A Quiet Journey Through the Great Philosophers | History for Sleep

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What is good in the hood? 
My tired little friends. 

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I have a lovely and calm story 
here for you all. 

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So let's snuggle up quickly 
because tonight you'll walk the 

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dusty streets. 
If there really were any in 

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ancient Athens, wander The 
Gardens of classical China and 

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Trace the invisible threads of 
thought that connectors across 

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millennia. 
Settle in as we explore how 

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ideas. 
Patient, persistent and 

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Powerful, transformed, the world
while you drift towards sleep. 

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So if you're new to the channel 
or returning importantly, liking

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the video and commenting 
significantly helps us out all. 

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So please let me know where 
you're listening in from and 

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what time it is for you now, get
comfortable and let's begin. 

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You notice an odd figure among 
the bustling crowd, a man with a

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face, like a SATA, bulging eyes,
and a flattened nose that 

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suggests too many wrestling 
matches in his youth. 

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His clothes are simple, almost 
threadbare and his bare feet of 

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thick with calluses from Decades
of walking these Stone streets. 

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His name is Socrates, though he 
Bristol at being called 

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important or wise. 
He owns almost nothing produces 

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nothing. 
You can hold in your hands and 

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writes nothing down. 
Yet, he's doing something 

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revolutionary without raising 
his voice or his fists. 

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He's teaching people to think by
asking questions. 

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You watch, as he approaches a 
confident young Aristocrat near 

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the fish vendors stall. 
The young man has just finished.

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Proclaiming his expertise on 
Justice to an admiring crowd his

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voice carrying that particular. 
Certainty young people possess 

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before life teaches them 
complexity. 

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Socrates shuffles closer, his 
eyes twinkling with what looks 

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like innocent curiosity. 
The kind of child might have he 

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asks a simple question. 
What exactly do you mean by 

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Justice? 
the young man Smiles certain of 

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his aunts and begins to explain 
socket is nods and asks another 

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question, then another Each 
question is gentle and genuinely

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curious, but somehow reveals a 
crack in the previous answer 

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within minutes. 
The young man certainly crumbles

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like we called bread Hemmers 
contradict himself and finally 

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admits, he doesn't actually know
what Justice is at all. 

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This is the Socratic method 
though. 

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It wouldn't be called that for 
centuries. 

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It's not about winning arguments
or showing off knowledge. 

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It's about clearing away the 
weeds of full certainty. 

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So truth can grow Socrates 
Compares himself to a midwife, 

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not creating ideas, but helping 
others, give birth to 

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understanding they already 
possess. 

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He believes the unexamined life 
isn't worth living that real 

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wisdom starts with admitting 
ignorance. 

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I know that. 
I know nothing he famously says 

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though even this isn't quite 
right. 

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He knows he doesn't know which 
puts him ahead of those who 

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don't know, but think they do. 
The Athenian authorities. 

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Don't appreciate this approach 
to them. 

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Socrates is corrupting the youth
questioning Traditional Values 

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and making people uncomfortable 
with ideas, they'd rather not 

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examine. 
You can almost smell the tension

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in the air that accurate Center 
fear when power feels threatened

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by question. 
The Democracy that Athens Pride 

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itself on has its limits and 
Socrates has a parently crossed 

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them. 
In 3099, BC e, they put him on 

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trial, charge charging him with 
Empire tea and corrupt in the 

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Young. 
The trial takes place in a large

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courtroom with 500 Athenian 
citizens serving as the jury. 

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Socrates defend himself, but not
in the way his accuses expect. 

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He doesn't beg for mercy or 
apologize for his philosophy 

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instead. 
He explains that he's been 

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performing a service to Athens 
acting as a gadfly, stinging, a 

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noble but lazy horse into 
action. 

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Without his questioning. 
Athens grows complacent. 

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It citizens accepting 
conventional wisdom without 

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examination. 
He suggests someone mockingly 

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that instead of punishing him, 
Athen should reward him with 

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free meals in the pertaining. 
An honor reserved for Olympic 

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Victors and great benefactors of
the city. 

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The jury doesn't appreciate this
suggestion, they find him guilty

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and sentence him to death, even 
then Escape remains possible, 

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his wealthy friends arranged for
him to Fleet Athena where he 

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could live out his days and 
comfortable exile. 

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The Socrates refuses, he spent 
his life arguing that one must 

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obey the city's laws that a 
citizen has obligations to the 

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state that nurtured him. 
To flee. 

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Now would make his philosophy. 
Halo his words meaningless. 

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Besides he argues, death might 
be good, either a dreamless 

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sleep or a journey to another 
place where he can continue 

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questioning the great figures of
the past. 

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Either option seems preferable 
to living as an exile. 

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Unable to practice philosophy. 
You stand in the prison cell on 

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the day of his execution. 
His friends whip around him but 

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Socrates remains calm almost 
cheerful. 

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He bars. 
So his body will be clean 

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sparing, the women, the task of 
washing a quartz The Jailer 

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brings the cup of Hemlock with 
tears in his eyes apologizing 

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for carrying out the sentence. 
Soccer. 

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Tees, takes it without 
hesitation drinks it down, and 

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walks around the cell until his 
legs. 

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Begin to grow heavy. 
He lies down and gradually the 

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numbness from his feet upward. 
His last words addressed to his 

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friend keto, a practical and 
slightly mysterious. 

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We owe a rooster to a sleepier. 
Make sure the debt is paid. 

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A sleepier is the god of 
healing. 

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Perhaps Socrates means that 
death is the cure for Life Sale 

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ailments, or perhaps it's simply
a dirty remembered then the 

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numbness reaches his heart. 
Socrates dies his death, seems 

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like an ending but it's actually
a beginning. 

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Because one person in that 
courtroom a young Aristocrat 

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named Plato watches, his 
teacher, die and decides to 

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ensure these ideas survive. 
Socrates refusal to write 

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anything down. 
Means his philosophy. 

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Could have vanished, like 
Morning Dew, but Plato will 

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spend his life, preserving 
Socrates method, and memory. 

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Even as he develops his own 
philosophical. 

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Vision. 
That goes far beyond what his 

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teacher taught. 
Imagine Plato after Socrates 

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death, restless and grieving 
unable to remain in an Athens 

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that killed the wisest man. 
He Is around 28 years old born 

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into one of Athens. 
Most distinguished families and 

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educated in all the Arts. 
A Greek gentleman should master.

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He could have pursued politics 
and could have become a general 

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or a wealthy landowner instead, 
he travels across the 

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Mediterranean searching for 
wisdom, trying to understand why

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Athens condemned Socrates and 
how to prevent such Injustice in

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the future. 
You follow him to Egypt where 

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priests in white linen. 
Robes, share ancient knowledge 

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among Papyrus Scrolls in Temple 
libraries they tell him their 

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civilization stretches back, 
thousands of years, making, 

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Greek culture seem young and 
untested You accompany him to 

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Italy, where Pythagorean Mystics
teach that numbers underlie 

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reality itself that the cosmos 
operates according to 

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mathematical harmonies invisible
to the untrained eye. these 

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pythagoreans live, communally 
Follow strict dietary rules and 

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believe in the transmigration of
souls ideas that will deeply 

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influence Plato's developing 
philosophy. through years of 

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wandering and study and idea 
crystallizes in his mind like 

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frost forming on a window What 
if Socrates was right, that 

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knowledge is possible, but wrong
about where to find it. 

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What if truth doesn't reside in 
the physical world at all but in

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some realm beyond the scentses, 
What if everything we see and 

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touch is just an imperfect copy 
of something more real, more 

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permanent and more perfect. 
When Plato returns to Athens 

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around 387 BC e. 
He establishes the academy and a

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Grove sacred to the hero 
Academia about a mile outside 

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the city walls. cure it olive 
trees, providing dapple shade 

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students gathering on Stone 
benches one Smooth by countless 

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philosophical discussions and 
the scent of wild thyme crushed 

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underfoot Unlike the Agora, 
where Socrates taught anyone, 

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who would listen? 
The academy is exclusive 

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requiring mathematical training 
for entrance. 

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A sign of the entrance reads. 
Let no one ignorant of geometry,

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enter. 
Not because Plato's elitist, but

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because he believes geometry 
trains, the mind to think about 

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abstract, Eternal truths, rather
than particular changing things,

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you sit with the students, as 
Plato explains his vision. 

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This world around you, he says, 
the olive trees the marble 

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benches even the body's you 
inhabit. 

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These are just Shadows 
Reflections. 

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Imperfect copies of perfect 
forms that exist in a realm, 

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beyond the senses. 
Somewhere in that Eternal realm 

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exists, the form of tree, the 
perfect template from which all 

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physical trees are crude 
approximation the same for 

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beauty, Justice and good. 
All the concepts humans argue 

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about are really arguments about
dim reflections of perfect 

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unchanging ideals. 
It sounds strange at first 

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perhaps even ridiculous, but 
notice what Plato is doing, he's

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trying to explain why we 
recognize things, why we can 

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look at wildly different 
objects, a tiny sapling, and a 

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massive Oak and call them both 
trees. 

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His answer is that our souls 
encountered the form of tree 

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before birth in that realm of 
perfect forms, and physical 

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trees, trigger memories of that 
perfect template. 

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This is why learning feels like 
remembering why we can recognize

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instances of Justice or beauty 
even though no two instances are

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exactly alike. 
Plato illustrates this with his 

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famous allegory of the cave. 
And imagine he says, prisoners 

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chained in a cave since birth 
able to see only Shadows on the 

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wall cast by a fire Behind. 
These Shadows are their entire 

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reality. 
Now Imagine One prisoner breaks,

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free turns around and sees the 
fire and the objects casting 

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Shadows. 
The bright light hurts his eyes 

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at first, but gradually, he 
adjusts. 

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He's dragged out of the cave 
entirely into the sunlight. 

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At first, the sun, blinds him, 
but eventually he sees the real 

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world trees mountains. 
Stars and realizes the Shadows 

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were poor copies of a reality. 
He never imagined. 

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This is Humanity's condition. 
Plato, argues where the 

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Prisoners, the physical world is
the cave and the forms of the 

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reality outside. 
Most people live their entire 

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lives watching, Shadows, 
thinking that's all there is. 

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Philosophers are those who 
escaped the cave. 

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See, true reality and return to 
help others. 

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But when they try to explain 
what they've seen, they seem 

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crazy the other prisoners, mock 
them and mighty even kill them. 

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As Athens killed Socrates. 
The academy becomes a place 

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where mathematics astronomy and 
philosophy. 

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Intertwine, Plato sees 
mathematical truths as the 

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clearest examples of his forms. 
Perfect, Circle doesn't exist in

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the physical world where every 
drawn Circle has slight 

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imperfections. yet 
mathematicians can contemplate 

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its properties with certainly 
The ratio of a circle's 

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circumference to its diameter is
always Pi. 

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Where there anyone measures it 
or not where the circles exists 

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or not. this suggests 
mathematical truths, in some, 

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realm Beyond physical reality, 
exactly, as the forms do His 

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most famous work, the Republic 
outlines an ideal Society 

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governed by philosopher Kings 
who have seen the form of the 

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good itself. 
In Plato's Vision Society, 

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divides into three classes, the 
workers who provide material 

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needs the Guardians. 
Who protect the city and the 

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rulers, who govern class 
corresponds to a part of the 

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Soul, appetite spirit and 
reason, Justice occurs when each

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part performs its proper 
function, not interfering with 

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the others. 
The city Plato describes would 

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strike modern readers as strange
and troubling. 

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Poets abandoned because their 
Works deal with imitation of 

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imitations Shadows Of Shadows 
and moving people through 

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emotion rather than reason. 
Children are raised communally, 

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rather than by individual 
families, at least among the 

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guardian class. 
To prevent nepotism and class 

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loyalty from corrupting their 
dedication to the city. 

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Even marriage is regulated by 
the rulers who are range 

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breeding to produce the best 
Offspring, like Farmers, 

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breeding livestock. 
For desirable traits. 

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Some of it. 
Sounds Noble some authoritarian 

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and some simply impractical. 
But Plato isn't necessarily 

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prescribing the society. 
He's using it as a thought, 

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experiment to explore the nature
of Justice itself. 

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The ideal city is like the ideal
form perfect. 

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In theory impossible in 
practice, but useful for 

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understanding imperfect reality.
You notice how different Plato 

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is from his teacher, Socrates 
wrote nothing, trusted the 

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spoken word, practiced 
philosophy in the marketplace. 

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Among Ordinary People include to
know nothing. 

232
00:14:07,500 --> 00:14:09,400
Plato writes, elaborate 
dialogues. 

233
00:14:10,100 --> 00:14:13,800
Establishes, and exclusive 
Academy, develop systematic, 

234
00:14:13,800 --> 00:14:17,400
theories and claims to know the 
structure of reality itself. 

235
00:14:18,300 --> 00:14:21,000
Yet both share the conviction 
that philosophy isn't just 

236
00:14:21,000 --> 00:14:24,600
intellectual exercise its 
training for how to live 

237
00:14:24,600 --> 00:14:29,700
preparation for death. 
In therapy for the soul among 

238
00:14:29,700 --> 00:14:32,100
Plato's students. 
One stands out for his 

239
00:14:32,100 --> 00:14:35,000
voracious, curiosity and 
occasional disagreements with 

240
00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:38,100
his teacher. 
His young man from stagger in 

241
00:14:38,100 --> 00:14:41,500
northern Greece, the son of a 
physician with a mind that 

242
00:14:41,500 --> 00:14:44,400
absorbs knowledge, like dry 
sand, absorbs water. 

243
00:14:45,300 --> 00:14:48,800
His name is Aristotle and he's 
about to take philosophy in an 

244
00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:51,400
entirely different direction. 
Aristotle. 

245
00:14:51,400 --> 00:14:55,100
Arrives at Plato's Academy as a 
17 year old and stays for 20 

246
00:14:55,100 --> 00:14:57,800
years first, as a student, then 
as a teacher. 

247
00:14:58,700 --> 00:15:01,800
You can sense the intellectual 
electricity in their debates. 

248
00:15:01,800 --> 00:15:05,600
Plato pointing toward 
Transcendent forms in a realm 

249
00:15:05,600 --> 00:15:09,200
beyond the senses Aristotle. 
Insisting that truth lies in the

250
00:15:09,200 --> 00:15:12,200
physical world itself. 
If only we study it carefully 

251
00:15:12,200 --> 00:15:15,400
enough. 
Where Plato sees the material 

252
00:15:15,400 --> 00:15:19,500
world as a poor copy of Eternal 
forms Aristotle, sees it as the 

253
00:15:19,500 --> 00:15:23,000
only world we have worthy of 
systematic investigation. 

254
00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:28,600
The disagreement isn't simply 
theoretical Plato devastated by 

255
00:15:28,600 --> 00:15:32,300
Socrates death distrust, the 
physical and political world, 

256
00:15:32,300 --> 00:15:35,500
that killed his teacher, he 
looks beyond it for something 

257
00:15:35,500 --> 00:15:39,600
permanent and perfect. 
Aristotle trained by his 

258
00:15:39,600 --> 00:15:41,800
physician. 
Father to observe nature closely

259
00:15:41,800 --> 00:15:45,900
trust the evidence of his senses
and believes understanding comes

260
00:15:45,900 --> 00:15:48,000
through careful, study of 
particular, things. 

261
00:15:48,000 --> 00:15:54,600
Not contemplation of universal 
forms when Plato dies in 347 BCE

262
00:15:54,600 --> 00:15:57,500
Aristotle, eventually leaves 
Athens. 

263
00:15:58,200 --> 00:16:01,300
Politics plays. 
A role Athens is increasingly 

264
00:16:01,300 --> 00:16:05,300
hostile to anyone connected with
Macedonia and Aristotle's. 

265
00:16:05,300 --> 00:16:09,200
Father had been physician to the
Macedonian King. but there's 

266
00:16:09,200 --> 00:16:13,600
also opportunity picture him now
in his middle years, hired by 

267
00:16:13,608 --> 00:16:17,600
King, Philip of Macedon to tutor
is 13 year, old son, Alexander 

268
00:16:18,700 --> 00:16:21,808
You watch Aristotle instilling 
in young Alexander a love of 

269
00:16:21,816 --> 00:16:25,700
Homer, a respect for Greek 
culture and perhaps that 

270
00:16:25,700 --> 00:16:28,600
systematic approach to 
understanding the world that 

271
00:16:28,600 --> 00:16:31,100
characterizes all Aristotle's 
work. 

272
00:16:32,300 --> 00:16:35,200
Years later when Alexander 
conquers, everything from Greece

273
00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:38,700
to India, he'll send biological 
specimens back to his old 

274
00:16:38,700 --> 00:16:41,800
teacher, a strange collaboration
between philosopher and 

275
00:16:41,800 --> 00:16:45,000
conqueror. 
Alexander found cities and 

276
00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:47,100
destroys kingdoms while 
Aristotle. 

277
00:16:47,100 --> 00:16:49,800
Decks squid and categorizes 
animals. 

278
00:16:49,800 --> 00:16:53,100
It's tempting to wonder what 
they talked about during those 

279
00:16:53,100 --> 00:16:57,600
tutorial years Did Aristotle try
to moderate Alexander's 

280
00:16:57,600 --> 00:17:00,600
ambition? 
Did Alexander's question about 

281
00:17:00,600 --> 00:17:03,500
governing an Empire influence 
Aristotle's political 

282
00:17:03,500 --> 00:17:05,400
philosophy? 
We don't know. 

283
00:17:05,400 --> 00:17:08,900
But the connection between the 
world's greatest conqueror and 

284
00:17:08,907 --> 00:17:12,099
one of its greatest thinkers 
remains fascinating. 

285
00:17:13,900 --> 00:17:17,099
But it's after Alexander leaves 
that Aristotle, does his most 

286
00:17:17,099 --> 00:17:21,200
important work. 
Around 335 BCE. 

287
00:17:21,200 --> 00:17:26,300
He establishes the lyceum in 
Athens in a Grove, sacred to 

288
00:17:26,300 --> 00:17:30,000
Apollo lyse. 
You find yourself walking its 

289
00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:33,400
covered paths. 
The peripatos where Aristotle 

290
00:17:33,400 --> 00:17:36,400
lectures, while strolling, 
earning his followers, the name 

291
00:17:36,400 --> 00:17:41,000
peripatetics. 
Unlike Plato's Academy focused 

292
00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:43,000
on mathematics and Abstract 
Theory. 

293
00:17:43,000 --> 00:17:45,800
The lyceum is a research 
Institution. 

294
00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:50,300
Students collect specimens from 
across the Greek World dissect 

295
00:17:50,300 --> 00:17:53,200
animals. 
Observe the Stars interview 

296
00:17:53,200 --> 00:17:56,800
locals about their customs and 
gather Constitution's from 

297
00:17:56,800 --> 00:18:00,100
different cities. 
Aristotle's approached 

298
00:18:00,100 --> 00:18:03,700
transforms Philosophy from 
speculation about invisible 

299
00:18:03,700 --> 00:18:07,100
forms to careful observation of 
visible reality. 

300
00:18:08,200 --> 00:18:12,500
He dissects over 50 different 
animal species noting patterns 

301
00:18:12,500 --> 00:18:15,700
and relationships. 
He discovers that dolphins and 

302
00:18:15,700 --> 00:18:19,700
whales are mammals not fish. 
He describes the four-chambered 

303
00:18:19,700 --> 00:18:23,200
stomach of ruminants. 
Traces, the development of 

304
00:18:23,200 --> 00:18:26,200
chicken embryos by cracking open
eggs at different stages of 

305
00:18:26,200 --> 00:18:29,200
incubation. 
This is an idle curiosity. 

306
00:18:30,300 --> 00:18:33,500
Aristotle believes understanding
how things work reveals 

307
00:18:33,500 --> 00:18:35,700
fundamental truths about reality
itself. 

308
00:18:36,700 --> 00:18:39,500
He developed the first 
comprehensive system of logic 

309
00:18:39,500 --> 00:18:43,000
creating rules for valid 
reasoning that will dominate 

310
00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:45,200
Western thought for over 2,000 
years. 

311
00:18:46,300 --> 00:18:49,500
The syllogism. 
If all men are mortal and 

312
00:18:49,500 --> 00:18:54,700
Socrates is a man, then Socrates
is Mortal becomes the model for 

313
00:18:54,700 --> 00:18:58,200
demonstrative proof. 
Aristotle doesn't just use 

314
00:18:58,200 --> 00:19:03,200
logic, he analyzes it, 
identifying valid and invalid 

315
00:19:03,200 --> 00:19:06,300
argument forms and 
distinguishing different types 

316
00:19:06,300 --> 00:19:09,300
of reasoning. 
You sit with students as 

317
00:19:09,300 --> 00:19:11,600
Aristotle explains his vision of
causation. 

318
00:19:12,600 --> 00:19:15,600
Everything that exists, he 
argues can be understood through

319
00:19:15,600 --> 00:19:17,700
four. 
Cores is the material. 

320
00:19:17,700 --> 00:19:20,900
Cause what? 
It's made of the formal, cause 

321
00:19:20,900 --> 00:19:25,000
it structure or lessons. 
The efficient, cause what 

322
00:19:25,000 --> 00:19:29,600
brought it into being and the 
final cause its purpose or end. 

323
00:19:30,600 --> 00:19:35,300
Consider marble statue of Athena
in the Agora material, cause is 

324
00:19:35,300 --> 00:19:38,400
the marble human from quarries 
on Mount pentelicus. 

325
00:19:39,600 --> 00:19:44,000
Formal cause is the shape the 
specific form of Athena rather 

326
00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:46,100
than any other shape, the marble
could have taken. 

327
00:19:47,100 --> 00:19:50,400
The efficient cause is the 
sculptor's Chisel and the hands 

328
00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:53,100
and mind that transformed raw 
marble into art. 

329
00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:57,400
The final causes the statues, 
purpose to honor the goddess, 

330
00:19:57,400 --> 00:20:01,700
and beautify the city. 
This final cause the Telos or 

331
00:20:01,700 --> 00:20:05,500
purpose becomes Central to 
Aristotle's entire philosophy. 

332
00:20:06,300 --> 00:20:10,100
everything in nature has a 
purpose, he believes an acorns 

333
00:20:10,100 --> 00:20:14,900
purpose is to become an oak. 
The eyes purpose is to see a 

334
00:20:14,900 --> 00:20:19,700
knife's purpose is to cut. 
Excellents virtue means 

335
00:20:19,700 --> 00:20:23,100
fulfilling your purpose. 
Well a good knife Cuts smoothly 

336
00:20:23,100 --> 00:20:26,600
and holds its Edge. 
A good eye sees clearly across 

337
00:20:26,600 --> 00:20:31,200
various distances and lighting 
conditions and humans are 

338
00:20:31,200 --> 00:20:36,500
purpose, our Telos is to use 
reason to live well to achieve 

339
00:20:36,500 --> 00:20:41,200
eudaimonia usually translated as
happiness, but really meaning 

340
00:20:41,200 --> 00:20:45,000
flourishing living up to our 
full potential as rational 

341
00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:49,300
beings, unlike Plato, who saw 
virtuous knowledge of Eternal 

342
00:20:49,300 --> 00:20:54,700
forms Aristotle, route Ethics in
habit and practice Virtue. 

343
00:20:54,700 --> 00:20:58,600
He argues is the mean. 
Between extremes courage is the 

344
00:20:58,600 --> 00:21:00,700
middle path between cowardice 
and recklessness. 

345
00:21:01,800 --> 00:21:05,600
A coward, fleas, every danger. 
A reckless person seeks danger. 

346
00:21:05,600 --> 00:21:09,900
Foolishly the courageous person.
Feels fear appropriately, but 

347
00:21:09,900 --> 00:21:11,900
acts despite it. 
When action is, right. 

348
00:21:12,600 --> 00:21:15,800
Generosity lies between 
stinginess and wastefulness. 

349
00:21:16,900 --> 00:21:20,600
The stingy person hordes 
resources the wasteful person, 

350
00:21:20,600 --> 00:21:24,600
squanders them, the generous 
person gives appropriately to 

351
00:21:24,600 --> 00:21:29,000
worthy causes, but finding the 
mean isn't a simple calculation,

352
00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:33,200
it depends on circumstances on 
the people involved and on 

353
00:21:33,200 --> 00:21:36,300
timing and manner. 
You become virtuous, not by 

354
00:21:36,300 --> 00:21:39,900
contemplating perfect forms or 
following rigid rules. 

355
00:21:39,900 --> 00:21:43,800
But by practicing virtuous 
actions, until they become 

356
00:21:43,800 --> 00:21:48,200
second nature, like a musician. 
Practicing scales and music 

357
00:21:48,200 --> 00:21:51,600
flows naturally. 
This is why character formation 

358
00:21:51,600 --> 00:21:55,400
is crucial children. 
Must be trained in good habits 

359
00:21:55,400 --> 00:21:58,300
before they can understand why 
those habits are good. 

360
00:21:59,100 --> 00:22:01,100
Aristotle. 
Writes on seemingly everything 

361
00:22:01,100 --> 00:22:05,600
physics, metaphysics, ethics 
politics, poetry rhetoric 

362
00:22:05,600 --> 00:22:09,300
biology and psychology. 
He develops theories, about 

363
00:22:09,300 --> 00:22:13,800
motion and change substance, and
accident, and potentiality and 

364
00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:17,200
actuality. 
He analyzes different forms of 

365
00:22:17,208 --> 00:22:21,100
government concluding that the 
best practical system is polity 

366
00:22:21,100 --> 00:22:25,400
a mixed Constitution balancing 
elements of democracy and 

367
00:22:25,400 --> 00:22:27,900
oligarchy. 
He distinguishes between 

368
00:22:27,900 --> 00:22:31,300
theoretical knowledge, 
understanding for its own sake, 

369
00:22:31,300 --> 00:22:36,400
practical knowledge, how to act 
and productive knowledge, how to

370
00:22:36,400 --> 00:22:40,100
make things. 
His influence is staggering and 

371
00:22:40,100 --> 00:22:43,700
long-lasting. 
Medieval Christian Scholars will

372
00:22:43,700 --> 00:22:46,200
struggle to reconcile his 
philosophy with Biblical 

373
00:22:46,200 --> 00:22:50,000
teaching eventually synthesizing
them in ways that shape 

374
00:22:50,000 --> 00:22:51,900
Christian theology for 
centuries. 

375
00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:56,200
Islamic scholars preserve and 
develop his works when they're 

376
00:22:56,200 --> 00:22:59,700
lost to Western Europe during 
the Early Middle Ages. for 

377
00:22:59,700 --> 00:23:04,100
nearly 2000 years in Christian, 
Islamic and Jewish intellectual 

378
00:23:04,100 --> 00:23:08,300
Traditions saying Aristotle 
says, will end most arguments 

379
00:23:09,000 --> 00:23:11,800
His authority becomes so great 
that it eventually becomes 

380
00:23:11,800 --> 00:23:15,000
problematic. 
When new observations contradict

381
00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:19,000
Aristotle, many scholars defend 
Aristotle, rather than trust 

382
00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:22,100
their eyes. 
Yet on this evening in ancient 

383
00:23:22,100 --> 00:23:26,000
Athens as dusk settles over the 
lyceum and students head home 

384
00:23:26,000 --> 00:23:27,500
through streets lit by oil 
lamps. 

385
00:23:28,300 --> 00:23:31,400
Aristotle's approach represents 
something revolutionary. 

386
00:23:31,400 --> 00:23:34,900
The idea that careful 
observation and systematic 

387
00:23:34,900 --> 00:23:39,300
thinking can unlock Nature's 
secrets that philosophy should 

388
00:23:39,300 --> 00:23:42,700
engage with the world as it is 
rather than Retreat abstract 

389
00:23:42,700 --> 00:23:45,600
forms. 
And that understanding requires 

390
00:23:45,600 --> 00:23:48,500
patient investigation of 
particular things rather than 

391
00:23:48,500 --> 00:23:51,100
pure contemplation of universal 
principles. 

392
00:23:51,900 --> 00:23:55,600
While Socrates questions 
Athenians in the Agora shift, 

393
00:23:55,600 --> 00:23:59,700
your attention Eastward across 
mountains and deserts past the 

394
00:23:59,700 --> 00:24:03,600
Persian Empire and the steppes 
of Central Asia to ancient China

395
00:24:03,600 --> 00:24:08,300
during the sixth Century BCE. 
The landscape differs 

396
00:24:08,300 --> 00:24:12,600
dramatically rice paddies, 
instead of olive Grove's, bamboo

397
00:24:12,600 --> 00:24:16,700
forests, and of marble columns, 
and rivers like the Yellow River

398
00:24:16,700 --> 00:24:17,700
and Yanks. 
See that? 

399
00:24:17,700 --> 00:24:21,900
Dwarf anything in Greece. 
But the questions troubling 

400
00:24:21,900 --> 00:24:24,000
thoughtful people are remarkably
similar. 

401
00:24:25,000 --> 00:24:28,400
How should one live? 
What makes a society just? 

402
00:24:28,400 --> 00:24:32,900
What is the source of wisdom? 
You find yourself in the state 

403
00:24:32,900 --> 00:24:36,900
of Lou and what is now Shandong,
Province watching an elderly, 

404
00:24:36,900 --> 00:24:40,700
man with a long beard and kind 
eyes, teaching a group of young 

405
00:24:40,700 --> 00:24:44,500
aristocrats. 
This is kongzi though. 

406
00:24:44,500 --> 00:24:46,400
Jesuit missionaries, who 
encounter his work? 

407
00:24:46,400 --> 00:24:50,200
2000 years later, will latinize 
his name to Confucius. 

408
00:24:51,200 --> 00:24:56,800
He was born around 551 BCE into 
a family of minor nobility 

409
00:24:56,800 --> 00:25:01,300
fallen on Hard Times. 
Unlike Socrates who taught for 

410
00:25:01,300 --> 00:25:04,900
free and owned almost nothing, 
Confucius charges fees for 

411
00:25:04,900 --> 00:25:08,800
instruction and actively seeks. 
Political appointment, hoping to

412
00:25:08,800 --> 00:25:10,600
implement his vision of proper 
governance. 

413
00:25:11,600 --> 00:25:16,000
Unlike Plato, who looks beyond 
this world, for truth Confucius 

414
00:25:16,000 --> 00:25:20,400
focuses, intensely on this world
on relationships and on the 

415
00:25:20,400 --> 00:25:24,700
proper way to live among others.
China of confucius's time is 

416
00:25:24,700 --> 00:25:28,700
fracturing, the Joe Dennis, 
which had unified much of China.

417
00:25:28,700 --> 00:25:32,200
Under a feudal system is 
collapsing into what historians 

418
00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:35,800
will call the spring and Autumn 
period soon to give away to the 

419
00:25:35,800 --> 00:25:37,900
even more violent. 
Warring States period. 

420
00:25:38,800 --> 00:25:41,900
Feudal Lords fight for 
Supremacy, traditional social 

421
00:25:41,900 --> 00:25:45,700
bonds, Fray, and many people 
feel adrift in a world where the

422
00:25:45,700 --> 00:25:50,300
old certainty is no longer hold.
In to this chaos Confucius 

423
00:25:50,300 --> 00:25:52,400
offers something ancient 
people's often. 

424
00:25:52,400 --> 00:25:56,500
Crave during turbulent times, a 
return to Traditional Values 

425
00:25:56,500 --> 00:25:59,400
properly, understood and 
consciously practiced. 

426
00:26:00,100 --> 00:26:03,000
Walk with Confucius through the 
streets of Lou as he explains 

427
00:26:03,000 --> 00:26:06,700
the concept of Ren often, 
translated as benevolence 

428
00:26:06,700 --> 00:26:12,000
humaneness or human-heartedness.
It's the fundamental virtue. 

429
00:26:12,000 --> 00:26:14,500
He says the capacity to feel for
others. 

430
00:26:14,500 --> 00:26:18,600
To treat them not as objects or 
tools, but as fellow humans 

431
00:26:18,600 --> 00:26:20,700
deserving respect and 
consideration. 

432
00:26:21,700 --> 00:26:25,800
When a student asks, how to 
practice Ren Confucius responds 

433
00:26:25,800 --> 00:26:28,200
with what would later be called 
the Golden Rule? 

434
00:26:29,300 --> 00:26:31,600
Do not impose on others. 
What you yourself? 

435
00:26:31,600 --> 00:26:32,400
Do. 
Not desire. 

436
00:26:32,400 --> 00:26:35,900
This sounds simple. 
But Confucius means it is an 

437
00:26:35,900 --> 00:26:39,800
active practice requires 
constant attention to how your 

438
00:26:39,800 --> 00:26:43,500
actions affect others. 
But Confucius isn't simply 

439
00:26:43,500 --> 00:26:46,700
preaching kindness. 
He's building an entire ethical 

440
00:26:46,700 --> 00:26:48,800
system based on a relationships 
and roles. 

441
00:26:49,800 --> 00:26:53,300
Picture, as concentric circles 
radiating outward from the 

442
00:26:53,300 --> 00:26:56,400
individual. 
The innermost circle is filial, 

443
00:26:56,400 --> 00:26:59,600
piratey respect for parents and 
ancestors. 

444
00:26:59,600 --> 00:27:03,800
This is an optional sentiment is
the foundation of all other 

445
00:27:03,800 --> 00:27:08,900
virtues, a person who honors 
their parents who feels genuine 

446
00:27:08,900 --> 00:27:11,000
gratitude. 
And obligation towards those who

447
00:27:11,000 --> 00:27:14,100
gave them life and raise them 
will naturally extend that 

448
00:27:14,100 --> 00:27:18,800
respect outward to Elder 
siblings to teachers to rulers 

449
00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:22,900
to friends. 
Society Works, Confucius 

450
00:27:22,900 --> 00:27:26,200
believes when everyone 
understands and conscientiously 

451
00:27:26,200 --> 00:27:27,800
fulfills their role in these 
relationships. 

452
00:27:29,000 --> 00:27:30,900
The relationship goes both ways,
though. 

453
00:27:31,600 --> 00:27:35,100
Parents should be worthy of 
respect, governing with kindness

454
00:27:35,100 --> 00:27:37,500
and wisdom. 
Rulers should care for their 

455
00:27:37,500 --> 00:27:39,600
subjects as parents care for 
children. 

456
00:27:40,600 --> 00:27:42,900
Each should model the virtues. 
They teach. 

457
00:27:43,700 --> 00:27:48,400
Each relationship has reciprocal
obligations the junior party 

458
00:27:48,400 --> 00:27:52,400
owes respect and obedience, the 
senior party owes care and 

459
00:27:52,400 --> 00:27:55,500
guidance. 
When both fulfill their roles 

460
00:27:55,500 --> 00:28:00,300
harmonie results. when he the 
fails the relationship fractures

461
00:28:00,300 --> 00:28:06,000
and Society suffers Confucius 
emphasizes Lee, often translated

462
00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:08,600
as ritual propriety, or proper 
conduct. 

463
00:28:09,300 --> 00:28:13,100
This isn't about empty ceremony,
Confucius sees ritual, as the 

464
00:28:13,100 --> 00:28:16,300
outward, expression of inner 
virtue, the way a society 

465
00:28:16,300 --> 00:28:19,700
maintains Harmony and transmits 
across Generations. 

466
00:28:20,500 --> 00:28:24,000
Knowing how to Bow correctly, 
how to serve tea with proper 

467
00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:27,500
attention and how to conduct a 
funeral that honors the dead 

468
00:28:27,500 --> 00:28:30,800
while comforting the living. 
These aren't trivial matters of 

469
00:28:30,800 --> 00:28:33,100
etiquette. 
They're the grease that keeps 

470
00:28:33,100 --> 00:28:34,800
the social machine running 
smoothly. 

471
00:28:34,800 --> 00:28:39,700
The visible manifestation of 
respect and care You watch 

472
00:28:39,708 --> 00:28:43,600
Confucius demonstrate this? 
When entering a room, he adjusts

473
00:28:43,600 --> 00:28:47,200
his robes carefully. 
When speaking to a superior, he 

474
00:28:47,200 --> 00:28:49,100
adopts a particular tone and 
posture. 

475
00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:54,200
When performing sacrifices to 
ancestors, he focuses completely

476
00:28:54,200 --> 00:28:57,700
on the ritual as if the 
ancestors were actually present.

477
00:28:58,800 --> 00:29:01,100
Some students wonder if this is 
hypocritical. 

478
00:29:01,800 --> 00:29:04,600
Performing rituals without 
necessarily believing in their 

479
00:29:04,600 --> 00:29:08,900
Supernatural efficacy. 
But Confucius, argues the 

480
00:29:08,900 --> 00:29:12,300
rituals value lies. 
Not in magical effects, but in 

481
00:29:12,308 --> 00:29:15,700
cultivating proper attitudes and
maintaining social bonds. 

482
00:29:15,700 --> 00:29:20,300
The way you perform a ritual 
shapes who you become, you 

483
00:29:20,300 --> 00:29:23,300
notice how practical Confucius 
is compared to the Greek 

484
00:29:23,300 --> 00:29:26,800
philosophers? 
When students ask about spirits 

485
00:29:26,800 --> 00:29:31,000
and afterlife, he deflects you 
do not understand even life. 

486
00:29:31,900 --> 00:29:35,700
How can you understand death? 
When asked if he believes in 

487
00:29:35,700 --> 00:29:39,000
ghosts, he responds. 
I am not even able to serve 

488
00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:41,700
people. 
Well, how can I serve goes? 

489
00:29:42,700 --> 00:29:46,000
His Focus stays relentlessly on 
the world on creating the 

490
00:29:46,000 --> 00:29:48,500
yunsey. 
The exemplary person who 

491
00:29:48,500 --> 00:29:52,300
combines moral Integrity with 
cultured refinement, The 

492
00:29:52,300 --> 00:29:56,700
zheng-zi is confucius's ideal, 
not Sage with mystical powers or

493
00:29:56,700 --> 00:30:00,700
a warrior with physical prowess.
But a morally, cultivated person

494
00:30:00,700 --> 00:30:02,600
who acts righteously and all 
circumstances. 

495
00:30:04,100 --> 00:30:08,900
The junzi studies, the classics 
practices ritual cultivates 

496
00:30:08,900 --> 00:30:14,200
virtue and serves society. 
When governing the yunsey leads 

497
00:30:14,200 --> 00:30:18,800
by moral example, rather than 
punishment, Confucius believes 

498
00:30:18,800 --> 00:30:22,000
that if rulers are virtuous, the
people will naturally follow 

499
00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:27,300
like grass bending in the Wind. 
But if rulers are corrupt, no 

500
00:30:27,300 --> 00:30:29,500
amount of Law and punishment 
will create order. 

501
00:30:30,800 --> 00:30:33,500
Confucius spends much of his 
life seeking political 

502
00:30:33,500 --> 00:30:36,100
appointment, hoping to find a 
ruler. 

503
00:30:36,100 --> 00:30:39,800
Who will Implement his vision? 
He travels from state to state 

504
00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:44,500
offering advice, but most rulers
find his emphasis on virtue, 

505
00:30:44,500 --> 00:30:49,100
rather than power in Practical. 
One ruler seems interested, but 

506
00:30:49,100 --> 00:30:53,400
ultimately rejects confucius's. 
Counsel in favor of more 

507
00:30:53,400 --> 00:30:57,500
aggressive, advisors Confucius 
returns to Liu in his old age 

508
00:30:57,500 --> 00:30:59,800
some. 
What bitter about his political 

509
00:30:59,800 --> 00:31:03,200
failures, and dedicate his 
remaining years to teaching. 

510
00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:07,400
And according to tradition 
editing, the classical texts 

511
00:31:07,400 --> 00:31:10,100
that will become foundational to
Chinese educational. 

512
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:16,100
He dies in 479 BCE around the 
same time. 

513
00:31:16,100 --> 00:31:19,200
Socrates is beginning his 
philosophical career in Athens 

514
00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:23,500
believing himself a failure. 
His political advice, largely 

515
00:31:23,500 --> 00:31:27,100
ignored his dream of a 
harmonious Society, governed by 

516
00:31:27,100 --> 00:31:31,900
virtuous leaders unrealized yet,
his disciples preserve his 

517
00:31:31,900 --> 00:31:35,600
teachings in the analects a 
collection of conversations and 

518
00:31:35,600 --> 00:31:37,500
sayings compiled after his 
death. 

519
00:31:38,500 --> 00:31:42,800
Within centuries Confucianism 
becomes the official ideology of

520
00:31:42,800 --> 00:31:47,300
the Chinese State shaping East 
Asian civilization for over 2000

521
00:31:47,300 --> 00:31:50,200
years. 
The Civil Service examination 

522
00:31:50,200 --> 00:31:53,700
system in place for over a 
millennium will be based on 

523
00:31:53,708 --> 00:31:57,800
Mastery of Confucian texts. 
The emphasis on education 

524
00:31:57,800 --> 00:32:01,100
respect for elders, social 
harmony and meritocracy. 

525
00:32:01,100 --> 00:32:04,800
Will profoundly influence 
Chinese Korean Japanese and 

526
00:32:04,800 --> 00:32:09,000
Vietnamese Society is But 
Confucius, isn't the only voice 

527
00:32:09,000 --> 00:32:11,000
in ancient China questioning how
to live. 

528
00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:15,200
In fact, another traditional 
emerges during the same period 

529
00:32:15,200 --> 00:32:18,900
that seems almost its opposite 
in the same area that Confucius,

530
00:32:18,900 --> 00:32:21,600
teaches the importance of ritual
and social roles. 

531
00:32:21,600 --> 00:32:25,100
Another tradition emerges in 
ancient China that takes an 

532
00:32:25,100 --> 00:32:28,900
entirely different approach. 
You encounter lousy though, 

533
00:32:28,900 --> 00:32:32,400
whether he's a historical person
or a legendary composite remains

534
00:32:32,400 --> 00:32:36,000
unclear, whose teachings are 
collected in the Dao, de Jing, 

535
00:32:36,000 --> 00:32:38,300
or classic of the way and 
virtue. 

536
00:32:39,200 --> 00:32:43,300
Tradition says he was an older 
contemporary of Confucius, a key

537
00:32:43,300 --> 00:32:46,500
of archives in the show Court, 
who grew disillusioned with 

538
00:32:46,500 --> 00:32:49,500
society and Road West on a water
buffalo Into the Wilderness. 

539
00:32:50,300 --> 00:32:53,600
At the mountain, pass the 
gatekeeper, recognized him and 

540
00:32:53,600 --> 00:32:56,000
begged him to write down his 
wisdom before disappearing. 

541
00:32:57,000 --> 00:33:01,300
Lousy agreed composed the 
Dowding in one sitting and then 

542
00:33:01,300 --> 00:33:03,900
continued into the mountains, 
never to be seen again. 

543
00:33:04,800 --> 00:33:07,500
This story is probably fiction, 
but it captures something 

544
00:33:07,500 --> 00:33:09,500
essential about Dallas 
philosophy. 

545
00:33:09,500 --> 00:33:13,800
It suspicion of civilization, 
its preference for nature over 

546
00:33:13,800 --> 00:33:17,700
culture and its conviction. 
That the best was can barely be 

547
00:33:17,700 --> 00:33:22,600
expressed in words. 
Were Confucius emphasizes action

548
00:33:22,600 --> 00:33:29,200
effort and social engagement 
Lowe's on action or more 

549
00:33:29,200 --> 00:33:32,600
precisely action that flows 
naturally without forcing. 

550
00:33:33,500 --> 00:33:37,200
picture water flowing around 
rocks, it doesn't struggle or 

551
00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:42,300
push yet over time it shapes 
mountains, cars, canyons, and, 

552
00:33:42,300 --> 00:33:47,600
whereas away the hardest Stone, 
This is the Taoist ideal, align 

553
00:33:47,600 --> 00:33:51,100
yourself with the Dow. 
The fundamental way of Nature 

554
00:33:51,100 --> 00:33:55,500
and act through non-action. 
And Achieve through non-string, 

555
00:33:55,500 --> 00:33:59,700
the Dowding opens with a paradox
that sets the tone for 

556
00:33:59,700 --> 00:34:03,500
everything that follows. 
The Dao that can be named is not

557
00:34:03,500 --> 00:34:07,900
the Eternal Dao, the name that 
can be named is not the Eternal 

558
00:34:07,900 --> 00:34:09,500
name. 
Already. 

559
00:34:09,500 --> 00:34:12,300
You see the difference from 
Western philosophy, systematic 

560
00:34:12,300 --> 00:34:15,900
categories and definitions or 
even Confucian emphasis on 

561
00:34:15,900 --> 00:34:17,800
proper names and clear 
distinctions. 

562
00:34:17,800 --> 00:34:22,600
The Dow is beyond words Beyond 
Concepts and Beyond the 

563
00:34:22,600 --> 00:34:25,000
categories. 
Human Minds in reality. 

564
00:34:26,199 --> 00:34:29,100
You can't study it in an academy
or learn it from books. 

565
00:34:29,100 --> 00:34:33,100
You experience it. 
Embody it and become it. 

566
00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:37,400
Imagine yourself in a bamboo 
Grove at dawn Mist. 

567
00:34:37,400 --> 00:34:41,300
Curling between the stalks bird 
song drifting through the cool 

568
00:34:41,300 --> 00:34:45,600
air. 
Dows Sage sits in meditation, 

569
00:34:45,600 --> 00:34:49,100
not trying to achieve anything 
not filling his mind with 

570
00:34:49,100 --> 00:34:51,500
knowledge or his resume with 
accomplishments. 

571
00:34:51,500 --> 00:34:56,600
He simply present aligned with 
Nature's rhythms and empty of 

572
00:34:56,608 --> 00:35:01,500
striving and desire. 
When he acts his actions emerged

573
00:35:01,500 --> 00:35:06,300
spontaneously effortlessly, like
a tree growing toward light or 

574
00:35:06,300 --> 00:35:10,300
water flowing downhill. 
He doesn't Force outcomes or 

575
00:35:10,300 --> 00:35:13,400
impose, his will on situations 
instead. 

576
00:35:13,400 --> 00:35:18,000
He responds naturally like an 
echo responding to sound. 

577
00:35:18,700 --> 00:35:21,700
Taoism offers a radical critique
of the Confucian project. 

578
00:35:21,700 --> 00:35:26,400
All those rules and rituals 
laozi suggests a symptoms of 

579
00:35:26,400 --> 00:35:28,800
societies departure from the 
natural Dow. 

580
00:35:29,600 --> 00:35:32,600
In the beginning before 
civilization complicated 

581
00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:34,200
everything. 
Humans. 

582
00:35:34,200 --> 00:35:38,000
Lived simply spontaneously and 
in harmony with nature. 

583
00:35:39,400 --> 00:35:42,500
They didn't need rules about 
filial piety, because they 

584
00:35:42,500 --> 00:35:46,100
naturally cared for parents, 
they didn't need elaborate 

585
00:35:46,100 --> 00:35:49,100
rituals because their actions 
flowed from genuine feelings. 

586
00:35:49,900 --> 00:35:52,900
Then came distinctions between 
good and evil, right? 

587
00:35:52,900 --> 00:35:54,700
And wrong, and beautiful, and 
ugly. 

588
00:35:55,700 --> 00:36:00,000
These distinctions necessary for
civilization separated humans 

589
00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:02,800
from the Dow from their natural 
spontaneity. 

590
00:36:02,800 --> 00:36:07,400
Confucius, tries to fix this 
separation with more rules, more

591
00:36:07,400 --> 00:36:12,000
ritual and more educational. 
But lousy argues, you can't 

592
00:36:12,000 --> 00:36:15,100
solve the problem of 
artificiality with more 

593
00:36:15,100 --> 00:36:18,100
artificiality. 
That's like, trying to make 

594
00:36:18,100 --> 00:36:20,800
water wet or fire hot to your 
missing the point. 

595
00:36:21,900 --> 00:36:24,800
The way back to the Dow lies. 
Not in adding, but in 

596
00:36:24,800 --> 00:36:28,800
subtracting, not in doing, but 
in undoing, not in knowledge, 

597
00:36:28,800 --> 00:36:32,100
but in Unknowing. 
The political implications are 

598
00:36:32,100 --> 00:36:34,600
striking. 
The best ruler according to the 

599
00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:37,300
Dowding. 
Gavin, so subtly, that people 

600
00:36:37,300 --> 00:36:41,400
barely know he exists. 
He doesn't impose Grand schemes 

601
00:36:41,400 --> 00:36:44,400
or rigid laws. 
He doesn't try to improve people

602
00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:47,300
through moral educational 
control them through punishment.

603
00:36:47,300 --> 00:36:52,100
He acts like the Dow itself 
present, but invisible powerful,

604
00:36:52,100 --> 00:36:55,500
but gentle accomplishing 
everything by doing nothing. 

605
00:36:56,600 --> 00:36:59,600
Governing a large country is 
like cooking a small fish don't 

606
00:36:59,600 --> 00:37:02,600
overdo it. 
Too much stirring too much 

607
00:37:02,608 --> 00:37:05,400
fussing and you destroy what 
you're trying to create. 

608
00:37:06,500 --> 00:37:09,800
This political Vision directly 
contradict Confucian philosophy.

609
00:37:10,600 --> 00:37:14,400
Confucius wants rulers to be 
moral exemplars, actively 

610
00:37:14,400 --> 00:37:18,400
teaching and shaping the people 
lousy wants rulers to leave 

611
00:37:18,400 --> 00:37:21,300
people alone. 
Trusting that humans naturally 

612
00:37:21,300 --> 00:37:25,600
find Harmony were not interfered
with Confucius, believes in 

613
00:37:25,600 --> 00:37:29,700
education and ritual lousy 
thinks education creates 

614
00:37:29,700 --> 00:37:34,000
artificial distinctions and 
ritual replaces genuine feeling.

615
00:37:34,900 --> 00:37:38,200
The debate between Confucianism 
and taoism will shape Chinese 

616
00:37:38,200 --> 00:37:42,200
Philosophy for centuries. 
Creating a productive tension 

617
00:37:42,200 --> 00:37:46,200
between social engagement and 
natural spontaneity, Between 

618
00:37:46,200 --> 00:37:48,400
moral effort and effortless 
being. 

619
00:37:49,600 --> 00:37:53,100
You notice recurring images and 
Taoist texts water. 

620
00:37:53,100 --> 00:37:55,700
Valleys uncarved wood and 
infants. 

621
00:37:55,700 --> 00:38:00,900
All suggests supplements over 
rigidity emptiness over fullness

622
00:38:00,900 --> 00:38:06,400
and simplicity over complexity. 
Water is soft and yielding yet 

623
00:38:06,400 --> 00:38:08,500
it. 
Overcomes the hard and rigid. 

624
00:38:09,300 --> 00:38:13,100
The valley is low but receives 
all streams empty but full of 

625
00:38:13,108 --> 00:38:16,800
possibility. 
Uncarved wood has potential 

626
00:38:16,800 --> 00:38:20,000
precisely because it hasn't been
shaped for a specific purpose. 

627
00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:24,500
It can become anything The 
infant is weak yet. 

628
00:38:24,500 --> 00:38:28,800
Flexible natural yet, not yet 
corrupted by social conditioning

629
00:38:28,800 --> 00:38:34,000
dependent, yet, somehow complete
The dower Sage tries to return 

630
00:38:34,000 --> 00:38:36,900
to this infant State. 
Not through ignorance but 

631
00:38:36,900 --> 00:38:40,400
through a kind of knowing 
unknowing, he studies nature. 

632
00:38:40,400 --> 00:38:46,100
How trees grow how animals 
behave, how seasons change and 

633
00:38:46,100 --> 00:38:49,000
Loans to flow with natural 
patterns rather than against 

634
00:38:49,000 --> 00:38:51,400
them? 
He practices meditation 

635
00:38:51,400 --> 00:38:55,300
breathing exercises. 
And sometimes diet and sexual 

636
00:38:55,300 --> 00:38:58,600
practices, all aimed at 
aligning, with the Dow and 

637
00:38:58,600 --> 00:39:01,700
achieving longevity, and 
vitality, perhaps even 

638
00:39:01,700 --> 00:39:06,100
immortality Later taoists will 
develop these ideas in 

639
00:39:06,100 --> 00:39:10,000
unexpected directions. 
Creating elaborate monasteries 

640
00:39:10,000 --> 00:39:13,300
with strict rules. 
Ironically organizing a 

641
00:39:13,300 --> 00:39:15,300
philosophy that resists 
organization. 

642
00:39:15,800 --> 00:39:19,400
Pursuing immortality through 
Alchemy, and meditation and 

643
00:39:19,400 --> 00:39:23,300
incorporating, local deities and
Spirits into a complex religious

644
00:39:23,300 --> 00:39:25,600
system. 
Religious Towers. 

645
00:39:25,600 --> 00:39:28,300
Very different from 
philosophical Taoism. 

646
00:39:29,100 --> 00:39:31,200
Though both claim Laos as their 
founder. 

647
00:39:32,300 --> 00:39:36,800
The religion of higher Archies, 
rituals and rules that seem to 

648
00:39:36,800 --> 00:39:39,600
contradict the dowding's 
emphasis on Simplicity and 

649
00:39:39,600 --> 00:39:43,200
spontaneity. 
Yet even religious, Dow ISM, 

650
00:39:43,200 --> 00:39:47,100
preserve something important. 
Space for mystery for that, 

651
00:39:47,100 --> 00:39:50,500
which can't be named or 
controlled for the wisdom, of 

652
00:39:50,500 --> 00:39:53,900
letting things be. 
The debate between Confucian 

653
00:39:53,900 --> 00:39:57,700
effort and Taoist effortlessness
Echoes through Chinese 

654
00:39:57,700 --> 00:40:01,800
philosophy and culture. most 
educated Chinese, don't choose 

655
00:40:01,800 --> 00:40:06,200
one over the other, but drawn 
both, Being Confucian in public 

656
00:40:06,200 --> 00:40:08,900
life. 
Fulfilling social roles, 

657
00:40:08,900 --> 00:40:14,200
observing rituals serving 
society and Taoist in private 

658
00:40:14,200 --> 00:40:16,700
life seeking natural 
spontaneity. 

659
00:40:16,700 --> 00:40:21,200
Avoiding unnecessary striving 
and accepting what cannot be 

660
00:40:21,200 --> 00:40:25,600
changed. it's a both and rather 
than either, or approach 

661
00:40:25,600 --> 00:40:29,200
recognizing that human life, 
requires, both engagement, and 

662
00:40:29,200 --> 00:40:33,200
withdrawal, both effort and ease
and both the social and the 

663
00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:37,200
natural travel further east 
still to the foothills of the 

664
00:40:37,200 --> 00:40:41,300
Himalayas around 500 BCE to what
is now Nepal. 

665
00:40:42,300 --> 00:40:46,900
You find Siddhartha Gautama, a 
print who is abandoned Palace 

666
00:40:46,900 --> 00:40:49,400
luxury to seek answers to 
suffering riddle. 

667
00:40:50,100 --> 00:40:53,700
According to tradition his 
father, the king tried to Shield

668
00:40:53,700 --> 00:40:57,000
him from suffering, surrounding 
him with beauty and pleasure 

669
00:40:57,000 --> 00:41:00,300
hiding away the sick age and 
dying. 

670
00:41:01,800 --> 00:41:03,500
But on Ventures outside the 
palace. 

671
00:41:03,500 --> 00:41:06,700
Siddhartha encountered, 
foresights, that shattered his 

672
00:41:06,700 --> 00:41:12,300
comfortable Illusions, a sick 
person, an old person, a quartz,

673
00:41:12,300 --> 00:41:16,900
and a Wandering, a setting. 
These sites awakened him to the 

674
00:41:16,900 --> 00:41:19,900
reality that pleasure and 
privilege can't protect against 

675
00:41:19,900 --> 00:41:24,500
suffering, that aging sickness, 
and death, come for everyone, 

676
00:41:24,500 --> 00:41:29,000
regardless of wealth or status. 
Troubled by these encounters 

677
00:41:29,000 --> 00:41:33,200
Siddhartha abandons, his wife, 
an infant son, a decision that 

678
00:41:33,200 --> 00:41:35,800
troubles many Buddhists and has 
been explained and defended 

679
00:41:35,800 --> 00:41:40,200
countless ways leaves the palace
at night and sets out to solve 

680
00:41:40,200 --> 00:41:43,500
the problem of suffering. 
He studies with various 

681
00:41:43,500 --> 00:41:46,400
teachers, Masters, their 
meditation techniques and 

682
00:41:46,400 --> 00:41:49,700
philosophical systems. 
But finds none provide the 

683
00:41:49,708 --> 00:41:50,700
answers. 
He seeks. 

684
00:41:51,600 --> 00:41:55,000
He joins a group of Aesthetics 
practicing extreme self-denial 

685
00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:57,000
fasting until his body, waste 
away. 

686
00:41:57,000 --> 00:42:00,900
Sitting in painful, postures for
hours and enduring, heat and 

687
00:42:00,900 --> 00:42:04,600
cold Without Shelter. 
He becomes so thin that when he 

688
00:42:04,600 --> 00:42:07,300
touches his stomach, he can feel
his spine. 

689
00:42:08,200 --> 00:42:10,300
Surely, he thinks such 
discipline will lead to 

690
00:42:10,300 --> 00:42:13,000
enlightenment. 
But after six years of this, 

691
00:42:13,000 --> 00:42:15,600
he's no closer to understanding 
suffering. 

692
00:42:16,500 --> 00:42:21,200
One day from fasting, he nearly 
drowns while bathing he realizes

693
00:42:21,200 --> 00:42:25,000
that, it extremely sets is just 
another form of attachment as 

694
00:42:25,000 --> 00:42:30,100
futile as extreme Indulgence. 
In that moment, he remembers 

695
00:42:30,100 --> 00:42:33,900
sitting under a rose apple tree,
as a child spontaneously 

696
00:42:33,900 --> 00:42:36,400
entering a state of meditative 
concentration. 

697
00:42:37,600 --> 00:42:42,700
Peaceful and alert. 
Perhaps he thinks that Natural 

698
00:42:42,700 --> 00:42:47,700
State holds the key. 
Not these extreme practices, he 

699
00:42:47,700 --> 00:42:50,600
accepts food from a village 
woman scandalizing. 

700
00:42:50,600 --> 00:42:53,700
His ascetic companions, who 
abandoned him as a backslider, 

701
00:42:54,500 --> 00:42:56,700
Strengthened by a simple meal of
rice and milk. 

702
00:42:56,700 --> 00:43:00,100
He sits beneath a fig tree and 
resolves not to rise until he 

703
00:43:00,100 --> 00:43:03,500
achieves enlightenment. 
You watch him there through the 

704
00:43:03,500 --> 00:43:06,500
night, sitting perfectly still 
in meditation? 

705
00:43:06,500 --> 00:43:10,200
His mind growing increasingly 
concentrated and clear. 

706
00:43:11,600 --> 00:43:15,100
What happened under that tree? 
The Bodhi Tree is it becomes 

707
00:43:15,100 --> 00:43:18,200
known transforms, Asian 
philosophy and religion. 

708
00:43:19,500 --> 00:43:23,100
According to traditional 
Siddhartha experiences, profound

709
00:43:23,100 --> 00:43:26,500
insights into the nature of 
existence, becoming the Buddha, 

710
00:43:26,500 --> 00:43:31,600
the awakened one. 
Sees his past lives, understands

711
00:43:31,600 --> 00:43:35,400
the cycle of death and rebirth 
that traps all beings and 

712
00:43:35,400 --> 00:43:38,300
comprehends, the chain of causes
that produces suffering. 

713
00:43:39,300 --> 00:43:43,300
As Dawn breaks his Awakening 
completes he has solved 

714
00:43:43,300 --> 00:43:46,900
sufferings riddle at first, he 
doubts whether he can teach what

715
00:43:46,900 --> 00:43:50,800
he's experienced. 
His insights seemed to subtle to

716
00:43:50,800 --> 00:43:54,200
contrary to ordinary ways of 
thinking, why bother trying to 

717
00:43:54,200 --> 00:43:56,700
explain when people are so 
attached to their delusions. 

718
00:43:57,400 --> 00:44:00,500
But compassion wins out and he 
walks to sarnath. 

719
00:44:00,500 --> 00:44:03,200
Where his former ascetic 
companions are practicing. 

720
00:44:03,200 --> 00:44:06,700
They plan to ignore him as a 
failure, but something in his 

721
00:44:06,700 --> 00:44:09,900
bearing stops them. 
He begins teaching what he's 

722
00:44:09,900 --> 00:44:12,600
discovered. 
You sit with early disciples as 

723
00:44:12,600 --> 00:44:14,500
Buddha explains the four noble 
truths. 

724
00:44:14,500 --> 00:44:18,400
First life involves suffering. 
Duca. 

725
00:44:18,400 --> 00:44:24,400
This isn't pessimism its realism
Birth is suffering, aging is 

726
00:44:24,400 --> 00:44:27,400
suffering sickness, is 
suffering, and death is 

727
00:44:27,400 --> 00:44:30,200
suffering. 
Being separated from what you 

728
00:44:30,200 --> 00:44:33,700
love is suffering. 
Being united with what you hate 

729
00:44:33,700 --> 00:44:36,500
is suffering. 
Not getting what you want is 

730
00:44:36,500 --> 00:44:39,400
suffering. 
Even pleasant experience is 

731
00:44:39,400 --> 00:44:43,500
carry seeds of suffering because
their impermanent the pleasure 

732
00:44:43,500 --> 00:44:45,800
Fades leaving. 
You craving more? 

733
00:44:46,800 --> 00:44:51,400
second suffering has a cause 
tanha often translated as 

734
00:44:51,400 --> 00:44:55,300
craving or attachment but really
any form of grass being or 

735
00:44:55,300 --> 00:44:59,000
clinging We suffer because we 
grasp but pleasure push away, 

736
00:44:59,000 --> 00:45:02,100
pain and cling to the illusion 
of a permanent self. 

737
00:45:03,100 --> 00:45:04,700
We want things to be different 
than they are. 

738
00:45:05,600 --> 00:45:09,800
We want Pleasant experiences to 
last forever and unpleasant ones

739
00:45:09,800 --> 00:45:14,400
to never occur. 
We want I and mine to be 

740
00:45:14,408 --> 00:45:17,300
substantial and enduring when 
they're actually empty and 

741
00:45:17,308 --> 00:45:19,200
transient. 
Third. 

742
00:45:19,900 --> 00:45:24,900
Suffering can end Nirvana, 
literally the extinguishing or 

743
00:45:24,900 --> 00:45:27,700
blowing out of craving is 
possible. 

744
00:45:28,400 --> 00:45:30,900
This isn't Annihilation or 
death, but the end of that 

745
00:45:30,900 --> 00:45:34,500
grasping Desiring, clinging mine
that creates suffering its 

746
00:45:34,500 --> 00:45:38,000
peace, Liberation and freedom 
from the cycle of birth and 

747
00:45:38,000 --> 00:45:39,600
death. 
Forth. 

748
00:45:39,600 --> 00:45:43,700
There's a path to ending 
suffering the noble, Eightfold 

749
00:45:43,700 --> 00:45:47,700
Path, this path, Right View, 
right? 

750
00:45:47,700 --> 00:45:52,500
Intention right, speech, right 
action, right, livelihood, right

751
00:45:52,500 --> 00:45:54,800
effort, right, mindfulness and 
right. 

752
00:45:54,800 --> 00:45:58,000
Concentration becomes buddhism's
practical core. 

753
00:45:58,000 --> 00:46:00,700
It's called the middle way 
because it avoids, both 

754
00:46:00,700 --> 00:46:04,600
self-indulgence, like, 
siddhartha's Palace life and 

755
00:46:04,600 --> 00:46:08,900
self-mortification, like his 
years as an ascetic finding 

756
00:46:08,900 --> 00:46:12,700
balance between extremes. 
Notice what Buddha doesn't do, 

757
00:46:12,700 --> 00:46:17,700
he doesn't appeal to God's or 
Revelation Buddhism has gods. 

758
00:46:17,700 --> 00:46:21,300
They appear throughout Buddhist 
texts, but they're not creators 

759
00:46:21,300 --> 00:46:24,000
or saviors. 
They're beings trapped in the 

760
00:46:24,008 --> 00:46:25,800
cycle of rebirth like everyone 
else. 

761
00:46:25,800 --> 00:46:29,400
Perhaps more fortunate in their 
current existence but not 

762
00:46:29,400 --> 00:46:33,000
fundamentally different. 
Buddha doesn't claim to be a God

763
00:46:33,000 --> 00:46:34,900
or Prophet. 
Conveying Divine messages. 

764
00:46:34,900 --> 00:46:38,700
He's a teacher sharing insights 
gained through meditation and 

765
00:46:38,700 --> 00:46:41,600
reflection. 
He doesn't construct elaborate 

766
00:46:41,600 --> 00:46:44,500
metaphysical systems about the 
ultimate nature of reality. 

767
00:46:45,500 --> 00:46:49,000
When students ask him 
speculative, questions is the 

768
00:46:49,000 --> 00:46:53,000
universe Eternal or not. 
Finite or infinite. 

769
00:46:53,900 --> 00:46:57,200
Does the enlightened person 
exists after death or not? 

770
00:46:58,200 --> 00:47:02,600
Famously refuses to answer. 
He Compares them to a person 

771
00:47:02,600 --> 00:47:06,300
shot with a poisoned Arrow, who 
refuses treat treatment until he

772
00:47:06,308 --> 00:47:09,000
knows who shot it from which 
direction. 

773
00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:13,600
What kind of wood the arrow is 
made from what species of bird 

774
00:47:13,600 --> 00:47:16,700
provided the feathers and what 
kind of poison was used. 

775
00:47:17,600 --> 00:47:21,500
Such questions, Buddha, argues 
distract from the Urgent tasks, 

776
00:47:21,500 --> 00:47:26,000
removing the arrow of suffering.
This practical Focus 

777
00:47:26,000 --> 00:47:29,000
distinguishes Buddhism from much
Western philosophy. 

778
00:47:29,800 --> 00:47:33,900
Plato wants to know the nature 
of Ultimate Reality Aristotle, 

779
00:47:33,900 --> 00:47:36,000
wants to catalog and categorize 
everything. 

780
00:47:36,000 --> 00:47:39,900
But are asks, does this 
knowledge helped and suffering? 

781
00:47:39,900 --> 00:47:45,000
If not why pursue it? 
His famous image of a raft used 

782
00:47:45,000 --> 00:47:47,900
across a river. 
Once you reach the other Shore, 

783
00:47:47,900 --> 00:47:49,400
you don't carry the raft with 
you. 

784
00:47:49,400 --> 00:47:52,900
Similarly Buddhist teaching is a
tools for ending suffering. 

785
00:47:52,900 --> 00:47:57,600
Not Eternal truths to worship or
cling to Central to Buddhist 

786
00:47:57,600 --> 00:48:01,500
teaching is the doctrine of a 
NATO no self or non-self. 

787
00:48:02,300 --> 00:48:05,600
We think of ourselves as stable 
enduring entities. 

788
00:48:06,500 --> 00:48:10,700
I was me yesterday a meter day 
and will be meeting tomorrow. 

789
00:48:12,000 --> 00:48:14,900
But Buddha argues, this stable 
self is an illusion. 

790
00:48:14,900 --> 00:48:19,300
Look closely at what you call 
yourself, you find a body that's

791
00:48:19,300 --> 00:48:24,300
constantly changing cells, dying
new ones, forming different 

792
00:48:24,300 --> 00:48:28,600
every moment, you find feelings 
that arise and pass, you find 

793
00:48:28,600 --> 00:48:31,500
perceptions thoughts and 
Consciousness itself. 

794
00:48:31,500 --> 00:48:36,400
All constantly changing none, 
providing a stable ground for a 

795
00:48:36,400 --> 00:48:39,300
permanent self. 
This doesn't mean you don't 

796
00:48:39,300 --> 00:48:43,800
exist in any sense, obviously 
there's a continuity of memory 

797
00:48:43,800 --> 00:48:46,400
and causation connecting this 
moment to the next. 

798
00:48:47,200 --> 00:48:50,400
But that continuity doesn't 
require a substantial and 

799
00:48:50,400 --> 00:48:53,200
changing self. 
It's more like a river. 

800
00:48:54,000 --> 00:48:57,000
We speak of the Mississippi 
River as if it's a single thing.

801
00:48:57,800 --> 00:49:00,300
But it's actually just water 
constantly flowing. 

802
00:49:00,300 --> 00:49:04,800
Never the same water twice yet. 
Maintaining enough continuity 

803
00:49:04,800 --> 00:49:07,800
that calling it The River makes 
practical sense. 

804
00:49:08,700 --> 00:49:11,800
If there's no permanent self, 
what gets reborn in the cycle of

805
00:49:11,800 --> 00:49:15,500
death and rebirth, that Buddha 
speaks of this becomes one of 

806
00:49:15,500 --> 00:49:17,600
buddhism's most debated 
questions. 

807
00:49:18,700 --> 00:49:23,000
Some traditions, say calmer the 
consequences of actions carry 

808
00:49:23,000 --> 00:49:24,900
forward with without requiring a
self. 

809
00:49:25,600 --> 00:49:28,500
Others develop subtle theories 
about Consciousness streams or 

810
00:49:28,508 --> 00:49:32,100
Storehouse consciousness. the 
point though, is that believing 

811
00:49:32,100 --> 00:49:35,400
in a permanent self causes 
suffering and seeing through the

812
00:49:35,400 --> 00:49:39,600
illusion brings liberation 
Buddhism spread across Asia with

813
00:49:39,600 --> 00:49:44,000
remarkable adaptability creating
different forms in different 

814
00:49:44,000 --> 00:49:46,700
cultures. 
In Sri, Lanka and Southeast 

815
00:49:46,700 --> 00:49:48,600
Asia. 
There are varda Buddhism 

816
00:49:48,600 --> 00:49:53,300
preserves the earliest texts the
Pali, Canon, an emphasizes 

817
00:49:53,300 --> 00:49:55,400
monastic discipline and 
meditation. 

818
00:49:56,200 --> 00:50:00,200
Monks wear orange, robes shave 
their heads on almost nothing 

819
00:50:00,200 --> 00:50:03,200
and dedicate themselves to 
achieving enlightenment. 

820
00:50:04,300 --> 00:50:08,300
In Tibet Buddhism encounters, 
the indigenous Bond religion and

821
00:50:08,300 --> 00:50:10,700
develops. 
Elaborate practices involving 

822
00:50:10,700 --> 00:50:14,800
visualization, Mantra, 
recitation and ritual. 

823
00:50:15,900 --> 00:50:20,200
Tibetan Buddhism, recognizes 
tulkas, enlightened teachers who

824
00:50:20,200 --> 00:50:23,500
consciously choose rebirth to 
continue helping beings achieve 

825
00:50:23,500 --> 00:50:27,700
liberation. the most famous is 
the Dalai Lama, though there are

826
00:50:27,708 --> 00:50:32,000
thousands of recognized toolkits
In China Buddhism encounters, 

827
00:50:32,000 --> 00:50:36,500
taoism and Confucianism creating
Chan Buddhism, a synthesis 

828
00:50:36,500 --> 00:50:39,700
emphasizing meditation and 
direct experience over 

829
00:50:39,700 --> 00:50:42,800
scriptural study. 
Chan Masters, develop 

830
00:50:42,800 --> 00:50:46,400
paradoxical teaching methods, 
using impossible questions, 

831
00:50:46,400 --> 00:50:51,200
quiet and unexpected actions to 
jolt students out of conceptual 

832
00:50:51,200 --> 00:50:55,400
thinking When Chan travels to 
Japan, it becomes Zen, 

833
00:50:55,400 --> 00:50:59,100
influencing everything from tea,
ceremonies to martial, arts to 

834
00:50:59,100 --> 00:51:02,400
garden design. 
In all these forms Buddhism 

835
00:51:02,400 --> 00:51:05,700
maintain, certain core insights 
that suffering stems from 

836
00:51:05,708 --> 00:51:08,600
attachment that. 
The self we cling to is an 

837
00:51:08,600 --> 00:51:10,400
illusion. 
And that Liberation comes 

838
00:51:10,400 --> 00:51:13,300
through understanding and 
practice rather than Faith or 

839
00:51:13,300 --> 00:51:16,200
divine grace. 
It's a remarkably philosophical 

840
00:51:16,200 --> 00:51:19,500
approach to what most cultures 
handle through religion using 

841
00:51:19,500 --> 00:51:22,900
meditation as a tool for 
investigating reality rather 

842
00:51:22,900 --> 00:51:25,600
than connecting with Gods. 
Now Leap Forward. 

843
00:51:25,600 --> 00:51:28,600
Several centuries and travel 
Westward to Bagdad in the 9th 

844
00:51:28,600 --> 00:51:32,000
century CE. 
The Abbasid caliphs of built, 

845
00:51:32,000 --> 00:51:34,500
one of History's, great cities 
along the Tigris, River 

846
00:51:34,500 --> 00:51:37,500
rivaling, ancient Rome in size 
and splendor. 

847
00:51:38,500 --> 00:51:42,000
At its heart. 
Stands, the bait, Al hikman, the

848
00:51:42,000 --> 00:51:44,400
House of Wisdom. 
A combination Library 

849
00:51:44,400 --> 00:51:48,500
translation Academy in Research 
Center, where Scholars gather 

850
00:51:48,500 --> 00:51:50,400
from a cross, the Islamic world 
and Beyond. 

851
00:51:51,300 --> 00:51:54,200
Pictures yourself in the house 
of wisdom's Great Library, 

852
00:51:54,200 --> 00:51:57,000
sunlight filtering through 
geometric. 

853
00:51:57,000 --> 00:52:01,400
Lattice screens called mashra 
creating patterns of light and 

854
00:52:01,400 --> 00:52:05,200
Shadow on marble floors. 
The smell of ink and parchment 

855
00:52:05,200 --> 00:52:07,600
hangs. 
Heavy in the air shelves. 

856
00:52:07,600 --> 00:52:11,000
Grown under the weight of 
manuscripts, in Arabic Persian 

857
00:52:11,000 --> 00:52:12,900
Greek, Sanskrit, and other 
languages. 

858
00:52:13,900 --> 00:52:17,900
Scholars, bend over texts. 
Carefully copying or translating

859
00:52:17,900 --> 00:52:20,800
preserving knowledge, that might
otherwise vanish. 

860
00:52:22,000 --> 00:52:24,500
The story of how Greek, 
philosophy, reach, medieval 

861
00:52:24,500 --> 00:52:28,600
Baghdad, as itself, remarkable. 
When Plato's Academy and other 

862
00:52:28,600 --> 00:52:32,100
Pagan schools were closed by 
Christian Emperor, Justinian in 

863
00:52:32,100 --> 00:52:38,400
529 CE some Scholars, fled East 
to Persia taking manuscripts 

864
00:52:38,400 --> 00:52:41,200
with them. 
Others went to Syria, where 

865
00:52:41,200 --> 00:52:44,300
Christian, monasteries 
preserved, Greek texts training 

866
00:52:44,300 --> 00:52:48,400
monks in both Greek and Syria, 
When Arab Muslims conquered this

867
00:52:48,400 --> 00:52:52,100
region in the seventh centuries 
they encountered this Treasure 

868
00:52:52,100 --> 00:52:56,200
Trove of ancient learning. 
The Abbasid caliphs particularly

869
00:52:56,200 --> 00:52:59,900
Alma Moon who ruled from 813 to 
833. 

870
00:52:59,900 --> 00:53:03,500
Actively sponsored the 
translation of these Works into 

871
00:53:03,500 --> 00:53:07,400
Arabic Christian and Jewish 
Scholars who knew Greek and 

872
00:53:07,400 --> 00:53:09,700
Syriac worked alongside Muslim 
Scholars. 

873
00:53:09,700 --> 00:53:14,300
Creating Arabic version Within a
few Generations, nearly the 

874
00:53:14,300 --> 00:53:18,400
entire Corpus of Greek 
philosophy mathematics and 

875
00:53:18,400 --> 00:53:20,500
science becomes available in 
Arabic. 

876
00:53:21,400 --> 00:53:26,600
Plato's dialogues, Aristotle's 
treatises Euclid's geometry, 

877
00:53:26,600 --> 00:53:32,000
ptolemies astronomy, and galen's
medicine, all carefully, 

878
00:53:32,000 --> 00:53:36,000
translated and studied. 
But the Islamic scholars don't 

879
00:53:36,000 --> 00:53:39,000
just preserve Greek philosophy. 
They transformed it. 

880
00:53:39,000 --> 00:53:42,400
Develop it and grapple with new 
questions. 

881
00:53:42,400 --> 00:53:47,200
The Greeks never imagined You 
meet alkindi, the philosopher of

882
00:53:47,200 --> 00:53:51,000
the Arabs, born around 800 CE in
kufa. 

883
00:53:51,700 --> 00:53:54,200
He is one of the first major 
philosophers writing in Arabic, 

884
00:53:54,200 --> 00:53:56,600
and he faces a fundamental 
question. 

885
00:53:57,600 --> 00:54:00,500
How does Greek philosophy based 
on reason, alone? 

886
00:54:00,500 --> 00:54:05,700
Relate to Islamic revelation. 
Can they co-exist or must One 

887
00:54:05,700 --> 00:54:09,400
giveaway to the other? 
alkindi argues that reason and 

888
00:54:09,400 --> 00:54:13,400
Revelation don't conflict, but 
complement each other philosophy

889
00:54:13,400 --> 00:54:17,000
using reason can discover truths
about the natural world. 

890
00:54:17,800 --> 00:54:21,700
Have bodies move how stars orbit
and how medicine's heal. 

891
00:54:23,200 --> 00:54:27,000
Revelation addresses, what lies 
Beyond reasons, reach, God's 

892
00:54:27,000 --> 00:54:30,900
nature, the afterlife proper 
worship and ethics. 

893
00:54:31,900 --> 00:54:35,700
Both are paths to truth and 
truth cannot contradict itself. 

894
00:54:36,800 --> 00:54:40,000
If philosophy and Revelation 
seem to conflict, we've either 

895
00:54:40,000 --> 00:54:42,700
reasoned incorrectly or 
misunderstood Revelation. 

896
00:54:42,700 --> 00:54:46,200
This synthesis of faith and 
reason becomes crucial for 

897
00:54:46,200 --> 00:54:49,500
Islamic philosophy. 
It allows Muslim Scholars to 

898
00:54:49,500 --> 00:54:52,700
engage with Greek philosophy 
without abandoning their 

899
00:54:52,700 --> 00:54:56,300
religious commitments. 
It creates intellectual space 

900
00:54:56,300 --> 00:55:00,600
for scientific investigation and
philosophical speculation within

901
00:55:00,600 --> 00:55:04,400
an Islamic framework. 
Move forward a century, and 

902
00:55:04,400 --> 00:55:08,400
encounter alfarabi, born around 
870 in Central Asia. 

903
00:55:09,300 --> 00:55:13,200
He arrives in Bagdad as a Young 
Man, Master's Greek philosophy. 

904
00:55:13,200 --> 00:55:16,000
So thoroughly that his 
commentaries on Aristotle. 

905
00:55:16,000 --> 00:55:18,500
Become standard references and 
develops. 

906
00:55:18,500 --> 00:55:21,200
His own systematic philosophy, 
synthesizing, Plato and 

907
00:55:21,200 --> 00:55:24,200
Aristotle. 
His major Innovation is showing 

908
00:55:24,200 --> 00:55:27,300
how their apparently 
contradictory systems actually 

909
00:55:27,300 --> 00:55:31,600
addressed different questions. 
Plato describes the ideal realm 

910
00:55:31,600 --> 00:55:35,400
toward which we should strive 
Aristotle describes, the actual 

911
00:55:35,400 --> 00:55:38,900
realm in which we live. 
Both are necessary for complete 

912
00:55:38,900 --> 00:55:41,000
understanding. 
Alfarabi. 

913
00:55:41,000 --> 00:55:44,300
Developed sophisticated 
political philosophy, describing

914
00:55:44,300 --> 00:55:47,700
the ideal city, ruled by a 
philosopher Prophet who can 

915
00:55:47,700 --> 00:55:51,200
binds Plato's philosopher king 
with his hammock conception of 

916
00:55:51,200 --> 00:55:54,200
the Prophet Muhammad. 
In this ideal city. 

917
00:55:54,200 --> 00:55:56,900
The ruler possesses both 
theoretical wisdom, 

918
00:55:56,900 --> 00:56:01,700
understanding ultimate truths 
and practical wisdom knowing how

919
00:56:01,700 --> 00:56:04,600
to implement them. 
He guides citizens toward 

920
00:56:04,600 --> 00:56:08,500
happiness and Perfection much as
the captain guides a ship to 

921
00:56:08,500 --> 00:56:11,900
Safe Harbor. 
But Alfred, I'd be recognizes 

922
00:56:11,900 --> 00:56:16,800
that ideal cities rarely exist? 
Most actual cities are ignorant 

923
00:56:16,800 --> 00:56:20,400
cities, where people pursue 
wealth pleasure or honor rather 

924
00:56:20,400 --> 00:56:23,800
than virtue and Truth. 
Some are wicked cities where 

925
00:56:23,800 --> 00:56:27,100
people know the truth but 
deliberately reject it. the 

926
00:56:27,100 --> 00:56:30,500
philosopher living in such 
cities, faces Choice, with 

927
00:56:30,500 --> 00:56:34,200
drawing to private study or try 
to guide people toward truth, 

928
00:56:34,200 --> 00:56:38,200
despite the difficulties But the
giant of medieval Islamic 

929
00:56:38,200 --> 00:56:42,300
philosophy is important Cena 
known in the west as a center. 

930
00:56:43,100 --> 00:56:55,900
Born in 9868 by 16, and write 
prolifically on, philosophy 

931
00:56:55,900 --> 00:57:00,000
medicine mathematics, astronomy 
and other subjects. 

932
00:57:00,700 --> 00:57:03,900
His Canon of medicine, 
systematizes, all medical 

933
00:57:03,900 --> 00:57:06,800
knowledge of available in the 
Islamic World, becoming the 

934
00:57:06,800 --> 00:57:09,800
standard medical textbook, in 
both his name, and European 

935
00:57:09,800 --> 00:57:14,200
universities for over 500 years.
You listen as you've been seen 

936
00:57:14,200 --> 00:57:16,700
our explains his famous floating
man. 

937
00:57:16,700 --> 00:57:20,400
Thought experiment, one of 
philosophies most ingenious 

938
00:57:20,400 --> 00:57:25,400
Arguments for mind-body dualism.
Imagine he says being created 

939
00:57:25,400 --> 00:57:30,000
fully formed in mid-air floating
in void, unable to sense your 

940
00:57:30,000 --> 00:57:33,800
body or the external world. 
Your limbs don't touch each 

941
00:57:33,800 --> 00:57:37,200
other or anything else. 
You have no sensory input at 

942
00:57:37,200 --> 00:57:39,400
all. 
Would you still be aware of your

943
00:57:39,400 --> 00:57:42,400
own existence? 
Even seen an argues. 

944
00:57:42,400 --> 00:57:46,000
Yes, consciousness of self 
doesn't depend on bodily 

945
00:57:46,000 --> 00:57:47,900
sensation or external 
perception. 

946
00:57:48,800 --> 00:57:52,300
Even in complete sensory 
deprivation, you would still be 

947
00:57:52,300 --> 00:57:56,300
aware that you exist, even if 
you knew nothing else, therefore

948
00:57:56,300 --> 00:58:00,000
the soul or mine is a 
non-physical substance, distinct

949
00:58:00,000 --> 00:58:02,900
from the body and capable of 
existing independently. 

950
00:58:04,000 --> 00:58:05,800
It's an argument that will Echo 
into. 

951
00:58:05,800 --> 00:58:09,900
I think therefore I am 6 
centuries later though. 

952
00:58:09,900 --> 00:58:12,600
Descartes probably didn't know 
if and seen as early as a 

953
00:58:12,600 --> 00:58:15,500
version. 
In developed sophisticated 

954
00:58:15,500 --> 00:58:19,100
metaphysics, distinguishing 
between Essence and existence. 

955
00:58:19,100 --> 00:58:22,200
Everything that exists has 
nests. 

956
00:58:22,200 --> 00:58:28,400
What it is an existence that it 
is In most things, Essence, and 

957
00:58:28,400 --> 00:58:32,200
existence are separate. 
The horse has horse Essence and 

958
00:58:32,200 --> 00:58:34,100
separately. 
It happens to exist. 

959
00:58:35,000 --> 00:58:39,300
But God is unique in God alone. 
Essence and existence are 

960
00:58:39,300 --> 00:58:42,700
identical. 
God necessarily exists simply by

961
00:58:42,700 --> 00:58:45,900
being what God is. 
This proof for God's existence 

962
00:58:45,900 --> 00:58:48,600
will influence, medieval 
Christian philosophers, 

963
00:58:48,600 --> 00:58:54,100
particularly Thomas Aquinas. 
In Spain, Al andalus in Arabic 

964
00:58:54,100 --> 00:58:56,500
Islamic philosophy reaches 
perhaps. 

