The Strangest Rules 1950s Housewives Were Forced to Follow

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What's cracking my tired 
friends? 

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Let's set the modern world down 
for a while because tonight 

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we're walking into a house where
everything had a rule, even the 

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smile at the front door. 
Before we settle in a quick 

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little note. 
The chapters are not showing up 

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inside the video player. 
I'm sorry about that. 

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They are still listed in the 
description and we're working on

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getting it fixed. 
Please don't get too upset with 

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us while we sort it out, support
is doing their best to help and 

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we appreciate you being patient 
with us. 

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Tonight we're easing into the 
strangest rules, 1950s 

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Housewives, were expected to 
follow from spotless kitchens 

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and Polished appearances. 
To the quiet pressure of keeping

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a home, a family and a Public 
Image running smoothly without 

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showing the strain underneath. 
This is a carefully researched 

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and thoughtfully written sleep 
story shaped to feel human 

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steady and easy to drift 
through. 

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So if this content helps you 
unwind, feel free to follow. 

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If you're a first-time listener 
and leave a thumbs up review, as

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it helps us more than, you know,
and let me know where you're 

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listening from and what time it 
is tonight. 

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Now, let's begin. 
In your mind. 

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Imagine waking before the alarm 
on a Tuesday Morning in 1952. 

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The bedroom is dark, except for 
a narrow strip of streetlight 

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pressing through the Gap in the 
curtains. 

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The house makes its early 
sounds, the furnace ticking on 

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somewhere. 
Below the refrigerator humming, 

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its low private hum in the 
kitchen. 

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The pipes releasing their small 
protests as the hot water begins

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to move through them. 
You have not fully left sleep 

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but the list is already 
assembling itself in your mind 

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without any invitation from you.
This is where we begin, not with

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the image, the apron and the 
gleaming counter and the perfect

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roast. 
But with the interior, the 

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quiet, Machinery of a life, 
organized around a standard that

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arrived before you did. 
The 1950s housewife was not a 

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natural phenomenon. 
She was constructed patiently 

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and deliberately out of 
conditions that had been 

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building since the early 1940s 
to understand what those rules 

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are asked of her and how 
thoroughly they shaped daily 

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life. 
It helps to understand how those

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conditions came to exist. 
The second world war had done 

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something, unexpected to 
American women. 

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The labor shortage created by 16
million men, entering military 

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service, had opened in 
industrial and clerical 

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positions to women, who had 
previously been discouraged or 

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barred from them. 
Women had worked in aircraft 

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assembly, Munitions, 
manufacturing shipyards and 

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government offices. 
They had managed payroll and run

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production lines and driven 
service Vehicles. 

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The economy had required their 
labor and they had provided it 

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with competence that frequently 
surprised the men who were 

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doubted, it would be there. 
What followed the wars end in 

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1945 was a re-adjustment of 
enormous social complexity, the 

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returning veterans needed 
employment and the servicemen's 

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Readjustment Act of 1944. 
Commonly called the GI Bill had 

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made explicit promises about 
education, housing, loans, and 

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job placement. 
Making good on those promises 

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required space in the economy 
and creating that space meant 

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gently. 
And in some cases, firmly, 

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redirecting the women who 
occupied it during the previous 

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four years, the framing of this 
redirection was often warm, the 

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language was about reward and 
return, the war had been an 

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interruption and now the 
interruption was over and the 

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real life, the life you'd be 
promised was waiting for you at 

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home. 
The home was presented as a 

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destination rather than a 
retreat. 

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It was offered as something one.
Some women, this framing felt 

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accurate. 
For others, the work they had 

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done during the war had 
clarified, something about their

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own capabilities that they were 
not entirely willing to set 

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aside. 
But the public culture of the 

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late 1940s, had limited interest
in that particular complication 

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The official story was one of 
grateful return and the official

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story was what circulated? 
What happened alongside the 

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workforce redirection was a 
physical transformation of the 

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American landscape that changed 
the material conditions of 

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women's lives. 
Profoundly The postwar housing 

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shortage was a cute and widely 
acknowledged and the response 

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to. 
It was one of the more 

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extraordinary Feats of Rapid 
Construction in American 

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history. 
Build a William Levitt applied 

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assembly, line methods to 
residential construction, on 

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Long Island, beginning in 1947. 
Producing modest houses at a 

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price point. 
The place to home ownership 

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Within Reach of families who had
never anticipated. 

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Owning anything other developers
followed with their own version 

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of the approach. 
And by the early 1950s, suburbs 

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were expanding outward from 
every major American city at a 

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rate that transformed the 
physical map of the country 

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within a single decade. 
Veterans, purchased these homes 

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on federally, backed mortgages 
with low down payments and 

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favourable interest terms. 
Young couples moved into, nearly

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identical houses on, nearly 
identical, Lots on streets, that

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had been Farmland, two years 
earlier. 

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The uniformity was a byproduct 
of efficiency, not ideology, but

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it shaped the experience of 
living there in ways that would 

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matter. 
Into these houses. 

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Came the women who had become 
the 1950s housewife, as a 

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cultural type, They arrived with
different backgrounds and 

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different dispositions toward 
the role but they arrived in to 

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a set of expectations that were 
already in place and fully 

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details. 
The role had been assembled in 

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their absence, the Magazine's 
that would instruct them had 

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Decades of practice, the 
advertising apparatus. 

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That would shape their 
aspirations had been studying 

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domestic life. 
Carefully for years, the grocery

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store was its own world and 
navigating it. 

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Well was a skill? 
Supermarket had expanded rapidly

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in the post-war years. 
Replacing the smaller 

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neighborhood shops were a Clarke
retrieved items from behind a 

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counter with self-service 
layouts of considerable size. 

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The weekly shopping trip was a 
planning exercise, that required

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a working knowledge of prices 
across dozens of categories and 

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awareness of seasonal 
availability. the ability to 

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calculate quantities against the
number of people to be fed and 

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the days of the week that needed
covering and enough flexibility 

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to adjust when something on the 
listed sold out or was priced 

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beyond the week's budget. 
Women did this without grocery 

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delivery without smartphone 
lists. 

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And without the option of 
returning for a forgotten item 

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in the same afternoon, unless 
the car was available and the 

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children were manageable which 
they were not always. 

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The shopping trip was often the 
most socially varied part of the

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week. 
The supermarket Drew from a 

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wider radius than the coffee 
clash and running into a 

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neighbor in the produce. 
Aisle offered a different kind 

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of encounter than the kitchen 
table. 

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Variety more spontaneous less 
obligated to the rituals of 

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Hosting. 
These conversations were brief 

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and light exchanges of 
information about the roast that

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was on sale and the quality of 
the strawberries this week and 

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the meeting that was happening 
at the school. 

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Next Thursday, They were small 
social interactions. 

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That carried their own weight in
the daily accounting of 

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connection. 
What the role required of them 

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was not simple. 
It was comprehensive in a way 

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that the word housewife, now 
fails to communicate, it asked 

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for their labor and their 
organizational intelligence and 

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their physical maintenance, and 
their emotional management, and 

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their social performance, and 
their Creative Energy, and their

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flexibility, and their patience,
and their cheerful consistency. 

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It asks, for all of these things
simultaneously. 

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Every day without official 
acknowledgment that this was a 

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significant demand. 
The house is themselves were 

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small by the standard of what 
American families would 

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eventually come to expect. 
The earliest Levittown, homes 

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offered under 800 square feet, 
two bedrooms, a single bathroom,

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a living room and a kitchen. 
That was a fishing in the way 

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that a ship's Galley is a 
fishing at everything within 

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reach, nothing wasted, no room 
for anything that did not have a

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specific function. 
Later developments offered more 

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square footage, three bedrooms 
and a larger kitchen and 

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sometimes a second bath room. 
But the general template was 

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modest the American Suburban 
House of the early 1950s was a 

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place size for the life. 
It was supposed to contain 

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rather than for any expansion of
that life beyond its original 

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dimensions. 
The kitchen was the operational 

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center of the house and the room
where a housewife spent the 

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largest portion of her day. 
It was designed with that 

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assumption built into the 
architecture. 

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The appliances were positioned 
for workflow, the refrigerator 

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accessible from the back door, 
where groceries came in the 

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stove. 
Positioned relative to the sink 

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for the back and forth between 
preparation and cooking. 

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Manufacturers. 
And designers had been studying 

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how women move through the 
kitchen and it applied those 

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observations to the layout of 
new homes. 

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The kitchen was in other words 
professionally optimized for the

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work. 
It was built to contain. 

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The woman Inside it was the 
final element of a system 

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designed around her labor 
without being designed around 

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her, the basement where the 
houses, had one held the washing

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machine and eventually the dryer
and the trip down stairs was as 

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regular as the trip to the 
kitchen and as embedded in the 

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day circuit. 
The laundry moved through its 

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stages with the rhythm of any 
production process from hamper 

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to wash to line or dryer to 
folding table to ironing board, 

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to draw a cycle, that completed 
itself, and then began again. 

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Before it fully ended, the women
who stepped into that role were 

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not simply either. 
There were people making the 

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choices available to them inside
conditions. 

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They had not designed, 
Understanding the conditions is 

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the beginning of understanding, 
what the rules actually cost, 

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and what, the women who lived 
under them actually did. 

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The magazine arrived on 
Tuesdays. 

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He knew it had come before, you 
went to retrieve it because the 

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sound, it may dropping through 
the male slot, was specific 

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heavier than a bill and softer 
than a catalog with a slight 

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Flex to it. 
That you would learn to 

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recognize you were probably in 
the kitchen when it arrived or 

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occupied with something that had
to be finished before. 

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You could allow yourself to sit 
down, but you made a mental note

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and you went to get it 
eventually and you carried it to

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the kitchen table and set it 
down next to the salt shaker 

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while you decided, whether you 
had five minutes now, or whether

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it would have to wait until 
after lunch. 

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The woman's Magazine's of the 
1950s were not casual 

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entertainment. 
They were operating instructions

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for a particular and very 
specifically defined mode of 

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Life updated monthly distributed
nationality and backed by an 

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editorial operator that 
understood itself as performing 

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a genuine service for its 
readership. 

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Ladies Home Journal, Good 
Housekeeping, McCall's red book,

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Better Homes and Gardens, and 
women's day with a central 

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titles with combined readership 
running into the tens of 

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Millions. 
They reached women in farming, 

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communities and new suburbs 
alike. 

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They were passed between 
neighbors with Pages, turned 

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back at useful recipes and 
borrowed for their patterns and 

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referenced. 
While things were simmering on 

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the stove, The Voice. 
These magazines spoke in was 

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warm assured and 
constitutionally incapable of 

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uncertainty. 
It did not suggest approaches 

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its specified them. 
When it told you how to iron a 

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shirt, collar correctly, the 
word correctly was doing a great

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deal of work, communicating that
there was a right method and 

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that variations from it were 
mistakes rather than personal 

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preferences. 
The confidence was total and the

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confidence was the point. 
Because a reader who was already

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managing considerable complexity
in her daily life did not want 

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to be offered competing options.
She wanted to be told what to 

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do. 
Good Housekeeping had maintained

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its seal of approval since 1909 
a guarantee extended to products

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that the Magazine's testing 
Institute had evaluated and 

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found reliable by the 1950s. 
This seal at acquired a social 

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weight that it's Founders would 
likely have found 

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disproportionate. 
Women's sighted it in 

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conversation with each other as 
though, it were a legal 

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certification. 
Testing was real conducted with 

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genuine rigor. 
By trained staff in actual 

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Laboratories and the results 
mattered in practical ways. 

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But the seal had also become 
symbolic shorthand for a 

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particular, kind of domestic 
responsibility. 

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00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:02,800
The responsibility to choose 
correctly. 

236
00:13:04,100 --> 00:13:07,000
The home, economics discipline 
occupied, the formal academic 

237
00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:08,700
corner of this same cultural 
space. 

238
00:13:09,700 --> 00:13:12,100
Young, women took home, 
economics courses throughout 

239
00:13:12,100 --> 00:13:15,800
secondary school, and sometimes 
into college covering food, 

240
00:13:15,800 --> 00:13:19,600
preparation and nutritional 
calculation, and textile care 

241
00:13:19,600 --> 00:13:22,200
and household budgeting and 
child development. 

242
00:13:23,200 --> 00:13:25,900
The courses were more demanding 
than their later reputation 

243
00:13:25,900 --> 00:13:29,500
suggests. 
Many that balanced nutritional 

244
00:13:29,500 --> 00:13:33,600
seasonal, availability family 
preferences and householding. 

245
00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:37,100
Come required, genuine 
analytical skill, a student. 

246
00:13:37,100 --> 00:13:40,600
Who completed a thorough home? 
Economics, curriculum in 1950 

247
00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:42,700
possessed. 
A practical knowledge of 

248
00:13:42,700 --> 00:13:44,600
considerable breath and 
sophistication. 

249
00:13:45,800 --> 00:13:49,600
Field had begun in the late 19th
century, as an argument about 

250
00:13:49,600 --> 00:13:52,700
the dignity and intellectual 
seriousness of domestic labor. 

251
00:13:53,700 --> 00:13:56,800
Its founders believed they were 
professionalizing work that had 

252
00:13:56,800 --> 00:14:00,100
been undervalued precisely 
because it was invisible, and 

253
00:14:00,100 --> 00:14:02,200
they were not wrong about that 
undervaluation. 

254
00:14:03,700 --> 00:14:06,900
The early home economist brought
scientific methodology to 

255
00:14:06,900 --> 00:14:10,700
questions of nutrition and 
household sanitation and 

256
00:14:10,700 --> 00:14:13,600
produced improvements in public 
health that were real and 

257
00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:16,700
Lasting. 
By the 1950s though. 

258
00:14:16,700 --> 00:14:21,200
Something in the original 
argument had narrowed What had 

259
00:14:21,200 --> 00:14:23,500
started as a case for the 
complexity and importance of 

260
00:14:23,508 --> 00:14:27,700
domestic work and become in many
curricular a program for 

261
00:14:27,700 --> 00:14:30,100
producing women who had 
performed that work without 

262
00:14:30,100 --> 00:14:34,100
friction or complaint. 
The intellectual Dimension had 

263
00:14:34,100 --> 00:14:37,600
contracted the compliance 
Dimension had expanded. 

264
00:14:37,600 --> 00:14:41,200
The course is still required 
skill and produced skilled 

265
00:14:41,200 --> 00:14:43,900
graduates. 
But the skill was increasingly 

266
00:14:43,900 --> 00:14:47,300
framed as a way of fulfilling a 
role rather than as an 

267
00:14:47,300 --> 00:14:49,400
expression of individual 
capability. 

268
00:14:50,300 --> 00:14:53,400
The beauty pages of the major 
Magazine's ran alongside the 

269
00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:56,700
Practical instruction and 
operated with identical. 

270
00:14:56,700 --> 00:15:00,700
Certainly, they specified what 
Shades were appropriate to which

271
00:15:00,700 --> 00:15:03,700
skin tones and what Silhouettes 
were flattering on which figure 

272
00:15:03,700 --> 00:15:07,400
types and how to maintain the 
skin through seasonal changes 

273
00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:10,000
and how to address the 
particular problems that 

274
00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:11,900
appeared in late winter or early
summer. 

275
00:15:12,700 --> 00:15:16,400
The photographs illustrating, 
this advice showed women who 

276
00:15:16,400 --> 00:15:20,900
looked almost identically, 
precise across all variations of

277
00:15:20,900 --> 00:15:24,000
styling and setting. 
As though, the magazines had 

278
00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:26,900
identified, a single correct 
result and was simply 

279
00:15:26,900 --> 00:15:29,100
demonstrating it through 
multiple examples. 

280
00:15:29,100 --> 00:15:32,900
The advice columns were the most
unmediated expression of 

281
00:15:32,900 --> 00:15:36,600
editorial Authority because they
responded to actual questions 

282
00:15:36,600 --> 00:15:40,100
submitted by actual readers and 
therefore had to engage with the

283
00:15:40,100 --> 00:15:42,500
specific textures of real 
domestic life. 

284
00:15:43,600 --> 00:15:46,700
Women wrote in with problems 
that were sometimes practical 

285
00:15:46,700 --> 00:15:49,900
and sometimes social, and 
sometimes something harder to 

286
00:15:49,908 --> 00:15:52,600
name. 
The response is they received 

287
00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:55,700
were characteristically 
confident, redirecting the 

288
00:15:55,700 --> 00:15:58,700
emotional weight of the 
question, toured a practical 

289
00:15:58,700 --> 00:16:03,400
solution with efficient warmth. 
Here is the approach, try this. 

290
00:16:04,700 --> 00:16:07,200
The internal experience behind 
the question. 

291
00:16:07,200 --> 00:16:10,100
What ever loneliness or 
frustration or confusion? 

292
00:16:10,100 --> 00:16:14,100
Had made someone write a letter 
to a magazine was acknowledged 

293
00:16:14,100 --> 00:16:18,700
briefly and then set aside what?
The full apparatus of women's 

294
00:16:18,700 --> 00:16:20,900
magazines. 
Home economics curriculum and 

295
00:16:20,900 --> 00:16:24,200
domestic advice columns built 
together was something that 

296
00:16:24,200 --> 00:16:26,200
functioned like a unified 
document. 

297
00:16:27,100 --> 00:16:30,900
Paper gospel with multiple 
authors and a single overarching

298
00:16:30,900 --> 00:16:33,400
argument. 
The argument was about what a 

299
00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:36,800
good woman's life looked like. 
The good woman, managed her home

300
00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:40,500
with skill and cheerfulness. 
She looked a certain way she 

301
00:16:40,500 --> 00:16:43,600
related to her husband and 
children in specific sanctioned 

302
00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:46,200
ways. 
She found her satisfactions 

303
00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:49,200
within the boundaries, the 
domestic role provided and 

304
00:16:49,200 --> 00:16:52,000
understood that role as the 
primary and appropriate 

305
00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:54,000
expression of her adult 
identity. 

306
00:16:55,400 --> 00:16:59,300
A calls magazine introduced a 
concept, it called togetherness 

307
00:16:59,300 --> 00:17:03,800
in 1954. 
And the word spread rapidly into

308
00:17:03,800 --> 00:17:06,900
the wider culture. 
The togetherness concept 

309
00:17:06,900 --> 00:17:09,700
position the family as a unit, 
whose members shared their 

310
00:17:09,700 --> 00:17:14,000
Leisure Time and domestic 
activities as a collective, with

311
00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:16,700
the husband involved in 
grilling, and the children 

312
00:17:16,700 --> 00:17:19,700
participating in household 
projects and the wife at the 

313
00:17:19,700 --> 00:17:22,800
center of it all orchestrating 
the shared life. 

314
00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:25,900
It was presented as a 
progressive vision. 

315
00:17:26,900 --> 00:17:29,800
Step Beyond the older model in 
which men and women occupied 

316
00:17:29,800 --> 00:17:32,600
entirely separate spheres even 
within the home. 

317
00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:36,600
But critics of the concept who 
appeared in letters to editors 

318
00:17:36,600 --> 00:17:40,100
and occasional dissenting 
columns pointed out that the 

319
00:17:40,100 --> 00:17:43,400
togetherness model placed the 
emotional labor of creating and 

320
00:17:43,400 --> 00:17:47,700
maintaining that shared warmth. 
Squarely on the wife. the 

321
00:17:47,700 --> 00:17:51,000
husband participated in family 
life, when the mood suited him 

322
00:17:51,000 --> 00:17:55,000
on weekends and during 
designated Leisure Hours, The 

323
00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:58,300
wife's participation was 
continuous and structural, she 

324
00:17:58,300 --> 00:18:00,400
was not a participant in the 
shared life. 

325
00:18:00,400 --> 00:18:04,700
She was the medium through which
the shared life existed, The 

326
00:18:04,700 --> 00:18:08,100
distinction was significant and 
the Magazine's cheerful 

327
00:18:08,100 --> 00:18:11,200
deployment of the word. 
Togetherness did not provide 

328
00:18:11,200 --> 00:18:15,000
much room for examining it. 
Reading those magazines now in 

329
00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:18,800
digitized archives, which 
several major research libraries

330
00:18:18,800 --> 00:18:22,900
of made publicly available 
produces a strange doubled 

331
00:18:22,900 --> 00:18:26,300
sensation. 
Their genuinely interesting as 

332
00:18:26,300 --> 00:18:30,700
historical artifacts, Windows 
into a coherent and carefully 

333
00:18:30,700 --> 00:18:33,800
maintained vision of how life 
was supposed to be organized, 

334
00:18:33,800 --> 00:18:37,100
but reading them carefully. 
All so surfaces, the places 

335
00:18:37,100 --> 00:18:39,500
where the language Works a 
little harder than it needs to 

336
00:18:40,500 --> 00:18:42,900
Where the cheerfulness is 
applied with slightly more 

337
00:18:42,900 --> 00:18:44,900
pressure than the occasion would
seem to require? 

338
00:18:45,700 --> 00:18:49,900
The confidence is real. but it 
is the confidence of something 

339
00:18:49,900 --> 00:18:52,800
that needs to keep saying the 
same thing because the thing 

340
00:18:52,800 --> 00:18:57,100
needs to keep being said, By 
four in the afternoon, the 

341
00:18:57,100 --> 00:18:58,900
kitchen took on a different 
quality of attention. 

342
00:18:58,900 --> 00:19:03,400
The morning kitchen had been 
about speed and sequence getting

343
00:19:03,400 --> 00:19:06,400
the coffee made and the oatmeal 
on and the school lunches packed

344
00:19:06,400 --> 00:19:09,300
and the children out the door. 
Before the bus came the 

345
00:19:09,300 --> 00:19:13,000
afternoon kitchen was slower and
more deliberate organized around

346
00:19:13,000 --> 00:19:15,000
an event. 
Still two hours away that was 

347
00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:18,700
already shaping every decision 
you were making now What came 

348
00:19:18,700 --> 00:19:22,200
out of the refrigerator, when 
the oven went on what needed to 

349
00:19:22,200 --> 00:19:25,400
be started immediately and what 
could wait, another 40 minutes, 

350
00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:28,800
all of it was calculated 
backward from a single fixed 

351
00:19:28,800 --> 00:19:30,900
point. 
The evening meal was the 

352
00:19:30,900 --> 00:19:35,300
organizational center of the 
1950s domestic day, every other 

353
00:19:35,300 --> 00:19:38,100
element of the schedule, the 
cleaning, and the shopping, and 

354
00:19:38,100 --> 00:19:41,800
the laundry, and the children's 
activities arranged itself 

355
00:19:41,800 --> 00:19:45,500
around when didn't needed to be 
on the table and what state the 

356
00:19:45,500 --> 00:19:47,600
house needed to be in by the 
time at arrived. 

357
00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:51,900
The meal was not just food, it 
was a demonstration of 

358
00:19:51,900 --> 00:19:55,700
competence and timing and care. 
And getting it right was 

359
00:19:55,700 --> 00:19:59,500
satisfying in a way that felt 
complete in itself getting it 

360
00:19:59,500 --> 00:20:03,300
wrong was a specific and 
identifiable failure with an 

361
00:20:03,300 --> 00:20:06,500
audience, the husbands arrival, 
home occupied a place in the 

362
00:20:06,500 --> 00:20:09,300
domestic literature of this era 
that was choreographed in 

363
00:20:09,300 --> 00:20:13,500
detail. a widely circulated 
piece of advice that appeared in

364
00:20:13,500 --> 00:20:17,900
various women's Publications, 
during the mid-1950s outlined 

365
00:20:17,900 --> 00:20:20,700
the proper preparation for 
homecoming, our with the 

366
00:20:20,700 --> 00:20:25,200
Precision of a stage Direction, 
The wife should refresh her 

367
00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:27,900
appearance in the hour before 
his expected return. 

368
00:20:28,900 --> 00:20:32,300
Change out of whatever, the days
work had required, reapply 

369
00:20:32,300 --> 00:20:36,400
makeup, run a comb through the 
hair. the house should be as 

370
00:20:36,400 --> 00:20:39,800
orderly as the last 30 minutes 
loud, which was a compressed 

371
00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:44,900
campaign of tidying, rather than
a calm survey Pleasant smell 

372
00:20:44,900 --> 00:20:46,100
should be coming from the 
kitchen. 

373
00:20:46,100 --> 00:20:49,200
The children should be managed 
in to something approaching 

374
00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:52,900
presented ability. 
The husband was described in the

375
00:20:52,900 --> 00:20:55,700
advice as a man who had been 
under significant professional 

376
00:20:55,700 --> 00:20:57,100
pressure. 
A needed. 

377
00:20:57,100 --> 00:20:59,800
A gentle transition back into 
domestic life. 

378
00:21:00,400 --> 00:21:04,500
He needed to decompress. 
The home was the decompression 

379
00:21:04,500 --> 00:21:07,600
space. 
Soft Landing after the harder 

380
00:21:07,600 --> 00:21:10,000
world. 
The wife's rolled during this 

381
00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:14,300
transition was to facilitate his
ease to make the space feel calm

382
00:21:14,300 --> 00:21:18,800
and welcoming and uncomplicated.
The wife Zone day received no 

383
00:21:18,800 --> 00:21:22,200
equivalent analysis. 
The Assumption behind the advice

384
00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:25,700
was clear. 
Even when unstated Her day had 

385
00:21:25,700 --> 00:21:29,200
been the home, the home was the 
restful Place therefore she had 

386
00:21:29,200 --> 00:21:32,200
spent the day resting in a 
productive sense and was already

387
00:21:32,200 --> 00:21:35,300
in the appropriate State. 
The labor involved in that 

388
00:21:35,300 --> 00:21:39,000
productive, resting the physical
and organizational and emotional

389
00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:42,000
effort of running a household 
with small children was 

390
00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:46,200
categorized as background. 
It did not count as pressure in 

391
00:21:46,200 --> 00:21:49,400
any official way. 
It was simply the texture of the

392
00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:52,400
day. 
This logic was so consistently 

393
00:21:52,400 --> 00:21:55,800
presented from so many 
directions that it had stopped 

394
00:21:55,800 --> 00:21:59,200
being legible as logic and had 
settled into the category of 

395
00:21:59,208 --> 00:22:02,800
obvious fact. 
Many women absorbed it 

396
00:22:02,800 --> 00:22:05,800
completely, others felt the gap 
between the official 

397
00:22:05,800 --> 00:22:09,400
description, and their actual 
experience with a Clarity, they 

398
00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:12,900
could not quite make use of. 
Because there was no socially 

399
00:22:12,900 --> 00:22:14,800
available place to take that 
observation. 

400
00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:18,900
The dinner itself was a product 
of a distinctly American food 

401
00:22:18,900 --> 00:22:20,600
culture. 
In a specific moment of 

402
00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:24,400
transformation, The War years 
had produced Innovations in food

403
00:22:24,400 --> 00:22:27,600
processing and preservation. 
That was still being worked into

404
00:22:27,600 --> 00:22:31,200
everyday cooking and the large 
food companies had identified, 

405
00:22:31,200 --> 00:22:35,100
the postwar housewife, as both 
an audience and a market worth 

406
00:22:35,100 --> 00:22:37,100
developing with considerable 
attention. 

407
00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:41,200
Campbell's Soup company had 
understood something essential 

408
00:22:41,200 --> 00:22:46,200
about the 1950s kitchen before 
most food writers did The woman 

409
00:22:46,200 --> 00:22:48,900
cooking dinner every night was 
not looking for culinary 

410
00:22:48,900 --> 00:22:51,900
education. 
She was looking for Solutions, 

411
00:22:51,900 --> 00:22:55,600
the recipes printed on their 
product labels was Solutions, 

412
00:22:55,600 --> 00:22:59,700
straightforward reliable 
producible on a weeknight with 

413
00:22:59,700 --> 00:23:01,400
ingredients that lived in the 
pantry. 

414
00:23:02,100 --> 00:23:05,700
The green bean casserole 
developed in 1955 by home 

415
00:23:05,700 --> 00:23:08,100
economist Dorcas, Reilly and 
Campbell's test kitchens 

416
00:23:08,100 --> 00:23:11,100
required One Bowl, One baking 
dish. 

417
00:23:11,100 --> 00:23:15,800
A can of cream of mushroom, 
soup, a bag of frozen beans, and

418
00:23:15,800 --> 00:23:18,300
40 minutes of large unattended 
oven time. 

419
00:23:19,100 --> 00:23:22,300
It has appeared on an estimated 
20 million American Thanksgiving

420
00:23:22,300 --> 00:23:26,400
tables in the decade since it 
was measured against the actual 

421
00:23:26,400 --> 00:23:28,500
problem. 
It addressed and excellent piece

422
00:23:28,500 --> 00:23:33,000
of Applied food science. 
The gelatin mold occupied a 

423
00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:37,300
special position in the 1950s, 
cullinary landscape, that no 

424
00:23:37,300 --> 00:23:40,300
single explanation has ever 
fully accounted for. 

425
00:23:41,400 --> 00:23:44,100
Jello products have been popular
since the early years of the 

426
00:23:44,100 --> 00:23:48,000
century, but the 1950s brought, 
the gelatin mold to a kind of 

427
00:23:48,000 --> 00:23:51,900
cultural Peak. 
Women with suspending olives and

428
00:23:51,900 --> 00:23:54,900
shredded carrots and cream 
cheese and canned. 

429
00:23:54,900 --> 00:23:58,400
Mandarin segments in color 
gelatin with a creative 

430
00:23:58,400 --> 00:24:01,000
commitment, that would not have 
seemed out of place in a 

431
00:24:01,000 --> 00:24:02,200
professional kitchen 
competition. 

432
00:24:03,200 --> 00:24:07,700
The molds themselves came in. 
Elaborate shapes rings, and fish

433
00:24:07,700 --> 00:24:11,000
and domed, castles and fluted 
towers. 

434
00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:14,500
And they were unmolded at the 
table with ceremony and a 

435
00:24:14,500 --> 00:24:17,600
specific kind of held breath. 
A clean. 

436
00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:21,300
Unmolding one that held its 
architecture without sagging or 

437
00:24:21,300 --> 00:24:24,700
splitting was a genuine 
achievement and a genuine 

438
00:24:24,700 --> 00:24:27,100
pleasure General, Electric and 
Westinghouse. 

439
00:24:27,100 --> 00:24:31,400
And their competitors ran 
refrigerator and range and 

440
00:24:31,400 --> 00:24:35,200
dishwasher advertisements that 
position their products as tools

441
00:24:35,200 --> 00:24:39,500
for domestic liberation. 
The language was often sincerely

442
00:24:39,500 --> 00:24:42,000
generous. 
The companies were not wrong. 

443
00:24:42,000 --> 00:24:44,900
That better equipment made 
difficult, work more manageable,

444
00:24:45,600 --> 00:24:49,200
a reliable oven temperature was 
a real advantage in a decade 

445
00:24:49,200 --> 00:24:53,500
when recipe success depended on 
knowing that the dials promise 

446
00:24:53,500 --> 00:24:57,800
was honest, A dishwasher that 
genuinely cleaned and dried 

447
00:24:57,800 --> 00:25:00,900
everything in one cycle. 
Freda, Real block of evening, 

448
00:25:00,900 --> 00:25:03,800
time from a task that had 
previously been done in entirely

449
00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:08,100
by hand, What the advertising 
built around these appliances, 

450
00:25:08,100 --> 00:25:10,500
though, was not just a practical
argument. 

451
00:25:10,500 --> 00:25:14,000
It was an image of a life that 
the appliance was the key to 

452
00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:17,500
entering The woman in the 
advertisement was not simply 

453
00:25:17,500 --> 00:25:20,500
using a refrigerator. 
She was being the kind of woman 

454
00:25:20,500 --> 00:25:24,900
who had a refrigerator like this
in a kitchen like this with a 

455
00:25:24,900 --> 00:25:27,900
dinner like this. 
Ready at 6:00 with children who 

456
00:25:27,900 --> 00:25:32,700
were clean and her husband, who 
was appreciative The appliance 

457
00:25:32,700 --> 00:25:36,300
opened the door to that image. 
Whether the life inside the 

458
00:25:36,308 --> 00:25:38,700
image was, what you actually 
wanted was a question. 

459
00:25:38,700 --> 00:25:41,400
The advertisement had already 
answered on your behalf. 

460
00:25:42,500 --> 00:25:45,900
What the advertisements also did
not acknowledge, was that the 

461
00:25:45,900 --> 00:25:50,400
freed time did not accumulate 
into Leisure, it was reinvested 

462
00:25:50,400 --> 00:25:54,500
into higher standards. if the 
dishwasher handled the plates in

463
00:25:54,500 --> 00:25:59,500
40 minutes and 90, The remaining
time was absorbed by a more 

464
00:25:59,500 --> 00:26:01,900
elaborate dessert, or a more 
thorough cleaning of another 

465
00:26:01,900 --> 00:26:04,700
room or a more carefully, 
composed table setting. 

466
00:26:05,800 --> 00:26:08,800
Standard of the finished product
expanded to fill what ever 

467
00:26:08,800 --> 00:26:13,600
efficiency the tools created. 
This was not a conspiracy, it 

468
00:26:13,600 --> 00:26:16,500
was the natural behavior of a 
performance standard with no 

469
00:26:16,500 --> 00:26:19,700
defined up a limit, the timing 
of the meal was taken. 

470
00:26:19,700 --> 00:26:22,900
Seriously enough to constitute a
genuine organizational 

471
00:26:22,900 --> 00:26:26,500
discipline. 
The roasted to be ready at 6 1 

472
00:26:26,500 --> 00:26:35,900
5. 5 0. 
You learn to work backwards 

473
00:26:35,900 --> 00:26:37,100
through cooking times. 
The way. 

474
00:26:37,100 --> 00:26:40,000
A navigator Works backward from 
an arrival Point through 

475
00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:43,500
distances and speeds. 
On evenings when everything 

476
00:26:43,500 --> 00:26:47,400
landed simultaneously hot and 
properly seasoned and arranged 

477
00:26:47,400 --> 00:26:50,900
on the right serving dishes. 
The satisfaction was complete 

478
00:26:50,900 --> 00:26:55,300
and exact on evenings when 
something burned or the roasted 

479
00:26:55,300 --> 00:26:59,100
20 more minutes you made rapid 
quiet recalculation at the 

480
00:26:59,100 --> 00:27:00,900
stove. 
While the children asked 

481
00:27:00,900 --> 00:27:03,600
questions and the clock 
continued at its usual pace. 

482
00:27:04,700 --> 00:27:09,500
The television dinner arrived in
1953 produced by Swanson and 

483
00:27:09,500 --> 00:27:13,000
sold in a divided. 
Aluminum tray designed to be 

484
00:27:13,000 --> 00:27:16,500
heated in the oven and eaten. 
While watching television, it 

485
00:27:16,500 --> 00:27:18,900
was an innovation that the food 
industry regarded with 

486
00:27:18,900 --> 00:27:22,400
commercial enthusiasm and that 
domestic culture received with 

487
00:27:22,400 --> 00:27:25,700
considerable ambivalence. 
The television dinner was 

488
00:27:25,700 --> 00:27:28,900
useful. 
Undeniably, it was also by the 

489
00:27:28,900 --> 00:27:32,500
standards, the decade had 
constructed for itself, a mild 

490
00:27:32,500 --> 00:27:36,200
admission of defeat The 
home-cooked meal was not simply 

491
00:27:36,200 --> 00:27:40,000
food, it was evidence of care 
and effort and domestic 

492
00:27:40,000 --> 00:27:43,100
investment. 
Trey of compartmentalized 

493
00:27:43,100 --> 00:27:46,300
processed turkey and mashed 
potato said something about the 

494
00:27:46,300 --> 00:27:49,600
evening that are properly 
roasted chicken explicitly, did 

495
00:27:49,600 --> 00:27:52,000
not? 
The relationship between 

496
00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:55,600
convenience food, and domestic 
identity, was genuinely 

497
00:27:55,600 --> 00:27:57,500
complicated throughout the 
decade. 

498
00:27:58,300 --> 00:28:01,900
Women were told repeatedly by 
advertisers that convenience 

499
00:28:01,900 --> 00:28:05,200
products were modern, and that 
modernity was aspirational. 

500
00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:09,400
They were simultaneously told by
the same culture through 

501
00:28:09,400 --> 00:28:13,700
slightly different channels that
a real meal was a maid meal and 

502
00:28:13,700 --> 00:28:16,000
that the woman who made it was 
the measure of the household. 

503
00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:19,400
Navigating between these two 
messages required, the kind of 

504
00:28:19,400 --> 00:28:23,400
quiet social intelligence, that 
no magazine column addressed 

505
00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:26,300
directly because addressing it 
directly would have required 

506
00:28:26,300 --> 00:28:30,400
acknowledging the contradiction.
the dinner table itself was a 

507
00:28:30,400 --> 00:28:33,900
social institution in miniature,
It was where the family 

508
00:28:33,900 --> 00:28:38,100
assembled with some regularity 
separated from the distractions 

509
00:28:38,100 --> 00:28:41,400
of the yard and the neighborhood
and the individual Pursuits of 

510
00:28:41,400 --> 00:28:44,000
the afternoon. 
The children had to be at the 

511
00:28:44,008 --> 00:28:46,800
table at the right time. 
The conversation was supposed to

512
00:28:46,800 --> 00:28:50,500
be pleasant and connecting a 
transition from the disparate 

513
00:28:50,500 --> 00:28:53,300
activities of the day. 
Is something Collective. 

514
00:28:54,100 --> 00:28:57,400
The food was the vehicle, but 
the table was the event. 

515
00:28:57,400 --> 00:29:01,800
And the woman who had produced 
the food, and set the table and 

516
00:29:01,800 --> 00:29:05,100
manage the children into seats 
and maintain the atmosphere of 

517
00:29:05,108 --> 00:29:08,800
the meal was not a participant 
in the event so much as its 

518
00:29:08,800 --> 00:29:11,300
architect. 
And it's continuous maintenance 

519
00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:15,300
crew, what she rarely was, 
during those dinners was someone

520
00:29:15,300 --> 00:29:17,400
whose own day was the subject of
Interest. 

521
00:29:18,200 --> 00:29:22,000
Her hours the dozens of 
decisions and physical, acts and

522
00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:25,900
organizational, calculations and
social negotiations that had 

523
00:29:25,900 --> 00:29:28,000
constituted the previous 10 
hours. 

524
00:29:28,000 --> 00:29:31,000
Had no official place in the 
dinner table conversation. 

525
00:29:31,900 --> 00:29:34,500
They were the water. 
The fish swam in Invisible by 

526
00:29:34,500 --> 00:29:37,600
Design. 
What the evening meal required 

527
00:29:37,600 --> 00:29:39,400
of her? 
Was not a report but a 

528
00:29:39,400 --> 00:29:42,500
continuation the ongoing 
provision of warmth and 

529
00:29:42,500 --> 00:29:46,400
sustenance and managed Carmen 
She gave the evening at its 

530
00:29:46,400 --> 00:29:49,200
quality and the evening did not 
turn around to note the giving. 

531
00:29:49,900 --> 00:29:53,500
Monday was for laundry, not 
universally and not with the 

532
00:29:53,500 --> 00:29:57,500
rigidity of law but the Monday 
wash was embedded in American 

533
00:29:57,500 --> 00:30:02,100
domestic practice so deeply by 
the 1950s that it organized the 

534
00:30:02,100 --> 00:30:04,600
shape of the entire week from 
millions of women. 

535
00:30:04,600 --> 00:30:08,200
Tuesday was for ironing because 
clothes drawn from the line in a

536
00:30:08,208 --> 00:30:11,500
still damp State responded. 
Better to the iron than either 

537
00:30:11,500 --> 00:30:15,000
wet or fully dry fabric. 
And knowing this was the kind of

538
00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:17,600
practical knowledge, you 
accumulated through repetition, 

539
00:30:17,600 --> 00:30:21,900
until it became instinct. 
Wednesday move toward the 

540
00:30:21,900 --> 00:30:25,000
heavier, cleaning. 
Thursday addressed, the surfaces

541
00:30:25,000 --> 00:30:27,600
and details that had accumulated
through the weeks middle. 

542
00:30:28,400 --> 00:30:30,700
Friday, made everything 
presentable for the social 

543
00:30:30,700 --> 00:30:33,700
possibilities of the weekend, 
because the weekend brought 

544
00:30:33,700 --> 00:30:36,000
visitors more often than the 
working days did. 

545
00:30:36,000 --> 00:30:39,600
And the standard for a visitors 
visit was several rungs higher 

546
00:30:39,600 --> 00:30:41,200
than the standard for an 
ordinary Tuesday. 

547
00:30:42,200 --> 00:30:45,800
This schedule was not posted 
anywhere, it did not need to be 

548
00:30:45,800 --> 00:30:49,000
it existed in the shared. 
Rhythm of the neighborhood 

549
00:30:49,000 --> 00:30:52,500
absorbed from mothers and 
reinforced through the gentle 

550
00:30:52,500 --> 00:30:57,000
social surveillance of proximity
a neighbor, whose laundry was 

551
00:30:57,000 --> 00:31:00,100
still on the line on Tuesday, 
afternoon had with without any 

552
00:31:00,100 --> 00:31:02,300
explicit conversation 
communicated. 

553
00:31:02,300 --> 00:31:05,300
Something the observation 
happened in internally without 

554
00:31:05,300 --> 00:31:07,800
malice in most cases, but it 
happened. 

555
00:31:08,800 --> 00:31:11,500
The distance between noticing 
and judging was thinner than 

556
00:31:11,500 --> 00:31:14,100
anyone would have admitted if 
asked to characterize it 

557
00:31:15,100 --> 00:31:17,900
Cleanliness in the post-war, 
American Home, carried a moral 

558
00:31:17,900 --> 00:31:19,200
weight. 
That it's practical 

559
00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:24,000
justifications did not fully 
account for Clean house was not 

560
00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:26,900
simply a sanitary one. 
It was a testimony. 

561
00:31:27,600 --> 00:31:30,800
It told anyone who entered that 
the woman, maintaining it cared 

562
00:31:30,800 --> 00:31:33,800
properly about her family that 
she had her priorities 

563
00:31:33,800 --> 00:31:36,100
correctly. 
Ordered that she respected the 

564
00:31:36,100 --> 00:31:37,900
people and the space and her 
charge. 

565
00:31:37,900 --> 00:31:42,300
The inverse reading was equally 
available how that showed 

566
00:31:42,300 --> 00:31:46,100
evidence of neglect Surfaces 
that had not been addressed 

567
00:31:46,100 --> 00:31:49,200
invisible time. 
Windows that held last week's 

568
00:31:49,200 --> 00:31:51,900
fingerprints? 
The bathroom floor with a film 

569
00:31:51,900 --> 00:31:55,400
of grime at the grout lines was 
understood as evidence of 

570
00:31:55,400 --> 00:31:59,100
something interior. 
Not just disorder in the house 

571
00:31:59,100 --> 00:32:03,200
but disorder of character this 
equation was Advanced with 

572
00:32:03,200 --> 00:32:06,700
striking, directness, by the 
advertising industry, which had 

573
00:32:06,700 --> 00:32:09,700
identified, the moral dimension 
of domestic cleanliness, long 

574
00:32:09,700 --> 00:32:11,300
before. 
Anyone was studying it 

575
00:32:11,300 --> 00:32:16,400
academically, Laundry soap 
campaigns in the 1950s regularly

576
00:32:16,400 --> 00:32:19,400
implied that her husband's 
professional standing was at 

577
00:32:19,400 --> 00:32:22,700
risk from a wife who shirt 
laundry was insufficiently 

578
00:32:22,700 --> 00:32:26,100
rigorous. 
One particularly Frank line of 

579
00:32:26,108 --> 00:32:29,400
advertising suggested that the 
white of a man's collar 

580
00:32:29,400 --> 00:32:32,300
communicated. 
Something about the quality of 

581
00:32:32,300 --> 00:32:36,300
his household management, which 
was to say the quality of his 

582
00:32:36,300 --> 00:32:39,100
wife. 
The logic traveled in One 

583
00:32:39,100 --> 00:32:42,100
Direction. 
Only the accountability rested 

584
00:32:42,100 --> 00:32:46,400
in one place. floor wax 
campaigns ran images of gleaming

585
00:32:46,400 --> 00:32:49,900
hardwood, surfaces alongside 
text, that connected, the shine 

586
00:32:49,900 --> 00:32:52,600
of the floor, the character of 
the family, who lived above it, 

587
00:32:53,500 --> 00:32:55,600
Textile rinse manufacturers 
implied. 

588
00:32:55,600 --> 00:32:57,800
That yellowed. 
Curtains were a form of public 

589
00:32:57,800 --> 00:33:01,700
statement about domestic values.
None of this was stated in terms

590
00:33:01,700 --> 00:33:04,000
that a reasonable person would 
defend under examination. 

591
00:33:05,100 --> 00:33:07,000
It did not need to be stated 
directly. 

592
00:33:07,900 --> 00:33:10,800
The image communicated, the 
argument and the argument was 

593
00:33:10,800 --> 00:33:14,100
absorbed without needing to pass
through conscious evaluation. 

594
00:33:15,000 --> 00:33:18,200
The vacuum cleaner had achieved,
widespread presence in American 

595
00:33:18,200 --> 00:33:20,800
middle class, households by the 
mid-1950s. 

596
00:33:20,800 --> 00:33:24,700
And it was discussed with a 
specific enthusiasm that 

597
00:33:24,700 --> 00:33:27,800
belonged to a category of things
that were both practical tools 

598
00:33:27,800 --> 00:33:30,400
and objects of some social 
significance. 

599
00:33:31,100 --> 00:33:34,200
The Hoover and the Electrolux. 
And the various competing models

600
00:33:34,200 --> 00:33:38,100
were compared by women, with 
attention to suction power and 

601
00:33:38,100 --> 00:33:41,100
cord length, and the quality and
range of attachments. 

602
00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:45,900
Crevice tool for baseboard 
corners, the upholstery brush 

603
00:33:45,900 --> 00:33:48,900
for the Davenport. 
The bare floor head that could 

604
00:33:48,900 --> 00:33:53,600
transition from rugs to hardwood
without adjustment women knew 

605
00:33:53,600 --> 00:33:56,700
their machines with mechanical 
intimacy, the way a person knows

606
00:33:56,700 --> 00:33:59,300
any tool. 
They use every day hardwood, 

607
00:33:59,300 --> 00:34:03,000
floors, required treatment that 
extended well beyond vacuuming. 

608
00:34:03,800 --> 00:34:07,700
Wax was applied on a schedule 
either by hand or the weighted 

609
00:34:07,700 --> 00:34:12,300
mop allowed to Haze to a dry 
fill and then buff to a shine 

610
00:34:12,300 --> 00:34:15,199
intended to be visible as a 
reflection when the light 

611
00:34:15,199 --> 00:34:16,699
crossed the room at the right 
angle. 

612
00:34:17,500 --> 00:34:20,199
An electric floor, buffer was on
the aspirational end of 

613
00:34:20,199 --> 00:34:22,000
household equipment. 
In the early, part of the 

614
00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:26,800
decade, something to work toward
and in its absence, the waxing 

615
00:34:26,800 --> 00:34:29,808
was done manually, which was 
physically demanding in a way 

616
00:34:29,815 --> 00:34:31,800
that did not diminish with 
repetition. 

617
00:34:32,900 --> 00:34:35,400
Finished floor caught in 
afternoon light coming through a

618
00:34:35,400 --> 00:34:38,000
cleaned window was genuinely, 
beautiful. 

619
00:34:38,000 --> 00:34:40,199
That beauty was worth 
acknowledging. 

620
00:34:40,199 --> 00:34:43,199
The bathroom protocol was 
thorough and specific. 

621
00:34:43,199 --> 00:34:47,600
Porcelain surfaces were scoured 
with abrasive powder until they 

622
00:34:47,600 --> 00:34:50,600
were bright. 
Tile was addressed at the grout 

623
00:34:50,600 --> 00:34:52,699
lines where discoloration 
accumulated. 

624
00:34:52,699 --> 00:34:56,300
The mirror was washed and buffed
dry until no streaks remained 

625
00:34:56,300 --> 00:34:59,900
from any angle because mirror 
streets with a kind of detail of

626
00:34:59,900 --> 00:35:02,600
visitors registered. 
Even when they did not 

627
00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:06,600
consciously notice them the 
Chrome on the forces and towel 

628
00:35:06,600 --> 00:35:10,500
bars was kept clear of water 
spots for the same reason, and 

629
00:35:10,500 --> 00:35:14,800
with the same logic Whether a 
careful Observer was likely to 

630
00:35:14,800 --> 00:35:17,900
appear in your bathroom on any 
particular day was beside the 

631
00:35:17,900 --> 00:35:20,500
point. 
The standard existed, 

632
00:35:20,500 --> 00:35:24,400
independent of the audience. 
Kitchen floor was mopped at 

633
00:35:24,400 --> 00:35:26,700
minimum twice weekly and 
households with the young 

634
00:35:26,700 --> 00:35:30,300
children, more often in summer 
when outdoor traffic, reporting 

635
00:35:30,300 --> 00:35:34,100
quantities of grass and dirt and
unidentified sticky matter. 

636
00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:38,500
The mopping happened at the far 
end of the day after the dinner,

637
00:35:38,500 --> 00:35:41,000
dishes were washed and dried and
correctly, stacked. 

638
00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:43,000
And the children were in their 
rooms. 

639
00:35:43,900 --> 00:35:46,600
This placed it at a time when 
backs had already registered. 

640
00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:48,900
The better part of a day's worth
of complaint. 

641
00:35:49,600 --> 00:35:52,800
The work was done regardless 
what the cleaning literature of 

642
00:35:52,808 --> 00:35:55,800
this era asked for Beyond 
consistency and thoroughness. 

643
00:35:56,500 --> 00:35:58,500
Was the appearance of a 
particular kind of 

644
00:35:58,500 --> 00:36:00,900
effortlessness. 
Not a house that had been 

645
00:36:00,908 --> 00:36:04,200
cleaned, but a house that seemed
to have simply declined to get 

646
00:36:04,208 --> 00:36:07,000
dirty. 
The ideal was an environment 

647
00:36:07,000 --> 00:36:10,600
that testified to domestic 
competence without displaying 

648
00:36:10,600 --> 00:36:13,600
the physical evidence of how 
that competence had been earned.

649
00:36:14,300 --> 00:36:16,100
The mop should not be visible in
the corner. 

650
00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:19,700
Smell of cleaning products 
should have dissipated before 

651
00:36:19,700 --> 00:36:22,800
anyone arrived. 
The surface is should look as 

652
00:36:22,800 --> 00:36:26,000
though they maintain themselves 
as though the occupants of the 

653
00:36:26,000 --> 00:36:27,400
house. 
Moved through it without 

654
00:36:27,400 --> 00:36:31,000
friction or residue. 
Aching, this required, not 

655
00:36:31,000 --> 00:36:34,100
occasional thorough cleaning, 
but constant incremental 

656
00:36:34,100 --> 00:36:37,600
maintenance. 
A continuous low-level attention

657
00:36:37,600 --> 00:36:40,700
to surfaces that meant, you were
always partly managing the house

658
00:36:40,700 --> 00:36:45,100
even while doing something else.
Thinking about the house never 

659
00:36:45,100 --> 00:36:48,700
fully stopped because stopping 
it for too long meant something 

660
00:36:48,700 --> 00:36:51,100
would accumulate beyond the 
point of quick correction. 

661
00:36:52,100 --> 00:36:54,800
The neighbors remained present 
as a force in the cleaning 

662
00:36:54,800 --> 00:36:59,000
calculus, even when they were 
nowhere nearby, you cleaned for 

663
00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:01,800
The Neighbor who might arrive 
without announcement at 10:30 in

664
00:37:01,800 --> 00:37:04,600
the morning for coffee. 
You cleaned for the eyes of the 

665
00:37:04,600 --> 00:37:07,300
woman, across the street whose 
own house was managed with a 

666
00:37:07,300 --> 00:37:10,600
Precision that served as a 
continuous benchmark. 

667
00:37:11,500 --> 00:37:14,400
The audience for domestic 
performance was not imaginary 

668
00:37:14,400 --> 00:37:19,700
and not paranoid, it was real 
diffuse and never entirely off 

669
00:37:19,700 --> 00:37:23,000
the premises. 
The Theology of cleanliness did 

670
00:37:23,000 --> 00:37:25,400
not require explicit enforcement
to function. 

671
00:37:26,400 --> 00:37:29,200
It required only believers who 
had absorbed the standards so 

672
00:37:29,200 --> 00:37:32,500
thoroughly that it operated as 
internal conviction. 

673
00:37:33,400 --> 00:37:35,300
The mop was a tool and a 
statement. 

674
00:37:35,300 --> 00:37:39,700
The floor was the text. 
Cleaning that no one watched 

675
00:37:39,700 --> 00:37:43,600
being done was the most faithful
kind sprinkling was the annual 

676
00:37:43,600 --> 00:37:47,600
intense vacation of all of this 
a ritual with deep cultural 

677
00:37:47,600 --> 00:37:51,100
roots that found in the 1950s a 
particularly committed 

678
00:37:51,100 --> 00:37:53,900
expression. 
It was not merely thoroughly 

679
00:37:53,900 --> 00:37:55,900
cleaning. 
It was transformative cleaning. 

680
00:37:55,900 --> 00:37:58,800
The kind that moved heavy 
ferniture from his usual 

681
00:37:58,800 --> 00:38:02,200
positions to address the dust 
that accumulated against the 

682
00:38:02,200 --> 00:38:06,300
baseboards behind it. the washed
walls from ceiling to floor to 

683
00:38:06,308 --> 00:38:09,200
remove the film that gathered, 
invisibly through a winter of 

684
00:38:09,200 --> 00:38:13,100
closed windows and running 
furnaces The curtains came down 

685
00:38:13,100 --> 00:38:16,600
to be laundered and re-hung. 
The act of taking them down 

686
00:38:16,600 --> 00:38:19,900
temporarily opening the windows 
to a quality of light that made.

687
00:38:19,900 --> 00:38:23,300
You notice everything, the 
covered glass had been dimming 

688
00:38:24,400 --> 00:38:27,700
The rugs were carried out side 
and beaten against a fence or a 

689
00:38:27,700 --> 00:38:31,000
clothesline and the dust that 
Rose from them confirmed what 

690
00:38:31,000 --> 00:38:34,600
the season had required. 
Spring cleaning, took days and 

691
00:38:34,600 --> 00:38:38,500
sometimes stretched across weeks
worked into the regular schedule

692
00:38:38,500 --> 00:38:41,700
around the ongoing obligations 
that did not pause for seasonal 

693
00:38:41,700 --> 00:38:44,600
maintenance. 
When it was finished, the house,

694
00:38:44,600 --> 00:38:47,400
had a particular quality that 
ordinary weekly cleaning. 

695
00:38:47,400 --> 00:38:51,600
Did not produce a lightness. 
A sense that the space had been 

696
00:38:51,608 --> 00:38:54,400
fully examined and found a 
countable and restored. 

697
00:38:55,500 --> 00:38:58,000
Standing in a room that had been
addressed from sealing to 

698
00:38:58,000 --> 00:39:00,600
baseboard carried a 
satisfaction. 

699
00:39:00,600 --> 00:39:04,500
That was Proportional to the 
effort and that settled overview

700
00:39:04,500 --> 00:39:08,100
with the specific completeness 
of a task genuinely done. 

701
00:39:08,900 --> 00:39:11,400
The assembly began before the 
house was fully awake. 

702
00:39:12,200 --> 00:39:15,500
And some households, this meant 
Foundation applied before coffee

703
00:39:15,500 --> 00:39:19,000
lipstick in place before the 
children came down stairs, 

704
00:39:19,000 --> 00:39:22,000
demanding their breakfast. 
In others. 

705
00:39:22,000 --> 00:39:25,000
The sequence was different but 
the outcome was roughly the 

706
00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:27,400
Same. 
By the time, the day required, 

707
00:39:27,400 --> 00:39:30,400
active management, the woman 
managing it was already. 

708
00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:34,300
Composed already presenting the 
version of herself that the day 

709
00:39:34,300 --> 00:39:38,100
was going to encounter. 
The preparation was Private in 

710
00:39:38,100 --> 00:39:40,400
the way that professional 
preparation is private. 

711
00:39:41,200 --> 00:39:44,500
You see the performance? 
Not the getting ready for it. 

712
00:39:45,100 --> 00:39:48,100
The minimum standard for a 1950s
woman's appearance. 

713
00:39:48,100 --> 00:39:51,300
Existed at a level that modern 
observers often initially 

714
00:39:51,300 --> 00:39:54,600
underestimate. 
Foundation and lipstick with a 

715
00:39:54,600 --> 00:39:58,000
baseline for leaving the house. 
Not for formal occasions. 

716
00:39:58,000 --> 00:40:02,700
Not for special events for the 
grocery store for church, for a 

717
00:40:02,700 --> 00:40:05,600
neighbor's, kitchen, for 
anything, beyond the interior of

718
00:40:05,600 --> 00:40:08,800
your own home. 
Appearing in any of these 

719
00:40:08,800 --> 00:40:12,500
context without both items in 
place, communicated something 

720
00:40:12,500 --> 00:40:16,100
that no one would say directly. 
But that people filed under the 

721
00:40:16,100 --> 00:40:17,900
category of information about 
you. 

722
00:40:18,800 --> 00:40:21,800
The communicational was about 
investment about whether you 

723
00:40:21,800 --> 00:40:24,300
were taking the day seriously 
enough to prepare for it 

724
00:40:24,300 --> 00:40:27,400
correctly, the lips lipstick of 
the early 1950s was 

725
00:40:27,400 --> 00:40:31,000
predominantly in the warm red 
family deep crimsons and 

726
00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:33,700
cherries that are developed 
cultural residents during the 

727
00:40:33,700 --> 00:40:36,500
War years. 
When red lips, carried specific,

728
00:40:36,500 --> 00:40:38,900
connotations of morale and 
purposefulness. 

729
00:40:40,000 --> 00:40:43,900
As the decade progressed Coral 
tones appeared alongside the 

730
00:40:43,900 --> 00:40:48,100
traditional Reds softer and more
compatible with the pastel 

731
00:40:48,100 --> 00:40:51,200
domestic aesthetic. 
That was emerging in interiors 

732
00:40:51,200 --> 00:40:55,600
and clothing simultaneously. 
The pinks that would define the 

733
00:40:55,600 --> 00:40:58,900
later years of the decade began 
appearing on drugstore racks by 

734
00:40:58,900 --> 00:41:02,200
the mid-1950s. 
Choosing correctly was not 

735
00:41:02,200 --> 00:41:05,900
trivial the magazines. 
Dedicated seasonal, columns to 

736
00:41:05,900 --> 00:41:09,800
the question of shade selection.
Foundation had to be matched to 

737
00:41:09,800 --> 00:41:13,400
skin tone with enough Precision.
That the edge of the jawline was

738
00:41:13,400 --> 00:41:15,200
invisible to both casual and 
careful. 

739
00:41:15,200 --> 00:41:17,900
Observers this required the 
right product. 

740
00:41:18,700 --> 00:41:21,000
Which required knowing your 
undertones well, enough to 

741
00:41:21,000 --> 00:41:25,100
navigate to Cosmetics, counter 
with some Authority powder set 

742
00:41:25,108 --> 00:41:27,700
the foundation. 
In place, the finished surface 

743
00:41:27,700 --> 00:41:30,500
was meant to appear as 
exceptionally good natural skin.

744
00:41:30,500 --> 00:41:34,100
The kind of clear even 
complexion associated with 

745
00:41:34,100 --> 00:41:37,600
health and ease. 
That this appearance required, a

746
00:41:37,600 --> 00:41:41,000
precise sequence of Applied 
products, was the craft in it, 

747
00:41:41,000 --> 00:41:45,400
not a contradiction of it. 
The girdle was structural rather

748
00:41:45,400 --> 00:41:49,000
than comfortable and the women 
of the 1950s, where it with the 

749
00:41:49,000 --> 00:41:52,000
matter of fact, acceptance of 
someone who understands that 

750
00:41:52,000 --> 00:41:54,500
certain tasks require certain 
tools. 

751
00:41:55,500 --> 00:41:57,900
The compress the belly and 
smooth, the hips into the 

752
00:41:57,900 --> 00:42:00,500
silhouette that the decades 
Fashions required. 

753
00:42:01,200 --> 00:42:04,600
Full circle, skirts pencil 
skirts sheath dresses. 

754
00:42:04,600 --> 00:42:07,000
All of them depended on a 
foundation. 

755
00:42:07,000 --> 00:42:09,600
Underneath that created, the 
specific proportions. 

756
00:42:09,600 --> 00:42:13,400
The silhouette was built around 
the girdle was warm in summer 

757
00:42:13,400 --> 00:42:16,100
and restrictive when bending 
toward the lower shelves, the 

758
00:42:16,100 --> 00:42:19,800
refrigerator, or lifting small 
children, or reaching under 

759
00:42:19,800 --> 00:42:23,600
furniture, with the vacuum 
attachment, These inconvenience 

760
00:42:23,600 --> 00:42:25,800
is were managed by people 
accustomed to manage 

761
00:42:25,800 --> 00:42:29,700
inconveniences department stores
stocked Foundation, garments 

762
00:42:29,700 --> 00:42:32,500
with the inventory, seriousness 
of essential merchandise. 

763
00:42:33,300 --> 00:42:36,300
Trained coarser tears women who 
had received specific, 

764
00:42:36,300 --> 00:42:40,100
professional preparation for the
work, measured customers and 

765
00:42:40,100 --> 00:42:43,100
made fitting recommendations 
with the clinical Precision of 

766
00:42:43,100 --> 00:42:46,500
any other specialists. 
The language around the fitting 

767
00:42:46,500 --> 00:42:50,000
was practical and direct you 
were being equipped correctly 

768
00:42:50,000 --> 00:42:52,600
for the specific requirements of
your particular body. 

769
00:42:53,400 --> 00:42:56,800
The equipment was a tool. 
Using the correct tool properly 

770
00:42:56,800 --> 00:42:58,600
was simply part of doing the 
job. 

771
00:42:59,400 --> 00:43:02,700
Hair appointment weekly or 
bi-weekly depending on budget 

772
00:43:02,700 --> 00:43:06,400
and scheduling was one of the 
few structured parts of the week

773
00:43:06,400 --> 00:43:10,000
that belonged entirely to the 
woman and not to the households 

774
00:43:10,000 --> 00:43:13,100
requirements. 
A salon experience of this era 

775
00:43:13,100 --> 00:43:17,000
had a social texture with no 
exact modern equivalent women, 

776
00:43:17,000 --> 00:43:20,700
sat under the dryer hood for 30 
or 40 minutes beside other women

777
00:43:20,700 --> 00:43:24,100
in various stages of their own 
appointments, in an enclosed 

778
00:43:24,100 --> 00:43:28,200
warmth that seemed to loosen the
quality of conversation, The 

779
00:43:28,200 --> 00:43:31,500
torque under the dryers was more
candid than the talk at Coffee. 

780
00:43:31,500 --> 00:43:35,100
Clutches less guarded than 
anything said in the presence of

781
00:43:35,100 --> 00:43:38,400
husband or children. 
Not because what was said was 

782
00:43:38,400 --> 00:43:41,900
necessarily dramatic. 
But because the setting was a 

783
00:43:41,900 --> 00:43:45,000
space without domestic 
obligation and the absence of 

784
00:43:45,000 --> 00:43:47,100
obligation changed, the register
slightly. 

785
00:43:47,900 --> 00:43:51,400
At home, between appointments 
maintenance involved, pin curl 

786
00:43:51,400 --> 00:43:54,800
set before sleep and held 
overnight with a silk scarf for 

787
00:43:54,800 --> 00:43:57,900
a nylon net. 
The technique required practice 

788
00:43:57,900 --> 00:43:59,900
before it produced reliable 
results. 

789
00:44:01,100 --> 00:44:04,600
The morning unpinning revealed 
softwaves or structured curls 

790
00:44:04,600 --> 00:44:07,400
that were then combed and shape 
into the smooth upswept 

791
00:44:07,400 --> 00:44:10,500
arrangements or the niche 
shorter styles that 

792
00:44:10,500 --> 00:44:12,800
characterized the decades 
preferred silhouette. 

793
00:44:12,800 --> 00:44:15,900
This was part of the morning 
sequence performed. 

794
00:44:15,900 --> 00:44:18,700
While the coffee percolated and 
the House Began its waking up 

795
00:44:18,700 --> 00:44:21,600
sails. 
The hands were another visible 

796
00:44:21,600 --> 00:44:25,000
element of the presentation. 
They appeared throughout the day

797
00:44:25,000 --> 00:44:28,300
on counters and table surfaces 
and in handshakes at the door. 

798
00:44:29,400 --> 00:44:32,800
Dishwashing without gloves was 
genuinely damaging to skin over 

799
00:44:32,800 --> 00:44:36,300
time and rubber gloves were 
regularly recommended as 

800
00:44:36,300 --> 00:44:39,900
protection. 
Hand cream was the repair, the 

801
00:44:39,900 --> 00:44:42,700
hands of a woman who maintained 
her household manually, which 

802
00:44:42,700 --> 00:44:46,800
was everyone underwent 
considerable daily stress and 

803
00:44:46,800 --> 00:44:49,200
the effort to keep them 
presentable against that stress 

804
00:44:49,200 --> 00:44:53,800
was its own continuous project. 
The question of weight in the 

805
00:44:53,800 --> 00:44:57,600
1950s existed within a specific 
cultural frame. 

806
00:44:57,600 --> 00:44:59,400
That was neither the angular 
thinness. 

807
00:44:59,400 --> 00:45:02,500
That later decades would demand 
or a simple acceptance of 

808
00:45:02,500 --> 00:45:05,400
natural variation. 
Idealized body of the are 

809
00:45:05,400 --> 00:45:07,500
required curves at specific 
locations. 

810
00:45:07,500 --> 00:45:10,800
Alongside he defined waist and 
narrow upper torso. 

811
00:45:11,600 --> 00:45:14,800
A combination that was partly 
architectural created by the 

812
00:45:14,800 --> 00:45:18,800
structural garments underneath 
and partly metabolic managed 

813
00:45:18,800 --> 00:45:21,800
through the dietary attention 
that the Magazine's treated as a

814
00:45:21,808 --> 00:45:25,500
Json to and Inseparable from 
their recipe content. 

815
00:45:26,400 --> 00:45:29,800
The diet columns and the recipe 
pages, coexisted in the same 

816
00:45:29,800 --> 00:45:33,800
issues without visible tension. 
And elaborate layer, desert 

817
00:45:33,800 --> 00:45:36,600
might appear on the right hand 
page while a cleric restriction.

818
00:45:36,600 --> 00:45:40,000
Plan appeared on the left. 
Both were offered as equally 

819
00:45:40,000 --> 00:45:42,200
valid parts of the complete 
domestic project. 

820
00:45:43,000 --> 00:45:45,200
Neither commented on the others,
existence. 

821
00:45:46,200 --> 00:45:49,300
Sewing machine occupied a 
specific and significant place 

822
00:45:49,300 --> 00:45:53,400
in the 1950s household economy, 
ready to wear clothing, existed 

823
00:45:53,400 --> 00:45:55,000
and was available in department 
stores. 

824
00:45:55,000 --> 00:45:59,100
But it was expensive relative to
the average household budget and

825
00:45:59,100 --> 00:46:03,300
the patterns sold by Simplicity 
Vogue and Butterick made it 

826
00:46:03,300 --> 00:46:07,300
possible to produce clothing of 
comparable quality at a fraction

827
00:46:07,300 --> 00:46:08,900
of the cost. 
Women. 

828
00:46:08,900 --> 00:46:12,000
So their own skirts and blouses,
and their children school 

829
00:46:12,000 --> 00:46:15,800
clothes, and sometimes their 
husbands dress shirts working. 

830
00:46:15,800 --> 00:46:21,100
From paper patterns, pinned to 
Fabrics, the kitchen table or a 

831
00:46:21,100 --> 00:46:23,900
dedicated sewing table. 
If the house had room for one, 

832
00:46:25,000 --> 00:46:28,500
Skill required was real and took
years to develop fully. 

833
00:46:29,200 --> 00:46:32,200
A woman who could cut and 
assemble a well-fitted garment 

834
00:46:32,200 --> 00:46:34,600
from a Vogue pattern was doing 
work. 

835
00:46:34,600 --> 00:46:38,400
That had genuine professional 
equivalents sewing at home. 

836
00:46:38,400 --> 00:46:40,800
Also meant maintaining the 
appearance standard with the 

837
00:46:40,800 --> 00:46:44,400
excuse of budget limitations. 
If you could sow your own 

838
00:46:44,400 --> 00:46:46,700
clothes, there was no 
acceptable. 

839
00:46:46,700 --> 00:46:50,100
Reason for your wardrobe to look
at adequate, the accessibility 

840
00:46:50,100 --> 00:46:52,700
of the skill removed, a 
potential explanation, and 

841
00:46:52,700 --> 00:46:56,500
replaced it with a requirement. 
What the full range of 

842
00:46:56,508 --> 00:46:59,900
appearance, standards asked for 
collectively was a sustained 

843
00:46:59,900 --> 00:47:02,700
maintenance practice presented 
as a simple Baseline. 

844
00:47:03,500 --> 00:47:06,400
The woman who met it was not 
described as having worked hard 

845
00:47:06,400 --> 00:47:09,100
at her presentation. 
She was described as 

846
00:47:09,100 --> 00:47:12,900
well-groomed as put together as 
a woman who looked after 

847
00:47:12,900 --> 00:47:15,700
herself. 
The labor that produced those 

848
00:47:15,700 --> 00:47:19,200
descriptions was absorbed into 
the adjective the same way. 

849
00:47:19,200 --> 00:47:23,300
All domestic labor was absorbed 
becoming visible primarily in 

850
00:47:23,300 --> 00:47:25,700
its absence rather than in its 
presence. 

851
00:47:26,500 --> 00:47:29,200
The department store was the 
arena in which the standards 

852
00:47:29,200 --> 00:47:32,600
were most fully externalized. 
Shopping for clothing in the 

853
00:47:32,600 --> 00:47:36,100
1950s, was not the informal or 
solitary activity. 

854
00:47:36,100 --> 00:47:39,900
It became in later decades. 
You dressed to go to the store, 

855
00:47:39,900 --> 00:47:42,700
the stores. 
Sails, women expected to be 

856
00:47:42,708 --> 00:47:45,500
dealing with women who had made 
an effort and they extended 

857
00:47:45,500 --> 00:47:48,600
service accordingly. 
The fitting room was a space of 

858
00:47:48,600 --> 00:47:52,300
honest assessment and a skilled 
sales woman possessed. 

859
00:47:52,300 --> 00:47:55,300
The particular diplomatic art of
telling a customer of the truth 

860
00:47:55,300 --> 00:47:58,500
in terms that kept the customer 
from leaving unsatisfied. 

861
00:47:59,900 --> 00:48:04,000
The social transaction was 
complex and the stakes in terms 

862
00:48:04,000 --> 00:48:05,900
of what you walked out wearing 
in their for, what you 

863
00:48:05,900 --> 00:48:08,500
communicated to everyone who saw
you for the next several 

864
00:48:08,500 --> 00:48:11,100
seasons. 
Were taken with real 

865
00:48:11,100 --> 00:48:14,300
seriousness. 
Underneath the whole apparatus 

866
00:48:14,300 --> 00:48:17,800
was something that many women 
felt but few articulated 

867
00:48:17,800 --> 00:48:20,700
directly. 
The particular exhaustion of 

868
00:48:20,700 --> 00:48:24,600
being continuously legible of 
existing in a social space where

869
00:48:24,600 --> 00:48:26,900
everything about your appearance
was available for 

870
00:48:26,900 --> 00:48:29,900
interpretation. 
Where meeting the standard 

871
00:48:29,900 --> 00:48:31,400
produced? 
No acknowledgment. 

872
00:48:32,300 --> 00:48:35,800
While falling short of it 
produced quiet consequences. 

873
00:48:36,600 --> 00:48:40,600
Being read so constantly and so 
thoroughly was a kind of fatigue

874
00:48:40,600 --> 00:48:43,400
that had no entry on the days of
visual list of tasks. 

875
00:48:44,300 --> 00:48:46,500
It was simply part of being the 
woman in the house. 

876
00:48:46,500 --> 00:48:50,600
Dr. Benjamin Spock's book 
appeared in the spring of 1946 

877
00:48:50,600 --> 00:48:54,500
price at 25 cents in its first 
paperback edition. 

878
00:48:54,500 --> 00:48:57,700
A deliberate Choice meant to 
make it available to every 

879
00:48:57,700 --> 00:49:01,800
household that might need it. 
The books full title was the 

880
00:49:01,800 --> 00:49:04,100
common sense book of baby and 
child care. 

881
00:49:04,100 --> 00:49:07,600
And within a few years of its 
publication, it had become one 

882
00:49:07,600 --> 00:49:09,300
of the most read texts in the 
country. 

