervously. 
You're the king. 

410
00:20:40,600 --> 00:20:43,000
You can make jokes. 
Now it's nice. 

411
00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:46,600
Actually having the authority to
be slightly irreverent it these 

412
00:20:46,600 --> 00:20:50,700
ten years of grinding work, 
proving yourself capable evening

413
00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:53,300
finds you in the kennels? 
Checking on your hunting dogs. 

414
00:20:53,300 --> 00:20:56,300
This is your Escape. 
These moments with animals who 

415
00:20:56,300 --> 00:20:58,300
don't want anything except food 
and affection. 

416
00:20:59,300 --> 00:21:02,800
Your favorite Hound arranged 
deerhound named Thunder presses 

417
00:21:02,800 --> 00:21:04,600
against your leg while you 
scratches his ears. 

418
00:21:05,400 --> 00:21:07,300
Good boy. 
You murmur simply. 

419
00:21:07,300 --> 00:21:10,700
Isn't it being a dog? 
Thunder doesn't answer. 

420
00:21:10,700 --> 00:21:13,600
Just leans harder content, you 
envy him. 

421
00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:17,500
Sometimes this uncomplicated 
creature with uncomplicated 

422
00:21:17,500 --> 00:21:20,600
needs. 
Dinner is less formal tonight, 

423
00:21:20,600 --> 00:21:24,500
just family and close. 
Advisors Philippa has arranged 

424
00:21:24,500 --> 00:21:26,500
it that way. 
Understanding you need 

425
00:21:26,508 --> 00:21:28,300
occasional respite from 
performance. 

426
00:21:29,100 --> 00:21:32,800
The conversation, flows, easily 
children stories, household 

427
00:21:32,800 --> 00:21:35,500
gossip plans for the summer 
normal things. 

428
00:21:35,500 --> 00:21:38,200
The kind of evening any 
prosperous family might share 

429
00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:41,400
You're happy Philippa. 
Observes later in bed. 

430
00:21:41,400 --> 00:21:43,700
Am I? 
You can consider it. 

431
00:21:44,500 --> 00:21:48,800
I suppose I am is that allowed? 
Why wouldn't it be King's in the

432
00:21:48,800 --> 00:21:52,800
history is usually miserable. 
She laughs that wonderful sound 

433
00:21:52,800 --> 00:21:55,900
that's become familiar, over 12 
years of marriage, then be 

434
00:21:55,900 --> 00:21:57,100
different. 
Be happy. 

435
00:21:57,100 --> 00:22:00,400
King you kiss, her Temple. 
Feeling the baby kick against 

436
00:22:00,400 --> 00:22:01,600
your side. 
Through her belly. 

437
00:22:01,600 --> 00:22:06,100
I'll try The kingdom is staple, 
your family is growing. 

438
00:22:06,100 --> 00:22:10,600
Your plans are developing your 
30 years old experienced enough 

439
00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:13,300
to be confident and young enough
to be energetic. 

440
00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:17,300
This might be the peak. 
You think this balance to moment

441
00:22:17,300 --> 00:22:18,700
before everything gets 
complicated? 

442
00:22:18,700 --> 00:22:21,700
Again, you're right, of course, 
but you don't know that yet. 

443
00:22:21,700 --> 00:22:26,700
For now, you're just content, 
building steadily growing into 

444
00:22:26,700 --> 00:22:30,700
your role, becoming the king. 
You always hoped you'd be It's 

445
00:22:30,700 --> 00:22:33,900
nice while it lasts your 35 
standing at the edge of 

446
00:22:33,900 --> 00:22:36,300
something enormous. 
And the whole Kingdom feels 

447
00:22:36,300 --> 00:22:39,600
poised to tip. 
The war with France has started 

448
00:22:39,600 --> 00:22:43,600
not suddenly Wars, never start 
suddenly despite what the 

449
00:22:43,600 --> 00:22:47,500
Chronicles claim. 
But gradually inevitably like 

450
00:22:47,500 --> 00:22:51,000
water finding its level. 
Philip of France, has pushed too

451
00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:52,700
far and challenged you once to 
offer. 

452
00:22:52,700 --> 00:22:55,600
And now there's no backing down 
without losing everything you've

453
00:22:55,600 --> 00:22:58,100
built your workouts will meet 
daily. 

454
00:22:58,100 --> 00:23:02,600
Now, the chamber smells like 
parchment and anxiety with maps,

455
00:23:02,600 --> 00:23:05,600
covering every surface. 
You've assembled the best 

456
00:23:05,600 --> 00:23:09,000
military Minds in England, and 
they're all telling you slightly

457
00:23:09,000 --> 00:23:11,400
different things about how to 
invade France successfully. 

458
00:23:12,600 --> 00:23:14,800
The Flemish Alliance is key one 
insists. 

459
00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:18,800
No, we need to secure gascony 
first and other counters, you 

460
00:23:18,800 --> 00:23:21,000
listened absorb and make 
decisions that might kill 

461
00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:24,400
thousands of men. 
It's remarkably abstract moving,

462
00:23:24,400 --> 00:23:28,000
markers across Maps, discussing 
supply lines, and March times. 

463
00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:31,600
Real soldiers will suffer these 
theoretical hardships, but right

464
00:23:31,600 --> 00:23:34,600
now they're just numbers 
Logistics and problems to solve 

465
00:23:34,600 --> 00:23:37,300
the money. 
Required is staggering you've 

466
00:23:37,300 --> 00:23:40,900
been raising funds for three 
years taxes, loans, and Creative

467
00:23:40,900 --> 00:23:42,400
Accounting. 
That makes your Treasurer 

468
00:23:42,400 --> 00:23:46,000
nervous England's walls, into 
military preparation. 

469
00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:49,400
And your subjects are grumbling,
but compliant for now. 

470
00:23:50,700 --> 00:23:52,200
Philippa finds you late one 
night. 

471
00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:54,800
Still bent over Maps. 
She's heavier than she used to 

472
00:23:54,808 --> 00:23:57,000
be seven children. 
Having left their Mark, but 

473
00:23:57,000 --> 00:23:59,900
still lovely. 
In the candlelight practical 

474
00:23:59,900 --> 00:24:03,400
steady Philippa who's never once
complained about being queen 

475
00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:07,800
during wartime, Come to bed. 
She says, in a moment, you said 

476
00:24:07,800 --> 00:24:10,300
that two hours ago, she comes 
closer examined the maps. 

477
00:24:10,300 --> 00:24:12,800
Can you actually win this? 
I have to. 

478
00:24:12,800 --> 00:24:17,000
That's not an answer. 
You sigh and straighten up your 

479
00:24:17,000 --> 00:24:19,000
back. 
Aches constantly now, too many 

480
00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:23,200
hours hunched over planning 
honestly, I don't know but I've 

481
00:24:23,200 --> 00:24:25,700
committed us. 
The Noble's are invested and the

482
00:24:25,708 --> 00:24:27,900
alliances are arranged 
retreating. 

483
00:24:27,900 --> 00:24:31,300
Now would be worse than losing. 
She's quiet processing. 

484
00:24:31,300 --> 00:24:33,400
This Philippa, understands 
politics. 

485
00:24:33,400 --> 00:24:36,600
Better than she lets. 
On the children asked about you 

486
00:24:36,600 --> 00:24:38,400
today. 
They barely see you anymore. 

487
00:24:39,300 --> 00:24:41,800
Killed stabbed sharp. 
Your children are growing up. 

488
00:24:41,800 --> 00:24:44,500
Edward is 13. 
Now practically a man and 

489
00:24:44,500 --> 00:24:46,000
already involved in military 
training. 

490
00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:48,200
The others are scattered through
childhood. 

491
00:24:48,200 --> 00:24:51,200
Each one of bright spot, your 
two busy to properly, appreciate

492
00:24:52,100 --> 00:24:55,900
After the campaign, you promise 
you, keep saying that she's 

493
00:24:55,900 --> 00:24:58,100
right. 
You've been saying it for years 

494
00:24:58,100 --> 00:25:02,400
after this crisis after that 
negotiation, after the war 

495
00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:05,300
starts, after the war ends, 
fatherhood keeps getting 

496
00:25:05,300 --> 00:25:09,400
postponed for kingship spring. 
Brings mobilization your army 

497
00:25:09,400 --> 00:25:12,600
assembles thousands of soldiers,
archers Cavalry and support 

498
00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:16,100
staff, the logistics and 
nightmarish feeding this many 

499
00:25:16,100 --> 00:25:19,200
men moving them efficiently and 
keeping them organized and 

500
00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:21,000
equipped. 
You've got good administrators 

501
00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:23,900
handling details, but the scale 
is overwhelming. 

502
00:25:23,900 --> 00:25:27,000
You review the troops personally
riding along the lines. 

503
00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:31,100
They cheer these men who fight 
for you possibly die for you. 

504
00:25:31,100 --> 00:25:35,700
You try to look confident kingly
and worth following inside your 

505
00:25:35,700 --> 00:25:38,900
calculating odds, worrying about
supply, lines and wondering if 

506
00:25:38,900 --> 00:25:42,700
you've prepared adequately. 
The Fleet Sales in July carrying

507
00:25:42,700 --> 00:25:45,200
your army to France. 
You stand on Deck. 

508
00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:48,800
Watching England received 
feeling history is wait this is 

509
00:25:48,800 --> 00:25:52,900
it the great gamble, everything 
you've built everything, you've 

510
00:25:52,900 --> 00:25:57,200
planed reduced to this moment. 
Philippa insisted on coming to 

511
00:25:57,200 --> 00:25:59,800
see you off. 
She stood on the dock, seven 

512
00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:02,800
children arrayed around her 
waving as your ship Departed, 

513
00:26:02,800 --> 00:26:06,900
the image burned into your 
memory, your family, your anchor

514
00:26:06,900 --> 00:26:10,700
left behind while you chase 
glory and territory, the sea 

515
00:26:10,700 --> 00:26:13,600
Crossing is miserable. 
You've never enjoyed sailing and

516
00:26:13,600 --> 00:26:17,400
this is rough waves tossing. 
The fleet about like toys, men, 

517
00:26:17,400 --> 00:26:20,500
get sick, horses panic and 
Equipment, shifts Dangerously. 

518
00:26:21,400 --> 00:26:24,100
By the time you reach France, 
you're exhausted before the 

519
00:26:24,100 --> 00:26:27,000
fighting even starts. 
The campaign itself is 

520
00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:31,200
complicated, you win battles, 
which is good your tactics. 

521
00:26:31,200 --> 00:26:34,200
Work your archers devastate, 
French, Cavalry and everything. 

522
00:26:34,200 --> 00:26:37,400
You plan to proves effective, 
But winning battles isn't 

523
00:26:37,400 --> 00:26:40,000
winning wars and the French have
more resources and more depth. 

524
00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:44,400
You can hurt them but conquering
them might be impossible months 

525
00:26:44,400 --> 00:26:48,800
blur into an exhausting grind 
Castle sieges supply, shortages 

526
00:26:48,800 --> 00:26:52,100
and disease in the camps. 
Your living in tents, eating 

527
00:26:52,100 --> 00:26:54,100
whatever's available and 
constantly moving. 

528
00:26:54,100 --> 00:26:57,700
The glory of warfare. 
You'll discover is about 10% 

529
00:26:57,700 --> 00:27:01,500
excitement and 90% discomfort. 
Letters from England. 

530
00:27:01,500 --> 00:27:04,800
Arrived irregularly Philippa, 
writes about household matters, 

531
00:27:04,800 --> 00:27:08,100
children illnesses and political
maneuvering at court. 

532
00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:13,000
Your son Edward is managing well
as nominal region but he is 13, 

533
00:27:13,000 --> 00:27:15,300
too young for this 
responsibility though. 

534
00:27:15,300 --> 00:27:19,600
Doing his best guilt and nors at
you your family needs you but 

535
00:27:19,600 --> 00:27:24,600
Duty keeps you in France. 
Winter forces, pause your return

536
00:27:24,600 --> 00:27:27,000
to England, briefly just long, 
enough to see how much your 

537
00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:30,200
children have grown, and how 
tired Philippa looks managing 

538
00:27:30,200 --> 00:27:33,600
everything alone. 
Little Lionel is walking. 

539
00:27:33,600 --> 00:27:35,600
Now Thomas has learned his 
letters. 

540
00:27:35,600 --> 00:27:40,100
The girls have new interests, 
you know, nothing about Tell me 

541
00:27:40,100 --> 00:27:42,100
you asked at dinner, desperate 
to reconnect. 

542
00:27:42,900 --> 00:27:47,200
They do shy at first, then 
warming up stories, tumble out 

543
00:27:47,200 --> 00:27:50,400
lessons games, small dramas, 
you've missed. 

544
00:27:50,400 --> 00:27:53,500
You're a stranger at your own 
table, welcome. 

545
00:27:53,500 --> 00:27:56,700
But separate it hurts more than 
French arrows. 

546
00:27:57,900 --> 00:28:00,000
You look older, Philip, observes
privately. 

547
00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:05,400
I feel older your 36 now but you
feel 50, the war is aging, you 

548
00:28:05,400 --> 00:28:07,500
rapidly. 
Each campaign, adding years, 

549
00:28:07,500 --> 00:28:11,100
Grace threads, appear in your 
hair, your joints in the 

550
00:28:11,108 --> 00:28:12,800
morning. 
You're not the young king 

551
00:28:12,800 --> 00:28:14,400
anymore. 
All energy and optimism. 

552
00:28:14,400 --> 00:28:18,300
The kingdom is transitioning. 
You realize from piece to war 

553
00:28:18,300 --> 00:28:21,500
from potential to reality. 
You've committed England to a 

554
00:28:21,500 --> 00:28:24,600
conflict that might Outlast you 
and certainly will Outlast your 

555
00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:26,500
youth. 
This is your legacy. 

556
00:28:26,500 --> 00:28:30,500
Now, not the stable rain, you'd 
hope for but endless war Spring 

557
00:28:30,500 --> 00:28:33,500
comes again. 
The fleet assembled again, you 

558
00:28:33,500 --> 00:28:37,100
bought ship again leaving family
again returning to France. 

559
00:28:37,100 --> 00:28:40,900
Again, it's becoming routine 
this cycle of war and absence, 

560
00:28:40,900 --> 00:28:46,000
you're not sure if that's better
or worse, probably worse your 41

561
00:28:46,000 --> 00:28:48,300
and the war has become your 
entire existence. 

562
00:28:49,300 --> 00:28:52,300
Five years of continuous 
campaigning have reduced life to

563
00:28:52,300 --> 00:28:55,900
brutal Simplicity, win battles, 
secure territory and keep your 

564
00:28:55,900 --> 00:28:57,700
army fed. 
Everything else. 

565
00:28:57,700 --> 00:29:02,200
Family comfort, peace exists in 
some distant memory. 

566
00:29:02,200 --> 00:29:06,900
A dream you want had your 
besieging Calais have been for 

567
00:29:06,900 --> 00:29:08,900
months. 
The city sits stubbornly 

568
00:29:08,900 --> 00:29:12,500
resistant in your two committed 
to withdraw your Army Camps in 

569
00:29:12,508 --> 00:29:16,000
mud that never quite dries. 
Siege equipment, pounding walls,

570
00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:20,400
that refused to crumble men, Die
daily, mostly of disease, the 

571
00:29:20,400 --> 00:29:24,200
boring death of medieval warfare
dysentery and fever kill more 

572
00:29:24,200 --> 00:29:27,900
efficiently than French swords. 
The camp smells like unwashed 

573
00:29:27,900 --> 00:29:31,200
humanity and rotting food. 
Thousands of men packed 

574
00:29:31,200 --> 00:29:32,300
together. 
The trees. 

575
00:29:32,300 --> 00:29:34,100
Inadequate. 
Hygiene impossible. 

576
00:29:34,100 --> 00:29:37,300
You've got a proper Pavilion. 
At least Royal quarters 

577
00:29:37,300 --> 00:29:38,900
separated from the common 
soldiers. 

578
00:29:38,900 --> 00:29:41,400
But luxury is relative your 
tent. 

579
00:29:41,400 --> 00:29:43,200
Stays marginally drier than 
theirs. 

580
00:29:43,200 --> 00:29:46,100
That's about it. 
Your commanders report. 

581
00:29:46,100 --> 00:29:48,800
Regularly bringing problems 
you're supposed to solve 

582
00:29:48,800 --> 00:29:52,300
supplies are running low 
mercenaries demanding payment 

583
00:29:52,300 --> 00:29:54,500
Nobles. 
Feuding over presidents. 

584
00:29:54,500 --> 00:29:56,600
The minutiae of warfare. 
Never stop. 

585
00:29:57,700 --> 00:30:00,600
And we could assault again. 
One suggests you've already lost

586
00:30:00,600 --> 00:30:04,200
hundreds in previous. 
Assaults know we wait starve 

587
00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:06,400
them out. 
Waiting requires patience. 

588
00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:09,100
You're not sure you have each 
day cost money. 

589
00:30:09,100 --> 00:30:12,300
England doesn't have straining 
alliances that are growing 

590
00:30:12,300 --> 00:30:15,900
fragile but assault waste lives 
and you're tired of signing 

591
00:30:15,900 --> 00:30:18,700
condolence letters. 
News from England arrives in 

592
00:30:18,700 --> 00:30:21,800
batches Philippa writes 
Faithfully though her letters, 

593
00:30:21,800 --> 00:30:24,700
take weeks to reach you, your 
children are growing up in your 

594
00:30:24,700 --> 00:30:28,400
absence Edward is 18. 
Now knighted and Leading Men 

595
00:30:28,400 --> 00:30:30,700
himself. 
The girls are becoming women 

596
00:30:30,700 --> 00:30:34,400
making marriages your barely 
consulted about your missing 

597
00:30:34,400 --> 00:30:38,300
everything, every Milestone, 
every moment one letter brings 

598
00:30:38,300 --> 00:30:41,200
devastating news. 
Your daughter Joan has died 

599
00:30:41,200 --> 00:30:43,900
plague in Bordeaux sudden and 
absolute. 

600
00:30:43,900 --> 00:30:49,000
She was 14, you read it twice. 
Unable to process Joan, your 

601
00:30:49,000 --> 00:30:51,800
sweet nature daughter Who Loved 
music and had your mother's 

602
00:30:51,800 --> 00:30:55,100
Grace gone. 
And you were there, you were 

603
00:30:55,100 --> 00:30:59,300
here in French mud, the Sieging 
a city for reasons that suddenly

604
00:30:59,300 --> 00:31:02,200
seemed pointless. 
You dismiss your staff and sit 

605
00:31:02,200 --> 00:31:04,700
alone in your Pavilion. 
Grief hits, delayed and 

606
00:31:04,700 --> 00:31:07,100
overwhelming. 
You've lost soldiers, friends 

607
00:31:07,100 --> 00:31:09,200
and allies but this is 
different. 

608
00:31:09,200 --> 00:31:12,800
This is your child and you won't
there to comfort her to say 

609
00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:16,000
goodbye or to do any of the 
things fathers should do night 

610
00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:18,800
falls. 
You don't like candles, you just

611
00:31:18,800 --> 00:31:20,700
sit in darkness. 
Feeling the weight. 

612
00:31:20,700 --> 00:31:24,900
Finally exceed your capacity, 
the war the deaths, the endless 

613
00:31:24,900 --> 00:31:30,100
responsibility, Too much, your 
one person, fallible and tired, 

614
00:31:30,100 --> 00:31:32,200
and everyone expects you to be 
invincible. 

615
00:31:32,900 --> 00:31:35,500
Cali surrenders in August 
Victory. 

616
00:31:35,500 --> 00:31:38,500
Technically you've won. 
The city is yours. 

617
00:31:38,500 --> 00:31:40,900
A strategic prize. 
That costs you a year and 

618
00:31:40,900 --> 00:31:43,000
thousands of lives and a 
daughter. 

619
00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:46,200
You'll never see again. 
The burgers of Calais come 

620
00:31:46,200 --> 00:31:48,300
barefoot in sackcloth begging 
Mercy. 

621
00:31:48,300 --> 00:31:51,200
They expect execution Siege 
Customs. 

622
00:31:51,200 --> 00:31:53,700
Allow it. 
Your Nobles certainly want it 

623
00:31:53,700 --> 00:31:55,600
revenge for the stubborn 
resistance. 

624
00:31:55,600 --> 00:31:58,900
You should order. 
It make an example and show 

625
00:31:58,900 --> 00:31:59,900
France. 
What happens? 

626
00:31:59,900 --> 00:32:03,000
When cities defy you? 
Instead, you stare at these 

627
00:32:03,000 --> 00:32:05,100
frightened men and see just more
death. 

628
00:32:05,100 --> 00:32:09,100
More bodies, more widows more 
children without fathers. 

629
00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:12,700
They live. 
You hear yourself, say, Noble's 

630
00:32:12,700 --> 00:32:14,400
protest. 
Philippa. 

631
00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:15,900
Whose joined you for this 
Victory? 

632
00:32:15,900 --> 00:32:18,600
She insisted crossing the 
channel specifically to witness 

633
00:32:18,600 --> 00:32:22,000
this moment. 
Intervenes she pleads for the 

634
00:32:22,008 --> 00:32:23,600
burgers. 
Personally, her pregnancy, 

635
00:32:23,600 --> 00:32:26,900
obvious maternal and merciful 
you let her have it. 

636
00:32:26,900 --> 00:32:29,000
This Mercy. 
It's the least you can do 

637
00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:30,800
granting her. 
This small thing when you've 

638
00:32:30,800 --> 00:32:34,100
taken so much else, the Army 
returns to England for winter, 

639
00:32:34,100 --> 00:32:37,300
your 42. 
Now, famous Victorious, and 

640
00:32:37,300 --> 00:32:42,500
absolutely Holloway is one 
territory secured, and you feel 

641
00:32:42,500 --> 00:32:46,100
nothing except tired. 
Your children greet you, as a 

642
00:32:46,100 --> 00:32:49,000
visiting, stranger their polite 
and proper exactly. 

643
00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:52,200
As they've been trained. 
Edward discusses, military 

644
00:32:52,200 --> 00:32:54,500
matters, like a colleague, the 
younger ones. 

645
00:32:54,500 --> 00:32:56,800
Keep a careful distance. 
You've been gone more than 

646
00:32:56,800 --> 00:33:00,600
present in their lives and it 
shows Philipa is pregnant again 

647
00:33:00,600 --> 00:33:04,000
with your 12th child. 
You lie together in the great 

648
00:33:04,000 --> 00:33:08,400
bed at Westminster bodies 
familiar but somehow distant Are

649
00:33:08,400 --> 00:33:10,700
you? 
Well, she asks, I won. 

650
00:33:10,700 --> 00:33:12,700
You say, isn't that what 
matters? 

651
00:33:12,700 --> 00:33:16,500
She's quiet, then. 
Joan loved you very much. 

652
00:33:16,500 --> 00:33:19,200
She talked about you constantly 
and wondered when you'd come 

653
00:33:19,200 --> 00:33:21,800
home. 
The knife twist deeper, I know. 

654
00:33:22,700 --> 00:33:25,900
Do you because you were there 
you haven't been there. 

655
00:33:25,900 --> 00:33:29,100
It's the closest. 
She's come to accusation in 24 

656
00:33:29,100 --> 00:33:31,600
years of marriage. 
You can't even defend yourself 

657
00:33:31,600 --> 00:33:34,200
because she is right. 
You've chosen War over family 

658
00:33:34,200 --> 00:33:38,200
and Glory over presents. 
The victories ring Hollow next 

659
00:33:38,200 --> 00:33:39,900
to Jones empty place at the 
table. 

660
00:33:40,700 --> 00:33:42,800
Winter passes in administrative 
recovery. 

661
00:33:42,800 --> 00:33:46,800
Organizing the new territories 
repaying debts and preparing for

662
00:33:46,800 --> 00:33:49,900
the next campaign because 
there's always another campaign,

663
00:33:49,900 --> 00:33:53,500
the war has momentum now 
self-sustaining impossible to 

664
00:33:53,500 --> 00:33:55,700
stop. 
You catch yourself in mirrors 

665
00:33:55,700 --> 00:34:00,100
sometimes barely recognizing the
reflection, gray-haired lined 

666
00:34:00,100 --> 00:34:03,200
and harder than the young king. 
You once were the weight of 

667
00:34:03,208 --> 00:34:05,700
conflict has remade. 
You into something efficient and

668
00:34:05,700 --> 00:34:07,300
sad. 
Your son. 

669
00:34:07,308 --> 00:34:09,400
Edward is preparing for his own 
military command. 

670
00:34:09,400 --> 00:34:12,000
He's eager Brave, and 
everything. 

671
00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:15,300
A prince should be. 
You should be proud, mostly, 

672
00:34:15,300 --> 00:34:18,400
your worried having seen too 
clearly what Warfare costs. 

673
00:34:19,199 --> 00:34:21,000
Be careful. 
You tell him knowing its 

674
00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:23,500
inadequate. 
I will father he won't. 

675
00:34:23,500 --> 00:34:27,000
No one is in war that you let 
him go sending him to France 

676
00:34:27,000 --> 00:34:28,199
with your blessing in your 
dread. 

677
00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:31,400
Spring comes again. 
Mobilization again. 

678
00:34:32,699 --> 00:34:35,199
The cycle continues grinding 
forward. 

679
00:34:35,199 --> 00:34:40,300
Pulling you along your two deep?
Now to stop to invested to quit 

680
00:34:40,300 --> 00:34:44,400
the war, owns you completely, 
you board ship one more time. 

681
00:34:44,400 --> 00:34:48,300
Watch England fade, one more 
time and one to one more time, 

682
00:34:48,300 --> 00:34:50,500
if this will be the campaign 
that breaks you entirely, 

683
00:34:51,500 --> 00:34:55,000
Probably not you're too stubborn
to break but you're definitely 

684
00:34:55,000 --> 00:34:57,800
cracking your 46 home between 
campaigns. 

685
00:34:57,800 --> 00:35:01,100
And you're trying to remember 
how to be human, the war 

686
00:35:01,100 --> 00:35:04,000
continues, but you've learned to
delegate your son. 

687
00:35:04,008 --> 00:35:06,300
Edward, they're calling him, the
black prince. 

688
00:35:06,300 --> 00:35:09,200
Now for reasons involving either
his armor or his methods 

689
00:35:09,200 --> 00:35:11,100
campaigns effectively without 
you. 

690
00:35:11,900 --> 00:35:14,600
This should free you up for 
domestic life, family time and 

691
00:35:14,600 --> 00:35:18,700
being present, except you 
forgotten how you're at Windsor.

692
00:35:18,700 --> 00:35:21,800
Your favorite castle watching. 
Autumn paint the Thames Valley 

693
00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:24,400
in gold. 
Philippa sits nearby doing 

694
00:35:24,400 --> 00:35:27,100
needlework, the domestic scene 
that should be comfortable 

695
00:35:27,100 --> 00:35:30,400
instead your restless and 
anxious without an immediate 

696
00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:35,100
crisis to manage your pacing 
Philippa observes, am I, you 

697
00:35:35,100 --> 00:35:37,300
stop and notice you've worn. 
A track in the rushes. 

698
00:35:37,300 --> 00:35:41,300
Sorry. 
Sit read rest. 

699
00:35:41,300 --> 00:35:45,300
You're allowed. 
You sit obediently and pick up a

700
00:35:45,300 --> 00:35:47,000
book. 
Something philosophical someone 

701
00:35:47,000 --> 00:35:51,000
recommended, the words swim 
meaninglessly your mind wants 

702
00:35:51,000 --> 00:35:55,300
problems to solve decisions to 
make and enemies to out maneuver

703
00:35:56,200 --> 00:36:00,300
Piece feels alien your younger 
children are here Lionel Jones. 

704
00:36:00,300 --> 00:36:03,900
The second Joe named for her 
loss, Sister Margaret and Thomas

705
00:36:03,900 --> 00:36:06,200
teenagers and children growing 
up. 

706
00:36:06,200 --> 00:36:09,700
Largely without you their 
polite, well-mannered complete 

707
00:36:09,700 --> 00:36:12,200
strangers. 
Tell me about your studies. 

708
00:36:12,200 --> 00:36:15,300
You try at dinner. 
Thomas 13, Brighton. 

709
00:36:15,900 --> 00:36:19,800
I'm learning mathematics, father
geometry specifically did you 

710
00:36:19,808 --> 00:36:23,200
know he launches into an 
enthusiastic explanation of 

711
00:36:23,200 --> 00:36:27,100
triangles and angles? 
You try to follow genuinely try 

712
00:36:27,100 --> 00:36:30,400
but your mind drifts Supply 
lines. 

713
00:36:30,400 --> 00:36:33,400
Troop movements diplomatic 
considerations. 

714
00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:35,700
The habits of warfare don't 
release easily. 

715
00:36:36,500 --> 00:36:40,200
Isn't that fascinating Thomas 
finishes very you say hoping it 

716
00:36:40,200 --> 00:36:43,800
was the right response. 
Philippa gives you a look you're

717
00:36:43,800 --> 00:36:46,700
failing again. 
Even at this simple thing, being

718
00:36:46,700 --> 00:36:50,100
present, physically isn't enough
when you're absent mentally, the

719
00:36:50,100 --> 00:36:52,000
household runs smoothly without 
you. 

720
00:36:52,700 --> 00:36:56,800
Philippa has managed everything 
for years, finance's child, 

721
00:36:56,800 --> 00:37:00,000
rearing and political 
maneuvering. she is competent, 

722
00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:04,000
beloved Everything a queen 
should be, you're almost 

723
00:37:04,000 --> 00:37:06,800
unnecessary, a ceremonial, 
figure who shows up 

724
00:37:06,800 --> 00:37:09,700
occasionally. 
One after noon, you find her in 

725
00:37:09,708 --> 00:37:12,100
the Solar surrounded by 
administrative documents. 

726
00:37:12,100 --> 00:37:16,000
She's handling a state business 
settling disputes and making 

727
00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:19,800
decisions that should be yours. 
I can take over you offer. 

728
00:37:19,800 --> 00:37:22,300
She looks up. 
Surprise, do you have time? 

729
00:37:22,300 --> 00:37:25,200
The question Sting's? 
I'm here, aren't I? 

730
00:37:26,100 --> 00:37:29,100
Physically she agrees but you've
been staring out windows for 

731
00:37:29,100 --> 00:37:31,200
three days. 
Your body's in England but your 

732
00:37:31,208 --> 00:37:34,900
mind is still in France. 
She's right, your perpetually 

733
00:37:34,900 --> 00:37:37,900
half elsewhere unable to fully 
commit to the present moment. 

734
00:37:38,700 --> 00:37:42,400
The war has trained you to think
strategically plan constantly 

735
00:37:42,400 --> 00:37:46,100
and never rest Domesticity 
requires different skills. 

736
00:37:46,100 --> 00:37:49,500
You've let atrophy, you make 
efforts hunting with your sons, 

737
00:37:49,500 --> 00:37:52,200
teaching them. 
Falconry, The birds are calming 

738
00:37:52,200 --> 00:37:55,500
their simple needs. 
Refreshing, Thomas proves 

739
00:37:55,500 --> 00:37:58,800
surprisingly Adept. 
His gentle patience perfect for 

740
00:37:58,800 --> 00:38:01,400
handling the temperamental, 
Hawks your good at this. 

741
00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:03,600
You tell him, he glows at the 
praise. 

742
00:38:03,600 --> 00:38:06,600
Such a small thing, your 
attention but he Treasures it. 

743
00:38:07,300 --> 00:38:10,000
Guilt stabs again. 
How many moments like this have 

744
00:38:10,000 --> 00:38:13,000
you missed evening's, you spend 
with Philippa trying to 

745
00:38:13,000 --> 00:38:16,900
reconnect, 28 years of marriage 
in your courting, her again, 

746
00:38:16,900 --> 00:38:19,400
relearning her rhythms. 
She's heavier. 

747
00:38:19,400 --> 00:38:22,400
Now comfortable in middle age 
and beautiful in ways. 

748
00:38:22,400 --> 00:38:26,400
Different from youthful, Beauty 
lines, around her eyes grey and 

749
00:38:26,400 --> 00:38:29,000
her hair evidence of decades 
supporting you. 

750
00:38:29,900 --> 00:38:32,700
Do you ever regret it? 
You ask one night regret. 

751
00:38:32,700 --> 00:38:36,200
What? 
This me being married to someone

752
00:38:36,200 --> 00:38:39,800
who's never actually here. 
She considers honest as always 

753
00:38:39,800 --> 00:38:43,700
sometimes but I knew what I was 
marrying Kings. 

754
00:38:43,700 --> 00:38:46,200
Don't retire. 
I could be better at it. 

755
00:38:46,200 --> 00:38:50,200
The being present part. 
You could she agrees, will you 

756
00:38:50,208 --> 00:38:54,000
be That's the question. 
You want to promise change and 

757
00:38:54,000 --> 00:38:57,000
swear you'll be different but 
the war isn't over, more 

758
00:38:57,000 --> 00:38:59,400
campaigns are planned and you 
know yourself well enough to 

759
00:38:59,400 --> 00:39:02,500
recognize your limitations. 
You're a king who leads. 

760
00:39:02,500 --> 00:39:06,800
Not a king who stays home. 
I'll try you say finally it's 

761
00:39:06,800 --> 00:39:09,900
the best you can offer. 
She accepts it because Philippa 

762
00:39:09,900 --> 00:39:12,600
is practical about 
disappointment, winter brings 

763
00:39:12,600 --> 00:39:14,000
the whole family together for 
Christmas. 

764
00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:17,300
Your children. 
Their spouse's and grandchildren

765
00:39:17,300 --> 00:39:20,200
are starting to appear. 
The hall, at Windsor fills with 

766
00:39:20,200 --> 00:39:22,400
family chaos, and your struck 
by. 

767
00:39:22,400 --> 00:39:24,800
How much you've missed. 
Edward's children. 

768
00:39:24,800 --> 00:39:26,700
Barely know you, the younger 
ones. 

769
00:39:26,700 --> 00:39:28,200
Treat you like a distinguished 
stranger. 

770
00:39:28,200 --> 00:39:31,200
You hold your infant 
granddaughter, Edward's daughter

771
00:39:31,208 --> 00:39:34,700
feeling her tiny weight. 
She stares at you with serious 

772
00:39:34,700 --> 00:39:39,200
Eyes, unimpressed, by King ship,
just another person holding her 

773
00:39:39,200 --> 00:39:43,200
somewhat awkwardly. 
She likes you Edward says 

774
00:39:43,200 --> 00:39:44,600
smiling. 
Does she? 

775
00:39:44,600 --> 00:39:48,800
Not sure baby is a mysterious 
but you hold her carefully. 

776
00:39:48,800 --> 00:39:51,700
This next Generation wandering. 
What world shall inherit? 

777
00:39:52,400 --> 00:39:55,200
One is still at War. 
Probably the conflict with 

778
00:39:55,200 --> 00:39:58,800
France has become Perpetual 
outlasting your youth likely 

779
00:39:58,800 --> 00:40:01,400
outlasting. 
You the celebration continues 

780
00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:04,000
around, you Philippa 
orchestrates, everything 

781
00:40:04,000 --> 00:40:09,000
perfectly ensuring, everyone 
feels included your family vast 

782
00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:13,000
and complicated held together by
her competence and your periodic

783
00:40:13,000 --> 00:40:15,700
appearances. 
You catch her eye across the 

784
00:40:15,700 --> 00:40:17,600
hall. 
She raises her cups. 

785
00:40:17,600 --> 00:40:19,900
Slightly and acknowledgment, 
you're trying. 

786
00:40:19,900 --> 00:40:23,800
It's not enough, never enough, 
but you're trying. 

787
00:40:23,800 --> 00:40:27,500
Maybe that counts for something.
Your 55 and everything. 

788
00:40:27,500 --> 00:40:29,900
Hurts. 
Not metaphorically, though. 

789
00:40:29,900 --> 00:40:34,600
Plenty hurts metaphorically too 
but physically constantly Your 

790
00:40:34,600 --> 00:40:37,900
knees ache from Decades of 
riding your back, complains 

791
00:40:37,900 --> 00:40:39,700
about Army. 
You have not worn in five years,

792
00:40:39,700 --> 00:40:44,100
your hands, cramp around quills.
When you write joint stiff with 

793
00:40:44,100 --> 00:40:48,500
whatever malady attacks. 
Aging Warriors are again always 

794
00:40:48,500 --> 00:40:51,900
Winsor lately, your Refuge. 
The campaign here's a behind. 

795
00:40:51,900 --> 00:40:54,000
You Edward handles military 
Affairs. 

796
00:40:54,000 --> 00:40:57,500
Now, the black prince proving 
more than capable, you should 

797
00:40:57,500 --> 00:41:01,000
feel relief from this lesson. 
Responsibility, mostly you feel 

798
00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:03,500
obsolete. 
The morning routine takes longer

799
00:41:03,500 --> 00:41:06,400
than it used to. 
So servants help you dress, your

800
00:41:06,400 --> 00:41:08,700
fingers are too stiff for 
complicated fastenings. 

801
00:41:08,700 --> 00:41:11,800
Your hair is white now. 
Face heavily lined. 

802
00:41:12,600 --> 00:41:16,700
Mirror show a stranger old and 
tired, where the vital King used

803
00:41:16,700 --> 00:41:18,900
to be. 
Philippa appears at breakfast, 

804
00:41:18,900 --> 00:41:21,500
moving slowly herself. 
She's been sick. 

805
00:41:21,500 --> 00:41:24,000
Lately something in her lungs. 
That won't clear. 

806
00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:26,700
You eat together in 
companionable silence. 

807
00:41:26,700 --> 00:41:30,100
Two people worn down by Decades 
of responsibility. 

808
00:41:30,700 --> 00:41:32,900
Council today. 
She asks already knowing the 

809
00:41:32,900 --> 00:41:34,700
answer. 
They barely need me anymore. 

810
00:41:35,700 --> 00:41:38,400
They need the crown you're 
wearing it true. 

811
00:41:38,400 --> 00:41:41,100
Enough, your presence 
legitimizes decisions your 

812
00:41:41,100 --> 00:41:45,000
advisors making the without you,
the council meetings are a 

813
00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:47,800
formality. 
Your agreement is assumed the 

814
00:41:47,800 --> 00:41:51,000
kingdom runs itself with systems
established over 30 years. 

815
00:41:51,000 --> 00:41:54,600
Functioning automatically 
England is wealthy powerful and 

816
00:41:54,600 --> 00:41:56,900
respected. 
Your legacy is secure. 

817
00:41:56,900 --> 00:42:01,400
So why do you feel so empty? 
Edward visits bringing his 

818
00:42:01,400 --> 00:42:04,000
children. 
Your grandchildren, swarm around

819
00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:07,200
energetic and Loud. 
They're not quite sure who you 

820
00:42:07,200 --> 00:42:10,600
are the old man in the big 
castle, but their polite about 

821
00:42:10,600 --> 00:42:14,000
it, Grandfather your 
granddaughter Isabella climbs 

822
00:42:14,000 --> 00:42:15,000
into your lap. 
Fearless. 

823
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:17,900
She sicks all enthusiasm and 
questions. 

824
00:42:18,900 --> 00:42:21,200
Careful of Grandfather. 
Edward warns, he's not a 

825
00:42:21,200 --> 00:42:24,800
sturdiest, he looks You waive 
off the concern and let Isabella

826
00:42:24,800 --> 00:42:27,300
settle. 
She Chatters about something her

827
00:42:27,300 --> 00:42:30,400
Pony may be and you half listen 
content with her warm weight. 

828
00:42:31,000 --> 00:42:33,900
This is nice actually, 
grandchildren, demand less than 

829
00:42:33,900 --> 00:42:35,900
children. 
Did satisfied with presence, 

830
00:42:35,900 --> 00:42:40,000
rather than perfection. 
Philippa coughs harsh and 

831
00:42:40,000 --> 00:42:43,300
prolonged Edward looks concerned
but she waves him off, too. 

832
00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:45,600
Just a cold. 
She insists. 

833
00:42:46,400 --> 00:42:48,700
It's not just a cold. 
You both know this though. 

834
00:42:48,700 --> 00:42:52,700
Neither says it, she's dying 
probably slowly uncomfortably 

835
00:42:52,700 --> 00:42:54,800
her lungs filling with something
medicine. 

836
00:42:54,800 --> 00:42:59,100
Can't fix your dying, too. 
Just slower old age and 

837
00:42:59,100 --> 00:43:00,600
accumulated damage are catching 
up. 

838
00:43:01,400 --> 00:43:04,000
The funny thing about dying 
slowly is how normal it becomes.

839
00:43:04,000 --> 00:43:05,900
You're Not Afraid. 
Exactly. 

840
00:43:05,900 --> 00:43:09,100
Just tired. 
You've lived, 55 years 

841
00:43:09,100 --> 00:43:12,400
accomplished, the important 
things and fail at others. 

842
00:43:12,400 --> 00:43:16,100
At some point that has to be 
enough, your remaining children 

843
00:43:16,100 --> 00:43:20,500
visit throughout the year Thomas
John, and Edmund groan men with 

844
00:43:20,500 --> 00:43:23,400
their own concerns. 
Their dutiful concerned about 

845
00:43:23,400 --> 00:43:25,900
your health and probably worried
about inheritance. 

846
00:43:25,900 --> 00:43:29,300
You've arranged everything 
carefully but they still circle 

847
00:43:29,300 --> 00:43:31,900
like polite. 
Vultures I'm not dead yet. 

848
00:43:31,900 --> 00:43:34,500
You tell Thomas during one 
particularly solicitors visit. 

849
00:43:35,200 --> 00:43:37,000
He has the grace to look 
embarrassed. 

850
00:43:37,700 --> 00:43:40,000
Of course not father, we're just
concerned. 

851
00:43:40,800 --> 00:43:43,800
Be concerned quietly. 
Then evenings you spend with 

852
00:43:43,800 --> 00:43:47,800
Philippa when her breathing 
allows conversation. 42 years of

853
00:43:47,800 --> 00:43:50,700
marriage behind you and you're 
finally spending time together, 

854
00:43:50,700 --> 00:43:55,000
the irony isn't lost on either 
of you, we should have done this

855
00:43:55,000 --> 00:43:58,800
earlier, you say, one night, 
done, what this sitting quietly 

856
00:43:58,800 --> 00:44:02,100
being together. 
We were busy, she says practical

857
00:44:02,100 --> 00:44:04,300
as ever. 
Raising children running 

858
00:44:04,300 --> 00:44:06,700
kingdoms fighting Wars. 
The usual. 

859
00:44:07,700 --> 00:44:11,100
Still, I miss so much. 
You did she agrees? 

860
00:44:11,100 --> 00:44:14,300
Because Philippa has never been 
one for comforting lies, but you

861
00:44:14,308 --> 00:44:18,100
were here when it mattered 
mostly That mostly contains 

862
00:44:18,100 --> 00:44:21,900
multitudes all the absence is 
the Mr. Moments, the times water

863
00:44:21,900 --> 00:44:25,400
took precedence but also the 
times you were present the 

864
00:44:25,400 --> 00:44:27,500
effort you made and the love 
underneath the duty. 

865
00:44:28,900 --> 00:44:31,000
She coughs again. 
Worse this time. 

866
00:44:31,800 --> 00:44:35,600
You hold her hand useless but 
present this is all you can 

867
00:44:35,600 --> 00:44:39,200
offer now. 
Presents witness, sharing the 

868
00:44:39,200 --> 00:44:42,000
slow decline. 
The kingdom, celebrates your 

869
00:44:42,000 --> 00:44:44,000
military. 
Victories remembers Cressy and 

870
00:44:44,000 --> 00:44:46,200
Callie, and prizes your Martial 
Glory. 

871
00:44:46,900 --> 00:44:51,400
You remember mud and exhaustion 
Joan dying alone and Decades of 

872
00:44:51,408 --> 00:44:54,600
absence from family. 
The victories feel hollow 

873
00:44:54,600 --> 00:44:57,000
against the personal costs but 
you built. 

874
00:44:57,000 --> 00:45:00,900
Something England is stronger 
richer and more unified than 

875
00:45:00,900 --> 00:45:02,800
you. 
Inherited your children. 

876
00:45:02,800 --> 00:45:06,500
Survived to adulthood most of 
them, your grandchildren will 

877
00:45:06,500 --> 00:45:09,600
inherit security an opportunity.
It's not nothing. 

878
00:45:10,500 --> 00:45:13,600
Philippa dies in August quietly 
in her sleep. 

879
00:45:13,600 --> 00:45:17,400
Probably the best way. 
You're with her holding her hand

880
00:45:17,400 --> 00:45:21,300
as her breathing simply stops. 
After 42 years of marriage, 

881
00:45:21,300 --> 00:45:25,300
you're alone, the grief is 
enormous and strangely familiar.

882
00:45:25,300 --> 00:45:30,600
You've been practicing loss for 
decades Jones, friend's pieces 

883
00:45:30,600 --> 00:45:34,600
of yourself left in France. 
This is just the final largest 

884
00:45:34,600 --> 00:45:36,900
loss. 
The funeral is magnificent 

885
00:45:36,900 --> 00:45:39,900
because she was Queen and that 
requires pageantry. 

886
00:45:39,900 --> 00:45:42,600
You attend. 
Nominally going through motions,

887
00:45:42,600 --> 00:45:47,200
people offer, condolences, you 
don't hear Crowd is heavy again,

888
00:45:47,200 --> 00:45:51,700
oppressively so afterwards, you 
return to Winsor alone, the 

889
00:45:51,700 --> 00:45:54,700
chambers feel enormous without 
her, her things are everywhere. 

890
00:45:54,700 --> 00:45:59,000
Needlework corresponded evidence
of the life, she lived while you

891
00:45:59,000 --> 00:46:02,000
were elsewhere. 
Your 59 and probably have a few 

892
00:46:02,000 --> 00:46:06,100
years left, maybe more, maybe 
less, it doesn't much matter. 

893
00:46:06,100 --> 00:46:09,400
The important things are 
finished the war continues 

894
00:46:09,400 --> 00:46:11,900
without you, the kingdom 
functions and children and 

895
00:46:11,900 --> 00:46:15,700
grandchildren carry forward. 
You're just waiting now for what

896
00:46:15,700 --> 00:46:19,000
you're not entirely, sure. 
But whatever comes, you'll face 

897
00:46:19,000 --> 00:46:21,700
it the same way you've faced 
everything with Duty 

898
00:46:21,700 --> 00:46:25,300
determination and that peculiar 
mix of Pride and regret. 

899
00:46:25,300 --> 00:46:28,900
That defines your entire 
complicated, life, your 64. 

900
00:46:28,900 --> 00:46:32,400
And you're not sure you're still
you, some days are clear, you 

901
00:46:32,400 --> 00:46:35,200
wake knowing who you are, where 
you are, and what the 

902
00:46:35,200 --> 00:46:39,000
responsibilities are other days,
you surface from sleep, confused

903
00:46:39,000 --> 00:46:42,500
expecting Philippa beside, you 
wondering why your needs don't 

904
00:46:42,500 --> 00:46:44,800
work properly. 
And unable, to remember, if 

905
00:46:44,800 --> 00:46:47,700
you're supposed to be fighting 
the French or the Scots, or if 

906
00:46:47,700 --> 00:46:51,200
maybe that was all years ago. 
Your attendance of patient, 

907
00:46:51,200 --> 00:46:54,800
they've learned your rhythms and
know which days you're lucid and

908
00:46:54,800 --> 00:46:56,500
which days you need, gentle 
guide guidance. 

909
00:46:57,300 --> 00:47:01,100
Today's seems clear so far. 
You remember your name, your 

910
00:47:01,100 --> 00:47:03,900
kingdom and the fact that 
Philippa is dead and has been 

911
00:47:03,900 --> 00:47:07,100
for five years. 
Windsor is quiet in the early 

912
00:47:07,100 --> 00:47:10,600
morning, your Chambers face, 
East sunlight, streaming, in 

913
00:47:10,600 --> 00:47:13,500
Illuminating dust, Motes, 
floating lazily. 

914
00:47:14,400 --> 00:47:19,100
You watch them drift mesmerized 
by their simple existence. no 

915
00:47:19,100 --> 00:47:23,800
responsibilities, no weight, 
just floating Your Grace, your 

916
00:47:23,800 --> 00:47:28,100
grandson is here. 
Richard Edward's son, ten years 

917
00:47:28,100 --> 00:47:31,400
old, visiting the dying King 
they bring him periodically. 

918
00:47:31,400 --> 00:47:33,600
Ensuring connection with The 
Heirs. 

919
00:47:33,600 --> 00:47:37,500
Are the boy is serious polite 
and probably terrified of the 

920
00:47:37,500 --> 00:47:41,000
old man in the big bed. 
Richard, you greet him and 

921
00:47:41,000 --> 00:47:44,200
Clarity, come sit. 
He approaches carefully and 

922
00:47:44,208 --> 00:47:46,900
purchases on the chair. 
Beside your bed, he has his 

923
00:47:46,900 --> 00:47:49,900
father's features but his 
mother's coloring dark and 

924
00:47:49,900 --> 00:47:51,800
handsome. 
He'll be beautiful. 

925
00:47:51,800 --> 00:47:55,600
When he grows up if he grows up.
King ship isn't conducive to 

926
00:47:55,600 --> 00:47:58,400
longevity. 
How are your studies? 

927
00:47:58,400 --> 00:48:00,400
You ask the traditional 
grandfather question. 

928
00:48:01,300 --> 00:48:05,100
Well, your grace, I'm learning, 
Latin and philosophy and call me

929
00:48:05,100 --> 00:48:08,900
grandfather, you interrupt, your
family family, don't your grace 

930
00:48:08,900 --> 00:48:11,000
each other. 
He relaxes slightly? 

931
00:48:11,000 --> 00:48:14,200
Yes, grandfather. 
You talk for a while or rather 

932
00:48:14,200 --> 00:48:16,400
he talks. 
While you listen stories about 

933
00:48:16,400 --> 00:48:19,600
his tutors, his siblings and 
small dramas in a child's life. 

934
00:48:19,600 --> 00:48:22,600
It's Pleasant this window into 
simple concerns. 

935
00:48:22,600 --> 00:48:24,500
You've spent so long with 
Kingdom. 

936
00:48:24,500 --> 00:48:26,200
Size problems that childhood 
troubles. 

937
00:48:26,200 --> 00:48:31,000
Feel refreshing when he leaves 
your tired but satisfied Legacy.

938
00:48:31,000 --> 00:48:33,500
You think that boy will be king 
someday. 

939
00:48:34,200 --> 00:48:37,200
Carrying forward, whatever 
you've built hopefully better 

940
00:48:37,200 --> 00:48:40,300
than you managed. 
Your Council comes later, but 

941
00:48:40,300 --> 00:48:41,800
you barely follow the 
discussion. 

942
00:48:41,800 --> 00:48:45,600
Something about France, there's 
always something about France, 

943
00:48:45,600 --> 00:48:48,500
treaties, maybe or renewed 
conflict. 

944
00:48:48,500 --> 00:48:52,300
You've lost track the war. 
Outlasted your interest becoming

945
00:48:52,300 --> 00:48:55,800
background noise to dying. 
Edward visits less often. 

946
00:48:55,800 --> 00:48:58,400
Now he's busy governing. 
While you fade taking on 

947
00:48:58,400 --> 00:49:00,100
responsibilities, you can no 
longer manage. 

948
00:49:00,900 --> 00:49:04,900
The black prince famous and 
capable everything. 

949
00:49:04,900 --> 00:49:07,600
You hoped he'd be. 
Though, you notice he looks 

950
00:49:07,600 --> 00:49:09,100
tired, too. 
Warned down the same way. 

951
00:49:09,100 --> 00:49:12,000
You were King ship. 
Takes its toll regardless of 

952
00:49:12,000 --> 00:49:15,400
capability. 
The French situation requires a 

953
00:49:15,408 --> 00:49:17,700
decision. 
He says carefully, you decide 

954
00:49:17,700 --> 00:49:20,800
you tell him. 
I trust you relief crosses his 

955
00:49:20,800 --> 00:49:22,600
face. 
He's been making decisions. 

956
00:49:22,600 --> 00:49:24,800
Anyway, just seeking your 
blessing for legitimacy. 

957
00:49:24,800 --> 00:49:26,900
You're a signature now. 
Not a ruler. 

958
00:49:26,900 --> 00:49:31,700
The crown has already passed 
everything but officially nights

959
00:49:31,700 --> 00:49:34,700
are hardest pain. 
Keeps you awake, your joints, 

960
00:49:34,700 --> 00:49:37,300
your lungs. 
Everything deteriorating 

961
00:49:37,300 --> 00:49:41,200
servants, bring wine with poppy 
juice, darling, the discomfort 

962
00:49:41,200 --> 00:49:44,700
and blurring your mind further. 
You drift between sleep and 

963
00:49:44,700 --> 00:49:48,100
waking, losing track of, which 
is which you dream about your 

964
00:49:48,100 --> 00:49:51,400
children, all of them, the 
living and the dead mixed 

965
00:49:51,400 --> 00:49:55,000
together, Joan and William, and 
Edward, and Isabela different 

966
00:49:55,000 --> 00:49:58,600
ages different times. 
Sometimes Philippa is their 

967
00:49:58,600 --> 00:50:01,500
young and laughing. 
Sometimes your mother 

968
00:50:01,500 --> 00:50:05,500
terrifying, as always, sometimes
you're a child yourself, 

969
00:50:05,500 --> 00:50:07,700
watching your father, make them 
mistakes. 

970
00:50:07,700 --> 00:50:10,000
You swore you devoid did you 
avoid them. 

971
00:50:10,000 --> 00:50:13,500
You can't remember anymore, 
everything blurs together, 

972
00:50:13,500 --> 00:50:18,300
successes and failures, triumphs
and regrets the long life 

973
00:50:18,300 --> 00:50:21,600
reduced to fragments pieces. 
That might not even be real. 

974
00:50:22,500 --> 00:50:24,500
One clear day, you ask for 
accounting. 

975
00:50:25,300 --> 00:50:28,400
Tell me what I accomplished. 
Your secretary lists 

976
00:50:28,400 --> 00:50:31,400
achievements due to Lee. 
Territory is one battles 

977
00:50:31,400 --> 00:50:34,700
Victorious, economic 
improvements and legal, reforms,

978
00:50:34,700 --> 00:50:39,300
impressive on paper. 
This list of Royal success, it 

979
00:50:39,300 --> 00:50:42,700
sounds like someone else's life.
And the costs you are. 

980
00:50:43,700 --> 00:50:46,800
Called silent. 
No one wants to discuss costs 

981
00:50:46,800 --> 00:50:50,700
with Kings, but you press 
needing to Counting before the 

982
00:50:50,700 --> 00:50:53,400
end. 
Finally, someone mentioned the 

983
00:50:53,400 --> 00:50:56,900
deaths soldiers, civilians the 
casualties of Decades of 

984
00:50:56,900 --> 00:51:01,200
warfare, the debt accumulated, 
the families were destroyed the 

985
00:51:01,200 --> 00:51:03,500
opportunities missed pursuing 
military Glory. 

986
00:51:04,600 --> 00:51:07,200
Was it worth it? 
You are not expecting an answer.

987
00:51:07,200 --> 00:51:12,200
No one speaks because how do you
measure worth Expanded territory

988
00:51:12,200 --> 00:51:15,000
against the dead children, The 
increased Prestige against the 

989
00:51:15,000 --> 00:51:18,200
absent decades, the strong 
Kingdom against the weakened 

990
00:51:18,200 --> 00:51:22,100
King, you don't know either. 
You've spent 64 years being with

991
00:51:22,100 --> 00:51:24,300
the third and you're still not 
sure if you did it, right. 

992
00:51:25,100 --> 00:51:27,100
Summer, comes your last 
probably. 

993
00:51:27,900 --> 00:51:31,400
The Gardens at Windsor Bloom 
magnificently visible from your 

994
00:51:31,400 --> 00:51:33,800
windows. 
You watch servants, tending, 

995
00:51:33,800 --> 00:51:37,800
flowers, children, playing and 
life, continuing regardless of 

996
00:51:37,800 --> 00:51:42,000
your participation It's oddly 
comforting, this evidence that 

997
00:51:42,000 --> 00:51:43,600
everything will be fine without 
you. 

998
00:51:44,600 --> 00:51:47,900
Edward brings Richard to visit. 
Again, your grandson is growing 

999
00:51:47,900 --> 00:51:51,200
quickly, losing his child 
roundness and becoming the 

1000
00:51:51,200 --> 00:51:55,000
person he'll be You try to give 
advice and share wisdom, but 

1001
00:51:55,000 --> 00:51:57,900
words, tangle your mind isn't 
cooperating anymore. 

1002
00:51:59,000 --> 00:52:01,600
Be kind. 
You manage finally, the kingdom 

1003
00:52:01,600 --> 00:52:03,900
needs strength but kindness 
matters too. 

1004
00:52:04,800 --> 00:52:08,200
Richard nod, seriously. 
Probably not understanding he is

1005
00:52:08,200 --> 00:52:10,300
10. 
You barely understood it at 10 

1006
00:52:10,300 --> 00:52:13,700
and you'd been King for years, 
your attendance increased the 

1007
00:52:13,700 --> 00:52:17,500
poppy dose pain management. 
They call it really, it's the 

1008
00:52:17,500 --> 00:52:20,300
final Mercy, easing, you toward 
the inevitable. 

1009
00:52:20,300 --> 00:52:22,400
You don't protest. 
You're ready. 

1010
00:52:22,408 --> 00:52:25,500
You've been ready for a while. 
Just waiting for the body to 

1011
00:52:25,500 --> 00:52:29,200
catch up with the spirit. 
One morning, you wake or think 

1012
00:52:29,200 --> 00:52:33,300
you wake and Philippa? 
Is there not old, but young, the

1013
00:52:33,300 --> 00:52:37,700
way she looked 40 years ago. 
She smiling patient waiting. 

1014
00:52:38,700 --> 00:52:41,400
Is it time you ask soon? 
She says, rest. 

1015
00:52:41,400 --> 00:52:45,400
Now you do. 
Rest comes easily finally the 

1016
00:52:45,400 --> 00:52:48,700
burdens lifting, the weight of 
the crown and responsibility 

1017
00:52:48,700 --> 00:52:50,500
dissolving. 
You're just Edward. 

1018
00:52:50,500 --> 00:52:54,400
Again not the king, not the 
Conqueror, just a man who tried 

1019
00:52:54,400 --> 00:52:57,600
his best and succeeded, 
sometimes, and fail, sometimes 

1020
00:52:57,600 --> 00:52:59,200
and loved him perfectly, but 
truly. 

1021
00:53:00,700 --> 00:53:05,600
The room fills with soft light. 
Philip's hand in yours, warm and

1022
00:53:05,600 --> 00:53:10,000
reel, your children Gathering. 
All of them, living and dead, 

1023
00:53:10,000 --> 00:53:13,400
young, and old, the whole 
impossible, family, you're 

1024
00:53:13,400 --> 00:53:16,200
ready? 
And then quietly without drama 

1025
00:53:16,200 --> 00:53:18,900
or Glory or done the kingdom 
continues. 

1026
00:53:18,900 --> 00:53:23,900
It always does, Wars are fought 
one and lost children become 

1027
00:53:23,900 --> 00:53:27,700
King's, make their own mistakes 
and build their own legacies. 

1028
00:53:27,700 --> 00:53:31,600
The great wheel turns in 
different to any single life. 

1029
00:53:32,500 --> 00:53:35,900
But for a while, for 64 
complicated years, you were part

1030
00:53:35,900 --> 00:53:38,500
of it. 
Edward the third, the hard lived

1031
00:53:38,500 --> 00:53:43,500
King, not perfect, not terrible.
Human trying to balance 

1032
00:53:43,500 --> 00:53:47,800
impossible demands succeeding, 
occasionally failing often and 

1033
00:53:47,800 --> 00:53:51,500
loving as well as Duty allowed. 
Your story ends here in this 

1034
00:53:51,508 --> 00:53:55,300
quiet room, surrounded by ghosts
and memories and the soft light 

1035
00:53:55,300 --> 00:53:57,200
of a summer morning. 
Rest easy. 

1036
00:53:57,200 --> 00:54:05,000
Now you've earned it You stand 
at the narrow window of the 

1037
00:54:05,000 --> 00:54:09,100
manor house watching November 
Fade Into December with that 

1038
00:54:09,100 --> 00:54:13,000
peculiar quality of late Autumn 
light, that seems to drain color

1039
00:54:13,000 --> 00:54:16,100
from the world. 
The landscape beyond the thick 

1040
00:54:16,100 --> 00:54:19,700
glass expensive, glass. 
A point of Pride for your 

1041
00:54:19,700 --> 00:54:23,200
household has transformed into 
something spare and honest. 

1042
00:54:24,100 --> 00:54:27,100
The fields that were gold with 
Harvest two months ago now like 

1043
00:54:27,100 --> 00:54:31,200
dark and furrowed waiting for 
spring, like a held breath. 

1044
00:54:31,200 --> 00:54:34,300
This is the time of year when 
your ancestors believed the 

1045
00:54:34,300 --> 00:54:36,000
boundary between worlds, grew 
thin. 

1046
00:54:36,000 --> 00:54:39,700
When the old gods though, you'd 
never speak such thoughts. 

1047
00:54:39,700 --> 00:54:43,700
Allowed with the priest nearby, 
walk the Frozen Earth alongside 

1048
00:54:43,700 --> 00:54:47,200
Christian Saints. 
The tree stand bear against the 

1049
00:54:47,200 --> 00:54:50,900
sky, their branches making 
patterns like the veins in an 

1050
00:54:50,908 --> 00:54:53,200
Oakley pressed flat in a 
manuscript. 

1051
00:54:54,100 --> 00:54:57,600
You know, each of those trees by
sight, the ancient Oak that 

1052
00:54:57,600 --> 00:55:00,200
marks the boundary between your 
Lord's land and the common 

1053
00:55:00,200 --> 00:55:03,800
fields the line of beaches that 
shelter the road to the village 

1054
00:55:03,800 --> 00:55:08,300
and the Twisted Hawthorne where 
May Day Celebrations happen in a

1055
00:55:08,308 --> 00:55:12,200
season that feels impossibly 
distant now. the cold has been 

1056
00:55:12,208 --> 00:55:15,900
building for weeks that peculiar
medieval coal, that seems to 

1057
00:55:15,900 --> 00:55:18,800
seep through stone walls as if 
they were made of wool rather 

1058
00:55:18,800 --> 00:55:23,400
than Masonry, you've learned to 
dress in layers, a linen shift 

1059
00:55:23,400 --> 00:55:28,200
against your skin, a Woolen 
Curtola over that and today an 

1060
00:55:28,200 --> 00:55:31,000
additional circuit line with 
rapid further that your 

1061
00:55:31,000 --> 00:55:32,400
grandmother made before she 
died. 

1062
00:55:33,200 --> 00:55:36,800
The first still smells faintly 
of the herbs used to store it. 

1063
00:55:36,800 --> 00:55:41,100
A mixture of lavender and tansy,
that brings her back to you. 

1064
00:55:41,100 --> 00:55:43,800
Across the years with a Clarity 
that sometimes catches your 

1065
00:55:43,800 --> 00:55:46,800
breath, the manners. 
Preparation for winter began at 

1066
00:55:46,800 --> 00:55:49,300
michaelmas back. 
When the last warm days of 

1067
00:55:49,300 --> 00:55:51,300
September still held the memory 
of Summer. 

1068
00:55:52,100 --> 00:55:55,200
He helped bring in the final 
Harvest working alongside 

1069
00:55:55,200 --> 00:55:57,800
Villages whose families have 
been tied to this land for 

1070
00:55:57,800 --> 00:56:01,700
Generations Beyond Counting. 
The Wheaton barley was stored in

1071
00:56:01,700 --> 00:56:04,300
the Grainery rats. 
Be damned though. 

1072
00:56:04,300 --> 00:56:07,100
The barn cats do their best to 
keep that particular problem 

1073
00:56:07,100 --> 00:56:10,200
manageable. 
Apples were laid carefully and 

1074
00:56:10,200 --> 00:56:13,400
straw in the undercroft, each 
one checked for bruises that 

1075
00:56:13,400 --> 00:56:15,500
might spread wrote through the 
entire store. 

1076
00:56:16,200 --> 00:56:18,500
The Autumn pigs were slaughtered
after Saint. 

1077
00:56:18,500 --> 00:56:21,800
Martin's day a process, you've 
grown accustomed to over the 

1078
00:56:21,800 --> 00:56:24,400
years, though, you never quite 
learn to enjoy it. 

1079
00:56:24,400 --> 00:56:27,200
Salted pork. 
Now, hangs from the rafters of 

1080
00:56:27,200 --> 00:56:30,900
the ladder alongside dried fish 
from the Summers catch and the 

1081
00:56:30,900 --> 00:56:33,308
smoke deal that tastes like the 
river mud, where they were 

1082
00:56:33,316 --> 00:56:36,800
caught, Your household is stored
enough food to see you through 

1083
00:56:36,808 --> 00:56:40,400
to spring or so everyone hopes 
with that particular combination

1084
00:56:40,400 --> 00:56:44,300
of faith and anxiety that 
characterizes medieval winter 

1085
00:56:44,300 --> 00:56:46,300
planning. 
Crop failures. 

1086
00:56:46,300 --> 00:56:48,300
Happen stores. 
Go bad. 

1087
00:56:49,100 --> 00:56:53,000
Winter can be a season of slow 
starvation, if preparations were

1088
00:56:53,000 --> 00:56:56,300
insufficient or luck proves 
cruel this year. 

1089
00:56:56,300 --> 00:56:58,900
Looks promising. 
The Harvest was good. 

1090
00:56:58,900 --> 00:57:03,000
The weather has been harsh but 
not catastrophic in your Lord's.

1091
00:57:03,000 --> 00:57:05,900
Household has both the resources
and the will to celebrate 

1092
00:57:05,900 --> 00:57:09,400
Christmas properly. 
This matters more than you might

1093
00:57:09,400 --> 00:57:12,600
initially think because 
Christmas in the Medieval World 

1094
00:57:12,600 --> 00:57:16,500
Isn't just a day, it is a 
season, a statement and 

1095
00:57:16,500 --> 00:57:19,200
sometimes a battlefield where 
social hierarchies are 

1096
00:57:19,200 --> 00:57:22,000
simultaneously reinforced and 
momentarily, suspended. 

1097
00:57:22,000 --> 00:57:24,700
The Advent season has been 
observed with the proper 

1098
00:57:24,700 --> 00:57:27,100
solemnity for the past four 
weeks. 

1099
00:57:27,100 --> 00:57:30,600
You've been fasting or at least 
what passes for fasting when 

1100
00:57:30,600 --> 00:57:33,100
you're not among sworn to 
extreme piratey. 

1101
00:57:34,000 --> 00:57:37,400
Know meet on Wednesdays. 
Fridays or Saturdays know? 

1102
00:57:37,400 --> 00:57:39,400
Rich foods. 
No, excessive celebration. 

1103
00:57:39,400 --> 00:57:44,500
The church calls this a time of 
penitence and preparation, the 

1104
00:57:44,500 --> 00:57:47,200
spiritual winter, before the 
birth of Christ, brings light 

1105
00:57:47,200 --> 00:57:50,000
back to the world. 
You've noticed that this 

1106
00:57:50,000 --> 00:57:53,200
enforced or sterility makes the 
upcoming Feast seem even more 

1107
00:57:53,200 --> 00:57:56,400
glorious, which may or may not 
be the church's, actual 

1108
00:57:56,400 --> 00:57:59,900
intention, the manner itself has
been gradually transforming. 

1109
00:58:00,600 --> 00:58:03,400
Fresh rushes have been laid on 
the floors of the Great Hall 

1110
00:58:03,400 --> 00:58:06,600
mixed with herbs that released 
their scent when crushed under 

1111
00:58:06,600 --> 00:58:09,300
foot. 
The smell reminds you of Summer 

1112
00:58:09,300 --> 00:58:13,800
Meadows, which is probably the 
point an olfactory Defiance of 

1113
00:58:13,800 --> 00:58:17,100
Winter's baroness. 
The walls of being cleaned of 

1114
00:58:17,100 --> 00:58:20,900
the years accumulation of Sutton
Grime, a job that fell to you 

1115
00:58:20,900 --> 00:58:23,800
and the other household members 
over several days of hard labor,

1116
00:58:23,800 --> 00:58:28,600
that left, everyone's hands raw 
and their backs aching outside. 

1117
00:58:28,600 --> 00:58:30,800
You can see the first real snow 
of the Season. 

1118
00:58:30,800 --> 00:58:34,600
Beginning to fall, not the wet 
brief flurries that came and 

1119
00:58:34,600 --> 00:58:37,800
melted last week but proper 
snow, that means business. 

1120
00:58:39,000 --> 00:58:42,400
Flake's a small and determined, 
the kind that will accumulate 

1121
00:58:42,400 --> 00:58:45,500
into drifts that like cut off 
the manor, from the village for 

1122
00:58:45,500 --> 00:58:48,200
days. 
Part of you feels a flutter of 

1123
00:58:48,208 --> 00:58:52,600
anxiety at this isolation but 
another part perhaps the part 

1124
00:58:52,600 --> 00:58:56,300
that remembers older ways of 
thinking feels A peculiar 

1125
00:58:56,300 --> 00:59:00,100
comfort in being snowed in as if
winter itself, has decided to 

1126
00:59:00,100 --> 00:59:03,300
hold you safe in a white cocoon 
until spring comes to wake you 

1127
00:59:03,300 --> 00:59:07,000
the shortest day of the year, 
has just passed and you noticed 

1128
00:59:07,000 --> 00:59:10,100
its arrival with the attention 
that medieval people pay to such

1129
00:59:10,100 --> 00:59:13,700
markers. 
At the winter solstice Darkness.

1130
00:59:13,700 --> 00:59:16,700
Nearly 16 hours of every day 
here in England. 

1131
00:59:17,500 --> 00:59:20,200
Leaving only a brief window of 
Grey, light that barely 

1132
00:59:20,200 --> 00:59:24,600
qualifies as day at all. 
Your ancestors, the truly 

1133
00:59:24,600 --> 00:59:28,300
ancient ones before Christianity
came to these islands lit, great

1134
00:59:28,300 --> 00:59:31,300
Fires, at the solstice to 
encourage the sun to return. 

1135
00:59:32,600 --> 00:59:35,800
The church calls such practices 
Pagan Superstition. 

1136
00:59:35,800 --> 00:59:38,900
But you notice that, the Advent 
wreath with its Progressive 

1137
00:59:38,900 --> 00:59:42,200
lighting of candles follows a 
suspiciously similar pattern, 

1138
00:59:42,200 --> 00:59:45,700
The Village Church Bell, Ring's 
marking the hour of none. 

1139
00:59:45,700 --> 00:59:49,400
What we would call three in the 
afternoon though, the medieval 

1140
00:59:49,400 --> 00:59:52,100
Reckoning of time is less 
precise than you might prefer. 

1141
00:59:53,200 --> 00:59:56,100
The sound carries clearly 
through the cold air, that 

1142
00:59:56,100 --> 00:59:58,400
particular quality of bell tone 
in Winter. 

1143
00:59:58,400 --> 01:00:02,600
That seems to travel further and
ring longer than it does in 

1144
01:00:02,600 --> 01:00:05,700
summer. 
You recognize the bell's voice, 

1145
01:00:05,700 --> 01:00:09,100
the way, you might recognize a 
neighbor's knock, having heard 

1146
01:00:09,100 --> 01:00:12,300
it, marked the hours, and call 
to pray for your entire life. 

1147
01:00:12,300 --> 01:00:15,800
Christmas Eve is tomorrow, and 
the manner has reached that 

1148
01:00:15,800 --> 01:00:20,100
state of barely contained energy
that precedes any major event. 

1149
01:00:20,900 --> 01:00:24,100
There still work to be done, 
there's always work to be done 

1150
01:00:24,100 --> 01:00:27,800
in a medieval household. 
But the essential preparations 

1151
01:00:27,800 --> 01:00:31,100
are complete. 
The ale has been brewed and is 

1152
01:00:31,100 --> 01:00:34,600
properly strong which you can 
confirm through the time onward 

1153
01:00:34,600 --> 01:00:38,200
method of sampling, it Possibly 
more often than strictly 

1154
01:00:38,200 --> 01:00:40,200
necessary for quality control 
purposes. 

1155
01:00:41,600 --> 01:00:43,900
The bread has been baked in 
quantities. 

1156
01:00:43,900 --> 01:00:45,800
That seemed excessive until you 
remember. 

1157
01:00:45,800 --> 01:00:48,600
How many people will need to be 
fed over the coming days? 

1158
01:00:48,600 --> 01:00:52,300
Your role in tomorrow's 
festivities is both simple and 

1159
01:00:52,300 --> 01:00:55,100
complex. 
You are neither nobility or 

1160
01:00:55,100 --> 01:00:59,400
servant something in between 
what later centuries will call 

1161
01:00:59,400 --> 01:01:03,400
yoman, or franklyn. 
A person of some substance Who 

1162
01:01:03,400 --> 01:01:06,200
belongs to the manor household 
with, without being of the 

1163
01:01:06,200 --> 01:01:09,100
aristocratic classes. 
This means you'll eat at the 

1164
01:01:09,100 --> 01:01:12,800
great feast, but not at the high
table, your participate in the 

1165
01:01:12,808 --> 01:01:16,200
celebrations, but not lead them.
You'll observe the social 

1166
01:01:16,200 --> 01:01:19,100
theater of medieval Christmas 
from a position that 

1167
01:01:19,100 --> 01:01:22,500
simultaneously inside and 
outside the performance, the 

1168
01:01:22,500 --> 01:01:25,400
light is failing. 
Now, that early winter dusk that

1169
01:01:25,408 --> 01:01:27,700
makes you feel the day has been 
stolen from you. 

1170
01:01:28,300 --> 01:01:29,900
Candles will need to be lit 
soon. 

1171
01:01:29,900 --> 01:01:34,000
Carefully rationed because 
Beeswax is expensive and Tallow 

1172
01:01:34,000 --> 01:01:37,400
candles smell like rendered fat,
which is exactly what they are. 

1173
01:01:38,200 --> 01:01:41,500
You've grown accustomed to doing
as much as possible by daylight 

1174
01:01:41,500 --> 01:01:43,600
planning, your activities 
around. 

1175
01:01:43,600 --> 01:01:47,100
The sun's brief appearance like 
a farmer planning around rain. 

1176
01:01:47,100 --> 01:01:50,900
But tomorrow tomorrow, the 
Christmas season truly begins. 

1177
01:01:50,900 --> 01:01:54,100
And with it comes a temporary 
suspension of the normal Order 

1178
01:01:54,100 --> 01:01:56,800
of Things. 
The darkness of winter will be 

1179
01:01:56,800 --> 01:01:59,100
pushed back by fire and 
celebration. 

1180
01:01:59,100 --> 01:02:02,400
The usual hierarchies will be 
playfully inverted. 

1181
01:02:03,200 --> 01:02:06,500
For 12 days, the manner will 
exist in a kind of sanctioned 

1182
01:02:06,500 --> 01:02:09,300
Carnival where the rules that 
govern the rest of the year 

1183
01:02:09,300 --> 01:02:14,000
become flexible and negotiable 
and almost dreamlike you turn 

1184
01:02:14,000 --> 01:02:16,300
from the window and head toward 
the Great Hall, where the 

1185
01:02:16,300 --> 01:02:20,500
evening meal is being prepared. 
The smell of pottage that 

1186
01:02:20,500 --> 01:02:24,500
Eternal stew that contains 
whatever vegetables and grains 

1187
01:02:24,500 --> 01:02:26,700
are available drifts up from the
kitchen. 

1188
01:02:27,800 --> 01:02:31,100
It's a humble meal, this last 
supper, before the feast, but it

1189
01:02:31,100 --> 01:02:33,000
tastes of comfort and 
anticipation. 

1190
01:02:33,900 --> 01:02:36,900
Tomorrow, you think smiling to 
yourself tomorrow? 

1191
01:02:36,900 --> 01:02:40,800
The celebration begins Christmas
Eve morning arrived with the 

1192
01:02:40,800 --> 01:02:42,800
kind of cold. 
That makes the water in the wash

1193
01:02:42,800 --> 01:02:46,000
basin, develop a thin skin of 
ice overnight. 