965
00:58:56,500 --> 00:59:00,500
Its highest development under 
IBN rushd known in the west as a

966
00:59:00,500 --> 00:59:05,700
pharaoh is Born in 1126 in 
Cordoba, he served as both judge

967
00:59:05,700 --> 00:59:08,700
and caught Physicians, while 
producing massive philosophical 

968
00:59:08,700 --> 00:59:11,300
works. 
His details commentaries on 

969
00:59:11,308 --> 00:59:14,900
Aristotle in the title, The 
commentator, in medieval 

970
00:59:14,900 --> 00:59:17,900
Christian Europe, where 
Aristotle is simply the 

971
00:59:17,900 --> 00:59:21,200
philosopher. 
IBN rushd pushes Islamic 

972
00:59:21,200 --> 00:59:25,100
philosophy to order more radical
Aristotle in his arguing that 

973
00:59:25,100 --> 00:59:27,700
philosophy and religion are 
separate paths to truth. 

974
00:59:28,600 --> 00:59:32,000
The Quran, He suggests 
addresses, the masses using 

975
00:59:32,000 --> 00:59:34,000
metaphor and imagery, they can 
understand. 

976
00:59:35,200 --> 00:59:38,400
Philosophy reveals literal truth
to the intellectual Elite 

977
00:59:38,400 --> 00:59:42,300
capable of rigorous reasoning 
both lead to the same true 

978
00:59:42,300 --> 00:59:43,900
truths. 
But through different means 

979
00:59:43,900 --> 00:59:48,000
suited to different audiences. 
This view, proves controversial 

980
00:59:48,800 --> 00:59:51,800
Some Islamic scholars argue that
IBN rushd, subordinates 

981
00:59:51,800 --> 00:59:55,400
Revelation to reason, making 
philosophy Superior to religion 

982
00:59:55,400 --> 00:59:57,600
others. 
Appreciate his attempt to give 

983
00:59:57,600 --> 01:00:01,000
philosophy autonomous space 
within Islamic culture, the 

984
01:00:01,000 --> 01:00:03,800
debate continues to this day, 
but had been rushes. 

985
01:00:03,800 --> 01:00:06,300
Immediate impact is limited in 
the Islamic world. 

986
01:00:07,200 --> 01:00:10,200
Paradoxically his greatest 
influences on Christian Europe. 

987
01:00:10,900 --> 01:00:14,600
When his works are translated 
into Latin in the 12th and 13th 

988
01:00:14,600 --> 01:00:17,000
centuries. 
They provide European scholars 

989
01:00:17,000 --> 01:00:20,800
access to Aristotle along with 
sophisticated commentaries 

990
01:00:20,800 --> 01:00:24,600
explaining Aristotelian 
philosophy, Medieval Christian 

991
01:00:24,600 --> 01:00:28,100
University is grapple with the 
Vera wizard IBN rushd 

992
01:00:28,100 --> 01:00:32,600
interpretations of Aristotle. 
Sometimes accepting sometimes 

993
01:00:32,600 --> 01:00:36,100
rejecting, but always engaging 
seriously with his ideas. 

994
01:00:37,100 --> 01:00:40,300
These Islamic scholars, do more 
than preserve Greek, philosophy 

995
01:00:40,300 --> 01:00:43,800
during Europe's early medieval 
period they transformed it. 

996
01:00:43,800 --> 01:00:47,200
Adding sophisticated medical 
knowledge drawn from Clinical 

997
01:00:47,200 --> 01:00:51,000
observation developing advanced 
mathematics including algebra 

998
01:00:51,000 --> 01:00:54,700
and algorithms and grappling 
with theological questions Greek

999
01:00:54,700 --> 01:00:58,800
philosophers never imagined They
create a rich philosophical 

1000
01:00:58,800 --> 01:01:03,400
tradition that synthesizes Greek
rationalism with monotheistic, 

1001
01:01:03,400 --> 01:01:07,500
Revelation producing insights, 
that influence, both Islamic and

1002
01:01:07,500 --> 01:01:12,000
Christian thought for centuries.
Yet by the 13th century, the 

1003
01:01:12,000 --> 01:01:13,700
Golden Age of Islamic 
philosophy. 

1004
01:01:13,700 --> 01:01:16,900
Begins fading. 
Al-ghazali's influential 

1005
01:01:16,900 --> 01:01:20,800
critique of philosophy combined 
with political instability as 

1006
01:01:20,800 --> 01:01:24,900
the Abbasid caliphate fragments.
And finally, the catastrophic 

1007
01:01:24,900 --> 01:01:29,200
Mongol destruction of Baghdad in
1258 shifts, Islamic 

1008
01:01:29,200 --> 01:01:33,600
intellectual culture Philosophy 
doesn't disappear, but it 

1009
01:01:33,608 --> 01:01:37,400
becomes less Central While, 
mysticism Sufism and legal 

1010
01:01:37,400 --> 01:01:39,800
scholarship Peak grow more 
prominent. 

1011
01:01:40,800 --> 01:01:44,100
The torch passes to Christian 
Europe, where Scholars are just 

1012
01:01:44,100 --> 01:01:46,800
beginning to discover the riches
preserved and developed in 

1013
01:01:46,800 --> 01:01:50,200
Arabic translation. 
Universities are emerging in 

1014
01:01:50,200 --> 01:01:54,100
Bologna, Paris and Oxford 
institutions that will shape 

1015
01:01:54,100 --> 01:01:58,000
Western thought for centuries 
and their Hungary for the 

1016
01:01:58,000 --> 01:01:59,900
philosophical and scientific 
knowledge. 

1017
01:01:59,900 --> 01:02:02,400
The Islamic world is so 
carefully preserved. 

1018
01:02:03,600 --> 01:02:07,000
You find yourself in 17th 
century Europe, a continent 

1019
01:02:07,000 --> 01:02:10,000
emerging from religious wars, 
and medieval certainties. 

1020
01:02:11,000 --> 01:02:12,800
A Protestant Reformation has 
shattered. 

1021
01:02:12,800 --> 01:02:16,800
Christian Unity fragmenting, 
Western Christianity and 

1022
01:02:16,800 --> 01:02:20,400
Catholic and various Protestant 
and nominations often fighting 

1023
01:02:20,400 --> 01:02:25,300
bitter Wars over Doctrine. the 
Scientific Revolution Copernicus

1024
01:02:25,300 --> 01:02:29,700
proposing that Earth orbits the 
sun Galileo, observing moons 

1025
01:02:29,700 --> 01:02:33,500
circling Jupiter a Newton, 
discovering laws of motion and 

1026
01:02:33,500 --> 01:02:37,600
gravitation reveals a universe 
that operates by mathematical 

1027
01:02:37,600 --> 01:02:43,000
laws, not Divine, whim or 
Aristotle and final causes In 

1028
01:02:43,000 --> 01:02:46,800
this ferment of change and 
doubt, philosophy is about to 

1029
01:02:46,800 --> 01:02:51,600
transform again. in France, Rene
Descartes sits alone in a heated

1030
01:02:51,600 --> 01:02:56,200
room a while or stove, heated 
chamber on a cold winter night 

1031
01:02:56,200 --> 01:03:01,700
in November 1619 questioning, 
everything he thought he knew he

1032
01:03:01,700 --> 01:03:04,900
was a Young Man educated by 
Jesuits and traditional 

1033
01:03:04,900 --> 01:03:08,800
Aristotelian philosophy, but 
he's growing dissatisfied with 

1034
01:03:08,800 --> 01:03:11,700
the endless debate and lack of 
certainty and philosophy. 

1035
01:03:12,500 --> 01:03:15,800
Science seems to progress by 
building on secure foundations. 

1036
01:03:15,800 --> 01:03:19,300
That philosophy seems to go in 
circles with each thinker 

1037
01:03:19,300 --> 01:03:23,400
contradicting the last Diecast 
decides to doubt, everything 

1038
01:03:23,400 --> 01:03:27,400
possible searching for something
absolutely certain to serve as a

1039
01:03:27,400 --> 01:03:30,700
foundation for knowledge. 
Can he doubt that he sitting in 

1040
01:03:30,700 --> 01:03:33,500
this room? 
Yes, he might be dreaming. 

1041
01:03:34,400 --> 01:03:36,200
Dreams feel real while we're in 
them. 

1042
01:03:36,200 --> 01:03:38,400
Can he doubt mathematical 
truths? 

1043
01:03:38,400 --> 01:03:42,300
Like two plus two equals four. 
Maybe an evil demon is 

1044
01:03:42,300 --> 01:03:46,000
manipulating his thoughts, 
making him believe falsehoods 

1045
01:03:46,000 --> 01:03:49,000
even about mathematics. 
Can he doubt everything? 

1046
01:03:49,900 --> 01:03:53,600
No One Thing Remains certain 
even in radical doubt. 

1047
01:03:54,600 --> 01:04:00,400
Cogito ergo sum, I think 
therefore I am the very Act of 

1048
01:04:00,400 --> 01:04:02,100
doubting proves the doubter 
exists. 

1049
01:04:02,100 --> 01:04:05,400
Even if an evil demon 
manipulates all his thoughts. 

1050
01:04:05,400 --> 01:04:08,400
There must be a he being 
manipulated. 

1051
01:04:09,300 --> 01:04:12,400
Even if everything else is on 
certain the existence of 

1052
01:04:12,400 --> 01:04:14,700
himself, as a thinking thing is 
in Jupiter. 

1053
01:04:16,000 --> 01:04:19,400
From this Foundation, his own 
existence, as a thinking, being 

1054
01:04:19,400 --> 01:04:22,600
descarte attempts to rebuild 
knowledge systematically. 

1055
01:04:22,600 --> 01:04:27,000
He argues that God must exist 
because the idea of a perfect 

1056
01:04:27,000 --> 01:04:31,100
being must come from a perfect 
source, and deception is an 

1057
01:04:31,100 --> 01:04:34,100
imperfection. 
So a perfect God wouldn't 

1058
01:04:34,100 --> 01:04:36,200
receive him about clear and 
distinct ideas. 

1059
01:04:37,300 --> 01:04:40,800
Therefore, his clear and 
distinct ideas like mathematical

1060
01:04:40,800 --> 01:04:45,500
truths must be reliable. 
Therefore, the external World 

1061
01:04:45,500 --> 01:04:50,600
exists much as his senses reveal
it though, not exactly colors 

1062
01:04:50,600 --> 01:04:52,700
taste and smells might be 
subjective. 

1063
01:04:52,700 --> 01:04:57,800
But size, shape and motion, a 
real properties of objects. 

1064
01:04:58,400 --> 01:05:02,000
His method doubt everything then
build up from indubitable 

1065
01:05:02,000 --> 01:05:05,400
foundations becomes a template 
for modern philosophy. 

1066
01:05:06,100 --> 01:05:10,300
His radical separation of mind 
and matter the mental versus the

1067
01:05:10,300 --> 01:05:14,200
physical creates the mind-body. 
Problem that philosophers still 

1068
01:05:14,200 --> 01:05:17,800
wrestle with today. 
How does mind interact with body

1069
01:05:17,800 --> 01:05:19,900
if they're completely different 
substances? 

1070
01:05:20,900 --> 01:05:23,200
How do thoughts cause physical 
actions? 

1071
01:05:23,200 --> 01:05:27,200
How does physical light entering
eyes create mental visual 

1072
01:05:27,200 --> 01:05:30,500
experiences? 
Travel to England and meet John 

1073
01:05:30,500 --> 01:05:34,500
Locke sitting in his study in 
the late. 17th century writing 

1074
01:05:34,500 --> 01:05:36,400
an essay concerning human 
understanding. 

1075
01:05:37,500 --> 01:05:39,200
He's impressed by Newton 
science. 

1076
01:05:39,200 --> 01:05:44,000
And wants to understand how much
Works what its limits are and 

1077
01:05:44,000 --> 01:05:47,300
where it comes from. 
Against Descartes belief in 

1078
01:05:47,300 --> 01:05:50,800
innate ideas were born with 
Locke. 

1079
01:05:50,800 --> 01:05:54,900
Argues that the Mind At Birth is
a tabular Russia, a blank slate,

1080
01:05:54,900 --> 01:05:59,200
all knowledge comes from 
experience either from sensing 

1081
01:05:59,200 --> 01:06:03,400
the external World sensation, or
from reflecting on our own 

1082
01:06:03,400 --> 01:06:08,300
mental operations reflection. 
Were born knowing nothing like 

1083
01:06:08,300 --> 01:06:13,200
argues a child, learns hot by 
experiencing Fire Red by seeing 

1084
01:06:13,200 --> 01:06:16,500
red things. 
And Mother by repeated 

1085
01:06:16,500 --> 01:06:21,500
interactions even abstract ideas
like justice or triangle 

1086
01:06:21,500 --> 01:06:24,000
ultimately derive from 
experience. 

1087
01:06:24,000 --> 01:06:28,200
We abstract them from particular
instances of just actions or 

1088
01:06:28,200 --> 01:06:31,800
triangular objects. 
There are no innate moral truths

1089
01:06:31,800 --> 01:06:34,800
written in our hearts. 
No god-given political 

1090
01:06:34,800 --> 01:06:38,000
principles in printed on our 
minds everything. 

1091
01:06:38,000 --> 01:06:42,700
We know we learned the political
implications explode, across 

1092
01:06:42,700 --> 01:06:47,500
Europe and eventually America. 
If no ideas are innate, then no 

1093
01:06:47,500 --> 01:06:49,700
social hierarchy is a natural 
and eternal. 

1094
01:06:50,800 --> 01:06:52,800
Kings don't rule by Divine 
Right. 

1095
01:06:52,800 --> 01:06:56,700
An innate truth. 
Then political Authority must 

1096
01:06:56,700 --> 01:07:00,800
rest on consent. 
Locks theories of natural rights

1097
01:07:00,800 --> 01:07:06,500
life, liberty and property. 
And limited government will echo

1098
01:07:06,500 --> 01:07:09,300
in the American Declaration of 
Independence and Constitution. 

1099
01:07:10,800 --> 01:07:12,400
We hold these truths to be 
self-evident. 

1100
01:07:12,400 --> 01:07:17,200
That all men are created equal 
that they are endowed by their 

1101
01:07:17,200 --> 01:07:19,900
creator with certain unalienable
rights. 

1102
01:07:19,900 --> 01:07:24,200
This is pure lock. 
Lock. 

1103
01:07:24,200 --> 01:07:25,900
Also grapples with personal 
identity. 

1104
01:07:26,700 --> 01:07:28,700
What makes you the same person 
over time? 

1105
01:07:28,700 --> 01:07:33,500
Not your body that changes 
constantly completely replacing 

1106
01:07:33,500 --> 01:07:36,000
itself. 
Every few years, not your soul. 

1107
01:07:36,000 --> 01:07:40,000
We can't observe Souls locks 
answer Consciousness, 

1108
01:07:40,000 --> 01:07:43,600
particularly memory you're the 
same person who had breakfast 

1109
01:07:43,600 --> 01:07:46,700
this morning because you 
remember having it Personal 

1110
01:07:46,700 --> 01:07:49,600
identity is continuity of 
Consciousness, stretching 

1111
01:07:49,600 --> 01:07:52,800
backwards through memory, this 
creates strange puzzles. 

1112
01:07:53,800 --> 01:07:56,500
If you completely forgot your 
childhood, are you still the 

1113
01:07:56,500 --> 01:08:00,400
same person who experienced it? 
If someone else is memories, 

1114
01:08:00,400 --> 01:08:03,300
were implanted in your brain, 
would you become them? 

1115
01:08:04,700 --> 01:08:08,100
Locks emphasis on Consciousness 
and memory as the basis of 

1116
01:08:08,100 --> 01:08:11,000
identity opens. 
New ways of thinking about 

1117
01:08:11,000 --> 01:08:12,900
personhood that remain 
influential. 

1118
01:08:14,200 --> 01:08:16,600
In Scotland, David Hume takes 
imperialism. 

1119
01:08:16,600 --> 01:08:19,800
The views that all knowledge 
comes from experience to 

1120
01:08:19,800 --> 01:08:22,899
uncomfortable conclusions. 
You watch him writing in 

1121
01:08:22,899 --> 01:08:26,399
Edinburgh in the 1740s. 
Systematically demolishing. 

1122
01:08:26,399 --> 01:08:29,399
Philosophical certainty. 
With devastating Clarity and 

1123
01:08:29,399 --> 01:08:32,600
wit. 
He is a jovial man fond of good 

1124
01:08:32,600 --> 01:08:35,899
food and conversation but his 
philosophy is deeply skeptical. 

1125
01:08:37,000 --> 01:08:42,200
Causation just habit whom argues
we've seen fire followed by heat

1126
01:08:42,200 --> 01:08:45,300
countless times. 
So we expect it to continue but 

1127
01:08:45,300 --> 01:08:47,600
we never observe the causal 
power itself. 

1128
01:08:47,600 --> 01:08:54,300
Never see fire causing heat only
fire then heat Our belief in 

1129
01:08:54,300 --> 01:08:57,700
causation is just psychological 
expectation based on repeated 

1130
01:08:57,700 --> 01:09:00,300
experience, not insight into 
necessary. 

1131
01:09:00,300 --> 01:09:05,899
Connections, the self an 
illusion When human introspects 

1132
01:09:05,899 --> 01:09:09,200
looking for this self that 
supposedly experiences his 

1133
01:09:09,200 --> 01:09:12,500
thoughts and feelings, he finds 
only the thoughts and feelings 

1134
01:09:12,500 --> 01:09:16,500
themselves, a constant flow of 
perceptions and Sensations and 

1135
01:09:16,500 --> 01:09:19,399
emotions. 
Never, does he find a stable 

1136
01:09:19,399 --> 01:09:22,700
self having these experiences? 
Just the experience is 

1137
01:09:22,700 --> 01:09:26,200
themselves. 
They sell is a bundle of the 

1138
01:09:26,200 --> 01:09:29,200
sections. 
Nothing more God. 

1139
01:09:30,000 --> 01:09:32,100
The traditional arguments don't 
withstand scrutiny. 

1140
01:09:32,100 --> 01:09:36,000
The design argument says the 
universe's order proves a 

1141
01:09:36,000 --> 01:09:38,800
designer but couldn't order 
emerge from natural processes. 

1142
01:09:40,200 --> 01:09:43,700
and if complexity requires a 
designer wouldn't God's 

1143
01:09:43,700 --> 01:09:47,700
complexity require a designer 
too, the cosmological argument 

1144
01:09:47,700 --> 01:09:51,800
says, everything has a cause, so
the universe must have a cause 

1145
01:09:51,800 --> 01:09:57,700
God But why can't the universe 
itself be uncaused or why must 

1146
01:09:57,700 --> 01:10:00,600
there be a first cause rather 
than infinite regress? 

1147
01:10:01,300 --> 01:10:05,000
Morality based on feeling not 
reason. 

1148
01:10:06,300 --> 01:10:09,300
Reason alone never motivates 
action whom argues. 

1149
01:10:09,300 --> 01:10:12,700
When you see someone suffering 
and feel moved to help the 

1150
01:10:12,700 --> 01:10:16,700
motivation comes from sympathy, 
fellow feeling, not from 

1151
01:10:16,700 --> 01:10:20,300
reasoning about ethical 
principles, morality rests on 

1152
01:10:20,308 --> 01:10:23,600
Sentiments of approval and 
disapproval rooted in human 

1153
01:10:23,600 --> 01:10:26,900
nature, not on rational proof of
moral truths. 

1154
01:10:27,700 --> 01:10:31,000
Humes skepticism seems to 
undermine everything science 

1155
01:10:31,000 --> 01:10:36,500
religion ethics and even the 
existence of a stable self yet. 

1156
01:10:36,500 --> 01:10:40,100
He lives contentedly enjoying, 
dinner parties and writing 

1157
01:10:40,100 --> 01:10:44,300
popular history is philosophy. 
He suggests is a game, we play 

1158
01:10:44,300 --> 01:10:47,700
in our studies, real life 
operates on custom and habit, 

1159
01:10:47,700 --> 01:10:52,000
not philosophical certainty. 
We can't help believing in 

1160
01:10:52,000 --> 01:10:55,400
causation self and external 
objects. 

1161
01:10:55,400 --> 01:10:58,700
Even if philosophy can't prove 
them, that's fine. 

1162
01:10:58,700 --> 01:11:02,500
We should be Skeptics and Theory
but live normally in practice. 

1163
01:11:02,500 --> 01:11:07,300
Meanwhile, in Germany Emmanuel 
Kant, reads, Human Experience is

1164
01:11:07,300 --> 01:11:10,000
what he calls Awakening from 
dogmatics Slumber. 

1165
01:11:10,000 --> 01:11:14,500
Hume skepticism about causation 
threatens to undermine Newton 

1166
01:11:14,500 --> 01:11:19,500
science which can't reverse 
can't dedicate years to solving 

1167
01:11:19,500 --> 01:11:23,900
this problem, finally, 
publishing his critique of pure 

1168
01:11:23,900 --> 01:11:28,800
reason, in 1781 a dense 
difficult work, that 

1169
01:11:28,800 --> 01:11:33,300
revolutionizes philosophy 
Picture can't explaining his 

1170
01:11:33,300 --> 01:11:37,100
copernican revolution in 
philosophy just as Copernicus. 

1171
01:11:37,100 --> 01:11:40,400
Realized the Earth moves around 
the Sun, rather than vice versa 

1172
01:11:40,400 --> 01:11:45,600
can't realize is objects, must 
conform to our minds rather than

1173
01:11:45,600 --> 01:11:48,600
our minds passively receiving 
Impressions from objects. 

1174
01:11:49,600 --> 01:11:54,100
We experience space and time, 
causation and substance, not 

1175
01:11:54,100 --> 01:11:56,400
because the world inherently has
these properties. 

1176
01:11:56,400 --> 01:11:59,700
But because our minds impose, 
these structures on Raw 

1177
01:11:59,700 --> 01:12:03,700
Sensational organizing, the 
blooming, buzzing confusion of 

1178
01:12:03,700 --> 01:12:05,900
sense data into coherent 
experience. 

1179
01:12:07,100 --> 01:12:09,800
This sounds abstract, but it 
solves problems. 

1180
01:12:09,800 --> 01:12:14,100
Elegantly causation is certain 
because it's how our minds must 

1181
01:12:14,100 --> 01:12:17,200
structure experience. 
We can't help seeing events as 

1182
01:12:17,200 --> 01:12:20,400
causally connected because 
that's how human cognition 

1183
01:12:20,400 --> 01:12:23,500
works. 
Science is possible because it 

1184
01:12:23,500 --> 01:12:26,500
describes the world as it 
appears to mine's like ours 

1185
01:12:26,500 --> 01:12:30,400
structured by Universal 
categories. we can have 

1186
01:12:30,400 --> 01:12:34,300
synthetic a priori knowledge 
knowledge that goes beyond mere 

1187
01:12:34,300 --> 01:12:37,800
definitions, but is still 
certain Because it describes the

1188
01:12:37,800 --> 01:12:39,900
necessary structures of 
experience. 

1189
01:12:40,600 --> 01:12:43,900
Yet, can't preserves a realm 
Beyond knowledge, the things in 

1190
01:12:43,900 --> 01:12:49,500
themselves numerous to things as
they appear to us phenomena. 

1191
01:12:50,200 --> 01:12:53,600
We can never know things as they
are in themselves only as they 

1192
01:12:53,600 --> 01:12:55,300
appear through our mental 
structures. 

1193
01:12:56,300 --> 01:13:00,100
This creates space for God, 
freedom and immortality. 

1194
01:13:01,100 --> 01:13:04,200
Though, we can't prove they 
exist, that would require a 

1195
01:13:04,200 --> 01:13:05,300
knowledge of things in 
themselves. 

1196
01:13:05,300 --> 01:13:09,600
We can't disprove them and we 
have practical reasons to 

1197
01:13:09,600 --> 01:13:11,300
believe in them. 
Can't. 

1198
01:13:11,300 --> 01:13:14,800
Ethics is equally revolutionary 
traditional ethics. 

1199
01:13:14,800 --> 01:13:18,000
Either appeals to consequences 
and act is right. 

1200
01:13:18,000 --> 01:13:21,400
If it produces good results or 
to Define commands. 

1201
01:13:21,400 --> 01:13:26,100
Write because God says, so can't
argues that morality must rest 

1202
01:13:26,100 --> 01:13:29,500
on reason alone. 
Civically on the principal, he 

1203
01:13:29,500 --> 01:13:31,100
calls the categorical 
imperative. 

1204
01:13:32,200 --> 01:13:35,900
Act only according to that Maxim
by which you can at the same 

1205
01:13:35,900 --> 01:13:39,800
time will that it should become 
a universal law. 

1206
01:13:40,600 --> 01:13:43,700
In other words before acting 
asked, whether you could 

1207
01:13:43,700 --> 01:13:47,300
rationally will that everyone in
similar circumstances, act the 

1208
01:13:47,300 --> 01:13:50,900
same way. 
If not the action is immoral. 

1209
01:13:51,800 --> 01:13:56,300
Lying fails this test if 
everyone lied communication 

1210
01:13:56,300 --> 01:13:59,600
would break down making lying 
itself impossible. 

1211
01:14:00,500 --> 01:14:04,800
Keeping promises passes willing.
Universal promise keeping is 

1212
01:14:04,800 --> 01:14:08,400
perfectly rational. 
Morality for Kent isn't about 

1213
01:14:08,400 --> 01:14:12,600
feelings or Consequences, but 
about rational consistency and 

1214
01:14:12,600 --> 01:14:17,900
treating people as ends in the 
cells, never merely as means the

1215
01:14:17,900 --> 01:14:20,700
enlightenment. 
These thinkers helped create 

1216
01:14:20,700 --> 01:14:25,600
emphasizes reason over tradition
individual rights over inherited

1217
01:14:25,600 --> 01:14:29,700
hierarchy, progress over 
stagnation and science over 

1218
01:14:29,700 --> 01:14:33,400
superstition. 
Its ideals Inspire the American 

1219
01:14:33,400 --> 01:14:38,200
and French revolution's, reforms
in law and education, a new 

1220
01:14:38,200 --> 01:14:40,400
conception of human, dignity and
rights. 

1221
01:14:41,700 --> 01:14:45,600
The modern world is born from 
Enlightenment philosophy, yet it

1222
01:14:45,600 --> 01:14:49,200
also creates new problems. 
If reason alone should guide us.

1223
01:14:49,200 --> 01:14:52,400
Why do people disagree so 
profoundly about what reason 

1224
01:14:52,400 --> 01:14:55,600
demands? 
If traditional authorities, lack

1225
01:14:55,600 --> 01:14:59,400
justification what prevents 
Society from fracturing into 

1226
01:14:59,400 --> 01:15:03,500
individual Wills. 
If we're all free and equal, how

1227
01:15:03,500 --> 01:15:08,000
do we build stable communities? 
If science reveals a mechanistic

1228
01:15:08,000 --> 01:15:12,000
universe, where is space for 
meaning, purpose or value? 

1229
01:15:12,800 --> 01:15:15,200
These questions will haunt 
modern philosophy. 

1230
01:15:15,900 --> 01:15:18,800
The 19th and 20th, centuries, 
fragment philosophy into 

1231
01:15:18,800 --> 01:15:22,000
specialized schools. 
Each claiming to have found the 

1232
01:15:22,000 --> 01:15:23,600
answer, previous thinkers 
missed. 

1233
01:15:24,400 --> 01:15:26,500
You encounter German idealists 
following? 

1234
01:15:26,500 --> 01:15:30,600
Can't constructing. 
Elaborate metaphysical systems. 

1235
01:15:31,400 --> 01:15:34,500
Hagel argues that history is the
progressive manifestation of 

1236
01:15:34,500 --> 01:15:37,400
spirit. 
Geist, achieving 

1237
01:15:37,400 --> 01:15:41,200
self-consciousness. the 
contradictions drive progress 

1238
01:15:41,200 --> 01:15:44,600
through dialectical processes 
and that the real is rational, 

1239
01:15:44,600 --> 01:15:48,900
and the rationale is real, His 
system is so complex and 

1240
01:15:48,900 --> 01:15:50,700
ambitious. 
That it's seems to Encompass, 

1241
01:15:50,700 --> 01:15:56,700
everything art religion, 
politics history, all unified 

1242
01:15:56,700 --> 01:15:58,600
in. 
One grand Narrative of spirits 

1243
01:15:58,600 --> 01:16:02,000
development, You meet 
utilitarians in England, 

1244
01:16:02,000 --> 01:16:05,300
particularly Jeremy Bentham, and
John Stuart Mill. 

1245
01:16:06,000 --> 01:16:09,300
Arguing that morality means 
maximizing happiness for the 

1246
01:16:09,300 --> 01:16:13,000
greatest number. 
Bentham develops a philosophic 

1247
01:16:13,000 --> 01:16:16,900
calculus for measuring Pleasure 
and Pain trying to make ethics 

1248
01:16:16,900 --> 01:16:20,700
scientific. 
Mill refines this distinguishing

1249
01:16:20,700 --> 01:16:24,300
higher and lower Pleasures. 
It is better to be Socrates 

1250
01:16:24,300 --> 01:16:28,000
dissatisfied than a full 
satisfied because intellectual 

1251
01:16:28,000 --> 01:16:30,400
Pleasures, outweigh mere 
physical ones. 

1252
01:16:31,200 --> 01:16:34,000
You find existentialists in 
France and Germany. 

1253
01:16:34,000 --> 01:16:38,800
Insisting that existence 
precedes essence that we create 

1254
01:16:38,800 --> 01:16:41,700
our own meaning in an absurd 
Universe lacking inherent 

1255
01:16:41,700 --> 01:16:45,300
purpose. 
Siren Kierkegaard, often called 

1256
01:16:45,300 --> 01:16:49,400
the first existentialist, argues
that Faith requires a leap 

1257
01:16:49,400 --> 01:16:51,500
Beyond Reason. 
And that authentic. 

1258
01:16:51,500 --> 01:16:54,800
Existence means passionately 
committing to choices despite 

1259
01:16:54,800 --> 01:16:57,500
uncertainty, Friedrich 
Nietzsche. 

1260
01:16:57,500 --> 01:17:00,200
Declares God is dead and Western
values. 

1261
01:17:00,200 --> 01:17:03,800
Need revaluation. 
He doesn't mean God, literally 

1262
01:17:03,800 --> 01:17:07,900
died, but that Divine Authority 
can no longer ground, morality 

1263
01:17:07,900 --> 01:17:12,000
and increasingly secular Europe.
This creates both danger and 

1264
01:17:12,000 --> 01:17:16,500
opportunity danger of nihilism. 
Believing nothing matters and 

1265
01:17:16,500 --> 01:17:20,000
opportunity to create new values
based on life affirmation rather

1266
01:17:20,000 --> 01:17:25,000
than life in denial In Vienna a 
group called logical positivist.

1267
01:17:25,000 --> 01:17:27,900
Tries to purge philosophy of 
meaningless metaphysics. 

1268
01:17:28,600 --> 01:17:32,200
Only statements verifiable 
through observation or True. 

1269
01:17:32,200 --> 01:17:34,300
By definition, they argue are 
meaningful. 

1270
01:17:35,400 --> 01:17:38,900
God exists in the absolute is 
beyond space and time are 

1271
01:17:38,900 --> 01:17:42,300
literally nonsense. 
Not false, but meaningless like 

1272
01:17:42,300 --> 01:17:45,200
colorless green ideas, sleep 
furiously. 

1273
01:17:46,400 --> 01:17:50,200
Philosophy should clarify 
language and analyze logic, not 

1274
01:17:50,200 --> 01:17:53,000
speculate about unobservable 
realities. 

1275
01:17:54,000 --> 01:17:57,400
Yet they're verification 
principles, self-destructs the 

1276
01:17:57,400 --> 01:18:01,500
claim only verifiable statements
are meaningful, is itself not 

1277
01:18:01,500 --> 01:18:06,500
verifiable by observation and 
not true by definition. by 

1278
01:18:06,500 --> 01:18:09,800
mid-century few philosophers, 
accept strict logical, 

1279
01:18:09,800 --> 01:18:15,000
positivism though its emphasis 
on Clarity logical rigor and 

1280
01:18:15,000 --> 01:18:18,400
attention to language reshapes, 
anglo-american philosophy, 

1281
01:18:18,400 --> 01:18:22,400
permanently Meanwhile, 
Continental European philosophy 

1282
01:18:22,400 --> 01:18:25,900
takes different paths. 
Phenomenologists like Edmund, 

1283
01:18:25,900 --> 01:18:29,200
hustle, and Martin Heidegger 
investigate the structures of 

1284
01:18:29,208 --> 01:18:32,400
conscious experience. 
Trying to describe how things 

1285
01:18:32,400 --> 01:18:34,800
appear to Consciousness before 
we theorize about them. 

1286
01:18:35,600 --> 01:18:38,700
Heidegger argues, that Western 
philosophy, has forgotten the 

1287
01:18:38,700 --> 01:18:42,300
question of being itself, 
focusing on particular beings 

1288
01:18:42,300 --> 01:18:44,600
while ignoring what it means for
anything to be at all. 

1289
01:18:45,600 --> 01:18:49,800
His dense poetic. 
German prose frustrate some 

1290
01:18:49,800 --> 01:18:53,000
readers while fascinating 
others. existentialists like 

1291
01:18:53,000 --> 01:18:55,700
John Paul Sartre and Albert 
Camus, explore Freedom, 

1292
01:18:55,700 --> 01:19:01,000
authenticity, and meaning in a 
Godless universe Such argues 

1293
01:19:01,000 --> 01:19:04,500
that we're condemned to be free.
There's no human nature, 

1294
01:19:04,500 --> 01:19:07,800
determining what we should be. 
So we must create ourselves 

1295
01:19:07,800 --> 01:19:10,900
through choices, taking full 
responsibility, for who we 

1296
01:19:10,900 --> 01:19:13,900
become. 
This freedom is terrifying. 

1297
01:19:13,900 --> 01:19:19,000
Leading many to bad faith. 
Pretending were not free, that 

1298
01:19:19,000 --> 01:19:23,300
circumstances or social roles, 
determine our actions coming 

1299
01:19:23,300 --> 01:19:26,800
focuses on the Absurd, the 
conflict between our desire for 

1300
01:19:26,808 --> 01:19:28,600
meaning and the universe is in 
different. 

1301
01:19:29,400 --> 01:19:32,300
We want life to make sense with 
universal offers. 

1302
01:19:32,300 --> 01:19:36,500
No inherent purpose. 
Like, for eternally pushing a 

1303
01:19:36,500 --> 01:19:39,500
boulder uphill. 
We Face meaningless tasks. 

1304
01:19:40,300 --> 01:19:41,500
Yet. 
Can you argues? 

1305
01:19:41,500 --> 01:19:45,600
We must imagine Sisyphus happy, 
creating meaning through the 

1306
01:19:45,600 --> 01:19:49,400
struggle itself, defying, 
absurdity, through, rebellion 

1307
01:19:49,400 --> 01:19:53,800
and acceptance. 
Post-structuralists like Jacques

1308
01:19:53,800 --> 01:19:57,100
Derrida and Michel Foucault. 
Question languages ability to 

1309
01:19:57,100 --> 01:20:01,100
represent reality and expose 
Powers role in shaping. 

1310
01:20:01,100 --> 01:20:05,100
What counts as truth. 
Dairy does deconstruction shows 

1311
01:20:05,100 --> 01:20:09,700
how texts undermine their own 
claims containing contradictions

1312
01:20:09,700 --> 01:20:11,200
and assumptions, they can't 
acknowledge. 

1313
01:20:12,200 --> 01:20:16,900
Foucault analyzes how social 
institutions prisons, hospitals,

1314
01:20:16,900 --> 01:20:19,900
schools shapes subjects, and 
bodies. 

1315
01:20:19,900 --> 01:20:23,200
And how power operates, not, 
just through violence, but 

1316
01:20:23,200 --> 01:20:27,300
through normalization making 
certain behaviors and identities

1317
01:20:27,300 --> 01:20:31,000
seem natural. 
While others seem deviant, in 

1318
01:20:31,000 --> 01:20:34,300
the English speaking World 
philosophy, becomes increasingly

1319
01:20:34,300 --> 01:20:38,800
Technical and specialized 
Analytic philosophers analyze, 

1320
01:20:38,800 --> 01:20:42,100
the logic of language, the 
nature of mind and the 

1321
01:20:42,100 --> 01:20:46,800
foundations of mathematics. 
Bertrand Russell and Alfred 

1322
01:20:46,800 --> 01:20:50,500
North Whitehead attempt to 
reduce mathematics to logic in 

1323
01:20:50,500 --> 01:20:52,600
their massive principia 
Mathematica. 

1324
01:20:54,100 --> 01:20:57,800
Ludwig vitkin Stein first argues
that philosophical problems 

1325
01:20:57,800 --> 01:20:59,600
arise from misunderstanding 
language. 

1326
01:20:59,600 --> 01:21:03,000
And then later that meaning 
comes from use within language 

1327
01:21:03,000 --> 01:21:07,700
games embedded in forms of life,
Questions that once seemed Grand

1328
01:21:07,700 --> 01:21:10,300
and important. 
What is the good life? 

1329
01:21:10,300 --> 01:21:15,400
How should Society be organized?
What Gives Life Meaning is 

1330
01:21:15,400 --> 01:21:19,000
dismissed by many analytic 
philosophers, as too vague for 

1331
01:21:19,000 --> 01:21:21,900
rigorous analysis. 
Philosophy becomes 

1332
01:21:21,900 --> 01:21:25,600
professionalized, an academic 
discipline, requiring Technical 

1333
01:21:25,600 --> 01:21:29,300
Training, rather than a practice
of wisdom accessible to 

1334
01:21:29,300 --> 01:21:32,300
thoughtful people. 
Yet practical ethics 

1335
01:21:32,300 --> 01:21:34,700
experiences. 
A Revival in the late 20th 

1336
01:21:34,700 --> 01:21:37,500
century. 
Peter Singer, argues that our 

1337
01:21:37,500 --> 01:21:41,200
moral circles should expand to 
include all sentient beings 

1338
01:21:41,200 --> 01:21:44,600
capable of suffering. 
Making species membership 

1339
01:21:44,600 --> 01:21:48,900
morally irrelevant. 
His utilitarian framework leads 

1340
01:21:48,900 --> 01:21:52,500
to controversial conclusion 
about animal rights, charity 

1341
01:21:52,500 --> 01:21:55,700
obligations and end of life 
decisions. 

1342
01:21:55,700 --> 01:21:59,400
But forces serious engagement 
with practical, ethical 

1343
01:21:59,400 --> 01:22:02,800
questions. 
John rules develops, a theory of

1344
01:22:02,808 --> 01:22:06,100
Justice based on what principles
people would choose behind a 

1345
01:22:06,100 --> 01:22:10,100
veil of ignorance not knowing 
their position in society. if 

1346
01:22:10,100 --> 01:22:14,000
you didn't know whether you'd be
rich or poor healthy, or sick, 

1347
01:22:14,000 --> 01:22:17,900
or talented or struggling, What 
principles would you want? 

1348
01:22:17,900 --> 01:22:21,400
Governing Society? 
Rawls, argues you choose 

1349
01:22:21,400 --> 01:22:25,000
principles ensuring equal basic 
Liberties and arranging 

1350
01:22:25,000 --> 01:22:29,100
inequalities to benefit the 
least advantaged a philosophical

1351
01:22:29,100 --> 01:22:30,700
foundation for liberal 
egalitarianism. 

1352
01:22:32,500 --> 01:22:35,300
Martha Nussbaum draws on 
Aristotle to argue for 

1353
01:22:35,300 --> 01:22:38,000
capabilities as the foundation 
of Human Rights and development.

1354
01:22:39,000 --> 01:22:42,300
rather than focusing on 
resources or happiness, she 

1355
01:22:42,300 --> 01:22:45,800
argues, we should ensure, people
have capabilities, real 

1356
01:22:45,800 --> 01:22:48,600
opportunities, to live, 
dignified lives, pursuing 

1357
01:22:48,600 --> 01:22:53,100
activities, Central to human 
flourishing, This includes 

1358
01:22:53,100 --> 01:22:56,500
obvious capabilities like 
adequate nourishment and health,

1359
01:22:56,500 --> 01:23:00,400
but also less tangible ones like
political participation, 

1360
01:23:00,400 --> 01:23:06,000
emotional development, and play.
You notice how philosophy has 

1361
01:23:06,000 --> 01:23:09,500
changed since ancient Athens? 
It's more rigorous more 

1362
01:23:09,500 --> 01:23:11,900
specialized and more technically
sophisticated. 

1363
01:23:13,400 --> 01:23:15,900
Philosophers can analyze 
arguments with Precision 

1364
01:23:15,900 --> 01:23:19,400
Aristotle. 
Could not match use formal logic

1365
01:23:19,400 --> 01:23:23,300
to reveal hidden assumptions and
distinguished subtle conceptual 

1366
01:23:23,300 --> 01:23:28,200
differences. yet Perhaps it's 
lost something too that sense 

1367
01:23:28,200 --> 01:23:31,900
that philosophy isn't just an 
academic discipline, but a way 

1368
01:23:31,908 --> 01:23:37,100
of life, a practice of wisdom, a
guide To Living Well rather than

1369
01:23:37,100 --> 01:23:41,000
just thinking clearly As you 
drift towards sleep, reflect on 

1370
01:23:41,000 --> 01:23:43,600
what these philosophers 
accomplished across 25 

1371
01:23:43,600 --> 01:23:46,100
centuries. 
They didn't build monuments or 

1372
01:23:46,100 --> 01:23:49,600
conquer territories. 
They wrote talked thought and 

1373
01:23:49,600 --> 01:23:52,700
questioned. 
Yet their ideas shape, the 

1374
01:23:52,700 --> 01:23:55,600
world, you inhabit, more 
profoundly than most Emperors 

1375
01:23:55,600 --> 01:24:00,400
decrees or generals victories. 
When you assume all people have 

1376
01:24:00,400 --> 01:24:04,000
equal dignity, regardless of 
birth, you Echo stoic 

1377
01:24:04,000 --> 01:24:07,600
philosophers, who taught that 
humans, share a common rational 

1378
01:24:07,600 --> 01:24:10,600
nature transcending, social 
distinctions. 

1379
01:24:11,900 --> 01:24:15,600
When you value individual rights
and Democratic governance you 

1380
01:24:15,600 --> 01:24:19,200
inherit in lightning and ideals 
developed in European salons and

1381
01:24:19,200 --> 01:24:22,900
coffeehouses by thinkers willing
to question authority. 

1382
01:24:24,300 --> 01:24:27,700
When you question authority and 
think for yourself you practice 

1383
01:24:27,700 --> 01:24:31,600
Socratic self-examination. 
Continuing that conversation 

1384
01:24:31,600 --> 01:24:34,900
began in the Athenian Agora over
two Millennia ago. 

1385
01:24:36,000 --> 01:24:37,900
The principles that structure 
modern science. 

1386
01:24:37,900 --> 01:24:41,500
Careful observation. 
Logical reasoning testability 

1387
01:24:41,500 --> 01:24:46,100
and Revision in light of 
evidence. send from Aristotle's 

1388
01:24:46,100 --> 01:24:51,200
lyceum and the Islamic scholars 
who preserved translated and 

1389
01:24:51,200 --> 01:24:53,800
developed his works when 
Christian Europe, forgot them 

1390
01:24:54,700 --> 01:24:58,400
universities, where knowledge is
pursued for its own sake, where 

1391
01:24:58,400 --> 01:25:03,000
students, learn not job skills, 
but how to think Trace back to 

1392
01:25:03,000 --> 01:25:08,100
Plato's Academy and the medieval
institutions modeled on it, The 

1393
01:25:08,100 --> 01:25:11,100
conviction that suffering 
matters that compassion. 

1394
01:25:11,100 --> 01:25:13,800
Should extend beyond our 
immediate circle to all 

1395
01:25:13,800 --> 01:25:16,900
sentient. 
Beings Echoes Buddhist insights 

1396
01:25:16,900 --> 01:25:20,800
about the universality of 
suffering and the illusion of a 

1397
01:25:20,800 --> 01:25:23,400
separate self. 
Even your disagreements with 

1398
01:25:23,400 --> 01:25:24,900
others. 
Reflect philosophical 

1399
01:25:24,900 --> 01:25:29,800
inheritance, Debates about Free 
Will versus determinism mind 

1400
01:25:29,800 --> 01:25:34,100
versus matter reason versus 
emotion, an individual versus 

1401
01:25:34,100 --> 01:25:36,600
Community. 
These aren't new arguments. 

1402
01:25:37,400 --> 01:25:39,700
But conversations stretching 
back millennia. 

1403
01:25:40,700 --> 01:25:42,800
Each generation thinks it 
invented. 

1404
01:25:42,800 --> 01:25:47,300
These questions the Aristotle 
and Plato Confucius, and laozi, 

1405
01:25:47,300 --> 01:25:51,300
and Buddha, and Hindu 
philosophers asking them, 25, 

1406
01:25:51,300 --> 01:25:54,700
centuries ago often with 
sophistication matching or 

1407
01:25:54,700 --> 01:25:58,500
exceeding modern discussion. 
Perhaps most importantly, 

1408
01:25:58,500 --> 01:26:02,700
philosophy, teachers that ideas 
matter, not just practical ideas

1409
01:26:02,700 --> 01:26:04,700
about how to build Bridges, or 
cure diseases. 

1410
01:26:04,700 --> 01:26:09,700
The fundamental ideas about 
what's real, what's valuable and

1411
01:26:09,700 --> 01:26:13,700
what makes life meaningful these
ideas don't stay in books or 

1412
01:26:13,700 --> 01:26:18,200
classrooms, they seep into law, 
shape, education, influence how 

1413
01:26:18,200 --> 01:26:21,000
you think about yourself and 
others and determine which 

1414
01:26:21,000 --> 01:26:23,800
social Arrangements, seem 
natural in which seemed unjust 

1415
01:26:25,100 --> 01:26:28,200
The question. 
How should I live the Socrates 

1416
01:26:28,200 --> 01:26:31,500
posed in the Athenian Agora? 
Still echoes in every person who

1417
01:26:31,500 --> 01:26:35,100
pauses to examine their choices 
rather than drifting through 

1418
01:26:35,100 --> 01:26:38,900
life on autopilot. 
Aristotle's pursuit of 

1419
01:26:38,900 --> 01:26:42,500
eudaimonia flourishing through 
virtuous activity offers a 

1420
01:26:42,500 --> 01:26:45,000
richer conception of happiness 
than mere pleasure or 

1421
01:26:45,000 --> 01:26:48,400
satisfaction. 
Confucius is emphasis on 

1422
01:26:48,400 --> 01:26:51,600
relationships and roll 
fulfillment provides resources 

1423
01:26:51,600 --> 01:26:54,500
for thinking about social ethics
that pure individualism. 

1424
01:26:54,500 --> 01:26:58,400
Misses, Buddha's path to ending 
suffering through understanding 

1425
01:26:58,400 --> 01:27:02,500
and practice, rather than Faith 
or divine grace opens 

1426
01:27:02,500 --> 01:27:05,300
possibilities for those 
unsatisfied, with traditional 

1427
01:27:05,300 --> 01:27:08,600
religious answers. 
The enlightenment's faith in 

1428
01:27:08,600 --> 01:27:12,500
reason despite its limitations 
and occasional overconfidence. 

1429
01:27:13,400 --> 01:27:16,600
Created the scientific, and 
political revolution that made 

1430
01:27:16,600 --> 01:27:21,000
Modern Life possible. 
Its critics, existentialists 

1431
01:27:21,000 --> 01:27:24,800
revealing absurdity, 
post-modernists exposing power, 

1432
01:27:24,800 --> 01:27:28,300
and phenomenology, just 
describing lived experience, 

1433
01:27:28,300 --> 01:27:31,300
correct its excesses without 
negating. 

1434
01:27:31,300 --> 01:27:35,200
Its achievements. 
Philosophy at its best is 

1435
01:27:35,200 --> 01:27:39,000
self-correcting each generation 
learning from previous mistakes 

1436
01:27:39,000 --> 01:27:41,000
while building on genuine 
insights. 

1437
01:27:41,700 --> 01:27:45,500
As you settle deeper into sleep,
Imagine The Invisible, web, 

1438
01:27:45,500 --> 01:27:47,400
connecting you to those ancient 
thinkers. 

1439
01:27:48,400 --> 01:27:51,100
Your belief that evidence 
matters more than Authority 

1440
01:27:51,100 --> 01:27:55,200
Aristotle's influence. 
Your conviction that logic. 

1441
01:27:55,200 --> 01:27:59,100
Clarifies confusion, labored 
this, and The Logical 

1442
01:27:59,100 --> 01:28:02,800
positivists. 
Your assumption that all people 

1443
01:28:02,800 --> 01:28:04,900
deserve respect, regardless of 
birth. 

1444
01:28:05,700 --> 01:28:07,800
Stoic. 
Cosmopolitanism filtered. 

1445
01:28:07,800 --> 01:28:10,600
Through enlightenment 
egalitarianism. 

1446
01:28:11,800 --> 01:28:15,000
Your sense that questioning 
assumptions is valuable, rather 

1447
01:28:15,000 --> 01:28:18,500
than dangerous, the socratic 
Legacy preserved through 

1448
01:28:18,500 --> 01:28:20,900
generations. 
These are some assumptions 

1449
01:28:20,900 --> 01:28:24,400
didn't appear from nowhere. 
They were hard one insights 

1450
01:28:24,400 --> 01:28:26,700
preserved, through manuscripts 
copied by hand. 

1451
01:28:26,700 --> 01:28:31,700
In monasteries debated in 
academy and coffeehouses refined

1452
01:28:31,700 --> 01:28:35,200
through centuries of argument. 
occasionally suppressed by 

1453
01:28:35,200 --> 01:28:38,900
authorities who felt threatened,
but persisting because they help

1454
01:28:38,900 --> 01:28:43,800
us think more clearly and live 
more fully Philosophy, hasn't 

1455
01:28:43,800 --> 01:28:46,800
sold the big question. 
What is truth? 

1456
01:28:46,800 --> 01:28:50,200
What is Justice? 
What makes life meaningful? 

1457
01:28:51,900 --> 01:28:56,400
These questions can't be 
finally, sold only wrestled with

1458
01:28:56,400 --> 01:29:00,600
a new each generation. 
Different eras, cultures, and 

1459
01:29:00,600 --> 01:29:02,100
individuals will answer 
differently. 

1460
01:29:02,100 --> 01:29:05,200
And that diversity of answers 
itself in richest human 

1461
01:29:05,200 --> 01:29:09,600
understanding The Confucian 
emphasis on Harmony and raw 

1462
01:29:09,600 --> 01:29:11,200
fulfillment, balances 
Enlightenment. 

1463
01:29:11,200 --> 01:29:15,400
Individualism Taoists, 
spontaneity. 

1464
01:29:15,400 --> 01:29:17,500
Corrects excessive planning and 
control. 

1465
01:29:18,300 --> 01:29:21,400
Buddhist non-attachment offers 
resources for dealing with loss 

1466
01:29:21,400 --> 01:29:25,200
and change, existentialist 
emphasis on choice and 

1467
01:29:25,200 --> 01:29:28,500
responsibility reminds us we're 
not passive products of 

1468
01:29:28,500 --> 01:29:31,000
circumstance. 
Yet the wrestling matters. 

1469
01:29:31,000 --> 01:29:34,900
It shapes who we become 
individually and collectively. 

1470
01:29:36,000 --> 01:29:39,300
A society that values Socratic 
questioning differs from one 

1471
01:29:39,300 --> 01:29:43,100
that demands unthinking 
obedience, a culture influenced 

1472
01:29:43,100 --> 01:29:46,700
by Confucian relationship ethics
differs from one shape by 

1473
01:29:46,700 --> 01:29:51,000
utilitarian calculation. 
Person practicing Buddhist 

1474
01:29:51,000 --> 01:29:55,400
mindfulness, engages with 
experienced differently than one

1475
01:29:55,400 --> 01:29:57,900
pursuing. 
Aristotelian Excellence through 

1476
01:29:57,900 --> 01:30:01,300
virtuous activity tonight as 
Consciousness. 

1477
01:30:01,300 --> 01:30:05,400
Fades and dreams begin, you 
carry forward a legacy older 

1478
01:30:05,400 --> 01:30:09,300
than nation's, deeper than 
politics and more enduring than 

1479
01:30:09,300 --> 01:30:12,500
Empires. 
Examined life, Socrates 

1480
01:30:12,500 --> 01:30:15,900
championed. 
Systematic thinking Aristotle, 

1481
01:30:15,900 --> 01:30:19,400
pioneered and the ethical 
Frameworks eastern and western 

1482
01:30:19,400 --> 01:30:22,000
philosophers developed. 
These are yours now. 

1483
01:30:22,000 --> 01:30:25,700
Part of your mental Furniture 
shaping thoughts, you might 

1484
01:30:25,700 --> 01:30:30,100
believe entirely your own. 
You inherited this philosophical

1485
01:30:30,100 --> 01:30:33,800
Legacy without choosing it, much
as you inherited language and 

1486
01:30:33,808 --> 01:30:36,200
culture. 
It's in the structure of your 

1487
01:30:36,200 --> 01:30:39,700
education, the assumptions 
behind your laws and the 

1488
01:30:39,708 --> 01:30:42,300
unexamined beliefs, guiding 
daily choices. 

1489
01:30:43,300 --> 01:30:46,600
But unlike many inheritance is 
this one becomes more valuable 

1490
01:30:46,600 --> 01:30:48,700
through conscious appreciation 
and use. 

1491
01:30:49,500 --> 01:30:52,700
Understanding where your ideas 
come from, which philosophical 

1492
01:30:52,700 --> 01:30:55,500
tradition shaped them and what 
alternatives exist. 

1493
01:30:56,400 --> 01:31:00,100
Gives you freedom to accept 
modify or reject them 

1494
01:31:00,100 --> 01:31:02,600
thoughtfully rather than 
accepting them blindly. 

1495
01:31:03,900 --> 01:31:07,200
The great philosophers didn't 
just shape the world, they shape

1496
01:31:07,200 --> 01:31:10,800
the mine's that shape the world 
and that shape in continues, 

1497
01:31:10,800 --> 01:31:15,400
subtle as water, wearing Stone 
patient, as ideas waiting to be 

1498
01:31:15,400 --> 01:31:19,200
understood and quiet as the 
influence of ancient words on 

1499
01:31:19,200 --> 01:31:23,800
Modern thoughts. every time you 
pause to think rather than react

1500
01:31:23,800 --> 01:31:28,300
you honor Socrates Every Time 
You observe carefully before 

1501
01:31:28,300 --> 01:31:32,900
concluding, you practice, 
Aristotelian empiricism, every 

1502
01:31:32,900 --> 01:31:36,600
time you recognize common 
Humanity, across difference, you

1503
01:31:36,600 --> 01:31:40,400
embody, insights from Buddha, 
the stoics and Enlightenment 

1504
01:31:40,400 --> 01:31:43,300
thinkers. 
These philosophers separated by 

1505
01:31:43,308 --> 01:31:46,500
centuries and continents. 
Never knowing each other's work 

1506
01:31:46,500 --> 01:31:49,300
in many cases. 
Nonetheless participated in a 

1507
01:31:49,300 --> 01:31:50,900
conversation that continues 
today. 

1508
01:31:52,000 --> 01:31:56,400
A conversation about how to live
what to Value, how to think, 

1509
01:31:56,400 --> 01:32:00,900
clearly what makes Society is 
just and how to face suffering 

1510
01:32:00,900 --> 01:32:04,700
and death with equanimity. 
Your part of that conversation. 

1511
01:32:04,700 --> 01:32:07,900
Now, whether you recognize it or
not, Question. 

1512
01:32:07,900 --> 01:32:10,900
Is whether your participate 
consciously or drift Along on 

1513
01:32:10,900 --> 01:32:13,500
current others created? 
Sleep. 

1514
01:32:13,500 --> 01:32:15,800
Well, knowing you rest in a 
world. 

1515
01:32:15,800 --> 01:32:20,400
These thinkers helped build 
question by question, argument 

1516
01:32:20,400 --> 01:32:25,600
by argument Insight by Insight 
across the vast sweep of human 

1517
01:32:25,600 --> 01:32:28,300
wandering. 
Their legacy surrounds. 

1518
01:32:28,300 --> 01:32:33,600
You like are invisible essential
easily forgotten but always 

1519
01:32:33,600 --> 01:32:36,400
present. 
Tomorrow, you'll wake and make 

1520
01:32:36,408 --> 01:32:39,300
sure this is some trivial some 
important. 

1521
01:32:40,200 --> 01:32:43,000
Those choices will be shaped by 
philosophical assumptions. 

1522
01:32:43,000 --> 01:32:46,700
You've inherited. 
Understanding that inheritance 

1523
01:32:46,700 --> 01:32:49,300
gives you power to shape your 
life and World, more 

1524
01:32:49,300 --> 01:32:53,300
deliberately, more wisely, and 
More in line with examined 

1525
01:32:53,300 --> 01:32:58,000
values rather than unexamined 
habits. the philosophers would 

1526
01:32:58,000 --> 01:33:01,400
want nothing more than for you 
to think for yourself question 

1527
01:33:01,400 --> 01:33:04,200
assumptions and live 
deliberately rather than 

1528
01:33:04,200 --> 01:33:09,100
drifting That's the ultimate 
Legacy, not specific doctrines 

1529
01:33:09,100 --> 01:33:12,900
to memorize but the practice of 
philosophy itself as a way of 

1530
01:33:12,900 --> 01:33:16,400
life. 
Sweet dreams and may your sleep 

1531
01:33:16,408 --> 01:33:20,800
be as peaceful as a Taoist Sage 
aligned with the Dow as content 

1532
01:33:20,800 --> 01:33:25,200
to Socrates facing death with 
curiosity and a Serena's Buddha 

1533
01:33:25,200 --> 01:33:34,200
under the Bodhi Tree. 
Let's start at the very 

1534
01:33:34,200 --> 01:33:36,500
beginning. 
Back when your biggest clothing 

1535
01:33:36,500 --> 01:33:39,500
decision was whether to drape 
that Mammoth hide with the fur 

1536
01:33:39,500 --> 01:33:43,700
on the inside, or outside, we're
talking about roughly 170,000 

1537
01:33:43,700 --> 01:33:46,500
years ago, give or take a few 
Millennia back. 

1538
01:33:46,500 --> 01:33:50,600
When Fashion Week lasted about 
Four Seasons literally, Your 

1539
01:33:50,600 --> 01:33:52,800
earliest ancestors had what you 
might call the ultimate 

1540
01:33:52,800 --> 01:33:56,300
minimalist wardrobe, imagine 
waking up each morning in your 

1541
01:33:56,308 --> 01:33:59,700
only outfit choice being naked 
or slightly less naked with some

1542
01:33:59,700 --> 01:34:03,200
leaves, strategically placed. 
It was like having a closet with

1543
01:34:03,200 --> 01:34:06,600
just one item and that item was 
whatever you could hunt gather 

1544
01:34:06,600 --> 01:34:09,300
or convinced to stay. 
Put long enough to provide 

1545
01:34:09,300 --> 01:34:11,500
coverage but here's where it 
gets interesting. 

1546
01:34:12,400 --> 01:34:15,200
Those early humans were just 
randomly throwing animal skins 

1547
01:34:15,200 --> 01:34:17,000
over their shoulders. 
Like they were playing 

1548
01:34:17,000 --> 01:34:20,000
prehistoric dress up. 
They were actually solving 

1549
01:34:20,000 --> 01:34:23,500
problems the same kind of 
problems you face today just 

1550
01:34:23,500 --> 01:34:26,000
with higher Stakes. 
Instead of, will this make me 

1551
01:34:26,000 --> 01:34:27,500
look professional in my zoom 
meeting. 

1552
01:34:27,500 --> 01:34:30,600
They were dealing with? 
Will this keep me from becoming 

1553
01:34:30,600 --> 01:34:34,300
a popsicle during the Ice Age? 
First real breakthrough came, 

1554
01:34:34,300 --> 01:34:38,500
when someone let's call the 
world's first fashion designer, 

1555
01:34:38,500 --> 01:34:40,600
figured out that you could 
actually shape these animal 

1556
01:34:40,600 --> 01:34:43,000
hides. 
Instead of just draping a disc 

1557
01:34:43,000 --> 01:34:46,000
in over your shoulders, like a 
furry Cape, you could cut holes 

1558
01:34:46,000 --> 01:34:48,100
for your arms revolutionary 
stuff. 

1559
01:34:48,100 --> 01:34:51,200
This was probably the moment 
when clothing stopped being just

1560
01:34:51,200 --> 01:34:53,900
about survival and started being
about looking good. 

1561
01:34:53,900 --> 01:34:57,900
While surviving, you can almost 
picture it some Paleolithic 

1562
01:34:57,900 --> 01:35:00,500
Trend Setter walking around the 
camp showing off their new 

1563
01:35:00,500 --> 01:35:03,200
fitted. 
Mammoth, hi jacket while their 

1564
01:35:03,200 --> 01:35:05,100
neighbor's were still wearing 
shapeless fur blankets. 

1565
01:35:05,100 --> 01:35:08,800
Oh, this old thing they'd 
probably Grunt in whatever 

1566
01:35:08,800 --> 01:35:11,800
passed for language back there. 
I just threw it together. 

1567
01:35:11,800 --> 01:35:14,500
It's vintage place to seen the 
tools. 

1568
01:35:14,500 --> 01:35:17,800
They used were beautifully. 
Simple shops stones for cutting 

1569
01:35:17,800 --> 01:35:22,200
bone needles for sewing. 
Yes, they had needles 40,000 

1570
01:35:22,200 --> 01:35:25,000
years ago which means they were 
probably dealing with the same 

1571
01:35:25,000 --> 01:35:28,100
frustrating experience of trying
to thread and needle in dim 

1572
01:35:28,100 --> 01:35:30,800
light that you face today. 
Some things, never change. 

1573
01:35:30,800 --> 01:35:33,800
But the really clever part was 
how They figured out different 

1574
01:35:33,800 --> 01:35:36,900
materials for different needs. 
Lighter skins for summer, 

1575
01:35:36,900 --> 01:35:40,700
thicker, Furs for winter 
waterproof treatments for rainy 

1576
01:35:40,700 --> 01:35:42,700
Seasons. 
They were essentially creating 

1577
01:35:42,700 --> 01:35:45,700
the world's first weather 
appropriate wardrobes long 

1578
01:35:45,700 --> 01:35:48,800
before anyone had invented 
weather forecast to ignore and 

1579
01:35:48,800 --> 01:35:52,300
let's not forget the accessories
archaeological evidence shows, 

1580
01:35:52,300 --> 01:35:54,800
they were making jewelry 
decorative elements. 

1581
01:35:54,800 --> 01:35:58,000
Even what appear to be the 
world's first buttons? 

1582
01:35:58,000 --> 01:36:01,300
Because apparently even 100,000 
years ago, humans looked at 

1583
01:36:01,300 --> 01:36:03,800
functional clothing and thought 
this is nice. 

1584
01:36:03,800 --> 01:36:07,100
But how can we make it pretty by
the end of this era? 

1585
01:36:07,100 --> 01:36:09,500
Your ancestors had essentially 
invented everything. 

1586
01:36:09,500 --> 01:36:13,800
We still using clothing today. 
Cutting sewing layering 

1587
01:36:13,800 --> 01:36:17,700
accessorizing and most 
importantly, the Eternal human 

1588
01:36:17,700 --> 01:36:20,700
struggle of having a closet full
of options and still feeling 

1589
01:36:20,700 --> 01:36:23,000
like you have nothing 
appropriate to wear the Clan's 

1590
01:36:23,000 --> 01:36:25,700
Mammoth barbecue around 10,000 
years ago. 

1591
01:36:25,700 --> 01:36:28,400
Something remarkable happened. 
That would forever change. 

1592
01:36:28,400 --> 01:36:31,300
What you want to bed. 
Humans discovered agriculture, 

1593
01:36:31,300 --> 01:36:34,300
which meant they could stop 
chasing their dinner around and 

1594
01:36:34,300 --> 01:36:37,300
start growing it instead. 
This was great news for many 

1595
01:36:37,300 --> 01:36:39,400
reasons, but particularly 
excellent news for your 

1596
01:36:39,400 --> 01:36:42,700
wardrobe, you see, when people 
settle down and started farming,

1597
01:36:42,700 --> 01:36:45,900
they suddenly had time to think 
about things other than, where's

1598
01:36:45,900 --> 01:36:48,100
my next meal coming from 
questions. 

1599
01:36:48,100 --> 01:36:50,600
Like why am I wearing the same 
Mammoth skin? 

1600
01:36:50,600 --> 01:36:54,100
My great grandfather wore and 
surely, there's got to be 

1601
01:36:54,108 --> 01:36:57,000
something softer than high for 
undergarments and to plant 

1602
01:36:57,000 --> 01:37:00,100
fibers some brilliant, early 
farmer looked at their fields of

1603
01:37:00,108 --> 01:37:03,300
flax and thought I bet, I could 
turn this into something more 

1604
01:37:03,300 --> 01:37:06,700
comfortable than leather, and, 
thus began Humanities long, 

1605
01:37:06,700 --> 01:37:09,800
beautiful relationship. 
With textiles that don't require

1606
01:37:09,800 --> 01:37:13,900
hunting large dangerous animals.
The process of turning plants 

1607
01:37:13,900 --> 01:37:16,500
into clothing was wonderfully, 
complex and completely 

1608
01:37:16,500 --> 01:37:18,500
mind-boggling. 
If you really think about it. 

1609
01:37:18,500 --> 01:37:23,800
Take flax for instance you had 
to harvest it wret it which is a

1610
01:37:23,800 --> 01:37:27,500
fancy word for letting it rot in
just the right way, break, its 

1611
01:37:27,500 --> 01:37:30,100
gutch it. 
Hackle it and then finally spin 

1612
01:37:30,100 --> 01:37:33,200
it into thread, it was like the 
world's most complicated recipe 

1613
01:37:33,200 --> 01:37:36,700
except instead of ending up with
dinner, you ended up with linen 

1614
01:37:36,700 --> 01:37:39,000
underwear. 
But here's what's really 

1615
01:37:39,000 --> 01:37:42,200
Charming about this period, 
people started specializing 

1616
01:37:42,200 --> 01:37:44,800
instead of everyone in the 
village, making their own 

1617
01:37:44,800 --> 01:37:48,500
clothes, you have the person who
was really good at spinning, the

1618
01:37:48,500 --> 01:37:51,200
one who excelled at weaving and 
the one who had a knack for 

1619
01:37:51,208 --> 01:37:52,900
dying things. 
Interesting, colors. 

1620
01:37:52,900 --> 01:37:55,600
It was the beginning of the 
fashion industry, though. 

1621
01:37:55,600 --> 01:37:58,700
They probably didn't call it, 
that more likely, they called 

1622
01:37:58,700 --> 01:38:00,800
it. 
Hey, can you make me something 

1623
01:38:00,800 --> 01:38:04,000
that doesn't itch? 
The invention of the Loom was 

1624
01:38:04,000 --> 01:38:07,100
particularly revolutionary 
imagine being the first person 

1625
01:38:07,100 --> 01:38:10,700
to see fabric being created. 
On one of these Contraptions, it

1626
01:38:10,700 --> 01:38:14,100
must have seemed like absolute 
magic threads going in One 

1627
01:38:14,108 --> 01:38:17,900
Direction threads going in the 
other and somehow outcomes 

1628
01:38:17,900 --> 01:38:20,000
cloth. 
It was like watching a 3D 

1629
01:38:20,000 --> 01:38:23,100
printer except the technology 
was made of wood and required 

1630
01:38:23,100 --> 01:38:26,500
actual skill to operate cotton 
appeared on the scene around 

1631
01:38:26,500 --> 01:38:29,100
this time too. 
First in India, and Pakistan 

1632
01:38:29,100 --> 01:38:33,100
cotton was like the miracle 
fabric of its day softer than 

1633
01:38:33,100 --> 01:38:36,000
linen, more comfortable than 
wool and it got better. 

1634
01:38:36,000 --> 01:38:38,400
The more you washed it ancient 
peoples. 

1635
01:38:38,400 --> 01:38:41,100
Probably looked at cotton the 
way you look at moisture wicking

1636
01:38:41,100 --> 01:38:45,200
stain resistant wrinkle-free 
Fabrics today like some kind of 

1637
01:38:45,200 --> 01:38:48,100
textile Wizardry wall, brought 
its own Revolution. 

1638
01:38:49,000 --> 01:38:51,700
Sheep were basically walking 
sweater Factory trees and once 

1639
01:38:51,700 --> 01:38:54,400
people figure out how to share 
them, hopefully, without too 

1640
01:38:54,400 --> 01:38:57,700
much protest from the Sheep, 
they had access to a renewable 

1641
01:38:57,700 --> 01:38:59,700
resource for warm durable 
clothing. 

1642
01:38:59,700 --> 01:39:03,400
Plus will have this amazing 
property of keeping you warm 

1643
01:39:03,400 --> 01:39:06,600
even when wet which made it the 
ancient equivalent of high tech 

1644
01:39:06,600 --> 01:39:08,900
outdoor gear. 
The really interesting part of 

1645
01:39:08,900 --> 01:39:11,800
this agricultural clothing 
Revolution was how it started. 

1646
01:39:11,800 --> 01:39:15,300
Creating social distinctions, 
the quality of your fabric, 

1647
01:39:15,300 --> 01:39:17,100
began saying things about who 
you were. 

1648
01:39:17,800 --> 01:39:19,600
Final linen. 
Suggested, you had time and 

1649
01:39:19,600 --> 01:39:22,600
resources coarse wool. 
Meant you a practical and 

1650
01:39:22,600 --> 01:39:25,300
hardworking. 
Certain colors became associated

1651
01:39:25,300 --> 01:39:28,300
with wealth because the dyes 
were expensive or difficult to 

1652
01:39:28,300 --> 01:39:30,800
obtain. 
By the end of this period, you 

1653
01:39:30,800 --> 01:39:33,300
had gone from wearing whatever 
animal you could catch to have 

1654
01:39:33,300 --> 01:39:37,000
actual choices. 
Linen for hot weather wolf or 

1655
01:39:37,000 --> 01:39:39,100
cold different weaves for 
different occasions. 

1656
01:39:39,100 --> 01:39:42,700
It was the birth of the seasonal
wardrobe and probably the birth 

1657
01:39:42,700 --> 01:39:44,900
of that familiar feeling of 
looking at your closet and 

1658
01:39:44,900 --> 01:39:49,200
saying, I need new clothes. 
A civilizations began to 

1659
01:39:49,200 --> 01:39:52,200
flourish around Rivers, like the
Nile Euphrates and inddus 

1660
01:39:52,200 --> 01:39:54,900
clothing. 
Stopped being just about comfort

1661
01:39:54,900 --> 01:39:57,800
and protection and started 
becoming something much more 

1662
01:39:57,800 --> 01:40:00,100
interesting a way to show the 
world. 

1663
01:40:00,100 --> 01:40:03,900
Exactly who you thought you were
the ancient Egyptians were 

1664
01:40:03,900 --> 01:40:06,700
perhaps the world's first 
fashion influencer as though, 

1665
01:40:06,700 --> 01:40:08,900
their Instagram would have been 
painted on two walls. 

1666
01:40:08,900 --> 01:40:11,800
They took linen. 
Remember that plant fiber we 

1667
01:40:11,800 --> 01:40:13,900
talked about and elevated it to 
an art. 

1668
01:40:13,900 --> 01:40:17,100
Form Egyptian, linen was so fine
and well-made that other 

1669
01:40:17,100 --> 01:40:19,500
civilizations literally used it 
as currently. 

1670
01:40:20,200 --> 01:40:23,400
Imagine paying your mortgage 
with bed sheets, except these 

1671
01:40:23,400 --> 01:40:25,900
bed, sheets will woven. 
So skillfully, they were nearly 

1672
01:40:25,900 --> 01:40:30,100
transparent Egyptian fashion was
all about clean lines, elegant 

1673
01:40:30,100 --> 01:40:32,600
draping and accessories. 
That would make a modern jewelry

1674
01:40:32,600 --> 01:40:35,400
designer With Envy The Wealthy 
wore linen. 

1675
01:40:35,400 --> 01:40:37,200
So fine. 
It was practically see-through, 

1676
01:40:37,200 --> 01:40:40,100
which might seem impractical 
until you remember, they lived 

1677
01:40:40,100 --> 01:40:43,500
in a desert, their clothing was 
designed to be cool, comfortable

1678
01:40:43,500 --> 01:40:47,100
and stunning, the ancient 
equivalent of athleisure, if a 

1679
01:40:47,100 --> 01:40:49,800
Leisure came with golden collars
and enough, eyeliner to supply, 

1680
01:40:49,800 --> 01:40:51,900
a rock band. 
But here's what's really 

1681
01:40:51,900 --> 01:40:55,000
delightful about Egyptian 
fashion, they invented so many 

1682
01:40:55,000 --> 01:40:58,800
things we still use today, 
pleating, that was them. 

1683
01:40:58,800 --> 01:41:01,600
They could create permanent 
pleats in Lin in that would 

1684
01:41:01,600 --> 01:41:04,200
last, for years, make up as a 
fashion accessory. 

1685
01:41:04,200 --> 01:41:07,600
Absolutely Egyptian, both men 
and women wore. 

1686
01:41:07,600 --> 01:41:10,400
Elaborate eye makeup, not just 
for beauty, but for protection, 

1687
01:41:10,400 --> 01:41:14,300
from the Desert Sun, They 
basically invented sunglasses, 

1688
01:41:14,300 --> 01:41:18,200
except theirs were painted on 
meanwhile over in Mesopotamia. 

1689
01:41:18,200 --> 01:41:20,700
The Sumerians and Babylonians 
were having their own fashion 

1690
01:41:20,700 --> 01:41:22,600
moment. 
They were the first civilization

1691
01:41:22,600 --> 01:41:26,900
to really Embrace wool as a 
luxury item creating incredibly 

1692
01:41:26,900 --> 01:41:30,800
elaborate garments with complex 
patterns and Rich, colors their 

1693
01:41:30,800 --> 01:41:32,200
clothing. 
Tended, to be more structured 

1694
01:41:32,200 --> 01:41:35,200
than Egyptian fashion. 
Lots of layering Fringe and 

1695
01:41:35,208 --> 01:41:38,000
geometric designs that would 
look perfectly at home in a 

1696
01:41:38,000 --> 01:41:40,700
modern art museum. 
The Mesopotamians also gave us 

1697
01:41:40,700 --> 01:41:44,300
one of Fashion's most enduring 
Concepts the idea that your 

1698
01:41:44,300 --> 01:41:47,500
clothes should match your job. 
Priests will certain Styles. 

1699
01:41:47,500 --> 01:41:50,600
Rulers were others. 
Merchants have their look and 

1700
01:41:50,600 --> 01:41:53,200
Farmers had theirs. 
It was the beginning of dress 

1701
01:41:53,200 --> 01:41:55,300
codes though. 
Thankfully more colorful than 

1702
01:41:55,300 --> 01:41:58,500
most modern officers attire, 
ancient Greece, brought a 

1703
01:41:58,500 --> 01:42:01,500
completely different aesthetic 
to the table, where Egyptians 

1704
01:42:01,500 --> 01:42:04,400
loved structure and 
Mesopotamians loved complexity, 

1705
01:42:04,400 --> 01:42:07,400
the Greeks fell in love with 
Simplicity, and the beauty of 

1706
01:42:07,400 --> 01:42:10,700
draped fabric, the Titan and 
himation weren't really sown 

1707
01:42:10,700 --> 01:42:12,300
garments. 
In the way, we think of clothes.

1708
01:42:12,400 --> 01:42:15,900
To day, they were essentially 
rectangles of fabric draped and 

1709
01:42:15,900 --> 01:42:19,300
pined in elegant ways. 
Greek fashion was remarkably 

1710
01:42:19,300 --> 01:42:23,300
Democratic, at least in terms of
basic construction, rich and 

1711
01:42:23,300 --> 01:42:25,200
poor were essentially the same 
Styles. 

1712
01:42:25,200 --> 01:42:28,000
The difference was in the 
quality of the fabric and the 

1713
01:42:28,000 --> 01:42:30,900
finest of the weave. 
A wealthy Greek might wear a 

1714
01:42:30,900 --> 01:42:32,500
tight on made of the finest 
imported. 

1715
01:42:32,500 --> 01:42:35,900
Silk while a farmer wore one 
made of rough wool, but the 

1716
01:42:35,900 --> 01:42:39,400
basic shape was the same. 
The Romans never wants to let 

1717
01:42:39,408 --> 01:42:42,500
the Greeks out do them in 
anything took Greek fashion and 

1718
01:42:42,500 --> 01:42:46,400
made it more Roman which is to 
say more elaborate more colorful

1719
01:42:46,400 --> 01:42:49,900
and with better marketing the 
toga became the ultimate status 

1720
01:42:49,900 --> 01:42:52,000
symbol though. 
Anyone who's ever tried to wear 

1721
01:42:52,000 --> 01:42:54,400
a bed sheet as clothing can 
appreciate what a feat? 

1722
01:42:54,400 --> 01:42:57,400
It was to wear one with dignity,
Roman fashion gave us the 

1723
01:42:57,400 --> 01:42:59,600
concept of seasonal collections 
though. 

1724
01:42:59,600 --> 01:43:02,100
They didn't call them that they 
had different weights and 

1725
01:43:02,100 --> 01:43:04,800
styles, for different times of 
year different colors for 

1726
01:43:04,800 --> 01:43:08,000
different occasions and an 
elaborate system of accessories 

1727
01:43:08,000 --> 01:43:11,300
that could take hours to put on 
properly, getting dressed as a 

1728
01:43:11,300 --> 01:43:13,300
wealthy. 
Roman was basically a full-time 

1729
01:43:13,300 --> 01:43:15,600
job. 
But perhaps the most important 

1730
01:43:15,600 --> 01:43:18,700
contribution of these ancient 
civilizations was the idea that 

1731
01:43:18,700 --> 01:43:20,800
clothing could be beautiful for 
its own sake. 

1732
01:43:20,800 --> 01:43:23,500
It didn't just have to keep you 
warm or cool or modest. 

1733
01:43:23,500 --> 01:43:26,500
It could be art that you wore. 
This was the beginning of 

1734
01:43:26,500 --> 01:43:29,700
fashion as we know it today. 
The moment when humans looked at

1735
01:43:29,700 --> 01:43:33,100
perfectly functional clothing 
and asked, but is it fabulous? 

1736
01:43:34,000 --> 01:43:36,200
If you think getting dressed for
work is complicated. 

1737
01:43:36,200 --> 01:43:39,600
Now, be grateful. 
You won't born into medieval 

1738
01:43:39,600 --> 01:43:42,600
nobility, the Middle Ages, 
turned clothing into something 

1739
01:43:42,600 --> 01:43:45,800
resembling, an engineering 
project complete with structural

1740
01:43:45,800 --> 01:43:49,400
supports complex, layering 
systems and enough fabric to 

1741
01:43:49,400 --> 01:43:52,700
upholster a small Castle. 
The medieval period began around

1742
01:43:52,700 --> 01:43:55,300
500 CE with what you might 
charitably. 

1743
01:43:55,300 --> 01:43:59,200
Call Simple clothing. 
After the fall of Rome, fashion 

1744
01:43:59,200 --> 01:44:03,100
became much, more practical. 
People wore basic tunics, simple

1745
01:44:03,100 --> 01:44:05,800
dresses and sturdy. 
Cloaks, it was the clothing 

1746
01:44:05,800 --> 01:44:09,300
equivalent of comfort food, 
nothing fancy but it got the job

1747
01:44:09,300 --> 01:44:11,600
done. 
But as the centuries progressed 

1748
01:44:11,600 --> 01:44:14,500
and Society became more 
structured clothing, became more

1749
01:44:14,500 --> 01:44:17,600
structured too, by the high 
Middle Ages getting dressed, 

1750
01:44:17,600 --> 01:44:21,500
especially if you were wealthy 
required assistance planning and

1751
01:44:21,500 --> 01:44:23,100
occasionally architectural 
knowledge. 

1752
01:44:23,100 --> 01:44:26,000
Let's start with the 
undergarments because medieval 

1753
01:44:26,000 --> 01:44:28,500
people were surprisingly, 
sophisticated about what went 

1754
01:44:28,500 --> 01:44:31,500
underneath. 
Women wore linen Chimes that 

1755
01:44:31,500 --> 01:44:34,200
served as both underwear and 
protection for their expensive, 

1756
01:44:34,200 --> 01:44:36,900
outer garments. 
Men more praise, which were 

1757
01:44:36,900 --> 01:44:38,900
essentially linen shorts at the 
waist. 

1758
01:44:39,600 --> 01:44:42,400
These weren't just practical. 
They were essential because 

1759
01:44:42,400 --> 01:44:44,000
medieval wool could be 
remarkably. 

1760
01:44:44,000 --> 01:44:47,300
Itchy the layering system that 
developed during this period was

1761
01:44:47,300 --> 01:44:50,800
like, wearing your entire closet
at once women might wear a 

1762
01:44:50,800 --> 01:44:55,100
chemise, then a tunic, then a 
circuit, then a cloak each layer

1763
01:44:55,100 --> 01:44:58,400
serving, a specific purpose, it 
was practical for the climate 

1764
01:44:58,400 --> 01:45:01,600
certainly, but it also created 
endless opportunities for 

1765
01:45:01,600 --> 01:45:05,500
showing off different Fabrics, 
colors and trims medieval 

1766
01:45:05,500 --> 01:45:08,500
fashion gave us some of the most
impractical but gorgeous 

1767
01:45:08,500 --> 01:45:12,200
clothing Innovations in history.
Take the hen in those tall 

1768
01:45:12,200 --> 01:45:15,100
pointed headdresses that look 
like traffic cones decorated By 

1769
01:45:15,100 --> 01:45:17,700
Angels. 
They could be several feet tall 

1770
01:45:17,700 --> 01:45:20,000
and required careful navigation,
through doorways. 

1771
01:45:20,000 --> 01:45:23,700
Imagine trying to get into a car
while wearing one actually, 

1772
01:45:23,700 --> 01:45:25,600
don't imagine that. 
It's too disturbing. 

1773
01:45:25,600 --> 01:45:28,600
The wealthy medieval. 
Europeans were obsessed with 

1774
01:45:28,600 --> 01:45:31,900
sleeves, not just any sleeves 
but sleeves that defied logic 

1775
01:45:31,900 --> 01:45:34,600
and occasionally gravity. 
Some were so long. 

1776
01:45:34,600 --> 01:45:37,400
They dragged on the ground, 
others were so wide, you could 

1777
01:45:37,400 --> 01:45:40,800
hide a small child in them. 
There were detachable sleeves, 

1778
01:45:40,800 --> 01:45:44,200
slashed sleeves that showed 
contrasting fabric underneath 

1779
01:45:44,200 --> 01:45:47,700
and sleeves with so many buttons
that getting dressed must have 

1780
01:45:47,700 --> 01:45:50,500
felt like assembling Furniture. 
But here's what's really 

1781
01:45:50,500 --> 01:45:52,000
interesting about medieval 
fashion. 

1782
01:45:52,000 --> 01:45:56,300
It was incredibly regulated. 
Some tree laws dictated who 

1783
01:45:56,300 --> 01:46:00,200
could wear what colors which 
Fabrics, how much fur, even how 

1784
01:46:00,200 --> 01:46:03,000
long your shoes could be, purple
was reserved for royalty. 

1785
01:46:03,000 --> 01:46:06,700
Certain Furs were forbidden to 
Merchants and the length of your

1786
01:46:06,700 --> 01:46:09,400
pointed shoes was directly 
proportional to your social 

1787
01:46:09,400 --> 01:46:12,800
status these laws existed, 
partly for economic reasons, 

1788
01:46:12,800 --> 01:46:16,600
keeping people from bankrupting 
themselves on clothing but 

1789
01:46:16,600 --> 01:46:20,400
mostly to maintain social order.
Your outfit was essentially your

1790
01:46:20,400 --> 01:46:23,500
ID card, announcing your place 
in society to everyone. 

1791
01:46:23,500 --> 01:46:26,800
You met it was like wearing your
LinkedIn profile except more 

1792
01:46:26,800 --> 01:46:29,800
colorful and with better 
accessories, the medieval period

1793
01:46:29,800 --> 01:46:32,900
gave us some of Fashions. 
Most enduring Mysteries like the

1794
01:46:32,900 --> 01:46:35,600
coat Hardy which fashion 
historians, still can't quite 

1795
01:46:35,600 --> 01:46:38,600
figure out how to put on the 
instructions have been lost to 

1796
01:46:38,600 --> 01:46:41,900
time leaving modern costume 
designers to basically guess how

1797
01:46:41,900 --> 01:46:44,800
these garments worked. 
His like, finding a recipe that 

1798
01:46:44,800 --> 01:46:48,600
just says, assembling 
ingredients fashionably Trade 

1799
01:46:48,600 --> 01:46:51,300
during this period brought new 
fabrics and ideas from across 

1800
01:46:51,300 --> 01:46:55,200
the known World silk from Asia 
fine walls from England. 