883
00:49:10,300 --> 00:49:13,500
Estimates of its eventual 
circulation, place it among the 

884
00:49:13,500 --> 00:49:16,400
best selling books in american 
publishing history of any 

885
00:49:16,400 --> 00:49:19,600
category. 
The women who bought it and 

886
00:49:19,600 --> 00:49:23,200
borrowed it and consulted it 
during the early 1950s were a 

887
00:49:23,200 --> 00:49:26,500
generation raised under child. 
Rearing philosophies, that had 

888
00:49:26,500 --> 00:49:30,000
emphasized emotional restraint 
and scheduled routine 

889
00:49:30,000 --> 00:49:33,600
Frameworks, heavily influenced 
by the behaviorist John Watson 

890
00:49:33,600 --> 00:49:37,000
who had formally recommended 
minimizing physical affection 

891
00:49:37,000 --> 00:49:41,600
with infants on the grounds that
warmth produced, dependency and 

892
00:49:41,600 --> 00:49:45,300
dependency produced. 
Weakness scheduled feedings 

893
00:49:45,300 --> 00:49:48,700
minimal holding a business-like 
approach to the management of 

894
00:49:48,700 --> 00:49:52,400
small human beings. 
Dr. Spock told these women 

895
00:49:52,400 --> 00:49:56,000
something categorically 
different The baby, when it 

896
00:49:56,008 --> 00:50:00,200
cries, your instincts are sound,
you know, more than you think 

897
00:50:00,200 --> 00:50:02,800
you do. 
The warmth, you feel toward your

898
00:50:02,800 --> 00:50:06,500
child is not a wrist to their 
development but a requirement 

899
00:50:06,500 --> 00:50:10,200
for it. 
He tender the tenderness is 

900
00:50:10,200 --> 00:50:13,000
correct. 
This reorientation was 

901
00:50:13,000 --> 00:50:16,900
significant and for many mothers
genuinely liberating. 

902
00:50:17,700 --> 00:50:21,000
It gave institutional support to
what many women had already 

903
00:50:21,000 --> 00:50:24,900
known privately that holding a 
crying baby and comforting a 

904
00:50:24,900 --> 00:50:26,800
frightened child were natural 
responses. 

905
00:50:26,800 --> 00:50:31,000
To Natural needs, not errors to 
be corrected by a chart. 

906
00:50:32,400 --> 00:50:35,900
But the Spock philosophy 
generous as it was in its 

907
00:50:35,900 --> 00:50:38,700
Central argument. 
Also extended the scope of what 

908
00:50:38,700 --> 00:50:42,300
good mothering required in ways 
that expanded the list rather 

909
00:50:42,300 --> 00:50:45,800
than simplifying it. 
If emotional development was as 

910
00:50:45,800 --> 00:50:48,900
important as physical health and
if emotional development 

911
00:50:48,900 --> 00:50:52,100
depended on the consistent, 
warmth and responsiveness of the

912
00:50:52,100 --> 00:50:55,500
primary care giver, then the 
quality of the mothers ongoing 

913
00:50:55,500 --> 00:50:59,300
attention, was consequential in 
a way that behavioral metrics 

914
00:50:59,300 --> 00:51:03,200
had not previously required. 
The child who struggled socially

915
00:51:03,200 --> 00:51:07,200
will seemed anxious or had 
difficulty at school was now 

916
00:51:07,200 --> 00:51:10,600
subject to questions about the 
home environment, that produced 

917
00:51:10,600 --> 00:51:13,500
those outcomes. 
The mothers tend to miss was 

918
00:51:13,500 --> 00:51:15,700
both the cause and the 
responsible party. 

919
00:51:15,700 --> 00:51:19,900
This was not what Dr. Spock 
intended and the book is more 

920
00:51:19,900 --> 00:51:23,200
nuanced in its actual content 
than the cultural use made of 

921
00:51:23,208 --> 00:51:28,100
its suggests but cultural use 
had its own momentum traveling 

922
00:51:28,100 --> 00:51:30,300
through the same magazine 
apparatus that governed, 

923
00:51:30,300 --> 00:51:34,300
everything else and arriving 
compressed and confident in ways

924
00:51:34,300 --> 00:51:36,400
that occasionally 
misrepresented, the original 

925
00:51:36,400 --> 00:51:40,800
argument, child psychology is a 
field was gaining visibility and

926
00:51:40,800 --> 00:51:45,000
Authority throughout the 1950s 
and its finding circulated 

927
00:51:45,000 --> 00:51:48,600
widely through popular 
Publications The advice was 

928
00:51:48,600 --> 00:51:51,900
sometimes contradictory because 
different practitioners within 

929
00:51:51,900 --> 00:51:54,500
the field held different views 
on specific questions. 

930
00:51:55,400 --> 00:51:58,200
Should a child be allowed to 
resolve minor frustrations 

931
00:51:58,200 --> 00:52:01,200
independently, or should the 
parent intervene quickly? 

932
00:52:02,000 --> 00:52:03,800
Should early creative 
exploration. 

933
00:52:03,800 --> 00:52:05,800
Take precedence over household 
rules? 

934
00:52:06,700 --> 00:52:09,500
Should the dinner table be a 
space for enforcing complete 

935
00:52:09,500 --> 00:52:12,800
plate clearing or for allowing a
child to determine their own 

936
00:52:12,800 --> 00:52:15,600
appetite? 
Each question carried, the 

937
00:52:15,608 --> 00:52:17,200
implication that are wrong 
answer. 

938
00:52:17,200 --> 00:52:19,000
Could produce lasting 
consequences. 

939
00:52:19,000 --> 00:52:21,300
And the right answer was not 
always clear. 

940
00:52:21,300 --> 00:52:25,300
The children of the 1950s were 
expected to be visibly. 

941
00:52:25,300 --> 00:52:28,300
Well, mannered in ways that 
their parents understood as 

942
00:52:28,300 --> 00:52:30,400
evidence of competent management
at home. 

943
00:52:30,400 --> 00:52:34,100
A child who greeted adults 
appropriately, who sat through 

944
00:52:34,100 --> 00:52:37,200
restaurant meals without 
persistent disruption, who 

945
00:52:37,200 --> 00:52:40,600
played Without becoming a source
of neighborhood concern, who 

946
00:52:40,600 --> 00:52:44,100
appeared in public, in clean, 
and appropriate, clothing was a 

947
00:52:44,100 --> 00:52:46,400
child, whose mother organized 
her days correctly. 

948
00:52:47,600 --> 00:52:50,900
The child's public Behavior was 
a form of testimony about the 

949
00:52:50,900 --> 00:52:54,000
household of produced it. 
The parent teacher Association 

950
00:52:54,000 --> 00:52:57,800
commonly called the PTA 
formalized. 

951
00:52:57,800 --> 00:53:00,700
Some of these testimony into an 
organized social obligation. 

952
00:53:01,900 --> 00:53:04,500
Meetings were held in school, 
evenings throughout the Academic

953
00:53:04,500 --> 00:53:08,700
Year and attendance communicated
investment in your child's 

954
00:53:08,700 --> 00:53:11,800
education and social standing in
the school Community 

955
00:53:11,800 --> 00:53:15,000
simultaneously. 
The mother who never appeared at

956
00:53:15,000 --> 00:53:17,200
PTA. 
Meetings was noticed in the way 

957
00:53:17,200 --> 00:53:20,000
that women of this era were 
always noticed when they 

958
00:53:20,000 --> 00:53:22,600
declined to participate in the 
available structures of 

959
00:53:22,608 --> 00:53:26,600
neighborhood and Civic life. 
The PTA was not simply about 

960
00:53:26,600 --> 00:53:29,000
education. 
It was about being seen as the 

961
00:53:29,008 --> 00:53:31,400
right kind of parent in the 
right kind of community. 

962
00:53:32,500 --> 00:53:36,000
School itself was an extension 
of the home's accountability in 

963
00:53:36,000 --> 00:53:38,400
ways that the 1950s took 
seriously. 

964
00:53:39,300 --> 00:53:42,100
Report cards, assess behavior 
and deportment alongside 

965
00:53:42,100 --> 00:53:46,000
akademik performance. 
The child who was academically 

966
00:53:46,000 --> 00:53:49,700
capable but socially disruptive 
was not considered to be doing 

967
00:53:49,700 --> 00:53:52,200
well by the full measure of the 
year of Standards. 

968
00:53:52,200 --> 00:53:56,300
The mother was expected to be in
communication with teachers and 

969
00:53:56,300 --> 00:54:00,600
to be responsive when concerns 
were raised She was expected to 

970
00:54:00,600 --> 00:54:03,200
be available in a way that a 
working parent. 

971
00:54:03,200 --> 00:54:06,300
Might not always managed to be 
in the expectation of 

972
00:54:06,300 --> 00:54:09,300
availability, was one of the 
arguments that made paid work. 

973
00:54:09,300 --> 00:54:12,100
Feel complicated or 
inappropriate for mothers of 

974
00:54:12,100 --> 00:54:15,900
school-aged children. 
The suburb itself was a social 

975
00:54:15,900 --> 00:54:20,500
ecosystem of remarkable density,
and complexity given its 

976
00:54:20,500 --> 00:54:24,200
physical orderliness. 
People lived in close proximity 

977
00:54:24,200 --> 00:54:27,600
on small, Lots, with modest 
landscaping and significant 

978
00:54:27,600 --> 00:54:30,400
amounts of shared. 
Visibility front yards are open 

979
00:54:30,400 --> 00:54:33,800
to the street. 
Backyards were separated by low 

980
00:54:33,800 --> 00:54:37,800
fences easily talked across. 
The distance between houses was 

981
00:54:37,800 --> 00:54:40,200
not great and the windows faced 
each other. 

982
00:54:41,400 --> 00:54:44,600
In this Arrangement, the lives 
of neighbors were not private in

983
00:54:44,600 --> 00:54:47,400
the way that apartment living in
a city can create privacy 

984
00:54:47,400 --> 00:54:51,100
through anonymity. 
Everyone could see if not 

985
00:54:51,100 --> 00:54:54,400
through walls, then certainly 
through the patterns of daily 

986
00:54:54,400 --> 00:54:56,400
life that were visible at the 
exterior. 

987
00:54:57,300 --> 00:55:00,100
The coffee Clash that 
mid-morning Gathering of 

988
00:55:00,100 --> 00:55:02,000
neighboring. 
Women moving between each 

989
00:55:02,000 --> 00:55:05,900
other's Kitchens on a loose and 
informal daily schedule was the 

990
00:55:05,900 --> 00:55:09,600
central social institution of 
the post-war suburb and it was 

991
00:55:09,600 --> 00:55:12,000
more complicated than its 
domestic surface. 

992
00:55:12,000 --> 00:55:14,000
Suggested, you brought 
something. 

993
00:55:14,000 --> 00:55:17,400
When you came arriving 
empty-handed to someone's 

994
00:55:17,400 --> 00:55:20,600
kitchen, was an oversight that 
registered the something was 

995
00:55:20,600 --> 00:55:24,200
usually baked or jar of 
something preserved or a 

996
00:55:24,200 --> 00:55:26,700
contribution to a shared 
consumption that acknowledged. 

997
00:55:26,700 --> 00:55:30,600
The hospitality of the kitchen 
you were entering the 

998
00:55:30,600 --> 00:55:33,100
conversation in those kitchens 
ranged across children and 

999
00:55:33,100 --> 00:55:35,500
household problems, and 
Neighborhood News, and the 

1000
00:55:35,500 --> 00:55:38,600
peripheral observations that 
proximity generates in 

1001
00:55:38,600 --> 00:55:42,400
abundance, But the conversation 
operated within understood 

1002
00:55:42,400 --> 00:55:45,700
registers, you could be tired in
the acceptable way. 

1003
00:55:45,700 --> 00:55:49,600
The kind of tiredness that 
communicated busy competence. 

1004
00:55:50,300 --> 00:55:53,100
The weak had been full, the 
children had been demanding. 

1005
00:55:53,100 --> 00:55:55,300
The scheduling had been 
complicated. 

1006
00:55:55,300 --> 00:55:59,600
These were manageable 
disclosures What you did not do 

1007
00:55:59,600 --> 00:56:03,400
in most social contexts was 
described your exhaustion. 

1008
00:56:03,400 --> 00:56:05,600
In terms that pointed towards 
something, the coffee could not 

1009
00:56:05,600 --> 00:56:10,200
address a dissatisfaction that 
had no specific object arrest 

1010
00:56:10,200 --> 00:56:12,700
listlessness that persisted 
across otherwise successful 

1011
00:56:12,700 --> 00:56:15,400
weeks. 
A sense that the hours ahead 

1012
00:56:15,400 --> 00:56:19,500
contain nothing that engaged you
as a distinct person rather than

1013
00:56:19,500 --> 00:56:23,200
as a function of the household. 
These were observations that had

1014
00:56:23,200 --> 00:56:26,400
no socially available 
destination in 1955. 

1015
00:56:27,700 --> 00:56:30,000
They were not something you said
at a neighbor's kitchen table, 

1016
00:56:30,000 --> 00:56:33,000
because there was no way for the
them to go after you said them 

1017
00:56:33,000 --> 00:56:36,600
and releasing something into a 
space with no receptacle, made 

1018
00:56:36,600 --> 00:56:38,700
both you and your neighbor 
uncomfortable in ways. 

1019
00:56:38,700 --> 00:56:42,500
That served no one. 
So, you maintain the tone, you 

1020
00:56:42,500 --> 00:56:45,200
are Pleasant and interested and 
capable of laughing at the right

1021
00:56:45,200 --> 00:56:49,800
moments and genuinely invested 
in the other women's news and 

1022
00:56:49,800 --> 00:56:52,800
you were sincere in much of this
the wanting those kitchens was 

1023
00:56:52,800 --> 00:56:56,200
real warmth. 
Friendship was real friendship. 

1024
00:56:56,200 --> 00:57:00,000
The Practical support that moved
between neighboring, women the 

1025
00:57:00,000 --> 00:57:03,500
shared equipment and borrowed 
ingredients and watched children

1026
00:57:03,500 --> 00:57:06,200
and brought food during 
illnesses and quiet. 

1027
00:57:06,200 --> 00:57:09,500
Checking in after difficult, 
weeks was genuine and 

1028
00:57:09,500 --> 00:57:12,900
substantial and held many 
households together through 

1029
00:57:12,900 --> 00:57:17,600
genuinely hard times. 
The emotional labor involved in 

1030
00:57:17,600 --> 00:57:21,000
maintaining the correct register
in the social spaces was real 

1031
00:57:21,000 --> 00:57:24,900
and unrecognized because the 
concept of emotional Labour as 

1032
00:57:24,900 --> 00:57:27,700
work did not yet have a name or 
a formal accounting. 

1033
00:57:28,600 --> 00:57:31,200
Managing your own internal 
state, so that it did not 

1034
00:57:31,200 --> 00:57:33,600
overflow into the shared social 
space. 

1035
00:57:34,500 --> 00:57:37,200
Presenting the version of 
yourself that was consistently 

1036
00:57:37,200 --> 00:57:40,100
warm, and capable, and 
untroubled, reading the 

1037
00:57:40,100 --> 00:57:42,700
emotional state of the people 
around you, and quietly, 

1038
00:57:42,700 --> 00:57:45,100
adjusting to them before any 
friction developed. 

1039
00:57:45,700 --> 00:57:49,000
This was the invisible work in 
side, the visible work. 

1040
00:57:49,000 --> 00:57:52,400
It was exhausting in the way 
that invisible work is always 

1041
00:57:52,400 --> 00:57:55,800
exhausting because it had no 
beginning and no end and no 

1042
00:57:55,800 --> 00:57:58,500
official place on the list where
you could put a line through it.

1043
00:57:59,300 --> 00:58:02,200
The women in those kitchens were
doing it very well for the most 

1044
00:58:02,200 --> 00:58:06,500
part, they had been preparing 
for it since childhood absorbing

1045
00:58:06,500 --> 00:58:08,800
the practice. 
So gradually that it had become 

1046
00:58:08,800 --> 00:58:10,700
indistinguishable from 
personality. 

1047
00:58:11,500 --> 00:58:14,400
It felt natural because it had 
been built to feel natural, 

1048
00:58:14,400 --> 00:58:18,000
which is perhaps the most 
effective kind of standard and 

1049
00:58:18,000 --> 00:58:23,500
that the most demanding By 1960.
The surface was still largely 

1050
00:58:23,500 --> 00:58:26,100
intact. 
The magazine showed the same 

1051
00:58:26,100 --> 00:58:29,400
reliable images. 
The apron, the gleaming counter,

1052
00:58:29,400 --> 00:58:32,200
the casserole, arriving at the 
table on time. 

1053
00:58:32,200 --> 00:58:36,000
The husband receiving it with 
appropriate appreciation, the 

1054
00:58:36,000 --> 00:58:38,400
children, seated and reasonably 
orderly. 

1055
00:58:38,400 --> 00:58:42,300
The advertising copy for floor 
waxes, and laundry products, and

1056
00:58:42,300 --> 00:58:44,700
kitchen appliances used the same
vocabulary. 

1057
00:58:44,700 --> 00:58:49,400
It had been using for 15 years, 
the vocabulary of domestic 

1058
00:58:49,400 --> 00:58:53,700
pleasure and modern efficiency, 
and a woman fully Satisfied by 

1059
00:58:53,700 --> 00:58:55,500
the role her daily life 
occupied. 

1060
00:58:57,100 --> 00:59:00,800
The home economics courses, 
continued, the girdles were 

1061
00:59:00,808 --> 00:59:04,900
still sold and warn the coffee. 
Klatch continued its mid-morning

1062
00:59:04,900 --> 00:59:09,400
Circuit of suburban kitchens. 
Something had shifted in the 

1063
00:59:09,400 --> 00:59:12,000
quality of the silence, that 
surrounded, all of it. 

1064
00:59:13,300 --> 00:59:15,800
The women who had been building 
this particular version of 

1065
00:59:15,800 --> 00:59:19,200
domestic life for a decade and a
half, were not 23 anymore. 

1066
00:59:20,000 --> 00:59:23,100
Their oldest children were 
teenagers now, complicated 

1067
00:59:23,100 --> 00:59:25,800
people with opinions and 
complications that. 

1068
00:59:25,800 --> 00:59:29,400
The parenting manuals had not 
fully prepared, anyone for the 

1069
00:59:29,400 --> 00:59:31,600
suburb that had felt open with 
possibility. 

1070
00:59:31,600 --> 00:59:35,600
In 1948 had become the specific 
texture of an ordinary week. 

1071
00:59:36,300 --> 00:59:40,100
Known in every corner defined by
routines that had worn 

1072
00:59:40,100 --> 00:59:43,700
themselves into the days until 
the days and the routines were 

1073
00:59:43,708 --> 00:59:46,700
indistinguishable, the 
competence was real and 

1074
00:59:46,700 --> 00:59:49,300
accumulated. 
The love was genuine. 

1075
00:59:49,300 --> 00:59:52,000
Neither of those things was in 
question. 

1076
00:59:53,200 --> 00:59:55,600
But competence and love do not 
buy themselves. 

1077
00:59:55,600 --> 00:59:59,100
Constitute a complete account of
what a person needs. 

1078
00:59:59,100 --> 01:00:02,900
And many women were discovering 
this in the particular privacy 

1079
01:00:02,900 --> 01:00:05,700
of the hours between When the 
Children left for school. 

1080
01:00:05,700 --> 01:00:10,000
And when they returned, Betty 
Friedan published The Feminine 

1081
01:00:10,000 --> 01:00:15,100
Mystique in February 1963 and 
the book did something that no 

1082
01:00:15,100 --> 01:00:17,600
previous popular. 
Publication had quite managed to

1083
01:00:17,600 --> 01:00:20,100
do. 
In named a thing that had been 

1084
01:00:20,108 --> 01:00:23,100
present with without a name. 
For nearly a decade free 

1085
01:00:23,100 --> 01:00:26,100
download spent years Gathering 
material from interviews with 

1086
01:00:26,100 --> 01:00:30,200
women, who'd graduated from 
Smith, college with her in 1942,

1087
01:00:30,200 --> 01:00:33,700
and from the widest Suburban 
population, she encountered in 

1088
01:00:33,700 --> 01:00:38,400
her research, Watching countered
repeatedly was a description of 

1089
01:00:38,400 --> 01:00:40,700
a feeling that the women 
themselves could not make 

1090
01:00:40,700 --> 01:00:44,400
coherent because the official 
story of their lives left, no 

1091
01:00:44,400 --> 01:00:46,400
space for it. 
She called it. 

1092
01:00:46,400 --> 01:00:49,100
The problem that has no name the
women. 

1093
01:00:49,100 --> 01:00:53,000
She spoke with described 
persistent formless discontent 

1094
01:00:53,000 --> 01:00:57,400
that surfaced despite external 
circumstances that appear to 

1095
01:00:57,400 --> 01:01:00,200
fulfill every requirement of the
successful life. 

1096
01:01:00,200 --> 01:01:03,700
The house was there. 
The husband was there, the 

1097
01:01:03,700 --> 01:01:06,700
children were there, the 
appliances, the neighborhood, 

1098
01:01:06,700 --> 01:01:10,300
the correctly, timed dinner, the
properly maintained appearance, 

1099
01:01:10,300 --> 01:01:13,800
all of it was there. 
Everything that the magazine and

1100
01:01:13,800 --> 01:01:15,500
the textbooks, and the advice 
columns. 

1101
01:01:15,500 --> 01:01:19,800
And the social expectations had 
specified was in place, and yet 

1102
01:01:19,800 --> 01:01:23,100
something persisted in the early
morning hours, arrest 

1103
01:01:23,100 --> 01:01:25,600
listlessness that was not 
addressed by the tasks, waiting 

1104
01:01:25,600 --> 01:01:28,600
on the counter. 
An awareness that the day ahead 

1105
01:01:28,600 --> 01:01:31,500
contained no hour in which the 
self existed. 

1106
01:01:31,500 --> 01:01:34,400
There's something other than a 
function of the household. 

1107
01:01:35,400 --> 01:01:38,400
The response to the book divided
sharply along lines that were 

1108
01:01:38,400 --> 01:01:42,200
not entirely predictable some 
women found it presumptuous and 

1109
01:01:42,200 --> 01:01:46,100
politically over determined a 
case from a specific and limited

1110
01:01:46,100 --> 01:01:48,500
experience. 
Generalized to broadly. 

1111
01:01:49,300 --> 01:01:52,100
Some women who read it, 
described a physical response to

1112
01:01:52,100 --> 01:01:55,600
certain passages, something 
loosening or releasing in the 

1113
01:01:55,608 --> 01:01:58,000
chest. 
The particular relief of 

1114
01:01:58,000 --> 01:02:00,800
encountering, a clear statement 
of something you'd been carrying

1115
01:02:00,800 --> 01:02:04,600
without language for it. 
Both responses were honest and 

1116
01:02:04,600 --> 01:02:07,600
neither was simply wrong. 
The book was describing 

1117
01:02:07,600 --> 01:02:10,300
Something Real from a vantage 
point that did not Encompass. 

1118
01:02:10,300 --> 01:02:13,900
All of American Womanhood women 
who had been excluded from the 

1119
01:02:13,900 --> 01:02:18,400
Suburban domestic ideal by race 
or economics, or geography had a

1120
01:02:18,400 --> 01:02:20,200
different relationship to its 
critique. 

1121
01:02:21,200 --> 01:02:24,800
Problem Freedom named was 
genuine, its universality was 

1122
01:02:24,800 --> 01:02:28,900
more complicated but the books 
reception measured by copies 

1123
01:02:28,900 --> 01:02:32,200
souls and letters received and 
conversations it generated in 

1124
01:02:32,200 --> 01:02:35,100
kitchens. 
And at dinner tables answered a 

1125
01:02:35,100 --> 01:02:37,100
question about whether the 
appetite for this particular 

1126
01:02:37,100 --> 01:02:40,300
naming was real. 
The answer was an ambiguous. 

1127
01:02:41,100 --> 01:02:44,300
What freedoms book captured and 
what accounts for much of its 

1128
01:02:44,300 --> 01:02:48,400
impact was not simply the 
existence of discontent but the 

1129
01:02:48,400 --> 01:02:51,400
particular quality of a 
discontent that had been made 

1130
01:02:51,400 --> 01:02:55,300
structurally invisible. women 
had been told from so many 

1131
01:02:55,300 --> 01:02:59,500
directions and for so many years
that the domestic role was the 

1132
01:02:59,500 --> 01:03:02,600
natural and fulfilling 
expression of Womanhood that any

1133
01:03:02,600 --> 01:03:05,700
feeling of insufficient must 
originate in the individual 

1134
01:03:05,700 --> 01:03:08,800
woman, her cellphone rather 
than, in the conditions of the 

1135
01:03:08,808 --> 01:03:12,800
role, If you are not fulfilled, 
the problem was yours. 

1136
01:03:12,800 --> 01:03:16,300
You are not trying hard enough 
or not thinking about things 

1137
01:03:16,300 --> 01:03:18,600
correctly. 
Well, not appreciating what you 

1138
01:03:18,600 --> 01:03:21,300
had. 
The advice columns had been 

1139
01:03:21,308 --> 01:03:24,700
supplying, this analysis for 
years dressed in the warm 

1140
01:03:24,700 --> 01:03:28,600
language of practical concern. 
The problem had been located 

1141
01:03:28,600 --> 01:03:32,200
inside the woman, so thoroughly 
that many women had accepted the

1142
01:03:32,200 --> 01:03:35,300
location and were quietly 
examining themselves from the 

1143
01:03:35,308 --> 01:03:38,500
source. 
Freedoms argument moved the 

1144
01:03:38,500 --> 01:03:41,600
problem. 
It said the discontent was not a

1145
01:03:41,600 --> 01:03:45,200
symptom of individual inadequacy
but a reasonable response to a 

1146
01:03:45,200 --> 01:03:47,900
set of conditions that were 
inadequate to the full range of 

1147
01:03:47,900 --> 01:03:51,600
what a person needed. 
This was not in retrospect to 

1148
01:03:51,600 --> 01:03:54,500
radical claim, it was a 
description of an obvious thing.

1149
01:03:55,600 --> 01:03:58,200
But obviously things that have 
been successful obscured for 

1150
01:03:58,208 --> 01:04:01,400
long enough require real effort 
to make visible and freedoms 

1151
01:04:01,400 --> 01:04:03,900
book made the effort in a form 
that reached the audience who 

1152
01:04:03,900 --> 01:04:07,000
most needed it. 
Other shifts have been working 

1153
01:04:07,000 --> 01:04:10,300
at the structure before Freedom,
put language to them, women had 

1154
01:04:10,300 --> 01:04:12,700
been returning to paid 
employment in gradually 

1155
01:04:12,700 --> 01:04:16,500
increasing numbers throughout 
the late 1950s, not in the 

1156
01:04:16,500 --> 01:04:20,500
dramatic volume of the wartime 
years, but consistently enough 

1157
01:04:20,500 --> 01:04:23,900
to suggest that the post-war 
domestic settlement had always 

1158
01:04:23,900 --> 01:04:26,600
been less complete than the 
cultural image implied. 

1159
01:04:27,300 --> 01:04:31,000
Many of these women worked 
part-time in positions coded as 

1160
01:04:31,000 --> 01:04:33,600
compatible with primary domestic
identity. 

1161
01:04:34,300 --> 01:04:37,300
Teaching. 
Nursing clerical work retail. 

1162
01:04:38,200 --> 01:04:41,600
They did not describe themselves
as career women because career 

1163
01:04:41,600 --> 01:04:45,100
women were a separate and 
somewhat suspect category in the

1164
01:04:45,100 --> 01:04:49,200
decades, social taxonomy. 
They were simply managing the 

1165
01:04:49,200 --> 01:04:52,200
household budget more 
successfully than a single 

1166
01:04:52,200 --> 01:04:56,500
income allowed. 
Television which had moved from 

1167
01:04:56,508 --> 01:05:00,100
novelty to fix your an American 
living rooms during the 1950s 

1168
01:05:00,100 --> 01:05:03,300
was doing something. 
The appliance marketers had not 

1169
01:05:03,300 --> 01:05:06,300
fully calculated, the programs 
at carried were largely 

1170
01:05:06,300 --> 01:05:08,100
conventional in their domestic 
Arrangements. 

1171
01:05:08,100 --> 01:05:11,000
Reinforcing. 
The housewife deal through 

1172
01:05:11,000 --> 01:05:14,800
situation comedies and often in 
dramas, that depicted with women

1173
01:05:14,800 --> 01:05:18,700
in familiar roles. 
But the television also carried 

1174
01:05:18,700 --> 01:05:22,200
the news and the News, during 
these years was saturated with 

1175
01:05:22,200 --> 01:05:25,000
disruption. 
The Civil Rights Movement was 

1176
01:05:25,000 --> 01:05:27,500
pressing a profound 
contradiction at the center of 

1177
01:05:27,500 --> 01:05:32,200
American Democratic identity 
into public visibility in ways 

1178
01:05:32,200 --> 01:05:36,400
that required response. 
Cold War was generating anxiety,

1179
01:05:36,400 --> 01:05:40,400
about Safety and Security, and 
the stability of The Wider 

1180
01:05:40,400 --> 01:05:44,100
world, that the waxed floors, 
and the precisely timed roasts 

1181
01:05:44,100 --> 01:05:48,300
could not address and were not 
designed to The world outside 

1182
01:05:48,300 --> 01:05:50,400
the kitchen. 
Window was moving at a speed 

1183
01:05:50,408 --> 01:05:53,600
that the domestic interior could
contain only imperfectly. 

1184
01:05:54,500 --> 01:05:55,900
The Food and Drug 
Administration. 

1185
01:05:55,900 --> 01:05:59,000
Approved oral contraceptives for
use in 1960. 

1186
01:05:59,000 --> 01:06:02,500
The social effects of this 
decision unfolded over years 

1187
01:06:02,500 --> 01:06:05,500
rather than months. 
Working gradually through 

1188
01:06:05,500 --> 01:06:08,200
individual decisions and 
eventually into cultural 

1189
01:06:08,200 --> 01:06:10,800
understanding of what female 
adult hood could look like 

1190
01:06:10,800 --> 01:06:13,900
across time. 
Women who could more reliably 

1191
01:06:13,900 --> 01:06:16,600
plan, the timing, a number of 
children, they would have were 

1192
01:06:16,600 --> 01:06:19,700
women whose Futures had somewhat
different shapes of available to

1193
01:06:19,700 --> 01:06:22,300
them. 
The conversation about those 

1194
01:06:22,300 --> 01:06:24,000
shapes. 
Took years to develop. 

1195
01:06:24,900 --> 01:06:27,800
But it began immediately in the 
quiet ways that consequential 

1196
01:06:27,800 --> 01:06:32,200
changes always begin. 
The rules of the 1950s. 

1197
01:06:32,200 --> 01:06:36,100
Housewife did not dissolve on 
any particular day, or in any 

1198
01:06:36,100 --> 01:06:39,100
single year. 
They released gradually an 

1199
01:06:39,100 --> 01:06:42,800
unevenly some early than others,
some proving remarkably 

1200
01:06:42,800 --> 01:06:44,300
resistant to the changes 
happening. 

1201
01:06:44,300 --> 01:06:47,700
Alongside them the expectation 
that women would manage the 

1202
01:06:47,700 --> 01:06:50,500
emotional climate of the 
household that they would track.

1203
01:06:50,500 --> 01:06:53,600
Everyone's needs an appointments
and social obligations and 

1204
01:06:53,600 --> 01:06:56,900
feelings while their own 
interior, weather went largely 

1205
01:06:56,900 --> 01:07:00,300
unmonitored. 
The most durable of the Decades 

1206
01:07:00,300 --> 01:07:04,800
requirements It traveled through
the 1960s and the decades Beyond

1207
01:07:04,800 --> 01:07:09,300
largely intact outlasting, the 
girdles and the gelatin molds by

1208
01:07:09,308 --> 01:07:12,700
significant margin, and it is 
still being examined. 

1209
01:07:12,700 --> 01:07:15,700
And negotiated, in ways that 
many contemporary women would 

1210
01:07:15,700 --> 01:07:20,800
recognize without explanation, 
What the women of the 1950s in 

1211
01:07:20,800 --> 01:07:24,100
those small houses with those 
long days and those demanding 

1212
01:07:24,100 --> 01:07:27,500
and unacknowledged standards 
deserve something more specific 

1213
01:07:27,500 --> 01:07:30,800
than Nostalgia and something 
more honest than dismissal. 

1214
01:07:31,600 --> 01:07:35,000
The competence was real, the 
organizational intelligence 

1215
01:07:35,000 --> 01:07:39,000
required to manage a household a
budget, a social calendar 

1216
01:07:39,000 --> 01:07:43,900
children, a husband's needs and 
a neighborhood's, expectations 

1217
01:07:43,900 --> 01:07:46,900
simultaneously. 
And without official support was

1218
01:07:46,900 --> 01:07:50,200
considerable. 
The care embedded in those daily

1219
01:07:50,200 --> 01:07:53,900
routines, in the timed dinner 
and the waxed floor and the 

1220
01:07:53,900 --> 01:07:57,300
correct lipstick and the 
maintained social register was 

1221
01:07:57,300 --> 01:07:59,900
real care. 
Extended toward real people. 

1222
01:08:00,900 --> 01:08:03,600
The critique of the Decades, 
constraints is not a verdict 

1223
01:08:03,600 --> 01:08:06,400
against that care. 
It is an argument that the 

1224
01:08:06,400 --> 01:08:09,600
people providing the care 
deserved better conditions for 

1225
01:08:09,600 --> 01:08:12,700
providing it. 
More acknowledgment, more 

1226
01:08:12,700 --> 01:08:17,300
autonomy more space to exist as 
distinct individuals rather than

1227
01:08:17,300 --> 01:08:19,800
as a function of the household 
that contained them. 

1228
01:08:20,600 --> 01:08:23,700
The critique says, the care was 
real and so was the cost. 

1229
01:08:24,500 --> 01:08:27,899
That argument took years to 
develop into something publicly 

1230
01:08:27,899 --> 01:08:31,399
articulable. 
It was preceded by a long period

1231
01:08:31,399 --> 01:08:36,600
in which it existed, privately 
imperfectly in the small pauses 

1232
01:08:36,600 --> 01:08:39,500
between the things that were 
supposed to be said, by the 

1233
01:08:39,500 --> 01:08:43,000
early 1960s more women were 
picking up the Tuesday Magazine 

1234
01:08:43,000 --> 01:08:46,800
from the entry floor, carrying 
it to the kitchen table, reading

1235
01:08:46,800 --> 01:08:49,399
the advice. 
And then setting it down again, 

1236
01:08:49,399 --> 01:08:51,600
with a thought that went 
slightly Sideways from the 

1237
01:08:51,608 --> 01:08:54,500
instruction. 
Not a dramatic thought. 

1238
01:08:54,500 --> 01:08:58,600
Not a Manifesto. 
Just a small interior 

1239
01:08:58,600 --> 01:09:01,300
Divergence. 
A moment of holding the 

1240
01:09:01,300 --> 01:09:04,300
prescription in your hands and 
thinking something that was not 

1241
01:09:04,300 --> 01:09:09,100
quite agreement. 
The Knowing proceeded the change

1242
01:09:09,100 --> 01:09:12,800
by about a decade. 
The change when it arrived was 

1243
01:09:12,800 --> 01:09:16,399
uneven and incomplete and is 
still being worked out in ways. 

1244
01:09:16,399 --> 01:09:19,700
The women of that decade would 
likely find both gratifying and 

1245
01:09:19,700 --> 01:09:24,399
surprising. but the knowing was 
real, and it lived in those 

1246
01:09:24,399 --> 01:09:28,300
small silence's in the space 
between the instruction and the 

1247
01:09:28,300 --> 01:09:32,100
moment of deciding whether to 
follow it The women who held 

1248
01:09:32,100 --> 01:09:34,600
those silences were not passive 
or defeated. 

1249
01:09:34,600 --> 01:09:38,000
They were people in the early 
stages of reconsidering, a 

1250
01:09:38,000 --> 01:09:41,100
frame, they had been given 
rather than chosen working with 

1251
01:09:41,100 --> 01:09:43,899
the tools and the vocabulary and
the time of available to them 

1252
01:09:43,899 --> 01:09:46,100
which was not much of any of 
those things. 

1253
01:09:47,300 --> 01:09:51,000
The reconsidering was quiet and 
imprecise and could not yet, 

1254
01:09:51,000 --> 01:09:52,899
articulate. 
What it was moving toward. 

1255
01:09:53,800 --> 01:09:56,800
It could only register the gap 
between what the frame promised 

1256
01:09:56,800 --> 01:10:00,800
and what living inside. 
It actually felt like day after 

1257
01:10:00,800 --> 01:10:03,800
Tuesday day week after careful 
week. 

1258
01:10:04,900 --> 01:10:06,500
The kitchen light is still on in
the house. 

1259
01:10:06,500 --> 01:10:10,000
If you look at it a certain way 
the smell of something warm, 

1260
01:10:10,000 --> 01:10:13,200
still drifts from the open 
window, the day that house 

1261
01:10:13,200 --> 01:10:17,800
contained was long and specific 
and full of Labor that was never

1262
01:10:17,800 --> 01:10:22,100
adequately named But the Night 
Belongs to No One schedule. 

1263
01:10:22,100 --> 01:10:25,200
It carries no requirements from 
anyone's list. 

1264
01:10:26,000 --> 01:10:29,400
Whatever remains undone on, the 
counter, will still be there in 

1265
01:10:29,400 --> 01:10:31,500
the morning and the morning is 
patient. 

1266
01:10:31,500 --> 01:10:36,000
And so, are you the women of the
1950s were more capable and more

1267
01:10:36,000 --> 01:10:39,400
complicated and more quietly 
tired than the image of the ever

1268
01:10:39,400 --> 01:10:42,000
acknowledged? 
They deserved more room than 

1269
01:10:42,000 --> 01:10:44,100
they were given. 
Most of them knew it. 

1270
01:10:44,100 --> 01:10:47,000
In the particular way that 
people know things, they have 

1271
01:10:47,000 --> 01:10:49,800
not yet found language for 
Sleep. 

1272
01:10:49,800 --> 01:10:53,400
Well, my tired little danishes. 
The wax is dry. 

1273
01:10:53,400 --> 01:10:56,400
The timer has gone off and the 
house will still be standing in 

1274
01:10:56,400 --> 01:11:05,700
the morning rest. 
Now, Okay, picture this you 

1275
01:11:05,700 --> 01:11:10,100
arrive first at a meadow, not a 
Grand Meadow, not the kind that 

1276
01:11:10,100 --> 01:11:13,800
shows up in gilded paintings or 
Cathedral windows, but an 

1277
01:11:13,800 --> 01:11:16,700
ordinary stretch of River, 
Valley grass in northeastern 

1278
01:11:16,700 --> 01:11:21,200
France, that smells of Cold Soil
in the morning and warm thatch 

1279
01:11:21,200 --> 01:11:23,300
in the evening. 
When the cooking fires begin, 

1280
01:11:24,400 --> 01:11:27,600
The river Meuse moves quietly 
past the edges of a small 

1281
01:11:27,600 --> 01:11:31,300
village called Dom Remi. 
And on most days, the loudest 

1282
01:11:31,300 --> 01:11:35,400
sound here is the slow steady 
movement of sheep across a field

1283
01:11:35,400 --> 01:11:38,800
before sundown. 
This is where Johannes was born 

1284
01:11:38,800 --> 01:11:42,300
sometime around the year, 1412. 
She would have eventually be 

1285
01:11:42,300 --> 01:11:45,400
known across centuries as 
Jonah's Ark though that surname,

1286
01:11:45,400 --> 01:11:48,200
dark was simply her father's 
family name in the regional 

1287
01:11:48,200 --> 01:11:51,100
style of Lorraine. 
She never used to it in any 

1288
01:11:51,100 --> 01:11:54,200
formal way. 
She called herself Johanna 

1289
01:11:54,200 --> 01:11:57,900
poussiere meaning Jones the 
maiden and was quite particular 

1290
01:11:57,900 --> 01:12:01,300
about the distinction, a habit 
of precision that would later 

1291
01:12:01,300 --> 01:12:04,800
server and setting where few 
things served at all her. 

1292
01:12:04,800 --> 01:12:08,600
Father Jacques dark was a farmer
with enough land and enough 

1293
01:12:08,600 --> 01:12:11,600
local standing to hold minor 
administrative duties in the 

1294
01:12:11,600 --> 01:12:14,200
village. 
He was not wealthy in any way 

1295
01:12:14,200 --> 01:12:16,300
that left. 
Clear traces, but he was not 

1296
01:12:16,300 --> 01:12:19,300
invisible, either. 
He knew the church hierarchy 

1297
01:12:19,300 --> 01:12:23,100
understood the regional Lord and
had a working knowledge, of the 

1298
01:12:23,100 --> 01:12:26,700
social Ledger, that small 
village life depends on Her 

1299
01:12:26,700 --> 01:12:30,600
mother Isabel Romy was a woman 
of deep and practical faith. 

1300
01:12:31,200 --> 01:12:34,100
The kind that did not separate 
prayer from daily work because 

1301
01:12:34,100 --> 01:12:36,600
she understood them as the same,
impulse expressed through 

1302
01:12:36,600 --> 01:12:39,600
different tasks. 
Joan was the youngest daughter 

1303
01:12:39,600 --> 01:12:43,300
among five children a childhood 
took the shape of agricultural 

1304
01:12:43,300 --> 01:12:47,500
life in its unrefined, form, 
early mornings, physical labor, 

1305
01:12:48,500 --> 01:12:51,500
the careful accounting of what 
the land gave in one season, and

1306
01:12:51,500 --> 01:12:55,500
the weather removed in another. 
She learned to sow to spin wool 

1307
01:12:55,500 --> 01:12:59,000
to manage the domestic work of a
farmhouse with this kind of 

1308
01:12:59,000 --> 01:13:01,200
steady competence that looks 
unremarkable. 

1309
01:13:01,200 --> 01:13:04,800
Until you realize how much of it
runs on precision and patience? 

1310
01:13:06,000 --> 01:13:09,300
she later told the court that 
examined her entire life, that 

1311
01:13:09,300 --> 01:13:13,700
she believed she could so as 
well as any woman in rule, Give 

1312
01:13:13,700 --> 01:13:15,900
what would one day come to me to
her? 

1313
01:13:16,600 --> 01:13:19,700
This is one of the strange 
coincidence is embedded in her 

1314
01:13:19,700 --> 01:13:22,300
story. 
She could not read. 

1315
01:13:22,300 --> 01:13:26,600
She could not write. 
These were ordinary gaps for 

1316
01:13:26,600 --> 01:13:30,100
farming girl in 15th century. 
Rural, France and carried. 

1317
01:13:30,100 --> 01:13:31,800
No particular shame in her 
community. 

1318
01:13:32,900 --> 01:13:35,900
What she had instead was the 
gathered intelligence of someone

1319
01:13:35,900 --> 01:13:38,800
who learns the world through 
direct observation, rather than 

1320
01:13:38,800 --> 01:13:42,600
text, the way a sheep moves when
cold rain is coming. 

1321
01:13:43,400 --> 01:13:45,700
Temperature of the river on 
different days of the week. 

1322
01:13:46,300 --> 01:13:48,400
The slight shift in a neighbor's
expression. 

1323
01:13:48,400 --> 01:13:51,500
That means the news traveling 
through the village that morning

1324
01:13:51,500 --> 01:13:54,600
is not the kind anyone hoped to 
hear the village itself. 

1325
01:13:54,600 --> 01:13:58,000
Had a particular texture that 
shaped her in ways, she probably

1326
01:13:58,000 --> 01:14:01,800
could not have articulated. 
The church of Saint Remi stood 

1327
01:14:01,800 --> 01:14:04,600
near the center. 
It stonewall's familiar from 

1328
01:14:04,600 --> 01:14:07,800
early as childhood. 
It's Belle marking the hours in 

1329
01:14:07,800 --> 01:14:09,600
a rhythm. 
She had absorbed before she 

1330
01:14:09,600 --> 01:14:13,000
could count. 
The house of Don, Remy clustered

1331
01:14:13,000 --> 01:14:16,400
along the river in the way that 
farming Community is always have

1332
01:14:16,400 --> 01:14:20,600
close enough for Mutual support.
Spread enough for the animals 

1333
01:14:20,600 --> 01:14:23,100
and the garden plots that 
sustained each household. 

1334
01:14:24,200 --> 01:14:26,800
There were perhaps 200 people 
living there during Jones, 

1335
01:14:26,800 --> 01:14:30,300
childhood enough to form a 
genuine Community with his own, 

1336
01:14:30,300 --> 01:14:33,700
internal politics, its own 
stories about what, which 

1337
01:14:33,708 --> 01:14:37,500
families had disputes going back
to before anyone living, could 

1338
01:14:37,500 --> 01:14:40,300
remember the origin. 
She knew all of them. 

1339
01:14:41,100 --> 01:14:44,200
She knew their names and their 
animals and the particular sound

1340
01:14:44,200 --> 01:14:46,600
of their footsteps on the packed
dirt path. 

1341
01:14:46,600 --> 01:14:50,200
That ran through the center of 
the village this kind of knowing

1342
01:14:50,200 --> 01:14:54,400
accumulated quietly over years 
is the foundation of the 

1343
01:14:54,400 --> 01:14:57,600
observational intelligence. 
She would carry into much larger

1344
01:14:57,600 --> 01:15:01,800
and more consequential rooms. 
Autumn in the Meuse Valley, had 

1345
01:15:01,800 --> 01:15:05,100
a particular quality. 
The light came in at a low angle

1346
01:15:05,100 --> 01:15:07,200
and turned the river. 
Silver for about an hour each 

1347
01:15:07,200 --> 01:15:09,600
morning. 
The fields were harvested in 

1348
01:15:09,608 --> 01:15:14,000
stages, each crop pulled in 
before the cold arrived and the 

1349
01:15:14,000 --> 01:15:17,300
smell of turned soil and wood. 
Smoke settled over the village, 

1350
01:15:17,300 --> 01:15:19,000
like a second layer of 
atmosphere. 

1351
01:15:20,400 --> 01:15:23,900
Winter arrived, abruptly and 
stayed a long time and the 

1352
01:15:23,908 --> 01:15:26,900
community Drew inward in the way
that communities do, when the 

1353
01:15:26,908 --> 01:15:30,100
roads become difficult and the 
neighboring Village three miles 

1354
01:15:30,100 --> 01:15:34,700
away might as well be 30. 
People gathered told stories 

1355
01:15:34,700 --> 01:15:39,100
debated, the news that arrived 
with Travelers argued about 

1356
01:15:39,100 --> 01:15:43,000
local matters that would have 
seen small from any distance but

1357
01:15:43,000 --> 01:15:46,600
when were not small when you 
lived in them Jonah absorbed all

1358
01:15:46,600 --> 01:15:49,800
of it she absorbed the way 
winter argument, sounded 

1359
01:15:49,800 --> 01:15:54,400
different from Summer ones, more
careful more contained because 

1360
01:15:54,400 --> 01:15:56,200
there was no way to walk off 
afterward. 

1361
01:15:56,200 --> 01:15:58,900
She absorbed the way her mother 
organized. 

1362
01:15:58,900 --> 01:16:02,100
The household to make a 
difficult season film managed 

1363
01:16:02,100 --> 01:16:06,300
rather than merely endured she 
absorbed the rhythm of the 

1364
01:16:06,308 --> 01:16:09,600
church as a structure within 
which the chaos of weather and 

1365
01:16:09,600 --> 01:16:15,400
War and illness could be held, 
not resolved, but held Dommy 

1366
01:16:15,400 --> 01:16:17,700
occupied a politically 
uncomfortable position. 

1367
01:16:18,900 --> 01:16:21,800
The Village sat right on the 
boundary between territory. 

1368
01:16:21,800 --> 01:16:26,100
Loyal to the French crown and 
lands held by The Burgundian 

1369
01:16:26,100 --> 01:16:29,300
faction which had Allied itself 
formally with England. 

1370
01:16:30,400 --> 01:16:33,300
Loyalty in that part of the 
country was often a matter of 

1371
01:16:33,300 --> 01:16:36,700
geography, rather than deeply 
examined conviction and the 

1372
01:16:36,700 --> 01:16:40,300
consequences were not abstract. 
They arrived in the form of 

1373
01:16:40,308 --> 01:16:44,100
soldiers passing through without
explanation livestock that 

1374
01:16:44,100 --> 01:16:48,000
disappeared overnight and the 
particular quality of Silence a 

1375
01:16:48,000 --> 01:16:51,100
community maintains. 
When it is trying not to attract

1376
01:16:51,100 --> 01:16:52,700
attention from the wrong 
direction. 

1377
01:16:52,700 --> 01:16:56,600
The 100 Years War, a name 
assigned later by historians, 

1378
01:16:56,600 --> 01:16:58,400
who had the luxury of knowing 
when it would end. 

1379
01:16:59,300 --> 01:17:02,500
Had been grinding through 
France, since 1337. 

1380
01:17:03,800 --> 01:17:07,400
It had begun as a dispute over 
the French throne and played out

1381
01:17:07,400 --> 01:17:11,200
across Generations as a slow 
dismantling of everything France

1382
01:17:11,200 --> 01:17:13,100
at assumed was permanent about 
itself. 

1383
01:17:14,800 --> 01:17:18,400
By the time, Joe was growing up 
in domrey the conflicted out 

1384
01:17:18,400 --> 01:17:21,900
lasted her grandparents. 
There was no clear sign, it 

1385
01:17:21,900 --> 01:17:25,600
would not Outlast her as well. 
The defining disaster of her 

1386
01:17:25,600 --> 01:17:28,600
early childhood arrived in 
October 1415 at the Battle of 

1387
01:17:28,608 --> 01:17:31,000
Adrian Court, the English King 
Henry. 

1388
01:17:31,000 --> 01:17:33,600
The 5th had achieved their what 
military historians. 

1389
01:17:33,600 --> 01:17:35,300
Still find slightly puzzling to 
fully. 

1390
01:17:35,300 --> 01:17:38,300
Explain. 
His army was exhausted under 

1391
01:17:38,300 --> 01:17:41,800
supplied and considerably 
outnumbered by a French Force 

1392
01:17:41,800 --> 01:17:43,800
drawn largely from the country's
nobility. 

1393
01:17:44,800 --> 01:17:48,200
What followed was a catastrophic
French defeat in a single 

1394
01:17:48,200 --> 01:17:50,700
afternoon caused by muddy 
ground. 

1395
01:17:50,700 --> 01:17:54,500
The English use of longbowmen 
and the kind of overconfidence 

1396
01:17:54,500 --> 01:17:57,600
that tends to be invisible to 
its practitioners right up until

1397
01:17:57,600 --> 01:17:58,600
the moment. 
It is not. 

1398
01:17:59,600 --> 01:18:03,400
The defeat open the door to the 
Treaty of Troy's in 1420. 

1399
01:18:03,400 --> 01:18:07,500
A document that a mounted to 
France formally agreeing to its 

1400
01:18:07,500 --> 01:18:10,700
own disappearance. 
Under its terms, the French 

1401
01:18:10,700 --> 01:18:14,300
King, Charles the sixth, who was
suffering from severe episodes 

1402
01:18:14,300 --> 01:18:17,300
of mental illness, and may not 
have fully understood, what he 

1403
01:18:17,308 --> 01:18:21,600
was signing disinherited, his 
own son and named the English 

1404
01:18:21,600 --> 01:18:23,400
king, as heir to the French 
throne. 

1405
01:18:24,500 --> 01:18:26,300
The dolphin Charles was left 
wandering. 

1406
01:18:26,300 --> 01:18:28,500
The southern regions with a 
fractured Court. 

1407
01:18:28,500 --> 01:18:33,000
Uncertain Finance is an enemies 
who referred to him as the king 

1408
01:18:33,000 --> 01:18:35,700
of borj. 
It was appointed joke about how 

1409
01:18:35,700 --> 01:18:38,600
little territory. 
He convincingly, controlled and 

1410
01:18:38,600 --> 01:18:41,800
the joke had a sharp edge. 
He had not been crowned at 

1411
01:18:41,800 --> 01:18:45,900
reams. in the symbolic language 
of medieval French King ship 

1412
01:18:45,900 --> 01:18:49,700
this mattered deeply Reams was 
where French Kings received 

1413
01:18:49,700 --> 01:18:53,300
consecration, where ceremony 
confirmed, what Bertha loan 

1414
01:18:53,300 --> 01:18:56,900
could not fully establish. 
Without that ceremony his 

1415
01:18:56,900 --> 01:19:00,200
authority remained permanently 
contestable and his enemies 

1416
01:19:00,200 --> 01:19:03,100
contested, it often. 
And with considerable energy, 

1417
01:19:04,200 --> 01:19:06,900
Joan did not process any of this
in political terms. 

1418
01:19:06,900 --> 01:19:09,600
She absorbed it. 
The way children in difficult. 

1419
01:19:09,600 --> 01:19:13,200
Places always do through what? 
Adults, try not to say in front 

1420
01:19:13,200 --> 01:19:15,100
of them, but fail to hide 
entirely. 

1421
01:19:16,100 --> 01:19:19,100
Her father's expression when 
Travelers arrived with news. 

1422
01:19:19,900 --> 01:19:22,700
The slight extra weight in her 
mother's evening prayers. 

1423
01:19:22,700 --> 01:19:27,200
The awareness felt rather than 
argued that something in the 

1424
01:19:27,200 --> 01:19:31,300
world was badly out of place and
had been for a very long time. 

1425
01:19:31,300 --> 01:19:35,500
She attended mass at the church 
of sent to Remy a modest Stone 

1426
01:19:35,500 --> 01:19:38,100
building where prayers have been
accumulating in the walls for 

1427
01:19:38,100 --> 01:19:41,200
Generations the way cold 
accumulates and stone floors. 

1428
01:19:42,000 --> 01:19:45,300
she developed even before 
adolescents, a reputation for 

1429
01:19:45,300 --> 01:19:48,000
religious seriousness that 
exceeded what her neighbors 

1430
01:19:48,000 --> 01:19:51,400
considered standard her friends 
attended Mass because it was 

1431
01:19:51,400 --> 01:19:54,400
required. 
Jon attended and then remained 

1432
01:19:54,400 --> 01:19:57,300
after the others had gone, her 
friend said their prayers before

1433
01:19:57,300 --> 01:20:00,200
sleep. 
Joined by her own later account 

1434
01:20:00,200 --> 01:20:03,300
said, hers repeatedly. 
And with a quality of attention 

1435
01:20:03,300 --> 01:20:05,300
that the rest of her day could 
not match. 

1436
01:20:06,500 --> 01:20:09,500
This was not the narrow 
contracted piety of someone 

1437
01:20:09,500 --> 01:20:13,700
running from something. 
She played she ran through the 

1438
01:20:13,700 --> 01:20:18,000
fields on feast days new, every 
animal in her father's Care by 

1439
01:20:18,000 --> 01:20:22,000
individual temperament and had 
firm opinions about which Saints

1440
01:20:22,000 --> 01:20:25,600
feast days made the best 
occasions for being outside with

1441
01:20:25,600 --> 01:20:29,000
friends at the edge of the woods
near Donnie East, stood a large 

1442
01:20:29,008 --> 01:20:32,400
oak tree that The Village's 
called the latest tree or 

1443
01:20:32,400 --> 01:20:35,800
sometimes the fairies tree where
children dance on certain, feast

1444
01:20:35,800 --> 01:20:38,200
days and hung garland, from the 
lower branches. 

1445
01:20:39,200 --> 01:20:42,500
Joan went there, too. 
She confirmed this detail later 

1446
01:20:42,500 --> 01:20:45,800
under sustained and unfriendly, 
questioning by people hoping it 

1447
01:20:45,800 --> 01:20:48,900
would incriminate her, adding 
firmly that she had never 

1448
01:20:48,900 --> 01:20:52,700
personally had anything to do 
with any fairies and found the 

1449
01:20:52,700 --> 01:20:55,400
repeated suggestion entirely 
unnecessary. 

1450
01:20:56,200 --> 01:20:58,500
Her Village was raided. 
At least once during her 

1451
01:20:58,500 --> 01:21:03,300
childhood, Cattle were taken the
family sheltered in a larger 

1452
01:21:03,300 --> 01:21:06,600
nearby town until the situation 
stabilized enough to return, 

1453
01:21:06,600 --> 01:21:09,900
Joan remembered this. 
Not as a story, she told at 

1454
01:21:09,900 --> 01:21:13,500
Gatherings, but as a physical 
impression, The absence of 

1455
01:21:13,500 --> 01:21:16,300
familiar things, the 
interruption of the orderly 

1456
01:21:16,300 --> 01:21:19,900
World, a farming family builds 
through small decisions, 

1457
01:21:19,900 --> 01:21:23,600
accumulated over years. 
The cattle came back eventually 

1458
01:21:23,600 --> 01:21:27,000
but the kind of certainty that 
goes with them when they are 

1459
01:21:27,000 --> 01:21:29,200
taken, does not always return at
the same pace. 

1460
01:21:30,400 --> 01:21:33,500
By her early teens, she was 
known in dominar me as a serious

1461
01:21:33,500 --> 01:21:36,800
and capable girl, with an 
unusual quality of focused 

1462
01:21:36,800 --> 01:21:41,000
attention, a generosity toward 
a, neighbor's in need, and a 

1463
01:21:41,000 --> 01:21:43,300
willingness to sit quietly with 
her own thoughts. 

1464
01:21:43,300 --> 01:21:47,700
When other children her age were
doing anything, but She prayed 

1465
01:21:47,700 --> 01:21:51,400
more than her peers. 
She stayed in church longer. 

1466
01:21:52,200 --> 01:21:54,700
She noticed things that other 
people walk past without 

1467
01:21:54,700 --> 01:21:58,100
slowing. 
She was not yet a Visionary or 

1468
01:21:58,100 --> 01:22:00,900
if she was she had not yet found
the language for what was 

1469
01:22:00,900 --> 01:22:04,700
beginning inside her. 
That was about to change in the 

1470
01:22:04,700 --> 01:22:06,900
garden. 
It was a summer afternoon 

1471
01:22:06,900 --> 01:22:12,200
sometime around the year 1425, 
and Joan was approximately 13 

1472
01:22:12,200 --> 01:22:14,800
years old. 
She was in her father's Garden 

1473
01:22:14,800 --> 01:22:18,200
which by her later account, was 
where she'd been on several 

1474
01:22:18,200 --> 01:22:20,000
unremarkable days. 
Before this one. 

1475
01:22:20,800 --> 01:22:23,900
She did not describe herself as 
being in an elevated State. 

1476
01:22:23,900 --> 01:22:28,400
She was not fasting, not in the 
middle of prayer, not engaged in

1477
01:22:28,400 --> 01:22:32,200
any of the dramatic preparations
that religious experience tends 

1478
01:22:32,200 --> 01:22:36,400
to get a signed in retrospect. 
She was simply standing there in

1479
01:22:36,400 --> 01:22:39,200
the ordinary warmth of a 
Lorraine afternoon when 

1480
01:22:39,200 --> 01:22:42,500
everything changed. 
What she heard or felt or 

1481
01:22:42,500 --> 01:22:46,100
perceived she described in her 
later trial testimony with a 

1482
01:22:46,100 --> 01:22:49,700
careful Precision that suggests 
she spent years looking for the 

1483
01:22:49,700 --> 01:22:52,300
right words before she was 
forced to use them in public. 

1484
01:22:53,300 --> 01:22:56,900
He said there was a voice. 
She said a great light came with

1485
01:22:56,900 --> 01:22:59,400
it, arriving from the direction 
of the church. 

1486
01:23:00,300 --> 01:23:03,200
She said she was frightened the 
first time and then less 

1487
01:23:03,200 --> 01:23:05,600
frightened, and then not 
frightened at all. 

1488
01:23:06,500 --> 01:23:09,800
He said the voice told her to be
good and to attend church often 

1489
01:23:09,800 --> 01:23:13,700
and that guidance would come the
voice identified itself over 

1490
01:23:13,700 --> 01:23:16,900
subsequent visits as Saint 
Michael, the Archangel who 

1491
01:23:16,900 --> 01:23:19,400
occupied a particular place in 
the popular religious 

1492
01:23:19,400 --> 01:23:23,100
imagination of medieval France 
as the protector of the kingdom,

1493
01:23:23,100 --> 01:23:25,600
and the guardian of French Royal
destiny. 

1494
01:23:26,600 --> 01:23:28,400
The connection was not 
arbitrary. 

1495
01:23:29,100 --> 01:23:32,200
Sent Michael's pilgrimage site 
at Mont Saint-Michel had become 

1496
01:23:32,200 --> 01:23:36,300
over the preceding Century, a 
symbol of French Resistance to 

1497
01:23:36,300 --> 01:23:40,100
English claims, a place that had
never fallen to English forces. 

1498
01:23:40,100 --> 01:23:42,700
And who significance was widely 
understood? 

1499
01:23:43,700 --> 01:23:46,100
For Joan growing up in a 
Borderland village, where the 

1500
01:23:46,100 --> 01:23:47,900
English presence was not an 
abstraction. 

1501
01:23:47,900 --> 01:23:50,500
The identity of this particular 
voice. 

1502
01:23:50,500 --> 01:23:54,300
Carried specific, weight later, 
voices, brought the presences of

1503
01:23:54,300 --> 01:23:57,600
Saint Catherine of Alexandria 
and Saint Margaret of Antioch. 

1504
01:23:57,600 --> 01:24:02,300
Both widely venerated across 
France, both associated in the 

1505
01:24:02,300 --> 01:24:06,100
popular tradition, with the kind
of Courage that holds firm under

1506
01:24:06,100 --> 01:24:08,900
extreme pressure. 
And with the specific strength 

1507
01:24:08,900 --> 01:24:12,200
required, to maintain a position
when powerful people are 

1508
01:24:12,200 --> 01:24:16,200
demanding you abandoned it. 
The combination was in 

1509
01:24:16,200 --> 01:24:20,300
retrospect, an accurate for cast
of exactly what she would need. 

1510
01:24:21,300 --> 01:24:22,900
Joan kept all of this to 
herself. 

1511
01:24:22,900 --> 01:24:27,000
She told nobody. 
She went about her daily life. 

1512
01:24:27,000 --> 01:24:31,400
Tended, the animals helped her 
mother with the house attended 

1513
01:24:31,400 --> 01:24:35,200
mass and let the voice is settle
into the rhythm of her days 

1514
01:24:35,200 --> 01:24:37,500
without making them a matter of 
public discussion. 

1515
01:24:39,100 --> 01:24:42,800
This lasted for several years. 
The gap between her first 

1516
01:24:42,800 --> 01:24:45,700
experience, and the moment she 
began acting on what she was 

1517
01:24:45,700 --> 01:24:49,200
hearing is one of the more 
quietly remarkable details in 

1518
01:24:49,200 --> 01:24:52,200
her entire story. 
It is the detail of someone who 

1519
01:24:52,200 --> 01:24:55,600
listened for a long time before 
deciding to move, which is not, 

1520
01:24:55,600 --> 01:24:58,400
usually, how Visionaries are 
depicted in popular imagination,

1521
01:24:58,400 --> 01:25:02,300
but which was in Jones case 
demonstrably. 

1522
01:25:02,300 --> 01:25:06,500
True. those years were not 
passive years, she was watching,

1523
01:25:07,900 --> 01:25:10,500
The news from across France 
continued to be bad. 

1524
01:25:10,500 --> 01:25:14,600
English forces extended their 
Holdings towns. 

1525
01:25:14,600 --> 01:25:17,200
That had been French for 
Generations changed hands. 

1526
01:25:17,200 --> 01:25:21,000
The do files Court in the South 
remained in the comfortable, 

1527
01:25:21,000 --> 01:25:24,200
holding pattern of Institutions 
that have accepted reduced 

1528
01:25:24,200 --> 01:25:28,400
expectations. 
The voices continued and Joan 

1529
01:25:28,400 --> 01:25:31,500
continued to carry them in 
silence like something too 

1530
01:25:31,500 --> 01:25:34,600
valuable and too strange to 
share before the time was right.

1531
01:25:35,800 --> 01:25:37,700
What does it feel like to spend 
years? 

1532
01:25:37,700 --> 01:25:39,600
Listening to something nobody 
else can hear? 

1533
01:25:39,600 --> 01:25:42,600
And to be absolutely certain of 
what it is asking. 

1534
01:25:43,800 --> 01:25:46,900
Joan never described her in a 
life In terms that would satisfy

1535
01:25:46,900 --> 01:25:49,800
a modern reader looking for 
cycle complexity. 

1536
01:25:50,600 --> 01:25:52,700
She described the voices as 
bringing Comfort. 

1537
01:25:52,700 --> 01:25:55,700
She described the light that 
came with them as something she 

1538
01:25:55,700 --> 01:25:58,800
looked forward to. 
She did not describe doubt about

1539
01:25:58,808 --> 01:26:01,600
their nature though. 
She acknowledged when asked 

1540
01:26:01,600 --> 01:26:04,400
directly that she prayed that 
what she was hearing was 

1541
01:26:04,400 --> 01:26:07,200
genuinely good and not a 
deception. 

1542
01:26:07,200 --> 01:26:10,700
The question of how she 
maintained that certainty across

1543
01:26:10,700 --> 01:26:14,400
years of ordinary Farm Life in a
border Village during a war, is 

1544
01:26:14,400 --> 01:26:17,100
won the trial, records. 
Cannot fully answer. 

1545
01:26:18,100 --> 01:26:22,000
The voices grew more specific 
over time more urgent. 

1546
01:26:22,800 --> 01:26:26,800
They told her gradually and with
increasing Precision, what she 

1547
01:26:26,800 --> 01:26:30,200
was supposed to do. 
She was to drive the English out

1548
01:26:30,200 --> 01:26:33,600
of France, she was to bring the 
dough for Charles to rare to be 

1549
01:26:33,608 --> 01:26:35,900
properly. 
Crowned she was to restore 

1550
01:26:35,900 --> 01:26:38,700
France to itself. 
These were not modest 

1551
01:26:38,700 --> 01:26:41,600
instructions. 
Joan listened. 

1552
01:26:42,100 --> 01:26:43,600
She did not dismiss what she 
heard. 

1553
01:26:44,500 --> 01:26:47,000
But she also did not immediately
announced it to the nearest 

1554
01:26:47,000 --> 01:26:49,800
available authority. 
Figure she sat with it for 

1555
01:26:49,800 --> 01:26:53,700
years, testing it in her own 
mind, watching the world around 

1556
01:26:53,700 --> 01:26:58,100
her, observing the continuing 
progress of the war and the 

1557
01:26:58,100 --> 01:27:01,500
continuing absence of any French
King, who could actually unite 

1558
01:27:01,500 --> 01:27:05,300
the country against it. 
It is worth pausing here to 

1559
01:27:05,300 --> 01:27:08,300
consider who she was when the 
voices first arrived. 

1560
01:27:09,000 --> 01:27:12,200
She was not a night. 
She was not the daughter of a 

1561
01:27:12,200 --> 01:27:15,200
night. 
She was not a trained soldier, a

1562
01:27:15,200 --> 01:27:17,900
trained administrator or a 
trained theologian. 

1563
01:27:18,800 --> 01:27:23,600
She had no weapons, no 
institutional backing, no formal

1564
01:27:23,600 --> 01:27:27,700
education of any kind. 
She was a farming girl from a 

1565
01:27:27,700 --> 01:27:30,500
village that most people in 
Paris had never heard of in a 

1566
01:27:30,500 --> 01:27:33,600
country that had been trying and
failing for decades to solve the

1567
01:27:33,600 --> 01:27:35,900
exact problem. 
The voices were assigning to her

1568
01:27:35,900 --> 01:27:40,100
and yet the voice is kept 
arriving summer afternoons and 

1569
01:27:40,100 --> 01:27:43,200
winter Mornings in the field and
near the church. 

1570
01:27:43,200 --> 01:27:47,600
She described them consistently 
as coming with light and with a 

1571
01:27:47,600 --> 01:27:52,100
quality of authority that she 
found impossible to dismiss, not

1572
01:27:52,100 --> 01:27:55,600
because she was naive about the 
possibility of deception, but 

1573
01:27:55,600 --> 01:27:58,900
because each appearance carried 
the same specific Clarity. 

1574
01:27:58,900 --> 01:28:03,400
The same recognizable quality 
and moved in the same direction.

1575
01:28:04,500 --> 01:28:08,200
The Medieval World was full of 
visionary claims and the church 

1576
01:28:08,200 --> 01:28:11,200
had established careful 
processes for evaluating them. 

1577
01:28:12,500 --> 01:28:15,500
Both genuine spiritual 
experience and sincere but 

1578
01:28:15,500 --> 01:28:19,900
misdirected enthusiasm existed 
in the records and separating 

1579
01:28:19,900 --> 01:28:23,400
them required attention. 
What made Jones situation? 

1580
01:28:23,400 --> 01:28:27,600
Unusual was not the Divine 
guidance itself, which was not 

1581
01:28:27,600 --> 01:28:31,300
unprecedented among women 
Mystics of her Century but the 

1582
01:28:31,300 --> 01:28:34,700
specific practical military 
nature of what she was being 

1583
01:28:34,700 --> 01:28:37,900
asked to do. 
Other Visionaries of hero were 

1584
01:28:37,900 --> 01:28:42,400
asked to pray to fast to care 
for the sick to write down their

1585
01:28:42,400 --> 01:28:44,800
experiences for the benefit of 
later readers. 

1586
01:28:45,600 --> 01:28:49,100
Joan was being asked to lead 
armies, the voices continued 

1587
01:28:49,100 --> 01:28:52,500
through her, adolescence growing
more specific and more urgent as

1588
01:28:52,500 --> 01:28:54,200
the military situation in 
France. 

1589
01:28:54,200 --> 01:28:57,300
Deteriorated. 
By 1428. 

1590
01:28:57,300 --> 01:29:01,200
When Jon was about 16, the city 
of Orleans had come under 

1591
01:29:01,200 --> 01:29:04,000
English seed. 
Orleans was a crucial City. 

1592
01:29:04,000 --> 01:29:06,900
On the Noir, the point where the
English Advanced toward the 

1593
01:29:06,900 --> 01:29:09,000
doors. 
Remaining territory could be 

1594
01:29:09,000 --> 01:29:12,200
most, effectively stopped, or 
most effectively continued. 

1595
01:29:13,300 --> 01:29:18,300
If Ally off fell the road South 
was open if Ally unhail'd so did

1596
01:29:18,300 --> 01:29:19,800
the possibility of a French 
recovery? 

1597
01:29:21,200 --> 01:29:23,400
The voices told Jones that Alan 
needed her. 

1598
01:29:24,200 --> 01:29:26,900
She began for the first time to 
speak about what she had been 

1599
01:29:26,900 --> 01:29:32,400
hearing. her father did not take
it well, According to accounts 

1600
01:29:32,400 --> 01:29:35,800
Gather in the rehabilitation 
trial conducted decades after 

1601
01:29:35,800 --> 01:29:38,400
her death. 
He told her brothers that if she

1602
01:29:38,400 --> 01:29:41,700
tried to leave home with a group
of soldiers, they should drown 

1603
01:29:41,700 --> 01:29:45,000
her rather than allow it. 
This is either a measure of how 

1604
01:29:45,000 --> 01:29:48,700
seriously he took what she was 
proposing or reflection of the 

1605
01:29:48,700 --> 01:29:53,100
range of Parental responses 
available in 15th century, rural

1606
01:29:53,100 --> 01:29:56,100
France. 
It was not by any generous 

1607
01:29:56,100 --> 01:29:59,400
reading and encouraging start to
what would become one of the 

1608
01:29:59,400 --> 01:30:01,600
most consequential careers of 
the century. 

1609
01:30:02,500 --> 01:30:05,300
Jones conviction in what she 
was, hearing was not diminished 

1610
01:30:05,300 --> 01:30:08,000
by the difficulty of getting 
anyone to help her act on it. 

1611
01:30:08,800 --> 01:30:12,500
She found in a distant cousin 
named durin Leisure someone 

1612
01:30:12,500 --> 01:30:16,600
willing to take her to the 
nearby town of a royal Garrison 

1613
01:30:16,600 --> 01:30:22,300
was stationed under the command 
of a captain named Robert Kaur 

1614
01:30:22,300 --> 01:30:23,900
was a practical man with a 
soldiers. 

1615
01:30:23,900 --> 01:30:27,100
Instinct for what was and was 
not a workable proposition. 

1616
01:30:28,600 --> 01:30:31,100
When Jonah arrived at his door 
and informed him, that she 

1617
01:30:31,100 --> 01:30:33,400
needed an escort to take her to 
the dofa. 