1194
01:02:46,900 --> 01:02:50,400
You break through it with your 
fingers, the shock of cold water

1195
01:02:50,400 --> 01:02:53,700
on your face, serving as a more 
effective, wake up than any 

1196
01:02:53,700 --> 01:02:56,700
amount of coffee could provide, 
not that you have coffee. 

1197
01:02:56,700 --> 01:03:00,000
Anyway, since it won't be common
in England for another 200 

1198
01:03:00,000 --> 01:03:03,100
years. 
You make do with weak ale, which

1199
01:03:03,100 --> 01:03:06,600
is safer to drink than water and
has the additional benefit of 

1200
01:03:06,600 --> 01:03:08,900
making early morning. 
Chores seem slightly less 

1201
01:03:08,900 --> 01:03:11,900
miserable, the manner is already
awake and working when you 

1202
01:03:11,908 --> 01:03:14,800
emerge from your chamber. 
The household operates on a 

1203
01:03:14,800 --> 01:03:18,000
schedule that treats dawn has 
already late morning, a function

1204
01:03:18,000 --> 01:03:21,100
of Winter's short days and the 
amount of work that needs to be 

1205
01:03:21,100 --> 01:03:22,700
accomplished before the 
evening's festivities. 

1206
01:03:23,800 --> 01:03:26,900
In the kitchen, a separate 
building because of fire danger,

1207
01:03:26,900 --> 01:03:29,600
connected to the main hall by a 
covered walkway. 

1208
01:03:29,600 --> 01:03:33,400
That never quite keeps the food 
as hot as the cooks would like 

1209
01:03:34,300 --> 01:03:38,000
Preparations began before first 
light you make your way there 

1210
01:03:38,000 --> 01:03:41,200
now partly to see if you can 
help and partly because the 

1211
01:03:41,200 --> 01:03:44,100
kitchen is reliably, the warmest
place in the entire Manor. 

1212
01:03:44,900 --> 01:03:48,600
The great half dominates one 
wall large enough that you could

1213
01:03:48,600 --> 01:03:51,200
stand up right inside it. 
If the fire was not currently 

1214
01:03:51,200 --> 01:03:55,700
roaring a temperature that would
melt lead, The cook a woman of 

1215
01:03:55,700 --> 01:03:58,700
indeterminate age, whose face 
has been threatened by years of 

1216
01:03:58,700 --> 01:04:02,700
working over Flames directs. 
The Controlled Chaos with the 

1217
01:04:02,700 --> 01:04:04,500
authority of a military 
commander. 

1218
01:04:04,500 --> 01:04:08,600
The Christmas Feast requires 
days of preparation and today 

1219
01:04:08,600 --> 01:04:11,600
represents the culmination of 
planning that began weeks ago. 

1220
01:04:11,608 --> 01:04:16,200
A wild boar brought down by your
lord Hunting Party three days. 

1221
01:04:16,200 --> 01:04:19,900
Previous hangs in the cold room,
ready for roasting. 

1222
01:04:20,800 --> 01:04:23,300
You saw the hunt participated in
it. 

1223
01:04:23,300 --> 01:04:26,200
Actually and remember the 
precise moment when the ball 

1224
01:04:26,200 --> 01:04:30,000
turned at Bay its tusks, 
catching the winter light before

1225
01:04:30,000 --> 01:04:34,800
the spears found their mark. 
Medieval hunting is less Sport 

1226
01:04:34,800 --> 01:04:38,500
and more dangerous necessity. 
A fact that the ball made 

1227
01:04:38,500 --> 01:04:42,100
emphatically clear before it 
died, the ball will be the feast

1228
01:04:42,100 --> 01:04:45,400
centerpiece, roasted whole and 
brought into the hall with 

1229
01:04:45,400 --> 01:04:48,900
appropriate ceremony. 
But it's only one element of a 

1230
01:04:48,900 --> 01:04:52,100
meal that will include dishes 
both familiar and strange to 

1231
01:04:52,100 --> 01:04:55,600
Modern sensibilities. 
You watched as kitchen servants.

1232
01:04:55,600 --> 01:04:59,900
Prepare peacock, yes, peacock, 
which will be roasted. 

1233
01:04:59,900 --> 01:05:03,400
And then carefully reassembled 
with its iridescent feathers to 

1234
01:05:03,400 --> 01:05:06,700
create a display that value 
spectacle, as much as flavor. 

1235
01:05:07,600 --> 01:05:10,000
Medieval feasting is performance
art. 

1236
01:05:10,000 --> 01:05:13,900
That happens to be edible. 
Pies are being assembled but not

1237
01:05:13,900 --> 01:05:16,200
the sweet desserts. 
That later centuries will 

1238
01:05:16,200 --> 01:05:19,700
associate with the word. 
Medieval pie is a massive 

1239
01:05:19,700 --> 01:05:22,000
Affairs. 
Some large enough that you need 

1240
01:05:22,000 --> 01:05:25,400
both arms to carry them filled 
with combinations, that would 

1241
01:05:25,400 --> 01:05:29,500
puzzle modern Cooks, Venison and
dried fruits. 

1242
01:05:30,200 --> 01:05:34,600
Pork and apples. 
Fish and spices that came all 

1243
01:05:34,600 --> 01:05:37,400
the way from the Orient. 
They are Venetian traders who 

1244
01:05:37,400 --> 01:05:40,500
charge prices that made your 
lord wince even as he paid them.

1245
01:05:41,700 --> 01:05:45,700
These pies, serve partly as food
and partly a storage containers.

1246
01:05:45,700 --> 01:05:49,100
The thick pastry crusts, more 
Structural Engineering than 

1247
01:05:49,100 --> 01:05:53,700
cuisine The spices themselves 
represent wealth in a form that 

1248
01:05:53,700 --> 01:05:55,800
later ages will find hard to 
comprehend. 

1249
01:05:56,700 --> 01:06:01,300
The pepper cinnamon Ginger and 
cloves that the cook uses with 

1250
01:06:01,300 --> 01:06:05,600
what seems like a bandhan 
actually cost more per pound and

1251
01:06:05,600 --> 01:06:07,000
some of the servants are in a 
year. 

1252
01:06:08,400 --> 01:06:10,600
But Christmas demands lavish 
display. 

1253
01:06:11,600 --> 01:06:13,500
Properly. 
Spiced dishes to everyone 

1254
01:06:13,500 --> 01:06:17,400
present that this household has 
both prosperity and access to 

1255
01:06:17,400 --> 01:06:21,500
the far-reaching trade networks.
That connect medieval England to

1256
01:06:21,500 --> 01:06:24,200
The Wider World. 
Your assigned to help with the 

1257
01:06:24,200 --> 01:06:27,400
March pain, that medieval 
precursor to marzipan that 

1258
01:06:27,400 --> 01:06:30,600
combined ground, almonds with 
sugar and rose water into 

1259
01:06:30,600 --> 01:06:33,100
something that shaped into 
elaborate decorations. 

1260
01:06:33,100 --> 01:06:37,800
The almonds came from Spain, the
sugar from Cyprus and the rose 

1261
01:06:37,800 --> 01:06:40,700
water from someone's careful. 
Distillation of this Summer's 

1262
01:06:40,700 --> 01:06:44,200
roses, Your shaping. 
The sweet paste into forms, 

1263
01:06:44,200 --> 01:06:47,300
flowers, and animals, and 
geometric patterns. 

1264
01:06:47,300 --> 01:06:48,900
That would make a mathematician 
happy. 

1265
01:06:49,700 --> 01:06:52,600
While around you, the kitchen's 
work continues at a pace, that 

1266
01:06:52,600 --> 01:06:54,900
would exhaust a modern caterer 
bread. 

1267
01:06:54,900 --> 01:06:58,400
Baking happens in waves with 
loaves emerging from the Clay 

1268
01:06:58,400 --> 01:07:01,400
Oven in the Bakehouse at 
interval's timed by experience 

1269
01:07:01,400 --> 01:07:06,100
rather than clocks. 
The finest white bread made from

1270
01:07:06,100 --> 01:07:10,300
wheat flour, that has been 
saved, multiple times will Grace

1271
01:07:10,300 --> 01:07:13,000
the high table where your lord 
and his family will sit. 

1272
01:07:14,000 --> 01:07:17,600
The course of brown bread. 
Still perfectly good but made 

1273
01:07:17,600 --> 01:07:21,300
from less refined flour, will 
feed the rest of the household. 

1274
01:07:21,300 --> 01:07:25,400
The hierarchy of medieval 
Society is reflected, even in 

1275
01:07:25,400 --> 01:07:30,000
gluten content, the L Supply is 
a checked and rechecked multiple

1276
01:07:30,000 --> 01:07:30,900
Barrel. 
Stand. 

1277
01:07:30,900 --> 01:07:34,200
Ready each marked with symbols 
that, indicated strength, and 

1278
01:07:34,200 --> 01:07:37,500
Brewing date, Medieval people 
drink ale the way. 

1279
01:07:37,508 --> 01:07:40,600
Modern people, drink water, not 
because they're all functioning 

1280
01:07:40,600 --> 01:07:44,500
alcoholics, but because 
fermentation makes water safe. 

1281
01:07:45,200 --> 01:07:48,900
The alcohol content is typically
lower than modern beer but the 

1282
01:07:48,900 --> 01:07:52,500
quantities consumed would still 
make designated driving an 

1283
01:07:52,500 --> 01:07:55,600
interesting concept. 
If cars, existed wine is 

1284
01:07:55,600 --> 01:07:59,000
reserved for the high table and 
for mixing into spice drinks 

1285
01:07:59,000 --> 01:08:01,200
that will be heated and served 
throughout the evening. 

1286
01:08:02,100 --> 01:08:06,100
You helped prepare the hippocras
yesterday wine mixed with honey 

1287
01:08:06,100 --> 01:08:09,900
and spices strained through 
cloth until it runs, clear and 

1288
01:08:09,900 --> 01:08:13,000
sweet. 
Taste like Christmas distilled 

1289
01:08:13,000 --> 01:08:16,600
into liquid form warming you 
from the inside out and away 

1290
01:08:16,608 --> 01:08:20,700
that the half fire, never quite 
manages, the Great Hall its self

1291
01:08:20,700 --> 01:08:23,800
is being transformed from its 
everyday functionality into 

1292
01:08:23,800 --> 01:08:28,500
something approaching splendor. 
The usual tables of being by 

1293
01:08:28,500 --> 01:08:32,200
additional surfaces borrowed 
from neighboring rooms, creating

1294
01:08:32,200 --> 01:08:35,100
a u-shape that will seat 
everyone from highest to lowest,

1295
01:08:35,100 --> 01:08:38,300
according to their station fresh
table cloths. 

1296
01:08:38,300 --> 01:08:41,500
Actual linen. 
Not the rough hemp used for 

1297
01:08:41,500 --> 01:08:43,700
every day meals cover the 
boards. 

1298
01:08:43,700 --> 01:08:47,200
Their whiteness statement of 
cleanliness and status that 

1299
01:08:47,200 --> 01:08:50,300
guests will notice and 
appreciate decorations are 

1300
01:08:50,300 --> 01:08:53,600
appearing as you watch. 
Transforming the stonehall into 

1301
01:08:53,600 --> 01:08:57,899
something warmer and more alive.
Garlands of Holly and Ivy are 

1302
01:08:57,899 --> 01:09:01,399
draped along the walls. 
The Greener Defiance of Winter's

1303
01:09:01,399 --> 01:09:05,100
barrenness that carries meaning 
older than Christianity. the 

1304
01:09:05,100 --> 01:09:08,200
Holly with its red berries, and 
sharp leaves represents 

1305
01:09:08,200 --> 01:09:12,200
masculine energy in the old ways
of thinking, well, ivy with its 

1306
01:09:12,200 --> 01:09:16,200
clinging softness represents the
feminine bringing them together 

1307
01:09:16,200 --> 01:09:19,100
at Christmas symbolizes. 
The hope that opposites can 

1308
01:09:19,100 --> 01:09:22,500
unite and create something 
harmonious, which makes them 

1309
01:09:22,500 --> 01:09:26,000
perfect decorations for a 
seasoned dedicated to peace and 

1310
01:09:26,000 --> 01:09:28,399
goodwill missile toe. 
Hangs in the doorway. 

1311
01:09:28,399 --> 01:09:31,399
Another tradition that the 
church tolerates with without 

1312
01:09:31,399 --> 01:09:35,200
quite approving. 
The white berries and the fact 

1313
01:09:35,200 --> 01:09:38,000
that missile toe grows on oak 
trees, without touching a earth 

1314
01:09:38,000 --> 01:09:42,399
made it sacred to The Druids who
haven't existed for centuries, 

1315
01:09:42,399 --> 01:09:45,700
but whose influence lingers, in 
ways that surface during winter 

1316
01:09:45,700 --> 01:09:49,000
celebration. 
He noticed that people paused 

1317
01:09:49,000 --> 01:09:52,200
slightly when passing beneath it
aware of its presence. 

1318
01:09:52,200 --> 01:09:55,400
Even if they pretend not to be 
the Lord of The Manor has 

1319
01:09:55,400 --> 01:09:58,600
invited guests from neighboring 
states, which means Chambers are

1320
01:09:58,600 --> 01:10:00,200
being prepared for overnight 
visitors. 

1321
01:10:01,200 --> 01:10:04,600
Fresh straw is being laid. 
In the palettes linens are being

1322
01:10:04,600 --> 01:10:07,900
aired and the households best 
pottery is being brought out 

1323
01:10:07,900 --> 01:10:11,200
from Storage. 
Medieval hospitality is both 

1324
01:10:11,200 --> 01:10:13,800
genuine, kindness and social 
necessity. 

1325
01:10:14,700 --> 01:10:16,800
You never know when you might 
need to show up at someone 

1326
01:10:16,800 --> 01:10:20,500
else's door, so, treating 
visitors well, is essentially an

1327
01:10:20,500 --> 01:10:22,200
investment in your own future 
comfort. 

1328
01:10:22,200 --> 01:10:25,200
You take a moment to step 
outside needing are, that 

1329
01:10:25,200 --> 01:10:26,800
doesn't smell of cooking and 
smoke. 

1330
01:10:27,500 --> 01:10:29,800
The courtyard is busy with 
arriving Provisions. 

1331
01:10:29,800 --> 01:10:34,100
A cart has just delivered fish 
from the coast packed in salt 

1332
01:10:34,100 --> 01:10:36,500
for the journey. 
Another brings wine from 

1333
01:10:36,500 --> 01:10:39,500
Bristol. 
The barrels marked with seals 

1334
01:10:39,500 --> 01:10:43,600
that testify to their origin. 
A third card carries what 

1335
01:10:43,600 --> 01:10:45,700
appears to be nothing but 
firewood. 

1336
01:10:46,400 --> 01:10:49,300
Which seems excessive until you 
remember that keeping the Great 

1337
01:10:49,300 --> 01:10:50,700
Hall. 
Warm enough for feasting 

1338
01:10:50,700 --> 01:10:55,100
requires roughly, the equivalent
of burning a small Forest, The 

1339
01:10:55,100 --> 01:10:57,500
Village folk or arriving. 
Now, those who will help serve 

1340
01:10:57,500 --> 01:10:59,000
the feast or provide 
entertainment. 

1341
01:10:59,000 --> 01:11:03,500
You see the minstrel who comes 
every year, this small stringed 

1342
01:11:03,500 --> 01:11:05,700
instrument wrapped, carefully 
against the cold. 

1343
01:11:05,700 --> 01:11:09,200
There's the Storyteller who can 
recite romance's about King 

1344
01:11:09,200 --> 01:11:12,100
Arthur, and his knights with the
dramatic Flair. 

1345
01:11:12,100 --> 01:11:15,000
That makes even familiar Tales 
seem fresh. 

1346
01:11:16,100 --> 01:11:19,600
A group of young men carry 
instruments for dancing, drums 

1347
01:11:19,600 --> 01:11:21,400
and pipes. 
And something that might be a 

1348
01:11:21,400 --> 01:11:23,400
primitive. 
Fiddle children are everywhere 

1349
01:11:23,400 --> 01:11:27,300
Under Foot and overexcited 
getting in the way with that 

1350
01:11:27,300 --> 01:11:29,700
particular genius. 
That children have perfected 

1351
01:11:29,700 --> 01:11:33,100
across all time periods. 
They're supposed to be helping 

1352
01:11:33,100 --> 01:11:36,900
with preparations but mostly 
they're building anticipation to

1353
01:11:36,900 --> 01:11:39,900
levels that make them 
practically vibrate with energy.

1354
01:11:40,600 --> 01:11:43,900
Christmas for medieval children 
means the rare treat of plenty 

1355
01:11:43,900 --> 01:11:47,600
more food than they usually see 
sweet things. 

1356
01:11:47,600 --> 01:11:51,400
They taste only a few times a 
year and a general atmosphere of

1357
01:11:51,400 --> 01:11:54,700
Celebration that makes adults 
temporarily less strict about 

1358
01:11:54,700 --> 01:11:57,600
Behavior. 
The church bell rings for sex. 

1359
01:11:57,600 --> 01:12:01,400
The noon service reminding 
everyone that beneath all the 

1360
01:12:01,400 --> 01:12:04,900
feasting and celebration 
Christmas is ultimately a 

1361
01:12:04,900 --> 01:12:07,900
religious observant. 
A group heads toward the village

1362
01:12:07,900 --> 01:12:10,900
church for prayers. 
Their breath making clouds in 

1363
01:12:10,900 --> 01:12:13,100
the cold. 
Are you can consider joining 

1364
01:12:13,100 --> 01:12:16,400
them but decide your time is 
better spent continuing with 

1365
01:12:16,400 --> 01:12:18,300
preparations. 
God. 

1366
01:12:18,300 --> 01:12:21,800
You figure probably understands 
the Practical necessities of 

1367
01:12:21,800 --> 01:12:25,700
feeding a household of 40 people
plus guests back in the kitchen 

1368
01:12:25,700 --> 01:12:28,300
in the Controlled Chaos as 
evolved into something more. 

1369
01:12:28,300 --> 01:12:32,500
Intense, the bore is on the spit
now slowly rotating over the 

1370
01:12:32,500 --> 01:12:36,200
fire its fat dripping and 
sizzling in a way that makes 

1371
01:12:36,200 --> 01:12:38,900
your mouth water despite the 
substantial breakfast. 

1372
01:12:38,900 --> 01:12:41,300
You ate early. 
The cook is basting it with a 

1373
01:12:41,300 --> 01:12:44,900
mixture that smells of Honey 
herbs and something sharp that 

1374
01:12:44,900 --> 01:12:48,400
might be vinegar. 
Medieval cooking often, combines

1375
01:12:48,400 --> 01:12:52,200
flavors in ways that later. 
Centuries will forget Sweet and 

1376
01:12:52,200 --> 01:12:56,700
sour together. 
Fruit with meat and spices used 

1377
01:12:56,700 --> 01:13:00,500
with a heavy hand that modern 
pallets might find overwhelming,

1378
01:13:00,500 --> 01:13:03,800
you help carry dishes from 
Kitchen to haul part of the 

1379
01:13:03,800 --> 01:13:06,400
human chain, that moves food 
across the gap between where 

1380
01:13:06,400 --> 01:13:08,300
it's cooked and where it will be
served. 

1381
01:13:09,200 --> 01:13:12,000
The serving dishes themselves, a
statements of wealth. 

1382
01:13:12,500 --> 01:13:15,300
Pewter for the household, silver
for the high table. 

1383
01:13:16,300 --> 01:13:19,600
Your lord owns exactly three 
pieces of actual gold plate, 

1384
01:13:19,600 --> 01:13:22,500
which will be displayed 
prominently even though their 

1385
01:13:22,500 --> 01:13:24,300
decorative rather than 
functional. 

1386
01:13:25,000 --> 01:13:29,200
Status is performed through 
material goods and Christmas is 

1387
01:13:29,200 --> 01:13:30,700
the biggest performance of the 
year. 

1388
01:13:30,700 --> 01:13:33,600
The afternoon passes in a blur 
of activity. 

1389
01:13:33,600 --> 01:13:37,800
Punctuated by small moments of 
connection, you share a joke 

1390
01:13:37,800 --> 01:13:40,600
with the Kooks assistance about 
the peacock, which looks 

1391
01:13:40,600 --> 01:13:42,900
considerably more dignified 
alive than it. 

1392
01:13:42,900 --> 01:13:46,000
Does halfway plucked. 
You help a kitchen boy, whose 

1393
01:13:46,000 --> 01:13:48,400
nearly in tears, because he 
dropped a bowl of expensive. 

1394
01:13:48,400 --> 01:13:52,500
Spice's, you tell him accidents 
happen, sweep up the loss. 

1395
01:13:52,500 --> 01:13:55,200
And don't mention it to anyone 
who might punish him. 

1396
01:13:56,000 --> 01:13:59,000
You steal a moment to sample. 
The March pain purely for 

1397
01:13:59,000 --> 01:14:02,600
quality control purposes and 
find it perfectly sweet with 

1398
01:14:02,600 --> 01:14:04,700
just enough rose water to make 
it interesting. 

1399
01:14:04,700 --> 01:14:09,100
As Darkness begins to fall which
happens a polling early in an 

1400
01:14:09,100 --> 01:14:12,600
English December. final 
preparations, reach their 

1401
01:14:12,600 --> 01:14:15,600
crescendo Candles are lit 
throughout the hall. 

1402
01:14:15,600 --> 01:14:19,200
Their light reflecting off the 
Silver and pewter to create an 

1403
01:14:19,200 --> 01:14:22,100
atmosphere that transforms the 
everyday space into something 

1404
01:14:22,100 --> 01:14:25,800
approaching magical. 
Fire in the great half has been 

1405
01:14:25,808 --> 01:14:29,600
built up until it Roars like a 
living thing pushing heat into 

1406
01:14:29,600 --> 01:14:32,600
the hole with an enthusiasm that
makes the far end almost 

1407
01:14:32,600 --> 01:14:35,100
comfortable. 
You take a moment to stand in 

1408
01:14:35,100 --> 01:14:38,300
the hall watching the 
transformation from workspace to

1409
01:14:38,300 --> 01:14:42,600
Feast Hall, reach completion. 
Tables are set, the decorations 

1410
01:14:42,600 --> 01:14:45,600
are in place. 
The food is nearly ready and the

1411
01:14:45,600 --> 01:14:49,800
guests are beginning to arrive. 
In a few hours, this space will 

1412
01:14:49,800 --> 01:14:54,400
be filled with people music, 
food and celebration. 

1413
01:14:55,700 --> 01:14:59,200
But right now in this quiet 
moment, before the festivities 

1414
01:14:59,200 --> 01:15:03,300
begin You can appreciate the 
work that went into creating 

1415
01:15:03,300 --> 01:15:06,800
this, medieval Christmas. 
The co-operation of the 

1416
01:15:06,800 --> 01:15:10,500
traditional the small acts of 
preparation, that connect you to

1417
01:15:10,500 --> 01:15:13,300
centuries of people who 
celebrated this same season in 

1418
01:15:13,300 --> 01:15:15,800
similar ways. 
Tomorrow is Christmas day. 

1419
01:15:15,800 --> 01:15:18,300
But to night to night is 
Christmas Eve. 

1420
01:15:18,300 --> 01:15:21,600
When the anticipation might 
actually be better than the 

1421
01:15:21,600 --> 01:15:25,700
Fulfillment, You had toward your
chamber to change into your best

1422
01:15:25,700 --> 01:15:28,400
clothes, the ones saved for 
special occasions. 

1423
01:15:28,400 --> 01:15:32,200
The feast will begin soon and 
you want to be ready to 

1424
01:15:32,200 --> 01:15:35,300
experience it properly with all 
the attention and appreciation 

1425
01:15:35,300 --> 01:15:39,300
that such careful, preparation, 
deserves evening, arrives with 

1426
01:15:39,300 --> 01:15:41,900
the kind of cold, that makes you
grateful for every piece of 

1427
01:15:41,908 --> 01:15:44,700
wool, you own. 
You dress for the feast in your 

1428
01:15:44,708 --> 01:15:49,100
finest, garments, a deep blue 
tunic that your mother made died

1429
01:15:49,100 --> 01:15:52,700
with woad that cost more than 
you like to remember and a 

1430
01:15:52,700 --> 01:15:55,400
circuit embroidered with a 
pattern that tries hard to look 

1431
01:15:55,400 --> 01:15:58,800
like noble decoration. 
While remaining just humble 

1432
01:15:58,800 --> 01:16:01,200
enough to avoid accusations of 
social climbing. 

1433
01:16:02,300 --> 01:16:06,100
Medieval fashion is a careful 
navigation between displaying 

1434
01:16:06,100 --> 01:16:09,400
your prosperity and not 
appearing to rise of your 

1435
01:16:09,400 --> 01:16:11,800
station. 
The Great Hall as reach that 

1436
01:16:11,800 --> 01:16:14,400
perfect moment. 
When all preparation is complete

1437
01:16:14,400 --> 01:16:16,600
and the celebration is about to 
begin. 

1438
01:16:17,500 --> 01:16:19,300
Guests of arrive from 
neighboring manners. 

1439
01:16:19,300 --> 01:16:22,500
The horses stamping in the 
Stables while their owners warm 

1440
01:16:22,500 --> 01:16:26,300
themselves by the fire, The 
social geography of the whole 

1441
01:16:26,300 --> 01:16:28,900
reflects the strict hierarchy of
medieval life. 

1442
01:16:28,900 --> 01:16:32,700
The high table on its raised 
platform at one end, the 

1443
01:16:32,700 --> 01:16:36,700
household tables arranged 
perpendicular to it and space at

1444
01:16:36,700 --> 01:16:39,600
the lower end for entertainers 
and servants, who will eat after

1445
01:16:39,600 --> 01:16:42,600
they've finished serving the 
lord enters with the ceremony 

1446
01:16:42,600 --> 01:16:46,200
appropriate to his position, 
accompanied by his lady wife and

1447
01:16:46,200 --> 01:16:50,100
their children, everyone stands.
Not because there's a formal 

1448
01:16:50,100 --> 01:16:53,800
rule, requiring it, but because 
some forms of respect are so 

1449
01:16:53,800 --> 01:16:56,400
deeply ingrained, they feel like
natural law. 

1450
01:16:57,800 --> 01:17:01,200
He takes his place at the center
of the high table and only when 

1451
01:17:01,200 --> 01:17:03,300
he seated does. 
Everyone else follow suit? 

1452
01:17:04,000 --> 01:17:06,800
A choreography of medieval 
manners that no one has to think

1453
01:17:06,800 --> 01:17:08,900
about because it's been drilled 
in since childhood. 

1454
01:17:08,900 --> 01:17:13,100
The feast begins with a ceremony
that predates Christianity by 

1455
01:17:13,100 --> 01:17:17,800
centuries, a servant enters 
carrying the Waffle Bowl an 

1456
01:17:17,800 --> 01:17:19,700
enormous. 
Wooden vessel filled with spiced

1457
01:17:19,700 --> 01:17:23,800
ale decorated with ribbons and 
containing What appear to be 

1458
01:17:23,800 --> 01:17:26,300
small. 
Roasted apples floating on top, 

1459
01:17:26,300 --> 01:17:29,900
your lord raises the bowl and 
speaks the traditional words 

1460
01:17:29,900 --> 01:17:35,000
ways, hail behold or be healthy 
and everyone responds. 

1461
01:17:35,000 --> 01:17:38,100
Drink hail. 
The bowl is passed around the 

1462
01:17:38,100 --> 01:17:40,400
hall. 
Each person taking a drink. 

1463
01:17:41,100 --> 01:17:44,500
A communal sharing that binds 
everyone present into temporary 

1464
01:17:44,500 --> 01:17:47,200
Fellowship. 
Then the food begins to arrive 

1465
01:17:47,200 --> 01:17:50,900
course after course, in a 
display that makes your earlier,

1466
01:17:50,900 --> 01:17:53,000
sampling seem ridiculously 
inadequate. 

1467
01:17:54,200 --> 01:17:57,100
The bore enters first carried on
a massive. 

1468
01:17:57,100 --> 01:17:59,700
Wooden platter by Four Strong 
servants. 

1469
01:17:59,700 --> 01:18:03,900
Garnished with bay leaves and 
accompanied by musicians playing

1470
01:18:03,900 --> 01:18:06,800
a triumphant Fanfare on 
instruments that sound vaguely 

1471
01:18:06,800 --> 01:18:11,200
like very aggressive kazoos. 
Medieval music is an acquired 

1472
01:18:11,200 --> 01:18:14,300
taste but you've acquired it 
over years of exposure. 

1473
01:18:14,300 --> 01:18:18,500
The Boar's Head is removed and 
set before your lord, who carves

1474
01:18:18,500 --> 01:18:22,000
the first portion with the 
knife, he wears at his belt that

1475
01:18:22,000 --> 01:18:25,700
every day, tool that serves for 
eating, working and occasional 

1476
01:18:25,700 --> 01:18:27,800
self-defense, depending on 
circumstances. 

1477
01:18:28,700 --> 01:18:31,700
The Meters distributed, 
according to rank with the 

1478
01:18:31,700 --> 01:18:35,100
choices portions going to the 
high table and progressively 

1479
01:18:35,100 --> 01:18:39,400
less prestigious Cuts, moving 
down the social scale, You 

1480
01:18:39,400 --> 01:18:42,300
receive a serving that's 
perfectly respectable, tender 

1481
01:18:42,300 --> 01:18:45,800
and Rich with fat. 
And seasoned with herbs, you 

1482
01:18:45,800 --> 01:18:48,200
helped gather last summer more 
dishes. 

1483
01:18:48,200 --> 01:18:51,500
Following waves that test Your 
Capacity, the peacock 

1484
01:18:51,500 --> 01:18:55,300
reassembled into something 
approximating life gets admired 

1485
01:18:55,300 --> 01:18:58,200
more than eaten. 
Its meat is tough and the 

1486
01:18:58,200 --> 01:19:02,500
feathers are mostly for show. 
the pies arrive their crust 

1487
01:19:02,500 --> 01:19:06,900
golden and the content steaming 
fish dishes appear required by 

1488
01:19:06,900 --> 01:19:10,300
Church law even during feast 
days prepared in ways that 

1489
01:19:10,300 --> 01:19:13,300
disguise their origin under 
layers of spices and sauces. 

1490
01:19:14,300 --> 01:19:18,000
Vegetables, cooked with butter 
and herbs eggs prepared in 

1491
01:19:18,000 --> 01:19:19,800
combinations. 
That seem designed to use as 

1492
01:19:19,800 --> 01:19:23,100
many eggs as possible. 
Cheese from The Summer's 

1493
01:19:23,100 --> 01:19:27,500
production, aged, just right. 
Bread in quantities. 

1494
01:19:27,500 --> 01:19:29,100
That would normally feed you for
a week. 

1495
01:19:29,100 --> 01:19:32,900
The meal happens in that, 
peculiar medieval Rhythm where 

1496
01:19:32,900 --> 01:19:36,500
eating is punctuated by 
entertainment conversation and 

1497
01:19:36,500 --> 01:19:39,600
periodic breaks for your stomach
to catch up with your ambition. 

1498
01:19:40,600 --> 01:19:44,300
Servants circulate with pictures
of Ale and wine, keeping Cuts 

1499
01:19:44,300 --> 01:19:46,700
filled with the efficiency of 
long practice. 

1500
01:19:47,800 --> 01:19:50,700
The whole grows warmer from the 
Press of bodies and the Roaring 

1501
01:19:50,700 --> 01:19:54,000
fire until you find yourself. 
Pushing back from the table, 

1502
01:19:54,000 --> 01:19:57,800
slightly loosening your belt and
wondering how anyone could 

1503
01:19:57,800 --> 01:20:00,600
possibly eat more. 
But of course, there's always 

1504
01:20:00,600 --> 01:20:03,700
more, the March pain. 
You helped prepare arrives in 

1505
01:20:03,700 --> 01:20:06,400
elaborate forms. 
Alongside other sweets. 

1506
01:20:06,400 --> 01:20:08,900
That involve combinations of 
Honey fruit and nuts. 

1507
01:20:09,800 --> 01:20:12,200
Spiced wine is served hot 
warming. 

1508
01:20:12,200 --> 01:20:14,700
You from the inside while 
simultaneously, making you 

1509
01:20:14,700 --> 01:20:18,200
slightly dizzy. 
The conversation around you 

1510
01:20:18,200 --> 01:20:21,200
grows louder as inhibitions 
lower, and the evening 

1511
01:20:21,200 --> 01:20:24,600
progresses toward the moment, 
everyone is actually waiting for

1512
01:20:24,600 --> 01:20:28,500
midnight mass. 
The church bell begins ringing 

1513
01:20:28,500 --> 01:20:32,400
while the feast is still in full
swing, its tone, cutting through

1514
01:20:32,400 --> 01:20:35,500
the noise to remind everyone 
that beneath the celebration. 

1515
01:20:35,500 --> 01:20:40,100
This is a Holy Night. 
The birth of Christ. 

1516
01:20:40,100 --> 01:20:44,000
The theological reason for this 
entire season will be 

1517
01:20:44,000 --> 01:20:47,100
commemorated at midnight in a 
ceremony that's remained. 

1518
01:20:47,100 --> 01:20:50,900
Essentially unchanged for 
centuries, the transformation 

1519
01:20:50,900 --> 01:20:55,300
from Feast Hall to worshipers is
gradual but inevitable as people

1520
01:20:55,300 --> 01:20:57,900
begin to set down their cups and
prepare to make their way to the

1521
01:20:57,900 --> 01:21:00,400
church. 
You bundle yourself back in to 

1522
01:21:00,400 --> 01:21:03,800
your warmest clothes adding an 
additional cloak because the 

1523
01:21:03,800 --> 01:21:06,800
walk to the church is short, but
the building itself has no 

1524
01:21:06,800 --> 01:21:09,800
heating Beyond body warmth and a
few candles. 

1525
01:21:11,000 --> 01:21:14,100
The procession from manner to 
church happened by Torchlight. 

1526
01:21:14,100 --> 01:21:19,100
A line of illuminated figures 
moving through darkness necine. 

1527
01:21:19,100 --> 01:21:23,300
That could be from any Christmas
Eve for the past 500 years, The 

1528
01:21:23,300 --> 01:21:26,700
Village Church sits apart from 
the manor serving, both the 

1529
01:21:26,700 --> 01:21:29,400
household and the village in the
uneasy partnership that 

1530
01:21:29,400 --> 01:21:31,600
characterizes medieval religious
life. 

1531
01:21:32,500 --> 01:21:34,900
It's a stone building that was 
already old when your 

1532
01:21:34,900 --> 01:21:37,500
grandparents were young. 
Its architecture. 

1533
01:21:37,500 --> 01:21:40,900
Simple but solid designed to 
last centuries rather than 

1534
01:21:40,900 --> 01:21:44,100
decades. 
The bell in its Tower continues,

1535
01:21:44,100 --> 01:21:47,600
ringing calling the faithful to 
worship with a voice that 

1536
01:21:47,600 --> 01:21:50,600
carries across the Frozen Fields
inside. 

1537
01:21:50,600 --> 01:21:53,500
The church has been transformed 
by candlelight and Evergreen 

1538
01:21:53,500 --> 01:21:56,400
decorations. 
The normal austerity of stone 

1539
01:21:56,400 --> 01:21:58,100
walls. 
And plain surfaces has been 

1540
01:21:58,108 --> 01:22:00,300
softened by garlands of Holly 
and Ivy. 

1541
01:22:01,000 --> 01:22:04,500
While Banks of candles, create 
pools of warm light, that push 

1542
01:22:04,500 --> 01:22:06,500
back against the vast Darkness 
outside. 

1543
01:22:07,700 --> 01:22:12,800
Smell is distinctive, beeswax, 
and incense, Cold Stone and wool

1544
01:22:12,800 --> 01:22:15,000
clothing. 
That particular center of a 

1545
01:22:15,000 --> 01:22:17,900
medieval church that combines 
devotional with practical 

1546
01:22:17,900 --> 01:22:20,200
reality. 
The Priest stands, ready, 

1547
01:22:20,200 --> 01:22:22,000
Investments? 
That are the finest possession. 

1548
01:22:22,000 --> 01:22:26,000
This portrait Church owns The 
silken embroidery were gifts 

1549
01:22:26,000 --> 01:22:28,200
from your Lord's family 
Generations ago. 

1550
01:22:28,900 --> 01:22:32,600
Passed down and carefully. 
Maintained brought out only for 

1551
01:22:32,600 --> 01:22:36,300
the highest holy days. 
In the candlelight they shine 

1552
01:22:36,300 --> 01:22:39,000
with a richness that transforms 
The Humble Village priest. 

1553
01:22:39,000 --> 01:22:42,200
In to something approaching 
Magnificent, the mass begins in 

1554
01:22:42,200 --> 01:22:44,700
Latin that. 
Sacred language that most people

1555
01:22:44,700 --> 01:22:47,500
present don't actually 
understand but which carries the

1556
01:22:47,500 --> 01:22:49,800
weight of tradition and divine 
Authority. 

1557
01:22:51,200 --> 01:22:55,100
The priest voice Rises and falls
in the ancient cadences speaking

1558
01:22:55,100 --> 01:22:57,500
words that were already old. 
When England came England. 

1559
01:22:57,500 --> 01:23:00,400
You follow along, not through 
understanding, but through 

1560
01:23:00,400 --> 01:23:04,000
familiarity. 
Knowing when to stand kneel and 

1561
01:23:04,000 --> 01:23:06,800
make responses that are more 
muscle memory than conscious 

1562
01:23:06,800 --> 01:23:10,100
thought, there's something 
profound about participating in 

1563
01:23:10,100 --> 01:23:13,600
a ceremony, you don't fully 
comprehend trusting that the 

1564
01:23:13,600 --> 01:23:17,100
ritual itself carries, meaning, 
beyond your individual grasp of 

1565
01:23:17,100 --> 01:23:22,100
its words The Latin phrases wash
over you like a river ancient 

1566
01:23:22,100 --> 01:23:26,300
and Powerful connecting you to 
centuries of believers who stood

1567
01:23:26,300 --> 01:23:28,900
in churches throughout 
Christendom speaking. 

1568
01:23:28,900 --> 01:23:32,800
The same words at this same 
hour, the Christmas liturgy has 

1569
01:23:32,800 --> 01:23:35,800
particular Beauty. 
The joy that breaks through. 

1570
01:23:35,800 --> 01:23:39,600
Even when mediated by a 
language, you don't speak the 

1571
01:23:39,600 --> 01:23:43,100
priest reads the Nativity Story 
in Latin, of course. 

1572
01:23:43,100 --> 01:23:46,900
But, you know, it well enough to
follow along in your mind, the 

1573
01:23:46,900 --> 01:23:50,800
journey to Bethlehem, the Inn 
with no room, the stable in the 

1574
01:23:50,808 --> 01:23:55,000
manger, The Angels appeared to 
Shepherds and Fields that 

1575
01:23:55,000 --> 01:23:57,200
probably looked a lot like the 
ones around your village. 

1576
01:23:57,200 --> 01:24:00,300
There's a moment during the 
mass, when the priest elevates, 

1577
01:24:00,300 --> 01:24:04,100
the consecrated host, and the 
entire congregation drops to his

1578
01:24:04,100 --> 01:24:08,100
knees in unison. 
The Bell Rings, a small hand 

1579
01:24:08,100 --> 01:24:10,600
bell. 
Not the Tower Bell and in the 

1580
01:24:10,600 --> 01:24:13,700
candlelit darkness of a medieval
Church on Christmas Eve. 

1581
01:24:13,700 --> 01:24:16,900
You feel the presence of 
something larger than yourself? 

1582
01:24:17,800 --> 01:24:20,900
Whether it's the Divine, the 
weight of tradition, or simply 

1583
01:24:20,900 --> 01:24:24,100
the human need to mark this 
darkest season with light and 

1584
01:24:24,100 --> 01:24:27,400
hope you're not sure, maybe it 
doesn't matter. 

1585
01:24:27,400 --> 01:24:30,400
Maybe all three are aspects of 
the same truth. 

1586
01:24:31,200 --> 01:24:32,900
Carols. 
Begin after the consecration. 

1587
01:24:32,900 --> 01:24:35,500
These aren't the refined hymns. 
That later. 

1588
01:24:35,500 --> 01:24:38,700
Centuries will create but 
rougher older songs that blend 

1589
01:24:38,700 --> 01:24:42,300
Christian themes with folk 
Melodies that probably predate 

1590
01:24:42,300 --> 01:24:46,000
Christianity. 
The tunes are simple enough that

1591
01:24:46,000 --> 01:24:49,800
everyone can join in creating a 
sound, that's more enthusiastic 

1592
01:24:49,800 --> 01:24:54,200
than technically proficient. 
Medieval conjugation singing 

1593
01:24:54,200 --> 01:24:56,500
operates on the prince of 
principal that volume 

1594
01:24:56,500 --> 01:24:58,200
compensates for any lack of 
skill. 

1595
01:24:58,200 --> 01:25:01,600
You sing along your voice 
joining dozens of others in the 

1596
01:25:01,600 --> 01:25:04,300
cold. 
Air, the song tells of angels 

1597
01:25:04,300 --> 01:25:08,800
and Shepherds of a star leading 
wise men from the East and of a 

1598
01:25:08,800 --> 01:25:12,200
baby born in circumstances of 
poverty who nonetheless 

1599
01:25:12,200 --> 01:25:14,500
represents salvation for all 
Humanity. 

1600
01:25:15,500 --> 01:25:19,400
The theology is heavy, but the 
melody is bright that 

1601
01:25:19,400 --> 01:25:22,100
particularly medieval 
combination of profound 

1602
01:25:22,100 --> 01:25:23,700
religious. 
Meaning delivered through 

1603
01:25:23,700 --> 01:25:27,600
approachable, even cheerful 
music, The Mask concludes in the

1604
01:25:27,608 --> 01:25:29,800
small hours of the morning 
Christmas day. 

1605
01:25:29,800 --> 01:25:32,400
Now technically though it still 
feels like night. 

1606
01:25:33,800 --> 01:25:36,800
The priest gives his final 
blessing and the congregation 

1607
01:25:36,800 --> 01:25:40,700
begins to stir preparing to head
back out into the cold. 

1608
01:25:41,500 --> 01:25:45,000
But there's a reluctance to 
leave a desire to extend this 

1609
01:25:45,000 --> 01:25:48,200
moment when the entire Community
stands together and shared 

1610
01:25:48,200 --> 01:25:50,900
purpose and shared belief 
outside. 

1611
01:25:50,900 --> 01:25:54,600
The snow has begun again, soft 
flakes, that catch the torch 

1612
01:25:54,600 --> 01:25:57,600
light as the procession reforms 
for the walk, back to the manor.

1613
01:25:58,300 --> 01:26:01,700
Your breath makes clouds in the 
Frigidaire and your toes of 

1614
01:26:01,700 --> 01:26:03,400
lost. 
Most of their feeling despite 

1615
01:26:03,400 --> 01:26:05,100
your Woolen stockings and 
leather boots. 

1616
01:26:05,900 --> 01:26:08,500
But there's a warmth inside you 
that has nothing to do with 

1617
01:26:08,500 --> 01:26:11,400
temperature. 
At this faction of having mark 

1618
01:26:11,400 --> 01:26:15,400
this night, properly of having 
participated in a tradition that

1619
01:26:15,400 --> 01:26:19,000
connects you to believe as a 
time and space the manor house. 

1620
01:26:19,000 --> 01:26:22,000
Appears ahead. 
Its Windows glowing with 

1621
01:26:22,000 --> 01:26:26,000
firelight promising warmth and 
the continuation of Celebration 

1622
01:26:27,500 --> 01:26:30,400
Because while midnight mass 
represents the spiritual Heart 

1623
01:26:30,400 --> 01:26:33,600
of Christmas Eve, the night is 
far from over. 

1624
01:26:34,600 --> 01:26:39,500
Food still Waits, ails still 
flows and celebration of Christ.

1625
01:26:39,500 --> 01:26:42,500
Birth will continue until 
exhaustion and Dawn finally, 

1626
01:26:42,500 --> 01:26:45,600
send everyone to bed. 
You enter the Great Hall to find

1627
01:26:45,600 --> 01:26:48,000
that Servants of kept the fires 
burning and the food. 

1628
01:26:48,000 --> 01:26:52,300
Warm a smaller group remains. 
Now those Hardy Souls who have 

1629
01:26:52,300 --> 01:26:55,200
the stamina to continue 
celebrating after a feast and a 

1630
01:26:55,208 --> 01:26:58,900
midnight mass. 
You join them accepting a cup of

1631
01:26:58,908 --> 01:27:01,900
hot. 
Spiced wine settling by the fire

1632
01:27:01,900 --> 01:27:05,300
to let its warmth seat back into
your Frozen extremities 

1633
01:27:05,300 --> 01:27:08,800
Christmas day has begun. 
And with it comes the promise of

1634
01:27:08,808 --> 01:27:13,300
12, more days of celebration, of
Fellowship, of temporary, 

1635
01:27:13,300 --> 01:27:17,400
suspension of the normal order. 
Your exactly where you belong 

1636
01:27:17,400 --> 01:27:21,900
surrounded by Community wrapped 
in Tradition, marking the turn 

1637
01:27:21,900 --> 01:27:24,500
of the year in ways that your 
ancestors would recognize. 

1638
01:27:25,300 --> 01:27:28,900
It's a good feeling this sense 
of connection and continuity. 

1639
01:27:29,800 --> 01:27:33,700
It's What Christmas Means 
underneath, all the Theology and

1640
01:27:33,700 --> 01:27:38,900
ceremony the simple human need 
to push back Darkness with light

1641
01:27:38,900 --> 01:27:43,400
to combat winter, with warmth 
and to face the cold season 

1642
01:27:43,400 --> 01:27:47,100
together rather than Alone 
Christmas morning arrives later 

1643
01:27:47,100 --> 01:27:49,400
than usual. 
A concession to the previous 

1644
01:27:49,400 --> 01:27:52,600
night's festivities that leaves 
you grateful for the heavy 

1645
01:27:52,600 --> 01:27:55,400
curtains around your bed, and 
the extra blanket. 

1646
01:27:55,400 --> 01:27:57,900
You remember to add before, 
collapsing into sleep. 

1647
01:27:58,700 --> 01:28:01,500
The manor house is quiet with 
the particular silence that 

1648
01:28:01,500 --> 01:28:05,600
follows significant celebration.
Not the active hush of people 

1649
01:28:05,600 --> 01:28:09,200
sleeping, but the exhausted 
Stillness of people who have 

1650
01:28:09,200 --> 01:28:12,500
thoroughly worn themselves out 
and are taking their time 

1651
01:28:12,500 --> 01:28:15,500
recovering. 
You rise eventually drawn by the

1652
01:28:15,500 --> 01:28:18,900
smell of fresh bread and the 
recognition that however much 

1653
01:28:18,900 --> 01:28:21,300
you. 
Wait last night, hunger has a 

1654
01:28:21,300 --> 01:28:22,500
way of returning with the 
morning. 

1655
01:28:23,800 --> 01:28:27,600
The Great Hall shows signs of 
last night's, Feast the tables. 

1656
01:28:27,600 --> 01:28:30,800
Haven't been fully cleared those
servants have made initial 

1657
01:28:30,800 --> 01:28:33,500
progress. 
Someone has kept the fire going 

1658
01:28:33,500 --> 01:28:36,400
for which, you're grateful 
because the stone walls, hold 

1659
01:28:36,400 --> 01:28:37,900
cold. 
Like, they hold memories, 

1660
01:28:37,900 --> 01:28:42,100
stubbornly and for a long time. 
The breakfast laid out is 

1661
01:28:42,100 --> 01:28:44,300
generous even by Feast Day 
standards. 

1662
01:28:45,000 --> 01:28:47,200
Fresh bread. 
Still warm from the Bakehouse 

1663
01:28:47,200 --> 01:28:50,300
butter, that tastes of summer, 
grass, despite the winter 

1664
01:28:50,300 --> 01:28:54,600
season, and cheese aged to that 
perfect point where it's sharp 

1665
01:28:54,600 --> 01:28:57,900
without being overwhelming, Cold
meats left from yesterday's 

1666
01:28:57,900 --> 01:29:00,600
Feast, including slices of that 
ball. 

1667
01:29:00,600 --> 01:29:02,500
That tasted even better cold 
than they did hot. 

1668
01:29:03,400 --> 01:29:05,300
Porridge made rich with honey 
and nuts. 

1669
01:29:06,100 --> 01:29:08,800
Small beer to drink because 
starting the day with ale is 

1670
01:29:08,808 --> 01:29:11,200
perfectly normal. 
When clean water is suspect, and

1671
01:29:11,200 --> 01:29:14,600
coffee hasn't been invented yet.
People drift in gradually 

1672
01:29:14,600 --> 01:29:18,200
responding to their own internal
schedule and varying levels of 

1673
01:29:18,200 --> 01:29:20,100
recovery from last night's 
revelries. 

1674
01:29:21,300 --> 01:29:23,100
Your Lord arrives looking 
surprisingly. 

1675
01:29:23,100 --> 01:29:26,600
Well, rested, which either 
speaks to a noble Constitution, 

1676
01:29:26,600 --> 01:29:29,800
or to have having servants who 
ensure that Lords get proper 

1677
01:29:29,800 --> 01:29:31,700
sleep regardless of his 
schedule's. 

1678
01:29:32,700 --> 01:29:36,200
His children trail behind him. 
Still dressed in their Christmas

1679
01:29:36,200 --> 01:29:39,600
finest from yesterday apparently
having slept in their good 

1680
01:29:39,600 --> 01:29:43,500
clothes, rather than changing a 
very medieval approach to 

1681
01:29:43,500 --> 01:29:46,900
laundry conservation. 
The plan for today involves more

1682
01:29:46,900 --> 01:29:50,400
eating naturally because the 
Christmas Feast spans multiple 

1683
01:29:50,400 --> 01:29:53,100
days and yesterday's offerings 
were merely the beginning. 

1684
01:29:54,500 --> 01:29:58,300
First, there's the morning, 
gift-giving ceremony, a 

1685
01:29:58,300 --> 01:30:00,900
tradition, that sits somewhere 
between religious, observance 

1686
01:30:00,900 --> 01:30:05,000
and social performance, medieval
Christmas gifts on what later 

1687
01:30:05,000 --> 01:30:06,500
centuries will make of the 
traditional. 

1688
01:30:07,300 --> 01:30:09,300
There are no wrapped packages 
with bows. 

1689
01:30:09,300 --> 01:30:12,400
No surprises, concealed until 
the moment of opening. 

1690
01:30:13,200 --> 01:30:17,500
Instead gifs a practical often 
expected and carefully 

1691
01:30:17,500 --> 01:30:21,000
calibrated to reflect and 
reinforce social relationships. 

1692
01:30:21,800 --> 01:30:25,100
Your Lord will give gifts to his
household money to serve and 

1693
01:30:25,100 --> 01:30:28,700
cloth to Craftsman. 
Perhaps a new knife to someone 

1694
01:30:28,700 --> 01:30:30,200
who service deserves 
recognition. 

1695
01:30:31,400 --> 01:30:34,600
In return, he'll receive gifts 
that acknowledged his position. 

1696
01:30:35,500 --> 01:30:39,700
Love's handkerchiefs spices and 
things that flatter without 

1697
01:30:39,700 --> 01:30:42,900
presuming equality. 
You've prepared your own modest 

1698
01:30:42,900 --> 01:30:46,600
gifts, a jar of honey from your 
hives to The Cook's major meals.

1699
01:30:46,600 --> 01:30:49,200
All year. 
A carved wooden toy for the 

1700
01:30:49,200 --> 01:30:52,300
Lord's, youngest child and a 
link of ribbon for the lady of 

1701
01:30:52,300 --> 01:30:54,600
the manor that you purchased 
from a peddler who passed 

1702
01:30:54,600 --> 01:30:58,800
through in autumn These aren't 
extravagant presence but they're

1703
01:30:58,800 --> 01:31:01,500
appropriate to your station and 
to the relationships. 

1704
01:31:01,500 --> 01:31:05,400
They acknowledge the gift-giving
happens in the Great Hall with 

1705
01:31:05,400 --> 01:31:07,200
everyone present to witness the 
exchanges. 

1706
01:31:08,100 --> 01:31:09,900
There's a ritualistic quality to
it. 

1707
01:31:09,900 --> 01:31:13,900
Each presentation accompanied by
words of thanks and reciprocal 

1708
01:31:13,900 --> 01:31:14,400
good. 
Wishes. 

1709
01:31:15,100 --> 01:31:18,400
When your lord gives you a small
purse containing coins, you 

1710
01:31:18,400 --> 01:31:21,700
know, the exact amount without 
counting it, three days wages, 

1711
01:31:21,700 --> 01:31:25,200
the standard Christmas gift of 
valued household members. 

1712
01:31:25,200 --> 01:31:28,400
It's enough to feel generous 
without being so much as to 

1713
01:31:28,400 --> 01:31:31,800
disrupt the social order. 
The children receive their gifts

1714
01:31:31,800 --> 01:31:35,700
with an enthusiasm that makes 
the adults smile toys carved 

1715
01:31:35,700 --> 01:31:40,200
from wood, a small horse, a 
ball, and a doll made of cloth 

1716
01:31:40,200 --> 01:31:43,600
and stuffing. 
These are precious items in a 

1717
01:31:43,600 --> 01:31:47,200
world where childhood is shorter
and toys are rare than later. 

1718
01:31:47,200 --> 01:31:52,100
Generations will consider normal
You watch a boy of patch 7, his 

1719
01:31:52,100 --> 01:31:55,000
wooden sword with a joist. 
So pure it makes you remember 

1720
01:31:55,000 --> 01:31:58,200
your own childhood. 
When such simple things could 

1721
01:31:58,200 --> 01:32:02,000
contain entire worlds of 
imagination once, the gifts of 

1722
01:32:02,000 --> 01:32:04,800
being exchanged, the serious 
business of continuing, the 

1723
01:32:04,800 --> 01:32:09,500
feast begins Fresh tables are 
set the servants having cleared 

1724
01:32:09,500 --> 01:32:13,500
last night's remains while you 
were distracted by gift-giving a

1725
01:32:13,500 --> 01:32:16,800
new dishes, begin to appear. 
Today's offerings are somewhat 

1726
01:32:16,800 --> 01:32:19,600
lighter than yesterday's. 
A recognition that there are 

1727
01:32:19,600 --> 01:32:23,600
still 11 more days of feasting 
ahead, and pacing is essential 

1728
01:32:23,600 --> 01:32:26,900
to survival. 
Pies appear smaller than last 

1729
01:32:26,900 --> 01:32:30,600
night's, massive constructions, 
but no less elaborate One 

1730
01:32:30,600 --> 01:32:33,400
contains dried cherries and 
spices that tastes like 

1731
01:32:33,400 --> 01:32:36,700
concentrated summer. 
And other holds a mixture of 

1732
01:32:36,700 --> 01:32:39,400
meats that have been cooked down
into something rich and 

1733
01:32:39,400 --> 01:32:42,000
satisfying. 
There are pastries filled with 

1734
01:32:42,000 --> 01:32:45,200
cheese and herbs, small enough 
to eat with your hands, which 

1735
01:32:45,200 --> 01:32:48,100
you do, despite the grease that 
accumulates on your fingers. 

1736
01:32:49,000 --> 01:32:52,900
The truly magnificent offering 
is the subtlety that peculiar 

1737
01:32:52,900 --> 01:32:54,800
medieval creation that's part 
Food. 

1738
01:32:54,800 --> 01:32:58,600
Part art project an entirely 
concerned with impressing 

1739
01:32:58,600 --> 01:33:02,200
guests. 
Today's version is a castle made

1740
01:33:02,200 --> 01:33:06,500
entirely of March pain, complete
with tiny sugar, towers and 

1741
01:33:06,500 --> 01:33:10,000
walls details with such care. 
You feel almost guilty eating 

1742
01:33:10,000 --> 01:33:13,800
it. 
Almost the sweetness is intense,

1743
01:33:13,800 --> 01:33:17,600
the Almond flavor pronounced and
the entire creation. 

1744
01:33:17,600 --> 01:33:20,600
Represent hours of someone's 
careful work that will be 

1745
01:33:20,600 --> 01:33:24,100
consumed in minutes. 
Medieval feasting is always been

1746
01:33:24,100 --> 01:33:27,700
partly about conspicuous 
consumption and this sugary 

1747
01:33:27,700 --> 01:33:31,200
Castle delivers that message 
with Clarity entertainment 

1748
01:33:31,200 --> 01:33:33,600
companies the meal because 
eating for hours would be 

1749
01:33:33,608 --> 01:33:37,200
tedious without distraction. 
The minstrel from yesterday, 

1750
01:33:37,200 --> 01:33:40,500
reappears. 
This time performing songs that 

1751
01:33:40,500 --> 01:33:43,700
range from religious hymns to 
stories of courtly. 

1752
01:33:43,700 --> 01:33:47,200
Love to ballads about Robin Hood
that are probably treason. 

1753
01:33:47,200 --> 01:33:49,400
If anyone to think too hard 
about them. 

1754
01:33:50,500 --> 01:33:54,100
Tunes are catchy in that way. 
Medieval music has modeled 

1755
01:33:54,100 --> 01:33:58,400
scales that sound simultaneously
familiar and strange to ears 

1756
01:33:58,400 --> 01:34:02,000
trained on later harmonies 
between courses, a juggler 

1757
01:34:02,000 --> 01:34:05,200
performs, keeping six wooden 
balls in the air with a skill 

1758
01:34:05,200 --> 01:34:07,700
that looks effortless but 
represents years of practice 

1759
01:34:07,700 --> 01:34:10,700
when someone from the audience 
calls out a challenge. 

1760
01:34:10,700 --> 01:34:13,900
He adds knives. 
The rotation, their blades 

1761
01:34:13,900 --> 01:34:15,800
catching the firelighters. 
They spin. 

1762
01:34:17,000 --> 01:34:19,800
It's the kind of performance 
that makes you hold your breath 

1763
01:34:19,800 --> 01:34:23,600
partly from admiration and 
partly from the very real 

1764
01:34:23,600 --> 01:34:26,600
possibility that someone might 
need bandages soon. 

1765
01:34:28,200 --> 01:34:32,300
Medieval entertainment, doesn't 
include safety nets, literal or 

1766
01:34:32,300 --> 01:34:35,200
figurative. 
The Storyteller takes his turn, 

1767
01:34:35,200 --> 01:34:38,500
settling onto a stool near the 
fire and launching into a 

1768
01:34:38,500 --> 01:34:40,700
romance about. 
So go away and his various 

1769
01:34:40,700 --> 01:34:44,800
Adventures His voice Rises and 
falls with the drama. 

1770
01:34:44,800 --> 01:34:50,200
Describing battles with giants, 
encounters with temptresses and 

1771
01:34:50,200 --> 01:34:53,700
moral dilemmas that somehow 
always resolved in ways that 

1772
01:34:53,700 --> 01:34:57,100
reinforce the importance of 
Christian virtue and feudal 

1773
01:34:57,100 --> 01:34:59,600
loyalty. 
You've heard this story before. 

1774
01:35:00,600 --> 01:35:04,500
Probably several times, but the 
telling matters, as much as the 

1775
01:35:04,500 --> 01:35:08,800
tale, the storytellers art is in
bringing familiar narrative to 

1776
01:35:08,800 --> 01:35:11,600
life in making audiences feel 
emotions. 

1777
01:35:11,600 --> 01:35:14,500
They already know are coming the
meal stretches through the 

1778
01:35:14,500 --> 01:35:18,300
afternoon in that Timeless way 
that medieval feasts have where 

1779
01:35:18,300 --> 01:35:20,900
you lose track of, whether 
you're eating lunch or dinner or

1780
01:35:20,900 --> 01:35:24,500
something in between, Servants. 
Keep bringing food and people 

1781
01:35:24,500 --> 01:35:27,700
keeping it though. 
The pace has slowed considerably

1782
01:35:27,700 --> 01:35:31,000
from last night's enthusiasm 
there's a limit to how much 

1783
01:35:31,000 --> 01:35:35,000
roast meat and spiced wine. 
Any human system can process and

1784
01:35:35,000 --> 01:35:37,600
your approaching yours with the 
certainty of someone who's done 

1785
01:35:37,600 --> 01:35:39,500
this before and should know 
better. 

1786
01:35:39,500 --> 01:35:44,200
Somehow, never learns as the 
winter afternoon Fades which it 

1787
01:35:44,200 --> 01:35:46,000
does appallingly. 
Early leaving, you feeling? 

1788
01:35:46,000 --> 01:35:49,700
Cheated of daylight. 
Someone suggest games, this is 

1789
01:35:49,700 --> 01:35:52,300
met with enthusiasm by those 
young enough to still have 

1790
01:35:52,300 --> 01:35:55,700
energy and groans from those of 
us who eaten too much to move 

1791
01:35:55,700 --> 01:35:58,800
with any Grace. 
For the suggestion, carries the 

1792
01:35:58,800 --> 01:36:02,100
day and tables are pushed back 
to create space in the Great 

1793
01:36:02,100 --> 01:36:04,300
Hall. 
The games that follow are the 

1794
01:36:04,300 --> 01:36:05,800
traditional Christmas 
diversions. 

1795
01:36:05,800 --> 01:36:09,800
Some religious and origin. 
Others considerably older and 

1796
01:36:09,800 --> 01:36:12,600
more Pagan than the church would
prefer to acknowledge. 

1797
01:36:13,300 --> 01:36:17,500
Hoodman blind is played first. 
A medieval version of Blind 

1798
01:36:17,500 --> 01:36:20,400
Man's Bluff. 
Where someone is hooded and must

1799
01:36:20,400 --> 01:36:23,400
catch other players by sound and
touch alone. 

1800
01:36:23,400 --> 01:36:28,000
The game quickly, descends into 
cheerful chaos with hooded 

1801
01:36:28,000 --> 01:36:30,700
players, stumbling into 
Furniture while everyone else 

1802
01:36:30,700 --> 01:36:34,000
shrinks with laughter and offers
misleading directions. 

1803
01:36:34,000 --> 01:36:38,000
Hot cockles comes next. 
A game that seems designed to 

1804
01:36:38,000 --> 01:36:42,700
test both physical endurance and
social bonds. one person Neil's 

1805
01:36:42,700 --> 01:36:46,200
blindfolded, While others take 
turns striking their back and 

1806
01:36:46,200 --> 01:36:49,600
the kneeling person must get, 
who hit the It's rougher than it

1807
01:36:49,600 --> 01:36:51,800
sounds and watching. 
It makes you grateful that 

1808
01:36:51,800 --> 01:36:54,800
medieval Society, has some 
concept of rank appropriate 

1809
01:36:54,800 --> 01:36:57,300
play. 
The servants participated 

1810
01:36:57,300 --> 01:37:00,300
enthusiastically. 
Apparently viewing this as an 

1811
01:37:00,300 --> 01:37:02,800
opportunity for socialist, 
sanctioned revenge against 

1812
01:37:02,800 --> 01:37:05,000
authority, figures who've 
annoyed them throughout the 

1813
01:37:05,000 --> 01:37:09,900
year, someone produces a ball 
leather stuffed with rags and an

1814
01:37:09,900 --> 01:37:13,200
impromptu game of catch develops
that rapidly become competitive.

1815
01:37:13,900 --> 01:37:17,700
Medieval people take their game 
seriously, even informal ones. 

1816
01:37:18,500 --> 01:37:21,200
The ball flies back and forth 
with increasing velocity. 

1817
01:37:21,200 --> 01:37:24,500
Until someone makes an errant 
throw that sends it directly 

1818
01:37:24,500 --> 01:37:28,000
into the remnants of the feast, 
scattering pastries, and 

1819
01:37:28,000 --> 01:37:31,400
sloshing wine. 
The resulting laughter suggests,

1820
01:37:31,400 --> 01:37:34,500
this might have been intentional
music starts up again. 

1821
01:37:34,500 --> 01:37:38,700
This time for dancing. 
The dance is a communal rather 

1822
01:37:38,700 --> 01:37:42,200
than partnered with long lines 
of people moving through 

1823
01:37:42,200 --> 01:37:44,600
patterns that everyone knows by 
heart. 

1824
01:37:45,600 --> 01:37:48,800
The steps are simple but the 
combinations are complex, 

1825
01:37:48,800 --> 01:37:51,500
requiring attention and 
coordination. 

1826
01:37:51,500 --> 01:37:56,500
That's challenging after several
cups of wine. you join in partly

1827
01:37:56,500 --> 01:38:00,000
because refusing would be 
anti-social and partly because 

1828
01:38:00,000 --> 01:38:03,400
the movement feels good after 
hours of sitting and eating the,

1829
01:38:03,400 --> 01:38:06,900
Carol dance is a particularly 
enjoyable, combining song with 

1830
01:38:06,900 --> 01:38:10,200
movement in patterns, that 
Circle the whole These dancers 

1831
01:38:10,200 --> 01:38:14,300
are old probably predating 
Christianity, their circular 

1832
01:38:14,300 --> 01:38:16,100
forms. 
Echoing the wheel of the year 

1833
01:38:16,100 --> 01:38:19,700
and the cycles of Seasons. 
The church has christianized 

1834
01:38:19,700 --> 01:38:23,700
them, adding religious lyrics to
Pagan forms, creating that 

1835
01:38:23,700 --> 01:38:26,500
typical medieval blend of old 
and new beliefs. 

1836
01:38:26,500 --> 01:38:29,300
The characterizes so much of the
holiday. 

1837
01:38:29,300 --> 01:38:32,200
As you move through the dance, 
you become aware of the 

1838
01:38:32,200 --> 01:38:35,800
community or part of These are 
people, you've known your entire

1839
01:38:35,800 --> 01:38:38,900
life whose families have been 
connected to yours for 

1840
01:38:38,900 --> 01:38:42,100
Generations. 
The Lord's, grandfather knew 

1841
01:38:42,100 --> 01:38:45,200
your grandfather, The Cook's 
mother taught your mother, how 

1842
01:38:45,200 --> 01:38:49,100
to brew proper ale. 
The children playing in the 

1843
01:38:49,100 --> 01:38:51,700
corner will grow up to work. 
Alongside your own children, 

1844
01:38:51,700 --> 01:38:55,200
continuing patterns of 
relationship that stretch back 

1845
01:38:55,200 --> 01:38:57,700
Beyond memory. 
This interconnection is what 

1846
01:38:57,700 --> 01:39:01,200
medieval life actually means. 
Underneath all the historical 

1847
01:39:01,200 --> 01:39:05,300
discussion of feudalism and 
hierarchy, You're not isolated 

1848
01:39:05,300 --> 01:39:09,400
individuals, pursuing, separate 
paths, but threads in a fabric. 

1849
01:39:09,400 --> 01:39:11,400
That's been weaving itself for 
centuries. 

1850
01:39:12,200 --> 01:39:14,800
The Christmas Feast is partly 
about celebrating Christ's 

1851
01:39:14,800 --> 01:39:16,700
birth. 
Yes, but it's also about 

1852
01:39:16,700 --> 01:39:20,400
reinforcing these social bonds 
that reminding everyone of their

1853
01:39:20,400 --> 01:39:23,600
place in the larger pattern. 
The dancing continues until 

1854
01:39:23,600 --> 01:39:27,100
people are genuinely exhausted 
flushed with exertion and dizzy 

1855
01:39:27,100 --> 01:39:30,000
from spinning. 
Someone calls for more wine and 

1856
01:39:30,000 --> 01:39:32,900
servants appear with pictures 
because apparently, there's no 

1857
01:39:32,900 --> 01:39:36,200
upper limit to how much liquid a
medieval Feast can produce and 

1858
01:39:36,200 --> 01:39:39,200
consume. 
You accept one more cup, more 

1859
01:39:39,200 --> 01:39:42,400
from habit than desire. 
Holding it while you catch your 

1860
01:39:42,400 --> 01:39:45,000
breath and let your heart rate 
return to something approaching 

1861
01:39:45,000 --> 01:39:47,900
normal. 
Fire in the great half is built 

1862
01:39:47,900 --> 01:39:51,100
up again with massive logs, 
added that will burn through the

1863
01:39:51,100 --> 01:39:54,000
night. 
The Yule Log tradition, that 

1864
01:39:54,000 --> 01:39:56,400
enormous piece of wood that's 
supposed to burn throughout the 

1865
01:39:56,400 --> 01:39:59,200
Christmas. 
Season sits at the half's heart 

1866
01:39:59,200 --> 01:40:03,100
glowing with heat that pushes 
back against the winter cold 

1867
01:40:03,700 --> 01:40:07,600
This log was cut from an oak 
tree with ceremony dragged to 

1868
01:40:07,600 --> 01:40:11,500
the manner with celebration and 
lit with Embers saved from last 

1869
01:40:11,500 --> 01:40:15,000
year's, yule log. 
It's a tradition that predates 

1870
01:40:15,000 --> 01:40:18,900
Christianity by centuries, a 
fire worshiping ritual that the 

1871
01:40:18,900 --> 01:40:21,500
church tolerates because 
traditions this old are 

1872
01:40:21,500 --> 01:40:25,500
impossible to eradicate evening,
settles over the manner, the 

1873
01:40:25,500 --> 01:40:28,400
calling it evening feels wrong. 
When darkness arrived hours ago,

1874
01:40:29,200 --> 01:40:32,500
time during the Christmas season
operates differently measured 

1875
01:40:32,500 --> 01:40:36,700
not by clocks which are rare and
temperamental anyway but by the 

1876
01:40:36,700 --> 01:40:41,400
rhythm of feast entertainments 
and rest periods that flow into 

1877
01:40:41,400 --> 01:40:44,700
one another without clear 
boundaries the Great Hall, has 

1878
01:40:44,700 --> 01:40:47,600
reached that perfect state of 
comfortable exhaustion, where 

1879
01:40:47,600 --> 01:40:51,600
everyone is content to Simply 
exist together, Some people are 

1880
01:40:51,600 --> 01:40:55,100
still eating working through the
seemingly infinite supplies of 

1881
01:40:55,108 --> 01:40:59,900
food, others are talking, they 
conversations animated by wine 

1882
01:40:59,900 --> 01:41:03,000
and fellowship. 
Children are sprawled near the 

1883
01:41:03,000 --> 01:41:05,400
fire, not quite asleep, but 
clearly heading that direction. 

1884
01:41:06,400 --> 01:41:08,500
Dogs that have been begging 
scraps all day. 

1885
01:41:08,500 --> 01:41:12,700
Now lie, contentedly under 
tables their bellies full and 

1886
01:41:12,700 --> 01:41:15,800
their loyalty temporarily 
purchased with roast meat. 

1887
01:41:15,800 --> 01:41:19,400
You find yourself a spot near 
the fire, not too close to be 

1888
01:41:19,400 --> 01:41:22,100
uncomfortably hot but close 
enough to benefit from its 

1889
01:41:22,100 --> 01:41:25,500
warmth. 
The heat makes you drowsy that 

1890
01:41:25,500 --> 01:41:28,000
Pleasant heaviness that comes 
from physical satisfaction. 

1891
01:41:28,000 --> 01:41:32,300
And the knowledge that you have 
nowhere else to be and nothing 

1892
01:41:32,300 --> 01:41:35,100
else you must do. 
Christmas. 

1893
01:41:35,100 --> 01:41:39,400
You realize is partly about this
about permission to Simply exist

1894
01:41:39,400 --> 01:41:43,300
without the constant pressure of
work and obligation the minstrel

1895
01:41:43,300 --> 01:41:46,500
plays quietly now. 
Soft tunes that underscore 

1896
01:41:46,500 --> 01:41:48,400
rather than dominate, the Halls 
atmosphere. 

1897
01:41:49,400 --> 01:41:52,900
Someone is telling a story and 
one corner their voice rising 

1898
01:41:52,900 --> 01:41:55,300
and falling while listeners 
respond with occasional 

1899
01:41:55,300 --> 01:41:57,400
laughter. 
A group near the far. 

1900
01:41:57,400 --> 01:42:00,300
End is singing not a 
performance, but the Casual 

1901
01:42:00,300 --> 01:42:03,000
music making that happens when 
people who've known each other 

1902
01:42:03,000 --> 01:42:05,700
forever, harmonize, without 
thinking about it. 

1903
01:42:05,700 --> 01:42:09,600
You let your eyes drift closed 
from a moment, just resting 

1904
01:42:09,600 --> 01:42:11,500
them. 
And when you open them again, 

1905
01:42:11,500 --> 01:42:15,300
some undefined amount of time as
passed, and the fire has burned 

1906
01:42:15,300 --> 01:42:20,000
low, The hall is quieter. 
Now people having gradually 

1907
01:42:20,000 --> 01:42:24,000
migrated to their beds or simply
fallen asleep where they sat. 

1908
01:42:24,800 --> 01:42:28,200
This is normal for Christmas 
celebrations, sleep happens when

1909
01:42:28,200 --> 01:42:31,600
it happens, in whatever 
location, you happen to occupy 

1910
01:42:31,600 --> 01:42:34,600
when exhaustion finally wins 
tomorrow. 

1911
01:42:34,600 --> 01:42:37,100
Or today, depending on how you 
count time. 

1912
01:42:37,100 --> 01:42:40,900
After midnight, the feast will 
continue more food, more 

1913
01:42:40,900 --> 01:42:44,900
entertainment, more Fellowship, 
The 12 Days of Christmas, 

1914
01:42:44,900 --> 01:42:48,900
stretch ahead each day, bringing
similar patterns of Celebration 

1915
01:42:48,900 --> 01:42:52,700
each night blending into the 
next and the season becomes a 

1916
01:42:52,700 --> 01:42:56,900
single extended experience 
rather than discrete days for 

1917
01:42:56,900 --> 01:42:59,800
now. 
In this moment, your content to 

1918
01:42:59,800 --> 01:43:04,200
sit by the fire surrounded by 
Community, warm and fed and 

1919
01:43:04,200 --> 01:43:07,800
safe. 
Winter rages outside but inside 

1920
01:43:07,800 --> 01:43:10,800
the man of walls, Christmas 
holds Darkness at Bay with light

1921
01:43:10,800 --> 01:43:14,400
cold with warmth and isolation 
with Fellowship. 

1922
01:43:14,400 --> 01:43:18,300
It's enough. 
It's everything really the 

1923
01:43:18,300 --> 01:43:21,600
second day of Christmas arrives 
with your body's insistent 

1924
01:43:21,600 --> 01:43:25,300
reminder that you're not as 
young as you want were and that 

1925
01:43:25,300 --> 01:43:28,200
medieval feasting takes a 
physical toll that would benefit

1926
01:43:28,200 --> 01:43:31,600
from Modern pain relievers. 
You extract yourself from 

1927
01:43:31,600 --> 01:43:35,300
wherever you ended up sleeping 
Appears to be a pile of cushions

1928
01:43:35,300 --> 01:43:38,900
near the half which explains why
one side of your body feels 

1929
01:43:38,900 --> 01:43:40,700
roasted while the other feels 
Frozen. 

1930
01:43:41,500 --> 01:43:45,000
And Survey the Great Hall in 
Morning Light, the space looks 

1931
01:43:45,000 --> 01:43:48,400
like the aftermath of a very 
successful party which is 

1932
01:43:48,400 --> 01:43:51,900
exactly what it is. 
Servants are already moving 

1933
01:43:51,900 --> 01:43:55,500
through clearing the detritus of
yesterday's celebrations. 

1934
01:43:55,500 --> 01:43:58,700
With the efficient resignation 
of people who know they'll be 

1935
01:43:58,700 --> 01:44:02,300
doing the same work for 11, more
days, your help where you can 

1936
01:44:02,300 --> 01:44:05,500
carry dishes to the kitchen 
straightening benches, and 

1937
01:44:05,500 --> 01:44:08,700
trying to find where your shoes 
ended up after last night's 

1938
01:44:08,700 --> 01:44:10,500
dancing, removed them from your 
feet. 

1939
01:44:10,500 --> 01:44:13,900
Breakfast is a quieter than 
yesterday partly. 

1940
01:44:13,900 --> 01:44:16,700
Because several people are still
asleep and partly because 

1941
01:44:16,700 --> 01:44:19,400
everyone's ambition for food has
been temporarily satisfied. 

1942
01:44:20,500 --> 01:44:24,500
You settle for bread and cheese 
small beer and an apple from the

1943
01:44:24,500 --> 01:44:26,500
Autumn storage. 
That's gone slightly soft. 

1944
01:44:26,500 --> 01:44:28,600
But tastes sweet enough to 
forgive its texture. 

1945
01:44:29,600 --> 01:44:32,400
Medieval mornings after feast 
days are exercises. 