1801
01:46:55,200 --> 01:46:59,500
Exotic dies from everywhere in 
between medieval fashion was 

1802
01:46:59,500 --> 01:47:02,200
surprisingly International 
though, it traveled at the speed

1803
01:47:02,200 --> 01:47:04,800
of horses and sailing ships 
rather than social media. 

1804
01:47:06,000 --> 01:47:07,800
By the end of the Middle Ages 
clothing. 

1805
01:47:07,800 --> 01:47:09,400
Had become incredibly 
sophisticated. 

1806
01:47:09,400 --> 01:47:13,000
The fit was precise. 
The construction was complex and

1807
01:47:13,000 --> 01:47:14,600
the social meanings were 
elaborate. 

1808
01:47:14,600 --> 01:47:17,300
It was the foundation for 
everything that would come next.

1809
01:47:17,900 --> 01:47:21,000
Though, thankfully later periods
would be less interested in 

1810
01:47:21,000 --> 01:47:23,400
requiring engineering degrees to
get dressed in the morning. 

1811
01:47:23,400 --> 01:47:26,300
The Renaissance didn't just give
us incredible art, 

1812
01:47:26,300 --> 01:47:29,100
groundbreaking science and 
revolutionary literature. 

1813
01:47:29,100 --> 01:47:32,200
It also gave us the idea that 
getting dressed in the morning, 

1814
01:47:32,200 --> 01:47:36,500
should be a creative act, worthy
of Michelangelo himself starting

1815
01:47:36,500 --> 01:47:39,300
around the 14th century in Italy
and spreading across Europe. 

1816
01:47:39,300 --> 01:47:41,900
Like the world's most 
fashionable virus the 

1817
01:47:41,900 --> 01:47:45,300
Renaissance brought a completely
new attitude to clothing where 

1818
01:47:45,300 --> 01:47:48,200
medieval fashion had been about 
showing your place in the rigid 

1819
01:47:48,200 --> 01:47:50,900
social hierarchy. 
Renaissance fashion was about 

1820
01:47:50,900 --> 01:47:54,600
showing your wealth, your taste,
your education, and your ability

1821
01:47:54,600 --> 01:47:56,700
to afford really excellent 
tailors. 

1822
01:47:56,700 --> 01:48:00,000
The Italians led the charge as 
they did with most Renaissance 

1823
01:48:00,000 --> 01:48:02,700
Innovations. 
Italian city states, like 

1824
01:48:02,700 --> 01:48:05,800
Florence and Venice became 
fashion capitals producing 

1825
01:48:05,800 --> 01:48:07,800
silks. 
So luxurious that other 

1826
01:48:07,800 --> 01:48:11,500
Europeans would travels of miles
just to shop Italian fashion. 

1827
01:48:11,500 --> 01:48:13,800
During this period was like 
wearing liquid sunlight, 

1828
01:48:13,800 --> 01:48:17,200
everything flowing gleaming and 
ridiculously beautiful. 

1829
01:48:18,300 --> 01:48:21,300
But it was the invention of new 
tailoring techniques that really

1830
01:48:21,300 --> 01:48:23,200
revolutionized Renaissance 
clothing. 

1831
01:48:23,200 --> 01:48:26,200
Medieval garments had been 
relatively loose and flowing 

1832
01:48:26,200 --> 01:48:29,400
Renaissance fashion introduced 
the Revolutionary concept of 

1833
01:48:29,400 --> 01:48:31,000
clothes that actually fit your 
body. 

1834
01:48:31,000 --> 01:48:34,200
This required much more 
sophisticated pattern, making 

1835
01:48:34,200 --> 01:48:37,100
cutting and sewing. 
Essentially, it required, the 

1836
01:48:37,100 --> 01:48:39,900
invention of tailoring. 
As we know it today, the doublet

1837
01:48:39,900 --> 01:48:43,000
became the foundation of men's 
fashion and it was a masterpiece

1838
01:48:43,000 --> 01:48:44,700
of engineering disguised as 
clothing. 

1839
01:48:44,700 --> 01:48:48,500
A good Dublin, required dozens 
of pieces careful padding to 

1840
01:48:48,500 --> 01:48:51,900
create the ideal masculine 
silhouette and enough buttons to

1841
01:48:51,900 --> 01:48:55,400
keep a small Factory in business
men's legs were covered in hose 

1842
01:48:55,400 --> 01:48:58,500
that fit like a second skin, 
which meant Renaissance men were

1843
01:48:58,500 --> 01:49:00,600
probably in better shape than 
most modern gym. 

1844
01:49:00,600 --> 01:49:04,100
Enthusiasts simply out of 
necessity women's fashion. 

1845
01:49:04,100 --> 01:49:06,000
During the Renaissance, was 
equally complex. 

1846
01:49:06,000 --> 01:49:09,600
But in different ways, the gowns
required internal structures 

1847
01:49:09,600 --> 01:49:12,800
that were basically wearable 
architecture, farthingale's 

1848
01:49:12,800 --> 01:49:15,800
created bell shaped skirts. 
That could span several feet in,

1849
01:49:15,800 --> 01:49:18,800
diameter corsets shaped the 
Torso, into the fashionable. 

1850
01:49:18,800 --> 01:49:21,600
Silhouette. 
Ruffs frame the face like fabric

1851
01:49:21,600 --> 01:49:24,700
flowers, getting dressed was 
like, putting on a building. 

1852
01:49:24,700 --> 01:49:27,300
But here's what's really 
remarkable about Renaissance 

1853
01:49:27,300 --> 01:49:30,300
fashion. 
Share creativity and Artistry 

1854
01:49:30,300 --> 01:49:33,100
involved Fabrics will works of 
art in themselves. 

1855
01:49:33,100 --> 01:49:37,800
Brigades with gold thread 
velvets with cut patterns silks 

1856
01:49:37,800 --> 01:49:40,900
with intricate designs. 
Garments were slashed to show, 

1857
01:49:40,900 --> 01:49:44,800
contrasting Fabrics underneath 
creating patterns that changed 

1858
01:49:44,800 --> 01:49:47,400
as the wearer moved. 
It was like wearing a 

1859
01:49:47,400 --> 01:49:49,900
kaleidoscope. 
The Renaissance also gave us 

1860
01:49:49,900 --> 01:49:51,800
Fashion's relationship with 
celebrity culture. 

1861
01:49:51,800 --> 01:49:56,100
What the nobility War mattered 
enormously a news of the latest 

1862
01:49:56,100 --> 01:49:59,100
Court Fashions spread across 
Europe through detailed letters 

1863
01:49:59,100 --> 01:50:02,000
and prints. 
When Henry, the 8th decided to 

1864
01:50:02,000 --> 01:50:05,500
favor a particular style of hat 
hat, makers across England 

1865
01:50:05,500 --> 01:50:06,800
Southern League. 
Got very busy. 

1866
01:50:06,800 --> 01:50:09,800
It was the 16th century 
equivalent of a red carpet 

1867
01:50:09,800 --> 01:50:11,200
fashion moment. 
Going viral. 

1868
01:50:11,200 --> 01:50:14,300
Color became incredibly 
important during this period 

1869
01:50:14,300 --> 01:50:17,600
partly because new dies and 
techniques, made a wide range of

1870
01:50:17,600 --> 01:50:20,600
colors available but also 
because different colors carried

1871
01:50:20,600 --> 01:50:24,700
complex meanings. 
Read suggested wealth and power 

1872
01:50:24,700 --> 01:50:27,700
blue was associated with loyalty
and virtue. 

1873
01:50:27,700 --> 01:50:31,100
Black became fashionable as the 
ultimate luxury color because it

1874
01:50:31,100 --> 01:50:35,500
was incredibly difficult to 
achieve a deep rich black that 

1875
01:50:35,500 --> 01:50:39,100
wouldn't fade the Renaissance. 
Also saw the rise of fashion as 

1876
01:50:39,100 --> 01:50:41,300
an international language 
Styles. 

1877
01:50:41,300 --> 01:50:44,900
Spread from court to court 
country to Country, creating the

1878
01:50:44,900 --> 01:50:48,300
first truly, European fashion 
trends address style that 

1879
01:50:48,300 --> 01:50:51,200
started in the Spanish Court, 
might appear in modified form in

1880
01:50:51,200 --> 01:50:53,300
the French Court. 
Six months later, they 

1881
01:50:53,300 --> 01:50:56,600
influenced English fashion, The 
Following Season, perhaps most 

1882
01:50:56,600 --> 01:50:59,000
importantly, the Renaissance 
established, the idea that 

1883
01:50:59,000 --> 01:51:00,700
fashion could be an art form in 
itself. 

1884
01:51:00,700 --> 01:51:03,400
Clothing, wasn't just 
functional, or even just 

1885
01:51:03,400 --> 01:51:07,300
beautiful, it can be creative 
Innovative expressive. 

1886
01:51:07,300 --> 01:51:10,500
It could make statements about 
the wearers values, education 

1887
01:51:10,500 --> 01:51:14,400
and aesthetic sensibilities. 
This period laid, the groundwork

1888
01:51:14,400 --> 01:51:16,500
for everything that would follow
in fashion history. 

1889
01:51:16,500 --> 01:51:20,900
The concept of seasonal changes,
the importance of fit, the role 

1890
01:51:20,900 --> 01:51:24,200
of celebrity influencer, The 
internationalization of style, 

1891
01:51:24,200 --> 01:51:27,200
all of these started during the 
Renaissance when Europeans 

1892
01:51:27,200 --> 01:51:29,800
decided that life was too short 
for boring clothes. 

1893
01:51:29,800 --> 01:51:34,000
As we move into the 1600s and 
1700s fashion entered. 

1894
01:51:34,000 --> 01:51:36,300
What we might call its more is 
more phase. 

1895
01:51:36,300 --> 01:51:39,900
If Renaissance clothing was like
wearing art, Brock and Rococo 

1896
01:51:39,900 --> 01:51:43,000
fashion was like wearing an 
entire Art Museum complete with 

1897
01:51:43,000 --> 01:51:46,700
guided tours and gift shop. 
The 17th century started with 

1898
01:51:46,700 --> 01:51:50,000
what fashion historians politely
call elaborate clothing. 

1899
01:51:50,000 --> 01:51:53,400
But which anyone with modern 
sensibilities would recognize as

1900
01:51:53,400 --> 01:51:56,400
completely over the top. 
Men, wore doublets with so much 

1901
01:51:56,400 --> 01:51:57,900
padding. 
They looked like they were 

1902
01:51:57,900 --> 01:52:01,600
wearing life preservers Women's 
skirts became so wide that 

1903
01:52:01,600 --> 01:52:03,500
doorways had to be navigated 
sideways. 

1904
01:52:03,500 --> 01:52:06,500
It was the period when fashion 
designers, apparently looked at 

1905
01:52:06,508 --> 01:52:09,800
practical clothing and asked. 
But how can we make this much 

1906
01:52:09,800 --> 01:52:13,200
more complicated, the court of 
Louis, the 14th of Versailles 

1907
01:52:13,200 --> 01:52:16,400
became the epicenter of European
fashion and Lewis took the job 

1908
01:52:16,400 --> 01:52:19,000
seriously. 
He understood that fashion was 

1909
01:52:19,000 --> 01:52:21,600
politics and he used clothing as
a tool of power. 

1910
01:52:22,500 --> 01:52:24,800
The more elaborate and 
expensive, your outfit, the 

1911
01:52:24,800 --> 01:52:28,500
higher your status at court, it 
was like a very expensive, very 

1912
01:52:28,500 --> 01:52:32,100
beautiful arms race except 
instead of weapons, people were 

1913
01:52:32,100 --> 01:52:36,300
competing with embroidered silk 
and precious gems men's fashion.

1914
01:52:36,300 --> 01:52:38,600
During this period was 
particularly fascinating because

1915
01:52:38,600 --> 01:52:42,100
it was so unapologetically 
decorative men were Silk 

1916
01:52:42,100 --> 01:52:44,400
Stockings high-heeled shoes. 
Yes. 

1917
01:52:44,400 --> 01:52:47,900
High heels were originally for 
men, elaborate wigs and enough 

1918
01:52:47,900 --> 01:52:51,500
lace to stock a bridal shop, the
modern idea that men's clothing 

1919
01:52:51,500 --> 01:52:54,000
should be simple, and 
understated would have battled a

1920
01:52:54,000 --> 01:52:57,200
17th century gentleman who saw 
his outfit as a canvas for 

1921
01:52:57,200 --> 01:53:00,800
artistic expression. 
The Perry wig or powdered wig 

1922
01:53:00,800 --> 01:53:04,500
became the ultimate status. 
Symbol for men, these were just 

1923
01:53:04,500 --> 01:53:07,100
hairpieces. 
They were architectural Marvels 

1924
01:53:07,100 --> 01:53:09,900
that could cost as much as a 
house and required daily 

1925
01:53:09,900 --> 01:53:11,500
maintenance by skilled 
professionals. 

1926
01:53:11,500 --> 01:53:14,900
Wealthy men would own multiple 
wigs for different occasions, 

1927
01:53:14,900 --> 01:53:18,200
like a very expensive hat 
collection that happened to be 

1928
01:53:18,200 --> 01:53:21,600
made of human hair. 
Women's fashion, reach new 

1929
01:53:21,600 --> 01:53:25,000
heights of complexity during the
RICO period of the 18th century.

1930
01:53:25,000 --> 01:53:28,400
The panniers side Hoops that 
made skirts extend horizontally 

1931
01:53:28,400 --> 01:53:31,900
created Silhouettes so wide that
two women couldn't walk through 

1932
01:53:31,900 --> 01:53:34,700
a doorway at the same time Court
dresses required. 

1933
01:53:34,700 --> 01:53:37,500
So much fabric that they were 
essentially wearable buildings 

1934
01:53:37,500 --> 01:53:40,400
complete with Structural 
Engineering to keep everything 

1935
01:53:40,400 --> 01:53:43,200
upright. 
But the real showstopper was the

1936
01:53:43,200 --> 01:53:47,100
hair 18th century hairstyling 
was like topri gardening except 

1937
01:53:47,100 --> 01:53:50,100
on people's heads. 
Women's hairstyles could be 

1938
01:53:50,100 --> 01:53:53,100
several feet tall decorated with
ribbons flowers. 

1939
01:53:53,100 --> 01:53:56,100
Feathers and sometimes entire 
miniature scenes. 

1940
01:53:56,100 --> 01:53:59,300
There are historical accounts of
hairstyles that included model, 

1941
01:53:59,300 --> 01:54:02,700
ships, miniature Gardens and 
even small cages with live. 

1942
01:54:02,700 --> 01:54:06,100
Birds the Cosmetics of this 
period, were equally dramatic, 

1943
01:54:06,100 --> 01:54:09,200
both men and women wore white 
face powder made from lead, 

1944
01:54:09,200 --> 01:54:12,300
which was probably not great for
their health, right. 

1945
01:54:12,300 --> 01:54:16,100
Red Rouge and Beauty, patches 
small pieces of silk, or velvet 

1946
01:54:16,100 --> 01:54:19,400
cut into shapes like, stars or 
crescents and glued to the face.

1947
01:54:19,400 --> 01:54:22,600
It was like wearing stickers. 
If stickers were considered the 

1948
01:54:22,600 --> 01:54:25,900
height of sophistication, the 
18th century also saw the rise 

1949
01:54:25,900 --> 01:54:27,800
of fashion magazines and fashion
dolls. 

1950
01:54:27,800 --> 01:54:30,800
Small dolls dressed in the 
latest styles that were sent 

1951
01:54:30,800 --> 01:54:33,100
between fashion capitals to 
spread new trends. 

1952
01:54:33,100 --> 01:54:36,300
These were the ancestors of 
modern fashion photography and 

1953
01:54:36,300 --> 01:54:40,400
social media influences, though.
Considerably smaller and more 

1954
01:54:40,400 --> 01:54:43,400
delicate shipping Arrangements. 
Perhaps the most interesting 

1955
01:54:43,400 --> 01:54:46,400
aspect of the 18th century 
fashion was how it reflected the

1956
01:54:46,400 --> 01:54:48,700
philosophy of the time, the 
elaborate deck. 

1957
01:54:48,800 --> 01:54:52,200
The emphasis on artificial over 
nature, the celebration of 

1958
01:54:52,200 --> 01:54:55,300
luxury and refinement. 
All of this reflected in 

1959
01:54:55,300 --> 01:54:58,900
lightning and ideas about 
civilization progress, and the 

1960
01:54:58,900 --> 01:55:01,000
power of human. 
Creativity to improve upon 

1961
01:55:01,000 --> 01:55:03,200
nature. 
Of course, all this fashion came

1962
01:55:03,200 --> 01:55:05,300
with a price, both literally and
figuratively. 

1963
01:55:06,400 --> 01:55:08,900
The cost of maintaining an 18th 
century wardrobe was 

1964
01:55:08,908 --> 01:55:11,600
astronomical and the time 
required for dressing and 

1965
01:55:11,600 --> 01:55:14,600
grooming could take hours 
wealthy people, essentially 

1966
01:55:14,600 --> 01:55:16,700
needed staff just to get dressed
in the morning. 

1967
01:55:17,500 --> 01:55:20,100
By the end of the 18th century. 
This elaborate system was 

1968
01:55:20,100 --> 01:55:23,200
beginning to crack the French 
Revolution, put a sudden and 

1969
01:55:23,208 --> 01:55:25,600
violent end to the most extreme 
Court Fashions. 

1970
01:55:25,600 --> 01:55:28,700
And a new philosophy was 
emerging that valued Simplicity,

1971
01:55:28,700 --> 01:55:31,600
naturalness and practicality 
over elaborate artifice. 

1972
01:55:31,600 --> 01:55:35,000
But before we move on to that 
revolutionary change, take a 

1973
01:55:35,000 --> 01:55:37,800
moment to appreciate the sheer 
audacity of the 18th century 

1974
01:55:37,800 --> 01:55:39,900
fashion. 
It was clothing that announced 

1975
01:55:39,900 --> 01:55:43,000
loudly and proudly that the 
wearer had so much money. 

1976
01:55:43,000 --> 01:55:45,700
And Leisure Time that they could
have to dress like a walking 

1977
01:55:45,700 --> 01:55:48,600
work of art, even if it meant, 
they couldn't sit down properly 

1978
01:55:48,600 --> 01:55:51,600
or fit through doorways, the 
late 18th and early 19th. 

1979
01:55:51,600 --> 01:55:53,900
Centuries brought political 
revolution across Europe and 

1980
01:55:53,900 --> 01:55:56,600
America and fashion, 
revolution's, followed close 

1981
01:55:56,600 --> 01:55:58,600
behind. 
It was the period when people 

1982
01:55:58,600 --> 01:56:00,600
looked at those elaborate 18th 
century Court. 

1983
01:56:00,600 --> 01:56:04,000
Costumes and said, you know 
what, maybe wearing a small 

1984
01:56:04,000 --> 01:56:06,000
building on my head isn't the 
best way to show. 

1985
01:56:06,000 --> 01:56:10,300
I'm in, touch with the people. 
The French Revolution of 1789 

1986
01:56:10,300 --> 01:56:13,900
didn't just change government. 
It completely transformed. 

1987
01:56:13,900 --> 01:56:16,800
What people wore, it was the 
ultimate fashion do-over 

1988
01:56:16,800 --> 01:56:19,300
motivated by actual fear for 
your life. 

1989
01:56:19,300 --> 01:56:22,200
The revolutionary period 
introduced, what we might call 

1990
01:56:22,200 --> 01:56:26,000
democracy dress, simpler more 
practical clothing that 

1991
01:56:26,000 --> 01:56:28,800
suggested, you are a 
hard-working citizen rather than

1992
01:56:28,800 --> 01:56:32,400
a parasitic Aristocrat. 
The song que lot, literally 

1993
01:56:32,400 --> 01:56:35,700
without knee, breeches, got 
their name from rejecting, the 

1994
01:56:35,700 --> 01:56:38,300
silk knee breeches worn, by the 
upper classes, in favor of 

1995
01:56:38,300 --> 01:56:40,900
practical long trousers. 
It was the first time in 

1996
01:56:40,900 --> 01:56:43,600
European history that pants 
became a political statement. 

1997
01:56:43,600 --> 01:56:47,300
Women's fashion underwent in 
equally dramatic transformation.

1998
01:56:47,300 --> 01:56:49,900
The Enormous panniers and 
elaborate hairstyles 

1999
01:56:49,900 --> 01:56:52,300
disappeared. 
Almost overnight, replaced, by 

2000
01:56:52,308 --> 01:56:55,600
simple white Muslim dresses 
inspired by classical Greek and 

2001
01:56:55,600 --> 01:56:58,300
Roman clothing. 
The Empire waistline, which sat 

2002
01:56:58,300 --> 01:57:01,200
just below the bust. 
Became fashionable creating a 

2003
01:57:01,200 --> 01:57:03,000
silhouette. 
That was both elegant and 

2004
01:57:03,000 --> 01:57:05,900
practical. 
This neoclassical style wasn't 

2005
01:57:05,900 --> 01:57:08,600
just about looking good. 
It was about embodying in 

2006
01:57:08,600 --> 01:57:11,600
Enlightenment values. 
The simple flowing lines were 

2007
01:57:11,600 --> 01:57:15,400
supposed to suggest virtue 
reason and natural beauty. 

2008
01:57:15,400 --> 01:57:18,300
Everything, the old aristocratic
style was not. 

2009
01:57:18,300 --> 01:57:21,900
It was like, wearing your 
political philosophy, Napoleon 

2010
01:57:21,900 --> 01:57:25,200
Bonaparte, never want to miss an
opportunity for drama turned 

2011
01:57:25,200 --> 01:57:27,400
fashion into a tool of Empire 
Building. 

2012
01:57:28,100 --> 01:57:31,300
He established a court at the 
tuilerie, that was almost as 

2013
01:57:31,300 --> 01:57:32,600
elaborate as the old Royal 
Court. 

2014
01:57:32,600 --> 01:57:36,000
But with better marketing, 
Napoleonic fashion was designed 

2015
01:57:36,000 --> 01:57:37,900
to suggest both luxury and 
Military. 

2016
01:57:37,900 --> 01:57:40,900
Efficiency. 
Think Roman Emperor meets modern

2017
01:57:40,900 --> 01:57:44,400
General, The Empire period gave 
us some of Fashion's most 

2018
01:57:44,408 --> 01:57:47,500
enduring Silhouettes. 
The high-waisted dress, became a

2019
01:57:47,500 --> 01:57:50,600
classic that would return again 
and again in later decades the 

2020
01:57:50,600 --> 01:57:53,600
military influence in men's 
fashion, all those brass 

2021
01:57:53,600 --> 01:57:57,400
buttons, frogging and structured
shoulders established a template

2022
01:57:57,400 --> 01:58:00,600
for masculine dress that we 
still see today in everything 

2023
01:58:00,600 --> 01:58:03,000
from military uniforms to 
business suits. 

2024
01:58:03,000 --> 01:58:06,100
Perhaps the most interesting 
development of this period was 

2025
01:58:06,100 --> 01:58:09,400
how fashion became International
in a completely new way. 

2026
01:58:09,400 --> 01:58:13,600
Napoleon's conquests spread 
French fashion across Europe but

2027
01:58:13,600 --> 01:58:17,300
also brought new influences back
to Paris, Spanish tears. 

2028
01:58:17,300 --> 01:58:21,500
Russian, Furs Egyptian, motifs 
after Napoleon's campaigns 

2029
01:58:21,500 --> 01:58:24,300
there. 
European fashion became a fusion

2030
01:58:24,300 --> 01:58:26,700
Cuisine of Stylez, from a cross,
the continent and Beyond. 

2031
01:58:27,700 --> 01:58:30,500
The Industrial Revolution was 
beginning to change how close 

2032
01:58:30,500 --> 01:58:32,600
were made. 
To While most garments were 

2033
01:58:32,600 --> 01:58:35,700
still hands owned new machines 
could produce Fabrics, faster 

2034
01:58:35,700 --> 01:58:38,800
and more cheaply than ever 
before, cotton in particular, 

2035
01:58:38,800 --> 01:58:42,700
became much more affordable and 
available democratizing fashion 

2036
01:58:42,700 --> 01:58:45,000
in ways that would have been 
impossible in early as 

2037
01:58:45,000 --> 01:58:47,800
centuries. 
This period also saw the rise of

2038
01:58:47,800 --> 01:58:49,400
the fashion press as we know it 
today. 

2039
01:58:49,400 --> 01:58:53,400
Fashion magazines like Journal 
de damn ID mods provided 

2040
01:58:53,400 --> 01:58:56,000
detailed illustrations and 
descriptions of the latest 

2041
01:58:56,000 --> 01:58:59,200
Styles spreading fashion trends 
faster than ever before. 

2042
01:58:59,200 --> 01:59:02,700
It was the beginning of fashion 
media though their Instagram 

2043
01:59:02,700 --> 01:59:05,300
followers were measured in 
hundreds rather than Millions 

2044
01:59:05,300 --> 01:59:08,400
the Romantic Movement that 
emerged in the early 19th 

2045
01:59:08,400 --> 01:59:10,400
century. 
Brought yet another fashion 

2046
01:59:10,400 --> 01:59:13,500
Revolution, where neoclassical 
style had been about reason and 

2047
01:59:13,500 --> 01:59:16,700
simplicity romantic fashion, 
celebrated emotion, 

2048
01:59:16,700 --> 01:59:19,300
individualism and dramatic 
effect. 

2049
01:59:20,200 --> 01:59:23,900
Sleeves got bigger skirts, got 
Fuller and everything got more 

2050
01:59:23,900 --> 01:59:27,600
decorative. 
By the 1820s and 1830s women's 

2051
01:59:27,600 --> 01:59:31,200
fashion had swung back to award 
complexity though in new ways. 

2052
01:59:32,100 --> 01:59:35,000
Crinoline, the structured 
underskirt that created a 

2053
01:59:35,000 --> 01:59:38,000
bell-shaped silhouette was the 
great innovation of the period. 

2054
01:59:38,000 --> 01:59:41,700
It was like wearing a small tent
but an incredibly fashionable 

2055
01:59:41,700 --> 01:59:44,700
tent that allowed women to move 
more freely than the restrictive

2056
01:59:44,700 --> 01:59:47,600
clothing of earlier periods, 
this revolutionary period 

2057
01:59:47,600 --> 01:59:49,700
established, many of the 
principles that would guide 

2058
01:59:49,700 --> 01:59:52,800
fashion for the next Century. 
The idea that clothing should 

2059
01:59:52,800 --> 01:59:56,500
reflect contemporary values that
fashion could be both, beautiful

2060
01:59:56,500 --> 02:00:00,200
and practical and that style 
should be accessible to more 

2061
02:00:00,200 --> 02:00:03,000
than just the wealthy Elite. 
It was the beginning of modern 

2062
02:00:03,000 --> 02:00:05,800
fashion as we know it today. 
Even if the clothes themselves 

2063
02:00:05,800 --> 02:00:09,100
look, pretty foreign to 
modernize the Victorian era. 

2064
02:00:09,100 --> 02:00:14,000
Roughly 1837 to 1901 was like 
Fashion's adolescent phase. 

2065
02:00:14,000 --> 02:00:17,400
Everything was dramatic 
complicated and slightly 

2066
02:00:17,400 --> 02:00:20,600
embarrassing and retrospect, but
also kind of impressive in its 

2067
02:00:20,600 --> 02:00:24,000
sheer ambition, Queen Victoria's
reign coincided with the 

2068
02:00:24,000 --> 02:00:27,300
Industrial Revolution hitting 
its stride, which meant that for

2069
02:00:27,300 --> 02:00:30,500
the first time in human history,
the middle class could afford to

2070
02:00:30,500 --> 02:00:33,500
dress almost as elaborately. 
As the wealthy, this was 

2071
02:00:33,500 --> 02:00:36,500
wonderful news for textile 
manufacturers and absolutely 

2072
02:00:36,500 --> 02:00:40,100
terrible news for anyone who 
valued Simplicity and clothing. 

2073
02:00:40,900 --> 02:00:43,400
The Victorian silhouette for 
women was essentially an 

2074
02:00:43,400 --> 02:00:45,100
exercise in architectural 
engineering. 

2075
02:00:45,100 --> 02:00:48,400
The goal was to create an 
hourglass figure, so dramatic 

2076
02:00:48,400 --> 02:00:51,700
that it defied Anatomy. 
This required corsets, that 

2077
02:00:51,700 --> 02:00:54,700
could literally reshape the 
human torso bustles. 

2078
02:00:54,700 --> 02:00:57,700
That could support several yards
of fabric and an undergarment 

2079
02:00:57,700 --> 02:00:59,800
system. 
So complex, it came with its own

2080
02:00:59,800 --> 02:01:02,600
instruction manual, the 
crinoline reached its peak 

2081
02:01:02,600 --> 02:01:05,400
During the period creating 
skirts that could measure up to 

2082
02:01:05,400 --> 02:01:09,300
six feet in diameter. 
Imagine trying to navigate a 

2083
02:01:09,300 --> 02:01:12,000
Victorian parlor. 
Wearing, what was essentially a 

2084
02:01:12,000 --> 02:01:15,900
fabric geodesic dome around your
waist doorways, became tactical 

2085
02:01:15,900 --> 02:01:18,400
challenges sitting required, 
careful planning. 

2086
02:01:19,200 --> 02:01:21,300
Getting into a carriage was 
like, solving a geometry 

2087
02:01:21,300 --> 02:01:23,400
problem. 
But here's what's really 

2088
02:01:23,400 --> 02:01:25,000
remarkable about Victorian 
fashion. 

2089
02:01:25,000 --> 02:01:28,900
The sheer amount of work that 
went into every garment, a 

2090
02:01:28,900 --> 02:01:31,800
typical Victorian dress might 
have hundreds of buttons miles 

2091
02:01:31,800 --> 02:01:35,700
of trim, intricate pleating, 
elaborate embroidery and enough 

2092
02:01:35,700 --> 02:01:37,500
fabric to upholster several 
chairs. 

2093
02:01:37,500 --> 02:01:40,500
Each dress was essentially a 
masterpiece of textile 

2094
02:01:40,500 --> 02:01:43,500
craftsmanship, even if the 
overall effect was sometimes 

2095
02:01:43,500 --> 02:01:46,800
like wearing a curtain from a 
very expensive hotel, men's 

2096
02:01:46,800 --> 02:01:49,700
fashion during the Victorian era
was more restrained but equally 

2097
02:01:49,700 --> 02:01:52,700
complex in his own way, the 
modern business suit was 

2098
02:01:52,700 --> 02:01:54,900
invented during this period over
Victorian. 

2099
02:01:54,900 --> 02:01:57,200
Men's suits, had more pieces 
than a Swiss watch. 

2100
02:01:57,200 --> 02:01:59,700
There were different coaches for
different times of day. 

2101
02:01:59,700 --> 02:02:02,700
Different trials, for different 
occasions and enough accessories

2102
02:02:02,700 --> 02:02:06,200
to stock a small store. 
The Victorian obsession with 

2103
02:02:06,200 --> 02:02:08,300
propriety meant that clothing, 
had to cover everything. 

2104
02:02:08,300 --> 02:02:11,600
Women's dresses had sleeves that
covered the arms, completely 

2105
02:02:11,600 --> 02:02:15,400
skirts, that touched the ground 
and necklines that barely showed

2106
02:02:15,400 --> 02:02:18,300
the collarbone, the amount of 
Skin showing in proper. 

2107
02:02:18,300 --> 02:02:20,800
Victorian dress was roughly 
equivalent to what you might see

2108
02:02:20,800 --> 02:02:23,900
in a modern business meeting 
except with more Fabric and 

2109
02:02:23,900 --> 02:02:26,700
better posture, but the 
victorians also invented the 

2110
02:02:26,700 --> 02:02:29,300
concept of specialized clothing 
for specific activities. 

2111
02:02:30,500 --> 02:02:33,400
Before this period, you 
basically had every day clothes 

2112
02:02:33,400 --> 02:02:36,800
and fancy clothes the victorians
created riding habits for 

2113
02:02:36,800 --> 02:02:40,100
horseback riding walking 
dresses, for afternoon, strolls 

2114
02:02:40,100 --> 02:02:43,700
tea-gowns, for informal, 
entertaining, and ball gowns for

2115
02:02:43,700 --> 02:02:46,500
formal occasions. 
They essentially invented the 

2116
02:02:46,500 --> 02:02:48,900
modern concept of having 
different outfits for different 

2117
02:02:48,900 --> 02:02:51,900
parts of your life. 
The Industrial Revolution made 

2118
02:02:51,900 --> 02:02:56,100
all of this possible by creating
new Fabrics, new dyes and new 

2119
02:02:56,100 --> 02:02:59,900
manufacturing techniques aniline
dies produced colors that were 

2120
02:02:59,900 --> 02:03:02,000
brighter and more stable than 
anything previously. 

2121
02:03:02,000 --> 02:03:05,800
Available, the sewing machine 
invented in the 1840s 

2122
02:03:05,800 --> 02:03:07,900
revolutionized garment 
construction. 

2123
02:03:07,900 --> 02:03:10,800
Ready to wear clothing? 
Began to appear in stores, 

2124
02:03:10,800 --> 02:03:13,000
though? 
It was still considered inferior

2125
02:03:13,000 --> 02:03:15,700
to custom-made garments 
Children's Fashion, during the 

2126
02:03:15,708 --> 02:03:18,600
Victorian era, deserves special 
mention, because it was 

2127
02:03:18,600 --> 02:03:21,200
particularly elaborate and often
fairly impractical. 

2128
02:03:21,200 --> 02:03:24,500
Victorian children were 
essentially dressed as Mentor. 

2129
02:03:24,500 --> 02:03:27,600
Adults complete with all the 
restrictive undergarments, and 

2130
02:03:27,600 --> 02:03:30,700
complex layering systems little 
girls were corsets. 

2131
02:03:30,700 --> 02:03:34,500
Little boys were elaborate suits
with knee Bridge's and everyone 

2132
02:03:34,500 --> 02:03:36,300
wore clothing. 
That would make modern parents 

2133
02:03:36,300 --> 02:03:39,300
weep at the laundry. 
Implications, the Victorian era 

2134
02:03:39,300 --> 02:03:41,300
gave us the concept of mourning 
dress. 

2135
02:03:41,300 --> 02:03:44,400
Elaborate rules about what to 
wear and for how long after 

2136
02:03:44,400 --> 02:03:47,600
someone died, Queen Victoria 
herself after the death of 

2137
02:03:47,600 --> 02:03:51,000
Prince Albert in 1861 or 
morning, Dress for the rest of 

2138
02:03:51,000 --> 02:03:53,000
her life, which was another 40 
years. 

2139
02:03:53,000 --> 02:03:55,600
The fashion industry, 
essentially created a whole 

2140
02:03:55,600 --> 02:03:59,100
subcategory of clothing for 
grief, complete with degrees of 

2141
02:03:59,100 --> 02:04:00,800
mourning. 
That determined how much black 

2142
02:04:00,800 --> 02:04:02,900
you had to wear. 
And when you could start adding 

2143
02:04:02,900 --> 02:04:05,700
other colors back into your 
wardrobe, by the end of the 

2144
02:04:05,700 --> 02:04:08,100
Victorian era, fashion had 
reached a level of complexity 

2145
02:04:08,100 --> 02:04:11,800
that was becoming unsustainable.
Getting dressed took hours 

2146
02:04:11,800 --> 02:04:15,500
maintaining a proper wardrobe 
required significant staff. 

2147
02:04:15,500 --> 02:04:18,200
The physical restrictions of the
clothing were beginning to 

2148
02:04:18,200 --> 02:04:20,800
conflict with new ideas about 
women's roles and activities. 

2149
02:04:20,800 --> 02:04:24,500
The stage was set for a fashion 
Revolution, that would sweep 

2150
02:04:24,500 --> 02:04:27,100
away, much of this elaborate 
system, and replace it with 

2151
02:04:27,100 --> 02:04:30,800
something more practical more, 
modern and significantly easier 

2152
02:04:30,800 --> 02:04:33,600
to put on in the morning. 
But before that happened, the 

2153
02:04:33,600 --> 02:04:36,200
Victorian era gave us some of 
Fashion's most memorable and 

2154
02:04:36,200 --> 02:04:38,900
most photographed moments. 
Even if many of those 

2155
02:04:38,900 --> 02:04:41,900
photographs required, the 
subjects to stand very still for

2156
02:04:41,900 --> 02:04:45,900
very long periods of time as the
19th century, Drew to a close 

2157
02:04:45,900 --> 02:04:49,100
and the 20th century began. 
Fashion, underwent, one of its 

2158
02:04:49,100 --> 02:04:53,000
most dramatic Transformations. 
It was as if the entire industry

2159
02:04:53,000 --> 02:04:56,300
looked at Victorian clothing and
collectively asked, but what if 

2160
02:04:56,300 --> 02:04:58,600
we could actually move while 
wearing our clothes? 

2161
02:04:59,700 --> 02:05:02,800
The changes began gradually in 
the 1890s with what was called, 

2162
02:05:02,800 --> 02:05:05,400
the new woman movement. 
These were women who wanted to 

2163
02:05:05,408 --> 02:05:07,600
ride bicycles. 
Play tennis work outside the 

2164
02:05:07,600 --> 02:05:10,700
home and generally participate, 
in life without requiring 

2165
02:05:10,700 --> 02:05:14,500
architectural, support garments,
the fashion industry, sensing an

2166
02:05:14,500 --> 02:05:17,000
opportunity began, creating 
clothes that acknowledge that 

2167
02:05:17,000 --> 02:05:19,500
women might want to use their 
bodies for something other than 

2168
02:05:19,500 --> 02:05:22,800
standing gracefully and parlors 
the s-curve course it became 

2169
02:05:22,800 --> 02:05:26,500
popular in the early 1900s which
created a silhouette that thrust

2170
02:05:26,500 --> 02:05:29,500
the chest forward and the hips 
back while this might not sound 

2171
02:05:29,500 --> 02:05:32,600
like progress, it actually 
represented a move away from the

2172
02:05:32,600 --> 02:05:36,000
tightest waste, restriction of 
the Victorian era, it was like 

2173
02:05:36,000 --> 02:05:39,200
Fashions version of glass nosed.
A gradual loosening of 

2174
02:05:39,200 --> 02:05:42,200
restrictions Paul pour a French 
designer. 

2175
02:05:42,200 --> 02:05:45,900
Became the revolutionary leader 
of fashion, Liberation in 1906. 

2176
02:05:45,900 --> 02:05:49,300
He introduced designs that 
completely eliminated the corset

2177
02:05:49,300 --> 02:05:51,300
replacing. 
The structured, Victorian 

2178
02:05:51,300 --> 02:05:54,000
silhouette with flowing column 
and addresses inspired by 

2179
02:05:54,008 --> 02:05:57,000
ancient Greece and the Orient. 
It was as if he took a pair of 

2180
02:05:57,000 --> 02:06:00,300
scissors to 100 Years of fashion
tradition and said Let's start 

2181
02:06:00,300 --> 02:06:04,300
over quarries, designs were 
Radical for their time, high 

2182
02:06:04,300 --> 02:06:06,700
waist lines, narrow, skirts, and
no corsets. 

2183
02:06:06,700 --> 02:06:10,000
Women could actually breathe 
while wearing them, which was a 

2184
02:06:10,000 --> 02:06:11,600
refreshing change from Victorian
dress. 

2185
02:06:12,300 --> 02:06:15,700
His Oriental inspired designs 
with their Rich colors and 

2186
02:06:15,700 --> 02:06:19,500
exotic patterns introduced 
European women to a completely 

2187
02:06:19,500 --> 02:06:23,100
different aesthetic philosophy. 
The Hubble skirt, one of Paris. 

2188
02:06:23,100 --> 02:06:26,200
Most famous Innovations was both
liberating and restricting at 

2189
02:06:26,200 --> 02:06:29,200
the same time while it freed 
women from corsets and 

2190
02:06:29,200 --> 02:06:31,700
crinolines. 
It was so narrow at the ankles 

2191
02:06:31,700 --> 02:06:34,000
that walking required. 
Small, careful steps. 

2192
02:06:34,000 --> 02:06:36,700
It was like trading one set of 
restrictions for another. 

2193
02:06:36,700 --> 02:06:39,100
But at least the new 
restrictions didn't require 

2194
02:06:39,100 --> 02:06:43,000
Structural Engineering. 
World War 1 accelerated, these 

2195
02:06:43,000 --> 02:06:46,400
fashion changes dramatically 
with men away at War and women 

2196
02:06:46,400 --> 02:06:48,500
entering the workforce. 
In unprecedented numbers. 

2197
02:06:48,500 --> 02:06:52,000
Practical clothing became a 
necessity rather than a choice. 

2198
02:06:52,000 --> 02:06:55,300
The elaborate time-consuming 
dress of the pre-war period was 

2199
02:06:55,300 --> 02:06:58,400
simply incompatible with working
in factories, driving, 

2200
02:06:58,400 --> 02:07:00,300
ambulances, or managing 
businesses. 

2201
02:07:01,200 --> 02:07:04,600
Hemlines began to rise, first, 
just enough to show the ankle 

2202
02:07:04,600 --> 02:07:07,500
then gradually higher. 
This might seem like a small 

2203
02:07:07,500 --> 02:07:09,300
change, but it was 
revolutionary. 

2204
02:07:10,500 --> 02:07:12,400
For the first time in Western 
fashion. 

2205
02:07:12,400 --> 02:07:15,500
Since ancient Greece, women's 
legs became visible in public. 

2206
02:07:15,500 --> 02:07:19,800
It was a seismic shift in social
norms disguised as a fashion 

2207
02:07:19,800 --> 02:07:21,900
trend. 
The war also changed men's 

2208
02:07:21,900 --> 02:07:24,800
fashion though. 
More subtly military uniforms 

2209
02:07:24,800 --> 02:07:27,600
influenced civilian clothing 
making men's suits more 

2210
02:07:27,600 --> 02:07:30,400
structured and functional. 
The three-piece suit became 

2211
02:07:30,400 --> 02:07:33,600
standardized during this period 
establishing a template for 

2212
02:07:33,600 --> 02:07:36,700
men's business dress. 
That would last for decades hair

2213
02:07:36,700 --> 02:07:39,600
became shorter and simpler. 
The elaborate hairstyles of the 

2214
02:07:39,608 --> 02:07:42,500
Victorian era which required 
hours of Maintenance and 

2215
02:07:42,500 --> 02:07:45,400
multiple hair pieces were 
replaced by more manageable 

2216
02:07:45,400 --> 02:07:47,600
Styles. 
This was partly practical. 

2217
02:07:47,600 --> 02:07:50,200
Shorter hair was easier to 
maintain while working in 

2218
02:07:50,200 --> 02:07:53,300
factories or hospitals, but it 
was also symbolic of women's 

2219
02:07:53,300 --> 02:07:56,500
changing roles in society. 
The introduction of new 

2220
02:07:56,500 --> 02:07:59,000
synthetic fabrics. 
During this period, also 

2221
02:07:59,000 --> 02:08:02,300
revolutionized, what people 
could wear on the first 

2222
02:08:02,300 --> 02:08:05,500
commercial successful. 
Synthetic fiber was developed in

2223
02:08:05,500 --> 02:08:09,900
the early 1900s, while it wasn't
perfect early on had a tendency 

2224
02:08:09,900 --> 02:08:12,400
to shrink dramatically when 
washed it. 

2225
02:08:12,400 --> 02:08:15,000
Offered an affordable 
alternative to Silk and opened 

2226
02:08:15,000 --> 02:08:19,400
up new possibilities for garment
design by 1910 fashion magazines

2227
02:08:19,400 --> 02:08:21,500
were already predicting that. 
The new century would bring 

2228
02:08:21,500 --> 02:08:24,600
clothing that was more 
practical, more comfortable, and

2229
02:08:24,600 --> 02:08:26,400
more suited to active 
lifestyle's. 

2230
02:08:26,400 --> 02:08:30,000
They had no idea how, right? 
They were or how dramatically 

2231
02:08:30,000 --> 02:08:32,200
the next decade would accelerate
these changes. 

2232
02:08:33,400 --> 02:08:36,600
The period just before World War
One represented, a fascinating 

2233
02:08:36,600 --> 02:08:39,000
transition moment. 
In fashion history, you could 

2234
02:08:39,000 --> 02:08:41,400
see both the Old and the new 
existing simultaneously 

2235
02:08:41,400 --> 02:08:45,500
elaborate Edwardian gowns 
sharing space with Paris, 

2236
02:08:45,500 --> 02:08:49,000
revolutionary designs, corseted 
ladies, walking alongside the 

2237
02:08:49,000 --> 02:08:51,900
first women to embrace the new 
natural silhouette. 

2238
02:08:51,900 --> 02:08:55,000
It was like watching fashion, 
hold its breath, before taking a

2239
02:08:55,000 --> 02:08:57,700
giant leap into modernity, the 
restrictive. 

2240
02:08:57,700 --> 02:09:00,600
Elaborate clothing of the past 
was still beautiful, still 

2241
02:09:00,600 --> 02:09:04,100
masterfully crafted, but it was 
beginning to look like a museum 

2242
02:09:04,100 --> 02:09:06,000
piece even as people were still 
wearing it. 

2243
02:09:06,000 --> 02:09:10,500
If the 1910s were about gradual 
Liberation, the 1920s were about

2244
02:09:10,500 --> 02:09:13,100
fashion and doing the Charleston
while wearing a headband and 

2245
02:09:13,100 --> 02:09:16,400
shouting Freedom. 
At the top of its lungs, the 

2246
02:09:16,400 --> 02:09:19,500
decade didn't just change what 
people wore, it, completely 

2247
02:09:19,500 --> 02:09:22,300
revolutionized, the relationship
between clothing and identity, 

2248
02:09:23,400 --> 02:09:26,700
Flapper dress was the decade 
signature achievement and it was

2249
02:09:26,700 --> 02:09:30,000
basically everything. 
Victorian clothing, wasnt short 

2250
02:09:30,000 --> 02:09:33,600
straight and shockingly simple, 
it hung Loosely from the 

2251
02:09:33,600 --> 02:09:36,300
shoulders and ended daringly at 
the knee, or even higher. 

2252
02:09:37,100 --> 02:09:39,600
Victorian ladies would have 
needed smelling salts, just 

2253
02:09:39,600 --> 02:09:41,900
looking at it which was 
precisely the point. 

2254
02:09:41,900 --> 02:09:45,200
What made the flapper dress, so 
revolutionary wasn't just how it

2255
02:09:45,200 --> 02:09:49,000
looked but what it allowed women
to do, you could dance in it 

2256
02:09:49,000 --> 02:09:52,300
really dance with energetic, 
movements and Spins. 

2257
02:09:52,300 --> 02:09:55,300
You could drive a car without 
your skirt, getting caught in 

2258
02:09:55,300 --> 02:09:57,200
the door. 
You could cross your legs, while

2259
02:09:57,200 --> 02:09:59,300
sitting. 
These might seem like small 

2260
02:09:59,300 --> 02:10:02,700
freedoms but they represented a 
complete transformation in how 

2261
02:10:02,700 --> 02:10:03,900
women could move through the 
world. 

2262
02:10:03,900 --> 02:10:07,600
The dropped waistline of 1920s 
dresses, created, a completely 

2263
02:10:07,600 --> 02:10:10,500
new silhouette that 
de-emphasized the female form in

2264
02:10:10,500 --> 02:10:13,400
ways that would have shocked. 
Previous generations were, 

2265
02:10:13,400 --> 02:10:15,600
Victorian fashion had been 
obsessed with creating an 

2266
02:10:15,600 --> 02:10:19,300
exaggerated hourglass. 
Figure 1920s fashion, 

2267
02:10:19,300 --> 02:10:21,500
celebrated, a more boyish 
androgynous. 

2268
02:10:21,500 --> 02:10:24,700
Look, it was as if fashioned 
decided that women's bodies 

2269
02:10:24,700 --> 02:10:26,300
didn't need to be architectural 
projects. 

2270
02:10:26,300 --> 02:10:28,500
After all hair. 
Got even shorter with the 

2271
02:10:28,508 --> 02:10:31,500
Bobcat, which caused genuine, 
social controversy. 

2272
02:10:31,500 --> 02:10:35,000
Women were literally receiving 
death threats for cutting their 

2273
02:10:35,000 --> 02:10:38,400
hair short. 
Imagine that Getting violent 

2274
02:10:38,400 --> 02:10:41,500
male because of your hair cut 
but the Bob was more than just a

2275
02:10:41,500 --> 02:10:44,000
hairstyle, it was a declaration 
of independence. 

2276
02:10:44,000 --> 02:10:47,200
From the time, consuming Beauty 
routines that had kept women 

2277
02:10:47,200 --> 02:10:49,500
Tethered to their vanity tables 
for hours each day. 

2278
02:10:49,500 --> 02:10:53,500
Men's fashion during the 1920s 
became more relaxed and varied 

2279
02:10:53,500 --> 02:10:56,300
though, it was still more formal
than what we considered a normal

2280
02:10:56,308 --> 02:10:58,900
today. 
The three-piece suit remained 

2281
02:10:58,900 --> 02:11:01,800
standard but new fabrics and 
cuts, made it more comfortable 

2282
02:11:01,800 --> 02:11:05,500
and practical plus Falls for 
golf, sweater vests for casual 

2283
02:11:05,500 --> 02:11:08,400
wear, and the introduction of 
sportswear began to give men 

2284
02:11:08,400 --> 02:11:09,900
more options for different 
occasions. 

2285
02:11:09,900 --> 02:11:14,600
The 1920s, also saw the rise of 
ready-to-wear fashion becoming 

2286
02:11:14,600 --> 02:11:17,900
truly mainstream department 
stores expanded their clothing 

2287
02:11:17,900 --> 02:11:20,900
sections and for the first time 
middle-class people could buy 

2288
02:11:20,900 --> 02:11:23,400
fashionable clothing off the 
rack rather than having 

2289
02:11:23,400 --> 02:11:26,300
everything custom made. 
It was the democratization of 

2290
02:11:26,308 --> 02:11:28,700
fashion though. 
The truly wealthy still 

2291
02:11:28,700 --> 02:11:32,400
preferred, their bespoke tailors
cocoa Chanel emerged as one of 

2292
02:11:32,408 --> 02:11:35,800
the Decades most influential 
designers and her philosophy was

2293
02:11:35,800 --> 02:11:38,400
revolutionary. 
Fashion should be comfortable 

2294
02:11:38,400 --> 02:11:42,400
practical and elegant all at the
same time, she introduced the 

2295
02:11:42,400 --> 02:11:45,500
concept of casual Chic, the idea
that you could look 

2296
02:11:45,500 --> 02:11:49,100
sophisticated while wearing 
simple well-cut clothing, a 

2297
02:11:49,100 --> 02:11:52,900
little black dress introduced in
1926 was like Fashion's version 

2298
02:11:52,900 --> 02:11:55,900
of the model t4de simple 
elegant. 

2299
02:11:55,900 --> 02:11:58,400
And versatile enough to be 
appropriate for almost any 

2300
02:11:58,400 --> 02:12:01,800
occasion. 
Chanel also, liberated women 

2301
02:12:01,800 --> 02:12:03,900
from the tyranny of decorative 
accessories. 

2302
02:12:03,900 --> 02:12:05,900
Where Victorian fashion had 
required. 

2303
02:12:05,900 --> 02:12:10,300
Elaborate jewelry hair ornaments
and trim Chanel's designs were 

2304
02:12:10,300 --> 02:12:13,400
based on the radical idea that 
sometimes less really was more. 

2305
02:12:13,400 --> 02:12:16,800
She made Simplicity 
sophisticated, which was perhaps

2306
02:12:16,800 --> 02:12:18,900
the decades greatest fashion 
Innovation. 

2307
02:12:18,900 --> 02:12:21,400
The influence of jazz music on 
fashion. 

2308
02:12:21,400 --> 02:12:24,500
Can't be overstated. 
The energetic improvisational 

2309
02:12:24,500 --> 02:12:27,200
nature of jazz translated 
directly into clothing that 

2310
02:12:27,200 --> 02:12:30,400
moved with the body. 
Sparkled under dance hall lights

2311
02:12:30,400 --> 02:12:33,400
and celebrated individual 
expression, over Conformity. 

2312
02:12:33,400 --> 02:12:36,700
Fashion became performative in a
completely new way. 

2313
02:12:36,700 --> 02:12:40,100
Clothes were designed to look 
good in motion, not just 

2314
02:12:40,100 --> 02:12:43,700
informal portraits. 
Evening wear during the 1920s 

2315
02:12:43,700 --> 02:12:47,000
was particularly spectacular 
beaded dresses, that caught and 

2316
02:12:47,000 --> 02:12:50,800
reflected light Fringe that 
moved with every step and 

2317
02:12:50,800 --> 02:12:53,000
metallic Fabrics. 
That turned the wearer into a 

2318
02:12:53,008 --> 02:12:55,600
walking disco ball. 
It was fashioned designed for 

2319
02:12:55,600 --> 02:12:57,700
artificial lighting and 
energetic dancing. 

2320
02:12:57,700 --> 02:12:59,900
The first truly modern party 
clothes. 

2321
02:13:00,700 --> 02:13:03,600
The decade also introduced the 
concept of fashion Seasons, as 

2322
02:13:03,600 --> 02:13:06,500
we know them today. 
Magazine's began showing spring 

2323
02:13:06,500 --> 02:13:08,200
Collections and full 
Collections. 

2324
02:13:08,200 --> 02:13:11,000
And the idea that your wardrobe 
should change with the calendar 

2325
02:13:11,000 --> 02:13:14,300
became entrenched, it was the 
beginning of planned 

2326
02:13:14,300 --> 02:13:17,400
obsolescence in fashion. 
The idea that last season's 

2327
02:13:17,400 --> 02:13:20,100
clothes Were Somehow inadequate 
for this season's activities. 

2328
02:13:21,200 --> 02:13:25,100
By the end of the 1920s, fashion
had been completely transformed.

2329
02:13:25,100 --> 02:13:28,300
The elaborate restrictive 
clothing of the Victorian era, 

2330
02:13:28,300 --> 02:13:31,500
looked as foreign as medieval 
armor Women had gained the 

2331
02:13:31,500 --> 02:13:34,300
freedom to move. 
Dance work and play in ways that

2332
02:13:34,300 --> 02:13:36,300
their grandmothers never could 
have imagined. 

2333
02:13:36,900 --> 02:13:38,600
But the party couldn't last 
forever. 

2334
02:13:38,600 --> 02:13:42,600
The stock market crash of 1929 
was about to change everything. 

2335
02:13:42,600 --> 02:13:46,100
Including what people wore and 
how they thought about fashion 

2336
02:13:46,800 --> 02:13:50,500
The Carefree extravagance of the
1920s was about to run headlong 

2337
02:13:50,500 --> 02:13:53,300
into the Practical realities of 
economic depression. 

2338
02:13:53,300 --> 02:13:56,400
The Great Depression hit 
fashion, like a bucket of cold 

2339
02:13:56,400 --> 02:13:58,600
water thrown on a very 
fashionable party. 

2340
02:13:59,400 --> 02:14:03,100
Suddenly the Carefree 
extravagance of the 1920s seemed

2341
02:14:03,100 --> 02:14:06,900
not just outdated, but almost 
offensive, the new motto became 

2342
02:14:06,900 --> 02:14:09,700
make it last. 
Make it count and make it work 

2343
02:14:09,700 --> 02:14:12,600
for everything. 
The 1930s ushered in, what we 

2344
02:14:12,600 --> 02:14:15,900
might call Elegant practicality 
designers had to create 

2345
02:14:15,900 --> 02:14:17,500
clothing. 
That was beautiful enough to 

2346
02:14:17,500 --> 02:14:20,900
maintain morale during difficult
times but practical enough to be

2347
02:14:20,900 --> 02:14:22,500
worn for years without 
replacement. 

2348
02:14:22,500 --> 02:14:25,500
It was like, solving a very 
sophisticated math problem, 

2349
02:14:25,500 --> 02:14:29,200
where the variables were styled 
durability and budget, Henley's 

2350
02:14:29,200 --> 02:14:32,900
dropped back down to mid calf, 
partly for modesty, but mostly 

2351
02:14:32,900 --> 02:14:35,500
because longer skirts, meant 
more fabric, which meant the 

2352
02:14:35,500 --> 02:14:38,300
Garment would last longer and 
provide better value the 

2353
02:14:38,300 --> 02:14:40,500
silhouette became more fitted 
and feminine again. 

2354
02:14:40,500 --> 02:14:43,300
But in a sleeker more 
streamlined way than the 

2355
02:14:43,300 --> 02:14:46,500
Victorian era, it was as if 
fashion had learned to be 

2356
02:14:46,500 --> 02:14:48,200
curvaceous without being 
cumbersome. 

2357
02:14:48,200 --> 02:14:50,900
The bias cut became the 
signature technique of the 

2358
02:14:50,900 --> 02:14:53,300
decade. 
Thanks largely to design a 

2359
02:14:53,300 --> 02:14:57,500
Madeline on a cutting fabric, on
the bias, at a 45 degree, angle 

2360
02:14:57,500 --> 02:15:00,300
to the grain created. 
Comments, that draped 

2361
02:15:00,300 --> 02:15:03,500
beautifully and moved with the 
body, using the Fabric's natural

2362
02:15:03,500 --> 02:15:05,400
stretch rather than fighting 
against it. 

2363
02:15:05,400 --> 02:15:08,600
It was an ingenious solution. 
That created elegant figure, 

2364
02:15:08,600 --> 02:15:10,800
flattering clothes without 
requiring, elaborate 

2365
02:15:10,800 --> 02:15:14,100
construction or expensive, 
materials Hollywood became a 

2366
02:15:14,100 --> 02:15:15,800
major influence on fashion 
during this period. 

2367
02:15:15,800 --> 02:15:19,300
Partly because movies provided 
an escape from economic 

2368
02:15:19,300 --> 02:15:22,800
hardship, but also because film 
stars had the resources to wear 

2369
02:15:22,800 --> 02:15:25,000
beautiful clothes when most 
people couldn't afford them 

2370
02:15:25,000 --> 02:15:28,500
magazines, featured pages of 
Hollywood style on a depression 

2371
02:15:28,500 --> 02:15:31,700
budget showing readers how to 
achieve movie star glamour with 

2372
02:15:31,700 --> 02:15:35,100
Ingenuity and Thrift. 
The concept of separates became 

2373
02:15:35,100 --> 02:15:39,200
popular during the 1930s blouses
skirts, and jackets that could 

2374
02:15:39,200 --> 02:15:41,600
be mixed and matched to create 
different outfits from fewer 

2375
02:15:41,600 --> 02:15:43,500
pieces. 
It was the beginning of the 

2376
02:15:43,500 --> 02:15:47,200
modern concept of a wardrobe as 
a coordinated system, rather 

2377
02:15:47,200 --> 02:15:48,900
than a collection of individual 
dresses. 

2378
02:15:48,900 --> 02:15:52,200
You could buy one skirt and 
three blouses and suddenly have 

2379
02:15:52,200 --> 02:15:55,000
multiple outfits, which was 
revolutionary for people on 

2380
02:15:55,000 --> 02:15:57,800
tight budgets day. 
Webcame more casual and 

2381
02:15:57,800 --> 02:16:01,200
practical shirt. 
Waist dresses essentially button

2382
02:16:01,200 --> 02:16:05,100
up shirts, extended in to dress 
length became a staple because 

2383
02:16:05,100 --> 02:16:08,200
they were comfortable easy to 
launcher and appropriate for 

2384
02:16:08,200 --> 02:16:10,300
both work and Casual social 
occasions. 

2385
02:16:10,300 --> 02:16:13,400
It was clothing designed for 
real life, rather than for 

2386
02:16:13,400 --> 02:16:16,800
making fashion statements. 
Then came World War 2 and 

2387
02:16:16,800 --> 02:16:18,900
fashioned face challenges that 
made the depression. 

2388
02:16:18,900 --> 02:16:20,600
Look like a minor budget 
adjustment. 

2389
02:16:20,600 --> 02:16:24,800
Rationing affected everything 
fabric leather metal for buttons

2390
02:16:24,800 --> 02:16:28,600
and zippers even elastic. the 
fashion industry had to 

2391
02:16:28,608 --> 02:16:31,400
completely reimagine, what 
clothing could be when you 

2392
02:16:31,400 --> 02:16:34,500
couldn't get the materials, you 
needed the utility clothing 

2393
02:16:34,500 --> 02:16:37,200
program in Britain and similar 
initiatives, and other countries

2394
02:16:37,200 --> 02:16:40,799
created standardized designs 
that used a minimal materials, 

2395
02:16:40,799 --> 02:16:44,000
while still being attractive and
functional, it was fashioned by 

2396
02:16:44,008 --> 02:16:47,700
committee designed by government
regulations, but somehow, it 

2397
02:16:47,700 --> 02:16:52,400
worked The clothes were simple, 
well, cut and practical the 

2398
02:16:52,400 --> 02:16:54,200
fashion equivalent of wartime 
efficiency. 

2399
02:16:54,200 --> 02:16:57,799
Henley's rose again during the 
war, but this time it wasn't 

2400
02:16:57,799 --> 02:17:00,600
about Freedom or Rebellion. 
It was about fabric 

2401
02:17:00,600 --> 02:17:03,799
conservation. 
Every inch of fabric saved was 

2402
02:17:03,799 --> 02:17:07,100
fabric, that could be used for 
military purposes, women skirts,

2403
02:17:07,100 --> 02:17:10,500
became shorter and narrower not 
as a fashion statement but as a 

2404
02:17:10,508 --> 02:17:14,900
patriotic Duty the make do and 
mend philosophy became a virtue 

2405
02:17:14,900 --> 02:17:17,600
rather than a necessity fashion 
magazines. 

2406
02:17:17,600 --> 02:17:19,799
Published articles on how to 
refresh all clothes. 

2407
02:17:19,799 --> 02:17:22,900
How to make children clothes 
from adult garments that were 

2408
02:17:22,900 --> 02:17:25,900
too warn to repair and how to 
create accessories from 

2409
02:17:25,900 --> 02:17:29,400
household items, creativity 
became more valuable than money 

2410
02:17:29,400 --> 02:17:31,500
in fashion, for perps the first 
time in history. 

2411
02:17:32,500 --> 02:17:35,500
Women entering the workforce in 
unprecedented numbers needed 

2412
02:17:35,500 --> 02:17:37,400
clothes. 
That could handle factory work 

2413
02:17:37,400 --> 02:17:40,100
driving trucks and operating 
Machinery. 

2414
02:17:40,100 --> 02:17:43,100
This led to the widespread 
adoption of trials for women, 

2415
02:17:43,100 --> 02:17:47,000
not as a fashion choice, but as 
a practical necessity Rosie, the

2416
02:17:47,000 --> 02:17:50,500
riveters uniform of practical 
pants and sensible shirts became

2417
02:17:50,500 --> 02:17:52,700
an icon. 
Not just a women's capabilities,

2418
02:17:52,700 --> 02:17:56,000
but a Fashions ability to adapt 
to changing social needs. 

2419
02:17:56,799 --> 02:17:59,500
Men's fashion was similarly 
affected by wartime needs. 

2420
02:17:59,500 --> 02:18:02,299
Civilian. 
Suits were simplified no 

2421
02:18:02,299 --> 02:18:04,299
trouser. 
Cuffs fewer Pockets narrower 

2422
02:18:04,299 --> 02:18:08,299
lapels to conserve fabric. 
The victory suit became a symbol

2423
02:18:08,299 --> 02:18:11,700
of patriotic sacrifice proving 
that even fashion could 

2424
02:18:11,700 --> 02:18:14,400
contribute to the war effort. 
But perhaps the most important 

2425
02:18:14,400 --> 02:18:17,200
development of this period was 
the psychological role that 

2426
02:18:17,200 --> 02:18:20,000
fashion played. 
During the darkest times of 

2427
02:18:20,000 --> 02:18:21,700
economic depression and global 
war. 

2428
02:18:21,700 --> 02:18:25,299
People still cared about looking
good fashion became a form of 

2429
02:18:25,308 --> 02:18:29,000
resistance against despair of 
maintaining dignity and hope 

2430
02:18:29,000 --> 02:18:30,500
when everything else was falling
apart. 

2431
02:18:31,799 --> 02:18:35,000
The period saw the rise of 
American fashion as a force in 

2432
02:18:35,000 --> 02:18:38,600
dependent of European influence.
Paris under German occupation, 

2433
02:18:38,600 --> 02:18:41,799
American designers had to 
develop their own aesthetic 

2434
02:18:41,799 --> 02:18:43,700
rather than copying French 
Couture. 

2435
02:18:43,700 --> 02:18:46,600
This led to a distinctly 
American style that was more 

2436
02:18:46,600 --> 02:18:50,200
practical, more casual, and more
democratic than traditional, 

2437
02:18:50,200 --> 02:18:54,100
European fashion by the 
mid-1940s fashion had been 

2438
02:18:54,108 --> 02:18:58,000
tested by economic catastrophe 
and global war and it had 

2439
02:18:58,000 --> 02:19:01,200
survived by becoming more 
practical, more creative and 

2440
02:19:01,200 --> 02:19:03,100
more attuned to real people's 
needs. 

2441
02:19:03,100 --> 02:19:06,700
The stage was set for the 
post-war fashion explosion, that

2442
02:19:06,700 --> 02:19:10,000
would celebrate both the return 
of prosperity and the lessons 

2443
02:19:10,000 --> 02:19:12,900
learned during the lean years in
1947. 

2444
02:19:12,900 --> 02:19:16,600
After years of fabric rationing 
utility clothing and making do 

2445
02:19:16,600 --> 02:19:20,500
with less Christian Dior 
unveiled, his new look and 

2446
02:19:20,500 --> 02:19:23,600
fashion essentially fainted from
sheer relief here. 

2447
02:19:23,600 --> 02:19:26,400
Finally was clothing that 
celebrated abundance femininity 

2448
02:19:26,400 --> 02:19:28,299
and the return of Peace time 
Prosperity. 

2449
02:19:28,299 --> 02:19:31,100
The new look was everything 
wartime fashion wasn't. 

2450
02:19:31,900 --> 02:19:35,700
Full skirts that used yards and 
yards of fabric tiny cinched 

2451
02:19:35,700 --> 02:19:38,799
waists that required 
foundational undergarments and a

2452
02:19:38,799 --> 02:19:40,600
silhouette. 
That was unabashedly feminine 

2453
02:19:40,600 --> 02:19:42,700
and decorative. 
It was like fashion had been 

2454
02:19:42,700 --> 02:19:46,299
holding its breath for six years
and finally exhaled in a whoosh 

2455
02:19:46,299 --> 02:19:49,400
of silk and satin. 
The reaction was immediate and 

2456
02:19:49,400 --> 02:19:52,000
intense women who had spent 
years in Practical. 

2457
02:19:52,000 --> 02:19:55,200
Simplified clothing, fell in 
love with the Romantic 

2458
02:19:55,200 --> 02:19:58,900
femininity of duels designs, but
there was also controversy 

2459
02:19:58,900 --> 02:20:02,400
critics argued that the new look
was a step backward for women's 

2460
02:20:02,400 --> 02:20:04,500
Liberation. 
Forcing them back into 

2461
02:20:04,500 --> 02:20:06,300
restrictive in Practical 
clothing. 

2462
02:20:06,300 --> 02:20:08,800
Just when they had proven, they 
could do anything. 

2463
02:20:08,800 --> 02:20:11,800
Men could do, but the new looks 
succeeded, because it wasn't 

2464
02:20:11,800 --> 02:20:14,800
really about going backwards. 
It was about having choices 

2465
02:20:14,800 --> 02:20:17,800
again, after years of being told
what they couldn't wear due to 

2466
02:20:17,800 --> 02:20:20,400
rationing and wartime 
restrictions, women could choose

2467
02:20:20,400 --> 02:20:23,900
to wear full skirts and fitted. 
Bodices, if they wanted to the 

2468
02:20:23,900 --> 02:20:27,700
keyword was choose, the 1950s 
became the decade of the 

2469
02:20:27,700 --> 02:20:30,700
Suburban dream and fashion, 
reflected this new lifestyle 

2470
02:20:30,700 --> 02:20:34,300
day, where was Practical. 
But pretty Shirtwaist dresses, 

2471
02:20:34,300 --> 02:20:37,200
Cardigans and circle skirts that
were perfect for driving to the 

2472
02:20:37,200 --> 02:20:39,800
grocery store. 
Hosting coffee mornings and 

2473
02:20:39,800 --> 02:20:41,500
chasing children around 
backyards. 

2474
02:20:42,300 --> 02:20:45,900
It was domestic fashion but 
domestic with style evening 

2475
02:20:45,900 --> 02:20:49,900
wear, during the 1950s was Pure 
Fantasy ball gowns with massive 

2476
02:20:49,900 --> 02:20:52,700
skirts that required crinolines 
or even small Hoops. 

2477
02:20:52,700 --> 02:20:57,000
Fitted bodices that showed off 
tiny waists and enough fabric to

2478
02:20:57,000 --> 02:21:00,000
upholster, a sofa. 
It was clothing designed for a 

2479
02:21:00,000 --> 02:21:02,500
society that wanted to celebrate
prosperity and femininity. 

2480
02:21:02,500 --> 02:21:06,000
After years of austerity, the 
concept of teenage fashion 

2481
02:21:06,000 --> 02:21:08,600
emerged during this decade 
driven by post-war prosperity 

2482
02:21:08,600 --> 02:21:11,500
and the new phenomenon of 
teenagers have their own 

2483
02:21:11,500 --> 02:21:14,000
spending money. 
For the first time in fashion 

2484
02:21:14,000 --> 02:21:15,800
history. 
Young people had their own 

2485
02:21:15,800 --> 02:21:18,800
distinct style rather than just 
wearing simplified versions of 

2486
02:21:18,800 --> 02:21:22,600
adult clothing. 
Poodle, skirts, saddle shoes and

2487
02:21:22,600 --> 02:21:25,900
let her sweaters became the 
uniform of American Youth men's 

2488
02:21:25,900 --> 02:21:27,500
fashion. 
During the 1950s was 

2489
02:21:27,500 --> 02:21:30,500
characterized by what we might 
call confident conformity. 

2490
02:21:31,400 --> 02:21:33,900
The gray flannel suit became the
uniform of the Suburban 

2491
02:21:33,900 --> 02:21:36,900
businessman, but it was worn 
with a confidence that reflected

2492
02:21:36,900 --> 02:21:39,500
post-war optimism. 
Casual wear became more 

2493
02:21:39,500 --> 02:21:42,600
important to suburbs, created 
more opportunities for relaxed 

2494
02:21:42,600 --> 02:21:45,300
socializing. 
Barbecues lawn parties and 

2495
02:21:45,308 --> 02:21:47,100
family gatherings that required 
clothing. 

2496
02:21:47,100 --> 02:21:50,900
That was nice but not formal the
influence of Hollywood continued

2497
02:21:50,900 --> 02:21:53,900
to grow during the period, but 
now it was supplemented by the 

2498
02:21:53,900 --> 02:21:57,400
new medium of television. 
Fashion became more immediately 

2499
02:21:57,400 --> 02:21:59,600
accessible. 
As people could see the latest 

2500
02:21:59,600 --> 02:22:03,600
Styles every week in their 
living rooms TV stars influenced

2501
02:22:03,600 --> 02:22:05,300
fashion. 
In ways that movie stars, never 

2502
02:22:05,300 --> 02:22:07,900
could, because they appeared 
more regularly and seemed more 

2503
02:22:07,900 --> 02:22:11,300
accessible ready to wear fashion
came into its own during the 

2504
02:22:11,300 --> 02:22:14,500
1950s department, stores 
expanded, their fashion 

2505
02:22:14,500 --> 02:22:16,800
offerings, and the quality of 
mass-produced. 

2506
02:22:16,800 --> 02:22:18,800
Clothing. 
Improved dramatically for the 

2507
02:22:18,800 --> 02:22:20,900
first time. 
You could buy clothes off the 

2508
02:22:20,900 --> 02:22:24,000
rack that were almost as well 
made as custom garments and 

2509
02:22:24,000 --> 02:22:27,500
significantly less expensive. 
The decade also saw the 

2510
02:22:27,500 --> 02:22:29,400
beginning of Fashion's 
relationship with technology, 

2511
02:22:29,400 --> 02:22:33,200
new synthetic fabrics, like 
nylon polyester and acrylic 

2512
02:22:33,200 --> 02:22:36,700
offered properties that natural 
fibers could not match, wrinkle 

2513
02:22:36,700 --> 02:22:38,800
resistance, easy care, and 
durability. 

2514
02:22:38,800 --> 02:22:42,300
The wash and wear garment became
the Holy Grail of 1950s, 

2515
02:22:42,300 --> 02:22:45,200
fashion, promising, busy 
housewives, that they could look

2516
02:22:45,200 --> 02:22:47,500
good without spending hours on 
clothing maintenance. 

2517
02:22:47,500 --> 02:22:50,800
Youth culture began to challenge
the adult fashion establishment 

2518
02:22:50,800 --> 02:22:54,500
during this period, the grease 
of style for young men, led the 

2519
02:22:54,500 --> 02:22:57,900
jacket white t-shirts and Jeans 
was specifically designed to 

2520
02:22:57,900 --> 02:23:00,700
shock adults and declare 
independence from their values. 

2521
02:23:00,700 --> 02:23:03,700
It was the beginning of fashion 
as generational Rebellion. 

2522
02:23:03,700 --> 02:23:06,900
A theme that would become 
Central to fashion for decades 

2523
02:23:06,900 --> 02:23:10,800
to come by the end of the 1950s 
fashion had established. 

2524
02:23:10,800 --> 02:23:13,800
Many of the patterns that would 
define modern clothing, the 

2525
02:23:13,800 --> 02:23:17,700
importance of Youth markets, the
role of celebrity influence, the

2526
02:23:17,700 --> 02:23:21,500
democratization of style through
ready to wear and the constant 

2527
02:23:21,500 --> 02:23:23,800
tension between practicality and
fantasy. 

2528
02:23:24,600 --> 02:23:27,200
All of these became permanent 
features of the fashion 

2529
02:23:27,200 --> 02:23:31,100
landscape but beneath the 
surface of 1950s Conformity and 

2530
02:23:31,100 --> 02:23:34,500
prosperity changes were Brewing.
The Civil Rights Movement was 

2531
02:23:34,500 --> 02:23:37,100
gaining momentum. 
Women were beginning to question

2532
02:23:37,100 --> 02:23:39,800
their prescribed roles and young
people were starting to 

2533
02:23:39,808 --> 02:23:42,200
challenge authority in ways that
their clothing choices 

2534
02:23:42,200 --> 02:23:44,900
reflected, the stage was set for
the fashion. 

2535
02:23:44,900 --> 02:23:48,800
Revolution of the 1960s, the 
1960s didn't just change 

2536
02:23:48,800 --> 02:23:50,808
fashion. 
It grabbed fashioned by the 

2537
02:23:50,816 --> 02:23:54,700
shoulders, spun it around three 
times and sent it, dancing off 

2538
02:23:54,700 --> 02:23:57,500
in directions. 
Nobody had ever imagined it was 

2539
02:23:57,508 --> 02:24:00,400
the decade when fashion stopped 
being something that happened to

2540
02:24:00,400 --> 02:24:03,400
you and became something. 
You used to express exactly who 

2541
02:24:03,400 --> 02:24:05,800
you were or at least who you 
wanted to be. 

2542
02:24:07,500 --> 02:24:09,300
The decade started in innocently
enough. 

2543
02:24:09,300 --> 02:24:12,500
Jackie Kennedy became first lady
in 1961. 

2544
02:24:12,500 --> 02:24:15,800
And her elegant sophisticated 
style set, the tone for early 

2545
02:24:15,800 --> 02:24:20,200
1960s fashion. 
The pillbox hat, A-line, dresses

2546
02:24:20,200 --> 02:24:22,700
and understated. 
Elegance of the Jackie look 

2547
02:24:22,700 --> 02:24:26,300
represented, a refined evolution
of 1950 style. 

2548
02:24:26,300 --> 02:24:29,300
It was fashioned for grownups 
who wanted to look modern but 

2549
02:24:29,300 --> 02:24:32,000
not revolutionary. 
But then came the youth. 

2550
02:24:32,000 --> 02:24:34,700
Explosion the Baby Boomers were 
reaching their teens and 

2551
02:24:34,700 --> 02:24:38,600
twenties, and they had money 
attitudes and absolutely no 

2552
02:24:38,600 --> 02:24:41,600
interest in dressing, like, 
their parents Fashions, suddenly

2553
02:24:41,600 --> 02:24:44,900
had to serve two completely 
different markets, the adults, 

2554
02:24:44,900 --> 02:24:47,500
who wanted sophisticated 
elegance, and the young people 

2555
02:24:47,500 --> 02:24:51,000
who wanted something entirely 
new Mary Quantum London created 

2556
02:24:51,000 --> 02:24:54,800
the mini skirt around 1965 and 
it was like dropping a fashion 

2557
02:24:54,800 --> 02:24:57,000
bomb hemline that had been 
creeping up. 

2558
02:24:57,000 --> 02:24:59,900
Gradually throughout the early 
1960s, suddenly jumped to 

2559
02:24:59,900 --> 02:25:04,200
mid-thigh creating a silhouette 
that was shocking liberating and

2560
02:25:04,200 --> 02:25:06,600
completely different from 
anything women had warned 

2561
02:25:06,600 --> 02:25:09,200
before. 
It wasn't just shorted, it was a

2562
02:25:09,200 --> 02:25:11,700
completely different philosophy 
of what women's clothing could 

2563
02:25:11,700 --> 02:25:14,300
be. 
The mini skirt represented more 

2564
02:25:14,300 --> 02:25:17,100
than just a fashion Choice. 
It was a declaration of 

2565
02:25:17,100 --> 02:25:19,700
independence. 
Young women were rejecting the 

2566
02:25:19,700 --> 02:25:22,800
idea that their clothing should 
be modest practical and approved

2567
02:25:22,800 --> 02:25:25,200
by their Elders. 
They wanted fashion, that was 

2568
02:25:25,200 --> 02:25:28,900
fun, sexy and expressive of 
their own values rather than 

2569
02:25:28,900 --> 02:25:32,100
society's expectations. 
London, became the fashion 

2570
02:25:32,100 --> 02:25:33,800
capital of the world for young 
people. 

2571
02:25:33,800 --> 02:25:36,900
Overtaking Paris for the first 
time in centuries. 

2572
02:25:37,700 --> 02:25:40,300
Carnaby Street in the King's 
Road became pilgrimage, 

2573
02:25:40,300 --> 02:25:42,800
destinations for anyone who 
wanted to be fashionable. 

2574
02:25:42,800 --> 02:25:47,300
British designers like Mary 
Quant Twiggy, who was both model

2575
02:25:47,300 --> 02:25:50,600
and designer, and later Zandra 
Rhodes created a distinctly 

2576
02:25:50,600 --> 02:25:53,500
British aesthetic. 
That was playful irreverent and 

2577
02:25:53,500 --> 02:25:56,000
completely modern. 
The shift dress, became the 

2578
02:25:56,008 --> 02:26:00,200
decades signature garment, 
simple straight, and perfect for

2579
02:26:00,200 --> 02:26:02,200
showing off legs in the new 
shorter lengths. 

2580
02:26:02,700 --> 02:26:04,200
It was the opposite of the 
fitted. 

2581
02:26:04,200 --> 02:26:08,200
Structured dresses of the 1950s 
where 1950s fashion had 

2582
02:26:08,200 --> 02:26:10,900
emphasized. 
The waist, and hips 1960s, 

2583
02:26:10,900 --> 02:26:14,100
fashioned traditional body 
shaping altogether in favor of a

2584
02:26:14,100 --> 02:26:17,200
more geometric architectural 
approach mod fashion. 

2585
02:26:17,200 --> 02:26:21,100
Brought us geometric patterns, 
bold colors, and a futuristic 

2586
02:26:21,100 --> 02:26:24,000
aesthetic that seemed to come 
from another planet apart 

2587
02:26:24,000 --> 02:26:27,300
patterns that created optical 
illusions when the wearer moved 

2588
02:26:27,300 --> 02:26:31,200
space-age, silver and white 
Colour, schemes and designs that

2589
02:26:31,200 --> 02:26:33,300
look like they belonged in a 
science fiction movie. 

2590
02:26:34,100 --> 02:26:36,000
Fashion became experimental in 
ways. 

2591
02:26:36,000 --> 02:26:38,900
It had never been before the 
influence of youth culture 

2592
02:26:38,900 --> 02:26:41,300
created entirely new categories 
of clothing. 

2593
02:26:42,200 --> 02:26:45,700
The poor boy sweater go. 
Go boots and peasant dresses 

2594
02:26:45,700 --> 02:26:48,800
were all designed specifically 
for young people rather than 

2595
02:26:48,800 --> 02:26:50,900
being adaptations of adult 
Styles. 

2596
02:26:50,900 --> 02:26:53,900
It was the first time in fashion
history that adult started. 

2597
02:26:53,900 --> 02:26:56,400
Copying young People's Clothing 
rather than the other way 

2598
02:26:56,400 --> 02:26:59,300
around. 
Men's fashion underwent its own 

2599
02:26:59,308 --> 02:27:03,000
Revolution, during the 1960s, 
the conservative business suit 

2600
02:27:03,000 --> 02:27:06,300
remained standard for work, but 
casual wear became much more 

2601
02:27:06,300 --> 02:27:09,100
adventurous. 
The peacock Revolution brought, 

2602
02:27:09,100 --> 02:27:12,900
bright colors, bold patterns, 
and more fitted Silhouettes to 

2603
02:27:12,900 --> 02:27:16,700
Men's Clothing, hair got longer 
pants, got Tighter and for the 

2604
02:27:16,700 --> 02:27:19,700
first time since the 18th 
Century men's fashion became 

2605
02:27:19,700 --> 02:27:23,300
unabashedly decorative. 
The hippie movement that emerged

2606
02:27:23,300 --> 02:27:26,300
in the mid to late 1960s, 
brought yet another fashion 

2607
02:27:26,300 --> 02:27:29,900
Revolution, where mod fashion 
had been about the future hippie

2608
02:27:29,900 --> 02:27:32,200
fashion, looked to the past and 
to other cultures for 

2609
02:27:32,200 --> 02:27:36,100
inspiration, Indian prints 
peasant, dresses Fringe, 

2610
02:27:36,100 --> 02:27:39,600
embroidery and natural Fabrics. 
Created a Bohemian aesthetic 

2611
02:27:39,600 --> 02:27:42,800
that rejected both mainstream 
fashion and the space age 

2612
02:27:42,800 --> 02:27:46,100
futurism of mod style. 
Hippie fashion also introduced 

2613
02:27:46,100 --> 02:27:49,100
the concept of vintage and 
second-hand clothing, as fashion

2614
02:27:49,100 --> 02:27:52,500
choices rather than economic 
Necessities shopping at thrift 

2615
02:27:52,500 --> 02:27:54,500
stores and wearing your 
grandmother's clothes became 

2616
02:27:54,500 --> 02:27:57,300
ways of rejecting consumer 
culture, while creating 

2617
02:27:57,300 --> 02:28:00,300
individual style. 
It was fashion as philosophy, 

2618
02:28:00,300 --> 02:28:03,500
not just appearance. 
The decade also saw the rise of 

2619
02:28:03,500 --> 02:28:06,800
fashion as political statement, 
the miniskirt was feminist for 

2620
02:28:06,800 --> 02:28:09,000
some women and anti-feminist for
others. 

2621
02:28:09,000 --> 02:28:12,300
Long hair on men was a rejection
of military and corporate 

2622
02:28:12,300 --> 02:28:14,700
values. 
She is an afros became 

2623
02:28:14,700 --> 02:28:17,100
expressions of black pride, and 
cultural identity. 

2624
02:28:18,000 --> 02:28:20,500
What you wore became a way of 
announcing your politics to the 

2625
02:28:20,500 --> 02:28:24,200
world unisex fashion, emerged as
gender roles began to be 

2626
02:28:24,200 --> 02:28:27,500
questioned the same jeans 
t-shirts and work shirts. 

2627
02:28:27,500 --> 02:28:30,400
Could be worn by men or women 
creating a shared fashion 

2628
02:28:30,400 --> 02:28:32,400
vocabulary that had never 
existed before. 