1618
01:30:33,400 --> 01:30:37,400
Because she had been sent to say
France his response was to tell 

1619
01:30:37,400 --> 01:30:39,900
her relative to take her home 
and give her a good slap. 

1620
01:30:40,800 --> 01:30:44,200
Came back the following year, 
persistence is not always a 

1621
01:30:44,200 --> 01:30:47,800
virtue but in Jones case it had 
a specific and difficult to 

1622
01:30:47,800 --> 01:30:52,200
dismiss quality. 
She returned to vocu lure in 

1623
01:30:52,200 --> 01:30:57,000
January of 1429 asked again and 
remained in the town waiting for

1624
01:30:57,000 --> 01:31:01,100
an answer. people in vocular 
began to notice her, they talked

1625
01:31:01,100 --> 01:31:04,700
with her, A few of them 
cautiously and slightly to their

1626
01:31:04,700 --> 01:31:07,600
own surprise started to believe 
she might be what she claimed to

1627
01:31:07,608 --> 01:31:10,600
be. 
What changed the Boudreaux cause

1628
01:31:10,608 --> 01:31:13,800
mind is not entirely clear from 
the surviving records. 

1629
01:31:14,600 --> 01:31:17,200
Part of it may have been the 
news arriving around this time 

1630
01:31:17,200 --> 01:31:21,000
of another French military 
disaster near the town of rouge 

1631
01:31:21,000 --> 01:31:24,500
a battle that came to be called 
The Battle of the herrings in 

1632
01:31:24,500 --> 01:31:26,000
the summer. 
What undignified way? 

1633
01:31:26,000 --> 01:31:28,900
That many medieval engagements 
received their names? 

1634
01:31:29,700 --> 01:31:32,700
The French had attempted to 
intercept an English Supply 

1635
01:31:32,700 --> 01:31:37,200
Convoy carrying Provisions that 
included salt, fish for Lent and

1636
01:31:37,200 --> 01:31:40,700
had been rooted in the attempt 
when France was losing battles 

1637
01:31:40,700 --> 01:31:43,400
against fish deliveries. 
Perhaps a girl from a River. 

1638
01:31:43,400 --> 01:31:45,200
Village was not the worst option
remaining. 

1639
01:31:46,800 --> 01:31:48,500
The boat record gave her an 
escort. 

1640
01:31:49,200 --> 01:31:52,200
He sent her to Chino with a 
small group of soldiers and a 

1641
01:31:52,200 --> 01:31:55,900
safe conduct letter. 
Before she left, he gave her a 

1642
01:31:55,900 --> 01:31:59,100
sword. 
Joan cut her hair, short dressed

1643
01:31:59,100 --> 01:32:01,500
in men's clothing, for the 
journey as the voices had 

1644
01:32:01,500 --> 01:32:06,400
instructed and began the 11-day 
ride to country that was partly 

1645
01:32:06,400 --> 01:32:09,100
controlled by people who would 
have found her presence. 

1646
01:32:09,100 --> 01:32:13,300
Extremely inconvenient. 
She arrived in the late February

1647
01:32:13,300 --> 01:32:16,400
of 1429. 
She was 17 years old. 

1648
01:32:16,400 --> 01:32:21,200
The journey to chinon was 
roughly 350 miles through a 

1649
01:32:21,200 --> 01:32:23,700
landscape that could not 
honestly be called safe. 

1650
01:32:24,800 --> 01:32:27,600
Joan and her escort traveled 
mostly at night to avoid 

1651
01:32:27,600 --> 01:32:30,400
Burgundian. 
Patrols crossing rivers at 

1652
01:32:30,400 --> 01:32:33,900
obscure Fords and moving through
the kind of Countryside where 

1653
01:32:33,900 --> 01:32:37,000
Travelers are registered and 
remembered without anyone 

1654
01:32:37,000 --> 01:32:40,300
intending to cause harm, they 
slept in what cover they could 

1655
01:32:40,300 --> 01:32:42,900
find. 
They moved through the cold of a

1656
01:32:42,900 --> 01:32:45,300
French February, with the 
urgency of people who understood

1657
01:32:45,300 --> 01:32:49,500
what capture would mean. 
She arrived intact which was not

1658
01:32:49,500 --> 01:32:53,100
guaranteed when they Departed. 
Sheon was the current seat of 

1659
01:32:53,108 --> 01:32:57,500
the do fans uncertain Court. 
It sat above the vienne river on

1660
01:32:57,500 --> 01:33:00,900
a Rocky Ridge, in the law of 
Valley, it's Castle large enough

1661
01:33:00,900 --> 01:33:03,700
to House the full apparatus of a
court in Exile. 

1662
01:33:04,300 --> 01:33:09,600
Advisors clergy petitioners and 
nights with better Ambitions 

1663
01:33:09,600 --> 01:33:13,000
than prospects. 
The dolphin Charles was not by 

1664
01:33:13,000 --> 01:33:15,300
most contemporary accounts and 
inspiring figure. 

1665
01:33:16,200 --> 01:33:20,400
He was cautious suspicious and 
quietly aware that people who 

1666
01:33:20,400 --> 01:33:24,200
arrived claiming Divine 
Messengers for him 10 to fall in

1667
01:33:24,200 --> 01:33:27,600
to one of two categories. 
Neither of which had ended 

1668
01:33:27,600 --> 01:33:29,700
particularly well for previous 
examples. 

1669
01:33:30,700 --> 01:33:32,000
Word of Jones. 
Arrival. 

1670
01:33:32,000 --> 01:33:35,500
Proceeded her. 
The story was unusual enough 

1671
01:33:35,500 --> 01:33:39,000
that it traveled faster than she
did and the court debated 

1672
01:33:39,000 --> 01:33:42,300
whether to receive her at all. 
A theological examination, was 

1673
01:33:42,300 --> 01:33:45,400
conducted to determine whether 
she was Orthodox, which she 

1674
01:33:45,400 --> 01:33:48,200
passed. 
A physical examination was 

1675
01:33:48,200 --> 01:33:51,800
conducted to confirm. 
She was indeed a maiden. which 

1676
01:33:51,800 --> 01:33:54,700
seems a strange requirement in 
retrospect, but was apparently 

1677
01:33:54,700 --> 01:33:57,300
considered relevant to the 
question of whether her Divine 

1678
01:33:57,300 --> 01:34:00,900
commission was genuine she 
passed that examination as well 

1679
01:34:00,900 --> 01:34:04,200
with the kind of composed 
dignity, that suggested she had 

1680
01:34:04,200 --> 01:34:07,400
decided to find the whole 
process tedious rather than 

1681
01:34:07,400 --> 01:34:12,700
humiliating The famous scene of 
Joan, identifying the do fan 

1682
01:34:12,700 --> 01:34:16,000
among his courtiers as become. 
One of the most repeated moments

1683
01:34:16,000 --> 01:34:19,600
of her story. 
Documented in multiple accounts,

1684
01:34:19,600 --> 01:34:23,500
including the rehabilitation 
trial testimony, gathered 

1685
01:34:23,500 --> 01:34:27,100
decades after her death. 
Charles addressed himself as an 

1686
01:34:27,108 --> 01:34:30,400
ordinary nobleman and placed 
another man in the ceremonial 

1687
01:34:30,400 --> 01:34:33,300
position to see where the Joan 
would be deceived. 

1688
01:34:34,000 --> 01:34:37,200
She was not. 
She walked through the crowded 

1689
01:34:37,200 --> 01:34:40,800
Hall by passed the decoy 
entirely and found Charles in 

1690
01:34:40,800 --> 01:34:42,900
the crowd. 
Whether this happened with 

1691
01:34:42,900 --> 01:34:46,400
precisely, the dramatic Clarity,
that later accounts described is

1692
01:34:46,400 --> 01:34:48,900
something historians approach 
with appropriate caution. 

1693
01:34:49,900 --> 01:34:52,300
What is established is that John
met? 

1694
01:34:52,300 --> 01:34:55,400
The dough fan that the meeting 
was memorable enough to be 

1695
01:34:55,400 --> 01:34:59,800
recounted in detail by multiple 
Witnesses years afterward and 

1696
01:34:59,800 --> 01:35:02,200
that whatever she said to him in
the private audience, that 

1697
01:35:02,200 --> 01:35:04,800
followed produced a visible 
change in his manner. 

1698
01:35:05,900 --> 01:35:08,800
Contemporary accounts note that 
Charles emerged from their 

1699
01:35:08,800 --> 01:35:11,700
private conversation. 
Looking noticeably different 

1700
01:35:11,700 --> 01:35:15,500
than when he went in lighter in 
some quality that had been 

1701
01:35:15,508 --> 01:35:18,000
visible in him for years. 
What? 

1702
01:35:18,000 --> 01:35:20,800
She told him remained 
undisclosed in any surviving 

1703
01:35:20,800 --> 01:35:23,500
document. 
She referred afterward to having

1704
01:35:23,508 --> 01:35:27,400
shared a secret with him that 
only God could have known which 

1705
01:35:27,400 --> 01:35:30,700
is the kind of statement nearly 
impossible to evaluate across 

1706
01:35:30,700 --> 01:35:34,800
six centuries and which was 
probably not easy to evaluate at

1707
01:35:34,800 --> 01:35:37,700
the time either. 
What It produced was a 

1708
01:35:37,700 --> 01:35:40,000
willingness on Charles's part to
continue listening. 

1709
01:35:40,000 --> 01:35:44,600
The court was not uniformly, 
persuaded his advisors were a 

1710
01:35:44,600 --> 01:35:48,800
very group some with genuine 
concern for France and some with

1711
01:35:48,800 --> 01:35:52,200
sharper concern for their own 
positions within an arrangement.

1712
01:35:52,200 --> 01:35:55,700
That was at least stable in ways
that Victory and Recovery might 

1713
01:35:55,700 --> 01:35:58,000
unsettle. 
Several of them were deeply 

1714
01:35:58,000 --> 01:36:01,200
skeptical and would remain. 
So regardless of anything Jones 

1715
01:36:01,200 --> 01:36:05,000
said or demonstrated because the
cost of being wrong about her, 

1716
01:36:05,000 --> 01:36:08,600
in the direction of belief was 
considerably higher from a 

1717
01:36:08,600 --> 01:36:11,900
political perspective than the 
cost of being wrong in the 

1718
01:36:11,900 --> 01:36:15,400
direction of dismissal. 
She was sent to poetry to be 

1719
01:36:15,400 --> 01:36:18,300
examined again. 
This time by a panel of 

1720
01:36:18,300 --> 01:36:22,600
theologians and church officials
assembled specifically to assess

1721
01:36:22,600 --> 01:36:24,700
whether her Divine commission 
was credible. 

1722
01:36:25,800 --> 01:36:29,400
Examination lasted approximately
three weeks and covered her 

1723
01:36:29,400 --> 01:36:32,500
theology. 
A morals, her account of her 

1724
01:36:32,508 --> 01:36:35,700
visions and various other 
aspects of her claim and 

1725
01:36:35,700 --> 01:36:38,400
considerable detail. 
The surviving Poitier 

1726
01:36:38,400 --> 01:36:42,000
conclusions are incomplete but 
what remains suggests, she 

1727
01:36:42,000 --> 01:36:45,700
answered every question without 
hesitation and with a directness

1728
01:36:45,700 --> 01:36:48,600
that the examiners apparently 
found difficult to set aside. 

1729
01:36:50,200 --> 01:36:53,200
One Theologian reportedly 
observed that she gave answers 

1730
01:36:53,200 --> 01:36:55,300
to wise for a girl of her aging 
condition. 

1731
01:36:56,300 --> 01:36:58,900
This sounds like a compliment 
and may have been intended as 

1732
01:36:58,900 --> 01:37:01,800
one. 
Panel found no Harris and no 

1733
01:37:01,800 --> 01:37:04,200
deception. 
They recommended that the 

1734
01:37:04,200 --> 01:37:07,200
dolphin trustor at least with 
the specific task. 

1735
01:37:07,200 --> 01:37:10,300
She was claiming to be sent for 
she was given armor. 

1736
01:37:11,100 --> 01:37:14,100
She was given a small household 
to manage the Practical demands 

1737
01:37:14,100 --> 01:37:18,000
of a military campaign. 
She was given soldiers and she 

1738
01:37:18,000 --> 01:37:20,200
was given at her specific 
request. 

1739
01:37:20,200 --> 01:37:24,400
A banner that she described in 
detail to the Craftsman who made

1740
01:37:24,400 --> 01:37:27,600
it. 
White covered with lilies 

1741
01:37:27,600 --> 01:37:33,100
bearing, the names of Jesus and 
Mary exactly as the voices are 

1742
01:37:33,100 --> 01:37:36,200
described it to her. 
Carried this Banner throughout 

1743
01:37:36,200 --> 01:37:39,700
her campaigns and was more 
protective of it than of any 

1744
01:37:39,700 --> 01:37:42,500
weapon assigned to her. 
There is also the matter of the 

1745
01:37:42,508 --> 01:37:45,500
sword. 
Joan told those around her that 

1746
01:37:45,500 --> 01:37:48,300
a search should be conducted at 
the church of Saint Catherine, 

1747
01:37:48,300 --> 01:37:50,700
Dearborn. 
Where she said a sword was 

1748
01:37:50,700 --> 01:37:55,100
buried behind the altar. 
Search was conducted a sword was

1749
01:37:55,100 --> 01:37:58,400
found. 
Church confirmed its presence. 

1750
01:37:59,600 --> 01:38:03,200
This detail was reported widely 
at the time and has affected 

1751
01:38:03,200 --> 01:38:07,000
interpretations ranging from 
miraculous Discovery to the more

1752
01:38:07,000 --> 01:38:10,400
straightforward possibility that
she had heard of the sword from 

1753
01:38:10,400 --> 01:38:12,000
someone who had visited the 
church. 

1754
01:38:13,200 --> 01:38:15,400
Joan offered. 
No explanation Beyond stating 

1755
01:38:15,400 --> 01:38:17,100
that the voices are told her. 
It was there. 

1756
01:38:18,000 --> 01:38:19,000
What ever? 
It's origin. 

1757
01:38:19,000 --> 01:38:23,000
She had it. 
She had armor a banner soldiers 

1758
01:38:23,000 --> 01:38:26,500
and a commission from the only 
man in France with both the 

1759
01:38:26,500 --> 01:38:28,900
right to issue, such a 
commission and a powerful 

1760
01:38:28,900 --> 01:38:31,000
personal reason to hope it would
succeed. 

1761
01:38:32,000 --> 01:38:34,400
The Dolphins Court had not 
entirely believed her. 

1762
01:38:34,400 --> 01:38:38,300
It had more precisely decided 
that the situation in Allen was 

1763
01:38:38,308 --> 01:38:41,900
desperate enough that a 17 year 
old farmer's daughter with an 

1764
01:38:41,900 --> 01:38:46,000
unusual relationship to Divine 
guidance was worth trying, this 

1765
01:38:46,000 --> 01:38:49,100
is a fine distinction but it is 
an honest one. 

1766
01:38:49,900 --> 01:38:53,400
Jones set out for Orleans in 
late April of 1429. 

1767
01:38:54,300 --> 01:38:56,600
She was not given formal command
of the army. 

1768
01:38:57,200 --> 01:39:00,800
She was given something closer 
to an advisory and symbolic role

1769
01:39:00,800 --> 01:39:04,500
somewhere between a mascot and a
mascot who might actually know 

1770
01:39:04,500 --> 01:39:08,200
what she was doing. 
The distance between those two 

1771
01:39:08,200 --> 01:39:10,900
positions would become very 
clear very quickly. 

1772
01:39:10,900 --> 01:39:14,700
The people of Orleans came out 
to see her arrive by Torchlight 

1773
01:39:14,700 --> 01:39:18,700
on the night of April 29th. 
Contemporary accounts described 

1774
01:39:18,700 --> 01:39:20,700
the crowd pressing close to her 
horse. 

1775
01:39:20,700 --> 01:39:25,400
Reaching out to touch her armor.
She was a 17 year old girl from 

1776
01:39:25,400 --> 01:39:27,900
a village. 
Nobody had heard of and she had 

1777
01:39:27,900 --> 01:39:30,400
come to save a city that had 
been under siege for seven 

1778
01:39:30,400 --> 01:39:32,100
months with supplies running 
low. 

1779
01:39:32,100 --> 01:39:34,200
And no clear reason to expect 
Improvement. 

1780
01:39:34,200 --> 01:39:37,700
They came out in the dark to see
her, because they needed to see 

1781
01:39:37,700 --> 01:39:41,600
someone who was certain. 
She was that at least Orleans in

1782
01:39:41,600 --> 01:39:45,500
April of 1429 was a city that 
had been under English Siege 

1783
01:39:45,500 --> 01:39:49,600
since October of the previous 
year. 7 months of a seed is a 

1784
01:39:49,600 --> 01:39:53,400
particular kind of exhaustion. 
It is not the sharp exhaustion 

1785
01:39:53,400 --> 01:39:56,900
of a single battle, but the 
accumulated weight of a city 

1786
01:39:56,908 --> 01:40:00,200
that has been anxious for so 
long that anxiety stopped 

1787
01:40:00,200 --> 01:40:02,800
feeling like an event and 
started feeling like the normal 

1788
01:40:02,800 --> 01:40:06,200
condition of being alive. 
Supplies had been stretched. 

1789
01:40:06,200 --> 01:40:09,800
Moral have been managed 
carefully sorties against the 

1790
01:40:09,800 --> 01:40:12,300
English. 
Fortifications had been made and

1791
01:40:12,300 --> 01:40:14,200
had produced inconclusive 
results. 

1792
01:40:15,300 --> 01:40:19,200
The city was not yet Fallen, but
the trajectory was not pointing 

1793
01:40:19,200 --> 01:40:22,300
upward. 
The English besieging Force had 

1794
01:40:22,300 --> 01:40:25,400
constructed, a network of 
fortified towers and Earthworks 

1795
01:40:25,400 --> 01:40:28,900
around the city called Bastille 
from which they controlled 

1796
01:40:28,900 --> 01:40:32,000
movement in and out of all Leon 
while avoiding a direct assault 

1797
01:40:32,000 --> 01:40:35,200
on his walls. 
The approach was methodical and 

1798
01:40:35,200 --> 01:40:39,300
from an English strategic 
standpoint entirely sensible. 

1799
01:40:40,200 --> 01:40:41,600
Star of the city into 
submission. 

1800
01:40:41,600 --> 01:40:47,000
No dramatic heroics required. 
Patience and supply lines. 

1801
01:40:47,000 --> 01:40:51,600
And the slower arithmetic of who
runs out of food first, Joan 

1802
01:40:51,600 --> 01:40:55,400
spent her first days in Allen's 
in a man of that tends to get 

1803
01:40:55,400 --> 01:40:58,300
skipped over in the more 
dramatic retellings of a story. 

1804
01:40:58,300 --> 01:41:03,000
She prayed She studied the fort 
of occasions carefully. 

1805
01:41:03,000 --> 01:41:06,400
She spoke at length with the 
French military commanders about

1806
01:41:06,400 --> 01:41:10,400
strategy and she sent letters to
the English commanders calling 

1807
01:41:10,400 --> 01:41:14,600
on them to withdraw and warning 
them in specific and unambiguous

1808
01:41:14,600 --> 01:41:17,100
terms of what was coming if they
did not. 

1809
01:41:18,200 --> 01:41:21,500
The letters survived in partial 
form in the historical record 

1810
01:41:21,500 --> 01:41:23,400
and they are not diplomatic 
documents. 

1811
01:41:24,400 --> 01:41:27,400
They are written in the voice of
someone who has already decided,

1812
01:41:27,400 --> 01:41:31,300
how events are going to proceed 
and is extending the courtesy of

1813
01:41:31,300 --> 01:41:34,000
advanced. 
Notice the English commanders 

1814
01:41:34,000 --> 01:41:37,000
who received these letters were 
by contemporary accounts, not 

1815
01:41:37,000 --> 01:41:40,300
amused on reportedly. 
Sent back a response that was 

1816
01:41:40,300 --> 01:41:42,100
not suitable for a general 
audience. 

1817
01:41:42,100 --> 01:41:44,900
Joan received it without visible
distress. 

1818
01:41:45,700 --> 01:41:49,500
She also toured the city. 
She rode through the streets and

1819
01:41:49,500 --> 01:41:52,800
the people of Alan came out to 
see her passing close. 

1820
01:41:52,800 --> 01:41:56,200
Trying to catch a glimpse of 
this girl from Lorraine who had 

1821
01:41:56,208 --> 01:41:58,800
arrived with a banner and a 
reputation that had traveled 

1822
01:41:58,800 --> 01:42:03,300
fasted and she had They had been
under siege for seven months. 

1823
01:42:04,200 --> 01:42:05,900
They had been frightened for 
seven months. 

1824
01:42:06,800 --> 01:42:09,700
What Joan gave them in those 
first days was not a battle 

1825
01:42:09,708 --> 01:42:13,600
plan, it was something harder to
articulate and considerably more

1826
01:42:13,600 --> 01:42:16,200
necessary. 
The visible evidence that 

1827
01:42:16,200 --> 01:42:20,000
someone outside their situation 
believed without qualification, 

1828
01:42:20,000 --> 01:42:22,200
that the situation was going to 
change. 

1829
01:42:23,400 --> 01:42:26,100
This kind of confidence has a 
physical quality to it. 

1830
01:42:26,100 --> 01:42:31,500
You can feel it in a room or in 
a street, it moves from person 

1831
01:42:31,500 --> 01:42:36,400
to person, not through argument 
but through proximity Joan had 

1832
01:42:36,400 --> 01:42:39,800
it in a bundle's and the people 
of Orleans responded to it in 

1833
01:42:39,800 --> 01:42:42,000
the way that people who have 
been afraid for a very long 

1834
01:42:42,000 --> 01:42:44,800
time. 
Respond to the sudden presence 

1835
01:42:44,800 --> 01:42:46,700
of someone who is Not Afraid at 
all. 

1836
01:42:47,400 --> 01:42:51,000
The French Commander at Orleans 
was Yonder dunois, sometimes 

1837
01:42:51,000 --> 01:42:54,200
called the bastard of Orleans. 
An illegitimate son of the 

1838
01:42:54,200 --> 01:42:57,500
Orleans, Royal Line who been 
defending the city and who 

1839
01:42:57,500 --> 01:43:00,700
approached Jones arrival with 
the measured skepticism of an 

1840
01:43:00,700 --> 01:43:03,800
experienced professional 
encountering something outside 

1841
01:43:03,800 --> 01:43:07,300
his previous experience, He 
later became one of her most 

1842
01:43:07,300 --> 01:43:11,000
consistent supporters and his 
testimony at the rehabilitation 

1843
01:43:11,000 --> 01:43:14,700
trial decades. 
After her death provided, some 

1844
01:43:14,700 --> 01:43:17,600
of the most detailed, first-hand
accounts of what she was 

1845
01:43:17,600 --> 01:43:21,800
actually like in the field. 
He describes someone who argued 

1846
01:43:21,800 --> 01:43:23,900
forcefully for her tactical 
instincts. 

1847
01:43:23,900 --> 01:43:26,300
It was almost always, right? 
When she did. 

1848
01:43:26,300 --> 01:43:30,300
And who accepted the limits of 
her formal Authority, while 

1849
01:43:30,300 --> 01:43:32,100
working persistently against 
them. 

1850
01:43:33,100 --> 01:43:36,800
The first major engagement came 
on, May 4th French forces. 

1851
01:43:36,800 --> 01:43:39,000
Attacked the English 
fortification of Saint, Louis, 

1852
01:43:39,000 --> 01:43:43,500
on the Eastern side of the city 
in captured it Jones, precise 

1853
01:43:43,500 --> 01:43:45,700
role in this action, is 
described differently in 

1854
01:43:45,700 --> 01:43:48,600
different accounts. 
But what is consistent to cross 

1855
01:43:48,600 --> 01:43:52,800
all of them is that she was 
present visible and that her 

1856
01:43:52,800 --> 01:43:55,800
presence produced a measurable 
effect on the behavior of the 

1857
01:43:55,800 --> 01:43:58,900
troops around her. 
Carried her Banner throughout 

1858
01:43:58,900 --> 01:44:00,600
the fighting rather than a 
weapon. 

1859
01:44:00,600 --> 01:44:04,900
This was a deliberate choice. 
Not a practical limitation. 

1860
01:44:06,100 --> 01:44:09,100
She later confirmed that she 
preferred her Banner to a sword 

1861
01:44:09,100 --> 01:44:10,900
because she did not wish to kill
anyone. 

1862
01:44:11,800 --> 01:44:14,800
Statement that sounds strikingly
incongruous in a military 

1863
01:44:14,800 --> 01:44:18,500
setting, but that was consistent
with her documented Behavior 

1864
01:44:18,500 --> 01:44:21,000
across every engagement of her 
campaign. 

1865
01:44:21,800 --> 01:44:25,000
She was there for France. 
The voices are told her she was 

1866
01:44:25,000 --> 01:44:27,700
not there for the fighting 
itself and she kept that 

1867
01:44:27,700 --> 01:44:31,700
distinction clear in her own 
conduct, even when the fighting 

1868
01:44:31,700 --> 01:44:35,900
was happening directly around 
her on May 6th French forces 

1869
01:44:35,900 --> 01:44:38,500
attacked and captured. 
The fortification called lesser 

1870
01:44:38,500 --> 01:44:42,700
gustan Jon was wounded during 
the engagement struck in the 

1871
01:44:42,700 --> 01:44:46,200
foot by a piece of iron she 
continued fighting after the 

1872
01:44:46,200 --> 01:44:49,000
injury, the critical 
fortification of lateral. 

1873
01:44:49,000 --> 01:44:51,900
The English held Gatehouse 
controlling the bridge over the 

1874
01:44:51,900 --> 01:44:55,800
Loire fell on May 7th after a 
sustained assault that lasted 

1875
01:44:55,800 --> 01:44:59,200
through most of the day. 
During the assault, Jon was 

1876
01:44:59,200 --> 01:45:00,700
struck by an arrow in the 
shoulder. 

1877
01:45:00,700 --> 01:45:04,600
A wound, deep enough to require 
extraction which was 

1878
01:45:04,600 --> 01:45:07,900
accomplished without any form of
anesthetic by means that must 

1879
01:45:07,900 --> 01:45:11,100
have been excruciating. 
Contemporary accounts of this 

1880
01:45:11,100 --> 01:45:14,500
wound and her response to it are
among the most consistent 

1881
01:45:14,500 --> 01:45:18,200
details in the entire historical
record because multiple 

1882
01:45:18,200 --> 01:45:21,900
Witnesses who did not know each 
other's testimony described the 

1883
01:45:21,908 --> 01:45:26,000
same sequence, Joan wet briefly 
when the arrow was drawn out. 

1884
01:45:26,800 --> 01:45:30,300
He confirmed this detail herself
later without apology or 

1885
01:45:30,300 --> 01:45:33,800
embellishment. 
She then prayed, she then asked 

1886
01:45:33,800 --> 01:45:35,200
how much longer the assault 
would take. 

1887
01:45:35,200 --> 01:45:38,900
She then returned to the 
fighting the English abandoned 

1888
01:45:38,900 --> 01:45:41,700
laterale and retreated to cross 
the bridge that had held against

1889
01:45:41,700 --> 01:45:43,200
French attempts for seven 
months. 

1890
01:45:44,000 --> 01:45:46,700
On May 8th the English, 
commanders assembled, their 

1891
01:45:46,700 --> 01:45:49,900
remaining forces and offered 
battle in an open field outside 

1892
01:45:49,900 --> 01:45:52,500
the city walls. 
The French came out to meet 

1893
01:45:52,500 --> 01:45:54,500
them. 
The two armies faced each other 

1894
01:45:54,500 --> 01:45:56,800
across the field for 
approximately an hour in the 

1895
01:45:56,808 --> 01:45:59,900
flat light of the May morning, 
then the English with Drew 

1896
01:45:59,900 --> 01:46:03,900
leaving their Siege equipment, 
where it stood The siege of 

1897
01:46:03,908 --> 01:46:07,800
Orleans was over. 
It had lasted more than 200 days

1898
01:46:07,800 --> 01:46:11,800
and ended in nine. 
What happened at Orleans in 

1899
01:46:11,800 --> 01:46:15,500
those nine days in May 
production and significant shift

1900
01:46:15,500 --> 01:46:17,400
in the way. 
The wall was perceived on both 

1901
01:46:17,400 --> 01:46:22,100
sides, the French had been by 
any honest accounting of recent 

1902
01:46:22,100 --> 01:46:26,100
events, losing All the 
unchanged, the Tactical 

1903
01:46:26,100 --> 01:46:29,900
situation but it also changed 
something harder to measure and 

1904
01:46:29,900 --> 01:46:33,300
considerably, more important 
cities that have been quietly 

1905
01:46:33,300 --> 01:46:35,500
calculating. 
The terms of negotiated 

1906
01:46:35,500 --> 01:46:37,800
surrender, reconsidered their 
arithmetic. 

1907
01:46:38,700 --> 01:46:41,300
Soldiers who had been fighting 
with competence but without 

1908
01:46:41,300 --> 01:46:44,200
conviction found something in 
what had happened? 

1909
01:46:44,200 --> 01:46:46,600
That gave them a different 
quality of resolve. 

1910
01:46:47,300 --> 01:46:50,700
Jones specific contribution to 
the outcome is genuinely 

1911
01:46:50,700 --> 01:46:53,200
difficult to isolate from the 
broader military effort. 

1912
01:46:54,000 --> 01:46:58,200
She did not design the tactics. 
She had no formal command 

1913
01:46:58,200 --> 01:47:01,700
Authority. 
What she had was presents and 

1914
01:47:01,700 --> 01:47:06,200
presents in the particular form.
She carried it visible fearless 

1915
01:47:06,200 --> 01:47:09,400
unhurried and apparently 
unconcerned with 

1916
01:47:09,400 --> 01:47:13,200
self-preservation proof to be a 
kind of strategic asset for 

1917
01:47:13,200 --> 01:47:17,400
which military terminology does 
not have a clean category, but 

1918
01:47:17,400 --> 01:47:20,300
whose effects were unmistakable 
in the behavior of the forces 

1919
01:47:20,300 --> 01:47:23,300
around her in the weeks, 
following all on Joan pushed for

1920
01:47:23,300 --> 01:47:26,400
Rapid follow-up, action, arguing
that the English were 

1921
01:47:26,400 --> 01:47:29,500
disorganized from the defeat and
that sustained pressure on 

1922
01:47:29,500 --> 01:47:32,400
remaining English held 
positions, along the Loire would

1923
01:47:32,400 --> 01:47:35,100
consolidate the advantage before
it dissipated. 

1924
01:47:36,000 --> 01:47:39,000
This position was not shared by 
all the commanders around her 

1925
01:47:39,000 --> 01:47:41,800
several of whom preferred a more
deliberate pace. 

1926
01:47:42,600 --> 01:47:45,700
The historical record of these 
internal discussions tends to 

1927
01:47:45,708 --> 01:47:49,200
show Joan consistently, write 
about the timing and the 

1928
01:47:49,200 --> 01:47:51,500
commanders consistently more 
cautious. 

1929
01:47:52,400 --> 01:47:56,900
The towns of Zhao Monsoon and 
Pate followed in Rapid 

1930
01:47:56,900 --> 01:47:58,700
succession over the next several
weeks. 

1931
01:47:59,500 --> 01:48:02,500
Town by Town fortification by 
fortification. 

1932
01:48:02,500 --> 01:48:06,600
The Loire Valley was cleared. 
At the Battle of Pattaya. 

1933
01:48:06,600 --> 01:48:09,700
In June, the English Field Army 
that had been the backbone of 

1934
01:48:09,700 --> 01:48:13,700
their campaign was effectively 
destroyed as a fighting force, 

1935
01:48:14,700 --> 01:48:18,200
The English Commander John fast 
off the skate but his military 

1936
01:48:18,200 --> 01:48:20,100
reputation did not survive the 
day. 

1937
01:48:20,100 --> 01:48:24,500
The Loire Valley was open the 
road to Rams was no longer a 

1938
01:48:24,500 --> 01:48:27,900
theoretical possibility. 
Joan went to the Doh fan told 

1939
01:48:27,900 --> 01:48:29,600
him. 
It was time to go north and be 

1940
01:48:29,600 --> 01:48:32,600
crowned. 
He agreed after the appropriate 

1941
01:48:32,600 --> 01:48:35,600
amount of deliberation which 
with Charles tended to be 

1942
01:48:35,608 --> 01:48:38,700
considerable. 
The marched terrains began in 

1943
01:48:38,700 --> 01:48:43,700
late June of 1429 and it was not
by any objective assessment, a 

1944
01:48:43,700 --> 01:48:45,200
straightforward military 
proposition. 

1945
01:48:46,400 --> 01:48:50,000
Rain sat at the heart of 
territory either directly held 

1946
01:48:50,000 --> 01:48:54,100
by English and Burgundian forces
or thoroughly sympathetic to 

1947
01:48:54,100 --> 01:48:56,500
them. 
The road from the Loire, Valley 

1948
01:48:56,500 --> 01:48:59,600
to rounds covered roughly 200 
miles of country. 

1949
01:48:59,600 --> 01:49:03,900
That should buy every military 
logic available have been 

1950
01:49:03,900 --> 01:49:07,600
extremely hazardous for a French
Royal procession to Traverse. 

1951
01:49:08,400 --> 01:49:10,600
It was not in the end very 
hazardous at all. 

1952
01:49:10,608 --> 01:49:14,000
This is one of the more 
remarkable practical details of 

1953
01:49:14,000 --> 01:49:17,900
Jones entire career and it tends
to be overshadowed by the more 

1954
01:49:17,900 --> 01:49:21,800
dramatic events at all and Roar 
the march to raise succeeded 

1955
01:49:21,800 --> 01:49:25,000
large largely without major 
battle town after town along the

1956
01:49:25,000 --> 01:49:27,700
route of the surrendered, before
the Army arrived, or sent word 

1957
01:49:27,700 --> 01:49:30,000
of their willingness to do. 
So, once it appeared on the 

1958
01:49:30,000 --> 01:49:34,600
horizon, Auxein. 
Negotiated Troy's held out for a

1959
01:49:34,608 --> 01:49:36,400
few days and then opened its 
Gates. 

1960
01:49:36,400 --> 01:49:40,100
The symbolism of trees, in 
particular, was not lost on any 

1961
01:49:40,100 --> 01:49:41,800
one who remembered recent French
history. 

1962
01:49:41,800 --> 01:49:46,000
It was in Troy that the 
disasterous, Treaty of 1420 had 

1963
01:49:46,000 --> 01:49:49,800
been signed the document that a 
disinherited, the doe fan and 

1964
01:49:49,800 --> 01:49:51,600
handed France to the English 
crowd. 

1965
01:49:52,300 --> 01:49:55,300
The city that had hosted the 
signing now, admitted, the man. 

1966
01:49:55,300 --> 01:49:59,400
It had been used to exclude 
History, when it uses to be 

1967
01:49:59,400 --> 01:50:03,400
direct can be very direct. 
Joan rode with the Army 

1968
01:50:03,400 --> 01:50:05,900
throughout the March. 
She had been given a more 

1969
01:50:05,900 --> 01:50:09,300
clearly military role after 
Orleans a practical judgment 

1970
01:50:09,300 --> 01:50:12,600
having demonstrated itself 
clearly enough that even the 

1971
01:50:12,600 --> 01:50:14,600
most skeptical commanders were 
quietly. 

1972
01:50:14,600 --> 01:50:18,000
Adjusting their positions, 
contemporary accounts, describe 

1973
01:50:18,000 --> 01:50:21,200
her riding at the front of the 
column, a white Banner catching 

1974
01:50:21,200 --> 01:50:22,700
light. 
Above the heads of the soldiers 

1975
01:50:22,700 --> 01:50:25,200
behind her. 
A figure distinctive enough in 

1976
01:50:25,200 --> 01:50:27,300
full armor that recognition 
required. 

1977
01:50:27,300 --> 01:50:31,200
No announcement. 
The Army arrived before Reigns 

1978
01:50:31,200 --> 01:50:37,100
on July 16th. 1429. 
City was in burgundy and hands 

1979
01:50:37,100 --> 01:50:40,400
and had been for years. 
The capitulation that followed 

1980
01:50:40,400 --> 01:50:41,900
the armies appearance came 
quickly. 

1981
01:50:41,900 --> 01:50:45,100
And without significant 
violence, which give them the 

1982
01:50:45,108 --> 01:50:47,500
length of the preceding. 
Occupation was surprising to 

1983
01:50:47,508 --> 01:50:50,700
most of those present. 
The accounts suggest that the 

1984
01:50:50,700 --> 01:50:54,800
site of a French Royal army with
Joan at his visible Center 

1985
01:50:54,800 --> 01:50:58,500
produced a calculation in the 
city's leadership about the 

1986
01:50:58,500 --> 01:51:02,700
direction of the future and that
calculation came down decisively

1987
01:51:02,700 --> 01:51:06,200
against further resistance. 
Coronation of Charles, the 

1988
01:51:06,200 --> 01:51:11,800
seventh took place on July 17th,
1429 in the Cathedral of Notre 

1989
01:51:11,800 --> 01:51:14,500
Dame's. 
This was the same Cathedral 

1990
01:51:14,500 --> 01:51:16,000
where French King's had been 
crowned. 

1991
01:51:16,000 --> 01:51:20,400
Since the 9th century, the same 
building, the same city, the 

1992
01:51:20,400 --> 01:51:23,300
same consecrated function, that 
had been interrupted by the 

1993
01:51:23,300 --> 01:51:27,900
occupation, Through all of those
years, the cathedrals clergy had

1994
01:51:27,900 --> 01:51:30,700
continued, their work 
maintaining the building 

1995
01:51:30,700 --> 01:51:33,700
observing. 
The liturgical calendar, keeping

1996
01:51:33,700 --> 01:51:36,300
the candles changed in the 
incense burning. 

1997
01:51:37,500 --> 01:51:40,700
They had been waiting in the 
slow and patient way that old 

1998
01:51:40,700 --> 01:51:44,000
religious institutions wait for 
the ceremony to resume. 

1999
01:51:44,700 --> 01:51:46,700
To appreciate what the 
coronation meant. 

2000
01:51:46,700 --> 01:51:50,400
It helps to understand what it 
was understood to accomplish in 

2001
01:51:50,400 --> 01:51:54,400
the world of 1429. 
A French King who was not 

2002
01:51:54,400 --> 01:51:58,800
crowned at Rams, was in a sense 
that felt genuinely incomplete 

2003
01:51:58,800 --> 01:52:03,700
people at the time, not fully a 
king The ceremony was not merely

2004
01:52:03,700 --> 01:52:05,800
symbolic in the way that modern 
ceremony is. 

2005
01:52:05,808 --> 01:52:08,600
Sometimes feel symbolic. 
It was understood as a 

2006
01:52:08,608 --> 01:52:12,200
transformation, a confirming of 
sacred status through the 

2007
01:52:12,200 --> 01:52:15,800
anointing oil, that gave the 
king's Authority, a quality no 

2008
01:52:15,800 --> 01:52:19,200
military Victory could produce 
and no political Arrangement 

2009
01:52:19,200 --> 01:52:22,600
could duplicate. 
The dofan had been legitimate by

2010
01:52:22,600 --> 01:52:25,700
Blood for years, he became 
legitimate in the fullest 

2011
01:52:25,700 --> 01:52:28,400
medieval sense. 
Only in a rainiest, only in that

2012
01:52:28,400 --> 01:52:33,300
Cathedral only with that oil and
Joan had put him there, medieval

2013
01:52:33,300 --> 01:52:36,000
coronation ceremonies were 
extended and elaborate 

2014
01:52:36,000 --> 01:52:38,300
Productions. 
Combining Christian ritual with 

2015
01:52:38,300 --> 01:52:41,400
dynastic theater, in 
proportions, difficult for 

2016
01:52:41,400 --> 01:52:43,200
modern, observers to properly 
calibrate. 

2017
01:52:44,200 --> 01:52:48,500
There were prayers anointing 
with consecrated oil drawn from 

2018
01:52:48,500 --> 01:52:51,800
the ancient ampulla kept at 
Reams for exactly this purpose. 

2019
01:52:52,900 --> 01:52:56,900
Civic vestments and specific 
objects and specific words that 

2020
01:52:56,900 --> 01:53:00,100
had to be said in the correct 
order for the ceremony to carry 

2021
01:53:00,100 --> 01:53:03,800
the weight, the Medieval World 
assigned to ceremonies the 

2022
01:53:03,800 --> 01:53:07,500
Archbishop of Rems presided. 
The French and ability who had 

2023
01:53:07,500 --> 01:53:09,400
made the journey were assembled 
in the Nave. 

2024
01:53:09,900 --> 01:53:12,500
The people of ram packed the 
streets outside and pressed 

2025
01:53:12,500 --> 01:53:15,600
toward the cathedral doors, and 
the sound that filled the city 

2026
01:53:15,608 --> 01:53:19,300
on that July Morning, was the 
sound of a country recognizing 

2027
01:53:19,300 --> 01:53:22,300
something that had been absent 
for a very long time. 

2028
01:53:23,200 --> 01:53:25,900
Jones stood, throughout the 
ceremony near the altar holding 

2029
01:53:25,900 --> 01:53:28,800
her Banner. 
Her later explanation for why 

2030
01:53:28,800 --> 01:53:32,200
her Banner was present at the 
coronation rather than the 

2031
01:53:32,200 --> 01:53:34,800
banners of the commanders who 
had fought alongside her in the 

2032
01:53:34,800 --> 01:53:36,900
field was characteristically 
Direct. 

2033
01:53:38,000 --> 01:53:42,500
She said it and born the bird 
and deserved the honor. this 

2034
01:53:42,500 --> 01:53:46,700
explanation was accepted by 
everyone who heard it possibly 

2035
01:53:46,700 --> 01:53:49,700
because it was difficult to 
argue with and possibly, because

2036
01:53:49,700 --> 01:53:53,500
by this point, people had 
largely stopped trying When the 

2037
01:53:53,508 --> 01:53:56,600
crown was placed on Charles's 
head and the ceremony completed 

2038
01:53:56,600 --> 01:53:59,800
Joe melt before him, the 
accounts of those who witnessed 

2039
01:53:59,800 --> 01:54:02,700
the moment, described her 
weeping not with grief or 

2040
01:54:02,700 --> 01:54:05,800
exhaustion, but with the 
particular quality of relief 

2041
01:54:05,800 --> 01:54:09,500
that arrives and something 
enormous has been completed that

2042
01:54:09,500 --> 01:54:12,400
you are not entirely certain you
would live to see through to the

2043
01:54:12,400 --> 01:54:14,900
end. 
Charles the seventh was King of 

2044
01:54:14,908 --> 01:54:17,200
France in the full ceremonial 
sense. 

2045
01:54:17,200 --> 01:54:22,100
He had the crown, the city, the 
cathedral, the oil, and the 

2046
01:54:22,100 --> 01:54:24,400
witnesses. 
The English claimed to his 

2047
01:54:24,400 --> 01:54:27,800
throne grounded, partly in his 
disinheritance and partly in the

2048
01:54:27,800 --> 01:54:31,000
absence of exactly. 
The ceremony had been answered 

2049
01:54:31,000 --> 01:54:34,300
as clearly as the Medieval World
knew how to answer anything. 

2050
01:54:35,200 --> 01:54:38,100
For Joan personally, the 
coronation at Rams, completed 

2051
01:54:38,100 --> 01:54:40,300
the specific mission of the 
voices and given her. 

2052
01:54:41,100 --> 01:54:43,100
She had pushed the English back 
from the Loire. 

2053
01:54:43,100 --> 01:54:45,000
She had brought the dofan to 
RAM. 

2054
01:54:45,000 --> 01:54:48,600
And these were the two tasks 
described to her with precision.

2055
01:54:49,500 --> 01:54:53,500
What came after was less clearly
mapped, she continued to serve 

2056
01:54:53,500 --> 01:54:56,000
with the French military and the
months following the coronation 

2057
01:54:56,000 --> 01:54:59,700
participating in attempts to 
push toward Paris and in 

2058
01:54:59,700 --> 01:55:02,300
operations along, the northern 
margins of the recovered 

2059
01:55:02,300 --> 01:55:04,900
territory. 
These campaigns were less, 

2060
01:55:04,900 --> 01:55:08,300
uniformly, successful. 
The Assault on Paris. 

2061
01:55:08,300 --> 01:55:11,800
In September 1429 failed after a
full day of fighting. 

2062
01:55:12,800 --> 01:55:15,900
Joan was wounded again. 
This time by a crossbow bolt in 

2063
01:55:15,908 --> 01:55:18,700
the thigh. 
The Retreat from Paris was 

2064
01:55:18,700 --> 01:55:22,100
ordered against her stated 
recommendation and those present

2065
01:55:22,100 --> 01:55:25,200
later noted that she was not 
quiet about her opposition to 

2066
01:55:25,200 --> 01:55:28,500
the decision. 
The political context of the 

2067
01:55:28,500 --> 01:55:31,200
Court was shifting in ways that 
were not straightforwardly 

2068
01:55:31,200 --> 01:55:34,600
favorable to her. 
Charles having obtained, his 

2069
01:55:34,600 --> 01:55:38,800
coronation had other interests 
to balance now including a true 

2070
01:55:38,800 --> 01:55:42,500
negotiation with burgundy that 
required diplomatic restraint 

2071
01:55:42,500 --> 01:55:46,100
incompatible with continued 
aggressive campaigning Jones. 

2072
01:55:46,100 --> 01:55:49,000
Greatest value to the king had 
been concentrated in the 

2073
01:55:49,000 --> 01:55:51,900
specific period between her 
arrival at chinon. 

2074
01:55:51,900 --> 01:55:55,500
And the moment the crown settled
onto Charles's head at rounds, 

2075
01:55:56,500 --> 01:55:59,300
What came after was politically 
more complicated. 

2076
01:56:00,200 --> 01:56:03,600
She continued campaigning. 
She remained certain of what she

2077
01:56:03,600 --> 01:56:07,400
was doing and why even as the 
military context became less 

2078
01:56:07,400 --> 01:56:10,600
clearly in her favor and the 
political support around her 

2079
01:56:10,600 --> 01:56:14,600
became less reliably present. 
She wrote letters during this 

2080
01:56:14,600 --> 01:56:18,900
period, several of which 
survived addressed to cities and

2081
01:56:18,900 --> 01:56:22,400
commanders and factions. 
All of them, carry the same 

2082
01:56:22,400 --> 01:56:25,600
quality of directness, that a 
characterized her from the 

2083
01:56:25,600 --> 01:56:28,200
beginning. 
She was not by any evidence, 

2084
01:56:28,200 --> 01:56:31,200
someone who adjusted her 
certainly to match the 

2085
01:56:31,200 --> 01:56:34,900
temperature of the room. 
This quality had been her most 

2086
01:56:34,900 --> 01:56:38,700
powerful asset at Orlando, when 
the room was full of frightened 

2087
01:56:38,700 --> 01:56:41,300
soldiers, who needed someone 
unshakable? 

2088
01:56:42,700 --> 01:56:45,600
Suitably more complicated. 
When the room was a courtroom in

2089
01:56:45,600 --> 01:56:50,100
ruar on May. 23rd of 1430 Joan 
was captured outside the city of

2090
01:56:50,100 --> 01:56:53,100
compean. 
She had been leading Authority 

2091
01:56:53,100 --> 01:56:55,200
against Burgundian, forces, 
threatening the city. 

2092
01:56:56,000 --> 01:56:59,500
During the retreat back toward 
the city Gates, She was pulled 

2093
01:56:59,500 --> 01:57:01,600
from her horse by a gundian 
Archer. 

2094
01:57:02,300 --> 01:57:05,400
She did not get up as a free 
person for the better part of a 

2095
01:57:05,400 --> 01:57:07,800
year. 
She did not get up again at all 

2096
01:57:07,800 --> 01:57:11,000
after the trial that followed 
her capture has been the subject

2097
01:57:11,000 --> 01:57:13,000
of historical discussion ever 
since. 

2098
01:57:13,900 --> 01:57:17,800
The city Gates were closed by 
one account before she and her 

2099
01:57:17,800 --> 01:57:20,000
rear guarded fully retreated 
inside. 

2100
01:57:21,000 --> 01:57:24,100
Whether this was a deliberate 
abandonment, a miscommunication,

2101
01:57:24,100 --> 01:57:27,800
all the result of military 
confusion in a rapidly 

2102
01:57:27,800 --> 01:57:31,300
deteriorating tactical. 
Situation has not been 

2103
01:57:31,300 --> 01:57:35,500
definitively resolved. 
What is clear is that the gates 

2104
01:57:35,500 --> 01:57:39,100
were closed Jon was outside the 
burgundians took her. 

2105
01:57:39,800 --> 01:57:42,800
She was held initially by the 
burgundy and count who captured 

2106
01:57:42,800 --> 01:57:46,600
her, John of Luxembourg and then
transferred to the English for 

2107
01:57:46,600 --> 01:57:50,300
10,000 leave. 
This was an enormous sum the 

2108
01:57:50,300 --> 01:57:54,600
kind paid for King's The English
were aware of what they were 

2109
01:57:54,600 --> 01:57:57,800
paying for. 
She was taken to rule the 

2110
01:57:57,800 --> 01:57:59,400
administrative center of the 
English. 

2111
01:57:59,400 --> 01:58:02,700
Occupation of northern France 
and held in a military prison 

2112
01:58:02,700 --> 01:58:05,700
there. 
The conditions violated the 

2113
01:58:05,700 --> 01:58:08,300
standard protocols for handling 
female prisoners. 

2114
01:58:08,300 --> 01:58:12,100
Who were supposed to be held in 
ecclesiastical custody under 

2115
01:58:12,100 --> 01:58:15,800
female supervision. 
Joan was guarded by male 

2116
01:58:15,800 --> 01:58:20,000
soldiers, chained on certain 
days and held in conditions that

2117
01:58:20,000 --> 01:58:23,400
the rehabilitation trial would 
document in considerable detail.

2118
01:58:24,700 --> 01:58:27,700
The Practical difficulty of her 
imprisonment was not incidental.

2119
01:58:27,700 --> 01:58:32,400
It was part of the process. 
The trial was organized under 

2120
01:58:32,400 --> 01:58:34,100
the authority of Pierre, 
kacchan. 

2121
01:58:34,100 --> 01:58:38,800
The bishop of Beauvais whose 
diocese included, Compu, and who

2122
01:58:38,800 --> 01:58:41,300
had been displaced from his 
position by French military 

2123
01:58:41,300 --> 01:58:44,300
advances. 
He was a man with both the 

2124
01:58:44,300 --> 01:58:47,700
motivation and the 
ecclesiastical standing to run 

2125
01:58:47,700 --> 01:58:50,300
the proceedings. 
The charge was heresy. 

2126
01:58:51,400 --> 01:58:54,600
pacifically involving her 
wearing of men's clothing which 

2127
01:58:54,600 --> 01:58:58,800
canon law had specific positions
on and the nature of her claim 

2128
01:58:58,800 --> 01:59:02,000
Divine guidance, which the 
tribunal was determined to 

2129
01:59:02,000 --> 01:59:07,100
characterize, as demonic in 
origin, rather than divine, The 

2130
01:59:07,100 --> 01:59:11,600
trial began in January 1431. 
It continued through multiple 

2131
01:59:11,600 --> 01:59:15,800
sessions over several months. 
Joan was questioned without any 

2132
01:59:15,800 --> 01:59:19,300
representative acting in her 
defense, under conditions, that 

2133
01:59:19,300 --> 01:59:22,800
violated multiple provisions of 
canon law in ways, the 

2134
01:59:22,800 --> 01:59:25,300
rehabilitation trial would later
catalog at length. 

2135
01:59:26,100 --> 01:59:28,800
She was examined by men who had 
spent careers preparing to 

2136
01:59:28,800 --> 01:59:32,200
analyze exactly the kinds of 
claims she was making, and she 

2137
01:59:32,200 --> 01:59:35,100
answered them without 
preparation materials, without 

2138
01:59:35,100 --> 01:59:37,800
legal assistance. 
And without anyone in the room 

2139
01:59:37,800 --> 01:59:42,100
whose interest was in her 
survival, Trial records are the 

2140
01:59:42,108 --> 01:59:45,400
most extensive documentary 
source for Joan's own words, 

2141
01:59:45,400 --> 01:59:47,000
that survived from her life 
time. 

2142
01:59:47,000 --> 01:59:50,500
They are so documents produced 
by people who intended to use 

2143
01:59:50,500 --> 01:59:53,500
them to kill her. 
Reading them clearly requires 

2144
01:59:53,500 --> 01:59:56,700
holding both facts together at 
the same time without allowing 

2145
01:59:56,700 --> 02:00:00,100
either one to cancel the other. 
She was questioned about the 

2146
02:00:00,100 --> 02:00:04,500
voices, what they said, how they
appeared, what they asked of 

2147
02:00:04,500 --> 02:00:06,800
her. 
She was asked whether she knew 

2148
02:00:06,800 --> 02:00:10,100
if she was in God's grace, which
was a technically sophisticated,

2149
02:00:10,100 --> 02:00:14,100
theological trap. 
If she said, yes, she was 

2150
02:00:14,100 --> 02:00:17,600
claiming certainly about her own
spiritual state that the church 

2151
02:00:17,600 --> 02:00:21,900
regarded as presumptuous You 
said, no, she was admitting 

2152
02:00:21,900 --> 02:00:25,400
doubt about her Divine mission. 
She answered that if she was not

2153
02:00:25,400 --> 02:00:28,600
in God's grace, she hoped God 
would put her there and if she 

2154
02:00:28,600 --> 02:00:30,400
was, she hoped he would keep her
there. 

2155
02:00:30,400 --> 02:00:32,900
The court moved past. 
This answer without lingering. 

2156
02:00:32,900 --> 02:00:36,800
She was questioned about her 
clothing, about the precise 

2157
02:00:36,800 --> 02:00:40,400
circumstances of her military 
role about the details of her 

2158
02:00:40,400 --> 02:00:44,500
childhood in domini, including 
the oak tree in the forest which

2159
02:00:44,500 --> 02:00:47,300
the court clearly hoped to 
connect to something heretical. 

2160
02:00:48,100 --> 02:00:51,300
She answered the question about 
the tree with the same composed 

2161
02:00:51,300 --> 02:00:53,000
firmness. 
She brought to everything else. 

2162
02:00:53,000 --> 02:00:56,400
Confirming, what was true and 
declining to confirm? 

2163
02:00:56,400 --> 02:00:59,400
What was not even when 
confirming, it might have made 

2164
02:00:59,400 --> 02:01:02,900
the question as less persistent.
She was questioned about whether

2165
02:01:02,900 --> 02:01:06,800
she had ever seen her Saints and
physical form about the specific

2166
02:01:06,800 --> 02:01:10,000
appearance of Saint Michael 
about whether some Catherine had

2167
02:01:10,000 --> 02:01:12,500
hair. 
And whether it was long, She was

2168
02:01:12,500 --> 02:01:14,500
asked about whether the voices 
had told her. 

2169
02:01:14,500 --> 02:01:17,600
She would be captured, she was 
asked about her banner and what 

2170
02:01:17,600 --> 02:01:21,100
exactly she believed it 
accomplished she was questioned 

2171
02:01:21,100 --> 02:01:24,700
about money about whether she 
had received payment about 

2172
02:01:24,700 --> 02:01:28,400
whether she had promised gifts 
or taken gifts, The questioning 

2173
02:01:28,400 --> 02:01:31,800
went on for months, the sessions
were held in her prison 

2174
02:01:31,800 --> 02:01:35,300
chambered in the courtroom. 
She answered a loan without 

2175
02:01:35,300 --> 02:01:37,900
counsel. 
Surrounded by trained 

2176
02:01:37,900 --> 02:01:41,000
ecclesiastical lawyers. 
Whose job was to find in her 

2177
02:01:41,000 --> 02:01:44,100
answers, something that could be
formally condemned. 

2178
02:01:44,800 --> 02:01:47,800
The surviving transcript of 
these sessions is a document, 

2179
02:01:47,800 --> 02:01:51,600
unlike most things from the 15th
century, you can read it as a 

2180
02:01:51,608 --> 02:01:55,800
legal proceeding, which it was, 
you can read it as a record of 

2181
02:01:55,800 --> 02:01:58,800
one of the more sustained acts 
of institutional bullying in the

2182
02:01:58,808 --> 02:02:01,700
historical record. 
Both readings are accurate. 

2183
02:02:02,800 --> 02:02:06,500
What is also true, and harder to
explain, is that a cross, 

2184
02:02:06,500 --> 02:02:08,900
hundreds of questions and 
hundreds of answers. 

2185
02:02:08,900 --> 02:02:11,200
She never lost her basic 
orientation. 

2186
02:02:12,100 --> 02:02:14,900
She never gave them what they 
most needed which was a clear 

2187
02:02:14,908 --> 02:02:19,600
and provable lie or a clear 
improvable heresy or a collapse 

2188
02:02:19,600 --> 02:02:22,600
under pressure into the kind of 
incoherence that would have, 

2189
02:02:22,600 --> 02:02:26,000
made the condemnation feel less 
like a decision that had been 

2190
02:02:26,008 --> 02:02:27,700
made before she arrived in the 
room. 

2191
02:02:27,700 --> 02:02:30,900
She maintained throughout the 
early session's that have voices

2192
02:02:30,900 --> 02:02:34,600
were genuine and came from God. 
She maintained that her clothing

2193
02:02:34,600 --> 02:02:36,800
had been sanctioned by Divine 
instruction. 

2194
02:02:37,700 --> 02:02:41,200
She answered questions with the 
Precision and unexpectedness 

2195
02:02:41,200 --> 02:02:44,800
that had characterized her at 
Watty a though, the context was 

2196
02:02:44,800 --> 02:02:49,600
now reversed in entirely. 
At the examination, had been 

2197
02:02:49,600 --> 02:02:52,100
conducted by people looking for 
a reason to believe. 

2198
02:02:53,000 --> 02:02:56,500
That rule it was conducted by 
people who had already decided 

2199
02:02:56,500 --> 02:02:59,800
on the conclusion and were 
constructing a path to support 

2200
02:02:59,800 --> 02:03:02,900
it. 
In late May after months of 

2201
02:03:02,900 --> 02:03:05,800
questioning and threatened with 
immediate burning at the stake, 

2202
02:03:06,500 --> 02:03:09,900
Jones signed a document of 
abjuration acknowledging. 

2203
02:03:09,900 --> 02:03:13,300
In its stated terms that her 
voice has been false and 

2204
02:03:13,300 --> 02:03:15,800
agreeing to submit entirely to 
the church's Authority. 

2205
02:03:17,400 --> 02:03:20,900
The precise document, she signed
and the document that was read 

2206
02:03:20,900 --> 02:03:23,900
aloud to the assembled Court, 
may not have been identical. 

2207
02:03:23,900 --> 02:03:26,700
This was testified to by 
Witnesses during the 

2208
02:03:26,700 --> 02:03:30,300
rehabilitation trial, who stated
that the document read to the 

2209
02:03:30,308 --> 02:03:33,800
crowd was substantially longer 
than the one place before Joan. 

2210
02:03:34,700 --> 02:03:36,900
A few days later she withdrew 
the abbreviation. 

2211
02:03:37,800 --> 02:03:39,400
She said her voice is a told 
her. 

2212
02:03:39,400 --> 02:03:41,200
She had done wrong by denying 
them. 

2213
02:03:41,900 --> 02:03:45,500
She returned to wearing men's 
clothing, a direct violation of 

2214
02:03:45,500 --> 02:03:47,900
the term. 
She had agreed to which some 

2215
02:03:47,900 --> 02:03:50,800
historians read. 
As a deliberate choice to force 

2216
02:03:50,800 --> 02:03:53,400
a conclusion, she had come to 
see his unavoidable. 

2217
02:03:54,200 --> 02:03:56,800
Her judges condemned her as a 
relapsed heretic. 

2218
02:03:57,900 --> 02:04:03,100
On May 30th 1431 of art was 
brought to the Old Market Square

2219
02:04:03,100 --> 02:04:07,700
in raw, tied to a stake over a 
pile of firewood and burned. 

2220
02:04:08,500 --> 02:04:11,500
She was 19 years old, 
contemporary accounts, of her 

2221
02:04:11,500 --> 02:04:14,400
death, described her asking, for
a cross to be held where she 

2222
02:04:14,400 --> 02:04:17,900
could see it throughout. 
An English Soldier made a small 

2223
02:04:17,900 --> 02:04:20,900
cross from two sticks and passed
it up to her. 

2224
02:04:20,900 --> 02:04:24,400
A larger crucifix was brought 
from a nearby church and held 

2225
02:04:24,400 --> 02:04:27,100
before her by a priest named 
LaPierre. 

2226
02:04:27,800 --> 02:04:31,400
Who provided testimony about 
what he witnessed that day when 

2227
02:04:31,400 --> 02:04:34,900
asked during the rehabilitation 
proceedings decades later. 

2228
02:04:36,100 --> 02:04:39,200
Multiple accounts describe her 
calling out the name of Jesus. 

2229
02:04:39,200 --> 02:04:43,500
They describe members of the 
crowd weeping. they described 

2230
02:04:43,500 --> 02:04:45,900
the weight of what they were 
watching, settling over the 

2231
02:04:45,908 --> 02:04:49,600
Market Square, in a way that 
nobody presents seemed to know 

2232
02:04:49,600 --> 02:04:53,900
how to carry The English 
Cardinal Henry Beaufort. 

2233
02:04:53,900 --> 02:04:57,000
Who was present? 
Reportedly said, afterward that 

2234
02:04:57,000 --> 02:05:00,600
they had burned a saint. it may 
have been the most honest 

2235
02:05:00,600 --> 02:05:04,600
assessment offered in rural that
entire morning Her ashes were 

2236
02:05:04,600 --> 02:05:08,000
thrown into the scent. 
The story did not end in the 

2237
02:05:08,000 --> 02:05:12,100
Market Square of reward. 
It rarely does with history. 

2238
02:05:12,100 --> 02:05:14,400
More. 
Consequential figures though the

2239
02:05:14,400 --> 02:05:17,600
forms that continuation takes 
are almost never predictable 

2240
02:05:17,600 --> 02:05:21,300
from the moment of ending 20 
years after Jones execution, 

2241
02:05:21,300 --> 02:05:24,400
Charles the seventh had 
Consolidated his position 

2242
02:05:24,400 --> 02:05:27,300
sufficiently to commission a 
formal examination of the 

2243
02:05:27,300 --> 02:05:30,800
original trial. 
The 100 Years War was moving 

2244
02:05:30,800 --> 02:05:33,600
towards its conclusion. 
The English being methodically 

2245
02:05:33,600 --> 02:05:36,500
pressed out of French territory 
through a combination of 

2246
02:05:36,500 --> 02:05:40,100
military effort and the gradual 
collapse of the political 

2247
02:05:40,100 --> 02:05:43,900
alliances that had sustained 
their occupation by the time 

2248
02:05:43,900 --> 02:05:48,800
Charles retook rule in 1449 the 
city where Joan had been tried 

2249
02:05:48,800 --> 02:05:51,900
and killed was French again, 
which was one of those 

2250
02:05:51,900 --> 02:05:55,200
Geographic coincidences that 
history occasionally produces 

2251
02:05:55,200 --> 02:05:57,200
with quiet and perfect 
precision. 

2252
02:05:58,300 --> 02:06:03,700
The rehabilitation trial 
conducted between 1455 and 1456 

2253
02:06:03,700 --> 02:06:07,600
examined the original 
proceedings in systemic detail. 

2254
02:06:08,700 --> 02:06:10,700
Witnesses, who had been present 
at reward? 

2255
02:06:10,700 --> 02:06:13,500
In 1431 were located in 
questioned? 

2256
02:06:14,200 --> 02:06:17,400
The judges who had run the 
original trial were for the most

2257
02:06:17,400 --> 02:06:21,500
part dead by then those who 
remained and testified did not 

2258
02:06:21,500 --> 02:06:24,300
offer a bust offense as of what 
they had participated in. 

2259
02:06:25,300 --> 02:06:27,700
Trial records were examined by 
Canon lore. 

2260
02:06:27,700 --> 02:06:31,500
Experts who identified multiple 
procedural violations. 

2261
02:06:31,500 --> 02:06:34,700
The original verdict was 
formerly overturned. 

2262
02:06:35,500 --> 02:06:39,000
Jones was declared innocent of 
all charges and recognized as a 

2263
02:06:39,000 --> 02:06:43,000
martyr, the rehabilitation 
verdict arrived, too, late mean 

2264
02:06:43,000 --> 02:06:46,000
anything to her herself, which 
is the most straightforward, 

2265
02:06:46,000 --> 02:06:47,900
observation that can be made 
about it. 

2266
02:06:48,700 --> 02:06:51,200
It arrived in time to mean 
something to her family. 

2267
02:06:52,200 --> 02:06:56,000
Her mother Isabel Romy, had 
traveled to Paris, to petition 

2268
02:06:56,000 --> 02:06:59,800
for the rehabilitation and lived
to hear the verdict read aloud. 

2269
02:07:00,900 --> 02:07:04,600
Trial records include an account
of her petition and her presence

2270
02:07:04,600 --> 02:07:07,600
in those records still fighting 
for her daughter, more than 20 

2271
02:07:07,600 --> 02:07:11,000
years after her death. 
Is one of the more quietly 

2272
02:07:11,000 --> 02:07:14,100
devastating details in the 
entire documentary history of 

2273
02:07:14,100 --> 02:07:17,200
Jones life, the verdict. 
Also meant something to the 

2274
02:07:17,200 --> 02:07:20,400
soldiers who had fought 
alongside Joan and whose owner 

2275
02:07:20,400 --> 02:07:23,200
had been implicitly called into 
question by the original 

2276
02:07:23,200 --> 02:07:25,900
condemnation. 
It meant something to the 

2277
02:07:25,900 --> 02:07:29,700
ongoing National story of France
which was in the process of 

2278
02:07:29,700 --> 02:07:33,300
reconstructing itself from a 
long catastrophe and which 

2279
02:07:33,300 --> 02:07:38,000
needed in the way that countries
sometimes need these things, a 

2280
02:07:38,000 --> 02:07:40,700
figure whose meaning could be 
shared across different factions

2281
02:07:40,700 --> 02:07:42,000
and different political 
positions. 

2282
02:07:43,400 --> 02:07:45,200
Joan was available for this 
purpose. 

2283
02:07:45,200 --> 02:07:49,000
In a way that most historical 
figures are not partly because 

2284
02:07:49,000 --> 02:07:52,300
she had operated independently 
enough of any single faction 

2285
02:07:52,300 --> 02:07:55,300
that no one group could claim 
exclusive ownership of her 

2286
02:07:55,300 --> 02:07:58,000
Legacy. 
Centuries that followed her 

2287
02:07:58,000 --> 02:08:01,500
Rehabilitation produced a 
remarkable variety of uses for 

2288
02:08:01,500 --> 02:08:04,100
story. 
She appeared in Chronicles and 

2289
02:08:04,108 --> 02:08:08,200
in poems, in stage Productions, 
in the work of major writers, 

2290
02:08:08,200 --> 02:08:10,900
across several centuries. 
And several countries, she 

2291
02:08:10,900 --> 02:08:15,100
appeared in the work of 
Shakespeare not flattering as a 

2292
02:08:15,108 --> 02:08:18,600
sorceress and a fraud, which 
reflects the political context 

2293
02:08:18,600 --> 02:08:22,500
of late 16th century England, 
more accurately than it reflects

2294
02:08:22,500 --> 02:08:24,800
any honest engagement with the 
historical record. 

2295
02:08:25,900 --> 02:08:27,700
She appeared in the work of 
Voltaire. 

2296
02:08:27,700 --> 02:08:31,600
Also not flattering for 
different reasons and with a 

2297
02:08:31,600 --> 02:08:34,700
different kind of distortion. 
She appeared as a symbol of 

2298
02:08:34,700 --> 02:08:38,500
French national identity During 
the Revolution and again during 

2299
02:08:38,500 --> 02:08:42,600
the Napoleonic period and again 
during the franco-prussian war 

2300
02:08:42,600 --> 02:08:45,800
of 1870. 
She appeared during the German 

2301
02:08:45,800 --> 02:08:49,800
occupation of France in the 20th
century in one of History's more

2302
02:08:49,800 --> 02:08:52,700
striking examples of 
simultaneous appropriation. 

2303
02:08:53,700 --> 02:08:57,000
Her Image and her story were 
invoke by the French Resistance.

2304
02:08:58,000 --> 02:09:01,600
Which Drew on her defiant of 
occupying foreign powers and by 

2305
02:09:01,600 --> 02:09:06,000
the Vichy government, which Drew
on her piety and her obedience 

2306
02:09:06,000 --> 02:09:09,100
to established Authority. 
Jonas self would almost 

2307
02:09:09,100 --> 02:09:12,300
certainly have found this 
parallelism bewildering and 

2308
02:09:12,300 --> 02:09:13,900
historians who have written 
about it. 

2309
02:09:13,900 --> 02:09:16,600
Have found it to illuminating 
and ways that say less about 

2310
02:09:16,600 --> 02:09:20,100
Jones than about how completely.
A historical figure can be 

2311
02:09:20,100 --> 02:09:22,300
separated from their original 
context. 

2312
02:09:22,300 --> 02:09:26,700
Once enough, centuries of 
passed, The formal process of 

2313
02:09:26,700 --> 02:09:30,500
sainthood began, remarkably late
relative to the depth and 

2314
02:09:30,500 --> 02:09:32,300
breadth of her popular 
veneration. 

2315
02:09:33,100 --> 02:09:37,100
The Catholic Church opened her 
beatification cause in 1894 

2316
02:09:37,100 --> 02:09:40,900
following centuries of a local 
and unofficial honor that had 

2317
02:09:40,900 --> 02:09:44,300
outrun institutional recognition
by considerable margin. 

2318
02:09:44,300 --> 02:09:51,000
She was beatified in 1909. 
She was canonized in 1920 489 

2319
02:09:51,000 --> 02:09:55,600
years after her death by Pope 
Benedict, the 15th in a ceremony

2320
02:09:55,600 --> 02:10:00,300
in Rome on May 6th of that year.
Her feast day was set for May 

2321
02:10:00,300 --> 02:10:02,400
30th. 
The anniversary of her 

2322
02:10:02,400 --> 02:10:04,900
execution. 
The historical records 

2323
02:10:04,900 --> 02:10:08,000
surrounding Joan is by the 
standards of 15th century 

2324
02:10:08,000 --> 02:10:13,300
figures, unusually rich. 
The trial transcripts of several

2325
02:10:13,300 --> 02:10:17,600
copies translated from French 
into Latin and later back. 

2326
02:10:18,400 --> 02:10:21,300
The process introducing some 
distortions, but leaving the 

2327
02:10:21,300 --> 02:10:24,700
core content, intact enough to 
have supported generations of 

2328
02:10:24,700 --> 02:10:28,000
scholarly analysis. 
The rehabilitation trial 

2329
02:10:28,000 --> 02:10:30,400
testimony provides a second 
documentary layer. 

2330
02:10:31,300 --> 02:10:33,600
People who had known her 
speaking about her in enough 

2331
02:10:33,600 --> 02:10:37,500
detail that something genuine of
her actual personality comes 

2332
02:10:37,500 --> 02:10:40,700
through. 
The Chronicles of Christine De 

2333
02:10:40,700 --> 02:10:44,100
pizan, who wrote In Praise of 
Joan during Jones own Lifetime. 

2334
02:10:44,100 --> 02:10:46,700
And who is one of the rare 
contemporaries to have 

2335
02:10:46,700 --> 02:10:48,600
recognized? 
What was happening in real time,

2336
02:10:48,600 --> 02:10:52,700
had another perspective on how 
the world of 1429 perceived what

2337
02:10:52,708 --> 02:10:55,400
Joan was doing, while she was 
still alive to be perceived, 

2338
02:10:55,400 --> 02:10:58,400
what comes through the trial. 
Transcripts, if you read them 

2339
02:10:58,400 --> 02:11:01,800
with sustained, attention is a 
person whose Clarity of purpose 

2340
02:11:01,800 --> 02:11:06,000
was so complete that it operated
independently of the categories 

2341
02:11:06,000 --> 02:11:09,000
available to the people 
questioning her They asked about

2342
02:11:09,000 --> 02:11:13,000
God and about institutional 
Authority and about the 

2343
02:11:13,000 --> 02:11:16,500
relationship between Divine 
instruction and the churches, 

2344
02:11:16,500 --> 02:11:20,300
right to interpret it. 
She gave answers that did not 

2345
02:11:20,300 --> 02:11:21,900
fit neatly into any of the 
positions. 