1946
01:44:32,400 --> 01:44:35,800
In gentle recovery, allowing 
your body to catch up with what 

1947
01:44:35,800 --> 01:44:37,700
you're enthusiasm, inflicted 
upon it. 

1948
01:44:37,700 --> 01:44:40,500
The day unfolds, with less 
structure than yesterday. 

1949
01:44:41,900 --> 01:44:44,700
This is boxing day though. 
It won't be called that for 

1950
01:44:44,700 --> 01:44:48,200
several more centuries. 
The tradition of giving gifts to

1951
01:44:48,200 --> 01:44:50,200
servants and the poor has 
already happened. 

1952
01:44:50,200 --> 01:44:54,900
Yesterday's presence covered. 
That obligation today is for 

1953
01:44:54,900 --> 01:44:57,400
continuing the celebration in 
whatever form appeals to 

1954
01:44:57,408 --> 01:45:01,700
people's current energy levels, 
some choose to hunt bundling 

1955
01:45:01,700 --> 01:45:04,700
into warm clothes and heading 
out with dogs and weapons to 

1956
01:45:04,700 --> 01:45:07,000
pursue Winter game through snowy
fields. 

1957
01:45:07,700 --> 01:45:11,700
Hunting during Christmas is 
partly sport, partly necessity 

1958
01:45:11,700 --> 01:45:15,500
and partly an excuse to escape 
the manor houses increasingly 

1959
01:45:15,500 --> 01:45:19,600
crowded and aromatic interior. 
You can consider joining them, 

1960
01:45:19,600 --> 01:45:22,700
but decide that standing in 
Frozen Fields waiting for deer 

1961
01:45:22,700 --> 01:45:25,100
sounds less appealing than 
staying by the fire. 

1962
01:45:25,100 --> 01:45:29,000
Instead you participate in the 
games that develop or throughout

1963
01:45:29,000 --> 01:45:33,500
the day, Someone has produced a 
set of dice carved from bone and

1964
01:45:33,500 --> 01:45:36,400
gambling begins with the 
enthusiastic disregard for 

1965
01:45:36,400 --> 01:45:39,500
church prohibitions. 
That characterizes medieval 

1966
01:45:39,500 --> 01:45:44,700
attitudes toward gaming wages, 
small amounts a few coins and 

1967
01:45:44,700 --> 01:45:47,000
knife. 
That seemed better days a 

1968
01:45:47,000 --> 01:45:48,900
promise to do someone share of 
work next week. 

1969
01:45:49,900 --> 01:45:54,000
The dice clatter across the 
table and fortunes rise and fall

1970
01:45:54,000 --> 01:45:57,300
with each throw medieval dice 
games are wonderfully. 

1971
01:45:57,300 --> 01:45:59,700
Simple compared to what later, 
centuries will devise. 

1972
01:45:59,700 --> 01:46:03,500
The rules are straightforward, 
the outcomes depend entirely on 

1973
01:46:03,500 --> 01:46:06,700
chance and the entertainment 
value comes from the social 

1974
01:46:06,700 --> 01:46:08,600
interaction more than the game 
itself. 

1975
01:46:08,600 --> 01:46:13,500
You win some lose more and don't
particularly care about either 

1976
01:46:13,500 --> 01:46:16,100
outcome. 
The point is the participation, 

1977
01:46:16,100 --> 01:46:20,300
the fellowship and the shared 
experience of trying your luck 

1978
01:46:20,300 --> 01:46:23,700
against fate and your friends 
cards haven't been invented yet 

1979
01:46:23,700 --> 01:46:25,100
or at least haven't reached 
England. 

1980
01:46:25,100 --> 01:46:27,600
So you're spared the complexity 
that playing cards will 

1981
01:46:27,600 --> 01:46:31,500
eventually bring to gaming. 
Instead, there are board games 

1982
01:46:31,500 --> 01:46:35,100
carved into wooden surfaces 
games, involving moving pieces, 

1983
01:46:35,100 --> 01:46:38,600
according to dice, throws and 
games that require strategy and 

1984
01:46:38,600 --> 01:46:41,500
planning. 
Someone produces a chess set and

1985
01:46:41,500 --> 01:46:44,200
you watch a match between two 
players who take the game. 

1986
01:46:44,200 --> 01:46:47,400
Seriously enough that Spectators
full silent during crucial 

1987
01:46:47,400 --> 01:46:51,500
moments, the children have their
own games happening in corners 

1988
01:46:51,500 --> 01:46:54,400
and corridors. 
They play with the wooden toys 

1989
01:46:54,400 --> 01:46:58,600
from yesterday's gifts creating 
elaborate scenarios that seem to

1990
01:46:58,600 --> 01:47:03,200
involve Knights dragons and a 
surprising amount of falling 

1991
01:47:03,200 --> 01:47:06,500
over dramatically. 
Their energy is boundless in 

1992
01:47:06,500 --> 01:47:08,700
that way. 
That makes adults simultaneously

1993
01:47:08,700 --> 01:47:12,300
envious and exhausted. 
You remember having that much of

1994
01:47:12,300 --> 01:47:14,500
Vitality? 
Once though it feels like a 

1995
01:47:14,508 --> 01:47:18,700
previous Life Time, rather than 
a previous decade, midday brings

1996
01:47:18,700 --> 01:47:20,800
another meal because of course 
it does. 

1997
01:47:21,600 --> 01:47:24,300
The feast continues with 
offering that aim for variety 

1998
01:47:24,300 --> 01:47:27,900
rather than volume at least. 
That seems to be the intention, 

1999
01:47:27,900 --> 01:47:30,800
though the actual quantities. 
Remain substantial. 

2000
01:47:32,200 --> 01:47:36,100
Roasted foul today, smaller 
birds that cook faster than 

2001
01:47:36,100 --> 01:47:40,300
yesterday's, massive bore. 
Fish prepared with enough spices

2002
01:47:40,300 --> 01:47:43,900
to disguise its origin. 
A concession to religious rules 

2003
01:47:43,900 --> 01:47:47,500
about when meat can be eaten. 
Vegetable dishes that actually 

2004
01:47:47,500 --> 01:47:50,200
taste of their ingredients 
rather than the sources covering

2005
01:47:50,200 --> 01:47:52,400
them. 
There's a meat pie that turned 

2006
01:47:52,400 --> 01:47:56,400
out to contain lamprey. that 
peculiar eel-like fish that 

2007
01:47:56,400 --> 01:47:59,700
wealthy people consider a 
delicacy despite its appearance 

2008
01:47:59,700 --> 01:48:03,300
and suggesting otherwise, You 
try it because refusing would be

2009
01:48:03,308 --> 01:48:05,500
rude. 
Discover it tastes like River. 

2010
01:48:05,500 --> 01:48:08,900
Mud and regret it and quietly 
feed the rest to a dog under the

2011
01:48:08,900 --> 01:48:11,200
table. 
The dog appears equally 

2012
01:48:11,200 --> 01:48:14,300
unimpressed but eats it anyway 
because dogs have different 

2013
01:48:14,300 --> 01:48:16,400
standards than humans. 
When it comes to food, 

2014
01:48:16,400 --> 01:48:20,700
evaluation the afternoon comes 
from an unexpected Source 

2015
01:48:20,700 --> 01:48:23,200
visitors arrive from a 
neighboring manner. 

2016
01:48:23,200 --> 01:48:26,400
Their lord have to decide to 
make a Christmas call that 

2017
01:48:26,400 --> 01:48:29,100
combined social obligation with 
genuine friendliness. 

2018
01:48:30,200 --> 01:48:32,300
Medieval visiting during 
Christmases. 

2019
01:48:32,300 --> 01:48:35,400
Expected staying isolated. 
During the season of Fellowship 

2020
01:48:35,400 --> 01:48:38,700
would be considered anti-social 
bordering on hostile. 

2021
01:48:39,700 --> 01:48:43,800
The visitors bring gifts for 
their hosts, a barrel of wine, a

2022
01:48:43,800 --> 01:48:47,800
haunch of venison, some 
expensive candles, and a 

2023
01:48:47,800 --> 01:48:51,200
welcomed with the enthusiasm 
that such generosity deserves 

2024
01:48:51,200 --> 01:48:55,300
with new guests, come new 
stories, fresh, gossip and 

2025
01:48:55,300 --> 01:48:57,400
different perspectives on shared
acquaintances. 

2026
01:48:58,500 --> 01:49:02,300
Medieval people are tremendous 
gossips, treating news about 

2027
01:49:02,300 --> 01:49:05,400
neighbors with the attention 
that later ages will reserve for

2028
01:49:05,400 --> 01:49:08,500
celebrity scandals. 
You learn about marriages being 

2029
01:49:08,500 --> 01:49:12,600
arranged lands being disputed 
and Priests behaving in ways 

2030
01:49:12,600 --> 01:49:16,000
that suggest their vows of 
celibacy are more aspirational 

2031
01:49:16,000 --> 01:49:19,300
than actual. 
The specifics would probably 

2032
01:49:19,300 --> 01:49:22,500
sound tedious to Outsiders. 
But for you, these are the 

2033
01:49:22,500 --> 01:49:24,600
stories that make up the fabric 
of Your World. 

2034
01:49:24,600 --> 01:49:27,200
The Visitors bring their own 
entertainment, as well. 

2035
01:49:27,200 --> 01:49:31,200
One of them is apparently known 
for his riddles and he proceeds 

2036
01:49:31,200 --> 01:49:34,500
to pose questions that range 
from clever to grow in inducing.

2037
01:49:35,500 --> 01:49:40,000
What has hands but cannot clap. 
A clock except that hardly 

2038
01:49:40,000 --> 01:49:42,100
anyone present as seen an actual
clock? 

2039
01:49:42,100 --> 01:49:46,600
So the answer Falls flat what 
gets wetter as it dries. 

2040
01:49:47,600 --> 01:49:50,900
Towel which works better and 
produces satisfied nod from 

2041
01:49:50,900 --> 01:49:54,500
those who get correctly evening 
brings music and more dancing 

2042
01:49:54,500 --> 01:49:57,700
because apparently yesterday's 
dancing was not sufficient to 

2043
01:49:57,700 --> 01:49:59,800
exhaust. 
Everyone's enthusiasm for 

2044
01:49:59,800 --> 01:50:04,900
spinning in circles to Medieval 
Tunes, The dance is tonight are 

2045
01:50:04,900 --> 01:50:08,200
more elaborate with patterns 
that require instruction for 

2046
01:50:08,200 --> 01:50:11,500
those unfamiliar with them. 
You watch your lord attempt to 

2047
01:50:11,508 --> 01:50:16,200
particularly complex step? 
Stumble recover with dignity, 

2048
01:50:16,200 --> 01:50:19,700
mostly intact and continued as 
if nothing happened. 

2049
01:50:20,500 --> 01:50:23,700
Medieval Aristocrats are very 
good at pretending that public. 

2050
01:50:23,700 --> 01:50:27,300
Mishaps are intentional choices.
Someone suggest to Christmas 

2051
01:50:27,300 --> 01:50:30,400
play and a group of the more 
theatrical household members, 

2052
01:50:30,400 --> 01:50:34,100
begin organizing a performance. 
These aren't elaborate 

2053
01:50:34,100 --> 01:50:37,500
Productions with scripts and 
rehearsals but improvised 

2054
01:50:37,500 --> 01:50:41,500
entertainment based on familiar 
stories. tonight's offering 

2055
01:50:41,500 --> 01:50:45,400
appears to be the Nativity with 
servants and minor Nobles 

2056
01:50:45,400 --> 01:50:49,500
volunteering for roles that 
include Shepards angels and what

2057
01:50:49,500 --> 01:50:52,600
appears to be a very reluctant 
donkey played by someone wearing

2058
01:50:52,600 --> 01:50:56,600
a blanket and making 
half-hearted braying sounds The 

2059
01:50:56,608 --> 01:51:00,200
players Charming in its amateurs
with actors for getting their 

2060
01:51:00,200 --> 01:51:04,400
lines, Angels Wings, falling off
mid-scene and the baby Jesus 

2061
01:51:04,400 --> 01:51:07,600
represented by a wooden doll 
that looks nothing like an 

2062
01:51:07,600 --> 01:51:11,000
infant and everything, like a 
carved log with a face painted 

2063
01:51:11,000 --> 01:51:15,500
on it. but the audience loves 
it, responding with cheers and 

2064
01:51:15,500 --> 01:51:18,200
laughter and genuine, 
appreciation for the effort, 

2065
01:51:19,300 --> 01:51:22,700
Evil entertainment values 
participation over Perfection, 

2066
01:51:22,700 --> 01:51:25,700
the attempt over the achievement
as night. 

2067
01:51:25,700 --> 01:51:29,100
Deepens, the celebration settles
in to the now, familiar pattern 

2068
01:51:29,100 --> 01:51:33,500
of eating drinking talking and 
generally existing together in 

2069
01:51:33,500 --> 01:51:36,100
that comfortable way that 
happened when people have shared

2070
01:51:36,100 --> 01:51:40,400
several days of continuous 
celebration, The wine flows 

2071
01:51:40,400 --> 01:51:43,700
loosening tongues and lowering 
inhibitions and ways that 

2072
01:51:43,700 --> 01:51:47,400
tomorrow might bring regrets. 
But a night produces only warmth

2073
01:51:47,400 --> 01:51:50,300
and fellowship, you find 
yourself in a conversation with 

2074
01:51:50,300 --> 01:51:53,700
one of the visiting Nobles. 
Discussing topics that range 

2075
01:51:53,700 --> 01:51:57,000
from the weather or was a safe 
subject to the political 

2076
01:51:57,000 --> 01:51:59,600
situation with France, less 
safe. 

2077
01:51:59,600 --> 01:52:03,100
But interesting to speculation 
about what the New Year might 

2078
01:52:03,100 --> 01:52:07,500
bring Medieval people are both 
fatalistic about the future 

2079
01:52:07,500 --> 01:52:11,000
believing that God's will 
ultimately determine everything 

2080
01:52:11,000 --> 01:52:15,300
and actively engaged in trying 
to shape circumstances to their 

2081
01:52:15,300 --> 01:52:18,000
advantage. 
The contradiction doesn't bother

2082
01:52:18,000 --> 01:52:20,400
anyone. 
The conversation drifts to 

2083
01:52:20,400 --> 01:52:23,800
memories of previous Christmases
and stories emerge about 

2084
01:52:23,800 --> 01:52:28,000
celebrations in years past. 
The Christmas when snow fell so 

2085
01:52:28,000 --> 01:52:30,900
heavily, that the man was 
isolated for a week. 

2086
01:52:31,900 --> 01:52:34,200
The Christmas when the Boris 
escaped before it could be 

2087
01:52:34,208 --> 01:52:38,300
roasted and had to be recaptured
in an adventure that apparently 

2088
01:52:38,300 --> 01:52:41,300
involved. 
Three servants, two dogs and 

2089
01:52:41,300 --> 01:52:45,000
considerable property damage. 
The Christmas when the priest 

2090
01:52:45,000 --> 01:52:48,400
had drunk too much was sale and 
delivered midnight, mass in 

2091
01:52:48,400 --> 01:52:51,400
Latin, that was creatively 
interpreted at best. 

2092
01:52:51,400 --> 01:52:54,500
These stories can connect you to
the history of the place and 

2093
01:52:54,500 --> 01:52:58,000
people around you creating a 
sense of continuity that 

2094
01:52:58,000 --> 01:53:00,400
stretches Beyond individual life
times. 

2095
01:53:01,200 --> 01:53:02,900
You're not just celebrating this
Christmas. 

2096
01:53:02,900 --> 01:53:06,300
You're participating in a 
tradition that your grandparents

2097
01:53:06,300 --> 01:53:09,500
knew that your grandchildren 
will know that creates a thread 

2098
01:53:09,500 --> 01:53:11,500
of shared experience, running 
through time. 

2099
01:53:11,500 --> 01:53:16,200
The fire burns low again. 
And again its up with fresh logs

2100
01:53:16,200 --> 01:53:17,700
that will carry warmth through 
the night. 

2101
01:53:19,000 --> 01:53:21,500
The Yule Log continues, its slow
combustion. 

2102
01:53:22,400 --> 01:53:26,500
A constant presence that anchors
the celebration to something 

2103
01:53:26,500 --> 01:53:31,800
older than Christianity older 
than Rome as old as humans 

2104
01:53:31,800 --> 01:53:34,700
gathering around, fire to push 
back, darkness and cold. 

2105
01:53:34,700 --> 01:53:39,100
Sleep comes, gradually people 
drifting away or simply settling

2106
01:53:39,100 --> 01:53:43,700
where they sit wrapped in cloaks
and blankets content to rest in 

2107
01:53:43,700 --> 01:53:47,800
the great Halls communal warmth.
You find your own sleeping Spot 

2108
01:53:47,800 --> 01:53:51,000
somewhere between the fire and 
the wall where warmth and stone 

2109
01:53:51,000 --> 01:53:53,300
created balance. 
That feels just right. 

2110
01:53:53,300 --> 01:53:57,200
Tomorrow will bring another day 
of Celebration and the day after

2111
01:53:57,200 --> 01:54:01,600
that, and the day after that, 
until the 12 days of passed and 

2112
01:54:01,600 --> 01:54:04,000
a pony arrives, to Mark the end 
of the Christmas season. 

2113
01:54:05,000 --> 01:54:08,900
But that's a future concern for 
now, surrounded by Community, 

2114
01:54:08,900 --> 01:54:12,400
warm and fed and safe you, let 
sleep, take you. 

2115
01:54:12,400 --> 01:54:16,600
Your last conscious thought of 
vague sense of contentment, that

2116
01:54:16,600 --> 01:54:21,600
this is What Christmas Means not
the presence or the food, or any

2117
01:54:21,600 --> 01:54:24,100
single element. 
But the whole experience of 

2118
01:54:24,100 --> 01:54:27,800
living within community of 
marking times, passage together 

2119
01:54:27,800 --> 01:54:31,000
of creating shared memories, 
that will warm you through 

2120
01:54:31,008 --> 01:54:34,800
Winters Yet to Come the middle 
Days of Christmas blur together 

2121
01:54:34,800 --> 01:54:37,300
with that Pleasant in 
distinctiveness, that comes from

2122
01:54:37,300 --> 01:54:41,100
continuous celebration without 
the anchoring routine of normal 

2123
01:54:41,100 --> 01:54:43,600
work. 
You've lost track of whether 

2124
01:54:43,600 --> 01:54:46,000
this is the third fourth or 5th 
day. 

2125
01:54:46,000 --> 01:54:50,500
Not because you're drunk though.
The steady consumption of Ale 

2126
01:54:50,500 --> 01:54:53,000
and wine certainly isn't helping
temporal clarity. 

2127
01:54:54,100 --> 01:54:57,500
But because the days themselves 
have merged into one extended 

2128
01:54:57,500 --> 01:55:00,800
present tense. 
Where time is measured by meals 

2129
01:55:00,800 --> 01:55:04,600
and entertainment, rather than 
by any more conventional metric 

2130
01:55:04,600 --> 01:55:08,300
this morning or possibly after 
noon, the winter light, makes it

2131
01:55:08,308 --> 01:55:10,300
hard to tell. 
You, find yourself with 

2132
01:55:10,300 --> 01:55:13,800
unexpected free time, the 
servants have the Great Hall. 

2133
01:55:13,800 --> 01:55:17,300
Well, in hand, the kitchen is 
managing without your help and 

2134
01:55:17,300 --> 01:55:19,600
the current entertainment 
doesn't require audience 

2135
01:55:19,600 --> 01:55:24,300
participation You take advantage
of this rare Solitude to claim a

2136
01:55:24,300 --> 01:55:26,200
chair near. 
The fire wrapped in a blanket 

2137
01:55:26,200 --> 01:55:30,100
that smells of wood smoke and 
wool content to Simply sit and 

2138
01:55:30,100 --> 01:55:33,500
watch the Flames. 
Medieval fires a mesmerizing in 

2139
01:55:33,500 --> 01:55:37,700
ways that Modern Heating can't 
replicate Flames move with 

2140
01:55:37,700 --> 01:55:41,400
unpredictable Beauty, finding 
shapes in the burning wood. 

2141
01:55:41,400 --> 01:55:45,800
That seem almost meaningful. 
Your ancestors saw Spirits in 

2142
01:55:45,800 --> 01:55:48,500
such Flames. 
Red Futures in their flickering 

2143
01:55:48,500 --> 01:55:51,800
and believe that fire was a 
living thing with intelligence 

2144
01:55:51,800 --> 01:55:55,100
and intention. 
The Church disapproves of such 

2145
01:55:55,100 --> 01:55:58,100
thinking, but sitting here alone
with the fire, you can 

2146
01:55:58,100 --> 01:56:02,700
understand the impulse, the 
Flames do seem Alive, dance 

2147
01:56:02,700 --> 01:56:05,300
dancing, and breathing, and 
consuming the wood with what 

2148
01:56:05,300 --> 01:56:07,100
looks remarkably. 
Like, hunger. 

2149
01:56:07,100 --> 01:56:10,600
The Great Hall is quieter than 
its been since Christmas Eve. 

2150
01:56:11,300 --> 01:56:14,500
Most people are elsewhere 
hunting sleeping off last 

2151
01:56:14,500 --> 01:56:17,800
night's feast, or participating 
in some entertainment happening 

2152
01:56:17,800 --> 01:56:22,400
in another part of the manor. 
Quiet, feels precious after days

2153
01:56:22,400 --> 01:56:26,900
of constant noise and activity. 
You're not anti-social, you've 

2154
01:56:26,900 --> 01:56:29,700
thoroughly enjoyed the 
celebration, but everyone needs 

2155
01:56:29,700 --> 01:56:33,800
occasional Solitude to process 
experience and simply exist 

2156
01:56:33,800 --> 01:56:37,000
without performing for others. 
Your thoughts drift to Christmas

2157
01:56:37,000 --> 01:56:42,300
as passed memory is rising, like
the Sparks from the fire. you 

2158
01:56:42,300 --> 01:56:45,300
remember childhood Christmases, 
when the feast seemed impossibly

2159
01:56:45,300 --> 01:56:48,700
Grand and you believed without 
question that the season was 

2160
01:56:48,700 --> 01:56:52,400
magical, You remember the first 
Christmas after your father 

2161
01:56:52,408 --> 01:56:56,400
died, when the celebration felt 
Hollow despite everyone's 

2162
01:56:56,400 --> 01:57:00,200
efforts to maintain traditions. 
you remember, last year's 

2163
01:57:00,200 --> 01:57:04,600
Christmas, Seemed unremarkable 
at the time but now carries a 

2164
01:57:04,600 --> 01:57:07,600
poignancy at lack then because 
you understand how each 

2165
01:57:07,600 --> 01:57:10,300
celebration is unique. 
Even when following familiar 

2166
01:57:10,300 --> 01:57:13,000
patterns, medieval life 
encourages, this kind of 

2167
01:57:13,000 --> 01:57:16,500
reflection this awareness of 
times passage and the cycles 

2168
01:57:16,500 --> 01:57:20,800
that structure human existence. 
The agricultural year creates a 

2169
01:57:20,800 --> 01:57:24,100
rhythm of planting and harvest 
growth and dormant sea. 

2170
01:57:24,800 --> 01:57:28,800
Church year marks time with 
Saints days and holy Seasons the

2171
01:57:28,800 --> 01:57:32,100
human life cycle moves from 
birth through childhood adult 

2172
01:57:32,100 --> 01:57:36,800
hood old age and death with the 
visibility that later ages will 

2173
01:57:36,800 --> 01:57:39,700
try to hide but that medieval 
people accept as natural. 

2174
01:57:40,500 --> 01:57:43,100
Christmas sits at the 
intersection of the Cycle's. 

2175
01:57:43,100 --> 01:57:47,200
The darkest time of the natural 
year, the celebration of Christ 

2176
01:57:47,200 --> 01:57:50,900
birth in the religious year. 
And for you, personally, a 

2177
01:57:50,900 --> 01:57:53,000
moment to reflect on your own 
Journey Through Time. 

2178
01:57:53,000 --> 01:57:55,900
You think about the people 
who've passed away since last 

2179
01:57:55,900 --> 01:58:00,200
Christmas Your neighbor's wife 
died in childbirth, both mother 

2180
01:58:00,200 --> 01:58:02,600
and infant were lost despite the
midwife's. 

2181
01:58:02,600 --> 01:58:05,900
Best efforts an old man from The
Village whose name you're 

2182
01:58:05,900 --> 01:58:07,300
ashamed. 
To realize you've forgotten 

2183
01:58:07,300 --> 01:58:11,400
though, you remember his face 
and his kindness, a child who 

2184
01:58:11,400 --> 01:58:14,900
fell through, ice on the Mill, 
Pond gone before, anyone could 

2185
01:58:14,900 --> 01:58:18,500
reach him. 
Medieval death is commonplace in

2186
01:58:18,500 --> 01:58:21,900
ways that later. 
Centuries will forget a constant

2187
01:58:21,900 --> 01:58:24,600
presence that makes the 
celebration of life, all the 

2188
01:58:24,600 --> 01:58:29,200
more important, but you also 
think about new arrivals Babies 

2189
01:58:29,200 --> 01:58:31,600
born in the past year who are 
experiencing their first 

2190
01:58:31,600 --> 01:58:35,400
Christmas though their two young
to remember it marriages that 

2191
01:58:35,400 --> 01:58:38,800
joined families in bonds that 
will Ripple through generations.

2192
01:58:38,800 --> 01:58:44,200
New households established new 
positions, filled the constant 

2193
01:58:44,200 --> 01:58:47,000
renewal that balances deaths 
persistence. 

2194
01:58:47,800 --> 01:58:53,000
Life continues, patterns, repeat
and Christmas marks the turn of 

2195
01:58:53,000 --> 01:58:56,100
the year with acknowledgment 
that both endings and Beginnings

2196
01:58:56,100 --> 01:59:00,600
are part of the same cycle. 
The fire pops loudly, sending 

2197
01:59:00,600 --> 01:59:03,600
Sparks up the chimney and 
startling you from your reverie.

2198
01:59:03,600 --> 01:59:07,400
You add another log watching. 
It catch and begin, its own 

2199
01:59:07,400 --> 01:59:11,000
transformation from solid wood 
to Flame, and heat and 

2200
01:59:11,000 --> 01:59:14,800
eventually. 
The cycle of consumption and 

2201
01:59:14,800 --> 01:59:16,800
transformation. 
Seems like it should mean. 

2202
01:59:16,800 --> 01:59:20,200
Something should carry some 
deeper significance that you can

2203
01:59:20,200 --> 01:59:22,800
almost grasp but not quite 
articulate. 

2204
01:59:23,900 --> 01:59:26,700
Medieval people are comfortable 
with this kind of incomplete 

2205
01:59:26,700 --> 01:59:29,700
understanding with truths that 
feel real. 

2206
01:59:29,700 --> 01:59:33,400
Even when they can't be, fully 
explained a servant appears with

2207
01:59:33,400 --> 01:59:36,400
food because, of course, there's
more food. 

2208
01:59:36,400 --> 01:59:39,900
There's always more food during 
Christmas and you accept a plate

2209
01:59:39,900 --> 01:59:41,400
without really looking at what's
on it. 

2210
01:59:42,200 --> 01:59:45,500
The eating has become almost 
automatic, he background 

2211
01:59:45,500 --> 01:59:48,700
activity that continues 
regardless of actual hunger. 

2212
01:59:49,700 --> 01:59:52,500
You too mechanically while 
continuing to watch the fire 

2213
01:59:52,500 --> 01:59:55,800
finding yourself. 
Surprisingly content with this 

2214
01:59:55,800 --> 01:59:59,800
moment of solitary existence 
within the largest celebration, 

2215
01:59:59,800 --> 02:00:03,300
the door opens admitting cold 
air, and several people 

2216
02:00:03,300 --> 02:00:07,200
returning from some outdoor 
activity. their laughing flushed

2217
02:00:07,200 --> 02:00:11,200
with exertion and cold bringing 
energy, that disrupts your quiet

2218
02:00:11,200 --> 02:00:14,600
contemplation, but that you find
yourself welcoming anyway, 

2219
02:00:15,600 --> 02:00:18,000
Solitude as precious so is 
community. 

2220
02:00:18,000 --> 02:00:20,800
And the balance between them is 
what makes life bearable. 

2221
02:00:20,800 --> 02:00:24,900
Someone settles near you an 
older man, whose name, you know,

2222
02:00:24,900 --> 02:00:27,200
but whose life story, you've 
never fully heard. 

2223
02:00:28,100 --> 02:00:30,200
In the Casual way that happens 
during Christmas. 

2224
02:00:30,200 --> 02:00:34,000
When normal social boundaries 
relaxed, he begins talking about

2225
02:00:34,000 --> 02:00:38,300
his own memories Christmases, 
from 50 years ago, when the 

2226
02:00:38,300 --> 02:00:40,400
current Lord's grandfather, 
ruled the manner, and the world 

2227
02:00:40,400 --> 02:00:44,200
were simultaneously different 
and exactly the same, his 

2228
02:00:44,200 --> 02:00:46,700
stories are fascinating, not for
their drama, but for their 

2229
02:00:46,700 --> 02:00:50,200
ordinariness he talks about 
Feast that sound like the one 

2230
02:00:50,200 --> 02:00:54,200
you're currently experiencing 
about music and games and about 

2231
02:00:54,200 --> 02:00:56,500
the particular quality of 
Fellowship that Christmas 

2232
02:00:56,500 --> 02:01:00,400
creates He mentions people long 
Dead, with a casualness of 

2233
02:01:00,400 --> 02:01:02,300
someone who's outlived most of 
his generation. 

2234
02:01:02,300 --> 02:01:07,700
Treating mortality, is a fact, 
rather than a tragedy medieval 

2235
02:01:07,700 --> 02:01:10,400
old age, brings this 
perspective, if you live long 

2236
02:01:10,400 --> 02:01:13,600
enough, Death Becomes a familiar
companion rather than a 

2237
02:01:13,600 --> 02:01:16,800
terrifying. 
Stranger you listen Asking 

2238
02:01:16,800 --> 02:01:19,800
occasional questions, learning 
things about the manners history

2239
02:01:19,800 --> 02:01:21,700
that no, written record 
captures. 

2240
02:01:22,900 --> 02:01:25,700
These oral histories are how 
medieval communities, remember 

2241
02:01:25,700 --> 02:01:30,000
themselves, stories passed from 
person to person each telling 

2242
02:01:30,000 --> 02:01:33,200
adding and subtracting details. 
And the truth becomes less 

2243
02:01:33,200 --> 02:01:36,800
important than the meaning. 
The old man's memories aren't 

2244
02:01:36,800 --> 02:01:39,900
historically accurate properly, 
but their true in a deeper 

2245
02:01:39,900 --> 02:01:42,200
sense. 
Capture the feeling of those 

2246
02:01:42,200 --> 02:01:45,800
past celebrations, the texture 
of Life lived, within this 

2247
02:01:45,800 --> 02:01:49,900
community and the continuity 
that connects past to present 

2248
02:01:49,900 --> 02:01:52,600
more people. 
Join your Fireside Gathering 

2249
02:01:52,600 --> 02:01:57,100
drawn by the warmth and the 
conversation Someone contributes

2250
02:01:57,100 --> 02:02:00,300
their own memories and someone 
else tells a story they heard 

2251
02:02:00,300 --> 02:02:03,100
from their grandmother and 
gradually the solitary 

2252
02:02:03,100 --> 02:02:06,000
reflection transforms into 
communal remembering. 

2253
02:02:06,900 --> 02:02:10,700
This is how medieval people 
process experience not through 

2254
02:02:10,700 --> 02:02:13,300
individual introspection though,
that happens. 

2255
02:02:13,300 --> 02:02:16,300
But through shared storytelling 
that creates Collective 

2256
02:02:16,300 --> 02:02:19,900
understanding the afternoons, 
slides toward evening with that 

2257
02:02:19,900 --> 02:02:22,000
winter. 
A Pity that still surprises you 

2258
02:02:22,000 --> 02:02:26,200
even though you've experienced 
it every year of your life, Fire

2259
02:02:26,200 --> 02:02:29,800
needs constant feeding and you 
take your turn adding logs, 

2260
02:02:29,800 --> 02:02:32,600
maintaining the warmth that 
makes the Great Hall habitable. 

2261
02:02:33,700 --> 02:02:35,800
The Yule Log continues, its Slow
Burn. 

2262
02:02:36,600 --> 02:02:39,100
Smaller now than when it was lit
on Christmas Eve, but still 

2263
02:02:39,100 --> 02:02:42,600
substantial still serving. 
Its purpose of carrying fire 

2264
02:02:42,600 --> 02:02:46,000
through the darkest season, 
someone suggests mold wine. 

2265
02:02:46,000 --> 02:02:50,400
And a servant is dispatched, to 
heat some with spices. the drink

2266
02:02:50,400 --> 02:02:54,100
arrives in wooden cups that warm
your hands while the wine you're

2267
02:02:54,100 --> 02:02:57,300
inside, creating a double 
comfort that makes the winter 

2268
02:02:57,300 --> 02:03:01,100
evening feel less threatening 
Medieval people are experts at 

2269
02:03:01,100 --> 02:03:04,300
these small Comforts that 
creating warmth and lightened 

2270
02:03:04,300 --> 02:03:07,800
Fellowship to combat the cold 
and dark that surrounds them the

2271
02:03:07,800 --> 02:03:10,900
storytelling continues. 
Ranging from personal memories 

2272
02:03:10,900 --> 02:03:14,500
to folktales to outright 
Fabrications that everyone 

2273
02:03:14,500 --> 02:03:16,800
recognizes as such but enjoys 
anyway. 

2274
02:03:17,700 --> 02:03:19,700
A story about a knight and a 
dragon. 

2275
02:03:19,700 --> 02:03:23,700
The story about a clever peasant
who outwitted a demon. 

2276
02:03:24,500 --> 02:03:27,800
Story about ancient Kings and 
their great Deeds that probably 

2277
02:03:27,800 --> 02:03:31,600
never happened but the capture 
something true about human 

2278
02:03:31,600 --> 02:03:34,900
ambition and folly. 
Medieval people don't 

2279
02:03:34,900 --> 02:03:39,300
distinguish, sharply between 
history and Legend. between fact

2280
02:03:39,300 --> 02:03:43,800
and story, there are all ways of
understanding the world, all 

2281
02:03:43,800 --> 02:03:47,300
valid, in their own terms, he 
contribute Your Own Story, 

2282
02:03:47,300 --> 02:03:50,400
something that happened to you 
years ago, that's become Smooth 

2283
02:03:50,400 --> 02:03:55,300
by repeated, telling him into 
something almost Mythic Facts 

2284
02:03:55,300 --> 02:03:58,700
have been simplified the 
timeline compressed and the 

2285
02:03:58,700 --> 02:04:02,400
ending made more satisfying than
the messy reality probably was. 

2286
02:04:03,200 --> 02:04:06,400
But the story Works drawing 
laughter and response from your 

2287
02:04:06,400 --> 02:04:10,500
audience creating connection 
through shared narrative the 

2288
02:04:10,500 --> 02:04:14,900
evening meal arrives, more food,
always more food but tonight it 

2289
02:04:14,900 --> 02:04:18,400
feels less like gorging and more
like fuel for the storytelling. 

2290
02:04:19,100 --> 02:04:22,000
You eat without paying much 
attention, focused on the 

2291
02:04:22,000 --> 02:04:26,100
conversation, on the faces 
around, you lit by firelight and

2292
02:04:26,100 --> 02:04:29,600
on the sense of being exactly 
where you belong as Knight 

2293
02:04:29,600 --> 02:04:32,600
deepens, the Gathering settles 
into comfortable companionship. 

2294
02:04:33,300 --> 02:04:37,400
The story slow, and eventually 
stop replaced by the contented 

2295
02:04:37,400 --> 02:04:41,500
Silence of people who've said 
what needed saying and are now 

2296
02:04:41,500 --> 02:04:43,000
content to Simply exist 
together. 

2297
02:04:44,300 --> 02:04:48,600
Fire crackles, someone shifts 
position, and a dog size in 

2298
02:04:48,600 --> 02:04:50,900
sleep. 
Small sounds that emphasize 

2299
02:04:50,900 --> 02:04:55,000
rather than break the quiet you.
Let your mind drift again this 

2300
02:04:55,000 --> 02:04:56,800
time forward rather than 
backward. 

2301
02:04:57,700 --> 02:05:01,500
What will next Christmas bring 
will everyone currently present 

2302
02:05:01,500 --> 02:05:04,600
be here to celebrate it. 
Will new people join the 

2303
02:05:04,600 --> 02:05:07,300
Gathering While others depart 
through death or distance. 

2304
02:05:08,400 --> 02:05:11,700
Future is on Noble, which 
medieval people except with the 

2305
02:05:11,708 --> 02:05:15,000
later ages will find that 
admirable or fatalistic, 

2306
02:05:15,000 --> 02:05:18,700
depending on their perspective. 
But that's a future concern 

2307
02:05:18,700 --> 02:05:23,400
tonight, surrounded by community
and warmth with stories told and

2308
02:05:23,400 --> 02:05:25,800
heard your content with the 
present moment. 

2309
02:05:27,200 --> 02:05:30,500
This is what the Christmas 
season offers, not just feasting

2310
02:05:30,500 --> 02:05:33,700
and entertainment but these 
quieter moments of connection 

2311
02:05:33,700 --> 02:05:37,500
and reflection of understanding 
your place within the larger 

2312
02:05:37,500 --> 02:05:42,400
patterns of community and time. 
The fire burns on Eternal in the

2313
02:05:42,400 --> 02:05:44,100
moment. 
Even though, you know, it will 

2314
02:05:44,100 --> 02:05:46,000
eventually consume its Fuel and 
die. 

2315
02:05:46,800 --> 02:05:48,300
But there will be more wood 
tomorrow. 

2316
02:05:48,300 --> 02:05:52,800
More fires to warm, future 
Knights and more Christmases to 

2317
02:05:52,800 --> 02:05:57,300
celebrate in years, to come the 
patterns, repeat the Cycles turn

2318
02:05:57,300 --> 02:05:59,700
and you're part of something 
that extends beyond your 

2319
02:05:59,708 --> 02:06:02,300
individual life into past and 
future alike. 

2320
02:06:02,300 --> 02:06:05,100
It's a comforting thought this 
sense of continuity. 

2321
02:06:05,900 --> 02:06:07,600
You're not alone. 
Not really. 

2322
02:06:08,400 --> 02:06:11,500
You're connected to everyone, 
who came before and everyone who

2323
02:06:11,500 --> 02:06:14,600
will come after all of you 
celebrating the same season, 

2324
02:06:14,600 --> 02:06:16,900
marking the same turning of the 
Year. 

2325
02:06:16,900 --> 02:06:20,200
Finding meaning in similar 
rituals of light and want and 

2326
02:06:20,200 --> 02:06:23,800
fellowship. 
Sleep comes easily to night your

2327
02:06:23,800 --> 02:06:26,200
mind settled by reflection and 
connection. 

2328
02:06:26,200 --> 02:06:31,300
Your body warm from fire and 
wine your spirit content with 

2329
02:06:31,300 --> 02:06:35,100
its place in the world. 
Tomorrow will bring another day 

2330
02:06:35,100 --> 02:06:39,900
of Celebration but for now this 
moment of Peace by the fire is 

2331
02:06:39,900 --> 02:06:42,400
enough. 
More than enough, everything 

2332
02:06:42,400 --> 02:06:45,600
really everything. 
The final days of the Christmas 

2333
02:06:45,600 --> 02:06:48,700
season arrived with a feeling 
that simultaneously Melanie and 

2334
02:06:48,700 --> 02:06:51,200
relieved. 
The celebration has been 

2335
02:06:51,200 --> 02:06:54,500
glorious. 
The fellowship genuine and the 

2336
02:06:54,500 --> 02:06:58,600
feasting abundant, but even the 
best parties must eventually end

2337
02:06:58,600 --> 02:07:01,300
a medieval stamina has its 
limits. 

2338
02:07:02,100 --> 02:07:05,100
You wake on what you determine 
must be somewhere around the 

2339
02:07:05,100 --> 02:07:08,900
10th or 11th day of Christmas, 
your body informing you. 

2340
02:07:08,900 --> 02:07:12,200
With some emphasis that it would
appreciate a return to normal, 

2341
02:07:12,200 --> 02:07:15,000
eating patterns and regular 
sleep schedules. 

2342
02:07:15,000 --> 02:07:18,300
The manor house shows signs of 
the continuous celebration. 

2343
02:07:19,000 --> 02:07:22,900
The Great Hall despite daily 
cleanings has accumulated the 

2344
02:07:22,900 --> 02:07:26,500
patina of 12 days of use. 
The rushes on the floor. 

2345
02:07:26,500 --> 02:07:30,300
Need replacing the tables are 
showing permanent stains from 

2346
02:07:30,300 --> 02:07:35,000
spilled, wine and dropped food. 
Even the decorations, the holy 

2347
02:07:35,000 --> 02:07:37,800
and Ivy, that seems so fresh on 
Christmas Eve, are looking 

2348
02:07:37,800 --> 02:07:41,400
tired, their leaves drooping 
their branches drying out. 

2349
02:07:41,400 --> 02:07:45,600
They're still a piffany ahead. 
The 12th night when the 

2350
02:07:45,608 --> 02:07:49,000
Christmas season of officially 
concludes with one final 

2351
02:07:49,000 --> 02:07:51,600
celebration. 
Honoring the arrival of the 

2352
02:07:51,600 --> 02:07:55,800
three kings at Christ's Manger. 
This last Feast will Mark the 

2353
02:07:55,800 --> 02:07:59,600
transition back to ordinary time
to the regular patterns of work 

2354
02:07:59,600 --> 02:08:02,400
and obligation that structure 
medieval life outside. 

2355
02:08:02,400 --> 02:08:05,300
The holy Seasons. 
He spend the morning helping 

2356
02:08:05,300 --> 02:08:08,900
with preparations partly from 
obligation and partly from the 

2357
02:08:08,900 --> 02:08:12,200
recognition that keeping busy 
makes time pass more pleasantly.

2358
02:08:13,500 --> 02:08:16,500
The kitchen is preparing yet. 
Another Feast though. 

2359
02:08:16,500 --> 02:08:19,500
The Kooks enthusiasm seemed 
somewhat diminished by two weeks

2360
02:08:19,500 --> 02:08:23,500
of continuous cooking. 
You help where you can chopping 

2361
02:08:23,500 --> 02:08:27,000
vegetables with less Precision 
than the task probably requires.

2362
02:08:27,700 --> 02:08:30,400
Stirring pots, and trying to 
stay out of the way. 

2363
02:08:30,400 --> 02:08:34,700
When actual competent Cooks need
space to work, the final feasts 

2364
02:08:34,700 --> 02:08:38,300
menu represents a greatest hits 
collection from the past 12 days

2365
02:08:38,300 --> 02:08:41,500
dishes that were particularly 
successful reappear. 

2366
02:08:42,300 --> 02:08:45,500
While experiments that didn't 
work so well, acquire omitted, 

2367
02:08:45,500 --> 02:08:49,300
the ball makes a final 
appearance or at least parts of 

2368
02:08:49,300 --> 02:08:51,000
it. 
Do transformed into a pie that 

2369
02:08:51,008 --> 02:08:54,700
combines the remaining meet with
so many spice's that its 

2370
02:08:54,700 --> 02:08:58,400
original identity is more 
theoretical than actual More 

2371
02:08:58,400 --> 02:09:00,800
peacock. 
Because apparently the first 

2372
02:09:00,800 --> 02:09:02,200
peacock wasn't displaying 
enough. 

2373
02:09:03,800 --> 02:09:07,300
Fish dishes that honor religious
tradition while secretly making 

2374
02:09:07,300 --> 02:09:09,100
everyone wish for just a little 
more meat. 

2375
02:09:09,900 --> 02:09:12,800
The subtlety for tonight's, 
Feast is reportedly even more 

2376
02:09:12,800 --> 02:09:15,300
elaborate than previous offering
though. 

2377
02:09:15,300 --> 02:09:17,800
The kitchen is keeping it hidden
until the proper moment of 

2378
02:09:17,800 --> 02:09:20,200
Revelation. 
You've caught glimpses, 

2379
02:09:20,200 --> 02:09:24,500
something involving castles and 
possibly dragons, all made from 

2380
02:09:24,500 --> 02:09:27,500
March pain, and sugar work that 
represents someone's heroic 

2381
02:09:27,500 --> 02:09:30,000
effort. 
But the full effect is being 

2382
02:09:30,000 --> 02:09:31,500
saved. 
For Maximum Impact. 

2383
02:09:31,500 --> 02:09:34,200
The afternoon, brings a 
reflective quality. 

2384
02:09:35,100 --> 02:09:37,400
A sense of ending. 
That makes you notice details. 

2385
02:09:37,400 --> 02:09:41,100
You've been taking for granted 
The way fillet plays on the 

2386
02:09:41,108 --> 02:09:44,300
great Halls walls, the sound of 
familiar voices and 

2387
02:09:44,300 --> 02:09:47,900
conversation. 
Smell of wood smoke and food and

2388
02:09:47,900 --> 02:09:50,500
the accumulated of two weeks of 
Celebration. 

2389
02:09:51,800 --> 02:09:54,900
These sensory experiences of 
surrounded you constantly. 

2390
02:09:54,900 --> 02:09:58,600
But now knowing their about to 
end, they suddenly seemed 

2391
02:09:58,600 --> 02:10:00,800
precious and worth fixing in 
memory. 

2392
02:10:00,800 --> 02:10:04,500
Some guests, begin to party 
needing to return to their own 

2393
02:10:04,500 --> 02:10:06,700
manners and obligations before a
piffany. 

2394
02:10:07,600 --> 02:10:11,000
The farewells are genuine and 
Promises to visit in the new 

2395
02:10:11,000 --> 02:10:14,600
year or exchanged with the 
understanding that such visits 

2396
02:10:14,600 --> 02:10:18,700
may or may not actually happen 
depending on whether work and 

2397
02:10:18,700 --> 02:10:21,200
the other factors that govern 
medieval life. 

2398
02:10:22,100 --> 02:10:26,200
You participate in the goodbyes 
feeling that peculiar medieval 

2399
02:10:26,200 --> 02:10:30,100
blend of formality and warmth 
that characterizes relationships

2400
02:10:30,100 --> 02:10:33,300
between people who are neither 
family, nor strangers, but 

2401
02:10:33,300 --> 02:10:37,000
something in between as evening 
approaches the household gathers

2402
02:10:37,000 --> 02:10:40,400
for the final Feast with an 
energy that is different from 

2403
02:10:40,400 --> 02:10:43,900
previous nights. 
They're still enthusiasm but 

2404
02:10:43,900 --> 02:10:47,100
it's tempered by fatigue and the
knowledge that this is the last 

2405
02:10:47,100 --> 02:10:51,000
such gathering for many months. 
The next major celebration will 

2406
02:10:51,000 --> 02:10:53,900
be Easter and that feels 
impossibly distant from the 

2407
02:10:53,900 --> 02:10:56,800
December evening. 
The meal begins with the usual 

2408
02:10:56,800 --> 02:11:00,000
ceremony, but proceeds with 
slightly less Gusto than earlier

2409
02:11:00,000 --> 02:11:03,400
Feasts. people are eating 
because it's expected more than 

2410
02:11:03,400 --> 02:11:07,000
because they're actually hungry 
after 12 days of continuous, 

2411
02:11:07,000 --> 02:11:10,200
feasting You work your way 
through a plate of food, that 

2412
02:11:10,200 --> 02:11:13,500
would have excited you immensely
to weeks ago, but now seems 

2413
02:11:13,500 --> 02:11:16,800
somewhat redundant. 
How many different ways can one 

2414
02:11:16,800 --> 02:11:19,700
prepare roasted meat? 
Apparently quite a few. 

2415
02:11:19,708 --> 02:11:22,700
But at this point, they're all 
starting to taste similar 

2416
02:11:22,700 --> 02:11:26,600
regardless of spices and sauces.
The subtleties revealed draws 

2417
02:11:26,600 --> 02:11:31,000
appropriate gasps of admiration.
It's a March pain, castles even 

2418
02:11:31,000 --> 02:11:34,400
more elaborate than previous 
attempts, complete with tiny 

2419
02:11:34,400 --> 02:11:37,900
sugar Knights and what appears 
to be a dragon made from spun 

2420
02:11:37,900 --> 02:11:39,400
sugar. 
That's colored red with some 

2421
02:11:39,400 --> 02:11:42,100
kind of dye. 
The artistic achievement is 

2422
02:11:42,100 --> 02:11:45,200
remarkable and everyone 
acknowledges it appropriately 

2423
02:11:45,200 --> 02:11:47,800
before the structures dismantled
and consumed. 

2424
02:11:48,700 --> 02:11:52,500
Medieval art is meant to be 
temporary Beauty created for the

2425
02:11:52,500 --> 02:11:56,400
moment rather than preserved for
posterity entertainment, for the

2426
02:11:56,400 --> 02:11:59,700
final night, includes the best 
performance from the past 12 

2427
02:11:59,700 --> 02:12:02,100
days. 
The minstrel plays his favorite 

2428
02:12:02,100 --> 02:12:05,000
songs. 
The Storyteller accounts is most

2429
02:12:05,000 --> 02:12:08,100
successful Tale, the jugular 
performs his most impressive 

2430
02:12:08,100 --> 02:12:12,300
routine adding even more knives 
to his rotation until it seems 

2431
02:12:12,300 --> 02:12:14,800
impossible that he won't 
accidentally stab someone. 

2432
02:12:15,900 --> 02:12:19,500
Medieval audiences appreciate 
technical skill and tonight's 

2433
02:12:19,500 --> 02:12:23,100
performance is represent Mastery
earned through years of practice

2434
02:12:23,100 --> 02:12:27,000
as dancing again. 
But gentler this time, as if 

2435
02:12:27,000 --> 02:12:29,400
everyone's collectively 
acknowledged that aggressive 

2436
02:12:29,400 --> 02:12:32,000
celebration would be more than 
tired bodies can manage. 

2437
02:12:32,900 --> 02:12:35,000
A carols are sung with real 
feelings. 

2438
02:12:35,000 --> 02:12:38,700
He's familiar songs taking on 
extra meaning as they Mark the 

2439
02:12:38,700 --> 02:12:42,100
end of the season. 
You join the singing, your voice

2440
02:12:42,100 --> 02:12:45,000
blending with dozens of others 
in harmony, that are more 

2441
02:12:45,000 --> 02:12:47,800
enthusiastic than perfect. 
But the creates Something 

2442
02:12:47,800 --> 02:12:50,300
Beautiful. 
Nonetheless, as midnight 

2443
02:12:50,300 --> 02:12:53,900
approaches, the Gathering takes 
on a more solemn tone Epiphany. 

2444
02:12:53,900 --> 02:12:55,700
Celebrates the arrival of the 
major. 

2445
02:12:55,700 --> 02:12:59,200
I, those wise men from the East 
to follow the star to find the 

2446
02:12:59,200 --> 02:12:59,900
Christ. 
Child. 

2447
02:13:01,000 --> 02:13:03,700
In medieval thinking, they 
represent the inclusion of 

2448
02:13:03,700 --> 02:13:07,200
Gentiles and Christianity's 
promise the expansion of 

2449
02:13:07,208 --> 02:13:10,700
Salvation Beyond its Jewish 
Origins to Encompass the entire 

2450
02:13:10,700 --> 02:13:14,600
world. 
It's heavy theological stuff but

2451
02:13:14,600 --> 02:13:16,900
mostly you think about the 
journey, those men made 

2452
02:13:16,900 --> 02:13:20,000
traveling vast distances 
following what they believed 

2453
02:13:20,000 --> 02:13:22,400
was. 
Divine guidance arriving to 

2454
02:13:22,400 --> 02:13:24,500
offer gifts to a baby born in 
poverty. 

2455
02:13:24,500 --> 02:13:28,500
The story resonates in ways that
transcend its religious meaning 

2456
02:13:29,500 --> 02:13:32,700
The idea of a journey of 
following something, you believe

2457
02:13:32,700 --> 02:13:34,600
in even when the path is 
unclear. 

2458
02:13:35,500 --> 02:13:38,200
Of offering what you have to 
something greater than yourself.

2459
02:13:38,200 --> 02:13:41,900
These are Universal Human 
Experience, is that medieval 

2460
02:13:41,900 --> 02:13:45,900
people understand, viscerally. 
Your own life has been a journey

2461
02:13:45,900 --> 02:13:50,800
of sorts with paths taken and 
not take and decisions made with

2462
02:13:50,800 --> 02:13:54,200
imperfect information and faith,
that things will work out 

2463
02:13:54,200 --> 02:13:56,000
combined with effort to make 
them do. 

2464
02:13:56,000 --> 02:13:58,700
So a blessing is pronounced over
the Gathering. 

2465
02:13:58,700 --> 02:14:02,300
The Priest speaking words that 
commend everyone to God's care 

2466
02:14:02,300 --> 02:14:05,200
in the coming year. 
The prayer is in Latin 

2467
02:14:05,200 --> 02:14:08,400
naturally, but the sentiment 
comes through clearly enough. 

2468
02:14:08,400 --> 02:14:11,400
May you be safe? 
May you prosper. 

2469
02:14:11,400 --> 02:14:14,400
May you live to celebrate 
together again next Christmas. 

2470
02:14:15,500 --> 02:14:18,700
Simple wishes that carry weight 
because medieval life makes none

2471
02:14:18,700 --> 02:14:22,200
of them guaranteed the Gathering
begins to disperse. 

2472
02:14:23,000 --> 02:14:26,300
People seeking their beds with 
the satisfaction of Celebration 

2473
02:14:26,300 --> 02:14:28,700
completed. 
The Great Hall will be 

2474
02:14:28,708 --> 02:14:32,000
thoroughly cleaned tomorrow, the
decorations removed and the 

2475
02:14:32,000 --> 02:14:35,900
normal routine resumed. 
But tonight for these Final 

2476
02:14:35,900 --> 02:14:39,700
hours, the Christmas season 
still holds protecting you 

2477
02:14:39,700 --> 02:14:43,400
within its bubble of sanctioned 
celebration before releasing you

2478
02:14:43,400 --> 02:14:45,900
back to the regular patterns of 
medieval existence. 

2479
02:14:45,900 --> 02:14:49,900
You find yourself as you have on
previous nights near the fire 

2480
02:14:49,900 --> 02:14:53,200
watching the Flames with 
thoughts that are too scattered 

2481
02:14:53,200 --> 02:14:57,400
to form coherent patterns. 
The Yule Log has burned down to 

2482
02:14:57,400 --> 02:15:00,500
almost nothing. 
Soon to be extinguished, its 

2483
02:15:00,500 --> 02:15:03,800
remains saved to light next. 
Year's log in continuation of 

2484
02:15:03,800 --> 02:15:07,100
tradition. 
Fires warmth, still surrounds 

2485
02:15:07,100 --> 02:15:10,400
you but you can sense the cold, 
Beyond it, winter. 

2486
02:15:10,400 --> 02:15:13,700
Still holding the world. 
In its grip, despite Christmases

2487
02:15:13,700 --> 02:15:22,100
temporary defiance. 
Picture London on a warm 

2488
02:15:22,100 --> 02:15:24,300
evening. 
In late August, 1939. 

2489
02:15:25,400 --> 02:15:28,500
The Sun is setting over the 
Thames, painting, the sky in 

2490
02:15:28,500 --> 02:15:32,100
shades of Amber and Rose that 
reflect off the river's surface 

2491
02:15:32,100 --> 02:15:35,400
like liquid copper. 
Street lamps are beginning their

2492
02:15:35,400 --> 02:15:38,800
nightly ritual that gentle 
flickering as they come to life,

2493
02:15:38,800 --> 02:15:42,500
one by one, creating pools of 
yellow warmth along the 

2494
02:15:42,508 --> 02:15:45,900
Pavements. 
Shop Windows glow with displays 

2495
02:15:45,900 --> 02:15:49,500
of summer dresses and wireless 
sets, casting, rectangles of 

2496
02:15:49,500 --> 02:15:53,500
light onto the sidewalks where 
couples stroll arm in arm their 

2497
02:15:53,500 --> 02:15:55,800
Shadows long and lazy in the 
golden hour. 

2498
02:15:56,500 --> 02:15:58,900
You can hear the particular 
sounds of a city and it's 

2499
02:15:58,908 --> 02:16:02,100
evening mode. 
The rumble of red, double decker

2500
02:16:02,100 --> 02:16:06,100
buses, the clip-clop of delivery
horses making their final rounds

2501
02:16:06,100 --> 02:16:10,000
and the cheerful Ting of bicycle
bells as workers, pedal home for

2502
02:16:10,000 --> 02:16:12,400
supper. 
From open Windows. 

2503
02:16:12,400 --> 02:16:17,000
Comes the smell of cooking roast
dinners, boiled potatoes, and 

2504
02:16:17,000 --> 02:16:18,900
the yeasty warmth of fresh 
bread. 

2505
02:16:20,000 --> 02:16:23,700
Radio's play dance music, the 
kind with horns and steady, 

2506
02:16:23,700 --> 02:16:26,400
rhythms that make your foot, tap
out thinking about it. 

2507
02:16:27,200 --> 02:16:30,400
In Paris, the cafes are feeling 
with their usual evening crowd. 

2508
02:16:31,200 --> 02:16:33,400
The Eiffel Tower stands 
illuminated against the 

2509
02:16:33,400 --> 02:16:36,799
darkening. 
Sky it iron, lattice outlined in

2510
02:16:36,799 --> 02:16:40,400
electric brilliant, like a piece
of jewelry against velvet. 

2511
02:16:41,200 --> 02:16:43,400
There are neon signs advertising
a parody. 

2512
02:16:43,400 --> 02:16:47,000
Warm light coming from 
restaurant interiors, and the 

2513
02:16:47,000 --> 02:16:50,900
headlamps of citrus and Reno's 
making rivers of light along the

2514
02:16:50,900 --> 02:16:54,400
Sean silly. 
Street musicians play accordions

2515
02:16:54,400 --> 02:16:58,200
on Corners their cases open for 
coins that clink with a 

2516
02:16:58,200 --> 02:17:03,000
satisfying metallic ring. 
Berlin 2 is bathed in light, the

2517
02:17:03,000 --> 02:17:06,100
grand buildings, along the den 
Linden, a floodlit. 

2518
02:17:06,100 --> 02:17:09,900
Then neoclassical facades 
standing proud and imposing. 

2519
02:17:10,700 --> 02:17:14,200
The shops, stay open late, their
Windows full of goods, that 

2520
02:17:14,200 --> 02:17:18,500
speak of prosperity and Order. 
Electric trams hum along their 

2521
02:17:18,500 --> 02:17:22,100
tracks, their Interiors bright. 
And modern filled with 

2522
02:17:22,100 --> 02:17:25,200
passengers, reading newspapers 
or chatting about their days. 

2523
02:17:26,100 --> 02:17:28,900
These cities of spent decades 
building their electrical 

2524
02:17:28,900 --> 02:17:33,299
infrastructure, stringing miles 
of cable, installing countless 

2525
02:17:33,299 --> 02:17:36,900
fixtures and creating networks 
of Illumination that have become

2526
02:17:36,900 --> 02:17:41,000
as fundamental to Urban Life as 
running water or paved streets. 

2527
02:17:42,000 --> 02:17:45,400
The age of electric light is 
barely 50 years old, still. 

2528
02:17:45,400 --> 02:17:48,900
Young enough to feel miraculous.
People who grew up with oil 

2529
02:17:48,900 --> 02:17:51,200
lamps and candles. 
Now flip switches without 

2530
02:17:51,200 --> 02:17:55,000
thinking Banishing, Darkness 
with a casual gesture that would

2531
02:17:55,000 --> 02:17:58,299
have seemed like Source reader. 
Their grandparents, But on 

2532
02:17:58,299 --> 02:18:03,100
September 1st 1939, Everything 
Changes, Germany invades Poland,

2533
02:18:03,100 --> 02:18:06,600
and within hours, Britain, and 
France are making preparations 

2534
02:18:06,600 --> 02:18:09,000
that have been planned in secret
for months. 

2535
02:18:10,000 --> 02:18:13,200
Government officials retrieved 
documents from locked safes, 

2536
02:18:13,200 --> 02:18:17,100
civil defense workers report to 
their posts and ordinary 

2537
02:18:17,100 --> 02:18:20,299
citizens receive instructions. 
That will alter the appearance 

2538
02:18:20,299 --> 02:18:24,100
of their world in ways, both 
profound and peculiar. 

2539
02:18:24,799 --> 02:18:27,799
The blackout is coming. 
You might wonder why Darkness 

2540
02:18:27,799 --> 02:18:29,700
would be chosen as a defense 
strategy. 

2541
02:18:29,700 --> 02:18:32,299
The logic is straightforward, 
but chilling. 

2542
02:18:33,100 --> 02:18:36,100
Bombers, navigating at night, 
need visual reference points to 

2543
02:18:36,100 --> 02:18:39,700
find their targets. 
A city Ablaze with light is as 

2544
02:18:39,700 --> 02:18:42,900
easy to spot from the air as a 
lighthouse on a dark Coast. 

2545
02:18:43,799 --> 02:18:47,000
Remove that light and the 
bombers are flying over an 

2546
02:18:47,000 --> 02:18:50,100
invisible landscape. 
Unable to distinguish a 

2547
02:18:50,100 --> 02:18:53,299
Munitions Factory from a 
residential neighborhood or a 

2548
02:18:53,299 --> 02:18:56,900
railway junk from a park. 
So, the decision is made. 

2549
02:18:57,799 --> 02:19:00,200
When night falls, the lights 
must go out. 

2550
02:19:01,100 --> 02:19:04,799
Not just some lights or most 
lights, but all lights. 

2551
02:19:05,700 --> 02:19:09,100
Every window must be covered 
every Street Lamp extinguished 

2552
02:19:09,100 --> 02:19:13,100
and every car driven with hooded
headlamps that cast, only the 

2553
02:19:13,100 --> 02:19:17,000
faintest glow. 
The great cities of Europe will 

2554
02:19:17,000 --> 02:19:20,600
disappear from view pulled 
beneath a blanket of Darkness as

2555
02:19:20,600 --> 02:19:23,100
complete as any medieval village
new. 

2556
02:19:24,000 --> 02:19:26,700
The preparations happen with 
remarkable speed. 

2557
02:19:27,500 --> 02:19:31,400
Shops sell out of black fabric 
within hours, hardware stores 

2558
02:19:31,400 --> 02:19:34,100
run out of paint, tape 
cardboard. 

2559
02:19:34,100 --> 02:19:38,000
Anything that might be used to 
block light the government has 

2560
02:19:38,000 --> 02:19:41,900
printed millions of leaflets 
explaining the regulations and 

2561
02:19:41,900 --> 02:19:45,299
these appear in letterboxes like
strange invitations to a 

2562
02:19:45,299 --> 02:19:48,900
backwards party where the goal 
is to extinguish rather than 

2563
02:19:48,900 --> 02:19:52,900
illuminate You can imagine the 
conversations happening in homes

2564
02:19:52,900 --> 02:19:54,800
across Britain that first 
weekend of September. 

2565
02:19:55,900 --> 02:19:59,300
Family standing in their parlors
looking at their windows with 

2566
02:19:59,300 --> 02:20:03,500
Newfound assessment calculating.
How many yards of material 

2567
02:20:03,500 --> 02:20:06,100
they'll need? 
Whether thick curtains will 

2568
02:20:06,100 --> 02:20:09,600
suffice or if they'll need 
something more substantial? 

2569
02:20:11,300 --> 02:20:14,900
There's an odd Domesticity to 
these calculations as if their 

2570
02:20:14,900 --> 02:20:18,500
redecorating for some peculiar 
aesthetic preference rather than

2571
02:20:18,500 --> 02:20:21,500
preparing for war. 
The instructions are specific 

2572
02:20:21,500 --> 02:20:24,600
and somewhat over Windows must 
be covered. 

2573
02:20:24,600 --> 02:20:27,000
So thoroughly that not a crack 
of light escape. 

2574
02:20:27,000 --> 02:20:31,900
This includes skylights glass 
doors and even the tiny windows 

2575
02:20:31,900 --> 02:20:34,900
in bathrooms. 
The penalty for showing light is

2576
02:20:34,900 --> 02:20:39,000
not insignificant. finds that 
could strain A Working Families 

2577
02:20:39,000 --> 02:20:43,000
budget and more importantly, the
social pressure of knowing that 

2578
02:20:43,000 --> 02:20:46,600
your carelessness might endanger
your neighbor's On September 

2579
02:20:46,600 --> 02:20:48,700
3rd, Britain. 
Officially declares war on 

2580
02:20:48,700 --> 02:20:51,200
Germany. 
That evening as Darkness 

2581
02:20:51,200 --> 02:20:53,100
approaches the blackout begins 
in earnest. 

2582
02:20:54,000 --> 02:20:58,000
It is a Sunday traditionally a 
day of rest, the family, dinners

2583
02:20:58,000 --> 02:21:01,200
and evening strolls. 
But this Sunday evening will be 

2584
02:21:01,200 --> 02:21:03,900
different from any of the nation
has known in living memory. 

2585
02:21:04,900 --> 02:21:09,300
Sun sets at approximately 7:30 
p.m. on that first blackout 

2586
02:21:09,300 --> 02:21:15,800
evening in early September 1939.
Twilight deepens, you would 

2587
02:21:15,800 --> 02:21:19,600
notice something extraordinary 
happening or rather not 

2588
02:21:19,600 --> 02:21:22,700
happening. 
The usual sequence of light's 

2589
02:21:22,700 --> 02:21:24,800
Awakening across the city simply
doesn't occur. 

2590
02:21:25,800 --> 02:21:28,700
The street lamps. 
Remained dark shop windows. 

2591
02:21:28,700 --> 02:21:31,800
Stay on lit. 
The Familiar glow that typically

2592
02:21:31,800 --> 02:21:35,100
begins to Define buildings and 
streets remained absent. 

2593
02:21:35,900 --> 02:21:39,900
Instead there's a collective 
dimming as if someone is slowly 

2594
02:21:39,900 --> 02:21:42,700
turning down the brightness 
control on the entire world. 

2595
02:21:43,900 --> 02:21:47,200
As the last and natural light 
Fades from the west and Sky, 

2596
02:21:47,200 --> 02:21:50,500
Darkness arrives with unusual 
completeness. 

2597
02:21:51,200 --> 02:21:55,000
Not the partial darkness of a 
normal night punctuated by 

2598
02:21:55,000 --> 02:21:58,100
human-made illumination, but 
something approaching the 

2599
02:21:58,100 --> 02:22:00,300
darkness of the countryside or 
Wilderness. 

2600
02:22:00,300 --> 02:22:04,200
The kind of dark that City 
dwellers might encounter only on

2601
02:22:04,200 --> 02:22:06,100
camping trips or during power 
outages. 

2602
02:22:06,100 --> 02:22:11,600
The cycle impact is immediate 
and disorienting human beings 

2603
02:22:11,600 --> 02:22:14,500
have an ancient hardwired 
response to Darkness. 

2604
02:22:15,200 --> 02:22:20,000
We are diurnal creatures adapted
for daylight activity and are 

2605
02:22:20,000 --> 02:22:21,800
nervous. 
Systems treat Darkness as a 

2606
02:22:21,800 --> 02:22:24,100
signal for rest or potential 
Danger. 

2607
02:22:25,000 --> 02:22:27,500
A thousands of years. 
Darkness meant Retreat to 

2608
02:22:27,500 --> 02:22:31,500
shelter gathering around fires 
and seizing productive, 

2609
02:22:31,500 --> 02:22:35,800
activity, until sunrise. 
Electric light changed all that 

2610
02:22:35,800 --> 02:22:39,800
extending the day after fishly 
allowing cities to function 

2611
02:22:39,800 --> 02:22:43,100
Around the Clock. 
Now suddenly that ancient 

2612
02:22:43,100 --> 02:22:47,300
relationship with darkness is 
restored but in an urban context

2613
02:22:47,300 --> 02:22:50,700
where it feels profoundly 
unnatural your surrounded by 

2614
02:22:50,700 --> 02:22:53,800
buildings and streets the 
infrastructure of modern 

2615
02:22:53,800 --> 02:22:57,700
civilization yet experienced in 
a darkness that belongs to a 

2616
02:22:57,700 --> 02:23:01,500
pre-industrial era. 
It creates a kind of temporal 

2617
02:23:01,500 --> 02:23:05,400
vertigo as if you've traveled 
backward in time while remaining

2618
02:23:05,400 --> 02:23:08,800
physically in the present. 
The first challenge is simply 

2619
02:23:08,800 --> 02:23:11,800
moving around. 
Walking down a familiar Street, 

2620
02:23:11,800 --> 02:23:13,800
becomes an exercise, and careful
navigation. 

2621
02:23:13,800 --> 02:23:17,500
Your eyes, strained to 
distinguish shapes in the Gloom.

2622
02:23:17,500 --> 02:23:21,300
The outline of a pillar box. 
The curve of a curb silhouette 

2623
02:23:21,300 --> 02:23:24,700
of another person approaching 
curbs and steps become hazards. 

2624
02:23:25,500 --> 02:23:28,200
More than one person trips over 
their own doorstep. 

2625
02:23:28,200 --> 02:23:31,700
In those early blackout, 
evenings misjudging distances in

2626
02:23:31,700 --> 02:23:35,600
the absence of light. 
Cars and buses face even greater

2627
02:23:35,600 --> 02:23:39,100
challenges vehicle headlamps 
must be fitted with special 

2628
02:23:39,100 --> 02:23:43,600
covers that restrict their light
to a tiny slit casting only the 

2629
02:23:43,600 --> 02:23:45,200
weakest beam onto the road 
ahead. 

2630
02:23:46,200 --> 02:23:48,100
Imagine driving at walking 
speed. 

2631
02:23:48,900 --> 02:23:51,100
Appearing through your 
windshield at a street, you can 

2632
02:23:51,100 --> 02:23:55,000
barely see watching for 
pedestrians who appear as mere 

2633
02:23:55,000 --> 02:23:58,300
shadows and trying to avoid 
other vehicles that are equally 

2634
02:23:58,300 --> 02:24:02,300
difficult to spot. 
The accident in these early 

2635
02:24:02,300 --> 02:24:04,400
blackout days, Spike's 
alarmingly. 

2636
02:24:05,200 --> 02:24:09,600
Collisions between Vehicles, 
cars striking pedestrians and 

2637
02:24:09,600 --> 02:24:12,400
people walking into lampposts or
falling into gutters. 

2638
02:24:13,400 --> 02:24:16,400
There's a particular comedy to 
some of these mishaps though. 

2639
02:24:16,400 --> 02:24:18,100
Nobody finds them funny at the 
time. 

2640
02:24:19,000 --> 02:24:23,100
Respectable citizens, stumble 
into Hedges delivery boys. 

2641
02:24:23,100 --> 02:24:26,800
Cycle into parked cars, a bishop
walking home from evening 

2642
02:24:26,800 --> 02:24:29,600
service mistakes. 
A strangers front gate for his 

2643
02:24:29,600 --> 02:24:32,800
own and spend several confused 
minutes trying to unlock it 

2644
02:24:32,800 --> 02:24:36,500
before realising his error. 
These little disasters, become 

2645
02:24:36,500 --> 02:24:40,700
part of the blackout experience 
stories to share over tea and 

2646
02:24:40,700 --> 02:24:43,200
evidence that everyone is 
struggling with the same 

2647
02:24:43,200 --> 02:24:46,100
Strange. 
New Reality, the government's 

2648
02:24:46,100 --> 02:24:50,000
Airaid, precautions wardens 
quickly, nicknamed ARP wardens, 

2649
02:24:50,000 --> 02:24:53,300
begin their patrols. 
These are ordinary citizens, 

2650
02:24:53,300 --> 02:24:56,400
volunteers and part-timers. 
Give them the authority to 

2651
02:24:56,400 --> 02:25:00,000
enforce blackout regulations. 
They walked the streets with 

2652
02:25:00,000 --> 02:25:03,500
masked torches watching for any 
violation. 

2653
02:25:03,500 --> 02:25:06,800
Any crack of light that might 
betray a city's presence to 

2654
02:25:06,800 --> 02:25:10,500
aircraft overhead. 
The wardens develop a certain 

2655
02:25:10,500 --> 02:25:14,400
reputation for zealousness. 
They'll not sharply on doors. 

2656
02:25:14,400 --> 02:25:17,900
At the faintest glimpse of 
light, their voice is carrying 

2657
02:25:17,900 --> 02:25:19,500
through the darkness with 
urgent. 

2658
02:25:19,500 --> 02:25:23,900
Whispers, put that light out, 
the phrase becomes so common it 

2659
02:25:23,900 --> 02:25:27,400
turns into a kind of Catchphrase
repeated in music halls and 

2660
02:25:27,400 --> 02:25:31,400
radio comedies of verbal symbol 
of the blackouts intrusion into 

2661
02:25:31,400 --> 02:25:33,500
private life. 
Inside. 

2662
02:25:33,500 --> 02:25:36,900
Homes, families are adapting to 
their new evening routines. 

2663
02:25:36,900 --> 02:25:40,300
The process of preparing for 
blackout becomes a nightly 

2664
02:25:40,300 --> 02:25:44,100
ritual performed. 
As Twilight approaches You would

2665
02:25:44,100 --> 02:25:47,000
rise from your chair set down 
your tea and begin, the 

2666
02:25:47,000 --> 02:25:51,000
systematic covering of windows. 
Some families use elaborate 

2667
02:25:51,000 --> 02:25:55,000
curtain systems heavy fabric on 
tracks that slide into place. 

2668
02:25:55,700 --> 02:25:59,300
Others make do with simpler 
Solutions, blankets pinned over 

2669
02:25:59,308 --> 02:26:03,700
frames, sheets of cardboard 
wedged into place and layers of 

2670
02:26:03,700 --> 02:26:08,100
newspaper taped to glass. 
The effect on interior space is 

2671
02:26:08,100 --> 02:26:11,800
claustrophobic. 
With Windows covered rooms, lose

2672
02:26:11,800 --> 02:26:13,300
their connection to the outside 
world. 

2673
02:26:14,100 --> 02:26:17,100
You can't glance out to check. 
The weather, can't see the 

2674
02:26:17,100 --> 02:26:20,200
comforting glow of neighboring 
houses and can't watch the moon 

2675
02:26:20,200 --> 02:26:24,900
rise or stars appear your home 
becomes a sealed box cut off 

2676
02:26:24,900 --> 02:26:28,200
from the usual, visual reference
points that Orient you in time 

2677
02:26:28,208 --> 02:26:30,900
and space. 
Lighting inside must be 

2678
02:26:30,900 --> 02:26:34,300
carefully, managed too many 
families reduce their use of 

2679
02:26:34,308 --> 02:26:37,700
electric lights. 
Partly from habit saving 

2680
02:26:37,700 --> 02:26:40,900
resources for the war effort and
partly from an almost 

2681
02:26:40,900 --> 02:26:44,600
superstitious fear that somehow 
light will escape despite their 

2682
02:26:44,600 --> 02:26:48,200
precautions. 
They rely instead on single dim 

2683
02:26:48,200 --> 02:26:52,200
bulbs or return to older 
Technologies oil, lamps candles 

2684
02:26:52,200 --> 02:26:53,900
and gas light where it's still 
available. 

2685
02:26:54,800 --> 02:26:57,900
Quality of light changes 
becoming warmer but weaker 

2686
02:26:57,900 --> 02:27:01,700
creating Deep Shadows in room 
Corners, making reading 

2687
02:27:01,700 --> 02:27:04,300
difficult and turning evening 
hours into something. 

2688
02:27:04,300 --> 02:27:08,400
Quieter and more subdued There's
an economic Dimension to this 

2689
02:27:08,400 --> 02:27:12,600
Darkness too electric company is
reduced their output as demand 

2690
02:27:12,600 --> 02:27:15,600
plummets. 
Coal consumption drops as power 

2691
02:27:15,600 --> 02:27:18,300
stations. 
Throttle back Street Maintenance

2692
02:27:18,300 --> 02:27:20,600
Crews. 
No longer need to service lamps.