2629
02:28:32,400 --> 02:28:35,600
It was the beginning of the 
breakdown of strict, gender 

2630
02:28:35,600 --> 02:28:39,600
distinctions and clothing that 
continues today by 1970 fashion 

2631
02:28:39,600 --> 02:28:43,300
had been completely transformed.
The idea that there was one 

2632
02:28:43,300 --> 02:28:45,900
correct way to dress for your 
age class and gender had been 

2633
02:28:45,908 --> 02:28:48,600
shattered. 
Personal expression had become 

2634
02:28:48,600 --> 02:28:50,900
more important than social 
Conformity. 

2635
02:28:50,900 --> 02:28:54,800
Fashion had become Democratic 
diverse, and individual in ways 

2636
02:28:54,800 --> 02:28:58,100
that would have been impossible.
Just 10 years earlier, If the 

2637
02:28:58,108 --> 02:29:02,600
1960s had been about breaking 
the rules, the 1970s were about 

2638
02:29:02,600 --> 02:29:05,500
celebrating the fact that there 
were no rules left to break 

2639
02:29:05,500 --> 02:29:08,600
fashion entered. 
Its most experimental diverse. 

2640
02:29:08,600 --> 02:29:11,600
And frankly, weird decade where 
you could dress like a 

2641
02:29:11,600 --> 02:29:15,900
Victorian, Gothic romantic a 
disco dancing queen or a back to

2642
02:29:15,900 --> 02:29:18,400
the land hippie. 
And all three looks were equally

2643
02:29:18,400 --> 02:29:21,200
fashionable. 
The decade started with hippie 

2644
02:29:21,200 --> 02:29:23,900
fashion, still going strong, but
it quickly evolved into 

2645
02:29:23,900 --> 02:29:27,200
something more sophisticated, 
and wearable, the peasant dress 

2646
02:29:27,200 --> 02:29:30,400
became the maxi dress flowing 
and romantic but made in 

2647
02:29:30,400 --> 02:29:32,600
beautiful fabrics and elegant 
cuts. 

2648
02:29:32,600 --> 02:29:35,300
It was hippie philosophy, 
dressed up for dinner parties, 

2649
02:29:35,300 --> 02:29:39,500
Bohemian style during the 1970s 
wasn't just about rejecting 

2650
02:29:39,500 --> 02:29:43,200
mainstream fashion, it was about
creating an entirely alternative

2651
02:29:43,200 --> 02:29:47,900
aesthetic, flowing, Fabrics, 
Earth Tones, natural fibers, and

2652
02:29:47,900 --> 02:29:50,700
handcrafted details. 
Created a look that celebrated 

2653
02:29:50,700 --> 02:29:52,900
individuality and artistic 
Sensibility. 

2654
02:29:54,000 --> 02:29:56,600
It was fashioned for people who 
saw themselves as creative, 

2655
02:29:56,600 --> 02:30:00,800
Souls rather than consumers. 
But the 1970s also gave us disco

2656
02:30:00,800 --> 02:30:04,300
fashion, which was Bohemians 
glittery party-loving cousin. 

2657
02:30:05,100 --> 02:30:09,900
Metallic sequins tight pants and
shirts with enormous collars. 

2658
02:30:09,900 --> 02:30:12,600
Created a look. 
That was specifically designed 

2659
02:30:12,600 --> 02:30:16,000
for dancing under flashing 
lights, disco fashion was about 

2660
02:30:16,000 --> 02:30:18,900
transformation. 
Putting on your sparkly clothes 

2661
02:30:18,900 --> 02:30:22,200
and becoming someone more 
glamorous, more exciting more 

2662
02:30:22,200 --> 02:30:25,000
alive. 
The decade Silhouettes were 

2663
02:30:25,000 --> 02:30:26,500
revolutionary in their 
diversity. 

2664
02:30:26,500 --> 02:30:28,700
You could wear a flowing maxi 
dress. 

2665
02:30:28,700 --> 02:30:31,400
That covered you from neck to 
ankle or shorts. 

2666
02:30:31,400 --> 02:30:33,700
So short, they were barely there
or anything in. 

2667
02:30:33,700 --> 02:30:36,700
Between fashion had finally 
accepted that different people 

2668
02:30:36,700 --> 02:30:39,500
wanted to show different amounts
of skin and that was perfectly 

2669
02:30:39,500 --> 02:30:41,900
fine. 
Platform shoes became the 

2670
02:30:41,900 --> 02:30:44,500
decades most distinctive 
accessory and they were 

2671
02:30:44,500 --> 02:30:46,300
essentially architecture for 
your feet. 

2672
02:30:46,300 --> 02:30:49,600
Some platforms were six inches, 
high or more turning walking 

2673
02:30:49,600 --> 02:30:52,700
into a performance art piece and
making everyone several inches 

2674
02:30:52,700 --> 02:30:55,600
taller than nature intended. 
They were in Practical 

2675
02:30:55,600 --> 02:30:59,200
occasionally, dangerous and 
absolutely fabulous. 

2676
02:30:59,200 --> 02:31:02,500
The influence of different 
decades became a major theme in 

2677
02:31:02,500 --> 02:31:06,100
the 1970s fashion. 
There was a Revival of 1930s and

2678
02:31:06,100 --> 02:31:09,300
1940s Styles. 
Flowing dresses dramatic 

2679
02:31:09,300 --> 02:31:13,200
shoulders and vintage glamour. 
But there was a fascination with

2680
02:31:13,200 --> 02:31:16,600
the Victorian era High necklines
long sleeves and romantic 

2681
02:31:16,600 --> 02:31:19,300
details. 
Fashion became historical 

2682
02:31:19,300 --> 02:31:22,400
drawing inspiration from the 
past while creating something 

2683
02:31:22,400 --> 02:31:26,500
entirely new Punk fashion. 
Emerged in the mid 1970s as a 

2684
02:31:26,500 --> 02:31:29,500
deliberate rejection of both 
mainstream fashion and hippie 

2685
02:31:29,500 --> 02:31:33,300
idealism, ripped clothes, safety
pins, aggressive makeup and 

2686
02:31:33,300 --> 02:31:36,400
deliberately combinations. 
Created a look that was designed

2687
02:31:36,400 --> 02:31:39,600
to shock and challenge. 
Punk fashion was about anger, 

2688
02:31:39,600 --> 02:31:43,000
rebellion and the rejection of 
beauty as a social value. 

2689
02:31:43,000 --> 02:31:47,300
But Punk was also incredibly 
creative and influential, The 

2690
02:31:47,300 --> 02:31:49,800
DIY aesthetic. 
Making your own clothes, 

2691
02:31:49,800 --> 02:31:53,300
customizing, store-bought items 
and creating unique looks from 

2692
02:31:53,300 --> 02:31:55,900
whatever materials you could 
find introduced. 

2693
02:31:55,900 --> 02:31:57,400
New ideas about what fashion 
could be. 

2694
02:31:57,400 --> 02:32:01,100
It didn't have to be expensive 
professionally made or even 

2695
02:32:01,100 --> 02:32:04,200
particularly attractive. 
It just had to express something

2696
02:32:04,200 --> 02:32:06,100
authentic about the person 
wearing it. 

2697
02:32:06,100 --> 02:32:09,900
Men's fashion, during the 1970s 
became more adventurous than it 

2698
02:32:09,900 --> 02:32:11,300
had. 
Been since the 18th century 

2699
02:32:11,300 --> 02:32:15,600
wide, lapels bright colors, bold
patterns and fitted Silhouettes,

2700
02:32:15,600 --> 02:32:18,000
created a look that was on a 
bashed decorative. 

2701
02:32:18,700 --> 02:32:21,200
The three-piece suit remained 
standard for business, but 

2702
02:32:21,200 --> 02:32:23,600
casual wear became an 
opportunity for self-expression 

2703
02:32:23,600 --> 02:32:27,900
rather than conformity. 
The decade also saw the rise of 

2704
02:32:27,900 --> 02:32:29,800
designer jeans as a fashion 
category. 

2705
02:32:29,800 --> 02:32:33,300
What had been basic, Workwear 
became a luxury item with 

2706
02:32:33,300 --> 02:32:35,500
different brands, offering 
different cuts washers, and 

2707
02:32:35,500 --> 02:32:38,400
styling details. 
It was the democratization of 

2708
02:32:38,400 --> 02:32:41,800
fashion through denim. 
Everyone could afford jeans but 

2709
02:32:41,800 --> 02:32:43,800
designer jeans, offered a way to
be fashionable. 

2710
02:32:43,800 --> 02:32:47,300
Within that Democratic framework
athletic wear began to influence

2711
02:32:47,300 --> 02:32:51,100
fashion during the 1970s driven 
by new interest in fitness and 

2712
02:32:51,100 --> 02:32:55,000
health jogging suits, tennis 
dresses, and exercise, clothes 

2713
02:32:55,000 --> 02:32:57,700
began appearing in non-athletic 
contexts. 

2714
02:32:57,700 --> 02:33:00,400
It was the beginning of the 
athletic Trend that would 

2715
02:33:00,400 --> 02:33:02,800
eventually take over casual 
fashion, completely. 

2716
02:33:03,700 --> 02:33:06,200
The concept of Lifestyle 
dressing became important during

2717
02:33:06,200 --> 02:33:09,400
this decade instead of having 
one fashion identity, people 

2718
02:33:09,400 --> 02:33:13,200
could dress like Surfers 
Executives artists or athletes 

2719
02:33:13,200 --> 02:33:14,900
depending on their mood or the 
occasion. 

2720
02:33:15,700 --> 02:33:18,700
Fashion became fluid and 
situational rather than fixed 

2721
02:33:18,700 --> 02:33:22,300
and hierarchical. 
By the end of the 1970s fashion 

2722
02:33:22,300 --> 02:33:26,300
had become incredibly diverse 
and individualistic, The idea 

2723
02:33:26,300 --> 02:33:29,600
that everyone should dress alike
had been completely abandoned in

2724
02:33:29,600 --> 02:33:32,700
favor of a philosophy that 
celebrated personal expression 

2725
02:33:32,700 --> 02:33:36,200
and cultural diversity. 
It set the stage for the 1980s, 

2726
02:33:36,200 --> 02:33:38,700
which would take this 
individualism and turn it into 

2727
02:33:38,700 --> 02:33:43,100
performance art. the 1980s 
looked at fashion and said, you 

2728
02:33:43,100 --> 02:33:46,300
know what, this needs more of 
everything, more color, more 

2729
02:33:46,300 --> 02:33:51,400
texture, more volume, more 
accessories, more attitude, It 

2730
02:33:51,400 --> 02:33:54,400
was the decade when subtlety 
went into hiding and didn't 

2731
02:33:54,400 --> 02:33:58,200
emerge until sometime in the 
mid-1990s power dressing. 

2732
02:33:58,200 --> 02:34:01,600
Became the decade signature 
concept driven by women entering

2733
02:34:01,600 --> 02:34:03,900
corporate environments in 
unprecedented numbers. 

2734
02:34:03,900 --> 02:34:07,300
The power suit with massive 
shoulder pads that could double 

2735
02:34:07,300 --> 02:34:09,600
as small. 
Aircraft Wings was designed to 

2736
02:34:09,600 --> 02:34:11,400
help women compete in 
male-dominated. 

2737
02:34:11,400 --> 02:34:14,400
Workplaces by literally making 
them look bigger and more 

2738
02:34:14,400 --> 02:34:16,900
imposing. 
It was fashion as armor designed

2739
02:34:16,900 --> 02:34:20,100
for corporate Warfare. 
The shoulder pads of the 1980s, 

2740
02:34:20,100 --> 02:34:23,200
deserve their own chapter in 
fashion history, starting as 

2741
02:34:23,200 --> 02:34:25,600
modest editions to create a more
structured silhouette. 

2742
02:34:25,600 --> 02:34:28,900
They grew throughout the decade 
until they reached proportions 

2743
02:34:28,900 --> 02:34:32,200
that challenge doorway 
architecture, by the late 1980s 

2744
02:34:32,200 --> 02:34:35,100
shoulder pads had become so 
enormous that they looked like 

2745
02:34:35,100 --> 02:34:37,800
fashioned interpretation of 
American football gear. 

2746
02:34:38,600 --> 02:34:41,300
The power dressing wasn't just 
about looking tough, it was 

2747
02:34:41,308 --> 02:34:45,300
about looking expensive, the 
1980s celebrated wealth in ways 

2748
02:34:45,300 --> 02:34:47,700
that previous decades had 
considered vulgar. 

2749
02:34:48,500 --> 02:34:52,100
Designer labels became status 
symbols warned prominently on 

2750
02:34:52,100 --> 02:34:55,000
the outside of clothing rather 
than hidden discreetly inside. 

2751
02:34:55,000 --> 02:34:58,200
It was the decade when fashion 
became about broadcasting your 

2752
02:34:58,200 --> 02:35:00,500
success to anyone within visual 
range. 

2753
02:35:01,100 --> 02:35:04,200
The influence of Television 
particularly shows like Dynasty 

2754
02:35:04,200 --> 02:35:06,600
and Dallas created a fashion 
aesthetic. 

2755
02:35:06,600 --> 02:35:09,500
That was Pure Fantasy evening, 
wear featured, massive, 

2756
02:35:09,500 --> 02:35:13,500
quantities of sequins beads and 
metallic Fabrics hair got bigger

2757
02:35:13,500 --> 02:35:15,600
jewelry. 
Got more elaborate and makeup 

2758
02:35:15,600 --> 02:35:18,000
became more dramatic. 
It was fashioned designed to be 

2759
02:35:18,008 --> 02:35:21,200
seen from the back row of a 
theater except people wore it to

2760
02:35:21,200 --> 02:35:23,900
dinner. 
Casual wear during the 1980s was

2761
02:35:23,900 --> 02:35:28,000
equally excessive athletic wear 
became Street fashion but not 

2762
02:35:28,000 --> 02:35:30,400
the simple athletic wear of 
previous decades. 

2763
02:35:30,400 --> 02:35:33,800
This was athletic wear designed 
by fashion designers who 

2764
02:35:33,800 --> 02:35:36,400
apparently thought that exercise
clothes should be suitable for 

2765
02:35:36,400 --> 02:35:40,600
Las Vegas showrooms, neon 
colors, metallic fabrics, and 

2766
02:35:40,600 --> 02:35:43,400
geometric patterns created work 
out clothes, that were more 

2767
02:35:43,400 --> 02:35:46,200
about making fashion statements 
than actual working out. 

2768
02:35:47,500 --> 02:35:50,800
The decade also saw the rise of 
Youth fashion as a commercial 

2769
02:35:50,800 --> 02:35:54,900
Force, independent of adult 
fashion, MTV launched, in 1981. 

2770
02:35:54,900 --> 02:35:57,700
And suddenly, young people had a
visual reference for how 

2771
02:35:57,700 --> 02:36:01,900
musicians dressed fashion became
faster or immediate and more 

2772
02:36:01,900 --> 02:36:04,900
tied to popular culture than 
ever before, what you wore 

2773
02:36:04,900 --> 02:36:07,700
became a way of showing which 
bands you liked which movies 

2774
02:36:07,700 --> 02:36:11,200
you'd seen, which cultural 
tribes, you belong to punk, 

2775
02:36:11,200 --> 02:36:15,100
fashion evolved during the 1980s
into New Wave style, which took 

2776
02:36:15,100 --> 02:36:17,600
punks rebellious aesthetic and 
made it more wearable and 

2777
02:36:17,600 --> 02:36:20,400
commercially viable. 
The result was fashion, that was

2778
02:36:20,400 --> 02:36:23,200
edgy and artistic but didn't 
require safety pins or 

2779
02:36:23,200 --> 02:36:26,000
deliberate ugliness. 
It was Rebellion with better 

2780
02:36:26,000 --> 02:36:29,500
production values, a preppy 
local became fashionable during 

2781
02:36:29,500 --> 02:36:33,500
the 1980s driven partly by 
Nostalgia for simpler times and 

2782
02:36:33,500 --> 02:36:35,300
partly by the popularity of 
films. 

2783
02:36:35,300 --> 02:36:38,700
Like The Breakfast Club, preppy 
fashion represented, security 

2784
02:36:38,700 --> 02:36:42,500
tradition, and belonging to 
established social institutions,

2785
02:36:42,500 --> 02:36:45,300
everything that Punk and New 
Wave fashion rejected. 

2786
02:36:45,300 --> 02:36:49,700
But perhaps the most interesting
as of 1985 fashion was how it 

2787
02:36:49,700 --> 02:36:52,000
embraced artificial materials 
and construction. 

2788
02:36:52,900 --> 02:36:56,300
Synthetic fabrics, structured 
Silhouettes and obviously 

2789
02:36:56,300 --> 02:36:58,700
manufactured looks became 
desirable rather than 

2790
02:36:58,700 --> 02:37:01,200
apologetic. 
It was the first decade when 

2791
02:37:01,200 --> 02:37:04,000
fashion, celebrated the fact 
that clothes were human made 

2792
02:37:04,000 --> 02:37:06,500
rather than trying to mimic 
natural forms and materials. 

2793
02:37:07,500 --> 02:37:10,000
Hair became a fashion accessory 
in its own right during the 

2794
02:37:10,000 --> 02:37:13,200
1980s, the bigger, the more, 
elaborate the better. 

2795
02:37:14,100 --> 02:37:17,000
Hairspray became an essential 
fashion tool, and hairstyles 

2796
02:37:17,000 --> 02:37:19,600
required architecture and 
engineering to maintain their 

2797
02:37:19,600 --> 02:37:22,000
structural Integrity. 
It was like, wearing sculpture 

2798
02:37:22,000 --> 02:37:24,400
on your head, except the 
sculpture was made of your own 

2799
02:37:24,400 --> 02:37:26,800
hair and industrial strength, 
styling products. 

2800
02:37:27,500 --> 02:37:29,800
Color during the 1980s was 
intense. 

2801
02:37:29,800 --> 02:37:33,600
And often clashing, electric 
blue, hot, pink acid, green, and

2802
02:37:33,600 --> 02:37:36,300
metallic silver were combined in
ways that would have been 

2803
02:37:36,300 --> 02:37:39,600
considered garish in any other 
decade fashion, became 

2804
02:37:39,600 --> 02:37:42,400
fluorescent, glittery, and 
deliberately artificial. 

2805
02:37:42,400 --> 02:37:45,700
It was like wearing a neon sign 
which was exactly the point. 

2806
02:37:46,600 --> 02:37:48,500
The decade. 
Also introduced the concept of 

2807
02:37:48,500 --> 02:37:52,900
mix and match dressing taken to 
extreme different patterns, 

2808
02:37:52,900 --> 02:37:55,600
textures and colors were 
combined in ways that created 

2809
02:37:55,600 --> 02:37:59,300
visual chaos, but somehow worked
because everyone was doing it. 

2810
02:37:59,300 --> 02:38:02,700
It was fashioned democracy 
through excess if everyone was 

2811
02:38:02,700 --> 02:38:05,400
wearing too much of everything. 
Then no one looked out of place 

2812
02:38:05,400 --> 02:38:09,600
by 1990 fashion had reached such
Heights of excess that the only 

2813
02:38:09,600 --> 02:38:12,100
possible response was a complete
reaction in the opposite 

2814
02:38:12,100 --> 02:38:15,000
direction. 
The 1980s had been so much about

2815
02:38:15,000 --> 02:38:18,700
more that the 1990s would 
inevitably be about less. 

2816
02:38:19,700 --> 02:38:22,400
But before that happened, the 
1980s had established. 

2817
02:38:22,400 --> 02:38:25,300
Some important principles 
fashion could be fun 

2818
02:38:25,300 --> 02:38:28,800
experimental and completely 
divorced from practical 

2819
02:38:28,800 --> 02:38:31,800
considerations while still being
socially acceptable and 

2820
02:38:31,800 --> 02:38:35,400
commercially successful as the 
1990s donned fashion. 

2821
02:38:35,400 --> 02:38:38,500
Looked at the excess of the 
1980s and said, you know what, 

2822
02:38:38,500 --> 02:38:41,900
maybe we went a little overboard
with those shoulder pads, the 

2823
02:38:41,900 --> 02:38:44,900
decade began with what fashion 
historians, call the minimalist 

2824
02:38:44,900 --> 02:38:48,700
reaction, a complete swing away 
from the more is more philosophy

2825
02:38:48,700 --> 02:38:50,600
that had dominated the previous 
decade. 

2826
02:38:50,600 --> 02:38:53,700
Calvin, Klein became the poster 
child for this new minimalism 

2827
02:38:53,700 --> 02:38:57,200
creating clothes that were clean
simple and almost architectural 

2828
02:38:57,200 --> 02:39:00,900
in their purity. 
His designs celebrated negative 

2829
02:39:00,900 --> 02:39:04,700
space neutral colors, and the 
beauty of perfect proportions. 

2830
02:39:04,700 --> 02:39:08,600
It was fashion that whispered 
rather than shouted, and after a

2831
02:39:08,600 --> 02:39:13,700
decade of shouting Whispering 
felt revolutionary But the 1990s

2832
02:39:13,700 --> 02:39:16,300
quickly proved that it wasn't 
going to settle for just one 

2833
02:39:16,300 --> 02:39:19,300
fashion philosophy. 
Grunge fashion emerged from the 

2834
02:39:19,308 --> 02:39:22,900
Pacific Northwest music scene. 
Bringing thrift store Aesthetics

2835
02:39:22,900 --> 02:39:26,100
into mainstream fashion flannel 
shirts, ripped jeans. 

2836
02:39:26,100 --> 02:39:29,100
And the deliberate anti-fashion 
aesthetic of bands like Nirvana 

2837
02:39:29,100 --> 02:39:33,200
created a look, that celebrated 
not caring about fashion, which 

2838
02:39:33,200 --> 02:39:36,600
paradoxically became a major 
fashion trend, Marc, Ecko 

2839
02:39:36,600 --> 02:39:40,300
Calvin, Klein and other 
designers took grunge influences

2840
02:39:40,300 --> 02:39:43,100
and refined them into something.
More wearable for people who 

2841
02:39:43,100 --> 02:39:45,500
wanted to look, casually 
rebellious without actually 

2842
02:39:45,500 --> 02:39:48,700
shopping at thrift stores, it 
was Rebellion with better fit 

2843
02:39:48,700 --> 02:39:52,400
and higher quality Fabrics, the 
gentrification of anti-fashion. 

2844
02:39:53,300 --> 02:39:56,100
The decade also saw the rise of 
streetwear as a legitimate 

2845
02:39:56,100 --> 02:39:59,000
fashion category, what people 
actually wore on the street 

2846
02:39:59,000 --> 02:40:03,500
sneakers hoodies, baseball caps 
and athletic wear became 

2847
02:40:03,500 --> 02:40:06,800
influences on high fashion. 
Rather than just copying 

2848
02:40:06,800 --> 02:40:09,400
high-fashion. 
It was the democratization of 

2849
02:40:09,400 --> 02:40:11,500
fashion influencer flowing from 
the bottom up. 

2850
02:40:11,508 --> 02:40:15,200
Rather than trickling down from 
the top hit pop culture became a

2851
02:40:15,200 --> 02:40:17,700
major influence on mainstream 
fashion during the 1990s, 

2852
02:40:17,700 --> 02:40:21,700
bringing oversized clothing 
athletic wear and bold logos 

2853
02:40:21,700 --> 02:40:23,300
into General fashion 
Consciousness. 

2854
02:40:23,300 --> 02:40:27,100
The aesthetic celebrated Comfort
movement and cultural identity 

2855
02:40:27,100 --> 02:40:30,000
in ways that traditional fashion
had never considered. 

2856
02:40:30,800 --> 02:40:33,300
It was fashion that acknowledge 
that people wanted to look good 

2857
02:40:33,300 --> 02:40:34,700
while actually living their 
lives. 

2858
02:40:34,700 --> 02:40:37,700
The supermodel phenomenon 
reached its peak during the 

2859
02:40:37,700 --> 02:40:41,000
1990s, creating fashion 
celebrities, who are famous for 

2860
02:40:41,000 --> 02:40:44,200
wearing clothes rather than for 
any other Talent models like 

2861
02:40:44,200 --> 02:40:47,600
Naomi Campbell Cindy, Crawford 
and Kate Moss became household 

2862
02:40:47,600 --> 02:40:50,500
names and their personal styles 
influenced fashion. 

2863
02:40:50,500 --> 02:40:53,800
As much as the designers they 
wore Technology began to 

2864
02:40:53,800 --> 02:40:57,600
influence fashion in new ways 
during the 1990s, new synthetic 

2865
02:40:57,600 --> 02:40:58,800
fabrics. 
Offered performance 

2866
02:40:58,800 --> 02:41:01,200
characteristics, that had never 
been available before. 

2867
02:41:01,200 --> 02:41:04,900
Moisture wicking UV, protection 
and temperature regulation 

2868
02:41:04,900 --> 02:41:08,100
fashion, began to acknowledge 
that clothes could be both 

2869
02:41:08,100 --> 02:41:11,000
beautiful and functional in ways
that previous generations, had 

2870
02:41:11,000 --> 02:41:14,300
never imagined the internet 
emerged as a fashion force. 

2871
02:41:14,300 --> 02:41:17,900
During the mid to late 1990s, 
though, its full impact wouldn't

2872
02:41:17,900 --> 02:41:21,300
be felt and the following decade
online, shopping began to change

2873
02:41:21,300 --> 02:41:24,200
how people bought clothes and 
fashion websites started to 

2874
02:41:24,200 --> 02:41:26,600
influence how people thought 
about style and trends. 

2875
02:41:27,700 --> 02:41:31,000
As we moved into the 2000s, 
fashion became increasingly 

2876
02:41:31,000 --> 02:41:34,400
fast-paced and diverse the 
concept of seasonal collections,

2877
02:41:34,400 --> 02:41:37,300
began to break down as designers
offered more frequent releases. 

2878
02:41:37,300 --> 02:41:40,400
Fast-fashion retailers could 
take a trend from the runway to 

2879
02:41:40,400 --> 02:41:43,900
the store in weeks rather than 
months democratizing fashion. 

2880
02:41:43,900 --> 02:41:46,800
But also accelerating its Pace 
in ways that were sometimes. 

2881
02:41:46,800 --> 02:41:49,300
Overwhelming. 
The 2000 brought their own 

2882
02:41:49,300 --> 02:41:52,500
aesthetic, revolutions. 
The rise of Casual Friday that 

2883
02:41:52,500 --> 02:41:54,500
gradually expanded to Casual 
every day. 

2884
02:41:54,500 --> 02:41:58,100
The influence of reality 
television on fashion and the 

2885
02:41:58,100 --> 02:42:00,800
beginning of social media's 
impact on how people thought 

2886
02:42:00,800 --> 02:42:04,500
about personal style, looking 
back over this entire Journey 

2887
02:42:04,500 --> 02:42:06,900
from animal skins to Instagram, 
worthy outfits. 

2888
02:42:06,900 --> 02:42:10,200
What's remarkable is how 
consistent certain human 

2889
02:42:10,200 --> 02:42:13,300
impulses have remained. 
People have always wanted to 

2890
02:42:13,300 --> 02:42:17,100
look good Express their identity
through their appearance and use

2891
02:42:17,100 --> 02:42:20,600
clothing to navigate social 
situations, the materials 

2892
02:42:20,600 --> 02:42:23,400
techniques, and social contexts 
of change dramatically. 

2893
02:42:24,700 --> 02:42:28,000
Fundamental human relationship, 
with clothing has remained. 

2894
02:42:28,000 --> 02:42:31,400
Surprisingly constant, fashion 
has always been about solving 

2895
02:42:31,400 --> 02:42:34,600
problems protection from the 
elements, social signaling 

2896
02:42:34,600 --> 02:42:38,400
personal expression, and 
cultural belonging the solutions

2897
02:42:38,400 --> 02:42:41,400
have evolved from Mammoth hides 
to moisture wicking synthetics. 

2898
02:42:41,400 --> 02:42:44,800
But the problems have remained 
recognizably human throughout 

2899
02:42:44,800 --> 02:42:47,200
history. 
So here you are at the end of 

2900
02:42:47,200 --> 02:42:50,000
this journey, through fashion 
history, probably wearing the 

2901
02:42:50,000 --> 02:42:54,100
culmination of 170,000 years of 
human creativity and Ingenuity 

2902
02:42:54,100 --> 02:42:57,800
that comfortable t-shirt. 
You're wearing it represents the

2903
02:42:57,800 --> 02:42:59,200
development of cotton 
cultivation. 

2904
02:42:59,200 --> 02:43:03,000
Textile manufacturing, the 
invention of knitting machines 

2905
02:43:03,000 --> 02:43:06,900
the creation of synthetic dies 
and centuries of refinement in 

2906
02:43:06,900 --> 02:43:09,600
garment construction, those 
jeans you might have on 

2907
02:43:09,600 --> 02:43:11,200
represent the California, Gold 
Rush. 

2908
02:43:11,200 --> 02:43:15,000
The needs of working people for 
durable clothing the influence 

2909
02:43:15,000 --> 02:43:17,900
of American casual culture on 
global fashion and the 

2910
02:43:17,900 --> 02:43:21,400
transformation of Workwear into 
fashion statements even your 

2911
02:43:21,400 --> 02:43:24,100
socks. 
Yes, your socks. 

2912
02:43:24,600 --> 02:43:27,400
Represent Innovations in 
knitting synthetic fibers and 

2913
02:43:27,408 --> 02:43:29,200
foot comfort. 
That would have amazed our 

2914
02:43:29,200 --> 02:43:31,400
ancestors. 
The amazing thing is that you 

2915
02:43:31,400 --> 02:43:34,300
got dressed this morning in 
about 10 minutes, choosing from 

2916
02:43:34,300 --> 02:43:37,400
options that represent the best 
of human, textile, technology, 

2917
02:43:37,400 --> 02:43:40,000
and fashion design. 
And you probably didn't think 

2918
02:43:40,000 --> 02:43:43,000
about any of this history, you 
just wanted to put on something 

2919
02:43:43,000 --> 02:43:46,600
comfortable appropriate for your
day and maybe something that 

2920
02:43:46,600 --> 02:43:49,400
made you feel like yourself. 
That's the real Triumph of 

2921
02:43:49,408 --> 02:43:52,300
fashion history, not the 
elaborate Court dress or the 

2922
02:43:52,300 --> 02:43:55,500
Revolutionary designs but the 
fact that good clothing has 

2923
02:43:55,500 --> 02:43:58,700
become so accessible and 
unremarkable that we take it for

2924
02:43:58,700 --> 02:44:01,100
granted. 
Your closet contains options 

2925
02:44:01,100 --> 02:44:02,300
that would have been 
unimaginable. 

2926
02:44:02,300 --> 02:44:06,000
Luxuries to most humans 
throughout history Fabrics, that

2927
02:44:06,000 --> 02:44:10,000
are soft durable and easy to 
care for colors that won't fade 

2928
02:44:10,000 --> 02:44:13,200
after one washing clothes that 
fit your body in your lifestyle,

2929
02:44:13,200 --> 02:44:16,900
seasonal, options, that keep you
comfortable in any, whether the 

2930
02:44:16,900 --> 02:44:19,200
freedom to choose clothing, that
expresses your personality 

2931
02:44:19,200 --> 02:44:23,300
rather than just your social 
class or economic status even 

2932
02:44:23,300 --> 02:44:25,900
your most casual outfit. 
Represents solutions to problems

2933
02:44:25,900 --> 02:44:27,700
that occupied human Minds for 
millennia. 

2934
02:44:28,500 --> 02:44:30,200
How do you create fabric that 
breathes? 

2935
02:44:30,200 --> 02:44:33,400
But also protects, how do you 
make colors that last? 

2936
02:44:33,400 --> 02:44:36,400
How do you construct garments 
that move with the body without 

2937
02:44:36,400 --> 02:44:39,100
falling apart? 
How do you Mass produce clothing

2938
02:44:39,100 --> 02:44:41,500
while maintaining quality and 
individual Choice? 

2939
02:44:41,500 --> 02:44:44,700
The fashion industry today, 
grapples with new challenges 

2940
02:44:44,700 --> 02:44:46,600
that are ancestors never had to 
consider. 

2941
02:44:47,400 --> 02:44:51,900
Environmental sustainability, 
ethical manufacturing, the pace 

2942
02:44:51,900 --> 02:44:54,800
of trend cycles and the 
psychological effects of 

2943
02:44:54,800 --> 02:44:57,600
constant fashion messaging 
through social media. 

2944
02:44:57,600 --> 02:45:00,500
But these are the kinds of 
problems that come with success,

2945
02:45:00,500 --> 02:45:03,200
not failure. 
As you drift off to sleep 

2946
02:45:03,200 --> 02:45:07,500
tonight in your comfortable 
pajamas which by the way, are a 

2947
02:45:07,500 --> 02:45:10,000
relatively recent invention that
would have puzzled medieval 

2948
02:45:10,000 --> 02:45:12,700
people who slept in their day 
clothes or Nothing at All. 

2949
02:45:13,500 --> 02:45:16,600
Your participating in the latest
chapter of this ongoing. 

2950
02:45:16,600 --> 02:45:21,000
Human story fashion, continues 
to evolve, sustainable materials

2951
02:45:21,000 --> 02:45:23,300
are being developed from 
everything from mushroom, roots 

2952
02:45:23,300 --> 02:45:27,000
to recycled ocean, plastic, 
Smart Fabrics can monitor your 

2953
02:45:27,000 --> 02:45:30,200
health regulate your temperature
or even charge your phone? 

2954
02:45:30,200 --> 02:45:33,600
3D printing is beginning to 
create custom fitted garments. 

2955
02:45:33,600 --> 02:45:36,800
Virtual reality is changing how 
we shop for clothes. 

2956
02:45:36,800 --> 02:45:40,300
The same human creativity that 
turned animal skins into oat 

2957
02:45:40,300 --> 02:45:43,300
Couture continues to push 
fashioned into his territories. 

2958
02:45:43,300 --> 02:45:46,400
We can barely imagine, but 
whatever comes next in fashion, 

2959
02:45:46,400 --> 02:45:49,900
it will still be serving those 
same basic human needs that 

2960
02:45:49,900 --> 02:45:52,500
drove our ancestors to start 
wearing clothes in the first 

2961
02:45:52,500 --> 02:45:57,800
place protection, Comfort 
Beauty, and the Eternal desire 

2962
02:45:57,800 --> 02:46:00,600
to wake up in the morning and 
put on something, that makes us 

2963
02:46:00,600 --> 02:46:04,400
feel like the best version of 
ourselves sweet dreams, and may 

2964
02:46:04,400 --> 02:46:06,200
you always have something 
wonderful to wear. 

2965
02:46:11,100 --> 02:46:14,000
George Washington's, formative 
years, unfolded Against The 

2966
02:46:14,000 --> 02:46:16,200
Rustic backdrop of mid-18th 
century Virginia. 

2967
02:46:16,200 --> 02:46:19,700
While popular culture, might 
depict him as an almost Mythic 

2968
02:46:19,700 --> 02:46:24,600
hero from the start, he was in 
reality shaped by the day-to-day

2969
02:46:24,600 --> 02:46:27,800
concerns of a frontier society 
and a family struggling for 

2970
02:46:27,800 --> 02:46:32,700
greater prosperity. 
Born on February 22nd, 1732 in 

2971
02:46:32,700 --> 02:46:36,100
Westmoreland County, he was part
of a sprawling, network of 

2972
02:46:36,100 --> 02:46:40,200
half-siblings uncle's, aunts and
cousins, who formed a 

2973
02:46:40,200 --> 02:46:41,700
complicated social web in the 
colony. 

2974
02:46:41,700 --> 02:46:45,800
His father Augustine sought to 
expand the family's holding 

2975
02:46:45,800 --> 02:46:49,300
through tobacco farming, land 
speculation, and the occasional 

2976
02:46:49,300 --> 02:46:53,000
foray into iron mining. 
These early Pursuits carved out 

2977
02:46:53,000 --> 02:46:55,400
the environment where young 
George would learn about risk, 

2978
02:46:55,400 --> 02:46:58,900
reward tier, and the challenges 
of shaping one's Destiny in a 

2979
02:46:58,900 --> 02:47:01,700
new world. 
Country to a Pocketful stories 

2980
02:47:01,700 --> 02:47:05,300
Washington's childhood was not 
defined by topping cherry trees 

2981
02:47:05,300 --> 02:47:09,200
or sporting wooden teeth. 
It was however marked by loss 

2982
02:47:09,200 --> 02:47:12,900
his father died, when George was
only 11 throwing the family's 

2983
02:47:12,900 --> 02:47:15,400
finances into uncertainty, his 
half-brother Lawrence 

2984
02:47:15,400 --> 02:47:18,900
considerably older stepped in as
a paternal figure. 

2985
02:47:19,900 --> 02:47:22,900
It was Lawrence who introduced 
George to polite Society in 

2986
02:47:22,900 --> 02:47:25,800
Virginia and instilled in him an
admiration for military 

2987
02:47:25,800 --> 02:47:28,300
achievement. 
Lawrence had served under the 

2988
02:47:28,300 --> 02:47:31,900
British flag in the Caribbean a 
detail that quietly stoked 

2989
02:47:31,900 --> 02:47:34,100
George's aspirations towards 
soldiering. 

2990
02:47:34,700 --> 02:47:37,100
Through Lawrence. 
He was exposed to the idea that 

2991
02:47:37,100 --> 02:47:40,200
honor discipline and loyalty 
could earn a young man. 

2992
02:47:40,200 --> 02:47:43,400
Respect in the British colonies.
Despite these influences, 

2993
02:47:43,400 --> 02:47:46,900
necessity often guided 
Washington's, early path formal 

2994
02:47:46,900 --> 02:47:50,800
schooling, was piecemeal at best
tutors came and went young 

2995
02:47:50,800 --> 02:47:52,600
George's. 
Mother, Mary Ball Washington, 

2996
02:47:52,600 --> 02:47:54,600
strove to keep the family 
afloat. 

2997
02:47:55,400 --> 02:47:58,000
But educational opportunities 
remained sporadic. 

2998
02:47:58,000 --> 02:48:02,300
This patchy instruction did not 
deter him, it forced him to 

2999
02:48:02,300 --> 02:48:04,900
become largely self-taught and 
approach. 

3000
02:48:04,900 --> 02:48:06,400
That would define his later 
life. 

3001
02:48:07,100 --> 02:48:11,600
He was from his teenage years 
onward, a various Note Taker and

3002
02:48:11,608 --> 02:48:13,700
letter writer constantly 
refining. 

3003
02:48:13,700 --> 02:48:16,200
His penmanship grammar and 
mathematical skills. 

3004
02:48:17,200 --> 02:48:19,500
Writing itself became a window 
into the adult world. 

3005
02:48:19,500 --> 02:48:23,200
He hoped to master one of his 
initial breakthroughs came in 

3006
02:48:23,200 --> 02:48:26,300
the realm of surveying. 
A skill, both profitable and 

3007
02:48:26,300 --> 02:48:27,900
adventurous and colonial 
Virginia. 

3008
02:48:28,700 --> 02:48:31,500
Land in those days. 
Was currently an individuals who

3009
02:48:31,500 --> 02:48:33,900
could map Uncharted territories 
were in high demand. 

3010
02:48:34,900 --> 02:48:38,300
Washington's early forays into 
the wild Frontiers often. 

3011
02:48:38,300 --> 02:48:41,100
In the company of rugged 
backwoodsman introduced him to 

3012
02:48:41,108 --> 02:48:43,600
the complexities of dealing with
Native, American tribes, 

3013
02:48:43,600 --> 02:48:47,800
unscrupulous land, speculators 
and the raw challenges of 

3014
02:48:47,800 --> 02:48:50,700
nature. 
These Expeditions were no mere 

3015
02:48:50,700 --> 02:48:54,500
camping trips nights. 
Spent in crude shelters rainy 

3016
02:48:54,500 --> 02:48:56,800
day is measuring difficult, 
terrain and the ever-present 

3017
02:48:56,800 --> 02:49:00,200
threat of disease, built up his 
resilience By the time, he 

3018
02:49:00,200 --> 02:49:03,900
turned 17, he had already 
secured appointments to survey, 

3019
02:49:03,900 --> 02:49:06,800
large tracts of land. 
In the Shenandoah Valley, a 

3020
02:49:06,800 --> 02:49:09,100
testament to his growing 
reputation for diligence. 

3021
02:49:10,100 --> 02:49:13,100
During this phase, Washington, 
observed first-hand, the 

3022
02:49:13,100 --> 02:49:17,000
tension's Brewing between French
British and Native interests. 

3023
02:49:17,700 --> 02:49:20,600
The Ohio Valley to the West Was 
a patchwork of claims and 

3024
02:49:20,600 --> 02:49:24,700
counterclaims with British 
colonists, French Trappers and 

3025
02:49:24,700 --> 02:49:26,900
Indigenous peoples. 
All jostling for control. 

3026
02:49:28,000 --> 02:49:31,200
The Washington was only a 
teenager these experiences 

3027
02:49:31,200 --> 02:49:33,800
litter spark. 
If he could prove himself an 

3028
02:49:33,800 --> 02:49:37,200
effective leader especially in 
regions where boundaries were 

3029
02:49:37,200 --> 02:49:39,900
contested. 
He might Ascend socially and 

3030
02:49:39,900 --> 02:49:42,600
financially. 
Colonial Virginia had its share 

3031
02:49:42,600 --> 02:49:45,900
of privileged families but 
upward Mobility was possible for

3032
02:49:45,900 --> 02:49:48,700
those who possessed skill 
connect connections and 

3033
02:49:48,700 --> 02:49:53,200
unrelenting work ethic Beyond 
surveying Washington's, 

3034
02:49:53,200 --> 02:49:55,600
adolescent years were also a 
period of subtle, social 

3035
02:49:55,600 --> 02:49:57,500
schooling. 
He learned the art of 

3036
02:49:57,508 --> 02:50:01,000
conversation and manners. 
So important in an era, governed

3037
02:50:01,000 --> 02:50:03,100
by strict codes of Honor by 
memorizing. 

3038
02:50:03,100 --> 02:50:05,300
The Rules of Civility and Decent
Behavior. 

3039
02:50:06,100 --> 02:50:08,800
This pamphlet copied diligently 
in his youthful. 

3040
02:50:08,800 --> 02:50:12,300
Handwriting offered guidelines 
for everything from posture and 

3041
02:50:12,308 --> 02:50:15,800
polite company to showing 
respect for superiors though. 

3042
02:50:15,800 --> 02:50:18,700
It might seem quaint. 
Now these rules exemplified the 

3043
02:50:18,700 --> 02:50:22,300
polished veneer that colonial 
society, demanded of any young 

3044
02:50:22,300 --> 02:50:25,600
man aiming to rise in Rank by 
the time Washington approached. 

3045
02:50:25,600 --> 02:50:28,800
Adulthood he was neither a 
wide-eyed Farm Boy nor a 

3046
02:50:28,800 --> 02:50:31,600
Pampered Aristocrat. 
He was a tall physically strong 

3047
02:50:31,600 --> 02:50:35,400
young man comfortable on 
Horseback capable with a musket 

3048
02:50:35,400 --> 02:50:38,700
Adept at mathematics. 
And cognizant of how crucial 

3049
02:50:38,700 --> 02:50:42,500
Alliance is, could be He held 
quiet Ambitions, that revolved 

3050
02:50:42,500 --> 02:50:46,300
around land, local military 
distinction and acceptance among

3051
02:50:46,300 --> 02:50:48,400
the elite. 
But events on the horizon 

3052
02:50:48,400 --> 02:50:52,700
Imperial rivalries that would 
ignite the frontier would soon 

3053
02:50:52,700 --> 02:50:54,400
catapult him onto a larger 
stage. 

3054
02:50:55,200 --> 02:50:57,400
In that transitional zone 
between surveying in the 

3055
02:50:57,408 --> 02:51:01,000
wilderness and attending gentle 
dances along the Potomac, George

3056
02:51:01,000 --> 02:51:04,500
Washington was preparing without
fully knowing it for trials that

3057
02:51:04,500 --> 02:51:07,300
would define his future and 
reshape a continents destiny. 

3058
02:51:08,300 --> 02:51:11,900
Washington's transformation from
a surveyor to a soldier was not 

3059
02:51:11,900 --> 02:51:15,400
the result of random events or 
meticulously planned strategy. 

3060
02:51:15,400 --> 02:51:19,700
It was instead triggered by the 
turbulent geopolitics of the 

3061
02:51:19,700 --> 02:51:23,000
mid-18th century. 
At the time, the British and 

3062
02:51:23,000 --> 02:51:25,400
French Empires vied for 
dominance over North America's 

3063
02:51:25,400 --> 02:51:28,700
lucrative territories. 
The frontier regions of the Ohio

3064
02:51:28,700 --> 02:51:32,900
Valley thick with forests and 
fur-bearing Wildlife became a 

3065
02:51:32,900 --> 02:51:36,200
Flashpoint for competing claims 
indigenous Nations far from 

3066
02:51:36,200 --> 02:51:39,900
passive onlookers, leveraged, 
these rivalries and pursuit of 

3067
02:51:39,900 --> 02:51:43,000
their interests, Forging and 
breaking Alliance is a 

3068
02:51:43,000 --> 02:51:47,200
circumstances demanded. 
In 1753 Virginia's lieutenant 

3069
02:51:47,200 --> 02:51:50,700
governor Robert Dinwiddie 
sought, someone Intrepid and 

3070
02:51:50,700 --> 02:51:52,900
resourceful to deliver a warning
to French forces. 

3071
02:51:52,900 --> 02:51:55,900
Building forts near the forks of
the Ohio, the young George 

3072
02:51:55,900 --> 02:51:58,800
Washington, then just 21 
volunteered. 

3073
02:51:58,800 --> 02:52:02,300
This Mission would catapult him 
into International Intrigue and 

3074
02:52:02,300 --> 02:52:04,100
for which he had limited formal 
training. 

3075
02:52:04,800 --> 02:52:07,900
Undertired, he set off with a 
small party in wintry 

3076
02:52:07,900 --> 02:52:11,000
conditions, navigating 
difficult, terrain and uncertain

3077
02:52:11,000 --> 02:52:13,600
receptions. 
He reached the French Outpost 

3078
02:52:13,600 --> 02:52:15,800
and handed over dinwiddie's 
demand, that they abandoned 

3079
02:52:15,800 --> 02:52:18,800
their incursion. 
The French officers responded 

3080
02:52:18,800 --> 02:52:22,600
politely but refused to budge. 
Washington's return Journey was 

3081
02:52:22,600 --> 02:52:25,600
harrowing, he nearly drowned 
Crossing an icy River. 

3082
02:52:25,600 --> 02:52:29,200
Only surviving by grabbing onto 
a piece of Driftwood and Hauling

3083
02:52:29,200 --> 02:52:32,600
himself onto a small island. 
Yet that near fatal ordeal did 

3084
02:52:32,600 --> 02:52:35,800
little to shake his resolved 
Upon returning to Williamsburg. 

3085
02:52:35,800 --> 02:52:39,300
He penned a report detailing his
observations the account 

3086
02:52:39,300 --> 02:52:42,300
published and widely distributed
burnished. 

3087
02:52:42,300 --> 02:52:45,300
Washington's name, his 
straightforward, prose, 

3088
02:52:45,300 --> 02:52:48,400
describing the hazards of the 
journey and the French refusal 

3089
02:52:48,400 --> 02:52:52,100
to retreat resonated with 
colonists hungry for news and 

3090
02:52:52,100 --> 02:52:54,700
British officials eager for 
evidence of French to science 

3091
02:52:54,700 --> 02:52:59,000
Washington emerged from 
anonymity, suddenly recognized 

3092
02:52:59,000 --> 02:53:01,100
as a figure capable of 
undertaking difficult 

3093
02:53:01,100 --> 02:53:03,700
assignments. 
At the Empire's margins, not 

3094
02:53:03,700 --> 02:53:06,400
long afterward. 
Dinwiddie promoted him and 

3095
02:53:06,400 --> 02:53:08,000
dispatched him. 
Back to the frontier. 

3096
02:53:08,000 --> 02:53:12,500
With a modest Force to secure 
strategic points in 1754, 

3097
02:53:12,500 --> 02:53:15,900
tension's erupted into outright 
Conflict at Washington. 

3098
02:53:15,900 --> 02:53:19,900
Hastily fortified and named Fort
and necessity and attacked by 

3099
02:53:19,908 --> 02:53:22,400
French and indigenous. 
Allies forced him to surrender 

3100
02:53:22,400 --> 02:53:26,500
under humiliating conditions. 
the engagement while a setback 

3101
02:53:26,500 --> 02:53:29,500
militarily talked, washing 
sobering lessons about 

3102
02:53:29,500 --> 02:53:34,000
leadership discipline and the 
unpredictability of War, The 

3103
02:53:34,000 --> 02:53:36,400
British press Twisted, the 
episode in contradictory ways, 

3104
02:53:36,400 --> 02:53:39,700
some painted him as a Plucky, 
Colonial undone by minimal 

3105
02:53:39,700 --> 02:53:42,300
support, others. 
As a foolhardy officer, 

3106
02:53:42,300 --> 02:53:44,600
stumbling into a larger conflict
amid. 

3107
02:53:44,600 --> 02:53:48,100
This swirl of opinions, 
Washington's, internal drive to 

3108
02:53:48,100 --> 02:53:50,400
prove himself only intensified 
soon. 

3109
02:53:50,400 --> 02:53:53,700
The conflict expanded into what 
Europeans would call the Seven 

3110
02:53:53,700 --> 02:53:56,200
Years War and Americans would 
dubbed, the French and Indian 

3111
02:53:56,200 --> 02:53:59,700
War Washington, served as 
provincial officer under General

3112
02:53:59,700 --> 02:54:02,500
Edward Braddock, a British 
commander charged with seizing, 

3113
02:54:02,500 --> 02:54:04,600
French. 
Forts French troops and their 

3114
02:54:04,600 --> 02:54:07,400
indigenous allies ambushed 
British forces during the 

3115
02:54:07,400 --> 02:54:10,800
disastrous Braddock Expedition 
near the Monongahela River in 

3116
02:54:10,800 --> 02:54:14,600
1755. 
Decimating them, in the chaos 

3117
02:54:14,600 --> 02:54:18,400
washing himself by rallying 
survivors and organizing a 

3118
02:54:18,408 --> 02:54:21,400
fighting withdrawal though. 
He was beset by illness and 

3119
02:54:21,400 --> 02:54:23,500
almost had multiple horses shot 
from under him. 

3120
02:54:23,500 --> 02:54:26,400
He emerged from the Carnage with
a reputation for courage Under 

3121
02:54:26,400 --> 02:54:29,000
Fire. 
Yet for all his Valor 

3122
02:54:29,000 --> 02:54:32,000
Washington, grew frustrated with
British arrogance toward 

3123
02:54:32,000 --> 02:54:35,400
Colonial officers he witnessed 
British regulars, disregarding 

3124
02:54:35,400 --> 02:54:38,100
local intelligence and ignoring,
suggestions from men, like 

3125
02:54:38,100 --> 02:54:42,200
himself, who knew the frontier 
this snobbery combined with 

3126
02:54:42,200 --> 02:54:46,400
logistical incompetence fuel 
deep, resentments, he realized 

3127
02:54:46,400 --> 02:54:49,100
that Colonial troops often 
received second-class treatment,

3128
02:54:49,100 --> 02:54:53,400
lesser pay and fewer Provisions.
This personal exposure to 

3129
02:54:53,400 --> 02:54:55,900
British condescension would 
later shape his willingness to 

3130
02:54:55,900 --> 02:54:58,100
challenge Imperial Authority 
though. 

3131
02:54:58,100 --> 02:55:02,000
That momently years ahead by the
war's end Washington. 

3132
02:55:02,000 --> 02:55:04,900
Had resigned his commission and 
returned to Mount Vernon. 

3133
02:55:04,900 --> 02:55:07,500
The estate, he inherited 
following Lawrence's death. 

3134
02:55:09,100 --> 02:55:11,800
The war had left him with real 
Combat experience and the seeds 

3135
02:55:11,800 --> 02:55:15,800
of an emerging identity part 
loyal, British subject Park 

3136
02:55:15,800 --> 02:55:19,200
Colonial leader, increasingly 
skeptical of Imperial attitudes 

3137
02:55:19,200 --> 02:55:23,100
over the ensuing decade, or he 
would focus on his Plantation 

3138
02:55:23,100 --> 02:55:27,600
dabble in local politics and 
marry Martha, Dandridge custis. 

3139
02:55:27,600 --> 02:55:30,400
A wealthy Widow, whose Fortune 
helped Shore up his final 

3140
02:55:30,400 --> 02:55:32,200
answers. 
Washingtom. 

3141
02:55:32,200 --> 02:55:34,600
Transformed Mount Vernon into a 
profitable Enterprise. 

3142
02:55:35,600 --> 02:55:38,900
Experimenting with new crops 
analyzing agricultural 

3143
02:55:38,900 --> 02:55:41,900
techniques and exerting 
influence in Virginia's, House 

3144
02:55:41,900 --> 02:55:45,000
of Burgesses, yet, the memory of
the frontier battles, never 

3145
02:55:45,000 --> 02:55:48,000
fully dimmed. 
He had seen how tenuous British 

3146
02:55:48,000 --> 02:55:51,900
Authority could be on American 
soil, how alliances shifted and 

3147
02:55:51,900 --> 02:55:54,800
how local knowledge often out 
stripped distant orders. 

3148
02:55:54,800 --> 02:55:57,900
He also observed the subtle 
changes stirring among 

3149
02:55:57,900 --> 02:56:01,300
colonists, growing populations 
expanding Commerce. 

3150
02:56:01,300 --> 02:56:04,700
And a sense of collective 
identity, not solely, anchored 

3151
02:56:04,700 --> 02:56:07,100
to Britain. 
While Washington did not yet 

3152
02:56:07,100 --> 02:56:08,900
foresee a complete break with 
the crown. 

3153
02:56:08,900 --> 02:56:12,000
The stage was quite quietly, 
being set for a more profound 

3154
02:56:12,000 --> 02:56:15,300
Clash. 
Looking back his French and 

3155
02:56:15,300 --> 02:56:17,700
Indian War experience is was 
something of a dress rehearsal 

3156
02:56:17,700 --> 02:56:21,700
granting him the ground insights
that were proven dispensable in 

3157
02:56:21,700 --> 02:56:23,600
the larger crisis, looming on 
the horizon. 

3158
02:56:24,400 --> 02:56:26,000
Following the French and Indian 
War. 

3159
02:56:26,000 --> 02:56:30,300
Washington, spent the 1760s and 
early 1770s deeply immersed, in 

3160
02:56:30,300 --> 02:56:33,900
The rhythms of Plantation life 
at Mount Vernon managing labor, 

3161
02:56:33,900 --> 02:56:37,400
maintaining his reputation as a 
local Squire and serving 

3162
02:56:37,400 --> 02:56:40,800
intermittently in the Virginia 
House of Burgesses occupied much

3163
02:56:40,800 --> 02:56:43,700
of his time. 
He meticulously oversaw the 

3164
02:56:43,700 --> 02:56:47,700
cultivation of crops initially, 
tobacco later diversifying into 

3165
02:56:47,700 --> 02:56:50,700
wheat and other Staples, 
adapting to market trends and 

3166
02:56:50,708 --> 02:56:53,200
soil conditions, but Economic 
Security. 

3167
02:56:53,200 --> 02:56:57,300
Remained tenuous British trade 
regulations, shipping monopolies

3168
02:56:57,300 --> 02:57:00,100
and Mercantile restrictions 
often pinched, Colonial 

3169
02:57:00,100 --> 02:57:03,500
Planters, Washington found 
himself confronting deaths 

3170
02:57:03,500 --> 02:57:06,700
currently shortages and a 
constraining imperial 

3171
02:57:06,700 --> 02:57:09,500
bureaucracy that dictated how 
Goods could be exported or 

3172
02:57:09,500 --> 02:57:13,400
imported Amid these challenges 
Washington's perspective on 

3173
02:57:13,400 --> 02:57:16,500
British Authority, gradually 
evolved early on. 

3174
02:57:16,500 --> 02:57:19,000
He had designed nothing more 
than to climb in status within 

3175
02:57:19,000 --> 02:57:22,300
the British Imperial framework. 
He'd admired British military 

3176
02:57:22,300 --> 02:57:25,400
traditions and social Customs, 
but he began to see the 

3177
02:57:25,400 --> 02:57:28,400
Practical constraints that came 
with living under a distant 

3178
02:57:28,400 --> 02:57:31,300
Parliament, that issued edicts 
without consulting Colonial 

3179
02:57:31,300 --> 02:57:35,500
assemblies. 
The Stamp Act of 1765 imposing 

3180
02:57:35,500 --> 02:57:38,900
taxes on printed materials, 
galvanized discontent among 

3181
02:57:38,900 --> 02:57:41,700
colonists. 
Washington who used legal 

3182
02:57:41,700 --> 02:57:43,600
documents frequently for land 
transactions. 

3183
02:57:43,600 --> 02:57:46,900
Saw the act as a direct to front
to local autonomy. 

3184
02:57:47,900 --> 02:57:50,900
While not the most fiery 
rhetoric in Virginia figures 

3185
02:57:50,900 --> 02:57:53,900
like Patrick Henry captured that
honor Washington, expressed, 

3186
02:57:53,900 --> 02:57:57,400
measured indignation. 
He argued that taxation without 

3187
02:57:57,400 --> 02:58:00,900
representation violated the 
rights of Englishmen, a stance 

3188
02:58:00,900 --> 02:58:04,500
that resonated among fellow 
Planters merchants and small 

3189
02:58:04,500 --> 02:58:08,600
farmers alike. 
In 1769, the Virginia House of 

3190
02:58:08,600 --> 02:58:11,600
Burgesses, responded, to new 
British taxes, on glass paper, 

3191
02:58:11,600 --> 02:58:14,600
paint and tea, like passing 
resolves, condemning these 

3192
02:58:14,600 --> 02:58:16,800
impositions. 
When the Royal Governor 

3193
02:58:16,800 --> 02:58:19,100
dissolved, the assembly. 
The delegates Washington 

3194
02:58:19,100 --> 02:58:21,600
included met informally at the 
rally. 

3195
02:58:21,600 --> 02:58:24,800
Tavern in Williamsburg, drafting
non-importation agreements. 

3196
02:58:24,800 --> 02:58:27,600
These packs found not to 
purchase British goods until 

3197
02:58:27,600 --> 02:58:30,600
colonial grievances were 
addressed Though not as 

3198
02:58:30,600 --> 02:58:34,000
flamboyant, as protests in 
Boston, these Virginian measures

3199
02:58:34,000 --> 02:58:36,800
underscored How Deeply 
resentment had taken root among 

3200
02:58:36,800 --> 02:58:38,900
even, the more conservative land
holding class. 

3201
02:58:39,700 --> 02:58:42,100
Wash Washington's letters from 
this period, reveal a measured, 

3202
02:58:42,100 --> 02:58:45,500
but firm tone. 
He spoke of the encroachments of

3203
02:58:45,500 --> 02:58:48,000
Parliament and the need for 
Unity among the colonies. 

3204
02:58:48,800 --> 02:58:50,300
Not one to relish public 
speaking. 

3205
02:58:50,300 --> 02:58:53,300
He employed his reputation as a 
balanced pragmatic figure. 

3206
02:58:54,100 --> 02:58:56,800
People listened when Washington 
spoke because they trusted his 

3207
02:58:56,800 --> 02:58:58,400
sense of responsibility and 
fairness. 

3208
02:58:59,100 --> 02:59:01,800
Privately he worried about 
violence escalating yet. 

3209
02:59:01,800 --> 02:59:04,400
He also felt that the colonies 
should not yield to intimidation

3210
02:59:04,400 --> 02:59:07,400
this blend of caution and 
resolve was a Hallmark of his 

3211
02:59:07,400 --> 02:59:10,000
character. 
Tensions, escalated to a 

3212
02:59:10,000 --> 02:59:13,500
critical level, by 1774. 
The Boston Tea Party and 

3213
02:59:13,500 --> 02:59:16,400
subsequent punitive British 
measures prompted the formation 

3214
02:59:16,400 --> 02:59:18,100
of the First Continental 
Congress. 

3215
02:59:19,000 --> 02:59:21,200
Washington was chosen as one of 
Virginia's, delegates, 

3216
02:59:21,200 --> 02:59:24,300
solidifying, his role as a 
national figure rather than just

3217
02:59:24,300 --> 02:59:26,600
a regional voice. 
He traveled to Philadelphia 

3218
02:59:26,600 --> 02:59:29,400
where representatives from 
across the colonies, debated, 

3219
02:59:29,400 --> 02:59:31,800
how far to push back against 
British months? 

3220
02:59:32,700 --> 02:59:35,400
While radicals like Samuel 
Adams, advocated more Extreme 

3221
02:59:35,400 --> 02:59:37,900
Measures other sort of 
compromise or hope. 

3222
02:59:37,900 --> 02:59:41,100
For a restoration of harmonious 
relationships, Washington's 

3223
02:59:41,100 --> 02:59:43,700
presence, signaled, that 
Virginia, the largest and most 

3224
02:59:43,700 --> 02:59:45,800
populous colony was prepared to 
stand. 

3225
02:59:45,800 --> 02:59:48,800
Alongside New England, in 
protesting Imperial overreach. 

3226
02:59:49,700 --> 02:59:52,400
Washington's military background
was not overlooked during those 

3227
02:59:52,400 --> 02:59:54,600
Congress. 
Session's, he was one of the few

3228
02:59:54,600 --> 02:59:57,400
delegates with first-hand 
experience in large-scale combat

3229
02:59:57,400 --> 03:00:00,300
operations though. 
Overshadowed, by the fiery, 

3230
03:00:00,300 --> 03:00:03,800
oratory of John Adams or Patrick
Henry, he projected a quiet 

3231
03:00:03,808 --> 03:00:06,100
confidence that could unify 
disparate factions. 

3232
03:00:06,100 --> 03:00:09,900
He seldom took the floor for 
dramatic speeches, but in 

3233
03:00:09,900 --> 03:00:13,200
committee meetings, delegates 
consulted him about potential 

3234
03:00:13,200 --> 03:00:15,600
military scenarios of the 
standoff with Brittany 

3235
03:00:15,600 --> 03:00:18,000
escalated. 
How might a ragtag colonial 

3236
03:00:18,000 --> 03:00:19,700
militia? 
Confront the most formidable 

3237
03:00:19,700 --> 03:00:22,800
army in the world? 
Events soon compelled everyone 

3238
03:00:22,800 --> 03:00:27,400
to take action in April 1775, 
the battles at Lexington and 

3239
03:00:27,400 --> 03:00:31,100
Concord Unleashed. 
Open conflict, British soldiers 

3240
03:00:31,100 --> 03:00:34,100
and Colonial, militiamen had 
exchanged shots and the war was 

3241
03:00:34,100 --> 03:00:37,600
effectively underway by the time
the second continental congress.

3242
03:00:37,600 --> 03:00:40,400
Convened, the question was no 
longer whether to resist 

3243
03:00:40,400 --> 03:00:44,900
military but how John Adams 
recognizing this. 

3244
03:00:44,900 --> 03:00:46,900
Need to draw the southern 
colonies. 

3245
03:00:46,900 --> 03:00:50,000
More tightly into the cause 
nominated Washington, to lead 

3246
03:00:50,000 --> 03:00:51,600
the newly formed. 
Continental Army. 

3247
03:00:52,400 --> 03:00:55,700
With reluctance Washington, 
accepted declaring he would 

3248
03:00:55,708 --> 03:00:59,100
serve without pay. he stressed 
that he was neither the most 

3249
03:00:59,100 --> 03:01:02,600
qualified nor seeking personal 
Glory, yet he would do his duty 

3250
03:01:02,600 --> 03:01:06,800
of called upon in that moment, 
the diligent Virginia planter 

3251
03:01:06,800 --> 03:01:10,300
and local politician found 
himself thrust onto a stage with

3252
03:01:10,300 --> 03:01:13,100
no script. 
Leading a revolution against the

3253
03:01:13,100 --> 03:01:16,700
crown seemed or dacious even 
Reckless, but Washington 

3254
03:01:16,700 --> 03:01:19,200
believes the colonies had 
reached an irreversible point. 

3255
03:01:20,100 --> 03:01:22,000
He saddled his horse and 
departed for Massachusetts. 

3256
03:01:22,000 --> 03:01:26,600
Determined, if unsure about the 
trials, that lay ahead his 

3257
03:01:26,600 --> 03:01:28,500
leadership, would soon be tested
in ways. 

3258
03:01:28,500 --> 03:01:32,000
Few could have imagined both by 
the might of British forces and 

3259
03:01:32,000 --> 03:01:34,500
by the fractious, nature of a 
fledgling Nation, still 

3260
03:01:34,500 --> 03:01:36,200
discovering its Collective 
identity. 

3261
03:01:36,200 --> 03:01:39,100
Washington's appointment, is the
Commander in Chief of the 

3262
03:01:39,100 --> 03:01:41,300
Continental Army. 
Paved the way for a challenging 

3263
03:01:41,300 --> 03:01:43,900
battle against the most 
formidable military force of the

3264
03:01:43,908 --> 03:01:49,500
era arriving in Cambridge. 
Massachusetts in July 1775, he 

3265
03:01:49,500 --> 03:01:52,200
took command of a collection of 
militias besieging British held 

3266
03:01:52,200 --> 03:01:55,900
Boston. what he found was a 
disorganized Force lacking 

3267
03:01:55,900 --> 03:02:00,400
supplies uniforms, and 
consistent discipline militias 

3268
03:02:00,400 --> 03:02:03,300
from different colonies, held 
different loyalties, very 

3269
03:02:03,300 --> 03:02:06,300
drastically and training and 
often viewed each other with 

3270
03:02:06,300 --> 03:02:10,500
suspicion, Washing realized that
to stand any chance against the 

3271
03:02:10,500 --> 03:02:13,400
British. 
He had to forge these disparate 

3272
03:02:13,400 --> 03:02:15,700
units into a cohesive army with 
a shared purpose. 

3273
03:02:16,600 --> 03:02:19,600
Early on Washington face to 
series of strategic dilemmas 

3274
03:02:19,600 --> 03:02:23,200
despite the often romanticized 
notion of the Continental armies

3275
03:02:23,200 --> 03:02:29,100
Underdog Valor the reality was 
messy disease desertions and 

3276
03:02:29,100 --> 03:02:32,400
short-term enlistments undercut.
The stable Force desperately 

3277
03:02:32,400 --> 03:02:35,500
needed British troops in. 
Boston were well, supplied by 

3278
03:02:35,500 --> 03:02:37,700
sea. 
So direct assault seemed 

3279
03:02:37,700 --> 03:02:40,500
suicidal. 
Instead Washington imposed 

3280
03:02:40,500 --> 03:02:43,100
discipline. 
Orchestrated Siege lines. 

3281
03:02:43,100 --> 03:02:46,500
An introduced stricter 
regulations over time he 

3282
03:02:46,500 --> 03:02:49,500
acquired cannon from fought to 
Condor Roger famously, 

3283
03:02:49,500 --> 03:02:51,900
transporting them across 
difficult, winter terrain. 

3284
03:02:51,900 --> 03:02:56,300
Under Henry Knox oversight by 
March 76 artillery on Dorchester

3285
03:02:56,300 --> 03:02:58,600
Heights, forced the British to 
evacuate Boston. 

3286
03:02:59,300 --> 03:03:01,600
Although it was a bloodless 
victory for the Americans 

3287
03:03:01,600 --> 03:03:04,500
Washington, understood that the 
war had barely begun. 

3288
03:03:04,500 --> 03:03:07,800
The British Navy and army could 
and would strike at more 

3289
03:03:07,800 --> 03:03:11,100
critical ports. 
Washington's next trials, 

3290
03:03:11,100 --> 03:03:14,100
unfolded in New York and 
anticipating a major British 

3291
03:03:14,100 --> 03:03:16,600
offensive. 
He shifted his army to defend 

3292
03:03:16,600 --> 03:03:20,400
Manhattan and its surrounding 
the British arrived in force 

3293
03:03:20,400 --> 03:03:24,100
under General, William Howe and 
by late summer in 1776, 

3294
03:03:24,100 --> 03:03:27,300
Washington's men, endured a 
crushing defeat at the Battle of

3295
03:03:27,300 --> 03:03:31,200
Long Island, a series of 
Retreats followed culminating in

3296
03:03:31,200 --> 03:03:33,900
the British season. 
New York City, morale plummeted,

3297
03:03:33,900 --> 03:03:37,500
many soldiers deserted others, 
questioned, Washington's 

3298
03:03:37,500 --> 03:03:41,300
competence yet in a bold move, 
Washington ordered a stealth 

3299
03:03:41,300 --> 03:03:43,000
evacuation across the East 
River. 

3300
03:03:43,000 --> 03:03:46,200
During the night fairing, 
thousands of troops and avoiding

3301
03:03:46,200 --> 03:03:49,600
total annihilation. 
That partial salvation became an

3302
03:03:49,600 --> 03:03:53,200
early example of his knack for 
improvisational Retreats a skill

3303
03:03:53,200 --> 03:03:55,500
that may lack, the glamour of 
offensive victories. 

3304
03:03:55,500 --> 03:04:00,800
It was crucial for the survival 
of the cause In late 1776 with 

3305
03:04:00,800 --> 03:04:02,500
enlistments expiring and 
temperatures. 

3306
03:04:02,500 --> 03:04:05,100
Dropping Washington. 
Orchestrated, one of the 

3307
03:04:05,100 --> 03:04:07,900
revolutions. 
Most dramatic Strokes crossing 

3308
03:04:07,900 --> 03:04:10,500
the icy Delaware River on 
Christmas night to surprise 

3309
03:04:10,500 --> 03:04:14,500
Hessian mercenaries at Trenton 
the successor Trenton followed 

3310
03:04:14,500 --> 03:04:18,400
by another victory at Princeton 
rejuvenated the Patriot cause 

3311
03:04:19,300 --> 03:04:21,700
Washington's leadership style in
these moments combined 

3312
03:04:21,700 --> 03:04:23,700
particular planning with 
personal bravery. 

3313
03:04:24,500 --> 03:04:28,000
He rode at the front encouraging
his men proving that cunning and

3314
03:04:28,008 --> 03:04:31,300
audacity could offset numerical 
or logistical disadvantages. 

3315
03:04:31,300 --> 03:04:35,800
The morale boost was enormous 
coaxing recruits to stay in new 

3316
03:04:35,800 --> 03:04:38,800
volunteers to join. 
Yet the Continental, Army's 

3317
03:04:38,800 --> 03:04:42,500
tribulation remained, abundant 
the British sought isolate New 

3318
03:04:42,500 --> 03:04:45,000
England by seizing. 
The Hudson River Corridor while 

3319
03:04:45,000 --> 03:04:46,900
smaller armies. 
Skirmish in the interior. 

3320
03:04:47,800 --> 03:04:50,200
Washington clashed repeatedly 
with delegates in the 

3321
03:04:50,200 --> 03:04:53,200
Continental Congress Who 
provided inconsistent funding 

3322
03:04:53,200 --> 03:04:56,400
and supplies reflecting the 
fragile, nature of the young 

3323
03:04:56,400 --> 03:04:58,800
Confederation. 
He wrote endless letters 

3324
03:04:58,800 --> 03:05:01,800
pleading for shoes, blankets and
rationals. 

3325
03:05:01,800 --> 03:05:05,200
Meanwhile British raids and 
Loyalists sympathizers. 

3326
03:05:05,200 --> 03:05:07,200
So to confusion behind American 
lines. 

3327
03:05:08,100 --> 03:05:12,300
In 1777, Washington lost a key 
engagement at Brandywine, 

3328
03:05:12,300 --> 03:05:15,200
allowing the British to capture 
Philadelphia, the Patriot 

3329
03:05:15,200 --> 03:05:19,300
Capital, another setback at 
Germantown, followed critics and

3330
03:05:19,300 --> 03:05:22,200
Congress grew louder questioning
whether a different General 

3331
03:05:22,200 --> 03:05:25,400
might fare better yet. 
Washington retained the Loyalty 

3332
03:05:25,400 --> 03:05:28,100
of many officers. 
Forging a sense of unity that 

3333
03:05:28,100 --> 03:05:31,800
transcended, local affiliations 
at Valley Forge during the cruel

3334
03:05:31,800 --> 03:05:36,100
winter of 1777 to 1778. 
The Army, endured starvation, 

3335
03:05:36,100 --> 03:05:40,200
disease and freezing conditions.
Thanks to the drilling expertise

3336
03:05:40,200 --> 03:05:44,000
of Baron, von Steuben and 
ex-person officer Washington's 

3337
03:05:44,000 --> 03:05:46,400
troops emerged. 
More disciplined able to engage 

3338
03:05:46,400 --> 03:05:50,300
British regulars, on nearly 
equal terms at Valley Forge, the

3339
03:05:50,300 --> 03:05:52,700
Continental Army underwent, a 
significant transformation 

3340
03:05:52,700 --> 03:05:56,100
transitioning from an unruly 
collection of militias to a 

3341
03:05:56,100 --> 03:05:58,400
functional fighting force 
Washington. 

3342
03:05:58,400 --> 03:06:02,000
Also learned the delicate art of
balancing alliance's, the French

3343
03:06:02,000 --> 03:06:04,200
persuaded by the American 
victory. 

3344
03:06:04,200 --> 03:06:07,400
At Saratoga were Horatio Gates. 
Led the effort not Washington 

3345
03:06:07,400 --> 03:06:11,300
Direct Join the conflict. 
Providing Naval strength and 

3346
03:06:11,300 --> 03:06:14,000
additional Ground Forces 
coordinating with French 

3347
03:06:14,000 --> 03:06:15,600
officers like the Marquis De 
Lafayette. 

3348
03:06:15,600 --> 03:06:20,500
Demanded diplomatic finesse 
washing adapted, forging trust 

3349
03:06:20,500 --> 03:06:23,900
with these foreign allies even 
as inter Colony tensions, 

3350
03:06:23,900 --> 03:06:27,000
threatened to fracture, the 
American side through it all 

3351
03:06:27,000 --> 03:06:30,300
washing displayed, a steadiness 
that became Central to the 

3352
03:06:30,300 --> 03:06:34,300
Army's identity. 
His men might groan about scarce

3353
03:06:34,300 --> 03:06:37,400
supplies or ragged uniforms but 
they trusted their General to 

3354
03:06:37,400 --> 03:06:41,100
hold them together. 
By the wars midpoint Washington 

3355
03:06:41,100 --> 03:06:44,100
had solidified his role as the 
linchpin of American resistance.

3356
03:06:44,100 --> 03:06:47,000
His direct Battlefield success 
is varied. 

3357
03:06:47,000 --> 03:06:50,200
Some were brilliant others. 
Disappointing but his 

3358
03:06:50,200 --> 03:06:53,400
unshakeable commitment to the 
cause combined with an ability 

3359
03:06:53,400 --> 03:06:55,400
to Pivot tactics and maintain 
Unity. 

3360
03:06:55,400 --> 03:06:59,200
Kept the Rebellion alive. 
Emerging from these years of 

3361
03:06:59,200 --> 03:07:02,400
hardship was a sense that 
whether revered or criticized, 

3362
03:07:02,400 --> 03:07:05,800
Washington was indispensable. 
He was no mere figurehead. 

3363
03:07:06,800 --> 03:07:09,100
The political apparatus and the 
Army itself needed. 

3364
03:07:09,100 --> 03:07:12,000
His Steady Hand at the Helm of 
the Revolution was to stand a 

3365
03:07:12,000 --> 03:07:15,200
chance of seeing final victory. 
As the Revolutionary War 

3366
03:07:15,200 --> 03:07:18,500
entered, its latest stages, wash
Washington face to new set of 

3367
03:07:18,500 --> 03:07:21,200
challenges that tested his 
leadership on multiple fronts. 

3368
03:07:22,300 --> 03:07:25,200
The conflicted become more 
sprawling with battles in the 

3369
03:07:25,200 --> 03:07:27,600
South intensifying British 
forces. 

3370
03:07:27,600 --> 03:07:31,200
Hoping to exploit loyalists 
sentiment launched campaigns in 

3371
03:07:31,200 --> 03:07:32,200
Georgia. 
And the Carolinas. 

3372
03:07:32,200 --> 03:07:36,000
Meanwhile, the Continental Army 
in the north still had to guard 

3373
03:07:36,000 --> 03:07:37,800
against renewed offensive from 
New York. 

3374
03:07:38,600 --> 03:07:41,300
Washington, found himself, 
juggling resource allocations 

3375
03:07:41,300 --> 03:07:44,900
and strategic oversight across a
vast territory, all with limited

3376
03:07:44,900 --> 03:07:48,600
Manpower and mega finance's. 
One of his core strengths. 

3377
03:07:48,600 --> 03:07:51,000
Lay in understanding that 
Victory did not necessarily 

3378
03:07:51,000 --> 03:07:53,400
require defeating every British 
unit on the battlefield. 

3379
03:07:53,400 --> 03:07:57,800
Over years of warfare Washington
recognized that prolonging the 

3380
03:07:57,800 --> 03:08:00,900
conflict, making it too costly 
for Britain to sustain could be 

3381
03:08:00,900 --> 03:08:04,700
enough to force negotiations as 
British public support for the 

3382
03:08:04,700 --> 03:08:06,800
war waned and the conflict 
strained. 

3383
03:08:06,800 --> 03:08:09,800
The Empire's coffers this 
strategy of endurance gained 

3384
03:08:09,800 --> 03:08:13,600
traction He coordinated partisan
Warfare in the southern states 

3385
03:08:13,600 --> 03:08:16,800
where generals like Nathanael 
Greene used hidden run tactics 

3386
03:08:16,800 --> 03:08:19,200
and forced the British to 
overextend their supply lines. 

3387
03:08:20,000 --> 03:08:22,100
Washington might not have 
designed every maneuver 

3388
03:08:22,100 --> 03:08:25,500
personally, but his overarching 
directive emphasized wearing 

3389
03:08:25,500 --> 03:08:28,800
down the opponent, rather than 
seeking a single Grand 

3390
03:08:28,800 --> 03:08:32,700
triumphant at all costs. 
Yet, frustration still mounted 

3391
03:08:32,700 --> 03:08:36,600
the Continental Congress, 
perennially short, on funds, 

3392
03:08:36,600 --> 03:08:39,700
struggled to pay or Supply the 
troops inflation. 

3393
03:08:39,700 --> 03:08:41,700
Ran rampant and the paper 
currency. 

3394
03:08:41,700 --> 03:08:44,700
They issued known as 
Continentals lost much of its 

3395
03:08:44,700 --> 03:08:47,300
value. 
Sometimes entire regiments, 

3396
03:08:47,300 --> 03:08:49,900
threatened Mutiny over unpaid 
wages and lack of food. 

3397
03:08:50,800 --> 03:08:54,000
Washington wrote urgent letters 
balancing please and warnings 

3398
03:08:54,000 --> 03:08:58,000
desertion could unravel the 
entire Revolution but the men's 

3399
03:08:58,000 --> 03:09:01,700
hardships would genuine He 
balanced his empathy for his 

3400
03:09:01,700 --> 03:09:04,200
soldiers, suffering with the 
need to uphold discipline 

3401
03:09:04,200 --> 03:09:07,600
against this turbulent. 
Backdrop, French assistance, 

3402
03:09:07,600 --> 03:09:10,900
played a decisive role. 
Following France's official 

3403
03:09:10,900 --> 03:09:14,400
entry into the war Spain and the
Dutch Republic also offered 

3404
03:09:14,400 --> 03:09:16,000
varying degrees of support to 
America. 

3405
03:09:16,600 --> 03:09:19,300
Broadening the conflict into a 
larger Global struggle against 

3406
03:09:19,300 --> 03:09:21,700
Britain. 
Washington worked with French 

3407
03:09:21,700 --> 03:09:25,000
Admirals and Generals, who like 
Admiral Degrassi and general 

3408
03:09:25,000 --> 03:09:27,600
Rochambeau. 
Brought Naval superiority and 

3409
03:09:27,600 --> 03:09:30,800
well-trained troops. 
Diplomatic Synergy was crucial, 

3410
03:09:30,800 --> 03:09:34,600
Washington, never flew into 
French relied on interpreters 

3411
03:09:34,600 --> 03:09:37,200
and the Goodwill of allies like 
Lafayette to maintain strong 

3412
03:09:37,200 --> 03:09:39,900
communication. 
Joint operations, required, 

3413
03:09:39,900 --> 03:09:42,900
patience and compromise. 
The French navy, schedules and 

3414
03:09:42,900 --> 03:09:45,700
European political priorities, 
often constrained quick action. 

3415
03:09:46,600 --> 03:09:49,000
The culmination of these 
alliances and strategies took 

3416
03:09:49,000 --> 03:09:51,300
shape and 7081 at Yorktown. 
Virginia. 

3417
03:09:51,300 --> 03:09:53,800
British General Cornwallis had 
entrenched. 

3418
03:09:53,800 --> 03:09:57,800
His forces there, hoping for 
resupply by sea, Washington 

3419
03:09:57,800 --> 03:10:01,400
seized the moment. 
He feigned moves toward New York

3420
03:10:01,400 --> 03:10:03,900
but then swiftly marched. 
A major portion of his army, 

3421
03:10:03,900 --> 03:10:07,000
South The French Fleet under the
grass blocked. 

3422
03:10:07,000 --> 03:10:09,800
The Chesapeake preventing a 
British Naval evacuation 

3423
03:10:09,800 --> 03:10:13,900
trapped, and under constant 
bombardment Cornwallis 

3424
03:10:13,900 --> 03:10:17,700
surrendered in October. 7081 the
Victory at Yorktown did not 

3425
03:10:17,708 --> 03:10:20,800
instantly end the war but it was
the decisive blow that 

3426
03:10:20,800 --> 03:10:24,200
shattered, Britain's willingness
to continue negotiations in 

3427
03:10:24,200 --> 03:10:26,800
Europe soon. 
Began leading to the 70 of May 

3428
03:10:26,800 --> 03:10:30,200
33, Treaty of Paris, recognizing
American independence. 

3429
03:10:31,100 --> 03:10:32,700
Washington's role in the final 
phase. 

3430
03:10:32,700 --> 03:10:36,200
Showcased, two defining traits 
of his leadership adaptability 

3431
03:10:36,200 --> 03:10:39,700
and a knack for collaboration. 
He was not a tactical genius in 

3432
03:10:39,700 --> 03:10:42,600
the mold of Napoleon, but he 
excelled in forging. 

3433
03:10:42,600 --> 03:10:45,900
Unity among diverse groups with 
clashing Egos and conflicting 

3434
03:10:45,900 --> 03:10:48,600
interests. 
He also grasped the cycle 

3435
03:10:48,600 --> 03:10:51,900
dimension of War Victory. 
Could be achieved as much 

3436
03:10:51,900 --> 03:10:54,500
through morale and diplomatic 
pressure as through Battlefield 

3437
03:10:54,500 --> 03:10:57,300
conquests. 
Under his guidance, the 

3438
03:10:57,300 --> 03:10:59,800
Continental Army endured for 
eight, grueling years 

3439
03:10:59,800 --> 03:11:03,400
culminating in a capitulation 
that many had deemed impossible.

3440
03:11:04,400 --> 03:11:07,900
When peace was finally secured 
Washington stunned. 

3441
03:11:07,900 --> 03:11:10,500
The World by resigning his 
commission and returning to 

3442
03:11:10,500 --> 03:11:12,400
private life, rather than 
seizing power. 

3443
03:11:13,300 --> 03:11:15,700
In a time, when Victoria's 
Generals in Europe, often 

3444
03:11:15,700 --> 03:11:18,600
leveraged military success to 
become dictators or monarchs. 

3445
03:11:18,600 --> 03:11:20,600
His gesture was nearly 
unprecedented. 

3446
03:11:21,600 --> 03:11:24,600
He sent a farewell address to 
the Army bidding, an emotional 

3447
03:11:24,600 --> 03:11:27,200
goodbye to the officers who had 
become like, family through 

3448
03:11:27,200 --> 03:11:31,500
shared hardships. 
Then he returned to Mount Vernon

3449
03:11:31,500 --> 03:11:35,600
longing for quiet days. 
Overseeing his estate, In the 

3450
03:11:35,600 --> 03:11:39,000
public imagination. 
Became the embodiment of Roman 

3451
03:11:39,000 --> 03:11:42,600
Republican virtue, akin to 
Cincinnati, natus leaving his 

3452
03:11:42,600 --> 03:11:45,800
plow to defend the nation and 
then returning to his farm. 

3453
03:11:45,800 --> 03:11:48,300
Yet the young Republic soon, 
discovered that Independence 

3454
03:11:48,300 --> 03:11:51,800
would not solve every problem 
War debts disputes, among the 

3455
03:11:51,800 --> 03:11:54,900
states, and a weak central 
government under the Articles of

3456
03:11:54,900 --> 03:11:57,500
Confederation threatened, the 
stability of the new nation 

3457
03:11:57,500 --> 03:12:00,300
calls for a stronger National 
framework grew louder. 