2346
02:11:21,900 --> 02:11:26,100
The questioners had prepared for
she said her voices were genuine

2347
02:11:26,100 --> 02:11:29,900
and she was not prepared to say 
otherwise because they were She 

2348
02:11:29,900 --> 02:11:33,000
said, the church had Authority 
in its proper domain and she was

2349
02:11:33,000 --> 02:11:34,600
not prepared to dispute that 
either. 

2350
02:11:35,400 --> 02:11:38,400
She said, both things were 
simultaneously, true and 

2351
02:11:38,400 --> 02:11:41,300
declined to be argued out of 
either position by people who 

2352
02:11:41,300 --> 02:11:43,200
insisted they were 
contradictory. 

2353
02:11:44,000 --> 02:11:47,900
This quality of thought, direct,
and steady and genuinely 

2354
02:11:47,900 --> 02:11:50,500
difficult to Corner appears 
throughout. 

2355
02:11:50,500 --> 02:11:53,800
Her documented words across 
every context in which those 

2356
02:11:53,800 --> 02:11:56,500
words were recorded. 
It was not the argument of 

2357
02:11:56,500 --> 02:11:59,700
someone trained in theology. 
It was the argument of someone 

2358
02:11:59,700 --> 02:12:02,000
who had spent years, listening 
carefully to something. 

2359
02:12:02,000 --> 02:12:06,000
She believed was true and had 
reached Through that listening, 

2360
02:12:06,000 --> 02:12:10,200
a certainty that formal training
could not have given her and 

2361
02:12:10,200 --> 02:12:12,000
formal training could not take 
away. 

2362
02:12:13,400 --> 02:12:15,900
The writers who have tried to 
account for her across five 

2363
02:12:15,900 --> 02:12:19,100
centuries, have reached for 
different Frameworks and found 

2364
02:12:19,100 --> 02:12:23,100
all of them slightly inadequate.
She resists being made purely 

2365
02:12:23,100 --> 02:12:26,600
into a symbol because the trial 
records, keep showing you an 

2366
02:12:26,600 --> 02:12:31,000
actual person, specific and 
particular and occasionally 

2367
02:12:31,000 --> 02:12:32,900
impatient with the question at 
hand. 

2368
02:12:33,700 --> 02:12:37,300
She resists being reduced to a 
psychological case study because

2369
02:12:37,300 --> 02:12:41,200
the external events of her story
are two consequential, and two. 

2370
02:12:41,200 --> 02:12:44,000
Well, documented to be explained
as the product of inner 

2371
02:12:44,000 --> 02:12:48,100
experience alone, she changed 
the outcome of a war that 

2372
02:12:48,100 --> 02:12:50,800
happened. 
The voices may have started it, 

2373
02:12:50,800 --> 02:12:54,800
but the battles of all and pate 
and the march to rains were real

2374
02:12:54,800 --> 02:12:57,100
and the consequences of the were
real. 

2375
02:12:58,000 --> 02:13:01,700
What she remains across all the 
attempts to contain her in a 

2376
02:13:01,708 --> 02:13:05,100
single meaning is the story of 
someone who was given an 

2377
02:13:05,108 --> 02:13:07,900
impossible task and treated as a
reasonable one. 

2378
02:13:08,700 --> 02:13:11,300
Someone who looked at the 
distance between where she was 

2379
02:13:11,300 --> 02:13:14,800
and where she was supposed to go
and did not experience it as 

2380
02:13:14,808 --> 02:13:17,700
discouraging. 
Someone who understood that, 

2381
02:13:17,700 --> 02:13:22,700
certainty, offered consistently 
and without apology can function

2382
02:13:22,700 --> 02:13:25,500
as a kind of compass for people 
who have lost their own. 

2383
02:13:26,900 --> 02:13:30,400
France itself, eventually came 
through the 100 Years War and 

2384
02:13:30,400 --> 02:13:33,300
became something recognizable as
a unified country. 

2385
02:13:34,900 --> 02:13:38,000
The English left formerly in 
1453, when the Battle of 

2386
02:13:38,008 --> 02:13:41,300
castillon ended, the last major 
English military campaign on the

2387
02:13:41,300 --> 02:13:44,800
continent, the war that had 
defined the entire world of 

2388
02:13:44,800 --> 02:13:48,100
Jones childhood that had been 
present in the background of 

2389
02:13:48,100 --> 02:13:51,000
every prayer. 
Her mother said concluded 

2390
02:13:51,000 --> 02:13:52,900
without Joan surviving to see 
it. 

2391
02:13:54,200 --> 02:13:57,000
But the trajectory that led to 
its conclusion ran through 

2392
02:13:57,000 --> 02:14:01,700
Allen's and through the Loire 
campaign and through rarest and 

2393
02:14:01,700 --> 02:14:04,800
through the particular moment 
when a 17 year old from a 

2394
02:14:04,800 --> 02:14:07,800
village beside the Muse, walk 
through a crowded Hall at 

2395
02:14:07,800 --> 02:14:12,000
Chinook and found without 
apparent difficulty, the man who

2396
02:14:12,000 --> 02:14:15,400
was not yet a king, but who 
needed to become one domain 

2397
02:14:15,400 --> 02:14:18,200
still exists. 
The village is called dhamrait 

2398
02:14:18,200 --> 02:14:21,200
Mila poussiere. 
Now, a change to a place name 

2399
02:14:21,200 --> 02:14:23,400
that takes roughly 500 years to 
earn. 

2400
02:14:24,500 --> 02:14:26,500
The house where Joan grew up has
been preserved. 

2401
02:14:26,500 --> 02:14:30,200
It Stonewall Still Standing that
once held the sound of her 

2402
02:14:30,200 --> 02:14:33,400
mother's prayers that absorb the
light of the evening's when the 

2403
02:14:33,408 --> 02:14:37,000
family gathered, while the world
outside was cold and uncertain. 

2404
02:14:38,000 --> 02:14:40,500
You can visit it. 
You can stand in the room where 

2405
02:14:40,500 --> 02:14:44,100
a girl grew up who could not 
read could not write, had never 

2406
02:14:44,100 --> 02:14:48,300
held a weapon or commanded a 
soldier or sat in any Court more

2407
02:14:48,300 --> 02:14:51,400
significant than her father's 
kitchen and who changed the 

2408
02:14:51,400 --> 02:14:54,600
political direction of a country
because she was convinced, she 

2409
02:14:54,600 --> 02:14:57,300
was supposed to and could not 
find a reason convincing enough 

2410
02:14:57,300 --> 02:15:00,200
to make her stop. 
The window of that house looks 

2411
02:15:00,200 --> 02:15:04,000
out toward the same river that 
she looked out towards as a 

2412
02:15:04,000 --> 02:15:06,900
child. 
The Muse is still there, still 

2413
02:15:06,900 --> 02:15:10,200
moving in the same direction. 
Still making the same sound, it 

2414
02:15:10,200 --> 02:15:17,500
made in 1412 and 1425 and 1429. 
The meadow Beyond it is still 

2415
02:15:17,500 --> 02:15:20,300
Green in the right season. 
The oak trees at the edge of the

2416
02:15:20,308 --> 02:15:22,600
woods are different trees. 
Now obviously five and a half. 

2417
02:15:22,608 --> 02:15:25,200
Centuries of trees have come and
gone in the same spot. 

2418
02:15:25,200 --> 02:15:29,200
The woods are still there at the
same edge of the same field and 

2419
02:15:29,200 --> 02:15:31,400
on quiet mornings. 
The light on the grass is 

2420
02:15:31,400 --> 02:15:34,400
probably not very different from
what it was when Joan walked 

2421
02:15:34,400 --> 02:15:37,700
through it. 
History keeps what it keeps. 

2422
02:15:38,700 --> 02:15:41,900
It does not always explain why 
it keeps some things and loses 

2423
02:15:41,900 --> 02:15:44,700
others. 
Why one girl from one Village in

2424
02:15:44,700 --> 02:15:47,700
one particular year became the 
kind of story that gets told for

2425
02:15:47,700 --> 02:15:51,200
600 years While most of the 
people who lived in similar 

2426
02:15:51,200 --> 02:15:54,700
Villages and similar years left 
no, Trace at all, the 

2427
02:15:54,700 --> 02:15:57,200
explanation probably has 
something to do with the choices

2428
02:15:57,200 --> 02:15:59,900
she made and something to do 
with the particular moment. 

2429
02:15:59,900 --> 02:16:03,200
Those choices intersected with 
and something to do with the 

2430
02:16:03,208 --> 02:16:06,200
fact that the trial and Rule 
preserved her words with a 

2431
02:16:06,200 --> 02:16:09,500
thoroughness that are enemies 
intended as condemnation. 

2432
02:16:09,500 --> 02:16:12,000
And that turned out to be 
something closer to an 

2433
02:16:12,000 --> 02:16:16,100
inadvertent archive. 
She spoke clearly they wrote it 

2434
02:16:16,100 --> 02:16:20,400
down, the rest is what it is. 
Tonight, you have followed her 

2435
02:16:20,400 --> 02:16:23,600
from that, Meadow beside the 
Muse, through the fields where 

2436
02:16:23,600 --> 02:16:27,400
the voices first arrived along 
the winter road, to, valkyria 

2437
02:16:27,400 --> 02:16:31,100
through the examination Halls. 
She Norm through the burning 

2438
02:16:31,100 --> 02:16:35,000
weeks at all up, the long road 
to rounds, through the cold 

2439
02:16:35,000 --> 02:16:39,100
prison raw, and into the long 
bright, contested permanents of 

2440
02:16:39,108 --> 02:16:40,500
what she became in the 
centuries. 

2441
02:16:40,500 --> 02:16:44,700
After There is no tidy 
conclusion to offer their rarely

2442
02:16:44,700 --> 02:16:47,799
is with someone like Joan. 
What there is in Stead is the 

2443
02:16:47,799 --> 02:16:50,799
image of a girl standing in a 
garden on an ordinary summer 

2444
02:16:50,799 --> 02:16:54,100
afternoon, hearing something she
could not account for and 

2445
02:16:54,100 --> 02:16:57,299
deciding without drama and 
without any particular 

2446
02:16:57,299 --> 02:17:00,100
announcement that she was going 
to take it seriously. 

2447
02:17:01,799 --> 02:17:04,400
The Sheep was still in the field
behind her father's house. 

2448
02:17:04,400 --> 02:17:07,799
The Muse was still moving past 
the village as it always had. 

2449
02:17:08,500 --> 02:17:11,299
The oak tree at the edge of the 
woods was probably full of birds

2450
02:17:11,299 --> 02:17:15,100
in different to everything. 
Doing exactly what oak trees do 

2451
02:17:15,100 --> 02:17:18,799
on summer afternoons and the 
world quiet for just that moment

2452
02:17:18,799 --> 02:17:21,100
had no way of knowing what was 
coming. 

2453
02:17:22,400 --> 02:17:25,200
Let it be enough tonight to know
that she did. 

2454
02:17:26,100 --> 02:17:30,500
Rest, well, my tired Wanderers. 
If this story settled something 

2455
02:17:30,500 --> 02:17:33,700
in you, consider sharing it with
someone else who might need the 

2456
02:17:33,700 --> 02:17:37,299
company of a long quiet night. 
I will be here when you come 

2457
02:17:37,299 --> 02:17:45,900
back. 
Pick your summer evening in 

2458
02:17:45,900 --> 02:17:50,600
Saigon 1955. 
The city isn't yet the chaotic 

2459
02:17:50,600 --> 02:17:52,400
war zone. 
You've seen in films. 

2460
02:17:52,400 --> 02:17:56,500
Instead imagine tree line of 
Arts where French Colonial 

2461
02:17:56,500 --> 02:17:59,000
architecture meets Vietnamese 
Sensibility. 

2462
02:17:59,900 --> 02:18:04,100
Yellowstone buildings with green
shutters Balcones draped with 

2463
02:18:04,108 --> 02:18:06,500
Bougainvillea. 
So vibrant, it looks like 

2464
02:18:06,500 --> 02:18:08,400
someone spilled paint to cross 
the city. 

2465
02:18:09,500 --> 02:18:12,100
The air hangs heavy with 
moisture in the center of street

2466
02:18:12,100 --> 02:18:15,500
food. 
Faux simmering and massive pots.

2467
02:18:15,500 --> 02:18:20,600
The Char of grilled pork on 
sidewalk braziers and the sharp 

2468
02:18:20,600 --> 02:18:23,600
sweetness of tropical fruit sold
from wicker. 

2469
02:18:23,600 --> 02:18:25,700
Baskets. 
Balanced, on bamboo poles, 

2470
02:18:25,700 --> 02:18:29,600
you're sitting at a cafe one of 
those places where tiny plastic 

2471
02:18:29,600 --> 02:18:33,100
stool servers chairs and the 
coffee comes, thick and sweet 

2472
02:18:33,100 --> 02:18:36,700
filtered through, a metal press 
that drips into your cup with 

2473
02:18:36,700 --> 02:18:41,200
hypnotic patients, Around you 
life moves at its own. 

2474
02:18:41,200 --> 02:18:45,400
Rhythm a woman in an AO dye that
traditional silk tunic that 

2475
02:18:45,407 --> 02:18:49,200
flows like water when she walks 
negotiates with a fruit vendor. 

2476
02:18:50,200 --> 02:18:54,000
Fabric is the color of Twilight 
and she moves through the crowd 

2477
02:18:54,000 --> 02:18:56,200
with the kind of Grace that 
makes everyday. 

2478
02:18:56,200 --> 02:19:00,100
Aaron's look like choreography, 
seeing fans, turn lazily 

2479
02:19:00,100 --> 02:19:03,900
overhead more for show than 
function, barely stirring the 

2480
02:19:03,900 --> 02:19:06,900
humid air. 
Someone's playing music from a 

2481
02:19:06,900 --> 02:19:11,500
radio, not American rock and 
roll something older Vietnamese 

2482
02:19:11,500 --> 02:19:13,900
traditional music with 
instruments that sound like 

2483
02:19:13,900 --> 02:19:18,900
water flowing over stones. 
The melody Rises and Falls like 

2484
02:19:18,900 --> 02:19:20,900
a conversation. 
You can't quite over here. 

2485
02:19:20,900 --> 02:19:25,200
But somehow understand this 
moment feels Eternal like it 

2486
02:19:25,200 --> 02:19:28,299
could last forever. 
But history has other plans 

2487
02:19:28,299 --> 02:19:31,500
elsewhere in the city in rooms 
with better fans. 

2488
02:19:31,500 --> 02:19:35,299
And worst coffee men in various 
uniforms and civilian clothes 

2489
02:19:35,299 --> 02:19:39,000
are making decisions some 
whether white suits favored by 

2490
02:19:39,000 --> 02:19:42,799
Vietnamese politicians, others 
sport, military greens from 

2491
02:19:42,799 --> 02:19:46,400
countries whose involvement here
is still officially advisory 

2492
02:19:47,200 --> 02:19:50,900
Their drawing lines on maps, 
signing documents and making 

2493
02:19:50,900 --> 02:19:52,800
promises. 
They may or may not keep. 

2494
02:19:53,800 --> 02:19:55,500
These are the mechanics of 
power. 

2495
02:19:55,500 --> 02:19:58,800
The bureaucratic Machinery that 
will eventually produce 

2496
02:19:58,800 --> 02:20:02,700
helicopters and bombs but for 
now produces only paperwork and 

2497
02:20:02,700 --> 02:20:07,500
carefully worded statements the 
in 1955 sits at A peculiar 

2498
02:20:07,500 --> 02:20:10,900
moment in history. 
World War 2 ended a decade ago. 

2499
02:20:10,900 --> 02:20:14,700
Long enough for some wounds to 
scab over but not long enough 

2500
02:20:14,700 --> 02:20:16,600
for anyone to forget the taste 
of War. 

2501
02:20:17,400 --> 02:20:20,300
Europe is rebuilding America, is
booming. 

2502
02:20:20,300 --> 02:20:24,100
The Soviet Union is 
consolidating, and in this 

2503
02:20:24,100 --> 02:20:27,500
corner of South East, Asia in 
this place that most Americans 

2504
02:20:27,500 --> 02:20:30,600
could not find on a map, 
something is beginning that will

2505
02:20:30,600 --> 02:20:33,900
Define the next two decades, but
you wouldn't know it from the 

2506
02:20:33,900 --> 02:20:36,300
quiet evening. 
Street vendors are more 

2507
02:20:36,300 --> 02:20:39,000
concerned with the days receipts
than geopolitics. 

2508
02:20:39,700 --> 02:20:41,300
Families are sitting down to 
dinner. 

2509
02:20:41,900 --> 02:20:44,500
Children are doing homework by 
candlelight in homes, where 

2510
02:20:44,500 --> 02:20:48,300
electricity is still a luxury. 
Life is doing what life does, 

2511
02:20:48,300 --> 02:20:53,100
continuing adapting and finding 
joy, and small moments even as 

2512
02:20:53,100 --> 02:20:56,000
larger forces gather, like 
Monsoon clouds on the horizon. 

2513
02:20:56,000 --> 02:20:59,400
There's something poignant about
these peaceful moments before 

2514
02:20:59,400 --> 02:21:03,100
crisis, isn't there like the 
last normal day before you got 

2515
02:21:03,100 --> 02:21:06,700
that phone call before the 
diagnosis before the thing that 

2516
02:21:06,708 --> 02:21:10,600
divided your life into before 
and after History is full of 

2517
02:21:10,600 --> 02:21:15,300
these threshold moments and in 
1955 Vietnam is standing right 

2518
02:21:15,300 --> 02:21:17,700
on one, though. 
Most people there don't realize 

2519
02:21:17,700 --> 02:21:20,600
it yet. 
The French leaving or rather. 

2520
02:21:20,600 --> 02:21:24,000
They've already left defeated at
a place called D&B, and food the

2521
02:21:24,000 --> 02:21:26,500
year before in a battle that 
shocked the Western world. 

2522
02:21:27,900 --> 02:21:30,400
For 90 years France had ruled 
this land, they called 

2523
02:21:30,400 --> 02:21:33,900
Indochina. and now they're 
packing up their Administration,

2524
02:21:33,900 --> 02:21:38,200
their culture and their 
certainty is what their leaving 

2525
02:21:38,200 --> 02:21:42,300
behind his complicated, an 
educated Vietnamese Elite who 

2526
02:21:42,300 --> 02:21:45,300
speak perfect French, an 
infrastructure built for 

2527
02:21:45,300 --> 02:21:48,200
extraction rather than 
development and a population 

2528
02:21:48,200 --> 02:21:51,200
that's tasted in dependence and 
is an interested in giving it 

2529
02:21:51,200 --> 02:21:55,700
back but independence from whom 
That's the question hanging in 

2530
02:21:55,700 --> 02:21:59,100
that humid air, as persistent as
the smell of fish sauce and 

2531
02:21:59,100 --> 02:22:02,600
Jasmine, the Geneva accords 
signed just the year before 

2532
02:22:02,600 --> 02:22:05,600
divided, Vietnam temporarily at 
the 17th parallel. 

2533
02:22:06,500 --> 02:22:09,900
Apparently being the key word 
that everyone emphasized, and no

2534
02:22:09,900 --> 02:22:12,500
one really believed. 
It was supposed to be a 

2535
02:22:12,500 --> 02:22:15,500
provisional Arrangement pending 
elections that would reunify the

2536
02:22:15,500 --> 02:22:17,800
country. 
But you know how temporary 

2537
02:22:17,800 --> 02:22:21,000
Arrangements, sometimes become 
permanent, like the temporary 

2538
02:22:21,000 --> 02:22:24,300
spare room that became an office
or the temporary diet, that 

2539
02:22:24,300 --> 02:22:27,100
became a lifestyle. 
That temporary division would 

2540
02:22:27,100 --> 02:22:31,600
last 20 years and consume 
millions of lives in Hanoi in 

2541
02:22:31,600 --> 02:22:34,500
the north. 
A man named Ho Chi Minh who 

2542
02:22:34,500 --> 02:22:37,900
lived in Paris and New York who 
had worked as a pastry chef and 

2543
02:22:37,900 --> 02:22:40,100
a photo. 
Retoucher who'd read Jefferson 

2544
02:22:40,100 --> 02:22:43,800
and marks with equal interest 
was building a socialist state 

2545
02:22:43,800 --> 02:22:45,500
with help from the Soviets and 
Chinese. 

2546
02:22:46,600 --> 02:22:51,600
In Saigon in the South, another 
man named know denim, a Catholic

2547
02:22:51,600 --> 02:22:54,500
and a Buddhist country. 
A nationalist to spent years in 

2548
02:22:54,500 --> 02:22:57,600
Exile, was building something 
else entirely with American 

2549
02:22:57,600 --> 02:22:59,600
backing. 
But let's not get ahead of 

2550
02:22:59,600 --> 02:23:02,200
ourselves. 
Let's sit a while longer in the 

2551
02:23:02,200 --> 02:23:04,600
cafe. 
Watching the light fade and the 

2552
02:23:04,600 --> 02:23:07,200
street lamps flicker on those 
few that work. 

2553
02:23:08,400 --> 02:23:11,300
Let's watch how Darkness changes
the city's character. 

2554
02:23:11,300 --> 02:23:15,300
How sounds become more intimate?
When Vision blurs and how the 

2555
02:23:15,300 --> 02:23:17,500
temperature drops from 
oppressive to merely 

2556
02:23:17,500 --> 02:23:20,100
uncomfortable, someone's cooking
something nearby. 

2557
02:23:20,100 --> 02:23:22,300
And the smoke drifts past your 
table. 

2558
02:23:22,300 --> 02:23:25,800
It smells like lemongrass and 
chilies like home, cooking 

2559
02:23:25,800 --> 02:23:28,400
anywhere in the world where 
people make do with what they 

2560
02:23:28,408 --> 02:23:32,500
have and turn scarcity into 
flavor through sheer ingenuity. 

2561
02:23:34,100 --> 02:23:39,300
A motorbike Putters past. 
They're rare in 1955 mostly 

2562
02:23:39,300 --> 02:23:43,000
bicycles and the occasional 
automobile, the sound of its 

2563
02:23:43,000 --> 02:23:46,700
engine is almost comically 
small, like an angry sewing 

2564
02:23:46,700 --> 02:23:49,300
machine. 
This is the last moment of one 

2565
02:23:49,300 --> 02:23:51,700
kind of piece. 
Not the piece of Happiness 

2566
02:23:51,700 --> 02:23:54,800
necessarily but the Peace of 
knowing what tomorrow might 

2567
02:23:54,800 --> 02:23:58,900
bring. 
After this Vietnam, will enter a

2568
02:23:58,900 --> 02:24:01,700
period where tomorrow becomes 
radically uncertain, whether 

2569
02:24:01,700 --> 02:24:05,600
present moment is all anyone can
count on and where planning next

2570
02:24:05,600 --> 02:24:09,500
week becomes an act of defiant 
top tourism but tonight in this 

2571
02:24:09,500 --> 02:24:12,500
Cafe with this coffee, under the
stars that don't care about 

2572
02:24:12,500 --> 02:24:15,500
human politics. 
There's still a kind of quiet, 

2573
02:24:15,500 --> 02:24:18,300
hold on to it. 
Remember it. 

2574
02:24:19,300 --> 02:24:22,400
Because we're about to explore 
how it all came apart, and why, 

2575
02:24:22,400 --> 02:24:26,200
and what it meant for everyone 
involved to understand Vietnam, 

2576
02:24:26,200 --> 02:24:29,600
you need to zoom out for a 
moment. imagine you're looking 

2577
02:24:29,608 --> 02:24:33,900
at Earth from space, not with 
satellites, they don't exist yet

2578
02:24:33,900 --> 02:24:39,300
in 1955 but with your mind's eye
picture a planet that's just 

2579
02:24:39,300 --> 02:24:42,000
survived the most destructive 
war in human history. 

2580
02:24:42,900 --> 02:24:47,000
Cities reduced to Rubble. 
Entire populations displaced. 

2581
02:24:47,800 --> 02:24:51,700
Economic systems shattered. 
And in the wake of all that 

2582
02:24:51,700 --> 02:24:56,100
destruction, two superpowers 
emerged, like prize fighters who

2583
02:24:56,100 --> 02:25:00,300
were the last one standing the 
world after 1945 was like a 

2584
02:25:00,308 --> 02:25:02,700
house. 
After a terrible Storm still 

2585
02:25:02,700 --> 02:25:06,800
standing but fundamentally 
changed Windows, broke and 

2586
02:25:06,800 --> 02:25:11,300
Foundations cracked everyone 
inside traumatized but trying to

2587
02:25:11,300 --> 02:25:15,400
ignore Europe, which should be 
the center of global power for 

2588
02:25:15,400 --> 02:25:19,200
centuries was exhausted. 
Britain, France and the 

2589
02:25:19,200 --> 02:25:21,300
Netherlands. 
They'd all had Empires 

2590
02:25:21,300 --> 02:25:24,800
stretching across continents and
suddenly they couldn't maintain 

2591
02:25:24,800 --> 02:25:27,400
them anymore. 
It's like being in debt for 

2592
02:25:27,400 --> 02:25:31,300
years and finally admitting you 
can't keep up the payments into 

2593
02:25:31,300 --> 02:25:34,000
the vacuum. 
Step two very different ideas 

2594
02:25:34,000 --> 02:25:38,300
about how the world should work.
On one side, the United States, 

2595
02:25:38,300 --> 02:25:41,700
which had emerged from the war, 
incredibly wealthy, and 

2596
02:25:41,700 --> 02:25:43,900
Powerful. 
Relatively Untouched by the 

2597
02:25:43,900 --> 02:25:48,100
fighting on its own soil. 
America in the late 1940s and 

2598
02:25:48,100 --> 02:25:51,400
1950s was like that friend who 
got a huge promotion while 

2599
02:25:51,400 --> 02:25:54,800
everyone else was struggling. 
Well, intentioned about helping 

2600
02:25:54,800 --> 02:25:58,600
maybe but also a bit tone deaf 
about what others were 

2601
02:25:58,600 --> 02:26:02,900
experiencing on the other side 
was the Soviet Union which had 

2602
02:26:02,900 --> 02:26:06,400
lost more people than anyone, 
nearly 27 million dead. 

2603
02:26:07,200 --> 02:26:09,800
But it also gained enormous 
territory and influence. 

2604
02:26:10,700 --> 02:26:14,200
The Soviet saw themselves as the
Vanguard of a new world order 

2605
02:26:14,200 --> 02:26:18,900
where workers control the means 
of production and old Imperial 

2606
02:26:18,900 --> 02:26:22,800
Powers were Swept Away. 
It was an appealing, message to 

2607
02:26:22,800 --> 02:26:26,200
colonized people's everywhere. 
Who were tired of being told, 

2608
02:26:26,200 --> 02:26:30,000
what to do by Europeans, these 
two Powers were fighting each 

2609
02:26:30,000 --> 02:26:32,500
other directly. 
That would have been too 

2610
02:26:32,500 --> 02:26:36,400
dangerous with nuclear weapons. 
Now in the picture, instead they

2611
02:26:36,400 --> 02:26:40,800
fought through proxies through 
influence through Aid packages 

2612
02:26:40,800 --> 02:26:45,500
and Military advisors and 
through economic pressure This 

2613
02:26:45,500 --> 02:26:48,100
was the Cold War, which was only
cold. 

2614
02:26:48,100 --> 02:26:50,500
If you weren't one of the people
living in the places where it 

2615
02:26:50,500 --> 02:26:53,600
turned hot Vietnam, was going to
become one of those places. 

2616
02:26:53,600 --> 02:26:57,800
But first, let's talk about what
decolonization meant for the 

2617
02:26:57,808 --> 02:26:59,900
people actually living in 
colonies. 

2618
02:26:59,900 --> 02:27:04,300
Imagine, you've spent your 
entire life under a system where

2619
02:27:04,300 --> 02:27:06,900
foreigners make all the 
important decisions about your 

2620
02:27:06,900 --> 02:27:11,200
country, they control your 
economy, your government, and 

2621
02:27:11,200 --> 02:27:14,700
your education system, they take
your resources and give you back

2622
02:27:14,700 --> 02:27:17,200
scraps. 
They tell you their culture is 

2623
02:27:17,200 --> 02:27:22,000
superior, and yours is backward.
this goes on not for years but 

2624
02:27:22,000 --> 02:27:26,700
for Generations until it seems 
almost natural like whether then

2625
02:27:26,700 --> 02:27:29,700
suddenly the foreigners 
announced their leaving Freedom 

2626
02:27:29,700 --> 02:27:34,300
Independence, 
self-determination, Except now, 

2627
02:27:34,300 --> 02:27:36,600
what? 
The infrastructure is designed 

2628
02:27:36,600 --> 02:27:40,500
to extract resources for export,
not develop the local economy. 

2629
02:27:41,400 --> 02:27:44,200
The educated elite were trained 
to administer someone else's 

2630
02:27:44,200 --> 02:27:45,800
Empire. 
Not govern themselves. 

2631
02:27:46,900 --> 02:27:49,800
Different ethnic and religious 
groups who were kept in check by

2632
02:27:49,800 --> 02:27:53,700
colonial power, start eyeing, 
each other wearily, and the 

2633
02:27:53,700 --> 02:27:57,200
economy is integrated into 
Global Systems controlled by the

2634
02:27:57,200 --> 02:27:59,200
same Colonial powers that just 
left. 

2635
02:28:00,000 --> 02:28:01,800
It's like being given the keys 
to a car. 

2636
02:28:01,800 --> 02:28:04,800
You don't know how to drive with
a broken Transmission in the 

2637
02:28:04,800 --> 02:28:08,100
middle of a highway during rush 
hour and everyone's honking at 

2638
02:28:08,100 --> 02:28:11,200
you to make a decision. 
This was the situation facing 

2639
02:28:11,200 --> 02:28:15,900
newly independent nations across
Asia and Africa in the 1950s and

2640
02:28:15,900 --> 02:28:18,600
the Cold War superpowers were 
standing on the side of that 

2641
02:28:18,600 --> 02:28:21,700
metaphorical Highway each 
offering a different kind of 

2642
02:28:21,700 --> 02:28:24,400
help help that came with strings
attached. 

2643
02:28:24,400 --> 02:28:28,200
Naturally for the United States,
the nightmare scenario was 

2644
02:28:28,200 --> 02:28:29,600
something called the Domino 
Theory. 

2645
02:28:30,500 --> 02:28:34,400
Picture a line of dominoes 
standing on end. if one Falls to

2646
02:28:34,400 --> 02:28:37,900
Communism policymakers in 
Washington, believed it would 

2647
02:28:37,900 --> 02:28:41,700
not go over the next one, and 
the next until all of South 

2648
02:28:41,700 --> 02:28:45,600
East, Asia turned red, It sounds
a bit silly. 

2649
02:28:45,600 --> 02:28:48,800
Now this idea that countries 
were like game pieces with no 

2650
02:28:48,800 --> 02:28:53,700
agency of their own but in the 
1950s, this Theory, drove a 

2651
02:28:53,700 --> 02:28:57,600
American foreign policy with 
Force of religious conviction, 

2652
02:28:57,600 --> 02:29:00,300
the irony was thick enough to 
cut with a knife. 

2653
02:29:01,300 --> 02:29:05,800
America a country founded on 
anti-colonial Revolution was now

2654
02:29:05,800 --> 02:29:08,800
committed to preventing other 
anti-colonial revolutionaries 

2655
02:29:08,800 --> 02:29:11,700
from succeeding if those 
revolutionaries happen to be 

2656
02:29:11,700 --> 02:29:14,500
communists. 
It was as if George Washington 

2657
02:29:14,500 --> 02:29:17,400
and Thomas Jefferson were fine, 
as long as they didn't read 

2658
02:29:17,400 --> 02:29:20,800
Marx, meanwhile, the Soviet 
Union and China were offering 

2659
02:29:20,800 --> 02:29:24,000
their own kind of support to 
Independence movements, they 

2660
02:29:24,000 --> 02:29:27,300
provided weapons training, 
economic aid, and most 

2661
02:29:27,300 --> 02:29:31,100
importantly, an ideology that 
explained why colonized people 

2662
02:29:31,100 --> 02:29:33,900
have been exploited and what 
they could do about it. 

2663
02:29:35,100 --> 02:29:38,000
Communism's appeal to 
anti-colonial movements wasn't 

2664
02:29:38,000 --> 02:29:42,200
just about economics. 
It was about dignity about a 

2665
02:29:42,200 --> 02:29:45,200
framework that made sense of 
historical oppression and 

2666
02:29:45,200 --> 02:29:49,100
offered a path forward Vietnam 
sat right at the intersection of

2667
02:29:49,100 --> 02:29:51,900
all these pressures. 
It had a strong nationalist 

2668
02:29:51,900 --> 02:29:54,300
movement that wanted 
independence from France. 

2669
02:29:55,200 --> 02:29:57,500
That movement happened to be led
by communists. 

2670
02:29:58,200 --> 02:30:00,500
France wanted to maintain some 
influence over. 

2671
02:30:00,500 --> 02:30:04,700
Its former Colony America wanted
to prevent communist expansion 

2672
02:30:04,700 --> 02:30:08,200
China and the Soviet Union 
wanted to support fellow 

2673
02:30:08,200 --> 02:30:11,300
communists. 
It was like five people trying 

2674
02:30:11,300 --> 02:30:13,400
to steer the same car in 
different directions. 

2675
02:30:13,400 --> 02:30:17,000
While insisting they knew the 
best route, the Geneva 

2676
02:30:17,000 --> 02:30:20,500
Conference of 1954 was supposed 
to sort all this out. 

2677
02:30:21,400 --> 02:30:24,300
Diplomats from all the major 
Powers gathered in Switzerland 

2678
02:30:24,300 --> 02:30:27,600
because Switzerland is where 
people go when they want to make

2679
02:30:27,600 --> 02:30:30,900
decisions about other people's 
countries, while enjoying nice 

2680
02:30:30,900 --> 02:30:34,900
chocolate and Mountain views. 
They drew that line at the 17th 

2681
02:30:34,900 --> 02:30:38,400
parallel. 
Scheduled elections for 1956 and

2682
02:30:38,400 --> 02:30:40,700
probably congratulated 
themselves on a job. 

2683
02:30:40,708 --> 02:30:44,400
Well done, what, they'd actually
done was create a situation that

2684
02:30:44,400 --> 02:30:46,900
satisfied. 
No one and pleased, everyone 

2685
02:30:46,900 --> 02:30:50,900
just enough to keep playing The 
north got International 

2686
02:30:50,900 --> 02:30:53,000
recognition but not 
reunification. 

2687
02:30:53,800 --> 02:30:56,300
The South got a separate state, 
but not security. 

2688
02:30:57,200 --> 02:31:01,000
France, got to leave without 
technically losing America got 

2689
02:31:01,000 --> 02:31:03,900
an anti-communist Bastion but 
also a massive long-term 

2690
02:31:03,900 --> 02:31:06,700
commitment. 
It was the kind of compromise 

2691
02:31:06,700 --> 02:31:10,400
that guarantees future conflict 
back in that, Saigon Cafe. 

2692
02:31:10,400 --> 02:31:13,800
None of this geopolitical chess 
matters as much as whether 

2693
02:31:13,800 --> 02:31:16,900
there's enough rice for dinner, 
whether the rains will come on 

2694
02:31:16,900 --> 02:31:20,200
time or whether your children 
will have better lives than you 

2695
02:31:20,200 --> 02:31:22,600
did. 
But those purse personal hopes 

2696
02:31:22,600 --> 02:31:25,700
are about to become entangled 
with cold war politics and ways 

2697
02:31:25,700 --> 02:31:29,800
that no one could imagine the 
post-war world was reshaping 

2698
02:31:29,800 --> 02:31:32,200
itself. 
And Vietnam was caught in the 

2699
02:31:32,208 --> 02:31:36,000
Machinery of that reshaping 
small country that would become 

2700
02:31:36,000 --> 02:31:39,500
a Proving Ground for competing 
vision of how Society should 

2701
02:31:39,500 --> 02:31:43,200
organize themselves. 
What Freedom means and how much 

2702
02:31:43,200 --> 02:31:46,700
powerful nations are willing to 
sacrifice in pursuit of abstract

2703
02:31:46,700 --> 02:31:49,500
prints of principles. 
Let's Travel back further now to

2704
02:31:49,500 --> 02:31:52,300
understand what Vietnam was 
before, it became a cold war 

2705
02:31:52,300 --> 02:31:55,800
Battleground, Close your eyes 
and imagine a land that's been 

2706
02:31:55,800 --> 02:31:59,800
civilized for thousands of 
years, not in the way colonizes 

2707
02:31:59,800 --> 02:32:02,300
meant when they talked about 
bringing civilization. 

2708
02:32:02,300 --> 02:32:07,200
But truly civilized with complex
social structures, sophisticated

2709
02:32:07,200 --> 02:32:11,400
culture and deep philosophical 
traditions the Vietnam's history

2710
02:32:11,400 --> 02:32:14,200
stretches back so far it makes 
American history. 

2711
02:32:14,200 --> 02:32:18,300
Look like a recent diary entry. 
The Vietnamese have origin 

2712
02:32:18,300 --> 02:32:21,800
myths, involving dragons and 
fairies but the archaeological 

2713
02:32:21,800 --> 02:32:24,900
record shows organized, 
agriculture here, going back, 

2714
02:32:24,900 --> 02:32:28,900
4,000 years. 
This isn't some blank space on a

2715
02:32:28,900 --> 02:32:31,100
map, waiting to be filled in by 
European cartographers. 

2716
02:32:32,300 --> 02:32:34,600
This is a place where people 
have been having complex 

2717
02:32:34,600 --> 02:32:39,300
thoughts, creating art falling 
in love and arguing about 

2718
02:32:39,300 --> 02:32:42,100
politics. 
Since before Rome existed, the 

2719
02:32:42,100 --> 02:32:45,000
Vietnamese spent much of their 
early history under Chinese 

2720
02:32:45,000 --> 02:32:48,900
domination about a thousand 
years of it, which puts things 

2721
02:32:48,900 --> 02:32:52,400
in perspective. 
When Americans talk about their 

2722
02:32:52,400 --> 02:32:56,000
revolutionary war experience, 
under British rule, we're 

2723
02:32:56,000 --> 02:32:59,200
talking about maybe 150 years of
colonial experience. 

2724
02:32:59,200 --> 02:33:02,600
The Vietnamese were dealing with
Chinese administration from 

2725
02:33:02,600 --> 02:33:05,400
Millennium. 
They absorb Chinese philosophy 

2726
02:33:05,400 --> 02:33:09,600
adapted, Chinese writing systems
and borrowed administrative 

2727
02:33:09,600 --> 02:33:13,100
technique's, and still 
maintained a distinct Vietnamese

2728
02:33:13,100 --> 02:33:16,700
identity through all of it. 
It's like living next door to a 

2729
02:33:16,700 --> 02:33:19,900
much larger, more powerful 
neighbor who keeps walking into 

2730
02:33:19,900 --> 02:33:22,000
your house and rearranging your 
furniture. 

2731
02:33:23,100 --> 02:33:26,500
You learn from them, sure. 
That you never forget. 

2732
02:33:26,500 --> 02:33:30,700
It's your house. 
When the Vietnamese finally won 

2733
02:33:30,700 --> 02:33:34,700
independence from China, in the 
10th Century CE, they developed 

2734
02:33:34,700 --> 02:33:37,800
a sophisticated cultural immune 
system against domination. 

2735
02:33:38,500 --> 02:33:41,600
They knew how to appear 
compliant while maintaining core

2736
02:33:41,600 --> 02:33:44,000
values. 
They understood that politics is

2737
02:33:44,000 --> 02:33:47,500
often about patience rather than
confrontation then came 

2738
02:33:47,500 --> 02:33:50,700
centuries of Vietnamese 
independence with their own 

2739
02:33:50,700 --> 02:33:54,000
dynasties and conflicts and 
their own literature and 

2740
02:33:54,000 --> 02:33:56,800
Innovations. 
The Vietnamese poetry from 

2741
02:33:56,800 --> 02:34:00,400
medieval times Could Make You 
Weep with its beauty, their 

2742
02:34:00,400 --> 02:34:03,000
military strategies defeated 
Mongol invasion. 

2743
02:34:03,000 --> 02:34:06,900
The same Mongols who conquered 
most of Eurasia could not subdue

2744
02:34:06,900 --> 02:34:09,900
Vietnam. 
This was a culture with deep 

2745
02:34:09,900 --> 02:34:14,000
roots and a strong identity, the
French arrived in the 19th 

2746
02:34:14,000 --> 02:34:16,500
century, with a different kind 
of colonialism than the Chinese 

2747
02:34:16,500 --> 02:34:20,100
had practiced. 
Where China had wanted tributary

2748
02:34:20,100 --> 02:34:22,900
relationships and cultural 
influence, France. 

2749
02:34:22,900 --> 02:34:27,600
Wanted economic extracted and 
completed Ministry of control. 

2750
02:34:27,600 --> 02:34:31,600
They called their possession, 
French Indochina, and proceeded 

2751
02:34:31,600 --> 02:34:36,000
to treat it as a source of rice 
rubber, coal and profits French 

2752
02:34:36,000 --> 02:34:39,100
colonialism in Vietnam was the 
kind where they built beautiful 

2753
02:34:39,100 --> 02:34:42,100
architecture for themselves 
while letting Vietnamese 

2754
02:34:42,100 --> 02:34:44,300
neighborhood struggle with basic
Sanitation. 

2755
02:34:45,200 --> 02:34:49,000
They created a french-speaking 
Vietnamese Elite who could staff

2756
02:34:49,000 --> 02:34:51,400
the lower levels of 
administration but never quite 

2757
02:34:51,400 --> 02:34:54,400
reached the top positions. 
They encouraged internal 

2758
02:34:54,400 --> 02:34:56,800
divisions that made unified 
resistance harder. 

2759
02:34:56,800 --> 02:35:00,300
And they introduced 
Christianity, which created a 

2760
02:35:00,300 --> 02:35:02,600
religious minority that would 
have enormous political 

2761
02:35:02,600 --> 02:35:05,600
consequences decades later. 
But here's what the french 

2762
02:35:05,600 --> 02:35:09,700
didn't count, on exposure to 
Western ideas, cut both ways. 

2763
02:35:10,600 --> 02:35:13,200
The Vietnamese students who went
to France to study engineering 

2764
02:35:13,200 --> 02:35:15,800
or medicine. 
All in, countered Western, 

2765
02:35:15,800 --> 02:35:18,700
political philosophy. 
They read about Liberty, 

2766
02:35:18,700 --> 02:35:22,700
equality, and fraternity, and 
wondered why those ideals didn't

2767
02:35:22,700 --> 02:35:25,000
apply to them. 
They met socially and 

2768
02:35:25,000 --> 02:35:27,900
Communists, who are argue that 
colonialism was an economic 

2769
02:35:27,900 --> 02:35:31,900
system designed to exploit 
workers and that seemed to 

2770
02:35:31,900 --> 02:35:34,000
describe their experience. 
Pretty accurately. 

2771
02:35:34,000 --> 02:35:38,300
One of those students was a 
young man named in, who would 

2772
02:35:38,300 --> 02:35:40,900
later take the name? 
Ho Chi Minh, which means, 

2773
02:35:40,900 --> 02:35:44,100
bringer of light. 
He worked as a kitchen helper on

2774
02:35:44,100 --> 02:35:47,000
a French steamship, seeing the 
world from the servants 

2775
02:35:47,000 --> 02:35:50,200
perspective. 
He lived in London, Paris, 

2776
02:35:50,200 --> 02:35:54,800
Moscow, and other cities soaking
up ideas like a sponge. 

2777
02:35:54,800 --> 02:36:00,000
He was gentle, polite, wrote 
poetry and believed deeply in 

2778
02:36:00,000 --> 02:36:03,000
Vietnamese Independence. 
He also became a communist 

2779
02:36:03,000 --> 02:36:08,000
because in the 1920s and 1930s 
communism was one of the few 

2780
02:36:08,000 --> 02:36:10,500
International movements that 
actively oppose colonialism. 

2781
02:36:10,500 --> 02:36:14,400
Ho Chi Minh wasn't some distant 
ideologue who came to power 

2782
02:36:14,400 --> 02:36:17,800
through violence alone. 
He spent decades building a 

2783
02:36:17,800 --> 02:36:21,800
nationalist movement organizing 
workers and writing tracks that 

2784
02:36:21,800 --> 02:36:25,600
combined marks his theory with 
Vietnamese cultural references. 

2785
02:36:26,800 --> 02:36:30,900
When the Japanese occupied 
Vietnam during World War 2 and 

2786
02:36:30,900 --> 02:36:34,100
his followers, the Viet Minh 
organized resistance. 

2787
02:36:34,100 --> 02:36:38,600
When the war ended, they 
declared independence and Ho Chi

2788
02:36:38,600 --> 02:36:41,300
Minh, read a declaration that 
quoted both the American 

2789
02:36:41,300 --> 02:36:44,000
Declaration of Independence and 
the French Declaration of the 

2790
02:36:44,000 --> 02:36:49,100
rights of man, imagine that 
moment September 2nd 1945 in 

2791
02:36:49,100 --> 02:36:53,400
hanoi's bad in square. 
World War 2 just ended days ago.

2792
02:36:53,400 --> 02:36:57,200
The Japanese of surrendered a 
French are in disarray. 

2793
02:36:57,200 --> 02:37:01,400
Ho Chi Minh stands before half a
million Vietnamese people and 

2794
02:37:01,400 --> 02:37:05,300
declares independence invoking. 
The very values that a America 

2795
02:37:05,300 --> 02:37:09,600
and France claimed to represent.
American Intelligence Officers 

2796
02:37:09,600 --> 02:37:11,200
were actually present at this 
ceremony. 

2797
02:37:11,200 --> 02:37:14,500
There are photos of them 
standing alongside Viet Minh 

2798
02:37:14,500 --> 02:37:17,700
leaders for a brief moment. 
It's impossible that Vietnam 

2799
02:37:17,700 --> 02:37:20,800
could have a relationship with 
the United States that the 

2800
02:37:20,800 --> 02:37:23,500
Americans would support 
Vietnamese Independence against 

2801
02:37:23,500 --> 02:37:27,700
French colonialism, and that the
anti-colonial principles America

2802
02:37:27,700 --> 02:37:30,500
claimed to believe in would win 
out over cold war 

2803
02:37:30,500 --> 02:37:34,400
anti-communism. 
That moment passed France wanted

2804
02:37:34,400 --> 02:37:38,100
its Colony back, the United 
States wanted to support its 

2805
02:37:38,100 --> 02:37:40,700
European Ally, more than it, 
wanted to support a 

2806
02:37:40,700 --> 02:37:42,500
communist-led Independence 
Movement. 

2807
02:37:43,500 --> 02:37:45,600
Cold, War. 
Logic took precedence over 

2808
02:37:45,600 --> 02:37:49,200
anti-colonial principles. 
What followed was the first 

2809
02:37:49,200 --> 02:37:53,100
Indochina War where the Vietnam 
fought the French for nine 

2810
02:37:53,100 --> 02:37:57,100
years. 
From 1945 to 1954, that will 

2811
02:37:57,100 --> 02:38:01,100
come in the NBN food a valley. 
In the north west where the 

2812
02:38:01,100 --> 02:38:03,800
French established a fortress 
they thought was impregnable. 

2813
02:38:04,700 --> 02:38:08,100
The Viet Minh under General 
volunteer did something 

2814
02:38:08,100 --> 02:38:10,700
remarkable. 
They moved Heavy Artillery 

2815
02:38:10,700 --> 02:38:12,700
through jungle terrain. 
The French believed was 

2816
02:38:12,700 --> 02:38:16,900
impossible, positioned it in the
surrounding Hills and proceeded 

2817
02:38:16,900 --> 02:38:19,500
to rain shells down on the 
French position for weeks. 

2818
02:38:20,300 --> 02:38:24,600
The Siege lasted from March to 
May 1954 and it ended with 

2819
02:38:24,600 --> 02:38:27,800
French surrender. 
The NBN poo was more than a 

2820
02:38:27,800 --> 02:38:30,200
military defeat. 
It was a psychological 

2821
02:38:30,200 --> 02:38:33,300
earthquake that announced 
colonialism era was ending. 

2822
02:38:34,100 --> 02:38:37,200
You couldn't simply occupy other
people's countries indefinitely 

2823
02:38:37,200 --> 02:38:39,000
anymore. 
Not when those people were 

2824
02:38:39,000 --> 02:38:42,500
organized determined and willing
to sacrifice for Independence. 

2825
02:38:42,500 --> 02:38:46,600
But victory at dmfu didn't mean 
freedom for all of Vietnam. 

2826
02:38:46,600 --> 02:38:51,400
It meant the Geneva conference, 
the temporary partition, and the

2827
02:38:51,400 --> 02:38:54,700
creation of two separate 
Vietnamese states that each 

2828
02:38:54,700 --> 02:38:57,200
claimed to represent the 
legitimate government of all 

2829
02:38:57,200 --> 02:38:59,900
Vietnam. 
It meant that instead of getting

2830
02:38:59,900 --> 02:39:03,800
Independence, the Vietnam, got a
civil war overlaid with cold war

2831
02:39:03,800 --> 02:39:06,500
competition. 
The Vietnam that existed before 

2832
02:39:06,500 --> 02:39:11,600
1954 had been many things, a 
Chinese tributary State, an 

2833
02:39:11,600 --> 02:39:15,900
independent Kingdom, a French 
colony and a Japanese Occupation

2834
02:39:15,900 --> 02:39:19,200
Zone. 
But it had always been in the 

2835
02:39:19,200 --> 02:39:24,100
minds of Vietnamese people. 
One country Partition violated 

2836
02:39:24,100 --> 02:39:27,700
something fundamental, not just 
political sovereignty, but 

2837
02:39:27,700 --> 02:39:30,500
cultural identity. 
You have to understand this. 

2838
02:39:31,600 --> 02:39:34,100
17th parallel. 
Didn't mark any natural 

2839
02:39:34,100 --> 02:39:38,000
boundary, it wasn't a mountain 
range or a linguistic divide. 

2840
02:39:38,000 --> 02:39:42,400
It was an arbitrary line drawn 
on a map by foreign powers who 

2841
02:39:42,400 --> 02:39:44,400
carved up. 
Vietnam the way you might divide

2842
02:39:44,400 --> 02:39:47,900
a cake at a party without asking
the cakes opinion. 

2843
02:39:48,600 --> 02:39:52,800
Families were separated 
communities were split people in

2844
02:39:52,800 --> 02:39:55,700
the North, had relatives in the 
South, and vice versa. 

2845
02:39:55,700 --> 02:40:00,100
This is what Vietnam was before 
the divide a place with its own 

2846
02:40:00,100 --> 02:40:03,600
long history, its own struggles 
with powerful, neighbors, its 

2847
02:40:03,600 --> 02:40:07,000
own successful resistance to 
domination and its own ideas 

2848
02:40:07,000 --> 02:40:11,400
about governance and Society. 
It wasn't a blank slate or a 

2849
02:40:11,400 --> 02:40:14,800
domino waiting to fall. 
It was a country with agency 

2850
02:40:14,800 --> 02:40:17,800
with leaders who had their own 
visions and with people who had 

2851
02:40:17,800 --> 02:40:20,800
their own dreams. 
When Americans later arrived in 

2852
02:40:20,800 --> 02:40:23,500
large numbers, many of them, 
wooden know this history. 

2853
02:40:23,500 --> 02:40:28,700
They'd see a conflict that 
started in 1954 on may be 1964. 

2854
02:40:28,700 --> 02:40:31,100
When major American involvement 
began. 

2855
02:40:32,100 --> 02:40:34,600
They wouldn't realize they were 
stepping into a story that was 

2856
02:40:34,600 --> 02:40:37,800
already centuries old with 
antagonists and protagonists. 

2857
02:40:37,800 --> 02:40:42,200
Already cast with plotlines 
already established It was like,

2858
02:40:42,200 --> 02:40:45,300
showing up for the third Act of 
a play and expecting to 

2859
02:40:45,300 --> 02:40:49,100
understand everything from 
Context Clues, the period from 

2860
02:40:49,100 --> 02:40:52,500
1955 to 1964. 
Should have been about building 

2861
02:40:52,500 --> 02:40:55,500
two, separate states. 
That might coexist, might 

2862
02:40:55,500 --> 02:40:59,200
eventually reconcile, and might 
find some modus for vendee, 

2863
02:40:59,200 --> 02:41:03,800
despite their different systems,
instead it became a slow slide 

2864
02:41:03,800 --> 02:41:07,200
toward catastrophe, like 
watching someone drive toward a 

2865
02:41:07,200 --> 02:41:10,300
cliff and slow motion. 
While various passengers argue 

2866
02:41:10,300 --> 02:41:12,600
about the best route in the 
north. 

2867
02:41:12,600 --> 02:41:16,100
Ho Chi Minh and his government 
were building a socialist state 

2868
02:41:16,100 --> 02:41:18,000
with help from the Soviet Union 
and China. 

2869
02:41:19,000 --> 02:41:23,100
They were redistributing land 
from landlords, to peasant's a 

2870
02:41:23,100 --> 02:41:25,500
process that was sometimes 
violent and often ruthless. 

2871
02:41:25,500 --> 02:41:28,800
But that addressed real 
grievances about land ownership,

2872
02:41:28,800 --> 02:41:33,000
they were building factories, 
expanding education, and 

2873
02:41:33,000 --> 02:41:35,800
promoting women's equality. 
They were all. 

2874
02:41:35,800 --> 02:41:39,600
So, creating a police state with
political prisoners censorship, 

2875
02:41:39,600 --> 02:41:43,700
the kind of ideological rigidity
the Communist systems tend to 

2876
02:41:43,700 --> 02:41:47,600
develop in the south in DM was 
building something harder to 

2877
02:41:47,600 --> 02:41:49,900
Define. 
He was a nationalist to 

2878
02:41:49,900 --> 02:41:53,600
genuinely wanted Vietnamese 
Independence, but he was also a 

2879
02:41:53,600 --> 02:41:56,700
Catholic in a Buddhist country, 
an authoritarian, who rigged 

2880
02:41:56,700 --> 02:42:00,100
electrons and someone whose 
family members occupied key 

2881
02:42:00,100 --> 02:42:03,100
government positions, in a way 
that looks suspiciously like 

2882
02:42:03,100 --> 02:42:07,500
feudalism with modern trappings.
American Aid was pouring in 

2883
02:42:07,500 --> 02:42:10,000
military equipment, economic 
assistance. 

2884
02:42:10,000 --> 02:42:14,500
And advisors, by The Hundreds, 
the south of the support of the 

2885
02:42:14,508 --> 02:42:18,200
world's most powerful country 
and yet it somehow never 

2886
02:42:18,200 --> 02:42:20,500
achieves stability or 
legitimacy. 

2887
02:42:20,500 --> 02:42:24,800
DM's problem was fundamental He 
was leading a government that 

2888
02:42:24,800 --> 02:42:27,200
most of his own people didn't 
see his legitimate. 

2889
02:42:28,300 --> 02:42:32,300
The scheduled 1956 elections 
that were supposed to reunify 

2890
02:42:32,300 --> 02:42:36,600
Vietnam never happened. 
Both sides but especially 

2891
02:42:36,600 --> 02:42:40,400
dearman his American backers, 
new Ho Chi Minh would win in a 

2892
02:42:40,400 --> 02:42:43,200
landslide. 
So in stead of democracy, there 

2893
02:42:43,200 --> 02:42:47,000
was indefinite partition instead
of one Vietnam, they would be 

2894
02:42:47,000 --> 02:42:51,000
two held apart by military force
and ideological division. 

2895
02:42:51,000 --> 02:42:54,900
Imagine you're a Vietnamese 
peasant in the late 1950s, 

2896
02:42:54,900 --> 02:42:56,400
trying to navigate the 
situation. 

2897
02:42:56,400 --> 02:42:59,400
You live in a village that's 
been farming. 

2898
02:42:59,400 --> 02:43:03,100
The same land for Generations. 
Your grandparents dealt with 

2899
02:43:03,100 --> 02:43:07,400
Chinese overlords, your parents 
with French Colonials and now 

2900
02:43:07,400 --> 02:43:11,900
there are Americans everywhere. 
Tall men in uniforms who don't 

2901
02:43:11,900 --> 02:43:14,500
speak Vietnamese and who look at
your village? 

2902
02:43:14,500 --> 02:43:17,200
Like it's a military problem to 
be solved rather than a 

2903
02:43:17,200 --> 02:43:20,900
community of human beings. 
The government is Saigon sends 

2904
02:43:20,900 --> 02:43:24,400
officials who demand taxes and 
loyalty but don't provide much 

2905
02:43:24,400 --> 02:43:27,100
in return. 
They're from the city, they 

2906
02:43:27,100 --> 02:43:30,200
speak French better than 
Vietnamese, and they treat rural

2907
02:43:30,200 --> 02:43:32,200
people with barely concealed 
contempt. 

2908
02:43:33,200 --> 02:43:36,500
Meanwhile, some people from your
village who went North after the

2909
02:43:36,500 --> 02:43:39,600
petition occasionally, send word
that land has been 

2910
02:43:39,608 --> 02:43:41,900
redistributed. 
And that there's no more 

2911
02:43:41,900 --> 02:43:43,800
landlord taking half your 
Harvest. 

2912
02:43:44,600 --> 02:43:48,000
Its propaganda. 
Sure, but it's propaganda. 

2913
02:43:48,000 --> 02:43:50,100
That speaks to your actual 
grievances. 

2914
02:43:50,100 --> 02:43:54,200
Then one night men appear at 
your village Viet Cong. 

2915
02:43:54,200 --> 02:43:56,700
They're called in the South 
though, they call themselves. 

2916
02:43:56,700 --> 02:44:00,900
The National Liberation Front, 
they're polite, they help with 

2917
02:44:00,900 --> 02:44:03,100
the Harvest. 
They explained that their 

2918
02:44:03,100 --> 02:44:05,900
fighting to reunify Vietnam and 
foreign domination. 

2919
02:44:05,900 --> 02:44:08,800
They ask for rice for 
information about government 

2920
02:44:08,800 --> 02:44:11,300
troops and maybe for your son to
join them. 

2921
02:44:11,300 --> 02:44:14,500
What do you do? 
This was the reality of South 

2922
02:44:14,500 --> 02:44:16,900
Vietnam in the late 1950s and 
early 1960s. 

2923
02:44:16,900 --> 02:44:21,200
A government that controlled the
cities but had tenuous Authority

2924
02:44:21,200 --> 02:44:24,400
in the countryside and an 
Insurgency that was growing 

2925
02:44:24,400 --> 02:44:26,800
because it addressed real 
problems that the government 

2926
02:44:26,800 --> 02:44:30,400
ignored It wasn't that all 
Vietnamese were secret 

2927
02:44:30,400 --> 02:44:32,000
Communists waiting to be 
activated. 

2928
02:44:32,000 --> 02:44:35,900
It was that the government in 
Saigon fail to give most of its 

2929
02:44:35,900 --> 02:44:40,000
citizens compelling reasons, to 
support it against an 

2930
02:44:40,000 --> 02:44:43,800
alternative that Promised Land 
Reform independence from foreign

2931
02:44:43,800 --> 02:44:47,100
influence and National dignity. 
The American saw this through 

2932
02:44:47,100 --> 02:44:50,300
the lens of cold war 
competition, They believed that 

2933
02:44:50,300 --> 02:44:53,700
communism was spreading through 
subversion and that the solution

2934
02:44:53,700 --> 02:44:57,500
was to strengthen anti-communist
governments, militarily, and 

2935
02:44:57,500 --> 02:45:00,300
economically. 
What they missed was that 

2936
02:45:00,300 --> 02:45:04,100
communism appear in Vietnam had 
less to do with Marx's economic 

2937
02:45:04,100 --> 02:45:07,600
theories and more to do with, Ho
Chi minh's promise to end 

2938
02:45:07,600 --> 02:45:12,200
foreign domination and restore 
Vietnamese Pride by the early 

2939
02:45:12,200 --> 02:45:15,700
1960s, the situation was 
deteriorating rapidly. 

2940
02:45:16,800 --> 02:45:20,200
Diem's government was becoming 
more repressive, cracking down 

2941
02:45:20,200 --> 02:45:22,800
on Buddhist monks. 
Who protested his policies. 

2942
02:45:23,600 --> 02:45:27,300
The famous photograph of teacher
Quang Duke, a Buddhist monk 

2943
02:45:27,300 --> 02:45:30,500
setting himself on fire in 
Saigon in 1963. 

2944
02:45:31,500 --> 02:45:34,500
The image went around the world 
and announced that something was

2945
02:45:34,500 --> 02:45:38,100
deeply wrong in South Vietnam. 
The Kennedy administration 

2946
02:45:38,100 --> 02:45:41,500
watched all this with growing 
alarm, they had increased the 

2947
02:45:41,500 --> 02:45:44,600
number of American advice as in 
Vietnam, from a few hundred to 

2948
02:45:44,600 --> 02:45:48,000
more than 16,000. 
They were paying for most of 

2949
02:45:48,000 --> 02:45:49,600
South. 
Vietnam's military budget. 

2950
02:45:50,600 --> 02:45:53,200
American helicopters were now, 
flying combat missions. 

2951
02:45:53,200 --> 02:45:55,800
Even though officially the US 
wasn't at War. 

2952
02:45:55,800 --> 02:45:59,100
It was like being involved in a 
relationship that you keep 

2953
02:45:59,100 --> 02:46:02,000
insisting as casual while 
spending all your time and money

2954
02:46:02,000 --> 02:46:05,700
on it. 
In November 1963 two events 

2955
02:46:05,700 --> 02:46:08,900
reshape the trajectory of 
American involvement in Vietnam.

2956
02:46:10,100 --> 02:46:14,100
First with American knowledge, 
if not active support, South 

2957
02:46:14,100 --> 02:46:17,900
Vietnamese General staged a coup
against diem who was killed 

2958
02:46:17,900 --> 02:46:21,300
along with his brother. 
The Hope was that new leadership

2959
02:46:21,300 --> 02:46:25,900
might stabilize South Vietnam, 
instead it initiated a period of

2960
02:46:25,900 --> 02:46:29,000
political chaos with multiple 
coups and counter cues. 

2961
02:46:29,000 --> 02:46:32,500
Then three weeks later, 
President Kennedy was 

2962
02:46:32,500 --> 02:46:36,800
assassinated in Dallas. 
Lyndon Johnson became president 

2963
02:46:36,800 --> 02:46:41,400
inheriting a deteriorating 
situation in Vietnam and a 

2964
02:46:41,400 --> 02:46:44,000
foreign policy establishment 
that kept insisting American 

2965
02:46:44,000 --> 02:46:47,900
credibility was on the line. 
Johnson was focused on domestic 

2966
02:46:47,900 --> 02:46:50,600
policy. 
He wanted to build the Great 

2967
02:46:50,600 --> 02:46:55,000
Society to pass, civil rights 
legislation, and to address 

2968
02:46:55,000 --> 02:46:56,900
poverty, and inequality in 
America. 

2969
02:46:57,800 --> 02:47:00,800
Vietnam was a distraction, he 
didn't want but couldnt seem to 

2970
02:47:00,800 --> 02:47:04,400
avoid the drift toward 
full-scale conflict accelerated.

2971
02:47:05,500 --> 02:47:09,800
In the Gulf of Tonkin. 
In August 1964, North Vietnamese

2972
02:47:09,800 --> 02:47:13,500
Patrol boats, allegedly attacked
American destroyers though. 

2973
02:47:13,500 --> 02:47:16,000
The details of what actually 
happened that night remain 

2974
02:47:16,000 --> 02:47:19,100
disputed. 
Johnson used this incident to 

2975
02:47:19,100 --> 02:47:21,600
obtain Congressional 
authorization for military 

2976
02:47:21,600 --> 02:47:25,700
action in Vietnam, It wasn't a 
declaration of war but it 

2977
02:47:25,700 --> 02:47:29,600
functioned like one giving the 
president broad authority to use

2978
02:47:29,600 --> 02:47:31,500
military force in Southeast 
Asia. 

2979
02:47:31,500 --> 02:47:36,500
Looking back these years from 
1955 to 1964, feel like watching

2980
02:47:36,500 --> 02:47:38,700
someone Sleep Walk toward 
disaster. 

2981
02:47:39,500 --> 02:47:42,200
At multiple points. 
Different choices could have 

2982
02:47:42,200 --> 02:47:45,500
been made the elections of 1956 
could have been held. 

2983
02:47:46,400 --> 02:47:49,100
Kennedy Administration could 
have withdrawn support rather 

2984
02:47:49,100 --> 02:47:53,000
than deepened involvement. 
The Johnson Administration could

2985
02:47:53,000 --> 02:47:54,400
have seen the Gulf of Tonkin 
incident. 

2986
02:47:54,400 --> 02:47:58,100
As the ambiguous of it was 
rather than a clear 

2987
02:47:58,108 --> 02:48:01,700
justification for escalation. 
But those choices were made 

2988
02:48:01,700 --> 02:48:05,700
partly because of Cold War 
logic, partly because of 

2989
02:48:05,700 --> 02:48:09,600
bureaucratic momentum and partly
because admitting failure in 

2990
02:48:09,600 --> 02:48:12,700
Vietnam would have required 
admitting that American power 

2991
02:48:12,700 --> 02:48:18,100
had limits and so, the drift 
continued, Until drift became 

2992
02:48:18,100 --> 02:48:23,500
commitment until commitment 
became catastrophe by 1965 

2993
02:48:23,500 --> 02:48:26,100
American, combat troops, were 
Landing in Vietnam. 

2994
02:48:26,100 --> 02:48:30,100
In large numbers, What had begun
as a handful of advisors had 

2995
02:48:30,100 --> 02:48:33,100
become an army. 
What had been described as 

2996
02:48:33,100 --> 02:48:35,200
support for an ally had become 
an American War? 

2997
02:48:36,200 --> 02:48:39,100
And what the Vietnamese it 
experienced as a struggle for 

2998
02:48:39,108 --> 02:48:42,000
Independence. 
And unity was being transformed 

2999
02:48:42,000 --> 02:48:45,500
into a cold war Battleground 
where superpowers contested 

3000
02:48:45,500 --> 02:48:50,400
ideological Supremacy. 
The quiet night in 1955 was gone

3001
02:48:50,400 --> 02:48:54,600
by the sound of helicopters, 
artillery and bombs that would 

3002
02:48:54,600 --> 02:48:57,800
Echo for the next decade. 
We're not going to dwell on the 

3003
02:48:57,800 --> 02:49:01,400
violence itself. 
You came here for rest not 

3004
02:49:01,400 --> 02:49:05,100
nightmares. 
But to understand Vietnam's 

3005
02:49:05,100 --> 02:49:08,800
impact on History, you need to 
grasp the scope of what happened

3006
02:49:08,800 --> 02:49:14,500
between 1965 and 1973. 
When America fought its longest 

3007
02:49:14,500 --> 02:49:17,800
war in a place, most American 
still couldn't locate on a map 

3008
02:49:17,808 --> 02:49:22,300
picture instead, the absurdity 
of it, the ways war of reveals, 

3009
02:49:22,300 --> 02:49:25,200
how institutions can commit 
themselves to failure with 

3010
02:49:25,200 --> 02:49:29,100
perfects and charity. 
The American Military, the most 

3011
02:49:29,100 --> 02:49:32,500
powerful in human history. 
Found itself, fighting an enemy 

3012
02:49:32,500 --> 02:49:36,300
that refused to cooperate with 
American definitions of warfare.

3013
02:49:37,200 --> 02:49:40,000
The North Vietnamese and Viet 
Cong would not stand in Open 

3014
02:49:40,000 --> 02:49:43,700
Fields for set piece battles, 
where American Firepower could 

3015
02:49:43,700 --> 02:49:47,100
be, decisive, they disappeared 
into Villages that looked 

3016
02:49:47,100 --> 02:49:51,300
identical to Friendly ones. 
They move supplies along a route

3017
02:49:51,308 --> 02:49:54,600
called the Ho Chi Minh trail, 
which wasn't actually a trail, 

3018
02:49:54,600 --> 02:49:56,600
but a network of paths through 
jungle. 

3019
02:49:56,600 --> 02:50:00,300
So dense that American bombers 
dropped millions of tons of 

3020
02:50:00,300 --> 02:50:01,900
Ordnance without ever cutting 
it. 

3021
02:50:01,900 --> 02:50:04,700
The war became defined by 
metrics, that measured 

3022
02:50:04,700 --> 02:50:08,900
everything except What mattered.
Body counts became the measure 

3023
02:50:08,900 --> 02:50:12,800
of success, which created 
incentives to Define any dead 

3024
02:50:12,800 --> 02:50:15,600
Vietnamese person as an enemy 
combatant. 

3025
02:50:16,800 --> 02:50:19,900
A percentage of territory 
controlled pacification 

3026
02:50:19,900 --> 02:50:24,700
programs, strategic hamlets, all
these impressive sounding 

3027
02:50:24,700 --> 02:50:28,200
initiatives that looked good in 
PowerPoint presentations, if 

3028
02:50:28,200 --> 02:50:31,800
PowerPoint had existed, but bore
little relationship to the 

3029
02:50:31,800 --> 02:50:35,700
reality of Vietnamese Villages, 
American soldiers, many of them.

3030
02:50:35,700 --> 02:50:38,300
Drafted arrived in Vietnam, for 
one year tours. 

3031
02:50:38,300 --> 02:50:42,100
Imagine the logic. 
You train someone in Warfare, 

3032
02:50:42,100 --> 02:50:45,100
send them to a confusing place 
where they couldn't distinguish 

3033
02:50:45,100 --> 02:50:48,300
friend from enemy, where the 
heat and humidity were 

3034
02:50:48,300 --> 02:50:51,500
oppressive, where booby traps 
and snipers could kill you. 

3035
02:50:51,500 --> 02:50:54,900
During what seemed like routine 
patrols and then just when they 

3036
02:50:54,900 --> 02:50:58,100
figured out how to survive, 
you'd send them home and replace

3037
02:50:58,100 --> 02:51:00,700
them with someone new. 
Who had to start the learning 

3038
02:51:00,700 --> 02:51:03,400
process over again. 
It was like trying to build 

3039
02:51:03,400 --> 02:51:06,500
institutional knowledge at a 
company with 100% annual 

3040
02:51:06,500 --> 02:51:08,800
turnover. 
Meanwhile, back in America. 

3041
02:51:08,800 --> 02:51:10,500
Something unprecedented was 
happening. 

3042
02:51:10,500 --> 02:51:14,500
People were watching this war on
television, not sanitized 

3043
02:51:14,500 --> 02:51:18,100
newsreels, like World War Two 
but Actual footage of combat, 

3044
02:51:18,100 --> 02:51:22,300
casualties and destruction. 
The Evening News brought the war

3045
02:51:22,300 --> 02:51:25,600
into living rooms Across America
and what people saw didn't 

3046
02:51:25,600 --> 02:51:28,500
match, what their government was
telling them, the disconnect 

3047
02:51:28,500 --> 02:51:31,200
grew wider each year. 
Officials in Washington, 

3048
02:51:31,200 --> 02:51:34,800
insisted progress was being made
that there was light at the end 

3049
02:51:34,800 --> 02:51:37,800
of the tunnel and that victory 
was achievable with just a bit 

3050
02:51:37,808 --> 02:51:43,000
more commitment. 
Then in January 1968 during the 

3051
02:51:43,000 --> 02:51:46,900
Tet Offensive North Vietnamese 
and Viet Cong forces launched 

3052
02:51:46,900 --> 02:51:50,400
coordinated attacks across South
Vietnam, even briefly 

3053
02:51:50,400 --> 02:51:54,300
penetrating the US Embassy 
compound in Saigon the Teta 

3054
02:51:54,300 --> 02:51:56,600
fence of was actually a military
defeat for the north. 

3055
02:51:56,600 --> 02:52:00,200
They suffered enormous 
casualties and didn't hold any 

3056
02:52:00,200 --> 02:52:02,000
of the territory they briefly 
captured. 

3057
02:52:03,300 --> 02:52:06,600
But it was a psychological 
victory that devastated American

3058
02:52:06,600 --> 02:52:09,900
public's port for the war. 
If the enemy could launch 

3059
02:52:09,900 --> 02:52:12,800
attacks of this scale, after 
years of American Military 

3060
02:52:12,800 --> 02:52:16,000
effort, then what exactly was 
being accomplished? 

3061
02:52:16,000 --> 02:52:18,600
Let's shift perspective to 
understand this from the 

3062
02:52:18,600 --> 02:52:23,100
Vietnamese side in the north, 
the entire Society was mobilized

3063
02:52:23,100 --> 02:52:26,100
for war. 
The capital Hanoi endured 

3064
02:52:26,100 --> 02:52:29,700
bombing campaigns designed to 
break morale. the famous 

3065
02:52:29,700 --> 02:52:33,700
Christmas bombing of 1972, 
dropped more tonnage on Hanoi in

3066
02:52:33,700 --> 02:52:37,600
12 days, and was dropped on 
Germany, in 1943, People lived 

3067
02:52:37,600 --> 02:52:40,900
in bunkers children carried on 
education in underground. 