2693
02:27:21,500 --> 02:27:25,200
The entire infrastructure of 
urban illumination built up over

2694
02:27:25,200 --> 02:27:29,000
decades sits idle. 
It's as if a major technological

2695
02:27:29,000 --> 02:27:32,300
achievement has been suddenly 
paused put on hold for the 

2696
02:27:32,300 --> 02:27:36,400
duration of Perhaps the most 
striking aspect of these first 

2697
02:27:36,400 --> 02:27:40,400
blackout nights is the quiet. 
With activities, constrained by 

2698
02:27:40,400 --> 02:27:44,400
Darkness with people staying in 
doors more and with traffic 

2699
02:27:44,400 --> 02:27:49,000
reduced to a cautious, crawl 
cities, become genuinely hushed 

2700
02:27:49,000 --> 02:27:52,300
in a way, they have not been 
since the 19th century. 

2701
02:27:53,800 --> 02:27:57,000
Standing on a London Street at 
9:00 on a blackout evening. 

2702
02:27:57,000 --> 02:28:00,300
You might hear sound that 
normally drowned in the urban 

2703
02:28:00,300 --> 02:28:03,500
cacophony. 
Wind rustling through plain 

2704
02:28:03,500 --> 02:28:06,900
trees. 
The distant hoot of an owl and a

2705
02:28:06,900 --> 02:28:09,200
park. 
Your own footsteps, echoing off,

2706
02:28:09,200 --> 02:28:13,200
building facades The Creeks of 
your shoe leather and The 

2707
02:28:13,200 --> 02:28:18,000
Whisper of your coat. 
This quiet has its own peculiar 

2708
02:28:18,000 --> 02:28:20,700
quality. 
Different from the Silence of 

2709
02:28:20,700 --> 02:28:24,800
the countryside or wilderness. 
It's a metropolitan quiet. 

2710
02:28:24,800 --> 02:28:28,400
The sound of millions of people 
deliberately hushing themselves 

2711
02:28:28,400 --> 02:28:32,400
suppressing their normal 
activities and existing in a 

2712
02:28:32,400 --> 02:28:36,500
state of communal restraint. 
It feels pregnant with potential

2713
02:28:36,500 --> 02:28:40,300
as if the city is holding. 
Its breath waiting for something

2714
02:28:40,300 --> 02:28:44,700
to happen or not happen. 
The September progresses into 

2715
02:28:44,700 --> 02:28:47,200
October and October into 
November. 

2716
02:28:48,000 --> 02:28:51,600
The blackout stops being a 
shocking novelty and becomes 

2717
02:28:51,600 --> 02:28:53,500
Instead. 
The New Normal. 

2718
02:28:54,500 --> 02:28:57,900
Human beings are remarkably 
adaptable creatures, and people 

2719
02:28:57,900 --> 02:29:01,400
develop strategies habits and 
even preferences around their 

2720
02:29:01,400 --> 02:29:04,500
dark and existence. 
Shops, adjust their hours 

2721
02:29:04,500 --> 02:29:07,500
opening early to catch Morning, 
Light and closing. 

2722
02:29:07,500 --> 02:29:09,900
Well before Darkness makes 
shopping in practical. 

2723
02:29:10,900 --> 02:29:14,200
The rhythm of commercial life. 
Shifts backward becoming more 

2724
02:29:14,200 --> 02:29:17,300
diurnal, more aligned with 
natural light cycles. 

2725
02:29:18,100 --> 02:29:21,700
Markets bustle at dawn in ways, 
they haven't for Generations. 

2726
02:29:22,400 --> 02:29:25,400
Office workers arrived earlier 
and leave earlier trying to 

2727
02:29:25,408 --> 02:29:28,200
complete their commutes while 
the sun still offers some 

2728
02:29:28,200 --> 02:29:31,200
guidance. 
Fashion adapts to Darkness with 

2729
02:29:31,200 --> 02:29:35,300
unexpected creativity. 
People begin wearing white or 

2730
02:29:35,300 --> 02:29:38,600
light colored clothing in the 
evenings, making themselves more

2731
02:29:38,600 --> 02:29:40,700
visible to others, navigating 
the Gloom. 

2732
02:29:41,500 --> 02:29:45,800
Women carry their white handbags
rather than darker ones, Men 

2733
02:29:45,800 --> 02:29:48,000
Sport white handkerchiefs, in 
their breast pockets. 

2734
02:29:49,000 --> 02:29:51,900
Some particularly safety 
conscious individuals paint 

2735
02:29:51,900 --> 02:29:55,500
white stripes on their clothing.
Looking rather like zebras as 

2736
02:29:55,500 --> 02:29:58,700
they hurry along Pavements. 
The practice extends to 

2737
02:29:58,700 --> 02:30:02,200
inanimate objects. 
Curbs are painted white to make 

2738
02:30:02,200 --> 02:30:04,900
them visible. 
The trunks of trees lining 

2739
02:30:04,900 --> 02:30:09,000
streets, receive white bands, 
pillow boxes, get white stripes,

2740
02:30:09,000 --> 02:30:12,500
even dogs, a white collars so 
they can be spotted in the 

2741
02:30:12,500 --> 02:30:16,000
Darkness. 
The effect glimpsed in whatever 

2742
02:30:16,000 --> 02:30:20,300
dim light is available is oddly 
festive. as if the city has been

2743
02:30:20,308 --> 02:30:24,000
decorated, for some backward 
celebration where white rather 

2744
02:30:24,000 --> 02:30:28,100
than bright colors provide the 
decoration of Businesses find 

2745
02:30:28,100 --> 02:30:31,000
innovative ways to continue 
operating despite the darkness, 

2746
02:30:31,000 --> 02:30:33,800
restaurant's used dim red 
lights. 

2747
02:30:33,800 --> 02:30:36,600
That supposedly don't carry as 
far as white light. 

2748
02:30:37,500 --> 02:30:41,700
Cinemas schedule, more matinee, 
showings pubs installed Double 

2749
02:30:41,700 --> 02:30:45,600
Door Systems, small and closed, 
lobbies, where patrons can enter

2750
02:30:45,600 --> 02:30:49,000
and close one door before 
opening the second preventing 

2751
02:30:49,000 --> 02:30:50,700
light from spilling onto the 
street. 

2752
02:30:51,700 --> 02:30:54,700
These little airlocks become 
social spaces in themselves 

2753
02:30:54,700 --> 02:30:58,000
places where strangers paused 
together in compressed. 

2754
02:30:58,000 --> 02:31:01,700
Transitions zones, sharing 
apologetic, Smiles in the 

2755
02:31:01,708 --> 02:31:05,100
darkness before one of them 
Ventures to open the inner door.

2756
02:31:06,100 --> 02:31:08,500
The entertainment industry 
adapts with characteristic 

2757
02:31:08,500 --> 02:31:11,800
resilience. 
Radio becomes even more Central 

2758
02:31:11,800 --> 02:31:15,000
to evening life, providing 
entertainment, that requires no 

2759
02:31:15,000 --> 02:31:17,100
light Beyond what's needed to 
see the dial. 

2760
02:31:18,200 --> 02:31:21,000
Families, gather around their 
Wireless sets and dimly lit, 

2761
02:31:21,000 --> 02:31:25,100
rooms, following dramas and 
comedies listening to news 

2762
02:31:25,100 --> 02:31:27,500
broadcasts that have taken on 
new urgency. 

2763
02:31:29,200 --> 02:31:33,200
The BBC develops new programming
specifically suited to blackout 

2764
02:31:33,200 --> 02:31:36,700
conditions. 
Gentle calming content for 

2765
02:31:36,700 --> 02:31:40,100
people sitting in dark and rooms
trying not to think too much 

2766
02:31:40,100 --> 02:31:42,600
about why they're sitting in 
dark and rooms. 

2767
02:31:43,400 --> 02:31:47,000
Reading becomes more challenging
even with Kirkland's drawn and 

2768
02:31:47,008 --> 02:31:49,900
no light is escaping many. 
People find it difficult to read

2769
02:31:49,900 --> 02:31:51,800
by the dim bowls, they allow 
themselves. 

2770
02:31:52,700 --> 02:31:55,600
Books are held closer to faces 
causing ice drain. 

2771
02:31:56,500 --> 02:31:59,700
Some people ReDiscover, the 
pleasure of reading aloud with 

2772
02:31:59,700 --> 02:32:02,700
Partners or family members, 
taking turns performing stories 

2773
02:32:02,700 --> 02:32:07,100
or newspaper articles for each 
other. it's a practice that had 

2774
02:32:07,100 --> 02:32:10,700
largely died out with widespread
literacy and individual reading 

2775
02:32:10,700 --> 02:32:14,400
lights now, resurrected by 
necessity, and turning out to be

2776
02:32:14,408 --> 02:32:18,400
rather Pleasant a return to the 
old tradition of communal 

2777
02:32:18,400 --> 02:32:21,400
storytelling updated for the 
20th century. 

2778
02:32:22,600 --> 02:32:25,600
Children adapt to the blackout 
with the flexibility of Youth 

2779
02:32:25,600 --> 02:32:27,800
though. 
It complicates their lives in 

2780
02:32:27,800 --> 02:32:31,700
numerous ways school days 
reorganize around available 

2781
02:32:31,700 --> 02:32:36,900
daylight evening activities 
Scouts Girl, Guides and youth 

2782
02:32:36,900 --> 02:32:39,600
clubs. 
Either moved to afternoon hours 

2783
02:32:39,600 --> 02:32:42,500
or take on a different character
as participants Gathering 

2784
02:32:42,500 --> 02:32:46,600
carefully blacked out Halls. 
games and activities shift 

2785
02:32:46,600 --> 02:32:50,400
toward those that don't require 
good visibility Card games 

2786
02:32:50,400 --> 02:32:55,300
become popular board games 
experience, a Revival Radio quiz

2787
02:32:55,300 --> 02:32:58,800
shows Inspire living room 
competitions, the blackout 

2788
02:32:58,800 --> 02:33:02,600
creates unexpected opportunities
for Mischief too in the 

2789
02:33:02,600 --> 02:33:05,900
darkness, it's easier to stay 
out late than your parents 

2790
02:33:05,900 --> 02:33:09,900
realize to slip away on scene 
and to conduct the small 

2791
02:33:09,900 --> 02:33:12,900
rebellion of adolescents with 
reduced risk of detection. 

2792
02:33:13,800 --> 02:33:17,200
More than one teenager discovers
that the blackout for all, its 

2793
02:33:17,200 --> 02:33:20,800
restrictions offers a kind of 
Freedom that comes with reduced 

2794
02:33:20,800 --> 02:33:22,800
surveillance. 
For young couples. 

2795
02:33:22,800 --> 02:33:25,500
The darkness provides both 
challenges and possibilities. 

2796
02:33:26,600 --> 02:33:29,000
Traditional. 
Courtship rituals, evening 

2797
02:33:29,000 --> 02:33:31,600
strolls Cinema visits Cafe 
dates. 

2798
02:33:31,600 --> 02:33:35,300
Must be reconsidered. 
Walking together, requires 

2799
02:33:35,300 --> 02:33:38,600
linking arms, not just 
romantically but practically for

2800
02:33:38,600 --> 02:33:42,300
navigation and safety. 
The darkness creates a kind of 

2801
02:33:42,300 --> 02:33:46,600
intimacy by default. 
Closeness born of necessity that

2802
02:33:46,600 --> 02:33:48,500
might not otherwise, develop so 
quickly. 

2803
02:33:49,700 --> 02:33:52,800
First kisses happen in deeper 
Darkness than any previous 

2804
02:33:52,800 --> 02:33:57,500
generation experience unobserved
by passes by who can barely see 

2805
02:33:57,500 --> 02:34:01,100
their own feet. 
Workers in essential Services, 

2806
02:34:01,100 --> 02:34:04,700
face particular challenges, 
doctors making house calls 

2807
02:34:04,700 --> 02:34:08,000
navigate by memory and 
guesswork, their medical bags. 

2808
02:34:08,000 --> 02:34:10,400
Bumping against their legs as 
they feel their way along 

2809
02:34:10,400 --> 02:34:14,300
streets, Nurses on night shifts.
Move through Hospital. 

2810
02:34:14,300 --> 02:34:17,100
Corridors lit. 
Only by shielded lamps. 

2811
02:34:17,800 --> 02:34:21,400
Checking on patients in Wards, 
kept darker than anyone finds 

2812
02:34:21,400 --> 02:34:24,800
comfortable. 
Fire brigades drill extensively 

2813
02:34:24,800 --> 02:34:27,200
for responding to emergencies in
near total. 

2814
02:34:27,200 --> 02:34:31,700
Darkness developing systems of 
communication that rely on sound

2815
02:34:31,700 --> 02:34:33,700
and touch rather than visual 
signals. 

2816
02:34:34,900 --> 02:34:38,300
The Postal Service continues. 
Its rounds though, postmen 

2817
02:34:38,300 --> 02:34:40,600
learned to sort mail by feel as 
much as sight. 

2818
02:34:40,600 --> 02:34:44,300
Their fingers, developing 
sensitivity to different paper, 

2819
02:34:44,300 --> 02:34:47,100
stocks and envelope sizes. 
Milk. 

2820
02:34:47,100 --> 02:34:49,200
Deliveries continue in the 
pre-dawn Darkness. 

2821
02:34:50,000 --> 02:34:52,000
Of bottles and the rattle of 
crates. 

2822
02:34:52,000 --> 02:34:55,700
Providing a kind of alarm clock 
announcing the coming day to 

2823
02:34:55,700 --> 02:34:57,500
those awake early enough to hear
it. 

2824
02:34:58,700 --> 02:35:02,500
Public transportation becomes an
exercise in faith and routine. 

2825
02:35:03,200 --> 02:35:06,500
Bus conductors develop an almost
Supernatural ability to 

2826
02:35:06,500 --> 02:35:09,800
recognize stops in the darkness.
Calling them out with 

2827
02:35:09,800 --> 02:35:12,100
confidence. 
Born of long familiarity. 

2828
02:35:13,100 --> 02:35:16,200
passengers learn to count stops 
and to listen for landmarks, 

2829
02:35:17,300 --> 02:35:20,900
Killer Church Belle, the sound 
of the river and the change in 

2830
02:35:20,908 --> 02:35:24,200
Echo as the bus passes between 
buildings of different heights. 

2831
02:35:25,100 --> 02:35:28,300
Regular commuters developmental 
Maps, so detailed. 

2832
02:35:28,300 --> 02:35:30,400
They could navigate their Roots 
blindfolded. 

2833
02:35:31,300 --> 02:35:34,000
Which is essentially what 
they're doing as the months 

2834
02:35:34,000 --> 02:35:36,600
progress and Britain settles in 
to what becomes known as the 

2835
02:35:36,600 --> 02:35:39,500
phony War. 
Period, when War has been 

2836
02:35:39,500 --> 02:35:42,800
declared but major fighting 
hasn't yet reached British soil.

2837
02:35:43,500 --> 02:35:46,300
The blackout reveals unexpected 
dimensions. 

2838
02:35:47,300 --> 02:35:50,200
What began as an emergency 
measure starts to disclose 

2839
02:35:50,200 --> 02:35:54,100
peculiar Beauties and strange 
Pleasures that coexist with the 

2840
02:35:54,100 --> 02:35:58,200
anxiety and inconvenience. 
The night sky becomes visible in

2841
02:35:58,200 --> 02:36:01,400
ways that City dwellers haven't 
experienced in decades. 

2842
02:36:02,300 --> 02:36:04,700
Without the light pollution that
normally obscures all. 

2843
02:36:04,700 --> 02:36:08,600
But the brightest stars, the 
full glory of the cosmos appears

2844
02:36:08,600 --> 02:36:12,000
overhead on clear night. 
Stepping outside is like 

2845
02:36:12,000 --> 02:36:14,700
discovering a lost artwork. 
That's been hanging in your home

2846
02:36:14,700 --> 02:36:16,900
all along hidden behind a 
curtain. 

2847
02:36:16,900 --> 02:36:20,900
You didn't realize was there You
can see the Milky Way from 

2848
02:36:20,900 --> 02:36:25,700
Central London that cloudy band 
of distant Stars stretching 

2849
02:36:25,700 --> 02:36:27,800
across the darkness like a river
of light. 

2850
02:36:28,800 --> 02:36:32,100
Constellation's appear, not as 
isolated bright points. 

2851
02:36:32,100 --> 02:36:36,100
But as part of complex 
starfields patterns within 

2852
02:36:36,100 --> 02:36:40,600
patterns depths and layers that 
electric light normally renders 

2853
02:36:40,600 --> 02:36:42,500
invisible. 
The moon. 

2854
02:36:42,500 --> 02:36:46,300
When it sucks seems 
preposterously bright casting 

2855
02:36:46,300 --> 02:36:48,800
reel. 
Shadows turning streets into 

2856
02:36:48,800 --> 02:36:52,600
silver mazes and making you 
understand why poets and lovers 

2857
02:36:52,600 --> 02:36:54,400
of obsessed over it for 
millennia. 

2858
02:36:55,300 --> 02:36:58,400
Some people find this revelation
of the night sky almost worth 

2859
02:36:58,400 --> 02:36:59,900
the inconvenience of the 
blackout. 

2860
02:37:00,800 --> 02:37:04,200
Astronomy clubs for taking 
advantage of viewing. 

2861
02:37:04,200 --> 02:37:06,600
Conditions that rival rural 
observatories. 

2862
02:37:07,300 --> 02:37:11,100
Amateur stargazers set up, 
telescopes in parks and Gardens 

2863
02:37:11,100 --> 02:37:15,800
sharing glimpses of Jupiter's 
moons, Saturn's rings. 

2864
02:37:15,800 --> 02:37:19,300
And the craters of the Moon in 
unprecedented detail. 

2865
02:37:20,300 --> 02:37:23,600
There's something hopeful about 
this, people looking Upward at 

2866
02:37:23,600 --> 02:37:26,200
Beauty and vastness, while 
preparing for conflict that 

2867
02:37:26,200 --> 02:37:28,000
feels Petty and small by 
comparison. 

2868
02:37:29,200 --> 02:37:32,600
The darkness also reveals the 
bioluminescence that normally 

2869
02:37:32,600 --> 02:37:36,700
goes unnoticed. 
On damp nights decaying wood in 

2870
02:37:36,700 --> 02:37:41,200
part's glows, with Foxfire that 
Eerie green, phosphorescent 

2871
02:37:41,200 --> 02:37:45,400
produced by certain fungi. 
People discover it by accident 

2872
02:37:45,400 --> 02:37:49,900
initially, alarmed by the 
spectral light, then fascinated 

2873
02:37:49,900 --> 02:37:53,700
by this natural illumination, 
that requires no electricity. 

2874
02:37:55,700 --> 02:37:59,000
Some gather pieces of glowing 
would bringing them home like 

2875
02:37:59,000 --> 02:38:03,100
captured fairy lights, watching 
them pulse and fade in darkened 

2876
02:38:03,100 --> 02:38:06,100
rooms. 
Sound takes on new prominence in

2877
02:38:06,100 --> 02:38:10,000
the absence of visual stimuli. 
Your hearing becomes more acute,

2878
02:38:10,000 --> 02:38:12,300
more attentive, the acoustic 
environment. 

2879
02:38:13,300 --> 02:38:16,300
You notice the different sounds 
that shoes make on different 

2880
02:38:16,300 --> 02:38:19,600
surfaces, the crisp click of 
leather on pavement. 

2881
02:38:19,600 --> 02:38:23,500
The softer scuff on dirt and the
hollow Echo, when crossing a 

2882
02:38:23,500 --> 02:38:26,400
bridge. 
You become aware of how sound 

2883
02:38:26,400 --> 02:38:30,200
reflects off buildings, how it 
carries differently in Cold, Air

2884
02:38:30,200 --> 02:38:33,900
versus warm and how wind affects
what you can and cannot hear. 

2885
02:38:34,800 --> 02:38:37,400
Music heard in the blackout 
takes on different qualities. 

2886
02:38:38,400 --> 02:38:41,900
Piano played in a darkened room 
with only the faintest light to 

2887
02:38:41,900 --> 02:38:44,300
illuminate. 
The keys seems to fill the space

2888
02:38:44,300 --> 02:38:47,600
more completely, The notes 
appear to have more presents, 

2889
02:38:47,600 --> 02:38:51,500
more weight. 
Street musicians, fewer now, but

2890
02:38:51,500 --> 02:38:55,700
still present create pockets of 
Melody in the darkness and 

2891
02:38:55,700 --> 02:38:58,500
pedestrians, pause to listen in 
ways. 

2892
02:38:58,500 --> 02:39:01,700
They might not in daylight when 
Vision provides so many 

2893
02:39:01,700 --> 02:39:06,700
competing distractions church 
bells, continue to Mark time but

2894
02:39:06,700 --> 02:39:09,500
their sound travels differently 
through the quieted city. 

2895
02:39:10,300 --> 02:39:14,600
Without traffic noise to muffle 
the bells carry for Miles their 

2896
02:39:14,600 --> 02:39:17,200
various tones. 
Creating unintended Harmony as 

2897
02:39:17,200 --> 02:39:20,800
different churches, marked the 
hours. some people begin to 

2898
02:39:20,800 --> 02:39:24,800
navigate by bell sound using 
familiar patterns to orient 

2899
02:39:24,800 --> 02:39:28,500
themselves even when visual 
landmarks or invisible The 

2900
02:39:28,500 --> 02:39:33,300
blackout also amplifies smell 
without visual distraction your 

2901
02:39:33,300 --> 02:39:35,000
nose provides more information 
than usual. 

2902
02:39:35,000 --> 02:39:38,300
You become aware of the 
particular Center of rain on 

2903
02:39:38,300 --> 02:39:42,800
Stone of fog, carrying hints of 
the river of coal smoke from 

2904
02:39:42,808 --> 02:39:46,400
chimneys and of cooking from 
various houses creating an 

2905
02:39:46,400 --> 02:39:47,900
olfactory map of your 
neighborhood. 

2906
02:39:48,900 --> 02:39:52,000
Bakeries become locatable by 
scent before sight. 

2907
02:39:52,000 --> 02:39:56,500
The yeasty warmth of fresh bread
serving as a beacon that draws 

2908
02:39:56,500 --> 02:40:00,300
customers through the darkness. 
But alongside these unexpected 

2909
02:40:00,300 --> 02:40:02,800
Pleasures runs a constant 
undercurrent of unease. 

2910
02:40:03,600 --> 02:40:07,300
The darkness that reveals Stars 
also conceals potential threats,

2911
02:40:07,300 --> 02:40:11,100
every shadow could be an 
obstacle in every sound might 

2912
02:40:11,100 --> 02:40:14,900
signal Danger. 
The human imagination deprived 

2913
02:40:14,900 --> 02:40:17,600
of visual input tends to fill, 
in missing information, with 

2914
02:40:17,600 --> 02:40:21,100
worst case scenarios. 
That bump in the darkness is 

2915
02:40:21,100 --> 02:40:24,900
probably just someone's elbow, 
making accidental contact but 

2916
02:40:24,900 --> 02:40:27,700
from a moment your heart rate 
Spike's with more Primal Fear. 

2917
02:40:28,500 --> 02:40:31,100
Women particularly feel 
vulnerable in the darkness. 

2918
02:40:31,100 --> 02:40:34,600
The reduced visibility that 
offers privacy to courting 

2919
02:40:34,600 --> 02:40:36,800
couples. 
Also provides cover for 

2920
02:40:36,800 --> 02:40:41,000
harassment and assault. reported
incidents of such crimes 

2921
02:40:41,000 --> 02:40:44,200
increased during the blackout, 
though it's unclear whether the 

2922
02:40:44,200 --> 02:40:47,500
actual rate Rises or if Darkness
simply enables crimes that would

2923
02:40:47,500 --> 02:40:52,200
happen regardless, Many women 
alter their routines traveling, 

2924
02:40:52,200 --> 02:40:55,500
only in groups, carrying 
whistles, or other noise makers,

2925
02:40:55,500 --> 02:40:59,300
and avoiding certain areas that 
feel particularly threatening in

2926
02:40:59,300 --> 02:41:03,400
the absence of light. the 
blackout also creates social 

2927
02:41:03,400 --> 02:41:07,300
isolation in unexpected ways 
without being able to see into 

2928
02:41:07,300 --> 02:41:10,300
neighbor's Windows to note, the 
comforting glow of occupied 

2929
02:41:10,300 --> 02:41:15,000
homes, people feel more alone 
The physical proximity of urban 

2930
02:41:15,000 --> 02:41:18,900
life continues, you're still 
surrounded by thousands of other

2931
02:41:18,900 --> 02:41:21,600
humans living their lives, just 
beyond thin walls. 

2932
02:41:22,600 --> 02:41:26,600
But the visual confirmation of 
that presence disappears, your 

2933
02:41:26,600 --> 02:41:28,900
neighbor might be three feet 
away on the other side of a 

2934
02:41:28,900 --> 02:41:32,100
wall, but in the darkness and 
quiet, they might as well be 

2935
02:41:32,100 --> 02:41:35,700
mussels distant. 
This isolation is particularly 

2936
02:41:35,700 --> 02:41:39,200
hard for the elderly and infirm.
Those who already struggled with

2937
02:41:39,200 --> 02:41:42,000
Mobility, find the darkness 
actively dangerous. 

2938
02:41:43,000 --> 02:41:46,100
The simple Act of walking to a 
corner shop becomes fraught with

2939
02:41:46,100 --> 02:41:48,800
Hazard. 
Unseen curbs to stumble, over 

2940
02:41:48,800 --> 02:41:53,000
obstacles, to collide with and 
the constant possibility of 

2941
02:41:53,000 --> 02:41:55,700
becoming disoriented and lost on
familiar streets. 

2942
02:41:56,900 --> 02:41:59,100
Many older people choose to stay
home more. 

2943
02:41:59,800 --> 02:42:02,300
Venturing out. 
Only when absolutely necessary 

2944
02:42:02,300 --> 02:42:06,500
accepting a constricted life as 
preferable to the risks of 

2945
02:42:06,508 --> 02:42:10,200
navigating the shadowed City. 
Mental health professionals, 

2946
02:42:10,200 --> 02:42:13,100
notice an increasing reports of 
anxiety and depression. 

2947
02:42:14,000 --> 02:42:17,600
The darkness combined with wall 
stress creates a psychological 

2948
02:42:17,600 --> 02:42:19,800
burden that some people struggle
to manage. 

2949
02:42:20,800 --> 02:42:24,400
Sleep patterns, disrupt. 
Some people sleep better in the 

2950
02:42:24,400 --> 02:42:26,900
deeper Darkness While others lie
awake. 

2951
02:42:26,900 --> 02:42:30,700
Listening to every small sound 
unable to relax into 

2952
02:42:30,700 --> 02:42:33,800
vulnerability. 
Dreams become more Vivid for 

2953
02:42:33,800 --> 02:42:37,900
many possibly because the 
darkness and quiet create fewer 

2954
02:42:37,900 --> 02:42:40,300
distractions from internal 
mental activity. 

2955
02:42:41,200 --> 02:42:45,000
Yet, there's a strange in to it 
all a sense of communal 

2956
02:42:45,000 --> 02:42:48,300
experience that transcends the 
inconvenience and danger. 

2957
02:42:49,100 --> 02:42:52,400
Everyone is facing the same 
challenge, making the same 

2958
02:42:52,408 --> 02:42:55,900
adjustments and developing the 
same odd competencies for 

2959
02:42:55,900 --> 02:42:58,700
navigating Darkness. 
There's a camera artery in 

2960
02:42:58,700 --> 02:43:02,100
shared difficulty, a democratic 
leveling that occurs. 

2961
02:43:02,100 --> 02:43:05,000
When Lord and laborer alike, 
must feel their way along the 

2962
02:43:05,000 --> 02:43:09,100
same invisible Street inside the
blacked out homes of Britain 

2963
02:43:09,100 --> 02:43:13,000
family, life reorganizes itself 
around new limitations and 

2964
02:43:13,000 --> 02:43:16,400
possibilities. 
The blackout curtains that seal 

2965
02:43:16,400 --> 02:43:20,300
Windows become daily fixtures, 
they're operation as routine as 

2966
02:43:20,300 --> 02:43:24,000
making tea. 
Each evening has natural light 

2967
02:43:24,000 --> 02:43:27,100
begins to fade. 
Someone Rises to perform the 

2968
02:43:27,100 --> 02:43:29,600
ritual. 
Drawing heavy fabric across 

2969
02:43:29,600 --> 02:43:32,700
Windows. 
Checking for gaps and ensuring 

2970
02:43:32,700 --> 02:43:35,900
no betrayal. 
Mark, the house from above. the 

2971
02:43:35,900 --> 02:43:40,300
rooms once sealed feel different
smaller, somehow even though 

2972
02:43:40,300 --> 02:43:43,800
their physical dimensions have 
not changed, The absence of 

2973
02:43:43,808 --> 02:43:45,400
visual connection to the 
outside. 

2974
02:43:45,400 --> 02:43:49,100
World, makes interior spaces 
feel more like caves or cocoons 

2975
02:43:49,100 --> 02:43:54,200
enclosed inward-facing and 
separate from the larger world. 

2976
02:43:55,200 --> 02:43:58,000
This can be comforting or 
claustrophobic depending on 

2977
02:43:58,000 --> 02:44:02,300
temperament and Circumstance. 
For some it creates a pleasant 

2978
02:44:02,300 --> 02:44:05,800
sense of snugness everyone 
tucked safely together. 

2979
02:44:06,800 --> 02:44:11,000
For others, it feels confining a
nightly imprisonment in their 

2980
02:44:11,000 --> 02:44:14,200
own homes. 
Lighting becomes a subject of 

2981
02:44:14,200 --> 02:44:16,300
surprising complexity and 
important. 

2982
02:44:17,200 --> 02:44:20,800
How much light is in enough? 
Two little strange eyes and 

2983
02:44:20,800 --> 02:44:23,800
hampers activities. 
The too much feels wasteful. 

2984
02:44:23,800 --> 02:44:27,200
Almost Reckless. 
Families, develop their own 

2985
02:44:27,200 --> 02:44:30,800
standards and practices. 
Some maintain just one or two 

2986
02:44:30,808 --> 02:44:34,800
lights in the most used rooms 
leaving hallways and lesser used

2987
02:44:34,800 --> 02:44:37,800
spaces in darkness. 
Others attempt to maintain 

2988
02:44:37,800 --> 02:44:41,200
something closer to their 
pre-war lighting levels, valuing

2989
02:44:41,200 --> 02:44:45,200
normalcy over conservation. 
The quality of light matters 

2990
02:44:45,200 --> 02:44:49,900
too, incandescent bulbs cast, 
warm, yellow, orange light, that

2991
02:44:49,900 --> 02:44:53,700
feels friendly and domestic. 
Slight where it's still 

2992
02:44:53,700 --> 02:44:56,500
available. 
Flickers slightly creating 

2993
02:44:56,500 --> 02:45:00,700
moving Shadows that some fine 
nostalgic and others find eerie.

2994
02:45:01,600 --> 02:45:04,500
Candles, produce beautiful 
light, but require attention. 

2995
02:45:05,300 --> 02:45:10,100
Someone must trim Wix watch for 
drips and ensure nothing catches

2996
02:45:10,100 --> 02:45:14,100
fire. 
Oil lamps smell distinctive, a 

2997
02:45:14,100 --> 02:45:16,800
petroleum scent, that becomes 
associated with winter, 

2998
02:45:16,800 --> 02:45:18,700
evening's and the crackle of the
wireless. 

2999
02:45:19,800 --> 02:45:21,700
Mealtimes, adjust to the 
blackouts. 

3000
02:45:22,900 --> 02:45:25,900
Dinner happens early while 
natural light, still assist with

3001
02:45:25,900 --> 02:45:29,700
cooking and table setting. 
The ritual of evening t-shirts 

3002
02:45:29,700 --> 02:45:33,600
backward too, will transforms 
into a simpler Affair taken in 

3003
02:45:33,600 --> 02:45:36,600
dimly lit rooms. 
Some families find themselves, 

3004
02:45:36,600 --> 02:45:38,500
eating more cold meals in the 
evening. 

3005
02:45:38,500 --> 02:45:42,200
Avoiding the complexity of 
cooking and reduced light, and 

3006
02:45:42,200 --> 02:45:45,900
making do with sandwiches, 
leftover pie, cheese and 

3007
02:45:45,900 --> 02:45:48,100
crackers. 
Yet, there's all an increased 

3008
02:45:48,100 --> 02:45:50,200
emphasis on making evening 
meals, special. 

3009
02:45:50,900 --> 02:45:53,900
The conscious effort to maintain
normalcy and comfort, despite 

3010
02:45:53,900 --> 02:45:57,700
the circumstances mothers and 
wives, take extra care with 

3011
02:45:57,700 --> 02:46:00,400
presentation, setting tables 
nicely. 

3012
02:46:00,400 --> 02:46:04,500
Even if the dining room is dim 
using Good China and creating 

3013
02:46:04,500 --> 02:46:07,700
small, ceremonies that assert 
civilizations continuity. 

3014
02:46:09,000 --> 02:46:13,000
These gestures matter more than 
they might seem their acts of 

3015
02:46:13,000 --> 02:46:16,100
resistance against the 
disruption declarations that 

3016
02:46:16,100 --> 02:46:19,500
ordinary life, persists, despite
extraordinary circumstances 

3017
02:46:19,500 --> 02:46:23,500
after dinner families gathered 
together, more than they might 

3018
02:46:23,500 --> 02:46:26,200
have before. 
With fewer options, for 

3019
02:46:26,200 --> 02:46:29,700
individual entertainment, with 
Darkness, making it impractical 

3020
02:46:29,700 --> 02:46:33,000
to pursue separate activities, 
in different rooms, people, 

3021
02:46:33,000 --> 02:46:36,600
congregate in the best lit 
space, usually the sitting room 

3022
02:46:36,608 --> 02:46:39,800
or kitchen. 
This enforced togetherness 

3023
02:46:39,800 --> 02:46:44,000
recreates patterns of family 
life from early eras. before 

3024
02:46:44,000 --> 02:46:47,100
electric light allowed household
members, to scatter to different

3025
02:46:47,100 --> 02:46:50,800
rooms pursuing individual 
interests, the wireless becomes,

3026
02:46:50,800 --> 02:46:54,300
the evening's focal point, it is
dial glowing, like a small 

3027
02:46:54,300 --> 02:46:58,000
campfire Gathering the family 
around its broadcast voices, 

3028
02:46:59,000 --> 02:47:02,400
Program structure the evening, 
the news at 9, followed by 

3029
02:47:02,400 --> 02:47:06,700
entertainment, then perhaps 
music before bed, listening 

3030
02:47:06,700 --> 02:47:10,500
becomes a communal activity, 
something shared and discussed 

3031
02:47:10,500 --> 02:47:12,900
with reactions Exchange in real 
time. 

3032
02:47:13,700 --> 02:47:17,500
When something funny happens in 
a comedy programme, the family's

3033
02:47:17,500 --> 02:47:19,300
laughter mingles together in the
dim room. 

3034
02:47:19,300 --> 02:47:23,400
Creating a shared memory. 
A small moment of Joy amidst 

3035
02:47:23,400 --> 02:47:27,200
anxiety. 
Games and puzzles experienced a 

3036
02:47:27,200 --> 02:47:31,300
Renaissance families, bring out 
jigsaws card decks and board 

3037
02:47:31,300 --> 02:47:33,600
games that have been Gathering 
dust and cupboards. 

3038
02:47:34,500 --> 02:47:37,300
These activities work. 
Well, in dim, light and 

3039
02:47:37,300 --> 02:47:39,100
accommodate multiple 
participants. 

3040
02:47:39,100 --> 02:47:42,400
The social Dynamic shifts during
gameplay. 

3041
02:47:42,400 --> 02:47:46,600
Hierarchies flattened children 
can beat adults through luck or 

3042
02:47:46,600 --> 02:47:49,900
skill and everyone participates 
on more equal terms. 

3043
02:47:50,900 --> 02:47:53,500
These evening game sessions, 
create their own satisfaction, 

3044
02:47:53,500 --> 02:47:57,200
Simple Pleasures, that don't 
require technology or 

3045
02:47:57,200 --> 02:48:00,200
brightness. 
Conversation too becomes more 

3046
02:48:00,200 --> 02:48:03,800
Central to family life. 
Without the visual stimulation 

3047
02:48:03,800 --> 02:48:05,700
of bright rooms and varied 
activities. 

3048
02:48:05,700 --> 02:48:10,700
People talk more, tell stories 
and share their days and greater

3049
02:48:10,700 --> 02:48:13,500
detail. 
Parents discuss things with 

3050
02:48:13,500 --> 02:48:16,400
children that might normally be 
postponed or a abbreviated. 

3051
02:48:17,300 --> 02:48:20,100
Siblings who might typically 
ignore each other in favor of 

3052
02:48:20,100 --> 02:48:22,200
separate Pursuits. 
Find themselves. 

3053
02:48:22,200 --> 02:48:25,900
Actually conversing getting to 
know each other better in these 

3054
02:48:25,900 --> 02:48:30,400
enforced periods of proximity. 
Reading aloud becomes a nightly 

3055
02:48:30,400 --> 02:48:33,900
ritual in many households father
might read from the evening 

3056
02:48:33,900 --> 02:48:37,500
paper, sharing news and 
editorials sometimes with 

3057
02:48:37,500 --> 02:48:40,300
commentary. 
Mother might read from novels 

3058
02:48:40,300 --> 02:48:44,100
performing different voices for 
different characters creating 

3059
02:48:44,100 --> 02:48:46,500
entertainment that doesn't 
require visual props. 

3060
02:48:47,500 --> 02:48:50,700
Older children might take turns 
reading developing their 

3061
02:48:50,700 --> 02:48:52,600
expression and comfort with 
performance. 

3062
02:48:53,500 --> 02:48:56,800
These sessions revive an oral 
tradition that had been fading, 

3063
02:48:56,800 --> 02:49:00,000
turning literature back into 
something, communal rather than 

3064
02:49:00,000 --> 02:49:02,400
solitary. 
Bedtime routine. 

3065
02:49:02,400 --> 02:49:06,100
Simplified in some ways. 
Without Bright Lights, the 

3066
02:49:06,100 --> 02:49:09,500
natural drowsiness that comes 
with Darkness isn't artificially

3067
02:49:09,500 --> 02:49:11,400
suppressed. 
Children. 

3068
02:49:11,400 --> 02:49:14,700
Get sleepier their circadian 
rhythms responding to 

3069
02:49:14,700 --> 02:49:18,000
environmental cues that electric
light normally override. 

3070
02:49:19,100 --> 02:49:21,500
Parents find it easier to get 
little ones to bed when the 

3071
02:49:21,508 --> 02:49:23,300
whole house is already dim and 
quiet. 

3072
02:49:23,300 --> 02:49:26,300
When there's not much exciting 
happening to miss. 

3073
02:49:27,400 --> 02:49:30,300
But the darkness also introduces
new nighttime, fears. 

3074
02:49:31,400 --> 02:49:34,700
Specially for children. 
The shadows in a dimly lit. 

3075
02:49:34,700 --> 02:49:37,200
Bedroom, seem deeper more 
ominous. 

3076
02:49:38,000 --> 02:49:42,200
The usual reassurer of theirs. 
Nothing there becomes harder to 

3077
02:49:42,200 --> 02:49:45,400
verify when you actually can't 
see into corners and close its 

3078
02:49:46,400 --> 02:49:50,000
Some parents leave candles 
burning accepting the fire risk 

3079
02:49:50,000 --> 02:49:51,800
as preferable to Childhood 
Terror. 

3080
02:49:52,700 --> 02:49:56,400
Others develop new bed time, 
rituals longer tucking in 

3081
02:49:56,408 --> 02:49:59,900
sessions stories told. 
In soothing, tones and songs 

3082
02:49:59,900 --> 02:50:03,900
hummed until sleep arrives. 
For parents themselves, the 

3083
02:50:03,900 --> 02:50:06,200
blackout creates its own 
intimacy and distance. 

3084
02:50:06,200 --> 02:50:09,500
Once children are asleep. 
Couples have the evening to 

3085
02:50:09,500 --> 02:50:11,600
themselves in ways, they might 
not have before. 

3086
02:50:12,400 --> 02:50:15,200
When evening activities, might 
scatter family members to 

3087
02:50:15,200 --> 02:50:19,600
various entertainments. 
Yet the darkness and quiet all. 

3088
02:50:19,600 --> 02:50:24,000
So emphasize their isolation. 
Two people in a sealed house on 

3089
02:50:24,000 --> 02:50:27,700
a dark and Street Living Through
History, without knowing how the

3090
02:50:27,700 --> 02:50:30,700
story ends. 
Some couples use this time for 

3091
02:50:30,700 --> 02:50:34,500
serious conversations, that 
daylight and distraction had 

3092
02:50:34,500 --> 02:50:38,500
allowed them to postpone 
discussions about money about 

3093
02:50:38,500 --> 02:50:43,100
plans for possible, evacuation 
about fears and hopes, and about

3094
02:50:43,100 --> 02:50:46,500
what they'll do. 
If the war intense advise Other 

3095
02:50:46,500 --> 02:50:50,400
couples deliberately avoid heavy
topics preferring to maintain 

3096
02:50:50,400 --> 02:50:53,300
lightness, to protect their 
evening hours as refugees from 

3097
02:50:53,300 --> 02:50:56,800
worry. 
They play cards, listen to music

3098
02:50:56,800 --> 02:51:01,100
and simply sit together in 
comfortable silence, taking 

3099
02:51:01,100 --> 02:51:05,700
comfort from physical proximity.
The blackout effects married 

3100
02:51:05,700 --> 02:51:08,900
life in unexpected. 
Ways the darkness provides 

3101
02:51:08,900 --> 02:51:11,200
privacy. 
Even in homes, with thin walls 

3102
02:51:11,200 --> 02:51:15,100
and multiple inhabitants 
intimacy becomes easier when 

3103
02:51:15,100 --> 02:51:18,300
visual privacy is assured. 
When darkness guarantees 

3104
02:51:18,300 --> 02:51:22,200
discretion Some couples find 
their relationships strengthened

3105
02:51:22,200 --> 02:51:25,700
by the enforced closeness and 
the shared experience of 

3106
02:51:25,700 --> 02:51:29,500
adapting to strange 
circumstances. others, find the 

3107
02:51:29,500 --> 02:51:32,900
proximity without Escape, 
grating, the inability to 

3108
02:51:32,900 --> 02:51:35,800
retreat into separate 
activities, creating friction 

3109
02:51:35,800 --> 02:51:40,600
that might otherwise dissipate 
Elderly family members often 

3110
02:51:40,600 --> 02:51:43,300
living with their adult children
face particular challenges. 

3111
02:51:44,400 --> 02:51:47,500
Many older people have always 
relied heavily on visual cues 

3112
02:51:47,500 --> 02:51:51,300
and the reduction in light makes
everything harder reading 

3113
02:51:51,300 --> 02:51:54,300
knitting, even just moving 
around the house safely, 

3114
02:51:55,200 --> 02:51:58,100
Families must decide how to 
balance their Elders needs for 

3115
02:51:58,100 --> 02:52:01,400
light with blackout requirements
and conservation concerns. 

3116
02:52:02,300 --> 02:52:05,700
Compromises emerge, brighter 
lights, and grandmother's room, 

3117
02:52:05,700 --> 02:52:08,100
even if the rest of the house 
remains dim. 

3118
02:52:08,800 --> 02:52:12,100
Extra candles placed 
strategically more assistance 

3119
02:52:12,100 --> 02:52:14,800
with evening tasks that Darkness
makes difficult. 

3120
02:52:15,800 --> 02:52:18,700
The blackout also reveals class 
differences in domestic 

3121
02:52:18,700 --> 02:52:21,500
experience. 
Wealthier families can afford 

3122
02:52:21,500 --> 02:52:25,200
heavier, curtains better, 
blackout materials, and perhaps 

3123
02:52:25,200 --> 02:52:28,800
even specially designed blackout
systems with multiple layers. 

3124
02:52:28,800 --> 02:52:32,600
Their homes might have more 
rooms allowing family members 

3125
02:52:32,600 --> 02:52:35,600
more privacy, despite the 
enforced evening togetherness. 

3126
02:52:36,500 --> 02:52:39,100
They might maintain closer to 
normal lighting levels, 

3127
02:52:39,100 --> 02:52:41,900
considering the extra 
electricity expense and 

3128
02:52:41,900 --> 02:52:45,900
acceptable cost for comfort. 
Working class families make do 

3129
02:52:45,900 --> 02:52:50,600
with cheaper Solutions, blankets
nailed over Windows newspaper 

3130
02:52:50,600 --> 02:52:54,300
pasted to Glass and curtains 
sewn from whatever fabric could 

3131
02:52:54,300 --> 02:52:57,000
be afforded. 
A smaller homes mean less 

3132
02:52:57,000 --> 02:53:00,200
privacy. 
More enforced, proximity and 

3133
02:53:00,200 --> 02:53:03,000
every one living in each other's
Pockets even more than usual. 

3134
02:53:04,000 --> 02:53:06,800
Economies in lighting hit harder
when you're already budgeting 

3135
02:53:06,800 --> 02:53:10,200
carefully for every shilling. 
Yet, there's a democratizing 

3136
02:53:10,200 --> 02:53:13,900
element, too rich and poor 
alike, muster in their homes, 

3137
02:53:13,900 --> 02:53:17,600
the Duke, and his mansion, and 
the docker in his Terrace row. 

3138
02:53:17,600 --> 02:53:21,600
Both spend their evening's in 
dimmed rooms, both must navigate

3139
02:53:21,600 --> 02:53:26,200
the same darkened streets. 
The blackout is one of the few 

3140
02:53:26,200 --> 02:53:29,000
wartime measures that truly 
applies equally across social 

3141
02:53:29,000 --> 02:53:32,400
strata. 
Creating a rare moment of shared

3142
02:53:32,400 --> 02:53:38,600
experience across class lines. 
As 1939 turns into 1940 and the 

3143
02:53:38,608 --> 02:53:40,600
blackout continues month after 
month. 

3144
02:53:41,300 --> 02:53:45,000
Something remarkable happens. 
People stopped thinking about it

3145
02:53:45,000 --> 02:53:48,000
quite so much. 
The extraordinary becomes 

3146
02:53:48,000 --> 02:53:49,600
ordinary through sheer 
repetition. 

3147
02:53:50,600 --> 02:53:53,800
The nightly ritual of darkening,
Windows transforms from a 

3148
02:53:53,800 --> 02:53:57,700
conscious process into a habit, 
Performed with the automaticity 

3149
02:53:57,700 --> 02:54:00,200
of brushing teeth or locking 
doors. 

3150
02:54:01,200 --> 02:54:04,900
Innovations, accumulate, small 
improvements that collectively 

3151
02:54:04,900 --> 02:54:06,300
make the darkness more 
manageable. 

3152
02:54:07,000 --> 02:54:10,000
Enterprise in individuals, 
develop gadgets and solutions 

3153
02:54:10,000 --> 02:54:12,900
that spread through communities 
like helpful folklore. 

3154
02:54:13,500 --> 02:54:16,600
Someone discovers that painting 
stero edges, with luminous paint

3155
02:54:16,600 --> 02:54:21,500
makes them safer to navigate. 
the idea spreads and soon 

3156
02:54:21,500 --> 02:54:25,500
glowing stairs become common 
little safety features that cost

3157
02:54:25,500 --> 02:54:28,900
pennies, but prevent countless 
Falls, Shops. 

3158
02:54:28,900 --> 02:54:33,100
Begin selling specially designed
blackout accessories torches 

3159
02:54:33,100 --> 02:54:35,100
with narrow beams and red 
filters. 

3160
02:54:35,100 --> 02:54:38,000
That supposedly don't compromise
night vision. 

3161
02:54:38,800 --> 02:54:42,700
Reflective armbands and badges 
for pedestrians luminous 

3162
02:54:42,700 --> 02:54:44,700
buttons. 
That can be sewn on to coats. 

3163
02:54:45,400 --> 02:54:49,300
White painted walking sticks. 
The commercial World adapts to 

3164
02:54:49,308 --> 02:54:53,300
serve the darkened consumer 
finding profit even in darkness.

3165
02:54:54,100 --> 02:54:58,100
Fashion truly Embraces, the 
blackout aesthetic. designers 

3166
02:54:58,100 --> 02:55:01,600
create clothing with safety 
features, built in white piping 

3167
02:55:01,600 --> 02:55:05,900
on dark coats, reflective 
threads, woven into fabrics and 

3168
02:55:05,900 --> 02:55:09,300
light colored accessories that 
serve the Dual purposes of style

3169
02:55:09,300 --> 02:55:13,800
and visibility women's magazines
run features on Blackout Beauty 

3170
02:55:13,800 --> 02:55:17,600
suggesting makeup and hairstyles
suited to dim lighting. 

3171
02:55:18,500 --> 02:55:22,500
The advice is practical and 
sometimes absurd, light to face 

3172
02:55:22,500 --> 02:55:24,500
powder is recommended because 
it's more visible. 

3173
02:55:24,500 --> 02:55:28,200
While dark lipstick is warned 
against you become a pair of 

3174
02:55:28,200 --> 02:55:30,100
disembodied. 
Lips floating in the darkness 

3175
02:55:30,100 --> 02:55:33,900
restaurants and pubs develop a 
labyrinth workarounds for the 

3176
02:55:33,900 --> 02:55:37,100
blackout restrictions. 
Some establishments paint their 

3177
02:55:37,100 --> 02:55:41,000
Windows opaque black, but in 
stalled, elaborate interior, 

3178
02:55:41,000 --> 02:55:45,000
lighting, creating spaces that 
feel almost normal once you're 

3179
02:55:45,000 --> 02:55:47,500
inside. 
Others embrace the dimness 

3180
02:55:47,500 --> 02:55:51,400
installing red or blue lights 
that create atmospheric spaces. 

3181
02:55:51,400 --> 02:55:55,100
While technically complying with
regulations nightclubs, in 

3182
02:55:55,108 --> 02:55:58,300
particular find that dim 
lighting can be romantic or 

3183
02:55:58,300 --> 02:56:01,600
mysterious transforming a 
restriction into a feature. 

3184
02:56:01,600 --> 02:56:05,400
The entertainment industry 
becomes increasingly creative 

3185
02:56:06,200 --> 02:56:09,300
Cinemas develop complex 
procedures for seating people in

3186
02:56:09,300 --> 02:56:12,000
darkness ushers with covered 
torches. 

3187
02:56:12,000 --> 02:56:16,400
Luminous floor markers and 
spaced entry times to prevent 

3188
02:56:16,400 --> 02:56:18,300
traffic jams in the lightless 
Isles. 

3189
02:56:19,300 --> 02:56:22,400
Some theaters experiment with 
matinee, only schedules 

3190
02:56:22,400 --> 02:56:25,700
accepting reduced evening 
business rather than dealing 

3191
02:56:25,700 --> 02:56:29,800
with blackout complications. 
Others Thrive precisely because 

3192
02:56:29,800 --> 02:56:31,900
they offer brightest escapism 
inside. 

3193
02:56:31,900 --> 02:56:34,100
While maintaining complete 
darkness outside. 

3194
02:56:35,000 --> 02:56:38,400
Radio programs evolved to suit 
their audiences circumstances. 

3195
02:56:38,400 --> 02:56:42,200
Content becomes more domestic 
more suited to family. 

3196
02:56:42,200 --> 02:56:45,900
Listening in dimmed rooms, 
comedy programs, emphasize 

3197
02:56:45,900 --> 02:56:50,600
verbal humor, over visual gags, 
dramas rely on sound effects and

3198
02:56:50,608 --> 02:56:53,200
voice acting to create Vivid 
mental images. 

3199
02:56:54,200 --> 02:56:57,200
The BBC becomes increasingly 
sophisticated in its 

3200
02:56:57,200 --> 02:57:00,600
understanding of how to create 
entertainment for a population, 

3201
02:57:00,600 --> 02:57:03,500
sitting in the dark unable to do
much else. 

3202
02:57:03,500 --> 02:57:07,500
Decide to listen. local 
communities, develop Collective,

3203
02:57:07,500 --> 02:57:11,600
coping strategies neighborhoods,
organized blackout socials 

3204
02:57:11,600 --> 02:57:15,000
Gathering where people can meet 
and commingled despite the 

3205
02:57:15,000 --> 02:57:19,400
darkness Churches, host, evening
services that become social 

3206
02:57:19,400 --> 02:57:21,400
events. 
As much as religious ones, 

3207
02:57:21,400 --> 02:57:24,800
providing both spiritual comfort
and human connection. 

3208
02:57:25,800 --> 02:57:28,500
Community centers run 
activities, specifically 

3209
02:57:28,500 --> 02:57:30,600
designed for low-light 
conditions. 

3210
02:57:30,600 --> 02:57:34,600
Music sessions discussion groups
and Collective listening to 

3211
02:57:34,600 --> 02:57:38,100
important broadcasts. 
Street communities become more 

3212
02:57:38,100 --> 02:57:39,900
tight-knit through the shared 
experience. 

3213
02:57:40,800 --> 02:57:43,600
Neighbors, who might previously 
have exchanged only perfunctory 

3214
02:57:43,600 --> 02:57:46,400
greetings? 
Now check on each other help 

3215
02:57:46,400 --> 02:57:49,300
each other with blackout 
preparations and share resources

3216
02:57:49,300 --> 02:57:52,400
and solutions. 
The darkness creates a kind of 

3217
02:57:52,400 --> 02:57:55,900
Frontier mentality. 
A sense that you're all in this 

3218
02:57:55,900 --> 02:57:59,200
together face in common 
challenges that require Mutual 

3219
02:57:59,200 --> 02:58:03,700
support Children remarkably 
resilient turn the blackout into

3220
02:58:03,700 --> 02:58:06,300
play. 
They invent games suited to 

3221
02:58:06,300 --> 02:58:09,500
Darkness elaborate versions of 
Hayden seek. 

3222
02:58:09,500 --> 02:58:13,000
Treasure hunts that rely on 
touch and sound, rather than 

3223
02:58:13,000 --> 02:58:17,200
sight and Theatrical performance
is put on in dim rooms where 

3224
02:58:17,200 --> 02:58:19,600
imagination fills in for visual 
spectacle. 

3225
02:58:20,700 --> 02:58:24,500
The blackout becomes normalized 
in their experience, not a 

3226
02:58:24,500 --> 02:58:28,100
temporary disruption but simply 
how the world works as natural 

3227
02:58:28,100 --> 02:58:30,400
as rain or school or Sunday 
roast. 

3228
02:58:31,400 --> 02:58:34,800
Teachers adapt, their lesson 
plans, incorporating blackout 

3229
02:58:34,800 --> 02:58:38,600
realities into education. 
Science classes discuss 

3230
02:58:38,600 --> 02:58:40,500
astronomy. 
With Newfound relevance 

3231
02:58:40,500 --> 02:58:43,100
students, can actually see what 
they're learning about. 

3232
02:58:44,700 --> 02:58:47,100
History lessons. 
Draw, parallels to Medieval 

3233
02:58:47,100 --> 02:58:49,600
life. 
Helping children understand that

3234
02:58:49,600 --> 02:58:52,300
most of human history occurred 
without electric light. 

3235
02:58:53,200 --> 02:58:57,600
Art classes experiment with low 
light media, charcoal drawings 

3236
02:58:57,600 --> 02:59:02,100
shadow puppets and projects that
work despite limited visibility.

3237
02:59:03,300 --> 02:59:05,700
Physical coordination improves 
across the population. 

3238
02:59:05,700 --> 02:59:09,500
As people, develop better, 
spatial awareness. your 

3239
02:59:09,500 --> 02:59:12,800
proprioception that internal 
sense of where your body is in 

3240
02:59:12,800 --> 02:59:18,400
space sharpens when visual input
becomes unreliable, People learn

3241
02:59:18,400 --> 02:59:22,600
to move more carefully, more 
consciously developing a kind of

3242
02:59:22,600 --> 02:59:25,900
bodily intelligence that Modern 
Life had allowed to atrophy. 

3243
02:59:27,400 --> 02:59:31,700
Simple Act of walking becomes 
more mindful, more present, and 

3244
02:59:31,700 --> 02:59:34,200
less the unconscious automatic 
process. 

3245
02:59:34,200 --> 02:59:38,600
It had been health effects 
emerge, both positive and 

3246
02:59:38,600 --> 02:59:42,400
negative accident rates from the
darkness remain elevated. 

3247
02:59:42,400 --> 02:59:46,400
People can continue to trip 
Collide and stumble into 

3248
02:59:46,400 --> 02:59:48,900
objects. 
But there are unexpected 

3249
02:59:48,900 --> 02:59:52,000
benefits, too. 
The early evening, schedules 

3250
02:59:52,000 --> 02:59:55,100
mean, people get more sleep and 
their circadian rhythms. 

3251
02:59:55,100 --> 02:59:57,600
Are more aligned with natural 
light, dark Cycles. 

3252
02:59:58,700 --> 03:00:00,800
The reduction in artificial 
light at night. 

3253
03:00:00,800 --> 03:00:03,300
Might be improving Sleep 
Quality, though. 

3254
03:00:03,300 --> 03:00:06,800
Nobody's conducting formal 
studies to verify this the 

3255
03:00:06,800 --> 03:00:10,000
enforced indoor evenings mean, 
less exposure to cold and damp 

3256
03:00:10,000 --> 03:00:12,900
for some potentially reducing 
winter illness. 

3257
03:00:13,800 --> 03:00:16,200
Seasonal variations in the 
blackout, create different 

3258
03:00:16,200 --> 03:00:19,700
challenges and experiences. 
Some are evenings with their 

3259
03:00:19,700 --> 03:00:24,300
late sunsets, require short 
periods of blackouts just three 

3260
03:00:24,300 --> 03:00:29,100
or four hours. people can enjoy 
long Twilights and extended time

3261
03:00:29,100 --> 03:00:33,000
Outdoors, while it's still light
enough to see Picnics and garden

3262
03:00:33,000 --> 03:00:36,300
parties, adapt to early 
schedule's wrapping up before, 

3263
03:00:36,300 --> 03:00:37,900
Darkness makes them in 
practical. 

3264
03:00:39,300 --> 03:00:43,000
But winter brings longer 
blackout periods, sometimes 16 

3265
03:00:43,000 --> 03:00:44,900
hours or more of required 
Darkness. 

3266
03:00:45,800 --> 03:00:49,700
Cycle weight of this is 
considerable waking in darkness.

3267
03:00:49,700 --> 03:00:53,900
Working through short, daylight 
hours, returning home to more 

3268
03:00:53,900 --> 03:00:57,400
Darkness. 
It feels oppressive endless. 

3269
03:00:58,300 --> 03:01:01,600
Seasonal affective disorder 
though not yet named or 

3270
03:01:01,600 --> 03:01:05,700
officially recognized. 
Surely affects many the lack of 

3271
03:01:05,700 --> 03:01:10,200
light combines with war anxiety 
to create periods of genuine, 

3272
03:01:10,200 --> 03:01:14,100
depression for some December 
1939. 

3273
03:01:14,100 --> 03:01:16,800
Brings the Blackout's first 
winter holiday season. 

3274
03:01:17,600 --> 03:01:19,500
Christmas presents unique 
challenges. 

3275
03:01:19,500 --> 03:01:23,700
How do you maintain festive 
cheer in compulsory Darkness 

3276
03:01:24,600 --> 03:01:27,500
Families rise to the challenge 
with determination that borders 

3277
03:01:27,500 --> 03:01:31,900
on defiance Christmas lights. 
Those strings of colored bulbs, 

3278
03:01:31,900 --> 03:01:35,200
that normally decorate windows, 
and trees must be abandoned or 

3279
03:01:35,200 --> 03:01:38,600
drastically modified. 
Some people crit, elaborate 

3280
03:01:38,600 --> 03:01:42,600
interior displays decorating 
trees in rooms with completely 

3281
03:01:42,600 --> 03:01:46,500
blacked out windows, creating 
private festools of light, that 

3282
03:01:46,500 --> 03:01:51,400
can't be seen from outside. 
Carol singing adapts to blackout

3283
03:01:51,400 --> 03:01:55,400
conditions groups, carry covered
lands as they move from house to

3284
03:01:55,400 --> 03:01:59,500
house their voices rising in the
darkness creating moments of 

3285
03:01:59,500 --> 03:02:02,600
beauty and connection. 
That feel more pressure for the 

3286
03:02:02,600 --> 03:02:06,400
surrounding Gloom. 
Ancient hymns about light coming

3287
03:02:06,400 --> 03:02:08,600
into darkness, take on new 
residents. 

3288
03:02:09,500 --> 03:02:11,700
Silent Night, feels especially 
appropriate. 

3289
03:02:11,700 --> 03:02:14,800
When nights are so profoundly 
silent and dark. 

3290
03:02:15,700 --> 03:02:19,100
Gift-giving focuses on practical
items suited to blackout life, 

3291
03:02:19,100 --> 03:02:24,000
torches, luminous paint warm 
clothing and books for reading 

3292
03:02:24,000 --> 03:02:26,400
aloud. 
But there are frivolous gifts 

3293
03:02:26,400 --> 03:02:28,500
too. 
Deliberate, assertions of 

3294
03:02:28,500 --> 03:02:32,900
normalcy and joy, despite 
circumstances dolls, and toy 

3295
03:02:32,900 --> 03:02:36,800
soldiers for children, perfume 
and stockings for wives and 

3296
03:02:36,800 --> 03:02:40,100
pipes and tobacco. 
For husbands, these gestures 

3297
03:02:40,100 --> 03:02:44,300
matter enormously small Defiance
is against the wars restrictions

3298
03:02:44,300 --> 03:02:48,500
declarations that life and 
pleasure can continue New Year's

3299
03:02:48,500 --> 03:02:51,000
Eve presents its own strange 
circumstances. 

3300
03:02:52,100 --> 03:02:55,100
A traditional celebrations 
gathering in public squares, 

3301
03:02:55,100 --> 03:02:58,500
watching for midnight and the 
explosion of noise and lighters 

3302
03:02:58,500 --> 03:03:01,500
the New Year. 
Arrives must be reimagined. 

3303
03:03:02,500 --> 03:03:05,700
People celebrate in dark and 
homes, listening for church 

3304
03:03:05,700 --> 03:03:09,600
bells gathering around Wireless 
sets for special broadcasts. 

3305
03:03:10,500 --> 03:03:14,900
When midnight comes they might 
step out into darkness, hearing 

3306
03:03:14,900 --> 03:03:16,700
distant, voices, calling 
greetings. 

3307
03:03:16,700 --> 03:03:19,700
They cannot see feeling 
connected to Invisible 

3308
03:03:19,700 --> 03:03:25,100
neighbors, through sound alone. 
The turn to 1940 brings renewed 

3309
03:03:25,100 --> 03:03:28,400
determination. 
The blackout will continue but 

3310
03:03:28,400 --> 03:03:29,700
people have learned to live with
it. 

3311
03:03:30,600 --> 03:03:35,300
The initial shock has worn off 
replaced by practice competence.

3312
03:03:36,000 --> 03:03:39,100
You know, how to navigate your 
street in darkness, you know, 

3313
03:03:39,100 --> 03:03:41,700
how long your blackout 
preparations, take, you know, 

3314
03:03:41,708 --> 03:03:44,800
which activities work in dim 
light in which don't the 

3315
03:03:44,800 --> 03:03:51,000
learning curve has been climbed 
and what remains is simply The 

3316
03:03:51,000 --> 03:03:55,100
blackout continues through 1940 
and Beyond lasting in various 

3317
03:03:55,100 --> 03:03:59,800
forms until September. 1944, 
when regulations finally relax 

3318
03:03:59,800 --> 03:04:03,300
as the threat of bombing 
diminishes, But even before 

3319
03:04:03,300 --> 03:04:06,300
official relaxation, the 
blackout out of Vols and become 

3320
03:04:06,300 --> 03:04:09,600
less absolute. 
His military technology, 

3321
03:04:09,600 --> 03:04:13,900
improves and bombing strategies 
change the strict requirements. 

3322
03:04:13,900 --> 03:04:17,500
Loosened slightly. 
Dim lights become permissible in

3323
03:04:17,500 --> 03:04:20,900
some circumstances. 
The complete darkness of those 

3324
03:04:20,900 --> 03:04:24,300
first months gradually lightened
to a more manageable glue. 

3325
03:04:25,300 --> 03:04:29,000
The first relaxation is a 
tentative almost apologetic. 

3326
03:04:30,300 --> 03:04:32,600
Regulations. 
Allow heavily shielded Street 

3327
03:04:32,600 --> 03:04:35,800
Lighting in some areas. 
Not the full illumination of 

3328
03:04:35,800 --> 03:04:39,800
pre-war years, but enough to 
prevent the worst accidents and 

3329
03:04:39,800 --> 03:04:42,700
to make navigation possible 
without constant hazard. 

3330
03:04:43,500 --> 03:04:46,900
These new lights, cast pools of 
dim, Radiance that seemed 

3331
03:04:46,900 --> 03:04:52,200
extraordinarily bright after 
years of complete darkness, even

3332
03:04:52,200 --> 03:04:55,100
though they're actually quite 
faint by historical standards. 

3333
03:04:56,100 --> 03:04:59,200
People's reactions to these 
first returns of public lighting

3334
03:04:59,200 --> 03:05:01,800
reveal. 
How much the darkness has 

3335
03:05:01,800 --> 03:05:05,000
affected them. 
Some feel immediate relief and 

3336
03:05:05,000 --> 03:05:07,400
easing of tension, they hadn't 
quite realized they were 

3337
03:05:07,400 --> 03:05:10,900
carrying the simple ability to 
see where you're walking to 

3338
03:05:10,900 --> 03:05:13,000
recognize faces to orient 
yourself. 

3339
03:05:13,000 --> 03:05:17,600
Visually These feel like 
luxuries gifts restored after 

3340
03:05:17,600 --> 03:05:20,300
long deprivation. 
Others. 

3341
03:05:20,300 --> 03:05:22,500
Feel oddly uncomfortable with 
the lights return. 

3342
03:05:22,500 --> 03:05:26,900
After years of Darkness even 
dim, lighting can feel exposing 

3343
03:05:26,900 --> 03:05:29,400
and vulnerable. 
Some people have grown 

3344
03:05:29,400 --> 03:05:33,200
accustomed to the anonymity that
Darkness provides the sense of 

3345
03:05:33,200 --> 03:05:35,600
being unseen As you move through
public spaces. 

3346
03:05:36,400 --> 03:05:40,400
The return of light, however, 
faint removes that protective 

3347
03:05:40,400 --> 03:05:43,100
and visibility. 
The gradual restoration 

3348
03:05:43,100 --> 03:05:47,600
progresses through 1944 as 
allied forces, push across 

3349
03:05:47,600 --> 03:05:52,100
Europe and the threat to Britain
received. more lights, return 

3350
03:05:52,100 --> 03:05:56,300
regulations, relax further and 
the familiar glow of evening 

3351
03:05:56,300 --> 03:06:00,700
civilization begins to rebuild 
Shop Windows light up first, 

3352
03:06:00,700 --> 03:06:04,300
just modestly but enough to 
display goods and to create 

3353
03:06:04,308 --> 03:06:08,200
welcoming spaces. 
Then Street lamps return to more

3354
03:06:08,200 --> 03:06:10,300
normal operation. 
They're familiar. 

3355
03:06:10,300 --> 03:06:11,700
Yellow. 
Orange, light painting 

3356
03:06:11,700 --> 03:06:14,900
Pavements, and facades. 
For those who remember the 

3357
03:06:14,900 --> 03:06:16,800
change. 
And by this point, young 

3358
03:06:16,800 --> 03:06:19,800
children have lived their entire
conscious lives under blackout 

3359
03:06:19,800 --> 03:06:22,500
conditions. 
The restoration of light feels 

3360
03:06:22,500 --> 03:06:27,100
almost magical treats that had 
been navigated by memory and 

3361
03:06:27,100 --> 03:06:29,600
faiths suddenly reveal 
themselves in detail. 

3362
03:06:30,500 --> 03:06:32,900
Building show their full 
architectural character. 

3363
03:06:33,800 --> 03:06:37,400
Faces become readable from a 
distance, the urban landscape 

3364
03:06:37,400 --> 03:06:39,600
recovers, its visible 
complexity. 

3365
03:06:40,500 --> 03:06:43,500
The psychological impact of 
restored, lighting is profound 

3366
03:06:43,500 --> 03:06:48,600
and multifaceted. they're 
certainly celebration relief and

3367
03:06:48,600 --> 03:06:52,800
joy at this tangible, symbol of 
the walls, waning But there's a 

3368
03:06:52,800 --> 03:06:56,800
strange sadness and unexpected 
Nostalgia for something that 

3369
03:06:56,800 --> 03:06:59,100
everyone complained about 
constantly while it was 

3370
03:06:59,100 --> 03:07:02,000
happening. 
The blackout years for all their

3371
03:07:02,000 --> 03:07:07,200
difficulty had created a kind of
Fellowship, a shared experience 

3372
03:07:07,200 --> 03:07:09,400
that had bound communities 
together. 

3373
03:07:10,300 --> 03:07:13,400
With the return of light comes 
the return of normal, Urban 

3374
03:07:13,400 --> 03:07:17,700
anonymity, the dissolution of 
that intense Mutual dependence. 

3375
03:07:18,400 --> 03:07:21,300
Some of the Innovations and 
adaptations developed during the

3376
03:07:21,300 --> 03:07:25,000
blackout persist even after 
they're no longer necessary. 

3377
03:07:25,800 --> 03:07:28,900
People who learn to navigate by 
sound and memory retain those 

3378
03:07:28,900 --> 03:07:31,400
skills. 
Families, who discovered they 

3379
03:07:31,400 --> 03:07:33,500
enjoyed evening read aloud 
sessions. 

3380
03:07:33,500 --> 03:07:36,200
Continue them even when bright 
lights would permit individual 

3381
03:07:36,200 --> 03:07:38,600
reading. 
Communities that Drew together 

3382
03:07:38,600 --> 03:07:41,000
in darkness, maintain some of 
that closeness. 

3383
03:07:41,000 --> 03:07:44,900
Those relationships that formed 
during shared difficulty. 

3384
03:07:45,900 --> 03:07:49,600
Physical traces of the blackout.
Persist too, white painted, 

3385
03:07:49,600 --> 03:07:52,700
curbs and tree trunks remain 
their purpose, absolutely. 

3386
03:07:52,700 --> 03:07:56,600
But their presence continuing 
Blackout curtains, stay up in 

3387
03:07:56,600 --> 03:07:59,600
many homes. 
Why take them down when they're 

3388
03:07:59,608 --> 03:08:02,500
already installed when they 
useful for privacy? 

3389
03:08:02,500 --> 03:08:04,800
When there are a remind of 
survival? 

3390
03:08:06,100 --> 03:08:09,100
Architectural features designed 
for the blackout era. 

3391
03:08:09,100 --> 03:08:11,700
Those double door entries on 
pubs. 

3392
03:08:11,700 --> 03:08:15,300
The carefully positioned 
lighting fixers remain as 

3393
03:08:15,300 --> 03:08:17,700
fossils of a particular 
historical moment. 

3394
03:08:18,700 --> 03:08:21,100
Ecological effects of the 
blackout years, gradually 

3395
03:08:21,100 --> 03:08:25,500
reverse as artificial light 
returns that night sky slowly 

3396
03:08:25,500 --> 03:08:28,100
disappears. 
Again behind his veil of urban 

3397
03:08:28,100 --> 03:08:30,700
globe. 
The Stars fade from Easy 

3398
03:08:30,700 --> 03:08:35,000
visibility the Milky Way 
withdraws, the darkness that had

3399
03:08:35,000 --> 03:08:37,700
revealed Celestial beauty is 
pushed back by human 

3400
03:08:37,700 --> 03:08:40,500
illumination. 
Some people mourn. 

3401
03:08:40,500 --> 03:08:43,600
This loss realizing that the 
blackout had given them a gift, 

3402
03:08:43,608 --> 03:08:46,600
they'll never receive. 
Again the regular sight of the 

3403
03:08:46,608 --> 03:08:50,100
universe, their heads, The 
generation that lived through 

3404
03:08:50,100 --> 03:08:53,100
the blackout carries memories, 
that shape their relationship 

3405
03:08:53,100 --> 03:08:55,600
with light and darkness for the 
rest of their lives. 

3406
03:08:56,400 --> 03:08:59,200
Those who were children during 
the blackout often develop, 

3407
03:08:59,200 --> 03:09:03,000
either a strong preference for 
Darkness finding comfort in the 

3408
03:09:03,000 --> 03:09:06,000
nighttime environment. 
They knew as children or an 

3409
03:09:06,000 --> 03:09:09,100
equally strong preference for a 
abundant like, A kind of 

3410
03:09:09,100 --> 03:09:12,400
overcompensation for years of 
enforced dimness. 

3411
03:09:14,000 --> 03:09:16,400
The blackout leaves. 
Its mark on British culture in 

3412
03:09:16,400 --> 03:09:20,500
subtle ways, a certain comfort 
with dimmer lighting persists. 

3413
03:09:21,300 --> 03:09:24,100
British homes and public spaces 
10 toward more modest 

3414
03:09:24,100 --> 03:09:26,400
illumination than their American
counterparts. 

3415
03:09:27,900 --> 03:09:30,200
A prince that may Trace 
partially to this period of 

3416
03:09:30,200 --> 03:09:33,000
enforced. 
Darkness, the idea that too much

3417
03:09:33,008 --> 03:09:37,200
light is wasteful even slightly 
vulgar becomes embedded in 

3418
03:09:37,200 --> 03:09:40,900
aesthetic, Sensibility. 
The historical memory of the 

3419
03:09:40,900 --> 03:09:42,900
blackout carries multiple 
meanings. 

3420
03:09:42,900 --> 03:09:47,000
It becomes a symbol of British 
resilience of the homefront 

3421
03:09:47,000 --> 03:09:49,600
contribution, to the war effort 
and of collective. 

3422
03:09:49,600 --> 03:09:53,900
Sacrifice for a common cause 
politicians and cultural 

3423
03:09:53,900 --> 03:09:57,700
commentators invoke the blackout
as an example of what a society 

3424
03:09:57,700 --> 03:10:01,500
can endure when properly 
motivated when United by shared 

3425
03:10:01,500 --> 03:10:05,900
purpose, but the blackout also 
serves as a reminder of Wars 

3426
03:10:05,900 --> 03:10:09,600
intrusion into civilian life of 
how conflict transforms ordinary

3427
03:10:09,600 --> 03:10:13,600
existence in ways, both large 
and small. it demonstrates that 

3428
03:10:13,600 --> 03:10:17,600
Warfare is not just distant 
battles fought by soldiers, but 

3429
03:10:17,600 --> 03:10:21,100
also the accumulated, small 
deprivations and adjustments 

3430
03:10:21,100 --> 03:10:25,000
that everyone must make the 
nightly ritual of darkening, 

3431
03:10:25,000 --> 03:10:29,300
Windows, the cautious navigation
of familiar streets and the 

3432
03:10:29,300 --> 03:10:32,200
adaptation of every evening 
routine to accommodate the 

3433
03:10:32,200 --> 03:10:34,900
absence of light. 
For modern. 

3434
03:10:34,900 --> 03:10:39,100
Observers, the blackout offers A
peculiar window in to a world 

3435
03:10:39,100 --> 03:10:42,000
that simultaneously recognizable
and alien. 

3436
03:10:42,900 --> 03:10:47,600
The brick of 1939 had 
electricity radio, Autumn 

3437
03:10:47,600 --> 03:10:51,900
appeals and Cinema all the 
technological fixtures of Modern

3438
03:10:51,900 --> 03:10:54,900
Life. 
Yet the deliberate removal of 

3439
03:10:54,900 --> 03:10:58,700
just one element artificial 
light after dark. 

3440
03:10:58,700 --> 03:11:02,700
Transformed daily experience. 
In ways that connected people 

3441
03:11:02,700 --> 03:11:05,400
backward to pre-industrial, 
patterns of living. 

3442
03:11:05,400 --> 03:11:08,800
There's something almost 
meditative about contemplating 

3443
03:11:08,800 --> 03:11:11,800
the blackout years. 
This period, when millions of 

3444
03:11:11,800 --> 03:11:16,100
people deliberately darken their
world sitting in dimmed rooms, 

3445
03:11:16,100 --> 03:11:20,700
navigating shadowed streets and 
learning to experience their 

3446
03:11:20,700 --> 03:11:25,800
environment through senses other
than sight, In our current ERA 

3447
03:11:25,800 --> 03:11:29,900
of constant illumination. 
When light pollution is soap of 

3448
03:11:29,908 --> 03:11:33,600
evasive that many children grow 
up, never seeing the Milky Way. 