3458
03:12:00,300 --> 03:12:04,400
And once again, the Gaze of the 
fledgling country turned to 

3459
03:12:04,400 --> 03:12:07,300
Washington, would he remain a 
private citizen? 

3460
03:12:07,300 --> 03:12:10,700
Or would he use his statue to 
help shape the governance of the

3461
03:12:10,700 --> 03:12:13,000
country? 
He had been so instrumental in 

3462
03:12:13,000 --> 03:12:17,000
forging, The next chapter of his
life and indeed of the nations 

3463
03:12:17,000 --> 03:12:20,900
would hinge on how he answered 
that question after returning to

3464
03:12:20,900 --> 03:12:25,100
Mount Vernon in 1783 Washington,
tried to refocus on his 

3465
03:12:25,100 --> 03:12:29,000
plantations, hoping for a 
respite from public affairs yet,

3466
03:12:29,000 --> 03:12:32,000
the fragile state of the 
post-war union soon, pulled him 

3467
03:12:32,000 --> 03:12:34,700
back into the spotlight. 
Under the article's affair 

3468
03:12:34,700 --> 03:12:38,300
Confederation, the federal 
government lacked authority to 

3469
03:12:38,300 --> 03:12:42,100
tax regulate commerce, 
effectively, or settle disputes 

3470
03:12:42,100 --> 03:12:47,200
among states, economic turmoil 
loomed, large debts from the war

3471
03:12:47,200 --> 03:12:50,600
weighed on every state and the 
absence of a cohesive National 

3472
03:12:50,600 --> 03:12:54,100
policy bread. 
Friction insurrections such as 

3473
03:12:54,100 --> 03:12:55,400
Shays Rebellion in 
Massachusetts. 

3474
03:12:55,400 --> 03:12:58,300
Highlighted how easily? 
Unrest might spiral of the 

3475
03:12:58,300 --> 03:13:01,900
central government could not act
decisively leaders across the 

3476
03:13:01,900 --> 03:13:05,100
state's recognized, the dire 
need for reforms and Washington 

3477
03:13:05,100 --> 03:13:07,900
was a natural figure to help 
spearhead them though. 

3478
03:13:07,900 --> 03:13:09,700
Initially. 
Hesitant he feared Public 

3479
03:13:09,700 --> 03:13:10,700
Service. 
Would once again. 

3480
03:13:10,700 --> 03:13:14,200
Swallow his private life, he 
came around to the idea that a 

3481
03:13:14,200 --> 03:13:15,300
stronger. 
Government framework was 

3482
03:13:15,300 --> 03:13:20,100
essential to preserve the Union.
In 1787, he agreed to preside 

3483
03:13:20,100 --> 03:13:23,100
over the Constitutional 
Convention in Philadelphia this 

3484
03:13:23,100 --> 03:13:26,700
Gathering intended, first to 
revise the Articles soon morphed

3485
03:13:26,700 --> 03:13:28,600
into a wholesale creation of a 
new constitution. 

3486
03:13:29,500 --> 03:13:32,900
Washington did not speak often 
during the debates but his mere 

3487
03:13:32,900 --> 03:13:34,900
presence lent. 
Gravity to the proceedings, 

3488
03:13:34,900 --> 03:13:39,500
delegates disagreed vigorously, 
over representation slavery and 

3489
03:13:39,500 --> 03:13:42,300
executive power. 
Yet most recognized that 

3490
03:13:42,300 --> 03:13:45,100
Washington's approval would be 
critical for winning public 

3491
03:13:45,100 --> 03:13:47,300
acceptance of any proposed 
Constitution. 

3492
03:13:47,300 --> 03:13:52,100
His role was largely that of 
mediator and symbol of unity, he

3493
03:13:52,100 --> 03:13:55,900
allowed men like James Madison, 
Alexander Hamilton, and Benjamin

3494
03:13:55,900 --> 03:13:58,100
Franklin to articulate competing
ideas. 

3495
03:13:59,100 --> 03:14:01,700
But whenever debate grew 
contentious, the image of 

3496
03:14:01,708 --> 03:14:05,200
Washington seated at the front, 
reminded them, that the 

3497
03:14:05,200 --> 03:14:08,600
revolution's integrity and the 
future of Republican governance 

3498
03:14:08,600 --> 03:14:13,200
were at stake. 
By September 1787, the delegates

3499
03:14:13,200 --> 03:14:16,300
crafted a new Constitution that 
incorporated a more robust 

3500
03:14:16,300 --> 03:14:19,300
federal government, tempered by 
system of checks and balances 

3501
03:14:19,300 --> 03:14:20,900
all though. 
Not perfect. 

3502
03:14:20,900 --> 03:14:23,300
It was a revolutionary 
experiment in structured 

3503
03:14:23,300 --> 03:14:25,500
Liberty. 
Washington's endorsement 

3504
03:14:25,500 --> 03:14:27,200
carried. 
Enormous weight during the 

3505
03:14:27,200 --> 03:14:31,300
ratification process especially 
in Virginia, reluctant and 

3506
03:14:31,300 --> 03:14:33,800
Anti-Federalists. 
Founded difficult to argue that 

3507
03:14:33,800 --> 03:14:36,700
the Constitution must tyranny, 
when Washington vouched for it. 

3508
03:14:37,400 --> 03:14:41,200
Once the Constitution became law
calls for Washington to serve, 

3509
03:14:41,200 --> 03:14:43,800
as the first president were 
unanimous in their intensity. 

3510
03:14:44,500 --> 03:14:47,100
He was the linchpin who could 
lend immediately legitimacy to 

3511
03:14:47,100 --> 03:14:50,200
the new system despite personals
reservations. 

3512
03:14:50,200 --> 03:14:53,800
He was aging and the toll of 
public life was no small burden.

3513
03:14:53,800 --> 03:14:57,200
He reluctantly accepted the 
role, the Electoral College 

3514
03:14:57,200 --> 03:14:59,700
elected him, unanimously in 
1789. 

3515
03:14:59,700 --> 03:15:02,700
In April, of that year, he 
journeyed to New York City. 

3516
03:15:02,700 --> 03:15:04,800
The temporary capital to take 
the oath of office. 

3517
03:15:04,800 --> 03:15:08,600
His inauguration was a subdued 
ceremony reflecting, a new 

3518
03:15:08,608 --> 03:15:10,800
nations blend of optimism and 
anxiety. 

3519
03:15:10,800 --> 03:15:12,700
He stood on a balcony, 
overlooking. 

3520
03:15:12,700 --> 03:15:15,900
Throngs of cheering citizens, 
placing in his hand, on a Bible 

3521
03:15:15,900 --> 03:15:19,300
and swearing to preserve protect
and defend the constitution. 

3522
03:15:19,300 --> 03:15:24,600
In shaping the executive branch 
washing face, a blank slate, 

3523
03:15:25,600 --> 03:15:28,100
There was no blueprint for how a
president should behave. 

3524
03:15:28,100 --> 03:15:30,900
He believed in setting, careful 
precedence, that would guide 

3525
03:15:30,900 --> 03:15:33,000
successors. 
And this cautious approach 

3526
03:15:33,000 --> 03:15:37,000
colored, his every decision. 
He formed a cabinet of advisors,

3527
03:15:37,000 --> 03:15:41,400
including Thomas Jefferson as 
Secretary of State and Alexander

3528
03:15:41,400 --> 03:15:45,000
Hamilton a Secretary of the 
Treasury, the ideological 

3529
03:15:45,000 --> 03:15:48,500
clashes between Jefferson who 
championed agrarian democracy 

3530
03:15:48,500 --> 03:15:52,000
and Hamilton, who pushed for a 
robust federal government in 

3531
03:15:52,000 --> 03:15:55,700
industrial growth forced washing
to navigated to delicate balance

3532
03:15:55,700 --> 03:15:58,800
balancing. 
These factions, he aimed to 

3533
03:15:58,800 --> 03:16:01,000
prevent the country from 
splitting into parties and 

3534
03:16:01,000 --> 03:16:03,800
camps. 
Still, the seeds of political 

3535
03:16:03,800 --> 03:16:07,800
rivalry were planted eventually,
sprouting into the Federalists 

3536
03:16:07,800 --> 03:16:09,300
and Democratic Republican 
parties. 

3537
03:16:10,400 --> 03:16:13,300
Washington's presidency also 
navigated foreign policy 

3538
03:16:13,300 --> 03:16:16,100
dilemmas the young. 
United States was militarily, 

3539
03:16:16,100 --> 03:16:20,400
weak, financially indebted, and 
overshadowed by European powers.

3540
03:16:21,700 --> 03:16:24,900
When the French Revolution 
erupted many Americans felt they

3541
03:16:24,900 --> 03:16:27,000
owed France. 
A debt of gratitude for its 

3542
03:16:27,000 --> 03:16:29,700
wartime support. 
Yet Washington believed 

3543
03:16:29,700 --> 03:16:33,300
neutrality was crucial in 
tangling, the fragile Republic. 

3544
03:16:33,300 --> 03:16:35,200
In Europe's Wars, could spell 
disaster. 

3545
03:16:35,200 --> 03:16:39,600
His proclamation of neutrality 
and 1793 Drew Ayer from those 

3546
03:16:39,600 --> 03:16:42,900
who wanted to Aid France. 
But it shielded the new nation 

3547
03:16:42,900 --> 03:16:45,400
from a catastrophic conflict. 
It was ill-prepared to handle. 

3548
03:16:46,300 --> 03:16:49,900
Domestic issues also tested, the
new Administration, Hamilton's 

3549
03:16:49,900 --> 03:16:52,800
financial plan, which included, 
Federal Assumption of State 

3550
03:16:52,800 --> 03:16:54,500
debts. 
And the creation of a National 

3551
03:16:54,500 --> 03:16:57,800
Bank sparked, Fierce debates, 
Washington, backed Hamilton, 

3552
03:16:57,800 --> 03:17:00,900
believing that fiscal stability,
was essential for National 

3553
03:17:00,900 --> 03:17:04,600
respectability but Jefferson's 
faction decried. 

3554
03:17:04,600 --> 03:17:06,400
These measures as threats to 
states rights. 

3555
03:17:06,400 --> 03:17:10,800
Then in 1794 the Whiskey 
Rebellion flared in Western 

3556
03:17:10,800 --> 03:17:14,000
Pennsylvania. 
Where Farmers violently oppose a

3557
03:17:14,000 --> 03:17:15,700
federal tax on distilled 
spirits. 

3558
03:17:16,500 --> 03:17:18,900
Washington alarmed by the 
prospect of an armed 

3559
03:17:18,900 --> 03:17:21,600
Insurrection personally, LED 
troops to quell. 

3560
03:17:21,600 --> 03:17:24,500
The Rebellion, an act that 
showcases the federal Authority,

3561
03:17:24,500 --> 03:17:27,800
but also raised fears about 
militarized responses to dissent

3562
03:17:27,800 --> 03:17:30,800
throughout these trials 
Washington, labored to maintain 

3563
03:17:30,800 --> 03:17:32,700
a posture above partisan 
squabbles. 

3564
03:17:32,700 --> 03:17:35,100
Though that position grew 
increasingly difficult 

3565
03:17:35,100 --> 03:17:38,800
newspapers reflecting the rise 
of party driven journalism 

3566
03:17:38,800 --> 03:17:42,200
attacked or praised him 
depending on editorial leanings 

3567
03:17:42,200 --> 03:17:45,600
criticism. 
Stung the once revered hero but 

3568
03:17:45,600 --> 03:17:48,400
he remained steadfast convinced 
that the survival of 

3569
03:17:48,400 --> 03:17:50,800
constitutional governance 
required robust debate. 

3570
03:17:51,500 --> 03:17:53,700
Even if it's sometimes, 
descended into vitriol. 

3571
03:17:54,700 --> 03:17:57,400
By the end of his second term, 
he yearned for retirement more 

3572
03:17:57,400 --> 03:17:59,900
earnestly than ever. 
The question was whether the 

3573
03:17:59,900 --> 03:18:02,900
country could sustain itself 
without him or if his moral 

3574
03:18:02,900 --> 03:18:05,000
Authority and balanced 
leadership remained in 

3575
03:18:05,000 --> 03:18:09,400
dispensable, By 1796 Washington 
had served two terms as 

3576
03:18:09,400 --> 03:18:12,000
president and felt strongly. 
That rotating leadership was 

3577
03:18:12,000 --> 03:18:15,500
essential to the Republic's 
Health unanimously reelected in 

3578
03:18:15,500 --> 03:18:18,000
1792. 
He could likely have secured a 

3579
03:18:18,000 --> 03:18:21,600
third term, but he declined, In 
doing so, he established a 

3580
03:18:21,600 --> 03:18:24,100
precedent of voluntary 
executive, turnover later, 

3581
03:18:24,100 --> 03:18:27,800
codified by the 22nd amendment. 
That would profoundly influence 

3582
03:18:27,800 --> 03:18:31,100
American political culture, 
recognizing the young nation's 

3583
03:18:31,100 --> 03:18:33,700
precariousness. 
He offered parting guidance in 

3584
03:18:33,700 --> 03:18:37,900
his farewell address Published 
rather than delivered orally, it

3585
03:18:37,900 --> 03:18:41,000
warned against the dangers of 
permanent foreign alliances, and

3586
03:18:41,000 --> 03:18:44,700
excessive partisanship. 
He urged Americans to cherish, 

3587
03:18:44,700 --> 03:18:48,800
Unity keep religion and morality
as public pillars and remain 

3588
03:18:48,800 --> 03:18:51,300
wary of ideological factions. 
That could fraction National 

3589
03:18:51,300 --> 03:18:54,500
cohesion. 
After leaving office, in March 

3590
03:18:54,500 --> 03:18:57,700
1797, Washington returned to 
Mount Vernon. 

3591
03:18:58,300 --> 03:19:02,000
A sense of relief washed over 
him tempered by ongoing concerns

3592
03:19:02,000 --> 03:19:03,700
about the fledgling, nation's 
trajectory. 

3593
03:19:03,700 --> 03:19:06,400
He oversaw. 
Expansions at his estate 

3594
03:19:06,400 --> 03:19:10,200
experimented with different 
crop, rotations and dabbled in 

3595
03:19:10,208 --> 03:19:13,700
various manufacturing Ventures 
on site, such as a Grist Mill, 

3596
03:19:13,700 --> 03:19:17,500
and a Distillery. however, 
retirement did not provide an 

3597
03:19:17,500 --> 03:19:20,500
escape from moral dilemmas, 
Washington's wealth, and 

3598
03:19:20,500 --> 03:19:24,000
Plantation lifestyle had always 
hinged on in slave labor while 

3599
03:19:24,000 --> 03:19:26,400
he had privately expressed 
ambivalence about slavery, 

3600
03:19:26,400 --> 03:19:30,200
calling it repugnant in certain 
correspondences he never 

3601
03:19:30,200 --> 03:19:33,900
publicly championed abolition 
Only in his will did he arranged

3602
03:19:33,900 --> 03:19:35,600
for the amounts of patient of 
his enslaved? 

3603
03:19:35,600 --> 03:19:39,000
People after Martha's death? 
A move that became one of the 

3604
03:19:39,000 --> 03:19:41,400
most significant private amounts
of patients of that era. 

3605
03:19:42,100 --> 03:19:45,000
But the structural system of 
slavery continued unabated 

3606
03:19:45,000 --> 03:19:48,500
across the South highlighting. 
The contradictions embedded in 

3607
03:19:48,500 --> 03:19:52,100
the new Republic increasingly 
foreign tensions threatened to 

3608
03:19:52,100 --> 03:19:53,800
pull Washington back in to 
public life. 

3609
03:19:54,500 --> 03:19:56,500
Relations with revolutionary 
France. 

3610
03:19:56,500 --> 03:20:00,200
Deteriorated under John Adams's,
presidency culminating in the 

3611
03:20:00,208 --> 03:20:04,700
quasi-war at sea. 
In 1798 Adams asked, Washington 

3612
03:20:04,700 --> 03:20:06,900
to serve as commander of a 
provisional Army, should 

3613
03:20:06,900 --> 03:20:10,300
full-scale War break out. 
Washington, agreed, though. 

3614
03:20:10,300 --> 03:20:11,900
He delegated most duties to 
Hamilton. 

3615
03:20:11,900 --> 03:20:15,200
He remained on standby, hoping 
conflict could be averted. 

3616
03:20:16,200 --> 03:20:20,600
By 1799 the immediate threat 
passed and Washington settled 

3617
03:20:20,600 --> 03:20:24,500
again into the routines at Mount
Vernon that same year on the 

3618
03:20:24,500 --> 03:20:27,500
12th, Washington braved, a cold 
wet ride around, his estate, 

3619
03:20:27,500 --> 03:20:31,400
checking fence lines and 
farmland later that evening, he 

3620
03:20:31,400 --> 03:20:35,100
developed a sore throat within 
days his condition worsened in 

3621
03:20:35,100 --> 03:20:38,700
to what many now believe was a 
cute epic, lotta Titus, Medical 

3622
03:20:38,700 --> 03:20:42,600
Treatments of the time bleeding,
blistering and gargling only 

3623
03:20:42,600 --> 03:20:45,900
weakened him further. 
On the night of December 14th. 

3624
03:20:45,900 --> 03:20:50,600
1799 George Washington passed 
away, surrounded by close 

3625
03:20:50,600 --> 03:20:53,700
friends, and family the news 
sent shockwaves throughout the 

3626
03:20:53,700 --> 03:20:56,600
country. 
Bells, tolled in distant cities,

3627
03:20:56,600 --> 03:21:00,600
eulogies poured in from across 
political, divides reflecting 

3628
03:21:00,600 --> 03:21:03,400
the universal respect, American 
felt for his leadership. 

3629
03:21:03,400 --> 03:21:07,000
Even in Europe figures like 
Napoleon ordered tributes, 

3630
03:21:07,000 --> 03:21:09,700
Washington's death brought a 
collective Reckoning. 

3631
03:21:09,700 --> 03:21:12,400
The man who had guided the 
nation through Revolution 

3632
03:21:12,400 --> 03:21:16,200
constitutional formation and 
early governance was gone. 

3633
03:21:17,000 --> 03:21:20,300
But his legacy was already 
enshrined over subsequent 

3634
03:21:20,300 --> 03:21:24,700
decades and centuries Americans 
would build monuments, mint 

3635
03:21:24,700 --> 03:21:27,300
coins and compose Hagia graphic 
stories. 

3636
03:21:27,300 --> 03:21:31,400
That sometimes obscure the 
complexity of his life myths 

3637
03:21:31,400 --> 03:21:35,000
multiplied, the cherry tree 
legend by Parson Weems became a 

3638
03:21:35,008 --> 03:21:38,200
fixture in school primers. 
Overshadowing, the more 

3639
03:21:38,200 --> 03:21:40,400
instructive lessons of 
Washington's, real struggles. 

3640
03:21:40,400 --> 03:21:43,200
And ethical, dilemmas, the 
wooden teeth Trope. 

3641
03:21:43,200 --> 03:21:46,200
Overshadowed the details of his 
expensive painful dental 

3642
03:21:46,200 --> 03:21:49,600
operators made from various 
materials, including human or 

3643
03:21:49,600 --> 03:21:52,900
animal teeth and Metal. 
Yet Behind The Shining marble 

3644
03:21:52,900 --> 03:21:53,900
statues. 
Stands. 

3645
03:21:53,900 --> 03:21:57,100
A more nuanced figure. 
Washington was a man of his 

3646
03:21:57,100 --> 03:22:00,000
time's shaped by its 
limitations, particularly 

3647
03:22:00,000 --> 03:22:03,500
regarding slavery and class 
structures but also capable of 

3648
03:22:03,500 --> 03:22:05,200
transcending narrow 
self-interest. 

3649
03:22:06,000 --> 03:22:09,100
He recognized the fragility of 
the American experiment and 

3650
03:22:09,100 --> 03:22:12,500
acted repeatedly to keep it 
intact, resigning his military 

3651
03:22:12,500 --> 03:22:16,400
Commission in 1783 presiding 
over the Constitution's, 

3652
03:22:16,400 --> 03:22:20,200
drafting in 1787 and stepping 
down as president after two 

3653
03:22:20,200 --> 03:22:23,800
terms, each decision sent an 
unmistakable message that they 

3654
03:22:23,800 --> 03:22:26,400
were republics longevity. 
Depended on checks against 

3655
03:22:26,400 --> 03:22:30,200
personal ambition, washing 
example, stood out for a nation,

3656
03:22:30,200 --> 03:22:32,000
still refining, its democratic 
values. 

3657
03:22:32,900 --> 03:22:35,600
He was neither a flamboyant 
speaker or a philosophical 

3658
03:22:35,600 --> 03:22:39,300
theory of theorists Thor risk, 
but he possessed a calm, 

3659
03:22:39,300 --> 03:22:42,000
gravitas that could unify 
quarrelsome states. 

3660
03:22:42,000 --> 03:22:45,200
He understood how to maintain 
moral legitimacy in the eyes of 

3661
03:22:45,208 --> 03:22:46,700
both Elites and ordinary 
citizens. 

3662
03:22:46,700 --> 03:22:51,000
And though he was not without 
flaws the ownership of enslaved,

3663
03:22:51,000 --> 03:22:54,000
individuals being Chief among 
them, he helped lay the 

3664
03:22:54,000 --> 03:22:56,500
groundwork for a political 
system capable of evolving 

3665
03:22:56,500 --> 03:23:00,800
Beyond its Founders limitations.
Today more than two centuries, 

3666
03:23:00,800 --> 03:23:04,100
after his passing, George 
Washington remains an essential 

3667
03:23:04,100 --> 03:23:06,900
symbol for an America that 
struggles with its historical 

3668
03:23:06,900 --> 03:23:09,100
contradiction. 
And if we look beyond the 

3669
03:23:09,100 --> 03:23:12,000
simplified school book 
portrayals, we find a person who

3670
03:23:12,000 --> 03:23:16,000
navigated immense pressures with
perseverance and humility, whose

3671
03:23:16,000 --> 03:23:18,600
quiet strength and deliberate 
choice to relinquish power. 

3672
03:23:18,600 --> 03:23:22,000
Set a tone for Republican 
governance, the complexity of 

3673
03:23:22,000 --> 03:23:24,300
his legacy and fights us to 
reflect on both the grand 

3674
03:23:24,300 --> 03:23:26,400
achievements. 
And the unresolved tensions that

3675
03:23:26,400 --> 03:23:28,000
were woven into the nation's 
birth. 

3676
03:23:28,700 --> 03:23:30,700
A poignant reminder that even 
foundational. 

3677
03:23:30,700 --> 03:23:32,400
Heroes. 
Stand on shifting terrain. 

3678
03:23:32,400 --> 03:23:35,000
Forging a path for future 
generations. 

3679
03:23:35,000 --> 03:23:44,000
To walk upon Shirley Temple was 
born in Santa Monica, California

3680
03:23:44,000 --> 03:23:48,700
on April, 23rd, 1928 into a 
family that was neither 

3681
03:23:48,700 --> 03:23:53,200
destitute or lavishly wealthy. 
Her father, George temple, 

3682
03:23:53,200 --> 03:23:57,800
worked in finance, and her 
mother Gertrude carried an 

3683
03:23:57,800 --> 03:23:59,800
almost obsessive. 
Desire to shape her daughter's 

3684
03:23:59,800 --> 03:24:02,900
destiny. 
The Santa Monica of that era was

3685
03:24:02,900 --> 03:24:05,100
a fast. 
Evolving Beachside Enclave 

3686
03:24:05,100 --> 03:24:08,700
brimming with both glamorous 
Illusions from the burgeoning 

3687
03:24:08,700 --> 03:24:11,900
film industry and the more 
everyday routines of 

3688
03:24:11,900 --> 03:24:14,900
middle-class families trying to 
navigate a Mercurial economy. 

3689
03:24:15,800 --> 03:24:17,500
It was within this dual 
atmosphere. 

3690
03:24:18,200 --> 03:24:21,300
Flickering studio lights on one 
side and Thrifty living on the 

3691
03:24:21,308 --> 03:24:24,800
other that Shirley Temple began 
her path to stardom. 

3692
03:24:25,500 --> 03:24:27,200
Even before she could walk 
confidently. 

3693
03:24:28,200 --> 03:24:30,800
Gertrude recognized something 
luminous in her daughter's 

3694
03:24:30,800 --> 03:24:33,700
presence. 
Shirley had a precocious way of 

3695
03:24:33,700 --> 03:24:35,800
mimicking gestures. 
She observed in adults. 

3696
03:24:35,800 --> 03:24:39,300
This knack for imitation would 
Define her early days, turning 

3697
03:24:39,300 --> 03:24:41,500
dance, and drama lessons into 
more than just passing 

3698
03:24:41,500 --> 03:24:44,000
Amusements. 
Gertrude seized every 

3699
03:24:44,000 --> 03:24:46,700
opportunity to enroll Shirley 
and local dance classes. 

3700
03:24:46,700 --> 03:24:50,100
Meanwhile the child's father 
though, more reticent, 

3701
03:24:50,100 --> 03:24:52,500
eventually supported these 
Pursuits. 

3702
03:24:53,700 --> 03:24:56,200
Specially, as he sent that his 
daughter's talents might help 

3703
03:24:56,200 --> 03:24:59,500
the family rise above, its 
mundane Financial prospects 

3704
03:24:59,500 --> 03:25:02,500
Hollywood in the early 30s 
offered an odd mixture of 

3705
03:25:02,500 --> 03:25:06,600
unpolished opportunity and 
exploitative risk. the Great 

3706
03:25:06,600 --> 03:25:10,000
Depression had shattered many 
Americans hopes Yet movie 

3707
03:25:10,000 --> 03:25:13,900
studios scrambled to produce 
Escapist fare, child performers 

3708
03:25:13,900 --> 03:25:17,200
were, especially valuable used 
to deliver cuteness, and 

3709
03:25:17,200 --> 03:25:20,600
innocence during a time of 
national hardship, Shirley with 

3710
03:25:20,600 --> 03:25:23,300
her natural curls though, 
constantly fussed over by her 

3711
03:25:23,300 --> 03:25:27,200
mother, who insisted there. 
Be exactly 56 of them and an 

3712
03:25:27,200 --> 03:25:30,900
almost hypnotic ability to 
project Joy fit seamlessly into 

3713
03:25:30,900 --> 03:25:33,500
this mold. 
She was introduced to Casting 

3714
03:25:33,500 --> 03:25:37,300
agents even before she turned 
four auditioning for bit parts 

3715
03:25:37,300 --> 03:25:40,500
that sometimes entailed dancing 
routines with the adult actors 

3716
03:25:40,500 --> 03:25:44,900
initially Shirley's, family 
juggled skepticism and ambition 

3717
03:25:44,900 --> 03:25:48,200
the film set she was did, were 
not always the polished world's 

3718
03:25:48,200 --> 03:25:51,000
fans or on screen. 
Instead, they were chaotic 

3719
03:25:51,000 --> 03:25:55,500
places, where directors yelled, 
lighting, rigs buzzed, many, 

3720
03:25:55,500 --> 03:25:58,300
child performers discovered, 
their so-called cute Factor 

3721
03:25:58,300 --> 03:26:03,500
overshadowed, any genuine acting
skill, Shirley however, proved a

3722
03:26:03,500 --> 03:26:04,900
depth at capturing adult 
expectations. 

3723
03:26:04,900 --> 03:26:08,600
Her seeming earnestness paired 
with that bright. 

3724
03:26:08,600 --> 03:26:12,800
Dimpled smile one over producers
who recognized a phenomenon in 

3725
03:26:12,800 --> 03:26:17,200
the making by 1932 she had 
landed small roles in a series 

3726
03:26:17,200 --> 03:26:21,000
of shorts called Baby burlesque.
Comedic sketches where toddlers 

3727
03:26:21,000 --> 03:26:24,900
were placed in decidedly adults 
Situation's Watching them today,

3728
03:26:24,900 --> 03:26:29,000
many find the concept jarring 
but in the economic desperation 

3729
03:26:29,000 --> 03:26:33,500
of the 1930s, the short films 
gained traction and surely Star 

3730
03:26:33,500 --> 03:26:37,300
Quality began to gleam Gertrude 
operating as both mother and 

3731
03:26:37,300 --> 03:26:40,900
unofficial manager monitored 
every facet of Shirley's budding

3732
03:26:40,900 --> 03:26:43,500
career. 
The mother's presence on set was

3733
03:26:43,500 --> 03:26:47,500
constant at times protective and
other times, controlling. 

3734
03:26:48,800 --> 03:26:51,800
Tail circulated of Gertrude 
touching up, Shirley's curls 

3735
03:26:51,800 --> 03:26:55,300
between takes ensuring that not 
a single ringlets strayed from 

3736
03:26:55,308 --> 03:26:56,700
the image of cherubic 
perfection. 

3737
03:26:57,800 --> 03:27:01,000
She championed Shirley's needs 
but also drove her onward in a 

3738
03:27:01,000 --> 03:27:03,100
business known for discarding 
child actors. 

3739
03:27:03,100 --> 03:27:06,500
Once they outgrew their roles 
This mixture of maternal 

3740
03:27:06,500 --> 03:27:09,900
devotion and unwavering ambition
became a recurring theme in 

3741
03:27:09,900 --> 03:27:13,400
Shirley's early years, even so, 
Shirley's own temperament 

3742
03:27:13,400 --> 03:27:16,600
provided account balance. 
Despite the intense schedule, 

3743
03:27:16,600 --> 03:27:19,700
she exuded genuine curiosity 
about her surrounding. 

3744
03:27:19,700 --> 03:27:22,900
She asked questions about how 
cameras worked and who was 

3745
03:27:22,900 --> 03:27:26,500
responsible for set design in an
era where children were expected

3746
03:27:26,500 --> 03:27:30,100
to be seen but not heard her. 
Inquisitive nurse made a subtle 

3747
03:27:30,100 --> 03:27:33,400
impression on directors and 
Stage hands alike. they realized

3748
03:27:33,400 --> 03:27:36,800
the girl was not a living doll 
but a quick Thinking Child who 

3749
03:27:36,800 --> 03:27:41,100
grasped far more than she let on
By 1934, she'd secured her, 

3750
03:27:41,100 --> 03:27:44,200
first breakthrough roles, in 
feature length films, with Fox 

3751
03:27:44,200 --> 03:27:48,100
film Corporation soon to merge 
into 20th Century Fox backing. 

3752
03:27:48,100 --> 03:27:50,900
Her Shirley Temple became one of
the depression era's. 

3753
03:27:50,900 --> 03:27:54,900
Most iconic faces her movies, 
such as stand up and cheer and 

3754
03:27:54,900 --> 03:27:57,800
Little Miss marker gave 
audiences a dose of optimism. 

3755
03:27:57,800 --> 03:28:00,100
They craved critics raved about 
her. 

3756
03:28:00,100 --> 03:28:03,700
Bright-eyed sincerity and ticket
sales soared movie theaters. 

3757
03:28:03,700 --> 03:28:07,000
Saw a direct correlation the 
more Shirley Temple, danced, and

3758
03:28:07,000 --> 03:28:10,400
sang on screen, the more 
Americans showed up in droves. 

3759
03:28:11,300 --> 03:28:14,300
Clinging to a child's radiant 
energy as a beacon in otherwise,

3760
03:28:14,300 --> 03:28:18,700
Bleak times at The Tender age of
six, Shirley transformed from a 

3761
03:28:18,700 --> 03:28:21,700
curious, toddler learning dance 
steps into a genuine star 

3762
03:28:21,700 --> 03:28:25,300
symbolizing, hope in a world, 
ravaged by economic hardships. 

3763
03:28:26,100 --> 03:28:29,600
However, behind the wide-eyed 
innocence of her film Persona, a

3764
03:28:29,600 --> 03:28:33,100
more complex story was forming a
dance of Parental Ambitions 

3765
03:28:33,100 --> 03:28:35,800
Studio pressures and her own 
youthful resilience. 

3766
03:28:36,600 --> 03:28:39,300
That complexity would deepen as 
she soared to new heights of 

3767
03:28:39,300 --> 03:28:44,000
starred in the years to come. 
In 1935 Shirley Temple. 

3768
03:28:44,000 --> 03:28:45,700
Underwent a significant 
transformation. 

3769
03:28:45,700 --> 03:28:49,000
When her Studio recognized the 
potential of their petite 

3770
03:28:49,000 --> 03:28:50,900
Leading Lady to lead full length
features. 

3771
03:28:51,800 --> 03:28:54,200
With the country still reeling 
from widespread unemployment. 

3772
03:28:54,200 --> 03:28:58,000
And bread lines her films 
provided escapism laced with 

3773
03:28:58,008 --> 03:29:02,900
optimism Titles like bright eyes
and curly top showcase, not just

3774
03:29:02,900 --> 03:29:06,000
her cherubic face, but an 
uncanny knack for on-screen 

3775
03:29:06,000 --> 03:29:09,600
chemistry with adult co-stars. 
It became the face of foxes 

3776
03:29:09,600 --> 03:29:13,200
Silver Screen, offerings, our 
turning many established actors 

3777
03:29:13,200 --> 03:29:17,200
yet behind the upbeat songs. 
And tap dances, negotiations and

3778
03:29:17,200 --> 03:29:20,700
business Maneuvers were at play 
many of which set precedence for

3779
03:29:20,700 --> 03:29:22,700
how future child stars would be 
handled. 

3780
03:29:23,600 --> 03:29:26,300
Key among these developments was
the contract Shirley signed with

3781
03:29:26,300 --> 03:29:29,700
fox or more accurately, the 
contractor parents signed on her

3782
03:29:29,700 --> 03:29:32,300
behalf. 
His details sparked discussion 

3783
03:29:32,300 --> 03:29:35,600
across Hollywood She was 
guaranteed a significant weekly 

3784
03:29:35,600 --> 03:29:38,500
salary. 
Those significant in the 1930s, 

3785
03:29:38,500 --> 03:29:41,300
currently meant something 
different than it would today. 

3786
03:29:41,300 --> 03:29:43,800
Plus bonuses if her pictures 
performed. 

3787
03:29:43,800 --> 03:29:47,500
Well, FOX also set aside funds 
for her education and wellbeing 

3788
03:29:47,500 --> 03:29:51,000
the line's often blurred between
onset tutoring and real 

3789
03:29:51,000 --> 03:29:53,600
schooling. 
This Arrangement acknowledged 

3790
03:29:53,600 --> 03:29:56,800
her star power yet did little to
protect her from an exhausting 

3791
03:29:56,800 --> 03:29:58,500
work schedule. 
That some might deem 

3792
03:29:58,500 --> 03:30:02,300
exploitative during this period.
Director's Marvel at Shirley's 

3793
03:30:02,300 --> 03:30:04,300
Focus. 
That necessitated multiple takes

3794
03:30:04,300 --> 03:30:07,200
for adult actors, which often 
concluded swiftly. 

3795
03:30:07,200 --> 03:30:10,100
Once Shirley achieved her marks,
she had a near photographic 

3796
03:30:10,100 --> 03:30:12,100
recall for lines and dance 
moves. 

3797
03:30:12,100 --> 03:30:14,500
The quality that impressed her 
choreographers. 

3798
03:30:14,500 --> 03:30:17,400
Equally striking was her 
composure Under Pressure. 

3799
03:30:17,400 --> 03:30:21,000
Fox Executives. 
Anxious to capitalize on her 

3800
03:30:21,000 --> 03:30:23,900
popularity, pushed for a film 
turnaround schedule. 

3801
03:30:23,900 --> 03:30:27,200
That left little room for a 
typical childhood, despite this 

3802
03:30:27,200 --> 03:30:30,300
Shirley consistently provided. 
The sunshine that the world 

3803
03:30:30,300 --> 03:30:33,100
craved. 
When an exhausted co-star. 

3804
03:30:33,100 --> 03:30:36,900
Once complained, your working, 
this kid to death, a stewed 

3805
03:30:36,900 --> 03:30:42,000
Studio head, allegedly Royale, 
if anything she's saving us. 

3806
03:30:43,500 --> 03:30:45,900
It was a half, joking, not to 
the revenue, her success 

3807
03:30:45,900 --> 03:30:49,500
generated at a time when many 
studios teetered on the edge of 

3808
03:30:49,500 --> 03:30:52,300
bankruptcy fans of all ages 
idolized. 

3809
03:30:52,300 --> 03:30:55,500
Shirley children, saw appear 
living a Fairytale life. 

3810
03:30:56,200 --> 03:30:58,400
While adults took solace in a 
Plucky on screen. 

3811
03:30:58,400 --> 03:31:01,500
Persona that seemed to say 
better days are just around the 

3812
03:31:01,500 --> 03:31:04,400
corner. 
Her likeness appeared on dolls 

3813
03:31:04,400 --> 03:31:08,400
dresses and countless products 
an early instance of celebrity 

3814
03:31:08,400 --> 03:31:10,600
merchandising, that would 
foreshadow later Hollywood 

3815
03:31:10,600 --> 03:31:14,900
Synergy a popularity. 
Also had a strange side rumors 

3816
03:31:14,900 --> 03:31:17,700
circulated that the bright-eyed 
star wasn't a child at all. 

3817
03:31:18,400 --> 03:31:22,100
But a little person posing for 
the cameras, this bizarre 

3818
03:31:22,100 --> 03:31:24,900
conspiracy theory gained such 
traction overseas that the 

3819
03:31:24,900 --> 03:31:28,300
Vatican, once considered 
investigating her age in truth, 

3820
03:31:28,300 --> 03:31:32,100
Shirley Temple was no more than 
10 at the time rapidly growing 

3821
03:31:32,100 --> 03:31:34,700
into a global household name 
curiously. 

3822
03:31:34,700 --> 03:31:37,800
Shirley's rise parallel shifts 
in the film industry itself. 

3823
03:31:37,800 --> 03:31:41,900
The production code Hollywood's 
moral guide lines, tightened 

3824
03:31:41,900 --> 03:31:43,500
restrictions on on-screen 
content. 

3825
03:31:43,500 --> 03:31:47,500
Shirley's clean wholesome image 
fit perfectly into this new 

3826
03:31:47,500 --> 03:31:50,000
environment. 
Gone with the Aggie comedic 

3827
03:31:50,000 --> 03:31:51,400
elements from her earliest 
shorts. 

3828
03:31:52,300 --> 03:31:55,100
In their place emerged, full 
blown family, friendly, musicals

3829
03:31:55,100 --> 03:31:58,000
and romance's. 
She sang with experienced adult 

3830
03:31:58,000 --> 03:32:00,400
crewners. 
Sharing lines and Duets that 

3831
03:32:00,400 --> 03:32:02,200
might otherwise look awkward for
a child. 

3832
03:32:03,000 --> 03:32:05,700
Yet her sincerity. 
Let her Glide passed potential 

3833
03:32:05,700 --> 03:32:08,100
awkwardness. 
Audience is believed her Rosie 

3834
03:32:08,100 --> 03:32:10,800
worldview if only for the 
duration of a matinee. 

3835
03:32:11,600 --> 03:32:15,100
Not that it was all smooth 
sailing inside the temple. 

3836
03:32:15,100 --> 03:32:18,500
Household tensions. 
Simmered Gertrude clashed with 

3837
03:32:18,508 --> 03:32:21,300
producers who wanted to vary 
Shirley's look or storyline 

3838
03:32:21,300 --> 03:32:24,500
steadfastly defending her 
daughter's signature curls and 

3839
03:32:24,500 --> 03:32:27,900
sweet Persona George temple. 
Meanwhile found himself 

3840
03:32:27,900 --> 03:32:30,900
overshadowed primarily attending
to financial matters. 

3841
03:32:30,900 --> 03:32:34,000
While Gertrude guided their 
daughters creative Direction. 

3842
03:32:34,800 --> 03:32:37,200
In a Twist reminiscent of many 
Showbiz families. 

3843
03:32:37,200 --> 03:32:41,100
The father sometimes felt 
sidelined overshadowed by the 

3844
03:32:41,100 --> 03:32:43,400
formidable bond between mother 
and star daughter. 

3845
03:32:44,500 --> 03:32:46,200
A Shirley approached her 10th 
birthday. 

3846
03:32:46,200 --> 03:32:49,000
The industry noticed that her 
Presence at the box. 

3847
03:32:49,000 --> 03:32:51,700
Office wasn't just consistent. 
It was heroic. 

3848
03:32:52,600 --> 03:32:55,300
Some of her films overshadowed 
even major adult releases. 

3849
03:32:55,300 --> 03:32:58,300
The juvenile star was 
effectively bankrolling foxes 

3850
03:32:58,300 --> 03:33:01,900
operations, preventing Pierre. 
Financial cuts that might have 

3851
03:33:01,900 --> 03:33:04,900
devastated the studio. 
It became a well known quip in 

3852
03:33:04,900 --> 03:33:07,300
Hollywood circle's. 
That if he needed a guaranteed 

3853
03:33:07,300 --> 03:33:11,700
hit, you hired Shirley Temple. 
Yet the Relentless Pace hinted 

3854
03:33:11,700 --> 03:33:14,900
at challenges to come. 
Charles actors grow their 

3855
03:33:14,900 --> 03:33:18,000
appeal, which Studios often 
reduced to cuteness can 

3856
03:33:18,000 --> 03:33:22,100
dissipate Shirley's mother. 
Well aware of that fought to 

3857
03:33:22,100 --> 03:33:24,000
keep her enrolls that showcase 
her innocence. 

3858
03:33:24,000 --> 03:33:27,300
Warring that a more mature role 
might fracture her image. 

3859
03:33:28,100 --> 03:33:31,800
Time was against them, the 
actress who had embodied the 

3860
03:33:31,800 --> 03:33:35,000
aspirations of a Depression era,
audience was approaching 

3861
03:33:35,000 --> 03:33:38,200
adolescence and the film roles 
accessible to a developing 

3862
03:33:38,200 --> 03:33:41,200
teenager seldom replicated. 
The formula that made her a box 

3863
03:33:41,208 --> 03:33:44,700
office phenomenon The real 
question became, how could 

3864
03:33:44,700 --> 03:33:47,000
Shirley Temple America's 
darling? 

3865
03:33:47,000 --> 03:33:50,600
Transition gracefully from 
juvenile novelty to enduring 

3866
03:33:50,600 --> 03:33:54,500
performer as she entered, 
adolescence Shirley Temple found

3867
03:33:54,500 --> 03:33:57,900
herself at an unexpected 
juncture by 1939. 

3868
03:33:57,900 --> 03:34:01,300
She was 11 years old though, 
still a beloved star, the 

3869
03:34:01,300 --> 03:34:04,700
realities of puberty loomed. 
Her face was ever so slightly 

3870
03:34:04,700 --> 03:34:05,600
less jury. 
Big. 

3871
03:34:05,600 --> 03:34:09,000
Her limbs are less stubby 
Hollywood's appetite for her 

3872
03:34:09,000 --> 03:34:11,100
brand of Plucky. 
Innocence began to one 

3873
03:34:11,900 --> 03:34:14,900
Executives who had previously 
viewed her as their most 

3874
03:34:14,900 --> 03:34:19,100
valuable asset began to feel 
uneasy the frequency of script 

3875
03:34:19,100 --> 03:34:23,000
designed to highlight her charm 
was gradually decreasing Despite

3876
03:34:23,000 --> 03:34:26,100
these challenges Shirley 
maintained her impeccable. 

3877
03:34:26,100 --> 03:34:29,800
Professionalism on the set of 
the bluebird 1940. 

3878
03:34:29,800 --> 03:34:33,200
She embodied a dreamlike 
character in a lavish fantasy 

3879
03:34:33,200 --> 03:34:35,100
production. 
Clearly meant to replicate the 

3880
03:34:35,100 --> 03:34:38,800
success of The Wizard of Oz. 
But audience is perceived it as 

3881
03:34:38,800 --> 03:34:42,200
a half-hearted tempt critics 
pointed out that the film felt 

3882
03:34:42,200 --> 03:34:44,800
disjointed and box. 
Office receipts, fell short 

3883
03:34:44,800 --> 03:34:47,100
this. 
Setback marked the first real 

3884
03:34:47,100 --> 03:34:49,800
stumble in Shirley's otherwise 
Unstoppable career. 

3885
03:34:50,700 --> 03:34:53,800
Press, which had frequently held
her as a America's sweetheart 

3886
03:34:53,800 --> 03:34:57,000
conjectured, whether her period 
of Fame, had come to an end. 

3887
03:34:57,700 --> 03:35:00,900
Gertrude Temple attempted to, 
reposition her daughter, pushing

3888
03:35:00,900 --> 03:35:03,400
the studio to consider more 
sophisticated scripts. 

3889
03:35:03,400 --> 03:35:06,900
However, Hollywood's type, 
casting machine, proved 

3890
03:35:06,900 --> 03:35:09,300
stubborn, producers struggled to
Envision. 

3891
03:35:09,300 --> 03:35:12,600
The newly teenage earliest, 
anything apart from an endearing

3892
03:35:12,600 --> 03:35:16,300
child in tap shoes. 
Meanwhile, the adult co-stars 

3893
03:35:16,300 --> 03:35:18,300
who once enjoyed Waltzing with 
the little scene. 

3894
03:35:18,300 --> 03:35:21,100
Stealer now found themselves in 
awkward transitions. 

3895
03:35:21,100 --> 03:35:23,900
How do you frame a storyline 
around a teen actress? 

3896
03:35:23,900 --> 03:35:26,000
Whose strengths lay in the 
cuddle Factor? 

3897
03:35:27,100 --> 03:35:30,000
That tension spelled trouble for
Shirley's future as the leading 

3898
03:35:30,000 --> 03:35:32,800
lady she had. 
Once been the family faced 

3899
03:35:32,800 --> 03:35:36,900
another dilemma Shirley's 
education on set tutors had 

3900
03:35:36,900 --> 03:35:39,800
sufficed for the early years but
the demands of a teenagers. 

3901
03:35:39,800 --> 03:35:42,300
Curriculum were more complex at 
her. 

3902
03:35:42,300 --> 03:35:45,000
Mother's urging Shirley enrolled
in a private school when her 

3903
03:35:45,000 --> 03:35:48,900
Studio schedule allowed there. 
She experienced assemblance of 

3904
03:35:48,900 --> 03:35:52,400
normal adolescents, passing 
notes, giggling with friends and

3905
03:35:52,400 --> 03:35:54,800
learning that. 
Not everyone orbited, her Fame. 

3906
03:35:55,400 --> 03:35:57,900
This partial return to an 
ordinary teenager routine. 

3907
03:35:57,900 --> 03:36:01,800
Offered a different perspective.
She began to realize that the 

3908
03:36:01,800 --> 03:36:05,400
wider world didn't revolve 
solely around Studio budgets and

3909
03:36:05,400 --> 03:36:08,100
box office. 
Numbers financially, the temples

3910
03:36:08,100 --> 03:36:11,900
were secure her earlier earnings
had been prudently, managed, the

3911
03:36:11,900 --> 03:36:14,400
rumors circulated about 
potential mismanagement or 

3912
03:36:14,400 --> 03:36:17,700
lavish spending. 
For Gertrude the real, worry, 

3913
03:36:17,700 --> 03:36:19,800
wasn't money, but relevance she 
feared. 

3914
03:36:19,800 --> 03:36:22,200
The day Hollywood might deem 
Shirley Temple and expired 

3915
03:36:22,200 --> 03:36:24,100
product. 
She even toyed with the idea of 

3916
03:36:24,100 --> 03:36:27,400
forging a career in radio or 
traveling Vaudeville acts of the

3917
03:36:27,400 --> 03:36:28,800
film roles, continued to 
dwindle. 

3918
03:36:29,600 --> 03:36:32,400
Shirley on the other hand, 
expressed a desire to explore 

3919
03:36:32,400 --> 03:36:35,400
new interests such as working 
behind the camera or even 

3920
03:36:35,400 --> 03:36:38,800
attempting to write. 
These Notions whispered among 

3921
03:36:38,800 --> 03:36:42,900
the family never gained serious 
traction, overshadowed by the 

3922
03:36:42,900 --> 03:36:45,100
immediate challenge of stalling 
stardom. 

3923
03:36:46,600 --> 03:36:49,300
When the United States entered 
World War Two, the entire 

3924
03:36:49,300 --> 03:36:52,100
entertainment industry shifted 
to a more patriotic agenda. 

3925
03:36:53,000 --> 03:36:56,500
Stars visited troops performed 
in Uso, tours and lent their 

3926
03:36:56,500 --> 03:36:59,800
faces to war bond drive. 
While teenage Shirley was a 

3927
03:36:59,800 --> 03:37:03,600
beloved figure audiences taste 
leaned toward adult stars who 

3928
03:37:03,600 --> 03:37:06,900
carried an air of romantic 
glamour or comedic relief that 

3929
03:37:06,900 --> 03:37:10,600
spoke to wartime anxieties. 
The Adolescent performer 

3930
03:37:10,600 --> 03:37:15,100
suspended between child icon and
adult personality found herself 

3931
03:37:15,100 --> 03:37:18,300
in a precarious niche. 
She did participate in some 

3932
03:37:18,300 --> 03:37:21,500
charitable events, singing for 
servicemen, and endorsing the 

3933
03:37:21,500 --> 03:37:25,400
war effort, yet the studios 
increasingly fixated on adult 

3934
03:37:25,400 --> 03:37:27,600
drama and musicals tailored for 
older stars. 

3935
03:37:27,600 --> 03:37:30,600
So less need to Center entire 
pictures around her. 

3936
03:37:31,300 --> 03:37:34,400
Still Shirley Temple's name. 
Carried enough, clout to secure 

3937
03:37:34,400 --> 03:37:37,700
sporadic, roles at different 
Studios once her Fox contract 

3938
03:37:37,700 --> 03:37:41,200
ended, notably she signed a 
brief contract with MGM 

3939
03:37:41,200 --> 03:37:43,400
culminating in a handful of 
features. 

3940
03:37:43,400 --> 03:37:47,300
Unfortunately, these projects 
never recaptured, the Luminous 

3941
03:37:47,300 --> 03:37:52,400
box office magic of her early 
output, the film Kathleen 1941, 

3942
03:37:52,400 --> 03:37:56,300
for instance, garnered lukewarm 
reviews, with critics noting 

3943
03:37:56,300 --> 03:37:59,300
that they yearned for the Sprite
to advance brightened Hearts 

3944
03:37:59,300 --> 03:38:02,100
during the Depression rather 
than the uncertain teenager 

3945
03:38:02,100 --> 03:38:06,500
grappling with evolving tastes 
in entertainment, By the time, 

3946
03:38:06,500 --> 03:38:09,600
she reached her mid-teens 
Shirley was balancing on a 

3947
03:38:09,600 --> 03:38:13,500
tightrope half a nostalgic, 
emblem of a vanished era and 

3948
03:38:13,500 --> 03:38:15,800
half a blossoming. 
Young woman searching for a 

3949
03:38:15,800 --> 03:38:18,700
place in an industry that rarely
allowed for graceful transition.

3950
03:38:19,500 --> 03:38:23,400
She herself remained outwardly, 
composed leaning on the wellhome

3951
03:38:23,400 --> 03:38:26,900
discipline that had shaped her 
childhood yet behind those calm 

3952
03:38:26,900 --> 03:38:30,200
brown eyes. 
A more profound question arose. 

3953
03:38:30,200 --> 03:38:34,100
If Hollywood no longer needed 
her to be as dancing child star.

3954
03:38:34,100 --> 03:38:37,700
Who could she become in trying 
to address that question? 

3955
03:38:37,700 --> 03:38:40,800
Shirley Temple would soon. 
Embark on life experiences that 

3956
03:38:40,800 --> 03:38:43,700
were transformed her far beyond 
the realm of movie sets and 

3957
03:38:43,700 --> 03:38:46,200
scripts. 
The next phase of Shirley 

3958
03:38:46,200 --> 03:38:47,900
Temple's life. 
Revolved, less around, Hollywood

3959
03:38:47,900 --> 03:38:51,900
stage lights and more around 
personal milestones at 15. 

3960
03:38:51,900 --> 03:38:55,100
She met John Agar. 
A sergeant in the Army Air Corps

3961
03:38:55,100 --> 03:38:56,500
from a socially prominent 
family. 

3962
03:38:57,300 --> 03:39:00,300
Their Whirlwind courtship 
fascinated, fans who were 

3963
03:39:00,308 --> 03:39:03,200
curious to see America's 
one-time Golden Child stepping 

3964
03:39:03,200 --> 03:39:07,600
into adult hood. 
By 1945 just as the war 

3965
03:39:07,600 --> 03:39:10,500
concluded, Shirley married agar 
barbas. 

3966
03:39:10,500 --> 03:39:14,300
The media spun the wedding into 
a major event splashing photos 

3967
03:39:14,300 --> 03:39:18,000
across newspapers Nationwide. 
But if the public assumed she 

3968
03:39:18,000 --> 03:39:21,200
would settle into a conventional
Family Life, they underestimated

3969
03:39:21,200 --> 03:39:25,100
her capacity for reinvention. 
Shirley persistently ventured 

3970
03:39:25,100 --> 03:39:27,600
into the film industry, 
occasionally collaborating with 

3971
03:39:27,600 --> 03:39:33,300
her husband in Fort Apache. 1948
directed by John Ford Shirley 

3972
03:39:33,300 --> 03:39:36,100
co-starred with agar, John 
Wayne, and Henry Fonda. 

3973
03:39:37,000 --> 03:39:40,000
Although the Western genre was 
significantly different from her

3974
03:39:40,000 --> 03:39:42,500
previous musicals, she enjoyed 
the novelty. 

3975
03:39:43,200 --> 03:39:45,200
Despite her diminished star 
billing. 

3976
03:39:45,200 --> 03:39:47,700
She received solid reviews for 
her performance. 

3977
03:39:48,800 --> 03:39:51,800
The film's moderate box office. 
Success indicated that perhaps 

3978
03:39:51,800 --> 03:39:54,800
there was a viable path forward 
for her in Hollywood though. 

3979
03:39:54,800 --> 03:39:58,000
No longer as the Marquee name. 
While she Drew professional 

3980
03:39:58,000 --> 03:40:01,300
satisfaction from the project. 
Her personal life was more 

3981
03:40:01,300 --> 03:40:04,200
turbulent. 
Agar struggled with the weight 

3982
03:40:04,200 --> 03:40:07,200
of public attention on his 
famous wife and faced 

3983
03:40:07,200 --> 03:40:09,200
accusations of drinking and 
erratic Behavior. 

3984
03:40:09,200 --> 03:40:13,300
The marriage soon began to 
Splinter for Shirley the 

3985
03:40:13,300 --> 03:40:15,800
unraveling marriage signaled, a 
broader dissatisfaction. 

3986
03:40:15,800 --> 03:40:19,000
She could sense that the film 
industry still saw her through a

3987
03:40:19,000 --> 03:40:21,800
lens of childhood. 
Nostalgia, making it difficult 

3988
03:40:21,800 --> 03:40:23,700
to secure roles that challenge 
her. 

3989
03:40:23,700 --> 03:40:26,400
Meanwhile, her real life, 
responsibilities. 

3990
03:40:26,400 --> 03:40:29,100
Now included motherhood, she 
gave birth to a daughter. 

3991
03:40:29,100 --> 03:40:34,100
Linda Susan, in 1948 balancing 
the duties of parent Hood with 

3992
03:40:34,100 --> 03:40:36,900
diminishing, but still potent 
demands of a movie career. 

3993
03:40:36,900 --> 03:40:41,300
Proved complex, she found some 
roles that mostly smaller parts 

3994
03:40:41,300 --> 03:40:45,200
in b-movies or Ensemble casts. 
A handful of these roles allowed

3995
03:40:45,200 --> 03:40:46,600
her to play more mature 
characters. 

3996
03:40:46,600 --> 03:40:51,500
Yet, none sparked a significant 
comeback By 1950 her marriage to

3997
03:40:51,500 --> 03:40:54,500
Ager had reached a Breaking 
Point culminating, in a 

3998
03:40:54,500 --> 03:40:57,300
high-profile divorce that 
tabloid newspapers giddily 

3999
03:40:57,300 --> 03:41:01,500
dissected the same fans who once
showered her with unconditional,

4000
03:41:01,500 --> 03:41:05,400
adoration read about the messy 
details of her domestic strife. 

4001
03:41:06,300 --> 03:41:09,300
Jarring exposure taught Shirley,
an uncomfortable lesson about 

4002
03:41:09,308 --> 03:41:11,900
public life. 
Once you step out of the child 

4003
03:41:11,900 --> 03:41:15,300
star bubble, the Press can turn 
your personal trials into 

4004
03:41:15,300 --> 03:41:18,700
Sensational fodder. 
Nevertheless, she remained 

4005
03:41:18,700 --> 03:41:22,600
composed determined to maintain 
dignity for her daughter's sake.

4006
03:41:23,300 --> 03:41:26,000
A new chapter beckoned when she 
crossed paths with Charles, 

4007
03:41:26,000 --> 03:41:28,500
Alden black and navy 
intelligence officer from a 

4008
03:41:28,500 --> 03:41:30,200
well-connected California 
family. 

4009
03:41:30,200 --> 03:41:34,400
Their first meeting ironically 
involved, neither film or 

4010
03:41:34,400 --> 03:41:37,800
Fanfare, just two individuals, 
sharing conversation at a dinner

4011
03:41:37,808 --> 03:41:41,400
party, Black claimed, he had 
never seen a single Shirley 

4012
03:41:41,400 --> 03:41:43,400
Temple movie which she found 
refreshing. 

4013
03:41:44,200 --> 03:41:46,700
Their relationship blossomed 
quickly, partly? 

4014
03:41:46,700 --> 03:41:49,700
Because Shirley found an anchor 
in Charles's unpretentious yet, 

4015
03:41:49,700 --> 03:41:53,000
cultivated manner. 
They wed in, December 1950. 

4016
03:41:53,000 --> 03:41:55,200
The union. 
Markedly different from her 

4017
03:41:55,200 --> 03:41:57,600
first. 
Charles's devotion offered a 

4018
03:41:57,600 --> 03:42:00,200
calm Refuge from the swirling 
storms of the entertainment 

4019
03:42:00,200 --> 03:42:03,200
industry. 
Suddenly the idea of continuing 

4020
03:42:03,200 --> 03:42:06,800
what aimless pursuit of second 
tear film roles lost its Allure.

4021
03:42:07,600 --> 03:42:10,100
Facing the reality, that her 
Hollywood career was winding 

4022
03:42:10,100 --> 03:42:12,300
down. 
Shirley made a bold decision in 

4023
03:42:12,300 --> 03:42:15,000
1950. 
She retired from the Silver 

4024
03:42:15,000 --> 03:42:18,300
Screen at the age of 22, it was 
a startling move for someone 

4025
03:42:18,300 --> 03:42:21,500
whose name still held nostalgic 
weight among a wide swath of 

4026
03:42:21,500 --> 03:42:24,300
moviegoers yet she had reached a
point where the roles of 

4027
03:42:24,300 --> 03:42:26,400
available fail to match her 
aspirations. 

4028
03:42:26,400 --> 03:42:29,500
Instead of clinging to a diluted
version of her earliest, 

4029
03:42:29,500 --> 03:42:33,300
stardom, she chose to explore 
New Frontiers She also 

4030
03:42:33,308 --> 03:42:35,800
recognized that the intense 
work, she'd endured since 

4031
03:42:35,800 --> 03:42:40,000
toddlerhood had left little room
for ordinary experience is eager

4032
03:42:40,000 --> 03:42:41,700
to cultivate. 
A more grounded lifestyle. 

4033
03:42:41,700 --> 03:42:44,600
She embraced family life with 
Charles Black in the San 

4034
03:42:44,600 --> 03:42:47,800
Francisco Bay Area. 
In the late 1950s and early 

4035
03:42:47,800 --> 03:42:51,000
1960s. 
She briefly returned to show 

4036
03:42:51,000 --> 03:42:52,400
business with the television 
series. 

4037
03:42:52,400 --> 03:42:56,000
Shirley Temple's storybook the 
show reimagined Fairy Tales and 

4038
03:42:56,000 --> 03:42:59,300
children's Classics, allowing 
her to explore producing, and 

4039
03:42:59,300 --> 03:43:01,900
hosting role rather than front 
and center acting fans. 

4040
03:43:01,900 --> 03:43:03,700
Appreciated the chance to see 
her again. 

4041
03:43:03,700 --> 03:43:07,000
No longer, a child star, but a 
poised articulate adult. 

4042
03:43:07,700 --> 03:43:10,400
This step back into the public, 
I felt more on her terms, 

4043
03:43:10,400 --> 03:43:12,600
without the constraints of a 
studio system. 

4044
03:43:12,600 --> 03:43:16,400
Dictating her every move though,
the glow of her child, stardom 

4045
03:43:16,400 --> 03:43:19,700
lingered in the cultural memory 
Shirley Temple black as she 

4046
03:43:19,700 --> 03:43:22,000
began calling herself was 
discovering broader Horizons. 

4047
03:43:22,000 --> 03:43:25,700
Her youth had exposed to the 
highs and lows of American 

4048
03:43:25,700 --> 03:43:29,000
celebrity culture. 
Now, she looked at life with a 

4049
03:43:29,008 --> 03:43:32,300
fresh perspective, realizing 
that her journey might shift 

4050
03:43:32,300 --> 03:43:35,900
away from film entirely What 
emerged next would surprise. 

4051
03:43:35,900 --> 03:43:39,500
Many a pivot from Hollywood 
Starlet to public, servant and 

4052
03:43:39,500 --> 03:43:43,300
Diplomat roles that were Define 
her final decades in a ways. 

4053
03:43:43,300 --> 03:43:46,400
Few observers could have 
predicted, while many child 

4054
03:43:46,400 --> 03:43:49,500
stars vanish Into Obscurity, or 
cling to their past Fame, 

4055
03:43:49,500 --> 03:43:52,500
Shirley Temple charted. 
A course that combined her 

4056
03:43:52,500 --> 03:43:55,900
innate poised with a new found 
dedication to Civic engagement. 

4057
03:43:57,200 --> 03:44:00,700
Throughout the 1960s, she and 
Charles Black settled in to a 

4058
03:44:00,700 --> 03:44:03,800
relatively private existence in 
the Bay Area. she embraced 

4059
03:44:03,800 --> 03:44:07,300
Community work volunteering for 
charitable organizations and 

4060
03:44:07,300 --> 03:44:11,100
quietly building relationships 
with local politicians, Though, 

4061
03:44:11,100 --> 03:44:14,000
she rarely sought publicity for 
these efforts, her ability to 

4062
03:44:14,000 --> 03:44:17,600
connect with people honed from 
early stardom, proved a valuable

4063
03:44:17,600 --> 03:44:22,400
asset a pivotal moment came in 
1967 when she declared her 

4064
03:44:22,400 --> 03:44:25,100
candidacy for congress, in a 
special election to fill of 

4065
03:44:25,100 --> 03:44:28,600
vacant seat running as a 
republican in California's 11th,

4066
03:44:28,600 --> 03:44:31,400
congressional, district, Shirley
Temple, Black surprise. 

4067
03:44:31,400 --> 03:44:33,900
Political insiders with her 
articulate presence on the 

4068
03:44:33,900 --> 03:44:36,800
campaign Trail. 
She emphasized issues such as 

4069
03:44:36,800 --> 03:44:40,200
Urban Development, educational 
reform and tackling crime 

4070
03:44:40,200 --> 03:44:43,100
reflecting the moderate 
Republican stances of the era 

4071
03:44:43,100 --> 03:44:45,700
reporters who covered her 
campaign quickly. 

4072
03:44:45,700 --> 03:44:47,400
Discovered that she was no 
lightweight. 

4073
03:44:48,100 --> 03:44:50,600
While her name recognition 
initially Drew curiosity. 

4074
03:44:50,600 --> 03:44:53,500
A policy discussions resonated 
with a portion of the 

4075
03:44:53,500 --> 03:44:55,900
electorate. 
She did not Prevail in the 

4076
03:44:55,900 --> 03:44:59,600
primary finishing second but she
garnered a respectful share of 

4077
03:44:59,608 --> 03:45:02,200
votes. 
The campaign underscored her 

4078
03:45:02,200 --> 03:45:05,000
serious interest in governance 
and laid the foundation for 

4079
03:45:05,000 --> 03:45:07,800
future opportunities. 
A year. 

4080
03:45:07,800 --> 03:45:10,700
Later life took an Abrupt turn 
when Shirley was diagnosed with 

4081
03:45:10,708 --> 03:45:13,400
breast cancer. 
She underwent a mastectomy in 

4082
03:45:13,400 --> 03:45:16,500
1972 an experience. 
She chose not to hide from the 

4083
03:45:16,508 --> 03:45:19,800
public. 
Instead, she made a bold move by

4084
03:45:19,800 --> 03:45:22,100
holding a press conference to 
discuss her procedure. 

4085
03:45:22,100 --> 03:45:25,700
One of the first high-profile 
women to speak openly about 

4086
03:45:25,700 --> 03:45:28,600
battling breast cancer. 
This frankness challenged to 

4087
03:45:28,600 --> 03:45:31,900
booze and spurred an outpouring 
of support from women across 

4088
03:45:31,900 --> 03:45:34,800
America. 
A Canada helped distant mithais 

4089
03:45:34,800 --> 03:45:37,900
a condition many at a treated as
shameful or exclusively private.

4090
03:45:38,900 --> 03:45:41,900
Over time, her advocacy would 
Shake public perceptions of 

4091
03:45:41,900 --> 03:45:45,300
cancer treatment, prompting more
open dialogue and encouraging, 

4092
03:45:45,300 --> 03:45:47,400
countless women to seek check 
ups in information. 

4093
03:45:47,400 --> 03:45:50,800
Meanwhile, her political 
aspirations remained alive. 

4094
03:45:51,700 --> 03:45:54,900
President, Richard Nixon 
impressed by her Public Service,

4095
03:45:54,900 --> 03:45:58,000
ethos, and calm demeanor. 
Appointed her to represent the 

4096
03:45:58,008 --> 03:46:01,600
United States at the 24th United
Nations General Assembly in 

4097
03:46:01,600 --> 03:46:05,200
1969. 
During her time at the UN 

4098
03:46:05,200 --> 03:46:08,100
Shirley Temple, Black focused on
issues like Environmental 

4099
03:46:08,100 --> 03:46:11,600
Protection and the rights of 
children, topics that echoed her

4100
03:46:11,600 --> 03:46:15,000
personal passions colleagues 
noted her capacity to negotiate 

4101
03:46:15,000 --> 03:46:18,300
diplomatically, and her genuine 
interest in bridging cultural 

4102
03:46:18,300 --> 03:46:20,700
divides. 
This appointment though. 

4103
03:46:20,700 --> 03:46:23,800
Short-lived, showcased her 
ability to navigate high stakes 

4104
03:46:23,800 --> 03:46:26,600
International settings. 
Blending the charm of her 

4105
03:46:26,600 --> 03:46:29,200
Hollywood pedigree with 
substantive policy engagement, 

4106
03:46:30,200 --> 03:46:33,000
President Gerald Ford named 
Shirley Temple Black, the United

4107
03:46:33,000 --> 03:46:37,000
States ambassador to Garner in 
1974 as a result of her success.

4108
03:46:38,000 --> 03:46:40,100
Ambassador ship was not a 
ceremonial position. 

4109
03:46:40,100 --> 03:46:43,500
Khan had undergone political 
upheaval and was strategically 

4110
03:46:43,500 --> 03:46:47,700
significant in West Africa. 
As Ambassador she navigated us 

4111
03:46:47,700 --> 03:46:51,300
interests promoting trade 
supporting development and 

4112
03:46:51,300 --> 03:46:54,100
working to maintain stable. 
Diplomatic relations in a 

4113
03:46:54,100 --> 03:46:55,400
region. 
Still adjusting to post, 

4114
03:46:55,400 --> 03:46:58,100
Colonial Realties, her presence 
in a cross. 

4115
03:46:58,100 --> 03:46:59,700
Signaled, that Washington took 
Ghana. 

4116
03:46:59,700 --> 03:47:03,600
Seriously and received her 
warmly, sometimes referencing 

4117
03:47:03,600 --> 03:47:07,500
her iconic childhood films. 
She responded by emphasizing 

4118
03:47:07,500 --> 03:47:11,100
shared cultural ties hosting 
local artists at Embassy events 

4119
03:47:11,100 --> 03:47:14,100
and traveling beyond the capital
to better understand the 

4120
03:47:14,100 --> 03:47:17,700
country's complexities. 
Her steady performance in 

4121
03:47:17,700 --> 03:47:20,900
garnered her another diplomatic 
assignment this time as the 

4122
03:47:20,908 --> 03:47:23,600
first female chief of protocol 
under President Ford. 

4123
03:47:24,300 --> 03:47:27,300
She managed high-level 
ceremonies greeted visiting 

4124
03:47:27,300 --> 03:47:30,100
heads of state and guided 
official delegations. 

4125
03:47:30,100 --> 03:47:33,800
Although the role was largely 
ceremonial, she approached it 

4126
03:47:33,800 --> 03:47:36,200
with the thoroughness that had 
defined her entire career. 

4127
03:47:36,200 --> 03:47:40,300
Keeping track of protocols and 
cultural nuances, and forging 

4128
03:47:40,300 --> 03:47:43,300
personal bonds within national 
leaders became second nature. 

4129
03:47:44,300 --> 03:47:45,700
The highlight of her diplomatic 
career. 

4130
03:47:45,700 --> 03:47:50,100
However, arrived in 1989 when 
President George HW, Bush 

4131
03:47:50,100 --> 03:47:54,000
appointed to her ambassador to 
Checkers Slovakia, The Cold War 

4132
03:47:54,000 --> 03:47:57,400
was on the verge of a dramatic 
thaw and her posting to Prague 

4133
03:47:57,400 --> 03:47:59,500
placed her at the heart of 
historic change. 

4134
03:48:00,200 --> 03:48:02,700
As communism began to crumble 
across Eastern Europe. 

4135
03:48:03,400 --> 03:48:06,000
Shirley Temple, Black found 
herself, witnessing The Velvet, 

4136
03:48:06,000 --> 03:48:09,700
Revolution the peaceful upheaval
the ousted, the Communist 

4137
03:48:09,700 --> 03:48:13,900
Regime, she consulted dissidents
shared perspectives with other 

4138
03:48:13,900 --> 03:48:17,700
Western diplomats and skillfully
represented us interests without

4139
03:48:17,700 --> 03:48:19,800
overshadowing. 
The check people's pursuit of 

4140
03:48:19,800 --> 03:48:22,600
democracy. 
Once again, she relied on a 

4141
03:48:22,600 --> 03:48:26,300
blend of empathy and pragmatism 
traits that had served her. 

4142
03:48:26,300 --> 03:48:29,600
Well, since her early years on 
Hollywood set, by the close of 

4143
03:48:29,600 --> 03:48:32,900
the 1980s, Shirley Temple. 
Black stood, as a testament, to 

4144
03:48:32,900 --> 03:48:36,600
reinvention, From a child star 
who lit up Depression era 

4145
03:48:36,600 --> 03:48:39,200
screens to a diplomatic figure 
forging Connections. 

4146
03:48:39,200 --> 03:48:43,200
In far-flung parts of the world.
She demonstrated that stardom 

4147
03:48:43,200 --> 03:48:46,700
need not confined a person to a 
single storyline rather it could

4148
03:48:46,700 --> 03:48:49,500
be a launching pad for broader 
contributions that transcended, 

4149
03:48:49,500 --> 03:48:52,500
the realm of entertainment, 
impacting global politics. 

4150
03:48:52,500 --> 03:48:56,600
And societal attitudes are like,
the late 1980s and early 1990s 

4151
03:48:56,600 --> 03:49:00,800
and Czechoslovakia were a swirl 
of political Transformations and

4152
03:49:00,800 --> 03:49:02,800
Shirley Temple. 
Black was squarely in the thick 

4153
03:49:02,800 --> 03:49:05,300
of it. 
Serving as Ambassador at a time.

4154
03:49:05,308 --> 03:49:08,000
When the nation's hopes for 
post-communist democracy were at

4155
03:49:08,000 --> 03:49:11,600
their zenith, She found herself 
forging friendships with figures

4156
03:49:11,600 --> 03:49:15,600
like vat, slave the playwright 
turned president who led the 

4157
03:49:15,600 --> 03:49:19,200
Velvet Revolution? 
diplomats often rely on tax and 

4158
03:49:19,200 --> 03:49:22,800
formality to navigate tense 
transitions but Shirley's life 

4159
03:49:22,800 --> 03:49:26,800
experience her capacity to read 
a room to empathize and to adapt

4160
03:49:26,800 --> 03:49:30,800
and proved equally pivotal She 
struck an approachable balance 

4161
03:49:30,800 --> 03:49:34,100
between an official stance and 
genuine curiosity about every 

4162
03:49:34,100 --> 03:49:37,000
day, check life. 
Citizens, who recognized her 

4163
03:49:37,000 --> 03:49:40,400
from old Hollywood law marveled 
at how this former Child Star 

4164
03:49:40,400 --> 03:49:43,500
and become a calm presence, 
amidst their countries, defining

4165
03:49:43,500 --> 03:49:46,600
historical moment. 
Her schedule brimmed with 

4166
03:49:46,600 --> 03:49:49,800
diplomatic engagements, 
addressing economic reforms, 

4167
03:49:49,800 --> 03:49:53,200
promoting trade opportunities 
and facilitating cultural 

4168
03:49:53,200 --> 03:49:55,800
exchanges. 
She also took time to visit 

4169
03:49:55,800 --> 03:49:59,300
schools and orphanages echoing, 
a child-centered compassion that

4170
03:49:59,300 --> 03:50:01,400
had first won her. 
The Public's heart decades 

4171
03:50:01,400 --> 03:50:05,400
earlier, More than once local 
media cameras captured, her 

4172
03:50:05,400 --> 03:50:08,000
hugging children. 
An image that symbolized a 

4173
03:50:08,000 --> 03:50:10,300
connection. 
Transcending politics, first 

4174
03:50:10,300 --> 03:50:13,500
staff, it was standard to see 
school groups, flocked, the US 

4175
03:50:13,500 --> 03:50:15,700
Embassy, where the Ambassador 
would greet them. 

4176
03:50:15,700 --> 03:50:19,300
Personally, She saw in those 
students, the same spark that 

4177
03:50:19,300 --> 03:50:22,600
years before, propelled her own 
improbable Journey. 

4178
03:50:23,300 --> 03:50:24,900
In the midst of these 
responsibilities. 

4179
03:50:24,900 --> 03:50:28,400
She also wrestled with the 
complexity of representing a 

4180
03:50:28,400 --> 03:50:32,400
superpower while us officials 
championed Market liberalization

4181
03:50:33,200 --> 03:50:37,000
The checklist Harbor diverse 
views on how rapidly to embrace 

4182
03:50:37,000 --> 03:50:40,300
Western economic models. 
Shirley sought to present 

4183
03:50:40,300 --> 03:50:43,900
America's stance in a measured 
way, advocating for cooperation,

4184
03:50:43,900 --> 03:50:48,100
rather than imposing directives.
This Nuance endeared, her to 

4185
03:50:48,100 --> 03:50:50,800
local politicians who 
appreciated that she was not 

4186
03:50:50,800 --> 03:50:54,100
just delivering lectures but 
engaging in genuine dialogue. 

4187
03:50:54,100 --> 03:50:58,600
Observers credited her with 
amplifying, America's soft power

4188
03:50:58,600 --> 03:51:02,800
in the region using her personal
warmth as an informal diplomatic

4189
03:51:02,800 --> 03:51:05,700
tool. 
Outside her official role, she 

4190
03:51:05,700 --> 03:51:09,900
relished exploring prague's 
architecture concert halls and 

4191
03:51:09,900 --> 03:51:13,900
cafes the city with its Gothic 
spiers and centuries old 

4192
03:51:13,900 --> 03:51:18,000
cobblestone streets, fascinated 
her She told friends that 

4193
03:51:18,000 --> 03:51:20,400
wandering around the Old Town 
felt like stepping onto a 

4194
03:51:20,400 --> 03:51:23,500
meticulously designed film set. 
Except it was real history 

4195
03:51:23,500 --> 03:51:26,200
etched into every stone 
occasionally. 

4196
03:51:26,200 --> 03:51:28,900
She and her husband, Charles 
hosted small Gatherings, at the 

4197
03:51:28,900 --> 03:51:32,400
embassy residents inviting check
artists and intellectuals 

4198
03:51:32,400 --> 03:51:34,800
alongside visiting America and 
officials. 

4199
03:51:35,700 --> 03:51:39,100
These Suarez, bridging cultural 
gaps with music and conversation

4200
03:51:39,100 --> 03:51:42,500
mirrored, a style of diplomacy 
that aligned with her Persona 

4201
03:51:42,500 --> 03:51:47,700
blending for malty, with the 
Personal Touch by 1992, the 

4202
03:51:47,700 --> 03:51:51,400
world was changing again, check 
us Slovakia split peacefully 

4203
03:51:51,400 --> 03:51:53,100
into the check, public and 
Slovakia. 

4204
03:51:53,800 --> 03:51:56,200
Shirley Temple Black's time as 
Ambassador wrapped up. 

4205
03:51:56,208 --> 03:51:59,400
And while the Region's politics 
continued, evolving, she left 

4206
03:51:59,400 --> 03:52:02,800
behind a legacy of empathy 
driven diplomacy stepping away 

4207
03:52:02,800 --> 03:52:05,700
from her official duties. 
She returned Stateside with a 

4208
03:52:05,700 --> 03:52:08,600
sense that her life second act 
had equalled, the first in terms

4209
03:52:08,600 --> 03:52:11,800
of impact, even if fewer 
Paparazzi cameras trade her 

4210
03:52:11,800 --> 03:52:15,700
every move Retirement from 
formal diplomacy, did not entail

4211
03:52:15,700 --> 03:52:19,500
retreating into quiet anonymity.
She took on roles with corporate

4212
03:52:19,500 --> 03:52:22,700
boards, notably with companies 
where her expertise and 

4213
03:52:22,700 --> 03:52:24,300
international relations and 
Public. 

4214
03:52:24,300 --> 03:52:27,900
Communication offered value 
though, her Hollywood named 

4215
03:52:27,900 --> 03:52:31,400
still commanded attention. 
She leveraged its selectively 

4216
03:52:31,400 --> 03:52:33,600
more. 
Inclined to Champion charitable 

4217
03:52:33,600 --> 03:52:35,700
cores than to cash in on Old 
Fame. 

4218
03:52:36,800 --> 03:52:40,000
Among her philanthropic 
interests cancer, research 

4219
03:52:40,000 --> 03:52:43,000
remained a focal point. 
He can continue to Advocate 

4220
03:52:43,000 --> 03:52:46,000
publicly for early mention 
recalling, her battle with 

4221
03:52:46,000 --> 03:52:49,800
breast cancer, each time she 
spoke at fundraisers or medical 

4222
03:52:49,800 --> 03:52:52,300
conferences. 
Attendees saw not a fragile 

4223
03:52:52,300 --> 03:52:56,500
Survivor, but a Resolute voice, 
urging progress, those who 

4224
03:52:56,500 --> 03:52:59,800
encountered her social in these 
later years, describe a woman, 

4225
03:52:59,808 --> 03:53:03,100
both gracious and candid. 
She was not one to dwell on her 

4226
03:53:03,100 --> 03:53:07,900
childhood of unless prompted. 
Indeed many, who knew her, as an

4227
03:53:07,900 --> 03:53:09,700
ambassador, or a board member 
noted. 

4228
03:53:09,700 --> 03:53:11,100
They often forgot. 
She had. 

4229
03:53:11,100 --> 03:53:12,700
Once, been the biggest child 
star on Earth. 

4230
03:53:13,300 --> 03:53:15,900
She was simply Shirley a 
thoughtful colleague, who asked 

4231
03:53:15,900 --> 03:53:18,500
incisive questions and brought a
wealth of worldly experience to 

4232
03:53:18,500 --> 03:53:21,100
any conversation. 
If pressed about her Hollywood 

4233
03:53:21,100 --> 03:53:23,400
days she might offer a light 
anecdote. 

4234
03:53:23,400 --> 03:53:26,500
Perhaps about dancing with Bill 
Bojangles Robinson. 

4235
03:53:26,500 --> 03:53:28,800
Could she rarely glorified the 
spectacle? 

4236
03:53:28,800 --> 03:53:32,500
Instead she framed it as a 
valuable but distant chapter in 

4237
03:53:32,500 --> 03:53:33,800
a life driven by personal 
growth. 

4238
03:53:34,800 --> 03:53:38,200
As she moved into her 70s, 
Shirley Temple, Black observed 

4239
03:53:38,200 --> 03:53:41,100
with equal measures of Pride and
humility the enduring affection.

4240
03:53:41,100 --> 03:53:45,400
So many still held for her. 
Around the globe older fans were

4241
03:53:45,400 --> 03:53:47,700
called her films as a joyful 
Beacon, amid depression. 

4242
03:53:47,700 --> 03:53:50,600
Hardships, while younger 
generation's discovered the mon 

4243
03:53:50,600 --> 03:53:53,800
home video It was a testament 
not just to her on-screen 

4244
03:53:53,800 --> 03:53:56,800
persona, but also to the 
universal appeal of sincere 

4245
03:53:56,800 --> 03:53:59,300
optimism yet for Shirley 
herself. 

4246
03:53:59,300 --> 03:54:02,300
The Highlight Reel comprised 
more than movie clips. 

4247
03:54:02,300 --> 03:54:04,200
It was her service to her 
country. 

4248
03:54:04,200 --> 03:54:08,000
Her forging of diplomatic 
Pathways in Fort time, and her 

4249
03:54:08,000 --> 03:54:11,000
unwavering ability to adapt that
truly defined. 

4250
03:54:11,000 --> 03:54:14,200
Her adult identity. 
Reflecting on Shirley Temple's 

4251
03:54:14,200 --> 03:54:16,700
life is like perusing. 
A panoramic album of 20th 

4252
03:54:16,700 --> 03:54:20,700
century America spanning an era 
of economic term, oil World War,

4253
03:54:20,700 --> 03:54:23,200
cultural upheaval and Global 
realignment. 

4254
03:54:24,200 --> 03:54:28,700
Departed, the world on February 
10th, 2014 at age, 85 leaving 

4255
03:54:28,700 --> 03:54:32,400
behind a legacy that defies 
simple categorization most 

4256
03:54:32,400 --> 03:54:35,500
headlines, upon her passing 
remembered her, as the dimpled 

4257
03:54:35,500 --> 03:54:38,300
darling, who danced on staircase
railings in, black and white 

4258
03:54:38,300 --> 03:54:41,300
musicals. 
Yet to view her exclusively 

4259
03:54:41,300 --> 03:54:45,000
through that nostalgic lens is 
to overlook the deeper Arc of 

4260
03:54:45,000 --> 03:54:47,900
her journey. 
Her funeral held privately 

4261
03:54:47,900 --> 03:54:50,800
revealed the quiet dignity. 
She had Long Preferred. 

4262
03:54:51,600 --> 03:54:54,300
Friends and family, spoke of a 
person, whose warm Spirit 

4263
03:54:54,300 --> 03:54:58,200
extended far, beyond the camera.
Tributes poured in from around 

4264
03:54:58,200 --> 03:55:00,600
the globe. 
Movie fans were calling her as a

4265
03:55:00,600 --> 03:55:04,100
childhood Idol diplomats, and 
politicians lauding her 

4266
03:55:04,100 --> 03:55:06,900
statesmanship and cancer 
survivors, thanking her for 

4267
03:55:06,900 --> 03:55:08,800
raising awareness when few 
others did. 

4268
03:55:09,800 --> 03:55:12,500
It was a moment when a Stars 
Mythos converged with the 

4269
03:55:12,500 --> 03:55:15,900
reality of a life. 
Well, lived in subsequent years,

4270
03:55:15,900 --> 03:55:19,300
retrospectives have examined, 
the nuances that made Shirley 

4271
03:55:19,300 --> 03:55:21,700
Temple. 
So in during Scholars of film 

4272
03:55:21,700 --> 03:55:24,400
history point out. 
Her unusual role in bridging 

4273
03:55:24,400 --> 03:55:26,800
adult and child audience's 
during the Depression. 

4274
03:55:27,600 --> 03:55:29,200
Her presence was never merely 
cute. 

4275
03:55:29,200 --> 03:55:32,100
She delivered genuine 
performance as that resonated 

4276
03:55:32,100 --> 03:55:35,200
with viewers longing for hope. 
Contemporary debates. 

4277
03:55:35,200 --> 03:55:37,500
Also, scrutinize the 
exploitative elements of 

4278
03:55:37,508 --> 03:55:40,600
Hollywood during the 1930s and 
their incorporation of child 

4279
03:55:40,600 --> 03:55:43,900
performers into adult driven 
stories Shirley was no 

4280
03:55:43,900 --> 03:55:46,500
exception. 
The baby burlesque short films 

4281
03:55:46,500 --> 03:55:49,700
of earliest career remain a 
stark reminder of how children 

4282
03:55:49,700 --> 03:55:53,500
were sometimes positioned in 
questionable scenarios yet, she 

4283
03:55:53,500 --> 03:55:57,200
transcended that environment 
emerging as a figure who buy her

4284
03:55:57,200 --> 03:55:59,100
fortitude and mother's Fierce 
oversight. 