3068
02:52:40,900 --> 02:52:44,500
Classrooms and factories were 
dispersed into caves and 

3069
02:52:44,500 --> 02:52:47,300
camouflaged. 
In forests the North Vietnamese 

3070
02:52:47,300 --> 02:52:50,700
strategy wasn't to win military 
in the conventional sense. 

3071
02:52:50,700 --> 02:52:54,600
They knew they couldn't match 
American Firepower, their 

3072
02:52:54,600 --> 02:52:56,300
strategy was to outlast 
American. 

3073
02:52:56,300 --> 02:52:59,400
Will it was a bet that the 
American public would have 

3074
02:52:59,400 --> 02:53:02,700
eventually Tire of a war that 
seemed endless and purposeless, 

3075
02:53:02,700 --> 02:53:06,000
that domestic opposition would 
have eventually Force American 

3076
02:53:06,000 --> 02:53:09,000
withdrawal. 
There was a strategy of patience

3077
02:53:09,000 --> 02:53:13,500
and endurance and it worked in 
the South, the situation was 

3078
02:53:13,500 --> 02:53:16,900
even more complex. 
Not everyone supported the 

3079
02:53:16,900 --> 02:53:21,700
northern Communists far from it.
Many Vietnamese, genuinely 

3080
02:53:21,700 --> 02:53:25,100
feared communist rule 
remembered, Land Reform 

3081
02:53:25,100 --> 02:53:28,100
campaigns that are killed, 
landlords and worry about 

3082
02:53:28,100 --> 02:53:30,200
religious freedom under an 
atheist state. 

3083
02:53:31,300 --> 02:53:34,000
But the South Vietnamese 
government remained, corrupt and

3084
02:53:34,000 --> 02:53:37,000
ineffective. 
American money, created an 

3085
02:53:37,000 --> 02:53:39,700
artificial economy, where 
prostitution and serving 

3086
02:53:39,700 --> 02:53:43,100
Americans often more lucrative 
than productive work. 

3087
02:53:44,500 --> 02:53:47,400
Traditional Vietnamese culture 
was being dissolved in a 

3088
02:53:47,400 --> 02:53:49,800
solution of American affluence 
and Military presence. 

3089
02:53:49,800 --> 02:53:52,800
Villages became Pawns in a 
larger game. 

3090
02:53:53,500 --> 02:53:57,000
The Viet Cong would arrive at 
night and the South Vietnamese 

3091
02:53:57,000 --> 02:54:00,600
or American forces during the 
day Villagers were caught 

3092
02:54:00,600 --> 02:54:03,900
between competing Powers, never 
knowing which side would be 

3093
02:54:03,900 --> 02:54:07,600
there tomorrow, which promises 
were real or which threats were 

3094
02:54:07,600 --> 02:54:10,800
empty. 
The strategy of winning hearts 

3095
02:54:10,800 --> 02:54:15,200
and Minds was undermined by free
fire zones where anything that 

3096
02:54:15,200 --> 02:54:19,400
moved could be shot by artillery
that destroyed villages to save 

3097
02:54:19,400 --> 02:54:22,800
them and buy a fundamental 
disconnect between American 

3098
02:54:22,800 --> 02:54:24,800
understanding and Vietnamese 
reality. 

3099
02:54:24,800 --> 02:54:29,200
The anti-war movement in America
Grew From small protest to mass 

3100
02:54:29,200 --> 02:54:31,800
mobilizations. 
It wasn't just hippies. 

3101
02:54:31,800 --> 02:54:35,500
And radicals, eventually 
included, veterans, soldiers, 

3102
02:54:35,500 --> 02:54:39,200
families, mainstream 
politicians, celebrities and 

3103
02:54:39,200 --> 02:54:42,200
ordinary middle-class Americans 
who started to question. 

3104
02:54:42,200 --> 02:54:43,900
Why? 
Their country was spending blood

3105
02:54:43,900 --> 02:54:46,500
and treasure in a conflict that 
seemed to serve. 

3106
02:54:46,500 --> 02:54:48,300
No vital. 
American interests. 

3107
02:54:48,300 --> 02:54:51,800
The war became the defining 
issue in American politics, 

3108
02:54:51,800 --> 02:54:54,800
Lyndon Johnson, who won a 
landslide election. 

3109
02:54:54,800 --> 02:54:59,300
In 1964 declined to run for 
re-election in 1968, because the

3110
02:54:59,300 --> 02:55:00,900
war had destroyed his 
presidency. 

3111
02:55:01,800 --> 02:55:05,500
Richard Nixon one promising. 
Peace With Honor then continued 

3112
02:55:05,500 --> 02:55:08,200
and even expanded the war for 
four more years while 

3113
02:55:08,200 --> 02:55:12,200
simultaneously negotiating an 
exit Nixon's approach included. 

3114
02:55:12,200 --> 02:55:15,900
Vietnamization gradually turning
the fighting over to South 

3115
02:55:15,900 --> 02:55:19,100
Vietnamese forces while 
withdrawing American troops. 

3116
02:55:19,100 --> 02:55:23,500
It also included expanding the 
war into Cambodia and Laos 

3117
02:55:23,500 --> 02:55:27,200
trying to cut supply lines and 
Destroy North Vietnamese 

3118
02:55:27,200 --> 02:55:30,100
sanctuaries. 
This expansion brought more 

3119
02:55:30,100 --> 02:55:33,400
death to more people in more 
countries, all in service of a 

3120
02:55:33,400 --> 02:55:36,200
strategy that was essentially 
trying to retreat without 

3121
02:55:36,200 --> 02:55:38,900
admitting defeat the Paris Peace
Accords. 

3122
02:55:38,900 --> 02:55:43,400
Signed in January 1973 ended 
direct American Military. 

3123
02:55:43,400 --> 02:55:47,900
Involvement American prisoners 
of war came home American troops

3124
02:55:47,900 --> 02:55:51,300
with Drew. 
But the agreement didn't end the

3125
02:55:51,300 --> 02:55:53,600
war. 
It just removed America from it.

3126
02:55:54,700 --> 02:55:57,600
North and South Vietnam. 
Continued fighting and everyone 

3127
02:55:57,600 --> 02:55:59,100
knew it was only a matter of 
time. 

3128
02:55:59,100 --> 02:56:03,800
Before one side prevailed in 
April 1975 North Vietnamese 

3129
02:56:03,800 --> 02:56:07,400
forces entered, Saigon as South 
Vietnamese resistance collapsed.

3130
02:56:08,500 --> 02:56:11,900
The famous images of helicopters
evacuating Americans from the 

3131
02:56:11,900 --> 02:56:14,400
embassy roof. 
And of people clinging to 

3132
02:56:14,400 --> 02:56:18,300
Landing skids, desperate to 
escape, These captured the 

3133
02:56:18,300 --> 02:56:20,600
chaotic end of America's longest
war. 

3134
02:56:21,500 --> 02:56:25,400
Vietnam was finally reunified, 
not through the elections 

3135
02:56:25,400 --> 02:56:29,300
promised in 1956, but through 
the military victory of the 

3136
02:56:29,300 --> 02:56:32,900
north, over the South, the war 
had killed somewhere between two

3137
02:56:32,900 --> 02:56:37,200
and three million, Vietnamese 
estimates vary widely, plus 

3138
02:56:37,200 --> 02:56:41,200
58,000 Americans and hundreds of
thousands of cambodians and 

3139
02:56:41,200 --> 02:56:44,900
laotians it had a dropped more 
bombs on southeast, Asia than 

3140
02:56:44,900 --> 02:56:46,400
were dropped in all of the World
War 2. 

3141
02:56:47,200 --> 02:56:50,400
It had sprayed, millions of 
gallons of chemical defoliants 

3142
02:56:50,400 --> 02:56:52,300
that would affect health for 
Generations. 

3143
02:56:53,200 --> 02:56:55,100
It had created millions of 
refugees. 

3144
02:56:55,100 --> 02:56:59,000
And in the end, the outcome was 
exactly what would have happened

3145
02:56:59,000 --> 02:57:02,600
in 1956. 
If the elections had been held a

3146
02:57:02,600 --> 02:57:04,400
United Vietnam under communist 
Rule. 

3147
02:57:04,400 --> 02:57:08,200
Now we're in the aftermath and 
this is where the story becomes 

3148
02:57:08,200 --> 02:57:11,200
less about Vietnam and more 
about consequences that rippled 

3149
02:57:11,200 --> 02:57:14,100
outward like waves from a stone 
dropped in water. 

3150
02:57:15,000 --> 02:57:18,700
Take a deep breath. 
The war is over but its effects 

3151
02:57:18,700 --> 02:57:21,300
are just beginning to be 
understood for America. 

3152
02:57:21,300 --> 02:57:26,300
The Vietnam became a syndrome, a
condition, a disorder, a wound, 

3153
02:57:26,300 --> 02:57:30,100
that wouldn't heal cleanly. 
The war had divided the country,

3154
02:57:30,100 --> 02:57:32,500
more deeply than anything, since
the Civil War. 

3155
02:57:33,300 --> 02:57:36,600
It had revealed that American 
power had limits that military 

3156
02:57:36,600 --> 02:57:39,700
might couldn't solve every 
problem and that the world was 

3157
02:57:39,700 --> 02:57:42,000
more complicated than Cold War 
binaries. 

3158
02:57:42,000 --> 02:57:45,300
Suggested American veterans came
home to a country that didn't 

3159
02:57:45,300 --> 02:57:48,400
know what to do with them. 
Unlike World War Two veterans, 

3160
02:57:48,400 --> 02:57:51,700
who returned to parades and 
gratitude Vietnam, veterans 

3161
02:57:51,700 --> 02:57:55,800
often faced in different or 
hostility Many struggled with 

3162
02:57:55,800 --> 02:57:59,700
what we now call PTSD, but then 
was barely recognized. 

3163
02:58:00,500 --> 02:58:03,700
They'd experienced things that 
changed them fundamentally and 

3164
02:58:03,700 --> 02:58:06,700
they returned to a society that 
wanted to forget the war had 

3165
02:58:06,700 --> 02:58:08,700
happened. 
The memorial that was eventually

3166
02:58:08,700 --> 02:58:11,300
built in Washington, the Vietnam
Veterans Memorial. 

3167
02:58:12,300 --> 02:58:15,000
Came one of America's most 
visited an emotionally powerful 

3168
02:58:15,000 --> 02:58:18,000
monuments. 
It's just a black granite wall 

3169
02:58:18,000 --> 02:58:21,700
carved with names, but people 
come and touch those names, 

3170
02:58:21,700 --> 02:58:25,500
leave letters and objects and 
cry for losses that happen 

3171
02:58:25,500 --> 02:58:28,900
decades ago. 
The walls reflective surface 

3172
02:58:28,900 --> 02:58:32,300
means you see yourself among the
names which is uncomfortably 

3173
02:58:32,300 --> 02:58:35,400
appropriate. 
Vietnam's Legacy is something 

3174
02:58:35,400 --> 02:58:38,700
American's carried with them. 
The war changed, American 

3175
02:58:38,700 --> 02:58:41,700
Military Doctrine. 
Fundamentally the Pentagon, 

3176
02:58:41,700 --> 02:58:43,900
spent years analyzing what went 
wrong. 

3177
02:58:43,900 --> 02:58:48,500
Developing new theories about 
limited War counter Insurgency, 

3178
02:58:48,500 --> 02:58:51,500
and the relationship between 
military force, and political 

3179
02:58:51,500 --> 02:58:55,400
objectives. 
They created the concept of the 

3180
02:58:55,400 --> 02:58:58,300
Powell Doctrine. 
The idea that America should 

3181
02:58:58,300 --> 02:59:01,800
only use overwhelming Force for 
Clear, objectives with broad 

3182
02:59:01,800 --> 02:59:05,200
public support and a defined 
exit strategy. 

3183
02:59:06,400 --> 02:59:09,500
It was essentially a list of 
everything, Vietnam, wasn't 

3184
02:59:09,500 --> 02:59:13,900
American journalism changed too.
Before the Vietnam, reporters 

3185
02:59:13,900 --> 02:59:16,400
generally deferred to government
accounts of military operations,

3186
02:59:16,400 --> 02:59:20,700
the relationship, between press 
and government was cozy almost 

3187
02:59:20,700 --> 02:59:23,600
collaborative. 
The Vietnam broke that trust. 

3188
02:59:24,600 --> 02:59:27,900
Reporters in Vietnam saw things 
that contradicted official 

3189
02:59:27,900 --> 02:59:30,600
statements. 
They reported what they saw. 

3190
02:59:31,600 --> 02:59:34,100
When the government said 
pacification was succeeding, 

3191
02:59:34,100 --> 02:59:36,100
reporters could point to 
evidence. 

3192
02:59:36,100 --> 02:59:39,100
It wasn't. 
This adversarial relationship 

3193
02:59:39,100 --> 02:59:42,200
between press and government, 
became the new normal for better

3194
02:59:42,200 --> 02:59:44,600
and worse. 
The anti-war movement, 

3195
02:59:44,600 --> 02:59:47,500
transformed American politics 
and ways that lasted for 

3196
02:59:47,500 --> 02:59:50,300
Generations. 
A connected to civil rights 

3197
02:59:50,300 --> 02:59:54,200
struggles, women's Liberation 
and environmental activism, 

3198
02:59:54,200 --> 02:59:58,000
creating a broader Progressive 
Coalition, that questioned 

3199
02:59:58,000 --> 03:00:01,300
Authority and traditional 
institutions, but it also 

3200
03:00:01,300 --> 03:00:04,700
created a backlash, a 
conservative movement that saw 

3201
03:00:04,700 --> 03:00:09,100
anti-war protesters as disloyal 
and that conflated criticism of 

3202
03:00:09,100 --> 03:00:11,900
the war with criticism of 
America itself. 

3203
03:00:12,900 --> 03:00:16,100
That divides still runs through 
American politics today. 

3204
03:00:16,100 --> 03:00:21,500
For Vietnam itself Victory, came
with devastating costs, Country 

3205
03:00:21,500 --> 03:00:24,800
was physically destroyed 
infrastructure wrecked 

3206
03:00:24,800 --> 03:00:29,000
agricultural land poisoned by 
chemicals and unexploded 

3207
03:00:29,000 --> 03:00:32,200
Ordnance scattered across the 
countryside, like terrible 

3208
03:00:32,200 --> 03:00:34,300
seeds, that still kill people 
today. 

3209
03:00:35,200 --> 03:00:38,000
The post-war governments harsh 
policies towards South 

3210
03:00:38,000 --> 03:00:40,800
Vietnamese, who'd worked with 
Americans or the Saigon 

3211
03:00:40,800 --> 03:00:44,500
government drove hundreds of 
thousands of people to flee, as 

3212
03:00:44,500 --> 03:00:48,200
boat people, many dying at sea 
or in refugee camps. 

3213
03:00:48,200 --> 03:00:52,200
The unified Vietnam, that 
emerged was poor, isolated and 

3214
03:00:52,200 --> 03:00:55,600
recovering, from Decades of War.
The communist government 

3215
03:00:55,600 --> 03:00:58,400
implemented policies that 
sometimes worked and sometimes 

3216
03:00:58,400 --> 03:01:02,100
fails spectacularly. 
There were re-education camps 

3217
03:01:02,100 --> 03:01:04,200
for former South, Vietnamese 
officials and soldiers. 

3218
03:01:04,200 --> 03:01:06,800
Basically, gulags by another 
name. 

3219
03:01:07,800 --> 03:01:10,300
There were fail to economic 
programs that created, poverty, 

3220
03:01:10,300 --> 03:01:13,800
and food shortages. 
It took years of pragmatic 

3221
03:01:13,800 --> 03:01:17,100
reform of gradually opening to 
market, economics and 

3222
03:01:17,100 --> 03:01:20,200
international trade before 
Vietnam, began to prosper. 

3223
03:01:20,200 --> 03:01:24,200
But here's something remarkable.
Vietnam, today is one of the 

3224
03:01:24,200 --> 03:01:26,600
fastest growing economies in 
South East Asia. 

3225
03:01:27,400 --> 03:01:30,600
The generation born after the 
war, which is now most of 

3226
03:01:30,600 --> 03:01:34,900
Vietnam's population has created
a vibrant Dynamic Society. 

3227
03:01:35,900 --> 03:01:39,200
They use smartphones start 
businesses and travel 

3228
03:01:39,200 --> 03:01:42,800
internationally. 
Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City are 

3229
03:01:42,800 --> 03:01:45,900
full of cafes where young people
work on laptops and argue about 

3230
03:01:45,900 --> 03:01:48,900
the future. 
The war is history to them 

3231
03:01:48,900 --> 03:01:52,900
important history, but not their
defining experience. 

3232
03:01:52,900 --> 03:01:56,900
The relationship between Vietnam
and America gradually normalized

3233
03:01:56,900 --> 03:02:00,400
in 1995 20 years after the war 
ended. 

3234
03:02:00,400 --> 03:02:03,300
The two countries established 
diplomatic relations. 

3235
03:02:03,300 --> 03:02:06,500
American companies invested in 
Vietnam. 

3236
03:02:06,500 --> 03:02:10,400
Vietnamese students came to 
study at American University's 

3237
03:02:11,200 --> 03:02:14,600
Trade grew, it wasn't forgetting
both countries, still carry 

3238
03:02:14,600 --> 03:02:16,900
scars, but it was moving 
forward. 

3239
03:02:16,900 --> 03:02:20,900
Veterans from both sides of met 
some times developing 

3240
03:02:20,900 --> 03:02:23,900
friendships based on shared 
experience, even though they 

3241
03:02:23,900 --> 03:02:27,500
were once enemies, There's 
something profound about former 

3242
03:02:27,500 --> 03:02:30,600
combatants recognizing each 
other's Humanity decades later. 

3243
03:02:30,600 --> 03:02:34,700
I acknowledging that they were 
all caught in systems larger 

3244
03:02:34,700 --> 03:02:36,900
than themselves following 
orders. 

3245
03:02:36,900 --> 03:02:40,600
They didn't fully understand and
fighting for causes that turned 

3246
03:02:40,600 --> 03:02:44,000
out to be more complicated than 
they were told the environmental

3247
03:02:44,000 --> 03:02:48,400
Legacy remains troubling agent 
orange, the chemical defoliant 

3248
03:02:48,400 --> 03:02:50,400
that America sprayed to remove 
jungle. 

3249
03:02:50,400 --> 03:02:54,000
Cover has affected multiple 
generations with birth defects 

3250
03:02:54,000 --> 03:02:58,500
and health problems. 
Unexploded bombs and landmines. 

3251
03:02:58,500 --> 03:03:01,000
Still injure people. 
As children. 

3252
03:03:01,900 --> 03:03:05,900
These are wounds that don't heal
with time that keep creating new

3253
03:03:05,900 --> 03:03:10,200
victims decades after the war 
ended Cambodia and Laos bore 

3254
03:03:10,200 --> 03:03:12,300
their own scars from the wars 
expansion. 

3255
03:03:13,200 --> 03:03:16,700
The secret bombing of Cambodia 
helped destabilize that country.

3256
03:03:16,700 --> 03:03:20,900
Creating conditions for the rise
of the Khmer Rouge whose 

3257
03:03:20,900 --> 03:03:23,600
genocidal regime killed nearly a
quarter of cambodia's 

3258
03:03:23,600 --> 03:03:27,000
population. 
Laos became the most heavily 

3259
03:03:27,000 --> 03:03:30,700
bombed country per capita in 
history with consequences that 

3260
03:03:30,700 --> 03:03:34,400
persist today. 
Vietnam was never just about 

3261
03:03:34,400 --> 03:03:36,600
Vietnam. 
It was always a regional 

3262
03:03:36,600 --> 03:03:39,900
catastrophe, the wars affect on 
the Cold War itself was 

3263
03:03:39,900 --> 03:03:43,500
paradoxical on one hand. 
It seemed to demonstrate the 

3264
03:03:43,500 --> 03:03:47,200
limits of American power in 
bouldering the Soviet Union and 

3265
03:03:47,200 --> 03:03:51,700
its allies On the other hand, it
may have contributed to the cold

3266
03:03:51,700 --> 03:03:54,200
Wars eventual. 
End by exhausting American 

3267
03:03:54,200 --> 03:03:57,700
Appetite for containment 
strategies and prompting a shift

3268
03:03:57,700 --> 03:04:01,400
towards, and eventually 
engagement in American culture 

3269
03:04:01,400 --> 03:04:04,900
Vietnam, became a reference 
point for Quagmire, the 

3270
03:04:04,900 --> 03:04:07,800
well-intentioned intervention 
gone wrong and for the gap 

3271
03:04:07,800 --> 03:04:09,900
between government statements 
and reality. 

3272
03:04:10,700 --> 03:04:14,000
Every subsequent military action
was measured against Vietnam 

3273
03:04:14,000 --> 03:04:17,200
when America invaded, Iraq in 
2003. 

3274
03:04:17,200 --> 03:04:20,700
People asked if it would become 
another Vietnam. 

3275
03:04:21,400 --> 03:04:24,000
The comparison was sometimes apt
sometimes not. 

3276
03:04:24,800 --> 03:04:28,000
But the fact that Vietnam became
the standard for failed Wars, 

3277
03:04:28,000 --> 03:04:30,400
tells you something about its 
psychological impact. 

3278
03:04:30,400 --> 03:04:33,900
Southeast, Asia's trajectory was
shaped by Vietnam, but not 

3279
03:04:33,900 --> 03:04:37,100
determined by it. 
The Domino Theory proved wrong 

3280
03:04:37,100 --> 03:04:39,300
Thailand, didn't fall to 
Communism. 

3281
03:04:39,300 --> 03:04:44,400
Nor did Malaysia or Indonesia. 
Instead the region developed in 

3282
03:04:44,400 --> 03:04:47,700
complex ways that cold war 
binaries, couldn't capture the 

3283
03:04:47,700 --> 03:04:51,300
association of Southeast Asian 
Nations became a successful 

3284
03:04:51,300 --> 03:04:54,300
Regional organization, promoting
economic cooperation. 

3285
03:04:55,400 --> 03:04:57,700
The Communist victory in 
Vietnam, didn't trigger the 

3286
03:04:57,700 --> 03:05:01,300
regional catastrophe, American 
policy, makers feared, perhaps 

3287
03:05:01,300 --> 03:05:04,700
the strangest aspect of 
Vietnam's long Shadow is how it 

3288
03:05:04,700 --> 03:05:07,500
became a reference point for 
completely opposite lessons. 

3289
03:05:08,600 --> 03:05:11,900
Conserved Vietnam showed the 
dangers of fighting Wars without

3290
03:05:11,900 --> 03:05:15,500
full commitment and clear. 
Objectives liberals argued it 

3291
03:05:15,508 --> 03:05:18,000
showed the dangers of military 
intervention in complex 

3292
03:05:18,000 --> 03:05:21,900
situations we don't understand 
Hawks said, we could have one 

3293
03:05:21,900 --> 03:05:25,300
with more Force Dove said, we 
should never have been there. 

3294
03:05:26,200 --> 03:05:29,800
Both sides claimed Vietnam 
validated their worldview, which

3295
03:05:29,800 --> 03:05:32,600
suggests the wars lessons are 
ambiguous enough to support 

3296
03:05:32,600 --> 03:05:36,100
multiple interpretations for 
individuals who live through 

3297
03:05:36,100 --> 03:05:39,100
that era, the Vietnam, mark 
them, in personal ways that 

3298
03:05:39,100 --> 03:05:43,000
statistics can't capture. 
It's the friend who didn't come 

3299
03:05:43,000 --> 03:05:45,400
home. 
The relative whose name is on 

3300
03:05:45,400 --> 03:05:48,400
that wall in Washington. 
College years were spent 

3301
03:05:48,400 --> 03:05:52,000
protesting or defending the war,
the sense that their country 

3302
03:05:52,000 --> 03:05:56,200
lost its innocence that the 
postwar optimism of the 1950s, 

3303
03:05:56,200 --> 03:05:59,700
gave way to skepticism and 
division that never fully healed

3304
03:05:59,700 --> 03:06:04,700
the drafts end in 1973 prompted 
largely by Vietnam changed 

3305
03:06:04,700 --> 03:06:06,900
America's relationship with 
military service. 

3306
03:06:08,000 --> 03:06:11,200
And all volunteer Force meant 
that future Wars would be fought

3307
03:06:11,200 --> 03:06:14,900
by a smaller percentage of 
Americans creating a civil 

3308
03:06:14,900 --> 03:06:17,700
military divide, where most 
people had, no personal 

3309
03:06:17,700 --> 03:06:20,900
connection to military service. 
This has consequences. 

3310
03:06:20,900 --> 03:06:24,700
It's easier to support Wars when
you and your family won't be 

3311
03:06:24,700 --> 03:06:28,300
going in literature and Phil 
Vietnam produced in the entire 

3312
03:06:28,300 --> 03:06:30,600
genre. 
From the Dear Hunter to 

3313
03:06:30,600 --> 03:06:34,100
Apocalypse Now from Tim 
O'Brien's stories to Graeme. 

3314
03:06:34,100 --> 03:06:37,700
Greene's pressure novel, The 
Quiet American written before 

3315
03:06:37,700 --> 03:06:41,000
major American involvement 
artists, try to make sense of 

3316
03:06:41,000 --> 03:06:44,500
the wars moral complexity and 
its impact on individuals. 

3317
03:06:45,300 --> 03:06:49,300
These Works often focused Less 
on Grand strategy than on the 

3318
03:06:49,308 --> 03:06:52,700
experience of being caught in an
incomprehensible situation, 

3319
03:06:52,700 --> 03:06:57,300
which may be the most honest way
to understand Vietnam the war 

3320
03:06:57,300 --> 03:07:00,000
taught a generation of American 
leaders to be skeptical of 

3321
03:07:00,008 --> 03:07:02,200
military solutions, to political
problems. 

3322
03:07:03,000 --> 03:07:06,300
Until it didn't. 
The lessons of Vietnam seemed 

3323
03:07:06,300 --> 03:07:10,800
clear in the 1980s questionable 
by the 1990s and forgotten by 

3324
03:07:10,800 --> 03:07:13,800
the 2000. 
Each generation has to learn 

3325
03:07:13,800 --> 03:07:17,900
similar lessons in new contexts,
which suggests that historical 

3326
03:07:17,900 --> 03:07:21,500
memory is fragile and that the 
patterns that doomed, Vietnam 

3327
03:07:21,500 --> 03:07:25,200
can recur in different forms as 
we approach the end of our 

3328
03:07:25,200 --> 03:07:26,900
journey through Vietnam's 
history. 

3329
03:07:26,900 --> 03:07:30,200
Let's assume out one final time 
to consider what this. 

3330
03:07:30,200 --> 03:07:34,500
All means, not just for 
Americans or Vietnamese but for 

3331
03:07:34,500 --> 03:07:38,700
how we understand power Justice 
and the persistent human 

3332
03:07:38,700 --> 03:07:42,100
tendency to believe we can 
control outcomes in systems to 

3333
03:07:42,100 --> 03:07:45,900
complex to fully comprehend. 
The Vietnam War was in many 

3334
03:07:45,900 --> 03:07:50,100
ways, a failure of imagination. 
American policy makers could not

3335
03:07:50,100 --> 03:07:52,700
imagine that Vietnamese 
nationalism might be stronger 

3336
03:07:52,700 --> 03:07:56,800
than Cold War ideology. 
That a poor Agricultural Society

3337
03:07:56,800 --> 03:07:59,200
could Outlast the world's most 
powerful military. 

3338
03:07:59,200 --> 03:08:02,900
All that good intention and 
Superior Firepower might not be 

3339
03:08:02,900 --> 03:08:05,700
enough. 
They saw Vietnam through the 

3340
03:08:05,708 --> 03:08:09,300
lens of Munich and the Domino 
Theory, not through the lens of 

3341
03:08:09,308 --> 03:08:11,400
Vietnamese history and 
aspirations. 

3342
03:08:11,400 --> 03:08:14,400
This failure of imagination was 
partly cultural. 

3343
03:08:14,400 --> 03:08:18,100
American officials who made 
decisions about Vietnam often 

3344
03:08:18,100 --> 03:08:22,000
had no deep knowledge of 
Vietnamese history language or 

3345
03:08:22,000 --> 03:08:24,500
culture. 
They applied templates from 

3346
03:08:24,500 --> 03:08:28,000
Europe, to South-East Asia 
assumed that everyone wanted 

3347
03:08:28,000 --> 03:08:31,100
what Americans wanted and 
believe that economic and 

3348
03:08:31,100 --> 03:08:34,200
military aid. 
Could buy loyalty It was the 

3349
03:08:34,200 --> 03:08:37,600
kind of mistake that seems 
obvious in retrospect but it was

3350
03:08:37,608 --> 03:08:40,400
invisible to people trapped in 
their own assumptions. 

3351
03:08:40,400 --> 03:08:44,200
The war also revealed something 
about how democracies wage Wars 

3352
03:08:44,200 --> 03:08:47,700
the American system of 
government with its checks and 

3353
03:08:47,700 --> 03:08:51,000
balances and public. 
Accountability, wasn't designed 

3354
03:08:51,000 --> 03:08:54,100
for sustained military conflicts
that don't directly threatened. 

3355
03:08:54,100 --> 03:08:58,400
National survival, World War Two
worked because the threat was 

3356
03:08:58,400 --> 03:09:02,300
existential and clear. 
Vietnam didn't work because the 

3357
03:09:02,300 --> 03:09:06,800
threat was abstract and distant 
and as casualties mounted, the 

3358
03:09:06,800 --> 03:09:09,900
American public increasingly 
questioned, whether it was worth

3359
03:09:09,900 --> 03:09:12,300
the cost. 
This races uncomfortable 

3360
03:09:12,300 --> 03:09:15,700
questions about Democratic 
Warfare in the modern era, if 

3361
03:09:15,700 --> 03:09:18,600
democracies can't sustain Wars 
that their publics don't 

3362
03:09:18,608 --> 03:09:21,800
understand or support. 
Does that make them weaker than 

3363
03:09:21,800 --> 03:09:25,300
authoritarian systems that can 
mobilize resources without 

3364
03:09:25,300 --> 03:09:28,700
worrying about public opinion? 
Or does it make them wiser? 

3365
03:09:28,700 --> 03:09:31,500
Because that public 
accountability serves as a check

3366
03:09:31,500 --> 03:09:35,100
on costly mistakes, Vietnam. 
Also highlighted, the problem of

3367
03:09:35,100 --> 03:09:38,700
prestige in international 
relations, United States kept 

3368
03:09:38,700 --> 03:09:40,900
fighting partly because 
withdrawing would signal 

3369
03:09:40,900 --> 03:09:44,500
weakness would damage American 
credibility and would encourage 

3370
03:09:44,500 --> 03:09:46,300
other challenges to American 
power. 

3371
03:09:47,600 --> 03:09:52,200
But this logic created a trap. 
The longer America stayed the 

3372
03:09:52,200 --> 03:09:55,300
more costly withdrawal became 
which meant staying longer, 

3373
03:09:55,300 --> 03:09:57,600
which made withdrawal, more 
costly still. 

3374
03:09:58,500 --> 03:10:00,900
It's like staying in a bad 
relationship because you've 

3375
03:10:00,900 --> 03:10:03,600
already invested so much time 
that leaving feels like 

3376
03:10:03,600 --> 03:10:07,600
admitting you wasted years of 
your life, the war demonstrated 

3377
03:10:07,600 --> 03:10:10,900
that technology and Firepower 
can't solve political problems. 

3378
03:10:11,800 --> 03:10:16,800
America had helicopters bombers 
chemical weapons enormous 

3379
03:10:16,800 --> 03:10:19,700
artillery, and the most 
sophisticated military 

3380
03:10:19,700 --> 03:10:23,400
technology of the era. 
None of it mattered when the 

3381
03:10:23,400 --> 03:10:26,400
fundamental problem was that the
South Vietnamese government 

3382
03:10:26,400 --> 03:10:28,600
lacked legitimacy with its own 
people? 

3383
03:10:29,400 --> 03:10:32,100
You can't bomb your way to 
political legitimacy. 

3384
03:10:32,100 --> 03:10:35,500
You can't use technology to 
create the kind of social, 

3385
03:10:35,500 --> 03:10:38,200
cohesion and institutional 
trust. 

3386
03:10:38,200 --> 03:10:41,900
That makes governments work for 
developing nations watching from

3387
03:10:41,900 --> 03:10:44,600
elsewhere in the world. 
The Vietnam sent a complex 

3388
03:10:44,600 --> 03:10:47,900
message on one hand. 
It showed that determined 

3389
03:10:47,900 --> 03:10:51,400
resistance could defeat even 
superpowers On the other hand, 

3390
03:10:51,400 --> 03:10:54,600
it showed the devastating cost 
of such resistance. 

3391
03:10:54,600 --> 03:10:59,900
Millions dead infrastructure, 
destroyed development, delayed 

3392
03:10:59,900 --> 03:11:03,200
by decades. 
Victory didn't necessarily mean 

3393
03:11:03,200 --> 03:11:07,400
Prosperity or Freedom, it meant 
survival and the chance to 

3394
03:11:07,400 --> 03:11:11,200
rebuild the war's impact on 
international law and Norms was 

3395
03:11:11,200 --> 03:11:14,200
significant. 
The extensive documentation of 

3396
03:11:14,200 --> 03:11:16,700
war crimes. 
The moral questioning of 

3397
03:11:16,700 --> 03:11:20,300
chemical warfare and the debate 
about the legitimacy of the war 

3398
03:11:20,300 --> 03:11:23,000
itself. 
All of this contributed to 

3399
03:11:23,000 --> 03:11:26,100
evolving standards about what's 
acceptable in armed conflict. 

3400
03:11:27,000 --> 03:11:30,100
The laws of war are always 
aspirational and often violated.

3401
03:11:30,100 --> 03:11:33,300
But Vietnam, pushed 
conversations about restraints 

3402
03:11:33,300 --> 03:11:37,000
on military action in ways that 
influence subsequent conflicts 

3403
03:11:37,000 --> 03:11:40,400
climate and ecology became 
concerns partly because of 

3404
03:11:40,408 --> 03:11:43,400
Vietnam. 
The massive use of chemical 

3405
03:11:43,400 --> 03:11:46,900
defoliants and the environmental
destruction from bombing and 

3406
03:11:46,908 --> 03:11:49,700
military operations. 
These raised awareness about 

3407
03:11:49,700 --> 03:11:51,500
warfare's. 
Ecological costs. 

3408
03:11:52,700 --> 03:11:55,800
Modern military is now consider 
environmental impacts in ways. 

3409
03:11:55,800 --> 03:11:59,000
They didn't before Vietnam, 
though this consideration is 

3410
03:11:59,000 --> 03:12:02,700
still far from comprehensive the
refugee flows from Vietnam 

3411
03:12:02,700 --> 03:12:05,300
changed, immigration patterns 
and policies worldwide. 

3412
03:12:06,400 --> 03:12:09,700
The Vietnamese diaspora spread 
across the globe, creating 

3413
03:12:09,700 --> 03:12:12,700
communities from California to 
Australia to France. 

3414
03:12:13,700 --> 03:12:16,400
These refugees and their 
descendants became successful 

3415
03:12:16,400 --> 03:12:20,200
Americans or Australians and 
French citizens often 

3416
03:12:20,200 --> 03:12:22,300
maintaining Vietnamese cultural 
identity. 

3417
03:12:22,300 --> 03:12:25,900
Their experience challenges, 
simple narrative about a 

3418
03:12:25,900 --> 03:12:29,700
simulation and cultural 
preservation in Vietnam itself. 

3419
03:12:29,700 --> 03:12:32,600
The legacy is Complicated by the
fact that the Victorious 

3420
03:12:32,600 --> 03:12:35,100
Communists continued ruling 
after the war ended. 

3421
03:12:35,800 --> 03:12:38,000
The government controls the 
historical narrative, 

3422
03:12:38,000 --> 03:12:40,800
emphasizing resistance to 
foreign aggression. 

3423
03:12:40,800 --> 03:12:43,900
While downplaying the Civil War 
aspects of the post war, 

3424
03:12:43,900 --> 03:12:48,600
hardships, Young Vietnamese 
know, the official story but are

3425
03:12:48,600 --> 03:12:50,700
increasingly curious about 
different perspectives, 

3426
03:12:50,700 --> 03:12:53,200
especially as they interact with
the world. 

3427
03:12:53,200 --> 03:12:56,100
Through technology. 
The economic trajectory of 

3428
03:12:56,100 --> 03:12:58,700
post-war Vietnam offers a 
surprising lessons about 

3429
03:12:58,700 --> 03:13:02,300
pragmatism and adaptation. 
The communist government that 

3430
03:13:02,300 --> 03:13:05,200
fought for decades to unify the 
country under, socialism 

3431
03:13:05,200 --> 03:13:08,900
eventually adopted Market, 
reforms that created rapid 

3432
03:13:08,900 --> 03:13:12,000
economic growth. 
It's as if they won the war on 

3433
03:13:12,000 --> 03:13:15,000
ideological grounds, but made 
peace on practical ones, 

3434
03:13:15,000 --> 03:13:18,000
recognizing the economic 
development required. 

3435
03:13:18,000 --> 03:13:21,800
Engaging with global capitalism 
rather than isolating from it. 

3436
03:13:21,800 --> 03:13:25,600
America's relationship with his 
Vietnam War history remains 

3437
03:13:25,600 --> 03:13:28,200
uncomfortable. 
The war is taught in schools, 

3438
03:13:28,200 --> 03:13:31,700
but often in sanitized ways that
emphasize American mistakes 

3439
03:13:31,700 --> 03:13:34,700
without fully confronting the 
violence and destruction. 

3440
03:13:35,800 --> 03:13:38,800
There's a tendency to focus on 
how the war affected Americans 

3441
03:13:38,800 --> 03:13:40,900
rather than what Americans did 
to Vietnam. 

3442
03:13:40,900 --> 03:13:44,900
This isn't unique to America all
countries struggle with 

3443
03:13:44,900 --> 03:13:48,100
acknowledging, their worst 
moments, but it suggests that 

3444
03:13:48,100 --> 03:13:51,400
coming to terms with Vietnam 
remains incomplete, The 

3445
03:13:51,400 --> 03:13:53,900
Experience created. 
What we might call learned 

3446
03:13:53,900 --> 03:13:57,200
caution in American foreign 
policy at least for a 

3447
03:13:57,200 --> 03:13:59,500
generation. 
Post Vietnam. 

3448
03:13:59,500 --> 03:14:02,200
They were skepticism about 
military intervention. 

3449
03:14:03,000 --> 03:14:05,500
Questions about whether American
values could or should be 

3450
03:14:05,500 --> 03:14:09,400
exported through force and 
recognition that some problems 

3451
03:14:09,400 --> 03:14:12,900
have no military Solutions. 
This caution influenced 

3452
03:14:12,900 --> 03:14:15,800
decisions not to intervene in 
various conflicts during the 

3453
03:14:15,800 --> 03:14:21,300
late Cold War but caution faded 
over time. by the 1990s with the

3454
03:14:21,300 --> 03:14:25,200
Soviet Union gone and America as
the sole superpower confidence 

3455
03:14:25,200 --> 03:14:30,100
returned military interventions 
in the Balkans seem to work, The

3456
03:14:30,100 --> 03:14:33,100
gulf Wars quick success 
suggested that Vietnam was an 

3457
03:14:33,108 --> 03:14:36,100
aberration that American 
military power could achieve 

3458
03:14:36,100 --> 03:14:38,200
political objectives. 
If properly applied. 

3459
03:14:39,100 --> 03:14:42,400
This renewed confidence, 
contributed to decisions about 

3460
03:14:42,400 --> 03:14:46,000
Afghanistan and Iraq. 
That created their own quagmires

3461
03:14:46,000 --> 03:14:48,300
suggesting that Vietnam's 
lessons. 

3462
03:14:48,300 --> 03:14:50,600
Keep needing to be relearned, 
perhaps. 

3463
03:14:50,600 --> 03:14:54,400
The deepest Legacy is about 
humility, the recognition that 

3464
03:14:54,400 --> 03:14:57,500
power has Limits. 
The Good Intentions aren't 

3465
03:14:57,500 --> 03:15:00,800
enough that the world is more 
complex than our models of it 

3466
03:15:00,800 --> 03:15:04,000
and that other people's 
histories and aspirations matter

3467
03:15:04,000 --> 03:15:06,600
as much as ours. 
Do these lessons are 

3468
03:15:06,600 --> 03:15:09,500
uncomfortable for any powerful 
Nation because they require 

3469
03:15:09,500 --> 03:15:12,600
accepting that you can't always 
get what you want that. 

3470
03:15:12,600 --> 03:15:16,300
Sometimes you're wrong and that 
your actions can cause harm even

3471
03:15:16,300 --> 03:15:19,600
when you're trying to help the 
Vietnam, also reminds us that 

3472
03:15:19,600 --> 03:15:23,000
real people pay for Grand 
strategies behind every 

3473
03:15:23,000 --> 03:15:26,100
statistic was someone Vietnamese
farmer? 

3474
03:15:26,100 --> 03:15:29,500
Whose Village was destroyed and 
American soldier who came home 

3475
03:15:29,500 --> 03:15:33,500
damaged, a child born with birth
defects from chemical exposure, 

3476
03:15:33,500 --> 03:15:37,000
or a refugee, who lost 
everything, fleeing violence. 

3477
03:15:37,800 --> 03:15:40,900
History, often focuses on 
leaders and decisions, but Wars 

3478
03:15:40,900 --> 03:15:43,100
happen to ordinary people whose 
names will never know. 

3479
03:15:43,100 --> 03:15:47,400
We've traveled far from that 
Cafe in Saigon in 1955 through 

3480
03:15:47,400 --> 03:15:51,500
Decades of conflict in its 
aftermath Let's return there. 

3481
03:15:51,500 --> 03:15:54,800
Now in a imagination with 
everything we've learned, if you

3482
03:15:54,800 --> 03:15:58,500
could sit in that Cafe again 
knowing what would come what 

3483
03:15:58,500 --> 03:16:00,300
would you want to tell the 
people around you? 

3484
03:16:01,100 --> 03:16:04,500
That their children would 
survive the next 20 years that 

3485
03:16:04,500 --> 03:16:08,100
their country would eventually 
Prosper that the sacrifices 

3486
03:16:08,100 --> 03:16:10,100
would lead somewhere. 
Other than where everyone 

3487
03:16:10,100 --> 03:16:12,200
expected. 
You might want to tell the 

3488
03:16:12,200 --> 03:16:15,000
American advisors, just 
beginning to arrive that they're

3489
03:16:15,000 --> 03:16:17,400
well-meaning efforts would help 
initiate something terrible. 

3490
03:16:18,200 --> 03:16:20,900
That the Domino Theory they 
believed in, would prove wrong 

3491
03:16:20,900 --> 03:16:24,000
that the enemy they 
underestimated would Outlast 

3492
03:16:24,000 --> 03:16:26,200
them. 
But they probably wouldn't 

3493
03:16:26,200 --> 03:16:29,900
listen, they were certain of 
their mission confident in their

3494
03:16:29,900 --> 03:16:32,500
power and unable to imagine 
failure. 

3495
03:16:32,500 --> 03:16:35,400
You might want to tell the 
Vietnamese making their evening 

3496
03:16:35,400 --> 03:16:37,400
plans that the temporary 
division would become a 

3497
03:16:37,408 --> 03:16:40,900
permanent wound, the family 
separated for a year would be a 

3498
03:16:40,908 --> 03:16:44,400
part for decades and that the 
country would be transformed in 

3499
03:16:44,400 --> 03:16:45,800
ways. 
No one anticipated. 

3500
03:16:47,000 --> 03:16:49,200
But they already knew on some 
level. 

3501
03:16:50,000 --> 03:16:52,200
They'd been through enough 
foreign occupations to 

3502
03:16:52,200 --> 03:16:55,000
understand that when great 
Powers involved themselves in 

3503
03:16:55,000 --> 03:16:57,900
your Homeland Ordinary, People 
pay the price. 

3504
03:16:57,900 --> 03:17:01,600
The story of Vietnam is 
ultimately about what happens 

3505
03:17:01,600 --> 03:17:05,600
when abstractions, Domino 
theories, cold war competition. 

3506
03:17:05,600 --> 03:17:10,200
Revolutionary ideology meet 
reality in the form of human 

3507
03:17:10,200 --> 03:17:12,700
communities with their own 
history and aspirations. 

3508
03:17:13,700 --> 03:17:15,600
The abstractions never quite 
fit. 

3509
03:17:16,400 --> 03:17:19,500
The reality always proves more 
complex than the theories 

3510
03:17:19,500 --> 03:17:22,400
predict. 
And the cost of forcing reality 

3511
03:17:22,400 --> 03:17:25,800
to match Theory Falls primarily 
on those with the least power to

3512
03:17:25,800 --> 03:17:28,000
resist. 
But it's also a story about 

3513
03:17:28,000 --> 03:17:32,600
resilience Vietnam, survived 
America recovered, the wounds 

3514
03:17:32,600 --> 03:17:35,800
remain, but don't Define 
everything, life, continues 

3515
03:17:35,800 --> 03:17:38,700
adapts and finds joy even in 
difficult circumstances. 

3516
03:17:40,400 --> 03:17:44,400
The cafes in Saigon now, Ho Chi 
Minh City, still serve that 

3517
03:17:44,400 --> 03:17:45,600
strong. 
Sweet coffee. 

3518
03:17:47,400 --> 03:17:50,600
Smell of hosts, still drifts 
through morning streets, young 

3519
03:17:50,600 --> 03:17:54,000
people still dream about their 
Futures, mostly unaware, that 

3520
03:17:54,000 --> 03:17:55,700
their country was once a 
battlefield. 

3521
03:17:55,700 --> 03:17:58,600
Where superpowers contested for 
Supremacy? 

3522
03:17:58,600 --> 03:18:01,900
There's something almost 
miraculous about this resilience

3523
03:18:01,900 --> 03:18:05,600
about how quickly extraordinary 
horror can be absorbed back into

3524
03:18:05,600 --> 03:18:09,000
ordinary life. 
It's not forgetting the memories

3525
03:18:09,000 --> 03:18:13,300
and scars remain, but its moving
forward because life demands it.

3526
03:18:14,000 --> 03:18:16,400
You can't spend forever reliving
trauma. 

3527
03:18:16,400 --> 03:18:19,500
At some point you have to make 
dinner, help your children with 

3528
03:18:19,500 --> 03:18:22,000
homework laugh at something 
silly and plan for tomorrow. 

3529
03:18:22,000 --> 03:18:23,900
As you prepare for sleep 
tonight. 

3530
03:18:23,900 --> 03:18:27,500
Consider how much of History 
happens in the space is between 

3531
03:18:27,500 --> 03:18:31,400
the dramatic moments in the 
quiet nights before conflicts, 

3532
03:18:31,400 --> 03:18:35,100
begin in the ordinary days 
during Wars and in the slow 

3533
03:18:35,100 --> 03:18:39,100
healing afterward. 
History books, focus on battles 

3534
03:18:39,100 --> 03:18:42,400
and peace treaties on leaders 
and their decisions. 

3535
03:18:43,200 --> 03:18:46,500
The history is mostly people 
trying to live their lives while

3536
03:18:46,500 --> 03:18:49,200
events beyond their control 
swirl around them. 

3537
03:18:49,200 --> 03:18:52,800
The Vietnam War Changed History 
by revealing limitations of 

3538
03:18:52,800 --> 03:18:56,700
Power by demonstrating that 
military, might can't substitute

3539
03:18:56,700 --> 03:19:00,600
for political legitimacy, and by
showing that determined people 

3540
03:19:00,600 --> 03:19:03,000
fighting for what they believe 
in their Homeland have 

3541
03:19:03,000 --> 03:19:06,600
advantages that technology. 
Can't overcome it changed 

3542
03:19:06,600 --> 03:19:11,400
American culture, Vietnamese 
Society, Cold War Dynamics, and 

3543
03:19:11,400 --> 03:19:14,600
how we think about intervention 
and warfare, but perhaps it's 

3544
03:19:14,600 --> 03:19:18,200
deeper lesson, is simpler that 
we should be humble about our 

3545
03:19:18,200 --> 03:19:21,700
ability to control events. 
Careful about the consequences 

3546
03:19:21,700 --> 03:19:25,200
of our actions respectful of 
other people's agency and 

3547
03:19:25,200 --> 03:19:29,200
complexity and where that 
history is made by human beings 

3548
03:19:29,200 --> 03:19:33,300
who suffer and hope and dream. 
Just as we do, the Jasmine is 

3549
03:19:33,300 --> 03:19:35,400
still blooming somewhere in 
South East Asia tonight. 

3550
03:19:36,300 --> 03:19:38,500
Street vendors are still 
negotiating prices with 

3551
03:19:38,500 --> 03:19:40,900
customers. 
Families are still gathering for

3552
03:19:40,900 --> 03:19:43,700
meals. 
The world that was reshaped by 

3553
03:19:43,700 --> 03:19:46,700
Vietnam continues turning 
carrying within it. 

3554
03:19:46,700 --> 03:19:48,600
All the lessons, learned and 
forgotten. 

3555
03:19:48,600 --> 03:19:52,900
All the sacrifices made and 
commemorated and all the quiet 

3556
03:19:52,900 --> 03:19:56,100
nights when anything seemed 
possible before history took, 

3557
03:19:56,100 --> 03:19:59,100
its course, as you drift towards
sleep, let go of the 

3558
03:19:59,100 --> 03:20:03,100
complexities and tragedy. 
Remember instead that quiet 

3559
03:20:03,100 --> 03:20:07,600
evening in 1955 before the 
storm, when life was simply 

3560
03:20:07,600 --> 03:20:12,000
life, complicated and beautiful 
and ordinary the way it always 

3561
03:20:12,000 --> 03:20:14,400
is in the space is between 
historical events. 

3562
03:20:15,300 --> 03:20:18,500
Remember that even after 
terrible things happen, cafes 

3563
03:20:18,500 --> 03:20:22,400
serve coffee, children, laugh 
and Jasmine blooms in the 

3564
03:20:22,400 --> 03:20:25,900
evening are rest. 
Well history continues. 

3565
03:20:25,900 --> 03:20:29,300
So, does the ordinary miracle of
human life finding ways to 

3566
03:20:29,308 --> 03:20:34,200
flourish even in difficult soil?
That's the lesson worth carrying

3567
03:20:34,200 --> 03:20:39,300
into dreams, not the wars or the
grand strategies, but the 

3568
03:20:39,300 --> 03:20:44,100
Persistence of everyday Beauty 
everyday, resilience, and every 

3569
03:20:44,100 --> 03:20:46,800
day. 
Hope the ceiling fan still turn 

3570
03:20:46,800 --> 03:20:52,700
the coffee, still drips, And 
somewhere always it's a quiet 

3571
03:20:52,700 --> 03:20:55,500
night before his history changes
which is to say. 

3572
03:20:55,500 --> 03:20:58,900
It's just another evening in a 
world full of people trying to 

3573
03:20:58,900 --> 03:21:01,800
live their lives with dignity 
and Grace sleep. 

3574
03:21:01,800 --> 03:21:12,400
Well, You're sitting in a cave 
entrance on a hillside in what 

3575
03:21:12,400 --> 03:21:15,200
will someday be called County, 
Clare Ireland. 

3576
03:21:15,200 --> 03:21:18,300
The year doesn't matter because 
years haven't been invented yet,

3577
03:21:18,300 --> 03:21:22,700
but the season does its deep 
winter and the sun has just 

3578
03:21:22,700 --> 03:21:24,900
slipped below the Western 
Horizon around four. 

3579
03:21:24,900 --> 03:21:28,800
In the afternoon, your breath 
makes small clouds in the frigid

3580
03:21:28,800 --> 03:21:32,300
air and your fingers are already
going numb despite the sheepskin

3581
03:21:32,300 --> 03:21:36,400
wrapped around your shoulders. 
Behind you deeper in the cave. 

3582
03:21:36,400 --> 03:21:39,800
Someone has been tending. 
The fire all day this isn't just

3583
03:21:39,800 --> 03:21:43,500
any fire its Fire. 
The one, your family group has 

3584
03:21:43,500 --> 03:21:44,800
kept alive for three 
generations. 

3585
03:21:46,000 --> 03:21:48,700
You know this because your 
grandmother told you and her, 

3586
03:21:48,700 --> 03:21:52,900
grandmother told her the fire 
predates, everyone's memory a 

3587
03:21:52,900 --> 03:21:54,900
living thing that demands 
constant attention. 

3588
03:21:54,900 --> 03:21:58,500
Let it die and you'll spend 
hours trying to Cope's new 

3589
03:21:58,508 --> 03:22:01,000
Flames from a friction drill and
a piece of dried. 

3590
03:22:01,000 --> 03:22:04,300
Fungus. 
Your arms aching your patience 

3591
03:22:04,300 --> 03:22:08,800
worn thin as birch bark 
Firelight doesn't reach far 

3592
03:22:08,800 --> 03:22:13,400
perhaps 15 feet from the half. 
Maybe 20 of someone's just added

3593
03:22:13,400 --> 03:22:17,400
fresh pine logs that spit and 
crackle enthusiastically beyond 

3594
03:22:17,400 --> 03:22:19,300
that radius. 
The darkness isn't just an 

3595
03:22:19,300 --> 03:22:23,200
absence of light. 
A presence, something thick and 

3596
03:22:23,200 --> 03:22:26,000
alive that presses against your 
small circle of warmth. 

3597
03:22:26,800 --> 03:22:29,100
You can hear things moving out 
there in the winter night. 

3598
03:22:29,700 --> 03:22:32,500
Probably just a fox. 
Hopefully, just a fox. 

3599
03:22:32,500 --> 03:22:35,400
Your cousin is rotating. 
A haunch of venison over the 

3600
03:22:35,400 --> 03:22:37,200
flames. 
And the smell makes your stomach

3601
03:22:37,200 --> 03:22:40,500
clenched with hunger. 
Fire like plays across her face,

3602
03:22:40,500 --> 03:22:43,800
making her features shift and 
dance in the shadows. 

3603
03:22:43,800 --> 03:22:48,800
In this light, everyone looks 
different older stranger, like, 

3604
03:22:48,800 --> 03:22:50,900
versions of themselves from some
other world. 

3605
03:22:52,000 --> 03:22:56,200
Flames creator of Shadows on the
cave walls, enormous and 

3606
03:22:56,200 --> 03:23:00,900
distorted turning simple human 
gestures in to Mythic pantomime 

3607
03:23:00,900 --> 03:23:03,400
file. 
Was Humanity's first, great 

3608
03:23:03,400 --> 03:23:07,000
technology, more important than 
the wheel and more revolutionary

3609
03:23:07,000 --> 03:23:10,600
than agriculture before. 
Fire, your species huddled in 

3610
03:23:10,600 --> 03:23:15,400
darkness 12 hours out of every 
24 Vaughn to everything with 

3611
03:23:15,400 --> 03:23:17,400
sharp teeth and better night 
vision. 

3612
03:23:18,500 --> 03:23:21,000
After the fire, you'd pushed 
back the darkness. 

3613
03:23:21,000 --> 03:23:23,800
Just enough to create a space 
that was yours. 

3614
03:23:23,800 --> 03:23:29,100
Not Conquered never that but 
negotiated with An agreement 

3615
03:23:29,100 --> 03:23:32,700
between humanity and the night. 
The half is never just about 

3616
03:23:32,700 --> 03:23:35,300
light though. 
Light is certainly part of its 

3617
03:23:35,300 --> 03:23:37,000
magic. 
It's about heat. 

3618
03:23:37,000 --> 03:23:40,400
Yes. 
And Keeping Predators nervous 

3619
03:23:40,400 --> 03:23:41,700
enough to maintain their 
distance. 

3620
03:23:42,400 --> 03:23:46,100
But watch how everyone arranges 
themselves around it always 

3621
03:23:46,100 --> 03:23:50,600
facing inward backs to the 
protected cave wall, eyes drawn 

3622
03:23:50,600 --> 03:23:53,100
to the Flames. 
Fire is Hypnotic. 

3623
03:23:53,100 --> 03:23:56,500
You could watch it for hours and
sometimes you do because there's

3624
03:23:56,500 --> 03:23:59,300
not much else to do once 
Darkness Falls and the days work

3625
03:23:59,300 --> 03:24:01,900
is finished. 
Firelight is intimate. 

3626
03:24:01,900 --> 03:24:05,700
It only reaches so far creating 
a boundary between your group 

3627
03:24:05,700 --> 03:24:08,400
and everything else. 
Inside this circle of 

3628
03:24:08,408 --> 03:24:12,300
Illumination, you're safe, warm 
and fed. 

3629
03:24:13,200 --> 03:24:16,100
Outside it. 
The world is full of things that

3630
03:24:16,100 --> 03:24:18,900
would happily eat you. 
This is the first human 

3631
03:24:18,900 --> 03:24:21,800
experience of inside versus 
outside in the metaphorical 

3632
03:24:21,800 --> 03:24:24,000
sense. 
The division between 

3633
03:24:24,000 --> 03:24:27,900
civilization and Wilderness 
safety and danger and us and 

3634
03:24:27,900 --> 03:24:30,400
them. 
All of its starts here with a 

3635
03:24:30,408 --> 03:24:33,000
fire at the center and darkness 
at the Edge's. 

3636
03:24:33,800 --> 03:24:35,900
Quality of firelight is 
something you'll never 

3637
03:24:35,900 --> 03:24:39,600
experience in your modern life, 
no matter how many candles you 

3638
03:24:39,600 --> 03:24:42,700
like during a power outage, it's
not deadly. 

3639
03:24:42,700 --> 03:24:46,100
It doesn't stay the same color, 
or intensity for more than a few

3640
03:24:46,100 --> 03:24:49,700
seconds at a time. 
The Flames, Surge and subside. 

3641
03:24:49,700 --> 03:24:52,700
Like breathing, casting 
everything in shades of orange 

3642
03:24:52,700 --> 03:24:56,500
and gold. 
And deep red faces appear, a 

3643
03:24:56,500 --> 03:24:59,900
disappear objects at the edge of
the firelight seemed to flicker 

3644
03:24:59,900 --> 03:25:03,200
in and out of existence. 
Your ancestors weren't just 

3645
03:25:03,200 --> 03:25:05,900
sitting around fires. 
They were performing one of the 

3646
03:25:05,900 --> 03:25:08,300
most important maintenance tasks
in human history. 

3647
03:25:08,300 --> 03:25:12,300
Someone always had to watch the 
Flames had fuel before they died

3648
03:25:12,300 --> 03:25:14,100
too. 
Low and protect the coals 

3649
03:25:14,100 --> 03:25:17,200
through the night. 
In some cultures, letting the 

3650
03:25:17,200 --> 03:25:20,100
communal fire go out was 
considered such a serious 

3651
03:25:20,100 --> 03:25:22,300
failure. 
That it carried severe, social 

3652
03:25:22,300 --> 03:25:24,900
penalties. 
You'd let down not just your 

3653
03:25:24,900 --> 03:25:26,800
family but your entire 
Community. 

3654
03:25:26,800 --> 03:25:30,300
Condemning everyone to cold 
Darkness until fire could be 

3655
03:25:30,308 --> 03:25:33,800
rekindled and arduous process. 
That might take hours. 

3656
03:25:34,700 --> 03:25:37,800
There's an art to fire attending
that you learn young too much, 

3657
03:25:37,808 --> 03:25:42,300
would Smothers the Flames to 
little and they died to Embers 

3658
03:25:42,300 --> 03:25:46,700
that provide warmth but no light
Wet wood creates more smoke than

3659
03:25:46,700 --> 03:25:49,600
illumination. 
Sending everyone into coughing. 

3660
03:25:49,600 --> 03:25:52,500
Fits resinous, Pine lights 
quickly. 

3661
03:25:52,500 --> 03:25:57,900
But Burns fast Oak Burns, slowly
and steadily but takes forever 

3662
03:25:57,900 --> 03:26:00,800
to catch. 
Birch bark makes excellent 

3663
03:26:00,800 --> 03:26:04,500
kindling. 
Drive, well, it's not pleasant 

3664
03:26:04,500 --> 03:26:06,900
to think about but it burns. 
Surprisingly. 

3665
03:26:06,900 --> 03:26:11,100
Well, when wood is scarce, the 
smoke from your Fire Rises and 

3666
03:26:11,100 --> 03:26:14,300
pools against the cave ceiling 
before finding its way out 

3667
03:26:14,300 --> 03:26:16,000
through cracks, and the cave 
entrance. 

3668
03:26:16,900 --> 03:26:21,900
Your eyes water constantly, your
clothes, your hair, your skin, 

3669
03:26:21,900 --> 03:26:24,600
everything reeks of smoke all 
the time. 

3670
03:26:24,600 --> 03:26:29,000
You stopped noticing months ago,
this is just what people smell. 

3671
03:26:29,000 --> 03:26:32,400
Like, centuries from now 
archaeologists, will be able to 

3672
03:26:32,400 --> 03:26:36,800
identify where ancient people 
lived by testing, soil samples 

3673
03:26:36,800 --> 03:26:41,400
for microscopic charcoal. 
Particles your presence here in 

3674
03:26:41,400 --> 03:26:45,000
this cave around. 
This fire will remain detectable

3675
03:26:45,000 --> 03:26:48,400
for thousands of years. 
Beyond your fire Circle. 

3676
03:26:48,400 --> 03:26:53,000
The winter night is absolute, no
streetlights, no house lights, 

3677
03:26:53,000 --> 03:26:56,600
no distant glow, from a 
neighboring Village, just 

3678
03:26:56,600 --> 03:26:58,600
darkness. 
So complete that you can't see 

3679
03:26:58,600 --> 03:27:00,600
your hand. 
Six inches from your face. 

3680
03:27:00,600 --> 03:27:04,700
The stars are brilliant when 
clouds permit, brighter than 

3681
03:27:04,700 --> 03:27:06,100
anything. 
You've seen in your light, 

3682
03:27:06,100 --> 03:27:08,900
polluted Modern Life, but 
Starlight doesn't help. 

3683
03:27:08,900 --> 03:27:11,900
You see where your walking or 
what might be watching you from 

3684
03:27:11,900 --> 03:27:15,700
the Shadows. 
So you stay near the fire, you 

3685
03:27:15,700 --> 03:27:18,900
arrange your entire life around 
its maintenance and its limited 

3686
03:27:18,900 --> 03:27:22,200
radius of Illumination. 
You wake when there's a tough 

3687
03:27:22,200 --> 03:27:25,800
dawn like to see by work through
the day then Retreat to the 

3688
03:27:25,800 --> 03:27:29,800
Fireside, as Darkness Falls your
world shrinks to what the 

3689
03:27:29,800 --> 03:27:32,700
Flame's reveal. 
Stories are told here. 

3690
03:27:33,400 --> 03:27:36,900
Skills are taught tools are 
repaired and children. 

3691
03:27:36,900 --> 03:27:40,200
Fall asleep to the sound of 
crackling wood and quiet 

3692
03:27:40,200 --> 03:27:43,300
conversations. 
This is Humanity's first 

3693
03:27:43,300 --> 03:27:47,000
experience of artificial light 
though, artificial seems like 

3694
03:27:47,000 --> 03:27:48,800
the wrong word for something. 
So Elemental. 

3695
03:27:49,800 --> 03:27:54,300
Fire is half-tamed nature, 
neither fully wild nor fully 

3696
03:27:54,300 --> 03:27:57,800
domesticated, it, consumes, 
whatever you feed it in 

3697
03:27:57,800 --> 03:27:59,900
different to your needs 
dangerous. 

3698
03:27:59,900 --> 03:28:04,300
Even when contained, Spark jumps
from The Hearth and lands on 

3699
03:28:04,300 --> 03:28:07,300
your wall cloak. 
You brush it away quickly before

3700
03:28:07,300 --> 03:28:10,800
it can smolder into a hole fast 
serves you but only if you 

3701
03:28:10,808 --> 03:28:14,600
remain Vigilant respectful and 
properly afraid, the elders in 

3702
03:28:14,600 --> 03:28:16,600
your group. 
Remember, stories passed down 

3703
03:28:16,600 --> 03:28:20,200
from their Elders about times 
when fire went out during a 

3704
03:28:20,200 --> 03:28:22,900
harsh winter. 
When illness or accident meant? 

3705
03:28:22,900 --> 03:28:26,200
No one could end it properly. 
The darkness that followed was 

3706
03:28:26,200 --> 03:28:28,900
terrifying. 
Not just physically cold, but 

3707
03:28:28,900 --> 03:28:32,200
spiritually desolate. 
Restarting a fire required. 

3708
03:28:32,200 --> 03:28:35,300
Finding dry wood. 
In wet, weather preparing Tinder

3709
03:28:35,300 --> 03:28:38,700
carefully and spending hours 
creating friction hot enough to 

3710
03:28:38,700 --> 03:28:42,800
ignite the kindling. 
Success was never guaranteed. 

3711
03:28:44,000 --> 03:28:47,400
some groups, the stories say 
didn't survive such failures, 

3712
03:28:47,400 --> 03:28:51,200
you watch the Flames dance and 
realize that this fire connects 

3713
03:28:51,200 --> 03:28:54,300
you to an unbroken chain of 
light stretching back further 

3714
03:28:54,300 --> 03:28:57,600
than memory, Every night for 
thousands of generations. 

3715
03:28:57,600 --> 03:29:00,700
Humans of gathered around fires 
just like this one. 

3716
03:29:01,500 --> 03:29:04,500
Particular would might change 
the shape of the half might 

3717
03:29:04,500 --> 03:29:08,200
differ, but the essential 
experience remains constant. 

3718
03:29:08,200 --> 03:29:14,200
Warm light safety and Community.
All contained, within a small 

3719
03:29:14,200 --> 03:29:16,000
radius of flickering 
illumination. 

3720
03:29:16,000 --> 03:29:18,900
Your youngest sibling is 
learning fire tending. 

3721
03:29:18,900 --> 03:29:22,400
Now, watching the Flames 
intently learning to read their 

3722
03:29:22,400 --> 03:29:25,200
language. 
When the fire burns, yellow and 

3723
03:29:25,200 --> 03:29:29,300
high, you're using fresh wood 
when it settles to blue flames. 

3724
03:29:29,300 --> 03:29:32,100
Close to the coals, the wood has
mostly burned away. 

3725
03:29:32,900 --> 03:29:35,300
Red Embers mean. 
The fire is dying but can be 

3726
03:29:35,300 --> 03:29:40,000
revived with careful attention. 
Black smoke means, wet wood, or 

3727
03:29:40,000 --> 03:29:43,100
insufficient oxygen. 
These lessons are as important 

3728
03:29:43,100 --> 03:29:46,700
as any other knowledge. 
The child will acquire the fire 

3729
03:29:46,700 --> 03:29:50,600
shape your understanding of time
as well as space you measure the

3730
03:29:50,600 --> 03:29:54,100
evening by the amount of wood 
remaining by how low the Flames 

3731
03:29:54,100 --> 03:29:56,500
of burned. 
And by, when coals need to be 

3732
03:29:56,500 --> 03:30:00,300
banked for the night, There are 
no clocks here, no precise 

3733
03:30:00,300 --> 03:30:03,700
measurements of hours and 
minutes time is the fire burning

3734
03:30:03,700 --> 03:30:06,900
down daylight fading and stars 
Wheeling overhead. 

3735
03:30:06,900 --> 03:30:11,300
The rhythms are natural tied to 
observable phenomena rather than

3736
03:30:11,300 --> 03:30:14,900
abstract numbers. 
As the evening deepens people, 

3737
03:30:14,900 --> 03:30:18,600
begin preparing for sleep. 
The fire is built up one final 

3738
03:30:18,600 --> 03:30:22,200
time, then carefully arranged so
it will burn slowly through the 

3739
03:30:22,200 --> 03:30:25,300
night. 
Someone tonight is your turn 

3740
03:30:25,300 --> 03:30:28,900
will wake periodically to add 
wood to ensure the Fire doesn't 

3741
03:30:28,900 --> 03:30:31,200
die. 
Completely this night watches 

3742
03:30:31,200 --> 03:30:34,700
necessary but not particularly 
arduous, you've done it since 

3743
03:30:34,700 --> 03:30:37,300
childhood. 
You know the feel of waking in 

3744
03:30:37,300 --> 03:30:41,200
darkness, the brief moment of 
disorientation and then the 

3745
03:30:41,200 --> 03:30:43,600
automatic movement toward the 
half to add fuel. 

3746
03:30:43,600 --> 03:30:48,300
The problem with fire is that it
wants to stay in one place and 

3747
03:30:48,300 --> 03:30:50,400
you frequently need to be in 
another place. 

3748
03:30:51,300 --> 03:30:55,000
This created certain logistical 
challenges that occupied your 

3749
03:30:55,000 --> 03:31:00,000
ancestors considerable Ingenuity
for thousands of years you're 

3750
03:31:00,000 --> 03:31:03,200
walking through a forest at dusk
following a path you know by 

3751
03:31:03,200 --> 03:31:07,400
feel as much as sight in your 
hand you're carrying a torch 

3752
03:31:07,400 --> 03:31:11,700
nothing fancy just a branch of 
pine wrapped with strips of 

3753
03:31:11,700 --> 03:31:16,600
Birchbox soaked in animal fat it
burns with a smoky sputtering 

3754
03:31:16,600 --> 03:31:19,700
flame that smells like a 
combination of campfire and old 

3755
03:31:19,700 --> 03:31:22,800
cooking grease. 
Every 30 feet or so you have to 

3756
03:31:22,800 --> 03:31:25,400
stop and scrape away the 
accumulated carbon at the 

3757
03:31:25,400 --> 03:31:28,600
burning end. 
Otherwise it will crust over an 

3758
03:31:28,600 --> 03:31:32,000
extinguishes itself. 
This torch will last perhaps 45 

3759
03:31:32,000 --> 03:31:33,700
minutes. 
If you're lucky in the wind 

3760
03:31:33,700 --> 03:31:36,600
doesn't pick up after that, 
you'll need to lighten another 

3761
03:31:36,600 --> 03:31:39,900
one from the dying flames of the
first, you're carrying three 

3762
03:31:39,900 --> 03:31:43,100
spares and your other hand 
already prepared the mathematics

3763
03:31:43,100 --> 03:31:46,100
of torch life vs distance to 
travel is something you 

3764
03:31:46,100 --> 03:31:49,700
calculate automatically now the 
same way you might calculate 

3765
03:31:49,700 --> 03:31:52,100
whether you have enough gas to 
Reach the next station. 

3766
03:31:52,100 --> 03:31:56,600
Torchlight is democratic in a 
way that firelight, isn't it 

3767
03:31:56,600 --> 03:32:00,300
moves with you and extends your 
radius of safety beyond the 

3768
03:32:00,308 --> 03:32:03,600
half? 
But it's also limited creating a

3769
03:32:03,600 --> 03:32:08,200
small bubble of Illumination in 
an ocean of Darkness, the Light 

3770
03:32:08,200 --> 03:32:12,000
reaches, perhaps 10 feet ahead 
of you enough to see roots that 

3771
03:32:12,000 --> 03:32:15,800
might trip you and to make large
Predators, think twice before 

3772
03:32:15,800 --> 03:32:19,500
approaching it doesn't. 
However, let you see much of 

3773
03:32:19,500 --> 03:32:22,600
what's Happening beyond that. 
Circle, The Darkness outside 

3774
03:32:22,600 --> 03:32:26,700
your torch light isn't just dark
it somehow darker than it was 

3775
03:32:26,700 --> 03:32:29,200
before you lit. 
The torch as if the flame 

3776
03:32:29,200 --> 03:32:33,200
creates Shadow as much as light 
ancient people's use, torches, 

3777
03:32:33,200 --> 03:32:36,600
the way you use flash lights 
with the same frustrations and 

3778
03:32:36,600 --> 03:32:40,500
benefits They Carried torches to
and from the fields after dark, 

3779
03:32:40,500 --> 03:32:44,700
They Carried torches down mine 
shafts and into Cave's They 

3780
03:32:44,700 --> 03:32:47,600
Carried torches, through city 
streets before Street, lighting 

3781
03:32:47,600 --> 03:32:51,400
existed, torches were so 
fundamental to ancient life that

3782
03:32:51,400 --> 03:32:54,700
they show up in mythology art 
and literature constantly. 

3783
03:32:55,500 --> 03:32:59,700
The Olympic torch, the torch 
carrying Statue of Liberty and 

3784
03:32:59,700 --> 03:33:01,500
the Torches that angry 
villagers. 

3785
03:33:01,500 --> 03:33:04,500
Always seem to have handy in 
classic horror films. 