3449
03:11:34,500 --> 03:11:37,700
When cities glow so brightly 
that their visible from space, 

3450
03:11:37,700 --> 03:11:41,200
there's something oddly 
appealing about this historical 

3451
03:11:41,200 --> 03:11:45,500
moment of chosen Darkness. 
The blackout reminds us that our

3452
03:11:45,500 --> 03:11:48,700
relationship with light and 
darkness is not fixed or natural

3453
03:11:48,700 --> 03:11:53,800
but historically constructed 
shaped by technology, regulation

3454
03:11:53,800 --> 03:11:57,600
and social practice. 
For most of human history, 

3455
03:11:57,600 --> 03:12:01,200
Darkness was inevitable. 
You may the best light you could

3456
03:12:01,200 --> 03:12:04,900
with fire or oil but ultimately 
night meant Darkness. 

3457
03:12:06,200 --> 03:12:10,500
Electric light changed, this 
pushing Darkness, back and 

3458
03:12:10,500 --> 03:12:15,000
extending the day artificially. 
The blackout briefly reversed 

3459
03:12:15,000 --> 03:12:18,300
this transformation restoring 
Darkness not through 

3460
03:12:18,300 --> 03:12:22,000
technological failure. 
Through deliberate choice. 

3461
03:12:22,900 --> 03:12:26,500
As you lie here. 
Now, warm and comfortable in a 

3462
03:12:26,500 --> 03:12:28,800
room where light is available at
the flick of a switch. 

3463
03:12:28,800 --> 03:12:32,700
It's worth contemplating. 
What the blackout reveals about 

3464
03:12:32,700 --> 03:12:34,800
human adaptability and 
resilience. 

3465
03:12:35,800 --> 03:12:38,800
The people of Britain in 1939 
didn't know how long the war 

3466
03:12:38,800 --> 03:12:42,300
would last whether the blackout 
would be needed for weeks or 

3467
03:12:42,300 --> 03:12:45,700
years or whether they are cities
would survive or be destroyed 

3468
03:12:45,700 --> 03:12:50,300
yet they adapted persevered and 
found moments of beauty and 

3469
03:12:50,300 --> 03:12:52,300
connection. 
Amidst the enforced Darkness. 

3470
03:12:53,400 --> 03:12:56,200
The blackout demonstrates 
something essential about human 

3471
03:12:56,200 --> 03:13:00,600
communities that we can endure 
significant disruption to normal

3472
03:13:00,600 --> 03:13:04,400
life when we understand the 
purpose behind it, when we 

3473
03:13:04,400 --> 03:13:07,200
believe we're contributing to 
something larger than our 

3474
03:13:07,200 --> 03:13:11,300
individual comfort. 
The nightly ritual of darkening 

3475
03:13:11,300 --> 03:13:13,300
Windows became a form of 
participation. 

3476
03:13:14,600 --> 03:13:18,000
A tangible action that connected
each household to the National 

3477
03:13:18,000 --> 03:13:20,700
effort. 
There's something deeply human 

3478
03:13:20,700 --> 03:13:24,100
about gathering in darkened 
rooms about families coming 

3479
03:13:24,100 --> 03:13:27,700
together, around dim lights 
about Community supporting each 

3480
03:13:27,700 --> 03:13:29,300
other, through shared 
difficulty. 

3481
03:13:30,000 --> 03:13:34,000
These patterns recur throughout 
human history around ancient, 

3482
03:13:34,000 --> 03:13:38,900
campfires in medieval great 
Halls, lit by Rush light and in 

3483
03:13:38,900 --> 03:13:40,400
Pioneer cabins on winter 
evenings. 

3484
03:13:41,700 --> 03:13:44,700
The blackout temporarily 
restored, these older patterns 

3485
03:13:44,700 --> 03:13:48,800
using modern technology to 
recreate, pre-modern conditions.

3486
03:13:49,600 --> 03:13:53,400
The sensory richness of the 
blackout experience, the visible

3487
03:13:53,400 --> 03:13:56,100
stars. 
The Amplified sounds, the 

3488
03:13:56,100 --> 03:13:58,000
heightened awareness of smell 
and touch. 

3489
03:13:58,900 --> 03:14:01,800
Suggests that our normal 
brightly lit, existence May 

3490
03:14:01,800 --> 03:14:04,600
diminish, certain forms of 
awareness and experience. 

3491
03:14:05,600 --> 03:14:09,500
We gain practical benefits from 
abundant light certainly, but we

3492
03:14:09,500 --> 03:14:11,100
may lose other kinds of 
perception. 

3493
03:14:11,100 --> 03:14:13,700
Other ways of experiencing our 
environment. 

3494
03:14:13,700 --> 03:14:16,600
In each other, the blackouts in 
force slowed down. 

3495
03:14:16,600 --> 03:14:20,600
Its requirement for more careful
movement, more deliberate 

3496
03:14:20,600 --> 03:14:23,300
action. 
And more time spent in quiet 

3497
03:14:23,300 --> 03:14:27,500
domestic setting these Creator 
quality of life that many people

3498
03:14:27,500 --> 03:14:31,400
fail, surprisingly satisfying, 
despite the circumstances, 

3499
03:14:32,500 --> 03:14:37,400
Frantic pace of Modern Life, the
constant visual stimulation, the

3500
03:14:37,400 --> 03:14:40,600
ability to pursue individual 
activities, in separate rooms 

3501
03:14:40,600 --> 03:14:44,700
with independent lighting. 
All these Innovations have costs

3502
03:14:44,700 --> 03:14:47,900
as well as benefits. 
Consider how the blackout 

3503
03:14:47,900 --> 03:14:52,000
changed social interaction. 
In darkness, you couldn't judge 

3504
03:14:52,000 --> 03:14:54,500
people by their appearance quite
so readily. 

3505
03:14:55,200 --> 03:14:58,400
Conversations happened, without 
the constant visual feedback. 

3506
03:14:58,400 --> 03:15:01,600
We normally rely on people, 
learn to listen, more carefully 

3507
03:15:01,600 --> 03:15:04,900
to pay attention to voice, tone 
and word choice rather than 

3508
03:15:04,900 --> 03:15:06,800
facial expressions and body 
language. 

3509
03:15:07,700 --> 03:15:10,500
This created different kinds of 
intimacy and different patterns 

3510
03:15:10,500 --> 03:15:13,800
of connection. 
The democratizing effect of the 

3511
03:15:13,800 --> 03:15:16,100
blackout the way, it affected 
rich. 

3512
03:15:16,100 --> 03:15:19,800
And poor alike, created, a rare 
moment of genuinely shared 

3513
03:15:19,800 --> 03:15:21,700
experience across social 
classes. 

3514
03:15:22,500 --> 03:15:25,000
The Duke and the doctor, both 
navigated the same. 

3515
03:15:25,000 --> 03:15:30,300
Dark and streets, both sat in 
dim rooms and both face the same

3516
03:15:30,300 --> 03:15:33,400
challenges of maintaining normal
life despite abnormal 

3517
03:15:33,400 --> 03:15:37,500
conditions, This shared 
experience contributed to the 

3518
03:15:37,500 --> 03:15:41,100
social solidarity, that 
characterized Britain during the

3519
03:15:41,100 --> 03:15:44,100
War years. 
The blackout reveals something 

3520
03:15:44,100 --> 03:15:46,600
about the relationship between 
freedom and security. 

3521
03:15:47,400 --> 03:15:50,600
The regulations represented, a 
significant restriction of 

3522
03:15:50,608 --> 03:15:53,400
personal Liberty. 
You couldn't like your own home 

3523
03:15:53,400 --> 03:15:57,500
as you wished couldn't move 
freely at night without risk and

3524
03:15:57,500 --> 03:16:02,100
face penalties for violations. 
Yet, most people accepted these 

3525
03:16:02,100 --> 03:16:05,700
restrictions as legitimate and 
necessary, a reasonable 

3526
03:16:05,700 --> 03:16:09,900
trade-off for Collective safety.
The balance between individual 

3527
03:16:09,900 --> 03:16:12,700
freedom and common security is 
never simple. 

3528
03:16:12,700 --> 03:16:16,700
Never permanent. 
It must be constantly negotiated

3529
03:16:16,700 --> 03:16:20,200
and renegotiated. 
The Innovations and adaptations 

3530
03:16:20,200 --> 03:16:23,400
that emerged during the 
blackout, the Luminous paint, 

3531
03:16:23,400 --> 03:16:27,400
the white marked curbs. 
The hooded headlamps the double 

3532
03:16:27,400 --> 03:16:30,600
door entries. 
Represent human creativity 

3533
03:16:30,600 --> 03:16:34,900
responding to constraint. 
Necessity, truly does mother 

3534
03:16:34,900 --> 03:16:37,000
invention and the blackout 
years? 

3535
03:16:37,000 --> 03:16:39,800
Produced countless small 
solutions to the problems that 

3536
03:16:39,800 --> 03:16:43,600
Darkness created. 
These Innovations demonstrate, 

3537
03:16:43,600 --> 03:16:47,100
the restrictions can Inspire 
rather than merely limit. 

3538
03:16:48,000 --> 03:16:50,700
Working within constraints can 
generate creativity. 

3539
03:16:51,900 --> 03:16:54,300
The return of light. 
After years of Darkness must 

3540
03:16:54,300 --> 03:16:56,300
have felt like emerging from a 
long tunnel. 

3541
03:16:57,100 --> 03:17:00,000
The Familiar World revealed 
again, the simple pleasure of 

3542
03:17:00,000 --> 03:17:05,000
seeing clearly of moving without
constant caution of Windows that

3543
03:17:05,000 --> 03:17:09,400
connect rather than seal. 
Yet along with this relief, came

3544
03:17:09,400 --> 03:17:14,100
the loss of something too that 
peculiar intimacy that Darkness 

3545
03:17:14,100 --> 03:17:16,700
had created, that sharpened 
awareness. 

3546
03:17:16,700 --> 03:17:21,600
That sense of shared endurance. 
For those who live through it. 

3547
03:17:21,600 --> 03:17:25,200
The blackout becomes one of 
those formative experiences that

3548
03:17:25,200 --> 03:17:28,700
shape perception for a lifetime,
they carry memories of 

3549
03:17:28,700 --> 03:17:33,700
navigating Darkness, a families 
gathered in dim rooms of stars, 

3550
03:17:33,700 --> 03:17:37,500
brilliant overhead and of the 
particular quality of Silence 

3551
03:17:37,500 --> 03:17:39,900
that descended on cities 
designed for noise. 

3552
03:17:41,000 --> 03:17:45,900
These memories become stories, 
then history, then Legend part 

3553
03:17:45,900 --> 03:17:48,500
of the narrative that nation's 
tell themselves about their 

3554
03:17:48,500 --> 03:17:51,000
past. 
As we come to the end of our 

3555
03:17:51,000 --> 03:17:54,300
journey through the blackout 
years, as your eyelids grow 

3556
03:17:54,300 --> 03:17:58,000
heavy, and your breathing slows.
Let's gather the gentle lessons 

3557
03:17:58,000 --> 03:18:00,700
that this history offers for 
your own rest tonight. 

3558
03:18:02,200 --> 03:18:05,200
The blackout teachers us that 
darkness is not necessarily 

3559
03:18:05,200 --> 03:18:09,100
something to fear but rather a 
natural state that humans lived 

3560
03:18:09,100 --> 03:18:11,800
with for Millennia before 
electric light became common. 

3561
03:18:11,800 --> 03:18:16,000
Those wartime Britains learn to 
find comfort and even Beauty and

3562
03:18:16,000 --> 03:18:19,900
darkness, the visible stars, the
heightened awareness of sound 

3563
03:18:19,900 --> 03:18:23,900
and smell and the coziness of 
dimly lit rooms where families 

3564
03:18:23,900 --> 03:18:28,500
gathered close as you prepare 
for Sleep, your participating in

3565
03:18:28,500 --> 03:18:33,100
the same ancient human practice 
voluntarily entering Darkness 

3566
03:18:33,100 --> 03:18:36,800
trusting it to hold, you safely,
while your Consciousness dims 

3567
03:18:37,600 --> 03:18:42,000
the darkness of sleep is 
restorative necessary and a gift

3568
03:18:42,008 --> 03:18:45,500
rather than a threat. 
Like those blackout nights. 

3569
03:18:45,500 --> 03:18:49,500
It offers a time of rest of 
withdrawal, from the constant 

3570
03:18:49,500 --> 03:18:52,900
stimulation of Waking Life and 
of renewal that comes through 

3571
03:18:52,900 --> 03:18:56,600
quiet and absence of light. 
The blackout families who learn 

3572
03:18:56,600 --> 03:19:00,000
to slow down to move more 
carefully to pay attention. 

3573
03:19:00,000 --> 03:19:04,600
To Beyond sight, they discovered
rhythms, that sleep requires to 

3574
03:19:04,600 --> 03:19:10,100
the winding down, the gradual 
dimming, the shift from activity

3575
03:19:10,100 --> 03:19:13,300
to Stillness. 
These transitions matter. 

3576
03:19:14,200 --> 03:19:17,800
They prepare body and mind for 
the darkness of sleep just as 

3577
03:19:17,800 --> 03:19:19,700
blackout preparations. 
Ready? 

3578
03:19:19,700 --> 03:19:23,800
Homes for the darkness of night.
The resilience of those blackout

3579
03:19:23,800 --> 03:19:27,500
years reminds us that humans can
adapt to almost anything and can

3580
03:19:27,500 --> 03:19:31,200
find peace and even pleasure in 
circumstances that initially 

3581
03:19:31,200 --> 03:19:34,200
seemed impossible. 
If they could learn to thrive in

3582
03:19:34,200 --> 03:19:37,600
dark and cities, you can 
certainly trust yourself to the 

3583
03:19:37,600 --> 03:19:41,300
darkness of your bedroom, to the
natural process of sleep, that 

3584
03:19:41,300 --> 03:19:45,000
your body knows how to perform. 
The community and connection 

3585
03:19:45,000 --> 03:19:48,300
that emerged from the shared 
blackout experience suggests, 

3586
03:19:48,300 --> 03:19:51,500
something about the importance 
of letting go of accepting 

3587
03:19:51,500 --> 03:19:54,700
limitations and of working with 
rather than against 

3588
03:19:54,700 --> 03:19:58,300
circumstances sleep requires 
this same surrender. 

3589
03:19:59,000 --> 03:20:01,700
It cannot force it. 
Only create conditions that 

3590
03:20:01,700 --> 03:20:04,500
welcome it. 
Like those families dimming 

3591
03:20:04,500 --> 03:20:06,800
their lights and settling into 
evening quiet. 

3592
03:20:06,800 --> 03:20:10,400
You prepare the space and then 
allow the darkness to do its 

3593
03:20:10,400 --> 03:20:13,300
work. 
Those visible stars during the 

3594
03:20:13,300 --> 03:20:17,300
blackout, the celestial beauty 
that emerged when artificial 

3595
03:20:17,300 --> 03:20:21,100
light withdrew, remind us, that 
Darkness reveals as well as 

3596
03:20:21,100 --> 03:20:25,500
conceals. 
In sleeps, Darkness dreams 

3597
03:20:25,500 --> 03:20:29,100
emerge, unconscious. 
Processes do their necessary 

3598
03:20:29,100 --> 03:20:33,400
work and the mine sorts and 
files and heals in ways that 

3599
03:20:33,400 --> 03:20:38,100
can't happen in waking light. 
Trust the darkness to show you 

3600
03:20:38,100 --> 03:20:41,400
what you need to see. 
The gradual adaptation to the 

3601
03:20:41,400 --> 03:20:44,700
blackout, the way, fear, 
transformed to competence. 

3602
03:20:44,700 --> 03:20:48,100
And then Comfort mirrors, the 
journey to sleep that you make 

3603
03:20:48,100 --> 03:20:50,800
each night. 
At first letting go of 

3604
03:20:50,800 --> 03:20:53,700
Consciousness can feel 
vulnerable, even frightening. 

3605
03:20:54,600 --> 03:21:00,200
But with practice with trust it 
becomes natural, even welcome. 

3606
03:21:01,000 --> 03:21:05,900
The darkness becomes familiar 
safe and a friend rather than a 

3607
03:21:05,900 --> 03:21:08,600
threat. 
As the blackout eventually, 

3608
03:21:08,600 --> 03:21:12,100
lifted and light returned. 
So too, will you wake tomorrow 

3609
03:21:12,100 --> 03:21:16,300
to light an activity? 
But, for now, like those wartime

3610
03:21:16,300 --> 03:21:19,700
families settling into their 
dimmed homes, you can Embrace 

3611
03:21:19,700 --> 03:21:24,000
this time of darkness and quiet.
Let your eyes closed like 

3612
03:21:24,000 --> 03:21:28,500
blackout curtains drawing shut. 
Feel your awareness dim like 

3613
03:21:28,500 --> 03:21:31,900
lights turning down. 
Allow yourself to sink into 

3614
03:21:31,900 --> 03:21:35,500
Stillness like a City, Going 
Quiet under the night sky. 

3615
03:21:36,800 --> 03:21:40,000
The people of the blackout years
survived, not through constant 

3616
03:21:40,000 --> 03:21:44,500
vigilance, but through 
acceptance adaptation, and the 

3617
03:21:44,500 --> 03:21:47,000
ability to find peace in Altered
circumstances. 

3618
03:21:48,300 --> 03:21:51,600
They learned that Darkness could
be endured that it brought gifts

3619
03:21:51,600 --> 03:21:55,100
along with its challenges that 
life continued and even 

3620
03:21:55,100 --> 03:21:59,000
flourished under its cover. 
Your sleep tonight is your 

3621
03:21:59,000 --> 03:22:01,900
personal blackout a time of 
chosen. 

3622
03:22:01,900 --> 03:22:06,900
Darkness of withdrawal from the 
world's demands of rest and 

3623
03:22:06,900 --> 03:22:10,500
restoration. 
Like those wartime britons, you 

3624
03:22:10,500 --> 03:22:13,800
don't know exactly what tomorrow
will bring. but you can trust 

3625
03:22:13,800 --> 03:22:16,500
that this period of Darkness 
will prepare you for whatever 

3626
03:22:16,500 --> 03:22:20,400
like reveals The last lesson of 
the blackout is, perhaps the 

3627
03:22:20,400 --> 03:22:23,600
most important that sometimes 
the most valuable thing we can 

3628
03:22:23,600 --> 03:22:27,400
do is simply stop. 
Darken our world and rest. 

3629
03:22:28,200 --> 03:22:31,800
Not as defeat or Retreat. 
That is necessary preparation 

3630
03:22:31,800 --> 03:22:35,400
for continuing. 
Those nightly blackout rituals 

3631
03:22:35,400 --> 03:22:38,500
weren't just safety measures. 
They were acknowledgments that 

3632
03:22:38,500 --> 03:22:41,800
activity must balance with 
Stillness that light needs 

3633
03:22:41,800 --> 03:22:45,500
Darkness as a Counterpoint and 
that life requires periods of 

3634
03:22:45,500 --> 03:22:48,700
quiet and rest. 
So let yourself rest. 

3635
03:22:48,700 --> 03:22:53,100
Now let the darkness hold you as
it held those millions of people

3636
03:22:53,100 --> 03:22:58,900
through their blackout years 
safely, gently preparing you for

3637
03:22:58,900 --> 03:23:00,700
whatever tomorrow's light will 
bring. 

3638
03:23:01,400 --> 03:23:04,600
Your eyes are growing heavy. 
Your breath is slowing. 

3639
03:23:05,600 --> 03:23:09,000
The darkness around, you is 
peaceful protective and 

3640
03:23:09,000 --> 03:23:10,900
appropriate. 
Sleep. 

3641
03:23:10,900 --> 03:23:13,600
Well, knowing that you're 
participating in one of 

3642
03:23:13,600 --> 03:23:16,300
Humanity's oldest and most 
natural practices. 

3643
03:23:17,100 --> 03:23:20,700
The darkness is your friend 
tonight just as it became the 

3644
03:23:20,700 --> 03:23:23,600
friend of those who learned to 
live through the great blackout 

3645
03:23:23,600 --> 03:23:26,600
rest easy rest deep rest. 
Well. 

3646
03:23:26,600 --> 03:23:29,500
And when morning comes when 
light returns your white 

3647
03:23:29,500 --> 03:23:32,300
refreshed as those blackout 
families woke to another day 

3648
03:23:32,300 --> 03:23:35,700
resilient adapted and ready to 
continue. 

3649
03:23:36,700 --> 03:23:40,200
For now though, just darkness, 
just quiet, just rest. 

3650
03:23:41,000 --> 03:23:41,600
Sleep. 
Well. 

3651
03:23:46,800 --> 03:23:49,900
Imagine being in a very old 
Japanese Forest the kind that 

3652
03:23:49,900 --> 03:23:52,500
used to cover these islands long
before anyone thought to build 

3653
03:23:52,500 --> 03:23:54,700
anything. 
These trees are different from 

3654
03:23:54,700 --> 03:23:56,100
the ones. 
You might see in your area. 

3655
03:23:56,100 --> 03:23:59,300
These trees are cryptomeria and 
hinoki Cypress. 

3656
03:23:59,300 --> 03:24:02,000
They can live for a thousand 
years and grow straight and 

3657
03:24:02,000 --> 03:24:03,900
tall. 
Their wood smells a little like 

3658
03:24:03,900 --> 03:24:07,400
lemon and is resistant to rot 
like Nature's Own preservative. 

3659
03:24:07,400 --> 03:24:10,800
Japanese architecture doesn't 
start in quarries or brick 

3660
03:24:10,800 --> 03:24:13,300
kills. 
It starts in these old forests 

3661
03:24:13,300 --> 03:24:15,800
where there was a lot of wood 
that was easy to work with and 

3662
03:24:15,800 --> 03:24:19,300
seemed to last forever. 
Building with stone makes things

3663
03:24:19,300 --> 03:24:21,000
last, whether you want them to 
or not. 

3664
03:24:21,900 --> 03:24:26,700
Stone says, I will be here long 
after your gone unchanged and 

3665
03:24:26,700 --> 03:24:28,400
unmoved. 
Wood. 

3666
03:24:28,400 --> 03:24:32,400
On the other hand, says, 
something else would says, I 

3667
03:24:32,400 --> 03:24:35,300
used to be alive and in a way I 
still am. 

3668
03:24:36,700 --> 03:24:39,100
The first people who lived in 
Japan, knew that the islands 

3669
03:24:39,100 --> 03:24:40,400
they lived on were always 
moving. 

3670
03:24:40,400 --> 03:24:43,300
And this would affect how they 
built things for thousands of 

3671
03:24:43,300 --> 03:24:47,400
years, earthquake, shook the 
ground to often making buildings

3672
03:24:47,400 --> 03:24:49,300
made of solid Stone into death 
traps. 

3673
03:24:49,300 --> 03:24:53,000
It seemed like the Earth itself,
like movement over Stillness and

3674
03:24:53,000 --> 03:24:56,700
flexibility over rigidity. 
So the Japanese learned how to 

3675
03:24:56,700 --> 03:24:59,100
build buildings that could Sway 
With the Earth instead of 

3676
03:24:59,108 --> 03:25:03,000
fighting it, these buildings 
danced with disaster in standing

3677
03:25:03,000 --> 03:25:05,500
against it. 
But before we talk about real 

3678
03:25:05,500 --> 03:25:07,500
buildings, we should talk about 
Shinto. 

3679
03:25:07,500 --> 03:25:10,500
The native religion of Japan 
that sees divine presence in 

3680
03:25:10,500 --> 03:25:13,200
nature. 
Shinto says that commie or 

3681
03:25:13,200 --> 03:25:17,000
Spirits or gods live in 
everything from huge mountains 

3682
03:25:17,000 --> 03:25:20,400
to Tiny streams from old trees 
to interesting rocks. 

3683
03:25:20,400 --> 03:25:22,500
This wasn't just a religious 
belief. 

3684
03:25:22,500 --> 03:25:25,500
It was a basic way to think 
about how you fit into the 

3685
03:25:25,500 --> 03:25:27,800
landscape. 
Your approach to building 

3686
03:25:27,800 --> 03:25:30,100
changes completely. 
When you think that nature is 

3687
03:25:30,100 --> 03:25:33,600
sacred, you don't take over the 
land, you work with it. 

3688
03:25:33,600 --> 03:25:36,200
You don't cut down all the trees
in a forest. 

3689
03:25:36,200 --> 03:25:40,000
Instead, you cut down certain 
trees with thanks and ceremony. 

3690
03:25:40,800 --> 03:25:43,000
The first Shinto shrines were 
really building's. 

3691
03:25:43,000 --> 03:25:46,700
They were just areas that were 
set aside as sacred maybe with a

3692
03:25:46,708 --> 03:25:49,700
special tree or rock in them. 
And simple fence is made of 

3693
03:25:49,700 --> 03:25:53,500
branches and rope around the 
Grand shrine at ease is one of 

3694
03:25:53,500 --> 03:25:56,800
Japan's most sacred places. 
It shows how people in Japan 

3695
03:25:56,800 --> 03:25:59,200
interact with nature in a way 
that might seem strange to 

3696
03:25:59,200 --> 03:26:01,600
people from the West every 20 
years. 

3697
03:26:01,600 --> 03:26:04,700
The whole Shrine complex is 
rebuilt from the ground up with 

3698
03:26:04,700 --> 03:26:06,600
new Cypresswood and traditional 
methods. 

3699
03:26:07,300 --> 03:26:10,000
The old buildings are carefully 
taken apart and new ones that 

3700
03:26:10,000 --> 03:26:12,200
look just like the old ones. 
Go up in their place. 

3701
03:26:12,900 --> 03:26:16,500
This has been going on for more 
than 1000 years which makes East

3702
03:26:16,500 --> 03:26:21,000
both old and always knew. 
Consider this for a second, a 

3703
03:26:21,000 --> 03:26:25,000
building that is both 1,300 
years old and only 20 years old.

3704
03:26:25,900 --> 03:26:28,700
It's like the ship of Theseus 
Paradox in architecture. 

3705
03:26:28,700 --> 03:26:32,100
This is a philosophical question
about whether something stays 

3706
03:26:32,100 --> 03:26:35,600
the same after all of its parts 
of being replaced, The Japanese 

3707
03:26:35,600 --> 03:26:38,800
knew right away that the shrines
Essence wasn't in the materials 

3708
03:26:38,800 --> 03:26:42,400
it was made of, but in its 
shape, its traditions and its 

3709
03:26:42,400 --> 03:26:46,000
spiritual continuity because of 
this tradition of rebuilding 

3710
03:26:46,000 --> 03:26:49,000
people, had to learn about 
architecture by teaching each 

3711
03:26:49,000 --> 03:26:51,800
other instead of just looking at
Old buildings. 

3712
03:26:52,500 --> 03:26:56,000
For decades Master Carpenters, 
taught apprentices everything 

3713
03:26:56,000 --> 03:26:58,800
they needed to know about how 
buildings, worked, how they 

3714
03:26:58,800 --> 03:27:01,800
breathed and how they stood up 
to win an earthquake's. 

3715
03:27:01,800 --> 03:27:04,800
They didn't just teach them how 
to cut joints or chose would 

3716
03:27:05,600 --> 03:27:07,900
Japanese people used to treat 
wood with a lot of respect. 

3717
03:27:07,900 --> 03:27:10,600
Carpenters, learn to read the 
grain of wood. 

3718
03:27:10,600 --> 03:27:13,300
Like you would read someone's 
face getting to know its 

3719
03:27:13,300 --> 03:27:15,200
personality strengths and 
Oddities. 

3720
03:27:15,200 --> 03:27:18,300
They knew that would from the 
north side of a tree was thicker

3721
03:27:18,300 --> 03:27:20,400
and should be used in a 
different way than would from 

3722
03:27:20,400 --> 03:27:22,900
the South Side. 
They knew that the way a tree 

3723
03:27:22,908 --> 03:27:25,700
grew determined how to cut and 
put its wood in a building. 

3724
03:27:26,400 --> 03:27:28,700
People cared for the tools and 
treated them with respect. 

3725
03:27:28,700 --> 03:27:32,300
It was important to take care of
and eventually pass down a 

3726
03:27:32,300 --> 03:27:35,300
master Carpenters. 
Saw Japanese saws cut on the 

3727
03:27:35,300 --> 03:27:37,700
pull stroke instead of the push 
stroke, which gives the 

3728
03:27:37,700 --> 03:27:39,900
carpenter more control and makes
cleaner cuts. 

3729
03:27:40,500 --> 03:27:42,800
It's one of those little things 
that shows a whole new way of 

3730
03:27:42,808 --> 03:27:46,300
doing things working with the 
tools nature, instead of forcing

3731
03:27:46,300 --> 03:27:49,100
it to do what you want. 
The joinery techniques that 

3732
03:27:49,100 --> 03:27:51,600
developed in Japan are still 
amazing and how clever they are 

3733
03:27:51,608 --> 03:27:54,000
Master. 
Carpenters, made connections 

3734
03:27:54,000 --> 03:27:56,500
between wooden parts that were 
stronger than the wood itself. 

3735
03:27:56,500 --> 03:27:59,500
Like, interlocking joints that 
got tighter when they were 

3736
03:27:59,500 --> 03:28:03,500
loaded Corners, that could Bend 
without breaking and connections

3737
03:28:03,500 --> 03:28:06,800
that led buildings absorb 
seismic energy in stead of 

3738
03:28:06,800 --> 03:28:10,400
breaking under it. 
Imagine a master Carpenter in 

3739
03:28:10,400 --> 03:28:12,600
ancient Japan. 
Picking a tree to cut down as 

3740
03:28:12,600 --> 03:28:15,700
you drift off to sleep. 
He puts his hand on the bark and

3741
03:28:15,700 --> 03:28:19,300
maybe says a short prayer to the
army of the forest thanking them

3742
03:28:19,300 --> 03:28:20,900
for the life. 
He's about to take and the 

3743
03:28:20,900 --> 03:28:23,900
purpose, it will serve. 
The tree will fall but it will 

3744
03:28:23,900 --> 03:28:26,500
also rise. 
Again it will become pillars and

3745
03:28:26,500 --> 03:28:30,000
beams and it will continue to 
exist in a new form protecting 

3746
03:28:30,000 --> 03:28:33,700
people as it once protected, 
birds and insects The basis of 

3747
03:28:33,700 --> 03:28:36,400
Japanese architecture as a deep 
respect for materials. 

3748
03:28:36,400 --> 03:28:39,400
The idea that buildings are not 
separate from nature, but part 

3749
03:28:39,400 --> 03:28:42,700
of its ongoing cycle and the 
willingness to accept change 

3750
03:28:42,700 --> 03:28:46,900
instead of fighting it. 
The Palaces temples castles and 

3751
03:28:46,900 --> 03:28:50,200
tea houses that come, after this
all come from these roots just 

3752
03:28:50,200 --> 03:28:52,200
like the Cyprus trees grow from 
the ground. 

3753
03:28:52,900 --> 03:28:55,900
Japanese architecture changed in
a big way around the sixth 

3754
03:28:55,900 --> 03:28:59,500
Century CE Buddhism came from 
China and Korea and it brought 

3755
03:28:59,500 --> 03:29:02,800
with it, not only new spiritual 
ideas but also a whole new way 

3756
03:29:02,800 --> 03:29:05,100
of building. 
It was like someone suddenly 

3757
03:29:05,100 --> 03:29:07,500
giving you a whole new way to 
say things you only sort of 

3758
03:29:07,500 --> 03:29:10,400
understood before. 
In many ways, Chinese 

3759
03:29:10,400 --> 03:29:13,800
architecture was the opposite of
what Japan had made Japanese 

3760
03:29:13,800 --> 03:29:17,300
buildings were low to the ground
while Chinese buildings had many

3761
03:29:17,300 --> 03:29:19,500
stories and fancy roof lines 
that went up. 

3762
03:29:19,500 --> 03:29:23,100
Japanese design used natural 
materials in their raw form. 

3763
03:29:23,100 --> 03:29:26,700
While Chinese architecture used 
bright colors, intricate 

3764
03:29:26,700 --> 03:29:28,700
decorations, and complicated 
symbols. 

3765
03:29:29,600 --> 03:29:32,500
Japanese architecture was about 
blending in with the landscape. 

3766
03:29:32,500 --> 03:29:35,800
While Chinese architecture was 
about imposing geometric order 

3767
03:29:35,800 --> 03:29:39,100
and Cosmic meaning. 
The Japanese reaction to this 

3768
03:29:39,100 --> 03:29:41,600
cultural exchange show, 
something important about their 

3769
03:29:41,600 --> 03:29:45,500
character, they didn't just copy
Chinese models and they didn't 

3770
03:29:45,500 --> 03:29:47,000
completely reject the money 
either. 

3771
03:29:47,000 --> 03:29:50,700
Instead they did what you could 
call architectural translation 

3772
03:29:50,700 --> 03:29:54,000
which means taking Chinese ideas
and slowly and carefully 

3773
03:29:54,000 --> 03:29:56,300
adapting them. 
To Japanese tastes and needs. 

3774
03:29:57,400 --> 03:30:00,100
Japanese architecture, didn't 
really need large interior 

3775
03:30:00,100 --> 03:30:02,200
spaces for congregational 
worship before. 

3776
03:30:02,900 --> 03:30:06,000
Buddhist temples did. 
Shinto ceremonies took place 

3777
03:30:06,000 --> 03:30:09,500
outside or in small private 
places but Buddhism needed. 

3778
03:30:09,500 --> 03:30:12,800
Big rooms where monks could meet
chance sutras and do complicated

3779
03:30:12,800 --> 03:30:15,400
rituals. 
This meant learning how to build

3780
03:30:15,400 --> 03:30:17,800
on a scale that Japanese 
architecture hadn't done before 

3781
03:30:17,800 --> 03:30:20,800
the Pagoda, which is unique 
multi-tiered Tower. 

3782
03:30:20,800 --> 03:30:23,700
Found in Buddhist temples, is 
actually a brilliant piece of 

3783
03:30:23,708 --> 03:30:26,800
earthquake engineering that the 
Japanese perspective through 

3784
03:30:26,800 --> 03:30:28,600
trial and error and careful 
observation. 

3785
03:30:29,700 --> 03:30:32,800
Bashiri a huge Central. 
Pillar runs through the middle 

3786
03:30:32,800 --> 03:30:34,500
of a traditional Japanese 
pagoda. 

3787
03:30:35,400 --> 03:30:37,900
It is held up from the top and 
barely touches the ground. 

3788
03:30:37,900 --> 03:30:41,600
The building shakes when an 
earthquake hits but the central 

3789
03:30:41,600 --> 03:30:43,900
pillar keeps the whole thing 
stable by acting as a 

3790
03:30:43,900 --> 03:30:47,200
counterweight and dampener 
modernized monologist who 

3791
03:30:47,200 --> 03:30:49,100
studied ancient pagodas found 
something amazing. 

3792
03:30:49,900 --> 03:30:52,800
This design, which was developed
through years of observation, 

3793
03:30:52,800 --> 03:30:55,600
predicts principles that 
Structural Engineers didn't 

3794
03:30:55,600 --> 03:30:59,500
understand mathematically until 
the 20th century Some pagodas 

3795
03:30:59,500 --> 03:31:03,300
have been around for more than 
1,400 years and have withstood 

3796
03:31:03,300 --> 03:31:05,500
many earthquakes that have 
destroyed newer buildings 

3797
03:31:05,500 --> 03:31:08,500
nearby. 
Old-time Carpenters didn't need 

3798
03:31:08,500 --> 03:31:11,200
computer models. 
They had patients, careful 

3799
03:31:11,200 --> 03:31:14,700
observation and years of 
experience, the hori ji Temple 

3800
03:31:14,700 --> 03:31:17,700
which was built in the early 7th
Century, as the oldest wooden 

3801
03:31:17,700 --> 03:31:19,300
buildings in the world that are 
still standing. 

3802
03:31:20,200 --> 03:31:22,700
It's like stepping into a time 
machine when you walk around its

3803
03:31:22,700 --> 03:31:24,200
grounds, but you're not really 
there. 

3804
03:31:24,200 --> 03:31:28,300
You're in bed, imagining what it
would be like the wood is 

3805
03:31:28,300 --> 03:31:31,000
darkened over time to a deep 
Brown that looks like it. 

3806
03:31:31,000 --> 03:31:34,000
Absorbs light. 
The pillars have a slight curve 

3807
03:31:34,000 --> 03:31:36,500
called enters, that comes from 
Greek architecture through 

3808
03:31:36,500 --> 03:31:39,300
Chinese middlemen. 
This makes them look more like 

3809
03:31:39,300 --> 03:31:42,900
living things than rigid shapes.
It's interesting how quickly 

3810
03:31:42,900 --> 03:31:45,600
these early Buddhist temples 
began to look more Japanese than

3811
03:31:45,600 --> 03:31:48,300
Chinese. 
The roof lines, got less fancy 

3812
03:31:48,300 --> 03:31:51,300
but more elegant. 
Colors changed from the bright, 

3813
03:31:51,300 --> 03:31:54,400
Reds, and greens of Chinese 
temples to softer more natural 

3814
03:31:54,400 --> 03:31:56,900
tones. 
The connection with the garden 

3815
03:31:56,900 --> 03:32:00,000
around, it became more 
integrated, less about symbols 

3816
03:32:00,000 --> 03:32:03,000
and more about real sensory 
experience Buddhist 

3817
03:32:03,000 --> 03:32:04,700
architecture. 
All so brought new skilled 

3818
03:32:04,700 --> 03:32:08,600
workers to Japan. tile makers, 
who could make the unique curved

3819
03:32:08,600 --> 03:32:12,400
roof tiles that directed 
Rainwater Metal workers, who 

3820
03:32:12,400 --> 03:32:15,000
could make the beautiful bronze 
decorations, that went on 

3821
03:32:15,000 --> 03:32:18,700
doorways and roofs. 
And Painters who made statues of

3822
03:32:18,700 --> 03:32:21,900
Buddhas and bodhisattvas, that 
filled temples, there were 

3823
03:32:21,908 --> 03:32:24,100
different traditions and 
techniques for each craft. 

3824
03:32:24,100 --> 03:32:26,900
That had to be changed to work 
with Japanese materials and 

3825
03:32:26,900 --> 03:32:30,200
whether the changes in Temple 
architecture, over the next few 

3826
03:32:30,200 --> 03:32:33,300
hundred years show, a slow 
process of creative digestion. 

3827
03:32:33,300 --> 03:32:36,400
Each generation of Builders 
learned from the ones before 

3828
03:32:36,400 --> 03:32:39,600
them, but they also tried new 
things changed things. 

3829
03:32:39,600 --> 03:32:42,500
And sometimes came up with new 
ideas that were less like 

3830
03:32:42,500 --> 03:32:46,500
Chinese models. 
By the hand period which lasted 

3831
03:32:46,500 --> 03:32:48,300
from the 9th to the 12th 
centuries. 

3832
03:32:48,300 --> 03:32:51,600
Japanese Buddhist architecture 
had developed its own unique 

3833
03:32:51,600 --> 03:32:54,800
style, it was clearly based on 
Chinese models but it was 

3834
03:32:54,808 --> 03:32:56,600
clearly Japanese and how it was 
built. 

3835
03:32:57,500 --> 03:33:01,200
The covered Corridor or Roca is 
one new idea that stands out. 

3836
03:33:01,900 --> 03:33:05,300
In Japan where it rains a lot, 
these wooden walkways connected 

3837
03:33:05,300 --> 03:33:07,500
different buildings in a temple 
or Palace complex. 

3838
03:33:07,500 --> 03:33:10,700
They made sure that people could
move between buildings without 

3839
03:33:10,700 --> 03:33:13,400
getting wet, the corridors were 
not just useful. 

3840
03:33:13,400 --> 03:33:16,500
They made a rhythm of walking 
through covered in Open Spaces, 

3841
03:33:16,500 --> 03:33:18,700
switching between light and 
shade. 

3842
03:33:18,700 --> 03:33:22,400
The sound of rain on wooden 
roofs and the sight of Garden's 

3843
03:33:22,400 --> 03:33:25,700
glistening with water As you get
more comfortable in your 

3844
03:33:25,700 --> 03:33:28,500
blankets, picture yourself, 
walking down, one of these 

3845
03:33:28,500 --> 03:33:32,100
hallways on a rainy day. 
The wooden floor is smooth under

3846
03:33:32,100 --> 03:33:34,900
your feet because it has been 
used for hundreds of years. 

3847
03:33:36,000 --> 03:33:38,800
Rain is falling in sheets, 
outside, making a curtain 

3848
03:33:38,800 --> 03:33:41,600
between you and the garden. 
The sound is everywhere. 

3849
03:33:41,600 --> 03:33:46,900
Rain on the roof tiles, rain on 
the stone paths and Rain filling

3850
03:33:46,900 --> 03:33:50,300
the stone baseman's, your dry 
and moving through this 

3851
03:33:50,300 --> 03:33:52,500
protected space. 
That connects you to the life of

3852
03:33:52,500 --> 03:33:54,600
the building's. 
I'll keep you safe from the 

3853
03:33:54,600 --> 03:33:56,800
weather. 
The hallway is not completely 

3854
03:33:56,800 --> 03:34:00,300
inside or outside. 
It's a space in between a 

3855
03:34:00,300 --> 03:34:03,000
threshold and Japanese 
architecture would come to love 

3856
03:34:03,000 --> 03:34:06,700
these unclear areas very much. 
The aristocratic architecture of

3857
03:34:06,700 --> 03:34:09,500
the hand period Japan from the 
9th to the 12th. 

3858
03:34:09,500 --> 03:34:13,100
Centuries is one of the most 
refined domestic traditions in 

3859
03:34:13,100 --> 03:34:16,200
human history. 
This was the time of the tale of

3860
03:34:16,200 --> 03:34:18,400
Genji. 
A great work of world 

3861
03:34:18,400 --> 03:34:21,300
literature, that shows us how 
the nobility lived loved. 

3862
03:34:21,300 --> 03:34:23,200
And thought about the place 
where they lived. 

3863
03:34:23,900 --> 03:34:26,800
The shinden security style that 
was popular in aristocratic 

3864
03:34:26,800 --> 03:34:28,800
Homes. 
At this time, was based on a 

3865
03:34:28,800 --> 03:34:31,600
simple idea. 
Build rectangular buildings, 

3866
03:34:31,600 --> 03:34:34,300
around a central Courtyard 
garden, connect them with 

3867
03:34:34,300 --> 03:34:38,000
hallways and let the spaces flow
into each other with as few 

3868
03:34:38,000 --> 03:34:40,600
barriers as possible. 
Sounds simple. 

3869
03:34:40,600 --> 03:34:43,000
But when you compare it to 
European or middle eastern 

3870
03:34:43,000 --> 03:34:47,100
palaces from the same time, you 
can see how radical this idea 

3871
03:34:47,100 --> 03:34:50,500
was Picture a mansion for a 
nobleman from above. 

3872
03:34:51,200 --> 03:34:54,300
The main hall or Chinden always 
faces South because of Chinese 

3873
03:34:54,300 --> 03:34:57,900
geomantic ideas about good 
direction's to the Eastern, West

3874
03:34:57,900 --> 03:35:01,100
smaller building, hold family, 
members and other household 

3875
03:35:01,100 --> 03:35:04,700
tasks, covered Hall, Waze 
connect everything, making a 

3876
03:35:04,700 --> 03:35:07,900
safe way for people to get 
around and in the middle the 

3877
03:35:07,900 --> 03:35:10,500
courtyard Garden, which is more 
than just a decoration. 

3878
03:35:10,500 --> 03:35:12,400
It's the heart of the whole 
thing. 

3879
03:35:12,400 --> 03:35:15,800
There are almost no walls inside
which is what makes this so 

3880
03:35:15,800 --> 03:35:18,800
different from say a medieval 
European Manor. 

3881
03:35:19,600 --> 03:35:22,700
The buildings are basically 
roofed platforms with screens 

3882
03:35:22,700 --> 03:35:26,400
and curtains that can be moved 
around, not solid walls but how 

3883
03:35:26,400 --> 03:35:29,000
you arrange your furniture and 
fabric gives you privacy? 

3884
03:35:29,000 --> 03:35:31,600
You don't define space by 
closing it off. 

3885
03:35:32,200 --> 03:35:35,600
Instead you do it by carefully, 
placing screens, blinds and 

3886
03:35:35,600 --> 03:35:37,700
hanging textiles to suggest 
boundaries. 

3887
03:35:38,500 --> 03:35:40,900
This meant that homes of the 
rich were very adaptable. 

3888
03:35:40,900 --> 03:35:44,700
During the day, the rooms could 
be open and bright screens and 

3889
03:35:44,700 --> 03:35:46,400
curtains made private rooms at 
night. 

3890
03:35:47,300 --> 03:35:50,300
When you had guests over rooms, 
could easily become bigger 

3891
03:35:50,300 --> 03:35:52,200
spaces. 
The house could change 

3892
03:35:52,200 --> 03:35:54,800
completely with the seasons in 
the summer. 

3893
03:35:54,800 --> 03:35:58,400
It was very open to letting 
breezes and in the winter it had

3894
03:35:58,400 --> 03:36:01,200
screens placed just right to 
keep warmth through braziers. 

3895
03:36:01,200 --> 03:36:04,600
The floor's of these buildings 
were made of famous hinoki, 

3896
03:36:04,600 --> 03:36:07,400
Cypress Wood platforms. 
There were about two feet off 

3897
03:36:07,400 --> 03:36:09,600
the ground. 
It wasn't just about height. 

3898
03:36:09,600 --> 03:36:12,500
It was also about making a 
separate space from the ground 

3899
03:36:12,500 --> 03:36:14,600
below. 
You took off your shoes before 

3900
03:36:14,600 --> 03:36:15,900
stepping up onto these 
platforms. 

3901
03:36:15,900 --> 03:36:19,600
This was a sign that you are 
moving from the outside world to

3902
03:36:19,600 --> 03:36:21,100
the more refined space of the 
home. 

3903
03:36:22,000 --> 03:36:25,000
The space under the floor, allow
airflow, which is important in 

3904
03:36:25,000 --> 03:36:28,200
Japan's, humid, climate kept 
moisture from the ground from 

3905
03:36:28,200 --> 03:36:31,500
rotting wooden buildings. 
During the hand period to Tommy 

3906
03:36:31,500 --> 03:36:34,200
mats, which are rectangular 
floor, mats covered in Russia's 

3907
03:36:34,200 --> 03:36:37,500
but not yet, common, they were 
expensive things that were only 

3908
03:36:37,500 --> 03:36:40,900
put where people sat, eventually
they grew so big that they 

3909
03:36:40,900 --> 03:36:44,200
covered whole floors and their 
standard size became a way to 

3910
03:36:44,200 --> 03:36:47,400
measure things rooms were 
described by how many tatami 

3911
03:36:47,400 --> 03:36:50,600
they had. 
People still use the terms six, 

3912
03:36:50,600 --> 03:36:54,300
matte rooms and eight match 
rooms to describe Japanese 

3913
03:36:54,300 --> 03:36:56,800
Apartments today. 
This is a tradition that goes 

3914
03:36:56,808 --> 03:37:00,000
back, hundreds of years. 
If you're used to walls being 

3915
03:37:00,000 --> 03:37:03,700
walls and doors staying closed. 
The way the inside and outside 

3916
03:37:03,700 --> 03:37:06,900
of these palaces work together 
might make you feel uneasy. 

3917
03:37:07,600 --> 03:37:10,200
On nice days, the wooden 
shutters that surrounded. 

3918
03:37:10,200 --> 03:37:13,300
The building's could be lifted 
and stored which meant that an 

3919
03:37:13,300 --> 03:37:15,900
entire wall could be taken down,
and the rooms could be opened 

3920
03:37:15,900 --> 03:37:19,200
directly to the garden. 
The aristocrats didn't just look

3921
03:37:19,200 --> 03:37:21,900
at their Garden's, they were 
always able to see and hear 

3922
03:37:21,908 --> 03:37:23,700
them. 
You might not expect this 

3923
03:37:23,700 --> 03:37:26,100
openness to mean, a different 
way of thinking about privacy, 

3924
03:37:26,100 --> 03:37:30,000
because anyone could see into 
rooms privacy was kept by using 

3925
03:37:30,000 --> 03:37:32,000
layers of semi-transparent 
fabrics. 

3926
03:37:32,000 --> 03:37:35,500
Cultural rules about where you 
could look and the careful 

3927
03:37:35,500 --> 03:37:37,300
placement of screens and 
furniture. 

3928
03:37:38,200 --> 03:37:41,600
The privacy of the architecture 
was not physical, but social and

3929
03:37:41,600 --> 03:37:43,700
it was enforced by manners and 
of locks. 

3930
03:37:44,300 --> 03:37:46,000
You should meditate on the 
gardens. 

3931
03:37:46,000 --> 03:37:48,900
You can see from these palaces, 
they weren't Botanical 

3932
03:37:48,900 --> 03:37:50,600
collections or vegetable 
gardens. 

3933
03:37:50,600 --> 03:37:53,500
They were carefully planned 
Landscapes that brought Nature 

3934
03:37:53,500 --> 03:37:56,000
close to people. 
You could change the course of a

3935
03:37:56,008 --> 03:37:59,000
stream so that it flows through 
the garden with carefully. 

3936
03:37:59,000 --> 03:38:03,000
Chosen Stones lining the way. 
People picked trees based on how

3937
03:38:03,000 --> 03:38:05,900
they looked in different 
seasons, like cherry blossoms in

3938
03:38:05,900 --> 03:38:07,900
the spring and Maples in the 
fall. 

3939
03:38:08,700 --> 03:38:12,300
Island in fake, ponds stood, for
Cosmic ideas, or famous places 

3940
03:38:12,300 --> 03:38:14,900
from Chinese. 
Poetry walking through these 

3941
03:38:14,900 --> 03:38:17,800
Gardens meant reading between 
the lines and finding hidden 

3942
03:38:17,800 --> 03:38:20,100
meanings that arrangement of 
rocks. 

3943
03:38:20,100 --> 03:38:23,500
Could be a reference to a famous
Chinese landscape that tree 

3944
03:38:23,500 --> 03:38:25,500
might remind people of a poem, 
they all knew. 

3945
03:38:26,200 --> 03:38:28,300
The gardens were like, 
three-dimensional books that 

3946
03:38:28,300 --> 03:38:30,200
only educated people could fully
enjoy. 

3947
03:38:30,200 --> 03:38:34,300
You could enjoy them centrally, 
which you could do, but you were

3948
03:38:34,300 --> 03:38:36,100
also supposed to understand 
their cultural and 

3949
03:38:36,100 --> 03:38:39,100
philosophical. 
Meaning the idea of March, which

3950
03:38:39,108 --> 03:38:43,000
is often translated as negative 
space or interval was very 

3951
03:38:43,000 --> 03:38:45,600
important to how these buildings
and Gardens worked. 

3952
03:38:46,400 --> 03:38:49,700
Mario isn't just empty space, 
it's space, that gets meaning 

3953
03:38:49,700 --> 03:38:52,800
from the things around it. 
The empty space between the 

3954
03:38:52,800 --> 03:38:56,300
buildings wasn't wasted space. 
Who was the organizing principle

3955
03:38:56,300 --> 03:38:57,600
that made the buildings work 
together. 

3956
03:38:58,400 --> 03:39:00,800
The space between stones on a 
Garden Path. 

3957
03:39:00,800 --> 03:39:04,300
Wasn't empty. 
It was full of Hope as you drift

3958
03:39:04,300 --> 03:39:06,300
off to sleep. 
Imagine yourself as a hair 

3959
03:39:06,300 --> 03:39:09,400
nobleman or woman relaxing on 
the raised wooden floor of your 

3960
03:39:09,400 --> 03:39:11,700
home. 
The wooden shutters are gone now

3961
03:39:11,700 --> 03:39:14,300
that it's spring and your room 
is completely open to the 

3962
03:39:14,300 --> 03:39:16,900
Garden. 
The cherry blossoms are falling 

3963
03:39:16,900 --> 03:39:20,400
like snow in the light Breeze 
like high-end Nobles did all the

3964
03:39:20,400 --> 03:39:22,600
time. 
You're writing poetry to try to 

3965
03:39:22,600 --> 03:39:26,000
capture the Bittersweet beauty 
of these flowers that bloom and 

3966
03:39:26,000 --> 03:39:29,400
die in just a few days. 
The architecture around, you 

3967
03:39:29,400 --> 03:39:30,900
isn't separate from the natural 
world. 

3968
03:39:30,900 --> 03:39:34,300
It's a carefully framed stage 
for seeing how nature changes 

3969
03:39:34,300 --> 03:39:37,300
all the time. 
Japanese history, took a violent

3970
03:39:37,300 --> 03:39:40,000
turn after 100s of years of 
living in elegant palaces. 

3971
03:39:40,900 --> 03:39:44,100
Feudal Lords for all the time in
the Middle Ages and suddenly 

3972
03:39:44,100 --> 03:39:46,900
architecture had to deal with a 
problem in never had to deal 

3973
03:39:46,900 --> 03:39:49,600
with before how to build 
beautiful buildings. 

3974
03:39:49,600 --> 03:39:51,700
That could also survive a 
military attack. 

3975
03:39:52,600 --> 03:39:55,100
The Japanese castles is an 
interesting mix of useful 

3976
03:39:55,100 --> 03:39:57,100
military, engineering and 
artistic ambition. 

3977
03:39:58,000 --> 03:40:00,200
These work just rough. 
Fortifications meant to keep 

3978
03:40:00,200 --> 03:40:02,600
people out. 
There were also signs of power 

3979
03:40:02,600 --> 03:40:05,800
displays of wealth and 
Architectural Feats that just 

3980
03:40:05,800 --> 03:40:07,400
happened to be good places to 
defend. 

3981
03:40:07,400 --> 03:40:11,800
Let's begin with the most 
important rule, hike, Japanese 

3982
03:40:11,800 --> 03:40:14,600
castles made good, use of the 
land by building them on Hills 

3983
03:40:14,600 --> 03:40:15,900
or mountains whenever they 
could. 

3984
03:40:17,000 --> 03:40:20,200
The main tower or Tenchu would 
rise from the highest point, 

3985
03:40:20,200 --> 03:40:23,200
making a layered defense, that 
attackers would have to fight 

3986
03:40:23,200 --> 03:40:25,000
through multiple fortified 
zones. 

3987
03:40:25,000 --> 03:40:28,600
Going up before they could reach
the keep It's like playing chess

3988
03:40:28,600 --> 03:40:31,200
in three-dimensions but the 
board is tilted, to The 

3989
03:40:31,200 --> 03:40:34,600
Defenders Advantage, the stone 
basis of these castles are 

3990
03:40:34,600 --> 03:40:37,100
examples of engineering that 
still impress people today. 

3991
03:40:38,000 --> 03:40:42,600
Without mortar huge Stones, Some
of which weighed tons were put 

3992
03:40:42,600 --> 03:40:46,300
together to make walls that were
30 to 40 feet high and curved 

3993
03:40:46,300 --> 03:40:48,500
slightly outward so that they 
couldn't be climbed. 

3994
03:40:49,200 --> 03:40:51,300
These walls were not only strong
but they were all. 

3995
03:40:51,300 --> 03:40:53,600
So beautiful. 
The different colors and 

3996
03:40:53,600 --> 03:40:56,900
textures of the stone made 
abstract patterns that changed 

3997
03:40:56,900 --> 03:41:00,400
with the weather and Light. 
When using rough natural stones,

3998
03:41:00,400 --> 03:41:03,700
the method for making these 
Stone bases, is called nasura 

3999
03:41:03,700 --> 03:41:05,900
tzumi. 
When using more processed 

4000
03:41:05,900 --> 03:41:08,200
Stones, it is called uchikomi 
Hardy. 

4001
03:41:09,000 --> 03:41:11,500
The best Castle's used a method 
in which each Stone was 

4002
03:41:11,500 --> 03:41:14,600
carefully chose and shaped to 
fit perfectly with the ones next

4003
03:41:14,600 --> 03:41:16,900
to it. 
The walls were so well-fitted 

4004
03:41:16,900 --> 03:41:19,200
that you couldn't slip a knife 
blade between the stones. 

4005
03:41:19,200 --> 03:41:22,200
It was like high level 
craftsmanship in architecture 

4006
03:41:22,200 --> 03:41:25,400
where practical needs turned 
into chance for virtuoso 

4007
03:41:25,400 --> 03:41:28,100
display. 
The wooden Castle buildings 

4008
03:41:28,100 --> 03:41:31,600
themselves like Towers Gates, 
living quarters, and storehouses

4009
03:41:31,600 --> 03:41:34,100
Rose above the stone 
foundations. 

4010
03:41:34,100 --> 03:41:37,600
This is where the unique style 
of Japanese Castle architecture.

4011
03:41:37,600 --> 03:41:40,900
Really Shone through Japanese 
castles were mostly wooden 

4012
03:41:40,900 --> 03:41:43,900
buildings with stone pedestals, 
underneath while European 

4013
03:41:43,900 --> 03:41:46,000
castles were made of solid Stone
throughout. 

4014
03:41:46,900 --> 03:41:51,800
The towers could be four five or
even seven stories tall with 

4015
03:41:51,800 --> 03:41:54,000
each story being a little 
smaller than the one below it. 

4016
03:41:54,600 --> 03:41:57,300
This made The Towers look like 
wedding cakes with the tapered 

4017
03:41:57,300 --> 03:41:59,200
profile. 
But here's where it gets 

4018
03:41:59,200 --> 03:42:01,500
interesting. 
The floors inside. 

4019
03:42:01,500 --> 03:42:03,500
Don't match the stories. 
You see from the outside. 

4020
03:42:04,400 --> 03:42:08,200
A five-story tower might really 
have seven floors inside or a 

4021
03:42:08,200 --> 03:42:10,100
three-story building. 
Might look like it has five 

4022
03:42:10,100 --> 03:42:12,800
floors inside. 
This wasn't just to confuse 

4023
03:42:12,800 --> 03:42:14,900
enemies. 
It was smart engineering that 

4024
03:42:14,900 --> 03:42:17,800
led the defense of floors have 
lower ceilings while still 

4025
03:42:17,800 --> 03:42:21,300
looking great from the outside. 
The beautiful white plastered 

4026
03:42:21,300 --> 03:42:24,500
walls of him Agy Castle. 
Also known as the white Heron 

4027
03:42:24,500 --> 03:42:27,700
Castle, make it, the best 
example of Japanese Castle in 

4028
03:42:27,700 --> 03:42:29,900
architecture. 
It feels like you're in a 

4029
03:42:29,900 --> 03:42:32,300
three-dimensional maze with 
defensive passages that were 

4030
03:42:32,300 --> 03:42:34,000
made by someone. 
Who really didn't want you to 

4031
03:42:34,008 --> 03:42:37,300
get to the center paths. 
Make turns at strange angles, 

4032
03:42:37,300 --> 03:42:40,300
doorways are set up. 
So that attackers have to put 

4033
03:42:40,300 --> 03:42:43,300
themselves in dangerous 
situations, there are traps on 

4034
03:42:43,300 --> 03:42:45,200
the floors. 
Every choice made in 

4035
03:42:45,200 --> 03:42:49,000
architecture, has two purposes 
to look good and to kill. 

4036
03:42:50,100 --> 03:42:52,100
Defensive features of castles 
are very clever. 

4037
03:42:52,900 --> 03:42:56,500
Sarma or small windows were put 
in place so that Defenders could

4038
03:42:56,500 --> 03:42:58,400
shoot arrows or guns without 
being shot back. 

4039
03:42:59,200 --> 03:43:02,200
Defenders on the upper floors 
could attack anyone who got past

4040
03:43:02,200 --> 03:43:04,400
the lower defenses through 
drop-down hatches in the 

4041
03:43:04,400 --> 03:43:07,400
ceilings. 
People could pour boiling oil or

4042
03:43:07,400 --> 03:43:09,200
water, on attackers, through 
holes in the walls. 

4043
03:43:09,200 --> 03:43:11,300
The decorative curved roof 
lines. 

4044
03:43:11,300 --> 03:43:13,800
Also had a purpose. 
They made it harder to judge 

4045
03:43:13,800 --> 03:43:17,300
distances and aim accurately 
Japanese castles always looked 

4046
03:43:17,300 --> 03:43:20,400
good even though they were very 
useful for military purposes. 

4047
03:43:20,400 --> 03:43:24,000
The white plaster walls did more
than just reflect heat and keep 

4048
03:43:24,000 --> 03:43:27,000
fire from spreading. 
They also made a striking 

4049
03:43:27,000 --> 03:43:29,300
contrast with the dark wood and 
Grace Stone. 

4050
03:43:29,300 --> 03:43:33,100
Making Castle's visible from 
miles away and turning them into

4051
03:43:33,100 --> 03:43:34,900
landmarks that stood out in the 
landscape. 

4052
03:43:36,000 --> 03:43:39,200
The ornate roof decorations, 
which usually had Fierce animal 

4053
03:43:39,200 --> 03:43:42,300
designs protected, the building 
from lightning and showed the 

4054
03:43:42,300 --> 03:43:45,200
Lord's power. 
The inside of the Castle's. 

4055
03:43:45,200 --> 03:43:48,100
Living quarters showed that even
Warlords cared about how things 

4056
03:43:48,100 --> 03:43:51,900
looked There were painted 
screens by famous artists in the

4057
03:43:51,900 --> 03:43:56,100
rooms alcoves for displaying 
valuable items and windows that 

4058
03:43:56,100 --> 03:43:59,500
looked out on Gardens. 
The strongest Lords hired the 

4059
03:43:59,500 --> 03:44:03,100
best painters, carpenters. 
And gardeners to make places 

4060
03:44:03,100 --> 03:44:05,800
that were good for both Siege 
Warfare and poetry parties. 

4061
03:44:06,800 --> 03:44:10,100
During the time of castles, 
there was one new thing hidden 

4062
03:44:10,100 --> 03:44:13,400
rooms and passages there were 
often rooms and castles that 

4063
03:44:13,400 --> 03:44:15,300
could only be reached through 
hidden doors. 

4064
03:44:15,300 --> 03:44:19,100
These rooms were used to store 
Treasures or for guards to hide 

4065
03:44:19,100 --> 03:44:22,500
in to keep the Lord safe. 
Some castles had whole networks 

4066
03:44:22,500 --> 03:44:25,500
of hidden corridors in their 
walls, that let Defenders move 

4067
03:44:25,500 --> 03:44:27,000
between floors without being 
seen. 

4068
03:44:27,800 --> 03:44:30,500
Sometimes during restoration 
work hundreds of years later, 

4069
03:44:30,500 --> 03:44:34,300
people found these hidden spaces
which still had old equipment or

4070
03:44:34,300 --> 03:44:37,500
forgotten supplies in them. 
During the Edo period, the shift

4071
03:44:37,500 --> 03:44:40,600
from water piece, turned 
Castle's from military bases 

4072
03:44:40,600 --> 03:44:42,800
into government buildings and 
symbols of power. 

4073
03:44:42,800 --> 03:44:46,100
Lord still owned them but they 
were more like government 

4074
03:44:46,100 --> 03:44:48,800
buildings than fortresses. 
They added more details. 

4075
03:44:48,800 --> 03:44:53,100
The reception rooms got bigger, 
the Marshall Parts stayed, but 

4076
03:44:53,100 --> 03:44:57,200
they became more decorative than
useful. as you sink deeper into 

4077
03:44:57,200 --> 03:45:00,400
your pillow, picture yourself, 
standing on the top floor of a 

4078
03:45:00,400 --> 03:45:04,000
castle tower at dusk, you can 
see the countryside around the 

4079
03:45:04,000 --> 03:45:05,400
castle through the small 
Windows. 

4080
03:45:05,400 --> 03:45:08,300
The town is built around the 
base of the castle. 

4081
03:45:08,300 --> 03:45:11,300
The fields are beyond that and 
the mountains are in the 

4082
03:45:11,308 --> 03:45:14,100
distance. 
The Castle's many defensive 

4083
03:45:14,100 --> 03:45:17,900
Rings go down in layers of stone
and wood below you. the wind 

4084
03:45:17,900 --> 03:45:20,500
Whispers through the intricate 
wooden structure, giving the 

4085
03:45:20,500 --> 03:45:24,700
whole building a life of its own
The castle is calm and watchful 

4086
03:45:24,700 --> 03:45:27,600
tonight, a mountain of human 
intention rising from the 

4087
03:45:27,600 --> 03:45:30,500
natural landscape. 
Tomorrow may bring battle. 

4088
03:45:31,300 --> 03:45:34,600
Japan entered, the Edo period in
the early, 1600s under the 

4089
03:45:34,608 --> 03:45:38,600
Tokugawa, shogunate after 
centuries of War, all that 

4090
03:45:38,600 --> 03:45:40,800
military architecture became 
mostly useless. 

4091
03:45:40,800 --> 03:45:44,200
Japan didn't need castles or 
fortifications right now. 

4092
03:45:44,200 --> 03:45:47,900
It needed cities neighborhoods 
and daily life. 

4093
03:45:48,800 --> 03:45:52,100
And out of this long piece, came
City buildings that changed the 

4094
03:45:52,100 --> 03:45:56,800
way millions of people lived. 
In just a few decades Edo, which

4095
03:45:56,800 --> 03:46:00,500
would later become Tokyo Grew 
From A Small Castle town to one 

4096
03:46:00,500 --> 03:46:01,700
of the biggest cities in the 
world. 

4097
03:46:02,600 --> 03:46:05,900
By the early 1700s, it was home 
to more than a million people 

4098
03:46:05,900 --> 03:46:08,200
making it bigger than London or 
Paris. 

4099
03:46:09,200 --> 03:46:12,800
Rethinking everything about how 
cities are built and planned was

4100
03:46:12,800 --> 03:46:15,500
necessary to handle that many 
people living in wooden 

4101
03:46:15,500 --> 03:46:18,300
buildings in a city that caught 
fire off him. 

4102
03:46:19,300 --> 03:46:22,900
The typical townhouse or macchia
from the Edo period, had ideas 

4103
03:46:22,900 --> 03:46:25,400
about how to live in a city that
still affect Japanese 

4104
03:46:25,400 --> 03:46:28,600
architecture today. 
These buildings were long and 

4105
03:46:28,600 --> 03:46:31,400
narrow. 
Usually only 15 to 20 feet wide 

4106
03:46:31,400 --> 03:46:33,700
and going back from the street 
for 60 feet or more. 

4107
03:46:34,500 --> 03:46:37,400
Property taxes on how much of 
the street front there was. 

4108
03:46:37,400 --> 03:46:40,200
So, people built deep and narrow
to save money. 

4109
03:46:41,100 --> 03:46:44,300
The buildings that came out were
like caves in the city with dark

4110
03:46:44,300 --> 03:46:46,500
areas in the middle and light 
coming in, through the front 

4111
03:46:46,500 --> 03:46:49,900
door and back Garden. 
The front of a matcha was a shop

4112
03:46:49,900 --> 03:46:52,700
or Workshop, a semi-public 
space, where the households 

4113
03:46:52,700 --> 03:46:54,400
business and Street Life came 
together. 

4114
03:46:55,400 --> 03:46:57,900
A few steps up from the street 
level marked, the start of the 

4115
03:46:57,900 --> 03:47:01,200
buildings inside, you could do 
business in the threshold Zone 

4116
03:47:01,200 --> 03:47:02,500
without actually entering the 
house. 

4117
03:47:03,300 --> 03:47:06,500
As with many other parts of 
Japanese architecture, the line 

4118
03:47:06,500 --> 03:47:09,300
between public and private, 
wasn't a straight line, but a 

4119
03:47:09,300 --> 03:47:11,700
gradual change. 
The building stretched toward 

4120
03:47:11,700 --> 03:47:15,000
the back by the shop area. 
It was divided into rooms by 

4121
03:47:15,000 --> 03:47:18,500
sliding fewer panels that were 
covered in thick paper or 

4122
03:47:18,500 --> 03:47:21,800
fabric. 
These rooms had many uses during

4123
03:47:21,800 --> 03:47:25,300
the day, they were living spaces
and at night futons were put out

4124
03:47:25,300 --> 03:47:28,300
for sleeping. 
There wasn't much furniture and 

4125
03:47:28,300 --> 03:47:31,500
it was often easy to move a low 
table for eating, that could be 

4126
03:47:31,508 --> 03:47:34,100
moved out of the way chest for 
storage. 

4127
03:47:34,100 --> 03:47:37,400
That could be stacked or moved 
around the space itself could be

4128
03:47:37,408 --> 03:47:41,500
changed in any way, depending on
the time of day or year, a small

4129
03:47:41,500 --> 03:47:44,000
courtyard Garden at the very 
back of the macchia. 

4130
03:47:44,000 --> 03:47:46,400
Let in light and air to the 
building's deepest parts. 

4131
03:47:46,400 --> 03:47:50,400
These Gardens were very small. 
Sometimes only eight or ten feet

4132
03:47:50,400 --> 03:47:53,200
square but they were very 
important for making the long 

4133
03:47:53,200 --> 03:47:57,300
narrow buildings livable that 
little bit of sky that one tree 

4134
03:47:57,300 --> 03:48:00,500
and those few carefully placed 
Stones changed the whole 

4135
03:48:00,500 --> 03:48:03,900
character of the space making it
feel like it was connected to 

4136
03:48:03,900 --> 03:48:06,600
Nature even though it was in a 
busy city, the whole 

4137
03:48:06,600 --> 03:48:09,300
neighborhood of mature gave the 
city, a texture that Western 

4138
03:48:09,300 --> 03:48:12,600
cities don't have Because the 
houses were so narrow. 

4139
03:48:12,600 --> 03:48:15,300
The streets were lined with 
different versions of the same 

4140
03:48:15,300 --> 03:48:18,100
thing which made the streets 
look more interesting, instead 

4141
03:48:18,100 --> 03:48:21,300
of boring Because it was so 
small, everything was easy to 

4142
03:48:21,300 --> 03:48:23,900
get to on foot. 
The fact that there were shops 

4143
03:48:23,900 --> 03:48:26,400
on the ground floors and homes 
above them meant that, 

4144
03:48:26,400 --> 03:48:29,900
neighborhoods were busy all day 
and night fire was always a 

4145
03:48:29,900 --> 03:48:32,800
threat to Edo's. 
Wooden building's, the city was 

4146
03:48:32,800 --> 03:48:36,900
hit by big fires all the time 
and sometimes they destroyed 

4147
03:48:36,900 --> 03:48:39,300
tens of thousands of buildings 
in just one day. 

4148
03:48:40,300 --> 03:48:42,600
The Japanese didn't build in 
stone because it was more 

4149
03:48:42,600 --> 03:48:46,200
expensive and less comfortable. 
Instead, they came up with a 

4150
03:48:46,208 --> 03:48:48,700
complicated system for 
preventing and responding to 

4151
03:48:48,700 --> 03:48:51,200
fires. 
There were volunteer fire 

4152
03:48:51,200 --> 03:48:54,200
brigades in neighborhoods 
buildings had thick walled, 

4153
03:48:54,200 --> 03:48:56,700
storehouses called Kura that 
were fireproof and had heavy 

4154
03:48:56,700 --> 03:48:59,100
doors. 
Fire breaks were built into the 

4155
03:48:59,100 --> 03:49:01,400
streets. 
You always knew that fire would 

4156
03:49:01,400 --> 03:49:03,300
happen. 
So you built quickly and cheaply

4157
03:49:03,300 --> 03:49:05,300
enough that it wouldn't be a 
disaster to rebuild. 

4158
03:49:06,100 --> 03:49:08,900
The Cure is worth paying special
attention to because it shows a 

4159
03:49:08,908 --> 03:49:11,500
completely different way of 
building in the larger wooden 

4160
03:49:11,500 --> 03:49:14,100
City. 
These storehouses were basically

4161
03:49:14,100 --> 03:49:18,100
boxes with thick Earth and walls
that were covered in plaster and

4162
03:49:18,100 --> 03:49:20,700
had small windows that were 
sealed with heavy shutters. 

4163
03:49:21,500 --> 03:49:24,100
Families kept their most 
valuable things inside like 

4164
03:49:24,100 --> 03:49:27,100
documents, heirlooms and 
expensive Fabrics. 

4165
03:49:27,900 --> 03:49:31,200
The Curious thick walls might 
keep their contents safe even 

4166
03:49:31,200 --> 03:49:34,400
when the main house burned down 
around them. families would come

4167
03:49:34,400 --> 03:49:37,000
back after the fire to find 
their Storehouse houses standing

4168
03:49:37,000 --> 03:49:41,000
like white Island in a sea of 
Ash, But the pleasure quarters 

4169
03:49:41,000 --> 03:49:43,700
and teahouses that thrived 
during the long piece might be 

4170
03:49:43,700 --> 03:49:45,700
Edo's. 
Most unique architectural 

4171
03:49:45,700 --> 03:49:48,800
contribution. these 
entertainment districts created 

4172
03:49:48,800 --> 03:49:52,200
their own style of architecture 
with buildings, that had more 

4173
03:49:52,200 --> 03:49:56,000
details for SARS bigger, windows
and rooms that were meant for 

4174
03:49:56,000 --> 03:50:00,200
Gathering and Performing instead
of just living Yukio, which was 

4175
03:50:00,200 --> 03:50:03,000
captured in Prince and 
literature was a famous floating

4176
03:50:03,000 --> 03:50:05,600
World in Edo. 
It had its own unique 

4177
03:50:05,600 --> 03:50:08,400
architecture and spaces made 
just for a culture of high-class

4178
03:50:08,400 --> 03:50:11,100
entertainment. 
During the Edo period, the 

4179
03:50:11,100 --> 03:50:14,400
Teahouse itself which will talk 
about in more detail soon became

4180
03:50:14,400 --> 03:50:18,300
very popular. but the tea house 
is in cities were not the same 

4181
03:50:18,300 --> 03:50:21,600
as the ones for tea ceremonies 
These were places where people 

4182
03:50:21,600 --> 03:50:24,300
could meet and talk about 
business where artists could 

4183
03:50:24,300 --> 03:50:27,400
gather and where Samurai could 
forget about their status for a 

4184
03:50:27,400 --> 03:50:29,400
night. 
The architecture showed this 

4185
03:50:29,400 --> 03:50:32,800
flexibility by having rooms that
could be opened or closed and 

4186
03:50:32,800 --> 03:50:35,300
spaces that could go from 
private to public, depending on 

4187
03:50:35,308 --> 03:50:37,600
what was needed. 
During the Edo period 

4188
03:50:37,600 --> 03:50:40,100
townhouses. 
Also saw the full development of

4189
03:50:40,100 --> 03:50:42,300
the Tucker. 
Noma an Alcove that may have 

4190
03:50:42,300 --> 03:50:44,600
become the most important part 
of the Japanese home. 

4191
03:50:45,400 --> 03:50:50,500
The tokenomy different floor 
level and a decorative backing. 

4192
03:50:51,200 --> 03:50:53,700
The family would put a scroll 
and maybe a flower arrangement 

4193
03:50:53,700 --> 03:50:56,200
or a treasured object there, the
Tocco. 

4194
03:50:56,200 --> 03:50:58,000
No more wasn't for sitting or 
storing things. 

4195
03:50:58,000 --> 03:51:01,800
It was just for showing off a 
sign of the family's taste and 

4196
03:51:01,800 --> 03:51:04,600
refinement. 
What you put in your Tonka, Noma

4197
03:51:04,600 --> 03:51:06,900
said, a lot about who you were 
and what you cared about. 

4198
03:51:07,800 --> 03:51:10,600
During this time to Tommy 
changed in a way that made floor

4199
03:51:10,600 --> 03:51:14,400
plans, the same all over Japan. 
Tatami mats came in standard 

4200
03:51:14,400 --> 03:51:16,400
sizes, which made it easy to 
guess. 

4201
03:51:16,400 --> 03:51:19,800
How big a room would be a room. 
With six Maps was a room with 

4202
03:51:19,800 --> 03:51:23,400
six Maps, whether it was in 
their door or Kyoto, the size of

4203
03:51:23,400 --> 03:51:25,600
the mats did differ slightly by 
region, of course. 

4204
03:51:26,500 --> 03:51:29,408
Because of this standardization 
it was possible to make a lot of

4205
03:51:29,416 --> 03:51:32,700
architectural Parts like screens
doors and Alcove pieces that 

4206
03:51:32,708 --> 03:51:34,800
could fit in any building that 
followed the rules. 