4285
03:55:59,100 --> 03:56:03,700
Now navigated the system without
losing her essential Spark, Her 

4286
03:56:03,700 --> 03:56:07,400
personal Evolution, underscores 
an important lesson that Fame, 

4287
03:56:07,400 --> 03:56:11,300
especially at a young age. 
Need not Define one's entire 

4288
03:56:11,300 --> 03:56:14,700
existence. 
While many child stars collapse 

4289
03:56:14,700 --> 03:56:17,500
under the weight of early, 
celebrity Shirley Temple, 

4290
03:56:17,500 --> 03:56:19,200
channeled it into fresh 
Pursuits. 

4291
03:56:19,200 --> 03:56:21,700
Where the campaigning for a 
congressional seating, 

4292
03:56:21,700 --> 03:56:25,000
California or speaking openly 
about her breast cancer. 

4293
03:56:25,000 --> 03:56:28,200
Surgery she tackled each phase 
with authenticity. 

4294
03:56:28,200 --> 03:56:31,400
She displayed a consistent 
willingness to meet challenges 

4295
03:56:31,400 --> 03:56:34,200
head-on and an attribute that 
stands in contrast. 

4296
03:56:34,200 --> 03:56:36,600
The perceived innocence of her 
childhood film roles. 

4297
03:56:36,600 --> 03:56:39,700
Perhaps, it was that original 
Wellspring of discipline, 

4298
03:56:39,700 --> 03:56:42,200
memorizing lines. 
Perfecting dance. 

4299
03:56:42,200 --> 03:56:44,900
Routines that carried over into 
her adult life. 

4300
03:56:44,900 --> 03:56:48,100
Enabling her to approach any 
hurdle with equal resolve, 

4301
03:56:48,100 --> 03:56:51,300
moreover, her diplomatic service
remains one of the more 

4302
03:56:51,300 --> 03:56:52,900
surprising chapters of her 
story. 

4303
03:56:53,900 --> 03:56:56,200
Stepping into the role of 
Ambassador in two distinct. 

4304
03:56:56,200 --> 03:56:59,900
Contexts Garner and checks 
larkia reflected and 

4305
03:56:59,900 --> 03:57:03,800
adaptability rarely seen in 
Showbiz alumni, while some saw 

4306
03:57:03,800 --> 03:57:06,800
her as merely a ceremonial 
figure she quickly demonstrated 

4307
03:57:06,800 --> 03:57:09,700
that star quality could 
harmonize with serious policy 

4308
03:57:09,700 --> 03:57:12,000
work. 
By advocating for environmental 

4309
03:57:12,000 --> 03:57:16,100
issues at the UN fostering 
cultural exchanges in Ghana and 

4310
03:57:16,100 --> 03:57:19,400
navigating the complexities of a
post-communist check landscape. 

4311
03:57:19,400 --> 03:57:22,800
She expanded the definition of 
how a public figure can serve 

4312
03:57:22,800 --> 03:57:25,500
national interests. 
Tenure in Prague during the 

4313
03:57:25,500 --> 03:57:28,600
Velvet Revolution coincided with
a seismic shift in global 

4314
03:57:28,600 --> 03:57:32,700
politics, a pivotal moment that 
fundamentally reshaped Europe. 

4315
03:57:33,500 --> 03:57:36,400
That Vantage Point alone placed 
her in the orbit of towering 

4316
03:57:36,400 --> 03:57:39,300
figures like hateful forever, 
linking her name to a Monumental

4317
03:57:39,300 --> 03:57:42,200
historical pivot, even as 
critics debate, the merits of 

4318
03:57:42,200 --> 03:57:45,000
her earliest films, or the 
complexity of her mother's role 

4319
03:57:45,000 --> 03:57:48,000
in orchestrating her start, and 
Shirley Temple's narrative 

4320
03:57:48,000 --> 03:57:50,000
remains or inspiring for its 
breath. 

4321
03:57:50,000 --> 03:57:52,700
The child, who wants with 
co-stars twice. 

4322
03:57:52,700 --> 03:57:55,600
Her height became an adult who 
regularly engaged with world 

4323
03:57:55,600 --> 03:57:59,400
leaders in the same life time. 
She delighted Depression, era 

4324
03:57:59,400 --> 03:58:02,300
Cinema audiences. 
And then half of the century 

4325
03:58:02,300 --> 03:58:05,400
later, watched democracy break 
ground in Eastern Europe. 

4326
03:58:06,500 --> 03:58:09,500
That range of experiences 
underscores a singular life that

4327
03:58:09,500 --> 03:58:12,700
mirrored the transformations of 
a century today. 

4328
03:58:12,700 --> 03:58:17,400
Her iconic cherub face continues
to Adorn vintage movie posters 

4329
03:58:17,400 --> 03:58:21,100
and DVD covers young dancers, 
still attempt to replicate her 

4330
03:58:21,100 --> 03:58:24,500
signature tap routines. 
Parents introduced her black and

4331
03:58:24,500 --> 03:58:27,400
white musicals to new 
generations, yet parallel to 

4332
03:58:27,400 --> 03:58:29,200
that cultural. 
Imprint stands the Lesser 

4333
03:58:29,200 --> 03:58:32,200
celebrated. 
But equally significant tail of 

4334
03:58:32,200 --> 03:58:34,600
an American who chose to 
redirect celebrity into public 

4335
03:58:34,600 --> 03:58:37,000
service. 
Forging a second Legacy as an 

4336
03:58:37,008 --> 03:58:40,700
advocate and diplomat. 
In so, doing Shirley Temple. 

4337
03:58:40,700 --> 03:58:43,800
Black left us a message about 
resilience that even the 

4338
03:58:43,800 --> 03:58:46,800
brightest, most ephemeral 
childhood glow can evolve into 

4339
03:58:46,800 --> 03:58:49,400
something more. 
Expansive guiding not just a 

4340
03:58:49,400 --> 03:58:52,700
film studios fortunes but 
International dialogues and 

4341
03:58:52,700 --> 03:58:56,100
philanthropic causes as well. 
And in the end, perhaps that 

4342
03:58:56,100 --> 03:58:59,500
quite metamorphosis is her most 
enduring if underappreciated 

4343
03:58:59,500 --> 03:59:11,200
achievement Imagine trying to 
comprehend 65,000 years, that's 

4344
03:59:11,200 --> 03:59:14,100
roughly how long humans have 
called Australia home which 

4345
03:59:14,100 --> 03:59:16,000
means indigenous Australians 
were already ancient. 

4346
03:59:16,000 --> 03:59:18,600
When the pyramids were built 
already had established 

4347
03:59:18,600 --> 03:59:20,700
cultures. 
When Rome was founded and had 

4348
03:59:20,700 --> 03:59:23,000
been telling their stories for 
tens of thousands of years. 

4349
03:59:23,000 --> 03:59:27,000
Before anyone wrote down the 
Epic of Gilgamesh, The Journey 

4350
03:59:27,000 --> 03:59:29,200
Begins in what indigenous 
Australians call. 

4351
03:59:29,200 --> 03:59:32,100
The Dreamtime though that 
English word doesn't quite 

4352
03:59:32,100 --> 03:59:35,100
capture the concept. 
It's not really about dreams or 

4353
03:59:35,100 --> 03:59:38,700
sleeping but about a time when 
the world was being formed, when

4354
03:59:38,700 --> 03:59:41,700
ancestral beings traveled across
the land, creating everything 

4355
03:59:41,700 --> 03:59:44,600
you see today. 
These weren't Gods sitting on 

4356
03:59:44,608 --> 03:59:47,900
mountaintops issuing commands. 
They were more like the land 

4357
03:59:47,900 --> 03:59:50,200
itself. 
Becoming conscious shaping 

4358
03:59:50,200 --> 03:59:52,700
itself into existence through 
story and song. 

4359
03:59:53,500 --> 03:59:55,700
Picture the continent as it 
might have appeared to those 

4360
03:59:55,700 --> 03:59:58,600
first arrivals a place. 
So different from today's 

4361
03:59:58,600 --> 04:00:00,900
Australia that you'd barely 
recognize it. 

4362
04:00:01,800 --> 04:00:05,500
The climate was wetter. 
Vast latex covered areas that 

4363
04:00:05,500 --> 04:00:08,400
now desert and make a foreigner 
roamed the landscape. 

4364
04:00:08,400 --> 04:00:10,900
Like something from a natural 
history museum, come to life. 

4365
04:00:12,100 --> 04:00:14,300
There were giant. 
Wombats the size of small cars, 

4366
04:00:14,300 --> 04:00:17,200
were Superior lions. 
That would make today's big 

4367
04:00:17,200 --> 04:00:19,400
cats. 
Look, modest and kangaroos that 

4368
04:00:19,400 --> 04:00:23,100
stood. 10 feet tall. 
Australia was essentially a 

4369
04:00:23,100 --> 04:00:26,600
continent-sized Wildlife Park 
featuring animals that Evolution

4370
04:00:26,600 --> 04:00:29,800
had been tinkering with in 
isolation for millions of years.

4371
04:00:31,300 --> 04:00:34,100
The people who arrived during 
this time, came by sea, which 

4372
04:00:34,100 --> 04:00:36,500
tells you something remarkable 
about human ingenuity. 

4373
04:00:37,600 --> 04:00:40,100
They couldn't have walked even 
during ice ages. 

4374
04:00:40,100 --> 04:00:41,700
When sea levels dropped 
dramatically. 

4375
04:00:41,700 --> 04:00:44,400
There was always water between 
Asia and Australia. 

4376
04:00:44,400 --> 04:00:47,900
So these weren't accidental 
Castaways washed up on random 

4377
04:00:47,900 --> 04:00:50,300
Shores. 
They were deliberate voyages who

4378
04:00:50,300 --> 04:00:54,100
looked at the ocean and decided 
to see what lay Beyond it making

4379
04:00:54,100 --> 04:00:56,500
them possibly the world's first 
true Mariners. 

4380
04:00:57,100 --> 04:00:59,900
What they found was a continent 
that required completely 

4381
04:00:59,900 --> 04:01:02,100
different survival strategies 
from anywhere. 

4382
04:01:02,100 --> 04:01:05,700
Human had lived before. 
This seasonal patterns, they'd 

4383
04:01:05,700 --> 04:01:07,000
known in Asia, didn't apply 
here. 

4384
04:01:07,000 --> 04:01:09,900
The plants and animals were 
unlike anything, they'd 

4385
04:01:09,900 --> 04:01:13,200
encountered, traditional hunting
techniques needed adaptation. 

4386
04:01:13,200 --> 04:01:15,900
It was like being handed a 
cookbook written in an 

4387
04:01:15,900 --> 04:01:18,400
unfamiliar language for 
ingredients that didn't exist 

4388
04:01:18,400 --> 04:01:21,900
back home. 
But humans are remarkably good 

4389
04:01:21,900 --> 04:01:25,600
at figuring things out and these
early Australians became experts

4390
04:01:25,600 --> 04:01:28,500
at reading a landscape that 
seemed determined to keep its 

4391
04:01:28,500 --> 04:01:32,300
secrets. they learned which 
plants were edible, which could 

4392
04:01:32,300 --> 04:01:35,200
be made edible through careful 
preparation and, which should 

4393
04:01:35,200 --> 04:01:39,400
never be touched They discovered
that certain rocks when struck 

4394
04:01:39,400 --> 04:01:42,900
together produced better tools 
than others, they figured out 

4395
04:01:42,900 --> 04:01:46,000
that fire used strategically 
could transform the landscape 

4396
04:01:46,000 --> 04:01:47,600
into a more productive hunting 
ground. 

4397
04:01:48,600 --> 04:01:51,500
This last Innovation, the 
systematic use of fire to manage

4398
04:01:51,500 --> 04:01:55,000
the land was probably the most 
consequential decision in 

4399
04:01:55,000 --> 04:01:59,300
Australian history. by burning 
specific areas at specific times

4400
04:01:59,300 --> 04:02:02,900
indigenous Australians created a
mosaic of different habitats 

4401
04:02:02,900 --> 04:02:06,700
encouraging certain plants while
discouraging others, making it 

4402
04:02:06,700 --> 04:02:09,900
easier to hunt and essentially 
becoming the continents first 

4403
04:02:09,900 --> 04:02:13,800
environmental managers, the 
Australia that Europeans would 

4404
04:02:13,800 --> 04:02:16,500
eventually encounter wasn't 
pristine Wilderness, Untouched 

4405
04:02:16,500 --> 04:02:19,300
by human hands. 
It was a carefully cultivated 

4406
04:02:19,300 --> 04:02:23,000
landscape shaped by thousands of
years of deliberate management. 

4407
04:02:24,100 --> 04:02:26,500
The Dreamtime stories that 
emerged from this period, were 

4408
04:02:26,500 --> 04:02:28,400
just entertainment or religious 
texts. 

4409
04:02:28,400 --> 04:02:32,000
They were encyclopedias of 
practical knowledge in coded in 

4410
04:02:32,000 --> 04:02:36,000
narrative form. story about an 
ancestral being traveling from 

4411
04:02:36,000 --> 04:02:39,600
water to water to hold was also 
a survival map tale about 

4412
04:02:39,600 --> 04:02:41,300
animals behaving in certain 
ways. 

4413
04:02:41,300 --> 04:02:45,000
Contained observations about 
ecology and seasonal patterns. 

4414
04:02:45,000 --> 04:02:49,000
These stories were technology 
passed down through generations 

4415
04:02:49,000 --> 04:02:51,400
with the kind of precision that 
modern people, reserved, for 

4416
04:02:51,408 --> 04:02:54,900
manufacturing specifications, 
different groups, developed 

4417
04:02:54,900 --> 04:02:57,800
different stories for different 
Landscapes, because Australia 

4418
04:02:57,800 --> 04:03:01,300
isn't one environment. 
But doesn't The tropical North 

4419
04:03:01,300 --> 04:03:03,200
had little in common with the 
temperate South. 

4420
04:03:03,900 --> 04:03:06,600
The coastal regions bore, no, 
resemblance to the Arid 

4421
04:03:06,600 --> 04:03:09,000
interior. 
Each environment, required its 

4422
04:03:09,000 --> 04:03:12,200
own body of knowledge. 
Its own set of stories, and its 

4423
04:03:12,200 --> 04:03:15,100
own understanding of how to live
sustainably in a specific place.

4424
04:03:16,700 --> 04:03:18,900
By the time European ships 
appeared on the horizon 

4425
04:03:18,900 --> 04:03:23,400
indigenous Australians are 
distinct cultures speaking. 

4426
04:03:23,400 --> 04:03:27,300
More than 250 languages from 
multiple language families. 

4427
04:03:27,300 --> 04:03:31,400
Imagine more linguistic 
diversity in one continent than 

4428
04:03:31,400 --> 04:03:34,500
in all of Europe. 
These were primitive tribes 

4429
04:03:34,500 --> 04:03:36,200
waiting for civilization to 
arrive. 

4430
04:03:36,200 --> 04:03:39,500
They were sophisticated 
societies, with complex, social 

4431
04:03:39,500 --> 04:03:43,000
structures, extensive trade 
networks, and bodies of 

4432
04:03:43,000 --> 04:03:45,100
knowledge that had been refined 
over millennia. 

4433
04:03:45,800 --> 04:03:49,200
Their population was probably 
somewhere between 300,000 and a 

4434
04:03:49,200 --> 04:03:52,600
million people that estimates 
vary because and here's an 

4435
04:03:52,600 --> 04:03:55,400
important point in indigenous 
Australians, didn't live like 

4436
04:03:55,400 --> 04:03:57,500
Europeans. 
They didn't build cities, 

4437
04:03:57,500 --> 04:04:00,800
construct permanent monuments, 
or practice agriculture. 

4438
04:04:00,800 --> 04:04:04,000
In ways Europeans would 
recognize, this didn't mean they

4439
04:04:04,000 --> 04:04:07,100
were less Advanced, it meant 
they developed a different kind 

4440
04:04:07,100 --> 04:04:10,000
of sophistication. 
One based on deep ecological 

4441
04:04:10,000 --> 04:04:12,700
knowledge and sustainable 
resource use rather than 

4442
04:04:12,700 --> 04:04:18,000
environmental transformation. 
Chapter 2, the island continent 

4443
04:04:18,000 --> 04:04:22,800
in isolation. 
While the rest of the world was 

4444
04:04:22,800 --> 04:04:26,300
writing history, building 
Empires, and generally making a 

4445
04:04:26,300 --> 04:04:28,400
fuss about civilization. 
Australia. 

4446
04:04:28,400 --> 04:04:30,900
Remained largely separate from 
these Global dramas. 

4447
04:04:30,900 --> 04:04:34,800
The continents isolation was so 
complete that it developed like 

4448
04:04:34,800 --> 04:04:37,600
a parallel universe where 
Evolution took different paths 

4449
04:04:37,600 --> 04:04:41,600
and human societies followed 
different trajectories this 

4450
04:04:41,600 --> 04:04:44,000
isolation produced some 
wonderfully strange results. 

4451
04:04:44,000 --> 04:04:47,500
Mammals in Australia decided 
that the whole placental thing 

4452
04:04:47,500 --> 04:04:51,000
was overrated and stuck with the
marsupial approach carrying 

4453
04:04:51,000 --> 04:04:53,700
babies in pouches and generally 
doing mammalian life 

4454
04:04:53,700 --> 04:04:56,300
differently. 
Plants evolved in directions, 

4455
04:04:56,300 --> 04:05:00,200
that baffled later buttons. 
Entire ecosystems developed with

4456
04:05:00,200 --> 04:05:02,600
without any of the animals or 
plants that dominated other 

4457
04:05:02,600 --> 04:05:05,700
continents. 
For indigenous Australians, this

4458
04:05:05,700 --> 04:05:09,200
isolation meant their cultures 
evolved without the disruptions 

4459
04:05:09,200 --> 04:05:10,900
that characterized other parts 
of the world. 

4460
04:05:10,900 --> 04:05:14,900
There were no invasions from 
distant Empires know wholesale, 

4461
04:05:14,900 --> 04:05:18,200
adoptions of foreign religions 
and no ways of migration 

4462
04:05:18,200 --> 04:05:20,100
bringing new technologies or 
diseases. 

4463
04:05:21,100 --> 04:05:24,700
Change happened slowly. 
Driven by internal Dynamics 

4464
04:05:24,700 --> 04:05:28,500
rather than external precious. 
This doesn't mean indigenous 

4465
04:05:28,500 --> 04:05:30,600
Australian societies were static
or unchanging. 

4466
04:05:30,600 --> 04:05:33,000
That's a myth. 
That Europeans would later. 

4467
04:05:33,000 --> 04:05:35,500
Use to justify colonization 
cultures. 

4468
04:05:35,500 --> 04:05:39,500
Evolved, new practices emerged 
trade routes shifted and 

4469
04:05:39,500 --> 04:05:42,400
knowledge, continued to 
accumulate, but the pace of 

4470
04:05:42,400 --> 04:05:45,600
change was different and the 
direction was oriented toward 

4471
04:05:45,600 --> 04:05:48,500
deepening, understanding of the 
land rather than transforming 

4472
04:05:48,500 --> 04:05:51,200
it. 
The coastal Aboriginal groups 

4473
04:05:51,200 --> 04:05:54,900
developed sophisticated phishing
techniques including fish traps.

4474
04:05:54,900 --> 04:05:58,300
That could be seen from space. 
Extensive Stone Arrangements. 

4475
04:05:58,300 --> 04:06:01,700
That channeled fish into 
catching areas, Inland groups 

4476
04:06:01,700 --> 04:06:04,900
created wells in the desert 
maintained complex, Water 

4477
04:06:04,900 --> 04:06:07,900
Management Systems a new how to 
find moisture in the most 

4478
04:06:07,900 --> 04:06:11,600
unlikely places. 
Northern groups traded with 

4479
04:06:11,600 --> 04:06:14,900
Indonesian fishermen, who came 
seasonally to harvest, tropang, 

4480
04:06:14,900 --> 04:06:18,500
creating economic relationships,
that predated European contact 

4481
04:06:18,500 --> 04:06:22,300
by centuries. 
The seasonal round the cyclical 

4482
04:06:22,300 --> 04:06:25,600
movement of groups through their
territories timed to coincide 

4483
04:06:25,600 --> 04:06:27,100
with the availability of 
different. 

4484
04:06:27,100 --> 04:06:29,900
Resources was a Marvel of 
logistical planning. 

4485
04:06:30,800 --> 04:06:34,000
It required details knowledge of
when specific plants would fruit

4486
04:06:34,000 --> 04:06:37,500
when certain animals would be 
most available and how to 

4487
04:06:37,500 --> 04:06:40,200
arrange social Gathering. 
So that dispersed groups could 

4488
04:06:40,200 --> 04:06:43,600
come together for ceremonies 
marriages and the exchange of 

4489
04:06:43,600 --> 04:06:45,800
goods and knowledge. 
These gatherings were like 

4490
04:06:45,800 --> 04:06:48,200
conferences where the latest 
Innovations were shared 

4491
04:06:48,200 --> 04:06:51,900
alliances were confirmed and 
young people learned from 

4492
04:06:51,900 --> 04:06:53,700
Elders, across multiple 
communities. 

4493
04:06:54,500 --> 04:06:57,900
Information traveled Slowly by 
modern standards, but reliably 

4494
04:06:57,900 --> 04:07:01,100
moving along trade routes that 
connected groups separated by 

4495
04:07:01,100 --> 04:07:05,400
thousands of miles. 
The spiritual life of indigenous

4496
04:07:05,400 --> 04:07:08,800
Australians was Inseparable from
their practical life, the 

4497
04:07:08,800 --> 04:07:10,300
Dreamtime wasn't ancient 
history. 

4498
04:07:10,300 --> 04:07:13,700
It was an eternal present 
constantly renewed through 

4499
04:07:13,700 --> 04:07:17,800
ceremony and song. 
Initiation rituals weren't just 

4500
04:07:17,800 --> 04:07:21,000
social markers, but educational 
intensives where young people 

4501
04:07:21,000 --> 04:07:23,000
learn the Deep knowledge of 
their culture. 

4502
04:07:23,800 --> 04:07:27,200
Sacred sites weren't merely 
symbolic, but were actual places

4503
04:07:27,200 --> 04:07:30,600
where specific events and 
creation occurred as real to 

4504
04:07:30,600 --> 04:07:33,600
indigenous Australians, as 
historical, battlefields are to 

4505
04:07:33,600 --> 04:07:37,600
Modern nation's art, served 
multiple purposes, aesthetic 

4506
04:07:37,600 --> 04:07:40,400
expression, certainly. 
But also, as anemic devices, 

4507
04:07:40,400 --> 04:07:43,300
territorial markers and records 
of knowledge. 

4508
04:07:44,100 --> 04:07:45,700
Rock art sights across 
Australia. 

4509
04:07:45,700 --> 04:07:48,700
Contain images, tens of 
thousands of years old making 

4510
04:07:48,700 --> 04:07:52,100
them some of Humanity's oldest 
continuous artistic traditions. 

4511
04:07:52,800 --> 04:07:55,100
Some paintings have been 
maintained and renewed for so 

4512
04:07:55,100 --> 04:07:58,000
long that they represent 
unbroken chains of cultural 

4513
04:07:58,000 --> 04:08:01,000
transmission stretching back 
into periods that European 

4514
04:08:01,000 --> 04:08:03,600
history. 
Considers prehistoric. the 

4515
04:08:03,600 --> 04:08:06,600
boomerang probably Australia's, 
most famous contribution to 

4516
04:08:06,600 --> 04:08:10,200
World technology existed in 
forms, ranging from simple, 

4517
04:08:10,200 --> 04:08:14,300
throwing sticks to precisely, 
engineered returning boomerangs 

4518
04:08:14,300 --> 04:08:16,800
that required sophisticated 
understanding of aerodynamics, 

4519
04:08:18,100 --> 04:08:20,900
Different designs, serve 
different purposes and the 

4520
04:08:20,900 --> 04:08:24,000
knowledge of how to make and use
them with specialized and valued

4521
04:08:24,000 --> 04:08:27,500
language was treated with a 
reverence that modern societies 

4522
04:08:27,500 --> 04:08:31,400
reserved for sacred texts. 
Some languages had special forms

4523
04:08:31,400 --> 04:08:34,900
used only for ceremonies others.
Had secret vocabularies known 

4524
04:08:34,900 --> 04:08:38,500
only to initiated men or women. 
The Precision of indigenous 

4525
04:08:38,500 --> 04:08:41,900
languages in describing 
ecological relationships kinship

4526
04:08:41,900 --> 04:08:45,500
structures and temporal Concepts
often exceeded what English 

4527
04:08:45,500 --> 04:08:48,500
could express. 
Requiring borrowed terms when 

4528
04:08:48,500 --> 04:08:51,400
anthropologists tried to explain
these Concepts to European 

4529
04:08:51,400 --> 04:08:54,000
audiences as the centuries 
rolled past. 

4530
04:08:54,000 --> 04:08:56,800
And remember, we're talking 
about time span. 

4531
04:08:56,800 --> 04:08:58,900
That makes the entire history of
Western Civilization. 

4532
04:08:58,900 --> 04:09:02,200
Look like a weekend in 
indigenous, Australian 

4533
04:09:02,200 --> 04:09:04,400
societies, continued their 
steady existence. 

4534
04:09:04,400 --> 04:09:08,000
They weather climate changes 
that turned Lakes into deserts 

4535
04:09:08,000 --> 04:09:11,400
adapted to shifting, resources 
and maintained cultural 

4536
04:09:11,400 --> 04:09:14,700
continuity across time periods 
that saw Empires rise and fall 

4537
04:09:14,700 --> 04:09:20,500
in other parts of the world. 
Chapter 3 distant ship's and 

4538
04:09:20,500 --> 04:09:25,100
first encounters. 
By the 17th century. 

4539
04:09:25,100 --> 04:09:27,900
European ships had begun 
appearing in Australian Waters, 

4540
04:09:27,900 --> 04:09:30,500
like, confused guests at a 
party, they weren't invited to 

4541
04:09:30,500 --> 04:09:33,100
these weren't planned Voyages of
Discovery. 

4542
04:09:33,100 --> 04:09:36,300
So much as navigational 
accidents ships, Bound for the 

4543
04:09:36,308 --> 04:09:39,300
Dutch East Indies, that had 
miscalculated, Portuguese 

4544
04:09:39,300 --> 04:09:41,000
vessels that might have visited.
But left. 

4545
04:09:41,000 --> 04:09:43,800
No, clear records. 
And Chinese Traders whose 

4546
04:09:43,800 --> 04:09:46,300
presence is suggested by 
artifacts, but remains 

4547
04:09:46,300 --> 04:09:49,100
historically ambiguous. 
The Dutch were the first 

4548
04:09:49,100 --> 04:09:51,700
Europeans to definitely make 
contact though. 

4549
04:09:51,700 --> 04:09:53,700
Contact might be too generous a 
word. 

4550
04:09:54,400 --> 04:09:56,800
Dutch Navigators, touched 
various points along the 

4551
04:09:56,800 --> 04:10:00,500
Australian coast between 1606 
and 1756. 

4552
04:10:00,500 --> 04:10:02,700
Took one. 
Look at the arrowhead landscape.

4553
04:10:02,700 --> 04:10:06,200
They encountered an essentially 
decided the whole continent was 

4554
04:10:06,200 --> 04:10:10,100
not worth the effort. 
They named it New Holland with 

4555
04:10:10,100 --> 04:10:13,200
all the enthusiasm of someone 
naming, a particularly boring 

4556
04:10:13,200 --> 04:10:16,700
committee noted, the present of 
indigenous people without much 

4557
04:10:16,700 --> 04:10:20,100
interest and saved away to find 
places with more obvious 

4558
04:10:20,100 --> 04:10:23,300
commercial potential. 
These early encounters will like

4559
04:10:23,300 --> 04:10:25,900
two people trying to have a 
conversation without sharing a 

4560
04:10:25,900 --> 04:10:28,900
language context or basic 
understanding of what the other 

4561
04:10:28,900 --> 04:10:31,400
one wanted. 
Dutch Sailors, saw empty land 

4562
04:10:31,400 --> 04:10:33,100
without the markers of 
civilization. 

4563
04:10:33,100 --> 04:10:37,400
They recognized, no cities. 
No agriculture, no obvious. 

4564
04:10:37,400 --> 04:10:41,800
Well, Indigenous Australians or 
strange visitors who clearly had

4565
04:10:41,800 --> 04:10:45,200
no idea how to survive in this 
country and would probably leave

4566
04:10:45,200 --> 04:10:48,000
soon. 
The most famous of these early 

4567
04:10:48,000 --> 04:10:51,700
visitors was William dampier. 
An English pirate Explorer and 

4568
04:10:51,700 --> 04:10:56,800
cereal exaggerator who visited 
the northwest coast in 1,688. 

4569
04:10:56,800 --> 04:11:02,300
And again, in 1699, dampier's, 
descriptions of indigenous, 

4570
04:11:02,300 --> 04:11:05,500
Australians were spectacularly 
uncharitable calling them. 

4571
04:11:05,500 --> 04:11:09,100
The miserable people in the 
world, this from a man whose 

4572
04:11:09,100 --> 04:11:12,400
career highlights included 
piracy and who survival skills. 

4573
04:11:12,400 --> 04:11:15,000
Apparently, didn't include 
figuring out how to thrive in a 

4574
04:11:15,000 --> 04:11:18,200
desert climate without thousands
of years of accumulated, local 

4575
04:11:18,200 --> 04:11:20,800
knowledge. 
But dampier as accounts 

4576
04:11:20,800 --> 04:11:24,100
circulated in England and Europe
creating Impressions that would 

4577
04:11:24,100 --> 04:11:25,600
influence later. 
Attitudes. 

4578
04:11:26,200 --> 04:11:28,500
The irony is that the people 
dampier dismissed? 

4579
04:11:28,500 --> 04:11:31,400
As miserable had been living 
successfully in one of Earth's 

4580
04:11:31,400 --> 04:11:34,500
harshest, environments for 
Millennia, while dampier needed.

4581
04:11:34,500 --> 04:11:37,600
Elaborate ship's supplies from 
Europe and navigational 

4582
04:11:37,600 --> 04:11:41,500
instruments, just to visit 
briefly then came James Cook in 

4583
04:11:41,500 --> 04:11:45,300
1770 and suddenly the Europeans 
got serious about this land, 

4584
04:11:45,300 --> 04:11:48,400
they'd been ignoring Cook's 
Voyage along the east coast was 

4585
04:11:48,400 --> 04:11:51,100
different from earlier visits 
because it was systematic 

4586
04:11:51,100 --> 04:11:54,200
scientific and accompanied by 
artists and naturally who 

4587
04:11:54,200 --> 04:11:59,000
documented everything they saw. 
Joseph Banks, the expedition's 

4588
04:11:59,000 --> 04:12:01,900
botanist was so excited by the 
new species. 

4589
04:12:01,900 --> 04:12:05,000
He found that the Expeditions 
First Landing site was named 

4590
04:12:05,000 --> 04:12:07,000
Botany Bay in honor of his 
enthusiasm. 

4591
04:12:07,600 --> 04:12:10,500
Cooks encounters with indigenous
Australians along the coast were

4592
04:12:10,500 --> 04:12:14,100
mixed at some places. 
Local people showed curiosity 

4593
04:12:14,100 --> 04:12:17,500
about the visitors at others. 
They made it clear, the stranger

4594
04:12:17,500 --> 04:12:21,000
should leave There was a notable
incident at Botany Bay, where 

4595
04:12:21,000 --> 04:12:24,100
indigenous, men tried to drive 
the British away which was both 

4596
04:12:24,100 --> 04:12:27,600
Brave and completely reasonable.
Given that armed foreigners had 

4597
04:12:27,600 --> 04:12:30,900
just shown up uninvited What 
cooking his crew didn't 

4598
04:12:30,900 --> 04:12:33,400
understand was that they were 
meeting people with established 

4599
04:12:33,400 --> 04:12:37,100
territories, complex societies 
and no particular interest in 

4600
04:12:37,100 --> 04:12:39,600
European trade goods or 
Christian salvation. 

4601
04:12:40,600 --> 04:12:43,500
The indigenous Australians who 
watched Cooks ships sail passed 

4602
04:12:43,500 --> 04:12:45,500
weren't, all struck by European 
technology. 

4603
04:12:46,200 --> 04:12:48,600
They were probably wondering 
what these people wanted and 

4604
04:12:48,600 --> 04:12:52,300
when they leave Cook's journals 
described indigenous Australians

4605
04:12:52,300 --> 04:12:55,500
more charitably than dampier had
noting their apparent 

4606
04:12:55,500 --> 04:12:58,300
contentment and health. 
He observed that they seem to 

4607
04:12:58,300 --> 04:13:01,300
want nothing that Europeans 
possessed which banks found 

4608
04:13:01,300 --> 04:13:03,900
remarkable. 
Here, were people who looked at 

4609
04:13:03,908 --> 04:13:07,800
European Goods, metal tools 
cloth, manufactured items, and 

4610
04:13:07,800 --> 04:13:10,800
basically Shrugged. 
This should have suggested that 

4611
04:13:10,800 --> 04:13:13,600
indigenous Australians had 
successful material cultures 

4612
04:13:13,600 --> 04:13:16,000
that met their needs. 
But Europeans tended to 

4613
04:13:16,008 --> 04:13:18,900
interpret it as evidence of 
primitiveness rather than 

4614
04:13:18,900 --> 04:13:22,000
cultural difference. 
The really consequential part of

4615
04:13:22,008 --> 04:13:24,500
Cook's Voyage came when he 
sailed into possession Island 

4616
04:13:24,500 --> 04:13:27,400
and one of History's more 
questionable legal Maneuvers 

4617
04:13:27,400 --> 04:13:30,700
claim, the entire eastern coast 
of Australia for Britain, under 

4618
04:13:30,700 --> 04:13:33,800
the doctrine of Terra nullius 
land belonging to No One. 

4619
04:13:33,800 --> 04:13:37,200
This was nonsense. 
Obviously the land belonged to 

4620
04:13:37,208 --> 04:13:39,600
the hundreds of indigenous 
groups who had lived there for 

4621
04:13:39,600 --> 04:13:43,400
65,000 years. 
But European law had developed, 

4622
04:13:43,400 --> 04:13:46,700
convenient fiction, that allowed
colonizers to ignore indigenous 

4623
04:13:46,700 --> 04:13:49,900
ownership and Tara Alias was one
of the most pernicious. 

4624
04:13:52,000 --> 04:13:54,500
Chapter 4. 
The First Fleet and unwanted 

4625
04:13:54,500 --> 04:13:58,500
beginnings. 
Britain's decision to colonize 

4626
04:13:58,500 --> 04:14:00,900
Australia, had nothing to do 
with the continents potential 

4627
04:14:00,900 --> 04:14:03,900
and everything to do with a 
criminally overcrowded prison 

4628
04:14:03,900 --> 04:14:06,300
system. 
After losing the American 

4629
04:14:06,300 --> 04:14:08,500
Revolution. 
Britain suddenly lacked a 

4630
04:14:08,500 --> 04:14:11,000
convenient place to ship 
convicts and Australian 

4631
04:14:11,000 --> 04:14:13,600
colonization was essentially a 
massive exercise. 

4632
04:14:13,600 --> 04:14:17,500
In out of sight out of mind, 
criminal justice policy, 

4633
04:14:19,000 --> 04:14:21,500
Picture. 
The First Fleet 11 ships 

4634
04:14:21,500 --> 04:14:25,700
carrying about 1500 people 
including over 700 convicts, 

4635
04:14:25,700 --> 04:14:29,300
sailing to the other side of the
world, to establish a colony in 

4636
04:14:29,300 --> 04:14:30,900
a place. 
None of them had ever seen. 

4637
04:14:32,500 --> 04:14:35,900
The Voyage took eight months 
which gives you plenty of time 

4638
04:14:35,900 --> 04:14:37,400
to contemplate Your Life 
Choices. 

4639
04:14:37,400 --> 04:14:40,800
These weren't hardened criminals
for the most part but people 

4640
04:14:40,800 --> 04:14:44,500
convicted of theft poaching and 
other crimes that were more 

4641
04:14:44,500 --> 04:14:48,300
about poverty than violence. 
When the First Fleet arrived at 

4642
04:14:48,308 --> 04:14:52,500
Botany Bay in January 1788 they 
discovered that cooks glowing 

4643
04:14:52,500 --> 04:14:54,400
descriptions had been somewhat 
optimistic. 

4644
04:14:55,200 --> 04:14:58,800
The bay was shallow exposed to 
wind, and generally unsuitable 

4645
04:14:58,800 --> 04:15:01,500
for settlement. 
After a few days of looking 

4646
04:15:01,500 --> 04:15:04,300
around and probably 
reconsidering their entire plan,

4647
04:15:04,300 --> 04:15:06,100
they moved North to Port 
Jackson. 

4648
04:15:06,100 --> 04:15:10,600
What would become Sydney Harbour
and on January 26th, Arthur 

4649
04:15:10,600 --> 04:15:12,800
Philippa established, the first 
European settlement on 

4650
04:15:12,800 --> 04:15:17,000
Australian soil. 
That date, January 26th would 

4651
04:15:17,000 --> 04:15:18,500
have eventually become Australia
Day. 

4652
04:15:18,500 --> 04:15:21,700
The indigenous Australians 
understandably view it as 

4653
04:15:21,700 --> 04:15:26,100
Invasion day, the beginning of 
dispossession disease and 

4654
04:15:26,100 --> 04:15:29,500
cultural destruction. 
It's a date that carries very 

4655
04:15:29,500 --> 04:15:32,400
different meanings, depending on
your perspective, which tells 

4656
04:15:32,400 --> 04:15:34,900
you something about how 
complicated Australian history 

4657
04:15:34,900 --> 04:15:39,400
remains the early colony was a 
disaster waiting to happen with 

4658
04:15:39,400 --> 04:15:42,800
the emphasis on disaster. 
Britain had sent convicts and 

4659
04:15:42,808 --> 04:15:46,600
guards but not nearly enough 
Farmers supplies, or people who 

4660
04:15:46,600 --> 04:15:49,700
knew anything about agriculture.
In Australian conditions, the 

4661
04:15:49,700 --> 04:15:53,700
first crops failed supplies ran.
Low people went hungry. 

4662
04:15:54,700 --> 04:15:56,700
Colony survived. 
Its first years through a 

4663
04:15:56,700 --> 04:16:00,300
combination of desperate 
improvisation limited trade, 

4664
04:16:00,300 --> 04:16:03,400
with indigenous groups and 
Supply ships from Britain that 

4665
04:16:03,400 --> 04:16:07,100
arrived with frustrating 
irregularity Indigenous people 

4666
04:16:07,100 --> 04:16:10,500
of the Sydney region, the Euro 
Nation, watched these newcomers 

4667
04:16:10,500 --> 04:16:14,800
with a mixture of curiosity, 
concern and growing alarm. at 

4668
04:16:14,800 --> 04:16:17,700
first, there might be hope that 
the British would leave once 

4669
04:16:17,700 --> 04:16:21,300
they realized how unsuited they 
were to local conditions but as 

4670
04:16:21,300 --> 04:16:24,600
the settlement persisted and 
expanded it became clear these 

4671
04:16:24,600 --> 04:16:28,500
visitors intended to stay The 
relationship between colonizers 

4672
04:16:28,500 --> 04:16:31,000
and Indigenous Australians, 
deteriorated quickly. 

4673
04:16:31,800 --> 04:16:35,500
The British saw empty land ready
for use in indigenous Australian

4674
04:16:35,500 --> 04:16:38,400
saw, their territories being 
occupied their resources being 

4675
04:16:38,400 --> 04:16:40,400
depleted and their way of life 
being threatened. 

4676
04:16:41,300 --> 04:16:44,900
Spears met muskets, traditional 
hunting grounds became British 

4677
04:16:44,900 --> 04:16:47,400
Farms. 
Sacred sites were cleared for 

4678
04:16:47,400 --> 04:16:50,300
buildings. 
Smallpox hit Sydney's indigenous

4679
04:16:50,300 --> 04:16:53,700
population, in 1789, killing 
roughly, half, the European 

4680
04:16:53,700 --> 04:16:55,800
people. 
Whether this was deliberately 

4681
04:16:55,800 --> 04:16:58,900
introduced as some historians 
argue or accidentally 

4682
04:16:58,900 --> 04:17:01,600
transmitted remains debated, 
either way. 

4683
04:17:01,600 --> 04:17:04,900
The impact was catastrophic 
European diseases against which 

4684
04:17:04,900 --> 04:17:07,900
indigenous Australians had. 
No immunity would prove more 

4685
04:17:07,900 --> 04:17:10,200
deadly than European weapons 
over the following decades. 

4686
04:17:11,000 --> 04:17:14,700
Some indigenous people try to 
work with the colonizers been 

4687
04:17:14,700 --> 04:17:17,600
along and you're a man learned 
English and tried to bridge the 

4688
04:17:17,600 --> 04:17:20,000
cultural divide. 
He traveled to England. 

4689
04:17:20,000 --> 04:17:22,700
Met King, George. 
The third and returned to Sydney

4690
04:17:22,700 --> 04:17:25,900
wearing English clothes. 
But been along story, didn't 

4691
04:17:25,900 --> 04:17:28,700
have a happy ending. 
He eventually became a strange 

4692
04:17:28,700 --> 04:17:32,500
from both cultures to change to 
fully return to his previous 

4693
04:17:32,500 --> 04:17:35,600
life but never truly accepted by
British Society. 

4694
04:17:35,600 --> 04:17:39,700
The Colony slowly stabilized and
grew more convicts. 

4695
04:17:39,700 --> 04:17:43,600
Arrived free settlers began 
coming lured by land grants. 

4696
04:17:44,500 --> 04:17:47,600
The British pushed further 
Inland and with each expansion 

4697
04:17:47,600 --> 04:17:50,600
indigenous Australians were 
pushed off their traditional 

4698
04:17:50,600 --> 04:17:53,000
lands. 
Sometimes this happened through 

4699
04:17:53,000 --> 04:17:56,500
negotiation or coercion often, 
it happened through violence, 

4700
04:17:56,500 --> 04:17:59,000
that Colonial authorities, 
preferred not to document to 

4701
04:17:59,000 --> 04:18:02,300
carefully. 
By the early 1800s, the pattern 

4702
04:18:02,300 --> 04:18:04,900
was set. 
British settlements expanded 

4703
04:18:04,900 --> 04:18:08,500
along the coast in England. 
Indigenous resistance met 

4704
04:18:08,500 --> 04:18:11,500
military response, diseases 
spread through indigenous 

4705
04:18:11,500 --> 04:18:14,600
populations faster than the 
settlements themselves expanded 

4706
04:18:14,600 --> 04:18:17,900
and Britain, began to realize 
that this prison Colony might 

4707
04:18:17,900 --> 04:18:20,100
actually become something more 
substantial. 

4708
04:18:21,800 --> 04:18:26,100
Chapter 5 wool gold and the rush
to claim a continent. 

4709
04:18:28,100 --> 04:18:31,200
The transformation of Australia 
from penal colony to economic 

4710
04:18:31,200 --> 04:18:35,000
Powerhouse happened, faster than
anyone expected, and it had a 

4711
04:18:35,000 --> 04:18:38,500
lot to do with sheep. 
Specifically Merino sheep whose 

4712
04:18:38,500 --> 04:18:40,800
wool turned out to grow 
exceptionally well in Australian

4713
04:18:40,800 --> 04:18:44,600
conditions. 
By the 1820s will exports were 

4714
04:18:44,600 --> 04:18:46,400
making certain colonists very 
well. 

4715
04:18:46,400 --> 04:18:50,000
He and suddenly Australia, 
looked less like a Dumping 

4716
04:18:50,000 --> 04:18:52,700
Ground for criminals and more 
like an opportunity for 

4717
04:18:52,700 --> 04:18:56,300
ambitious settlers The land 
grants that Britain offered free

4718
04:18:56,300 --> 04:18:59,800
settlers were generous. 
To put it mildly, thousands of 

4719
04:18:59,800 --> 04:19:02,900
acres to anyone willing, to 
establish a farm, of course, 

4720
04:19:02,900 --> 04:19:05,800
these grants completely ignored 
that the land, belonged to 

4721
04:19:05,808 --> 04:19:09,000
indigenous groups who had 
managed it for millennia. but 

4722
04:19:09,000 --> 04:19:12,000
Colonial authorities operated 
under the convenient fiction of 

4723
04:19:12,000 --> 04:19:15,800
terrorists, treating Australia 
as empty land free for the 

4724
04:19:15,800 --> 04:19:19,600
taking squatters settlers who 
simply moved onto land without 

4725
04:19:19,600 --> 04:19:22,600
official permission pushed the 
boundaries of settlement even 

4726
04:19:22,600 --> 04:19:26,200
faster than colonial governments
could keep track of They'd find 

4727
04:19:26,200 --> 04:19:29,500
good grazing land established 
sheep stations, and essentially,

4728
04:19:29,500 --> 04:19:31,400
dare the authorities to do 
anything about it. 

4729
04:19:32,200 --> 04:19:35,000
Most of the time, the government
eventually recognized these 

4730
04:19:35,000 --> 04:19:37,300
illegal settlements because 
stopping them would have 

4731
04:19:37,308 --> 04:19:40,100
required resources. 
The Colony didn't have for 

4732
04:19:40,100 --> 04:19:42,900
indigenous Australians. 
This expansion was catastrophic,

4733
04:19:42,900 --> 04:19:45,900
their traditional lands were 
taken for sheep stations. 

4734
04:19:45,900 --> 04:19:49,500
Water holes were monopolized by 
pastoral stations hunting 

4735
04:19:49,500 --> 04:19:53,100
grounds were fenced off. 
When indigenous people continue 

4736
04:19:53,100 --> 04:19:55,800
to use their traditional 
territories which they had every

4737
04:19:55,800 --> 04:19:59,600
right to do, they were treated 
as thieves and trespasses on 

4738
04:19:59,600 --> 04:20:03,000
their own land. 
Frontier violence escalated into

4739
04:20:03,000 --> 04:20:05,300
what historians? 
Now, recognizes guerrilla 

4740
04:20:05,300 --> 04:20:08,900
warfare, indigenous groups 
conducted raids on pastoral 

4741
04:20:08,900 --> 04:20:11,200
stations, taking sheep and 
supplies. 

4742
04:20:12,000 --> 04:20:15,100
Settlers responded with punitive
Expeditions that often turned 

4743
04:20:15,100 --> 04:20:18,000
into massacres. 
Colonial authorities, mostly 

4744
04:20:18,000 --> 04:20:20,500
looked the other way. 
And most of this violence went 

4745
04:20:20,500 --> 04:20:23,600
unrecorded, making it difficult 
to know the full extent of the 

4746
04:20:23,600 --> 04:20:27,200
deaths. 
Then came 1851 and everything 

4747
04:20:27,200 --> 04:20:30,800
accelerated. 
Gold was discovered first in New

4748
04:20:30,800 --> 04:20:34,500
South Wales and in Victoria 
sparking one of History's great 

4749
04:20:34,500 --> 04:20:37,500
gold rushes. 
Suddenly Australia was flooded 

4750
04:20:37,500 --> 04:20:39,100
with Prospectors from around the
world. 

4751
04:20:39,100 --> 04:20:43,600
Chinese miners, American 49ers 
who missed California's, Gold, 

4752
04:20:43,600 --> 04:20:47,400
Rush, British workers seeking 
fortune and adventurers from 

4753
04:20:47,400 --> 04:20:50,200
everywhere. 
The gold rushes transformed. 

4754
04:20:50,200 --> 04:20:53,600
Australia's demographics and 
economy overnight Melbourne. 

4755
04:20:53,600 --> 04:20:56,500
Grew From a small town to a 
substantial City within a few 

4756
04:20:56,500 --> 04:20:59,100
years. 
The population doubled in a 

4757
04:20:59,100 --> 04:21:01,100
decade. 
Wealth poured in from the 

4758
04:21:01,100 --> 04:21:04,500
goldfields funding construction,
Commerce, and the beginnings of 

4759
04:21:04,500 --> 04:21:06,700
an Australian identity. 
That was less about being 

4760
04:21:06,700 --> 04:21:08,900
British and more about being 
Australian. 

4761
04:21:09,600 --> 04:21:12,600
The gold Fields were remarkably 
Democratic compared to most of 

4762
04:21:12,600 --> 04:21:15,900
19th century Society. 
Anyone could try their luck 

4763
04:21:15,900 --> 04:21:20,000
convicts, who serve their time 
free, settlers indigenous 

4764
04:21:20,000 --> 04:21:23,300
Australians Chinese immigrants 
and people from every social 

4765
04:21:23,300 --> 04:21:27,200
class your success depended on 
luck and determination rather 

4766
04:21:27,200 --> 04:21:30,200
than birth or connection. 
This created a rough 

4767
04:21:30,200 --> 04:21:32,700
egalitarianism that would 
influence Australian culture for

4768
04:21:32,700 --> 04:21:35,300
Generations. 
Of course, this democracy had 

4769
04:21:35,300 --> 04:21:39,300
limits Chinese miners faced 
particular discrimination blamed

4770
04:21:39,300 --> 04:21:41,400
for everything from taking gold 
that should have gone to 

4771
04:21:41,400 --> 04:21:43,500
European to undermine wage 
standards. 

4772
04:21:44,300 --> 04:21:46,900
Taxes and restrictions 
specifically targeted Chinese 

4773
04:21:46,900 --> 04:21:49,900
miners revealing. 
That Australian egala in his 

4774
04:21:49,900 --> 04:21:54,100
extended, mainly to Europeans, 
indigenous Australians were 

4775
04:21:54,100 --> 04:21:57,400
largely excluded from the 
goldfields pushed aside by The 

4776
04:21:57,400 --> 04:21:59,700
Rush of Prospectors flooding 
across their territories. 

4777
04:22:00,500 --> 04:22:03,900
The Eureka Stockade incident in 
1854, became one of the founding

4778
04:22:03,900 --> 04:22:07,700
myths of Australian democracy, 
minors in Ballarat, frustrated 

4779
04:22:07,700 --> 04:22:10,800
by expensive, licensees and 
government corruption, built a 

4780
04:22:10,800 --> 04:22:14,500
stockade and raise a flag 
soldiers, attacked killing about

4781
04:22:14,500 --> 04:22:17,000
30 miners in a brief violent 
confrontation. 

4782
04:22:17,000 --> 04:22:21,600
The Rebellion failed military 
but succeeded politically it led

4783
04:22:21,600 --> 04:22:24,500
to reforms that made the 
colonies more democratic and 

4784
04:22:24,500 --> 04:22:27,300
became a symbol of Australian 
Independence and workers rights.

4785
04:22:28,200 --> 04:22:32,000
By the 1860s Australia had been 
transformed from a collection of

4786
04:22:32,000 --> 04:22:35,200
prison colonies to a prosperous 
growing Society. 

4787
04:22:35,200 --> 04:22:39,200
The convict era was ending the 
last convict ship arrived in 

4788
04:22:39,208 --> 04:22:42,400
Western Australia, in 1868, free
immigration. 

4789
04:22:42,400 --> 04:22:45,400
Now, dwarfed forced 
Transportation cities were 

4790
04:22:45,400 --> 04:22:48,600
growing industries were 
developing and the colonies were

4791
04:22:48,600 --> 04:22:52,100
gaining increasing autonomy. 
From British rule, But this 

4792
04:22:52,100 --> 04:22:55,800
Prosperity came at a cost that 
wasn't equally distributed while

4793
04:22:55,800 --> 04:22:58,500
European settlers celebrated 
growth and opportunity 

4794
04:22:58,500 --> 04:23:01,700
indigenous Australians face 
continuing dispossession, 

4795
04:23:01,700 --> 04:23:04,200
violence and population 
collapse. 

4796
04:23:04,200 --> 04:23:07,200
Their numbers are decreased 
dramatically from pre-contact 

4797
04:23:07,200 --> 04:23:10,300
levels. 
Ravaged by disease violence and 

4798
04:23:10,300 --> 04:23:12,300
the destruction of traditional 
ways of life. 

4799
04:23:14,200 --> 04:23:17,800
Chapter 6, making a nation from 
six arguments. 

4800
04:23:20,400 --> 04:23:23,300
By the 1890s, Australia 
consisted of six, separate 

4801
04:23:23,300 --> 04:23:26,600
colonies, New South Wales, 
Victoria Queensland, South 

4802
04:23:26,600 --> 04:23:28,900
Australia, Western, Australia, 
and Tasmania. 

4803
04:23:29,900 --> 04:23:33,300
Each with its own government 
laws and tendency to view the 

4804
04:23:33,300 --> 04:23:35,300
others as rivals or 
inconveniences. 

4805
04:23:36,400 --> 04:23:39,100
Getting them to agree to form a 
single nation, was like, trying 

4806
04:23:39,100 --> 04:23:42,200
to organize, a family reunion 
where everyone thinks they 

4807
04:23:42,200 --> 04:23:44,800
should be in. 
Charge, the push for Federation 

4808
04:23:44,800 --> 04:23:47,900
came from a mixed of practical 
needs and nationalist sentiment.

4809
04:23:48,700 --> 04:23:50,600
The colonies needed to 
coordinate defense. 

4810
04:23:50,600 --> 04:23:54,800
There were periodic scares about
foreign powers especially Russia

4811
04:23:54,800 --> 04:23:58,500
and later, Germany threatening 
Australian Waters, they needed 

4812
04:23:58,500 --> 04:24:01,500
to standardize Railway gauges, 
which were embarrassingly 

4813
04:24:01,500 --> 04:24:03,100
different across Colonial 
borders. 

4814
04:24:03,100 --> 04:24:06,400
Meaning Goods had to be unloaded
and reloaded when Crossing from 

4815
04:24:06,400 --> 04:24:09,400
one colony to another. 
And there was a growing sense 

4816
04:24:09,400 --> 04:24:12,000
that Australians shared enough 
in common to deserve their own 

4817
04:24:12,000 --> 04:24:13,900
Nation. 
Rather than remaining a 

4818
04:24:13,900 --> 04:24:17,200
collection of British colonies. 
The process of creating this 

4819
04:24:17,200 --> 04:24:19,900
nation involved. 
A lot of arguing constitutional 

4820
04:24:19,900 --> 04:24:23,300
conventions, met debated, add 
and met again. 

4821
04:24:24,000 --> 04:24:26,900
Representatives from each colony
lobbied, for their interests. 

4822
04:24:27,700 --> 04:24:30,500
Small colonies, worry about 
being dominated by large ones, 

4823
04:24:30,500 --> 04:24:34,000
large colony is resented giving 
small colonies equal 

4824
04:24:34,000 --> 04:24:36,900
representation. 
Everyone had opinions about 

4825
04:24:36,900 --> 04:24:39,600
everything and getting six 
colonies to agree on 

4826
04:24:39,600 --> 04:24:42,100
constitutional language. 
Proved only slightly easier than

4827
04:24:42,100 --> 04:24:44,900
actual nation. 
Building usually is One of the 

4828
04:24:44,900 --> 04:24:47,600
key compromises involved 
creating a federal capital in 

4829
04:24:47,600 --> 04:24:50,300
New South Wales to appease the 
most populous Colony. 

4830
04:24:50,300 --> 04:24:54,700
But located at least 100 miles 
from Sydney to appease Victoria 

4831
04:24:54,700 --> 04:24:57,300
which thoughts Sydney had too 
much influence already. 

4832
04:24:58,200 --> 04:25:01,500
This eventually led to Canberra 
a purpose-built capital that 

4833
04:25:01,500 --> 04:25:04,400
would become famous for its 
planned layout, bureaucratic 

4834
04:25:04,400 --> 04:25:07,500
atmosphere, and ability to make.
Visitors, wonder why anyone 

4835
04:25:07,500 --> 04:25:10,000
thought building a city from 
scratch and sheep grazing, 

4836
04:25:10,000 --> 04:25:13,500
country was a good idea. 
The Constitution that emerged in

4837
04:25:13,500 --> 04:25:17,100
1901 created a federal system 
that borrowed heavily from both 

4838
04:25:17,100 --> 04:25:20,400
Britain and the United States. 
There will be a parliament with 

4839
04:25:20,400 --> 04:25:23,200
two houses, a House of 
Representatives, based on 

4840
04:25:23,200 --> 04:25:26,500
population and a senate giving 
equal representation to each 

4841
04:25:26,500 --> 04:25:29,300
state. 
Executive power would rest with 

4842
04:25:29,300 --> 04:25:33,200
a prime minister and cabinet 
responsible to Parliament and 

4843
04:25:33,200 --> 04:25:36,600
the British monarch would remain
head of state represented by a 

4844
04:25:36,600 --> 04:25:38,300
governor-general because cutting
ties. 

4845
04:25:38,300 --> 04:25:41,200
Completely with Britain seemed 
too radical for 1901. 

4846
04:25:42,100 --> 04:25:43,700
What the Constitution didn't 
address? 

4847
04:25:43,700 --> 04:25:47,300
At least not positively was 
indigenous Australians. 

4848
04:25:48,100 --> 04:25:53,100
Section 127 specifically 
excluded Aboriginal natives from

4849
04:25:53,100 --> 04:25:54,700
being counted in the National 
census. 

4850
04:25:55,700 --> 04:25:58,800
Section 51 gave the federal 
government power to make laws, 

4851
04:25:58,800 --> 04:26:02,000
about all people except the 
Aboriginal race. 

4852
04:26:02,800 --> 04:26:06,300
This exclusion wasn't accidental
oversight, but deliberate policy

4853
04:26:06,300 --> 04:26:09,700
reflecting, prevailing beliefs 
that indigenous Australians were

4854
04:26:09,700 --> 04:26:12,500
a dying race. 
That would soon vanish entirely 

4855
04:26:12,500 --> 04:26:15,900
solving what colonizes viewed as
the Aboriginal problem. 

4856
04:26:16,900 --> 04:26:18,700
The other notable exclusion 
involved. 

4857
04:26:18,700 --> 04:26:21,100
What would become known as the 
white Australia policy? 

4858
04:26:22,400 --> 04:26:25,700
The immigration restriction Act 
of 1901 was designed to keep 

4859
04:26:25,700 --> 04:26:29,400
non-europeans especially Chinese
and Pacific, Islander people 

4860
04:26:29,400 --> 04:26:33,700
from immigrating to Australia. 
It used dictation tests. 

4861
04:26:33,700 --> 04:26:36,900
That could be administered in 
any European language to exclude

4862
04:26:36,900 --> 04:26:41,000
unwanted immigrants a system. 
So transparently discriminatory 

4863
04:26:41,000 --> 04:26:43,800
that it became a model for 
racist, immigration policies, 

4864
04:26:43,800 --> 04:26:47,400
elsewhere. 
Federation Day, January 1st, 

4865
04:26:47,400 --> 04:26:50,900
1901 was celebrated with 
enthusiasm, by most white 

4866
04:26:50,900 --> 04:26:54,300
Australians, there were parades 
speeches and general 

4867
04:26:54,300 --> 04:26:56,200
celebrations of the new 
Commonwealth of Australia. 

4868
04:26:57,400 --> 04:27:00,200
For indigenous Australians, it 
was just another day in an 

4869
04:27:00,200 --> 04:27:02,900
ongoing dispossession. 
Now to be conducted by a federal

4870
04:27:02,900 --> 04:27:08,300
government in state of colonial 
ones, Chapter 7, Wars, 

4871
04:27:08,300 --> 04:27:11,200
depression and defining 
Australian identity. 

4872
04:27:13,800 --> 04:27:16,400
The new Australian Nation barely
had time to settle into 

4873
04:27:16,400 --> 04:27:20,500
existence before World War one 
came along and like a demanding 

4874
04:27:20,500 --> 04:27:23,600
relative insisted Australia 
prove its maturity through 

4875
04:27:23,600 --> 04:27:27,200
military service. 
When Britain declared war in 

4876
04:27:27,200 --> 04:27:30,300
1914, Australia was 
automatically at War 2. 

4877
04:27:30,308 --> 04:27:33,300
That's how the British 
Commonwealth worked and 

4878
04:27:33,300 --> 04:27:35,900
Australians volunteered in 
extraordinary numbers. 

4879
04:27:36,800 --> 04:27:40,300
The Australian and New Zealand. 
Army Corps, the anzacs landed at

4880
04:27:40,300 --> 04:27:44,400
Gallipoli in Turkey, in April 
1915, as part of a british-led 

4881
04:27:44,400 --> 04:27:47,000
campaign, That was supposed to 
knock the Ottoman Empire out of 

4882
04:27:47,008 --> 04:27:49,100
the war. 
Instead, it turned into an 

4883
04:27:49,100 --> 04:27:52,500
eight-month military disaster. 
Where Allied Forces were pinned 

4884
04:27:52,500 --> 04:27:55,600
on beaches and cliffs taking 
heavy casualties for no 

4885
04:27:55,600 --> 04:27:59,200
strategic gain. 
The campaign failed completely 

4886
04:27:59,200 --> 04:28:02,100
but something interesting 
happened in that failure 

4887
04:28:02,100 --> 04:28:04,300
Australians developed a national
mythology. 

4888
04:28:04,300 --> 04:28:08,600
Anzac Day, a 25th became 
Australia's most important 

4889
04:28:08,600 --> 04:28:12,500
National commemoration not 
celebrating Victory but honoring

4890
04:28:12,500 --> 04:28:16,600
sacrifice makeshift and the 
Anzac Spirit of endurance under 

4891
04:28:16,600 --> 04:28:19,200
impossible conditions. 
There's something to stinky 

4892
04:28:19,200 --> 04:28:21,900
Australian about choosing a 
military defeat as your defining

4893
04:28:21,900 --> 04:28:24,700
national moment. 
Suggesting that how you handle 

4894
04:28:24,700 --> 04:28:28,600
adversity, matters more, the 
more than winning Over 60,000 

4895
04:28:28,600 --> 04:28:31,000
Australian soldiers died in 
World War 1. 

4896
04:28:31,900 --> 04:28:34,400
Staggering number for a nation 
of fewer than five million 

4897
04:28:34,400 --> 04:28:39,100
people hardly a town or suburb 
wasn't touched by grief War 

4898
04:28:39,100 --> 04:28:42,300
memorials, went up in every 
Community listing names that 

4899
04:28:42,300 --> 04:28:45,500
often represented significant 
percentages of local young men. 

4900
04:28:46,400 --> 04:28:49,200
The war changed Australia from a
collection of former colonies 

4901
04:28:49,200 --> 04:28:52,500
into a nation that had proven 
itself on the world stage 

4902
04:28:52,500 --> 04:28:55,600
though, the price of that proof 
was heartbreakingly high. 

4903
04:28:56,300 --> 04:28:59,500
The 1920s brought recovery and 
prosperity briefly. 

4904
04:29:00,300 --> 04:29:02,900
Australia's economy, grew cities
expanded. 

4905
04:29:02,900 --> 04:29:08,200
And there was a sense that the 
worst was behind then came 1929 

4906
04:29:08,200 --> 04:29:11,300
and the Great Depression hitting
Australia, particularly hard, 

4907
04:29:11,300 --> 04:29:14,300
because the economy depended 
heavily on exports of wool and 

4908
04:29:14,300 --> 04:29:18,900
wheat both of which collapsed in
value unemployment reached 30% 

4909
04:29:18,900 --> 04:29:22,600
people, queued for government 
relief that barely kept families

4910
04:29:22,600 --> 04:29:25,000
fed. 
Shanty towns grew on City 

4911
04:29:25,000 --> 04:29:28,700
outskirts, the Great Depression 
tested Australian institutions, 

4912
04:29:28,700 --> 04:29:31,300
and social cohesion, in ways 
that would influence politics 

4913
04:29:31,300 --> 04:29:34,400
for Generations. 
Labor unions, gained strength, 

4914
04:29:34,400 --> 04:29:37,500
pushing for better conditions 
and greater economic equality, 

4915
04:29:37,500 --> 04:29:41,100
conservative forces, worried 
about radicalism and communism. 

4916
04:29:41,100 --> 04:29:44,900
Political tensions, ran high 
occasionally, spilling into 

4917
04:29:44,900 --> 04:29:47,300
violence. 
Australia. 

4918
04:29:47,300 --> 04:29:50,000
Whether the depression without 
Revolution or dictatorship, 

4919
04:29:50,000 --> 04:29:52,300
which was something of an 
achievement given what was 

4920
04:29:52,308 --> 04:29:55,500
happening in other parts of the 
world but the experience left 

4921
04:29:55,500 --> 04:29:59,100
lasting marks on Australian 
Society, World War Two came 

4922
04:29:59,100 --> 04:30:01,500
along, just as Australia was 
recovering from the depression. 

4923
04:30:01,500 --> 04:30:04,100
And this time, the threat was 
existential. 

4924
04:30:04,900 --> 04:30:07,700
When Japan entered the war 
Australia, suddenly faced 

4925
04:30:07,700 --> 04:30:10,600
Invasion by a military power 
that was advancing rapidly 

4926
04:30:10,600 --> 04:30:15,100
through southeast Asia the fall 
of Singapore in 1942 where 

4927
04:30:15,100 --> 04:30:18,000
British Promises of Defense 
collapsed and thousands of 

4928
04:30:18,000 --> 04:30:21,100
Australian soldiers were 
captured marked a turning point 

4929
04:30:21,100 --> 04:30:25,000
in Australian strategic thinking
prime minister John, Curtin made

4930
04:30:25,000 --> 04:30:27,300
a famous declaration. 
That Australia would look to 

4931
04:30:27,300 --> 04:30:31,200
America rather than Britain for 
security explicitly 

4932
04:30:31,200 --> 04:30:34,000
acknowledging that Britain could
no longer protect his distant 

4933
04:30:34,000 --> 04:30:36,600
Dominion. 
American General, Douglas 

4934
04:30:36,600 --> 04:30:39,200
MacArthur made Australia, his 
headquarters for the Pacific 

4935
04:30:39,200 --> 04:30:42,700
War, American servicemen flooded
into Australian cities. 

4936
04:30:42,700 --> 04:30:44,900
The battle of the Coral, Sea 
stopped. 

4937
04:30:44,900 --> 04:30:48,400
Japanese Naval forces heading 
toward Australia, For the first 

4938
04:30:48,400 --> 04:30:51,500
time Australians face war in 
their own region rather than 

4939
04:30:51,500 --> 04:30:54,500
fighting in distant European or 
middle eastern campaigns. 

4940
04:30:55,200 --> 04:30:58,200
The war accelerated Australia's 
transformation from British 

4941
04:30:58,200 --> 04:31:03,200
colony to independent nation. 
After 1945 there was no going 

4942
04:31:03,200 --> 04:31:05,700
back to assuming Britain would 
handle defense and foreign 

4943
04:31:05,700 --> 04:31:08,300
policy. 
Australian needed to develop its

4944
04:31:08,300 --> 04:31:11,800
own International relationships.
Strengthen its military and 

4945
04:31:11,800 --> 04:31:14,800
think about its place in the 
asia-pacific region rather than 

4946
04:31:14,800 --> 04:31:17,300
imagining itself as a distant 
Outpost of Europe. 

4947
04:31:19,100 --> 04:31:22,000
Chapter 8 post-war 
transformation and cultural 

4948
04:31:22,000 --> 04:31:26,300
Awakening. 
The decades after World War Two 

4949
04:31:26,300 --> 04:31:29,400
saw Australia, transform more 
rapidly than in all its previous

4950
04:31:29,400 --> 04:31:31,900
history. 
The government launched a 

4951
04:31:31,900 --> 04:31:34,800
massive immigration program 
under the slogan, populate or 

4952
04:31:34,800 --> 04:31:36,700
perish. 
Bringing over 2 million 

4953
04:31:36,700 --> 04:31:42,400
immigrants between 1945 and 
1947. 1965 The initial Focus was

4954
04:31:42,400 --> 04:31:45,800
on British immigrants but as 
numbers fell short Australia, 

4955
04:31:45,800 --> 04:31:48,400
expanded to accept displaced 
persons from Europe. 

4956
04:31:49,100 --> 04:31:52,500
Polls ukrainians yugoslavs 
Greeks and Italians. 

4957
04:31:53,600 --> 04:31:56,000
This immigration challenged the 
white Australia policies 

4958
04:31:56,000 --> 04:31:58,100
assumptions without directly 
confronting them. 

4959
04:31:58,900 --> 04:32:01,200
The Government tried to maintain
the policy while accepting 

4960
04:32:01,200 --> 04:32:04,100
Southern Europeans. 
Who earlier Generations might 

4961
04:32:04,100 --> 04:32:05,700
not have considered properly 
White. 

4962
04:32:06,700 --> 04:32:09,700
Italian and Greek immigrants, 
faced discrimination were called

4963
04:32:09,700 --> 04:32:13,200
derogatory names and struggled 
for acceptance, but their 

4964
04:32:13,200 --> 04:32:16,000
presence began diversifying what
it meant to be Australian. 

4965
04:32:16,800 --> 04:32:19,400
These immigrants, changed 
Australian food, culture and 

4966
04:32:19,400 --> 04:32:22,400
cities suburbs. 
That had been relentlessly 

4967
04:32:22,400 --> 04:32:26,200
British became Multicultural 
neighborhoods, Coffee Culture 

4968
04:32:26,200 --> 04:32:28,000
arrived. 
With Italian immigrants who were

4969
04:32:28,000 --> 04:32:30,100
horrified by Australian coffee 
habits. 

4970
04:32:30,900 --> 04:32:34,000
Greek restaurants, introduced 
Australians to Cuisines beyond 

4971
04:32:34,000 --> 04:32:37,700
meat pies, and fish and chips. 
European immigrants, brought 

4972
04:32:37,700 --> 04:32:41,500
different attitudes about food 
family and Leisure that 

4973
04:32:41,500 --> 04:32:43,500
gradually influenced broad 
Australian culture. 

4974
04:32:43,500 --> 04:32:48,000
The 1950s and 1960s were also 
when indigenous Australians 

4975
04:32:48,000 --> 04:32:50,500
began organizing more 
effectively for civil rights. 

4976
04:32:51,300 --> 04:32:54,100
They had fought in both world 
wars worked in Industries, 

4977
04:32:54,100 --> 04:32:57,200
supporting the war effort and 
then returned to lives defined 

4978
04:32:57,200 --> 04:33:00,900
by discrimination and legal 
restrictions in Queensland and 

4979
04:33:00,900 --> 04:33:03,100
the Northern Territory in 
indigenous workers. 

4980
04:33:03,100 --> 04:33:05,700
On cattle stations lived, under 
conditions, barely 

4981
04:33:05,700 --> 04:33:09,900
distinguishable from servitude 
In Southern States in indigenous

4982
04:33:09,900 --> 04:33:12,900
people faced segregation in 
housing, education, and public 

4983
04:33:12,900 --> 04:33:18,200
spaces. the freedom rides of 
1965 inspired by American Civil 

4984
04:33:18,200 --> 04:33:21,400
Rights activism Source students 
from the University of Sydney 

4985
04:33:21,400 --> 04:33:24,800
travel through rural New South 
Wales, Wales documenting 

4986
04:33:24,800 --> 04:33:28,500
discrimination and protesting 
segregation in swimming pools, 

4987
04:33:28,500 --> 04:33:32,200
Cinemas and other public spaces,
these protests brought national 

4988
04:33:32,200 --> 04:33:35,300
attention to inequalities that 
most Urban Australians preferred

4989
04:33:35,300 --> 04:33:40,500
not to think about The real 
breakthrough came in 1967 with a

4990
04:33:40,500 --> 04:33:43,099
referendum, asking Australians 
to remove constitutional 

4991
04:33:43,099 --> 04:33:45,800
Provisions. 
Excluding indigenous Australians

4992
04:33:45,800 --> 04:33:48,599
from the Census and prohibiting 
the federal government from 

4993
04:33:48,599 --> 04:33:52,099
making laws for them. 
Over 90% voted. 

4994
04:33:52,099 --> 04:33:55,400
Yes, one of the highest 
referendum results in Australian

4995
04:33:55,400 --> 04:33:57,800
history. 
It didn't immediately change 

4996
04:33:57,800 --> 04:34:01,000
indigenous lives but it 
represented a shift in National 

4997
04:34:01,000 --> 04:34:03,800
attitudes and acknowledgment 
that exclusion and 

4998
04:34:03,800 --> 04:34:07,599
discrimination had to end. 
The white Australia policies. 

4999
04:34:07,599 --> 04:34:10,700
Dismantling happened gradually 
through the 1960s and early 

5000
04:34:10,707 --> 04:34:14,099
1970s. 
First restrictions eased 

5001
04:34:14,099 --> 04:34:16,800
slightly, then exceptions 
multiplied. 

5002
04:34:17,500 --> 04:34:20,800
Finally in 1973 the whitlam 
government officially ended 

5003
04:34:20,800 --> 04:34:24,599
racial discrimination in 
Immigration policy. this opened 

5004
04:34:24,599 --> 04:34:27,700
Australia to Asian immigration, 
fundamentally changing, the 

5005
04:34:27,700 --> 04:34:31,500
nation's demographic, trajectory
the Vietnamese refugees arrived.

5006
04:34:31,500 --> 04:34:34,300
After the Vietnam War. 
Establishing communities that 

5007
04:34:34,300 --> 04:34:38,200
enriched Australian Society. 
Asian skilled migration 

5008
04:34:38,200 --> 04:34:41,800
increased by the 1980s. 
Australia was receiving 

5009
04:34:41,800 --> 04:34:45,300
immigrants from every continent 
transforming cities in to 

5010
04:34:45,300 --> 04:34:49,400
genuinely Multicultural places. 
Sydney and Melbourne among the 

5011
04:34:49,400 --> 04:34:52,700
world's most diverse cities with
neighborhoods, where dozens of 

5012
04:34:52,700 --> 04:34:55,400
languages could be heard and 
restaurants representing 

5013
04:34:55,400 --> 04:34:57,700
Cuisines from every corner of 
the globe. 

5014
04:34:57,700 --> 04:35:00,900
These changes were smooth or 
universally welcomed. 

5015
04:35:00,900 --> 04:35:04,500
There were tensions racist, 
incidents, and political 

5016
04:35:04,500 --> 04:35:06,400
movements resisting 
multiculturalism. 

5017
04:35:07,200 --> 04:35:10,700
Pauline Hanson's, One Nation 
party emerged in the 1990s. 

5018
04:35:10,700 --> 04:35:14,000
Arguing that Asian immigration 
threatened Australian identity. 

5019
04:35:15,000 --> 04:35:18,500
That these resistance movements 
represented minorities, most 

5020
04:35:18,500 --> 04:35:20,500
Australians adapted to 
diversity. 

5021
04:35:20,500 --> 04:35:23,099
Recognizing that 
multiculturalism wasn't 

5022
04:35:23,099 --> 04:35:26,000
destroying Australian identity 
but creating a new version of 

5023
04:35:26,000 --> 04:35:28,300
it. 
The Arts flourished during this 

5024
04:35:28,300 --> 04:35:31,000
period. 
Australian Cinema experienced 

5025
04:35:31,000 --> 04:35:34,000
Arenas once with films that 
explored Australian themes and 

5026
04:35:34,000 --> 04:35:40,500
Landscapes rock bands, like AC /
DC and I and necks sieved 

5027
04:35:40,500 --> 04:35:44,000
International success. 
Australian literature gained 

5028
04:35:44,000 --> 04:35:46,200
recognition Beyond simply being 
exotic. 

5029
04:35:46,200 --> 04:35:48,400
British writing from the 
southern hemisphere. 

5030
04:35:49,400 --> 04:35:51,800
There was growing confidence 
that Australian culture could 

5031
04:35:51,800 --> 04:35:55,400
stand on its own terms rather 
than constantly referencing 

5032
04:35:55,400 --> 04:35:59,900
British or American models. 
Chapter 9, land rights 

5033
04:35:59,900 --> 04:36:06,200
reconciliation and unfinished 
business. the 1970s and 1980s 

5034
04:36:06,200 --> 04:36:08,800
saw indigenous Australians push 
harder for land, rights 

5035
04:36:08,800 --> 04:36:12,900
recognition and 
self-determination The case that

5036
04:36:12,900 --> 04:36:16,900
changed, everything was Mila 
pamina Balco, the Govan rights 

5037
04:36:16,900 --> 04:36:20,099
case, where young people from 
our Land Challenge mining on 

5038
04:36:20,099 --> 04:36:22,599
their traditional country. 
They lost in court. 

5039
04:36:22,599 --> 04:36:25,500
But the case generated national 
attention and political 

5040
04:36:25,500 --> 04:36:26,700
pressure, that couldn't be 
ignored. 

5041
04:36:28,099 --> 04:36:30,800
Prime minister, Gough, whitlam, 
responded by establishing the 

5042
04:36:30,800 --> 04:36:33,200
Aboriginal and Rights 
Commission, which led to the 

5043
04:36:33,200 --> 04:36:35,900
Northern Territory land Rights 
Act of 1976. 

5044
04:36:36,900 --> 04:36:40,000
This was the first legislation 
recognizing indigenous land 

5045
04:36:40,000 --> 04:36:42,700
ownership based on traditional 
connection rather than British 

5046
04:36:42,700 --> 04:36:45,400
legal Concepts indigenous 
communities. 

5047
04:36:45,400 --> 04:36:47,900
Could now claim unallocated 
Crown Land in the Northern 

5048
04:36:47,900 --> 04:36:50,200
Territory. 
If they could prove traditional 

5049
04:36:50,200 --> 04:36:53,200
ownership, it was limited and 
didn't extend to the rest of 

5050
04:36:53,200 --> 04:36:55,599
Australia. 
But it established the principle

5051
04:36:55,599 --> 04:36:58,900
that Terra nullius was a fiction
and Indigenous land rights 

5052
04:36:58,900 --> 04:37:02,599
existed. 
The real bombshell came in 1992 

5053
04:37:02,599 --> 04:37:06,500
with the marbot decision. 
Eddie marbo aerial man from the 

5054
04:37:06,508 --> 04:37:10,200
Torres Strait Islands had been 
fighting since 1982 for 

5055
04:37:10,200 --> 04:37:13,000
recognition that is people owned
their traditional lands? 

5056
04:37:13,800 --> 04:37:16,400
The high Court's decision in 
mabou V Queen's, land finally 

5057
04:37:16,400 --> 04:37:20,000
overturned terrorist ruling that
native title existed and had 

5058
04:37:20,000 --> 04:37:22,700
survived British colonization 
were indigenous. 

5059
04:37:22,700 --> 04:37:25,099
People maintained continuous 
connection to land. 

5060
04:37:25,099 --> 04:37:28,400
This was revolutionary like 
discovering that the Legal 

5061
04:37:28,400 --> 04:37:30,900
Foundation of Australian land 
ownership had been built on 

5062
04:37:30,900 --> 04:37:34,200
quicksand It didn't mean all 
Australian land suddenly 

5063
04:37:34,200 --> 04:37:37,300
reverted to indigenous ownership
but it meant that indigenous 

5064
04:37:37,300 --> 04:37:40,099
people could claim native title 
where they could prove 

5065
04:37:40,099 --> 04:37:42,900
continuous connection and 
whether the land hadn't been 

5066
04:37:42,900 --> 04:37:45,500
developed or granted away under 
other legal processes. 

5067
04:37:46,900 --> 04:37:50,400
The native title Act of 1993 
tried to create a framework for 

5068
04:37:50,400 --> 04:37:53,700
recognizing these rights while 
protecting existing Property 

5069
04:37:53,700 --> 04:37:55,800
Owners. 
The result was complex 

5070
04:37:55,800 --> 04:37:59,500
legalistic and often frustrating
for indigenous claimants, but it

5071
04:37:59,500 --> 04:38:02,300
was still remarkable progress. 
Compared to the blanket denial 

5072
04:38:02,300 --> 04:38:05,599
of indigenous rights that had 
characterized Australian law for

5073
04:38:05,599 --> 04:38:08,800
two centuries. 
The stolen Generations issue 

5074
04:38:08,800 --> 04:38:10,700
emerged into public 
Consciousness during this 

5075
04:38:10,700 --> 04:38:13,500
period. 
For decades, Australian 

5076
04:38:13,500 --> 04:38:16,599
governments had systematically 
removed indigenous children from

5077
04:38:16,599 --> 04:38:19,000
their families. 
Under a simulation policies, 

5078
04:38:19,000 --> 04:38:22,300
placing them in institutions or 
with white families. 

5079
04:38:22,300 --> 04:38:26,200
The idea was to breed out 
indigenous identity by raising 

5080
04:38:26,200 --> 04:38:29,500
children without connection to 
their culture, families or 

5081
04:38:29,500 --> 04:38:33,400
communities. 
The 1997, bringing them home 

5082
04:38:33,400 --> 04:38:35,200
report. 
Documented, this practice in 

5083
04:38:35,200 --> 04:38:38,700
devastating detail. 
Tens of thousands of children, 

5084
04:38:38,700 --> 04:38:42,900
forcibly removed families 
destroyed cultures, disrupted 

5085
04:38:42,900 --> 04:38:45,500
and cycle. 
Trauma that affected, not just 

5086
04:38:45,500 --> 04:38:48,400
individuals, but entire 
communities across Generations. 

5087
04:38:49,700 --> 04:38:53,200
The report recommended a formal 
apology, but prime minister John

5088
04:38:53,200 --> 04:38:56,700
Howard refused arguing that 
present generation, shouldn't 

5089
04:38:56,700 --> 04:39:00,900
apologize for past actions. 
This refusal became increasingly

5090
04:39:00,900 --> 04:39:05,000
controversial. 
In 2008, newly elected prime 

5091
04:39:05,000 --> 04:39:08,400
minister Kevin Rudd, made a 
formal apology to the stolen 

5092
04:39:08,400 --> 04:39:11,000
Generations, in Parliament 
acknowledging, the suffering 

5093
04:39:11,000 --> 04:39:12,900
caused by forced removal 
policies. 

5094
04:39:12,900 --> 04:39:17,099
It was an emotional moment. 
Many stolen generation survivors

5095
04:39:17,099 --> 04:39:20,099
were present in Parliament, and 
the apology was broadcast 

5096
04:39:20,099 --> 04:39:23,099
nationally. 
It didn't undo the harm, but it 

5097
04:39:23,108 --> 04:39:25,500
represented official 
acknowledgment of historical 

5098
04:39:25,500 --> 04:39:28,000
Injustice. 
Yet progressed on indigenous 

5099
04:39:28,000 --> 04:39:31,800
issues, remained frustratingly, 
slow and uneven the Gap in life 

5100
04:39:31,800 --> 04:39:36,200
expectancy Health outcomes, 
education and employment between

5101
04:39:36,200 --> 04:39:39,900
indigenous and non-indigenous 
Australians persisted despite 

5102
04:39:39,900 --> 04:39:44,100
numerous government programs. 
Remote indigenous, communities 

5103
04:39:44,100 --> 04:39:48,000
face particular challenges, 
inadequate, Services, Limited, 

5104
04:39:48,000 --> 04:39:51,400
economic opportunities, and the 
ongoing impacts of historical 

5105
04:39:51,400 --> 04:39:55,100
dispossession. 
Constitutional recognition of 

5106
04:39:55,100 --> 04:39:57,500
indigenous Australians, became a
long-running debate. 

5107
04:39:58,300 --> 04:40:01,400
The Constitution still 
contained, Provisions from 1901,

5108
04:40:01,400 --> 04:40:03,700
that excluded or marginalized 
indigenous. 

5109
04:40:03,700 --> 04:40:07,100
People multiple proposals for 
constitutional reform were 

5110
04:40:07,100 --> 04:40:10,300
debated designed and discussed, 
but creating change that 

5111
04:40:10,300 --> 04:40:13,400
satisfied, both indigenous 
communities and required 

5112
04:40:13,400 --> 04:40:16,600
referendum. 
Majorities proved, elusive the 

5113
04:40:16,600 --> 04:40:20,600
2017 Uluru statement from the 
heart issued by indigenous, 

5114
04:40:20,600 --> 04:40:23,000
leaders called for 
constitutional reform 

5115
04:40:23,000 --> 04:40:25,900
establishing a voice to 
Parliament, a permanent 

5116
04:40:25,900 --> 04:40:28,600
indigenous advisory body, that 
would ensure indigenous 

5117
04:40:28,600 --> 04:40:32,100
communities had input into 
policies affecting them The 

5118
04:40:32,100 --> 04:40:35,300
Proposal sparked debate about 
constitutional change in 

5119
04:40:35,300 --> 04:40:38,100
indigenous representation and 
the relationship between 

5120
04:40:38,100 --> 04:40:41,200
indigenous and non-indigenous 
Australia that continues to day.