3786
03:33:04,500 --> 03:33:08,900
Making a good torch required. 
Genuine skill, simply setting, a

3787
03:33:08,900 --> 03:33:10,800
stick on fire. 
Produced terrible results. 

3788
03:33:10,800 --> 03:33:15,400
It burned too far to created too
much, smoke an extinguished at 

3789
03:33:15,400 --> 03:33:18,400
the slightest Breeze. 
The best torches combined 

3790
03:33:18,400 --> 03:33:22,300
materials carefully. 
A dense core of hardwood with 

3791
03:33:22,300 --> 03:33:26,400
bark or fabric, strips soaked in
fat or resin or pitch. 

3792
03:33:27,200 --> 03:33:30,600
Some cultures added sulfur for a
brighter flame others 

3793
03:33:30,600 --> 03:33:33,500
experimented with different, 
wrapping techniques to control 

3794
03:33:33,500 --> 03:33:36,700
the burn rate. 
They were professional torch 

3795
03:33:36,700 --> 03:33:39,900
makers in ancient cities 
Specialists, who understood the 

3796
03:33:39,900 --> 03:33:42,800
chemistry and physics of 
combustion centuries. 

3797
03:33:42,800 --> 03:33:46,900
Before those Sciences had names,
you pass another traveler going,

3798
03:33:46,900 --> 03:33:50,300
the opposite direction. 
Also carrying a torch You nod to

3799
03:33:50,300 --> 03:33:53,700
each other, as you pass two, 
small moving points of light, in

3800
03:33:53,700 --> 03:33:56,100
the immensity of Darkness, for a
moment. 

3801
03:33:56,108 --> 03:33:59,200
As you walk away from each 
other, you can see their torch 

3802
03:33:59,200 --> 03:34:03,700
light receding into the distance
behind you a small Comfort proof

3803
03:34:03,700 --> 03:34:05,500
that you're not completely alone
out here. 

3804
03:34:06,300 --> 03:34:09,200
The forest at night is a 
different place than the forest 

3805
03:34:09,200 --> 03:34:11,300
by day. 
Sounds carried differently. 

3806
03:34:11,300 --> 03:34:16,100
Distances become impossible to 
judge that tree walked past this

3807
03:34:16,100 --> 03:34:19,100
morning looks vaguely 
threatening and tort Shadow your

3808
03:34:19,100 --> 03:34:21,000
torch illuminates. 
The eyes of something watching 

3809
03:34:21,000 --> 03:34:24,600
from the underbrush two points 
of reflected, light greenish 

3810
03:34:24,600 --> 03:34:29,900
gold on blinking. you pause, 
whatever it is Paul's is you 

3811
03:34:29,900 --> 03:34:34,600
take a step Fades Back Into 
Darkness, your heart is pounding

3812
03:34:34,600 --> 03:34:37,100
harder than it should be for a 
simple walk home. 

3813
03:34:38,000 --> 03:34:41,200
Torches had significant 
disadvantages beyond their short

3814
03:34:41,200 --> 03:34:46,100
burn time, they required both 
hands in a sense one to hold the

3815
03:34:46,100 --> 03:34:48,700
torch and want to steady it 
against wind or to carry other 

3816
03:34:48,700 --> 03:34:52,000
items. 
Created Sparks that could ignite

3817
03:34:52,000 --> 03:34:55,800
your clothing or dry grass. 
They broadcast your position to 

3818
03:34:55,800 --> 03:34:58,800
anyone or anything watching in 
wet weather. 

3819
03:34:58,800 --> 03:35:02,100
They were nearly useless 
sputtering and smoking but 

3820
03:35:02,100 --> 03:35:05,500
providing minimal light. 
Smart people carried, extra 

3821
03:35:05,500 --> 03:35:08,900
kindling and fat soaked cloth to
restart torches, that refused to

3822
03:35:08,900 --> 03:35:11,200
stay lit. 
Yet despite these limitations, 

3823
03:35:11,200 --> 03:35:16,300
torches represented a revolution
in human Mobility. four torches 

3824
03:35:16,300 --> 03:35:21,400
Darkness meant staying put After
torches Darkness, meant 

3825
03:35:21,400 --> 03:35:25,300
preceding carefully, but still 
proceeding, you could travel at 

3826
03:35:25,300 --> 03:35:29,400
night, if necessary, you could 
work after Sunset, you could 

3827
03:35:29,400 --> 03:35:32,700
investigate strange noises 
outside your settlement rather 

3828
03:35:32,700 --> 03:35:36,400
than huddling inside wondering 
what was making them the torch 

3829
03:35:36,400 --> 03:35:40,100
extended human agency Beyond 
daylight hours pushing back 

3830
03:35:40,100 --> 03:35:42,000
against the tyranny of the sun 
schedule. 

3831
03:35:42,000 --> 03:35:45,800
In ancient cities, torchbearers 
were common sights on streets 

3832
03:35:45,800 --> 03:35:49,600
after dark Sometimes servants, 
lighting the way for wealthy 

3833
03:35:49,600 --> 03:35:53,400
employers, sometimes hired 
guided to the safest route 

3834
03:35:53,400 --> 03:35:56,100
through dangerous neighborhoods,
a torch meant. 

3835
03:35:56,100 --> 03:35:59,500
You had somewhere to be 
resources to spare and the 

3836
03:35:59,508 --> 03:36:03,500
confidence to travel after Dark.
It was a small statement of 

3837
03:36:03,500 --> 03:36:06,800
power over natural rhythms that 
had governed human life since 

3838
03:36:06,800 --> 03:36:09,900
the species began your own 
torches burning lower. 

3839
03:36:09,900 --> 03:36:12,600
Now the flame creeping down 
toward your hand. 

3840
03:36:13,400 --> 03:36:15,900
You stop and light. 
Your second Torch from the first

3841
03:36:15,900 --> 03:36:19,400
holding them together until the 
new one catches properly. 

3842
03:36:20,100 --> 03:36:23,100
First taught you drop and grind 
out with your heel. 

3843
03:36:23,100 --> 03:36:25,300
Can't risk. 
Leaving it burning where it 

3844
03:36:25,300 --> 03:36:29,400
might start a forest fire. 
These small careful actions 

3845
03:36:29,400 --> 03:36:32,800
repeated by millions of people 
over thousands of years. 

3846
03:36:32,800 --> 03:36:36,900
Prevented disasters, you'll 
never know about the path begins

3847
03:36:36,900 --> 03:36:40,500
to slope upward. 
You can see lights ahead, the 

3848
03:36:40,500 --> 03:36:43,500
fires of your village, glowing 
orange through the trees. 

3849
03:36:43,500 --> 03:36:47,900
Each house has its own half, 
creating a constellation of warm

3850
03:36:47,900 --> 03:36:51,200
light against the hillside 
during winter, before everyone 

3851
03:36:51,200 --> 03:36:54,400
goes to sleep, The Village glow,
softly in the darkness visible 

3852
03:36:54,400 --> 03:36:57,600
for Miles. 
That glow means safety shelter, 

3853
03:36:57,600 --> 03:37:01,900
food and family. 
You Quicken, your pace eager to 

3854
03:37:01,900 --> 03:37:05,100
be home to put down your torch 
and warm Yourself by a fire. 

3855
03:37:05,100 --> 03:37:08,000
That doesn't need to be carried 
through the night, the invention

3856
03:37:08,000 --> 03:37:11,200
of the lantern essentially, a 
torch protected by translucent 

3857
03:37:11,200 --> 03:37:14,100
panels solved. 
Some of the Torches problems. 

3858
03:37:14,100 --> 03:37:17,100
Horns, scraped thin enough to be
semi-transparent. 

3859
03:37:17,100 --> 03:37:20,300
Could protect a flame from wind 
while still allowing light to 

3860
03:37:20,300 --> 03:37:23,800
pass through late paper, served 
a similar function. 

3861
03:37:24,700 --> 03:37:27,500
These early lanterns were crewed
by later standards but 

3862
03:37:27,500 --> 03:37:30,900
represented significant 
improvements Overexposed Flames,

3863
03:37:30,900 --> 03:37:34,600
a lantern was less likely to be 
extinguished by a sudden gust. 

3864
03:37:35,400 --> 03:37:39,500
Less likely to drop Sparks on 
flammable materials and could be

3865
03:37:39,508 --> 03:37:41,400
carried. 
More safely through crowded 

3866
03:37:41,400 --> 03:37:43,900
spaces. 
You've seen lanterns in the 

3867
03:37:43,900 --> 03:37:47,400
market Town, carried by 
merchants and officials who 

3868
03:37:47,400 --> 03:37:51,700
could afford such luxuries The 
light they cast is softer than 

3869
03:37:51,700 --> 03:37:55,600
Torchlight more diffused, but 
also more reliable. 

3870
03:37:55,600 --> 03:37:59,200
A good lantern with adequate oil
could burn for hours without 

3871
03:37:59,200 --> 03:38:02,900
attention, making it ideal for 
night-watches and extended 

3872
03:38:02,900 --> 03:38:06,000
travel. 
The towns night Watchmen carries

3873
03:38:06,000 --> 03:38:09,000
one as he makes his rounds, 
calling out the hours, and 

3874
03:38:09,000 --> 03:38:12,800
checking doors his land and has 
become so associated with his 

3875
03:38:12,800 --> 03:38:16,500
role that children play at being
Watchmen, carrying makeshift 

3876
03:38:16,500 --> 03:38:19,700
lanterns and mimicking, his 
calls, torches. 

3877
03:38:19,700 --> 03:38:22,100
Also played important, 
ceremonial roles in your 

3878
03:38:22,100 --> 03:38:24,300
culture. 
Wedding's often included 

3879
03:38:24,300 --> 03:38:27,600
torch-lit procession with the 
bride, being a squatted to her 

3880
03:38:27,600 --> 03:38:31,800
new home by torchbearers Funeral
similarly used torches. 

3881
03:38:31,800 --> 03:38:35,400
The Flames representing the 
spirits Journey from this world 

3882
03:38:35,400 --> 03:38:38,800
to the next summer. 
Solstice celebrations involved, 

3883
03:38:38,800 --> 03:38:42,800
building enormous bonfire Towers
then using torches to light. 

3884
03:38:42,800 --> 03:38:47,300
Them simultaneously at Sunset, 
creating spectacular displays 

3885
03:38:47,300 --> 03:38:50,500
visible across the countryside. 
The military applications of 

3886
03:38:50,500 --> 03:38:55,100
torches were equally significant
Armies on the March needed light

3887
03:38:55,100 --> 03:38:58,200
to set up Camp, Post centuries 
and coordinate movements after 

3888
03:38:58,200 --> 03:39:01,600
dark signal fires on. 
Hilltops could transmit messages

3889
03:39:01,600 --> 03:39:05,000
across vast distances faster 
than any Messenger on foot or 

3890
03:39:05,000 --> 03:39:08,700
horse a chain of Beacon fires. 
Stretching along a coastline, 

3891
03:39:08,700 --> 03:39:12,200
could warn of invasion within 
hours, alerting population to 

3892
03:39:12,200 --> 03:39:14,300
Danger long before the threat 
arrived. 

3893
03:39:14,300 --> 03:39:17,500
You remember hearing stories 
about the great Beacon chain 

3894
03:39:17,500 --> 03:39:20,600
that once stretched Across The 
Landing, watched towers and 

3895
03:39:20,600 --> 03:39:23,500
fortifications. 
When enemies approached, the 

3896
03:39:23,500 --> 03:39:26,600
first Tower would like its 
Beacon, which would be seen by 

3897
03:39:26,600 --> 03:39:29,000
the next Tower which would like 
its own fire. 

3898
03:39:29,000 --> 03:39:32,700
And so on down the line, the 
system was simple but effective 

3899
03:39:32,700 --> 03:39:36,400
turning light itself into a 
communication Network spanning 

3900
03:39:36,400 --> 03:39:40,200
hundreds of miles You're sitting
in a Stone House on the 

3901
03:39:40,200 --> 03:39:45,800
Mediterranean Coast and its some
time around 800 BCE night has 

3902
03:39:45,800 --> 03:39:48,000
fallen. 
And rather than retiring to bed,

3903
03:39:48,000 --> 03:39:50,700
you're working on a fishing net.
That needs repair before 

3904
03:39:50,700 --> 03:39:53,400
tomorrow's expedition. 
You're able to do this because 

3905
03:39:53,400 --> 03:39:56,800
of the object sitting on the 
table beside you, a simple clay,

3906
03:39:56,800 --> 03:39:59,500
oil lamp. 
No larger than your palm filled 

3907
03:39:59,500 --> 03:40:01,900
with olive oil and fitted with a
small linen Wick. 

3908
03:40:01,900 --> 03:40:06,400
The lamps light is modest barely
enough to illuminate your hands 

3909
03:40:06,400 --> 03:40:08,200
and the section of net your 
mending. 

3910
03:40:08,200 --> 03:40:12,100
But it's steady in a way that 
Torchlight never was and it 

3911
03:40:12,108 --> 03:40:13,800
doesn't require constant 
attention. 

3912
03:40:13,800 --> 03:40:18,100
The wick draws oil upward 
through capillary action, a 

3913
03:40:18,100 --> 03:40:20,800
phenomenon, you don't understand
but have learned to trust and 

3914
03:40:20,800 --> 03:40:24,600
burns with a small bright flame 
that smells faintly of olives 

3915
03:40:24,600 --> 03:40:26,900
and smoke oil, lamps 
represented. 

3916
03:40:26,900 --> 03:40:29,800
A massive Leap Forward in 
lighting technology, though. 

3917
03:40:29,800 --> 03:40:31,800
They still had significant 
limitations. 

3918
03:40:32,900 --> 03:40:36,400
The light they casted was weak 
by modern standards enough for 

3919
03:40:36,400 --> 03:40:38,300
close work, but not for 
Illuminating. 

3920
03:40:38,300 --> 03:40:42,300
An entire room, you needed 
multiple lamps for that olive 

3921
03:40:42,300 --> 03:40:44,800
oil, was expensive enough. 
That most families used its 

3922
03:40:44,800 --> 03:40:48,500
spare in the The wealthy might 
burn lamps freely throughout 

3923
03:40:48,500 --> 03:40:51,300
their homes. 
Everyone else calculated 

3924
03:40:51,300 --> 03:40:53,400
carefully, how many hours of 
lamp light? 

3925
03:40:53,400 --> 03:40:56,900
They could afford the oil lamps 
invention, appears independently

3926
03:40:56,900 --> 03:41:00,400
in multiple ancient cultures 
Mediterranean peoples, used 

3927
03:41:00,400 --> 03:41:03,200
olive oil. 
Asian cultures used various 

3928
03:41:03,200 --> 03:41:06,700
vegetable oils. 
And Northern Europeans used fish

3929
03:41:06,700 --> 03:41:09,600
oil or animal fat, the principal
remained. 

3930
03:41:09,600 --> 03:41:13,300
The same a reservoir to hold 
fuel, a wick to draw that fuel 

3931
03:41:13,300 --> 03:41:17,300
to a flame and a design that 
prevented the entire apparatus 

3932
03:41:17,300 --> 03:41:20,900
from becoming a fire hazard. 
Early lamps were simply shells 

3933
03:41:20,900 --> 03:41:24,400
or hollowed Stones filled with 
fat and a plant fiber Wick. 

3934
03:41:25,200 --> 03:41:28,700
Later versions became more 
sophisticated shaped clay, 

3935
03:41:28,700 --> 03:41:32,500
bronze, or iron vessels with 
spouts to hold the wick and 

3936
03:41:32,500 --> 03:41:35,000
handles for carrying your lamp 
is beautiful. 

3937
03:41:35,000 --> 03:41:38,700
In its simplicity, the clay is 
reddish brown shaped like an 

3938
03:41:38,700 --> 03:41:40,900
elongated teardrop with a 
pinched spout. 

3939
03:41:40,900 --> 03:41:44,500
At one end, where the Wickham 
merges as a small hole at the 

3940
03:41:44,508 --> 03:41:47,900
wide Dental refilling, the 
Potter who made it decorated the

3941
03:41:47,900 --> 03:41:50,500
top with a simple pattern of 
radiating lines. 

3942
03:41:50,500 --> 03:41:54,400
You bought it from him last year
for three fish, it's one of your

3943
03:41:54,400 --> 03:41:57,700
prized possessions the light. 
It produces has a different 

3944
03:41:57,700 --> 03:42:01,100
quality than firelight from the 
half more focused. 

3945
03:42:01,100 --> 03:42:04,700
Less flickering with a slightly 
bluish tinge compared to the 

3946
03:42:04,700 --> 03:42:08,000
orange glow of burning wood. 
You can read by this light of 

3947
03:42:08,000 --> 03:42:11,400
your literate, which you're not 
But your neighbor who runs the 

3948
03:42:11,400 --> 03:42:14,700
wine shop keeps his accounts by 
Lamplight, well into the night, 

3949
03:42:14,700 --> 03:42:18,500
the lamp allows him to extend 
his working hours to review his 

3950
03:42:18,500 --> 03:42:21,900
numbers and to plan his orders 
in the evening when his shop is 

3951
03:42:21,900 --> 03:42:25,000
closed. 
Oil lamps changed nighttime, 

3952
03:42:25,000 --> 03:42:26,800
behavior. 
In ways that torches never 

3953
03:42:26,800 --> 03:42:29,800
could. 
They enabled sedentary work you 

3954
03:42:29,800 --> 03:42:33,500
could sit and weave, right? 
Mend calculate or repair tools 

3955
03:42:33,500 --> 03:42:37,300
for extended periods, without 
constantly tending to a torch or

3956
03:42:37,308 --> 03:42:40,300
moving closer to the half. 
They were portable, but didn't 

3957
03:42:40,300 --> 03:42:44,300
require constant replacement, 
like torches a well-made lamp 

3958
03:42:44,300 --> 03:42:46,800
with a good supply of oil could 
burn all night, if needed. 

3959
03:42:47,600 --> 03:42:50,500
Though that level of extravagant
was rare outside wealthy 

3960
03:42:50,500 --> 03:42:54,100
households, or temples the wick 
requires occasional trimming. 

3961
03:42:54,100 --> 03:42:56,900
You do this. 
Now, pinching off The Shard end 

3962
03:42:56,900 --> 03:43:00,400
with your calloused fingers. 
The flame sputters for a moment,

3963
03:43:00,400 --> 03:43:03,700
then burns brighter and steadier
a properly. 

3964
03:43:03,700 --> 03:43:06,400
Trimmed Wick is the difference 
between a lamp that smokes and 

3965
03:43:06,400 --> 03:43:08,400
smells and one that burned 
cleanly. 

3966
03:43:09,300 --> 03:43:12,100
You learned this through trial 
and error wasting oil and 

3967
03:43:12,100 --> 03:43:14,800
filling a house with black smoke
before you figure out the 

3968
03:43:14,800 --> 03:43:17,600
correct technique different 
oils, produced different 

3969
03:43:17,600 --> 03:43:20,200
results. 
All of oil, burned cleanly. 

3970
03:43:20,200 --> 03:43:24,200
But was expensive fish oil was 
cheaper but smelled distinctly 

3971
03:43:24,200 --> 03:43:27,300
Oceanic especially when the 
flame wasn't burning. 

3972
03:43:27,300 --> 03:43:31,200
Hot enough castor oil burned 
brightly but required specific 

3973
03:43:31,200 --> 03:43:35,400
materials to work properly. 
Animal fat could be used but 

3974
03:43:35,400 --> 03:43:38,300
tended to produce more smoke and
needed higher temperatures to 

3975
03:43:38,300 --> 03:43:40,600
remain liquid. 
Every culture developed 

3976
03:43:40,600 --> 03:43:42,800
preferences based on what 
resources were locally 

3977
03:43:42,800 --> 03:43:45,400
available. 
Religious ceremonies relied 

3978
03:43:45,400 --> 03:43:48,600
heavily on oil lamps. 
Temples and shrines kept 

3979
03:43:48,600 --> 03:43:52,200
Perpetual, Flames burning and 
dedicated lamps tended by 

3980
03:43:52,208 --> 03:43:56,100
priests or Temple servants. 
These Flames represented divine 

3981
03:43:56,100 --> 03:44:00,000
presence, continuity and 
connection between the human and

3982
03:44:00,000 --> 03:44:03,000
divine realms. 
Letting a temple lamp. 

3983
03:44:03,000 --> 03:44:05,100
Go out was considered a terrible
Omen. 

3984
03:44:05,100 --> 03:44:08,300
Some lamps were designed 
specifically for religious use. 

3985
03:44:08,300 --> 03:44:12,300
Elaborate bronze vessels with 
multiple Wicks ornate 

3986
03:44:12,300 --> 03:44:14,300
decorations and chains for 
hanging. 

3987
03:44:15,200 --> 03:44:17,100
You're almost finished with your
net repair. 

3988
03:44:17,100 --> 03:44:20,400
When you notice the flame 
dimming slightly, you check the 

3989
03:44:20,400 --> 03:44:24,400
oil level low, but enough to 
finish this work, Tomorrow, 

3990
03:44:24,400 --> 03:44:27,200
you'll need to refill the lamp 
from the large clay, vessel in 

3991
03:44:27,208 --> 03:44:30,400
the corner, where you store your
olive oil supply, you budget 

3992
03:44:30,400 --> 03:44:33,900
carefully balancing the need for
evening light against the oils 

3993
03:44:33,900 --> 03:44:35,900
are the uses in cooking and 
preserving food. 

3994
03:44:37,100 --> 03:44:40,100
Life is a series of small 
calculations like this. 

3995
03:44:41,000 --> 03:44:44,200
Trade-offs between competing 
needs with limited resources. 

3996
03:44:44,200 --> 03:44:46,900
Outside. 
You can hear the night Watchman?

3997
03:44:46,900 --> 03:44:49,100
Passing through the street 
calling out. 

3998
03:44:49,100 --> 03:44:53,500
The all is well, He carries a 
lantern essentially, an oil lamp

3999
03:44:53,500 --> 03:44:57,300
and closed in a frame with 
translucent panels of horn, or 

4000
03:44:57,300 --> 03:45:01,200
animal skin, to protect the 
flame from wind, his light bulbs

4001
03:45:01,200 --> 03:45:05,200
and sways as he walks casting 
moving Shadows against the walls

4002
03:45:05,200 --> 03:45:07,900
of houses. 
His voice is reassuring. 

4003
03:45:07,900 --> 03:45:11,700
A reminder that someone is 
watching that the darkness isn't

4004
03:45:11,700 --> 03:45:16,300
entirely unguarded. 
Lamp design of old continuously 

4005
03:45:16,300 --> 03:45:18,900
over centuries. 
Simple open Bolls. 

4006
03:45:18,900 --> 03:45:22,200
Gave way to covered vessels with
small filling holes and pinched 

4007
03:45:22,200 --> 03:45:25,000
spouts. 
It's about became longer to 

4008
03:45:25,000 --> 03:45:28,700
project, the flame forward. 
Multiple Wick lamps provided 

4009
03:45:28,700 --> 03:45:32,200
more light from a single 
Reservoir, reflective surfaces 

4010
03:45:32,200 --> 03:45:34,600
behind lamps, Amplified their 
illumination. 

4011
03:45:35,400 --> 03:45:37,100
Each Improvement was 
incremental. 

4012
03:45:37,900 --> 03:45:41,100
Collectively, they transformed a
crude light source into a 

4013
03:45:41,100 --> 03:45:44,800
sophisticated technology. 
The Romans became particularly 

4014
03:45:44,800 --> 03:45:47,700
skilled at lamp. 
Making producing thousands of 

4015
03:45:47,700 --> 03:45:50,200
ceramic, lamps and standardized 
workshops. 

4016
03:45:50,200 --> 03:45:53,800
These lamps were decorated with 
images of gods, animals 

4017
03:45:53,800 --> 03:45:58,200
Gladiators, and geometric 
patterns, art objects as much as

4018
03:45:58,200 --> 03:46:02,200
functional tools. 
Wealthy Romans owned, dozens of 

4019
03:46:02,200 --> 03:46:05,000
lamps, using them to illuminate,
dinner parties. 

4020
03:46:05,000 --> 03:46:08,200
And evening, social Gatherings, 
the lamps were arranged, 

4021
03:46:08,200 --> 03:46:11,800
strategically around rooms, 
creating lighting effects, that 

4022
03:46:11,800 --> 03:46:14,000
showcase the hosts wealth and 
taste. 

4023
03:46:15,000 --> 03:46:18,300
Lamp fuel was sometimes centered
with herbs or flowers to mask 

4024
03:46:18,300 --> 03:46:20,900
the smell of burning oil and 
create Pleasant. 

4025
03:46:20,900 --> 03:46:25,100
Atmospheres lavender oil, 
Rosemary or rose petals might be

4026
03:46:25,100 --> 03:46:28,200
added to the fuel creating 
fragrances that mix with the 

4027
03:46:28,200 --> 03:46:32,100
warm smell of burning oil. 
This practice was expensive and 

4028
03:46:32,100 --> 03:46:36,000
reserved for special occasions, 
but it demonstrated how people 

4029
03:46:36,000 --> 03:46:37,800
sought to make their artificial 
light. 

4030
03:46:37,800 --> 03:46:40,600
Not just functional, but 
beautiful and pleasant. 

4031
03:46:41,600 --> 03:46:44,700
The trade and lamp, oil was 
substantial and economically. 

4032
03:46:44,700 --> 03:46:49,700
Important Olive Growers, oil 
presses merchants and lamp 

4033
03:46:49,700 --> 03:46:51,900
makers. 
All depended on the demand for 

4034
03:46:51,900 --> 03:46:55,300
illumination. 
In Mediterranean regions olive 

4035
03:46:55,300 --> 03:46:57,900
oil production was geared. 
As much toward lighting as 

4036
03:46:57,900 --> 03:47:00,600
toward cooking. 
Poor Olive Harvest, meant not 

4037
03:47:00,600 --> 03:47:04,000
just food shortages, but 
Darkness, as families, rationed 

4038
03:47:04,000 --> 03:47:07,200
their remaining oil carefully 
through the winter months, you 

4039
03:47:07,200 --> 03:47:10,300
finish your net repair and trim 
the wick one final time before 

4040
03:47:10,300 --> 03:47:12,700
extinguishing. 
The lamp the process is 

4041
03:47:12,700 --> 03:47:16,300
deliberate, you don't just blow 
out the flame which would fill 

4042
03:47:16,300 --> 03:47:20,300
the room with akward smoke. 
Instead you use a small bronze 

4043
03:47:20,300 --> 03:47:23,800
tool designed for the purpose, 
pressing the wick down into the 

4044
03:47:23,800 --> 03:47:27,600
oil and the flame is smothered 
the room plunges into darkness 

4045
03:47:27,600 --> 03:47:29,400
leaving. 
Only the dim glow from the 

4046
03:47:29,400 --> 03:47:32,800
Hearthfire across the room. 
Your eyes need a moment to 

4047
03:47:32,800 --> 03:47:35,100
adjust before. 
You can safely navigate to your 

4048
03:47:35,108 --> 03:47:38,600
sleeping area, your standing in 
a monastery, in medieval 

4049
03:47:38,600 --> 03:47:43,100
England, sometime around 1200 
CE, it's late evening, and 

4050
03:47:43,100 --> 03:47:45,700
you're in the scriptorium where 
monks spend their days copying 

4051
03:47:45,700 --> 03:47:49,800
manuscripts, the rumors filled 
with a soft steady glow from 

4052
03:47:49,800 --> 03:47:53,500
dozens of candles. 
Beeswax candles that burn with a

4053
03:47:53,500 --> 03:47:57,000
gentle honey scent and a light 
that bright enough to read by 

4054
03:47:57,000 --> 03:48:01,600
but soft enough, not to strain. 
The eyes candles were new by 

4055
03:48:01,600 --> 03:48:04,900
this period but they're 
widespread use represented a 

4056
03:48:04,900 --> 03:48:07,900
significant advancement over oil
lamps in many situations. 

4057
03:48:07,900 --> 03:48:12,800
They were portable created. 
No liquid fuel to spill produced

4058
03:48:12,800 --> 03:48:16,100
minimal smoke if made properly 
and could be extinguished and 

4059
03:48:16,100 --> 03:48:19,600
relit with relative ease. 
They also burned down gradually 

4060
03:48:19,600 --> 03:48:23,500
which made them useful for 
measuring time. actually marked 

4061
03:48:23,500 --> 03:48:26,600
candles could track hours during
religious services or 

4062
03:48:26,600 --> 03:48:30,100
night-watches the candles 
Illuminating the scriptorium are

4063
03:48:30,100 --> 03:48:33,700
expensive made from beeswax 
collected from the monasteries 

4064
03:48:33,700 --> 03:48:37,900
highs Beeswax candles, burn 
cleanly, and smell Pleasant. 

4065
03:48:37,900 --> 03:48:40,400
Making them. 
The preferred choice for 

4066
03:48:40,400 --> 03:48:44,400
churches and Wealthy households.
The common people used Tallow 

4067
03:48:44,400 --> 03:48:47,700
candles made from rendered 
animal, fat much cheaper, but 

4068
03:48:47,700 --> 03:48:51,200
also smellier and smokier a 
Tallow candle burning, as a 

4069
03:48:51,200 --> 03:48:54,800
distinctly different olfactory 
experience than beeswax with 

4070
03:48:54,800 --> 03:48:58,000
undertones of old meat and 
Greece that never entirely 

4071
03:48:58,000 --> 03:49:02,700
dissipate You watch a monk 
working at his desk copying 

4072
03:49:02,700 --> 03:49:06,600
lines from an illuminated 
manuscript, the candle beside 

4073
03:49:06,600 --> 03:49:09,400
him is thick. 
Perhaps 6 inches, tall burning 

4074
03:49:09,400 --> 03:49:13,400
steadily in a simple iron holder
every hour or so he trims the 

4075
03:49:13,408 --> 03:49:16,100
wick with a small pair of 
scissors designed specifically 

4076
03:49:16,100 --> 03:49:18,300
for this purpose. 
Snuffers. 

4077
03:49:18,300 --> 03:49:21,300
They're called though that name 
is slightly misleading since 

4078
03:49:21,300 --> 03:49:24,900
they're for trimming rather than
extinguishing the trimmed Wick 

4079
03:49:24,900 --> 03:49:27,900
Falls away leaving behind a 
cleaner, brighter Flame. 

4080
03:49:28,700 --> 03:49:30,900
Candle making was both a 
household tasks and a 

4081
03:49:30,900 --> 03:49:34,400
professional trade families. 
Made their own Tallow candles by

4082
03:49:34,400 --> 03:49:37,000
dipping Wix repeatedly into 
melted fat. 

4083
03:49:37,800 --> 03:49:40,400
Building up layers until the 
candle reached the desired, 

4084
03:49:40,400 --> 03:49:43,400
thickness, professional 
Chandlers, produced higher 

4085
03:49:43,400 --> 03:49:47,200
quality candles using molds and 
better materials selling them in

4086
03:49:47,200 --> 03:49:51,100
markets and to institutions, the
Chandlers Guild in medieval 

4087
03:49:51,100 --> 03:49:54,200
cities was powerful and 
well-respected, light was 

4088
03:49:54,200 --> 03:49:57,700
valuable Those Who provided it 
enjoyed special status. 

4089
03:49:58,900 --> 03:50:01,900
The process of making a dipped 
candle is meditative and 

4090
03:50:01,900 --> 03:50:04,500
tedious. 
He prepare your Wick, usually 

4091
03:50:04,500 --> 03:50:08,800
braided cotton or linen strands.
Heat your wax or talo until it's

4092
03:50:08,800 --> 03:50:12,000
fully melted. 
Then you begin sink. 

4093
03:50:12,000 --> 03:50:15,200
The wick into the liquid. 
Pull it out, let it cool 

4094
03:50:15,200 --> 03:50:19,300
slightly and dip again. 
Beach dip adds a thin layer. 

4095
03:50:19,300 --> 03:50:23,000
You need dozens of dips to 
create a candle of useful size. 

4096
03:50:23,000 --> 03:50:26,700
The work takes hours and fills 
your house with the smell of hot

4097
03:50:26,700 --> 03:50:31,000
wax or cooking fat molded 
candles were faster to produce 

4098
03:50:31,000 --> 03:50:34,508
but required equipment. 
Pewter or tin mold shaped like a

4099
03:50:34,516 --> 03:50:37,400
tube with a hole at the bottom 
for the wicked to pass through. 

4100
03:50:38,200 --> 03:50:40,200
Pour in the melted wax. 
Let it cool, completely. 

4101
03:50:40,200 --> 03:50:43,900
Then push out the finished 
candle multiple molds allowed. 

4102
03:50:43,900 --> 03:50:47,500
Chandlers to produce candles in 
batches making the process more 

4103
03:50:47,500 --> 03:50:50,600
efficient. 
The best molds created candles 

4104
03:50:50,600 --> 03:50:54,200
with smooth sides and even 
burning characteristics, the 

4105
03:50:54,200 --> 03:50:57,000
amount of light candle produced 
became a unit of measurement. 

4106
03:50:58,000 --> 03:51:01,600
Foot candle Define as the 
illumination cast by one candle,

4107
03:51:01,600 --> 03:51:06,000
at a distance of one foot. 
This unit persisted into the 

4108
03:51:06,000 --> 03:51:09,900
modern era eventually evolving 
into the Lumen medieval. 

4109
03:51:09,900 --> 03:51:12,900
People were intimately familiar 
with how many candles were 

4110
03:51:12,900 --> 03:51:15,800
needed to illuminate. 
A room adequately, and Wealthy 

4111
03:51:15,800 --> 03:51:18,100
households. 
Employed servants, specifically 

4112
03:51:18,100 --> 03:51:21,400
to manage candle supplies and 
ensure proper lighting 

4113
03:51:21,400 --> 03:51:24,300
throughout the house. 
Candles had one significant 

4114
03:51:24,300 --> 03:51:28,000
advantage over lamps and certain
contexts, they could be easily 

4115
03:51:28,000 --> 03:51:31,300
moved and positioned. 
You could carry a candle in a 

4116
03:51:31,300 --> 03:51:34,000
simple holder upstairs, downhaul
ways. 

4117
03:51:34,000 --> 03:51:38,000
And into storage rooms. 
Candlesticks came in elaborate 

4118
03:51:38,000 --> 03:51:41,900
varieties, tall stands for 
hallways, short holders, for 

4119
03:51:41,900 --> 03:51:46,600
tables wall, sconces for rooms 
and chandeliers with multiple 

4120
03:51:46,600 --> 03:51:47,800
arms. 
For great Halls. 

4121
03:51:47,800 --> 03:51:52,000
Each design, sold a specific 
lighting problem while also 

4122
03:51:52,000 --> 03:51:55,900
displaying wealth and status. 
the Catholic church was perhaps 

4123
03:51:55,900 --> 03:51:59,700
the largest consumer of candles 
in medieval Europe, altar 

4124
03:51:59,700 --> 03:52:03,900
candles burned during every 
service votive candles flickered

4125
03:52:03,900 --> 03:52:07,800
in alcoves, dedicated to Saints,
Processional candles were 

4126
03:52:07,800 --> 03:52:11,600
carried during ceremonies. 
The pacal candle blessed during 

4127
03:52:11,600 --> 03:52:15,200
the east of vigil represented 
Christ Light entering the world,

4128
03:52:15,200 --> 03:52:19,100
religious candle used was so 
extensive that monasteries with 

4129
03:52:19,100 --> 03:52:22,300
their own Apiaries, had 
significant economic advantages,

4130
03:52:22,300 --> 03:52:24,600
they could produce their own 
beeswax. 

4131
03:52:24,600 --> 03:52:28,000
Rather than purchasing it, you 
notice how the candlelight in 

4132
03:52:28,000 --> 03:52:30,500
this scriptorium creates a 
particular atmosphere. 

4133
03:52:31,200 --> 03:52:35,800
Quieter than daylight more 
contemplative, the monks work in

4134
03:52:35,808 --> 03:52:39,000
near silence their pens 
scratching against parchment. 

4135
03:52:39,000 --> 03:52:41,900
The only sounds being the 
occasional turned page or 

4136
03:52:41,900 --> 03:52:45,000
whispered prayer, the light 
seems appropriate for this work 

4137
03:52:45,000 --> 03:52:48,100
of preservation and devotion as 
if the candles themselves 

4138
03:52:48,100 --> 03:52:52,100
participate in the sacred task 
of copying religious texts. 

4139
03:52:52,700 --> 03:52:55,700
A draw from somewhere causes 
several candles to flick a 

4140
03:52:55,700 --> 03:52:59,700
simultaneously and among Rises 
to investigate candles, were 

4141
03:52:59,700 --> 03:53:02,900
sensitive to air movement, a 
strong draft could extinguish 

4142
03:53:02,900 --> 03:53:06,700
the entirely or cause them to 
burn unevenly creating long 

4143
03:53:06,700 --> 03:53:10,400
drips down one side. 
Windows were kept closed at 

4144
03:53:10,408 --> 03:53:14,100
night, not just for warmth, but 
to protect the lights, heavy 

4145
03:53:14,100 --> 03:53:18,200
curtains, served double duty 
insulating against cold and 

4146
03:53:18,200 --> 03:53:20,500
blocking wins that might disturb
the flames. 

4147
03:53:21,200 --> 03:53:24,600
The monk trimming Wix carries a 
small, ceramic Bowl to collect 

4148
03:53:24,600 --> 03:53:28,400
the trimmed portion. 
Nothing is wasted, even these 

4149
03:53:28,400 --> 03:53:31,400
tiny scraps of Wick and adhering
wax will be saved. 

4150
03:53:31,400 --> 03:53:36,400
And eventually incorporated into
new candles wax was too valuable

4151
03:53:36,400 --> 03:53:40,300
to discard even in an 
institution as wealthy as this 

4152
03:53:40,300 --> 03:53:42,500
monastery. 
The principle of careful 

4153
03:53:42,500 --> 03:53:46,200
Resource Management permeated 
every aspect of life in ages 

4154
03:53:46,200 --> 03:53:49,000
when materials were expensive 
and labor was cheap. 

4155
03:53:49,000 --> 03:53:52,100
Candle snuffers. 
Bell-shaped tools on long. 

4156
03:53:52,100 --> 03:53:55,600
Handles, were used to extinguish
candles without spreading smoke,

4157
03:53:55,600 --> 03:53:58,600
or spattering, hot wax, you 
watch, as a monk, makes his 

4158
03:53:58,600 --> 03:54:02,800
rounds with a Snuffer carefully.
Extinguishing candles that no 

4159
03:54:02,800 --> 03:54:05,800
longer needed as monks complete 
their work and retire for the 

4160
03:54:05,800 --> 03:54:08,000
night. 
The process is ritualistic 

4161
03:54:08,000 --> 03:54:11,900
performed with the same care and
attention as any other monastic 

4162
03:54:11,900 --> 03:54:14,700
Duty. 
Different colored candles, serve

4163
03:54:14,700 --> 03:54:16,400
different purposes and church 
settings. 

4164
03:54:17,300 --> 03:54:21,400
White candles were standard for 
most Services red candles appear

4165
03:54:21,400 --> 03:54:24,700
during certain feast days. 
Black handles were used during 

4166
03:54:24,700 --> 03:54:28,000
Good Friday Colors carried. 
Symbolic weight. 

4167
03:54:28,000 --> 03:54:31,100
Part of the elaborate visual 
language of medieval 

4168
03:54:31,100 --> 03:54:33,800
Christianity. 
Even the number of candles had 

4169
03:54:33,800 --> 03:54:36,900
meaning two, candles 
represented, the Dual nature of 

4170
03:54:36,900 --> 03:54:40,700
Christ and seven candles 
corresponded to the Seven Gifts 

4171
03:54:40,700 --> 03:54:44,200
of the Holy Spirit, the wealthy 
experimented with candles made 

4172
03:54:44,200 --> 03:54:48,000
from sperm, assetti a waxy 
substance, derived from sperm 

4173
03:54:48,000 --> 03:54:52,100
whales these candles burn, even 
more cleanly than beeswax and 

4174
03:54:52,100 --> 03:54:54,900
produced bright white light, 
however they were 

4175
03:54:54,900 --> 03:54:57,800
extraordinarily expensive, 
reserved for royalty and the 

4176
03:54:57,808 --> 03:55:01,200
highest nobility. 
Sperma, CT candle represented, 

4177
03:55:01,200 --> 03:55:04,600
not just light but an 
ostentatious display of wealth, 

4178
03:55:04,600 --> 03:55:07,800
a statement that the owner could
afford to burn the finest 

4179
03:55:07,800 --> 03:55:09,700
materials simply for 
illumination. 

4180
03:55:09,700 --> 03:55:13,700
Poor households used Rush lights
as an economical alternative to 

4181
03:55:13,700 --> 03:55:16,500
candles. 
These were made by soaking the 

4182
03:55:16,500 --> 03:55:18,900
pithy core of Rush plants in 
animal fat. 

4183
03:55:18,900 --> 03:55:22,600
They burned quickly and produced
minimal light, but they were 

4184
03:55:22,600 --> 03:55:25,100
cheap enough for even the 
poorest families to afford. 

4185
03:55:25,800 --> 03:55:29,800
A rush, like might burn for just
20 minutes, requiring constant 

4186
03:55:29,800 --> 03:55:32,100
replacement throughout the 
evening families. 

4187
03:55:32,100 --> 03:55:35,200
Using Rush lights, lived with 
much dimmer illumination than 

4188
03:55:35,200 --> 03:55:38,200
their wealthy and Neighbors, You
walk through the monastery, 

4189
03:55:38,200 --> 03:55:42,200
Cloisters as evening deepens in 
tonight, and the transformation 

4190
03:55:42,200 --> 03:55:45,400
is striking. 
During the day, the stone arches

4191
03:55:45,400 --> 03:55:47,900
and corridors seem austere 
almost cold. 

4192
03:55:48,900 --> 03:55:52,900
By candlelight they become warm 
and mysterious Shadows pooling 

4193
03:55:52,900 --> 03:55:57,200
in Corners, the voltage ceiling,
barely visible of this is a 

4194
03:55:57,200 --> 03:56:01,000
different building after dark 
experience in a fundamentally 

4195
03:56:01,000 --> 03:56:03,900
different way. 
Architecture designed for 

4196
03:56:03,900 --> 03:56:07,900
daylight takes on new character.
When revealed by flickering 

4197
03:56:07,900 --> 03:56:12,100
Flames a monastery belt Tower 
house is a special candle used 

4198
03:56:12,100 --> 03:56:17,000
for timekeeping Thick handle 
marked with hours burning at a 

4199
03:56:17,000 --> 03:56:19,500
consistent rate, that allows the
bell ringer to track time 

4200
03:56:19,500 --> 03:56:21,700
through the night. 
When the flame reaches each 

4201
03:56:21,700 --> 03:56:24,800
Mark, he rings the bell to call 
monks to prayer. 

4202
03:56:25,400 --> 03:56:28,100
This system isn't perfectly 
accurate but it's reliable 

4203
03:56:28,100 --> 03:56:31,600
enough for the monasteries needs
time measured by a burning 

4204
03:56:31,600 --> 03:56:34,700
candle has a different texture 
than time measured by mechanical

4205
03:56:34,700 --> 03:56:38,700
clocks, more fluid, more 
connected to physical processes 

4206
03:56:38,700 --> 03:56:40,400
of consumption and 
transformation. 

4207
03:56:40,400 --> 03:56:43,800
Your attending a Diwali 
celebration in India, sometime 

4208
03:56:43,800 --> 03:56:47,700
around 1500 CE. 
The entire city is transformed 

4209
03:56:47,700 --> 03:56:51,900
into a constellation of small 
lights, thousands upon thousands

4210
03:56:51,900 --> 03:56:56,100
of clay oil lamps called Diaz 
arranged on windowsills 

4211
03:56:56,100 --> 03:57:01,300
doorsteps roof tops and streets.
Each deer is a simple thing, a 

4212
03:57:01,300 --> 03:57:04,700
small clay Bowl filled with oil 
or ghee with a cotton wick 

4213
03:57:04,700 --> 03:57:07,600
floating in it. 
Individually they provide 

4214
03:57:07,600 --> 03:57:10,700
minimal illumination 
collectively, they create a 

4215
03:57:10,708 --> 03:57:13,900
spectacle that transforms the 
night in to something magical 

4216
03:57:13,900 --> 03:57:16,300
light. 
As always meaning beyond the 

4217
03:57:16,300 --> 03:57:19,200
merely practical. 
And cultures around the world 

4218
03:57:19,200 --> 03:57:24,900
like represents knowledge divine
presence, hope celebration and 

4219
03:57:24,900 --> 03:57:28,800
Triumph, over Darkness, both 
literal and metaphorical. 

4220
03:57:28,800 --> 03:57:33,600
The ways people use light, when 
where, and why they lit lamps or

4221
03:57:33,600 --> 03:57:37,600
candles or fires reveal as much 
about their spiritual lives, as 

4222
03:57:37,600 --> 03:57:41,100
their material ones, you walk 
through the streets, admiring 

4223
03:57:41,100 --> 03:57:44,600
the displays some households 
have a range, their deers in 

4224
03:57:44,608 --> 03:57:49,300
elaborate patterns, spirals 
lotus, flowers and geometric 

4225
03:57:49,300 --> 03:57:51,500
designs, that seemed to Glow 
with intention. 

4226
03:57:52,500 --> 03:57:56,600
Children carry sparklers waving 
them to create brief Trails of 

4227
03:57:56,600 --> 03:57:58,800
light. 
In the darkness, the smell of 

4228
03:57:58,800 --> 03:58:02,600
burning oil mixes with incense 
and the center Festival Foods 

4229
03:58:02,600 --> 03:58:06,100
being prepared. 
This is light, used not for work

4230
03:58:06,100 --> 03:58:09,200
or safety. 
But for Joy for creating Beauty,

4231
03:58:09,200 --> 03:58:13,300
for honoring the Divine, the 
festival, celebrates the return 

4232
03:58:13,300 --> 03:58:17,200
of Lord Rama to his kingdom, 
after 14 years of Exile, and the

4233
03:58:17,200 --> 03:58:20,800
lights, represent the lamps that
citizens lit to guide him home 

4234
03:58:20,800 --> 03:58:24,000
and celebrate his return. 
But the meaning has deepened 

4235
03:58:24,000 --> 03:58:27,500
over centuries to Encompass 
broader themes, the victory of 

4236
03:58:27,500 --> 03:58:30,200
light over Darkness knowledge, 
over ignorance. 

4237
03:58:30,200 --> 03:58:34,700
And good over evil. 
Each tiny flame, becomes a 

4238
03:58:34,700 --> 03:58:38,400
prayer, a hope, a connection to 
something larger than individual

4239
03:58:38,400 --> 03:58:41,500
existence. 
In another time and place your 

4240
03:58:41,500 --> 03:58:44,600
standing in a Jewish household 
on the 8th night of Hanukkah. 

4241
03:58:44,600 --> 03:58:48,800
The menorah holds nine candles 8
for the eight nights of the 

4242
03:58:48,808 --> 03:58:52,300
holiday plus the shamash the 
helper candle used to light the 

4243
03:58:52,300 --> 03:58:55,800
others, the ritual of lighting, 
the menorah follows a specific 

4244
03:58:55,800 --> 03:58:59,900
order right to left adding one 
candle each night until all 

4245
03:58:59,900 --> 03:59:01,500
later burning on the final 
evening. 

4246
03:59:01,500 --> 03:59:04,700
The light from these candles is 
not to be used for practical 

4247
03:59:04,700 --> 03:59:07,300
purposes. 
You don't read by them or 

4248
03:59:07,300 --> 03:59:11,000
navigate by them, they exist 
purely to remember to 

4249
03:59:11,000 --> 03:59:14,200
commemorate and to maintain 
connection with history and 

4250
03:59:14,200 --> 03:59:16,700
Faith. 
The story being commemorated is 

4251
03:59:16,700 --> 03:59:20,400
specific, the rededication of 
the second temple in Jerusalem 

4252
03:59:20,400 --> 03:59:23,200
and the Miracle of oil that 
should have burned for one day 

4253
03:59:23,200 --> 03:59:26,000
lasting 8 days. 
But like all religious 

4254
03:59:26,000 --> 03:59:29,200
observance, is the particular 
story opens onto Universal 

4255
03:59:29,200 --> 03:59:34,400
themes, lighters endurance, 
light is Unexpected Grace, light

4256
03:59:34,400 --> 03:59:36,200
as persistence against 
overwhelming. 

4257
03:59:36,200 --> 03:59:40,100
Odds the menorah as placement in
a window ensures that the Lights

4258
03:59:40,100 --> 03:59:43,100
Proclaim their message to the 
street, sharing the miracle, 

4259
03:59:43,100 --> 03:59:45,300
publicly rather than keeping it 
private. 

4260
03:59:46,300 --> 03:59:49,100
The Christians had their own 
traditions of sacred, light 

4261
03:59:49,100 --> 03:59:53,800
candlemas celebrated on February
2nd involved, bringing all the 

4262
03:59:53,800 --> 03:59:55,600
household candles to church for 
blessing. 

4263
03:59:56,500 --> 03:59:59,700
These blessed candles would 
protect the home ward off evil 

4264
03:59:59,700 --> 04:00:02,200
and ensure prosperity for the 
coming year. 

4265
04:00:02,200 --> 04:00:05,500
The traditional acknowledge that
light was more than merely 

4266
04:00:05,500 --> 04:00:09,600
lumination, it carried power, 
meaning and protection Beyond 

4267
04:00:09,600 --> 04:00:12,400
its physical properties in 
Celtic lands. 

4268
04:00:12,400 --> 04:00:16,000
Before Christianity arrived, the
Festival of samane marked. 

4269
04:00:16,000 --> 04:00:19,100
The transition from the light 
half of the year to the dark 

4270
04:00:19,100 --> 04:00:21,900
half. 
Large bonfires were lit on, 

4271
04:00:21,900 --> 04:00:26,200
hilltops visible for miles, 
around families, carried torches

4272
04:00:26,200 --> 04:00:30,200
lit from the sacred fires, back 
to their own halves rekindling 

4273
04:00:30,200 --> 04:00:32,700
their household Flames with 
Sanctified fire. 

4274
04:00:32,700 --> 04:00:36,700
The ritual connected individual 
homes to the community and to 

4275
04:00:36,700 --> 04:00:40,500
the Turning of Seasons using 
light as both a practical tool, 

4276
04:00:40,500 --> 04:00:42,800
and a spiritual symbol. 
The Japanese. 

4277
04:00:42,800 --> 04:00:45,200
Oh, Bond Festival honors 
deceased ancestors. 

4278
04:00:45,200 --> 04:00:48,300
And part of its observance, 
involves lighting lanterns to 

4279
04:00:48,300 --> 04:00:50,200
guide Spirits back to the living
world. 

4280
04:00:51,200 --> 04:00:55,300
Paper lanterns hang from Eaves 
and posts glowing softly in the 

4281
04:00:55,300 --> 04:00:57,700
summer. 
Darkness on the final night of 

4282
04:00:57,700 --> 04:01:00,800
the festival floating lanterns 
are set adrift on rivers and 

4283
04:01:00,800 --> 04:01:04,200
lakes carrying prayers and 
farewells, back to the spirit 

4284
04:01:04,200 --> 04:01:08,400
world, the light bulb and drift,
Downstream gradually 

4285
04:01:08,400 --> 04:01:12,600
disappearing into the darkness. 
A beautiful Melancholy image of 

4286
04:01:12,600 --> 04:01:16,300
impermanence and connection. 
Winter solstice celebrations 

4287
04:01:16,300 --> 04:01:19,500
across numerous cultures, 
involved lighting fires, all 

4288
04:01:19,500 --> 04:01:21,500
lamps to encourage the sun's 
return. 

4289
04:01:22,300 --> 04:01:25,000
To prove that light, still 
existed, even in the darkest 

4290
04:01:25,000 --> 04:01:28,300
part of the year. 
The Scandinavian tradition of 

4291
04:01:28,300 --> 04:01:32,100
Saint Lucia's day involved. 
Young women wearing crowns of 

4292
04:01:32,100 --> 04:01:36,000
candles bringing light and food 
to households during the darkest

4293
04:01:36,000 --> 04:01:39,500
weeks of Winter. 
The symbolism was clear, we 

4294
04:01:39,500 --> 04:01:40,800
carry light through the 
darkness. 

4295
04:01:40,800 --> 04:01:45,500
We maintain hope and we refuse 
to surrender to the long night. 

4296
04:01:46,300 --> 04:01:49,500
You're at a Buddhist temple, 
during Vesak, the celebration of

4297
04:01:49,500 --> 04:01:51,900
Buddha's birth in lightening and
death. 

4298
04:01:52,600 --> 04:01:55,300
The temple complex is adorned 
with thousands of lanterns 

4299
04:01:55,300 --> 04:01:59,000
creating a warm glow that seems 
to pulse with spiritual energy 

4300
04:01:59,000 --> 04:02:02,700
monks and lay people alike, 
Harry small lamps and procession

4301
04:02:02,700 --> 04:02:07,300
circling the temple grounds, the
accumulated light of 100 of 

4302
04:02:07,300 --> 04:02:10,200
individual Flames. 
Creating an illumination that 

4303
04:02:10,200 --> 04:02:13,700
feels qualitatively different 
from any electric light you've 

4304
04:02:13,700 --> 04:02:17,400
experienced in your Modern Life 
Lighting in these, contexts 

4305
04:02:17,400 --> 04:02:20,000
wasn't measured in lumens or 
foot candles. 

4306
04:02:20,000 --> 04:02:25,300
It wasn't evaluated based on a 
fishing or duration, instead, it

4307
04:02:25,300 --> 04:02:29,000
was appreciated for its symbolic
weight, its connection to 

4308
04:02:29,000 --> 04:02:33,000
meaning and memory, and its 
devotional a single candle 

4309
04:02:33,000 --> 04:02:36,000
burning in memory of a deceased.
Loved one provided almost no 

4310
04:02:36,000 --> 04:02:39,500
practical illumination, but its 
purpose wasn't practical. 

4311
04:02:39,500 --> 04:02:43,800
It was witness remembrance and 
continuing connection. 

4312
04:02:43,800 --> 04:02:47,200
The ancient zoroastrians 
maintained, sacred fires and 

4313
04:02:47,200 --> 04:02:52,100
fire temples tended continuously
by priests These files were 

4314
04:02:52,100 --> 04:02:55,700
considered living manifestations
of the Divine, requiring careful

4315
04:02:55,700 --> 04:02:59,000
feeding and protection different
grades of fire existed, 

4316
04:02:59,000 --> 04:03:02,700
household fires, Community fires
and most sacred of all the 

4317
04:03:02,700 --> 04:03:05,900
attached behran. 
A fire, requiring, the Gathering

4318
04:03:05,900 --> 04:03:09,700
and combination of 16 different 
types of fire in elaborate 

4319
04:03:09,700 --> 04:03:12,300
purification. 
Ceremonies the fire could never 

4320
04:03:12,300 --> 04:03:15,500
be allowed to go out with 
priests maintaining constant 

4321
04:03:15,500 --> 04:03:18,800
vigil over its preservation. 
You observe how different 

4322
04:03:18,800 --> 04:03:21,500
cultures develop distinct 
Aesthetics of light. 

4323
04:03:21,500 --> 04:03:25,300
Chinese lanterns made of paper 
and bamboo painted with 

4324
04:03:25,300 --> 04:03:29,500
auspicious, symbols and proverbs
Moroccan lanterns of pierced 

4325
04:03:29,500 --> 04:03:33,000
metal creating intricate, Shadow
patterns on surrounding walls. 

4326
04:03:33,800 --> 04:03:37,300
Indian hanging lamps of brass 
with multiple Wicks arranged in 

4327
04:03:37,308 --> 04:03:40,300
rows, each traditional 
expressed, something about how 

4328
04:03:40,300 --> 04:03:44,200
people understood and valued 
light turning functional objects

4329
04:03:44,200 --> 04:03:48,000
into works of art. even in the 
darkness, you find that the 

4330
04:03:48,000 --> 04:03:51,100
human impulse toward ritual and 
celebration manifest through 

4331
04:03:51,100 --> 04:03:54,400
light birthday, candles 
represent years lived, and 

4332
04:03:54,400 --> 04:03:57,900
wishes made Memorial candles 
honor of those who died. 

4333
04:03:58,700 --> 04:04:02,400
Vigil candles accompany prayers 
for the sick or troubled, the 

4334
04:04:02,400 --> 04:04:06,000
Olympic torch carries flame 
across continents, connecting 

4335
04:04:06,000 --> 04:04:09,100
Nations through a shared symbol 
of Hope and excellence. 

4336
04:04:10,000 --> 04:04:12,200
None of these uses make economic
sense. 

4337
04:04:12,200 --> 04:04:15,300
They're inefficient expensive 
and accomplished. 

4338
04:04:15,300 --> 04:04:18,900
No practical work yet they 
persist because light means 

4339
04:04:18,900 --> 04:04:23,300
something Beyond mere visibility
processions by Torchlight or 

4340
04:04:23,300 --> 04:04:26,900
Candlelight created memorable. 
Spectacles, medieval religious 

4341
04:04:26,900 --> 04:04:28,700
processions. 
Wound through streets with 

4342
04:04:28,700 --> 04:04:32,500
participants carrying candles 
creating rivers of light flowing

4343
04:04:32,500 --> 04:04:36,900
through Darkness Japanese Shrine
festivals featured, participants

4344
04:04:36,900 --> 04:04:39,800
carrying illuminated portable 
shrines, through streets. 

4345
04:04:39,800 --> 04:04:42,900
These moving lights, transformed
familiar spaces. 

4346
04:04:42,900 --> 04:04:47,500
Making the everyday world seems 
strange and sacred and some 

4347
04:04:47,508 --> 04:04:50,500
traditions, the act of lighting 
itself became ritualized. 

4348
04:04:51,300 --> 04:04:54,200
Specific prayers accompanied, 
the lighting of Sabbath candles 

4349
04:04:54,200 --> 04:04:58,200
certain holidays, required fires
to be lit in particular ways 

4350
04:04:58,200 --> 04:05:02,100
from specific materials, as 
pacific times with specific 

4351
04:05:02,100 --> 04:05:05,500
invocations. 
The lighting was as important as

4352
04:05:05,500 --> 04:05:08,600
the light itself and the Act 
was, as meaningful as the 

4353
04:05:08,600 --> 04:05:10,900
outcome. 
You know, notice how sacred 

4354
04:05:10,900 --> 04:05:13,300
light often involves Community 
participation. 

4355
04:05:14,200 --> 04:05:17,700
One person likes a candle then 
shares that flame with others 

4356
04:05:17,700 --> 04:05:21,400
who share with still others 
until hundreds of individual 

4357
04:05:21,400 --> 04:05:23,700
lights Bloom from a single 
Source. 

4358
04:05:23,700 --> 04:05:27,900
The metaphor is obvious, but 
powerful, like multiplies 

4359
04:05:27,900 --> 04:05:31,700
without diminishing knowledge, 
shared enriches everyone, and 

4360
04:05:31,700 --> 04:05:34,500
one small flame can illuminate, 
an entire Gathering. 

4361
04:05:34,500 --> 04:05:37,300
You're reviewing the household 
accounts in a middle class, 

4362
04:05:37,300 --> 04:05:40,900
London home, sometime around 
1750, the numbers are 

4363
04:05:40,900 --> 04:05:44,400
frustrating, the cost of candles
alone represents a significant 

4364
04:05:44,400 --> 04:05:48,100
portion of your family's budget,
not as much as food or rent, 

4365
04:05:48,100 --> 04:05:51,000
certainly, but enough to require
careful management. 

4366
04:05:51,000 --> 04:05:54,700
You burn cheap Tallow candles in
the kitchen and servants 

4367
04:05:54,700 --> 04:05:57,700
quarters. 
Save the better beeswax candles 

4368
04:05:57,700 --> 04:06:00,600
for the Parlor where you 
entertain guests even. 

4369
04:06:00,600 --> 04:06:05,300
So the expense adds up, For 
electricity lighting was 

4370
04:06:05,300 --> 04:06:08,200
expensive enough to meaning for 
constrain Behavior. 

4371
04:06:09,000 --> 04:06:11,600
Poor families went to bed soon 
after Sunset because they 

4372
04:06:11,600 --> 04:06:14,500
couldn't afford to burn. 
Lights middling families 

4373
04:06:14,500 --> 04:06:16,800
carefully. 
Ration their lighting using good

4374
04:06:16,800 --> 04:06:20,200
candles sparingly and making do 
with cheaper alternatives when 

4375
04:06:20,200 --> 04:06:22,600
possible. 
Only the wealthy could afford to

4376
04:06:22,600 --> 04:06:24,700
light their homes as freely as 
they wished. 

4377
04:06:24,700 --> 04:06:27,000
And even, they paid attention to
the cost. 

4378
04:06:28,000 --> 04:06:31,200
The economics of light affected 
every level of society 

4379
04:06:31,200 --> 04:06:35,300
differently rural Farmers had 
access to animal fat for Tallow 

4380
04:06:35,300 --> 04:06:37,700
candles but might lack. 
The means to buy better 

4381
04:06:37,700 --> 04:06:40,700
alternatives. 
Urban workers could purchase 

4382
04:06:40,700 --> 04:06:44,000
various grades of candles and 
lamp oil but earned barely 

4383
04:06:44,000 --> 04:06:47,100
enough to afford, basic 
necessities, the wealthy 

4384
04:06:47,100 --> 04:06:50,500
employed, specialized servants 
lamp Bois candle, snuffers and 

4385
04:06:50,500 --> 04:06:54,200
torch bearers whose entire role 
involved managing the households

4386
04:06:54,200 --> 04:06:57,300
lighting needs. 
You calculate how many hours of 

4387
04:06:57,300 --> 04:07:00,100
light you can afford this week 
evening, Gatherings must be 

4388
04:07:00,108 --> 04:07:02,500
planned carefully. 
If you're hosting guests, you 

4389
04:07:02,500 --> 04:07:05,400
need to burn more candles to 
make a good impression, but that

4390
04:07:05,400 --> 04:07:08,600
means fewer hours of light on 
other nights reading must be 

4391
04:07:08,600 --> 04:07:11,700
done during daylight or by the 
most economical light sources. 

4392
04:07:12,600 --> 04:07:15,000
Sewing mending. 
And other clothes work are 

4393
04:07:15,000 --> 04:07:18,300
scheduled for the brightest 
parts of the day or postponed. 

4394
04:07:18,300 --> 04:07:20,800
Until you can justify the cost 
of proper illumination. 

4395
04:07:20,800 --> 04:07:24,200
The poor made difficult, 
trade-offs, a family earning 

4396
04:07:24,200 --> 04:07:26,100
barely enough to eat. 
Might choose between buying 

4397
04:07:26,100 --> 04:07:28,700
candles and buying food often 
food. 

4398
04:07:28,700 --> 04:07:31,800
One people went to bed early. 
Not because they were a 

4399
04:07:31,800 --> 04:07:33,900
specialty tired, but because 
sitting in darkness was 

4400
04:07:33,900 --> 04:07:36,600
depressing and unproductive, 
Winter. 

4401
04:07:36,600 --> 04:07:40,100
Evenings were long and dark and 
the inability to afford light 

4402
04:07:40,100 --> 04:07:43,400
made them longer and darker 
still some crafts and trades 

4403
04:07:43,400 --> 04:07:46,400
required light to function. 
And the cost of that light was 

4404
04:07:46,400 --> 04:07:48,300
built into the price of goods 
and services. 

4405
04:07:49,300 --> 04:07:51,400
Shoemaker needed. 
Good light to work, leather 

4406
04:07:51,400 --> 04:07:54,400
properly. 
Taylor needed it for fine 

4407
04:07:54,400 --> 04:07:57,400
stitching, I watch maker, 
absolutely required, it for 

4408
04:07:57,400 --> 04:08:00,600
delicate, repairs. 
These skilled tradespeople 

4409
04:08:00,600 --> 04:08:03,300
invested in better lighting 
because their livelihoods 

4410
04:08:03,300 --> 04:08:06,900
demanded it, but they paid a 
price in the form of significant

4411
04:08:06,900 --> 04:08:11,100
ongoing expenses for candles or 
lamp oil Street lighting where 

4412
04:08:11,100 --> 04:08:14,700
it existed at all, was 
rudimentary and expensive in. 

4413
04:08:14,700 --> 04:08:17,300
London householders were 
required by law to hang 

4414
04:08:17,300 --> 04:08:19,400
lanterns, outside their doors on
Dark Nights. 

4415
04:08:19,400 --> 04:08:22,800
Creating a patchwork of light 
that barely illuminated the 

4416
04:08:22,800 --> 04:08:26,100
streets. 
The system was unreliable people

4417
04:08:26,100 --> 04:08:29,300
forgot or couldn't afford the 
oil or simply ignored the 

4418
04:08:29,300 --> 04:08:32,700
requirement walking through the 
city after dark remained 

4419
04:08:32,700 --> 04:08:36,200
dangerous with criminals. 
Taking advantage of poorly lit 

4420
04:08:36,200 --> 04:08:39,800
areas and victims, have limited 
ability to see threats 

4421
04:08:39,800 --> 04:08:43,800
approaching The cost of light 
created a kind of temporal 

4422
04:08:43,800 --> 04:08:48,000
inequality, the wealthy, could 
extend their days hosting 

4423
04:08:48,000 --> 04:08:50,500
evening salons and parties that 
continued. 

4424
04:08:50,500 --> 04:08:54,000
Well, past dark. 
They could read work and 

4425
04:08:54,000 --> 04:08:57,400
socialize during hours when 
poorer people had no choice but 

4426
04:08:57,400 --> 04:09:00,000
to sleep, his wasn't a trivial 
Advantage. 

4427
04:09:00,000 --> 04:09:02,700
It meant more hours for 
Education, networking 

4428
04:09:02,700 --> 04:09:04,600
entertainment and productive 
work. 

4429
04:09:05,500 --> 04:09:08,200
The ability to light the 
darkness was in effect. 

4430
04:09:08,200 --> 04:09:12,500
The ability to buy time itself, 
institutions had different 

4431
04:09:12,500 --> 04:09:15,900
economics than individuals 
churches could afford to keep 

4432
04:09:15,908 --> 04:09:19,000
multiple candles burning because
they serve communities rather 

4433
04:09:19,000 --> 04:09:22,700
than families universities and 
colleges maintained reading 

4434
04:09:22,700 --> 04:09:26,300
rooms with adequate lighting 
enabling Scholars to study. 

4435
04:09:26,300 --> 04:09:30,000
After Sunset, governments lit, 
official buildings and public 

4436
04:09:30,000 --> 04:09:32,300
spaces. 
As demonstrations of power and 

4437
04:09:32,300 --> 04:09:34,800
resources. 
These institutional lights 

4438
04:09:34,800 --> 04:09:37,900
created islands of Illumination 
in otherwise, dark cities. 

4439
04:09:38,700 --> 04:09:41,200
You've heard about experiments 
with new types of lamps, 

4440
04:09:41,200 --> 04:09:44,600
something about gaslighting, 
being tested in some public 

4441
04:09:44,600 --> 04:09:47,100
spaces. 
The idea seems fantastic. 

4442
04:09:48,100 --> 04:09:51,800
Pipes carrying flammable gas 
through the streets with flames,

4443
04:09:51,800 --> 04:09:54,500
burning at regular intervals 
from special fixtures. 

4444
04:09:54,500 --> 04:09:57,500
It sounds dangerous. 
But apparently the light is much

4445
04:09:57,500 --> 04:10:01,100
brighter than candles or oil 
lamps and the cost per hour of 

4446
04:10:01,100 --> 04:10:04,600
Illumination is lower. 
Still You doubt, it will become 

4447
04:10:04,600 --> 04:10:06,900
white. 
Sprayed, how could such a system

4448
04:10:06,900 --> 04:10:09,200
possibly be maintained across an
entire city? 

4449
04:10:10,000 --> 04:10:12,900
The economics of light influence
social structures in ways. 

4450
04:10:12,900 --> 04:10:16,100
You're only beginning to 
understand servants rows Before 

4451
04:10:16,100 --> 04:10:20,600
Dawn and worked until well after
dark Often by inadequate light 

4452
04:10:20,600 --> 04:10:22,900
that strained, their eyes and 
made their work more difficult. 

4453
04:10:22,900 --> 04:10:27,200
Their labor subsidized their 
employers Comfort, including the

4454
04:10:27,200 --> 04:10:30,700
management of expensive Lighting
systems, the distribution of 

4455
04:10:30,700 --> 04:10:33,300
Light Within a household 
reflected, the distribution of 

4456
04:10:33,300 --> 04:10:37,700
power Masters, got the best 
light and servants may do with 

4457
04:10:37,700 --> 04:10:41,100
minimal illumination or worked 
by daylight whenever possible 

4458
04:10:41,100 --> 04:10:45,000
professional lamplighters formed
guilds and maintained regular 

4459
04:10:45,000 --> 04:10:47,400
employment in cities with Street
Lighting systems. 

4460
04:10:47,400 --> 04:10:51,200
They made rounds each evening 
with ladders and long poles. 

4461
04:10:51,200 --> 04:10:55,200
Lighting lamps along designated 
routes in the morning. 

4462
04:10:55,200 --> 04:10:58,000
They reversed the process 
extinguishing lamps and 

4463
04:10:58,008 --> 04:11:01,200
collecting unused oil. 
The work was steady but not 

4464
04:11:01,200 --> 04:11:05,400
glamorous and the pay, reflected
the low status of manual labor 

4465
04:11:05,400 --> 04:11:09,100
still, it was preferable to many
Alternatives available to 

4466
04:11:09,100 --> 04:11:12,500
working class men. 
The market for lighting Products

4467
04:11:12,500 --> 04:11:15,600
was substantial and stratified 
expensive. 

4468
04:11:15,600 --> 04:11:19,500
Beeswax candles for the wealthy 
middling Tallow candles for the 

4469
04:11:19,508 --> 04:11:23,600
respectable poor and cheap Rush 
lights for those barely scraping

4470
04:11:23,600 --> 04:11:27,800
by Different grades of lamp oil,
serve different markets, 

4471
04:11:27,800 --> 04:11:31,500
candlesticks lanterns, snuffers,
and other lighting. 

4472
04:11:31,500 --> 04:11:34,500
Implements came inversions 
appropriate for every social 

4473
04:11:34,500 --> 04:11:36,800
class. 
You could tell a family's 

4474
04:11:36,800 --> 04:11:39,500
approximate wealth and Status by
examining their lighting 

4475
04:11:39,500 --> 04:11:41,600
Provisions. 
Some households, try to 

4476
04:11:41,608 --> 04:11:45,200
economize by making their own 
candles, but this required time 

4477
04:11:45,200 --> 04:11:47,500
skill and access to raw 
materials. 

4478
04:11:48,400 --> 04:11:51,700
The Tallow had to be rendered 
from animal fat filtered to 

4479
04:11:51,700 --> 04:11:54,900
remove impurities, then used for
dipping or molding. 

4480
04:11:54,900 --> 04:11:59,300
The process was time-consuming 
and smelly filling the house 

4481
04:11:59,300 --> 04:12:03,400
with the odor of hot animal fat.
Many families decided that 

4482
04:12:03,400 --> 04:12:05,100
purchasing candles from 
professional. 

4483
04:12:05,100 --> 04:12:08,700
Chandlers was worth the extra 
expense to avoid the unpleasant 

4484
04:12:08,700 --> 04:12:12,300
work, the seasonal variation, in
daylight hours, affected 

4485
04:12:12,300 --> 04:12:15,900
household, economics 
significantly, Summer evening's,

4486
04:12:15,900 --> 04:12:19,800
required less artificial light 
reducing expenses and allowing 

4487
04:12:19,800 --> 04:12:22,900
families to extend their waking 
hours without additional cost. 

4488
04:12:22,900 --> 04:12:25,900
Winter demanded much more light 
straining. 

4489
04:12:25,900 --> 04:12:30,200
Budgets, precisely when other 
expenses heating, warm clothing,

4490
04:12:30,200 --> 04:12:34,800
preserved Foods all increased, 
the darkest months were often 

4491
04:12:34,800 --> 04:12:37,600
the hardest months, he 
economically with multiple needs

4492
04:12:37,600 --> 04:12:41,700
competing for limited resources.
You finish your accounting with 

4493
04:12:41,700 --> 04:12:44,200
a sigh. 
The candle budget will need to 

4494
04:12:44,208 --> 04:12:47,100
be reduced next month to cover 
an unexpected expense. 

4495
04:12:47,100 --> 04:12:51,700
This means fewer evening, social
Gatherings more work completed 

4496
04:12:51,700 --> 04:12:54,200
during daylight hours and 
earlier bedtime. 

4497
04:12:55,300 --> 04:12:57,800
Is a small adjustment, but it 
reminds you. 