4207
03:51:35,600 --> 03:51:39,000
As you move around in bed to 
find the perfect spot, picture 

4208
03:51:39,000 --> 03:51:41,700
yourself in a townhouse from the
Edo period on a summer night. 

4209
03:51:42,400 --> 03:51:44,800
The shutters in the front are 
open to let in any Breeze from 

4210
03:51:44,808 --> 03:51:47,500
the street. 
People who live nearby walk by 

4211
03:51:47,500 --> 03:51:50,500
and talk to each other, the 
small garden at the back of the 

4212
03:51:50,500 --> 03:51:53,600
house is in the shade, and the 
single maple tree is a dark 

4213
03:51:53,608 --> 03:51:57,000
shape against the deep blue sky.
You're sitting close to the 

4214
03:51:57,000 --> 03:52:00,400
tocoma where a scroll shows a 
mountain landscape and a simple 

4215
03:52:00,408 --> 03:52:03,200
flower arrangement that together
make a small world of meaning. 

4216
03:52:04,000 --> 03:52:07,300
The city with a million people 
is outside inside. 

4217
03:52:07,300 --> 03:52:10,800
Is this carefully planned space?
That isn't too big but has 

4218
03:52:10,800 --> 03:52:13,000
everything you need to live a 
civilized life. 

4219
03:52:13,000 --> 03:52:15,600
To really get to know. 
Japanese architecture, you have 

4220
03:52:15,600 --> 03:52:17,900
to go into a tea room or a shih 
tzu. 

4221
03:52:18,600 --> 03:52:21,300
These small buildings, which 
usually have only four and a 

4222
03:52:21,300 --> 03:52:24,500
half to tummy mats of floor. 
Space are the best example of 

4223
03:52:24,508 --> 03:52:28,300
how Japanese design ideas can be
turned into buildings before we 

4224
03:52:28,300 --> 03:52:29,800
talk about the building's 
architecture. 

4225
03:52:29,800 --> 03:52:32,500
We should learn about the Tea 
Ceremony which is what these 

4226
03:52:32,500 --> 03:52:35,300
buildings are for you. 
Do drink tea but that's not 

4227
03:52:35,300 --> 03:52:37,700
really the point. 
It's about making a temporary 

4228
03:52:37,700 --> 03:52:40,600
world of refined interaction, 
whether the usual rules and 

4229
03:52:40,600 --> 03:52:42,500
worries of daily life, don't 
matter anymore. 

4230
03:52:42,500 --> 03:52:46,600
Instead, there is only the pure 
present moment that the hosts 

4231
03:52:46,600 --> 03:52:49,900
and guests share. 
The architectures job is to set 

4232
03:52:49,900 --> 03:52:53,200
the stage for this experience 
and make it easier to have said,

4233
03:52:53,200 --> 03:52:56,400
no, Ricky you A Team master from
the 16th century, who wrote down

4234
03:52:56,400 --> 03:52:58,900
many of the rules for tea. 
Ceremonies changed, T 

4235
03:52:58,900 --> 03:53:02,200
architecture by moving it away 
from fancy buildings that were 

4236
03:53:02,200 --> 03:53:04,600
influenced by Chinese style and 
toured buildings. 

4237
03:53:04,600 --> 03:53:07,600
That were almost radically 
simple and focused on natural 

4238
03:53:07,600 --> 03:53:12,100
materials and rough textures. 
Ideas about Japanese taste. 

4239
03:53:12,100 --> 03:53:16,300
Go far beyond tea, almost every 
modern idea of Japanese taste 

4240
03:53:16,300 --> 03:53:17,800
can be traced back to what he 
said. 

4241
03:53:18,600 --> 03:53:22,100
Before you even walk in a tea 
room, starts to work, you walk 

4242
03:53:22,100 --> 03:53:25,000
through a garden path. 
Called a rogi, which is meant to

4243
03:53:25,008 --> 03:53:27,900
help you switch your mind from 
the outside world to the Tea 

4244
03:53:27,900 --> 03:53:29,700
Room. 
You might walk through a garden 

4245
03:53:29,700 --> 03:53:32,700
gate over Stepping Stones past a
bench where someone is waiting 

4246
03:53:32,700 --> 03:53:35,600
and then to a stone Basin where 
you can wash your hands and 

4247
03:53:35,600 --> 03:53:39,000
mouth, each part has both 
practical and psychological 

4248
03:53:39,000 --> 03:53:41,700
uses. 
You're not just walking to a 

4249
03:53:41,700 --> 03:53:43,900
building. 
You're slowly breaking your ties

4250
03:53:43,900 --> 03:53:46,808
to the outside world. 
The entrance to the Tea Room is 

4251
03:53:46,816 --> 03:53:50,700
meant to make you feel small. 
The Nigeria Gucci or crawling in

4252
03:53:50,700 --> 03:53:53,000
entrance is only about two feet 
square. 

4253
03:53:53,000 --> 03:53:56,100
So even the most important 
guests have to Bow Low and crawl

4254
03:53:56,100 --> 03:53:58,300
through. 
The samurai had to leave their 

4255
03:53:58,300 --> 03:54:00,800
swords out side because the 
opening was too small for them 

4256
03:54:00,800 --> 03:54:03,600
to go in with them. 
This forced humility set, the 

4257
03:54:03,600 --> 03:54:06,900
mood for the rest of the events.
There were no social hierarchies

4258
03:54:06,900 --> 03:54:09,300
in the Tea Room that were 
outside of it, there were only 

4259
03:54:09,300 --> 03:54:11,000
the host and the guests drinking
tea. 

4260
03:54:11,000 --> 03:54:13,300
That first glance the inside of 
a tea room. 

4261
03:54:13,300 --> 03:54:16,700
Looks almost like a cave, the 
walls of rough clay mixed with 

4262
03:54:16,700 --> 03:54:20,000
straw show their texture. 
Well, wooden post keep their 

4263
03:54:20,000 --> 03:54:22,400
bark or have irregularities that
are meant to be there. 

4264
03:54:23,300 --> 03:54:26,800
Sealing might be made of a mix 
of materials like bamboo reeds 

4265
03:54:26,800 --> 03:54:29,900
and wood to make a patchwork 
that looks random, but is 

4266
03:54:29,900 --> 03:54:33,500
actually carefully planned. 
Small windows with translucent 

4267
03:54:33,500 --> 03:54:36,300
paper on them, let in natural 
light, which makes the room 

4268
03:54:36,300 --> 03:54:40,000
softly lit from the side. 
But this look of being rustic is

4269
03:54:40,000 --> 03:54:43,600
actually very sophisticated. 
Every part has been chosen with 

4270
03:54:43,608 --> 03:54:46,400
great care. 
There were hundreds of pieces to

4271
03:54:46,400 --> 03:54:48,700
choose from and that one with 
the bark still on. 

4272
03:54:48,700 --> 03:54:51,800
It was chosen. 
We looked at its slight curve, 

4273
03:54:51,800 --> 03:54:54,700
its unique texture and how light
hits its surface. 

4274
03:54:54,700 --> 03:54:57,800
And we decided that all of these
things were just right for this 

4275
03:54:57,800 --> 03:55:00,300
spot. 
The rough texture of the walls, 

4276
03:55:00,300 --> 03:55:03,700
may look random, but it creates 
a specific visual effect that 

4277
03:55:03,700 --> 03:55:06,000
Master plasterers spend Years 
Learning to make. 

4278
03:55:06,900 --> 03:55:11,100
The tokenomic principle of the 
tea room and it is even more 

4279
03:55:11,100 --> 03:55:13,400
important here than in 
residential architecture. 

4280
03:55:14,700 --> 03:55:17,600
There is a scroll in the Alcove 
that was chosen just for this 

4281
03:55:17,600 --> 03:55:19,200
Gathering. 
It could be a piece of 

4282
03:55:19,208 --> 03:55:20,700
calligraphy or a landscape 
painting. 

4283
03:55:20,700 --> 03:55:23,400
The Scroll is more than just a 
decoration. 

4284
03:55:23,400 --> 03:55:27,600
It sets the spiritual tone for 
the whole tea party when guests 

4285
03:55:27,600 --> 03:55:29,900
come in. 
They look at the tokenomy and 

4286
03:55:29,900 --> 03:55:32,300
read the scroll to find out what
this Gathering is all about 

4287
03:55:32,300 --> 03:55:35,100
everything in a tea room, is 
there to help with tea? 

4288
03:55:35,100 --> 03:55:38,400
The half that is sunk into the 
ground is where the water is 

4289
03:55:38,400 --> 03:55:41,400
heated, and it is set up so that
the host can perform the 

4290
03:55:41,400 --> 03:55:45,400
ceremony while sitting down. 
The door that the host uses to 

4291
03:55:45,400 --> 03:55:48,000
get in is separate from the door
that the guests used to get in, 

4292
03:55:48,000 --> 03:55:51,200
so the host can bring in t 
supplies without bothering the 

4293
03:55:51,200 --> 03:55:53,500
guests. 
The windows are placed just 

4294
03:55:53,500 --> 03:55:56,300
right so that the t-ball gets 
the right amount of light at the

4295
03:55:56,308 --> 03:55:58,300
most important times during the 
ceremony. 

4296
03:55:58,300 --> 03:56:01,400
Nothing is random every size 
material. 

4297
03:56:01,400 --> 03:56:05,000
And surface has been thought 
about Tea, rooms aesthetic ideas

4298
03:56:05,000 --> 03:56:08,400
slowly, spread to all of 
Japanese architecture, the idea 

4299
03:56:08,400 --> 03:56:11,500
of Warby which means finding 
Beauty and simple things and 

4300
03:56:11,500 --> 03:56:13,800
materials changed. 
How people thought about 

4301
03:56:13,800 --> 03:56:16,600
designing homes. 
People like to warn word and 

4302
03:56:16,600 --> 03:56:19,500
weathered Stone because of the 
idea of Sabi, which means, 

4303
03:56:19,500 --> 03:56:22,100
appreciating the patina of age 
and the marks of use. 

4304
03:56:22,100 --> 03:56:25,100
Japanese architecture, became 
known for using natural 

4305
03:56:25,100 --> 03:56:27,500
materials in their natural state
without paint or other 

4306
03:56:27,500 --> 03:56:31,400
decorations tea rooms also 
perfected, the idea of shacky or

4307
03:56:31,400 --> 03:56:34,400
borrowed scenery, which is when 
a building is designed to 

4308
03:56:34,400 --> 03:56:36,300
include views of the landscape 
around it. 

4309
03:56:36,300 --> 03:56:40,100
As part of its interior space, a
window that is carefully. 

4310
03:56:40,100 --> 03:56:43,400
Placed might frame a certain 
tree in the garden making that 

4311
03:56:43,400 --> 03:56:47,000
tree a part of the rooms design,
the rooms character changes when

4312
03:56:47,000 --> 03:56:49,400
the tree blooms or changes color
with the seasons. 

4313
03:56:50,200 --> 03:56:52,900
The line between architecture 
and Landscape becomes less clear

4314
03:56:52,900 --> 03:56:55,900
and more temporary the famous 
Thai anti room which was 

4315
03:56:55,900 --> 03:56:58,100
designed by Ricky himself and is
still standing. 

4316
03:56:58,100 --> 03:57:02,400
His only nine feet by nine feet.
In this small space, all of 

4317
03:57:02,400 --> 03:57:05,400
Japanese aesthetic. 
Philosophy has shown the rough 

4318
03:57:05,400 --> 03:57:07,500
clay walls, the carefully uneven
posts. 

4319
03:57:07,500 --> 03:57:10,000
The small window that looks out 
onto a perfectly. 

4320
03:57:10,000 --> 03:57:13,100
Framed Garden View and the 
tokonoma with its subtle 

4321
03:57:13,100 --> 03:57:15,200
proportions all work together to
make a space. 

4322
03:57:15,200 --> 03:57:19,900
That feels both humble and deep 
rustic and refined and temporary

4323
03:57:19,900 --> 03:57:23,500
and eternal. 
Later T Mastered on recuse work 

4324
03:57:23,500 --> 03:57:26,500
and made different styles of tea
rooms that looked at different 

4325
03:57:26,500 --> 03:57:30,000
parts of tea room design. 
Some added more windows to let 

4326
03:57:30,000 --> 03:57:32,500
in more light. 
Some people tried out different 

4327
03:57:32,500 --> 03:57:35,700
materials or proportions but 
they all stuck to the main idea.

4328
03:57:36,400 --> 03:57:39,000
ah, Tea Room should be its own 
world, a place where Beauty 

4329
03:57:39,000 --> 03:57:42,800
becomes a way to connect with 
the divine The way tea rooms 

4330
03:57:42,800 --> 03:57:45,500
were designed had an effect on 
the way other types of buildings

4331
03:57:45,500 --> 03:57:48,300
were built. 
The sukiya style that came from 

4332
03:57:48,300 --> 03:57:51,900
tear architecture used its ideas
in how to design such as using 

4333
03:57:51,900 --> 03:57:55,000
natural materials, making rooms 
that are the right size for 

4334
03:57:55,008 --> 03:57:58,300
people instead of grand displays
and paying close attention to 

4335
03:57:58,300 --> 03:58:02,500
texture and Light. 
Exposed wooden ceilings alcoves 

4336
03:58:02,500 --> 03:58:05,800
for display and sliding paper 
screens are all things that are 

4337
03:58:05,800 --> 03:58:08,900
now thought of as typically 
Japanese, they all come from tea

4338
03:58:08,900 --> 03:58:12,500
remarker, as you get ready to 
sleep, picture yourself in a tea

4339
03:58:12,500 --> 03:58:15,000
room, at dusk. 
The rain is falling outside, 

4340
03:58:15,000 --> 03:58:18,500
making a soft sound on the roof.
You can barely see the garden 

4341
03:58:18,500 --> 03:58:21,300
through the small window. 
The stones and Moss are getting 

4342
03:58:21,300 --> 03:58:24,100
darker because of the moisture, 
the host just made tea with 

4343
03:58:24,100 --> 03:58:28,600
careful, practice movements, the
t-bolt and it's rough surface 

4344
03:58:28,600 --> 03:58:32,700
feels warm in your hands. 
In this small space, the whole 

4345
03:58:32,700 --> 03:58:34,400
universe is shrunk to this 
moment. 

4346
03:58:34,400 --> 03:58:39,200
The taste of tea, the sound of 
rain, and the way the light is 

4347
03:58:39,200 --> 03:58:42,100
fading. 
The room has everything it needs

4348
03:58:42,100 --> 03:58:45,800
and nothing. 
It doesn't in its own quiet way,

4349
03:58:45,800 --> 03:58:49,900
it's perfect. 
Japan had been closed off from 

4350
03:58:49,900 --> 03:58:52,700
the rest of the world for over 
200 years, but in the middle of 

4351
03:58:52,700 --> 03:58:56,600
the 19th century, it opened up 
The meeting changed Japanese 

4352
03:58:56,600 --> 03:58:59,500
architecture in ways that were 
both exciting and confusing, 

4353
03:58:59,500 --> 03:59:03,200
suddenly a building style that 
had developed over 100 of years 

4354
03:59:03,200 --> 03:59:06,100
to reflect certain cultural 
value and deal with certain 

4355
03:59:06,100 --> 03:59:09,100
problems, had to learn how to 
use completely different 

4356
03:59:09,100 --> 03:59:11,100
architectural languages from 
Europe and America. 

4357
03:59:12,000 --> 03:59:14,400
People who were used to wooden 
buildings with paper screens and

4358
03:59:14,408 --> 03:59:17,700
sliding doors must have thought 
that the first western style 

4359
03:59:17,700 --> 03:59:19,700
building in Japan were very 
strange. 

4360
03:59:20,500 --> 03:59:23,000
Building's Made of Stone or 
brick with glass windows, 

4361
03:59:23,000 --> 03:59:26,900
multiple stories with stairs 
inside rooms, that were only for

4362
03:59:26,900 --> 03:59:30,100
one thing and furniture that 
could not be moved or changed. 

4363
03:59:30,100 --> 03:59:33,400
All showed a very different idea
of what buildings were and how 

4364
03:59:33,400 --> 03:59:37,000
people should live in the The 
major government wanted Japan to

4365
03:59:37,000 --> 03:59:40,400
become a modern nation state, so
they actively promoted Western 

4366
03:59:40,400 --> 03:59:42,000
architecture as part of that 
process. 

4367
03:59:43,000 --> 03:59:46,100
They hired Architects from other
countries to design government 

4368
03:59:46,100 --> 03:59:49,800
buildings, Banks, train stations
and other buildings that needed 

4369
03:59:49,800 --> 03:59:53,100
to look modern and strong. 
These buildings intentionally 

4370
03:59:53,100 --> 03:59:55,900
copied Western Styles. 
Like Victorian, Gothic 

4371
03:59:55,900 --> 03:59:58,700
Renaissance, Revival and French 
baroque. 

4372
03:59:59,300 --> 04:00:01,500
Sometimes they did this in a way
that was so mixed up. 

4373
04:00:01,500 --> 04:00:04,100
That it was hard to tell where 
one style ended and another 

4374
04:00:04,100 --> 04:00:06,400
began. 
It must have been strange to 

4375
04:00:06,400 --> 04:00:08,800
walk through Central Tokyo 
during the Meiji period. 

4376
04:00:09,700 --> 04:00:12,400
There were brick banking houses 
with Corinthian columns next to 

4377
04:00:12,400 --> 04:00:14,200
traditional wooden temples and 
matcha. 

4378
04:00:15,000 --> 04:00:17,700
Buddhist temples had rules that 
curved while government 

4379
04:00:17,700 --> 04:00:20,600
buildings, had roofs that slope 
down like European roofs. 

4380
04:00:21,300 --> 04:00:24,900
There was an architectural clash
with synthesis, the different 

4381
04:00:24,900 --> 04:00:28,200
buildings living in the same 
city, but not yet, learning how 

4382
04:00:28,200 --> 04:00:31,000
to talk to each other. 
Japanese architects who had 

4383
04:00:31,000 --> 04:00:33,600
studied in Europe and America 
had an interesting problem to 

4384
04:00:33,600 --> 04:00:36,500
solve how to make modern 
Japanese architecture. 

4385
04:00:36,500 --> 04:00:39,600
That used Western Building 
Technology, but still stay true 

4386
04:00:39,600 --> 04:00:43,200
to traditional aesthetic values.
Architects would spend the next 

4387
04:00:43,200 --> 04:00:46,800
100 years thinking about this 
question and it may still have 

4388
04:00:46,800 --> 04:00:48,700
an effect on Japanese 
architecture today. 

4389
04:00:49,800 --> 04:00:52,700
One of the first things people 
did was add Japanese decorative 

4390
04:00:52,700 --> 04:00:54,300
elements to Western building 
styles. 

4391
04:00:54,300 --> 04:00:58,000
You could have a brick building 
with European proportions and a 

4392
04:00:58,000 --> 04:01:01,400
Japanese style tiled roof or a 
stone building with towers that 

4393
04:01:01,400 --> 04:01:04,300
look like pagodas. 
These hybrids often looked 

4394
04:01:04,300 --> 04:01:07,200
strange like someone wearing a 
business suit with traditional 

4395
04:01:07,200 --> 04:01:10,000
sandals. 
Each part was fine on its own 

4396
04:01:10,000 --> 04:01:13,200
but together, they were 
uncomfortable, Tokyo Station, 

4397
04:01:13,200 --> 04:01:16,400
which was finished in 1914, is a
good example of the 

4398
04:01:16,400 --> 04:01:18,100
architectural goals of this 
time. 

4399
04:01:18,100 --> 04:01:20,500
The station was a huge red 
brick. 

4400
04:01:20,500 --> 04:01:23,200
Building with European 
Renaissance style, including 

4401
04:01:23,200 --> 04:01:26,000
domes archers and detailed 
brickwork. 

4402
04:01:26,800 --> 04:01:28,500
It was designed by tatsuno 
Kingo. 

4403
04:01:28,500 --> 04:01:31,700
Who had studied in London. 
It was supposed to show that 

4404
04:01:31,700 --> 04:01:34,500
Japan had become a modern 
country with infrastructure. 

4405
04:01:34,500 --> 04:01:37,500
That could compete with any 
Western power, but you could see

4406
04:01:37,500 --> 04:01:39,400
that Japanese sensibilities were
at work. 

4407
04:01:39,400 --> 04:01:41,100
In the way, it was built and the
way it looked. 

4408
04:01:41,100 --> 04:01:43,700
But the changes that were 
happening in residential 

4409
04:01:43,700 --> 04:01:45,900
architecture were more 
interesting than the big public 

4410
04:01:45,900 --> 04:01:48,700
buildings. 
Middle class Japanese homes 

4411
04:01:48,700 --> 04:01:52,200
started to mix Western and 
Japanese Styles making hybrid 

4412
04:01:52,200 --> 04:01:54,600
spaces that showed how 
lifestyle's were changing while 

4413
04:01:54,600 --> 04:01:56,200
still keeping traditional 
comforts. 

4414
04:01:56,900 --> 04:02:00,500
A house might have one western 
style room with chairs, tables 

4415
04:02:00,500 --> 04:02:03,700
and hardwood floors. 
This room was usually used for 

4416
04:02:03,700 --> 04:02:07,000
business or to welcome guests. 
The rest of the house would be 

4417
04:02:07,000 --> 04:02:10,000
traditional Japanese with tatami
mats and sliding screens. 

4418
04:02:10,000 --> 04:02:13,300
This wasn't just about how 
things looked or how they were 

4419
04:02:13,300 --> 04:02:15,400
worn different. 
Kinds of activities, really 

4420
04:02:15,400 --> 04:02:17,400
worked better in different kinds
of buildings. 

4421
04:02:18,200 --> 04:02:21,500
If you wore western clothes, you
want to chairs and tables that 

4422
04:02:21,500 --> 04:02:24,400
were Western Heights. 
But when they were at home a lot

4423
04:02:24,408 --> 04:02:27,500
of Japanese people like to take 
off their tight western clothes 

4424
04:02:27,500 --> 04:02:31,600
put on a Yukata or kimono and 
sit onto Tammy the old-fashioned

4425
04:02:31,600 --> 04:02:34,500
way. 
You could live in both modes 

4426
04:02:34,500 --> 04:02:37,200
because you had both kinds of 
spaces, you could choose the 

4427
04:02:37,200 --> 04:02:40,800
right one for each activity. 
The engawa, a space between the 

4428
04:02:40,800 --> 04:02:44,200
inside and outside that looked 
like a porch was a big part of 

4429
04:02:44,200 --> 04:02:47,500
traditional Japanese 
architecture in May G period 

4430
04:02:47,500 --> 04:02:50,400
homes. 
It took on a new form sometimes 

4431
04:02:50,400 --> 04:02:53,900
it had glass windows around it, 
making it look like a sunroom 

4432
04:02:53,900 --> 04:02:56,300
that kept the weather out, but 
still let you see the garden's. 

4433
04:02:57,000 --> 04:02:59,500
This change showed how 
traditional building Parts could

4434
04:02:59,500 --> 04:03:03,000
change to use new materials and 
Technologies while still doing 

4435
04:03:03,000 --> 04:03:05,800
their main job, Japanese 
architects, who were studying 

4436
04:03:05,800 --> 04:03:07,400
abroad started to notice 
something. 

4437
04:03:07,400 --> 04:03:09,800
Interesting. 
While they were learning how to 

4438
04:03:09,800 --> 04:03:12,600
build in the west. 
West Architects were becoming 

4439
04:03:12,600 --> 04:03:16,100
interested in Japanese design. 
People were Amazed by the 

4440
04:03:16,100 --> 04:03:18,600
Japanese Pavilions at 
International exhibitions, 

4441
04:03:18,600 --> 04:03:21,500
Western Architects. 
And designers started to collect

4442
04:03:21,500 --> 04:03:25,800
Japanese prints study, Japanese 
garden and used Japanese design 

4443
04:03:25,800 --> 04:03:29,200
ideas in their own work. 
Japan wasn't just getting 

4444
04:03:29,200 --> 04:03:32,000
architectural ideas. 
It was also giving them this 

4445
04:03:32,000 --> 04:03:34,900
back and forth would eventually 
lead to more complex syntheses. 

4446
04:03:34,900 --> 04:03:37,700
Frank Lloyd Wright's Imperial 
Hotel in Tokyo. 

4447
04:03:37,708 --> 04:03:42,500
Built in the 1920s tried to mix 
Western ideas about space with 

4448
04:03:42,500 --> 04:03:45,300
Japanese ideas, about beauty and
attention to materials. 

4449
04:03:46,100 --> 04:03:49,200
Wright wasn't Japanese, but his 
ideas for architecture showed 

4450
04:03:49,200 --> 04:03:51,800
how to honor both Traditions 
without having to choose between

4451
04:03:51,800 --> 04:03:54,600
them. 
The terrible great Kanto 

4452
04:03:54,600 --> 04:03:58,800
earthquake of 1923 destroyed 
much of Tokyo and Yokohama but 

4453
04:03:58,800 --> 04:04:02,000
it also opened up new 
opportunities rebuilding the 

4454
04:04:02,008 --> 04:04:04,900
city made it possible to use, 
modern building methods on a 

4455
04:04:04,900 --> 04:04:08,500
larger scale such as reinforced,
concrete steel framing, and 

4456
04:04:08,500 --> 04:04:12,000
modern utilities, But it also 
made people think about what 

4457
04:04:12,000 --> 04:04:15,000
traditional architecture had 
lost and what should be kept. 

4458
04:04:15,700 --> 04:04:18,400
Some Architects started to talk 
about a more careful way to 

4459
04:04:18,400 --> 04:04:20,500
modernize. 
They didn't want to just copy 

4460
04:04:20,500 --> 04:04:23,000
western style or keep 
traditional architecture of the 

4461
04:04:23,000 --> 04:04:26,200
same to protect it. 
Instead, they wanted an 

4462
04:04:26,200 --> 04:04:28,800
architecture that used modern 
materials and building methods, 

4463
04:04:28,800 --> 04:04:31,900
but still understood and 
respected, traditional Japanese 

4464
04:04:31,900 --> 04:04:35,100
ideas about space. 
This wasn't just about making 

4465
04:04:35,100 --> 04:04:38,900
things look nice on the outside.
It was about deeper ideas, like 

4466
04:04:38,900 --> 04:04:42,100
how buildings fit into the 
landscape, how space is could be

4467
04:04:42,100 --> 04:04:45,400
flexible and changeable and how 
to use natural materials and 

4468
04:04:45,400 --> 04:04:50,300
light in creative ways. 
In the early 1900s, modernist 

4469
04:04:50,300 --> 04:04:51,800
architecture, spread around the 
world. 

4470
04:04:51,800 --> 04:04:55,500
It focused on clean lines. 
Honest, use of materials, and 

4471
04:04:55,500 --> 04:04:57,500
combining indoor and outdoor 
spaces. 

4472
04:04:58,400 --> 04:05:01,500
Surprisingly, this style of 
architecture, had a lot in 

4473
04:05:01,500 --> 04:05:03,900
common with traditional Japanese
architectural values. 

4474
04:05:04,600 --> 04:05:07,300
Both Traditions valued 
Simplicity, over decoration, 

4475
04:05:07,300 --> 04:05:10,700
honest materials, over surface 
decoration, and fluid 

4476
04:05:10,700 --> 04:05:14,100
connections between buildings, 
and their surroundings, Japanese

4477
04:05:14,100 --> 04:05:16,600
Architects, started to see that 
some of the ideas behind 

4478
04:05:16,600 --> 04:05:19,000
modernism weren't completely new
to them. 

4479
04:05:19,000 --> 04:05:22,000
In some ways they were similar 
to ideas that their own 

4480
04:05:22,000 --> 04:05:24,000
tradition had been working with 
400 of years. 

4481
04:05:25,100 --> 04:05:27,300
Steel and glass building with 
clean lines, and little 

4482
04:05:27,300 --> 04:05:29,200
decoration. 
Wasn't that different from a 

4483
04:05:29,200 --> 04:05:32,300
traditional tea room, which used
natural materials and didn't add

4484
04:05:32,300 --> 04:05:35,600
extra decoration. 
Both were examples of aesthetic,

4485
04:05:35,600 --> 04:05:37,300
philosophies that put value on 
Essence. 

4486
04:05:37,300 --> 04:05:40,100
So over decoration and Clarity 
over confusion. 

4487
04:05:40,100 --> 04:05:43,400
This understanding would 
ultimately result in some of the

4488
04:05:43,400 --> 04:05:47,200
most groundbreaking architecture
of the 20th century as Japanese 

4489
04:05:47,200 --> 04:05:49,600
Architects employed, 
contemporary materials, and 

4490
04:05:49,600 --> 04:05:53,100
methods to convey, traditional 
spatial ideas in novel manners. 

4491
04:05:53,800 --> 04:05:56,000
But that's a story for the next 
chapter, when we get to the 

4492
04:05:56,000 --> 04:05:58,800
present. 
As you settle deeper into sleep 

4493
04:05:58,800 --> 04:06:03,000
picture Tokyo in the 1920s, it 
was a city that was rebuilding 

4494
04:06:03,000 --> 04:06:04,900
itself and full of 
contradictions and 

4495
04:06:04,900 --> 04:06:07,600
possibilities. 
This is a traditional wooden 

4496
04:06:07,600 --> 04:06:09,800
house with one room. 
That looks like it belongs in 

4497
04:06:09,800 --> 04:06:12,300
the West. 
A concrete office building is 

4498
04:06:12,300 --> 04:06:13,900
trying to look like a French 
Palace. 

4499
04:06:13,900 --> 04:06:17,600
You can still see the roofs of 
the temples in the distance but 

4500
04:06:17,600 --> 04:06:19,200
they are now surrounded by 
buildings. 

4501
04:06:19,200 --> 04:06:20,200
That would have been 
Unthinkable. 

4502
04:06:20,200 --> 04:06:25,000
Just a few decades ago, it's a 
mess but it's also exciting and 

4503
04:06:25,000 --> 04:06:29,000
comfortable and full of promise.
A civilization is going through 

4504
04:06:29,000 --> 04:06:32,600
a huge change and trying to 
figure out how to stay the same 

4505
04:06:32,600 --> 04:06:36,100
while becoming something else. 
Japan cities were ruined by 

4506
04:06:36,100 --> 04:06:39,900
World War Two, bombing had 
mostly destroyed, Tokyo, Osaka, 

4507
04:06:39,900 --> 04:06:43,300
and Nagoya. 
In the immediate aftermath of 

4508
04:06:43,300 --> 04:06:45,300
the war. 
All that was needed, was to put 

4509
04:06:45,300 --> 04:06:48,600
roofs over people's heads with 
whatever materials were on hand.

4510
04:06:49,300 --> 04:06:51,400
When people were living in 
temporary shacks and old 

4511
04:06:51,400 --> 04:06:53,300
military buildings 
architectural. 

4512
04:06:53,300 --> 04:06:56,900
Philosophy seemed like a luxury.
But even in this dire situation,

4513
04:06:56,900 --> 04:06:59,600
some architectural elements 
remain the same. 

4514
04:07:00,300 --> 04:07:03,100
People still took off their 
shoes before going into homes. 

4515
04:07:03,100 --> 04:07:06,600
They still like to sit on the 
floor when they could the basic 

4516
04:07:06,600 --> 04:07:09,900
ideas about space in Japanese 
architecture, flexibility 

4517
04:07:09,900 --> 04:07:13,200
connection to Nature and the 
importance of threshold spaces 

4518
04:07:13,200 --> 04:07:16,800
stayed the same even though the 
buildings themselves were rough 

4519
04:07:16,800 --> 04:07:19,600
and temporary as Japan's 
economy, got better and then 

4520
04:07:19,600 --> 04:07:24,300
exploded in the 1950s and 1960s,
a group of amazing Architects, 

4521
04:07:24,300 --> 04:07:27,000
came along, who would change how
people thought about modern 

4522
04:07:27,000 --> 04:07:29,600
architecture. 
These Architects had grown up 

4523
04:07:29,600 --> 04:07:31,800
with traditional Japanese 
buildings, and learned about 

4524
04:07:31,800 --> 04:07:33,400
Western architectural 
principles. 

4525
04:07:33,400 --> 04:07:36,700
Now, they had to make buildings 
that were right for modern 

4526
04:07:36,700 --> 04:07:38,800
Japan. 
There are ideas, would change 

4527
04:07:38,800 --> 04:07:41,400
architecture all over the world 
Kenzo. 

4528
04:07:41,400 --> 04:07:43,700
Tange could be the most well, 
known person from this 

4529
04:07:43,700 --> 04:07:46,300
generation. 
His buildings were a mix of the 

4530
04:07:46,300 --> 04:07:50,000
brutal honesty of modernist 
Concrete Construction and ideas,

4531
04:07:50,000 --> 04:07:52,300
about space that came from 
traditional Japanese 

4532
04:07:52,300 --> 04:07:55,000
architecture. 
The Hiroshima Peace Memorial 

4533
04:07:55,000 --> 04:07:59,400
Museum finished in 1955 raised 
its main structure on pillars, 

4534
04:07:59,400 --> 04:08:01,400
which made a covered space 
underneath. 

4535
04:08:01,400 --> 04:08:03,500
That was like the open ground 
floors of traditional 

4536
04:08:03,500 --> 04:08:06,400
storehouses and let light and 
air flow through the building. 

4537
04:08:06,400 --> 04:08:09,700
Tang's work showed that modern 
materials like reinforced 

4538
04:08:09,700 --> 04:08:13,000
concrete could show traditional 
Japanese ideas about space. 

4539
04:08:13,000 --> 04:08:16,700
Like the mixing of inside and 
outside the use of modulus 

4540
04:08:16,700 --> 04:08:19,700
structural grids and the focus 
on horizontal rather than 

4541
04:08:19,700 --> 04:08:23,700
vertical lines, his buildings 
looked very modern, but their 

4542
04:08:23,700 --> 04:08:26,400
layout and relationship to the 
site and Landscape, made them 

4543
04:08:26,400 --> 04:08:30,100
feel Japanese in some way. 
The metabolist movement, which 

4544
04:08:30,100 --> 04:08:33,500
started in the 1960s had an even
more radical idea. 

4545
04:08:34,400 --> 04:08:37,100
These Architects saw cities as 
living things that could grow 

4546
04:08:37,100 --> 04:08:40,500
and change with residential 
units, that could be added to 

4547
04:08:40,500 --> 04:08:43,500
permanent infrastructure. 
Most of their biggest dreams, 

4548
04:08:43,500 --> 04:08:45,900
never came true. 
But there are ideas about 

4549
04:08:45,900 --> 04:08:49,700
flexibility and adaptability 
took traditional Japanese ideas 

4550
04:08:49,700 --> 04:08:53,200
about reconfigurable space and 
applied them to cities and 

4551
04:08:53,200 --> 04:08:55,900
Technology. 
The neck again capsule Tower by 

4552
04:08:55,900 --> 04:08:57,800
kisho kurokawa, which was 
finished. 

4553
04:08:57,800 --> 04:09:01,600
In 1972, was an example of 
metabolist ideas in 

4554
04:09:01,600 --> 04:09:04,300
architecture. 
The building was made up of 

4555
04:09:04,300 --> 04:09:07,500
prefabricated modules, which 
were basically small apartments 

4556
04:09:07,500 --> 04:09:09,200
that were attached to concrete 
cores. 

4557
04:09:10,000 --> 04:09:12,700
This was done so that capsules 
could be moved around or 

4558
04:09:12,700 --> 04:09:15,600
replaced as needed. 
It looked like science fiction, 

4559
04:09:15,600 --> 04:09:18,600
but it was based on the 
traditional Japanese idea that 

4560
04:09:18,600 --> 04:09:21,600
buildings are made up of parts 
that can be rearranged and stead

4561
04:09:21,600 --> 04:09:25,400
of being permanent monuments. 
At the same time residential 

4562
04:09:25,400 --> 04:09:27,600
architecture was changing in 
less obvious ways. 

4563
04:09:28,500 --> 04:09:31,400
After the war Japanese home 
started to have more Western 

4564
04:09:31,400 --> 04:09:35,100
features, like, real kitchens 
with running, water bathrooms 

4565
04:09:35,100 --> 04:09:37,500
with tubs, and showers and 
Central Heating. 

4566
04:09:38,500 --> 04:09:41,300
The way things were arranged in 
space often stayed very 

4567
04:09:41,300 --> 04:09:44,900
Japanese, a lot of homes, still 
had at least one traditional 

4568
04:09:44,900 --> 04:09:49,200
tatami room with sliding few of 
panels, a tocoma Alcove and 

4569
04:09:49,200 --> 04:09:50,800
adore that led to a small 
garden. 

4570
04:09:50,800 --> 04:09:54,700
This wasn't just Nostalgia or 
conservatives, and it was a real

4571
04:09:54,708 --> 04:09:57,200
preference for being able to 
move around and connect with 

4572
04:09:57,200 --> 04:10:00,700
traditional styles. 
At night at tatami room could be

4573
04:10:00,700 --> 04:10:04,000
a bedroom during the day, it 
could be a living room for 

4574
04:10:04,000 --> 04:10:06,100
special meals. 
It could be a dining room and 

4575
04:10:06,100 --> 04:10:09,500
for guests it could be a space. 
The Westin style rooms with 

4576
04:10:09,500 --> 04:10:10,900
furniture. 
That couldn't be moved around, 

4577
04:10:10,900 --> 04:10:14,200
couldn't do this, some 
Architects started to look into 

4578
04:10:14,200 --> 04:10:16,600
how they could use modern 
materials and building methods 

4579
04:10:16,600 --> 04:10:21,700
to express traditional ideas to 
dowan famous in the 1970s 

4580
04:10:21,700 --> 04:10:25,400
billed, building's out of smooth
concrete, glass and steel, that 

4581
04:10:25,400 --> 04:10:27,600
still had a traditional Japanese
field to them. 

4582
04:10:28,100 --> 04:10:31,300
His buildings, have enclosed 
Courtyards, carefully, framed 

4583
04:10:31,300 --> 04:10:34,500
natural light, and a peaceful 
quality that reminds one of 

4584
04:10:34,500 --> 04:10:36,300
Temple and Tea Room 
architecture. 

4585
04:10:37,200 --> 04:10:41,200
And those Church of the light 
which was finished in 1989 is a 

4586
04:10:41,200 --> 04:10:42,600
great example of this 
combination. 

4587
04:10:42,600 --> 04:10:46,900
It's a small concrete Chapel 
with a cross that shines the 

4588
04:10:46,900 --> 04:10:50,800
cross was made by taking away 
things not adding them, the wall

4589
04:10:50,800 --> 04:10:53,900
has a cross-shaped opening that 
lets light in the room is very 

4590
04:10:53,900 --> 04:10:57,400
simple and serious but it also 
has a lot of spiritual energy. 

4591
04:10:57,400 --> 04:11:00,700
It looks modern, but it also 
feels like it comes from the 

4592
04:11:00,708 --> 04:11:03,700
same design tradition that made 
tea rooms hundreds of years ago.

4593
04:11:03,700 --> 04:11:06,700
The idea of Mars, which we 
talked about earlier, as charged

4594
04:11:06,700 --> 04:11:09,500
empty space was used in a new 
way in modern Japanese 

4595
04:11:09,500 --> 04:11:12,200
architecture. 
Architects designed buildings 

4596
04:11:12,200 --> 04:11:14,800
with holes and gaps that work. 
Just empty space. 

4597
04:11:14,800 --> 04:11:17,100
They were important parts of the
design. 

4598
04:11:17,100 --> 04:11:20,200
These empty spaces made the 
rhythm of the buildings let 

4599
04:11:20,200 --> 04:11:24,600
light in and gave people a place
to rest their eyes and think the

4600
04:11:24,600 --> 04:11:27,200
connection between architecture 
and nature, which is so 

4601
04:11:27,200 --> 04:11:29,600
important to Japanese culture 
continued. 

4602
04:11:29,600 --> 04:11:32,800
In new ways Architects, could 
not always make traditional 

4603
04:11:32,800 --> 04:11:36,400
Garden's specially in cities 
with a lot of people, but they 

4604
04:11:36,400 --> 04:11:39,500
found ways to add natural 
elements like a single tree. 

4605
04:11:39,500 --> 04:11:43,300
In a courtyard, a water feature 
or even just views of the sky, 

4606
04:11:43,300 --> 04:11:47,300
that were carefully framed These
gestures recognize the human 

4607
04:11:47,300 --> 04:11:50,700
necessity for a connection with 
nature even within entirely 

4608
04:11:50,700 --> 04:11:53,900
Urban environments. 
Small urban homes became a very 

4609
04:11:53,900 --> 04:11:55,300
interesting type of 
architecture. 

4610
04:11:56,100 --> 04:11:59,100
Because land was so expensive in
Japanese cities, many 

4611
04:11:59,100 --> 04:12:02,800
residential lots were very small
less than 50 square meters. 

4612
04:12:02,800 --> 04:12:06,400
In some cases Architects, who 
have to work with these limits. 

4613
04:12:06,400 --> 04:12:09,500
Came up with new ways to make 
spaces more livable by adding 

4614
04:12:09,500 --> 04:12:12,400
light are. 
And sometimes surprising spatial

4615
04:12:12,400 --> 04:12:14,700
experience, is these small 
homes. 

4616
04:12:14,700 --> 04:12:18,200
Often had Courtyards inside 
skylights spaces on more than 

4617
04:12:18,200 --> 04:12:20,600
one level and smart ways to 
store things. 

4618
04:12:20,600 --> 04:12:24,000
These small houses kept the 
traditional Japanese way of 

4619
04:12:24,000 --> 04:12:27,300
building homes, which was to 
make Rich spatial experiences 

4620
04:12:27,300 --> 04:12:31,000
within small physical limits. 
A traditional tea room showed 

4621
04:12:31,000 --> 04:12:33,100
that you don't need a lot of 
room to make a whole world. 

4622
04:12:33,100 --> 04:12:36,700
Modern tiny houses took this 
idea further by showing that 

4623
04:12:36,700 --> 04:12:40,300
careful design could make even 
the smallest spaces feel full 

4624
04:12:40,300 --> 04:12:44,100
and welcoming Modern, 
engineering's, earthquake, 

4625
04:12:44,100 --> 04:12:45,900
resistant. 
Building methods were added to 

4626
04:12:45,900 --> 04:12:48,900
Japan's traditional knowledge of
how to make structures that can 

4627
04:12:48,900 --> 04:12:52,800
bend Modern buildings in Japan. 
Often have advanced dampening 

4628
04:12:52,800 --> 04:12:56,400
systems flexible joints, an 
extra structural support that. 

4629
04:12:56,400 --> 04:12:58,500
Let them Sway With seismic 
forces. 

4630
04:12:58,500 --> 04:13:02,000
Instead of fighting them, this 
high-tech method is similar to 

4631
04:13:02,000 --> 04:13:04,700
the old idea of building wooden 
structures that could move with 

4632
04:13:04,700 --> 04:13:07,100
the Earth. 
As you start to feel sleepy 

4633
04:13:07,100 --> 04:13:09,800
picture yourself walking through
Modern Tokyo. 

4634
04:13:09,800 --> 04:13:12,700
This is an old temple with 
wooden buildings that have been 

4635
04:13:12,700 --> 04:13:16,400
well cared for next to. 
It is a modern building made of 

4636
04:13:16,400 --> 04:13:20,400
glass and steel its ground floor
opens completely to the street 

4637
04:13:20,400 --> 04:13:23,700
making the line between inside 
and outside, less clear. 

4638
04:13:24,500 --> 04:13:28,300
This is a very modern take on a 
traditional idea, a small house 

4639
04:13:28,300 --> 04:13:32,000
across the street, has a tree 
growing through the middle of it

4640
04:13:32,000 --> 04:13:34,200
bringing nature into the middle 
of a busy city. 

4641
04:13:34,200 --> 04:13:38,400
The city is like a palimpsest 
with layers of history and new 

4642
04:13:38,400 --> 04:13:40,700
ideas. 
All in the same place the 

4643
04:13:40,700 --> 04:13:43,200
buildings from each time, period
seem to talk to each other. 

4644
04:13:44,000 --> 04:13:47,100
By the end of the 20th century. 
Something amazing had happened. 

4645
04:13:47,100 --> 04:13:51,100
Japanese architecture had become
influential all over the world 

4646
04:13:51,100 --> 04:13:54,900
in ways that went far beyond 
just unique details or Surface 

4647
04:13:54,900 --> 04:13:58,400
Beauty Architects, all over the 
world were looking at Japanese 

4648
04:13:58,400 --> 04:14:02,200
buildings, spatial ideas, and 
design philosophies to find ways

4649
04:14:02,200 --> 04:14:04,900
to solve modern, architectural 
problems. 

4650
04:14:04,900 --> 04:14:08,500
That Western Traditions, hadn't 
fully dealt with Japanese 

4651
04:14:08,500 --> 04:14:11,500
Aesthetics had a big impact on 
the minimalism that became so 

4652
04:14:11,500 --> 04:14:13,100
popular in architecture around 
the world. 

4653
04:14:13,100 --> 04:14:16,900
Starting in the 1990s. 
Japanese had been refining, the 

4654
04:14:16,900 --> 04:14:19,900
ideas behind clean lines, 
limited color, palettes 

4655
04:14:19,900 --> 04:14:23,900
carefully, chosen materials, and
empty space as a positive design

4656
04:14:23,900 --> 04:14:27,700
element for years. 
Japan had been doing what the 

4657
04:14:27,700 --> 04:14:30,500
West thought was a radical new 
style, since the 16th century, 

4658
04:14:30,500 --> 04:14:34,800
when T Master started doing it, 
the open floor plans that now 

4659
04:14:34,800 --> 04:14:37,700
popular in western homes. 
A similar to the ideas that 

4660
04:14:37,700 --> 04:14:39,800
Japanese homes have had for 
hundreds of years. 

4661
04:14:40,800 --> 04:14:44,000
Japanese architecture had these 
ideas long before they became 

4662
04:14:44,000 --> 04:14:45,400
popular in other parts of the 
world. 

4663
04:14:46,300 --> 04:14:49,100
That space could be flexible and
served more than one purpose 

4664
04:14:49,100 --> 04:14:52,000
that rooms could flow into each 
other, instead of being 

4665
04:14:52,000 --> 04:14:55,400
separated by walls and that a 
home should adapt to the needs 

4666
04:14:55,400 --> 04:14:57,400
of its occupants. 
In stead of forcing them to 

4667
04:14:57,400 --> 04:15:00,500
adapt to fixed rooms. 
The focus on natural materials. 

4668
04:15:00,500 --> 04:15:04,100
That honestly, displayed rather 
than painted over or hidden by 

4669
04:15:04,100 --> 04:15:07,900
decorations became a defining 
feature of modern high-end 

4670
04:15:07,900 --> 04:15:11,600
architecture around the world. 
Architect started leaving 

4671
04:15:11,600 --> 04:15:14,200
concrete unpainted, so that the 
wood structure showed through, 

4672
04:15:14,200 --> 04:15:17,400
and they used Stone in ways that
showed off its natural beauty. 

4673
04:15:17,400 --> 04:15:21,100
This method wasn't taken 
directly from Japan, but the 

4674
04:15:21,100 --> 04:15:23,500
Japanese architectural tradition
of honest material. 

4675
04:15:23,500 --> 04:15:26,400
Expression did have an effect on
how architects around the world 

4676
04:15:26,400 --> 04:15:30,800
thought about materials and 
surfaces The relationship 

4677
04:15:30,800 --> 04:15:34,000
between the inside and outside 
that Japanese architecture, had 

4678
04:15:34,000 --> 04:15:36,500
always stressed became more and 
more important in modern 

4679
04:15:36,500 --> 04:15:40,600
architecture around the world. 
In modern design, people wanted 

4680
04:15:40,600 --> 04:15:42,700
buildings with walls. 
That could open all the way 

4681
04:15:42,700 --> 04:15:46,400
rooms that led into Gardens and 
threshold spaces that were 

4682
04:15:46,400 --> 04:15:50,300
neither fully inside or outside.
The traditional ngawa had 

4683
04:15:50,300 --> 04:15:53,700
changed into modern Terraces 
balconies and transitional 

4684
04:15:53,700 --> 04:15:56,000
spaces that made buildings more 
interesting for people to 

4685
04:15:56,000 --> 04:15:58,600
experience. 
Japanese Architects had an 

4686
04:15:58,600 --> 04:16:02,800
impact on the world as well. 
In 1995 to Dao. 

4687
04:16:02,800 --> 04:16:06,000
Ando won the pritzker prize. 
First of many Japanese 

4688
04:16:06,000 --> 04:16:08,600
Architects to win the most 
prestigious award in the field, 

4689
04:16:08,600 --> 04:16:14,100
kazuyo sejima and she's our 
company essay, NAA built 

4690
04:16:14,100 --> 04:16:17,000
buildings that were incredibly 
delicate and spatially complex 

4691
04:16:17,000 --> 04:16:20,300
and their work had an impact on 
Architects all over the world. 

4692
04:16:21,300 --> 04:16:24,400
Shigeru ban was the first to use
paper tubes and other unusual 

4693
04:16:24,400 --> 04:16:27,200
materials in buildings that were
both structurally Innovative and

4694
04:16:27,200 --> 04:16:30,200
socially responsible. 
It wasn't obvious that these 

4695
04:16:30,200 --> 04:16:32,500
Architects built buildings. 
That looked like traditional 

4696
04:16:32,500 --> 04:16:36,400
Japanese ones, their work didn't
have Pagoda Rose or Torii Gates,

4697
04:16:36,400 --> 04:16:40,700
but their building's had spatial
ideas, material sensibilities 

4698
04:16:40,700 --> 04:16:43,800
and connections to sight and 
light that were more connected 

4699
04:16:43,800 --> 04:16:45,400
to traditional Japanese 
architecture. 

4700
04:16:46,600 --> 04:16:49,600
He showed that tradition isn't 
just about copying old Styles. 

4701
04:16:49,600 --> 04:16:53,800
It's also about understanding 
and building on basic ideas, the

4702
04:16:53,800 --> 04:16:57,100
idea of wahbi-sabi which means 
finding Beauty and things that 

4703
04:16:57,100 --> 04:17:01,000
aren't perfect don't last or 
aren't finished became part of 

4704
04:17:01,000 --> 04:17:04,200
the global design vocabulary. 
It may have been overused in 

4705
04:17:04,200 --> 04:17:07,600
Western design circles, where it
was sometimes seen as just a 

4706
04:17:07,600 --> 04:17:10,200
style, instead of a complicated 
philosophical stance. 

4707
04:17:11,000 --> 04:17:14,600
But at its best, the world's 
love of wabi-sabi showed a real 

4708
04:17:14,600 --> 04:17:17,300
appreciation for Japanese 
aesthetic values that were 

4709
04:17:17,300 --> 04:17:20,600
different from the Western focus
on permanents Perfection and 

4710
04:17:20,600 --> 04:17:23,800
completion. 
The design of Japanese Gardens 

4711
04:17:23,800 --> 04:17:26,200
had a bigger and bigger effect 
on gardens around the world. 

4712
04:17:27,000 --> 04:17:29,900
From California to England. 
Modern Garden showed how to use 

4713
04:17:29,900 --> 04:17:33,600
natural materials, how to make 
space for thinking and how to 

4714
04:17:33,600 --> 04:17:35,700
make small versions of larger 
Landscapes. 

4715
04:17:35,700 --> 04:17:39,600
The notion that landscape design
could be an art form, a 

4716
04:17:39,600 --> 04:17:42,800
sophisticated as architecture, a
belief rooted in Japanese 

4717
04:17:42,800 --> 04:17:45,000
tradition. 
Garnered, broader acceptance. 

4718
04:17:46,700 --> 04:17:48,900
Japanese architecture was very 
aware of the environment. 

4719
04:17:48,900 --> 04:17:53,000
The paid attention to Natural 
ventilation used local materials

4720
04:17:53,000 --> 04:17:57,400
and was carefully oriented to 
the Sun and wind These were all 

4721
04:17:57,400 --> 04:17:59,300
things that became important in 
architecture. 

4722
04:17:59,300 --> 04:18:02,100
Around the world. 
Japanese architecture has always

4723
04:18:02,100 --> 04:18:05,500
been sustainable because it had 
to be Contemporary Architects, 

4724
04:18:05,500 --> 04:18:08,200
learned from these Traditions. 
How to build buildings that are 

4725
04:18:08,200 --> 04:18:10,800
better for the environment. 
The Japanese idea that 

4726
04:18:10,800 --> 04:18:13,900
architecture is not a permanent 
Monument, but something that can

4727
04:18:13,900 --> 04:18:17,200
be changed and rebuilt. 
Challenged Western ideas about 

4728
04:18:17,200 --> 04:18:18,900
architecture and interesting 
ways. 

4729
04:18:18,900 --> 04:18:22,600
The 20-year rebuilding cycle of 
the Israel, which we talked 

4730
04:18:22,600 --> 04:18:25,700
about a long time ago, was a 
whole new way of thinking, about

4731
04:18:25,700 --> 04:18:29,400
preserving architecture instead 
of trying to keep building the 

4732
04:18:29,400 --> 04:18:31,200
same, it meant keeping 
tradition. 

4733
04:18:31,200 --> 04:18:35,200
Alive through constant renewal 
This idea changed how people 

4734
04:18:35,200 --> 04:18:37,600
thought about cultural 
continuity and Architectural 

4735
04:18:37,600 --> 04:18:40,500
sustainability. 
Japanese culture had a big 

4736
04:18:40,500 --> 04:18:44,100
impact on the way people saw. 
Small-scale carefully detailed 

4737
04:18:44,100 --> 04:18:47,000
architecture. 
Not every building had to be a 

4738
04:18:47,000 --> 04:18:51,400
big deal or a big statement and 
small Urban houses or tea rooms 

4739
04:18:51,400 --> 04:18:53,300
where every detail had been 
carefully. 

4740
04:18:53,300 --> 04:18:56,500
Thought out the most beautiful 
architecture could happen. 

4741
04:18:56,500 --> 04:19:00,400
This recognition of small-scale 
Excellence changed how 

4742
04:19:00,400 --> 04:19:03,000
architects around the world 
thought about residential and 

4743
04:19:03,000 --> 04:19:05,600
small scale. 
Projects, Japanese Architects, 

4744
04:19:05,600 --> 04:19:08,200
combine traditional building 
techniques with modern materials

4745
04:19:08,200 --> 04:19:11,200
and methods. 
This gave other countries ideas 

4746
04:19:11,200 --> 04:19:14,300
for how to keep traditional 
building crafts alive while also

4747
04:19:14,300 --> 04:19:17,900
making modern buildings. 
Japanese architectural craft was

4748
04:19:17,900 --> 04:19:21,300
known for its careful, joinery 
attention to surface qualities 

4749
04:19:21,300 --> 04:19:25,100
and respect for materials. 
These things still affect how 

4750
04:19:25,100 --> 04:19:26,700
buildings are detailed and 
build. 

4751
04:19:27,600 --> 04:19:29,700
As we near the end of our 
journey, through Japanese 

4752
04:19:29,700 --> 04:19:32,000
architectural history, we come 
to the present. 

4753
04:19:32,700 --> 04:19:36,500
What we see is not a complete 
preservation of tradition or a 

4754
04:19:36,500 --> 04:19:39,400
complete break from the past, 
but rather a creative 

4755
04:19:39,400 --> 04:19:42,600
conversation between historical 
principles and modern needs that

4756
04:19:42,600 --> 04:19:45,500
is still going on. 
There is a fascinating tension 

4757
04:19:45,500 --> 04:19:49,200
in modern Japanese architecture.
Japan is still one of the most 

4758
04:19:49,200 --> 04:19:51,800
architecturally Innovative 
countries in the world 

4759
04:19:51,800 --> 04:19:55,400
Architects, their buildings that
have a very creative and 

4760
04:19:55,400 --> 04:19:58,200
technically Advanced. 
On the other hand, traditional 

4761
04:19:58,200 --> 04:20:01,700
building types like temples 
shrines tea rooms and even some 

4762
04:20:01,700 --> 04:20:05,200
types of homes are still used 
today, not just as Museum pieces

4763
04:20:05,200 --> 04:20:08,600
in Kyoto, you'll see Master 
Carpenters, still teaching 

4764
04:20:08,600 --> 04:20:11,200
apprentices, how to do 
traditional joinery, that 

4765
04:20:11,200 --> 04:20:14,300
doesn't use any nails. 
These Craftsmen are not putting 

4766
04:20:14,300 --> 04:20:17,300
on historical re-enactments, 
they're keeping temples and 

4767
04:20:17,300 --> 04:20:20,100
shrines that are still used for 
religious purposes up to date, 

4768
04:20:20,100 --> 04:20:23,200
using the same methods that 
their ancestors used 100s of 

4769
04:20:23,208 --> 04:20:25,700
years ago. 
The knowledge is passed down 

4770
04:20:25,700 --> 04:20:28,200
from Master to Apprentice in an 
unbroken chain. 

4771
04:20:28,200 --> 04:20:30,600
Each generation, learns not from
books. 

4772
04:20:30,600 --> 04:20:34,100
But by working with tools and 
materials, there are definitely 

4773
04:20:34,100 --> 04:20:37,500
problems with these old crafts. 
Fewer young, people want to 

4774
04:20:37,500 --> 04:20:41,100
spend years learning how to do 
Temple, carpentry, or thatched 

4775
04:20:41,100 --> 04:20:43,800
Roofing. 
The economic problems are real. 

4776
04:20:44,400 --> 04:20:47,300
But the tradition lives on. 
Thanks in part to cultural 

4777
04:20:47,300 --> 04:20:50,700
Pride, religious necessity, and 
a growing understanding that 

4778
04:20:50,700 --> 04:20:53,300
these skills are irreplaceable. 
Knowledge about materials and 

4779
04:20:53,300 --> 04:20:56,100
construction. 
At the same time, modern 

4780
04:20:56,100 --> 04:20:58,400
Japanese Architects, are still 
pushing the limits. 

4781
04:20:59,100 --> 04:21:02,400
They build buildings that are 
incredibly delicate with walls, 

4782
04:21:02,400 --> 04:21:05,600
that seemed to dissolve and 
spaces that flow into each other

4783
04:21:05,600 --> 04:21:08,300
like water. 
They try out new materials and 

4784
04:21:08,300 --> 04:21:11,000
Technologies while still keeping
in touch with old ideas about 

4785
04:21:11,000 --> 04:21:14,500
space, Sue Fujimoto is one of 
the young Architects. 

4786
04:21:14,500 --> 04:21:18,100
He makes buildings that blur the
lines between architecture and 

4787
04:21:18,100 --> 04:21:22,000
nature inside and outside and 
building and Landscape. 

4788
04:21:22,000 --> 04:21:25,500
Sometimes his buildings look 
more like abstract sculptures or

4789
04:21:25,500 --> 04:21:28,900
natural formations than regular 
buildings but they are perfectly

4790
04:21:28,900 --> 04:21:31,800
livable spaces. 
There are modern evolution of 

4791
04:21:31,800 --> 04:21:34,600
traditional Japanese ideas about
how buildings and nature 

4792
04:21:34,600 --> 04:21:37,800
interact. 
Kingo kumas work is very modern 

4793
04:21:37,800 --> 04:21:40,700
but it also clearly draws on 
traditional Japanese 

4794
04:21:40,700 --> 04:21:43,400
architecture. 
He wants to know how modern 

4795
04:21:43,400 --> 04:21:46,300
methods can be used with 
traditional materials like wood 

4796
04:21:46,300 --> 04:21:49,300
stove and paper to make 
buildings. 

4797
04:21:49,300 --> 04:21:51,600
That feel like they come from 
the past without copying old 

4798
04:21:51,600 --> 04:21:54,800
Stylez. 
His buildings, often have fancy 

4799
04:21:54,800 --> 04:21:57,100
wooden screening systems that 
are modern versions of 

4800
04:21:57,100 --> 04:21:59,800
traditional features that 
control light, give people 

4801
04:21:59,800 --> 04:22:02,400
privacy and make Rich visual 
textures. 

4802
04:22:02,400 --> 04:22:05,800
There is an endless stream of 
new houses being built in Japan 

4803
04:22:05,800 --> 04:22:08,600
because people there are still 
interested in small 

4804
04:22:08,600 --> 04:22:12,000
well-designed. 
Homes Tokyo's full of tiny Lots 

4805
04:22:12,000 --> 04:22:14,800
where Architects have to work 
within very strict limits to 

4806
04:22:14,800 --> 04:22:16,600
make amazing spatial 
experiences. 

4807
04:22:16,600 --> 04:22:20,000
These houses are in line with 
the Japanese tradition of making

4808
04:22:20,000 --> 04:22:21,900
a lot out of a little by 
carefully. 

4809
04:22:21,900 --> 04:22:25,200
Designing them in stead of just 
making them big These small 

4810
04:22:25,200 --> 04:22:28,100
modern homes often have features
that are similar to traditional 

4811
04:22:28,100 --> 04:22:31,500
homes, like an internal 
Courtyard that lets light an air

4812
04:22:31,500 --> 04:22:34,100
into the middle of the building 
a threshold space, that 

4813
04:22:34,100 --> 04:22:37,300
separates the street from the 
home and a special room or alco 

4814
04:22:37,300 --> 04:22:40,800
for thinking and showing off. 
But they used modern materials 

4815
04:22:40,800 --> 04:22:43,800
and building methods, which 
makes the buildings, feel both 

4816
04:22:43,800 --> 04:22:46,900
new and traditional. 
Japan has a unique way of 

4817
04:22:46,900 --> 04:22:50,100
keeping its old buildings in 
good shape preservation doesn't 

4818
04:22:50,100 --> 04:22:53,300
mean trying to keep building's 
the same over time instead. 

4819
04:22:53,300 --> 04:22:55,400
It usually means rebuilding them
every. 

4820
04:22:55,400 --> 04:22:58,500
So often using traditional 
methods and materials, this 

4821
04:22:58,500 --> 04:23:00,900
keeps not only the building's 
themselves, but all the 

4822
04:23:00,900 --> 04:23:04,200
knowledge and skills needed to 
build them its preservation. 

4823
04:23:04,200 --> 04:23:08,700
Through practice, not through 
museums, the Japanese people as 

4824
04:23:08,700 --> 04:23:11,400
a whole stay connected to 
traditional architectural Spaces

4825
04:23:11,400 --> 04:23:15,300
by practicing, T, sermon is 
going to temples and shrines and

4826
04:23:15,300 --> 04:23:18,600
sometimes even in their own 
homes, a lot of modern Japanese 

4827
04:23:18,600 --> 04:23:21,400
Homes and Apartments, still have
at least one to Tammy room. 

4828
04:23:22,200 --> 04:23:24,700
This is a place where people can
connect with traditional 

4829
04:23:24,700 --> 04:23:27,600
Aesthetics and practices even 
when they are in a modern 

4830
04:23:27,608 --> 04:23:30,000
setting. 
More and more Japanese 

4831
04:23:30,000 --> 04:23:32,700
architecture is being shaped by 
environmental concerns. 

4832
04:23:33,500 --> 04:23:36,500
Building practices that are 
strong and long-lasting are 

4833
04:23:36,500 --> 04:23:39,500
important because the country is
prone to earthquakes, typhoons 

4834
04:23:39,500 --> 04:23:43,700
and other natural disasters. 
Modern Japanese architecture. 

4835
04:23:43,700 --> 04:23:46,300
Often uses both high-tech and 
traditional methods. 

4836
04:23:46,300 --> 04:23:49,900
For example, it might use 
Advanced seismic dampening 

4837
04:23:49,900 --> 04:23:53,500
systems and energy efficient 
mechanical systems as well as 

4838
04:23:53,500 --> 04:23:56,100
natural ventilation. 
Careful solar orientation and 

4839
04:23:56,100 --> 04:23:59,000
local materials. 
Japanese architecture is always 

4840
04:23:59,000 --> 04:24:02,400
trying to find a balance between
older new other cultures can 

4841
04:24:02,400 --> 04:24:05,100
learn from this as they try to 
find ways to honor the past 

4842
04:24:05,100 --> 04:24:09,500
while also meeting modern needs.
Japan's example, shows that 

4843
04:24:09,500 --> 04:24:12,600
tradition isn't just keeping 
things the same, it's a living 

4844
04:24:12,608 --> 04:24:15,400
practice that changes while 
still being true to its core 

4845
04:24:15,400 --> 04:24:18,100
values. 
As you drift off to sleep. 

4846
04:24:18,100 --> 04:24:19,900
Think about all the Japanese 
architecture. 

4847
04:24:19,900 --> 04:24:22,800
We've seen tonight, the ancient 
forests were at all. 

4848
04:24:22,800 --> 04:24:26,500
Began the Shinto shrines. 
That Mark sacred places, the 

4849
04:24:26,500 --> 04:24:29,800
Buddhist Temple's that reach for
enlightenment, the Palaces that 

4850
04:24:29,800 --> 04:24:32,800
open up to Garden, the Castle's 
that rise from Stone 

4851
04:24:32,800 --> 04:24:37,500
foundation's, the Edo townhouses
that make city life possible The

4852
04:24:37,500 --> 04:24:41,000
tea rooms that find Infinity and
small spaces, the Meiji 

4853
04:24:41,000 --> 04:24:43,700
experiments with new forms, the 
post-war Innovations, and the 

4854
04:24:43,700 --> 04:24:47,200
modern Explorations that are 
still going on today, every time

4855
04:24:47,200 --> 04:24:50,400
period built on what came before
it and adapted to the needs of 

4856
04:24:50,400 --> 04:24:52,300
the time. 
There was no time that was 

4857
04:24:52,308 --> 04:24:55,700
frozen, but there was no time 
that was completely lost the 

4858
04:24:55,700 --> 04:24:58,600
tradition lived on, because it 
kept changing and adapting while

4859
04:24:58,600 --> 04:25:01,200
still holding on to threads of 
continuity, that go back, 

4860
04:25:01,200 --> 04:25:06,200
hundreds of years, the house you
build in dreams and epilogue As 

4861
04:25:06,200 --> 04:25:09,100
you finally fall asleep, your 
mind might build fake buildings.

4862
04:25:09,100 --> 04:25:11,400
Out of all the architectural 
Parts, we've looked at tonight, 

4863
04:25:12,200 --> 04:25:14,400
maybe you're walking through a 
house that has parts from 

4864
04:25:14,400 --> 04:25:17,000
different times. 
Like a tea room that opens up to

4865
04:25:17,000 --> 04:25:20,300
a garden from the Edo period or 
a high-end palace with flowing 

4866
04:25:20,300 --> 04:25:23,200
spaces made from Modern 
materials, or a castle that 

4867
04:25:23,200 --> 04:25:25,700
looks strong, but is softened by
modern transparency. 

4868
04:25:27,000 --> 04:25:29,700
This dream architecture doesn't 
mix things up or contradict 

4869
04:25:29,700 --> 04:25:33,300
itself, it's completely fine. 
Because Japanese architecture 

4870
04:25:33,300 --> 04:25:34,900
has always been about bringing 
together. 

4871
04:25:34,900 --> 04:25:38,700
Different influences, needs into
a cohesive whole that serves 

4872
04:25:38,700 --> 04:25:41,600
human life while respecting 
deeper aesthetic and 

4873
04:25:41,600 --> 04:25:45,300
philosophical ideas. 
The lessons from the history of 

4874
04:25:45,300 --> 04:25:47,900
Japanese architecture, applied 
to more than just Japan. 

4875
04:25:47,900 --> 04:25:51,200
They remind us that building's 
are more than just places to 

4876
04:25:51,200 --> 04:25:53,100
live. 
There are so ways for us, to 

4877
04:25:53,100 --> 04:25:57,000
show how we want to live what we
value and how we see our place 

4878
04:25:57,000 --> 04:26:00,000
in the natural world. 
They show that tradition and 

4879
04:26:00,000 --> 04:26:03,000
Innovation are not opposites, 
but Partners in a creative 

4880
04:26:03,000 --> 04:26:06,900
conversation that never ends. 
Japanese architecture, teaches 

4881
04:26:06,900 --> 04:26:10,800
you to be patient to think 
carefully about every detail to 

4882
04:26:10,800 --> 04:26:14,400
choose materials carefully and 
to let designs grow through 

4883
04:26:14,400 --> 04:26:18,400
repeated refinement, it values 
restraint, which means that 

4884
04:26:18,400 --> 04:26:20,700
knowing what to leave out is 
often more important than 

4885
04:26:20,700 --> 04:26:23,900
knowing what to put in it. 
Accepts that everything is 

4886
04:26:23,900 --> 04:26:26,300
temporary. 
Just like all buildings and 

4887
04:26:26,300 --> 04:26:29,600
other things made by people are 
temporary parts of Nature's 

4888
04:26:29,600 --> 04:26:32,900
longer story. 
Japanese architecture teaches us

4889
04:26:32,900 --> 04:26:35,600
that the waist spaces are set up
can change how we feel. 

4890
04:26:36,400 --> 04:26:39,600
The light in a room, the feel of
a wall, the connection between 

4891
04:26:39,600 --> 04:26:43,000
the inside and the garden, and 
the size of a space, all affect 

4892
04:26:43,000 --> 04:26:46,900
how we feel think and interact 
with other people architecture 

4893
04:26:46,900 --> 04:26:49,000
isn't just about building places
for people to live. 

4894
04:26:49,000 --> 04:26:53,200
It's also about making places 
where people can Thrive when you

4895
04:26:53,200 --> 04:26:56,000
wake up tomorrow you might see 
your own living space in a new 

4896
04:26:56,008 --> 04:26:58,900
way that Windows connection to 
the light in the morning. 

4897
04:26:58,900 --> 04:27:02,900
The line that separates rooms 
the things and textures that are

4898
04:27:02,900 --> 04:27:05,200
around you. 
The existence or non-existence 

4899
04:27:05,200 --> 04:27:08,300
of natural components. 
These aren't just things that 

4900
04:27:08,300 --> 04:27:10,400
are useful. 
There are also chances to make 

4901
04:27:10,400 --> 04:27:13,500
daily life more, beautiful, 
thoughtful and connected. 

4902
04:27:13,500 --> 04:27:16,600
You don't have to live in a 
traditional Japanese house to 

4903
04:27:16,600 --> 04:27:18,200
learn from Japanese 
architecture. 

4904
04:27:18,200 --> 04:27:23,000
The rules can be used anywhere, 
less is more quality over 

4905
04:27:23,000 --> 04:27:27,400
quantity, connecting with nature
spaces that change to fit your 

4906
04:27:27,400 --> 04:27:30,900
needs, honest materials that get
better with age, paying 

4907
04:27:30,900 --> 04:27:34,400
attention to light and Shadow 
and the power of empty space. 

4908
04:27:34,400 --> 04:27:38,100
You might put one flower. 
In a special place, making your 

4909
04:27:38,100 --> 04:27:41,800
own small version of a Tucson. 
You might move things around in 

4910
04:27:41,800 --> 04:27:43,600
a room to let in more natural 
light. 

4911
04:27:43,600 --> 04:27:45,500
You might just stop and take 
him. 

4912
04:27:45,500 --> 04:27:48,100
The architectural details of the
places you live in every day. 

4913
04:27:48,100 --> 04:27:51,400
These little things, keep the 
tradition alive in your own way.

4914
04:27:51,400 --> 04:27:54,900
It's not just about building's 
in far-off places or things that

4915
04:27:54,900 --> 04:27:57,100
happen in the past that make up 
the history of Japanese 

4916
04:27:57,100 --> 04:27:59,600
architecture. 
It's a living tradition that 

4917
04:27:59,600 --> 04:28:01,700
keeps changing. 
And you take part in it. 

4918
04:28:01,700 --> 04:28:04,700
Every time you think carefully 
about the places you make and 

4919
04:28:04,700 --> 04:28:07,200
live in. 
The master Carpenters of ancient

4920
04:28:07,200 --> 04:28:11,200
Japan, the teamsters refining, 
aesthetic, principles, and the 

4921
04:28:11,200 --> 04:28:13,500
modern Architects. 
Looking for new ways to build 

4922
04:28:13,500 --> 04:28:16,700
all contribute to an ongoing 
discussion about how people 

4923
04:28:16,700 --> 04:28:20,700
should live on the planet. 
As sleep takes over, let your 

4924
04:28:20,700 --> 04:28:23,000
last conscious thoughts. 
Rest in a place of perfect, 

4925
04:28:23,000 --> 04:28:25,700
peace. 
It could be a tea room at dusk, 

4926
04:28:25,700 --> 04:28:28,800
a temple Garden in light rain or
a modern house. 

4927
04:28:28,800 --> 04:28:31,600
Where Glass Walls, blur the 
lines between inside and 

4928
04:28:31,600 --> 04:28:34,000
outside. 
Let the buildings we've seen 

4929
04:28:34,000 --> 04:28:35,500
tonight, give your dreaming 
mind. 

4930
04:28:35,500 --> 04:28:38,700
A place to stay a place where 
anything is possible and 

4931
04:28:38,700 --> 04:28:40,200
everything is perfectly at 
peace. 

4932
04:28:41,100 --> 04:28:43,600
The Cyprus smell is still 
faintly present in the wood. 

4933
04:28:43,600 --> 04:28:46,300
Post the titanium Maps, give way
to you. 

4934
04:28:46,300 --> 04:28:48,700
You can see the dark shapes of 
the garden. 

4935
04:28:48,700 --> 04:28:52,800
Through the paper screen, a 
stone a tree and a path that 

4936
04:28:52,800 --> 04:28:55,000
leads to a place. 
You'll explore in your dreams, 

4937
04:28:55,000 --> 04:28:57,300
the area around you is just 
right. 

4938
04:28:57,300 --> 04:29:00,700
Not too big or too small. 
There is nothing missing. 

4939
04:29:00,700 --> 04:29:04,500
There is no excess, you're at 
home in the architecture of 

4940
04:29:04,500 --> 04:29:07,900
sleep, which is where all 
buildings, end up travel through

4941
04:29:07,900 --> 04:29:09,800
time and space have sweet 
dreams. 

4942
04:29:15,600 --> 04:29:19,500
The Faded color photographs from
1938 Germany present a paradox 

4943
04:29:19,500 --> 04:29:23,400
smiling families at lakeside. 
Resorts industrial workers 

4944
04:29:23,400 --> 04:29:26,400
leaving modern factories with 
steady paychecks and cultural 

4945
04:29:26,400 --> 04:29:28,500
festivals celebrating Regional 
Traditions. 

4946
04:29:28,500 --> 04:29:31,700
These images clashed 
dramatically with the historical

4947
04:29:31,700 --> 04:29:35,400
narrative, many of internalized,
yet for millions of ordinary 

4948
04:29:35,400 --> 04:29:38,700
Germans, the late, 1930s 
represented, not Darkness 

4949
04:29:38,700 --> 04:29:41,400
descending, but rather a 
bewildering economic 

4950
04:29:41,400 --> 04:29:45,200
Renaissance. 
Horst Mueller, a machinist from 

4951
04:29:45,200 --> 04:29:48,200
duesberg represented. 
A typical experience. 

4952
04:29:49,600 --> 04:29:52,000
After years, of humiliating 
unemployment during the 

4953
04:29:52,000 --> 04:29:55,400
hyperinflation of the Weimar of 
public by 1938. 

4954
04:29:55,400 --> 04:29:59,300
He supervised 12 workers in a 
steel manufacturing plant. 

4955
04:30:01,000 --> 04:30:04,400
His salary of a simple. 
But previously unimaginable 

4956
04:30:04,400 --> 04:30:08,800
luxuries, small radio occasional
restaurant meals and a savings 

4957
04:30:08,800 --> 04:30:11,500
account for his family's future.
Politics. 

4958
04:30:11,500 --> 04:30:14,000
We discussed little is surviving
letters reveal. 

4959
04:30:14,000 --> 04:30:17,500
The feeling was like question 
what seems to be working? 

4960
04:30:18,600 --> 04:30:21,100
Propaganda, Minister, Joseph 
Goebbels, built this economic 

4961
04:30:21,100 --> 04:30:23,900
transformation. 
Dubbed, the German economic 

4962
04:30:23,900 --> 04:30:26,700
Miracle on unsustainable 
foundations. 

4963
04:30:26,700 --> 04:30:30,200
Massive military spending. 
The accumulating foreign debt 

4964
04:30:30,200 --> 04:30:33,200
and fiscal sleight of hand 
disguised by the appropriation 

4965
04:30:33,200 --> 04:30:35,700
of Jewish assets and later 
plundering of foreign resources,

4966
04:30:35,700 --> 04:30:38,000
but for ordinary Germans like 
Mueller. 