5121
04:40:42,800 --> 04:40:46,000
Chapter 10, modern Australia, in
a changing world. 

5122
04:40:48,800 --> 04:40:52,600
As the 20th century ended, and 
the 21st began Australia, found 

5123
04:40:52,600 --> 04:40:55,800
itself, navigating an identity 
that was increasingly complex. 

5124
04:40:55,800 --> 04:41:00,100
No longer simply British but not
quite willing to embrace being a

5125
04:41:00,100 --> 04:41:03,300
Asian despite geography. 
Australia, occupied an 

5126
04:41:03,300 --> 04:41:05,900
interesting middle ground, a 
western democracy in the 

5127
04:41:05,900 --> 04:41:08,700
asia-pacific region with a 
population, becoming more 

5128
04:41:08,700 --> 04:41:12,700
diverse with each passing year. 
Sydney Olympics, in 2000, became

5129
04:41:12,700 --> 04:41:14,300
a showcase for this modern 
Australia. 

5130
04:41:15,100 --> 04:41:17,400
The opening ceremony featured 
indigenous performers, 

5131
04:41:17,400 --> 04:41:21,400
prominently, Cathy Freeman and 
Indigenous athlete lit. 

5132
04:41:21,400 --> 04:41:24,200
The Olympic flame and later won 
Gold in the 400 meters while 

5133
04:41:24,200 --> 04:41:28,400
carrying both the Australian and
Aboriginal Flags It was a moment

5134
04:41:28,400 --> 04:41:31,100
of national pride that tried to 
bridge historical divisions 

5135
04:41:31,100 --> 04:41:32,900
though. 
Many noted that Olympic 

5136
04:41:32,900 --> 04:41:35,500
symbolism was easier than 
addressing substantive 

5137
04:41:35,500 --> 04:41:39,100
indigenous disadvantage, the 
Republic debates simmered 

5138
04:41:39,100 --> 04:41:42,900
throughout the 1990s and came to
a head with a 1999 referendum. 

5139
04:41:42,900 --> 04:41:45,500
Asking Australians, if they 
wanted to replace the British 

5140
04:41:45,500 --> 04:41:47,100
monarch with an Australian 
president. 

5141
04:41:47,900 --> 04:41:51,100
The result was complicated, 
polls showed many Australian 

5142
04:41:51,100 --> 04:41:55,300
supported becoming a republican,
but the specific model proposed 

5143
04:41:55,300 --> 04:41:59,400
where Parliament would elect the
president didn't satisfy either 

5144
04:41:59,400 --> 04:42:02,000
monarchists or Republicans, who 
wanted direct election. 

5145
04:42:02,000 --> 04:42:05,700
The referendum failed an 
Australia retained, Queen 

5146
04:42:05,700 --> 04:42:09,000
Elizabeth the second as head of 
state, a reminder that changing 

5147
04:42:09,000 --> 04:42:12,100
constitutional Arrangements 
requires more than vague 

5148
04:42:12,100 --> 04:42:15,000
sentiment. 
Australia's economy transformed 

5149
04:42:15,000 --> 04:42:17,600
during these decades through a 
process, politely called 

5150
04:42:17,600 --> 04:42:21,500
economic reform, but which 
involves significant pain for 

5151
04:42:21,500 --> 04:42:25,300
many communities, manufacturing 
declined, as globalization 

5152
04:42:25,300 --> 04:42:29,200
shifted production to Asia, 
Mining boomed, as China's growth

5153
04:42:29,200 --> 04:42:32,300
created, enormous demand for 
Australian iron ore, coal and 

5154
04:42:32,308 --> 04:42:36,500
natural gas service, Industries 
expanded, the economy, grew 

5155
04:42:36,500 --> 04:42:39,700
overall but the benefits weren't
distributed equally with 

5156
04:42:39,700 --> 04:42:41,500
inner-city. 
Professional workers doing well.

5157
04:42:41,500 --> 04:42:44,400
While outer suburban and 
Regional areas struggled with 

5158
04:42:44,400 --> 04:42:46,100
job losses and declining 
services. 

5159
04:42:47,000 --> 04:42:50,500
The mining, boom of the 2000 and
2010 brought extraordinary 

5160
04:42:50,500 --> 04:42:54,000
wealth particularly to Western 
Australia where iron ore mines 

5161
04:42:54,008 --> 04:42:56,000
produced billions in export 
Revenue. 

5162
04:42:56,000 --> 04:42:59,300
This created an interesting 
Dynamic where mining companies 

5163
04:42:59,300 --> 04:43:01,700
and state governments grew Rich 
while debates. 

5164
04:43:01,700 --> 04:43:04,300
Raged about whether enough 
wealth was being captured for 

5165
04:43:04,300 --> 04:43:07,900
broader public benefit through 
taxes, and royalties, climate 

5166
04:43:07,900 --> 04:43:09,600
change. 
Became an increasingly divisive 

5167
04:43:09,600 --> 04:43:12,500
political issue. 
Australia is particularly 

5168
04:43:12,500 --> 04:43:15,600
vulnerable to climate impact. 
Droughts become more severe 

5169
04:43:15,600 --> 04:43:19,200
bushfires, more frequent and 
intense Coral, bleaching 

5170
04:43:19,200 --> 04:43:22,300
threatens, the Great Barrier 
Reef and Coastal communities 

5171
04:43:22,300 --> 04:43:25,700
face Rising Seas. 
Yet, Australia's economy. 

5172
04:43:25,700 --> 04:43:28,900
Depends heavily on coal and gas 
exports creating political 

5173
04:43:28,900 --> 04:43:32,000
tensions between environmental 
concerns and economic interests.

5174
04:43:33,300 --> 04:43:37,300
The Millennium drought of the 
late 1990s through 2000s, hit 

5175
04:43:37,300 --> 04:43:41,100
South Eastern Australia, 
particularly hard, major cities 

5176
04:43:41,100 --> 04:43:44,700
implemented, water restrictions 
Farmers, watch crops, fail and 

5177
04:43:44,700 --> 04:43:47,200
debates about Water Management. 
Dominated politics. 

5178
04:43:48,000 --> 04:43:51,200
The drought of eventually broke 
but it previewed challenges that

5179
04:43:51,200 --> 04:43:53,300
climate change is expected to 
intensify. 

5180
04:43:54,300 --> 04:43:57,700
Then came the Black Saturday. 
Bushfires of 2009 in Victoria 

5181
04:43:57,700 --> 04:44:02,100
the deadliest bushfires in 
Australian history, killing 173,

5182
04:44:02,100 --> 04:44:04,800
people and destroying thousands 
of homes. 

5183
04:44:06,100 --> 04:44:08,500
The fires generated their own 
weather systems. 

5184
04:44:08,500 --> 04:44:12,100
Moved faster than people could 
flee and demonstrated the 

5185
04:44:12,100 --> 04:44:15,700
devastating potential of extreme
fire conditions combined with 

5186
04:44:15,700 --> 04:44:17,600
strong winds and record 
temperatures. 

5187
04:44:18,600 --> 04:44:21,600
Immigration remained, 
contentious successive, 

5188
04:44:21,600 --> 04:44:23,200
governments struggled with 
Asylum. 

5189
04:44:23,200 --> 04:44:26,600
Seekers arriving by boat 
implementing increasingly harsh 

5190
04:44:26,600 --> 04:44:30,100
deterrence policies. 
Offshore detention centres in 

5191
04:44:30,100 --> 04:44:32,500
nauru and Papua New, Guinea held
a Asylum. 

5192
04:44:32,500 --> 04:44:35,100
Seekers in conditions that Drew 
International criticism. 

5193
04:44:36,300 --> 04:44:39,300
The political calculation was 
that being perceived as tough on

5194
04:44:39,300 --> 04:44:43,200
borders, one more vote than 
humanitarian concerns cost, 

5195
04:44:43,200 --> 04:44:46,100
revealing uncomfortable truths 
about Australian. 

5196
04:44:46,100 --> 04:44:49,600
Political priorities, meanwhile 
Australia's relationship with 

5197
04:44:49,600 --> 04:44:52,200
China, grew more economically, 
important and politically 

5198
04:44:52,200 --> 04:44:55,100
complicated. 
China became Australia's largest

5199
04:44:55,100 --> 04:44:58,700
trading partner by far by buying
Australian resources at scales, 

5200
04:44:58,700 --> 04:45:01,900
that drove economic growth. 
But strategic concerns about 

5201
04:45:01,900 --> 04:45:04,700
China's Rising power. 
Its treatment of ethnic 

5202
04:45:04,700 --> 04:45:07,800
minorities, and its increasingly
assertive, foreign policy 

5203
04:45:07,800 --> 04:45:11,800
created tensions between 
economic interests and security 

5204
04:45:11,800 --> 04:45:15,700
concerns. 
The covid-19 pandemic in 2020 to

5205
04:45:15,708 --> 04:45:19,000
2021 revealed both strengths and
limitations in Australian 

5206
04:45:19,000 --> 04:45:21,400
governance. 
Border closures and lockdowns 

5207
04:45:21,400 --> 04:45:24,000
contain the virus more 
successfully than, in many 

5208
04:45:24,000 --> 04:45:26,700
countries, keeping death rates, 
relatively low. 

5209
04:45:27,400 --> 04:45:29,400
But border policies. 
Separated families. 

5210
04:45:29,400 --> 04:45:32,200
Locked into International 
students and temporary residents

5211
04:45:32,200 --> 04:45:35,500
out of support systems and 
exposed inequalities in. 

5212
04:45:35,500 --> 04:45:39,200
Who could afford to weather 
extended lockdowns State border 

5213
04:45:39,200 --> 04:45:42,500
closures, previously, 
Unthinkable became routine with 

5214
04:45:42,500 --> 04:45:45,000
State's protecting their 
population by restricting 

5215
04:45:45,000 --> 04:45:47,700
movement in ways that divided 
families and disrupted 

5216
04:45:47,700 --> 04:45:50,300
businesses. 
The pandemic revealed that 

5217
04:45:50,300 --> 04:45:53,200
Australian federalism designed 
for an era of slow 

5218
04:45:53,200 --> 04:45:55,500
communication. 
And transport could create as 

5219
04:45:55,500 --> 04:45:58,500
many problems as it sold in a 
crisis, requiring rapid 

5220
04:45:58,500 --> 04:46:01,700
coordinated response. 
The voice to Parliament 

5221
04:46:01,700 --> 04:46:04,700
referendum in 2023 asked to 
Australians whether they 

5222
04:46:04,700 --> 04:46:08,300
supported constitutional change 
to establish an indigenous 

5223
04:46:08,300 --> 04:46:11,500
advisory body. 
Despite initial polling showing 

5224
04:46:11,500 --> 04:46:14,400
support the referendum failed 
with many Australians voting, 

5225
04:46:14,400 --> 04:46:17,500
no, for varied reasons. 
Some oppose constitutional 

5226
04:46:17,500 --> 04:46:20,500
change others. 
Wanted practical action instead 

5227
04:46:20,500 --> 04:46:23,500
of symbolic recognition and some
were influenced by 

5228
04:46:23,500 --> 04:46:26,000
misinformation campaigns about 
what the voice would actually. 

5229
04:46:26,000 --> 04:46:29,600
Do the referendums failure 
highlighted ongoing challenges 

5230
04:46:29,600 --> 04:46:33,000
in reconciliation. 
While most Australian supported 

5231
04:46:33,000 --> 04:46:36,600
indigenous rights in abstract, 
terms building consensus for 

5232
04:46:36,600 --> 04:46:38,400
specific reforms proved 
difficult. 

5233
04:46:39,400 --> 04:46:42,500
The gap between symbolic 
recognition and substantive 

5234
04:46:42,500 --> 04:46:48,300
change remained frustratingly 
wide. chapter 11, the land 

5235
04:46:48,300 --> 04:46:54,300
itself, Australia's enduring 
character As we wind down this 

5236
04:46:54,300 --> 04:46:57,300
long journey through Australian 
history, it's worth considering 

5237
04:46:57,300 --> 04:47:00,900
the land itself. 
This vast ancient continent that

5238
04:47:00,900 --> 04:47:04,400
has shaped everyone who has 
lived here from the first humans

5239
04:47:04,400 --> 04:47:08,000
who arrived, 65,000 years ago, 
to the most recent, immigrant 

5240
04:47:08,000 --> 04:47:11,400
stepping off a plane last week. 
Strayer is the flattest. 

5241
04:47:11,400 --> 04:47:15,100
Driest inhabited continent with 
soils, among the oldest and 

5242
04:47:15,100 --> 04:47:18,200
least fertile on Earth. 
This isn't Prime agricultural 

5243
04:47:18,200 --> 04:47:20,400
land, that generously yields, 
whatever you plant. 

5244
04:47:20,400 --> 04:47:24,200
It's a landscape that demands 
respect knowledge and 

5245
04:47:24,200 --> 04:47:27,400
adaptation. 
Indigenous Australians learned 

5246
04:47:27,400 --> 04:47:30,900
this over Millennia European 
settlers took longer and made 

5247
04:47:30,900 --> 04:47:34,600
more mistakes. 
Sometimes spectacular ones the 

5248
04:47:34,600 --> 04:47:36,900
distances are almost 
incomprehensible to people from 

5249
04:47:36,900 --> 04:47:40,200
smaller countries. 
You can drive for hours days 

5250
04:47:40,200 --> 04:47:44,300
even and see nothing but 
scrubland the same eucalyptus 

5251
04:47:44,300 --> 04:47:45,800
trees stretching to every 
Horizon. 

5252
04:47:47,300 --> 04:47:49,800
There's a reason Australians 
measured distance in time rather

5253
04:47:49,800 --> 04:47:52,500
than kilometers. 
It's about four hours up. 

5254
04:47:52,500 --> 04:47:56,700
The road means more than its 350
kilometers away. 

5255
04:47:57,600 --> 04:48:00,300
Because the real question is, 
how long you'll be driving 

5256
04:48:00,300 --> 04:48:03,400
through that emptiness yet? 
This emptiness isn't really 

5257
04:48:03,400 --> 04:48:06,100
empty. 
The Outback that looks Barren to

5258
04:48:06,100 --> 04:48:09,300
European eyes teams with life if
you know how to look lizard, 

5259
04:48:09,300 --> 04:48:12,700
Sheltering under rocks, Birds, 
nesting in impossible, places 

5260
04:48:12,700 --> 04:48:16,600
and plants that survive years 
without rain, and then burst 

5261
04:48:16,600 --> 04:48:20,600
into blue, when moisture finally
comes Indigenous Australians 

5262
04:48:20,600 --> 04:48:23,900
could read this landscape like 
Europeans read books seeing 

5263
04:48:23,900 --> 04:48:26,800
stories resources and knowledge 
in every feature. 

5264
04:48:28,100 --> 04:48:29,400
The coast tell a different 
story. 

5265
04:48:29,400 --> 04:48:34,300
Lush green and where most 
Australians actually live over 

5266
04:48:34,300 --> 04:48:37,100
80% of the population. 
Clusters along the coastline, 

5267
04:48:37,100 --> 04:48:40,300
particularly the eastern and 
South Eastern coasts. 

5268
04:48:40,300 --> 04:48:43,600
Leaving the interior largely 
uninhabited except for mining 

5269
04:48:43,600 --> 04:48:47,000
operations and small towns 
connected by impossibly long 

5270
04:48:47,000 --> 04:48:49,500
roads. 
This creates an odd situation 

5271
04:48:49,500 --> 04:48:51,400
where Australia is 
simultaneously. 

5272
04:48:51,400 --> 04:48:54,500
One of the most urbanized 
countries in the world and one 

5273
04:48:54,500 --> 04:48:57,000
with vast spaces where human 
presence is minimal. 

5274
04:48:57,600 --> 04:49:00,100
The Great Barrier Reef 
stretching for over 2000 

5275
04:49:00,100 --> 04:49:03,300
kilometers along the Queensland 
Coast is the world's largest 

5276
04:49:03,300 --> 04:49:05,400
living structure visible from 
space. 

5277
04:49:05,400 --> 04:49:09,300
It's a reminder that while the 
land is ancient and weathered, 

5278
04:49:09,300 --> 04:49:12,300
the surrounding oceans are 
Dynamic and Alive. 

5279
04:49:12,300 --> 04:49:16,100
The Reef faces existential 
threats from warming Waters and 

5280
04:49:16,100 --> 04:49:19,300
ocean acidification. 
Making it a symbol of broader 

5281
04:49:19,300 --> 04:49:23,100
environmental challenges. 
Australian Wildlife, remains 

5282
04:49:23,100 --> 04:49:25,900
gloriously. 
Weird monotremes. 

5283
04:49:25,900 --> 04:49:30,400
Mammals that lay eggs exist. 
Nowhere else marsupials 

5284
04:49:30,400 --> 04:49:32,200
dominate. 
Where placental mammals rule 

5285
04:49:32,200 --> 04:49:35,700
elsewhere venomous. 
Creatures abound snake's, 

5286
04:49:35,700 --> 04:49:39,400
spiders jellyfish? 
And even a venomous platypus 

5287
04:49:39,400 --> 04:49:41,700
because apparently regular 
platter P weren't strange 

5288
04:49:41,700 --> 04:49:43,700
enough. 
Yet, for all the dangerous 

5289
04:49:43,700 --> 04:49:47,100
wildlife reputation. 
Australia is remarkably safe. 

5290
04:49:47,100 --> 04:49:50,900
If you exercise basic Common 
Sense, unlike places with large 

5291
04:49:50,900 --> 04:49:55,100
predators that actually hunt 
humans, The seasons run opposite

5292
04:49:55,100 --> 04:49:58,000
to the northern hemisphere which
creates ongoing calendar. 

5293
04:49:58,000 --> 04:50:00,400
Confusion Christmas happens in 
summer. 

5294
04:50:00,400 --> 04:50:03,400
Requiring Australians to 
maintain European Traditions, 

5295
04:50:03,400 --> 04:50:06,600
like hot roast dinners in 
sweltering heat while knowing 

5296
04:50:06,600 --> 04:50:08,800
that singing about snow and 
winter wonderland is 

5297
04:50:08,800 --> 04:50:12,800
geographically nonsensical Some 
things persist through cultural 

5298
04:50:12,800 --> 04:50:15,300
inertia regardless of 
environmental fit. 

5299
04:50:17,500 --> 04:50:20,000
Chapter 12, what Australia means
today? 

5300
04:50:22,600 --> 04:50:25,000
As you settle deeper into your 
pillow, let's consider what 

5301
04:50:25,000 --> 04:50:27,200
Australia represents in the 
early 21st century. 

5302
04:50:27,200 --> 04:50:30,700
Not the tourist brochure version
with beaches, not for houses, 

5303
04:50:30,700 --> 04:50:34,000
but the more complex reality of 
a Nation, still working out what

5304
04:50:34,000 --> 04:50:37,200
it wants to be Australia is one 
of the world's most successful 

5305
04:50:37,200 --> 04:50:40,800
Multicultural democracies. 
A place where people from every 

5306
04:50:40,800 --> 04:50:43,900
continent live together with 
generally less conflict than 

5307
04:50:43,900 --> 04:50:47,600
history might predict. 
Over 30% of Australians were 

5308
04:50:47,600 --> 04:50:50,600
born overseas and in cities like
Sydney and Melbourne. 

5309
04:50:50,600 --> 04:50:55,600
That percentage approaches 40%. 
This diversity is now woven into

5310
04:50:55,600 --> 04:50:58,700
Australian identity, rather than
threatening it though. 

5311
04:50:58,700 --> 04:51:02,000
Individual incidents of racism. 
Remind us that acceptance isn't 

5312
04:51:02,000 --> 04:51:06,800
Universal The Australian sense 
of humor self-deprecating ironic

5313
04:51:06,800 --> 04:51:10,200
and slightly irreverent or 
authority remains a defining 

5314
04:51:10,200 --> 04:51:13,000
characteristic. 
Australians, instinctively 

5315
04:51:13,000 --> 04:51:17,100
deflate pomposity value 
authenticity, over potential and

5316
04:51:17,100 --> 04:51:18,900
using nicknames as signs of 
affection. 

5317
04:51:20,000 --> 04:51:22,600
This can sometimes frustrate 
visitors from more formal 

5318
04:51:22,600 --> 04:51:25,300
cultures, but it creates a 
social environment where 

5319
04:51:25,300 --> 04:51:27,900
hierarchy is less rigid than in 
many societies. 

5320
04:51:29,200 --> 04:51:32,600
Mateship that quintessentially, 
Australian concept values, 

5321
04:51:32,600 --> 04:51:35,900
loyalty, helping others and 
standing by your friends. 

5322
04:51:37,000 --> 04:51:39,800
It emerged from the harsh 
conditions of early, colonial 

5323
04:51:39,800 --> 04:51:43,500
life where cooperation meant 
survival got reinforced through 

5324
04:51:43,500 --> 04:51:47,000
military experiences and now 
shapes everything from workplace

5325
04:51:47,000 --> 04:51:50,700
culture to political rhetoric. 
Though mateship has historically

5326
04:51:50,700 --> 04:51:53,700
been quite masculine in its 
emphasis, contemporary 

5327
04:51:53,700 --> 04:51:56,400
understanding has broadened to 
include more diverse forms of 

5328
04:51:56,400 --> 04:51:58,200
solidarity and Community 
Support. 

5329
04:51:59,100 --> 04:52:02,100
The tyranny of distance 
Australia's isolation from Major

5330
04:52:02,100 --> 04:52:04,800
World centers, has shaped 
National psychology. 

5331
04:52:04,800 --> 04:52:08,400
In interesting ways Australians 
are simultaneously provincial 

5332
04:52:08,400 --> 04:52:11,600
and Cosmopolitan, deeply 
attached to local places, while 

5333
04:52:11,600 --> 04:52:15,200
being enthusiastic International
Travelers, the distance creates 

5334
04:52:15,200 --> 04:52:18,400
a kind of Fortress mentality, 
sometimes, but also produces 

5335
04:52:18,400 --> 04:52:20,900
people who are comfortable with 
Crossing cultural boundaries, 

5336
04:52:21,800 --> 04:52:24,300
Sports, occupy, an almost 
religious place in Australian 

5337
04:52:24,300 --> 04:52:28,000
culture, Cricket Australian 
Rules, Football rugby, league 

5338
04:52:28,000 --> 04:52:32,000
Rugby, Union, soccer, and 
countless other sports generate 

5339
04:52:32,000 --> 04:52:34,500
passion that can seem 
disproportionate to outside his 

5340
04:52:35,300 --> 04:52:39,400
Sports service, social glue, 
creating shared experiences and 

5341
04:52:39,400 --> 04:52:43,200
identities that bridge other 
division's state, rivalries and 

5342
04:52:43,200 --> 04:52:47,000
sports are intense, but mostly 
good natured except when they're

5343
04:52:47,000 --> 04:52:49,700
not. 
Each lifestyle isn't tourist 

5344
04:52:49,700 --> 04:52:53,100
mythology, but genuine cultural 
practice for millions of coastal

5345
04:52:53,100 --> 04:52:57,100
Australians. learning to swim 
understanding, surf conditions 

5346
04:52:57,108 --> 04:53:01,200
and spending summer days at the 
beach aren't luxury activities, 

5347
04:53:01,200 --> 04:53:05,300
but normal parts of life Surf. 
Lifesaving Clubs a community 

5348
04:53:05,300 --> 04:53:08,900
institutions that combined 
sport, service and social 

5349
04:53:08,900 --> 04:53:11,800
connection. 
Australian English has evolved 

5350
04:53:11,800 --> 04:53:14,400
into its own dialect with 
distinctive pronunciation 

5351
04:53:14,400 --> 04:53:18,800
vocabulary and idioms that can 
confound even native English 

5352
04:53:18,800 --> 04:53:22,800
speakers from other countries. 
The tendency to abbreviate, 

5353
04:53:22,800 --> 04:53:26,600
everything arvo for afternoon, 
Servo for service station, 

5354
04:53:26,600 --> 04:53:31,100
brekkie for breakfast combined 
with distinctive, slang creates 

5355
04:53:31,100 --> 04:53:33,000
a language. 
That is simultaneously familiar 

5356
04:53:33,000 --> 04:53:34,600
and foreign to other English 
speakers. 

5357
04:53:35,800 --> 04:53:38,300
Yet underneath these cultural 
characteristics deeper 

5358
04:53:38,300 --> 04:53:40,300
questions. 
Persist, what does 

5359
04:53:40,300 --> 04:53:43,800
reconciliation with indigenous 
Australians actually require 

5360
04:53:43,800 --> 04:53:47,500
Beyond symbolic gestures? 
How does Australia balance its 

5361
04:53:47,500 --> 04:53:50,300
Western political Traditions 
with its Asian geography? 

5362
04:53:50,300 --> 04:53:53,000
What responsibilities come with 
extraordinary? 

5363
04:53:53,000 --> 04:53:55,500
Resource wealth in a world 
facing climate change. 

5364
04:53:55,500 --> 04:53:59,000
How do you maintain social 
cohesion as diversity increases?

5365
04:53:59,000 --> 04:54:02,800
These aren't questions with easy
answers and different 

5366
04:54:02,800 --> 04:54:05,400
Australians. 
Answer them differently. the 

5367
04:54:05,400 --> 04:54:08,100
Australian political system 
produces stability, but 

5368
04:54:08,100 --> 04:54:12,000
sometimes at the cost of bold 
reform, the combination of 

5369
04:54:12,000 --> 04:54:15,800
compulsory voting preferential 
voting and frequent elections 

5370
04:54:15,800 --> 04:54:18,800
means that politicians must 
appeal to median voters, 

5371
04:54:18,800 --> 04:54:21,200
creating pressure for Centrist 
policies. 

5372
04:54:22,000 --> 04:54:25,700
This prevents extremism but can 
also prevent necessary change 

5373
04:54:25,700 --> 04:54:28,500
when that change requires 
short-term sacrifice for 

5374
04:54:28,500 --> 04:54:32,000
long-term benefit. 
Indigenous disadvantage remains 

5375
04:54:32,000 --> 04:54:35,100
Australia's greatest domestic 
Challenge and moral failing. 

5376
04:54:35,800 --> 04:54:38,900
Despite Decades of programs 
policies and good intentions 

5377
04:54:38,900 --> 04:54:43,600
gaps in health education, 
employment and incarceration 

5378
04:54:43,600 --> 04:54:46,400
rates. 
Persist Until these gaps closed,

5379
04:54:46,400 --> 04:54:49,700
Australia cannot claim to have 
truly reconciled with the 

5380
04:54:49,700 --> 04:54:53,200
Injustice of colonization and 
their continuing impacts. 

5381
04:54:55,100 --> 04:54:56,800
Epilogue. 
Stories. 

5382
04:54:56,800 --> 04:55:01,300
That continue. 
As you drift towards sleep, 

5383
04:55:01,300 --> 04:55:04,600
remember that history isn't a 
story that ended it's one that 

5384
04:55:04,600 --> 04:55:07,400
continues. 
The Australia that exists today 

5385
04:55:07,400 --> 04:55:11,500
is dramatically different from 
the one that existed in 1788 or 

5386
04:55:11,500 --> 04:55:15,900
1901 or even 1988 and the 
Australia that will exist in 

5387
04:55:15,900 --> 04:55:19,800
201888 will be different again 
shaped by decisions, being made 

5388
04:55:19,800 --> 04:55:21,700
now and challenges. 
Not yet visible. 

5389
04:55:22,500 --> 04:55:26,000
Indigenous Australians after 
surviving 65,000 years, 

5390
04:55:26,000 --> 04:55:29,100
including two centuries of 
dispossession and destruction 

5391
04:55:29,100 --> 04:55:33,500
continued to maintain cultural 
Traditions revive languages and 

5392
04:55:33,500 --> 04:55:35,800
assert rights to land and 
self-determination. 

5393
04:55:36,800 --> 04:55:38,600
Their story. 
The longest continuous. 

5394
04:55:38,600 --> 04:55:42,800
Human story on Earth, didn't end
with colonization it adapted, 

5395
04:55:42,800 --> 04:55:46,900
persisted and continues. 
The Immigrant families who 

5396
04:55:46,900 --> 04:55:50,800
arrived from Europe Asia Africa 
and the Americas are creating 

5397
04:55:50,800 --> 04:55:53,900
new chapters in Australian 
history bringing Traditions that

5398
04:55:53,900 --> 04:55:57,400
enrich and complicate what it 
means to be Australian their 

5399
04:55:57,400 --> 04:55:59,800
children and grandchildren will 
blend these Traditions with 

5400
04:55:59,800 --> 04:56:03,400
Australian culture in ways that 
continue the evolution that has 

5401
04:56:03,408 --> 04:56:05,300
characterized this continent for
Millennia. 

5402
04:56:05,300 --> 04:56:09,400
Environmental challenges from 
climate change to species 

5403
04:56:09,400 --> 04:56:12,400
extinctions to water. 
Scarcity will require 

5404
04:56:12,400 --> 04:56:15,300
Australians to reconsider their 
relationship with this ancient 

5405
04:56:15,300 --> 04:56:17,400
land. 
Perhaps this will create 

5406
04:56:17,400 --> 04:56:20,000
opportunities to learn from 
indigenous knowledge systems 

5407
04:56:20,000 --> 04:56:22,800
that sustained human life here 
for thousands of generations 

5408
04:56:22,800 --> 04:56:26,600
without depleting resources that
support future Generations. 

5409
04:56:26,600 --> 04:56:29,200
The Great Barrier Reef 
struggling on the warming. 

5410
04:56:29,200 --> 04:56:32,500
Seas reminds us that some losses
might be irreversible without 

5411
04:56:32,500 --> 04:56:36,500
rapid action. the increasingly 
intense, Bushfire Seasons, warn 

5412
04:56:36,500 --> 04:56:39,100
that climate change isn't a 
distant threat, but a present 

5413
04:56:39,100 --> 04:56:42,600
reality, requiring adaptation 
and mitigation The drought 

5414
04:56:42,600 --> 04:56:46,100
prone, Inland teaches that water
is precious and cannot be taken 

5415
04:56:46,100 --> 04:56:49,100
for granted. 
Australia's Geographic position 

5416
04:56:49,100 --> 04:56:52,100
tucked below Asia in the 
southern hemisphere will 

5417
04:56:52,100 --> 04:56:54,800
continue shaping, its strategic 
and economic future. 

5418
04:56:54,800 --> 04:56:59,300
The rise of Asia, particularly 
China and India creates, both 

5419
04:56:59,300 --> 04:57:01,800
opportunities and challenges 
that will Define Australian 

5420
04:57:01,800 --> 04:57:05,000
foreign policy for Generations. 
The Republican debate will 

5421
04:57:05,000 --> 04:57:08,200
resurface probably when Queen 
Elizabeth the second's Reign 

5422
04:57:08,200 --> 04:57:11,900
ends forcing Australians to 
reconsider what constitutional 

5423
04:57:11,900 --> 04:57:15,400
links to Britain mean in an era,
when Australian identity is 

5424
04:57:15,400 --> 04:57:19,000
evolved far beyond its Colonial,
Origins cities will continue 

5425
04:57:19,000 --> 04:57:22,400
growing sprawling across land 
that was recently farmland or 

5426
04:57:22,400 --> 04:57:26,000
bush creating environmental and 
infrastructure challenges that 

5427
04:57:26,000 --> 04:57:29,900
require Creative Solutions, the 
Australian dream of owning a 

5428
04:57:29,900 --> 04:57:32,200
detached house on a quarter. 
Acre block will become 

5429
04:57:32,200 --> 04:57:34,400
increasingly difficult as land 
prices. 

5430
04:57:34,400 --> 04:57:38,600
Rise and density increases 
technology will transform work 

5431
04:57:38,600 --> 04:57:41,900
education and social Connections
in ways. 

5432
04:57:41,900 --> 04:57:45,500
We can barely imagine just as 
previous generations, could not 

5433
04:57:45,500 --> 04:57:49,100
imagine how television are 
Listening and the internet would

5434
04:57:49,100 --> 04:57:52,000
reshape Australian life but 
through all these changes, 

5435
04:57:52,000 --> 04:57:54,900
something fundamental about 
Australia will probably persist 

5436
04:57:54,900 --> 04:57:58,200
the particular quality of light 
that has inspired artists for 

5437
04:57:58,208 --> 04:58:01,900
Millennia, the distinctive 
accent and humor the Casual 

5438
04:58:01,900 --> 04:58:05,400
approach to social hierarchy and
the fierce attachment to place 

5439
04:58:05,400 --> 04:58:07,800
that characterizes both 
indigenous and settler 

5440
04:58:07,800 --> 04:58:11,100
Australians in different. 
But sometimes overlapping ways 

5441
04:58:12,600 --> 04:58:14,800
The story that began 65,000 
years ago. 

5442
04:58:14,800 --> 04:58:17,100
When the first humans crossed 
the water to reach this 

5443
04:58:17,100 --> 04:58:19,800
continent continues. 
It has been a story of 

5444
04:58:19,800 --> 04:58:23,700
adaptation, Survival conflict, 
creativity and constant change. 

5445
04:58:23,700 --> 04:58:26,700
It has included tragedies that 
should never be forgotten and 

5446
04:58:26,700 --> 04:58:29,400
triumphs worth celebrating. 
It has been shaped by 

5447
04:58:29,408 --> 04:58:33,200
indigenous, knowledge British 
colonization multi-cultural 

5448
04:58:33,200 --> 04:58:35,400
immigration. 
And countless, individual 

5449
04:58:35,400 --> 04:58:39,500
decisions that accumulated into 
historical forces as you fall 

5450
04:58:39,500 --> 04:58:43,400
asleep tonight, your connected 
to this, ongoing story, whether 

5451
04:58:43,400 --> 04:58:46,700
you're Australian yourself or 
simply someone interested in how

5452
04:58:46,700 --> 04:58:50,700
human societies evolve adapt and
sometimes transcend, their 

5453
04:58:50,700 --> 04:58:53,300
Origins. 
Australia's history, like all. 

5454
04:58:53,300 --> 04:58:56,600
History isn't a collection of 
dates and facts but a web of 

5455
04:58:56,600 --> 04:58:58,700
human experiences choices and 
consequences. 

5456
04:58:58,700 --> 04:59:02,800
That continue resonating Through
Time, The Land itself. 

5457
04:59:02,800 --> 04:59:06,900
Ancient weathered patient has 
witnessed all of this and will 

5458
04:59:06,900 --> 04:59:10,500
witness, whatever comes next, 
the stars that wheel overhead 

5459
04:59:10,500 --> 04:59:13,600
are the same stars that guided 
indigenous Navigators for 

5460
04:59:13,600 --> 04:59:17,000
thousands of generations that 
confused early European, 

5461
04:59:17,000 --> 04:59:20,500
explorers and that now Mark, the
southern sky for everyone who 

5462
04:59:20,500 --> 04:59:23,000
calls this continent home, 
Sleep. 

5463
04:59:23,000 --> 04:59:25,600
Well, knowing that history is 
never truly finished. 

5464
04:59:25,600 --> 04:59:28,900
That every ending is also a 
beginning and that the oldest 

5465
04:59:28,900 --> 04:59:32,400
inhabited continent on Earth 
continues, its journey into an 

5466
04:59:32,400 --> 04:59:34,400
unknowable but fascinating 
future. 

5467
04:59:35,400 --> 04:59:38,000
Story of Australia. 
Like the best bedtime stories. 

5468
04:59:38,000 --> 04:59:42,100
Invites you to dream, not just 
of what was, but of what might 

5469
04:59:42,100 --> 04:59:49,800
be. 
Thomas Jefferson was born on 

5470
04:59:49,800 --> 04:59:54,600
April, the 13th 1743 at Shadwell
a plantation in the Virginia. 

5471
04:59:54,600 --> 04:59:58,300
Piedmont, his father. 
Peter Jefferson was a surveyor 

5472
04:59:58,300 --> 05:00:01,000
and landowner renowned for 
physical strength and an 

5473
05:00:01,000 --> 05:00:04,900
adventurous Spirit, his mother 
Jane Randolph came from a 

5474
05:00:04,900 --> 05:00:08,300
prominent family growing up amid
Rolling Hills and dense. 

5475
05:00:08,300 --> 05:00:12,000
Forests young Thomas embrace the
frontier ethos even as he 

5476
05:00:12,000 --> 05:00:14,400
absorbed the Gentile, 
expectations of the colonial 

5477
05:00:14,400 --> 05:00:17,100
Gentry. 
He delighted in for horseback 

5478
05:00:17,100 --> 05:00:20,400
rides, the hush of Mountain 
Trails and the hum of 

5479
05:00:20,400 --> 05:00:22,700
intellectual debate. 
Courtesy of visiting tutors. 

5480
05:00:23,500 --> 05:00:27,100
By the 1750s, Virginia's 
plantation economy thrived on 

5481
05:00:27,108 --> 05:00:30,200
Tobacco cultivation. 
With an enslaved, Workforce 

5482
05:00:30,200 --> 05:00:33,800
forming its backbone, Peter 
Jefferson owned enslaved, 

5483
05:00:33,800 --> 05:00:36,900
laborers, and Thomas, grew up. 
Witnessing the institutions, 

5484
05:00:36,900 --> 05:00:39,500
daily operations, and uneasy 
inheritance. 

5485
05:00:39,500 --> 05:00:43,000
That would later spark internal 
conflict in his adult years, but

5486
05:00:43,000 --> 05:00:45,800
as a child he balanced field 
observations with classical 

5487
05:00:45,800 --> 05:00:47,800
studies. 
His father died. 

5488
05:00:47,800 --> 05:00:51,700
When Thomas was 14, leaving him,
a sizable estate, but also the 

5489
05:00:51,700 --> 05:00:56,300
bird of paternal absence this 
responsibility shaped him and 

5490
05:00:56,300 --> 05:00:58,500
stilling a drive for 
self-reliance and scholarly 

5491
05:00:58,500 --> 05:01:02,300
achievement. 
Around age 17 Jefferson enrolled

5492
05:01:02,300 --> 05:01:05,500
at the College of William and 
Mary in Williamsburg, immersed 

5493
05:01:05,500 --> 05:01:07,400
himself in philosophy 
mathematics. 

5494
05:01:07,400 --> 05:01:10,800
And the law studying under 
influential mentors, like George

5495
05:01:10,800 --> 05:01:14,100
Wythe late night reading session
at the Royal Governors Palace 

5496
05:01:14,100 --> 05:01:17,000
Library fostered, his 
fascination with Enlightenment 

5497
05:01:17,000 --> 05:01:19,800
thinkers, John Locke, 
Montesquieu and others. 

5498
05:01:19,800 --> 05:01:22,900
Their calls for reason over 
traditional resonated with 

5499
05:01:22,900 --> 05:01:26,900
Jefferson who scouted texts on 
government science and ethics. 

5500
05:01:26,900 --> 05:01:31,300
He also cultivated his violin 
skills, joining small, music, 

5501
05:01:31,300 --> 05:01:33,800
Gatherings that balance his 
rigorous academic schedule. 

5502
05:01:34,600 --> 05:01:38,000
After concluding his college 
Years, Jefferson read law with 

5503
05:01:38,000 --> 05:01:41,100
Wythe forging. 
A bond that melded legal rigor 

5504
05:01:41,100 --> 05:01:44,600
with ethical inquiry. 
This training hammered him. 

5505
05:01:44,600 --> 05:01:47,500
The notion that laws must be 
grounded in rational principles.

5506
05:01:47,500 --> 05:01:52,000
Not arbitrary. 
Decrees Meanwhile, he kept track

5507
05:01:52,000 --> 05:01:54,700
of tensions Brewing between the 
colonies and Britain. 

5508
05:01:55,500 --> 05:01:57,700
Attending assemblies where 
Taxation and representation 

5509
05:01:57,700 --> 05:02:02,100
Royal the Gentry, even then 
Jefferson's reflective nature. 

5510
05:02:02,100 --> 05:02:05,500
Showed he was not the most 
boisterous voice, but his 

5511
05:02:05,508 --> 05:02:08,500
private letters revealed a keen 
sense of Injustice at 

5512
05:02:08,500 --> 05:02:12,900
parliament's intrusions by 1767.
He began practicing law. 

5513
05:02:12,900 --> 05:02:16,400
After being admitted to the bar,
he frequently represented small 

5514
05:02:16,400 --> 05:02:19,300
land holders in property 
disputes or Merchants caught up 

5515
05:02:19,308 --> 05:02:22,700
in Customs Enforcement. 
Observers noted his calm 

5516
05:02:22,700 --> 05:02:25,400
demeanor. 
Meticulous, arguments and 

5517
05:02:25,400 --> 05:02:28,700
persuasive writing. 
He built a reputation as a 

5518
05:02:28,700 --> 05:02:32,400
reliable Advocate, who valued 
Clarity over theatrics that 

5519
05:02:32,400 --> 05:02:36,000
skill set would soon extend to 
political life as Colonial 

5520
05:02:36,000 --> 05:02:39,100
unrest over the Stamp Act and 
Townsend duties escalated. 

5521
05:02:39,900 --> 05:02:43,600
Parallel to his legal career, 
Jefferson oversaw, the expansion

5522
05:02:43,600 --> 05:02:46,900
of Monticello his future 
architectural, Masterpiece 

5523
05:02:46,900 --> 05:02:49,500
perched, on a hill near 
Shadwell, he had begun to 

5524
05:02:49,508 --> 05:02:51,300
designing the house in his early
twenties. 

5525
05:02:51,300 --> 05:02:54,200
Referencing Palladium, styles 
gleaned from books. 

5526
05:02:54,200 --> 05:02:58,500
The property is vaunted, offered
sweeping views symbolizing for 

5527
05:02:58,500 --> 05:03:01,800
Jefferson both intellectual 
curiosity and the potential of 

5528
05:03:01,800 --> 05:03:04,200
the new world. 
He adored the notion of 

5529
05:03:04,208 --> 05:03:07,800
designing living spaces with 
geometric, Harmony installing 

5530
05:03:07,800 --> 05:03:11,400
hidden staircases symmetrical 
wings and carefully proportioned

5531
05:03:11,400 --> 05:03:14,500
rooms. 
Monticello is not just a home, 

5532
05:03:14,500 --> 05:03:18,100
but a living laboratory for 
architecture, Horticulture and 

5533
05:03:18,100 --> 05:03:25,600
personal reflection Reflection. 
In 1769, he won a seat in the 

5534
05:03:25,600 --> 05:03:28,900
Virginia House of Burgesses 
marking his formal entry into 

5535
05:03:28,900 --> 05:03:31,700
public affairs. 
He arrived in a tense climate 

5536
05:03:31,700 --> 05:03:34,700
radical voices called for 
boycotts of British goods 

5537
05:03:34,700 --> 05:03:38,300
Jefferson though quietly spoken 
sided with the emerging 

5538
05:03:38,300 --> 05:03:40,600
Patriot's. 
He penned resolution's decrying,

5539
05:03:40,600 --> 05:03:43,800
British overreach though 
initially Mildred in tone over 

5540
05:03:43,800 --> 05:03:45,700
time. 
His pain would sharpen as London

5541
05:03:45,700 --> 05:03:49,500
doubled down on the colonial 
Authority around this era, he 

5542
05:03:49,500 --> 05:03:53,400
courted, Martha wayles Skelton, 
a young Widow, Fame for musical 

5543
05:03:53,400 --> 05:03:56,800
talent and A Gentle Spirit. 
They married on New Year's Day 

5544
05:03:56,800 --> 05:04:01,100
at 1772, forging, a partnership 
that would shape Jefferson's 

5545
05:04:01,100 --> 05:04:03,700
personal life. 
He joined him at Monticello 

5546
05:04:03,700 --> 05:04:07,400
though, her health was fragile, 
they spent tranquil moments, 

5547
05:04:07,400 --> 05:04:11,300
reading or playing Duets 
Jefferson on violin, Martha on 

5548
05:04:11,300 --> 05:04:14,400
hops, Accord. 
Their bond was tender yet 

5549
05:04:14,400 --> 05:04:16,800
overshadowed by the mortality 
rates of the period. 

5550
05:04:17,500 --> 05:04:20,900
Over their decade together. 
Martha bought children but only 

5551
05:04:20,900 --> 05:04:24,200
two daughters survived to 
adulthood her eventual passing 

5552
05:04:24,200 --> 05:04:25,900
left. 
Jefferson in deep mourning and 

5553
05:04:25,900 --> 05:04:28,200
likely influenced his future 
emotional Reserve. 

5554
05:04:28,900 --> 05:04:32,200
Early in the 17th century. 
Jefferson found himself on the 

5555
05:04:32,200 --> 05:04:35,800
brink of a more significant, 
Colonial crisis, the Boston Tea 

5556
05:04:35,800 --> 05:04:38,400
Party erupted. 
The British closed, the port of 

5557
05:04:38,408 --> 05:04:41,500
Boston and the call for 
intercolonial Unity, grew louder

5558
05:04:41,500 --> 05:04:45,200
Jefferson's Penn influenced by 
his legal background, and 

5559
05:04:45,200 --> 05:04:48,300
Enlightenment convictions would 
soon craft arguments that 

5560
05:04:48,300 --> 05:04:53,100
soared, Beyond local assemblies.
Fate was guiding him toward the 

5561
05:04:53,100 --> 05:04:55,800
epicenter of revolutionary 
debate where he had become a 

5562
05:04:55,808 --> 05:04:58,800
pivotal voice championing 
Independents and articulating. 

5563
05:04:58,800 --> 05:05:01,300
A new model of governance for 
now though. 

5564
05:05:01,300 --> 05:05:04,900
He was a rising Virginia, 
notable poised methodical and 

5565
05:05:04,900 --> 05:05:08,100
quietly determined with 
Monticello as both sanctuary and

5566
05:05:08,100 --> 05:05:11,700
symbol of evolving ideals 
Jeffers, political instincts, 

5567
05:05:11,700 --> 05:05:15,100
emerged as Colonial tensions, 
escalated into outright conflict

5568
05:05:15,100 --> 05:05:19,100
in 1774. 
He drafted a summary view of the

5569
05:05:19,100 --> 05:05:23,400
rights of British America. 
Pamphlet, addressing colonial 

5570
05:05:23,400 --> 05:05:26,300
grievances. 
Though less famous than later 

5571
05:05:26,300 --> 05:05:27,700
texts. 
It signaled. 

5572
05:05:27,700 --> 05:05:31,300
A decisive shift arguing. 
That Parliament had no authority

5573
05:05:31,300 --> 05:05:33,200
to govern the colonies without 
their consent. 

5574
05:05:34,000 --> 05:05:37,100
This stance radical for its time
circulated. 

5575
05:05:37,100 --> 05:05:40,200
Widely some older Patriots, 
found at Brash, but for 

5576
05:05:40,200 --> 05:05:42,900
Jefferson it was a matter of 
logical extension. 

5577
05:05:42,900 --> 05:05:46,800
If reason and natural rights 
were Universal, British claims 

5578
05:05:46,800 --> 05:05:51,000
to Dominion flouted moral law, 
Virginia recognized Jefferson's 

5579
05:05:51,000 --> 05:05:55,000
talents sending him in 1774 to 
the second continental congress 

5580
05:05:55,000 --> 05:05:58,200
in Philadelphia the environment 
crackled with possibility 

5581
05:05:58,200 --> 05:06:01,800
delegates from 13 colonies 
debated whether to petition the 

5582
05:06:01,800 --> 05:06:05,200
crown or brace for Independence,
Jefferson stoic, Presence 

5583
05:06:05,200 --> 05:06:08,600
overshadowed by the fiery 
rhetoric of John Adams, or the 

5584
05:06:08,608 --> 05:06:12,100
gravitas of Benjamin Franklin, 
masked his deep conviction. 

5585
05:06:12,100 --> 05:06:16,100
He served on committees drafting
formal statements, the 

5586
05:06:16,100 --> 05:06:18,400
skirmishers around Lexington and
Concord flared into the 

5587
05:06:18,400 --> 05:06:20,700
Revolutionary War. 
The push for full Independence, 

5588
05:06:20,700 --> 05:06:25,700
intensified In June 1776. 
The Congress appointed a 

5589
05:06:25,700 --> 05:06:27,900
five-man committee to draft a 
declaration asserting. 

5590
05:06:27,900 --> 05:06:31,200
The colonies break from Britain 
despite his relative youth 

5591
05:06:31,200 --> 05:06:34,600
Jefferson was chosen with atoms 
and frankly, in among the 

5592
05:06:34,600 --> 05:06:37,900
others, they recognized his 
gift, for articulate Pros. 

5593
05:06:37,900 --> 05:06:41,900
Honed by years of reading 
Enlightenment treaters, hold up 

5594
05:06:41,900 --> 05:06:44,500
in a second floor. 
Apartment Jefferson wrote 

5595
05:06:44,500 --> 05:06:48,200
feverishly for two weeks. 
He produced a text that merged 

5596
05:06:48,200 --> 05:06:52,200
in philosophy with a distinctly 
American context, championing 

5597
05:06:52,200 --> 05:06:55,400
life, liberty, and the pursuit 
of happiness. 

5598
05:06:56,500 --> 05:06:59,400
The phrase soared Beyond local 
grievances, to a universal 

5599
05:06:59,400 --> 05:07:03,000
principle of individual rights 
Adams and Franklin made slight 

5600
05:07:03,000 --> 05:07:05,300
edits. 
And the Congress after heated 

5601
05:07:05,300 --> 05:07:10,000
debate adopted, a final version 
on July 4th, 1776, thus 

5602
05:07:10,000 --> 05:07:12,600
Jefferson's words became the 
Bedrock statement of a nascent 

5603
05:07:12,600 --> 05:07:15,700
Nation although the final text 
moderated, some of his vehement 

5604
05:07:15,700 --> 05:07:19,400
attacks on slavery. speaking of 
slavery Jefferson's 

5605
05:07:19,400 --> 05:07:22,900
contradictory stance, glimmered,
even then, He condemned the 

5606
05:07:22,900 --> 05:07:26,700
slave trade in an early draft of
the Declaration that passage was

5607
05:07:26,700 --> 05:07:28,500
cut under pressure from Southern
delegates. 

5608
05:07:28,500 --> 05:07:32,400
He personally owned enslaved 
individuals at Monticello over 

5609
05:07:32,400 --> 05:07:35,900
time, he Penn theoretical 
critiques of slavery as morally 

5610
05:07:35,900 --> 05:07:38,700
corrosive yet. 
He never comprehensively freed 

5611
05:07:38,700 --> 05:07:42,900
his own, this Paradox rarely 
resolved would haunt his legacy 

5612
05:07:42,900 --> 05:07:46,600
despite disclaiming the system 
as an abominable crime. 

5613
05:07:46,600 --> 05:07:49,600
His economic Reliance on it. 
Ran deep. 

5614
05:07:50,300 --> 05:07:53,400
Following the declaration's 
adoption jeffersson returned to 

5615
05:07:53,400 --> 05:07:56,300
Virginia to help craft the 
State's new Constitution and 

5616
05:07:56,300 --> 05:07:59,800
overhaul its legal codes. 
He championed this establishment

5617
05:07:59,800 --> 05:08:03,000
of the Anglican Church. 
Arguing religious freedom was a 

5618
05:08:03,000 --> 05:08:05,500
Cornerstone of Liberty. 
He also sought to reform 

5619
05:08:05,500 --> 05:08:08,100
inheritance laws that 
concentrated wealth in certain 

5620
05:08:08,100 --> 05:08:11,700
families, Such measures 
including the Statute for 

5621
05:08:11,700 --> 05:08:15,200
Religious Freedom would become 
pillars of Jefferson's vision of

5622
05:08:15,200 --> 05:08:18,400
a republican Society, a place 
where personal conscience 

5623
05:08:18,400 --> 05:08:20,900
reigned and inherited privileged
dwindled. 

5624
05:08:21,700 --> 05:08:24,700
Yet implementing them stirred, 
resistance from tradition-bound 

5625
05:08:24,700 --> 05:08:28,400
legislators during the war. 
Jefferson served as Virginia's 

5626
05:08:28,400 --> 05:08:33,700
Governor from 1779 to 1781 a 
tenure overshadowed by British 

5627
05:08:33,700 --> 05:08:37,700
invasions The conflict tested 
him in ways that writing never 

5628
05:08:37,700 --> 05:08:42,900
had he faced logistical, chaos, 
troop shortages, Mega supplies. 

5629
05:08:42,900 --> 05:08:46,500
And Loyalists, uprisings, 
British forces, under Benedict, 

5630
05:08:46,500 --> 05:08:49,500
Arnold raided, Richmond, nearly 
capturing Jefferson at 

5631
05:08:49,500 --> 05:08:53,600
Monticello Critique of his 
governorship circulated branding

5632
05:08:53,600 --> 05:08:55,600
him in effective or hesitant 
Under Pressure. 

5633
05:08:55,600 --> 05:08:59,800
This damaged his reputation, but
the walls chaos left no easy 

5634
05:08:59,800 --> 05:09:04,300
solution to any leader. 
In 1781 after stepping down, 

5635
05:09:04,300 --> 05:09:07,400
Jefferson retreated to 
Monticello battered in spirit. 

5636
05:09:08,200 --> 05:09:11,100
The personal realm also dealt in
blows heartbreak. 

5637
05:09:11,100 --> 05:09:13,400
At the death of his wife Martha 
in 1782. 

5638
05:09:13,400 --> 05:09:17,500
She had endured multiple 
difficult pregnancies and her 

5639
05:09:17,500 --> 05:09:21,300
final days for Jefferson nearly 
inconsolable, her deathbed 

5640
05:09:21,300 --> 05:09:24,000
request, that he not remarried. 
Bound him in sorrow for weeks. 

5641
05:09:24,000 --> 05:09:27,900
He burned their correspondence 
and act reflecting deep grief 

5642
05:09:27,900 --> 05:09:30,900
and a desire for privacy. 
The father of two surviving 

5643
05:09:30,900 --> 05:09:34,400
daughters, he turned inward 
focusing on writing notes, on 

5644
05:09:34,400 --> 05:09:37,100
the state of Virginia, a 
comprehensive, look at his, 

5645
05:09:37,100 --> 05:09:39,900
Region's geography, economy and 
Moors sprinkled with 

5646
05:09:39,908 --> 05:09:44,300
philosophical musings that text 
published years, later revealed,

5647
05:09:44,300 --> 05:09:47,100
both his intellectual scope, and
the racial theories that many 

5648
05:09:47,100 --> 05:09:52,300
modern readers find troubling. 
I was end in 17803, Jefferson 

5649
05:09:52,300 --> 05:09:55,400
felt the weight of personal loss
and the uncertainties of the new

5650
05:09:55,400 --> 05:09:57,700
Confederation. 
He took a seat in the 

5651
05:09:57,708 --> 05:10:00,800
Continental Congress. 
Forging ahead with legislative 

5652
05:10:00,800 --> 05:10:04,500
tasks. the faint outlines of a 
more stable federal government 

5653
05:10:04,500 --> 05:10:07,900
were forming and so we see 
Jefferson father of the 

5654
05:10:07,908 --> 05:10:11,700
Declaration parted from his wife
and certain about the new 

5655
05:10:11,700 --> 05:10:14,800
nation's trajectory, but 
steadfast in pursuit of Reason, 

5656
05:10:14,800 --> 05:10:19,100
by governments His next chapter,
beckoned a diplomatic role in 

5657
05:10:19,100 --> 05:10:21,600
Europe, giving him advantage on 
global politics. 

5658
05:10:21,600 --> 05:10:23,800
That would shape his future, as 
Secretary of State and 

5659
05:10:23,800 --> 05:10:28,700
eventually president. 
For now, though he was a man in 

5660
05:10:28,700 --> 05:10:32,000
flux bridging heartbreak, 
revolutionary ideals and the 

5661
05:10:32,000 --> 05:10:34,700
complexities of forging a stable
Republic from scratch. 

5662
05:10:34,700 --> 05:10:39,100
In 1784 Congress appointed 
Thomas Jefferson as a minister 

5663
05:10:39,100 --> 05:10:42,400
to France succeeding Benjamin 
Franklin in representing the 

5664
05:10:42,400 --> 05:10:46,900
fledgling United States abroad. 
Arriving in Paris Jefferson 

5665
05:10:46,900 --> 05:10:49,700
found the city teeming with 
Enlightenment further 

5666
05:10:49,700 --> 05:10:54,400
intellectual salons and Noble. 
Flamboyance despite missing 

5667
05:10:54,400 --> 05:10:57,400
Monticello's quiet Hills. 
He savored the chance to 

5668
05:10:57,400 --> 05:11:00,200
cultivate ties with European 
thinkers and push for commercial

5669
05:11:00,200 --> 05:11:01,600
treaties. 
Beneficial to the US. 

5670
05:11:02,500 --> 05:11:05,900
He immersed himself in French 
culture, tending theater for 

5671
05:11:05,900 --> 05:11:08,400
hunting scientific 
demonstrations and forging 

5672
05:11:08,400 --> 05:11:10,900
friendships with luminaries like
the Marquis de Lafayette. 

5673
05:11:12,300 --> 05:11:15,500
This diplomatic post sharp and 
Jefferson's Global Perspective. 

5674
05:11:15,500 --> 05:11:18,900
He observed how Europe's 
monarchical structures, stifled 

5675
05:11:18,900 --> 05:11:22,300
personal freedoms reinforcing 
his belief that the American 

5676
05:11:22,300 --> 05:11:25,100
Express experiment in Republican
governance was unique 

5677
05:11:25,100 --> 05:11:28,200
impressions. 
At the same time, he recognized 

5678
05:11:28,200 --> 05:11:30,900
that Europe's manufacturing, 
base dwarfed, that of the US. 

5679
05:11:30,900 --> 05:11:34,600
He lobbied European states to 
accept American exports, 

5680
05:11:34,600 --> 05:11:38,400
specially tobacco and Timba, 
hoping to reduce Reliance on 

5681
05:11:38,400 --> 05:11:42,100
British Markets. 
Negotiations proved slow but 

5682
05:11:42,100 --> 05:11:43,900
Jefferson's calm intellect 
helped. 

5683
05:11:43,900 --> 05:11:47,600
Cultivate Goodwill. 
While in Paris Jefferson also 

5684
05:11:47,600 --> 05:11:51,000
served as a cultural conduit he 
introduced French Elites to 

5685
05:11:51,000 --> 05:11:54,300
American plants and produce 
shipping seeds for Vineyards or 

5686
05:11:54,308 --> 05:11:58,600
pecan trees in return. 
He noted, French architecture 

5687
05:11:58,600 --> 05:12:00,900
and engineering. 
Particularly the building of 

5688
05:12:00,900 --> 05:12:04,900
canals and mechanisms flour 
Mills letters, home brimmed with

5689
05:12:04,900 --> 05:12:07,900
ideas for implementing such 
Innovations in the new United 

5690
05:12:07,900 --> 05:12:11,300
States reflecting, his 
unwavering desire to see his 

5691
05:12:11,300 --> 05:12:14,400
homeland flourish. 
He also studied the nascent 

5692
05:12:14,400 --> 05:12:17,300
politics swirling. 
In France though few predicted 

5693
05:12:17,300 --> 05:12:19,600
how rapidly the monarchy would 
top in the coming years. 

5694
05:12:19,600 --> 05:12:23,600
On a personal note, Jefferson's 
time in France was laced with 

5695
05:12:23,600 --> 05:12:27,100
paternal obligations. 
He brought his daughter Patsy 

5696
05:12:27,100 --> 05:12:30,200
later joined by young adult 
daughter Polly to ensure they 

5697
05:12:30,200 --> 05:12:33,700
had a European education. 
He also maintained a retinue 

5698
05:12:33,700 --> 05:12:36,000
that included in slaved 
individuals from Monticello 

5699
05:12:36,000 --> 05:12:40,600
including Sally Hemmings whose 
presence stirred controversies 

5700
05:12:40,600 --> 05:12:42,600
that would Ripple through 
subsequent centuries. 

5701
05:12:43,500 --> 05:12:46,500
Historians debate, the specifics
of their relationship, but many 

5702
05:12:46,500 --> 05:12:47,900
conclude that she bought 
children. 

5703
05:12:47,900 --> 05:12:52,200
Father father by Jefferson while
details remain partly opaque the

5704
05:12:52,200 --> 05:12:54,700
power in Balance under schools. 
The moral complexities 

5705
05:12:54,700 --> 05:12:56,800
overshadowing, his public 
championing of Liberty. 

5706
05:12:57,500 --> 05:13:01,500
In 1789 as the French 
Revolution, erupted Jefferson 

5707
05:13:01,500 --> 05:13:03,800
initially celebrated the wave of
Reform. 

5708
05:13:03,800 --> 05:13:06,500
He saw parallels, with 
America's, recent independent 

5709
05:13:06,500 --> 05:13:10,200
struggle, welcoming calls to 
curb aristocratic privilege. 

5710
05:13:10,200 --> 05:13:13,900
Yet, the revolution's escalation
when moderate hopes gave way to 

5711
05:13:13,908 --> 05:13:17,700
the reign of terror alarmed him.
For that radical shift. 

5712
05:13:17,700 --> 05:13:22,200
He had already departed, France.
recalled to serve as the first 

5713
05:13:22,200 --> 05:13:24,800
Secretary of State under 
President George Washington in 

5714
05:13:24,800 --> 05:13:30,000
1790 His Paris Soldier and ended
with a mixed of admiration, for 

5715
05:13:30,000 --> 05:13:33,100
friendship and Enlightenment and
unease at the extremes, their 

5716
05:13:33,100 --> 05:13:35,600
Revolution might unleash. 
Returning to the US. 

5717
05:13:35,600 --> 05:13:38,600
Jefferson joined Washington's 
cabinet tasked with shaping 

5718
05:13:38,600 --> 05:13:42,000
foreign policy, this role put 
him at odds with treasury 

5719
05:13:42,000 --> 05:13:45,000
secretary Alexander Hamilton who
championed a strong federal 

5720
05:13:45,000 --> 05:13:46,500
government and close ties with 
Britain. 

5721
05:13:47,300 --> 05:13:50,600
Jeff Jefferson conversely 
favored, robust State autonomy 

5722
05:13:50,600 --> 05:13:53,800
and warmer relations with 
France, their clashes anchored, 

5723
05:13:53,800 --> 05:13:55,700
the birth of America's first 
party system. 

5724
05:13:55,700 --> 05:14:00,900
The Federalists led by Hamilton 
advocated centralization while 

5725
05:14:00,900 --> 05:14:04,600
the Democratic Republicans, led 
by Jefferson pushed for agrarian

5726
05:14:04,600 --> 05:14:07,900
base, to democracy and suspicion
of concentrated Federal power. 

5727
05:14:08,900 --> 05:14:12,300
During this cabinet period. 
Jefferson navigated multiple 

5728
05:14:12,300 --> 05:14:16,700
crises tensions with Britain. 
Over Frontier, forts uncertain 

5729
05:14:16,700 --> 05:14:19,200
alliances with 
post-revolutionary, France and 

5730
05:14:19,200 --> 05:14:21,200
domestic Strife like the Whiskey
Rebellion. 

5731
05:14:21,200 --> 05:14:24,000
He championed free trade and a 
minimal Navy. 

5732
05:14:24,000 --> 05:14:26,400
Resisting, Hamilton's push for a
standing army. 

5733
05:14:27,300 --> 05:14:30,200
Deep philosophical differences, 
turned personal, prompting 

5734
05:14:30,200 --> 05:14:33,300
Jefferson to leave the cabinet 
in 1793 soon. 

5735
05:14:33,300 --> 05:14:36,100
He built a political Network 
harnessing sympathetic 

5736
05:14:36,100 --> 05:14:37,700
newspapers to shape public 
opinion. 

5737
05:14:37,700 --> 05:14:40,800
This Dynamic signaled, the 
future of American politics, 

5738
05:14:40,800 --> 05:14:43,700
where partisan alignments were 
Drive policy discourse. 

5739
05:14:45,100 --> 05:14:49,600
By 1796 the Schism was public 
Jefferson found himself running 

5740
05:14:49,600 --> 05:14:51,900
for president against John 
Adams, though. 

5741
05:14:51,900 --> 05:14:55,100
Somewhat reluctantly, He lost 
narrowly and became Adams's 

5742
05:14:55,100 --> 05:14:57,500
vice. 
President, a job lacking much 

5743
05:14:57,500 --> 05:15:00,100
real power. 
From the Senate's vaunted 

5744
05:15:00,100 --> 05:15:03,100
Jefferson observed Adams as 
president see, an acting laws, 

5745
05:15:03,100 --> 05:15:06,100
like the Alien and Sedition 
Acts, which Jefferson deemed 

5746
05:15:06,100 --> 05:15:09,400
terrible Furious, conversely 
author, the Kentucky 

5747
05:15:09,400 --> 05:15:12,800
resolution's suggesting States 
could nullify unconstitutional. 

5748
05:15:12,800 --> 05:15:16,800
Federal statutes the movie 
introduced a heated debate, over

5749
05:15:16,800 --> 05:15:20,900
federal state relations critics 
labeled its subversive, but 

5750
05:15:20,900 --> 05:15:25,000
Jefferson saw it as safeguarding
the Spirit of 76, thus by the 

5751
05:15:25,000 --> 05:15:28,800
cusp of the 1800 election. 
Jefferson embodied a republican 

5752
05:15:28,800 --> 05:15:32,700
Champion for agrarian liberties.
Suspicious of federalist 

5753
05:15:32,700 --> 05:15:35,700
centralization. 
Yet, he also carried personal 

5754
05:15:35,700 --> 05:15:38,500
baggage from his enslaver 
background and the complexities 

5755
05:15:38,500 --> 05:15:42,000
of his private life. 
The stage was set for a pivotal 

5756
05:15:42,000 --> 05:15:45,100
showdown in US politics with the
country's future Direction at 

5757
05:15:45,100 --> 05:15:48,700
stake in a swirl of partisan 
editorials and backroom deals. 

5758
05:15:48,700 --> 05:15:51,600
The election would test whether 
the fledging Republic, could 

5759
05:15:51,600 --> 05:15:55,300
survive, a peaceful transition 
of power, or devolve into rang 

5760
05:15:55,300 --> 05:15:57,600
core. 
Jefferson's calm. 

5761
05:15:57,600 --> 05:15:59,700
But determined approach. 
Once again, pressed him into a 

5762
05:15:59,708 --> 05:16:02,800
central role, bridging 
Enlightenment ideals and the 

5763
05:16:02,800 --> 05:16:05,100
gritty realities of partisan 
brawls. 

5764
05:16:05,800 --> 05:16:08,300
The election of 1800 brought 
turmoil. 

5765
05:16:08,300 --> 05:16:12,500
John Adams, sought re-election, 
Hamilton's Federalists loomed 

5766
05:16:12,500 --> 05:16:15,500
and Jefferson's Democratic 
Republicans Consolidated around 

5767
05:16:15,500 --> 05:16:17,900
him. 
The campaign was vitriolic 

5768
05:16:17,900 --> 05:16:22,100
filled with accusation 
Federalists called Jefferson and

5769
05:16:22,100 --> 05:16:25,000
atheist. 
Radical Republicans branded 

5770
05:16:25,000 --> 05:16:28,600
Adams a monarchist. 
In an era before direct popular 

5771
05:16:28,600 --> 05:16:31,900
ballots electors, cast votes for
President and Vice President. 

5772
05:16:31,900 --> 05:16:35,900
In a complicated procedure, a 
tie emerged between Jefferson 

5773
05:16:35,900 --> 05:16:39,100
and his running, mate, Aaron 
Burr each receiving, the same 

5774
05:16:39,100 --> 05:16:42,100
number of electoral votes, the 
House of Representatives 

5775
05:16:42,100 --> 05:16:44,900
controlled by Federalists had to
break the tie. 

5776
05:16:45,600 --> 05:16:49,400
Days of tense, balloting ensued.
Ultimately, with Hamilton's 

5777
05:16:49,400 --> 05:16:53,000
reluctant nod. 
Jefferson triumphed, the ordeal 

5778
05:16:53,000 --> 05:16:56,600
spurred the 12th Amendment. 
Ensuring future presidential and

5779
05:16:56,600 --> 05:16:59,100
vice presidential candidates had
distinct ballots. 

5780
05:17:00,200 --> 05:17:04,000
The pursuit. 
Thus Jefferson assumed the 

5781
05:17:04,000 --> 05:17:07,200
presidency in 1801 his inaugural
address. 

5782
05:17:07,200 --> 05:17:10,000
Famously extolled Unity. 
We are all Republicans. 

5783
05:17:10,000 --> 05:17:12,900
We are all Federalists. 
Signifying. 

5784
05:17:12,900 --> 05:17:14,800
A desire to heal partisan 
wounds. 

5785
05:17:15,600 --> 05:17:18,300
He scaled back, certain 
Federalist measures cutting the 

5786
05:17:18,300 --> 05:17:21,600
Army, budget, abolishing some 
taxes, and releasing those 

5787
05:17:21,600 --> 05:17:23,300
imprisoned under the Sedition 
Act. 

5788
05:17:23,300 --> 05:17:27,100
He aimed for a wise and Frugal 
government believing the US 

5789
05:17:27,100 --> 05:17:30,900
should remain primarily agrarian
suspicious of large cities and 

5790
05:17:30,900 --> 05:17:33,800
Banks. 
This pastoral Vision resonated 

5791
05:17:33,800 --> 05:17:36,600
with many Frontier, settles, who
saw the new president as their 

5792
05:17:36,600 --> 05:17:39,200
champion. 
One early success was the 

5793
05:17:39,200 --> 05:17:44,100
Louisiana Purchase in 1803. 
Napoleon embroiled in European 

5794
05:17:44,100 --> 05:17:47,700
Wars and expectedly offered to 
sell France's vast North 

5795
05:17:47,700 --> 05:17:51,900
American Holdings. 
Jefferson hesitated, aware the 

5796
05:17:51,900 --> 05:17:55,100
Constitution provided no 
explicit power for land deals of

5797
05:17:55,100 --> 05:17:57,800
this magnitude. 
Here the chance to double the 

5798
05:17:57,800 --> 05:18:01,600
nation's territory overshadowed,
strict constitutional Scruples, 

5799
05:18:01,600 --> 05:18:05,200
for 15 million dollars. 
The US acquired a domain 

5800
05:18:05,200 --> 05:18:07,800
stretching from the Mississippi 
River to the Rocky Mountains. 

5801
05:18:07,800 --> 05:18:11,300
This bold stroke ensured control
of the Mississippi's, crucial 

5802
05:18:11,300 --> 05:18:14,400
Port of New Orleans and opened a
frontier for expansion 

5803
05:18:14,400 --> 05:18:18,800
westerners rejoiced, the 
Federalists borked claiming it 

5804
05:18:18,808 --> 05:18:21,000
diluted the eastern states 
political power. 

5805
05:18:21,000 --> 05:18:24,400
Still Jefferson proceeded, 
blending principle with 

5806
05:18:24,400 --> 05:18:28,200
pragmatic advantage to explore. 
These new lands, Jefferson 

5807
05:18:28,200 --> 05:18:30,000
commissioned. 
The Lewis and Clark expedition, 

5808
05:18:30,000 --> 05:18:34,200
Meriwether Lewis, his former 
secretary and William Clark, led

5809
05:18:34,200 --> 05:18:36,500
a team from the Missouri River 
to the Pacific coast. 

5810
05:18:36,500 --> 05:18:41,900
Their 1804 to 1806 Journey map 
to Roots documented flora and 

5811
05:18:41,900 --> 05:18:44,400
fauna and engaged with 
indigenous Nations. 

5812
05:18:45,400 --> 05:18:48,700
Jefferson eagerly awaited their 
findings seeing it as a 

5813
05:18:48,700 --> 05:18:52,500
scientific Quest paralleling his
Enlightenment ideals, the 

5814
05:18:52,500 --> 05:18:55,800
Expedition successful national 
pride and curiosity about the 

5815
05:18:55,800 --> 05:18:59,500
continents, vast potential. 
Yet, it also signified new 

5816
05:18:59,500 --> 05:19:00,900
tensions with tribal 
communities. 

5817
05:19:00,900 --> 05:19:04,400
As more settlers pressed. 
Westward domestically Jefferson 

5818
05:19:04,400 --> 05:19:07,500
faced controversies. 
He disliked the existence of the

5819
05:19:07,500 --> 05:19:10,000
bank of the United States. 
But tolerated, it when 

5820
05:19:10,000 --> 05:19:13,900
expedient, he slashed Federal 
budgets forcing some, in the 

5821
05:19:13,908 --> 05:19:16,700
Navy to protest that the 
nation's sea defenses weakened, 

5822
05:19:16,700 --> 05:19:18,900
furthermore, the issue of 
slavery. 

5823
05:19:18,900 --> 05:19:23,300
Persisted Jefferson's personal, 
writings described it as a moral

5824
05:19:23,300 --> 05:19:25,900
and political Hazard. 
Yet he neither freed most of his

5825
05:19:25,900 --> 05:19:29,000
own enslaved individuals, nor 
championed Federal abolition. 

5826
05:19:29,700 --> 05:19:32,900
Indeed, the 1807 law. 
Banning the importation of 

5827
05:19:32,900 --> 05:19:34,800
enslaved. 
Africans was a partial measure, 

5828
05:19:34,800 --> 05:19:38,200
some historians argue, Jefferson
Mr. Critical chance to push for 

5829
05:19:38,200 --> 05:19:41,400
more sweeping reforms. 
Foreign Affairs, proved 

5830
05:19:41,400 --> 05:19:44,700
trickier, Britain and France. 
Waged Relentless war in Europe, 

5831
05:19:44,700 --> 05:19:48,700
ignoring us new reality, seizing
American Merchant ships and 

5832
05:19:48,700 --> 05:19:53,200
impressing US Sailors into their
navies incense, Jefferson tried 

5833
05:19:53,200 --> 05:19:55,800
economic Warfare. 
Championing, the Embargo Act of 

5834
05:19:55,800 --> 05:19:58,700
1807. 
Halting nearly all US exports. 

5835
05:19:58,700 --> 05:20:01,600
He reasoned, Britain and France 
needed American Goods. 

5836
05:20:01,600 --> 05:20:06,800
Instead the measured devastated 
us ports, invited smuggling and 

5837
05:20:06,800 --> 05:20:08,400
turned public opinion against 
him. 

5838
05:20:09,300 --> 05:20:12,400
The Fiasco Illustrated the 
limits of Peaceable coercion. 

5839
05:20:12,400 --> 05:20:16,600
Eventually the unpopular embargo
was repealed tarnishing 

5840
05:20:16,600 --> 05:20:20,400
Jefferson's last year. 
In office, in 1809, he handed 

5841
05:20:20,400 --> 05:20:24,000
the presidency to his close, 
Ally James, Madison quietly 

5842
05:20:24,000 --> 05:20:28,300
retiring to Monticello his two 
terms shaped the US expanded 

5843
05:20:28,300 --> 05:20:32,300
territory a stable political 
identity but also heightened 

5844
05:20:32,300 --> 05:20:37,400
Regional tensions his approach, 
a mix of lofty Republican ideals

5845
05:20:37,400 --> 05:20:40,400
and occasional pragmatic 
contradictions left a complex 

5846
05:20:40,400 --> 05:20:44,900
imprint People revered him as a 
philosophical statement, but 

5847
05:20:44,900 --> 05:20:46,900
criticized his moral 
inconsistencies. 

5848
05:20:46,900 --> 05:20:50,800
He parted from Washington, DC, 
warned from the tribulation of 

5849
05:20:50,800 --> 05:20:53,000
governance yet proud, he had 
preserved, a measure of 

5850
05:20:53,000 --> 05:20:55,900
individual liberty and doubled 
the nation's size with out 

5851
05:20:55,900 --> 05:20:58,000
large-scale War back at 
Monticello. 

5852
05:20:58,000 --> 05:21:00,900
The next chapter in Jefferson's 
life would revolve around the 

5853
05:21:00,900 --> 05:21:04,800
pursuit of knowledge founding a 
university and hosting endless 

5854
05:21:04,800 --> 05:21:06,900
visitors intrigued by the sage 
of the revolution. 

5855
05:21:08,000 --> 05:21:11,300
Yet deeper Fishers, over slavery
and states rights would soon 

5856
05:21:11,300 --> 05:21:13,600
overshadow. 
The era, complicating his 

5857
05:21:13,600 --> 05:21:16,500
cherished vision of a harmonious
agrarian democracy. 

5858
05:21:17,500 --> 05:21:21,100
For now though, he retreated to 
the place, he loved surrounded 

5859
05:21:21,100 --> 05:21:25,000
by invention's fields of crops 
and the quiet pursuit of Reason 

5860
05:21:25,000 --> 05:21:28,300
staying active in public 
discourse through letters that 

5861
05:21:28,300 --> 05:21:31,200
carried enormous influence in 
the young republics intellectual

5862
05:21:31,200 --> 05:21:33,500
circles. 
Retirement for Thomas. 

5863
05:21:33,500 --> 05:21:36,800
Jefferson did not equate to 
seclusion back at Monticello. 

5864
05:21:36,800 --> 05:21:41,200
After 1809, he embraced the role
of sage of Monticello receiving 

5865
05:21:41,200 --> 05:21:44,200
Statesman foreign visitors. 
And curious Travelers. 

5866
05:21:44,200 --> 05:21:47,900
He corresponded widely shaping 
discourse on her American 

5867
05:21:47,900 --> 05:21:52,000
identity and preserving his 
Revolution era repute. the 

5868
05:21:52,000 --> 05:21:56,400
estate itself, reflected his 
Restless creativity expansions 

5869
05:21:56,400 --> 05:21:59,400
to the house Pavilions and 
elaborate of gardens for 

5870
05:21:59,400 --> 05:22:03,000
experimental horticulture 
Visitors often found him in his 

5871
05:22:03,000 --> 05:22:05,300
library or tinkering with 
mechanical gadgets, like a 

5872
05:22:05,308 --> 05:22:08,300
polygraph machine that 
duplicated his handwriting. 

5873
05:22:09,200 --> 05:22:11,300
His thirst for Innovation 
remained undimmed. 

5874
05:22:11,300 --> 05:22:14,500
However Monticello's Finance is 
were precarious. 

5875
05:22:14,500 --> 05:22:18,800
Jefferson indulged in 
architectural, whims financed 

5876
05:22:18,800 --> 05:22:22,100
extended family and endured the 
fluctuating price of tobacco 

5877
05:22:22,100 --> 05:22:26,300
gets mounted specially as he 
refused to scale back a gracious

5878
05:22:26,300 --> 05:22:29,900
lifestyle. 
Slavery underpinned Monticello's

5879
05:22:29,900 --> 05:22:33,300
operation's with over 100 in 
slaved individuals performing 

5880
05:22:33,300 --> 05:22:37,400
the labor Jefferson supervised 
them recording births tasks and 

5881
05:22:37,400 --> 05:22:39,200
schedules with methodical 
detail. 

5882
05:22:39,200 --> 05:22:41,400
Yep. 
Behind These Ledges like human 

5883
05:22:41,400 --> 05:22:43,300
lives subjected to force 
servitude. 

5884
05:22:44,000 --> 05:22:47,000
He recognized the moral 
Quagmire, but rationalized it 

5885
05:22:47,000 --> 05:22:50,000
with incrementalist arguments, 
or deferrals, to Future 

5886
05:22:50,000 --> 05:22:52,800
Generations. 
This tension complicated, his 

5887
05:22:52,800 --> 05:22:54,500
Public Image as a champion of 
Liberty. 

5888
05:22:55,400 --> 05:22:58,000
One of his crowning, retirement.
Achievements was founding the 

5889
05:22:58,000 --> 05:23:01,000
University of Virginia. 
Jefferson felt older 

5890
05:23:01,000 --> 05:23:04,100
institutions clung to religious 
influences or archaic 

5891
05:23:04,100 --> 05:23:06,600
curricular. 
He envisioned a secular campus 

5892
05:23:06,600 --> 05:23:10,200
emphasizing modern languages 
science and a broad-based 

5893
05:23:10,200 --> 05:23:12,700
liberal education. 
Persuading, the Virginia 

5894
05:23:12,700 --> 05:23:15,200
legislature to back it required 
political finesse. 

5895
05:23:15,200 --> 05:23:18,700
He personally designed the 
campus layout with a central 

5896
05:23:18,700 --> 05:23:22,800
rotunda reminiscent of the Roman
Pantheon flanked by academical 

5897
05:23:22,800 --> 05:23:25,700
Village Pavilions. 
Construction began in 

5898
05:23:25,700 --> 05:23:30,600
Charlottesville near Monticello 
around 1817, even in his 70s, 

5899
05:23:30,600 --> 05:23:34,400
Jefferson frequently visited. 
The site, checking architectural

5900
05:23:34,400 --> 05:23:36,700
details. 
Conferring with Builders, and 

5901
05:23:36,700 --> 05:23:40,500
selecting faculty aimed to 
cultivate in lighting, citizen 

5902
05:23:40,500 --> 05:23:43,000
leaders for a republic that 
demanded knowledge base 

5903
05:23:43,000 --> 05:23:46,100
self-governments. 
Meanwhile, National issues still

5904
05:23:46,100 --> 05:23:49,400
beckoned as an elder Statesman 
of the democratic Republican 

5905
05:23:49,400 --> 05:23:53,800
party, Jefferson provided advice
to Madison and later to Monroe. 

5906
05:23:53,800 --> 05:23:57,100
He supported the Louisiana 
purchases expansion, further, 

5907
05:23:57,100 --> 05:23:59,400
welcome new States into the 
Union. 

5908
05:23:59,400 --> 05:24:03,000
However the War of 1812 with 
Britain tested his conviction 

5909
05:24:03,000 --> 05:24:05,300
about limited government and a 
small military. 

5910
05:24:05,300 --> 05:24:07,800
He lamented that some 
Federalists aane. 

5911
05:24:07,800 --> 05:24:10,100
Claves seemed willing to 
undermine National Unity 

5912
05:24:10,100 --> 05:24:14,100
especially in the Northeast. 
Let us show him, torn between 

5913
05:24:14,100 --> 05:24:17,100
localism and the emergence of a 
broader national identity. 

5914
05:24:18,000 --> 05:24:21,400
As the US overcame that conflict
Jefferson expressed relief that 

5915
05:24:21,400 --> 05:24:25,200
Europe's meddling was lessening.
Parallel development was his 

5916
05:24:25,200 --> 05:24:26,700
rekindled friendship with John 
Adams. 

5917
05:24:26,700 --> 05:24:30,000
The two had been friends, turned
adversaries, turned icy 

5918
05:24:30,000 --> 05:24:33,400
correspondents for years. 
But in retirement, both 

5919
05:24:33,400 --> 05:24:36,800
recognized a mutual bond shaped 
by the revolution's intensity 

5920
05:24:36,800 --> 05:24:39,500
through letters. 
They Revisited old debates. 

5921
05:24:39,500 --> 05:24:43,200
Monarchy versus republic, the 
role of religion, the fragility 

5922
05:24:43,200 --> 05:24:46,400
of democracy, their exchange 
sword with philosophical 

5923
05:24:46,400 --> 05:24:49,700
reflection, spiced with humor, 
about Advanced age. 

5924
05:24:50,300 --> 05:24:53,200
The Revival of their friendships
stands as a testament to the 

5925
05:24:53,200 --> 05:24:56,800
capacity for bridging old 
political Rifts in these 

5926
05:24:56,800 --> 05:24:58,900
letters. 
Jefferson revealed his abiding 

5927
05:24:58,900 --> 05:25:00,700
optimism. 
That the American experiment 

5928
05:25:00,700 --> 05:25:04,900
though in perfect would endure 
if Guided by reason and virtuous

5929
05:25:04,900 --> 05:25:07,300
leadership, Yet. 
Personal sorrow. 

5930
05:25:07,300 --> 05:25:10,600
Recurred Jefferson outlived, 
several of his children in 

5931
05:25:10,600 --> 05:25:14,100
during repeated heartbreak. 
The Monticello household was no,

5932
05:25:14,100 --> 05:25:16,800
quiet. 
Domain, grandchildren ran about 

5933
05:25:16,800 --> 05:25:20,600
extended relative sought 
financial aid, and guests 

5934
05:25:20,600 --> 05:25:23,400
arrived unannounced to glean a 
moment with the iconic founder. 

5935
05:25:24,500 --> 05:25:26,700
He wore the mask of a benevolent
patriarch. 

5936
05:25:27,500 --> 05:25:30,700
But Diaries hint at bouts of 
melancholy, the precarious 

5937
05:25:30,700 --> 05:25:33,800
economy pressed him to mortgage 
properties and he relied on 

5938
05:25:33,800 --> 05:25:37,300
lines of credit that threatened 
to upend the estate. the image 

5939
05:25:37,300 --> 05:25:40,400
of Monticello as a microcosm of 
Republican and Enlightenment 

5940
05:25:40,400 --> 05:25:45,000
concealed, a precarious Ledger 
balancing As Jefferson neared 80

5941
05:25:45,000 --> 05:25:47,800
he took pride in the University 
of Virginia's nearing 

5942
05:25:47,800 --> 05:25:50,300
completion. 
He personally, selected some 

5943
05:25:50,300 --> 05:25:53,900
Library materials established 
faculty guidelines and wrote 

5944
05:25:53,900 --> 05:25:56,500
about its potential to transform
an American Education. 