4498
04:12:57,800 --> 04:13:00,800
How much of your life is 
constrained by the economics of 

4499
04:13:00,800 --> 04:13:03,800
something, as basic as light. 
You long for a time when 

4500
04:13:03,800 --> 04:13:07,000
illumination might be cheap. 
And abundant though, you can't 

4501
04:13:07,000 --> 04:13:10,000
imagine how such a world could 
possibly come to exist. 

4502
04:13:11,000 --> 04:13:14,200
You're in a blacksmith's, Forge 
late in the evening, and work 

4503
04:13:14,200 --> 04:13:18,200
continues, despite the darkness 
outside, but the forge provides 

4504
04:13:18,200 --> 04:13:21,700
its own illumination. the fire 
burning at temperatures, hot 

4505
04:13:21,700 --> 04:13:24,400
enough to soften iron casts 
enough like to see by, 

4506
04:13:24,400 --> 04:13:28,800
especially once your eyes are 
just The glow is reddish. 

4507
04:13:28,800 --> 04:13:33,300
Orange painting everything in 
shades of warmth and Shadow. 

4508
04:13:33,300 --> 04:13:36,500
You can see the blacksmith's 
face, clearly when he leans 

4509
04:13:36,500 --> 04:13:39,800
close to the forge, but he 
disappears into silhouette when 

4510
04:13:39,800 --> 04:13:43,800
he steps back to his anvil. 
Certain types of work created 

4511
04:13:43,800 --> 04:13:46,700
their own light and people 
organize their labor around. 

4512
04:13:46,700 --> 04:13:50,000
This fact blacksmiths could work
into the evening because their 

4513
04:13:50,000 --> 04:13:53,700
forges illuminated. 
Their Works Space is Baker 

4514
04:13:53,700 --> 04:13:56,500
started their days in the middle
of the night but their ovens 

4515
04:13:56,500 --> 04:14:01,100
provided light as well as heat 
metal workers glass blowers and 

4516
04:14:01,100 --> 04:14:04,100
anyone else who's craft involved
fire had a built-in lighting 

4517
04:14:04,100 --> 04:14:06,500
solution though. 
It wasn't always sufficient for 

4518
04:14:06,500 --> 04:14:09,300
detail work. 
The quality of Forge light is 

4519
04:14:09,300 --> 04:14:13,200
particular very bright near the 
fire but the illumination falls 

4520
04:14:13,200 --> 04:14:16,400
off quickly. 
Colors are distorted with 

4521
04:14:16,400 --> 04:14:19,700
everything taking on warm tones 
that make it difficult to judge 

4522
04:14:19,700 --> 04:14:23,400
the true appearance of objects. 
The blacksmith knows this and 

4523
04:14:23,400 --> 04:14:25,900
often takes worked pieces 
outside during daylight to 

4524
04:14:25,900 --> 04:14:29,400
examine them properly. 
What looks smooth and even by 

4525
04:14:29,400 --> 04:14:33,200
Forge, like might reveal flaws 
in natural illumination you 

4526
04:14:33,200 --> 04:14:36,000
watch as the blacksmith heat of 
iron and until it glows. 

4527
04:14:36,000 --> 04:14:39,200
First red, then orange, then 
yellow white at the hottest 

4528
04:14:39,200 --> 04:14:41,900
point. 
The metal itself, becomes a 

4529
04:14:41,900 --> 04:14:44,100
source of light bright enough to
read by. 

4530
04:14:44,100 --> 04:14:47,200
If you were foolish enough to 
get that close, he hammers it 

4531
04:14:47,200 --> 04:14:51,200
against the Anvil and Sparks, 
Fly with each impact, creating 

4532
04:14:51,200 --> 04:14:54,500
brief fireworks that illuminate 
the workshop in flickering 

4533
04:14:54,500 --> 04:14:57,500
bursts. 
The darkness between Sparks is 

4534
04:14:57,500 --> 04:15:01,300
somehow darker, your eyes 
constantly adjusting to changes 

4535
04:15:01,300 --> 04:15:04,100
in light level. 
The rhythmic work of the forge 

4536
04:15:04,100 --> 04:15:07,400
creates a kind of temporal 
structure to the evening heat. 

4537
04:15:07,400 --> 04:15:10,800
The metal hammer, it check the 
shape and return it to the fire.

4538
04:15:10,800 --> 04:15:14,100
Each cycle, involves moving 
between different light levels. 

4539
04:15:14,100 --> 04:15:17,800
The brilliant glow of the forge,
the dimmer light of the work 

4540
04:15:17,800 --> 04:15:21,100
area and the near darkness of 
the corners, where tools and 

4541
04:15:21,100 --> 04:15:24,100
materials are stored, the 
blacksmith navigates, these 

4542
04:15:24,100 --> 04:15:27,400
transitions automatically, his 
body remembering where 

4543
04:15:27,400 --> 04:15:30,600
everything is located. 
Other trades found different 

4544
04:15:30,600 --> 04:15:34,300
solutions to working after dark 
fishermen often worked by 

4545
04:15:34,300 --> 04:15:37,500
Moonlight when the lunar cycle 
permitted or carried torches. 

4546
04:15:37,500 --> 04:15:41,000
When necessary night fishing 
required different skills than 

4547
04:15:41,000 --> 04:15:44,100
daylight fishing. 
You learn to navigate by feel 

4548
04:15:44,100 --> 04:15:48,200
and sound as much as sight to 
interpret Ripples and splashes 

4549
04:15:48,200 --> 04:15:51,700
you couldn't see clearly. 
Torture, attracted certain fish,

4550
04:15:51,700 --> 04:15:54,800
while scaring others away, 
creating different opportunities

4551
04:15:54,800 --> 04:15:57,300
and challenges than daylight 
fishing presented. 

4552
04:15:58,200 --> 04:16:01,600
Miners worked underground where 
no natural light ever reached 

4553
04:16:01,600 --> 04:16:06,200
entirely dependent on lamps or 
candles a Minor's lamp was a 

4554
04:16:06,208 --> 04:16:09,600
critical piece of equipment as 
important as any tool. 

4555
04:16:09,600 --> 04:16:12,400
Running out of light. 
While deep underground could be 

4556
04:16:12,400 --> 04:16:16,400
fatal, you might become 
disoriented unable to find your 

4557
04:16:16,400 --> 04:16:18,800
way back to the shaft, 
surrounded by Darkness. 

4558
04:16:18,800 --> 04:16:23,000
So complete, it created a kind 
of panic, miners, learned a 

4559
04:16:23,000 --> 04:16:25,900
ration their like carefully to 
navigate partially by memory and

4560
04:16:25,900 --> 04:16:29,000
feel and to always carry back up
illumination. 

4561
04:16:29,900 --> 04:16:32,700
The dangers of working by an 
adequate light were real and 

4562
04:16:32,700 --> 04:16:36,300
common Crafts People strain 
their eyes trying to see detail 

4563
04:16:36,300 --> 04:16:39,800
by dim lamp light. 
Accidents increased after dark 

4564
04:16:39,800 --> 04:16:45,200
misjudged distances, missed 
steps tools that slipped because

4565
04:16:45,200 --> 04:16:46,700
you couldn't quite see what you 
were doing. 

4566
04:16:46,700 --> 04:16:50,100
Some trades simply couldn't be 
performed safely without good 

4567
04:16:50,100 --> 04:16:54,100
light and people learned which 
tasks to save for daylight and 

4568
04:16:54,100 --> 04:16:55,900
which could be attempted By 
Flame. 

4569
04:16:55,900 --> 04:16:59,700
Women's work often continued 
after dark out of necessity 

4570
04:16:59,700 --> 04:17:04,800
spinning, weaving sewing and 
mending needed to be done and 

4571
04:17:04,800 --> 04:17:06,900
days were long enough to 
complete everything during 

4572
04:17:06,900 --> 04:17:10,100
daylight hours. 
So women worked by firelight or 

4573
04:17:10,100 --> 04:17:13,300
Lamplight City. 
Close to the flame eyes. 

4574
04:17:13,300 --> 04:17:16,900
Straining to see fine details, 
the cost was measured in 

4575
04:17:16,900 --> 04:17:21,000
headaches, ice drain and gradual
loss of close Vision, over years

4576
04:17:21,000 --> 04:17:25,100
of working in inadequate 
illumination, You observe a 

4577
04:17:25,100 --> 04:17:27,400
spinner working by the half in 
the blacksmith's home. 

4578
04:17:27,400 --> 04:17:31,500
She sits close to the fire 
distaff in one hand spindle in 

4579
04:17:31,500 --> 04:17:34,800
the other drawing out, fiber and
twisting it into thread through 

4580
04:17:34,800 --> 04:17:36,800
movement. 
So practice, they're almost 

4581
04:17:36,800 --> 04:17:40,500
unconscious The firelight Caster
hands in sharp relief. 

4582
04:17:40,500 --> 04:17:44,500
Making the thread visible as it 
forms, but the light is 

4583
04:17:44,500 --> 04:17:48,700
inconsistent surging and fading 
with the Flames, requiring 

4584
04:17:48,700 --> 04:17:50,600
constant, adjustment and 
attention. 

4585
04:17:50,600 --> 04:17:56,100
Textile work spinning, weaving 
sewing, demanded good vision and

4586
04:17:56,100 --> 04:17:59,700
steady hands. 
Women performing this work by an

4587
04:17:59,700 --> 04:18:02,300
adequate light developed eye 
problems earlier than men. 

4588
04:18:02,300 --> 04:18:05,800
Doing outdoor physical labor. 
Strain of focusing on fine 

4589
04:18:05,800 --> 04:18:07,600
detail. 
In poor illumination took 

4590
04:18:07,600 --> 04:18:10,500
accumulative Tolle. 
Some women were effectively 

4591
04:18:10,500 --> 04:18:12,600
blind for close work by their 
40s. 

4592
04:18:12,600 --> 04:18:15,900
Unable to thread needles or C 
find stitches. 

4593
04:18:15,900 --> 04:18:19,800
Relegated to simpler tasks that 
didn't require acute vision. 

4594
04:18:20,800 --> 04:18:23,400
The Potter's Workshop operates 
on a different Rhythm. 

4595
04:18:23,400 --> 04:18:27,300
Clay work requires good light to
see subtle imperfections and 

4596
04:18:27,300 --> 04:18:30,900
variations in thickness Potters 
who had to work after dark 

4597
04:18:30,900 --> 04:18:33,900
position, their wheels near 
Windows to capture the last of 

4598
04:18:33,900 --> 04:18:37,100
the evening light. 
Oranged multiple lamps around 

4599
04:18:37,100 --> 04:18:40,300
their workspace. 
At considerable expense throwing

4600
04:18:40,300 --> 04:18:42,600
pots by firelight alone was 
nearly impossible. 

4601
04:18:42,600 --> 04:18:46,400
The inconsistent illumination 
made it too difficult to judge 

4602
04:18:46,400 --> 04:18:50,400
the vessels shape and symmetry 
Glass blowers had perhaps the 

4603
04:18:50,400 --> 04:18:53,100
best nighttime working 
conditions among craftspeople. 

4604
04:18:53,100 --> 04:18:57,500
The molten glass itself glowed 
brilliantly and the furnace is 

4605
04:18:57,500 --> 04:19:01,100
provided ample, light, and heat.
Watching a glass blower work 

4606
04:19:01,100 --> 04:19:05,400
after dark was spectacular. 
The Blob of glowing glass on the

4607
04:19:05,400 --> 04:19:08,500
end of the blowpipe lit, the 
entire Workshop, casting the 

4608
04:19:08,508 --> 04:19:11,400
worker in silhouette as they 
shaped and formed the material 

4609
04:19:11,400 --> 04:19:16,200
Sparks and smaller pieces of 
glass flew like tiny meteors 

4610
04:19:16,200 --> 04:19:20,000
when glass was cut or broken. 
You notice how different crafts 

4611
04:19:20,000 --> 04:19:22,300
developed different 
relationships with Darkness. 

4612
04:19:23,200 --> 04:19:26,500
Some resisted it struggling to 
maintain adequate light for 

4613
04:19:26,500 --> 04:19:28,800
precise work. 
Others accommodated. 

4614
04:19:28,800 --> 04:19:32,100
It adjusting work. 
Schedules to maximize use of 

4615
04:19:32,100 --> 04:19:35,300
daylight and minimized 
dependence on artificial 

4616
04:19:35,300 --> 04:19:38,200
illumination. 
Still others, Incorporated. 

4617
04:19:38,200 --> 04:19:41,800
It like the blacksmith whose 
work actually created the light 

4618
04:19:41,800 --> 04:19:45,100
necessary to see by The 
Apprentice system, partly 

4619
04:19:45,100 --> 04:19:46,700
reflected the economics of 
light. 

4620
04:19:47,600 --> 04:19:50,600
Young apprentices were sent to 
bed early partly to conserve 

4621
04:19:50,600 --> 04:19:53,600
candles and lamp oil. 
They Rose Before, Dawn and 

4622
04:19:53,600 --> 04:19:56,300
worked by daylight under 
supervision learning their 

4623
04:19:56,300 --> 04:19:58,200
trades. 
During hours when light was free

4624
04:19:58,200 --> 04:20:01,700
Masters, who could afford to 
work long hours by artificial 

4625
04:20:01,700 --> 04:20:05,300
light gained competitive 
advantages more productivity 

4626
04:20:05,300 --> 04:20:09,600
fast to completion of complex 
projects and the ability to take

4627
04:20:09,600 --> 04:20:13,200
on urgent orders, requiring 
nighttime work seasonal, 

4628
04:20:13,200 --> 04:20:17,300
variations affected work 
patterns significantly. summer 

4629
04:20:17,300 --> 04:20:20,400
meant, long working days, taking
full advantage of extended 

4630
04:20:20,400 --> 04:20:23,900
daylight, winter meant shorter 
days and more dependence on 

4631
04:20:23,900 --> 04:20:27,200
expensive, artificial light with
some trades, essentially 

4632
04:20:27,200 --> 04:20:30,600
shutting down after dark, While 
others invested in lighting and 

4633
04:20:30,600 --> 04:20:33,600
continued working the rhythm of 
work, followed the rhythm of the

4634
04:20:33,608 --> 04:20:37,800
sun more closely than any modern
workplace can imagine The night 

4635
04:20:37,800 --> 04:20:41,100
shift is modern industry, 
understands it barely existed 

4636
04:20:41,100 --> 04:20:45,500
some work continued after dark 
out of necessity Baker's. 

4637
04:20:45,500 --> 04:20:48,300
Preparing morning bread, 
nightwatchman patrolling streets

4638
04:20:48,300 --> 04:20:52,600
and midwives attending births. 
At any hour, the idea of 

4639
04:20:52,600 --> 04:20:55,500
deliberately scheduled large 
numbers of workers to labor 

4640
04:20:55,500 --> 04:20:59,100
through the night was largely 
impractical before adequate 

4641
04:20:59,100 --> 04:21:01,100
lighting made such a rangements 
feasible. 

4642
04:21:01,100 --> 04:21:05,400
You're walking through Edinburgh
on a moonless night in 1780 and 

4643
04:21:05,400 --> 04:21:07,500
the Darkness is thick enough to 
feel solid. 

4644
04:21:07,500 --> 04:21:09,800
The street lighting is sporadic 
at best. 

4645
04:21:09,800 --> 04:21:14,200
Some oil lamps hanging from post
at Major intersections but long 

4646
04:21:14,200 --> 04:21:16,700
stretches of Road remain 
completely dark. 

4647
04:21:16,700 --> 04:21:20,600
You're carrying a lantern which 
helps but the light doesn't 

4648
04:21:20,600 --> 04:21:23,400
extend far enough to prevent you
from occasionally stepping in 

4649
04:21:23,400 --> 04:21:27,700
something unpleasant that you'd 
rather not identify cities after

4650
04:21:27,700 --> 04:21:31,100
dark were dangerous places and 
insufficient lighting was a 

4651
04:21:31,100 --> 04:21:34,600
major reason why Criminals 
worked under cover of Darkness 

4652
04:21:34,600 --> 04:21:37,500
knowing that victims couldn't 
identify them. 

4653
04:21:37,500 --> 04:21:41,700
And constables couldn't easily 
give Chase getting home safely 

4654
04:21:41,700 --> 04:21:43,900
after dark often meant hiring a 
link boy. 

4655
04:21:43,900 --> 04:21:48,000
A youth carrying a torch to 
light your way or traveling in 

4656
04:21:48,000 --> 04:21:51,300
groups for safety. 
The wealthy had servants, who 

4657
04:21:51,308 --> 04:21:54,300
accompanied them with lanterns, 
everyone else took their 

4658
04:21:54,300 --> 04:21:58,000
chances, the watch system 
attempted to maintain order with

4659
04:21:58,000 --> 04:22:01,000
nightwatchman patrolling streets
and calling out the hours. 

4660
04:22:01,800 --> 04:22:05,900
But Watchmen were often elderly 
poorly paid and not particularly

4661
04:22:05,900 --> 04:22:08,900
effective at preventing crime, 
their lanterns. 

4662
04:22:08,900 --> 04:22:11,600
Help them navigate, but also 
advertise their positions to 

4663
04:22:11,600 --> 04:22:15,100
anyone, wanting to avoid them. 
Criminals simply worked in the 

4664
04:22:15,108 --> 04:22:18,600
areas between watch roots in the
dark spaces, where no one was 

4665
04:22:18,600 --> 04:22:21,500
looking some cities, 
experimented with public 

4666
04:22:21,500 --> 04:22:24,800
Lighting systems. 
Paris had been installing oil 

4667
04:22:24,800 --> 04:22:28,200
lamps on May streets. 
Since the 1660s, creating a 

4668
04:22:28,208 --> 04:22:30,400
network of lights that were lit 
each evening. 

4669
04:22:30,400 --> 04:22:33,700
And extinguished Adorn. 
The system required an army of 

4670
04:22:33,708 --> 04:22:37,200
lamplighters and lamps nuffers 
workers, who made their rounds 

4671
04:22:37,200 --> 04:22:40,800
with ladders, and long poles, 
managing thousands of lamps 

4672
04:22:40,800 --> 04:22:44,200
across the city. 
The cost was enormous, but the 

4673
04:22:44,208 --> 04:22:47,000
benefits in terms of reduced 
crime and improved nighttime 

4674
04:22:47,000 --> 04:22:50,700
Commerce made, it worthwhile 
London was slower to adopt. 

4675
04:22:50,700 --> 04:22:54,500
Comprehensive Street lighting. 
Relying on the patchwork system 

4676
04:22:54,500 --> 04:22:58,000
of householder lanterns. 
Supplemented by a few public 

4677
04:22:58,000 --> 04:23:01,300
lamps in, busier areas, the 
result was inconsistent. 

4678
04:23:01,300 --> 04:23:03,200
Some streets were reasonably 
well lit. 

4679
04:23:03,200 --> 04:23:06,700
While others remained dark 
passages, best avoided off to 

4680
04:23:06,700 --> 04:23:09,700
Sunset maps of London. 
Published in this period 

4681
04:23:09,700 --> 04:23:12,800
sometimes included notation 
about which streets were safe to

4682
04:23:12,808 --> 04:23:16,100
Traverse at night. 
He strange form of cartography 

4683
04:23:16,100 --> 04:23:20,100
that matte danger as much as 
geography he passed a Tavern 

4684
04:23:20,100 --> 04:23:24,200
like a noise spilling from his 
Open Door. inside, you can see 

4685
04:23:24,200 --> 04:23:27,500
customers drinking by 
candlelight the room hazy with 

4686
04:23:27,500 --> 04:23:31,400
tobacco smoke Tavern stayed open
late because they could afford 

4687
04:23:31,400 --> 04:23:33,800
the light necessary to do 
business after dark. 

4688
04:23:33,800 --> 04:23:36,600
They became social centers by 
default. 

4689
04:23:36,600 --> 04:23:38,700
Where else could people Gather 
in the evening? 

4690
04:23:38,700 --> 04:23:42,700
The pub served as a kind of 
communal, living room, a lit 

4691
04:23:42,700 --> 04:23:46,000
space in the dark city, where 
news was exchanged deals were 

4692
04:23:46,000 --> 04:23:48,700
made and the hours between 
supper and bedtime could be 

4693
04:23:48,700 --> 04:23:50,800
passed. 
In company, like, soil, 

4694
04:23:50,800 --> 04:23:54,300
collectors were working emptying
chamber pots, and cesspits doing

4695
04:23:54,300 --> 04:23:57,000
work that polite Society 
preferred not to think about. 

4696
04:23:57,000 --> 04:24:00,500
They worked at night partly to 
avoid offending, daytime 

4697
04:24:00,500 --> 04:24:04,400
sensibilities, but also because 
Darkness provided some cover for

4698
04:24:04,400 --> 04:24:07,800
work that no one wanted to watch
their lanterns bobbed through 

4699
04:24:07,800 --> 04:24:11,600
alleys and rear courts marking 
their progress through tusks 

4700
04:24:11,600 --> 04:24:13,500
that were necessary of deeply 
unpleasant. 

4701
04:24:13,500 --> 04:24:16,200
Hear the Nightingale, man, 
making his rounds. 

4702
04:24:16,200 --> 04:24:20,200
A vendor selling small. 
Songbirds in cages conducting 

4703
04:24:20,200 --> 04:24:22,800
business primarily after dark 
because that's when his 

4704
04:24:22,800 --> 04:24:26,100
customers were home from work. 
He carries a lantern to show his

4705
04:24:26,100 --> 04:24:28,900
Wares and the birds sing despite
the dark. 

4706
04:24:29,100 --> 04:24:32,300
Their voices, strangely cheerful
in the night streets. 

4707
04:24:32,300 --> 04:24:35,400
You wonder if they confused 
about the time of day or if they

4708
04:24:35,400 --> 04:24:37,600
simply don't care when they 
sing, as long as someone is 

4709
04:24:37,600 --> 04:24:41,200
listening, Street lighting, 
transformed, urban geography, 

4710
04:24:41,200 --> 04:24:44,000
and subtle ways. 
Well, its streets became 

4711
04:24:44,000 --> 04:24:47,400
desirable addresses with 
property values reflecting the 

4712
04:24:47,400 --> 04:24:49,700
relative safety and convenience 
of good illumination. 

4713
04:24:50,900 --> 04:24:54,400
Dark streets were avoided when 
possible creating invisible, 

4714
04:24:54,400 --> 04:24:57,900
boundaries within cities, the 
pattern of light and Shadow 

4715
04:24:57,900 --> 04:25:01,800
shaped how people move through 
Urban spaces creating preferred 

4716
04:25:01,800 --> 04:25:05,800
routes and no-go areas. 
The introduction of gaslighting 

4717
04:25:05,800 --> 04:25:08,700
would revolutionize cities in 
ways that were only Beginning To

4718
04:25:08,700 --> 04:25:11,600
Be Imagined within your lifetime
though. 

4719
04:25:11,600 --> 04:25:14,900
You don't know this yet streets 
will be lit by gas lamps that 

4720
04:25:14,900 --> 04:25:17,900
burn brighter and more steadily 
than oil lamps ever. 

4721
04:25:17,900 --> 04:25:20,700
Could the change will transform 
herb and life? 

4722
04:25:20,700 --> 04:25:25,300
Extending commas, reducing crime
and making nighttime navigation.

4723
04:25:25,300 --> 04:25:26,400
Far. 
Less treacherous. 

4724
04:25:26,400 --> 04:25:30,100
But for now, you navigate by 
Lantern light and Moonlight 

4725
04:25:30,100 --> 04:25:33,100
stepping carefully through a 
city that Darkness still 

4726
04:25:33,100 --> 04:25:37,100
controls public squares and 
marketplaces receive priority 

4727
04:25:37,100 --> 04:25:40,700
for lighting installation. 
These were spaces where Commerce

4728
04:25:40,700 --> 04:25:44,700
happened where people gathered 
and where a city's prosperity in

4729
04:25:44,700 --> 04:25:47,900
civility, were on display. 
Good Lighting in these areas, 

4730
04:25:47,900 --> 04:25:51,200
served both practical and 
symbolic functions it 

4731
04:25:51,200 --> 04:25:53,500
facilitated trade and social 
interaction. 

4732
04:25:53,500 --> 04:25:56,700
While also demonstrating civil 
order and progress. 

4733
04:25:56,700 --> 04:26:00,000
You notice how the few Street 
lamps create pools of light 

4734
04:26:00,000 --> 04:26:04,800
separated by expanses of 
Darkness, walking between lamps 

4735
04:26:04,800 --> 04:26:08,500
means periodic, transitions from
relative, visibility to near 

4736
04:26:08,500 --> 04:26:12,800
total darkness with your eyes, 
constantly adjusting The 

4737
04:26:12,800 --> 04:26:14,600
psychological effect is 
unsettling. 

4738
04:26:15,300 --> 04:26:17,800
You feel exposed under the 
lamps, vulnerable, in the 

4739
04:26:17,800 --> 04:26:20,900
darkness between them. 
The profession of Link boy 

4740
04:26:20,900 --> 04:26:22,700
emerged to address the lighting 
Gap. 

4741
04:26:22,700 --> 04:26:26,400
These were typically poor youth 
who carried torches or lanterns 

4742
04:26:26,400 --> 04:26:29,900
and escorted people through dark
streets for a small fee. 

4743
04:26:29,900 --> 04:26:33,600
The work was a regular and 
poorly paid but it was available

4744
04:26:33,600 --> 04:26:36,400
to anyone with access to a torch
and knowledge of the city 

4745
04:26:36,400 --> 04:26:40,600
streets link boys position 
themselves busy corners and near

4746
04:26:40,600 --> 04:26:43,900
theater's offering their 
services to anyone venturing 

4747
04:26:43,900 --> 04:26:47,200
Into the Night. 
Theater goes provided reliable 

4748
04:26:47,200 --> 04:26:49,300
business for link, boys and 
Sudan. 

4749
04:26:49,300 --> 04:26:53,200
Check carriers performance is 
ended after dark releasing 

4750
04:26:53,200 --> 04:26:55,900
well-dressed audiences in to 
streets that were often quite 

4751
04:26:55,900 --> 04:26:58,500
dark. 
The wealthy audience members, 

4752
04:26:58,500 --> 04:27:00,100
hired, Sudan, chairs, or 
private? 

4753
04:27:00,100 --> 04:27:03,900
Carriages with a tendon torch. 
Bearers middle class Patron's 

4754
04:27:03,900 --> 04:27:06,000
hired, link, boys, or walked in 
groups. 

4755
04:27:06,000 --> 04:27:09,400
The poor simply walked home as 
quickly as possible hoping for 

4756
04:27:09,400 --> 04:27:12,100
the best. 
Prostitutes work, the dark 

4757
04:27:12,100 --> 04:27:16,100
streets using Shadows for 
anonymity and negotiating 

4758
04:27:16,100 --> 04:27:19,700
business in doorways and allies 
the darkness that made streets. 

4759
04:27:19,700 --> 04:27:21,600
Dangerous. 
Also made them useful for 

4760
04:27:21,600 --> 04:27:23,400
activities that required 
discrecional. 

4761
04:27:23,400 --> 04:27:26,900
The relationship between 
illumination and moral order was

4762
04:27:26,900 --> 04:27:30,700
something city authorities 
understood well, Better lighting

4763
04:27:30,700 --> 04:27:34,000
meant better surveillance and 
better surveillance meant better

4764
04:27:34,000 --> 04:27:37,300
control of behavior, you pass, 
the remains of someone's evening

4765
04:27:37,300 --> 04:27:40,600
meal thrown into the street 
bones, vegetable peelings and 

4766
04:27:40,600 --> 04:27:44,100
other less identifiable 
materials in darkness streets 

4767
04:27:44,100 --> 04:27:46,500
become repositories, for all 
kinds of waste. 

4768
04:27:47,000 --> 04:27:49,600
With people disposing of things 
they wouldn't dare throw out 

4769
04:27:49,600 --> 04:27:52,400
during daylight the morning, 
cleaning crews will deal with 

4770
04:27:52,400 --> 04:27:54,700
it. 
But for now the debris adds 

4771
04:27:54,700 --> 04:27:56,500
another Hazard to nighttime 
navigation. 

4772
04:27:57,400 --> 04:28:00,600
The sound of footsteps behind 
you causes a moment of anxiety. 

4773
04:28:01,700 --> 04:28:04,000
You turn to see another 
pedestrian with a lantern 

4774
04:28:04,000 --> 04:28:06,600
nodding. 
As the pass, the encounter is 

4775
04:28:06,600 --> 04:28:09,800
brief, but illustrates constant 
calculations people make about 

4776
04:28:09,800 --> 04:28:12,500
risk and safety. 
Who else is on the street? 

4777
04:28:13,400 --> 04:28:15,800
Are they walking with purpose or
lingering? 

4778
04:28:15,800 --> 04:28:20,100
Suspiciously do they have light 
every encounter after dark 

4779
04:28:20,100 --> 04:28:21,400
carried? 
A Potential Threat? 

4780
04:28:22,300 --> 04:28:25,600
Churches and Cathedrals often 
maintained exterior lamps, as 

4781
04:28:25,600 --> 04:28:29,900
acts of Charity, providing light
for travelers and demonstrating 

4782
04:28:29,900 --> 04:28:33,800
religious commitment, to aiding 
the vulnerable Islam's burned 

4783
04:28:33,800 --> 04:28:36,200
throughout the night. 
Tended, by Church caretakers 

4784
04:28:36,200 --> 04:28:40,700
creating small, sanctuaries of 
light in the Darkness, Travelers

4785
04:28:40,700 --> 04:28:43,800
knew to look for church lamps 
when navigating unfamiliar areas

4786
04:28:43,800 --> 04:28:48,200
after dark, the contrast between
daytime and nighttime cities was

4787
04:28:48,200 --> 04:28:51,400
Stark. 
During the day streets filled 

4788
04:28:51,400 --> 04:28:54,400
with vendors, workers vehicles 
and pedestrians. 

4789
04:28:54,400 --> 04:28:58,700
Moving purposefully through 
familiar spaces after dark, the 

4790
04:28:58,700 --> 04:29:02,600
same streets became different 
places, emptier more dangerous 

4791
04:29:02,600 --> 04:29:05,500
and navigable only with 
artificial light and 

4792
04:29:05,500 --> 04:29:09,100
considerable caution. 
The city effectively contracted 

4793
04:29:09,100 --> 04:29:13,100
after sunset, with large areas 
becoming virtually uninhabitable

4794
04:29:13,100 --> 04:29:17,000
until dawn. 
You're in Baltimore in 1816 and 

4795
04:29:17,000 --> 04:29:20,100
you've just witnessed something 
remarkable a demonstration of 

4796
04:29:20,100 --> 04:29:22,100
gaslighting in a downtown 
building. 

4797
04:29:22,100 --> 04:29:27,300
The light is like nothing you've
ever seen steady bright almost 

4798
04:29:27,300 --> 04:29:30,800
harsh compared to the soft glow 
of candles and oil lamps, you've

4799
04:29:30,800 --> 04:29:34,300
known your entire life. 
The room is illuminated evenly 

4800
04:29:34,300 --> 04:29:37,300
with none of the shadows, and 
dark Corners that characterize 

4801
04:29:37,300 --> 04:29:40,900
every other lit space you've 
experienced This is the 

4802
04:29:40,900 --> 04:29:42,200
beginning of the end for the 
world. 

4803
04:29:42,200 --> 04:29:44,600
You've known that you can't 
fully appreciate that. 

4804
04:29:44,600 --> 04:29:47,200
Yet gaslighting represents a 
transitional. 

4805
04:29:47,200 --> 04:29:51,100
Technology still based on 
combustion, still requiring 

4806
04:29:51,100 --> 04:29:54,800
pipes and maintenance still 
producing heat and using oxygen.

4807
04:29:56,000 --> 04:29:59,000
But it's the first lighting 
technology that divorces the 

4808
04:29:59,000 --> 04:30:02,800
source of fuel from the point of
use, the gas is manufactured 

4809
04:30:02,800 --> 04:30:05,700
elsewhere transported through 
pipes and burned at fixtures 

4810
04:30:05,700 --> 04:30:09,000
throughout the building. 
It's a small conceptual step, 

4811
04:30:09,000 --> 04:30:12,500
but it changes everything. 
The gas itself is made from coal

4812
04:30:12,500 --> 04:30:16,300
heated in sealed retorts, until 
it releases flammable Vapors, 

4813
04:30:16,300 --> 04:30:20,400
these Vapors are captured 
purified and stored in large gas

4814
04:30:20,400 --> 04:30:24,600
holders before being distributed
through iron pipes, the entire 

4815
04:30:24,600 --> 04:30:27,300
system requires significant 
infrastructure investment 

4816
04:30:27,300 --> 04:30:30,400
gasworks pipes meters and fixed 
pictures. 

4817
04:30:30,400 --> 04:30:33,900
It's not something individuals 
can create in their homes. 

4818
04:30:33,900 --> 04:30:37,500
It requires organized systems 
companies, capital and 

4819
04:30:37,500 --> 04:30:40,700
technology that transforms 
lighting from a household 

4820
04:30:40,700 --> 04:30:44,700
concern into a public utility. 
You watch as the demonstrator, 

4821
04:30:44,700 --> 04:30:48,300
adjust the flame, turning a 
small key that increases or 

4822
04:30:48,300 --> 04:30:52,100
decreases the flow of gas. 
The light responds instantly 

4823
04:30:52,100 --> 04:30:55,000
brightening or dimming with 
precise control. 

4824
04:30:55,000 --> 04:30:58,100
That would be impossible with 
candles or oil lamps. 

4825
04:30:58,100 --> 04:31:02,400
This control ability is part of 
the Revolution light that obeys.

4826
04:31:02,400 --> 04:31:05,600
Your immediate commands that 
requires no trimming or 

4827
04:31:05,600 --> 04:31:07,100
refilling. 
The burns. 

4828
04:31:07,100 --> 04:31:11,500
Consistently our after our, as 
long as the gas flows, the smell

4829
04:31:11,500 --> 04:31:15,100
is different too cold. 
Gas has a distinctive slightly 

4830
04:31:15,100 --> 04:31:17,900
unpleasant odor though. 
The demonstration organizers 

4831
04:31:17,900 --> 04:31:20,300
have added ventilation to make 
the space comfortable. 

4832
04:31:20,300 --> 04:31:24,200
Later, systems will add aromatic
compounds to gas to make leaks 

4833
04:31:24,200 --> 04:31:27,600
detectable But for now, the 
smell is just part of the 

4834
04:31:27,608 --> 04:31:31,700
experience. you notice that 
despite the bright light, the 

4835
04:31:31,700 --> 04:31:36,200
room is getting warm gaslights 
produce substantial Heat, Side 

4836
04:31:36,200 --> 04:31:39,300
effect that will make some 
evenings uncomfortable and gas 

4837
04:31:39,300 --> 04:31:42,700
lit spaces. 
Outside, your told their 

4838
04:31:42,700 --> 04:31:45,100
beginning to install gas street 
lights in major cities. 

4839
04:31:45,100 --> 04:31:48,400
Baltimore itself will have 
gastric lighting within a few 

4840
04:31:48,400 --> 04:31:50,700
years. 
The Lamppost will be taller than

4841
04:31:50,700 --> 04:31:54,100
oil lamp posts. 
The Flames enclosed in glass to 

4842
04:31:54,100 --> 04:31:57,000
protect them from wind, 
lamplighters will still make 

4843
04:31:57,000 --> 04:32:00,200
their rounds each evening, but 
now they'll be lighting gas, 

4844
04:32:00,200 --> 04:32:04,000
rather than oil using long poles
to turn the gas valves and 

4845
04:32:04,000 --> 04:32:07,300
ignite the flames. 
The economic implications are 

4846
04:32:07,300 --> 04:32:11,200
enormous gaslighting costs 
significantly less per hour of 

4847
04:32:11,200 --> 04:32:15,100
Illumination than candles or oil
lamps, making it extended 

4848
04:32:15,100 --> 04:32:17,400
nighttime activity affordable 
for more people. 

4849
04:32:18,200 --> 04:32:21,300
Factories will be able to run 
evening shifts shops. 

4850
04:32:21,300 --> 04:32:25,000
Will stay open after dark social
life, will extend further into 

4851
04:32:25,000 --> 04:32:27,500
the night. 
The working day will stretch 

4852
04:32:27,500 --> 04:32:31,100
beyond the boundaries, the sun 
had always set Not everyone is 

4853
04:32:31,100 --> 04:32:34,700
enthusiastic about these changes
can handle makers, see their 

4854
04:32:34,700 --> 04:32:38,400
livelihood, threatened, some 
people find gaslighting garish 

4855
04:32:38,400 --> 04:32:39,900
and unpleasant compared to the 
familiar. 

4856
04:32:39,900 --> 04:32:43,600
Glow of candles. 
There are safety concerns gas 

4857
04:32:43,600 --> 04:32:46,300
leaks can cause explosions. 
And several well-publicized 

4858
04:32:46,300 --> 04:32:49,400
accidents have made people 
nervous about having flammable 

4859
04:32:49,400 --> 04:32:53,700
gas pipe through their walls. 
Changes met with a mixture of 

4860
04:32:53,700 --> 04:32:56,500
excitement. 
And trepidation theaters were 

4861
04:32:56,500 --> 04:32:59,000
among the first to adopt 
gaslighting enthusiastically, 

4862
04:32:59,000 --> 04:33:02,300
the ability to control light 
levels, revolutionized 

4863
04:33:02,300 --> 04:33:06,099
stagecraft allowing for effects 
impossible, with candles or oil 

4864
04:33:06,099 --> 04:33:08,500
lamps lights. 
Could be dimmed gradually for 

4865
04:33:08,500 --> 04:33:12,700
dramatic effect, brightened for 
comedic scenes and adjusted 

4866
04:33:12,700 --> 04:33:16,599
throughout performance to 
enhance mood and meaning theater

4867
04:33:16,599 --> 04:33:20,200
became a showcase for lighting 
technology, demonstrating 

4868
04:33:20,200 --> 04:33:22,599
possibilities, that would 
eventually spread to other 

4869
04:33:22,599 --> 04:33:25,900
venues, the installation of 
gaslighting infrastructure. 

4870
04:33:25,900 --> 04:33:29,900
Created new occupations gas 
Fitters who installed pipes and 

4871
04:33:29,900 --> 04:33:33,500
fixtures gas inspectors who 
checked for leaks and safety 

4872
04:33:33,500 --> 04:33:36,000
compliance. 
And meter readers who tracked 

4873
04:33:36,000 --> 04:33:39,599
consumption an entire industry 
emerged around this new 

4874
04:33:39,599 --> 04:33:43,200
technology employing, thousands 
of workers and generating 

4875
04:33:43,200 --> 04:33:47,500
substantial capital investment. 
You're seeing the future though,

4876
04:33:47,500 --> 04:33:50,200
you don't realize it yet, in 
your life time. 

4877
04:33:50,200 --> 04:33:53,000
Gaslighting will transform 
cities and homes. 

4878
04:33:53,800 --> 04:33:57,099
But even gaslighting is just 
another transition already. 

4879
04:33:57,099 --> 04:34:00,099
Scientists are experimenting 
with something called electric 

4880
04:34:00,099 --> 04:34:03,599
light using batteries, and metal
filaments, to create 

4881
04:34:03,599 --> 04:34:07,200
illumination without combustion.
It sounds like science fiction, 

4882
04:34:07,200 --> 04:34:09,200
you can't. 
Imagine it will ever be 

4883
04:34:09,200 --> 04:34:12,800
practical for everyday. 
Use some enthusiasts Envision 

4884
04:34:12,800 --> 04:34:17,099
entire cities, lit by gas with 
streets bright enough to read by

4885
04:34:17,099 --> 04:34:21,000
Holmes, illuminated, as 
thoroughly as daylight and work 

4886
04:34:21,000 --> 04:34:24,099
continuing Around the Clock, 
others warned of dangers, 

4887
04:34:24,099 --> 04:34:29,200
explosions fires, and the moral 
hazards of extending human 

4888
04:34:29,200 --> 04:34:32,700
activity into hours that God 
intended for rest. 

4889
04:34:32,700 --> 04:34:36,200
The debate reflects broader 
anxiety is about technology and 

4890
04:34:36,200 --> 04:34:39,900
change about whether progress 
serves Humanity or threatens it.

4891
04:34:40,800 --> 04:34:43,800
The gas company representatives 
are taking questions from the 

4892
04:34:43,800 --> 04:34:46,500
audience. 
How much will installation cost?

4893
04:34:46,500 --> 04:34:49,200
How is gas consumption measured 
and build? 

4894
04:34:50,000 --> 04:34:52,000
What happens if pipes break or 
leak. 

4895
04:34:52,599 --> 04:34:55,200
Can gaslighting be used safely 
in homes with children. 

4896
04:34:55,200 --> 04:34:59,700
The questions reveal both 
interest and concern a community

4897
04:34:59,700 --> 04:35:02,500
trying to understand how this 
new technology will affect their

4898
04:35:02,500 --> 04:35:06,000
lives. 
Walking home that evening your 

4899
04:35:06,000 --> 04:35:07,500
own oil lamps. 
Seems dimmer and less 

4900
04:35:07,500 --> 04:35:09,099
satisfactory than it. 
Did this morning. 

4901
04:35:09,099 --> 04:35:12,599
You've seen what's possible? 
And the old ways suddenly 

4902
04:35:12,599 --> 04:35:16,400
feeling adequate The light you 
carry has served Humanity for 

4903
04:35:16,400 --> 04:35:19,300
thousands of years but its days 
are numbered. 

4904
04:35:20,000 --> 04:35:23,599
Within a century almost no one 
will use oil lamps or candles as

4905
04:35:23,599 --> 04:35:27,400
primary light sources, they'll 
become decorative, nostalgic, 

4906
04:35:27,400 --> 04:35:30,099
and reserved for special 
occasions and power outages. 

4907
04:35:30,099 --> 04:35:34,099
The darkness that surrounded 
your ancestors that shape their 

4908
04:35:34,099 --> 04:35:38,099
days and structured, their 
societies that created fears and

4909
04:35:38,099 --> 04:35:40,500
rituals and careful economies of
light. 

4910
04:35:41,300 --> 04:35:44,400
That darkness is about to 
retreat further than anyone 

4911
04:35:44,400 --> 04:35:47,099
imagined possible. 
The night will never be fully 

4912
04:35:47,099 --> 04:35:50,900
conquered, but it will be pushed
back contained and made less 

4913
04:35:50,900 --> 04:35:53,500
threatening and less absolute 
your witnessing. 

4914
04:35:53,500 --> 04:35:56,200
The beginning of that 
transformation, standing at the 

4915
04:35:56,207 --> 04:35:59,200
threshold, between the world of 
fire and the world of artificial

4916
04:35:59,200 --> 04:36:02,800
light, that will Define the 
future elsewhere in laboratory 

4917
04:36:02,800 --> 04:36:07,400
and workshops experimenters are 
working with electricity art 

4918
04:36:07,400 --> 04:36:10,200
clams, using electric current 
between carbon electrodes can 

4919
04:36:10,200 --> 04:36:12,400
produce. 
Brilliant light though, they are

4920
04:36:12,400 --> 04:36:14,800
too bright and hot for most 
practical applications. 

4921
04:36:14,800 --> 04:36:19,800
The light they created harsh 
bluish white and fundamentally 

4922
04:36:19,800 --> 04:36:24,000
different from any flame base 
illumination. most people who 

4923
04:36:24,000 --> 04:36:26,900
see art, clamp demonstrations 
are oppressed, but doubtful 

4924
04:36:26,900 --> 04:36:30,500
about practical applications 
Thomas Edison hasn't been born 

4925
04:36:30,500 --> 04:36:34,200
yet, but the trajectory taught 
his eventual breakthrough as 

4926
04:36:34,200 --> 04:36:37,099
being established, each 
Improvement in lighting, 

4927
04:36:37,099 --> 04:36:40,800
technology, creates demand for 
more and better illumination 

4928
04:36:40,800 --> 04:36:45,099
each new capability reveals 
limitations of existing systems 

4929
04:36:45,900 --> 04:36:48,300
The path from fire to 
electricity passes through 

4930
04:36:48,300 --> 04:36:51,099
gaslighting and that transition 
is beginning. 

4931
04:36:51,099 --> 04:36:54,400
Now, in your time, in your city 
you think about your 

4932
04:36:54,400 --> 04:36:57,400
grandparents who lived their 
entire lives by candle and 

4933
04:36:57,408 --> 04:37:00,200
Lamplight? 
Never imagining Alternatives, 

4934
04:37:00,200 --> 04:37:03,200
you think about your 
grandchildren who might grow up 

4935
04:37:03,200 --> 04:37:07,000
in a world where lighting is 
cheap abundant and controllable 

4936
04:37:07,000 --> 04:37:10,200
and ways? 
You can barely imagine the pace 

4937
04:37:10,200 --> 04:37:13,700
of change is accelerating and 
you're living through a pivotal 

4938
04:37:13,700 --> 04:37:15,400
moment. 
When Millennia of lighting 

4939
04:37:15,400 --> 04:37:18,500
history are being compressed and
transformed rest. 

4940
04:37:18,500 --> 04:37:21,900
Well, knowing that the darkness,
your ancestors navigated with 

4941
04:37:21,900 --> 04:37:24,700
such care. 
And Ingenuity has been mapped 

4942
04:37:24,700 --> 04:37:27,000
and measured and made for 
million through thousands of 

4943
04:37:27,000 --> 04:37:30,300
years of human assistance their 
solutions to the problem of 

4944
04:37:30,308 --> 04:37:33,900
Darkness, simple practical and 
deeply meaningful. 

4945
04:37:33,900 --> 04:37:38,200
Like the path backward Through 
Time, showing us who we were 

4946
04:37:38,200 --> 04:37:39,900
before. 
We could banish the night with 

4947
04:37:39,900 --> 04:37:43,000
the flip of a switch, the 
Flames, they tended the lamps, 

4948
04:37:43,000 --> 04:37:45,700
they filled the candles, they 
dipped and the street. 

4949
04:37:45,800 --> 04:37:48,099
They lit. 
All of these represent 

4950
04:37:48,099 --> 04:37:52,200
Humanities long conversation 
with Darkness, a dialogue that 

4951
04:37:52,200 --> 04:37:54,599
continues. 
Even now in the age of electric 

4952
04:37:54,599 --> 04:37:58,300
light sleep peacefully 
surrounded by the glow of 

4953
04:37:58,300 --> 04:38:01,599
understanding wrapped in the 
knowledge, that light has always

4954
04:38:01,599 --> 04:38:03,300
been about more than mere 
visibility. 

4955
04:38:04,200 --> 04:38:09,300
It's been about safety 
Community, meaning and hope 

4956
04:38:09,300 --> 04:38:11,500
carried carefully through the 
long night. 

4957
04:38:18,599 --> 04:38:21,099
The British Isles have been 
collecting Stories, the way 

4958
04:38:21,099 --> 04:38:23,800
attics. 
Collect dust gradually 

4959
04:38:23,800 --> 04:38:27,700
persistently, until every corner
holds something unexpected. 

4960
04:38:29,099 --> 04:38:32,900
But unlike dust these stories, 
served a purpose Beyond just 

4961
04:38:32,900 --> 04:38:37,000
accumulating over time, they 
explained why certain Wells 

4962
04:38:37,000 --> 04:38:39,800
never ran dry. 
While you should leave cream out

4963
04:38:39,800 --> 04:38:43,500
on specific nights and why some 
paths through the woods felt 

4964
04:38:43,500 --> 04:38:46,700
welcoming While others made the 
hair on your neck, stand up for 

4965
04:38:46,700 --> 04:38:48,500
reasons. 
You could not quite articulate, 

4966
04:38:48,500 --> 04:38:51,500
pick to the landscape as it was 
a 1000 years ago. 

4967
04:38:52,400 --> 04:38:55,400
Before motorways were carved 
through hillsides and suburbs 

4968
04:38:55,400 --> 04:38:59,200
sprawled across Meadows. 
The islands were a patchwork of 

4969
04:38:59,200 --> 04:39:02,800
small communities separated by 
forests that seemed to stretch 

4970
04:39:02,800 --> 04:39:05,700
forever. 
Connected by roads that were 

4971
04:39:05,700 --> 04:39:08,099
little more than neutral 
agreements about which direction

4972
04:39:08,099 --> 04:39:11,400
to walk. 
In this world stories weren't 

4973
04:39:11,400 --> 04:39:14,000
entertainment. 
They were the original GPS 

4974
04:39:14,000 --> 04:39:18,000
warning system and weather 
forecast all rolled into one. 

4975
04:39:18,000 --> 04:39:21,500
You'd learn from an early age 
that the standing stones in the 

4976
04:39:21,500 --> 04:39:24,400
upper field weren't for leaning 
against during lunch breaks. 

4977
04:39:24,400 --> 04:39:27,800
That the fairy ring of 
mushrooms, near the old oak was 

4978
04:39:27,800 --> 04:39:30,099
best walked around rather than 
through. 

4979
04:39:31,000 --> 04:39:33,900
And that the lady who lived in 
the Cottage, By The Stream could

4980
04:39:33,900 --> 04:39:35,900
tell you when the rains would 
come by watching. 

4981
04:39:35,900 --> 04:39:39,500
How her cat washed its face. 
Whether these things were 

4982
04:39:39,500 --> 04:39:42,400
literally true mattered less 
than the fact that they'd been 

4983
04:39:42,400 --> 04:39:45,100
true enough for long enough. 
That people organize their lives

4984
04:39:45,100 --> 04:39:47,800
around them. 
The genius of British folklore 

4985
04:39:47,800 --> 04:39:50,700
is that it's profoundly 
practical beneath its Whimsical 

4986
04:39:50,700 --> 04:39:53,800
surface. 
Take the stories about fairy 

4987
04:39:53,800 --> 04:39:58,300
stealing, unbaptized babies 
terrified on the surface but 

4988
04:39:58,300 --> 04:40:00,000
all. 
So a way to ensure new parents 

4989
04:40:00,000 --> 04:40:03,100
didn't leave infants unattended 
in an ERA with open halves and 

4990
04:40:03,108 --> 04:40:06,800
precious few safety standards. 
Or consider the tales of 

4991
04:40:06,808 --> 04:40:09,800
Travelers being led astray by 
Will of the Wisps in martial 

4992
04:40:09,800 --> 04:40:13,100
lands, which conveniently kept 
people from wandering into bogs 

4993
04:40:13,100 --> 04:40:15,600
where they'd sink up to their 
necks and cold mud while 

4994
04:40:15,600 --> 04:40:17,000
contemplating their poor 
navigation. 

4995
04:40:17,000 --> 04:40:19,800
Choices. 
The British landscape itself 

4996
04:40:19,800 --> 04:40:23,600
seems designed for storytelling 
with its abrupt transitions 

4997
04:40:23,600 --> 04:40:26,300
between gentle, valleys and 
Windswept morelands. 

4998
04:40:26,300 --> 04:40:31,100
Its tendency toward missed, that
transforms familiar Fields into 

4999
04:40:31,100 --> 04:40:35,100
something from a half remembered
dream and it's weather patterns 

5000
04:40:35,100 --> 04:40:38,300
that can shift from Sunny to 
drenching in the time. 

5001
04:40:38,300 --> 04:40:42,100
It takes to finish a cup of tea.
Even the light has a particular 

5002
04:40:42,100 --> 04:40:45,400
quality here. 
Diffused through clouds 

5003
04:40:45,400 --> 04:40:49,600
reflecting off water, creating 
that soft gray green. 

5004
04:40:49,600 --> 04:40:52,400
Atlas fear, that makes 
photographers pack extra memory 

5005
04:40:52,400 --> 04:40:54,500
cards and Poets reach for their 
notebooks. 

5006
04:40:54,500 --> 04:40:58,800
Every region developed its own 
flavor of folklore influenced by

5007
04:40:58,808 --> 04:41:03,300
local geography dialect and 
presumably the varying levels of

5008
04:41:03,300 --> 04:41:05,500
alcohol content in Regional 
beverages. 

5009
04:41:06,400 --> 04:41:09,700
The Welsh valleys accumulated 
stories with a musical quality 

5010
04:41:09,700 --> 04:41:12,100
that reflected their languages 
rhythm. 

5011
04:41:13,300 --> 04:41:15,800
The Scottish Highlands bred 
Tails as rugged and 

5012
04:41:15,800 --> 04:41:17,800
uncompromising as the terrain 
itself. 

5013
04:41:17,800 --> 04:41:21,900
Irish storytelling developed 
elaborate narrative structures, 

5014
04:41:21,900 --> 04:41:25,400
that could turn a simple, walk 
to the market in to an Epic 

5015
04:41:25,400 --> 04:41:29,200
Journey. 
Involving three generations and 

5016
04:41:29,200 --> 04:41:31,800
a philosophical discourse on the
nature of happiness. 

5017
04:41:33,200 --> 04:41:36,700
English folklore tended toward 
the Practical and slightly 

5018
04:41:36,700 --> 04:41:40,800
domestic as if the supernatural 
beings themselves had absorb the

5019
04:41:40,800 --> 04:41:44,600
national character and mostly 
wanted a quiet life with regular

5020
04:41:44,600 --> 04:41:47,300
meals and minimal. 
Fuss, what United? 

5021
04:41:47,300 --> 04:41:50,200
All these Regional variations 
was a sense that the visible 

5022
04:41:50,200 --> 04:41:51,900
world would only part of the 
story. 

5023
04:41:53,300 --> 04:41:54,900
Beneath the surface of ordinary 
life. 

5024
04:41:54,900 --> 04:41:58,300
Ran deeper currents not 
necessarily dangerous but 

5025
04:41:58,300 --> 04:42:02,300
requiring respect and awareness.
The old stories taught you to 

5026
04:42:02,308 --> 04:42:06,600
notice things changes in animal 
behavior unusual, cloud. 

5027
04:42:06,600 --> 04:42:11,100
Formations, the first Frost and 
the last Harvest They created a 

5028
04:42:11,100 --> 04:42:14,300
framework for paying attention 
to the world around you, which 

5029
04:42:14,300 --> 04:42:17,100
was probably the most valuable 
survival skill of available 

5030
04:42:17,100 --> 04:42:18,900
before weather apps, and Google 
Maps. 

5031
04:42:18,900 --> 04:42:22,600
This interconnect between land 
and story created something 

5032
04:42:22,600 --> 04:42:25,700
remarkable. 
A landscape where every feature 

5033
04:42:25,700 --> 04:42:28,400
at accumulated layers of meaning
over centuries. 

5034
04:42:29,300 --> 04:42:31,300
That Hill wasn't just a 
geological formation. 

5035
04:42:32,300 --> 04:42:34,800
It was where the sleeping king 
would wait when England needed 

5036
04:42:34,800 --> 04:42:38,600
in most or where the fairies 
held their Revels on Midsummer 

5037
04:42:38,600 --> 04:42:41,900
Eve where your great great 
grandmother had courted your 

5038
04:42:41,900 --> 04:42:44,900
great-great-grandfather while 
supposedly Gathering 

5039
04:42:44,900 --> 04:42:50,000
blackberries The land remembered
and the stories helped people 

5040
04:42:50,000 --> 04:42:53,600
remember to remember British 
forests aren't like the vast 

5041
04:42:53,600 --> 04:42:56,000
Wilderness areas, you might find
in other countries. 

5042
04:42:56,000 --> 04:43:00,500
They're more intimate, more 
domestic, the kind of woodlands 

5043
04:43:00,500 --> 04:43:03,000
where you're never more than a 
few miles from someone's sheep 

5044
04:43:03,000 --> 04:43:07,000
or a pub with decent meat pies. 
Yet they maintained an 

5045
04:43:07,000 --> 04:43:09,900
atmosphere that suggested the 
trees were simply tolerating 

5046
04:43:09,900 --> 04:43:14,000
human presence rather than 
welcoming it and might revoke 

5047
04:43:14,000 --> 04:43:16,800
that tolerance at any moment. 
If you prove sufficiently 

5048
04:43:16,800 --> 04:43:20,100
annoying the ancient Woodlands 
that survived agricultural 

5049
04:43:20,100 --> 04:43:23,700
expansion, patches of forest 
that had stood since before the 

5050
04:43:23,700 --> 04:43:27,900
Norman Conquest developed 
reputations, as complex as any 

5051
04:43:27,900 --> 04:43:31,500
human community. 
Locals knew which grows were 

5052
04:43:31,500 --> 04:43:34,000
friendly enough for berry 
picking, and which required you 

5053
04:43:34,000 --> 04:43:37,200
to maintain a respectful 
attitude and avoid loud singing.

5054
04:43:38,000 --> 04:43:40,600
This wasn't Superstition so much
as accumulated. 

5055
04:43:40,600 --> 04:43:44,300
Experience something about 
certain wooded areas made people

5056
04:43:44,300 --> 04:43:48,800
uncomfortable whether to unusual
Acoustics local Predators. 

5057
04:43:48,800 --> 04:43:52,000
All the fact that the trees 
really were slightly judgmental 

5058
04:43:52,000 --> 04:43:54,200
oak. 
Trees are particularly featured 

5059
04:43:54,200 --> 04:43:57,600
in folklore, as having stronger 
personalities, and strictly 

5060
04:43:57,600 --> 04:44:00,900
necessary for organisms that 
spend their entire existence in 

5061
04:44:00,900 --> 04:44:04,700
one location. 
People believed the oldest Oaks 

5062
04:44:04,700 --> 04:44:07,500
harbored spirits that witnessed 
centuries of human foolishness 

5063
04:44:07,500 --> 04:44:10,300
and weren't particularly 
impressed by any of it. 

5064
04:44:11,200 --> 04:44:15,100
Sitting beneath a venerable Oak,
you might receive wisdom or you 

5065
04:44:15,100 --> 04:44:16,900
might just get hit on the head 
with an acorn. 

5066
04:44:17,800 --> 04:44:20,300
Trees way of suggesting. 
You think about something other 

5067
04:44:20,300 --> 04:44:23,800
than your petty concerns? 
For a moment green men, those 

5068
04:44:23,800 --> 04:44:26,900
faces carved in medieval 
churches with foliage sprouting 

5069
04:44:26,900 --> 04:44:30,600
from their mouths represented, 
this odd British relationship 

5070
04:44:30,600 --> 04:44:35,500
with forests. half human half 
vegetation, they won't quite 

5071
04:44:35,500 --> 04:44:39,000
nature spirits and not exactly 
human, but something in between 

5072
04:44:39,000 --> 04:44:42,400
that reflected, how thoroughly 
human communities and Woodlands 

5073
04:44:42,400 --> 04:44:46,900
had intermingled over millennia,
they seem to suggest that if you

5074
04:44:46,900 --> 04:44:51,000
spend enough time among trees, 
some of that tree-ness would rub

5075
04:44:51,000 --> 04:44:54,200
off on you and you'd start to 
think in terms of Seasons rather

5076
04:44:54,200 --> 04:44:58,300
than schedule's Roots rather 
than Ambitions British, folklore

5077
04:44:58,300 --> 04:45:01,500
includes remarkably few 
genuinely malevolent Forest 

5078
04:45:01,500 --> 04:45:03,800
Spirits compared to other 
European traditions. 

5079
04:45:04,600 --> 04:45:07,300
Mostly the woods. 
Just wanted you to behave. 

5080
04:45:07,300 --> 04:45:11,600
Sensibly, stay on the paths, 
don't damage trees, without good

5081
04:45:11,600 --> 04:45:13,500
reason. 
And For Heaven's Sake, don't 

5082
04:45:13,500 --> 04:45:17,500
start fires during dry weather. 
The consequences for violation 

5083
04:45:17,500 --> 04:45:21,000
weren't Supernatural curses so 
much as natural consequences 

5084
04:45:21,000 --> 04:45:25,400
dressed up in story form. 
Get lost in the woods and you 

5085
04:45:25,400 --> 04:45:28,400
might encounter the forest 
Spirit leading you in circles, 

5086
04:45:28,400 --> 04:45:31,100
or you might simply have gotten 
turned around because you 

5087
04:45:31,100 --> 04:45:33,800
weren't paying attention. 
And all those oak trees look 

5088
04:45:33,800 --> 04:45:38,200
similar after a while, the idea 
of fairy paths or Spirit roads 

5089
04:45:38,200 --> 04:45:42,100
through forests encoded, 
practical wisdom about animal 

5090
04:45:42,100 --> 04:45:46,400
trails and natural Roots through
difficult Terrain, These paths 

5091
04:45:46,400 --> 04:45:49,800
supposedly shouldn't be blocked.
Because fairies needed them for 

5092
04:45:49,800 --> 04:45:52,800
their travels. 
But practically speaking, they 

5093
04:45:52,800 --> 04:45:55,900
were often the easiest ways 
through dense Woodland, used by 

5094
04:45:55,900 --> 04:45:59,300
everything from Deer to wolves 
to humans, trying to avoid the 

5095
04:45:59,300 --> 04:46:03,000
really thick underbrush. 
Respecting fairy paths meant 

5096
04:46:03,000 --> 04:46:06,700
maintaining useful navigation 
routes which benefited everyone 

5097
04:46:06,700 --> 04:46:10,500
except possibly the brambles, 
certain trees, acquired specific

5098
04:46:10,500 --> 04:46:13,300
reputations, based on species 
characteristics. 

5099
04:46:13,300 --> 04:46:17,100
Amplified through story. 
Hawthorn trees with their 

5100
04:46:17,100 --> 04:46:18,900
vicious. 
Thorns and sweet, smelling 

5101
04:46:18,900 --> 04:46:22,300
blossoms, became associated with
boundaries and protection. 

5102
04:46:23,200 --> 04:46:26,000
Plant one knee or Cottage to 
keep away malevolent influence 

5103
04:46:26,000 --> 04:46:29,800
is but never bring the flowers 
inside because that was inviting

5104
04:46:29,800 --> 04:46:32,900
trouble. 
Practically Hawthorns made, 

5105
04:46:32,900 --> 04:46:35,800
excellent natural fencing. 
That livestock wouldn't casually

5106
04:46:35,800 --> 04:46:38,600
push through and the 
superstition about indoor 

5107
04:46:38,600 --> 04:46:41,300
flowers might have originated 
from someone noticing that 

5108
04:46:41,300 --> 04:46:44,900
Hawthorne blossoms in enclosed 
spaces can smell distinctly 

5109
04:46:44,900 --> 04:46:48,400
unpleasant after a while with a 
sense sometimes compared to 

5110
04:46:48,400 --> 04:46:52,000
Decay elder trees, earned 
special respect, bordering on 

5111
04:46:52,000 --> 04:46:54,700
nervousness. 
Folklore held at the Elder 

5112
04:46:54,700 --> 04:46:57,400
mother lived within each tree 
and would take a fence at 

5113
04:46:57,400 --> 04:47:00,700
careless cutting. before 
trimming an elder, he was 

5114
04:47:00,700 --> 04:47:04,300
supposed to ask permission and 
explain your need This might 

5115
04:47:04,300 --> 04:47:07,900
sound excessive until you learn 
that Elder wood when burned. 

5116
04:47:08,600 --> 04:47:12,400
Produces toxic smoke. 
And the trees often grow near 

5117
04:47:12,400 --> 04:47:15,000
water sources where you'd 
particularly want to avoid 

5118
04:47:15,000 --> 04:47:19,600
contamination. 
Folkloric respect for elders was

5119
04:47:19,600 --> 04:47:22,400
practical safety protocol 
wrapped in mythology. 

5120
04:47:22,400 --> 04:47:26,300
The British Forest experience 
differs markedly from Deep 

5121
04:47:26,300 --> 04:47:29,500
Wilderness and counters. 
These are Woodlands shape by 

5122
04:47:29,500 --> 04:47:33,700
human use over thousands of 
years copies Hazel's providing 

5123
04:47:33,700 --> 04:47:37,400
materials for fence's and 
wattle, cleared areas where pigs

5124
04:47:37,400 --> 04:47:41,800
once foraged and trees marked by
generations of lovers carving 

5125
04:47:41,800 --> 04:47:44,900
initials that have since 
stretched into a legible scars. 

5126
04:47:45,900 --> 04:47:49,600
The forest Spirits. 
If they existed had long since 

5127
04:47:49,600 --> 04:47:53,800
learned to coexist with human 
activity developing the same 

5128
04:47:53,800 --> 04:47:57,500
mild exasperation that neighbors
feel when someone's music is 

5129
04:47:57,500 --> 04:47:59,700
slightly too loud but not quite 
worth complaining. 

5130
04:47:59,700 --> 04:48:02,500
About walking through ancient 
British Woodlands. 

5131
04:48:02,500 --> 04:48:06,300
Even today, you can understand 
why stories accumulated in these

5132
04:48:06,300 --> 04:48:09,400
spaces. 
The quality of light filtering 

5133
04:48:09,400 --> 04:48:11,800
through leaves creates ever 
shifting patterns. 

5134
04:48:11,800 --> 04:48:16,000
Sounds behave. 
Oddly muffled by vegetation, in 

5135
04:48:16,000 --> 04:48:19,900
ways that make it hard to judge 
distance is The S males of 

5136
04:48:19,900 --> 04:48:22,100
decomposition and growth 
simultaneously. 

5137
04:48:22,900 --> 04:48:26,300
That rich Earth and green scent.
That suggests things are dying 

5138
04:48:26,300 --> 04:48:27,700
and being born in the same 
breath. 

5139
04:48:28,800 --> 04:48:31,800
It's the kind of environment 
that encourages reflection and 

5140
04:48:31,800 --> 04:48:33,700
reflection in turn encourages 
story. 

5141
04:48:33,700 --> 04:48:37,600
British, folklores approach to 
Magic was refreshingly mundane 

5142
04:48:37,600 --> 04:48:40,300
compared to the elaborate ritual
systems found in other 

5143
04:48:40,300 --> 04:48:43,900
traditions. 
Most magical practices involved 

5144
04:48:43,900 --> 04:48:46,700
materials, readily available in 
any kitchen or garden. 

5145
04:48:47,600 --> 04:48:53,400
Bread salt, iron Rowan, berries 
and water from specific Wells. 

5146
04:48:54,300 --> 04:48:57,200
If you needed magical 
protection, you didn't require 

5147
04:48:57,200 --> 04:49:00,400
rare ingredients, harvested 
under specific moon phases. 

5148
04:49:00,400 --> 04:49:04,100
You just needed to remember what
your grandmother told you, and 

5149
04:49:04,100 --> 04:49:07,800
where you'd put the Horseshoes, 
the concept of cold iron as 

5150
04:49:07,800 --> 04:49:11,500
protection against supernatural.
Beings makes perfect practical 

5151
04:49:11,500 --> 04:49:14,000
sense. 
When you consider that in 

5152
04:49:14,000 --> 04:49:17,800
pre-industrial, Britain iron 
tools represented significant 

5153
04:49:17,800 --> 04:49:21,100
Investments that you definitely 
didn't want Supernatural 

5154
04:49:21,100 --> 04:49:25,000
entities borrowing hanging iron 
scissors over a baby's cradle 

5155
04:49:25,000 --> 04:49:28,300
protected against fairy 
abduction but also served as a 

5156
04:49:28,308 --> 04:49:31,600
constant reminder, not to leave 
sharp objects where infants 

5157
04:49:31,600 --> 04:49:35,600
could reach them magic and 
commonsense occupied the same 

5158
04:49:35,600 --> 04:49:40,300
mental space Welles and springs 
accumulated folklore with the 

5159
04:49:40,300 --> 04:49:43,600
dedication of modern websites 
accumulating user-generated 

5160
04:49:43,600 --> 04:49:46,600
content. 
Each named spring had its 

5161
04:49:46,600 --> 04:49:50,200
Specialties one cured. 
I problems and other helped with

5162
04:49:50,200 --> 04:49:53,700
romantic difficulties and a 
third was excellent for 

5163
04:49:53,700 --> 04:49:57,000
livestock health. 
The ritual for accessing these 

5164
04:49:57,000 --> 04:50:00,600
benefits typically involved 
leaving a small offering taking 

5165
04:50:00,600 --> 04:50:04,800
water at a specific time and 
ideally believing quite firmly 

5166
04:50:04,800 --> 04:50:08,000
that it would work. 
Modern medicine would point to 

5167
04:50:08,000 --> 04:50:11,800
the placebo effect, but folklore
would shrug and note that if it 

5168
04:50:11,808 --> 04:50:15,100
works, does the mechanism, 
really matter, healing charms 

5169
04:50:15,100 --> 04:50:17,600
and remedies occupied that 
interesting space between 

5170
04:50:17,600 --> 04:50:21,200
medicine and Magic, where they 
actually sometimes worked, even,

5171
04:50:21,200 --> 04:50:22,800
if not for the reasons, people 
thought. 

5172
04:50:23,900 --> 04:50:28,200
Doc leaves for nettle stings, 
genuinely helpful, due to their 

5173
04:50:28,200 --> 04:50:31,800
alkaline properties cobwebs. 
Pressed into cuts to stop 

5174
04:50:31,800 --> 04:50:35,300
bleeding accidentally effective 
because cobwebs contain 

5175
04:50:35,300 --> 04:50:38,100
antiseptic properties and help 
clotting. 

5176
04:50:39,300 --> 04:50:42,400
Telling someone their warts 
would disappear if they rub them

5177
04:50:42,400 --> 04:50:45,600
with a particular Stone, during 
a new moon, the power of 

5178
04:50:45,600 --> 04:50:48,600
suggestion is remarkable when 
combined with the fact that many

5179
04:50:48,600 --> 04:50:51,600
warts resolve. 
Spontaneously anyway, British 

5180
04:50:51,600 --> 04:50:54,300
magical Traditions showed up a 
particular fondness for 

5181
04:50:54,300 --> 04:50:57,700
protective rituals that cost 
nothing except remembering to 

5182
04:50:57,700 --> 04:51:00,900
perform them. 
Crossing your fingers touching 

5183
04:51:00,900 --> 04:51:05,700
would not walking under ladders 
these gestures persisted because

5184
04:51:05,700 --> 04:51:08,000
they were required minimal 
effort while providing 

5185
04:51:08,000 --> 04:51:11,900
psychological comfort. 
Whether they actually prevented 

5186
04:51:11,900 --> 04:51:15,100
bad luck, was less important 
than the sense of agency. 

5187
04:51:15,100 --> 04:51:18,300
They provided. 
Feeling that you had some small 

5188
04:51:18,300 --> 04:51:20,400
control over an unpredictable 
world. 

5189
04:51:20,400 --> 04:51:24,300
The church's relationship with 
folk magic was complicated and 

5190
04:51:24,300 --> 04:51:29,100
often hypocritical actually such
practices were condemned a 

5191
04:51:29,100 --> 04:51:31,600
Superstition or Worse 
unofficially. 

5192
04:51:31,600 --> 04:51:35,300
Priests frequently Incorporated,
local Traditions into Christian 

5193
04:51:35,300 --> 04:51:39,500
practice. which is why British 
churches have green men, carved 

5194
04:51:39,500 --> 04:51:42,800
into their architecture, and 
holy Wells dedicated to Saints 

5195
04:51:42,800 --> 04:51:46,600
conveniently located at the same
spring, where pre-christian 

5196
04:51:46,600 --> 04:51:50,700
people had left offerings The 
result was a Rich Blend, where 

5197
04:51:50,700 --> 04:51:53,900
you might pray to Saint Brigid 
for protection while also 

5198
04:51:53,900 --> 04:51:56,800
hanging Rowan branches over your
door hinging. 

5199
04:51:56,800 --> 04:51:59,400
Your bets across belief systems 
with admirable. 

5200
04:51:59,400 --> 04:52:02,400
Pragmatism household, magic was 
deeply? 

5201
04:52:02,400 --> 04:52:06,000
Domestic concerned within bread,
Rose properly. 

5202
04:52:06,000 --> 04:52:10,100
Milk didn't sour and butter 
churned successfully. 

5203
04:52:10,800 --> 04:52:14,300
All matters of genuine economic 
importance when your food supply

5204
04:52:14,300 --> 04:52:18,300
depended on these processes. 
Working reliably You'd Place 

5205
04:52:18,300 --> 04:52:21,900
certain herbs and specific 
locations, recite particular 

5206
04:52:21,900 --> 04:52:25,500
phrases, while working and 
maintain good relationships with

5207
04:52:25,500 --> 04:52:27,900
the house Spirits believed to 
influence, domestic 

5208
04:52:27,900 --> 04:52:32,100
productivity. 
Whether the spirits existed or 

5209
04:52:32,100 --> 04:52:34,900
whether the rituals simply 
helped people maintain attention

5210
04:52:34,900 --> 04:52:37,500
to detail during important tasks
remained. 

5211
04:52:37,500 --> 04:52:41,200
Pleasantly ambiguous love magic,
tended toward the Botanical and 

5212
04:52:41,200 --> 04:52:44,900
slightly awkward. 
Carrying certain flowers eating 

5213
04:52:44,900 --> 04:52:48,900
apples in specific ways and 
divination using cabbage stalks 

5214
04:52:48,900 --> 04:52:51,700
or egg whites. 
British romance, apparently 

5215
04:52:51,700 --> 04:52:54,600
required impressive 
determination and a high 

5216
04:52:54,600 --> 04:52:56,600
tolerance for looking slightly. 
Ridiculous. 