4967
04:30:38,600 --> 04:30:41,800
These macroeconomic realities 
remained abstracted from daily 

4968
04:30:41,800 --> 04:30:44,800
experience. 
The contrast with the traumatic 

4969
04:30:44,800 --> 04:30:47,400
post World War one year's proved
powerful enough to Garner 

4970
04:30:47,400 --> 04:30:52,000
genuine if contingent popular 
support. the regime's 

4971
04:30:52,000 --> 04:30:55,100
cultivation of Volkswagen 
Mineshaft People's Community, 

4972
04:30:55,100 --> 04:30:58,100
fostered, a paradoxical 
environment where many Germans 

4973
04:30:58,100 --> 04:31:01,600
simultaneously experienced new 
forms of social Mobility V, 

4974
04:31:01,600 --> 04:31:05,700
while witnessing exclusion of 
designated outside as 

4975
04:31:06,900 --> 04:31:10,600
Organizations like craft Durk 
freuder strength through Joy 

4976
04:31:10,600 --> 04:31:14,600
offered working class Germans 
unprecedented access to leisure 

4977
04:31:14,600 --> 04:31:17,800
activities previously reserved 
for the wealthy subsidized, 

4978
04:31:17,800 --> 04:31:20,800
cruises concert tickets and spa 
treatments. 

4979
04:31:20,800 --> 04:31:23,600
That fostered a sense of 
national unity and advancement. 

4980
04:31:24,600 --> 04:31:28,900
Helga Schneider, a secretary at 
a Berlin Insurance firm recorded

4981
04:31:28,900 --> 04:31:32,700
in her diary Attended the Berlin
Philharmonic for the first time,

4982
04:31:32,700 --> 04:31:35,900
father would never have imagined
his daughter in such 

4983
04:31:35,900 --> 04:31:38,500
surrounding. 
It is strange to think about how

4984
04:31:38,500 --> 04:31:41,700
much has changed in five years. 
This sense of social 

4985
04:31:41,700 --> 04:31:44,900
transformation, created genuine 
attachment to the regime among 

4986
04:31:44,900 --> 04:31:48,200
many who had previously felt 
marginalized the educational 

4987
04:31:48,200 --> 04:31:49,900
system. 
Underwent Swift transformation, 

4988
04:31:49,900 --> 04:31:54,100
curriculum changes emphasized 
Germanic cultural contributions 

4989
04:31:54,100 --> 04:31:56,700
while gradually diminishing 
humanistic education. 

4990
04:31:57,600 --> 04:32:01,000
Teachers navigated complex 
allegiances with many quietly 

4991
04:32:01,000 --> 04:32:04,000
preserving older, educational 
Traditions, while superficially 

4992
04:32:04,000 --> 04:32:06,300
complying with the ideological 
mandates. 

4993
04:32:07,200 --> 04:32:10,200
Students found themselves caught
between competing value systems.

4994
04:32:10,200 --> 04:32:13,500
Traditional parental values 
versus new ideological, 

4995
04:32:13,500 --> 04:32:16,800
imperatives and classrooms and 
youth organizations religion. 

4996
04:32:16,800 --> 04:32:20,000
Contrary to simplified 
historical accounts, maintained 

4997
04:32:20,000 --> 04:32:23,400
considerable influence. 
While some Nazi officials 

4998
04:32:23,400 --> 04:32:25,900
envisioned. 
Eventually eliminating religious

4999
04:32:25,900 --> 04:32:28,800
institutions, the pragmatic 
reality saw complex 

5000
04:32:28,800 --> 04:32:34,100
accommodations the 1933 with the
Vatican temporarily stabilized, 

5001
04:32:34,100 --> 04:32:37,100
Catholic State relations, while 
Protestant churches fragmented 

5002
04:32:37,100 --> 04:32:40,100
between the regime aligned 
German Christians and the 

5003
04:32:40,100 --> 04:32:43,500
oppositional confessing Church. 
Most Germans maintained 

5004
04:32:43,500 --> 04:32:47,000
religious practices, creating 
compartmentalized belief systems

5005
04:32:47,000 --> 04:32:50,300
that allowed simultaneous 
adherence to traditional faith 

5006
04:32:50,300 --> 04:32:54,200
in new ideological commitments. 
Media transformation proceeded 

5007
04:32:54,200 --> 04:32:57,600
rapidly after 1933. 
State control of radio 

5008
04:32:57,600 --> 04:33:01,000
broadcasting Film Production and
print media created and 

5009
04:33:01,000 --> 04:33:04,000
information environment where 
alternative perspectives became 

5010
04:33:04,000 --> 04:33:07,500
increasingly inaccessible. 
Foreign radio broadcast remain 

5011
04:33:07,500 --> 04:33:10,599
technically available but were 
criminalized in 1939. 

5012
04:33:11,500 --> 04:33:14,599
The sophisticated propaganda 
apparatus under Goebbels didn't 

5013
04:33:14,599 --> 04:33:17,800
simply fabricate reality but 
rather selectively emphasize 

5014
04:33:17,800 --> 04:33:19,500
certain facts while suppressing 
others. 

5015
04:33:19,500 --> 04:33:22,900
Making critical evaluation 
increasingly difficult for 

5016
04:33:22,900 --> 04:33:25,599
average citizens as 
International tensions. 

5017
04:33:25,599 --> 04:33:29,599
Mounted through 1938 and 9 
ordinary Germans responded with 

5018
04:33:29,599 --> 04:33:33,200
complex emotions, the bloodless 
annexation of Austria and the 

5019
04:33:33,200 --> 04:33:36,700
Sudan generated. 
Genuine nationalist Pride, yet 

5020
04:33:36,700 --> 04:33:40,000
War fears remained pronounced 
the generation that had 

5021
04:33:40,000 --> 04:33:42,700
experienced the catastrophic 
losses of the first world war 

5022
04:33:42,700 --> 04:33:45,400
Harbor. 
Deep anxiety is about renewed 

5023
04:33:45,400 --> 04:33:48,200
conflict. 
When mobilization orders finally

5024
04:33:48,200 --> 04:33:51,800
arrived in August 1939, 
contemporary accounts, reveal 

5025
04:33:51,800 --> 04:33:53,500
more resignation than 
enthusiasm. 

5026
04:33:54,400 --> 04:33:57,599
Stark contrast the jubilant 
crowds of August 1914. 

5027
04:33:58,700 --> 04:34:01,200
As German forces massed on the 
Polish border. 

5028
04:34:01,900 --> 04:34:05,599
The foundation for catastrophe 
was set the economic Miracle. 

5029
04:34:05,599 --> 04:34:08,700
Had created genuine material 
improvements without sustainable

5030
04:34:08,700 --> 04:34:12,300
foundation's ideological 
indoctrination had proceeded 

5031
04:34:12,300 --> 04:34:15,800
unevenly but had successfully 
isolated critical perspectives. 

5032
04:34:16,599 --> 04:34:19,200
Most crucial, the moral 
framework for evaluating 

5033
04:34:19,200 --> 04:34:22,200
leadership decisions had been 
systematically undermined. 

5034
04:34:22,200 --> 04:34:25,599
Millions of ordinary Germans 
became participants in 

5035
04:34:25,599 --> 04:34:28,200
extraordinary crime's. 
Setting the stage. 

5036
04:34:28,900 --> 04:34:34,599
On September 27th, 1939 Warsaw 
capitulated to German forces as 

5037
04:34:34,599 --> 04:34:36,700
Feld. 
Vable Sergeant Carl degenhart, 

5038
04:34:36,700 --> 04:34:39,300
wrote home the campaign ended so
quickly. 

5039
04:34:39,300 --> 04:34:41,800
Many of us still have the food 
rations we packed three weeks 

5040
04:34:41,800 --> 04:34:44,400
ago. 
My company lost just two men. 

5041
04:34:44,400 --> 04:34:47,400
Father's stories of the Somme 
like Tales From Another 

5042
04:34:47,400 --> 04:34:50,200
Universe. 
The Polish campaign established 

5043
04:34:50,200 --> 04:34:53,099
a psychological pattern that 
would prove devastating in the 

5044
04:34:53,099 --> 04:34:56,599
coming years. 
Military success came so swiftly

5045
04:34:56,599 --> 04:35:00,099
and at such minimal cost. 
That it fundamentally altered 

5046
04:35:00,099 --> 04:35:01,900
German perceptions of warfare 
itself. 

5047
04:35:02,700 --> 04:35:07,300
Unlike the protracted trench 
warfare of 1914 to 1918 that a 

5048
04:35:07,300 --> 04:35:10,099
traumatized to generation, 
Blitzkrieg Victory, is 

5049
04:35:10,099 --> 04:35:11,900
reinforced a dangerous 
misconception. 

5050
04:35:11,900 --> 04:35:16,000
The Modern Warfare could be 
limited decisive, and relatively

5051
04:35:16,000 --> 04:35:19,000
bloodless for the victors. 
This perception would later. 

5052
04:35:19,000 --> 04:35:21,400
Make the grinding a traditional 
Warfare on the Eastern Front, 

5053
04:35:21,400 --> 04:35:23,300
all the more cycle, logically 
devastating. 

5054
04:35:24,300 --> 04:35:27,200
The domestic experience of these
early victories created an 

5055
04:35:27,200 --> 04:35:31,900
atmosphere that historians now 
term performance legitimacy, the

5056
04:35:31,900 --> 04:35:34,700
regime's ability to deliver 
military successes, temporarily 

5057
04:35:34,700 --> 04:35:37,700
overshadowed critiques. 
Even among those Germans 

5058
04:35:37,700 --> 04:35:42,400
harboring private reservations. 
Newsreels showing German forces,

5059
04:35:42,400 --> 04:35:45,900
entering Paris in June 1940 
generated authentic national 

5060
04:35:45,900 --> 04:35:49,700
pride across political divides. 
As one Social Democratic 

5061
04:35:49,700 --> 04:35:52,800
Underground activist reluctantly
confessed in a monitored 

5062
04:35:52,800 --> 04:35:55,800
conversation. 
I detest everything about them 

5063
04:35:55,800 --> 04:35:59,200
but I never imagined I would 
live to see France defeated in 

5064
04:35:59,200 --> 04:36:01,900
six weeks. 
Occupation policies, across 

5065
04:36:01,900 --> 04:36:04,400
Western Europe. 
Initially reflected strategic 

5066
04:36:04,400 --> 04:36:07,900
restraint more than ideological 
moderation in countries deemed 

5067
04:36:07,900 --> 04:36:12,300
racially acceptable. 
Like Denmark Norway and parts of

5068
04:36:12,300 --> 04:36:14,700
France. 
Occupational authorities 

5069
04:36:14,700 --> 04:36:16,200
established. 
What historians now? 

5070
04:36:16,200 --> 04:36:19,200
Termed. 
Germany maintaining fundamental 

5071
04:36:19,200 --> 04:36:21,500
control while allowing 
substantial autonomy in 

5072
04:36:21,500 --> 04:36:24,599
non-military matters. 
This calculated approach 

5073
04:36:24,599 --> 04:36:27,599
minimized resistance while 
extracting economic benefits at 

5074
04:36:27,599 --> 04:36:30,400
sustainable levels. 
Food rationing in Germany 

5075
04:36:30,400 --> 04:36:34,400
remained, remarkably generous 
through 1940 and 1941 compared 

5076
04:36:34,400 --> 04:36:38,599
to WWE standards. 
Creating an illusion of economic

5077
04:36:38,599 --> 04:36:41,300
sustainability. 
German civilians, received 

5078
04:36:41,300 --> 04:36:44,300
approximately 2400 calories 
daily during this period. 

5079
04:36:45,200 --> 04:36:50,000
Start contrast to the turnip 
winter of 1916 and 17 when 

5080
04:36:50,000 --> 04:36:51,900
rationals fell below 1,000 
calories. 

5081
04:36:52,800 --> 04:36:55,300
This relative abundance. 
Stemmed from systematic 

5082
04:36:55,300 --> 04:36:58,400
exploitation of occupied 
territories, particularly 

5083
04:36:58,400 --> 04:37:02,099
Poland, where caloric intake for
non-germans, was deliberately 

5084
04:37:02,099 --> 04:37:04,200
depressed to support German 
consumption. 

5085
04:37:05,099 --> 04:37:07,900
The ethical implications of this
Comfort remained largely 

5086
04:37:07,900 --> 04:37:11,700
invisible to ordinary Germans 
military success, transformed. 

5087
04:37:11,700 --> 04:37:15,000
The relationship between the 
vermouth and the regime before 

5088
04:37:15,000 --> 04:37:17,700
1939. 
The officer Corps had maintained

5089
04:37:17,700 --> 04:37:21,700
a certain institutional distance
from Nazi ideology preserving 

5090
04:37:21,700 --> 04:37:24,099
vestiges of traditional military
values. 

5091
04:37:24,099 --> 04:37:27,000
The unexpected triumph over 
France shattered. 

5092
04:37:27,000 --> 04:37:30,500
This Detachment General Wilhelm 
Keitel reflected the 

5093
04:37:30,500 --> 04:37:34,800
institutional shift when he 
declared in July 1940, Has 

5094
04:37:34,800 --> 04:37:37,700
proven himself, a military, 
genius beyond the comprehension 

5095
04:37:37,700 --> 04:37:41,200
of traditional strategy. 
We are privileged to serve in 

5096
04:37:41,200 --> 04:37:44,200
this historic mission. 
This subordination of 

5097
04:37:44,200 --> 04:37:46,900
professional military judgment. 
Hitler's intuitive 

5098
04:37:46,900 --> 04:37:50,500
decision-making would have 
catastrophic consequences when 

5099
04:37:50,500 --> 04:37:54,500
facing the Soviet Union. 
Tourism represents an overlooked

5100
04:37:54,500 --> 04:37:59,700
aspect of early War experiences 
between 1940 and 1941 over 

5101
04:37:59,700 --> 04:38:03,900
150,000, German civilians 
visited Paris as tourists 

5102
04:38:03,900 --> 04:38:07,000
staying in requisitioned hotels 
and enjoying preferential 

5103
04:38:07,000 --> 04:38:10,300
exchange rates that made luxury 
goods affordable to middle-class

5104
04:38:10,300 --> 04:38:14,000
Germans for the first time. 
Photographs show, German 

5105
04:38:14,000 --> 04:38:16,599
families pausing at the Eiffel 
Tower while wearing their best 

5106
04:38:16,599 --> 04:38:19,000
clothes. 
An experience of Imperial 

5107
04:38:19,000 --> 04:38:22,500
tourism that normalized 
occupation and created an 

5108
04:38:22,500 --> 04:38:24,900
emotional investment and 
continued German dominance. 

5109
04:38:25,599 --> 04:38:28,000
The absence of significant 
Allied bombing during this 

5110
04:38:28,000 --> 04:38:31,599
period maintained, an artificial
barrier between military fronts 

5111
04:38:31,599 --> 04:38:35,200
and civilian experience. 
Luftwaffe pilot helmet Bergman 

5112
04:38:35,200 --> 04:38:39,200
wrote home in October 1940. 
We fly daily against England. 

5113
04:38:39,200 --> 04:38:42,700
While our cities remain 
untouched, the presence seems a 

5114
04:38:42,700 --> 04:38:45,500
different kind of War entirely 
than what grandfather described.

5115
04:38:46,500 --> 04:38:49,099
This separation of combat from 
home, front experience would 

5116
04:38:49,099 --> 04:38:52,500
collapse dramatically and 
subsequent years, educational 

5117
04:38:52,500 --> 04:38:55,400
institutions, intensified 
ideological components as 

5118
04:38:55,400 --> 04:38:59,300
victories accumulated, chemistry
lessons, Incorporated examples 

5119
04:38:59,300 --> 04:39:03,500
from poison, gas development, 
mathematics problems, calculated

5120
04:39:03,500 --> 04:39:07,500
bomb trajectories and literature
classes studied only a probe 

5121
04:39:07,500 --> 04:39:09,800
texts emphasizing Germanic 
cultural superiority. 

5122
04:39:11,400 --> 04:39:13,599
This curricular transformation 
accelerated. 

5123
04:39:13,599 --> 04:39:16,800
Pre-existing Tendencies, while 
systematically eliminating 

5124
04:39:16,800 --> 04:39:20,200
alternative perspectives. 
Preparation for Operation 

5125
04:39:20,200 --> 04:39:22,700
Barbarossa. 
The invasion of the Soviet Union

5126
04:39:22,700 --> 04:39:26,400
in early 1941, revealed the 
first serious resource 

5127
04:39:26,400 --> 04:39:29,400
constraints. 
Strategic materials like rubber 

5128
04:39:29,400 --> 04:39:33,099
certain metals and petroleum 
products faced increasing 

5129
04:39:33,099 --> 04:39:36,000
restrictions. 
These limitations were presented

5130
04:39:36,000 --> 04:39:37,800
to the public as temporary 
sacrifices. 

5131
04:39:37,800 --> 04:39:41,600
Necessary for the final great 
campaign, that would secure 

5132
04:39:41,600 --> 04:39:43,500
Germany's resource needs 
permanently. 

5133
04:39:44,500 --> 04:39:47,000
This framing established a 
psychological pattern that would

5134
04:39:47,008 --> 04:39:50,400
persist even as military 
setbacks accumulated present 

5135
04:39:50,400 --> 04:39:53,100
difficulties were always 
portrayed as temporary obstacles

5136
04:39:53,100 --> 04:39:54,300
before. 
Inevitable victory. 

5137
04:39:55,400 --> 04:39:58,400
As German forces prepared to 
invade the Soviet Union in June 

5138
04:39:58,400 --> 04:40:01,100
1941. 
A fundamental transformation. 

5139
04:40:01,100 --> 04:40:05,200
Had occurred in German Society. 
Military success had created 

5140
04:40:05,200 --> 04:40:07,900
genuine popular investment in 
continued expansion. 

5141
04:40:08,800 --> 04:40:12,200
Economic benefits derive from 
Conquest to established material

5142
04:40:12,200 --> 04:40:14,200
dependencies, on the continued 
occupation. 

5143
04:40:15,000 --> 04:40:17,300
Professional institution had 
surrendered critical 

5144
04:40:17,300 --> 04:40:20,600
Independence to align with 
perceived historical momentum. 

5145
04:40:20,600 --> 04:40:23,800
Most crucially alternative 
perspectives had been 

5146
04:40:23,808 --> 04:40:27,900
systematically eliminated from 
public discourse, creating an 

5147
04:40:27,900 --> 04:40:30,500
information environment, where 
even pragmatic assessment of 

5148
04:40:30,500 --> 04:40:33,900
risks became nearly impossible. 
The German invasion of the 

5149
04:40:33,900 --> 04:40:39,000
Soviet Union on the June 22nd 
1941 proceeded with such initial

5150
04:40:39,000 --> 04:40:40,500
momentum. 
That Victory appeared 

5151
04:40:40,500 --> 04:40:44,100
inevitable. 
By early October Army group 

5152
04:40:44,108 --> 04:40:47,400
Center had encircled, massive 
Soviet formations of the asthma 

5153
04:40:47,400 --> 04:40:51,800
and bryansk, capturing over 
600,000 prisoners, German 

5154
04:40:51,800 --> 04:40:55,500
newsreels proclaim the Soviet 
military effectively destroyed 

5155
04:40:55,500 --> 04:40:59,600
as a fighting force. 
Maps displayed in public spaces 

5156
04:40:59,600 --> 04:41:02,700
throughout Germany, showed 
dramatic Eastern advances 

5157
04:41:02,700 --> 04:41:05,500
represented by flags and arrows 
sweeping toward Moscow. 

5158
04:41:05,500 --> 04:41:09,100
This visual propaganda created a
widespread expectation. 

5159
04:41:09,100 --> 04:41:11,700
That the war would end by 
Christmas 1941. 

5160
04:41:12,500 --> 04:41:15,000
This expectation made the 
subsequent winter crisis. 

5161
04:41:15,000 --> 04:41:16,800
All the more psychologically 
devastating. 

5162
04:41:18,400 --> 04:41:20,800
Letters from soldiers on the 
Eastern Front revealed a 

5163
04:41:20,800 --> 04:41:24,600
shocking transformation left. 
Verna Haas wrote in September, 

5164
04:41:24,600 --> 04:41:28,600
1941 the campaign proceeds 
faster than we can follow on our

5165
04:41:28,600 --> 04:41:31,600
maps by December. 
His tone had fundamentally 

5166
04:41:31,600 --> 04:41:34,500
changed. 
We sleep in holes scraped and 

5167
04:41:34,500 --> 04:41:37,500
frozen ground. 
Our equipment fails in the cold,

5168
04:41:37,500 --> 04:41:41,000
the enemy keeps coming with 
fresh troops from somewhere. 

5169
04:41:42,200 --> 04:41:45,200
This abrupt reversal shattered, 
confidence across military ranks

5170
04:41:45,200 --> 04:41:47,200
and created. 
The first significant 

5171
04:41:47,200 --> 04:41:49,900
credibility, gap between 
Frontline reality and Homefront 

5172
04:41:49,900 --> 04:41:52,000
perceptions. 
The logistical systems 

5173
04:41:52,000 --> 04:41:54,600
sustaining, German forces 
collapsed under the Dual 

5174
04:41:54,600 --> 04:41:57,700
pressures of distance and 
whether Railway gauges in the 

5175
04:41:57,708 --> 04:42:01,000
Soviet Union differed from 
European standards, requiring 

5176
04:42:01,000 --> 04:42:04,500
extensive conversion work, 
Soviet scorched-earth policies, 

5177
04:42:04,500 --> 04:42:08,000
left, few usable resources in 
captured territories most 

5178
04:42:08,000 --> 04:42:11,200
critically equipment designed 
for Western European conditions.

5179
04:42:11,200 --> 04:42:14,900
Failed catastrophically an 
extreme cold tank engines 

5180
04:42:14,900 --> 04:42:18,700
wouldn't start weapon lubricants
froze and soldiers suffered 

5181
04:42:18,700 --> 04:42:22,300
frostbite due to inadequate. 
Winter clothing. these failures 

5182
04:42:22,300 --> 04:42:25,300
revealed fundamental flaws in 
German planning assumptions 

5183
04:42:25,300 --> 04:42:29,200
about the campaign's duration, 
and nature, Herbert Richter a 

5184
04:42:29,200 --> 04:42:34,600
supply officer with the sixth 
Army documented the theater, Our

5185
04:42:34,600 --> 04:42:37,100
requisition system, assumed 
short, Transportation distances 

5186
04:42:37,100 --> 04:42:40,300
and Rapid Victory. 
We Now operate on all planed, 

5187
04:42:40,300 --> 04:42:43,400
parameters, improvising, daily 
solutions, to Impossible 

5188
04:42:43,400 --> 04:42:47,000
problems, The German Advanced 
stalled, not primarily from 

5189
04:42:47,000 --> 04:42:49,600
enemy action. 
But from internal systemic 

5190
04:42:49,600 --> 04:42:51,600
failures that revealed planning 
short. 

5191
04:42:51,600 --> 04:42:56,400
Sightedness On the home front, 
the winter of 1941 and two 

5192
04:42:56,400 --> 04:42:58,000
marked. 
The first significant erosion of

5193
04:42:58,000 --> 04:43:00,700
Civilian morale. 
The winter relief collection 

5194
04:43:00,700 --> 04:43:04,000
winter Hillsborough took on 
Desperate urgency, as 

5195
04:43:04,000 --> 04:43:06,700
authorities scrambled to collect
warm clothing for freezing 

5196
04:43:06,700 --> 04:43:09,000
troops. 
This emergency measure 

5197
04:43:09,000 --> 04:43:11,500
inadvertently signaled to 
observant civilians that the 

5198
04:43:11,500 --> 04:43:16,000
campaign faced unforeseen. 
Difficulties Elaine Schmidt. 

5199
04:43:16,000 --> 04:43:19,400
A school teacher from Dresden 
recorded in her diary. 

5200
04:43:20,100 --> 04:43:23,000
We are told to donate our 
warmest items for men, fighting 

5201
04:43:23,000 --> 04:43:25,600
in Russia. 
If the situation was as 

5202
04:43:25,600 --> 04:43:29,200
favorable as reported, why would
they need our civilian coats? 

5203
04:43:29,200 --> 04:43:33,400
So urgently, The declaration of 
war against the United States 

5204
04:43:33,400 --> 04:43:35,200
following the Japanese attack on
Pearl. 

5205
04:43:35,200 --> 04:43:39,000
Harbor received surprisingly, 
little attention in Germany, 

5206
04:43:39,000 --> 04:43:41,200
compared to Eastern Front 
developments. 

5207
04:43:41,200 --> 04:43:44,700
This, deliberate minimization 
reflected leadership awareness 

5208
04:43:44,700 --> 04:43:48,800
that adding another major power 
to the conflict represented, a 

5209
04:43:48,800 --> 04:43:51,300
strategic catastrophe. 
The future Germans with 

5210
04:43:51,300 --> 04:43:53,600
International perspective, 
recognized the implications 

5211
04:43:53,600 --> 04:43:57,100
immediately Economist Heinrich, 
Bruning, wrote privately, 

5212
04:43:57,100 --> 04:44:00,500
American industrial capacity 
alone makes opposition 

5213
04:44:00,500 --> 04:44:03,200
ultimately untenable. 
This decision ranks among 

5214
04:44:03,200 --> 04:44:04,500
history is biggest 
miscalculation. 

5215
04:44:05,800 --> 04:44:08,700
Resource constraints, became 
increasingly visible throughout 

5216
04:44:08,700 --> 04:44:13,400
1942 rubber shortages led to The
Disappearance of Civilian tires,

5217
04:44:13,400 --> 04:44:17,000
metal collection drives stripped
public spaces of decorative 

5218
04:44:17,000 --> 04:44:19,800
elements. 
Textile rationing introduced 

5219
04:44:19,800 --> 04:44:22,100
increasingly synthetic fabrics 
into clothing. 

5220
04:44:22,100 --> 04:44:24,500
These material changes 
represented. 

5221
04:44:24,500 --> 04:44:28,200
Daily reminders that the 
promised short Victorious War 

5222
04:44:28,200 --> 04:44:31,800
had transformed into something 
far more demanding Government 

5223
04:44:31,800 --> 04:44:35,400
messaging shifted accordingly 
emphasizing resilience rather 

5224
04:44:35,400 --> 04:44:38,400
than imminent Triumph. 
The character of the Eastern 

5225
04:44:38,400 --> 04:44:41,400
France, fighting degraded moral 
constraints, with shocking, 

5226
04:44:41,400 --> 04:44:44,800
repeatedly surviving letters, 
reveal this transformation. 

5227
04:44:45,700 --> 04:44:49,100
Infantry Soldier, Friedrich 
Kelner wrote in July 1941. 

5228
04:44:50,000 --> 04:44:52,800
We conduct ourselves as a 
disciplined Force, representing 

5229
04:44:52,800 --> 04:44:56,700
European civilization. 
By October his perspective had 

5230
04:44:56,700 --> 04:44:59,900
shifted drastically. 
The things occurring here, defy 

5231
04:44:59,900 --> 04:45:02,200
description. 
We have entered a conflict 

5232
04:45:02,200 --> 04:45:04,300
Beyond conventional military 
understanding. 

5233
04:45:05,200 --> 04:45:08,100
This moral degradation, stemmed 
partly from ideological 

5234
04:45:08,100 --> 04:45:11,500
indoctrination, but equally from
the extreme conditions, in 

5235
04:45:11,500 --> 04:45:15,500
countered, constant parties on 
threats, logistical desperation,

5236
04:45:15,500 --> 04:45:20,200
and survivalists psychology. 
The first significant industrial

5237
04:45:20,200 --> 04:45:24,100
bombing of German cities in 1942
shattered, the psychological 

5238
04:45:24,100 --> 04:45:26,800
separation between military 
fronts and civilian experience. 

5239
04:45:27,800 --> 04:45:31,800
The Lubec raid of March 1942 
destroyed 30% of the historic 

5240
04:45:31,800 --> 04:45:35,100
City Center, raising Vivid 
awareness, that Germany itself 

5241
04:45:35,100 --> 04:45:38,800
had become a Battleground civil 
defense preparations intensified

5242
04:45:38,800 --> 04:45:41,600
with civilian spending 
increasing time in shelters, and

5243
04:45:41,600 --> 04:45:45,300
basements work productivity, 
suffered as sleep, deprivation 

5244
04:45:45,300 --> 04:45:47,500
became endemic in targeted 
areas. 

5245
04:45:48,200 --> 04:45:50,500
Medical Systems showed 
increasing strain throughout 

5246
04:45:50,500 --> 04:45:55,000
1942 Hospital trains returning 
from the Eastern Front overmeld 

5247
04:45:55,000 --> 04:45:57,600
facilities, designed for much 
lower casualty. 

5248
04:45:57,600 --> 04:46:00,700
Rational, The wounded became 
visible throughout German 

5249
04:46:00,700 --> 04:46:03,200
cities. 
Their presence, contradicted 

5250
04:46:03,200 --> 04:46:05,600
official narratives of 
manageable military challenges, 

5251
04:46:05,600 --> 04:46:10,800
Dr. Elizabeth Krueger working at
a Berlin Military Hospital noted

5252
04:46:11,700 --> 04:46:14,800
We receive men with injuries in 
indicating prolonged exposure 

5253
04:46:14,800 --> 04:46:17,700
before treatment frostbitten 
limbs required. 

5254
04:46:17,700 --> 04:46:20,300
Amputation. 
Infections Advanced Beyond 

5255
04:46:20,300 --> 04:46:22,900
normal progress. 
Something is clearly failing in 

5256
04:46:22,900 --> 04:46:28,000
our Frontline Medical Systems by
late 1942 rationing expanded to 

5257
04:46:28,000 --> 04:46:31,500
previously protected categories,
coffee disappeared, entirely 

5258
04:46:31,500 --> 04:46:34,500
Replacements, substitute 
versions made from roasted 

5259
04:46:34,500 --> 04:46:37,700
grains. 
Metallic dropped below, 300 

5260
04:46:37,700 --> 04:46:41,100
grams weekly. 
Bread quality deteriorated as 

5261
04:46:41,100 --> 04:46:44,500
wheat flour was extended with 
potato starch and other fillers.

5262
04:46:44,500 --> 04:46:48,300
These daily deprivations created
a visceral understanding that 

5263
04:46:48,300 --> 04:46:50,500
Germany faced increasing 
constraint rather than 

5264
04:46:50,500 --> 04:46:53,700
approaching victory. 
Stalingrad encirclement in 

5265
04:46:53,700 --> 04:46:58,000
November 1942 represented, the 
decisive psychological turning 

5266
04:46:58,000 --> 04:47:00,700
point though. 
It's full implications weren't 

5267
04:47:00,700 --> 04:47:03,700
immediately comprehended. 
The regime attempted to frame 

5268
04:47:03,700 --> 04:47:06,600
the situation as a temporary 
setback, within a still viable, 

5269
04:47:06,600 --> 04:47:09,900
larger strategy. 
Radio announcements emphasized 

5270
04:47:09,900 --> 04:47:12,700
heroic resistance, rather than 
strategic catastrophe. 

5271
04:47:12,700 --> 04:47:16,200
This message in temporarily 
delayed full public, recognition

5272
04:47:16,200 --> 04:47:19,500
of the disaster's magnitude, but
could not prevent information 

5273
04:47:19,500 --> 04:47:22,300
leakage through millions of 
concerned families with 

5274
04:47:22,300 --> 04:47:26,700
relatives in the encircled 
forces, As 1942 concluded, 

5275
04:47:26,700 --> 04:47:29,700
German Society, had entered a 
fundamentally different 

5276
04:47:29,700 --> 04:47:33,500
relationship with the war. 
The certainty of 1940 had 

5277
04:47:33,500 --> 04:47:37,400
evaporated material conditions, 
deteriorated, visibly, 

5278
04:47:37,400 --> 04:47:41,000
informational management became 
increasingly difficult as gaps 

5279
04:47:41,000 --> 04:47:43,800
between official narrative, and 
observable reality wide. 

5280
04:47:43,800 --> 04:47:47,000
And most significantly. 
The cycle called momentum had 

5281
04:47:47,000 --> 04:47:50,200
reversed rather than 
anticipating imminent victory. 

5282
04:47:51,000 --> 04:47:53,900
Both military personnel, and 
civilians began adjusting to an 

5283
04:47:53,900 --> 04:47:57,000
open-ended struggle with. 
No clearly articulated endpoint.

5284
04:47:57,000 --> 04:48:00,400
The foundations for eventual 
collapse were now, firmly 

5285
04:48:00,400 --> 04:48:05,400
established, By early 1943, the 
confirmation of the Stalingrad 

5286
04:48:05,400 --> 04:48:06,900
disaster. 
Forced a fundamental 

5287
04:48:06,900 --> 04:48:09,300
recalibration of German wartime 
consciousness. 

5288
04:48:10,300 --> 04:48:12,800
The announcement of the sixth. 
Armies destruction couldn't be 

5289
04:48:12,808 --> 04:48:16,400
disguised as a tactical setback 
over 90,000 men. 

5290
04:48:16,400 --> 04:48:18,800
Had been lost in a single 
catastrophic defeat. 

5291
04:48:19,400 --> 04:48:22,000
Three days of official morning 
were declared. 

5292
04:48:22,800 --> 04:48:25,600
An unprecedented acknowledgment 
of military failure. 

5293
04:48:26,300 --> 04:48:28,200
Public spaces. 
Displayed black crate 

5294
04:48:28,200 --> 04:48:31,400
decorations, while theater's 
Cinemas and restaurants closed 

5295
04:48:31,400 --> 04:48:34,700
temporarily, this organized 
grieving ritual marked a 

5296
04:48:34,700 --> 04:48:36,900
decisive transition point. 
In how Germans are understood 

5297
04:48:36,900 --> 04:48:40,200
the wars, trajectory the 
regime's response centered 

5298
04:48:40,200 --> 04:48:42,900
around Joseph Gerber's famous 
Total War speech. 

5299
04:48:42,900 --> 04:48:48,000
At the Berlin Sport Palace on 
February 18th 1943 this 

5300
04:48:48,000 --> 04:48:51,000
carefully choreographed event 
represented a sophisticated 

5301
04:48:51,000 --> 04:48:54,100
attempt to transform military 
disaster in, tokologo 

5302
04:48:54,100 --> 04:48:57,000
mobilization. 
When Goebbels asked his 

5303
04:48:57,000 --> 04:49:01,200
audience, do you want Total War?
The enthusiastic affirmative 

5304
04:49:01,200 --> 04:49:04,200
response captured on film 
reflected, not necessarily 

5305
04:49:04,200 --> 04:49:07,700
ideological fanaticism, but 
rather a psychological mechanism

5306
04:49:07,700 --> 04:49:11,200
that social psychologists now 
term escalation of commitment, 

5307
04:49:11,200 --> 04:49:14,800
having invested heavily in the 
war effort, many Germans 

5308
04:49:14,800 --> 04:49:17,000
responded to setbacks by 
increasing rather than 

5309
04:49:17,000 --> 04:49:20,100
questioning their investment. 
Civilian life, underwent 

5310
04:49:20,100 --> 04:49:24,300
accelerated militarization 
throughout 1943 work weeks 

5311
04:49:24,300 --> 04:49:26,500
extended to 60 plus hours in 
Armament. 

5312
04:49:26,500 --> 04:49:30,000
Industries women previously, 
Exempted from Labor Service 

5313
04:49:30,000 --> 04:49:34,200
received conscription notices 
Children's educationally focused

5314
04:49:34,200 --> 04:49:38,800
on practical War contributions 
rather than academic content. 16

5315
04:49:38,800 --> 04:49:42,100
year old Eric Kastner recorded 
his experience school. 

5316
04:49:42,100 --> 04:49:45,600
Now consists primarily of 
Salvage Collection, Air Raid 

5317
04:49:45,600 --> 04:49:48,700
response, training, and 
agricultural, labor assignments,

5318
04:49:48,700 --> 04:49:52,200
actual classroom, instruction 
occupies, perhaps, 10 hours 

5319
04:49:52,200 --> 04:49:55,800
weekly. 
Material conditions deteriorated

5320
04:49:55,800 --> 04:49:59,500
as resource allocation shifted 
decisively toward military 

5321
04:49:59,500 --> 04:50:02,100
priorities. 
Civilian clothing production 

5322
04:50:02,100 --> 04:50:05,500
virtually ceased families 
adapted by endlessly. 

5323
04:50:05,500 --> 04:50:09,200
Modifying existing garments. 
A dark joke, circulated. 

5324
04:50:09,200 --> 04:50:12,400
How do you recognize a 1943 
fashion design? 

5325
04:50:12,400 --> 04:50:15,200
It's made from curtains with the
rod holds still visible. 

5326
04:50:16,700 --> 04:50:19,900
Building Maintenance ended for 
non-essential structures with 

5327
04:50:19,900 --> 04:50:21,600
weathering damage left 
unrepaired. 

5328
04:50:21,600 --> 04:50:25,700
Public transportation operated 
on reduced schedules leading to 

5329
04:50:25,700 --> 04:50:29,300
overcrowded vehicles. 
These daily frictions created 

5330
04:50:29,300 --> 04:50:31,800
cumulative, psychological 
strain, that affected 

5331
04:50:31,800 --> 04:50:33,500
productivity and social 
cohesion. 

5332
04:50:34,300 --> 04:50:36,900
The Allied bombing campaign 
intensified dramatically 

5333
04:50:36,900 --> 04:50:42,700
reaching sustained strategic 
Levels by mid 1943, the Hamburg 

5334
04:50:42,700 --> 04:50:45,800
Firestorm of July 1943, 
Operation Gomorrah, killed, 

5335
04:50:45,800 --> 04:50:50,600
approximately 37,000, civilians 
and destroyed over 250,000 

5336
04:50:50,600 --> 04:50:52,800
homes. 
In a single concentrated attack 

5337
04:50:52,800 --> 04:50:56,700
sequence, The psychological 
impact extended far beyond 

5338
04:50:56,700 --> 04:50:59,600
hamburger itself, citizens 
throughout Germany now, 

5339
04:50:59,600 --> 04:51:01,700
understand that similar 
destruction, could visit their 

5340
04:51:01,700 --> 04:51:05,200
communities at any time. 
Aerate precautions consumed 

5341
04:51:05,200 --> 04:51:08,400
increasing energy and resources 
with substantial portions of the

5342
04:51:08,400 --> 04:51:11,000
population experienced in. 
Chronic sleep, deprivation, from

5343
04:51:11,000 --> 04:51:14,300
Nighttime alerts. 
Private correspondence, reflects

5344
04:51:14,300 --> 04:51:18,300
this deteriorating psychological
climate, Ursula Maurer a 

5345
04:51:18,300 --> 04:51:21,000
municipal office worker in 
Stuttgart wrote to her evacuated

5346
04:51:21,000 --> 04:51:23,500
children. 
One lives from alert to all 

5347
04:51:23,500 --> 04:51:27,600
clear signal sleeping in daytime
hours when possible carrying 

5348
04:51:27,600 --> 04:51:31,600
critical documents and valuables
everywhere, normal life rhythms 

5349
04:51:31,600 --> 04:51:35,200
have dissolved entirely. 
This Perpetual stress State 

5350
04:51:35,200 --> 04:51:37,800
contributed to declining Health 
metrics across the civilian 

5351
04:51:37,800 --> 04:51:40,900
population with stress-related 
ailments increasing 

5352
04:51:40,900 --> 04:51:43,600
dramatically. 
Food security became an 

5353
04:51:43,600 --> 04:51:45,600
increasing concern, as 
agricultural production, 

5354
04:51:45,600 --> 04:51:49,500
suffered from Manpower shortages
and fertilizer constraints, 

5355
04:51:49,500 --> 04:51:53,100
Urban residents established in 
formal networks with rural 

5356
04:51:53,100 --> 04:51:56,400
connections, arranging weekend 
trips to farming areas for 

5357
04:51:56,400 --> 04:51:59,800
direct food purchases or barter 
exchanges, authorities, 

5358
04:51:59,800 --> 04:52:01,500
tolerated. 
This technically illegal 

5359
04:52:01,500 --> 04:52:04,500
circumvention of rationing 
systems, recognizing its 

5360
04:52:04,500 --> 04:52:06,600
necessity for maintaining 
minimal nutrition. 

5361
04:52:06,600 --> 04:52:11,200
Standards By late 1943 official 
rationals, provided 

5362
04:52:11,200 --> 04:52:14,800
approximately 1500 daily 
calories for normal consumers. 

5363
04:52:15,600 --> 04:52:18,500
Technically, sufficient for 
survival but inadequate for 

5364
04:52:18,500 --> 04:52:20,100
workers performing physical 
labor. 

5365
04:52:21,000 --> 04:52:24,000
Information Management became 
increasingly challenging for 

5366
04:52:24,000 --> 04:52:26,900
authorities. 
The Reich Security main office, 

5367
04:52:26,900 --> 04:52:30,300
documented growing defeatist 
conversation in public spaces, 

5368
04:52:30,300 --> 04:52:33,400
while intersected private 
correspondence, revealed 

5369
04:52:33,400 --> 04:52:36,700
declining, confidence in 
official narratives rather than 

5370
04:52:36,700 --> 04:52:39,900
direct censorship which would 
acknowledge Him information. 

5371
04:52:39,900 --> 04:52:43,600
Problems, authorities responded 
with intensified propaganda, 

5372
04:52:43,600 --> 04:52:47,800
emphasizing Miracle weapons, 
underdevelopment and potential 

5373
04:52:47,800 --> 04:52:51,200
divisions, among allied powers. 
these narratives lost 

5374
04:52:51,200 --> 04:52:54,100
credibility among segments of 
the population who had access to

5375
04:52:54,100 --> 04:52:57,600
Alternative information sources,
Specially those who could listen

5376
04:52:57,600 --> 04:53:00,100
to forbidden foreign radio 
broadcasts. 

5377
04:53:00,700 --> 04:53:03,700
Religious institutions 
experienced a notable Revival. 

5378
04:53:03,700 --> 04:53:06,700
During this period Church. 
Attendance increased 

5379
04:53:06,700 --> 04:53:10,500
significantly in both Protestant
and Catholic congregations, with

5380
04:53:10,500 --> 04:53:13,000
religious authorities. 
Carefully balancing spiritual 

5381
04:53:13,000 --> 04:53:14,800
comfort against regime 
opposition. 

5382
04:53:14,800 --> 04:53:18,200
Pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 
secret Seminary activities, 

5383
04:53:18,200 --> 04:53:21,000
represented the most organized 
theological resistance. 

5384
04:53:21,000 --> 04:53:24,200
The thousands of local clergy 
provided more subtle moral 

5385
04:53:24,200 --> 04:53:27,300
alternatives to official World 
Views, this religious 

5386
04:53:27,300 --> 04:53:30,300
revitalization represented, a 
significant cultural current 

5387
04:53:30,300 --> 04:53:33,600
running counter to the regime 
totalitarian aspirations. 

5388
04:53:34,400 --> 04:53:36,800
The family, unit, underwent, 
profound transformation, as 

5389
04:53:36,800 --> 04:53:39,500
female headed, households became
the norm rather than the 

5390
04:53:39,500 --> 04:53:42,700
exception. with most working 
age, just men in military 

5391
04:53:42,700 --> 04:53:46,300
service, women assumed on 
precedented responsibilities 

5392
04:53:46,300 --> 04:53:50,000
managing family finances, making
educational decisions and 

5393
04:53:50,000 --> 04:53:53,300
maintaining property This 
practical experience 

5394
04:53:53,300 --> 04:53:57,200
contradicted official, gender 
ideology while creating post-war

5395
04:53:57,200 --> 04:53:59,300
expectations. 
That would prove impossible to 

5396
04:53:59,300 --> 04:54:02,400
reverse. 
Sociologist Elizabeth heinemann 

5397
04:54:02,400 --> 04:54:04,600
terms. 
This the negotiated patriarchy 

5398
04:54:04,600 --> 04:54:08,400
nominal adherence to traditional
gender roles while practical 

5399
04:54:08,400 --> 04:54:11,100
circumstances required their 
systematic violation. 

5400
04:54:12,100 --> 04:54:16,000
By late 1943, German Society 
existed in a state of 

5401
04:54:16,000 --> 04:54:19,600
contradictory consciousness. 
Official rhetoric maintained 

5402
04:54:19,600 --> 04:54:22,000
Victory remained. 
Achievable, while daily 

5403
04:54:22,000 --> 04:54:24,900
experience provided mounting 
evidence of unsustainable 

5404
04:54:24,900 --> 04:54:27,300
decline. 
This cognitive dissonance 

5405
04:54:27,300 --> 04:54:30,600
produced social behaviors that 
external observers often 

5406
04:54:30,600 --> 04:54:34,500
misinterpreted as fanaticism, 
but actually represented 

5407
04:54:34,500 --> 04:54:36,900
adaptive mechanisms for 
navigating impossible, 

5408
04:54:36,900 --> 04:54:40,300
contradictions German Society 
had entered a condition of 

5409
04:54:40,300 --> 04:54:44,400
paradoxical functionality 
maintaining productive activity.

5410
04:54:44,400 --> 04:54:47,100
While fundamental systems, 
degraded beneath the surface, 

5411
04:54:47,100 --> 04:54:50,800
this tenuous equilibrium would 
face even greater challenges as 

5412
04:54:50,800 --> 04:54:53,300
military reversals accelerated 
in the coming year. 

5413
04:54:54,200 --> 04:54:59,500
The Allied Landings in Normandy 
on June 6th 1944 shattered, a 

5414
04:54:59,500 --> 04:55:04,300
critical psychological bulwark. 
Since 1940 German propaganda had

5415
04:55:04,300 --> 04:55:07,100
emphasized, the pregnant ability
of the Atlantic Wall defensive 

5416
04:55:07,100 --> 04:55:09,900
system. 
Labor at media reports, had 

5417
04:55:09,900 --> 04:55:14,000
showcased massive, concrete 
bunkers underwater obstacles and

5418
04:55:14,000 --> 04:55:18,400
dense minefields supposedly 
making Invasion impossible. when

5419
04:55:18,400 --> 04:55:20,800
anglo-american forces 
established a viable, beachhead,

5420
04:55:20,800 --> 04:55:24,000
despite these defenses, The 
credibility gap between official

5421
04:55:24,000 --> 04:55:28,000
claims and observable reality, 
widened irreparably, Heinz 

5422
04:55:28,000 --> 04:55:31,300
guderian later wrote. 
The psychological impact of the 

5423
04:55:31,300 --> 04:55:34,600
successful Invasion exceeded its
immediate military significance.

5424
04:55:34,600 --> 04:55:38,000
It demonstrated that nothing 
proclaimed Impossible by our 

5425
04:55:38,000 --> 04:55:40,600
leadership was actually Beyond 
Allied capabilities. 

5426
04:55:41,500 --> 04:55:44,100
The assassination attempt 
against Hitler on the July, the 

5427
04:55:44,100 --> 04:55:47,600
20th. 1944 revealed deep 
fractures. 

5428
04:55:47,600 --> 04:55:50,100
Within the German Elite that had
been carefully, concealed from 

5429
04:55:50,100 --> 04:55:52,500
public view. 
The involvement of senior 

5430
04:55:52,500 --> 04:55:56,100
Military Officers Aristocrats 
diplomats, and civil servants 

5431
04:55:56,100 --> 04:55:58,500
contradicted, the image of 
unified National purpose, 

5432
04:55:58,500 --> 04:56:02,600
carefully, cultivated since 1933
the regime's response. 

5433
04:56:02,600 --> 04:56:07,400
Approximately 5,000 execution 
and 7,000 arrests represents an 

5434
04:56:07,400 --> 04:56:09,500
unprecedented in internal 
security crisis. 

5435
04:56:09,500 --> 04:56:14,000
Requiring substantial, resources
diverted from military needs 

5436
04:56:14,000 --> 04:56:16,700
this internal Purge particularly
devastated. 

5437
04:56:16,700 --> 04:56:20,300
Professional military leadership
removing experienced officers 

5438
04:56:20,300 --> 04:56:22,500
during a period of maximal 
external threat. 

5439
04:56:23,200 --> 04:56:26,600
Industrial as production 
achieved paradoxical Peak 

5440
04:56:26,600 --> 04:56:31,000
outputs in mid 1944 despite 
intensifying Allied bombing 

5441
04:56:31,000 --> 04:56:35,100
Albert speer's, rationalization 
initiatives coupled with the 

5442
04:56:35,100 --> 04:56:38,900
exploitation of approximately 
7.6 million foreign forced 

5443
04:56:38,900 --> 04:56:41,900
laborers, temporarily offset 
resource limitations. 

5444
04:56:41,900 --> 04:56:45,800
This production, Miracle created
false confidence among some 

5445
04:56:45,800 --> 04:56:49,300
leadership circles while masking
fundamental systemic 

5446
04:56:49,300 --> 04:56:51,900
vulnerabilities, the 
transportation infrastructure 

5447
04:56:51,900 --> 04:56:55,200
supporting this industrial 
output particularly Railways and

5448
04:56:55,200 --> 04:56:58,200
canals faced increasing 
disruption from Precision 

5449
04:56:58,200 --> 04:57:00,400
bombing creating distribution 
bottle. 

5450
04:57:00,400 --> 04:57:02,900
Necks that left finish weapons 
stranded at production 

5451
04:57:02,900 --> 04:57:06,600
facilities foreign workers 
represented at an increasingly 

5452
04:57:06,600 --> 04:57:08,400
visible presence throughout 
Germany. 

5453
04:57:09,200 --> 04:57:11,100
Creating complex daily 
interactions. 

5454
04:57:11,100 --> 04:57:12,800
That contradicted racial 
ideology. 

5455
04:57:13,700 --> 04:57:17,400
By 1944 approximately one 
quarter of the German Workforce 

5456
04:57:17,400 --> 04:57:20,900
consisted of foreign Nationals. 
Some voluntary workers from 

5457
04:57:20,900 --> 04:57:25,600
Allied countries, others. 
Conscripted laborers and still 

5458
04:57:25,600 --> 04:57:29,700
others concentration camp. 
Inmates allocated to Industrial 

5459
04:57:29,700 --> 04:57:33,000
Enterprise's while official 
policy mandated strict 

5460
04:57:33,000 --> 04:57:36,100
separation practical necessity 
required working. 

5461
04:57:36,100 --> 04:57:38,300
Relationships that sometimes 
developed into human 

5462
04:57:38,300 --> 04:57:41,700
connections, despite severe 
penalties Factory supervisor 

5463
04:57:41,700 --> 04:57:45,000
Wilhelm house are recorded 
Theory, dictates minimum 

5464
04:57:45,000 --> 04:57:48,200
interaction with Polish workers.
Reality requires, teaching, the 

5465
04:57:48,200 --> 04:57:51,300
Machinery operation, which 
inevitably leads to conversation

5466
04:57:51,300 --> 04:57:54,700
Beyond technical matters. 
The Soviet summer offensive, 

5467
04:57:54,700 --> 04:58:01,600
operation bagration, beginning 
June 22nd 1944, destroyed Army 

5468
04:58:01,600 --> 04:58:04,500
group Center inflicting losses 
from which the vermac never 

5469
04:58:04,500 --> 04:58:07,500
recovered the scale of This 
Disaster surpassed even 

5470
04:58:07,508 --> 04:58:11,300
Stalingrad. 
With approximately 350000 

5471
04:58:11,300 --> 04:58:13,500
German, casualties in a five 
week period. 

5472
04:58:13,500 --> 04:58:17,900
The cycle impact was magnified 
by the timing occurring 

5473
04:58:17,900 --> 04:58:19,800
simultaneously with the Normandy
campaign. 

5474
04:58:20,500 --> 04:58:23,800
It created inescapable awareness
that Germany faced overwhelming 

5475
04:58:23,800 --> 04:58:27,200
pressure on multiple fronts 
without adequate resources for 

5476
04:58:27,200 --> 04:58:30,300
Effective response. 
Military Communications from 

5477
04:58:30,300 --> 04:58:34,000
this period reflect Dawning 
recognition of Inevitable. 

5478
04:58:34,000 --> 04:58:36,700
Defeat among field commanders 
though such as assessments 

5479
04:58:36,700 --> 04:58:38,800
remained, criminalized if 
expressed officially. 

5480
04:58:39,800 --> 04:58:43,800
Civilian evacuation programs 
expanded dramatically as Eastern

5481
04:58:43,800 --> 04:58:47,500
territories became threatened. 
Approximately 1.8 million 

5482
04:58:47,500 --> 04:58:50,900
Germans fled from East Prussia, 
Silesia and other Eastern 

5483
04:58:50,900 --> 04:58:54,700
regions in late 1944 creating 
massive resource demands for 

5484
04:58:54,700 --> 04:58:57,900
temporary housing, food 
distribution and administrative 

5485
04:58:57,900 --> 04:59:00,700
services in receiving areas 
already under severe strain. 

5486
04:59:01,800 --> 04:59:04,600
These Refugee populations 
brought first-hand accounts of 

5487
04:59:04,600 --> 04:59:06,900
the military collapse that 
contradicted. 

5488
04:59:06,900 --> 04:59:10,400
Sanitized official information 
accelerating awareness of the 

5489
04:59:10,400 --> 04:59:13,800
Strategic situation among 
Western populations previously 

5490
04:59:13,800 --> 04:59:15,900
insulated from direct War 
effects. 

5491
04:59:16,500 --> 04:59:18,300
Transportation Systems 
approached. 

5492
04:59:18,300 --> 04:59:22,700
Systemic failure by Autumn 1944.
Allied bombings, specifically 

5493
04:59:22,700 --> 04:59:25,800
targeted, Railway Junctions, 
Bridges, and Canal, locks 

5494
04:59:25,800 --> 04:59:29,100
creating cascading, disruptions 
throughout the logistics 

5495
04:59:29,100 --> 04:59:31,800
Network. 
Coal deliveries to urban areas, 

5496
04:59:31,800 --> 04:59:35,400
became increasingly unreliable 
leading to heating restrictions 

5497
04:59:35,400 --> 04:59:38,500
even before winter weather 
arrived, the Ripple effects 

5498
04:59:38,500 --> 04:59:42,100
extended through all sectors 
industrial production declined 

5499
04:59:42,100 --> 04:59:44,200
despite of available raw 
materials and labor. 

5500
04:59:44,900 --> 04:59:47,900
Food distribution suffered, 
despite adequate harvests in 

5501
04:59:47,900 --> 04:59:51,400
some regions military units, 
received decreasing Supply 

5502
04:59:51,400 --> 04:59:53,600
percentages. 
Despite prioritization efforts, 

5503
04:59:53,600 --> 04:59:56,900
this logistical unraveling 
represented the Practical 

5504
04:59:56,900 --> 04:59:59,500
manifestation of strategic 
defeat, that theoretical 

5505
04:59:59,500 --> 05:00:01,400
analysis had predicted months 
earlier. 

5506
05:00:02,100 --> 05:00:05,500
Propaganda messaging underwent 
subtle but significant Evolution

5507
05:00:05,500 --> 05:00:08,200
emphasizing endurance rather 
than the victory. 

5508
05:00:08,200 --> 05:00:12,200
The concept of holding out to 
Durham replaced previous 

5509
05:00:12,200 --> 05:00:13,900
narratives of inevitable 
Triumph. 

5510
05:00:14,700 --> 05:00:17,500
References to historical 
examples of national resilience 

5511
05:00:17,500 --> 05:00:20,700
became prominent, particularly 
the Seven Years War, when 

5512
05:00:20,700 --> 05:00:23,700
Frederick the Great's Prussia 
survived despite seemingly 

5513
05:00:23,700 --> 05:00:27,800
hopeless military circumstances.
This messaging shift, implicitly

5514
05:00:27,800 --> 05:00:31,300
acknowledged the deteriorating 
situation while attempting to 

5515
05:00:31,300 --> 05:00:34,500
maintain civilian cooperation 
with increasingly Desperate 

5516
05:00:34,500 --> 05:00:37,600
Measures. 
The volkssturm people storm 

5517
05:00:37,600 --> 05:00:41,800
militia established in September
1944 represented, both practical

5518
05:00:41,800 --> 05:00:45,600
military, desperation, and 
psychological manipulation by 

5519
05:00:45,600 --> 05:00:48,700
conscripting males between 16 to
60 previously, Exempted from 

5520
05:00:48,700 --> 05:00:51,300
service. 
Authorities gained approximately

5521
05:00:51,300 --> 05:00:54,100
175,000 poorly. 
Trained Personnel. 

5522
05:00:54,100 --> 05:00:57,500
While simultaneously creating 
broader investment in continued 

5523
05:00:57,500 --> 05:01:01,000
resistance? 
The cycle calculation proved 

5524
05:01:01,000 --> 05:01:04,600
partly successful families with 
Volkswagen members Felton 

5525
05:01:04,600 --> 05:01:08,100
increased commitment to defense 
measures despite recognition of 

5526
05:01:08,100 --> 05:01:11,800
the overall strategic situation.
This force was military 

5527
05:01:11,800 --> 05:01:14,800
ineffective, but played a 
socially significant role in 

5528
05:01:14,800 --> 05:01:17,100
maintaining civil functioning 
during the accelerating 

5529
05:01:17,100 --> 05:01:20,900
collapse. 
Christmas 1914 marked a poignant

5530
05:01:20,900 --> 05:01:24,600
cycle, Milestone, despite 
unprecedented material, 

5531
05:01:24,600 --> 05:01:27,800
shortages families, maintained 
holiday traditions with 

5532
05:01:27,800 --> 05:01:30,800
remarkable. 
Determination Surviving records 

5533
05:01:30,800 --> 05:01:32,400
show. 
Elaborate efforts to create 

5534
05:01:32,400 --> 05:01:35,400
meaningful, celebrations, 
decorations, manufactured from 

5535
05:01:35,400 --> 05:01:39,300
salvaged materials gifts, 
fashioned from repurposed items,

5536
05:01:39,300 --> 05:01:42,000
special meals assembled from 
hoarded. 

5537
05:01:42,000 --> 05:01:45,100
Rational portions this 
determination reflected, not 

5538
05:01:45,100 --> 05:01:47,700
necessarily ideological 
commitment, but rather 

5539
05:01:47,700 --> 05:01:51,600
psychological necessity 
maintaining cultural continuity 

5540
05:01:51,600 --> 05:01:55,900
amid disintegration The contrast
between these intimate 

5541
05:01:55,900 --> 05:01:58,300
celebrations and the 
catastrophic military situation.

5542
05:01:58,300 --> 05:02:02,200
The Ardennes offensive had 
already stalled, created a 

5543
05:02:02,200 --> 05:02:05,300
dissociative experience that 
many survivors later struggled 

5544
05:02:05,300 --> 05:02:10,600
to articulate coherently As 1944
concluded, German Society 

5545
05:02:10,600 --> 05:02:13,100
existed in multiple 
contradictory realities 

5546
05:02:13,100 --> 05:02:16,000
simultaneously. 
Military defeat had become 

5547
05:02:16,000 --> 05:02:19,100
mathematically, inevitable given
resource disparities and 

5548
05:02:19,100 --> 05:02:22,600
territorial losses. 
Yet daily life continued with 

5549
05:02:22,600 --> 05:02:26,200
remarkable functionality in 
areas, not directly affected by 

5550
05:02:26,200 --> 05:02:28,700
combat. 
Institutional structures 

5551
05:02:28,700 --> 05:02:31,600
maintained operational, 
continuity, despite leadership 

5552
05:02:31,600 --> 05:02:35,600
losses and resource constraints 
individual Germans navigated 

5553
05:02:35,600 --> 05:02:37,700
impossible. 
Ethical dilemmas with varying 

5554
05:02:37,700 --> 05:02:39,300
degrees of compromise and 
resistance. 

5555
05:02:39,300 --> 05:02:43,200
This complex condition 
functioning organizations within

5556
05:02:43,200 --> 05:02:45,900
a failing system and ethical 
individuals within a criminal 

5557
05:02:45,900 --> 05:02:49,300
State defies, simplified 
historical categorization and 

5558
05:02:49,300 --> 05:02:51,300
continues to challenge 
historical, understanding 

5559
05:02:51,300 --> 05:02:55,700
decades later, January 1945 
marked, the beginning of 

5560
05:02:55,700 --> 05:02:59,600
comprehensive system, collapse, 
the Soviet Vistula odor 

5561
05:02:59,600 --> 05:03:01,200
offensive launched on January. 
12th. 

5562
05:03:01,200 --> 05:03:04,700
Represent Warfare of 
unprecedented ferocity on German

5563
05:03:04,700 --> 05:03:07,700
soil. 
Civilized behaviors deteriorated

5564
05:03:07,700 --> 05:03:11,500
rapidly on all sides Johannes 
Henshaw a municipal 

5565
05:03:11,500 --> 05:03:14,600
administrator in East Prussia, 
documented, the psychological 

5566
05:03:14,600 --> 05:03:18,400
environment, survival replaced 
all other considerations, those 

5567
05:03:18,400 --> 05:03:21,200
with Transportation fled 
Westward immediately those 

5568
05:03:21,200 --> 05:03:24,500
without became desperate Beyond 
description civil Authority. 

5569
05:03:24,500 --> 05:03:28,000
Ceased functioning entirely 
within hours, this dissolution 

5570
05:03:28,000 --> 05:03:30,700
of organized Society occurred 
with shocking rapidity in 

5571
05:03:30,700 --> 05:03:33,300
eastern regions, creating 
behavioral dynamics, that 

5572
05:03:33,300 --> 05:03:36,200
institutional structures had 
previously constrained. 

5573
05:03:37,700 --> 05:03:40,300
The refugee crisis reached 
catastrophic proportions 

5574
05:03:40,300 --> 05:03:44,600
approximately 8.5 million 
Germans fled Westward during the

5575
05:03:44,600 --> 05:03:47,200
Wars final months. 
Most during harsh. 

5576
05:03:47,200 --> 05:03:50,600
Winter conditions, with minimal,
Provisions the Baltic Sea. 

5577
05:03:50,600 --> 05:03:54,200
Evacuation operation, Hannibal 
moved, approximately two million

5578
05:03:54,200 --> 05:03:56,500
civilians from East Prussia and 
surrounding regions. 

5579
05:03:56,500 --> 05:03:59,600
Despite Soviet submarine 
attacks, the produced Maritime 

5580
05:03:59,600 --> 05:04:03,700
disasters, like The Wilhelm 
gustloff sinking 9400 deaths. 

5581
05:04:04,500 --> 05:04:07,300
These desperate population 
movements created overwhelming, 

5582
05:04:07,300 --> 05:04:10,300
humanitarian challenges and 
hindered effective defense 

5583
05:04:10,300 --> 05:04:12,700
preparations in the western 
regions that were receiving, 

5584
05:04:12,700 --> 05:04:16,100
this influx of people. 
Allied bombing reached maximum 

5585
05:04:16,100 --> 05:04:19,400
intensity, During the period, 
targeting mid-sized cities, 

5586
05:04:19,400 --> 05:04:21,700
previously, spared, systematic 
destruction. 

5587
05:04:21,700 --> 05:04:27,500
The Dresden firebombing of 
February 13-15, 1945, killed 

5588
05:04:27,500 --> 05:04:31,800
approximately 25,000, civilians 
and devastated, a city swollen 

5589
05:04:31,800 --> 05:04:35,100
with refugees. 
Similar attacks struck four time

5590
05:04:35,100 --> 05:04:38,600
wuertzburg and dozens of smaller
communities with limited 

5591
05:04:38,600 --> 05:04:39,800
Military. 
Significance. 

5592
05:04:39,800 --> 05:04:43,800
This final bombing phase created
profound psychological trauma 

5593
05:04:43,800 --> 05:04:47,500
that post-war German Society 
struggled for decades to process

5594
05:04:47,500 --> 05:04:51,000
adequately. the apparent 
purposelessness of Destruction 

5595
05:04:51,000 --> 05:04:53,800
at this late stage generated 
lasting moral questions that 

5596
05:04:53,800 --> 05:04:57,300
transcended typical War, 
narratives, resource systems, 

5597
05:04:57,300 --> 05:05:00,900
collapsed entirely Food 
distribution became localised in

5598
05:05:00,900 --> 05:05:04,100
a regular municipal water and 
sanitation services. 

5599
05:05:04,100 --> 05:05:07,100
Functioned intermittently 
electricity, availability 

5600
05:05:07,100 --> 05:05:11,300
declined to a few hours daily in
most regions medical supplies 

5601
05:05:11,300 --> 05:05:14,500
disappeared from civilian 
facilities, currency, 

5602
05:05:14,500 --> 05:05:18,800
effectively lost practical 
value, replaced by direct barter

5603
05:05:18,800 --> 05:05:20,300
arrangements for essential 
items. 

5604
05:05:20,300 --> 05:05:24,100
Despite these catastrophic 
conditions remarkable instances 

5605
05:05:24,100 --> 05:05:27,400
of organizational continuity, 
persisted hospital, 

5606
05:05:27,400 --> 05:05:29,400
administrator Ruth, Elke 
documented. 

5607
05:05:29,400 --> 05:05:32,600
You maintain surgical Services 
despite lacking basic 

5608
05:05:32,600 --> 05:05:36,100
antiseptics staff perform 
procedures during daylight 

5609
05:05:36,100 --> 05:05:38,200
hours, due to frequent 
electricity failures. 

5610
05:05:38,200 --> 05:05:41,600
Instead of using Supply systems 
staff guard, Gardens provide 

5611
05:05:41,600 --> 05:05:45,100
food to patients medicine 
continues, amid societal 

5612
05:05:45,100 --> 05:05:47,700
collapse. 
Military age. 

5613
05:05:47,700 --> 05:05:51,800
Males face, impossible choices, 
desertion rates increased 

5614
05:05:51,800 --> 05:05:54,900
dramatically despite field 
execution for undermining 

5615
05:05:54,900 --> 05:05:58,700
military morale. 
Approximately 30,000 German 

5616
05:05:58,700 --> 05:06:01,600
soldiers were executed for 
disciplinary violations during 

5617
05:06:01,600 --> 05:06:04,600
the war with the majority 
occurring during these final 

5618
05:06:04,600 --> 05:06:07,100
months. 
Many soldiers, sought medical 

5619
05:06:07,100 --> 05:06:11,000
excuses, self-inflicted 
injuries, or unauthorized home 

5620
05:06:11,000 --> 05:06:12,800
visits, rather than formal 
desertion. 

5621
05:06:13,500 --> 05:06:16,600
Others continue to fighting 
despite recognizing strategic 

5622
05:06:16,600 --> 05:06:20,500
hopelessness, motivated by unit,
cohesion rather than ideological

5623
05:06:20,500 --> 05:06:23,600
commitment. 
This complex response, pattern 

5624
05:06:23,600 --> 05:06:29,000
defies simple categorization as 
either than resistance most 

5625
05:06:29,000 --> 05:06:31,600
participants navigated 
impossible ethical terrain with 

5626
05:06:31,600 --> 05:06:34,800
limited available options. 
Leadership psychology 

5627
05:06:34,800 --> 05:06:38,500
deteriorated markedly Hitler's 
physical decline. 

5628
05:06:38,500 --> 05:06:42,100
Accelerated following the July 
1944 assassination attempt. 

5629
05:06:42,800 --> 05:06:45,700
With Witnesses describing. 
Trembling Hands, shuffling. 

5630
05:06:45,700 --> 05:06:49,000
Gait and increasing Detachment 
from operational realities. 

5631
05:06:49,900 --> 05:06:52,700
His strategic directives became 
increasingly divorced from 

5632
05:06:52,700 --> 05:06:56,200
military capabilities, often 
ordering non-existent units to 

5633
05:06:56,200 --> 05:06:59,800
conduct impossible operations, 
this leadership collapse created

5634
05:06:59,800 --> 05:07:04,900
a vacuum filled by competing 
power centers himmler's and 

5635
05:07:04,900 --> 05:07:07,500
various military factions 
pursued contradictory agendas 

5636
05:07:07,500 --> 05:07:09,400
while maintaining nominal 
loyalty. 

5637
05:07:10,400 --> 05:07:13,000
This fragmentation prevented 
coordinated surrender, 

5638
05:07:13,000 --> 05:07:15,000
negotiations. 
That might have limited Final 

5639
05:07:15,000 --> 05:07:18,300
Phase destruction. 
The Concentration Camp system. 

5640
05:07:18,300 --> 05:07:21,000
Underwent frantic of 
accumulation as Allied Forces 

5641
05:07:21,000 --> 05:07:24,000
approached producing notorious 
deathmatches. 

5642
05:07:24,000 --> 05:07:26,400
With extraordinary mortality 
rates. 

5643
05:07:27,200 --> 05:07:29,900
Camp guards forced inmates to 
walk westward in harsh. 

5644
05:07:29,900 --> 05:07:33,500
Winter conditions with minimal 
Provisions executing. 

5645
05:07:33,500 --> 05:07:38,000
Those unable to maintain pace. 
Approximately 250,000 prisoners 

5646
05:07:38,000 --> 05:07:41,900
died during these evacuations. 
German civilians and communities

5647
05:07:41,900 --> 05:07:44,800
along these routes faced moral 
decisions about intervention. 

5648
05:07:45,500 --> 05:07:48,900
Assistance or passive 
observation choices many would 

5649
05:07:48,900 --> 05:07:52,400
later struggle to explain 
satisfactorily during post-war 

5650
05:07:52,400 --> 05:07:55,500
accounting. 
This Final Phase of systemic 

5651
05:07:55,500 --> 05:07:59,700
atrocity occurred amid broader 
societal disintegration creating

5652
05:07:59,700 --> 05:08:03,700
complex moral entanglements, 
between perpetrators victims and

5653
05:08:03,700 --> 05:08:06,800
bystanders children experience 
particularly severe 

5654
05:08:06,800 --> 05:08:10,300
psychological trauma during this
period with schools closed 

5655
05:08:10,300 --> 05:08:13,000
indefinitely. 
Normal developmental structures 

5656
05:08:13,000 --> 05:08:15,800
disappeared. 
Many youths assumed adult 

5657
05:08:15,800 --> 05:08:19,100
responsibilities managing 
households with absent parents. 

5658
05:08:19,100 --> 05:08:22,600
The Hitler Youth Organization 
transformed from ideological 

5659
05:08:22,600 --> 05:08:25,900
indoctrination, into practical 
military, auxiliary with 

5660
05:08:25,900 --> 05:08:29,200
teenagers, operating 
anti-aircraft batteries serving 

5661
05:08:29,200 --> 05:08:32,300
as Courier Runners and providing
Emergency Services during 

5662
05:08:32,300 --> 05:08:35,300
bombing raids. 
This militarization of childhood

5663
05:08:35,300 --> 05:08:38,500
created lasting psychological 
effects that psychiatrists would

5664
05:08:38,500 --> 05:08:42,500
document for decades afterward 
religious resources provided 

5665
05:08:42,500 --> 05:08:45,300
crucial cycle. 
Support for many Germans during 

5666
05:08:45,300 --> 05:08:48,400
this terminal phase. 
Church attendance reached 

5667
05:08:48,400 --> 05:08:51,500
unprecedented levels despite 
building damage and clergy 

5668
05:08:51,500 --> 05:08:55,000
shortages, improvised worship 
Services occurred in basements, 

5669
05:08:55,000 --> 05:08:59,600
bunkers and damaged sanctuaries.
Theology emphasized apocalyptic 

5670
05:08:59,600 --> 05:09:02,100
themes while providing 
Frameworks for understanding 

5671
05:09:02,100 --> 05:09:04,200
suffering outside political 
narratives. 

5672
05:09:05,200 --> 05:09:09,400
Pastor Ernst Nueva recorded. 
People who never previously, 

5673
05:09:09,400 --> 05:09:12,200
showed religious interests. 
Now crowd our damaged Church. 

5674
05:09:12,900 --> 05:09:15,800
They seek meaning system that 
transcends immediate 

5675
05:09:15,800 --> 05:09:18,600
catastrophe. 
This religious, revival 

5676
05:09:18,600 --> 05:09:22,400
represented significant movement
away from State, idology, toward

5677
05:09:22,400 --> 05:09:26,100
alternative, value Frameworks, 
as Allied, Forces, penetrated 

5678
05:09:26,100 --> 05:09:29,800
deeper into Germany, civilian 
encounters with Western troops 

5679
05:09:29,800 --> 05:09:32,100
often contradicted propaganda 
expectations. 

5680
05:09:32,100 --> 05:09:36,200
Their marked veteran Heinrich 
boell later wrote American 

5681
05:09:36,200 --> 05:09:39,100
soldiers, Distributing chocolate
to children, did more to 

5682
05:09:39,100 --> 05:09:42,200
demolish, nutsy ideology than 12
years of opposition. 

5683
05:09:42,200 --> 05:09:45,500
Could accomplish these direct 
interactions revealed enemy 

5684
05:09:45,500 --> 05:09:49,500
Monster's as recognizably human 
accelerating psychological 

5685
05:09:49,500 --> 05:09:52,600
separation. 
From regime narrative Soviet 

5686
05:09:52,600 --> 05:09:55,300
zone experience is often proved 
dramatically different. 

5687
05:09:56,100 --> 05:09:59,100
With wide spread atrocities 
creating lasting, trauma that 

5688
05:09:59,100 --> 05:10:01,000
shape post-war political 
alignments. 

5689
05:10:01,700 --> 05:10:05,900
Hitler's suicide on April 30th. 
1945, followed by Germany's 

5690
05:10:05,900 --> 05:10:09,800
unconditional surrender on May 
8th created the formal end of 

5691
05:10:09,800 --> 05:10:12,400
the Nazi state. 
However, the psychological 

5692
05:10:12,400 --> 05:10:16,000
process of regime collapse had a
unevenly across German Society 

5693
05:10:16,000 --> 05:10:19,000
over the preceding months and 
would continue long afterward. 

5694
05:10:20,100 --> 05:10:22,300
Military historian. 
Joachim Fest noted. 

5695
05:10:22,900 --> 05:10:26,200
Germany experienced not one 
surrender, but thousands of 

5696
05:10:26,200 --> 05:10:29,500
local capitulations occurring at
different moments for different 

5697
05:10:29,500 --> 05:10:33,100
reasons. 
This fragmented ending created 

5698
05:10:33,100 --> 05:10:36,100
inconsistent experiences that 
complicated post-war memory 

5699
05:10:36,100 --> 05:10:38,500
formation and accountability 
processes. 

5700
05:10:38,500 --> 05:10:42,300
The walls conclusion found 
German Society in catastrophic 

5701
05:10:42,300 --> 05:10:45,700
material condition. 
Approximately 20% of housing 

5702
05:10:45,700 --> 05:10:48,800
stock had been destroyed. 
Transportation infrastructure 

5703
05:10:48,800 --> 05:10:52,200
had collapsed in industrial 
production had ceased almost 

5704
05:10:52,200 --> 05:10:56,800
entirely food production had 
fallen to approximately 35% of 

5705
05:10:56,800 --> 05:11:00,700
pre-war levels. 
Beyond physical Devastation, the

5706
05:11:00,700 --> 05:11:03,700
psychological condition proved 
equally damaged Collective 

5707
05:11:03,700 --> 05:11:08,100
trauma disrupted, identity 
formation and moral compromise, 

5708
05:11:08,100 --> 05:11:11,000
created lasting effects that 
would shape, German development 

5709
05:11:11,000 --> 05:11:13,800
for Generations. 
The societal challenge 

5710
05:11:13,800 --> 05:11:16,600
transitioned from military 
conflict to fundamental 

5711
05:11:16,600 --> 05:11:20,700
questions of physical survival. 
Ethical, reconstruction and 

5712
05:11:20,700 --> 05:11:23,800
cultural meaning-making. 
Amid unprecedented devastation. 

5713
05:11:24,900 --> 05:11:27,700
The immediate post surrender, 
period created experience that 

5714
05:11:27,700 --> 05:11:31,200
defied conventional categories 
of peace or post-war for most 

5715
05:11:31,200 --> 05:11:35,300
Germans daily existence centered
on basic survival challenges 

5716
05:11:35,300 --> 05:11:37,500
rather than political 
reorientation. 

5717
05:11:38,400 --> 05:11:41,100
Caloric intake in the British 
American occupation zones, 

5718
05:11:41,100 --> 05:11:45,600
averaged approximately 1200 
daily calories through. 1945 and

5719
05:11:45,600 --> 05:11:49,300
6 above starvation levels, but 
producing chronic malnutrition 

5720
05:11:49,300 --> 05:11:51,200
and Associated health 
conditions. 