5945
05:25:57,700 --> 05:26:01,300
In 1825, the university opened 
its first class of students. 

5946
05:26:02,300 --> 05:26:04,000
Jefferson's dream had become 
real. 

5947
05:26:04,800 --> 05:26:09,000
Secular institution dedicated to
free inquiry an encumbered by 

5948
05:26:09,000 --> 05:26:11,600
rigid religious Dogma or stale 
tradition. 

5949
05:26:11,600 --> 05:26:15,100
He believed it would Foster the 
next generation of leaders to 

5950
05:26:15,100 --> 05:26:20,600
safeguard the Republic's ideals.
By 1826, Jefferson felt time 

5951
05:26:20,600 --> 05:26:23,200
slipping freed from daily policy
fights. 

5952
05:26:23,200 --> 05:26:26,600
He dedicated his final energy to
ensuring the University's 

5953
05:26:26,600 --> 05:26:29,400
stability. 
People noticed his health fading

5954
05:26:29,400 --> 05:26:32,400
but he refused to slow. 
He yearned to see July 4th, 

5955
05:26:32,400 --> 05:26:35,400
1826. 
The 50th anniversary of the 

5956
05:26:35,400 --> 05:26:39,900
Declaration of Independence. 
That day arrived in a poetic 

5957
05:26:39,900 --> 05:26:42,800
twist, John Adams, and 
Jefferson, both passed away on 

5958
05:26:42,800 --> 05:26:45,600
that date with Jefferson dying 
in the early afternoon. 

5959
05:26:46,600 --> 05:26:49,200
The Synergy of these two 
revolutionaries departing on the

5960
05:26:49,200 --> 05:26:52,500
nation's half-century. 
Mark cemented a legend thus 

5961
05:26:52,500 --> 05:26:55,600
Thomas Jefferson's retirement 
was no quiet Twilight. 

5962
05:26:55,600 --> 05:26:58,100
But a culminating chapter of 
architectural, Innovation, 

5963
05:26:58,100 --> 05:27:01,900
educational reform and 
reflection on a revolution's 

5964
05:27:01,900 --> 05:27:04,000
legacy. 
He left behind a complicated 

5965
05:27:04,000 --> 05:27:07,000
estate, weighed by debt, a 
family overshadowed, by the 

5966
05:27:07,000 --> 05:27:09,900
institution of slavery. 
Yet also a shining new 

5967
05:27:09,900 --> 05:27:13,500
University in a trove of letters
that would shape America's 

5968
05:27:13,500 --> 05:27:17,500
self-perception for Generations.
In him old illusions of an 

5969
05:27:17,500 --> 05:27:21,200
agrarian Utopia, mingled with 
the Unstoppable push of a 

5970
05:27:21,200 --> 05:27:23,700
modernizing republic. 
Capturing the contradictions 

5971
05:27:23,700 --> 05:27:27,400
that still Define the American 
ethos, In the immediate wake of 

5972
05:27:27,400 --> 05:27:31,500
Jefferson's death, admirers of 
critics clashed over his legacy,

5973
05:27:31,500 --> 05:27:35,200
many hailed him as the pain 
behind the Declaration of 

5974
05:27:35,200 --> 05:27:37,600
Independence. 
The mine that doubled the 

5975
05:27:37,608 --> 05:27:41,000
nation's size by the Louisiana 
Purchase and the Visionary who 

5976
05:27:41,000 --> 05:27:44,500
championed religious freedom. 
Others lambasted his 

5977
05:27:44,500 --> 05:27:47,600
inconsistencies, a 
self-proclaimed, egalitarian, 

5978
05:27:47,600 --> 05:27:51,100
who held in slave laborers, and 
Enlightenment thinker, who let 

5979
05:27:51,100 --> 05:27:53,100
personal finances descend into 
chaos. 

5980
05:27:53,100 --> 05:27:57,300
A champion of state's rights who
ironically used Federal power 

5981
05:27:57,300 --> 05:27:59,900
for expansion. 
Monticello the physical 

5982
05:27:59,900 --> 05:28:03,100
embodiment of Jefferson's 
intellect soon faced Financial 

5983
05:28:03,100 --> 05:28:05,700
turmoil. 
His heirs, struggled to pay his 

5984
05:28:05,700 --> 05:28:08,400
debts, they sold land and 
eventually auctioned off 

5985
05:28:08,400 --> 05:28:12,100
furniture and slaved individuals
fracturing, the community that 

5986
05:28:12,100 --> 05:28:15,700
had sustained the plantation. 
Monticello changed hands 

5987
05:28:15,700 --> 05:28:18,900
multiple times deteriorating 
until the early 20th century. 

5988
05:28:18,900 --> 05:28:21,900
When the Thomas Jefferson 
Foundation, Acquired and 

5989
05:28:21,900 --> 05:28:24,900
restored it, symbolically 
reassembling his architectural 

5990
05:28:24,900 --> 05:28:26,600
dream as an American heritage 
site. 

5991
05:28:26,600 --> 05:28:30,100
This restoration also reignited 
debate about the everyday 

5992
05:28:30,100 --> 05:28:32,900
reality of enslaved. 
Families, who wants toiled their

5993
05:28:32,900 --> 05:28:35,900
coal culminating in renewed, 
emphasis on their stories. 

5994
05:28:35,900 --> 05:28:39,300
A dimension, historically, muted
in the veneration of Jefferson 

5995
05:28:40,100 --> 05:28:43,300
Meanwhile the broader American 
public constructed, a Mythic 

5996
05:28:43,300 --> 05:28:47,300
image of Jefferson in the 19th 
century, as political parties 

5997
05:28:47,300 --> 05:28:51,200
shifted references to 
Jeffersonian democracy emerged 

5998
05:28:51,200 --> 05:28:55,900
praising, his emphasis on small 
government minimal taxes and the

5999
05:28:55,908 --> 05:28:59,900
righteousness of Rural Life. 
Andrew Jackson supporters 

6000
05:28:59,900 --> 05:29:03,100
invoked Jefferson as a figure 
who championed the Common Man. 

6001
05:29:03,800 --> 05:29:06,600
But historians recognize that 
Jefferson's own approach to 

6002
05:29:06,608 --> 05:29:10,200
governance was more nuanced than
populist idealists claimed. 

6003
05:29:10,900 --> 05:29:13,900
He recognized the necessity of 
compromise and occasionally 

6004
05:29:13,900 --> 05:29:17,200
invoked, strong Federal 
measures, especially in foreign 

6005
05:29:17,200 --> 05:29:19,900
affairs. 
The early 20th century saw the 

6006
05:29:19,900 --> 05:29:22,600
Progressive Era, adopted 
different aspect of Jefferson 

6007
05:29:22,600 --> 05:29:26,500
the intellectual founder who 
believed in educated citizenry. 

6008
05:29:27,200 --> 05:29:30,500
Debates around the founders, 
intentions sword with 

6009
05:29:30,500 --> 05:29:34,000
Jefferson's letters cited by all
sides, archival. 

6010
05:29:34,000 --> 05:29:35,900
Releases of his personal 
correspondence. 

6011
05:29:35,900 --> 05:29:39,700
Lent, more profound insight into
his moral grappling with slavery

6012
05:29:39,700 --> 05:29:42,400
and his Dynamic shift from 
localist to expansionist. 

6013
05:29:43,200 --> 05:29:44,800
The public began to appreciate 
that. 

6014
05:29:44,800 --> 05:29:47,200
The founders were not 
monolithically consistent 

6015
05:29:47,200 --> 05:29:52,000
Paragons but flawed statement 
shaped by urgent demands in 

6016
05:29:52,000 --> 05:29:55,400
scholarship, the 1970s and 
Beyond propelled, a fresh wave 

6017
05:29:55,400 --> 05:29:58,600
of inquiry, focusing on 
Jefferson's relationship with 

6018
05:29:58,600 --> 05:30:01,000
Sally. 
Hemmings DNA evidence in the 

6019
05:30:01,000 --> 05:30:05,000
late 1990s pointed strongly to 
him fathering his children. 

6020
05:30:05,000 --> 05:30:08,500
This Revelation forced a 
national re-evaluation of the so

6021
05:30:08,500 --> 05:30:12,500
called sage of Monticello. 
Some were scandalized others 

6022
05:30:12,500 --> 05:30:16,500
found it wholly unsurprising in 
retrospect it underscored the 

6023
05:30:16,500 --> 05:30:19,200
complexities swirling. 
Under his polished philosophical

6024
05:30:19,200 --> 05:30:22,900
veneer for a man who wrote all 
men are created equal 

6025
05:30:22,900 --> 05:30:26,500
reconciling these. 
Two Realms intellectual champion

6026
05:30:26,500 --> 05:30:29,600
of Liberty and personal 
practitioner of slavery was 

6027
05:30:29,600 --> 05:30:32,300
never straightforward, academic 
attention. 

6028
05:30:32,300 --> 05:30:34,400
Also delved deep. 
Into his political, philosophy 

6029
05:30:34,400 --> 05:30:38,500
Jefferson's notion of an Empire 
of Liberty and held agrarian 

6030
05:30:38,500 --> 05:30:42,400
expansion across the continent. 
Yet it set the stage for Native 

6031
05:30:42,400 --> 05:30:45,500
displacement and further 
entrenchment of slave labor in 

6032
05:30:45,500 --> 05:30:48,200
new territories while he 
personally doubted. 

6033
05:30:48,200 --> 05:30:50,800
The morality of forcibly taking 
indigenous lands. 

6034
05:30:50,800 --> 05:30:54,500
He accepted the Unstoppable 
momentum of Frontier settlers. 

6035
05:30:55,300 --> 05:30:58,700
This acceptance shaped federal 
policy that stoked tensions for 

6036
05:30:58,700 --> 05:31:01,800
Generations culminating in 
forced relocations. 

6037
05:31:02,600 --> 05:31:05,900
Today, some re-evaluate 
Jefferson's role in establishing

6038
05:31:05,900 --> 05:31:09,100
moral Frameworks that 
facilitated expansion at others 

6039
05:31:09,100 --> 05:31:12,600
invents. 
In popular memory, Jefferson's 

6040
05:31:12,600 --> 05:31:17,100
Memorial in Washington. 
DC opened in 1943 still stands 

6041
05:31:17,100 --> 05:31:20,600
as a testament to his rhetorical
Brilliance visitors, read 

6042
05:31:20,600 --> 05:31:23,300
excerpts from the Declaration of
Independence and letters on the 

6043
05:31:23,308 --> 05:31:26,800
rotunda's walls underscoring. 
His luminous call for equality 

6044
05:31:26,800 --> 05:31:30,400
and freedom of conscience. 
The monument, ironically does 

6045
05:31:30,400 --> 05:31:34,100
not portray the full tangle of 
contradictions yet and more 

6046
05:31:34,100 --> 05:31:37,200
incisive, interpretive programs.
Now incorporate nuanced, 

6047
05:31:37,200 --> 05:31:40,300
describing his Progressive 
achievements, and moral failings

6048
05:31:40,300 --> 05:31:44,000
side by side amid, these 
controversies Jefferson's 

6049
05:31:44,000 --> 05:31:47,100
intellectual achievements. 
Remain uncontested, his 

6050
05:31:47,100 --> 05:31:50,100
articulation of natural rights, 
and the notion that legitimate 

6051
05:31:50,100 --> 05:31:53,400
governments stems from the 
consent of the governed carved. 

6052
05:31:53,400 --> 05:31:55,800
A philosophical Bedrock for 
modern democracies worldwide 

6053
05:31:55,800 --> 05:31:58,600
Educators, and politicians 
continue. 

6054
05:31:58,600 --> 05:32:02,100
Citing him to justify policy 
from religious tolerance to 

6055
05:32:02,100 --> 05:32:06,200
public education. meanwhile, the
University of Virginia stands as

6056
05:32:06,200 --> 05:32:08,400
living reminders of his 
conviction that knowledge, 

6057
05:32:08,400 --> 05:32:12,800
Fosters responsible governance, 
Its rotunda overshadowing, the 

6058
05:32:12,800 --> 05:32:16,300
lawn keeps the spirit of 
Enlightenment learning alive. 

6059
05:32:16,300 --> 05:32:20,700
Hence, two centuries on Thomas. 
Jefferson remains as complicated

6060
05:32:20,700 --> 05:32:23,300
as the era. 
He shaped aluminous author, 

6061
05:32:23,300 --> 05:32:27,600
democracy's founding Creed 
overshadowed by glaring 

6062
05:32:27,600 --> 05:32:31,400
contradictions on race and 
personal conduct His life 

6063
05:32:31,400 --> 05:32:34,900
prompts reflection on how lofty 
ideals can Clash with ingrained,

6064
05:32:34,900 --> 05:32:37,200
social structures and personal 
entanglements. 

6065
05:32:37,900 --> 05:32:41,300
For many Americans and observes 
abroad, grappling with Jefferson

6066
05:32:41,300 --> 05:32:44,500
is akin to grappling with the 
nation's own layered identity. 

6067
05:32:44,500 --> 05:32:48,300
Built on Noble declarations yet.
Intimately entangled in 

6068
05:32:48,300 --> 05:32:51,200
unresolved Injustice. 
The conversation. 

6069
05:32:51,200 --> 05:32:54,800
He started continues bridging 
history and contemporary debates

6070
05:32:54,800 --> 05:32:58,000
on Liberty equality and the 
messy realities in between 

6071
05:32:58,000 --> 05:33:01,100
Thomas Jefferson's life. 
Invites Reflections on how 

6072
05:33:01,100 --> 05:33:04,400
Visionary ideals intersect with 
the flawed scope of practical 

6073
05:33:04,400 --> 05:33:06,900
living. 
He exemplifies the possibility 

6074
05:33:06,900 --> 05:33:10,900
that one can be intellectually 
gifted deeply principled yet. 

6075
05:33:10,900 --> 05:33:14,700
Remain in Tangled in personal 
contradictions, Observing his 

6076
05:33:14,700 --> 05:33:16,300
journey reveals lessons on 
leadership. 

6077
05:33:16,300 --> 05:33:19,900
Creativity compromise and moral 
blind spots. 

6078
05:33:19,900 --> 05:33:23,700
Each a facet that resonates in 
modern times where we juggled 

6079
05:33:23,700 --> 05:33:26,600
personal convictions with 
structural constraints at 

6080
05:33:26,600 --> 05:33:29,600
Monticello, his architectural, 
flourishes, highlight her, 

6081
05:33:29,600 --> 05:33:32,800
creativity can transform 
personal space in to a canvas of

6082
05:33:32,800 --> 05:33:36,600
experimentation. 
Secret passages rotating books, 

6083
05:33:36,600 --> 05:33:40,500
stands an advanced ventilation. 
Remind us that even domestic 

6084
05:33:40,500 --> 05:33:42,300
life can become a playground of 
innovation. 

6085
05:33:42,300 --> 05:33:45,400
We can learn that invention can 
change any environment, 

6086
05:33:45,400 --> 05:33:49,800
including Home and Office, The 
Monticello also underscores, how

6087
05:33:49,808 --> 05:33:51,600
Comfort can rely on unseen 
labor? 

6088
05:33:51,600 --> 05:33:55,700
The Estates Grandeur hinged on 
enslaved, men and women forced 

6089
05:33:55,700 --> 05:33:59,300
to cater to Jefferson's designs.
This reality, cautions that 

6090
05:33:59,300 --> 05:34:02,000
technological or aesthetic 
progress, can co-exist with 

6091
05:34:02,000 --> 05:34:05,100
ethical failings Jefferson's 
public service. 

6092
05:34:05,900 --> 05:34:08,800
From drafting the Declaration to
guiding foreign policy 

6093
05:34:08,800 --> 05:34:11,900
underscores the power of 
well-crafted language. 

6094
05:34:11,900 --> 05:34:15,400
He harnessed rhetorical 
Precision to unify disparate 

6095
05:34:15,400 --> 05:34:18,800
colonies under ideals. 
That centuries later remain a 

6096
05:34:18,800 --> 05:34:21,700
moral yardstick. 
Even if we lament his hypocrisy,

6097
05:34:21,700 --> 05:34:24,500
we cannot dismiss how 
effectively words shape, 

6098
05:34:24,500 --> 05:34:28,200
Collective identity. 
In an age of digital media, 

6099
05:34:28,200 --> 05:34:31,600
Jefferson's example of firms 
that carefully chose on language

6100
05:34:31,600 --> 05:34:33,900
can galvanized or fractionally 
divided. 

6101
05:34:34,800 --> 05:34:38,000
His success in bridging disputes
among the founders, suggest the 

6102
05:34:38,000 --> 05:34:41,900
value of measured compromise. 
At the same time, the deal of 

6103
05:34:41,900 --> 05:34:44,700
the 1800 election warned us, 
that partnership can nearly 

6104
05:34:44,700 --> 05:34:48,400
fracture young democracy, One 
cannot ignore the deeper, moral 

6105
05:34:48,400 --> 05:34:51,000
debate, how man? 
Proclaiming Universal rights, 

6106
05:34:51,000 --> 05:34:54,700
upheld the structure of slavery.
Modern readers might view that 

6107
05:34:54,700 --> 05:34:56,300
as an irredeemable 
contradiction. 

6108
05:34:56,300 --> 05:35:00,100
Alternatively one might 
interpret it as a historical 

6109
05:35:00,100 --> 05:35:02,800
caution that even 
well-intentioned reformers can 

6110
05:35:02,800 --> 05:35:05,700
remain captive to entrench deck 
in a Norman and social norms. 

6111
05:35:06,500 --> 05:35:09,100
Jefferson story prominently 
highlights the difference 

6112
05:35:09,100 --> 05:35:12,900
between personal moral Clarity 
and institutional inertia It 

6113
05:35:12,900 --> 05:35:15,500
compels us to question our 
complicities in modern systems 

6114
05:35:15,500 --> 05:35:17,500
that might conflict with our 
professed values. 

6115
05:35:18,300 --> 05:35:21,300
Additionally, Jefferson's 
championing of religious freedom

6116
05:35:21,300 --> 05:35:24,400
stands out. 
He insisted that each person's 

6117
05:35:24,400 --> 05:35:26,200
beliefs, lay Beyond governmental
reach. 

6118
05:35:27,000 --> 05:35:30,200
Stance that shaped not just 
American, but Global Norms on 

6119
05:35:30,200 --> 05:35:32,800
religious liberty. 
The Statute for Religious 

6120
05:35:32,800 --> 05:35:35,100
Freedom. 
In Virginia though, overshadowed

6121
05:35:35,100 --> 05:35:38,200
by the declaration's fame. 
Seeded the principle that 

6122
05:35:38,200 --> 05:35:41,500
government cannot coerce 
spiritual conviction today. 

6123
05:35:41,500 --> 05:35:45,400
As debate on religious 
expression swirl worldwide, his 

6124
05:35:45,400 --> 05:35:47,900
early, push for disestablishment
remains relevant. 

6125
05:35:49,000 --> 05:35:51,900
Another subtle Dimension is 
Jefferson's approached to 

6126
05:35:51,908 --> 05:35:54,800
educational Frameworks. 
Founding the University of 

6127
05:35:54,800 --> 05:35:57,000
Virginia, mirrored, his 
conviction that informed 

6128
05:35:57,000 --> 05:35:58,800
populace anchors a stable 
Republic. 

6129
05:35:59,500 --> 05:36:02,100
Your favorite broadcast 
curricular from ancient language

6130
05:36:02,100 --> 05:36:05,200
is to modern science is 
rejecting Church oversight. 

6131
05:36:06,100 --> 05:36:08,700
That model resonates in ongoing 
dialogues about academic 

6132
05:36:08,700 --> 05:36:12,200
freedom, the role of public 
universities, and how to equip 

6133
05:36:12,200 --> 05:36:14,400
citizens for complex Global 
realities. 

6134
05:36:15,200 --> 05:36:18,000
His notion that education 
Fosters self rule might be more 

6135
05:36:18,000 --> 05:36:21,600
pertinent than ever. 
In his final years weighed down 

6136
05:36:21,608 --> 05:36:25,700
by debts Jefferson exemplified 
how personal miscalculations can

6137
05:36:25,700 --> 05:36:29,000
overshadow public triumphs. 
The man who shaped a nation 

6138
05:36:29,008 --> 05:36:32,700
wrestled with monetary woes 
culminating in Monticello's 

6139
05:36:32,700 --> 05:36:34,200
partial liquidation after his 
death. 

6140
05:36:35,000 --> 05:36:38,000
The story underscores that 
bright Minds can still filter in

6141
05:36:38,000 --> 05:36:40,900
everyday management. 
For modern professionals 

6142
05:36:40,900 --> 05:36:42,900
approaching midlife. 
The caution is clear. 

6143
05:36:42,900 --> 05:36:46,700
Brilliance in some Arenas, does 
not inoculate against practical.

6144
05:36:46,700 --> 05:36:50,700
Pitfalls Jefferson's demise 
coinciding with John Adams's on 

6145
05:36:50,700 --> 05:36:55,200
July 4th. 1826, lent, a Mythic 
close to their entwined sagas. 

6146
05:36:55,200 --> 05:36:59,300
Observers then Marvel at 
providence's timing interpreting

6147
05:36:59,300 --> 05:37:01,100
it as a sign of national 
destiny. 

6148
05:37:01,800 --> 05:37:04,600
The solemn passing of two 
revolutionary Architects on the 

6149
05:37:04,608 --> 05:37:06,900
Republic's half century. 
Mark remains a striking 

6150
05:37:06,900 --> 05:37:09,800
historical coincidence. 
Yet behind that. 

6151
05:37:09,800 --> 05:37:12,900
Dramatic, symbolism lies. 
The more tangible truth, they 

6152
05:37:12,900 --> 05:37:15,000
were aging Patriots. 
Who parted with an American 

6153
05:37:15,000 --> 05:37:18,800
still in flux. 
Fragile expanding, and grappling

6154
05:37:18,800 --> 05:37:22,400
with unsolved tension, the 
rhetorical Arts, they set forth 

6155
05:37:22,400 --> 05:37:26,400
would guide and haunt subsequent
Generations in deciding how, or 

6156
05:37:26,400 --> 05:37:29,800
whether to embody the pure 
ideals of 1776. 

6157
05:37:29,800 --> 05:37:34,700
Thus Thomas Jefferson endures as
a mosaic liberation's poet, 

6158
05:37:34,700 --> 05:37:39,100
contradictory slave owner 
Visionary statement, flawed care

6159
05:37:39,100 --> 05:37:42,500
taker of finance's and father of
an institution championing 

6160
05:37:42,500 --> 05:37:45,600
reason. 
His life story holds up a mirror

6161
05:37:45,600 --> 05:37:48,100
to the interplay of aspiration 
and compromise. 

6162
05:37:48,100 --> 05:37:51,100
The swirl of high-minded, 
principal amid pragmatic, 

6163
05:37:51,100 --> 05:37:55,400
gambles for many that reflection
remains instructive inviting us 

6164
05:37:55,400 --> 05:37:57,500
to measure our convictions 
against the structures. 

6165
05:37:57,500 --> 05:38:00,400
We inhabit. 
In confronting Jefferson's 

6166
05:38:00,400 --> 05:38:02,600
complexities. 
We do not just revisit a 

6167
05:38:02,600 --> 05:38:06,100
Founding Father, we confront the
universal tensions of forging, a

6168
05:38:06,100 --> 05:38:08,900
just Society in an imperfect 
world and that conversation 

6169
05:38:08,900 --> 05:38:12,200
spurred by the man from 
Monticello remains as vital as 

6170
05:38:12,200 --> 05:38:18,600
ever. 
You know, how some kids collect 

6171
05:38:18,600 --> 05:38:21,300
baseball cards or spend hours 
perfecting their video game 

6172
05:38:21,300 --> 05:38:23,900
scores. 
Well, young Musashi collected 

6173
05:38:23,900 --> 05:38:26,400
bruises and spent his time, 
perfecting the art of hitting 

6174
05:38:26,400 --> 05:38:31,000
things with sticks born around 
1584 in a small village that 

6175
05:38:31,000 --> 05:38:34,200
probably had more rice paddies 
Than People Musashi. 

6176
05:38:34,200 --> 05:38:36,800
Didn't exactly have what you'd 
call a traditional childhood 

6177
05:38:36,800 --> 05:38:39,600
picture. 
This while other seven year olds

6178
05:38:39,600 --> 05:38:42,400
were learning their letters. 
Musashi was already convinced 

6179
05:38:42,400 --> 05:38:45,100
that wooden swords were far more
captivating than books. 

6180
05:38:45,100 --> 05:38:49,400
His father munisai was a 
respected martial artist, which 

6181
05:38:49,400 --> 05:38:51,100
meant their household 
conversations. 

6182
05:38:51,100 --> 05:38:54,400
Probably went something like 
pass the rice and, oh, remember 

6183
05:38:54,400 --> 05:38:55,600
to keep your guard up during 
dinner. 

6184
05:38:55,600 --> 05:38:58,500
The funny thing about massage. 
She's early years is that he 

6185
05:38:58,500 --> 05:39:00,700
wasn't born some sort of Sword 
swinging Prodigy. 

6186
05:39:00,700 --> 05:39:02,700
He was more like that kid in 
your neighborhood. 

6187
05:39:02,700 --> 05:39:05,800
Who practiced basket will shots 
in their driveway until their 

6188
05:39:05,800 --> 05:39:07,600
parents had to drag them inside 
for dinner? 

6189
05:39:07,600 --> 05:39:11,500
Except of basketball? 
It was swordplay and of a 

6190
05:39:11,500 --> 05:39:14,200
driveway, it was anywhere. 
He could find Space to swing a 

6191
05:39:14,200 --> 05:39:16,100
piece of wood without breaking 
something valuable. 

6192
05:39:16,100 --> 05:39:19,700
When Musashi, Turned 13. 
Something shifted in his world 

6193
05:39:19,700 --> 05:39:22,000
like a puzzle piece. 
Finally clicking into place. 

6194
05:39:22,000 --> 05:39:24,900
He decided he was ready for his 
first real duel. 

6195
05:39:24,900 --> 05:39:28,400
It was not a practice session 
with wooden swords nor a 

6196
05:39:28,400 --> 05:39:31,900
friendly sparring match but an 
actual honest to goodness duel 

6197
05:39:31,900 --> 05:39:33,800
with a grown man named Aroma 
Kihei. 

6198
05:39:34,700 --> 05:39:38,400
Now, you might be thinking, this
sounds like a terrible idea and 

6199
05:39:38,400 --> 05:39:42,200
you'd be absolutely right. 
But Musashi had that particular 

6200
05:39:42,200 --> 05:39:44,900
brand of teenage confidence, 
that makes you believe. 

6201
05:39:44,900 --> 05:39:48,200
You can conquer the world armed 
with nothing but determination 

6202
05:39:48,200 --> 05:39:51,100
and a powerful stick. 
The Duel took place in front of 

6203
05:39:51,100 --> 05:39:53,500
what was probably the entire 
Village population. 

6204
05:39:53,500 --> 05:39:59,200
All 47 people including Mrs, 
Tanaka's chickens aramaki. 

6205
05:39:59,200 --> 05:40:02,700
Hey being a reasonable adult. 
Likely expected this to be over 

6206
05:40:02,700 --> 05:40:06,300
quickly after all. 
What could a 13 year old boy 

6207
05:40:06,300 --> 05:40:08,500
possibly do against someone with
years of experience? 

6208
05:40:08,500 --> 05:40:10,600
Well as it turns out quite a 
lot. 

6209
05:40:11,700 --> 05:40:14,700
Musashi won that Duel, not 
through some mystical Samurai 

6210
05:40:14,700 --> 05:40:18,600
magic, but through pure stubborn
determination and what was 

6211
05:40:18,600 --> 05:40:21,200
probably the first glimpse of 
his unconventional thinking. 

6212
05:40:22,500 --> 05:40:25,100
While Kihei, followed all the 
traditional forms and expected 

6213
05:40:25,100 --> 05:40:27,300
moves. 
Young Musashi fought like 

6214
05:40:27,300 --> 05:40:30,200
someone who hadn't read the rule
book, mainly because he hadn't 

6215
05:40:30,200 --> 05:40:32,200
this Victory did something 
important. 

6216
05:40:32,200 --> 05:40:36,000
It taught massage that sometimes
the best way to win isn't to do 

6217
05:40:36,000 --> 05:40:39,600
what everyone expects you to do.
It's a lesson that would follow 

6218
05:40:39,600 --> 05:40:42,700
him like a faithful dog for the 
rest of his life though. 

6219
05:40:42,700 --> 05:40:45,300
It would take him decades to 
fully understand what it meant 

6220
05:40:45,300 --> 05:40:48,900
after this first taste of 
success Musashi developed. 

6221
05:40:48,900 --> 05:40:51,300
What you might call an addiction
to proving himself. 

6222
05:40:51,300 --> 05:40:54,900
He began seeking out opponents. 
The way some people seek out, 

6223
05:40:54,900 --> 05:40:58,100
good restaurants with enthusiasm
and a willingness to travel 

6224
05:40:58,100 --> 05:41:01,700
considerable distances, his 
teenage years became a series of

6225
05:41:01,708 --> 05:41:04,500
challenges duels and victories 
that built his reputation. 

6226
05:41:04,500 --> 05:41:08,000
One wooden sword strike at a 
time but here's where the story 

6227
05:41:08,000 --> 05:41:10,100
gets interesting in that quiet 
human way. 

6228
05:41:10,100 --> 05:41:11,600
That makes Legends more 
relatable. 

6229
05:41:12,400 --> 05:41:15,900
Despite his growing reputation 
massage, she was still just a 

6230
05:41:15,900 --> 05:41:18,700
kid trying to figure out his 
place in the world, he'd win 

6231
05:41:18,700 --> 05:41:21,400
these jewels and then probably 
wonder what to do next like 

6232
05:41:21,400 --> 05:41:23,100
finishing. 
A really challenging puzzle and 

6233
05:41:23,108 --> 05:41:26,200
realizing you still have to find
somewhere to put it by the time 

6234
05:41:26,200 --> 05:41:29,100
was she reached his late teens, 
he had developed, what modern 

6235
05:41:29,100 --> 05:41:32,300
people might call Wanda Lust, 
though, his version involves 

6236
05:41:32,300 --> 05:41:34,700
significantly, more sword 
fighting than your typical Gap 

6237
05:41:34,700 --> 05:41:37,400
year. 
He decided to embark on what he 

6238
05:41:37,400 --> 05:41:39,500
called. 
His Warrior pilgrimage. 

6239
05:41:39,500 --> 05:41:42,700
Basically, a cross-country tour 
of Japan where the main 

6240
05:41:42,700 --> 05:41:44,600
attractions were people who 
wanted to fight him. 

6241
05:41:44,600 --> 05:41:47,800
Imagine being 20 years old and 
deciding your career path 

6242
05:41:47,800 --> 05:41:50,400
involves walking from town to 
town asking. 

6243
05:41:50,400 --> 05:41:53,700
If anyone wants to have a sword 
fight, it sounds ridiculous. 

6244
05:41:53,700 --> 05:41:56,700
When you put it that way, but 
for Musashi, this made perfect 

6245
05:41:56,700 --> 05:41:59,200
sense. 
He was like a traveling salesman

6246
05:41:59,200 --> 05:42:02,300
except instead of selling vacuum
cleaners, he was selling the 

6247
05:42:02,300 --> 05:42:05,000
opportunity to test your sword 
skills against someone who had 

6248
05:42:05,000 --> 05:42:08,800
never lost a duel during these 
travels Musashi began developing

6249
05:42:08,800 --> 05:42:12,500
his famous two sword technique. 
Most Samurai used one sword, 

6250
05:42:12,500 --> 05:42:14,600
following centuries of tradition
and training. 

6251
05:42:15,300 --> 05:42:18,300
But Musashi looked at this 
situation and thought, you know,

6252
05:42:18,308 --> 05:42:20,000
what might be better than one 
sword. 

6253
05:42:21,000 --> 05:42:23,000
Two swords. 
It was the kind of logic that 

6254
05:42:23,000 --> 05:42:25,000
probably made traditional 
swordmasters to shake their 

6255
05:42:25,000 --> 05:42:27,300
heads. 
But it worked the thing about 

6256
05:42:27,300 --> 05:42:30,700
fighting with two swords is that
it's incredibly difficult. 

6257
05:42:30,700 --> 05:42:33,700
It's like trying to write your 
name with both hands 

6258
05:42:33,700 --> 05:42:36,100
simultaneously while riding a 
bicycle. 

6259
05:42:37,100 --> 05:42:40,000
Most people who attempted it 
ended up looking, like they were

6260
05:42:40,000 --> 05:42:42,000
conducting. 
A very violent Orchestra where 

6261
05:42:42,000 --> 05:42:44,000
all the musicians were playing 
different songs. 

6262
05:42:44,000 --> 05:42:47,000
But Musashi had that rare 
combination of natural 

6263
05:42:47,000 --> 05:42:51,000
ambidexterity and stubborn 
refusal to accept that something

6264
05:42:51,000 --> 05:42:53,500
was impossible just because it 
was really difficult. 

6265
05:42:53,500 --> 05:42:56,800
His two sword style wasn't just 
about having more weapons. 

6266
05:42:56,800 --> 05:42:59,000
It was about confusing his 
opponents. 

6267
05:42:59,000 --> 05:43:02,200
When you've trained your entire 
life to fighting against someone

6268
05:43:02,200 --> 05:43:05,200
with one sword, suddenly facing,
someone with two is like, 

6269
05:43:05,200 --> 05:43:08,100
showing up to a chess match and 
discovering your opponent is 

6270
05:43:08,100 --> 05:43:09,900
playing three-dimensional chess 
while juggling. 

6271
05:43:11,100 --> 05:43:14,300
Your brain takes a moment to 
recalibrate and in sword, 

6272
05:43:14,300 --> 05:43:18,400
fighting a moment is often all 
your opponent needs, but massage

6273
05:43:18,400 --> 05:43:20,800
is travels weren't all 
successful, duals, and growing 

6274
05:43:20,800 --> 05:43:23,000
Fame. 
There were plenty of nights when

6275
05:43:23,000 --> 05:43:25,600
he slept under bridges 
Mourning's when he woke up 

6276
05:43:25,608 --> 05:43:29,000
hungry and days when he walked 
for hours without finding anyone

6277
05:43:29,000 --> 05:43:32,200
interested in testing their 
skills against a Wandering 

6278
05:43:32,200 --> 05:43:36,300
Swordsman Fame doesn't pay for 
in rooms or meals a massage. 

6279
05:43:36,300 --> 05:43:38,800
She learned that being legendary
doesn't automatically make you 

6280
05:43:38,800 --> 05:43:41,000
wealthy. 
These lean times taught him 

6281
05:43:41,000 --> 05:43:42,500
resourcefulness that would serve
him. 

6282
05:43:42,500 --> 05:43:45,800
Well later, he learned to find 
food in places where others 

6283
05:43:45,800 --> 05:43:49,000
might starve to create shelter 
from materials that others would

6284
05:43:49,000 --> 05:43:52,400
Overlook and to entertain 
himself, during long solitary 

6285
05:43:52,400 --> 05:43:53,900
walks across the Japanese 
Countryside. 

6286
05:43:54,900 --> 05:43:58,100
He became someone who could be 
content with very little as long

6287
05:43:58,100 --> 05:44:01,000
as that little included the 
opportunity to perfect his craft

6288
05:44:01,000 --> 05:44:02,900
during one particularly 
memorable. 

6289
05:44:02,900 --> 05:44:05,600
Period. 
Versace spent several months in 

6290
05:44:05,600 --> 05:44:09,600
the mountains, not because he 
was on some spiritual Quest but 

6291
05:44:09,600 --> 05:44:12,900
because he'd gotten thoroughly 
lost after a duel and was too 

6292
05:44:12,900 --> 05:44:16,000
proud to ask for directions. 
He later claimed this time of 

6293
05:44:16,000 --> 05:44:19,000
solitude was crucial to his 
development as a warrior which 

6294
05:44:19,000 --> 05:44:22,000
is probably true though. 
It started as a simple case of 

6295
05:44:22,000 --> 05:44:25,100
poor navigation skills, the 
mountain experience taught him 

6296
05:44:25,100 --> 05:44:28,500
patience in a way that formal 
training never could. when 

6297
05:44:28,500 --> 05:44:31,300
you're alone with your thoughts 
for months, carrying only your 

6298
05:44:31,300 --> 05:44:34,900
swords and whatever food you can
find or catch, you learn to slow

6299
05:44:34,900 --> 05:44:38,300
down, You start noticing things,
like, the way morning, light 

6300
05:44:38,300 --> 05:44:41,500
moves across Valley floors, or 
how the sound of your footsteps 

6301
05:44:41,500 --> 05:44:44,200
changes depending on whether 
your walking on rocks or pine 

6302
05:44:44,200 --> 05:44:50,700
needles. 
When Musashi was around 2100 of 

6303
05:44:50,700 --> 05:44:54,300
the finest, swordsman in Japan. 
could gyro was famous for his 

6304
05:44:54,300 --> 05:44:57,900
technique called Subaru, 
negation or swallow cut, which 

6305
05:44:57,900 --> 05:45:01,300
could supposedly cut down 
swallow in flight, Whether or 

6306
05:45:01,300 --> 05:45:03,200
not, he actually performed this 
fetus debatable. 

6307
05:45:03,200 --> 05:45:05,700
But it made for excellent 
Marketing in the world of 

6308
05:45:05,700 --> 05:45:08,300
professional sword. 
Fighting kajira was everything, 

6309
05:45:08,300 --> 05:45:12,000
Masashi wasn't refined, 
traditionally, trained and 

6310
05:45:12,000 --> 05:45:14,500
employed by a powerful Clan with
a steady income. 

6311
05:45:14,500 --> 05:45:17,100
He was like the difference 
between a classically trained 

6312
05:45:17,100 --> 05:45:20,700
pianist performing at Carnegie 
Hall, and a street musician who 

6313
05:45:20,700 --> 05:45:23,500
learned to play by ear. 
Both might be incredibly 

6314
05:45:23,500 --> 05:45:26,300
talented but they represent 
completely different approaches 

6315
05:45:26,300 --> 05:45:28,900
to their craft. 
The challenge was arranged to 

6316
05:45:28,900 --> 05:45:31,800
take place on Gary Ireland. 
A small piece of land in the 

6317
05:45:31,800 --> 05:45:33,400
straight between Honshu and 
Kyushu. 

6318
05:45:34,500 --> 05:45:37,200
The choice of location was 
significant Islands. 

6319
05:45:37,200 --> 05:45:39,300
Have a way of making everything 
feel more final. 

6320
05:45:40,000 --> 05:45:42,500
There's something about being 
surrounded by water that 

6321
05:45:42,500 --> 05:45:43,700
suggests. 
This isn't the kind of 

6322
05:45:43,700 --> 05:45:45,400
appointment. 
You can simply walk away from. 

6323
05:45:45,400 --> 05:45:48,900
If you change your mind on the 
morning of the duel, kajira 

6324
05:45:48,900 --> 05:45:52,400
arrived precisely on time as any
properly trained Samurai, would 

6325
05:45:52,400 --> 05:45:56,400
he was immaculately dressed, his
sword was perfectly maintained 

6326
05:45:56,400 --> 05:45:59,700
and he probably had the kind of 
confidence that comes from years

6327
05:45:59,700 --> 05:46:02,000
of structured training and 
consistent victories. 

6328
05:46:02,000 --> 05:46:05,000
He was ready for what he 
undoubtedly expected to be 

6329
05:46:05,000 --> 05:46:07,200
another successful defense of 
his reputation. 

6330
05:46:07,200 --> 05:46:10,800
With Sashi, on the other hand, 
was late, not fashionably late, 

6331
05:46:10,800 --> 05:46:14,000
not strategically late, but 
genuinely problematically late. 

6332
05:46:14,000 --> 05:46:17,000
He had overslept. 
Here was one of the most 

6333
05:46:17,000 --> 05:46:19,800
important jewels of his career 
against one of Japan's. 

6334
05:46:19,800 --> 05:46:23,000
Most skilled swordsman a 
massage, he had somehow managed 

6335
05:46:23,000 --> 05:46:24,900
to sleep through what was 
essentially his job. 

6336
05:46:24,900 --> 05:46:28,100
In to view when he finally 
arrived, rowing, a small boat to

6337
05:46:28,100 --> 05:46:29,900
the island. 
Cojiro had been waiting for 

6338
05:46:29,900 --> 05:46:32,300
hours. 
If you've ever been stood up for

6339
05:46:32,300 --> 05:46:35,500
an important meeting, you can 
imagine cojiro State of Mind 

6340
05:46:35,500 --> 05:46:39,300
except instead of rescheduling a
business lunch, he was waiting 

6341
05:46:39,300 --> 05:46:42,700
to fight for His reputation and 
possibly his life, but here's 

6342
05:46:42,700 --> 05:46:45,700
where Musashi's, unconventional 
thinking showed itself again, 

6343
05:46:45,700 --> 05:46:47,800
during his boat ride to the 
island. 

6344
05:46:47,800 --> 05:46:51,200
Instead of panicking about being
late or worrying about the jewel

6345
05:46:51,200 --> 05:46:53,500
ahead. 
He had used the time to carve a 

6346
05:46:53,500 --> 05:46:54,800
wooden sword from one of the 
boats. 

6347
05:46:54,800 --> 05:46:58,500
Oars not because his regular 
swords were inadequate but 

6348
05:46:58,500 --> 05:47:01,700
because he had realized 
something could gyro sword was 

6349
05:47:01,700 --> 05:47:05,600
longer than his own, which gave 
kajira a reach Advantage, the 

6350
05:47:05,600 --> 05:47:08,800
wooden sword, Musashi carved was
longer than cojiro steel blade. 

6351
05:47:08,800 --> 05:47:12,800
Neutralizing that Advantage, it 
was practical problem-solving 

6352
05:47:12,800 --> 05:47:16,300
disguised as either confidence 
or disrespect, depending on your

6353
05:47:16,300 --> 05:47:20,300
perspective, cojiro probably saw
it as an insult, showing up 

6354
05:47:20,300 --> 05:47:21,700
late. 
And then fighting with a piece 

6355
05:47:21,700 --> 05:47:24,300
of boats, seemed like the 
ultimate dismissal of his skills

6356
05:47:24,300 --> 05:47:27,200
and Status. 
The jewel itself was briefed as 

6357
05:47:27,200 --> 05:47:30,900
most real sword fights were 
Despite what movies suggested 

6358
05:47:30,900 --> 05:47:33,900
skilled swordsman don't engage 
in Lincoln the choreographed 

6359
05:47:33,900 --> 05:47:36,900
battles, they Circle each other 
looking for an opening. 

6360
05:47:36,900 --> 05:47:40,200
And when that opening appears, 
the contest is usually decided 

6361
05:47:40,200 --> 05:47:44,000
in moments, were she won but the
victory came at a cost that 

6362
05:47:44,000 --> 05:47:48,200
would follow him for years. 
Cojiro was not just defeated, he

6363
05:47:48,200 --> 05:47:51,300
died on that island. 
For all of massage is previous. 

6364
05:47:51,300 --> 05:47:54,300
Jewels death had been a 
possibility but this was the 

6365
05:47:54,300 --> 05:47:56,900
first time that possibility 
became reality in such a 

6366
05:47:56,900 --> 05:48:00,300
definitive way, the aftermath of
the duel marked a turning point 

6367
05:48:00,300 --> 05:48:03,800
in Musashi's life. he had proven
himself against one of Japan's, 

6368
05:48:03,800 --> 05:48:07,000
most respected swordsman that 
the victory felt different from 

6369
05:48:07,000 --> 05:48:10,400
his previous wins, There's a 
wait to taking someone's life 

6370
05:48:10,400 --> 05:48:13,600
that changes you even when it 
happens in the context of an 

6371
05:48:13,600 --> 05:48:16,900
agreed-upon duel between skilled
opponents after the duel, with 

6372
05:48:16,900 --> 05:48:20,500
kojiro something shifted in 
Musashi's approach to life, he 

6373
05:48:20,500 --> 05:48:23,400
didn't immediately retire or 
give up sword fighting, but he 

6374
05:48:23,408 --> 05:48:25,700
began to think more deeply about
what it meant to be. 

6375
05:48:25,700 --> 05:48:28,500
Truly skilled. 
It's like the difference between

6376
05:48:28,500 --> 05:48:31,600
someone who can run fast and 
someone who understands the art 

6377
05:48:31,600 --> 05:48:36,100
of running technique vs Mastery,
Musashi began studying things 

6378
05:48:36,100 --> 05:48:38,800
that had nothing to do with 
sword, fighting painting 

6379
05:48:38,800 --> 05:48:41,100
calligraphy sculpture and 
poetry. 

6380
05:48:41,900 --> 05:48:44,900
To outside as this might have 
seemed like a strange career 

6381
05:48:44,900 --> 05:48:47,300
pivot for someone who had built 
his reputation on being 

6382
05:48:47,300 --> 05:48:50,800
outstanding at sword combat. 
But Musashi was beginning to 

6383
05:48:50,800 --> 05:48:53,500
understand something that many 
specialists never grasp. 

6384
05:48:54,300 --> 05:48:56,900
Excellence in one area often 
comes from understanding 

6385
05:48:56,900 --> 05:49:00,400
principles that apply across 
multiple disciplines when he 

6386
05:49:00,400 --> 05:49:03,100
picked up a brush to paint. 
He discovered that the control 

6387
05:49:03,100 --> 05:49:06,000
and precision required was 
similar to sword work, but the 

6388
05:49:06,000 --> 05:49:08,100
patients needed was entirely 
different. 

6389
05:49:08,100 --> 05:49:11,400
You can't rush a painting. 
The way you might rush a sword 

6390
05:49:11,400 --> 05:49:14,700
strike each brush, stroke has to
be deliberate considered and 

6391
05:49:14,708 --> 05:49:17,900
committed to once it touches the
paper, it taught him about 

6392
05:49:17,900 --> 05:49:20,600
permanence in a way that sword 
fighting which is all about. 

6393
05:49:20,600 --> 05:49:23,700
Split Second decisions. 
Never could his calligraphy 

6394
05:49:23,700 --> 05:49:26,900
practice became almost 
meditative the repetitive nature

6395
05:49:26,900 --> 05:49:29,600
of forming characters and the 
focus required to make each 

6396
05:49:29,600 --> 05:49:32,400
stroke, both beautiful and 
readable, gave him a different 

6397
05:49:32,400 --> 05:49:35,100
kind of discipline. 
It was like strength training 

6398
05:49:35,100 --> 05:49:38,400
for his mind building muscles. 
He didn't know he needed during 

6399
05:49:38,400 --> 05:49:41,000
this period Musashi. 
Also began to developing his 

6400
05:49:41,000 --> 05:49:43,900
thoughts, about strategy and 
technique in to what would 

6401
05:49:43,900 --> 05:49:45,600
eventually become his famous 
book. 

6402
05:49:45,600 --> 05:49:50,400
The book of five rings but that 
was still years away at this 

6403
05:49:50,400 --> 05:49:51,800
point. 
He was simply a man who had 

6404
05:49:51,800 --> 05:49:53,300
realized that being the best 
sword. 

6405
05:49:53,300 --> 05:49:56,000
Fighter wasn't just about being 
good with swords. 

6406
05:49:56,000 --> 05:49:59,400
It was about understanding, how 
Excellence worked in general. 

6407
05:49:59,400 --> 05:50:03,200
He started accepting students 
which presented an intriguing 

6408
05:50:03,200 --> 05:50:05,300
challenge. 
How do you teach someone to 

6409
05:50:05,300 --> 05:50:08,600
think, unconventionally, how do 
you impart knowledge gained from

6410
05:50:08,600 --> 05:50:11,300
years of trial and error from 
sleeping under bridges and 

6411
05:50:11,300 --> 05:50:15,300
getting lost in mountains? 
Traditional martial arts schools

6412
05:50:15,300 --> 05:50:17,100
had curricular and structured 
lessons. 

6413
05:50:17,100 --> 05:50:20,600
But Musashi's approach was more 
like let me show you some 

6414
05:50:20,600 --> 05:50:22,600
things. 
I've figured out and then you 

6415
05:50:22,600 --> 05:50:24,300
can figure out how to make them 
work for you. 

6416
05:50:24,300 --> 05:50:27,700
His teaching style was probably 
frustrating for students who 

6417
05:50:27,700 --> 05:50:29,900
wanted clear step by step 
instructions. 

6418
05:50:29,900 --> 05:50:34,000
Instead of saying, hold your 
sword like this, he might say, 

6419
05:50:34,000 --> 05:50:37,600
find the way that feels like an 
extension of your arm, and then 

6420
05:50:37,600 --> 05:50:40,100
watch while his students 
struggle to interpret, what that

6421
05:50:40,100 --> 05:50:42,100
meant. 
But for the students who 

6422
05:50:42,100 --> 05:50:45,500
understood this approach, it was
probably incredibly liberating. 

6423
05:50:45,500 --> 05:50:47,100
One of the most important 
things. 

6424
05:50:47,100 --> 05:50:49,300
Musashi, learned. 
During this period, was the art 

6425
05:50:49,300 --> 05:50:52,500
of not fighting. 
For someone whose career hinged 

6426
05:50:52,500 --> 05:50:55,600
on combat Excellence. 
This may seem contradictory but 

6427
05:50:55,600 --> 05:50:59,500
it's actually an essential skill
knowing when not to engage when 

6428
05:50:59,500 --> 05:51:02,600
to walk away and when to let 
someone else prove their point 

6429
05:51:02,600 --> 05:51:05,900
without making it your problem, 
these are Advanced Techniques 

6430
05:51:05,900 --> 05:51:08,800
that require just as much 
Mastery as any sword movement. 

6431
05:51:08,800 --> 05:51:12,200
He began to understand that true
strength often looks like doing 

6432
05:51:12,200 --> 05:51:14,800
nothing at all. 
When you're confident in your 

6433
05:51:14,800 --> 05:51:17,200
abilities, you don't need to 
constantly prove them. 

6434
05:51:17,200 --> 05:51:20,100
You can let smaller challenges 
pass by without feeling 

6435
05:51:20,100 --> 05:51:23,700
diminished saving your energy 
for situations that truly matter

6436
05:51:23,700 --> 05:51:27,300
by his 30s musashiya developed 
into something rare. 

6437
05:51:27,300 --> 05:51:29,600
A warrior who was equally 
skilled. 

6438
05:51:29,600 --> 05:51:32,400
As an artist, he wasn't just 
dabbling in painting. 

6439
05:51:32,400 --> 05:51:35,300
And sculpture as Hobbies, he was
approaching them with the same 

6440
05:51:35,300 --> 05:51:38,400
intensity and dedication. 
He had brought to swords 

6441
05:51:38,400 --> 05:51:41,500
fighting his painting's 
particularly, his burden flower 

6442
05:51:41,500 --> 05:51:43,500
studies. 
Showed a sensitivity and 

6443
05:51:43,500 --> 05:51:46,400
attention to detail that might 
surprise people who are only 

6444
05:51:46,400 --> 05:51:48,100
knew his reputation as a 
duelist. 

6445
05:51:48,100 --> 05:51:50,800
This is something beautiful 
about watching, someone apply 

6446
05:51:50,800 --> 05:51:52,500
Warrior discipline to create 
art. 

6447
05:51:53,400 --> 05:51:56,400
The same Focus that allowed 
Musashi to analyze and opponent 

6448
05:51:56,400 --> 05:51:59,500
starts and combat helped him. 
Observe the way Morning Light 

6449
05:51:59,500 --> 05:52:02,500
fell across a Crane's wing 
Patience. 

6450
05:52:02,500 --> 05:52:04,900
He had developed through years 
of training enabled, him to wait

6451
05:52:04,900 --> 05:52:08,400
for the perfect moment to make a
brush stroke, just as he had 

6452
05:52:08,400 --> 05:52:10,600
waited for the perfect moment to
strike in duels. 

6453
05:52:10,600 --> 05:52:13,500
His sculptures were particularly
captivating because they 

6454
05:52:13,500 --> 05:52:16,000
required a completely different 
kind of physical engagement. 

6455
05:52:16,000 --> 05:52:19,700
Instead of the quick, decisive 
movements of sword, fighting 

6456
05:52:19,700 --> 05:52:23,400
sculpture demanded sustained 
effort over long periods. 

6457
05:52:23,400 --> 05:52:27,000
You might spend days carefully, 
removing tiny bits of wood or 

6458
05:52:27,000 --> 05:52:29,200
stone. 
Making gradual progress toward 

6459
05:52:29,200 --> 05:52:31,400
your vision. 
It was like the difference 

6460
05:52:31,400 --> 05:52:34,500
between sprinting and Marathon 
running both require 

6461
05:52:34,500 --> 05:52:37,700
athleticism, but they developed 
different kinds of endurance 

6462
05:52:37,700 --> 05:52:40,800
during this period Musashi. 
Also began to write more 

6463
05:52:40,800 --> 05:52:43,100
seriously about his 
understanding of strategy in 

6464
05:52:43,108 --> 05:52:45,700
combat. 
But unlike many martial arts 

6465
05:52:45,700 --> 05:52:48,700
Treasures, which focused on 
specific technique or 

6466
05:52:48,700 --> 05:52:51,600
traditional forms? 
Musashi's writing was more 

6467
05:52:51,600 --> 05:52:54,000
philosophical. 
He was trying to capture the 

6468
05:52:54,000 --> 05:52:56,700
thinking behind effective, 
action rather than just 

6469
05:52:56,700 --> 05:52:58,100
describing the actions 
themselves. 

6470
05:52:58,100 --> 05:53:01,700
He developed what he called, the
way of strategy, which was 

6471
05:53:01,700 --> 05:53:04,300
essentially a comprehensive 
approach to conflict resolution.

6472
05:53:04,300 --> 05:53:07,600
That could apply to anything 
from sword, fighting to 

6473
05:53:07,600 --> 05:53:09,700
business, negotiations to 
personal relationships. 

6474
05:53:10,900 --> 05:53:14,400
Preparation, understanding and 
psychological positioning, 

6475
05:53:14,400 --> 05:53:17,400
determine the outcome of most 
conflicts before the physical 

6476
05:53:17,400 --> 05:53:20,600
confrontation, even starts. 
One of his most important 

6477
05:53:20,600 --> 05:53:23,200
insights was about timing in 
sword. 

6478
05:53:23,208 --> 05:53:25,600
Fighting timing isn't just about
moving fast. 

6479
05:53:25,600 --> 05:53:29,200
It's about moving at exactly the
right moment too early. 

6480
05:53:29,200 --> 05:53:32,000
And you reveal your intentions 
before your opponent is 

6481
05:53:32,000 --> 05:53:35,200
vulnerable, if you act too late,
you will completely miss your 

6482
05:53:35,200 --> 05:53:38,400
opportunity. 
This principle mustache realized

6483
05:53:38,400 --> 05:53:40,000
applied to almost everything in 
life. 

6484
05:53:40,000 --> 05:53:43,000
He also wrote about what he 
called, the spirit of the thing 

6485
05:53:43,000 --> 05:53:46,100
itself, which was his way of 
describing, the importance of 

6486
05:53:46,108 --> 05:53:48,600
understanding, the essential 
nature of whatever, you're 

6487
05:53:48,600 --> 05:53:51,900
dealing with, whether you're 
fighting an opponent painting, a

6488
05:53:51,900 --> 05:53:53,700
landscape or trying to solve a 
problem. 

6489
05:53:53,700 --> 05:53:56,400
Success comes from seeing 
clearly what's actually 

6490
05:53:56,400 --> 05:53:59,500
happening rather than what you 
think should be happening or 

6491
05:53:59,500 --> 05:54:02,700
what happened in similar 
situations before his students 

6492
05:54:02,700 --> 05:54:05,800
during this period included, not
just aspiring swordsman, but 

6493
05:54:05,800 --> 05:54:09,500
also Artists Craftsmen and even 
Merchants who wanted to 

6494
05:54:09,500 --> 05:54:11,300
understand his approach to 
strategy. 

6495
05:54:12,000 --> 05:54:14,900
Musashi had begun to attract 
people who were less interested 

6496
05:54:14,900 --> 05:54:18,200
in learning to fight, and more 
interested in learning to think,

6497
05:54:18,200 --> 05:54:21,400
clearly Under Pressure teaching 
change massage in ways, he 

6498
05:54:21,400 --> 05:54:24,900
probably didn't expect When you 
have to explain something, to 

6499
05:54:24,900 --> 05:54:28,000
another person, you discover 
gaps in your understanding that 

6500
05:54:28,000 --> 05:54:31,200
you didn't know existed. 
Students, ask questions that 

6501
05:54:31,200 --> 05:54:34,300
force you to examine assumptions
you've never questioned and 

6502
05:54:34,300 --> 05:54:35,100
their mistakes. 
Help. 

6503
05:54:35,100 --> 05:54:38,800
You see problems from entirely 
new angles, Musashi found, that 

6504
05:54:38,800 --> 05:54:41,200
his best students weren't 
necessarily the most naturally 

6505
05:54:41,200 --> 05:54:44,700
talented ones often. 
They were the ones who struggled

6506
05:54:44,700 --> 05:54:47,700
with traditional approaches and 
had to find their ways of making

6507
05:54:47,700 --> 05:54:50,500
techniques work. 
These students forced him to 

6508
05:54:50,508 --> 05:54:54,000
think more creatively about 
instruction to discover new ways

6509
05:54:54,000 --> 05:54:56,400
of explaining Concepts that he 
had internalized. 

6510
05:54:56,400 --> 05:54:59,100
So thoroughly that he barely 
thought about them anymore. 

6511
05:54:59,100 --> 05:55:02,100
One of the challenges of 
teaching unconventional methods 

6512
05:55:02,100 --> 05:55:04,200
is that they don't translate 
easily into rules and 

6513
05:55:04,200 --> 05:55:07,600
procedures, traditional martial 
arts schools could give students

6514
05:55:07,600 --> 05:55:09,700
a clear progression, learn this 
dance. 

6515
05:55:09,700 --> 05:55:12,800
Then this movement, then this 
combination and so on. 

6516
05:55:13,800 --> 05:55:16,400
But Musashi's approach was more 
like jazz improvisation than 

6517
05:55:16,408 --> 05:55:18,600
classical music. 
There were underlying 

6518
05:55:18,600 --> 05:55:20,800
principles, but the expression 
had to be personal. 

6519
05:55:20,800 --> 05:55:23,900
And spontaneous, he began to 
develop teaching methods that 

6520
05:55:23,900 --> 05:55:26,500
were more about creating 
conditions for Discovery than 

6521
05:55:26,500 --> 05:55:29,700
about direct instruction. 
Instead of showing students 

6522
05:55:29,700 --> 05:55:31,500
exactly how to hold their 
swords. 

6523
05:55:31,500 --> 05:55:34,600
He might offer them a series of 
exercises, that would naturally 

6524
05:55:34,600 --> 05:55:37,900
lead them to discover effective 
grips on their own, it was 

6525
05:55:37,900 --> 05:55:39,400
slower than traditional 
instruction. 

6526
05:55:39,400 --> 05:55:42,400
But it produced students who 
truly understood what they were 

6527
05:55:42,400 --> 05:55:46,000
doing rather than just copying 
movements during this period 

6528
05:55:46,000 --> 05:55:48,300
Musashi. 
Also began to understand the 

6529
05:55:48,300 --> 05:55:51,200
importance of what modern people
might call work-life balance, 

6530
05:55:51,200 --> 05:55:53,000
though. 
He wouldn't have used that 

6531
05:55:53,000 --> 05:55:57,200
terminology He realized that 
constant intensity whether in 

6532
05:55:57,200 --> 05:56:00,100
training or in teaching was 
ultimately counterproductive, 

6533
05:56:00,100 --> 05:56:04,900
Excellence, required periods of 
rest and reflection times when 

6534
05:56:04,900 --> 05:56:07,600
you were to actively trying to 
improve, but was simply 

6535
05:56:07,600 --> 05:56:09,200
maintaining what you had already
achieved. 

6536
05:56:09,200 --> 05:56:13,000
He started incorporating more 
variety into his daily routines.

6537
05:56:13,000 --> 05:56:16,600
A morning might include sword 
practice followed by painting 

6538
05:56:16,600 --> 05:56:20,200
brighting then along walk with 
no particular destination. 

6539
05:56:21,300 --> 05:56:23,600
This wasn't procrastination or 
lack of focus. 

6540
05:56:23,600 --> 05:56:26,600
It was a recognition that 
different types of thinking, 

6541
05:56:26,600 --> 05:56:29,800
required different, mental 
States, and creativity, often 

6542
05:56:29,800 --> 05:56:32,300
emerge from the spaces between 
focused activities. 

6543
05:56:32,300 --> 05:56:35,500
During this period. 
His reputation shifted from 

6544
05:56:35,500 --> 05:56:38,700
being seen as a dangerous 
duelist to a wise teacher, 

6545
05:56:38,700 --> 05:56:42,000
although he remained fully 
capable of being the former when

6546
05:56:42,000 --> 05:56:45,600
circumstances required. 
It People started seeking him 

6547
05:56:45,600 --> 05:56:48,500
out not because they wanted to 
challenge him but because they 

6548
05:56:48,500 --> 05:56:51,900
wanted to learn from him, it was
a more sustainable way to live 

6549
05:56:51,900 --> 05:56:55,700
and probably much better for his
long-term stress levels as 

6550
05:56:55,700 --> 05:56:57,300
massage. 
She entered his later years. 

6551
05:56:57,300 --> 05:56:59,900
He began working on what would 
become his most lasting 

6552
05:56:59,900 --> 05:57:03,000
contribution to the world. 
The book of five rings. 

6553
05:57:04,200 --> 05:57:06,300
But calling it a book about 
sword fighting is like calling 

6554
05:57:06,300 --> 05:57:07,800
Moby. 
Dick a book about whaling, 

6555
05:57:07,800 --> 05:57:11,000
technically accurate, but 
missing most of the point, the 

6556
05:57:11,000 --> 05:57:15,900
five Ring's ground water fire 
wind and void weren't just 

6557
05:57:15,908 --> 05:57:17,300
different sword fighting 
techniques. 

6558
05:57:17,300 --> 05:57:20,000
They were different ways of 
approaching any challenge, 

6559
05:57:20,000 --> 05:57:22,700
different modes of thinking, 
that could be applied to 

6560
05:57:22,700 --> 05:57:25,100
everything from military 
strategy to personal 

6561
05:57:25,100 --> 05:57:27,100
relationships to Artistic 
creation. 

6562
05:57:27,100 --> 05:57:29,500
The ground ring was about 
fundamentals. 

6563
05:57:29,500 --> 05:57:32,500
The basic principles that 
everything else was built on. 

6564
05:57:33,700 --> 05:57:36,000
Musashi had learned that you 
couldn't build lasting 

6565
05:57:36,000 --> 05:57:39,200
Excellence on shaky foundations,
whether you were learning sword 

6566
05:57:39,200 --> 05:57:40,900
fighting or trying to run a 
business. 

6567
05:57:41,700 --> 05:57:44,600
Most people wanted to skip the 
boring foundational work and 

6568
05:57:44,600 --> 05:57:46,300
jump straight to the Advanced 
Techniques. 

6569
05:57:46,300 --> 05:57:50,100
But Musashi had seen too many 
promising students fail because 

6570
05:57:50,100 --> 05:57:53,100
they hadn't mastered the basics.
The watering was about 

6571
05:57:53,100 --> 05:57:56,400
adaptability flowing around 
obstacles rather than trying to 

6572
05:57:56,400 --> 05:57:59,300
smash through them water. 
Always finds a way to its 

6573
05:57:59,300 --> 05:58:02,500
destination whether that means 
going around a rock or wearing 

6574
05:58:02,500 --> 05:58:05,400
through it over time. 
Musashi learned. 

6575
05:58:05,400 --> 05:58:08,200
This lesson through years of 
encountering opponents who were 

6576
05:58:08,200 --> 05:58:11,800
stronger faster or better 
trained than he was and finding 

6577
05:58:11,800 --> 05:58:14,400
ways to win. 
Anyway, the fire ring was about 

6578
05:58:14,400 --> 05:58:17,900
intensity and decisive action. 
There are moments when gradual 

6579
05:58:17,900 --> 05:58:20,700
progress isn't enough when you 
need to commit everything you 

6580
05:58:20,700 --> 05:58:24,200
have to a single effort, but the
trick is knowing when those 

6581
05:58:24,200 --> 05:58:28,800
moments are use fire attacks to 
offer them and you burn out If 

6582
05:58:28,808 --> 05:58:32,100
they are used to infrequently 
important opportunities, may be 

6583
05:58:32,100 --> 05:58:33,800
missed. 
The wind ring was about 

6584
05:58:33,800 --> 05:58:36,700
understanding what others were 
doing seeing clearly without 

6585
05:58:36,700 --> 05:58:39,300
being distracted by your 
preferences or expectations. 

6586
05:58:39,300 --> 05:58:42,600
Most conflicts are lost because 
people fight together against 

6587
05:58:42,600 --> 05:58:45,600
what they think their opponent 
is doing rather than what their 

6588
05:58:45,600 --> 05:58:49,100
opponent is actually doing. 
This requires a kind of mental 

6589
05:58:49,100 --> 05:58:52,300
emptiness that most people find 
uncomfortable, you have to set 

6590
05:58:52,300 --> 05:58:55,400
aside your plans and reactions 
long enough to really see what's

6591
05:58:55,400 --> 05:58:57,300
happening. 
The void ring was the most 

6592
05:58:57,300 --> 05:59:00,300
difficult to explain because it 
was about the space between 

6593
05:59:00,300 --> 05:59:04,000
techniques, the pause between 
thoughts and the moment of 

6594
05:59:04,000 --> 05:59:07,300
potential before action. 
It was what happened when you 

6595
05:59:07,300 --> 05:59:09,800
stopped trying to control 
everything and allowed your 

6596
05:59:09,800 --> 05:59:13,400
training and intuition to guide 
you writing these ideas down was

6597
05:59:13,400 --> 05:59:15,800
probably one of the most 
challenging things Musashi had 

6598
05:59:15,800 --> 05:59:18,700
ever done. 
He had spent decades developing 

6599
05:59:18,700 --> 05:59:22,000
these insights through direct 
experience, learning them in his

6600
05:59:22,000 --> 05:59:24,800
muscles and Bones before he 
understood them intellectually. 

6601
05:59:25,600 --> 05:59:27,400
Translating that kind of 
embodied knowledge. 

6602
05:59:27,400 --> 05:59:30,600
Into words, was like, trying to 
describe the taste of water to 

6603
05:59:30,600 --> 05:59:32,200
someone who had never been 
thirsty. 

6604
05:59:32,200 --> 05:59:35,200
In his final Year's Musashi 
retreated to a cave in the 

6605
05:59:35,208 --> 05:59:38,000
mountains, near Kuma Moto to 
complete his writing and reflect

6606
05:59:38,000 --> 05:59:41,500
on his life's work. 
This wasn't the dramatic hermit 

6607
05:59:41,500 --> 05:59:45,000
withdrawal that popular culture 
sometimes portrays, but more 

6608
05:59:45,000 --> 05:59:47,800
like the decision of a senior 
Professor to take, sabbatical to

6609
05:59:47,800 --> 05:59:49,400
write the book. 
He had been contemplating for 

6610
05:59:49,400 --> 05:59:52,900
decades the cave, provided the 
kind of uninterrupted Solitude. 

6611
05:59:52,900 --> 05:59:55,300
That's almost impossible to find
in normal life. 

6612
05:59:56,100 --> 05:59:59,200
Know students asking questions? 
No visitors wanting to test 

6613
05:59:59,200 --> 06:00:02,200
their skills against his 
reputation and no daily 

6614
06:00:02,200 --> 06:00:05,300
obligations beyond the basic 
requirements of staying alive. 

6615
06:00:05,300 --> 06:00:08,700
It was like having a completely 
clear desk for the first time in

6616
06:00:08,700 --> 06:00:11,600
years, where you can finally 
focus on the projects that 

6617
06:00:11,600 --> 06:00:14,200
matter. 
Most, in this setting Masashi 

6618
06:00:14,200 --> 06:00:17,500
completed, not just the book of 
five rings but also a work 

6619
06:00:17,500 --> 06:00:19,900
called Dakota or the way of 
walking alone. 

6620
06:00:20,600 --> 06:00:23,000
This was a much shorter. 
Piece consisting of 21 

6621
06:00:23,000 --> 06:00:26,200
principles for self-reliant 
living reading it today. 

6622
06:00:26,200 --> 06:00:30,100
It sounds remarkably modern in 
some ways advice about not 

6623
06:00:30,100 --> 06:00:31,500
depending on others for your 
happiness. 

6624
06:00:31,500 --> 06:00:35,400
Not accumulating, unnecessary, 
possessions, and treating all 

6625
06:00:35,400 --> 06:00:37,500
things with respect, but not 
attachment. 

6626
06:00:37,500 --> 06:00:40,700
But the way of walking alone 
wasn't a guide to hermit living 

6627
06:00:40,700 --> 06:00:43,800
or antisocial Behavior. 
It was more about psychological 

6628
06:00:43,800 --> 06:00:46,400
Independence. 
The ability to remain centered 

6629
06:00:46,400 --> 06:00:49,200
and purposeful regardless of 
external circumstances. 

6630
06:00:49,200 --> 06:00:53,000
Musashi had learned through 
Decades of wandering that you're

6631
06:00:53,000 --> 06:00:56,000
in a state was the only thing 
you could truly control and that

6632
06:00:56,000 --> 06:00:59,100
everything else was essentially,
whether sometimes Pleasant, 

6633
06:00:59,100 --> 06:01:03,300
sometimes difficult, but always 
temporary during his cave years,

6634
06:01:03,300 --> 06:01:05,400
massage. 
She also created some of his 

6635
06:01:05,400 --> 06:01:08,600
most celebrated artwork. 
Without the distractions of 

6636
06:01:08,600 --> 06:01:11,700
teaching, or the pressure of 
maintaining his reputation, he 

6637
06:01:11,700 --> 06:01:13,900
could paint purely for the joy 
of capturing Something 

6638
06:01:13,900 --> 06:01:17,500
Beautiful, his late paintings. 
Have a quality of serene 

6639
06:01:17,500 --> 06:01:18,900
confidence. 
That's different from his 

6640
06:01:18,900 --> 06:01:21,200
earlier work. 
The brushstrokes are more 

6641
06:01:21,200 --> 06:01:25,100
economical but somehow more 
expressive like someone who has 

6642
06:01:25,100 --> 06:01:28,100
learned to say more with less 
the mountain setting, probably 

6643
06:01:28,100 --> 06:01:31,100
influenced his art as well. 
When you're surrounded by the 

6644
06:01:31,100 --> 06:01:34,100
same landscape day after day, 
you begin to see it. 

6645
06:01:34,100 --> 06:01:38,100
Incredible detail, the way 
Shadows move across Rock faces 

6646
06:01:38,100 --> 06:01:40,700
throughout the day. 
The subtle differences in how 

6647
06:01:40,700 --> 06:01:44,300
pine trees respond to wind the 
dozens of different sounds that 

6648
06:01:44,300 --> 06:01:47,200
mountain silence contains. 
This kind of intimate 

6649
06:01:47,200 --> 06:01:50,200
observation shows up in the 
Precision and sensitivity of his

6650
06:01:50,200 --> 06:01:55,400
late paintings Musashi died in 
1645 at the age of about 61 

6651
06:01:55,400 --> 06:01:59,000
having never lost a duel and 
having created a body of work 

6652
06:01:59,000 --> 06:02:00,900
that would Influence People for 
centuries. 

6653
06:02:01,700 --> 06:02:04,600
But perhaps his most interesting
Legacy, isn't his undefeated 

6654
06:02:04,600 --> 06:02:08,500
record, or even his artistic 
achievements, it's the example, 

6655
06:02:08,500 --> 06:02:11,300
he set of someone who refused to
be limited by conventional 

6656
06:02:11,300 --> 06:02:14,800
categories in a society that 
valued specialization and 

6657
06:02:14,800 --> 06:02:18,500
clearly defined roles. 
Musashi insisted on being both a

6658
06:02:18,500 --> 06:02:22,300
warrior and an artist. 
Turn a student and a man of 

6659
06:02:22,300 --> 06:02:25,900
action and a philosopher. 
Prove that excellence in one 

6660
06:02:25,900 --> 06:02:27,700
area doesn't require ignorance 
of others. 

6661
06:02:27,700 --> 06:02:30,500
And that the deepest 
understanding often comes from 

6662
06:02:30,500 --> 06:02:33,600
seeing connections between 
seemingly, unrelated disciplines

6663
06:02:33,600 --> 06:02:36,600
his approach to learning was 
particularly revolutionary for 

6664
06:02:36,600 --> 06:02:40,200
its time in accepting 
traditional methods simply 

6665
06:02:40,200 --> 06:02:43,600
because they were traditional 
Musashi tested, everything 

6666
06:02:43,600 --> 06:02:47,400
against his own experience, and 
kept only what actually worked 

6667
06:02:48,100 --> 06:02:49,700
This wasn't disrespect for 
tradition. 

6668
06:02:49,700 --> 06:02:53,100
It was a deeper respect for the 
principles that made Traditions 

6669
06:02:53,100 --> 06:02:56,000
valuable in the first place. 
Modern readers, often find 

6670
06:02:56,000 --> 06:02:58,000
Musashi's writing, surprisingly 
relevant. 

6671
06:02:58,000 --> 06:03:01,400
Not because sword fighting is 
made a comeback but because his 

6672
06:03:01,400 --> 06:03:05,300
insights about strategy timing 
and clear thinking applied to 

6673
06:03:05,308 --> 06:03:08,700
contemporary challenges, whether
your dealing with a difficult 

6674
06:03:08,700 --> 06:03:12,500
work situation, trying to master
a new skill or simply attempting

6675
06:03:12,500 --> 06:03:14,300
to live with greater purpose and
Effectiveness. 

6676
06:03:14,300 --> 06:03:18,500
Musashi's principles offer 
practical guidance, his life for

6677
06:03:18,500 --> 06:03:20,800
so demonstrates something 
important about the relationship

6678
06:03:20,800 --> 06:03:25,300
between discipline and cruelty. 
Rather than stifling imagination

6679
06:03:25,300 --> 06:03:27,600
massage, is rigorous training in
martial. 

6680
06:03:27,600 --> 06:03:29,700
Arts seemed to enhance his 
artistic abilities. 

6681
06:03:29,700 --> 06:03:32,800
The same attention to detail 
that made him a formidable. 

6682
06:03:32,800 --> 06:03:35,400
Swordsman made him a sense of 
painter. 

6683
06:03:36,600 --> 06:03:39,300
The patience required for 
mastering combat techniques 

6684
06:03:39,300 --> 06:03:42,600
transfers to the patient's 
needed for creating beautiful 

6685
06:03:42,600 --> 06:03:45,200
calligraphy. 
Most importantly, Musashi 

6686
06:03:45,200 --> 06:03:48,300
demonstrated that one can fully 
commit to Excellence without 

6687
06:03:48,300 --> 06:03:52,100
becoming rigid or closed-minded.
He remained curious and 

6688
06:03:52,100 --> 06:03:53,700
experimental throughout his 
life. 

6689
06:03:53,700 --> 06:03:56,600
Always willing to reconsider his
assumptions and try new 

6690
06:03:56,608 --> 06:03:59,700
approaches. 
This combination of dedication 

6691
06:03:59,700 --> 06:04:02,700
and flexibility is rare, and 
it's probably what allowed him 

6692
06:04:02,700 --> 06:04:05,100
to continue growing and 
improving well, into his later 

6693
06:04:05,100 --> 06:04:07,900
years as we come to the end of 
Musashi's story. 

6694
06:04:07,900 --> 06:04:11,000
It's worth considering what this
man from four centuries ago 

6695
06:04:11,000 --> 06:04:14,000
might teach us about living. 
Well, in our time, His life 

6696
06:04:14,000 --> 06:04:16,400
offers several lessons that 
transcend the specific 

6697
06:04:16,400 --> 06:04:20,300
circumstances of medieval Japan.
First, there's the importance of

6698
06:04:20,308 --> 06:04:23,100
developing your own approach 
rather than simply copying what 

6699
06:04:23,100 --> 06:04:27,100
others do Musashi's two sword 
technique worked for him, not 

6700
06:04:27,100 --> 06:04:29,400
because it was inherently 
Superior to single sword 

6701
06:04:29,400 --> 06:04:31,300
fighting. 
But because it matched his 

6702
06:04:31,300 --> 06:04:35,200
particular strengths and way of 
thinking in your life, the most 

6703
06:04:35,200 --> 06:04:37,600
effective Solutions are often 
the ones you develop for 

6704
06:04:37,600 --> 06:04:40,900
yourself based on your unique 
combination of abilities and 

6705
06:04:40,900 --> 06:04:44,200
circumstances. 
Second Musashi demonstrates. 

6706
06:04:44,200 --> 06:04:46,800
The value of cross-training 
between different disciplines, 

6707
06:04:46,800 --> 06:04:50,800
his martial arts, informed, his 
art, his art, informed his 

6708
06:04:50,800 --> 06:04:52,900
writing and his writing 
clarified. 

6709
06:04:52,900 --> 06:04:54,300
His understanding of martial 
arts. 

6710
06:04:55,200 --> 06:04:57,800
In our age of hyper 
specialization, there's 

6711
06:04:57,800 --> 06:05:00,500
something refreshing about 
someone who refused to stay in a

6712
06:05:00,500 --> 06:05:03,400
single Lane who understood that 
breadth of experience could 

6713
06:05:03,400 --> 06:05:05,600
deepen rather than dilute 
expertise. 

6714
06:05:05,600 --> 06:05:09,100
Third is willingness to start 
over and keep learning 

6715
06:05:09,100 --> 06:05:11,100
throughout his life is 
particularly relevant. 

6716
06:05:11,100 --> 06:05:15,300
Musashi did not reach his peak 
in his twenties and then rely 

6717
06:05:15,300 --> 06:05:18,500
solely on his reputation. 
He continued taking on new 

6718
06:05:18,500 --> 06:05:22,400
challenges developing new skills
and refining his understanding. 

6719
06:05:22,400 --> 06:05:26,600
Well into his sixties The world 
where careers increasingly 

6720
06:05:26,600 --> 06:05:30,500
require constant adaptation and 
lifelong learning Musashi's. 

6721
06:05:30,500 --> 06:05:32,300
Example is both inspiring and 
practical. 

6722
06:05:32,300 --> 06:05:35,000
There's also his approach to 
dealing with failure and 

6723
06:05:35,000 --> 06:05:37,500
uncertainty. 
Versace made mistakes. 

6724
06:05:37,500 --> 06:05:41,300
He got lost in mountains, over 
slept on the day of important 

6725
06:05:41,300 --> 06:05:43,300
duels. 
And probably had plenty of 

6726
06:05:43,300 --> 06:05:45,100
moments when he questioned his 
life choices. 

6727
06:05:46,100 --> 06:05:48,600
But he seemed to treat these 
setbacks as information rather 

6728
06:05:48,600 --> 06:05:51,200
than disasters. 
Using them to adjust his 

6729
06:05:51,200 --> 06:05:54,100
approach, rather than, as 
reasons to give up his later 

6730
06:05:54,100 --> 06:05:56,600
focus on teaching and writing 
suggests something important 

6731
06:05:56,600 --> 06:05:58,400
about how to create lasting 
value. 

6732
06:05:59,100 --> 06:06:02,000
Physical accomplishments, no 
matter how impressive are 

6733
06:06:02,000 --> 06:06:06,500
ultimately temporary. 
However, your ideas insights an 

6734
06:06:06,500 --> 06:06:09,300
influence on others can endure 
long after your passing 

6735
06:06:10,800 --> 06:06:14,300
Musashi's dueling record is 
historically intriguing, but his

6736
06:06:14,300 --> 06:06:16,300
books are still helping people 
solve problems today. 

6737
06:06:16,300 --> 06:06:20,600
Finally, this is integration of 
action and reflection his 

6738
06:06:20,600 --> 06:06:24,600
ability to be both a doer and a 
thinker too often we divide the 

6739
06:06:24,600 --> 06:06:28,000
world into people who act and 
people who contemplate, as if 

6740
06:06:28,008 --> 06:06:32,000
these were mutually exclusive 
approaches to life, Musashi 

6741
06:06:32,000 --> 06:06:34,700
showed that the most effective 
people often combine both, 

6742
06:06:34,700 --> 06:06:37,700
they're willing to jump into 
challenges and take risks. 

6743
06:06:37,700 --> 06:06:40,200
But they also spend time 
thinking deeply about what 

6744
06:06:40,200 --> 06:06:41,800
they've learned and how they can
improve. 

6745
06:06:41,800 --> 06:06:45,200
As you prepare for sleep 
tonight, perhaps there's 

6746
06:06:45,200 --> 06:06:47,500
something comforting in the 
story of Musashi Miyamoto. 

6747
06:06:47,500 --> 06:06:51,800
Not the Fearsome, duelist of 
Legend but the more human 

6748
06:06:51,800 --> 06:06:55,700
figure, we've explored together.
A man who started as a boy 

6749
06:06:55,700 --> 06:06:59,100
swinging sticks with unusual 
enthusiasm, who spent years 

6750
06:06:59,100 --> 06:07:01,700
walking, the roads of Japan 
looking for worthy opponents. 

6751
06:07:01,700 --> 06:07:05,000
And who eventually learned that 
the most important battles are 

6752
06:07:05,000 --> 06:07:06,600
often. 
The ones we fight with ourselves

6753
06:07:06,600 --> 06:07:10,200
Musashi's, life serves as a 
reminder that growth is rarely 

6754
06:07:10,200 --> 06:07:14,200
linear He had periods of intense
activity and periods of quiet 

6755
06:07:14,200 --> 06:07:18,200
reflection times when he pushed 
himself to his limits and times 

6756
06:07:18,200 --> 06:07:20,700
when he stepped back to 
consolidate what he had learned.

6757
06:07:21,500 --> 06:07:24,900
This rhythm of effort and rest 
Challenge and Recovery is 

6758
06:07:24,900 --> 06:07:27,600
something we can all relate to, 
regardless of our particular 

6759
06:07:27,600 --> 06:07:29,800
Pursuits. 
There's also something deeply 

6760
06:07:29,800 --> 06:07:32,500
satisfying about the way 
historians seemingly 

6761
06:07:32,500 --> 06:07:35,900
contradictory elements, he was 
both a warrior and an artist, 

6762
06:07:35,900 --> 06:07:39,300
both alone and a teacher, and 
both someone who sought out 

6763
06:07:39,300 --> 06:07:41,700
conflict and someone who 
eventually understood the value 

6764
06:07:41,700 --> 06:07:44,100
of peace. 
Perhaps that's a useful way to 

6765
06:07:44,100 --> 06:07:45,800
think about our own complex 
lives. 

6766
06:07:45,800 --> 06:07:48,800
The image of Musashi in his 
mounting cave completing his 

6767
06:07:48,800 --> 06:07:52,300
life's work in solitude. 
But with full engagement offers 

6768
06:07:52,300 --> 06:07:55,000
a peaceful note on which to end 
our time together tonight. 

6769
06:07:55,800 --> 06:07:58,100
Here was someone who had 
experienced enough of the 

6770
06:07:58,100 --> 06:08:00,600
world's excitement and 
challenges to know their true 

6771
06:08:00,600 --> 06:08:02,400
value. 
Who had learned to find 

6772
06:08:02,400 --> 06:08:04,000
satisfaction in simple things 
done. 

6773
06:08:04,000 --> 06:08:07,200
Well, and who understood that 
the most profound Victory is are

6774
06:08:07,200 --> 06:08:10,300
often the quietest ones. 
As you drift off to sleep, you 

6775
06:08:10,300 --> 06:08:13,200
might think about the wooden 
sword and she carved from a boat

6776
06:08:13,200 --> 06:08:16,700
or transforming a simple tool 
into an instrument of Victory 

6777
06:08:16,700 --> 06:08:19,400
through nothing more than clear 
thinking and careful work. 

6778
06:08:20,200 --> 06:08:22,000
There's something encouraging 
about that image. 

6779
06:08:22,000 --> 06:08:25,600
The idea that we all have access
to the raw materials of success.

6780
06:08:25,600 --> 06:08:29,200
The creativity and determination
can often matter more than 

6781
06:08:29,200 --> 06:08:32,700
perfect equipment or ideal 
circumstances, sweet dreams. 

6782
06:08:32,700 --> 06:08:36,300
And remember, sometimes the most
unconventional path is the one 

6783
06:08:36,300 --> 06:08:38,000
that leads exactly where you 
need to go.