5721
05:11:52,500 --> 05:11:55,300
Housing shortages forced 
multiple families into damage, 

5722
05:11:55,300 --> 05:11:57,400
dwellings designed for single 
households. 

5723
05:11:58,100 --> 05:12:01,000
Fuel scarcity made winter 
heating incomplete while 

5724
05:12:01,000 --> 05:12:03,600
destroyed infrastructure. 
Limited Basic Sanitation. 

5725
05:12:04,300 --> 05:12:07,400
These material conditions 
created a persistent emergencies

5726
05:12:07,400 --> 05:12:09,800
mentality. 
That hindered the community's 

5727
05:12:09,800 --> 05:12:12,200
ability to process recent 
events. 

5728
05:12:12,200 --> 05:12:15,400
The current currency collapse. 
Produced, economic conditions 

5729
05:12:15,400 --> 05:12:17,400
that normalized irregular 
transactions. 

5730
05:12:17,400 --> 05:12:21,400
The cigarette emerged as the 
functional monetary unit with 

5731
05:12:21,400 --> 05:12:25,500
complex exchange rate systems. 
Developing spontaneously a 

5732
05:12:25,500 --> 05:12:28,700
skilled workers daily wage might
purchase two cigarettes, which 

5733
05:12:28,700 --> 05:12:31,600
could be traded for three pounds
of potatoes, or half a pound of 

5734
05:12:31,600 --> 05:12:34,500
butter on Gray markets. 
This economic disruption, 

5735
05:12:34,500 --> 05:12:37,300
particularly disadvantaged those
lacking access to Agricultural 

5736
05:12:37,300 --> 05:12:40,800
Connections or valuable trade 
items, especially the urban 

5737
05:12:40,800 --> 05:12:44,000
elderly and War widows. 
Social worker MLV. 

5738
05:12:44,000 --> 05:12:48,000
Skirk noted. those who survived 
bombing and Invasion now, faced 

5739
05:12:48,000 --> 05:12:51,200
starvation amid technical piece,
many questioned whether survival

5740
05:12:51,200 --> 05:12:55,300
itself, constitutes victory, 
Denaturation procedures, 

5741
05:12:55,300 --> 05:12:58,100
created, profound ambiguity for 
individuals navigating 

5742
05:12:58,100 --> 05:13:01,300
occupation systems. 
The classification categories, 

5743
05:13:01,300 --> 05:13:05,200
major offenders, offenders 
lesser offenders followers, 

5744
05:13:05,200 --> 05:13:09,300
exonerated required complex, 
documentation character, 

5745
05:13:09,300 --> 05:13:12,500
Witnesses and narrative 
explanations of past activities.

5746
05:13:13,200 --> 05:13:16,000
This process generated, what 
historian Norbert Frey? 

5747
05:13:16,000 --> 05:13:20,900
Terms, exculpatory, creativity, 
retrospective reinterpretation 

5748
05:13:20,900 --> 05:13:24,500
of actions within acceptable, 
Frameworks by 1948. 

5749
05:13:24,500 --> 05:13:28,500
Approximately. 25% of adult 
Germans had completed some form 

5750
05:13:28,500 --> 05:13:32,000
of dinette, certification 
procedure, creating inconsistent

5751
05:13:32,000 --> 05:13:34,700
accountability that satisfied. 
Neither Justice requirements, 

5752
05:13:34,700 --> 05:13:37,700
nor practical reintegration 
needs family. 

5753
05:13:37,700 --> 05:13:41,600
Reunification proceeded unevenly
as approximately 11 million 

5754
05:13:41,600 --> 05:13:44,500
military personnel returned from
captivity over several years. 

5755
05:13:44,500 --> 05:13:49,100
Soviet, prisoners and particular
extended detention with the last

5756
05:13:49,100 --> 05:13:52,300
of them returning. 
Only in 1945 these delayed 

5757
05:13:52,300 --> 05:13:55,800
homecoming, created complex, 
reintegration challenges as 

5758
05:13:55,800 --> 05:13:57,700
families. 
Had established new functional 

5759
05:13:57,700 --> 05:14:00,700
patterns during men's 
Psychologist. 

5760
05:14:00,700 --> 05:14:04,300
Alexander Mitchell, documented 
widespread reintegration 

5761
05:14:04,300 --> 05:14:07,400
syndrome psychological 
difficulties as returning men 

5762
05:14:07,400 --> 05:14:10,600
encountered, wives and children,
who had developed Independence 

5763
05:14:10,600 --> 05:14:12,700
and decisional autonomy 
children. 

5764
05:14:12,700 --> 05:14:15,900
Often struggled with fathers, 
they barely remembered or never 

5765
05:14:15,900 --> 05:14:19,100
knew creating intergenerational 
communication barriers that 

5766
05:14:19,100 --> 05:14:23,200
persisted for decades, the 
student and null zero-hour 

5767
05:14:23,200 --> 05:14:26,300
concept emerged as psychological
framework, for managing recent, 

5768
05:14:26,300 --> 05:14:30,200
past this metaphor suggested, 
complete historical, rupture 

5769
05:14:30,200 --> 05:14:33,300
dividing, experience, into 
separate before, and after 

5770
05:14:33,300 --> 05:14:37,400
periods with minimal continuity.
While historically inaccurate, 

5771
05:14:37,400 --> 05:14:41,300
this conceptualization provided 
psychological utility by 

5772
05:14:41,300 --> 05:14:44,800
allowing, compartmentalization 
of uncomfortable, memories and 

5773
05:14:44,800 --> 05:14:48,100
moral compromises. 
Historian Conrad gerau 

5774
05:14:48,100 --> 05:14:51,000
identifies, the practice as 
protective periodization 

5775
05:14:51,000 --> 05:14:54,800
creating mental boundaries that 
facilitated daily functioning 

5776
05:14:54,800 --> 05:14:57,700
while postponing genuine 
historical Reckoning. 

5777
05:14:57,700 --> 05:15:01,400
This separation particularly 
manifested in family Silence 

5778
05:15:01,400 --> 05:15:04,800
about not the era experiences. 
Creating what psychologists 

5779
05:15:04,800 --> 05:15:07,100
later termed. 
The communicative Gap. 

5780
05:15:08,300 --> 05:15:10,800
Many German households 
established implicit rules 

5781
05:15:10,800 --> 05:15:13,800
against discussing certain 
topics, particularly personal 

5782
05:15:13,800 --> 05:15:14,900
involvement. 
In knots. 

5783
05:15:14,900 --> 05:15:18,600
The organization's knowledge of 
atrocities or moral compromises 

5784
05:15:18,600 --> 05:15:23,100
made during the regime years 
children, born after 1945, often

5785
05:15:23,100 --> 05:15:25,500
reported growing up with 
nebula's, understanding of their

5786
05:15:25,500 --> 05:15:28,600
parents, War experiences, 
receiving fragmentary, or 

5787
05:15:28,600 --> 05:15:31,300
sanitized accounts that 
emphasize suffering rather than 

5788
05:15:31,300 --> 05:15:35,400
agency This intergenerational 
silence created psychological 

5789
05:15:35,400 --> 05:15:39,000
inheritance patterns that 
psychoanalyst Nicholas barbian 

5790
05:15:39,000 --> 05:15:42,000
called transmitted trauma. 
Younger Generations, 

5791
05:15:42,000 --> 05:15:44,300
experiencing emotional 
disturbances from events. 

5792
05:15:44,300 --> 05:15:48,200
They never personally witnessed,
but absorbed through family 

5793
05:15:48,200 --> 05:15:52,200
Dynamics, The Silence about the 
Nazi passed within families, 

5794
05:15:52,200 --> 05:15:55,600
reflected a broader societal 
pattern where public discourse 

5795
05:15:55,600 --> 05:15:59,500
focused over wellingly on German
suffering bombing expulsion from

5796
05:15:59,500 --> 05:16:03,300
Eastern territories, post-war 
hardships, while minimizing 

5797
05:16:03,300 --> 05:16:06,800
questions of complicity or 
responsibility This selective 

5798
05:16:06,800 --> 05:16:09,500
memory approach allowed. 
Many Germans to navigate daily 

5799
05:16:09,500 --> 05:16:11,200
existence. 
Without crippling guilt. 

5800
05:16:11,800 --> 05:16:15,000
But created substantial barriers
to genuine moral Reckoning. 

5801
05:16:15,000 --> 05:16:18,600
That would only be confronted 
decades later by a subsequent 

5802
05:16:18,600 --> 05:16:24,300
Generations. 
Alexander Graham Bell was born 

5803
05:16:24,300 --> 05:16:28,900
into a world of silence and 
sound on March of 3rd. 1847 in 

5804
05:16:28,900 --> 05:16:32,200
Edinburgh Scotland, while 
history remembers him primarily 

5805
05:16:32,200 --> 05:16:35,900
as the inventor of the telephone
Bell's relationship with sound 

5806
05:16:35,900 --> 05:16:38,900
began long before. 
His famous invention, shaped by 

5807
05:16:38,900 --> 05:16:41,700
a family Legacy that would set 
him on an unexpected path. 

5808
05:16:42,400 --> 05:16:46,200
His father. 
Alexander Melville Bell was no 

5809
05:16:46,200 --> 05:16:48,700
ordinary man. 
A Pioneer in elocution and 

5810
05:16:48,700 --> 05:16:51,100
speech. 
Correction the Elder belted 

5811
05:16:51,100 --> 05:16:53,800
visible speech. 
A revolutionary system of 

5812
05:16:53,800 --> 05:16:56,500
phonetic symbols representing 
the position of the throat 

5813
05:16:56,500 --> 05:17:01,200
tongue and lips during speech. 
This ingenious method allowed 

5814
05:17:01,200 --> 05:17:03,600
the death to learn spoken 
language by mimicking. 

5815
05:17:03,600 --> 05:17:06,800
These positions, the Bell 
household wasn't just a home. 

5816
05:17:06,800 --> 05:17:10,400
It was a laboratory of human 
expression of conversations 

5817
05:17:10,400 --> 05:17:14,100
about valve formations and 
consonant articulation were as 

5818
05:17:14,100 --> 05:17:17,400
common as discussion about the 
weather, What's really discussed

5819
05:17:17,400 --> 05:17:19,400
is how young Alec as he was 
called. 

5820
05:17:20,900 --> 05:17:23,200
Didn't initially share his 
father's fascination with 

5821
05:17:23,200 --> 05:17:26,500
speech, his early, passion's 
centered on music and botany 

5822
05:17:26,500 --> 05:17:29,500
spending hours collecting and 
classifying plants around 

5823
05:17:29,500 --> 05:17:32,900
Edinburgh at 12 or wandering 
through the wheat fields near 

5824
05:17:32,900 --> 05:17:36,200
his grandparents home. 
He invented a simple dehusking 

5825
05:17:36,200 --> 05:17:39,600
machine using rotating paddles. 
His first invention came not 

5826
05:17:39,600 --> 05:17:43,600
from sound but from Plants 
Bell's mother Eliza Grace 

5827
05:17:43,600 --> 05:17:47,300
Simon's was progressively death,
yet she possessed remarkable 

5828
05:17:47,300 --> 05:17:51,300
musical Talent. 
This Paradox a woman unable to 

5829
05:17:51,300 --> 05:17:54,800
fully hear who could still play 
piano beautifully created Bells,

5830
05:17:54,800 --> 05:17:58,100
first understanding that sound 
existed beyond the ears alone. 

5831
05:17:58,800 --> 05:18:00,600
He discovered he could 
communicate with her. 

5832
05:18:00,600 --> 05:18:05,100
By speaking in low clear tones 
Close to her forehead, allowing 

5833
05:18:05,100 --> 05:18:07,200
her to feel the vibrations of 
his voice. 

5834
05:18:08,200 --> 05:18:10,600
An intimate form of 
communication that taught him 

5835
05:18:10,600 --> 05:18:12,800
sound was as much physical as 
auditory. 

5836
05:18:13,700 --> 05:18:15,900
The households connection to 
deafness deepened. 

5837
05:18:15,900 --> 05:18:19,800
When bells two brothers died of 
tuberculosis leaving him, The 

5838
05:18:19,800 --> 05:18:23,700
Souls of surviving son. 
Few historians acknowledge the 

5839
05:18:23,700 --> 05:18:26,700
shadow this tragedy caste Belle.
Developed an almost 

5840
05:18:26,700 --> 05:18:29,400
superstitious belief that his 
work with the deaf was somehow 

5841
05:18:29,400 --> 05:18:33,000
protective believing that by 
dedicating himself to helping 

5842
05:18:33,000 --> 05:18:36,500
those without hearing. 
He might Escape the Fate to his 

5843
05:18:36,508 --> 05:18:40,200
brothers. 
At 16, Bell began teaching music

5844
05:18:40,200 --> 05:18:43,200
and elocution at Weston House 
Academy in Elgin Scotland 

5845
05:18:43,200 --> 05:18:47,700
trading lessons for board while 
continuing his education here in

5846
05:18:47,700 --> 05:18:51,000
counter, James Bell, no relation
who introduced him to electrical

5847
05:18:51,000 --> 05:18:53,500
science. 
There are experiments with a 

5848
05:18:53,500 --> 05:18:55,500
homemade battery. 
And telegraphs sparked young 

5849
05:18:55,500 --> 05:18:57,800
Bells. 
Interest in electricity, though.

5850
05:18:57,800 --> 05:19:00,000
He wouldn't connect it to sound 
for years to come. 

5851
05:19:00,800 --> 05:19:03,900
What's particularly fascinating,
is how Bell's early experiments 

5852
05:19:03,900 --> 05:19:06,600
weren't aimed at distance 
communication, but at something 

5853
05:19:06,600 --> 05:19:09,900
far more fanciful, he and his 
brother Melville created. 

5854
05:19:09,900 --> 05:19:13,500
A speaking automaton essentially
attempting to build a machine 

5855
05:19:13,500 --> 05:19:17,000
that could produce human speech.
Sounds they managed to make 

5856
05:19:17,008 --> 05:19:21,100
their creation speak by using 
Bellows for lungs accrued larynx

5857
05:19:21,100 --> 05:19:24,900
made from Reed and a flexible 
leather mouth with movable lips 

5858
05:19:24,900 --> 05:19:27,900
and tongue. 
Simple sounds and even not a 

5859
05:19:27,900 --> 05:19:30,800
phrases like Mama. 
This forgotten experiment 

5860
05:19:30,800 --> 05:19:34,200
reveals initial Fascination was 
not with transmitting human 

5861
05:19:34,200 --> 05:19:37,000
voices but manufacturing them 
artificially. 

5862
05:19:38,000 --> 05:19:43,000
In 1863 Belle turned 16 and took
a position as a teacher of 

5863
05:19:43,000 --> 05:19:47,400
elocution and music at Western 
House Academy in Scotland while 

5864
05:19:47,400 --> 05:19:49,900
their Eldred, the work of German
physicist. 

5865
05:19:49,900 --> 05:19:52,800
Hermann Von helmholtz, who had 
conducted experiments 

5866
05:19:52,800 --> 05:19:55,400
demonstrating that electrical 
currents could be used to 

5867
05:19:55,400 --> 05:19:58,300
simulate sound Bell. 
Couldn't read German and 

5868
05:19:58,300 --> 05:20:01,900
misinterpreted helmholtz's work 
believing the scientists had 

5869
05:20:01,900 --> 05:20:04,700
successfully transmitted vowel 
sound over wire using 

5870
05:20:04,700 --> 05:20:08,500
electricity this productive 
misunderstanding planted a sea 

5871
05:20:08,500 --> 05:20:11,800
that would eventually grow into 
the telephone after his brothers

5872
05:20:11,800 --> 05:20:14,200
deaths Bells. 
Parents sought healthier 

5873
05:20:14,200 --> 05:20:16,600
surrounding eventually settling 
on Canada. 

5874
05:20:16,600 --> 05:20:20,800
In 1870, the family made the 
Atlantic Crossing after Edward 

5875
05:20:20,800 --> 05:20:24,800
his second brother died from 
tuberculosis This transition 

5876
05:20:24,800 --> 05:20:27,100
period is really highlighted 
yet. 

5877
05:20:27,100 --> 05:20:30,700
It was pivotal Bell was leaving 
behind, not just a country, but 

5878
05:20:30,700 --> 05:20:33,400
an identity on the ship Crossing
to Canada. 

5879
05:20:33,400 --> 05:20:36,900
He grew a beard to look older 
attempting to reinvent himself 

5880
05:20:36,900 --> 05:20:39,500
in this new world. 
The man who arrived in North 

5881
05:20:39,500 --> 05:20:42,700
America was determined to 
escape, not just the tubercular 

5882
05:20:42,700 --> 05:20:45,700
of Scotland but also the shadow 
of family tragedy. 

5883
05:20:46,700 --> 05:20:50,500
In 1871 Alexander, Graham Bell 
arrived in Boston. 

5884
05:20:50,500 --> 05:20:53,600
Not as The Confident, inventor 
history, often portrays. 

5885
05:20:53,600 --> 05:20:57,700
But as a man desperate for work,
his reputation as an expert, 

5886
05:20:57,700 --> 05:21:00,800
invisible speech, had proceeded 
him and the Boston Board of 

5887
05:21:00,808 --> 05:21:03,500
Education hired him to train 
teachers at the school for the 

5888
05:21:03,500 --> 05:21:06,000
deaf. 
Bell was not merely teaching a 

5889
05:21:06,000 --> 05:21:08,000
method. 
He was challenging an entire 

5890
05:21:08,000 --> 05:21:12,000
philosophy of death education. 
The American approach to deaf 

5891
05:21:12,000 --> 05:21:14,100
education at the time. 
Heavily favored sign language. 

5892
05:21:15,000 --> 05:21:18,900
Bell influenced by his father's 
methods advocated for oralism, 

5893
05:21:18,900 --> 05:21:21,900
teaching the deaf to speak and 
read lips a position. 

5894
05:21:21,900 --> 05:21:24,900
That would later earn him 
significant criticism from deaf 

5895
05:21:24,900 --> 05:21:28,100
communities. 
This ideological battle shaped 

5896
05:21:28,100 --> 05:21:31,100
Bells, early years in America 
and revealed his stubborn, 

5897
05:21:31,100 --> 05:21:33,300
willingness to Champion 
unpopular ideas. 

5898
05:21:33,300 --> 05:21:35,700
A trait that would serve his 
inventing career. 

5899
05:21:35,700 --> 05:21:39,300
Well, What's typically 
overlooked in Bell's biography 

5900
05:21:39,300 --> 05:21:42,400
is that he was perpetually broke
during these Boston years. 

5901
05:21:42,400 --> 05:21:45,900
He supplemented his teaching 
income by taking private pupils 

5902
05:21:45,900 --> 05:21:48,800
often traveling hours by 
horse-drawn streetcar between 

5903
05:21:48,800 --> 05:21:52,500
lessons One such journey in 
Winter nearly cost him his life 

5904
05:21:52,508 --> 05:21:54,900
when he fell through ice. 
While crossing the Charles River

5905
05:21:54,900 --> 05:21:58,300
as a shortcut Soaked and 
freezing barely reached his 

5906
05:21:58,300 --> 05:22:01,400
destination where his students 
family had to throw him out 

5907
05:22:01,400 --> 05:22:04,800
before a roaring fire. 
Bell's private students included

5908
05:22:04,800 --> 05:22:08,100
the children of Boston's Elite 
families giving him access to 

5909
05:22:08,100 --> 05:22:10,700
Social Circles that would later 
provide crucial Financial 

5910
05:22:10,700 --> 05:22:13,800
backing for his inventions. 
Among these students was George 

5911
05:22:13,800 --> 05:22:16,400
Sanders whose father would 
become one of Bell's most 

5912
05:22:16,400 --> 05:22:20,300
important Financial supporters 
The Sanders home in Salem. 

5913
05:22:20,300 --> 05:22:23,900
The game Bell's second residents
where he was an attic space for 

5914
05:22:23,900 --> 05:22:26,400
experiments. 
This Arrangement, not only 

5915
05:22:26,400 --> 05:22:29,600
provided convenience, but also 
enabled Bell's wealthy 

5916
05:22:29,600 --> 05:22:31,700
supporters to closely monitor 
their investment. 

5917
05:22:32,700 --> 05:22:34,900
During this period belt met 
Mabel Hubbard. 

5918
05:22:34,900 --> 05:22:38,100
A student who had lost her 
hearing to scull at fever at age

5919
05:22:38,100 --> 05:22:42,800
5. 10 years is Junior, Mabel was
bright and determined and came 

5920
05:22:42,800 --> 05:22:44,400
from a wealthy and 
well-connected family. 

5921
05:22:45,300 --> 05:22:46,800
Her father, Gardiner Greene 
Hubbard. 

5922
05:22:46,800 --> 05:22:49,600
Was a prominent, Boston lawyer 
and would later. 

5923
05:22:49,600 --> 05:22:52,300
Become Bell's business, partner,
mayor and father in law. 

5924
05:22:53,100 --> 05:22:56,200
While their romance blossoms 
slowly, what's less known is 

5925
05:22:56,200 --> 05:22:58,300
that Bell? 
Initially hesitated to pursue 

5926
05:22:58,300 --> 05:23:01,400
Abel worried that his work with 
the death might make her feel 

5927
05:23:01,400 --> 05:23:03,200
like a project rather than a 
partner. 

5928
05:23:03,900 --> 05:23:05,800
Belle's teaching, methods were 
revolutionary. 

5929
05:23:05,800 --> 05:23:09,100
But exhausting, he would spend 
hours with individual students, 

5930
05:23:09,100 --> 05:23:12,500
placing their hands on his face 
to feel the vibrations as he 

5931
05:23:12,500 --> 05:23:16,000
spoke moving their tongues and 
lips with his fingers to form 

5932
05:23:16,000 --> 05:23:19,800
correct positions. 
This intimate Hands-On approach 

5933
05:23:19,800 --> 05:23:23,000
yielded remarkable results, but 
drained him, physically and 

5934
05:23:23,000 --> 05:23:27,200
emotionally After full days of 
teaching Bellwood Retreat, to 

5935
05:23:27,200 --> 05:23:30,100
his living quarters to conduct 
experiments with electricity and

5936
05:23:30,100 --> 05:23:32,300
sound often working through the 
night. 

5937
05:23:33,100 --> 05:23:35,800
Bells experimentation during 
this period, wasn't solely 

5938
05:23:35,800 --> 05:23:38,400
focused on voice transitional he
was simultaneously. 

5939
05:23:38,400 --> 05:23:42,600
Developing a harmonic Telegraph.
The device capable of sending 

5940
05:23:42,600 --> 05:23:46,600
multiple Telegraph messages can 
currently over a single wire by 

5941
05:23:46,600 --> 05:23:50,200
using different musical tones. 
This approached directly 

5942
05:23:50,200 --> 05:23:53,600
challenged, Weston Union's 
Telegraph Monopoly and attracted

5943
05:23:53,600 --> 05:23:55,800
Financial backing. 
From those eager to break the 

5944
05:23:55,800 --> 05:23:57,700
companies, Stranglehold on 
communication. 

5945
05:23:58,600 --> 05:24:01,300
Rarely discussed is the fact 
that Bells unusual habit of 

5946
05:24:01,308 --> 05:24:04,500
combining disciplines often led 
to his breakthroughs, his 

5947
05:24:04,500 --> 05:24:08,000
understanding of the human voice
acquired through years of speech

5948
05:24:08,000 --> 05:24:10,700
training informed. 
His electrical experiments in 

5949
05:24:10,700 --> 05:24:12,200
ways. 
Pure electricians couldn't 

5950
05:24:12,200 --> 05:24:14,700
match. 
Welcome Temporaries like Thomas 

5951
05:24:14,700 --> 05:24:16,900
Edison and Alicia gray 
approached communication 

5952
05:24:16,900 --> 05:24:19,300
technology from an electrical 
engineering perspective. 

5953
05:24:19,300 --> 05:24:23,000
Bell approached it through the 
lens of human anatomy and 

5954
05:24:23,000 --> 05:24:25,500
acoustics. 
Belle's research notes from this

5955
05:24:25,500 --> 05:24:27,700
period reveal a man. 
Constantly torn between 

5956
05:24:27,700 --> 05:24:30,000
commercial and humanitarian 
motivations. 

5957
05:24:30,000 --> 05:24:32,800
While he genuinely wanted to 
help the deaf communicate. 

5958
05:24:32,800 --> 05:24:36,900
He also meticulously documented,
which ideas might be patentable.

5959
05:24:37,600 --> 05:24:41,500
This pragmatic Duality 
humanitarian dreams backed by 

5960
05:24:41,500 --> 05:24:44,800
business Acumen helped belt 
succeed where other idealistic 

5961
05:24:44,800 --> 05:24:49,000
inventors fail. 
In June 1875 while experimenting

5962
05:24:49,000 --> 05:24:51,200
with his harmonic Telegraph 
Bell. 

5963
05:24:51,200 --> 05:24:54,700
And his assistant, Thomas 
Watson, discovered that a reed 

5964
05:24:54,700 --> 05:24:58,800
stuck in continued to transmit 
sounds Bell recognized the 

5965
05:24:58,800 --> 05:25:02,500
implications immediately if he 
could make continuous electrical

5966
05:25:02,500 --> 05:25:06,000
current variant intensity 
precisely as are varied in 

5967
05:25:06,000 --> 05:25:07,600
density during soundtrack 
transmission. 

5968
05:25:07,600 --> 05:25:11,800
He could transmit speech This 
Epiphany came during a period 

5969
05:25:11,808 --> 05:25:14,400
when Belle was physically ill 
and mentally exhausted. 

5970
05:25:14,400 --> 05:25:18,000
From over work, suggesting that 
his breakthrough emerged not 

5971
05:25:18,000 --> 05:25:21,600
despite his fatigue, but perhaps
because of it, his tired, mine 

5972
05:25:21,600 --> 05:25:23,200
Making Connections is 
disciplined. 

5973
05:25:23,200 --> 05:25:26,700
Thinking might have missed The 
birth of the telephone wasn't 

5974
05:25:26,700 --> 05:25:30,100
the triumphant Eureka moment. 
Often depicted in simplified 

5975
05:25:30,100 --> 05:25:33,700
histories, instead, it emerged 
through a series of incremental 

5976
05:25:33,700 --> 05:25:38,000
advances, false starts, and 
near-misses that culminated in a

5977
05:25:38,000 --> 05:25:40,400
working device through 
persistence rather than a single

5978
05:25:40,400 --> 05:25:44,800
Flash of Genius on March 10th 
1876, Bella uttered. 

5979
05:25:44,800 --> 05:25:47,800
The famous words. 
Mr. Watson, come here, I want to

5980
05:25:47,800 --> 05:25:51,300
see you through his experimental
device but the context of this 

5981
05:25:51,300 --> 05:25:55,400
moment is rarely explained Bell 
had accidentally spilled battery

5982
05:25:55,400 --> 05:25:58,400
acid on his clothes, and was 
calling for assistance, not 

5983
05:25:58,400 --> 05:26:02,200
deliberately testing the machine
Watson working in another room. 

5984
05:26:02,200 --> 05:26:05,300
Heard the call clearly through 
the device and rushed to Bell's 

5985
05:26:05,300 --> 05:26:07,600
side. 
The first transmitted sentence 

5986
05:26:07,600 --> 05:26:10,600
in telephone history, was 
essentially a workplace accident

5987
05:26:10,600 --> 05:26:14,300
report. 
Whatso frequently overlooked is 

5988
05:26:14,300 --> 05:26:16,800
how close Bell came to losing 
his place in history. 

5989
05:26:17,600 --> 05:26:20,400
Just hours before Bell filed his
telephone patent on February 

5990
05:26:20,400 --> 05:26:25,500
14th. 1876, another inventor 
Elisha gray submitted. 

5991
05:26:25,500 --> 05:26:28,400
A caveat a preliminary patent 
document for a similar device. 

5992
05:26:28,400 --> 05:26:32,200
The ensuing priority battle 
would consume years of Bell's 

5993
05:26:32,200 --> 05:26:35,200
life and mental energy, despite 
bells of eventual victory in the

5994
05:26:35,208 --> 05:26:38,000
US Supreme Court. 
His victory was narrowly 

5995
05:26:38,000 --> 05:26:41,400
margined and surrounded by 
persistent allegations of patent

5996
05:26:41,400 --> 05:26:43,500
office. 
Corruption the telephones, early

5997
05:26:43,500 --> 05:26:46,300
demonstrations revealed public 
skepticism about its 

5998
05:26:46,300 --> 05:26:50,000
practicality when Bell first 
exhibited his invention at the 

5999
05:26:50,008 --> 05:26:54,100
1876 Centennial Exhibition. 
In Philadelphia, most visitors 

6000
05:26:54,100 --> 05:26:57,100
dismissed it as a clever trick 
rather than a revolutionary 

6001
05:26:57,100 --> 05:27:00,000
communication device Emperor Don
Pedro. 

6002
05:27:00,000 --> 05:27:03,100
The second of Brazil provided 
crucial validation when he tried

6003
05:27:03,100 --> 05:27:07,700
the device and explained in 
amazement my God it talks This 

6004
05:27:07,700 --> 05:27:10,600
Royal endorsement, transformed 
public perception overnight. 

6005
05:27:11,500 --> 05:27:14,000
Before journalists Frederick 
Gower popularized, the term 

6006
05:27:14,000 --> 05:27:17,300
telephone in his reporting. 
Bell preferred to refer to his 

6007
05:27:17,300 --> 05:27:19,400
device as an electrical speech 
machine. 

6008
05:27:20,200 --> 05:27:22,800
Builders like the term 
considering it in precise and 

6009
05:27:22,800 --> 05:27:25,000
overly Greek. 
But eventually conceded to its 

6010
05:27:25,000 --> 05:27:29,000
popular usage demonstrating that
even the inventor couldn't 

6011
05:27:29,000 --> 05:27:31,200
control all aspects of his 
creation's identity. 

6012
05:27:32,700 --> 05:27:34,900
The early telephone faced 
significant technical 

6013
05:27:34,900 --> 05:27:38,200
limitations early models 
required users to both speak 

6014
05:27:38,200 --> 05:27:39,900
into and listen through the same
piece. 

6015
05:27:39,900 --> 05:27:42,700
Necessitating an awkward back 
and forth motion during 

6016
05:27:42,700 --> 05:27:45,200
conversations. 
The transmitter design was so 

6017
05:27:45,200 --> 05:27:48,800
inefficient that users often had
to shout to be heard and range 

6018
05:27:48,800 --> 05:27:52,000
was severely limited. 
Thomas Edison's later. 

6019
05:27:52,000 --> 05:27:54,500
Carbon transmitter improvements 
significantly, enhanced 

6020
05:27:54,500 --> 05:27:57,500
performance though. 
Bell resisted adopting Edison's 

6021
05:27:57,500 --> 05:27:59,300
technology due to their intense 
rivalry. 

6022
05:28:00,800 --> 05:28:03,400
Belle's demonstration before 
Queen Victoria at Osborne house 

6023
05:28:03,400 --> 05:28:06,600
in January. 1878 was a 
carefully, choreographed 

6024
05:28:06,600 --> 05:28:09,900
publicity event. 
Musicians were stationed at cows

6025
05:28:09,900 --> 05:28:13,500
and Southampton miles from the 
Royal residence to play for the 

6026
05:28:13,500 --> 05:28:14,900
queen through the telephone 
line. 

6027
05:28:15,600 --> 05:28:17,600
The performance was successful 
though. 

6028
05:28:17,600 --> 05:28:20,200
Court records indicate the queen
found, the sound quality 

6029
05:28:20,200 --> 05:28:24,200
adequate, but unrefined 
nevertheless her royal attention

6030
05:28:24,200 --> 05:28:26,800
guaranteed newspaper coverage 
throughout the British Empire 

6031
05:28:26,800 --> 05:28:30,100
advancing Bells interests while 
he personally found the Royal 

6032
05:28:30,100 --> 05:28:34,000
performance anxiety inducing The
telephone's early adoption 

6033
05:28:34,000 --> 05:28:36,900
wasn't driven by the business 
applications as Bell expected. 

6034
05:28:36,900 --> 05:28:40,800
But by what we might today call 
emergencies Services, police 

6035
05:28:40,800 --> 05:28:43,200
stations and fire departments 
were among the earliest 

6036
05:28:43,200 --> 05:28:46,300
institutional adopters. 
Seeing the value in instant 

6037
05:28:46,300 --> 05:28:49,600
communication during crises 
doctors also quickly. 

6038
05:28:49,600 --> 05:28:52,900
Embrace the technology allowing 
patients to call for Urgent 

6039
05:28:52,900 --> 05:28:55,000
Care. 
A use case, Bell hadn't 

6040
05:28:55,000 --> 05:28:57,900
anticipated, but which provided 
crucial early Revenue. 

6041
05:28:58,700 --> 05:28:59,900
Bell. 
Grappled, with the business 

6042
05:28:59,900 --> 05:29:03,100
aspects of his invention in the 
background though, often 

6043
05:29:03,100 --> 05:29:06,300
portrayed as a scientific 
genius, he was an indifferent 

6044
05:29:06,300 --> 05:29:08,000
businessman. 
Who found commercial 

6045
05:29:08,000 --> 05:29:09,600
negotiations? 
Distasteful. 

6046
05:29:10,300 --> 05:29:13,900
His father-in-law Gardner 
Hubbard managed most business 

6047
05:29:13,900 --> 05:29:17,300
affairs, often making decisions 
Bell disagreed with but felt 

6048
05:29:17,300 --> 05:29:19,900
powerless to oppose due to 
family Dynamics. 

6049
05:29:20,800 --> 05:29:24,200
When the Bell Telephone Company 
was formed in July, 1877, 

6050
05:29:24,200 --> 05:29:27,800
Alexander Graham Bell was given 
only a small portion of the 

6051
05:29:27,800 --> 05:29:31,100
shares a financial Arrangement. 
He would later regret as the 

6052
05:29:31,100 --> 05:29:35,500
company's value. 
Skyrocketed, by 1878 Bell, was 

6053
05:29:35,500 --> 05:29:37,900
already growing disillusioned 
with his creation's 

6054
05:29:37,900 --> 05:29:40,900
commercialization and the 
endless patent litigation 

6055
05:29:40,900 --> 05:29:43,900
surrounding it. 
In a rarely quoted letter to his

6056
05:29:43,900 --> 05:29:47,000
parents, he confessed, I have 
become rather tired of the 

6057
05:29:47,000 --> 05:29:49,500
telephone, inventing. 
Something is so much more 

6058
05:29:49,500 --> 05:29:52,700
interesting than perfecting it. 
And now, when I see the 

6059
05:29:52,700 --> 05:29:56,200
telephone serving, the common 
purposes of life, it loses very 

6060
05:29:56,200 --> 05:30:00,100
much, its romance and one to me,
This sentiment would eventually 

6061
05:30:00,100 --> 05:30:03,400
Drive Belle away from telephony,
altogether toward new, 

6062
05:30:03,400 --> 05:30:06,100
scientific Pursuits with a 
thrill of Discovery could be 

6063
05:30:06,108 --> 05:30:09,600
experienced to Fresh. 
Behind Alexander Graham. 

6064
05:30:09,600 --> 05:30:11,800
Bell's. 
Public Persona is inventor and 

6065
05:30:11,808 --> 05:30:14,900
businessman existed. 
A private life characterized by 

6066
05:30:14,900 --> 05:30:18,300
deep personal commitments and 
internal conflicts that rarely 

6067
05:30:18,300 --> 05:30:22,100
make it into standard histories.
His marriage to Mabel Hubbard in

6068
05:30:22,100 --> 05:30:25,700
1877, connected him to one of 
Boston's most influential 

6069
05:30:25,700 --> 05:30:28,800
families, but also placed him 
within a complex web of 

6070
05:30:28,800 --> 05:30:31,300
expectations and obligations, 
that would shape the remainder 

6071
05:30:31,300 --> 05:30:33,900
of his life. 
Mabel was far more than the 

6072
05:30:33,900 --> 05:30:36,300
support of wife historical 
accounts, often reducer to 

6073
05:30:36,300 --> 05:30:40,600
intelligent educated at 
Radcliffe College, then called 

6074
05:30:40,600 --> 05:30:43,400
the Harvard, Annex and fluent in
multiple languages. 

6075
05:30:43,400 --> 05:30:46,500
Despite her deafness, she 
managed, the family's finances, 

6076
05:30:46,500 --> 05:30:50,400
edited, Bells, scientific papers
and negotiated many of his 

6077
05:30:50,400 --> 05:30:53,200
business Arrangements. 
Their correspondence reveals 

6078
05:30:53,200 --> 05:30:54,900
that major decisions about 
Bells. 

6079
05:30:54,900 --> 05:30:58,300
Career were joint ventures with 
Mabel often, providing the 

6080
05:30:58,300 --> 05:31:01,500
Strategic Vision, while Belle 
supplied the technical expertise

6081
05:31:01,500 --> 05:31:05,200
their home life had features 
rarely discussed in traditional 

6082
05:31:05,200 --> 05:31:08,400
accounts. 
Due to Mabel's deafness the Bell

6083
05:31:08,400 --> 05:31:10,300
household operated under 
communication. 

6084
05:31:10,300 --> 05:31:12,600
Protocols that visitors found 
unusual. 

6085
05:31:13,400 --> 05:31:16,100
Family members and servants. 
Were trained never to speak to 

6086
05:31:16,100 --> 05:31:19,600
Mabel from behind, always to 
face her directly in good light.

6087
05:31:20,300 --> 05:31:22,700
And to use specific gestures to 
gain her attention. 

6088
05:31:23,800 --> 05:31:26,600
Bell himself developed a private
sign language with Mabel 

6089
05:31:26,600 --> 05:31:30,100
combining elements of 
conventional sign language with 

6090
05:31:30,100 --> 05:31:33,400
intimate gestures unique to 
their relationship. 

6091
05:31:34,300 --> 05:31:36,800
This private language allowed 
them to communicate across 

6092
05:31:36,800 --> 05:31:39,400
crowded rooms and in situations 
where lip reading was 

6093
05:31:39,400 --> 05:31:41,800
impossible. 
The bells had four children 

6094
05:31:41,800 --> 05:31:46,100
though only two daughters Elsie 
and Marion survived to adulthood

6095
05:31:47,400 --> 05:31:50,000
The deaths of their two sons in 
infancy affected. 

6096
05:31:50,000 --> 05:31:53,000
Belle profoundly. 
Triggering intense periods of 

6097
05:31:53,008 --> 05:31:55,700
depression that occasionally 
halted, his scientific work 

6098
05:31:55,700 --> 05:31:58,500
altogether. 
These episodes of mental health 

6099
05:31:58,500 --> 05:32:01,000
struggle remain largely 
unexamined in Bell. 

6100
05:32:01,000 --> 05:32:03,800
Biographies yet. 
They significantly impacted his 

6101
05:32:03,800 --> 05:32:07,700
productivity and interests. 
During these dark periods, Belle

6102
05:32:07,700 --> 05:32:09,900
would sometimes disappear for 
days into his laboratory. 

6103
05:32:09,900 --> 05:32:13,800
Working obsessively on projects 
unrelated to commercial 

6104
05:32:13,800 --> 05:32:16,600
potential a form of therapy 
through invention. 

6105
05:32:17,500 --> 05:32:20,200
Bells relationship with the deaf
Community was far more 

6106
05:32:20,200 --> 05:32:23,500
complicated than most while he 
is remembered for his work in 

6107
05:32:23,500 --> 05:32:27,600
deaf, education Bells, strong, 
advocacy, for oralism teaching, 

6108
05:32:27,600 --> 05:32:30,400
the deaf to speak, rather than 
the new sign language and his 

6109
05:32:30,400 --> 05:32:31,900
opposition to death into 
marriage. 

6110
05:32:31,900 --> 05:32:34,400
Eventually, made him a 
controversial figure among death

6111
05:32:34,400 --> 05:32:36,600
activists. 
They've viewed these positions 

6112
05:32:36,600 --> 05:32:38,400
as a tax on Deaf culture, and 
identity. 

6113
05:32:39,600 --> 05:32:42,500
What's really ignored is how 
Bell's position of evolved with 

6114
05:32:42,500 --> 05:32:45,100
age? 
Private journals from his later 

6115
05:32:45,100 --> 05:32:48,300
years showing ambivalence about 
his early Hardline stance, 

6116
05:32:48,300 --> 05:32:50,800
though, he never publicly 
reversed his position. 

6117
05:32:51,800 --> 05:32:53,900
Bell's household on Connecticut 
Avenue in Washington. 

6118
05:32:53,900 --> 05:32:58,100
DC, we came an intellectual 
salon frequented by scientists 

6119
05:32:58,100 --> 05:33:01,800
politicians and artists after 
the family moved from Boston. 

6120
05:33:01,800 --> 05:33:05,600
These gatherings were carefully 
orchestrated by Mabel who used 

6121
05:33:05,600 --> 05:33:08,100
these social connections to 
advance Bell's projects and 

6122
05:33:08,100 --> 05:33:10,900
secure funding for his 
increasingly diverse scientific 

6123
05:33:10,900 --> 05:33:13,600
interests. 
House contained, especially 

6124
05:33:13,600 --> 05:33:16,200
designed laboratory. 
Where bell would often Retreat 

6125
05:33:16,200 --> 05:33:20,000
during these parties emerging 
occasionally to demonstrate new 

6126
05:33:20,000 --> 05:33:24,500
experiments to impressed guests.
Financial anxiety, haunted Bell,

6127
05:33:24,500 --> 05:33:27,200
despite his apparent success, 
The Continuous patent, 

6128
05:33:27,200 --> 05:33:30,300
litigation surrounding the 
telephone drained resources and 

6129
05:33:30,300 --> 05:33:32,500
bells habit of funding, 
elaborate scientific, 

6130
05:33:32,500 --> 05:33:35,200
exploration frequently strained,
the family finance's. 

6131
05:33:35,200 --> 05:33:38,300
Mabel imposed a strict allowance
system on her husband 

6132
05:33:38,300 --> 05:33:41,800
controlling his access to funds.
When she felt his spending on 

6133
05:33:41,800 --> 05:33:43,700
scientific equipment became 
excessive. 

6134
05:33:43,700 --> 05:33:47,500
Their correspondence contains 
numerous instances of Belle, 

6135
05:33:47,500 --> 05:33:50,600
pleading for additional research
funds while Mabel insisted on 

6136
05:33:50,600 --> 05:33:53,500
budgetary, discipline by the 
standards of his time. 

6137
05:33:53,500 --> 05:33:55,600
Belle's. 
Personal habits were eccentric 

6138
05:33:55,600 --> 05:33:58,900
typically work through the night
and slept during daylight hours 

6139
05:33:58,900 --> 05:34:01,500
a schedule that calls for 
friction within the household, 

6140
05:34:01,500 --> 05:34:04,600
but which Bell insisted was 
essential to his creative 

6141
05:34:04,600 --> 05:34:06,800
process. 
He was known to go days without 

6142
05:34:06,800 --> 05:34:10,100
changing clothes when absorbed 
in an experiment, And household 

6143
05:34:10,100 --> 05:34:12,900
staff were instructed, never to 
clean, or rearrange his 

6144
05:34:12,900 --> 05:34:16,400
laboratory, no matter how 
chaotic it appeared Belle to 

6145
05:34:16,400 --> 05:34:19,700
have a topographic memory for 
the position of every tool and 

6146
05:34:19,700 --> 05:34:22,000
paper. 
Bell's relationship with his 

6147
05:34:22,000 --> 05:34:23,700
famous. 
Father-in-law, Gardiner Hubbard 

6148
05:34:23,700 --> 05:34:26,000
was complex and occasionally 
strained. 

6149
05:34:26,500 --> 05:34:28,900
While Hubbard provided crucial 
business support and 

6150
05:34:28,900 --> 05:34:31,200
connections. 
You also pushed Bell toward 

6151
05:34:31,200 --> 05:34:34,000
commercial applications, when 
Bell preferred pure research. 

6152
05:34:34,000 --> 05:34:37,100
After one particularly heated, 
argument about the direction of 

6153
05:34:37,108 --> 05:34:39,700
the Bell. 
Telephone Company Bell retreated

6154
05:34:39,700 --> 05:34:42,800
to his Nova Scotia estate for 
nearly six months communicating 

6155
05:34:42,800 --> 05:34:45,700
with Hubbard exclusively through
Mabel's intermediary. 

6156
05:34:46,400 --> 05:34:49,300
As he aged Belle, developed 
various health problems, 

6157
05:34:49,300 --> 05:34:53,300
including diabetes and symptoms 
consistent with nurse theoria. 

6158
05:34:53,900 --> 05:34:56,100
Appeared diagnosis for fatigue 
and anxiety. 

6159
05:34:57,100 --> 05:34:58,700
Bell. 
Managed these conditions by 

6160
05:34:58,700 --> 05:35:01,700
combining conventional medicine 
with the popular water, cures of

6161
05:35:01,700 --> 05:35:05,400
the late 19th century. 
Bell became an advocate of Hydra

6162
05:35:05,400 --> 05:35:08,400
therapy. 
Installing, elaborate bathing 

6163
05:35:08,400 --> 05:35:12,100
equipment in his home's and 
maintaining details about the 

6164
05:35:12,108 --> 05:35:14,900
effects of various water 
treatments on his health and 

6165
05:35:14,900 --> 05:35:18,500
intellectual energy and aspect 
of his life, completely absent 

6166
05:35:18,500 --> 05:35:21,900
from standard biographies. 
Alexander Graham Bell's 

6167
05:35:21,900 --> 05:35:24,400
identification, with the 
telephone has overshadowed his 

6168
05:35:24,400 --> 05:35:26,800
remarkable range of other 
scientific contributions. 

6169
05:35:26,800 --> 05:35:30,900
Some Visionary others, curious 
dead ends but all revealing a 

6170
05:35:30,900 --> 05:35:33,400
Restless intellect that refused 
to be defined by a single 

6171
05:35:33,400 --> 05:35:36,200
invention. 
Bell's work on the photo phone 

6172
05:35:36,200 --> 05:35:39,400
developed with his assistant, 
Charles Sumner tainter, between 

6173
05:35:39,400 --> 05:35:43,500
1879 and 1880 represented. 
The first Wireless telephone 

6174
05:35:43,500 --> 05:35:47,400
Communication System, the device
transmitted sound on a beam of 

6175
05:35:47,400 --> 05:35:50,800
light, essentially the same 
principle behind fiber optic. 

6176
05:35:50,800 --> 05:35:52,700
Communication developed, nearly 
a century later. 

6177
05:35:52,700 --> 05:35:55,700
Bell considered it. 
The greatest invention I have 

6178
05:35:55,700 --> 05:35:58,600
ever made greater than the 
telephone yet. 

6179
05:35:58,600 --> 05:36:02,100
The technology was ahead of its 
time limited by contemporary 

6180
05:36:02,100 --> 05:36:05,700
light sources and detectors. few
people realize that when making 

6181
05:36:05,700 --> 05:36:08,700
a fiber optic called today, she 
using principles, Belle 

6182
05:36:08,700 --> 05:36:12,900
pioneered In the realm of 
Aviation Bell, formed the aerial

6183
05:36:12,900 --> 05:36:16,700
experimenter Association in 
1909, bringing together, Glenn, 

6184
05:36:16,700 --> 05:36:20,900
Curtis Thomas Selfridge, Casey 
Baldwin and Douglas McCurdy. 

6185
05:36:21,600 --> 05:36:23,700
This team created. 
Several notable aircraft 

6186
05:36:23,700 --> 05:36:27,400
including the silver Dart which 
in 1909 made the first 

6187
05:36:27,400 --> 05:36:29,200
controlled powered flight in 
Canada. 

6188
05:36:30,100 --> 05:36:33,000
Bells particular contribution 
was, the tetrahedral, kite, 

6189
05:36:33,000 --> 05:36:37,100
unique design, using triangular 
cells, that provided remarkable 

6190
05:36:37,100 --> 05:36:40,400
structural strength. 
He built increasingly large 

6191
05:36:40,400 --> 05:36:44,400
versions, eventually creating 
the Cygnet, a tetrahedral, kite 

6192
05:36:44,400 --> 05:36:47,800
large enough to carry a man. 
What's rarely mentioned is how 

6193
05:36:47,800 --> 05:36:50,800
Bell's obsession with these 
tetrahedral structures extended 

6194
05:36:50,800 --> 05:36:54,800
Beyond flight Incorporated, the 
geometric pattern into Furniture

6195
05:36:54,800 --> 05:36:58,200
lamps and even children's toys, 
he designed for his 

6196
05:36:58,208 --> 05:37:01,300
grandchildren. 
Bells work in genetics and 

6197
05:37:01,300 --> 05:37:03,700
animal husbandry represents. 
Another largely overlooked 

6198
05:37:03,700 --> 05:37:07,400
chapter It is a state in Nova 
Scotia, he conducted extensive 

6199
05:37:07,400 --> 05:37:11,000
breeding experiments with sheep 
meticulously documenting the 

6200
05:37:11,000 --> 05:37:14,700
inheritance of traits across 
Generations, his specific Focus 

6201
05:37:14,700 --> 05:37:17,100
was producing sheep with 
multiple nipples. 

6202
05:37:17,100 --> 05:37:20,200
Treated believed would allow 
used to nurse more Lambs, 

6203
05:37:20,200 --> 05:37:22,800
increasing meat production to 
efficiency. 

6204
05:37:23,700 --> 05:37:25,800
Often nearly 30 years of 
selective breeding. 

6205
05:37:25,800 --> 05:37:28,900
He's excessively developed, a 
strain of sheep where multiple 

6206
05:37:28,900 --> 05:37:30,800
nipples were consistently 
inherited. 

6207
05:37:30,800 --> 05:37:34,500
While this work never gained 
commercial application, his 

6208
05:37:34,500 --> 05:37:36,700
meticulous, records and 
anticipated principles of 

6209
05:37:36,700 --> 05:37:39,700
genetics, that would only be 
fully understood decades later. 

6210
05:37:39,700 --> 05:37:43,800
Environmental concerns occupied 
Bells later scientific work in 

6211
05:37:43,800 --> 05:37:47,500
ways that appear, surprisingly 
modern, In the 1910s. 

6212
05:37:47,500 --> 05:37:51,400
He became concerned about 
deforestation and fossil fuel. 

6213
05:37:51,400 --> 05:37:55,200
Depletion writing the unchecked 
consumption of our natural 

6214
05:37:55,200 --> 05:37:58,300
resources will bring future 
generations to privation. 

6215
05:37:58,300 --> 05:38:01,500
We can hardly imagine he expired
or experimented. 

6216
05:38:01,500 --> 05:38:04,200
With a wooden test or 
alternative energy sources 

6217
05:38:04,200 --> 05:38:07,900
including early solar collectors
and alcohol-based fuels. 

6218
05:38:07,900 --> 05:38:11,400
Derived from plant materials. 
He even designed a distillation 

6219
05:38:11,400 --> 05:38:14,500
system that converted plant 
cellulose to ethanol for use, in

6220
05:38:14,500 --> 05:38:18,200
internal combustion engines 
essentially, an early biofuel 

6221
05:38:18,200 --> 05:38:20,700
program. 
Belle's, work with the deaf, led

6222
05:38:20,700 --> 05:38:22,600
him to Medical innovations that 
extended. 

6223
05:38:22,600 --> 05:38:26,000
Well beyond speech therapy. 
He developed an early metal 

6224
05:38:26,000 --> 05:38:29,500
detector, specifically to locate
the bullet lodged in President 

6225
05:38:29,500 --> 05:38:31,900
James Garfield after his 1881 
assassination. 

6226
05:38:33,200 --> 05:38:36,100
While the device worked in 
laboratory tests, it failed in 

6227
05:38:36,100 --> 05:38:38,600
practice because the metal bed 
springs, in the president's bed 

6228
05:38:38,600 --> 05:38:42,500
created interference a factor. 
The attending physicians hadn't 

6229
05:38:42,500 --> 05:38:45,500
disclosed to Belle. 
This experience sparked Bells 

6230
05:38:45,500 --> 05:38:48,400
interest in medical 
instrumentation, which led to 

6231
05:38:48,400 --> 05:38:50,600
his development of a vacuum 
jacket for patients with 

6232
05:38:50,600 --> 05:38:53,800
respiratory problems. 
A predecessor to the iron lung. 

6233
05:38:53,800 --> 05:38:57,700
That would be fully developed 
decades later. in his Nova 

6234
05:38:57,700 --> 05:39:01,100
Scotia, laboratory Belk 
conducted extensive hydrofoil 

6235
05:39:01,100 --> 05:39:05,600
experiments culminating in The 
hd4 Craft, which set a world 

6236
05:39:05,600 --> 05:39:08,900
Marine speed record of 70.86 
miles per hour. 

6237
05:39:08,900 --> 05:39:13,600
In 1919, a record that stood for
two decades, This work was 

6238
05:39:13,600 --> 05:39:17,000
conducted in close collaboration
with Casey Baldwin and the two 

6239
05:39:17,000 --> 05:39:20,000
men developed several Innovative
Hull designs that influenced 

6240
05:39:20,000 --> 05:39:23,300
later Naval architecture. 
Bell submitted designs for 

6241
05:39:23,300 --> 05:39:26,100
hydrofoil warships to the US 
Navy during World War 1. 

6242
05:39:27,100 --> 05:39:31,100
But they never saw Construction.
Bells interested in sound led 

6243
05:39:31,100 --> 05:39:33,900
him to acoustical experiments 
that extended, well beyond 

6244
05:39:33,900 --> 05:39:37,500
telephony, he developed methods 
for recording sound vibrations, 

6245
05:39:37,500 --> 05:39:41,700
visually allowing details 
analysis of speech patterns this

6246
05:39:41,700 --> 05:39:45,400
work evolved into techniques for
teaching the death to modulate 

6247
05:39:45,400 --> 05:39:48,600
their voices by watching these 
visual representations, a 

6248
05:39:48,600 --> 05:39:51,700
precursor to the speech 
visualization technology used in

6249
05:39:51,700 --> 05:39:54,800
modern speech therapy. 
He also conducted extensive 

6250
05:39:54,800 --> 05:39:58,000
research on how different 
architectural materials and 

6251
05:39:58,000 --> 05:39:59,800
Designs affected soundtrack 
transmission. 

6252
05:40:00,600 --> 05:40:03,700
Creating customized acoustic 
environments decades before 

6253
05:40:03,700 --> 05:40:06,400
acoustic engineering became a 
recognized discipline. 

6254
05:40:06,400 --> 05:40:10,700
Perhaps, most surprisingly Bell 
devoted considerable attention 

6255
05:40:10,700 --> 05:40:14,700
to desalination technology in 
his later years Concerned about 

6256
05:40:14,700 --> 05:40:18,100
freshwater scarcity. 
He designed several solar 

6257
05:40:18,100 --> 05:40:21,600
distillation systems intended to
provide drinking water and arid 

6258
05:40:21,600 --> 05:40:23,700
coastal regions. 
His vacuum. 

6259
05:40:23,700 --> 05:40:25,900
Distillation design was 
particularly innovative. 

6260
05:40:26,700 --> 05:40:29,400
Using pressure differentials to 
reduce the energy required for 

6261
05:40:29,400 --> 05:40:32,300
water purification. 
Although it was never 

6262
05:40:32,300 --> 05:40:35,300
commercialized during his 
lifetime versions of bells 

6263
05:40:35,300 --> 05:40:37,000
approach. 
Later became standard in 

6264
05:40:37,000 --> 05:40:40,600
desalination plants worldwide. 
Throughout these diverse 

6265
05:40:40,600 --> 05:40:44,400
projects Bell maintained 
meticulous records, thousands of

6266
05:40:44,400 --> 05:40:48,100
pages of laboratory notes 
diagrams and correspondence that

6267
05:40:48,100 --> 05:40:50,900
reveal the day-to-day working of
his experimental process. 

6268
05:40:51,700 --> 05:40:54,300
These documents show, Bell 
wasn't the solitary Genius of 

6269
05:40:54,300 --> 05:40:57,900
popular imagination but rather 
the central node in a network of

6270
05:40:57,900 --> 05:41:02,000
collaborators assistance and 
correspondence, who contributed 

6271
05:41:02,000 --> 05:41:04,300
significantly to his various 
projects. 

6272
05:41:05,200 --> 05:41:07,400
Belle freely acknowledged. 
These contributions in his 

6273
05:41:07,400 --> 05:41:10,400
private papers, though. 
Public Accounts often attributed

6274
05:41:10,400 --> 05:41:14,000
to treated in Innovation solely 
to him a simplification that 

6275
05:41:14,000 --> 05:41:16,400
distorted the collaborative 
nature of his actual work. 

6276
05:41:17,100 --> 05:41:19,700
Among the most troubling yet 
least discussed aspects of the 

6277
05:41:19,700 --> 05:41:23,000
legacy of Alexander Graham Bell.
This is involvement with the 

6278
05:41:23,000 --> 05:41:26,100
Eugenics movement, a connection 
that reveals the complex 

6279
05:41:26,100 --> 05:41:29,200
intersection of progressive 
scientific thinking and 

6280
05:41:29,200 --> 05:41:32,900
regressive social policies that 
characterized much intellectual 

6281
05:41:32,900 --> 05:41:36,500
thought of his era. 
Bell's interest, in heredity 

6282
05:41:36,500 --> 05:41:38,800
began innocently through his 
work with the deaf. 

6283
05:41:39,400 --> 05:41:42,800
His statistical studies of deaf 
families documented patterns of 

6284
05:41:42,800 --> 05:41:47,100
deafness across generations and 
were published in 1883 as Memoir

6285
05:41:47,100 --> 05:41:50,300
upon the formation of a deaf 
variety of the human race. 

6286
05:41:51,300 --> 05:41:54,700
While the research methodology 
was sound for its time bells, 

6287
05:41:54,700 --> 05:41:57,000
conclusions, and policy 
recommendations have tarnished 

6288
05:41:57,000 --> 05:41:58,900
his legacy and deaf communities 
to this day. 

6289
05:41:59,900 --> 05:42:01,800
Belle became concerned that 
congenital. 

6290
05:42:01,800 --> 05:42:04,400
Deafness might lead to the 
formation of a deaf variety of 

6291
05:42:04,400 --> 05:42:07,000
humans. 
If deaf people can continue to 

6292
05:42:07,000 --> 05:42:10,300
marry other deaf people. 
A common practice has shared 

6293
05:42:10,300 --> 05:42:12,800
language and culture created, 
natural social bonds. 

6294
05:42:13,500 --> 05:42:16,000
In what he viewed. 
As humanitarian concern, Bell 

6295
05:42:16,000 --> 05:42:19,000
advocated for laws, discouraging
or prohibiting deaf people from 

6296
05:42:19,000 --> 05:42:21,900
marrying other. 
Deaf people this position rooted

6297
05:42:21,900 --> 05:42:24,800
in his belief that deafness was 
a disability to be eliminated 

6298
05:42:24,800 --> 05:42:28,200
rather than a culture to be 
respected placed him, squarely 

6299
05:42:28,200 --> 05:42:31,000
within the Eugenics movement, 
gaining momentum, in America and

6300
05:42:31,000 --> 05:42:33,500
Europe. 
What's rarely examined as the 

6301
05:42:33,500 --> 05:42:35,900
profound conflict? 
This created in Bell's, personal

6302
05:42:35,900 --> 05:42:40,700
life, his wife Mabel was deaf. 
They're not congenitally. 

6303
05:42:40,700 --> 05:42:42,700
So she lost her hearing to 
scarlet fever. 

6304
05:42:42,700 --> 05:42:45,700
And many of their clothes Social
Circle included, deaf 

6305
05:42:45,700 --> 05:42:49,000
individuals who build genuinely 
respected, private letters 

6306
05:42:49,000 --> 05:42:51,300
reveal, his struggle 
reconciling, his scientific 

6307
05:42:51,300 --> 05:42:54,400
conclusions with his personal 
relationships, right in to a 

6308
05:42:54,400 --> 05:42:55,900
colleague. 
I find myself in the 

6309
05:42:55,908 --> 05:42:58,400
uncomfortable position of 
advocating publicly, what would 

6310
05:42:58,400 --> 05:43:00,500
have prevented my own marriage? 
Had it been law? 

6311
05:43:01,900 --> 05:43:04,400
Bell served on the board of 
scientific directors, for the 

6312
05:43:04,400 --> 05:43:08,800
Eugenics record office from 1912
to 1918 alongside prominent 

6313
05:43:08,800 --> 05:43:11,500
eugenicists like Charles 
Davenport and Harry Laughlin. 

6314
05:43:12,100 --> 05:43:15,400
However, his participation was 
marked by increasing discomfort 

6315
05:43:15,400 --> 05:43:17,700
with your organizations, more 
extreme positions. 

6316
05:43:18,700 --> 05:43:20,800
Meeting minutes and 
correspondents, show Bell 

6317
05:43:20,800 --> 05:43:23,500
repeatedly objecting to 
proposals, Force sterilization 

6318
05:43:23,500 --> 05:43:26,800
and immigration restrictions 
based on pseudoscientific racial

6319
05:43:26,800 --> 05:43:29,400
theories though. 
He rarely made these objections 

6320
05:43:29,400 --> 05:43:31,900
public. 
Belle's position within the 

6321
05:43:31,900 --> 05:43:33,500
Eugenics movement was 
complicated. 

6322
05:43:33,500 --> 05:43:36,500
He endorsed the general 
principle that Society should 

6323
05:43:36,500 --> 05:43:39,800
encourage breeding from the fit 
while discouraging reproduction 

6324
05:43:39,800 --> 05:43:41,500
among those with hereditary 
conditions. 

6325
05:43:41,500 --> 05:43:45,700
He considered detrimental, yet 
he consistently opposed coercive

6326
05:43:45,700 --> 05:43:50,000
methods writing in 1914. 
I believe in Eugenics, but not 

6327
05:43:50,000 --> 05:43:53,700
Eugenics by compulsion this 
middle position, satisfied near 

6328
05:43:53,700 --> 05:43:56,000
the Eugenics Hardline, as nor 
those who have posed the 

6329
05:43:56,008 --> 05:43:59,500
movement altogether, As the 
Eugenics movement, increasingly 

6330
05:43:59,500 --> 05:44:03,500
embraced racist ideology in the 
1910s bells, participation 

6331
05:44:03,500 --> 05:44:05,800
diminished. 
His resignation from the 

6332
05:44:05,800 --> 05:44:09,200
Eugenics record office in 1918, 
came after increasing. 

6333
05:44:09,200 --> 05:44:12,200
Disagreements with Davenport and
Lachlan over proposed. 

6334
05:44:12,200 --> 05:44:15,200
Immigration restrictions 
targeting Southern and Eastern. 

6335
05:44:15,200 --> 05:44:17,700
Europeans. 
Bells objections were based 

6336
05:44:17,700 --> 05:44:20,900
partly on scientific He 
questioned the methodology 

6337
05:44:20,900 --> 05:44:23,500
behind claims of racial 
differences, in intelligence 

6338
05:44:23,500 --> 05:44:26,900
partly based on his personal 
experience with immigrants as 

6339
05:44:26,900 --> 05:44:30,200
colleagues and employees. 
The evolution of bells thinking 

6340
05:44:30,200 --> 05:44:32,700
about heredity and human 
Improvement is visible in his 

6341
05:44:32,708 --> 05:44:36,200
private papers but absent from 
his public statements by the 

6342
05:44:36,200 --> 05:44:39,800
early. 1920s, he had largely 
abandoned the terminology of 

6343
05:44:39,800 --> 05:44:42,700
eugenics, in favor of human 
engineering a concept. 

6344
05:44:42,700 --> 05:44:46,600
He defined more broadly to 
include education nutrition and 

6345
05:44:46,600 --> 05:44:48,800
environmental factors alongside 
heredity. 

6346
05:44:49,500 --> 05:44:52,300
This shift reflected growing 
scientific understanding about 

6347
05:44:52,300 --> 05:44:55,400
the interaction between genetics
and environment, Obel. 

6348
05:44:55,400 --> 05:44:58,500
Never publicly repudiated, his 
early, eugenic positions. 

6349
05:44:59,400 --> 05:45:02,300
Bells relationship with the deaf
Community remained complicated 

6350
05:45:02,300 --> 05:45:05,500
throughout his life. 
While he dedicated significant 

6351
05:45:05,500 --> 05:45:09,300
resources to deaf educational 
and consistently advocated for 

6352
05:45:09,300 --> 05:45:12,100
the integration of deaf people 
into mainstream Society. 

6353
05:45:12,100 --> 05:45:15,300
His opposition to death into 
marriage and his promotion of 

6354
05:45:15,308 --> 05:45:18,500
oralism over sign language were 
viewed by many deaf people as 

6355
05:45:18,500 --> 05:45:21,400
attacks on their community and 
culture, the National 

6356
05:45:21,400 --> 05:45:24,500
Association of the deaf past 
resolution's opposing, Bell's 

6357
05:45:24,500 --> 05:45:27,900
positions, as early as 1880, 
creating a rift that has 

6358
05:45:27,900 --> 05:45:31,700
persisted long after his death. 
What's particularly notable is 

6359
05:45:31,700 --> 05:45:34,600
how Bells, Eugenics, views 
contradicted, his otherwise 

6360
05:45:34,600 --> 05:45:38,300
Progressive social positions. 
He supported women's suffrage 

6361
05:45:38,300 --> 05:45:41,200
advocated for the education of 
indigenous peoples. 

6362
05:45:41,200 --> 05:45:44,600
When such education was 
primarily assimilationist, And 

6363
05:45:44,600 --> 05:45:47,200
opposed racial segregation in 
the organizations. 

6364
05:45:47,200 --> 05:45:50,600
He led These positions 
co-existed uneasily with his 

6365
05:45:50,600 --> 05:45:54,100
Eugenics, work demonstrating, 
how even forward-thinking 

6366
05:45:54,100 --> 05:45:56,600
individuals of the period could 
Embrace, what would later be 

6367
05:45:56,600 --> 05:45:59,600
recognized as profoundly 
discriminatory ideas? 

6368
05:46:00,300 --> 05:46:03,200
The complexity of bells 
engagement with Eugenics serves.

6369
05:46:03,200 --> 05:46:05,900
As a cautionary tale about how 
scientific Authority can be 

6370
05:46:05,908 --> 05:46:08,500
misapplied to social policy 
Bell. 

6371
05:46:08,500 --> 05:46:10,400
Genuinely believed to his 
positions were both 

6372
05:46:10,408 --> 05:46:12,700
scientifically sound and 
humanely motivated. 

6373
05:46:12,700 --> 05:46:15,000
A reminder that ethical 
failures. 

6374
05:46:15,000 --> 05:46:18,700
Often emerge not from malicious 
intent, but from incomplete 

6375
05:46:18,700 --> 05:46:21,100
understanding and unexamined 
assumptions. 

6376
05:46:21,100 --> 05:46:24,800
His legacy includes not just his
invention but also these 

6377
05:46:24,800 --> 05:46:28,100
complicated moral positions 
which revealed the dangers of 

6378
05:46:28,108 --> 05:46:31,500
applying scientific reasoning to
human diversity without 

6379
05:46:31,500 --> 05:46:36,300
recognizing its intrinsic value.
Later in life, Alexander Graham 

6380
05:46:36,300 --> 05:46:39,700
Bell retired to Bainbridge in 
baddeck on Cape Breton Island, 

6381
05:46:39,700 --> 05:46:43,900
Nova Scotia pronounced been rear
Bell became an American citizen 

6382
05:46:43,900 --> 05:46:47,900
in 1882 but his name, meaning 
beautiful mountain in Scottish 

6383
05:46:47,900 --> 05:46:52,500
Gaelic showed his Scottish 
Heritage bell used this 600 acre

6384
05:46:52,500 --> 05:46:56,800
estate as home lab and Community
Center, not just a summer 

6385
05:46:56,800 --> 05:47:00,600
vacation, place Bell's original 
design of Beyond Bragg for 

6386
05:47:00,608 --> 05:47:03,800
integrated living and working. 
As rarely mentioned, the estate 

6387
05:47:03,800 --> 05:47:07,400
comprised collaborator, housing 
workshops for crafts people, 

6388
05:47:07,400 --> 05:47:10,700
making his experimental 
equipment and sheep genetic 

6389
05:47:10,700 --> 05:47:12,900
research for facilities. 
In addition to the family, 

6390
05:47:12,900 --> 05:47:15,600
residence and lab building's 
Beyond institutional 

6391
05:47:15,600 --> 05:47:19,500
constraints, Bells Community, 
functioned practically as a 

6392
05:47:19,508 --> 05:47:22,800
self-contained research 
facility, believing scientific 

6393
05:47:22,800 --> 05:47:25,800
progress required both seclusion
for concentration and Community 

6394
05:47:25,800 --> 05:47:29,100
for cooperation. 
Few biographies described bells 

6395
05:47:29,100 --> 05:47:31,600
in brace schedule. 
He woke up late. 

6396
05:47:31,600 --> 05:47:36,200
Generally midday ate a lot and 
red letters and newspapers, his 

6397
05:47:36,200 --> 05:47:37,500
experiments began in the 
evening. 

6398
05:47:37,500 --> 05:47:40,900
And lasted all night food was 
served at midnight and drinks 

6399
05:47:40,900 --> 05:47:42,800
were served all night by 
household staff. 

6400
05:47:43,500 --> 05:47:46,600
Despite difficulties with family
and guests following typical 

6401
05:47:46,600 --> 05:47:49,700
timetables Bell said his 
midnight schedule, allowed him 

6402
05:47:49,700 --> 05:47:53,000
to think freely without the 
distractions of the workday, the

6403
05:47:53,000 --> 05:47:56,100
bay in break Labs, technology 
was unusual for their remote 

6404
05:47:56,100 --> 05:47:58,700
location. 
Bell built his own electrical 

6405
05:47:58,700 --> 05:48:01,000
producing system to power. 
Modern technology in his 

6406
05:48:01,008 --> 05:48:03,100
workshops. 
Before rural electricity came to

6407
05:48:03,100 --> 05:48:06,800
Nova Scotia, he established one 
of Canada's first private phone 

6408
05:48:06,800 --> 05:48:08,200
lines from the estate to 
baddeck. 

6409
05:48:08,200 --> 05:48:11,500
Most importantly, he created a 
dark room and photographic 

6410
05:48:11,500 --> 05:48:14,000
studio with cutting-edge 
equipment, believing that 

6411
05:48:14,000 --> 05:48:16,900
rigorous visual documentation 
was essential for scientific 

6412
05:48:16,900 --> 05:48:20,200
progress. 
The thousands of photos taken at

6413
05:48:20,200 --> 05:48:23,400
Bainbridge, provide, an 
unsurpassed visual record of his

6414
05:48:23,400 --> 05:48:25,800
later experiments in these 
later. 

6415
05:48:25,800 --> 05:48:28,700
Years, Bells connection, with 
Bell, Telephone became more 

6416
05:48:28,700 --> 05:48:31,100
distant. 
He remained a state called 

6417
05:48:31,100 --> 05:48:34,000
privately about his 
dissatisfaction with the 

6418
05:48:34,000 --> 05:48:36,800
company's Direction and had no 
operational role. 

6419
05:48:38,300 --> 05:48:40,800
Belt sometimes gave brief 
approval when phone officials 

6420
05:48:40,800 --> 05:48:43,600
visited Bay in. 
Bray to discuss new projects but

6421
05:48:43,600 --> 05:48:47,600
quickly switched to tetrahedral 
construction hydrofoils or sheep

6422
05:48:47,600 --> 05:48:50,100
farming for the old inventor. 
His name. 

6423
05:48:50,100 --> 05:48:53,100
Brand firm was almost Irrelevant
in his final years. 

6424
05:48:53,100 --> 05:48:56,400
Belle became interested in 
cancer research after his 

6425
05:48:56,400 --> 05:49:00,600
daughter's diagnosis. 
Despite his lack of medical 

6426
05:49:00,600 --> 05:49:03,300
experience, he invented a 
cooling device to prevent cancer

6427
05:49:03,300 --> 05:49:05,100
growth by lowering tissue 
temperature. 

6428
05:49:05,900 --> 05:49:09,300
Cancer cells reproduce faster 
than normal cells, making them 

6429
05:49:09,300 --> 05:49:11,500
more susceptible to temperature 
decline. 

6430
05:49:11,500 --> 05:49:15,400
This experiment failed, but is 
detailed notes, show his 

6431
05:49:15,400 --> 05:49:18,900
systematic approach. 
Even in unrelated Fields, Belle,

6432
05:49:18,900 --> 05:49:24,700
75 died at Bainbridge on August 
2nd, 1922 of diabetes 

6433
05:49:24,700 --> 05:49:27,800
complications, which he had 
fought for years with little 

6434
05:49:27,800 --> 05:49:29,500
success. 
Given medical knowledge at the 

6435
05:49:29,508 --> 05:49:32,400
time. 
Were the main cause Insulin 

6436
05:49:32,400 --> 05:49:34,800
treatment became available only 
months before his death. 

6437
05:49:35,500 --> 05:49:38,600
He specified that his coffin be 
made from a state materials by 

6438
05:49:38,600 --> 05:49:41,500
his Workshop, staff 
demonstrating, his scientific 

6439
05:49:41,500 --> 05:49:43,200
approach to funeral 
arrangements. 

6440
05:49:44,000 --> 05:49:48,000
On Bells Funeral de all phone 
service in the US and Canada was

6441
05:49:48,000 --> 05:49:51,200
suspended for one minute, 
possibly the longest period of 

6442
05:49:51,200 --> 05:49:55,600
technological quiet in history. 
Unlike many innovators, Belle 

6443
05:49:55,600 --> 05:49:58,300
lived to see his main invention 
become a staple of modern 

6444
05:49:58,300 --> 05:50:01,700
civilization, with over 14 
million telephones in use 

6445
05:50:01,700 --> 05:50:05,300
worldwide by his death. 
Bell's, Legacy went beyond the 

6446
05:50:05,300 --> 05:50:08,700
phone early aircraft design, 
profited from his Aviation 

6447
05:50:08,700 --> 05:50:11,900
Innovations. 
His hydrofoil research, improved

6448
05:50:11,900 --> 05:50:15,000
Marine technology though. 
Controversial, his deaf 

6449
05:50:15,000 --> 05:50:18,800
educational, approaches altered 
education, even after his death 

6450
05:50:18,800 --> 05:50:22,200
architecture and engineering 
used, his tetrahedral structural

6451
05:50:22,200 --> 05:50:26,500
principles, most crucially 
Bell's invention, combining 

6452
05:50:26,500 --> 05:50:28,900
systematic. 
Experimentation with instinctual

6453
05:50:28,900 --> 05:50:31,300
leaps. 
Set a paradigm for Industrial 

6454
05:50:31,300 --> 05:50:34,400
Research that corporate research
laboratory is adopted throughout

6455
05:50:34,400 --> 05:50:38,000
the 20th century. 
Bell Laboratories named for the 

6456
05:50:38,000 --> 05:50:41,300
telephone rather than the man 
pioneered transistors and 

6457
05:50:41,300 --> 05:50:43,300
information theory that shape 
technology. 

6458
05:50:44,200 --> 05:50:48,100
Many of the tools laboratory 
supplies and personal things of 

6459
05:50:48,100 --> 05:50:50,400
Alexander, Graham Bell are at 
the neighboring. 

6460
05:50:50,400 --> 05:50:52,600
Alexander Graham Bell, National 
Historic Site. 

6461
05:50:54,000 --> 05:50:56,800
But the Bella state of being 
brave is mainly intact, 

6462
05:50:56,800 --> 05:51:00,500
instantaneous Global 
Communication which Belle 

6463
05:51:00,500 --> 05:51:02,500
pioneered is his greatest 
Legacy. 

6464
05:51:03,500 --> 05:51:06,300
Every time of voice crosses 
continents in milliseconds and 

6465
05:51:06,300 --> 05:51:08,600
knowledge pause over 
telecommunications networks. 

6466
05:51:08,600 --> 05:51:11,800
I sometimes wonder if my name 
will be associated with the 

6467
05:51:11,800 --> 05:51:14,600
telephone, in the ages to come 
Bell Road to his wife. 

6468
05:51:15,600 --> 05:51:18,808
Instead of the technological 
means we used, I want it to be 

6469
05:51:18,816 --> 05:51:21,800
remembered as the notion that 
human speech is unaffected by 

6470
05:51:21,800 --> 05:51:25,100
distance. 
Bell's Vision was extraordinary 

6471
05:51:25,100 --> 05:51:27,700
in this modest wish, and in 
other aspects,