5217
04:52:58,000 --> 04:53:00,700
Young women would perform 
elaborate rituals on specific 

5218
04:53:00,700 --> 04:53:05,100
nights to dream of their future.
Husbands involving backwards, 

5219
04:53:05,100 --> 04:53:08,900
activities, and unusual, food 
combinations that probably 

5220
04:53:08,900 --> 04:53:11,200
caused dreams through 
indigestion, as much as 

5221
04:53:11,200 --> 04:53:13,900
prophecy. 
The magical calendar aligned 

5222
04:53:13,900 --> 04:53:17,800
with agricultural Cycles, which 
made perfect sense in society, 

5223
04:53:17,800 --> 04:53:20,500
who survival depended on 
successful farming? 

5224
04:53:21,800 --> 04:53:26,200
Made a midsummer harvested each 
brought their own rituals and 

5225
04:53:26,200 --> 04:53:29,600
superstitions most of which 
boiled down to encouraging 

5226
04:53:29,600 --> 04:53:33,800
fertility protecting against 
Misfortune and marking the 

5227
04:53:33,800 --> 04:53:37,100
passage of time in communities 
where Seasons mattered more than

5228
04:53:37,100 --> 04:53:41,000
any other calendar system. 
These were elaborate mystical 

5229
04:53:41,000 --> 04:53:44,000
practices but acknowledgments of
the natural world rhythms 

5230
04:53:44,000 --> 04:53:47,500
dressed in a tough ceremony to 
make them memorable whether the 

5231
04:53:47,500 --> 04:53:51,500
magic occupied an important 
niche in Britain's notoriously 

5232
04:53:51,500 --> 04:53:54,300
unpredictable climate. 
People watched, animal, 

5233
04:53:54,300 --> 04:53:57,700
behavior, cloud, formations, and
plant growth for signs of 

5234
04:53:57,700 --> 04:53:59,800
coming. 
Whether then attributed this 

5235
04:53:59,800 --> 04:54:03,100
knowledge to magical Insight, 
rather than careful observation.

5236
04:54:04,200 --> 04:54:07,200
the person who could predict 
rain wasn't necessarily magical,

5237
04:54:07,200 --> 04:54:11,900
they just noticed that cows lie 
down before storms birds fly 

5238
04:54:11,900 --> 04:54:15,600
lower in heavy are and certain 
flowers closed their petals when

5239
04:54:15,600 --> 04:54:19,900
humidity Rises but calling it 
magic made the knowledge sound 

5240
04:54:19,900 --> 04:54:22,600
more authoritative than 
admitting you'd spent 40 years 

5241
04:54:22,600 --> 04:54:25,200
watching cows. 
The British relationship with 

5242
04:54:25,200 --> 04:54:29,000
the sea combines dependents, 
respect, and the kind of 

5243
04:54:29,008 --> 04:54:32,700
cautious affection, you show a 
large unpredictable animal, that

5244
04:54:32,700 --> 04:54:36,100
occasionally provides dinner, 
but might also drown you without

5245
04:54:36,100 --> 04:54:39,300
warning. 
Coastal communities, develop 

5246
04:54:39,300 --> 04:54:43,300
their own Rich, folklore 
Traditions distinct from Inland 

5247
04:54:43,300 --> 04:54:48,300
stories shaped by the rhythm of 
Tides, the unpredictability of 

5248
04:54:48,300 --> 04:54:51,800
fishing and the isolation of 
islands, scattered around the 

5249
04:54:51,800 --> 04:54:55,500
mainland like afterthoughts seal
folk feature prominently in 

5250
04:54:55,500 --> 04:54:58,100
Northern Tails, particularly 
around Scotland and Ireland. 

5251
04:54:59,100 --> 04:55:02,400
These were seals that could shed
their skins and walk on land as 

5252
04:55:02,400 --> 04:55:05,300
beautiful humans. 
Usually, with romantic 

5253
04:55:05,300 --> 04:55:10,000
complications in suing The 
stories typically involved human

5254
04:55:10,000 --> 04:55:13,600
hiding, the seal person's skin 
to prevent their return to the 

5255
04:55:13,600 --> 04:55:17,400
Sea, which sounds romantic until
you think about it for more than

5256
04:55:17,400 --> 04:55:20,500
30 seconds and realize it's 
basically kidnapping. 

5257
04:55:21,500 --> 04:55:24,200
The better versions of these 
Tales acknowledged this problem 

5258
04:55:24,200 --> 04:55:28,700
with the seal person eventually 
finding their skin and returning

5259
04:55:28,700 --> 04:55:33,400
to the ocean choosing Freedom 
over captured Domesticity the 

5260
04:55:33,400 --> 04:55:36,600
selkies appeal makes sense. 
When you understand how isolated

5261
04:55:36,600 --> 04:55:40,200
Coastal communities could be 
especially on smaller Islands 

5262
04:55:41,100 --> 04:55:45,000
Strangers, rarely appeared, and 
genetic diversity was a genuine 

5263
04:55:45,000 --> 04:55:47,400
concern. 
Even if people didn't have those

5264
04:55:47,400 --> 04:55:52,200
exact terms for it, stories 
about mysterious attractive 

5265
04:55:52,200 --> 04:55:55,400
Outsiders, who are from the sea 
and might eventually returned 

5266
04:55:55,400 --> 04:56:00,300
their Reflected both fantasy and
practical acknowledgment, that 

5267
04:56:00,300 --> 04:56:03,400
new blood in the community gene.
Pool was generally positive, 

5268
04:56:03,400 --> 04:56:08,000
even if the circumstances were 
unusual mermaids in British 

5269
04:56:08,000 --> 04:56:10,900
folklore rarely, resembled the 
friendly creatures from children

5270
04:56:10,900 --> 04:56:13,700
stories. 
They were more often Omens. 

5271
04:56:13,700 --> 04:56:17,900
Seeing one meant storms 
shipwrecks or other Maritime 

5272
04:56:17,900 --> 04:56:21,000
disasters. 
This made sense given that 

5273
04:56:21,008 --> 04:56:24,600
unusual Marine sightings often 
correlated with strange weather 

5274
04:56:24,600 --> 04:56:27,800
patterns, or ocean conditions 
that also happen to be dangerous

5275
04:56:27,800 --> 04:56:30,800
for fishing. 
Whether you actually saw a 

5276
04:56:30,800 --> 04:56:34,700
mermaid or a combination of seal
Driftwood and Wishful, Thinking 

5277
04:56:34,700 --> 04:56:38,200
mattered less than the warning 
to stay close to Harbor. 

5278
04:56:38,200 --> 04:56:41,800
Coastal Villages developed 
elaborate rituals around fishing

5279
04:56:41,800 --> 04:56:45,900
boats and the Seas temperament. 
You never whistled on a boat 

5280
04:56:45,900 --> 04:56:49,400
because that called up wind, 
which sounds superstitious until

5281
04:56:49,400 --> 04:56:51,300
you remember that whistling 
carries a cross water. 

5282
04:56:51,300 --> 04:56:55,500
Remarkably, well and could 
confuse verbal commands in 

5283
04:56:55,500 --> 04:56:58,700
critical moments. 
Women weren't allowed on fishing

5284
04:56:58,700 --> 04:57:01,900
boats, supposedly due to bad 
luck, though. 

5285
04:57:01,900 --> 04:57:04,900
The Practical explanation might 
involve limiting the number of 

5286
04:57:04,900 --> 04:57:08,700
people on working vessels were 
space, was at a premium and 

5287
04:57:08,700 --> 04:57:12,900
everyone needed specific skills.
sometimes Superstition was just 

5288
04:57:12,900 --> 04:57:16,400
traditionally explaining itself,
badly Islands, accumulated, 

5289
04:57:16,400 --> 04:57:19,800
folklore with particular 
intensity, perhaps because I 

5290
04:57:19,800 --> 04:57:23,500
isolation amplifies storytelling
in the same way that small 

5291
04:57:23,500 --> 04:57:27,900
spaces, amplifies sound The 
orkney and Shetland Islands 

5292
04:57:27,900 --> 04:57:31,400
developed Rich Traditions about 
trials and selkies, while the 

5293
04:57:31,400 --> 04:57:34,700
Isle of Man, its own fairy 
Traditions distinct from either 

5294
04:57:34,700 --> 04:57:39,200
Ireland or Britain. 
Each Island community separated 

5295
04:57:39,200 --> 04:57:42,900
by water, that could turn 
impossible during storms, became

5296
04:57:42,900 --> 04:57:46,300
its own cultural laboratory 
where stories evolved in 

5297
04:57:46,308 --> 04:57:49,200
slightly different directions 
from their Mainland cousins 

5298
04:57:49,200 --> 04:57:52,400
lighthouses the relatively 
recent additions to the 

5299
04:57:52,400 --> 04:57:55,700
landscape quickly accumulated 
their own folklore. 

5300
04:57:55,700 --> 04:57:59,700
Lighthouse Keepers reported 
seeing impossible, things ships 

5301
04:57:59,700 --> 04:58:03,200
that vanished lights were no 
lights should be and sounds that

5302
04:58:03,200 --> 04:58:06,200
had no source. 
Whether these experiences 

5303
04:58:06,200 --> 04:58:10,400
reflected genuine Supernatural, 
encounters isolation, induced 

5304
04:58:10,400 --> 04:58:14,100
hallucinations or just the 
strange behavior of light and 

5305
04:58:14,100 --> 04:58:16,600
sound around. 
Coastal rocks remains debatable.

5306
04:58:17,800 --> 04:58:21,400
What certain is that spending 
months in a small rooms around 

5307
04:58:21,400 --> 04:58:24,900
by rocks and water. 
Does interesting thinks to human

5308
04:58:24,900 --> 04:58:27,400
perception. 
Coastal weather forecasting, 

5309
04:58:27,400 --> 04:58:31,800
relied on reading subtle signs. 
The color of the sunset, the 

5310
04:58:31,800 --> 04:58:36,000
behavior of seabirds and the 
feel of the Wind This knowledge 

5311
04:58:36,000 --> 04:58:39,900
was so valuable that it often 
got framed as magical sight or 

5312
04:58:39,900 --> 04:58:43,400
Supernatural, sensitivity rather
than accumulated empirical 

5313
04:58:43,400 --> 04:58:47,000
observation. 
The old man who knew and storms 

5314
04:58:47,000 --> 04:58:51,000
were coming wasn't magical. 
Simply survived 70 years of 

5315
04:58:51,000 --> 04:58:54,400
watching The Sea and had learned
to recognize patterns that 

5316
04:58:54,400 --> 04:58:58,700
proceeded dangerous weather. but
attributing his accuracy to 

5317
04:58:58,700 --> 04:59:01,800
Second Sight, rather than 
experience made the knowledge, 

5318
04:59:01,800 --> 04:59:05,100
seem more special worth 
preserving and passing down 

5319
04:59:05,100 --> 04:59:08,900
smuggling operations, naturally 
generated their own folklore 

5320
04:59:08,900 --> 04:59:12,200
often deliberately Tales of 
ghost ships. 

5321
04:59:12,200 --> 04:59:15,100
Supernatural Guardians and 
cursed coves helped. 

5322
04:59:15,100 --> 04:59:18,800
Keep curious locals away from 
beaches where illegal goods were

5323
04:59:18,800 --> 04:59:21,700
being landed. 
If people believed a particular 

5324
04:59:21,700 --> 04:59:25,200
stretch of Coast was horned 
they'd avoided after dark, which

5325
04:59:25,200 --> 04:59:27,500
was exactly when Smugglers 
wanted privacy. 

5326
04:59:28,800 --> 04:59:31,300
Some of the most persistent 
Coastal ghost stories. 

5327
04:59:31,300 --> 04:59:33,600
Might have originated, as 
deliberately crafted 

5328
04:59:33,600 --> 04:59:37,300
misdirection that outlived. 
The smuggling operations they 

5329
04:59:37,300 --> 04:59:40,800
were meant to protect the tides 
Rhythm structured Coastal life. 

5330
04:59:40,800 --> 04:59:43,800
So completely that it influenced
folklore in subtle ways. 

5331
04:59:45,000 --> 04:59:48,500
You learned to work with the 
tide rather than against it to 

5332
04:59:48,500 --> 04:59:50,300
recognize that. 
Some things could only happen 

5333
04:59:50,300 --> 04:59:53,800
during specific Windows of 
opportunity, and that patients 

5334
04:59:53,800 --> 04:59:56,200
was less a virtue than a 
survival requirement. 

5335
04:59:57,300 --> 05:00:01,400
Stories, reflected this reality.
The fisherman who respected the 

5336
05:00:01,400 --> 05:00:05,400
Seas timing prospered, while the
one who tried to force things on

5337
05:00:05,400 --> 05:00:09,600
his own schedule met disaster. 
It was folklore as applied to 

5338
05:00:09,600 --> 05:00:12,300
Tidal mechanics. 
The British Village that 

5339
05:00:12,300 --> 05:00:15,300
collection of cottages arranged 
around a church and pub with 

5340
05:00:15,300 --> 05:00:19,600
perhaps a shop and post office. 
If you were lucky served as 

5341
05:00:19,608 --> 05:00:21,500
folklores primary breeding 
ground. 

5342
05:00:22,600 --> 05:00:25,200
These were small enough that 
everyone knew everyone else's 

5343
05:00:25,200 --> 05:00:28,400
business. 
Isolated enough that the wider 

5344
05:00:28,400 --> 05:00:32,400
World seemed distant and 
slightly theoretical and stable 

5345
05:00:32,400 --> 05:00:35,100
enough that Traditions could 
persist for generations with 

5346
05:00:35,100 --> 05:00:38,800
only minor variations. 
The Village Green, that patch of

5347
05:00:38,800 --> 05:00:42,200
common land at the community's 
heart witnessed most communal 

5348
05:00:42,200 --> 05:00:44,600
celebrations, and many folktale 
events. 

5349
05:00:45,400 --> 05:00:48,000
May Day Celebrations, with 
dancing around the maypole, 

5350
05:00:48,000 --> 05:00:52,200
Harvest festivals, and bonfires 
on specific calendar dates. 

5351
05:00:52,200 --> 05:00:55,900
These weren't just entertainment
but vital social glue that 

5352
05:00:55,900 --> 05:00:59,100
reinforced Community bonds and 
marked time's Passage. 

5353
05:01:00,600 --> 05:01:03,700
The stories told that these 
gatherings transmitted cultural 

5354
05:01:03,700 --> 05:01:07,100
values more effectively than any
lecture teaching, through 

5355
05:01:07,100 --> 05:01:10,900
entertainment, what Behavior was
expected, what was tolerated? 

5356
05:01:10,900 --> 05:01:12,900
And what would get you discussed
in? 

5357
05:01:12,908 --> 05:01:16,300
Disapproving tones for the next 
decade every village had its 

5358
05:01:16,300 --> 05:01:20,100
characters, the wise woman who 
knew Herbal Remedies the 

5359
05:01:20,100 --> 05:01:23,400
blacksmith whose Forge was the 
center of male social life. 

5360
05:01:23,400 --> 05:01:26,900
The Publican who heard all 
gossip and the vicar who 

5361
05:01:26,900 --> 05:01:30,000
pretended not to know about folk
practices while quietly 

5362
05:01:30,000 --> 05:01:31,800
incorporating them into Parish 
life. 

5363
05:01:32,700 --> 05:01:36,300
These individuals served as 
living libraries, repositories 

5364
05:01:36,300 --> 05:01:38,700
of local knowledge, about 
everything from weather patterns

5365
05:01:38,700 --> 05:01:42,900
to family history, to, which 
mushrooms would kill you and 

5366
05:01:42,900 --> 05:01:46,700
which merely tasted terrible. 
The cottage half was where most 

5367
05:01:46,700 --> 05:01:49,100
stories. 
Actually lived told during Long 

5368
05:01:49,100 --> 05:01:52,500
Winter evenings, when darkness 
fell by mid-tone, and there 

5369
05:01:52,500 --> 05:01:56,500
wasn't much to do except sit by 
the fire work, on manual tasks, 

5370
05:01:56,500 --> 05:01:59,200
that didn't require much light 
and torque. 

5371
05:02:00,200 --> 05:02:04,000
Grandparents told grandchildren 
about local, Legends parents 

5372
05:02:04,000 --> 05:02:07,100
warn children about dangerous 
places through Tales of 

5373
05:02:07,100 --> 05:02:11,000
Supernatural Guardians and 
everyone shared stories that had

5374
05:02:11,000 --> 05:02:13,900
been shared with them. 
Each telling adding small 

5375
05:02:13,900 --> 05:02:16,900
variations that would eventually
become part of the tradition 

5376
05:02:16,900 --> 05:02:20,800
British folktales from the 
domestic setting rarely involved

5377
05:02:20,800 --> 05:02:24,800
Grand Adventures or epic quests.
They were more likely about the 

5378
05:02:24,800 --> 05:02:29,200
farmer who outsmarted the devil.
Clever servant who outwitted a 

5379
05:02:29,200 --> 05:02:32,300
difficult employer and the 
youngest daughter whose kindness

5380
05:02:32,300 --> 05:02:36,600
brought unexpected rewards. 
These were aspirational stories 

5381
05:02:36,600 --> 05:02:39,400
for people whose lives involved 
more practical concerns than 

5382
05:02:39,400 --> 05:02:43,600
dragon slaying getting crops to 
grow keeping livestock healthy 

5383
05:02:43,600 --> 05:02:46,300
and maintaining good 
relationships with neighbors. 

5384
05:02:46,300 --> 05:02:50,200
You'd be seen daily for the rest
of your life, the village, well,

5385
05:02:50,200 --> 05:02:54,300
or pump served as an informal 
new center where people gathered

5386
05:02:54,300 --> 05:02:59,200
gossiped and totally told 
stories in an era before mass 

5387
05:02:59,200 --> 05:03:01,800
media. 
This was how information spread 

5388
05:03:01,800 --> 05:03:06,700
slowly through personal contact 
accumulating embellishments with

5389
05:03:06,700 --> 05:03:10,200
each retelling. 
By the time news traveled from 

5390
05:03:10,200 --> 05:03:11,500
one end of the village to the 
other. 

5391
05:03:11,500 --> 05:03:14,700
It might have gained 
considerable creative detail. 

5392
05:03:14,700 --> 05:03:18,500
Which is probably why so much 
folklore involves exaggeration 

5393
05:03:18,500 --> 05:03:23,900
and unlikely coincidence is 
reality was Bland retellings, 

5394
05:03:23,900 --> 05:03:27,200
added the necessary, seasoning 
seasonal celebrations, 

5395
05:03:27,200 --> 05:03:31,100
structured Village, Life with 
reassuring predictability, Each 

5396
05:03:31,100 --> 05:03:34,600
had its own Traditions foods and
Associated folklore. 

5397
05:03:35,400 --> 05:03:38,900
Harvest suppers celebrated 
successful crops with communal 

5398
05:03:38,900 --> 05:03:42,800
feasting that reinforced social 
bonds, while allowing people to 

5399
05:03:42,800 --> 05:03:45,100
relax after months of intense 
labor. 

5400
05:03:45,900 --> 05:03:49,200
Christmas Incorporated. 
So many pre-christian Traditions

5401
05:03:49,200 --> 05:03:52,500
that the church eventually gave 
up trying to sort out which 

5402
05:03:52,500 --> 05:03:55,600
parts were properly religious, 
and which were just people 

5403
05:03:55,600 --> 05:03:58,900
wanting an excuse to bring 
Greenery indoors and eat special

5404
05:03:58,900 --> 05:04:02,300
foods during the darkest part of
winter village Crafts. 

5405
05:04:02,300 --> 05:04:05,400
People, the Thatcher, the Hedge 
layer and the hurdle maker 

5406
05:04:06,300 --> 05:04:08,900
possessed knowledge that 
bordered on folklore itself. 

5407
05:04:10,000 --> 05:04:12,900
They understood their materials 
with an intimacy that came from 

5408
05:04:12,900 --> 05:04:16,800
years of experience. 
Knowing which would worked best 

5409
05:04:16,800 --> 05:04:19,900
for specific purposes. 
How different thatching 

5410
05:04:19,900 --> 05:04:22,800
materials, whether and which 
hedge plants made the most 

5411
05:04:22,808 --> 05:04:27,400
impenetrable barriers. 
This practical wisdom often got 

5412
05:04:27,400 --> 05:04:30,800
mixed with folk beliefs about 
appropriate times for harvesting

5413
05:04:30,800 --> 05:04:34,300
materials and proper technique 
that might or might not have 

5414
05:04:34,300 --> 05:04:36,900
rational bases but definitely 
had tradition backing them. 

5415
05:04:36,900 --> 05:04:39,700
The relationship between 
neighboring Villages could be 

5416
05:04:39,708 --> 05:04:43,100
surprisingly competitive with 
each claiming Superior 

5417
05:04:43,100 --> 05:04:47,000
Traditions more authentic 
folklore or more impressive, 

5418
05:04:47,000 --> 05:04:51,300
local Legends, This rivalry was 
generally good-natured, but 

5419
05:04:51,300 --> 05:04:55,000
persistent expressing itself 
through competing celebrations. 

5420
05:04:55,000 --> 05:04:58,300
Proud assertions about local 
Ghost Stories, being more 

5421
05:04:58,300 --> 05:04:59,800
frightening than neighboring 
ones. 

5422
05:04:59,800 --> 05:05:02,900
And the kind of petty 
disagreements about correct 

5423
05:05:02,900 --> 05:05:06,300
procedure that can only arise 
between communities that are 

5424
05:05:06,300 --> 05:05:09,300
fundamentally very similar, but 
determined to emphasize their 

5425
05:05:09,300 --> 05:05:12,800
differences, The Village pubs 
served multiple functions, 

5426
05:05:12,800 --> 05:05:16,300
Social Club. 
Informal court for minor 

5427
05:05:16,300 --> 05:05:20,400
disputes, marriage market, news 
exchange and archive for local 

5428
05:05:20,400 --> 05:05:23,000
memory. 
The Publican often knew more 

5429
05:05:23,000 --> 05:05:26,200
about Village Affairs than the 
vicar, having heard confession 

5430
05:05:26,200 --> 05:05:28,900
of a less spiritual but equally 
revealing nature. 

5431
05:05:30,000 --> 05:05:33,600
Stories told him pubs tended 
toward the humerus, the slightly

5432
05:05:33,600 --> 05:05:35,900
boardy. 
And the cautionary tales about 

5433
05:05:35,900 --> 05:05:39,400
people who've done foolish 
things often while drunk in that

5434
05:05:39,400 --> 05:05:42,600
same Pub, creating a 
self-referential loop of 

5435
05:05:42,600 --> 05:05:46,800
entertainment and warning by the
19th century, British folklore 

5436
05:05:46,800 --> 05:05:50,300
was already beginning, its long 
Fade Into Nostalgia and 

5437
05:05:50,300 --> 05:05:52,600
preservation rather than living 
practice. 

5438
05:05:53,400 --> 05:05:56,700
The Industrial Revolution, Drew 
people from villages to cities 

5439
05:05:56,700 --> 05:06:00,100
disrupting the continuity of 
oral tradition. 

5440
05:06:01,000 --> 05:06:04,200
Railways connected, previously, 
isolated communities, 

5441
05:06:04,200 --> 05:06:07,000
homogenizing Regional 
variations. 

5442
05:06:07,700 --> 05:06:11,500
Education became standardized 
teaching official history rather

5443
05:06:11,500 --> 05:06:15,100
than local Legend. 
The old stories didn't disappear

5444
05:06:15,100 --> 05:06:18,800
overnight, but they began their 
transformation from functional 

5445
05:06:18,800 --> 05:06:21,100
Community knowledge, into 
quaint. 

5446
05:06:21,100 --> 05:06:24,900
Remnants of a simpler time, 
folklorists, like Cecil sharp, 

5447
05:06:24,900 --> 05:06:28,300
and Francis James child 
scrambled to record Traditions 

5448
05:06:28,300 --> 05:06:31,900
before they vanished completely 
creating archives that preserve 

5449
05:06:31,900 --> 05:06:34,500
texts while inevitably losing 
context. 

5450
05:06:35,500 --> 05:06:38,600
You can write down the words to 
a folk song but you can't quite 

5451
05:06:38,600 --> 05:06:41,100
capture the way it sounded. 
When sung by someone who's 

5452
05:06:41,100 --> 05:06:44,600
Grandmother Had taught it to the
specific occasion, when it would

5453
05:06:44,600 --> 05:06:47,900
traditionally be performed all 
the small variations that 

5454
05:06:47,900 --> 05:06:52,700
different Villages considered 
correct What survived was often 

5455
05:06:52,700 --> 05:06:56,500
a kind of folklore preserved in 
Amber technically accurate, but 

5456
05:06:56,500 --> 05:07:00,000
missing the living quality, that
made it meaningful, the Romantic

5457
05:07:00,000 --> 05:07:04,100
Movement, complicated folklore 
preservation by deciding that 

5458
05:07:04,100 --> 05:07:07,500
rural Traditions were 
picturesque and Noble, rather 

5459
05:07:07,500 --> 05:07:12,200
than simply practical artists, 
painted idolized version of 

5460
05:07:12,200 --> 05:07:15,300
Village Life where everyone 
looked healthy and happy 

5461
05:07:15,300 --> 05:07:19,500
conveniently omitting. 
The harsh poverty, limited 

5462
05:07:19,500 --> 05:07:24,200
Medical Care and minimal options
that characterize actual rural 

5463
05:07:24,200 --> 05:07:27,700
existence. 
This romanticization created a 

5464
05:07:27,708 --> 05:07:31,900
strange situation where actual 
rural people were abandoning 

5465
05:07:31,900 --> 05:07:34,700
their Traditions as quickly as 
possible to pursue better 

5466
05:07:34,700 --> 05:07:37,400
opportunities. 
While Urban intellectuals were 

5467
05:07:37,400 --> 05:07:40,200
frantically trying to preserve 
those same Traditions as 

5468
05:07:40,200 --> 05:07:44,000
authentic cultural heritage, 
some traditions, adapted rather 

5469
05:07:44,000 --> 05:07:47,200
than died. 
Made a celebration shrank but 

5470
05:07:47,200 --> 05:07:50,900
persisted in schools transformed
into cute performances for 

5471
05:07:50,900 --> 05:07:53,700
parents rather than Community 
fertility. 

5472
05:07:53,700 --> 05:07:57,800
Rituals Harvest festivals move 
from Fields into churches 

5473
05:07:57,800 --> 05:08:01,100
becoming Thanksgiving Services 
rather than agricultural 

5474
05:08:01,100 --> 05:08:04,200
celebrations. 
Ghost stories, transitioned from

5475
05:08:04,200 --> 05:08:07,100
cautionary, Community tales and 
to entertainment for children, 

5476
05:08:07,100 --> 05:08:10,500
losing their original purpose, 
while gaining new life, as 

5477
05:08:10,500 --> 05:08:14,200
seasonal scary fun, the world 
wars, further disrupted, 

5478
05:08:14,200 --> 05:08:17,100
traditional life. 
Pulling young men from Villages 

5479
05:08:17,100 --> 05:08:20,200
and introducing survivors to 
experience that made local 

5480
05:08:20,200 --> 05:08:22,300
folklore seem parochial and 
inadequate. 

5481
05:08:23,400 --> 05:08:25,900
How do you return to worrying 
about fairy rings? 

5482
05:08:25,900 --> 05:08:27,700
After experiencing trench 
warfare? 

5483
05:08:28,700 --> 05:08:31,600
The cyclical distance traveled 
by those who served made it 

5484
05:08:31,600 --> 05:08:34,300
difficult to re-engage with a 
slower rhythms and smaller 

5485
05:08:34,300 --> 05:08:38,200
concerns of Rural Life. 
Many never returned at all, 

5486
05:08:38,200 --> 05:08:41,300
their absence creating gaps in 
the transmission of traditional 

5487
05:08:41,300 --> 05:08:44,600
knowledge that could never be 
fully bridged television, and 

5488
05:08:44,600 --> 05:08:47,700
radio delivered, National 
culture directly into homes that

5489
05:08:47,700 --> 05:08:49,800
had previously, relied on local 
entertainment. 

5490
05:08:51,000 --> 05:08:53,200
Why listen to your grandfather's
stories? 

5491
05:08:53,200 --> 05:08:55,300
When you could watch 
professional performers with 

5492
05:08:55,300 --> 05:08:59,400
much better production values? 
while and traditional songs, 

5493
05:08:59,400 --> 05:09:02,300
when you could hear the latest 
hits from London, the 

5494
05:09:02,300 --> 05:09:05,000
homogenization of British 
culture through mass media 

5495
05:09:05,000 --> 05:09:07,700
wasn't malicious or even 
consciously planned. 

5496
05:09:08,500 --> 05:09:11,900
It was simply the inevitable 
result of technology that made 

5497
05:09:11,900 --> 05:09:15,500
shared National experience as 
possible for the first time yet,

5498
05:09:15,500 --> 05:09:18,900
folklore, proved remarkably 
resilient in unexpected ways 

5499
05:09:18,900 --> 05:09:21,700
custards. 
That seemed dead would suddenly 

5500
05:09:21,700 --> 05:09:24,700
reappear when communities wanted
to assert local identity 

5501
05:09:25,900 --> 05:09:28,600
Villages would revive 
traditional celebrations as 

5502
05:09:28,600 --> 05:09:32,300
tourist attractions, which felt 
inauthentic until you remembered

5503
05:09:32,300 --> 05:09:34,500
that many Traditions. 
Had always been performative 

5504
05:09:34,500 --> 05:09:37,800
intended for all audiences, as 
much as participants. 

5505
05:09:38,900 --> 05:09:41,600
If the audience change from 
fellow villagers to visitors 

5506
05:09:41,600 --> 05:09:44,500
from Birmingham, did that 
necessarily invalidate? 

5507
05:09:44,500 --> 05:09:47,900
The performance academic 
folklorist preserved, enormous 

5508
05:09:47,900 --> 05:09:50,700
amounts of material, but there 
are efforts created their own 

5509
05:09:50,700 --> 05:09:53,900
problems. 
Traditions that had existed as 

5510
05:09:53,900 --> 05:09:58,500
flexible living practices became
fixed in authoritative versions.

5511
05:09:58,500 --> 05:10:02,700
Regional variations were 
documented but also implicitly 

5512
05:10:02,700 --> 05:10:06,600
ranked with some designated 
authentic and others as 

5513
05:10:06,600 --> 05:10:09,500
Corruptions. 
The project of preservation. 

5514
05:10:09,500 --> 05:10:12,500
Sometimes contradicted. 
The nature of folklore itself 

5515
05:10:12,500 --> 05:10:17,300
which had always evolved adapted
and changed with each 

5516
05:10:17,300 --> 05:10:20,300
generation, rather than 
maintaining rigid adherence to 

5517
05:10:20,300 --> 05:10:23,100
original forms. 
The British folk Revival of the 

5518
05:10:23,108 --> 05:10:26,200
mid-20th century, attempted to 
resurrect, traditional music and

5519
05:10:26,200 --> 05:10:30,400
customs with mixed results. 
Some revivalists approach, the 

5520
05:10:30,400 --> 05:10:33,400
material with respect and 
genuine love for the Traditions.

5521
05:10:33,400 --> 05:10:37,000
Others Cherry Picked elements, 
they found appealing while 

5522
05:10:37,000 --> 05:10:40,000
ignoring the broader cultural 
context that had made those 

5523
05:10:40,000 --> 05:10:43,700
Traditions meaningful. 
Folk music clubs sprouted. 

5524
05:10:43,700 --> 05:10:47,500
In urban areas where performance
sangs about agricultural labor 

5525
05:10:47,500 --> 05:10:51,700
to audience's, who'd never held 
a size, creating a strange 

5526
05:10:51,700 --> 05:10:55,300
disconnect between content and 
context that somehow worked. 

5527
05:10:55,300 --> 05:10:59,500
Anyway, because the music itself
remained powerful immigration 

5528
05:10:59,500 --> 05:11:02,100
and cultural. 
Exchange introduced new folklore

5529
05:11:02,100 --> 05:11:04,900
Traditions to British 
communities while British 

5530
05:11:04,900 --> 05:11:08,300
folklore, travel traveled 
globally with emigrants, the 

5531
05:11:08,300 --> 05:11:11,000
result was a complex web of 
influence, where Irish 

5532
05:11:11,000 --> 05:11:14,900
traditions in Boston influenced,
how Irish Americans thought 

5533
05:11:14,900 --> 05:11:18,400
about Irish culture which in 
turn influenced, how Modern 

5534
05:11:18,400 --> 05:11:22,700
Irish people conceived of their 
heritage British folklore became

5535
05:11:22,700 --> 05:11:27,200
simultaneously more Global and 
more fragmented existing in 

5536
05:11:27,200 --> 05:11:30,500
multiple versions that all 
claimed authenticity, while 

5537
05:11:30,500 --> 05:11:33,700
being demonstrably different 
from each other, as you settle 

5538
05:11:33,700 --> 05:11:36,700
deeper into your blankets. 
Consider what survives of 

5539
05:11:36,700 --> 05:11:40,700
British folklore in the 21st 
century The answer is both less 

5540
05:11:40,700 --> 05:11:44,600
and more than you might expect. 
The old traditions are gone in 

5541
05:11:44,600 --> 05:11:47,200
their original forms, nobody 
seriously. 

5542
05:11:47,200 --> 05:11:50,700
Avoids fairy paths, or leaves 
offering at Wells, accept as 

5543
05:11:50,700 --> 05:11:54,000
conscious recreational. 
Yet the patterns, those 

5544
05:11:54,000 --> 05:11:57,600
Traditions established continue 
influencing, how British people 

5545
05:11:57,600 --> 05:12:01,500
think about landscape community 
and the natural world 

5546
05:12:01,500 --> 05:12:04,100
environmental Consciousness in 
Britain. 

5547
05:12:04,100 --> 05:12:07,200
Often carries Echoes of folks, 
fundamental message. 

5548
05:12:07,900 --> 05:12:11,600
Pay attention to the land 
respect natural systems and 

5549
05:12:11,600 --> 05:12:15,400
recognize that human convenience
isn't the only consideration. 

5550
05:12:16,800 --> 05:12:19,800
The modern conservation movement
sounds remarkably like 

5551
05:12:19,800 --> 05:12:23,100
traditional folklore when it 
argues for preserving ancient 

5552
05:12:23,100 --> 05:12:24,800
woodlands and protecting 
wildlife. 

5553
05:12:24,800 --> 05:12:28,500
Habitats just with scientific 
rationale, replacing 

5554
05:12:28,500 --> 05:12:32,700
Supernatural, justification, The
impulse Remains the Same 

5555
05:12:32,700 --> 05:12:37,100
understanding that we're part of
systems larger than ourselves 

5556
05:12:37,100 --> 05:12:40,500
that we ignore at our Peril 
British children, still grow up 

5557
05:12:40,508 --> 05:12:45,300
with attenuated version of folk,
Traditions tooth fairies Father,

5558
05:12:45,300 --> 05:12:49,000
Christmas Easter bunnies, that 
preserve the structure of 

5559
05:12:49,008 --> 05:12:51,900
folklore while updating the 
content for contemporary 

5560
05:12:51,900 --> 05:12:55,200
contexts. 
The simplified Traditions teach 

5561
05:12:55,200 --> 05:12:59,300
the same lessons as their more 
complex predecessors actions 

5562
05:12:59,300 --> 05:13:02,900
have consequences. 
Kindness gets rewarded and 

5563
05:13:02,900 --> 05:13:05,000
there's more to the world than 
meets the eye. 

5564
05:13:05,900 --> 05:13:08,700
Whether these modern versions 
carry the same weight as 

5565
05:13:08,700 --> 05:13:12,400
traditional folklore remains 
debatable, but they demonstrate 

5566
05:13:12,400 --> 05:13:14,900
that the human need for story 
continues. 

5567
05:13:14,900 --> 05:13:18,700
Regardless of cultural changes, 
place-based storytelling 

5568
05:13:18,700 --> 05:13:22,600
persists, and surprising ways 
tourist boards, promote, local 

5569
05:13:22,600 --> 05:13:26,200
Legends as attractions 
Community, celebrate historical 

5570
05:13:26,200 --> 05:13:29,600
connections to Folklore figures 
and property values, can be 

5571
05:13:29,600 --> 05:13:33,100
affected by proximity to 
supposedly haunted sights. 

5572
05:13:34,400 --> 05:13:38,000
The stories May no longer be 
believed in literal ways, but 

5573
05:13:38,000 --> 05:13:40,700
they still shape how people 
perceive and value particular 

5574
05:13:40,700 --> 05:13:43,800
locations. 
A house with a ghost story 

5575
05:13:43,800 --> 05:13:47,700
attached might be hard to sell 
or might command a premium from 

5576
05:13:47,700 --> 05:13:49,600
buyers who find the idea 
appealing. 

5577
05:13:50,300 --> 05:13:53,500
Folklore continues exerting 
economic influence, even when 

5578
05:13:53,500 --> 05:13:57,300
nobody treats it as factual. 
The British tendency toward mild

5579
05:13:57,300 --> 05:14:00,000
self-mockery, owes something to 
Folklore Traditions that 

5580
05:14:00,000 --> 05:14:03,800
celebrated clever tricksters and
the little guy outwitting 

5581
05:14:03,800 --> 05:14:06,400
Authority. 
That's slightly irreverent, 

5582
05:14:06,400 --> 05:14:08,500
attitude, toward power and 
compositi. 

5583
05:14:09,300 --> 05:14:11,900
The willingness to tell stories 
that make fun of One's Own 

5584
05:14:11,900 --> 05:14:15,200
communities and the comfort with
ambiguity and contradiction. 

5585
05:14:15,200 --> 05:14:19,800
These traits were all present in
traditional folklore and remain 

5586
05:14:19,800 --> 05:14:21,700
characteristic of British 
culture today. 

5587
05:14:22,800 --> 05:14:26,500
The stories changed medium, but 
retained their essential 

5588
05:14:26,500 --> 05:14:29,500
functions fantasy. 
Literature provides modern 

5589
05:14:29,500 --> 05:14:31,500
folklore. 
Its most obvious continuation. 

5590
05:14:33,000 --> 05:14:36,400
Writers from Tolkien through, 
Guymon have drawn, deeply on 

5591
05:14:36,400 --> 05:14:39,800
British folk Traditions 
translating them into forms that

5592
05:14:39,800 --> 05:14:41,600
contemporary audience's can 
engage with. 

5593
05:14:42,600 --> 05:14:46,300
These aren't pure preservations 
their creative adaptations. 

5594
05:14:46,300 --> 05:14:50,600
That keep core ideas alive. 
While updating contexts When 

5595
05:14:50,600 --> 05:14:53,900
modern readers encounter ants or
brownies or silkies and fantasy 

5596
05:14:53,900 --> 05:14:57,300
novels their experience of 
evolved version of traditional 

5597
05:14:57,300 --> 05:15:00,400
folklore adapted for audiences. 
Who wouldn't necessarily read 

5598
05:15:00,400 --> 05:15:04,500
actual folktale collections? 
British Folk Music Experience, 

5599
05:15:04,500 --> 05:15:08,400
an unexpected Renaissance with 
contemporary musicians, 

5600
05:15:08,400 --> 05:15:11,500
discovering Rich material in 
traditional songs and tunes. 

5601
05:15:12,700 --> 05:15:15,800
what makes this revival 
interesting is that modern 

5602
05:15:15,800 --> 05:15:18,900
performers, often treat 
traditional music, as raw 

5603
05:15:18,900 --> 05:15:23,000
material for Innovation, rather 
than as Museum pieces, requiring

5604
05:15:23,000 --> 05:15:27,400
faithful reproduction The result
is folklore that continues 

5605
05:15:27,400 --> 05:15:31,300
evolving rather than freezing 
into authorized versions, which 

5606
05:15:31,300 --> 05:15:34,500
is arguably closer to how 
Traditions actually functioned 

5607
05:15:34,500 --> 05:15:36,400
before. 
Folklorists started documenting,

5608
05:15:36,400 --> 05:15:39,900
everything the psychological 
functions that folklore served 

5609
05:15:39,900 --> 05:15:42,500
haven't disappeared, just 
because the stories changed. 

5610
05:15:43,300 --> 05:15:45,800
People still need narratives. 
That help make sense of 

5611
05:15:45,800 --> 05:15:49,300
inexplicable experience is 
Frameworks for understanding 

5612
05:15:49,300 --> 05:15:53,000
their relationships with nature,
and community and stories that 

5613
05:15:53,000 --> 05:15:55,700
transmit values without heavy 
handed preaching. 

5614
05:15:56,700 --> 05:15:59,800
Modern urban legends serve, many
of the same functions as 

5615
05:15:59,800 --> 05:16:03,500
traditional folklore warning 
about dangers, often 

5616
05:16:03,500 --> 05:16:07,400
technological, rather than 
natural explaining unusual 

5617
05:16:07,400 --> 05:16:10,800
phenomena and reinforcing social
norms through cautionary. 

5618
05:16:10,800 --> 05:16:14,400
Tales Regional identity in 
Britain, still draws heavily on 

5619
05:16:14,400 --> 05:16:19,800
folklore association's cornwalls
its piskies Wales, its dragons 

5620
05:16:19,800 --> 05:16:24,700
and Scotland, its water spirits 
and Highland Legends These 

5621
05:16:24,700 --> 05:16:28,200
connections might be marketed to
tourists but they also matter to

5622
05:16:28,208 --> 05:16:30,800
locals as markers of 
distinctiveness in an 

5623
05:16:30,800 --> 05:16:35,000
increasingly homogeneous world. 
When someone from Yorkshire 

5624
05:16:35,000 --> 05:16:38,100
insists their region has the 
best folklore their 

5625
05:16:38,100 --> 05:16:41,000
participating in the same kind 
of local Pride, That animated 

5626
05:16:41,000 --> 05:16:44,100
traditional storytelling just 
expressed through different 

5627
05:16:44,100 --> 05:16:46,700
contexts. 
The British relationship with 

5628
05:16:46,700 --> 05:16:51,000
landscape remains fundamentally 
storied ancient sites attract 

5629
05:16:51,000 --> 05:16:53,700
visitors not just because 
they're archaeologically 

5630
05:16:53,700 --> 05:16:56,300
interesting. 
But because there are associated

5631
05:16:56,300 --> 05:16:59,000
with Legends where the 
Stonehenge With Merlin 

5632
05:16:59,000 --> 05:17:02,900
Glastonbury, with Arthur or 
countless local site with their 

5633
05:17:02,900 --> 05:17:06,500
own smaller tails. 
The land and its stories are 

5634
05:17:06,500 --> 05:17:09,400
still Inseparable. 
Even if modern visitors are more

5635
05:17:09,400 --> 05:17:12,300
likely to access those stories 
through phone apps than oral 

5636
05:17:12,300 --> 05:17:14,700
traditional. 
Perhaps most significantly 

5637
05:17:14,700 --> 05:17:18,100
British folklore established 
patterns for how Rural and 

5638
05:17:18,100 --> 05:17:19,700
natural environments should 
feel. 

5639
05:17:20,800 --> 05:17:23,700
When people describe Woods as 
magical or coastlines as 

5640
05:17:23,700 --> 05:17:26,800
mysterious, there are often 
responding to subliminal 

5641
05:17:26,800 --> 05:17:29,900
cultural programming. 
Established through centuries of

5642
05:17:29,900 --> 05:17:32,900
stories. 
Folklore trained people to see 

5643
05:17:32,900 --> 05:17:37,100
certain landscapes in certain 
ways and to experience specific 

5644
05:17:37,100 --> 05:17:39,900
emotional responses to 
particular environments. 

5645
05:17:40,700 --> 05:17:44,200
Those patterns persist, even 
when there are original context,

5646
05:17:44,200 --> 05:17:47,800
has faded shaping how people 
relate to the Natural World in 

5647
05:17:47,800 --> 05:17:49,300
ways. 
They're often not conscious of, 

5648
05:17:49,300 --> 05:17:52,700
as your eyes, grow heavy, and 
the days concerns, begin Fading 

5649
05:17:52,700 --> 05:17:54,700
Into that Pleasant priest. 
Sleep Haze. 

5650
05:17:54,700 --> 05:17:57,500
Consider this, the British 
Isles. 

5651
05:17:57,500 --> 05:18:00,500
Folklore Traditions, never 
really died so much as they 

5652
05:18:00,500 --> 05:18:04,900
transformed adapted and found 
new expressions for Timeless 

5653
05:18:04,900 --> 05:18:08,300
human needs. 
The specific stories about 

5654
05:18:08,300 --> 05:18:12,100
fairies and sell Keys might have
faded into historical curiosity.

5655
05:18:12,900 --> 05:18:16,500
But the impulse behind them to 
understand our place in natural 

5656
05:18:16,500 --> 05:18:20,500
systems to create, meaning from 
landscape to connect with 

5657
05:18:20,500 --> 05:18:24,700
something larger than individual
experience, that impulse remains

5658
05:18:24,700 --> 05:18:27,000
as strong as ever. 
When you walk through the 

5659
05:18:27,000 --> 05:18:30,000
British Countryside today, 
you're still moving through 

5660
05:18:30,000 --> 05:18:33,000
story space. 
Even if you don't know the 

5661
05:18:33,000 --> 05:18:37,600
specific Tales associated with 
particular locations, the land 

5662
05:18:37,600 --> 05:18:42,400
remembers even when people 
forget, Those ancient Oaks have 

5663
05:18:42,400 --> 05:18:45,400
stood through centuries of 
cultural change, weathering 

5664
05:18:45,400 --> 05:18:48,600
shifts from Pagan to Christian 
to secular while remaining 

5665
05:18:48,600 --> 05:18:52,600
fundamentally unchanged the well
still rise from the same 

5666
05:18:52,600 --> 05:18:56,100
aquifers that nourished them. 
When people left offerings, the 

5667
05:18:56,100 --> 05:18:59,400
coastlines continue their 
Eternal conversation with the 

5668
05:18:59,400 --> 05:19:02,600
sea, indifferent to, whether 
humans interpret that 

5669
05:19:02,600 --> 05:19:05,900
interaction through folklore, 
poetry or marine biology. 

5670
05:19:05,900 --> 05:19:08,000
What we've lost in literal 
belief. 

5671
05:19:08,000 --> 05:19:11,200
We've perhaps gained an 
appreciation for the psychology 

5672
05:19:11,200 --> 05:19:14,200
behind folklore. 
Understanding that traditional 

5673
05:19:14,200 --> 05:19:17,800
stories, served practical 
purposes, teaching environmental

5674
05:19:17,800 --> 05:19:20,000
awareness, encoding, safety 
knowledge. 

5675
05:19:20,000 --> 05:19:24,100
Maintaining social, cohesion 
doesn't diminish them so much as

5676
05:19:24,100 --> 05:19:26,100
deep in our appreciation for 
their Elegance. 

5677
05:19:27,000 --> 05:19:29,300
The old stories were 
multi-tasking before, that was 

5678
05:19:29,300 --> 05:19:33,000
even a word simultaneously 
entertaining, educating and 

5679
05:19:33,000 --> 05:19:36,300
binding communities together. 
The gentlemen of British 

5680
05:19:36,300 --> 05:19:39,100
folklore compared to many 
Traditions, reflect something 

5681
05:19:39,100 --> 05:19:43,000
essential about the culture, the
created it, these are stories 

5682
05:19:43,000 --> 05:19:46,600
from people who valued 
practicality humor and getting 

5683
05:19:46,600 --> 05:19:48,600
along with neighbors you 
couldn't easily Escape. 

5684
05:19:49,400 --> 05:19:52,600
The supernatural beings in 
British, Tales are rarely purely

5685
05:19:52,600 --> 05:19:56,700
evil or purely good. 
They're complicated somewhat, 

5686
05:19:56,700 --> 05:20:00,300
unpredictable, and best handled 
with courtesy and Common Sense, 

5687
05:20:00,300 --> 05:20:04,900
which describes most human 
relationships fairly well, your 

5688
05:20:04,900 --> 05:20:07,600
own relationship with folklore. 
Might be mostly unconscious. 

5689
05:20:08,500 --> 05:20:10,600
A hesitation about walking under
ladders. 

5690
05:20:11,300 --> 05:20:14,200
A fondness for stories, set in 
Misty landscapes. 

5691
05:20:14,900 --> 05:20:17,100
Sense. 
That certain places feel special

5692
05:20:17,100 --> 05:20:21,000
without quite knowing why. 
It's more influences 

5693
05:20:21,000 --> 05:20:24,300
demonstrate, how thoroughly 
traditional culture has woven 

5694
05:20:24,300 --> 05:20:25,700
itself into modern 
consciousness. 

5695
05:20:26,800 --> 05:20:30,300
Creating patterns that persist 
long after their origins of 

5696
05:20:30,300 --> 05:20:32,800
being forgotten as you drift 
towards sleep. 

5697
05:20:32,800 --> 05:20:35,700
You might find yourself in 
imagining those ancient British 

5698
05:20:35,700 --> 05:20:40,000
Landscapes, the oak forests were
dappled like shifts between. 

5699
05:20:40,000 --> 05:20:44,600
Leave the coastlines where waves
of smooth stones for Millennia 

5700
05:20:44,600 --> 05:20:48,000
and the village greens where 
Generations gathered for 

5701
05:20:48,000 --> 05:20:50,200
celebrations that marked times 
passage. 

5702
05:20:51,000 --> 05:20:54,400
These places exist, both in 
physical reality and in 

5703
05:20:54,400 --> 05:20:58,300
Collective, imagination shaped 
by centuries of stories that 

5704
05:20:58,300 --> 05:20:59,800
made the more than just 
geography. 

5705
05:20:59,800 --> 05:21:03,400
The legacy of British folklore 
isn't primarily in preserved 

5706
05:21:03,400 --> 05:21:07,500
texts or recorded Customs 
valuable as those archives are. 

5707
05:21:08,400 --> 05:21:10,700
It's real Legacy lives in the 
ongoing. 

5708
05:21:10,700 --> 05:21:14,800
Human need for Wonder. 
For stories that connect us to 

5709
05:21:14,800 --> 05:21:18,400
place and each other and for 
Frameworks that help us 

5710
05:21:18,400 --> 05:21:22,200
understand our small lives in 
the context of much larger 

5711
05:21:22,200 --> 05:21:27,000
patterns. 
The specific forms change, but 

5712
05:21:27,000 --> 05:21:31,000
the fundamental human practices 
that created folklore. 

5713
05:21:31,700 --> 05:21:37,200
Storytelling meaning making and 
Community bonding in new guyses.

5714
05:21:37,200 --> 05:21:41,200
Perhaps, that's enough. perhaps 
the point was, never the literal

5715
05:21:41,200 --> 05:21:44,200
truth of any particular story, 
but the way those stories taught

5716
05:21:44,200 --> 05:21:49,100
attention respect and 
connection, Fairies might not 

5717
05:21:49,100 --> 05:21:52,700
steal babies but new parents 
still benefit from vigilance. 

5718
05:21:53,500 --> 05:21:57,200
Wells might not have healing 
magic but taking time to seek 

5719
05:21:57,200 --> 05:22:00,500
natural sources of water. 
Teachers observation of 

5720
05:22:00,500 --> 05:22:03,100
landscape. 
Walking carefully through 

5721
05:22:03,100 --> 05:22:06,600
forests might not prevent 
Supernatural offense, but it 

5722
05:22:06,608 --> 05:22:11,000
prevents twisted ankles, which 
arguably matters, more sleep 

5723
05:22:11,000 --> 05:22:13,100
well. 
Knowing that your part of a 

5724
05:22:13,100 --> 05:22:15,500
continuous human story that 
stretches back through, 

5725
05:22:15,500 --> 05:22:19,500
countless generations and will 
continue long after all, just 

5726
05:22:19,500 --> 05:22:23,000
names in genealogies. 
The British Isles will keep 

5727
05:22:23,000 --> 05:22:26,200
generating stories because 
that's what happens when land 

5728
05:22:26,200 --> 05:22:29,500
water and human imagination 
interact across centuries. 

5729
05:22:30,400 --> 05:22:34,600
The specific Tales will evolve, 
but the underlying wonder that 

5730
05:22:34,600 --> 05:22:37,400
sense that the world contains 
more mystery than we can fully 

5731
05:22:37,400 --> 05:22:42,300
comprehend that Wonder persists 
tomorrow, when you see an 

5732
05:22:42,300 --> 05:22:46,100
ancient tree, or notice, Mis 
settling into a valley, you 

5733
05:22:46,100 --> 05:22:48,600
might find yourself thinking 
about the layers of human 

5734
05:22:48,600 --> 05:22:51,600
experience. 
Those scenes of witnessed you 

5735
05:22:51,600 --> 05:22:55,000
might wonder what stories 
previous generations told about 

5736
05:22:55,000 --> 05:22:59,000
those same places, what meanings
they constructed and what 

5737
05:22:59,000 --> 05:23:04,700
patterns they saw that Curiosity
that willingness to imagine 

5738
05:23:04,700 --> 05:23:10,000
deeper connections, is itself, a
form of folklore continuing, not

5739
05:23:10,000 --> 05:23:13,800
as a fixed tradition, but as a 
living practice of Engagement 

5740
05:23:13,800 --> 05:23:17,200
with the world around you, the 
British tradition of gentle, 

5741
05:23:17,200 --> 05:23:20,900
folklore of stories that more 
often, amused than terrified 

5742
05:23:20,900 --> 05:23:24,400
that taught practical wisdom 
while entertaining that 

5743
05:23:24,400 --> 05:23:27,100
connected community's while 
respecting individual 

5744
05:23:27,100 --> 05:23:29,800
experience. 
This tradition offers a 

5745
05:23:29,808 --> 05:23:31,600
particular gift to the modern 
world. 

5746
05:23:32,500 --> 05:23:35,700
It suggests that relating to 
Nature, doesn't require Grand 

5747
05:23:35,700 --> 05:23:38,800
mystical experiences or dramatic
Revelations. 

5748
05:23:39,700 --> 05:23:43,300
Sometimes, it's enough to Simply
pay attention to notice. 

5749
05:23:43,300 --> 05:23:46,900
Patterns to remember that the 
land has been here, much longer 

5750
05:23:46,900 --> 05:23:50,500
than we have and will be here 
long after we've gone, as you're

5751
05:23:50,500 --> 05:23:53,100
breathing slows and 
Consciousness begins, its likely

5752
05:23:53,100 --> 05:23:56,800
journey into dreams, you might 
imagine yourself walking those 

5753
05:23:56,800 --> 05:23:58,900
old path through British 
landscapes. 

5754
05:23:59,600 --> 05:24:03,200
Not as they exist now with their
car parks and signage and 

5755
05:24:03,208 --> 05:24:06,900
carefully maintained Trails. 
But as they existed in the most 

5756
05:24:06,908 --> 05:24:11,000
centuries, when every Hill, had 
a name, every Springer story, 

5757
05:24:11,000 --> 05:24:14,700
and every ancient tree a 
personality attributed, to it, 

5758
05:24:14,700 --> 05:24:18,300
by people who saw them daily and
wove them into the fabric of 

5759
05:24:18,300 --> 05:24:21,800
community life. 
In these imagined walks, you're 

5760
05:24:21,800 --> 05:24:25,100
not alone, you're accompanied by
all the people who walk those 

5761
05:24:25,100 --> 05:24:28,900
same paths before Farmers 
heading to feels lovers, seeking

5762
05:24:28,900 --> 05:24:32,300
privacy children playing games, 
whose rules have been forgotten 

5763
05:24:32,300 --> 05:24:35,000
and elderly. 
Folks, taking constitutional 

5764
05:24:35,000 --> 05:24:37,700
strolls, while mentally 
reviewing Decades of local 

5765
05:24:37,700 --> 05:24:40,500
history. 
The paths, remember all those 

5766
05:24:40,500 --> 05:24:44,000
footsteps even if individual 
memories of faded into the 

5767
05:24:44,000 --> 05:24:48,000
general story of human Passage 
through landscape, the folklore 

5768
05:24:48,000 --> 05:24:51,300
of the British Isles, in its 
gentlest and most enduring form.

5769
05:24:51,300 --> 05:24:55,600
Taught a simple lesson. 
The world is worth noticing. 

5770
05:24:56,500 --> 05:25:00,600
Not just in dramatic moments of 
natural beauty or crisis, but in

5771
05:25:00,608 --> 05:25:03,900
the daily ordinary interactions 
between humans and their 

5772
05:25:03,900 --> 05:25:06,900
environment. 
The way light falls through 

5773
05:25:06,900 --> 05:25:09,700
trees, the pattern of ripples on
water. 

5774
05:25:09,700 --> 05:25:14,200
The feeling of walking through, 
missed the smell of Earth after 

5775
05:25:14,200 --> 05:25:17,300
rain. 
These experiences connected 

5776
05:25:17,300 --> 05:25:19,100
people to something larger than 
themselves. 

5777
05:25:19,100 --> 05:25:22,800
Without, requiring elaborate 
theology or mystical Frameworks.

5778
05:25:22,800 --> 05:25:27,100
This is folklores. 
Final gift, not answers, but 

5779
05:25:27,100 --> 05:25:31,200
attention not certainly, but 
Wonder not Dogma. 

5780
05:25:31,200 --> 05:25:34,500
But the gentle suggestion that 
the world contains more than we 

5781
05:25:34,500 --> 05:25:37,100
can see. 
And that's perfectly fine. 

5782
05:25:37,100 --> 05:25:40,600
You don't need to believe in 
fairies to appreciate ancient. 

5783
05:25:40,600 --> 05:25:44,200
Woodlands don't need to credit 
supernatural beings to respect 

5784
05:25:44,200 --> 05:25:48,000
natural systems and don't need 
literal magic to find the world 

5785
05:25:48,000 --> 05:25:52,700
magical in its complexity and 
Beauty the stories persist 

5786
05:25:52,700 --> 05:25:55,500
because they were never really 
about the supernatural elements.

5787
05:25:55,500 --> 05:25:57,900
Anyway. 
They were always about how 

5788
05:25:57,900 --> 05:26:01,800
humans relate to place to each 
other and to the mystery of 

5789
05:26:01,800 --> 05:26:05,500
existence in a world that's both
familiar and strange both 

5790
05:26:05,500 --> 05:26:09,700
comfortable and challenging. 
Fairies and selkies and Spirits 

5791
05:26:09,700 --> 05:26:12,100
were just convenient Frameworks 
for discussing those 

5792
05:26:12,100 --> 05:26:15,600
relationships. 
Memorable characters and stories

5793
05:26:15,600 --> 05:26:19,000
whose real subject was always 
how to live well, in a 

5794
05:26:19,000 --> 05:26:21,300
particular landscape with 
particular people. 

5795
05:26:21,300 --> 05:26:25,400
So as you finally, let go of 
waking consciousness and allows 

5796
05:26:25,400 --> 05:26:28,900
sleep to take you into its own 
mysterious territory that 

5797
05:26:28,900 --> 05:26:33,000
nightly Journey, we all make but
never quite remember you carry 

5798
05:26:33,000 --> 05:26:37,000
with you, the accumulated wisdom
of centuries of Storytelling. 

5799
05:26:37,700 --> 05:26:41,900
Not as a burden or obligation, 
but as a gift freely, give him 

5800
05:26:41,900 --> 05:26:44,100
by Generations. 
Who cared enough about their 

5801
05:26:44,100 --> 05:26:46,500
experiences to shape them into 
stories. 

5802
05:26:47,300 --> 05:26:50,500
To polish them through repeated 
telling, and to pass them along 

5803
05:26:50,500 --> 05:26:53,000
and hope that future people 
might find Value in their 

5804
05:26:53,000 --> 05:26:55,600
observations. 
The British Isles sleep. 

5805
05:26:55,600 --> 05:26:59,400
Now, as use sleep, the 
Landscapes dark under stars or 

5806
05:26:59,400 --> 05:27:03,300
clouds their forests silent. 
Except for nocturnal creatures, 

5807
05:27:03,300 --> 05:27:06,400
going about their business, 
their coastlines, continuing 

5808
05:27:06,400 --> 05:27:08,500
their Eternal, negotiation, with
the sea. 

5809
05:27:09,400 --> 05:27:14,300
The land endures, patient and 
persistent waiting for mourning 

5810
05:27:14,300 --> 05:27:18,000
when people will once again move
across its surface, creating new

5811
05:27:18,000 --> 05:27:21,800
stories from new experiences 
while unconsciously echoing 

5812
05:27:21,800 --> 05:27:25,200
patterns established by 
countless predecessors your 

5813
05:27:25,200 --> 05:27:27,200
dreams. 
Tonight might feature missed 

5814
05:27:27,200 --> 05:27:29,900
shrouded, valleys ancient trees 
with opinions. 

5815
05:27:29,900 --> 05:27:34,300
Coastal paths, leading to 
uncertain, destinations or 

5816
05:27:34,300 --> 05:27:36,900
simply the comfortable. 
Interior of a cottage where 

5817
05:27:36,900 --> 05:27:38,800
stories are being shared around 
a warm half. 

5818
05:27:40,000 --> 05:27:43,300
Or your dreams might be entirely
different drawn from your own 

5819
05:27:43,300 --> 05:27:47,000
experience and concerns. 
Either way your participating in

5820
05:27:47,000 --> 05:27:50,800
the same, basic human practice 
that generated all these folk 

5821
05:27:50,800 --> 05:27:55,600
tales Making sense of experience
through narrative connecting 

5822
05:27:55,600 --> 05:27:59,200
disparate elements into 
meaningful patterns and finding 

5823
05:27:59,200 --> 05:28:02,200
significance in the intersection
of self and world. 

5824
05:28:02,200 --> 05:28:05,100
The folklore Traditions. 
We've wandered through tonight 

5825
05:28:05,100 --> 05:28:08,400
from forest spirits to Coastal 
legends from Village. 

5826
05:28:08,400 --> 05:28:12,000
Customs to fading, Traditions, 
all emerge from that 

5827
05:28:12,000 --> 05:28:15,300
fundamental, human capacity to 
story ourselves into 

5828
05:28:15,300 --> 05:28:19,400
understanding We tell Tales not 
because we know the answers, but

5829
05:28:19,400 --> 05:28:23,100
because stories help us live 
with uncertainty, Find meaning, 

5830
05:28:23,100 --> 05:28:26,400
in Randomness and maintain 
connection with each other and 

5831
05:28:26,400 --> 05:28:29,300
the world we inhabit. 
As the last thread of waking 

5832
05:28:29,300 --> 05:28:32,800
thought, dissolve into proper 
sleep, let yourself rest in the 

5833
05:28:32,800 --> 05:28:35,400
knowledge that your part of 
something much larger than 

5834
05:28:35,400 --> 05:28:39,400
individual existence. 
Not in any mystical sense 

5835
05:28:39,400 --> 05:28:42,200
necessarily. 
But in the simple fact that you 

5836
05:28:42,200 --> 05:28:45,800
share this planet with billions 
of other humans, all trying to 

5837
05:28:45,808 --> 05:28:48,700
make sense of similar 
experiences, all connected 

5838
05:28:48,700 --> 05:28:51,400
through the ongoing project of 
being conscious creatures, 

5839
05:28:51,400 --> 05:28:55,600
trying to understand our place 
in an incomprehensible Universe.

5840
05:28:55,600 --> 05:28:58,700
The gentle Legends of the 
British Isles, never promised 

5841
05:28:58,700 --> 05:29:00,800
easy answers or dramatic 
solutions. 

5842
05:29:00,800 --> 05:29:04,900
They offered instead a way of 
being in the world attentive, 

5843
05:29:04,900 --> 05:29:08,500
respectful, humble and 
occasionally amused by the 

5844
05:29:08,500 --> 05:29:12,600
absurdity of human pretensions 
that way of being remained 

5845
05:29:12,600 --> 05:29:14,300
available. 
Regardless of whether you 

5846
05:29:14,300 --> 05:29:17,200
believe any particular story or 
practice, any specific 

5847
05:29:17,200 --> 05:29:21,600
traditional sweet dreams may 
they be as gentle as British 

5848
05:29:21,600 --> 05:29:25,300
folklore at his best as 
mysterious as Morning Mist in 

5849
05:29:25,300 --> 05:29:27,500
ancient. 
Valleys and as comforting, as 

5850
05:29:27,500 --> 05:29:31,800
stories told by Fireside Inn 
small Cottages where the outside

5851
05:29:31,800 --> 05:29:35,600
world seems very far away and 
the immediate circle of warmth 

5852
05:29:35,600 --> 05:29:38,900
and companionship feel 
sufficient unto Itself, the 

5853
05:29:38,900 --> 05:29:42,600
stories, continue the land in 
jurors and somewhere in the 

5854
05:29:42,608 --> 05:29:46,800
British Isles, and ancient Oaks 
and darkness, having survived 

5855
05:29:46,800 --> 05:29:48,800
another day of the Endless 
succession of days. 

5856
05:29:48,800 --> 05:29:53,100
It has witnessed Content in its 
tree-ness, indifferent to human 

5857
05:29:53,100 --> 05:29:55,500
concerns. 
A silent reminder. 

5858
05:29:55,500 --> 05:29:58,700
That some things persists, 
simply because they are what 

5859
05:29:58,700 --> 05:30:01,700
they are unchanged by our 
stories about them. 

5860
05:30:01,700 --> 05:30:04,700
Yet somehow enriched by the 
attention, those stories 

5861
05:30:04,700 --> 05:30:06,900
encouraged rest. 
Well, in that knowledge, 

5862
05:30:06,900 --> 05:30:09,300
tomorrow brings its own 
concerns. 

5863
05:30:09,300 --> 05:30:13,100
Its own Small Wonders and its 
own opportunities to notice and 

5864
05:30:13,100 --> 05:30:17,300
appreciate But tonight you've 
wandered through centuries of 

5865
05:30:17,300 --> 05:30:21,300
gentle folklore encountered, 
Traditions shape by ordinary 

5866
05:30:21,300 --> 05:30:25,200
people trying to live well in 
extraordinary Landscapes and 

5867
05:30:25,200 --> 05:30:28,500
connected. 
However, briefly with patterns 

5868
05:30:28,500 --> 05:30:31,900
of human experience that 
transcend individual lifetimes. 

5869
05:30:31,900 --> 05:30:36,500
That connection is folklore 
deepest magic, not Supernatural 

5870
05:30:36,500 --> 05:30:38,500
intervention, but human 
continuity. 

5871
05:30:38,500 --> 05:30:42,200
The recognition that our 
experiences Echo, those of 

5872
05:30:42,200 --> 05:30:45,100
countless others that are 
questions have been asked before

5873
05:30:45,100 --> 05:30:48,500
and that were part of an ongoing
conversation about what it means

5874
05:30:48,500 --> 05:30:51,000
to be human in a world. 
We didn't create and don't 

5875
05:30:51,000 --> 05:30:55,300
control, but must somehow 
navigate with Grace humor and 

5876
05:30:55,300 --> 05:30:59,500
occasional Wonder sleep. 
Now, the British Isles will be 

5877
05:30:59,500 --> 05:31:02,800
there tomorrow, still 
accumulating stories, still 

5878
05:31:02,800 --> 05:31:05,100
bearing, the weight of human 
meaning while remaining 

5879
05:31:05,100 --> 05:31:09,100
fundamentally themselves, The 
folklore Traditions may have 

5880
05:31:09,100 --> 05:31:12,100
faded. 
But the Landscapes that inspired

5881
05:31:12,100 --> 05:31:15,000
them endure waiting for new 
generations. 

5882
05:31:15,000 --> 05:31:18,000
To notice their particular magic
and create new stories 

5883
05:31:18,000 --> 05:31:21,700
appropriate to New Times. 
And in that continuity the 

5884
05:31:21,700 --> 05:31:24,500
Eternal dance between human 
imagination and the natural 

5885
05:31:24,500 --> 05:31:29,000
world between story and stone 
between meaning-making and 

5886
05:31:29,000 --> 05:31:31,200
simple. 
Existence lies. 

5887
05:31:31,200 --> 05:31:35,100
The True Legacy of British 
folklore not in any particular 

5888
05:31:35,100 --> 05:31:38,400
tale or tradition, but in the 
ongoing practice of paying 

5889
05:31:38,400 --> 05:31:42,200
attention finding one and 
connecting through story to 

5890
05:31:42,200 --> 05:31:49,200
something larger than ourselves.
Imagine This. 

5891
05:31:50,000 --> 05:31:52,700
It's 1890 and you're walking 
through a sicilian Village. 

5892
05:31:52,700 --> 05:31:56,100
The first thing that hits, you 
isn't the Mediterranean Breeze 

5893
05:31:56,100 --> 05:31:59,200
or the smell of wild herbs. 
It's the fact that everyone 

5894
05:31:59,200 --> 05:32:02,800
within three miles knows exactly
who you are, where you're going 

5895
05:32:02,800 --> 05:32:04,600
and probably what you had for 
breakfast. 

5896
05:32:05,600 --> 05:32:08,300
An old Sicily. 
Privacy was as rare as snow in 

5897
05:32:08,300 --> 05:32:10,500
August, you'd wake up in your 
Stone House. 

5898
05:32:11,400 --> 05:32:14,400
When I say Stone I mean real 
rocks that the Mason put 

5899
05:32:14,400 --> 05:32:16,800
together with anything. 
He could find like his 

5900
05:32:16,800 --> 05:32:19,900
grandmother's secret recipe that
may or may not have had goat 

5901
05:32:19,900 --> 05:32:22,200
cheese in it. 
The walls were thick enough to 

5902
05:32:22,200 --> 05:32:24,600
stop a cannonball, which was 
good, because your neighbor's 

5903
05:32:24,600 --> 05:32:27,100
rooster sounded like an opera 
singer, having a terrible day, 

5904
05:32:28,700 --> 05:32:31,100
Today your bed wasn't really 
what we'd call comfortable. 

5905
05:32:31,100 --> 05:32:34,800
Imagine sleeping on a mound of 
grain sacks filled with things 

5906
05:32:34,800 --> 05:32:38,300
like corn husks wool that still 
smelled like a sheep and 

5907
05:32:38,300 --> 05:32:40,900
sometimes even a few surprises 
that made you think the previous

5908
05:32:40,900 --> 05:32:43,100
owner had been keeping his 
winter vegetables under there. 

5909
05:32:43,800 --> 05:32:46,500
But you know what? 
You could have slept standing up

5910
05:32:46,500 --> 05:32:48,900
against a cactus after working 
for 14 hours straight. 

5911
05:32:49,700 --> 05:32:51,800
The morning ritual was simple 
and gorgeous. 

5912
05:32:51,800 --> 05:32:54,700
You would wander into the 
kitchen, which was also the 

5913
05:32:54,700 --> 05:32:57,500
living room dining area and barn
for the family goat on Chile 

5914
05:32:57,500 --> 05:32:59,500
nights. 
Your wife would have already 

5915
05:32:59,500 --> 05:33:02,000
started the fire as people in 
the town believed that if you 

5916
05:33:02,000 --> 05:33:04,700
weren't married by the age of 25
at meant, something was wrong 

5917
05:33:04,700 --> 05:33:07,200
with you. 
And by fire, I mean, a real wood

5918
05:33:07,200 --> 05:33:10,100
burning stove that needed the 
talents of a NASA engineer and 

5919
05:33:10,100 --> 05:33:11,600
the patience of a saint to work,
right? 

5920
05:33:12,400 --> 05:33:16,300
There was bread for breakfast, 
always bread if the Harvest was 

5921
05:33:16,300 --> 05:33:18,900
good and the Saints was smiling 
at him to or cheese might be 

5922
05:33:18,900 --> 05:33:21,300
undiscovered. 
The bread was a Wonder of 

5923
05:33:21,308 --> 05:33:24,600
medieval science, it was so 
dense that you could use it as a

5924
05:33:24,600 --> 05:33:27,200
foundation stone yet. 
It was also the best thing you'd

5925
05:33:27,200 --> 05:33:30,000
ever tasted. 
Your local Baker, who 

5926
05:33:30,000 --> 05:33:32,000
undoubtedly learned his 
profession from someone who 

5927
05:33:32,000 --> 05:33:35,200
might have known, Julius Caesar 
had hands that could make bread 

5928
05:33:35,200 --> 05:33:38,100
and water do magic. 
You'd go outside after breakfast

5929
05:33:38,100 --> 05:33:39,900
and breathe in air. 
That was so clean. 

5930
05:33:39,900 --> 05:33:43,600
It almost washed your lungs, 
women beat laundry against rocks

5931
05:33:43,600 --> 05:33:45,300
to the rhythm of ancient 
percussion. 

5932
05:33:45,300 --> 05:33:48,600
Children played games, that 
always seem to involve running 

5933
05:33:48,600 --> 05:33:52,300
at full volume and somewhere. 
In the distance, two men were 

5934
05:33:52,300 --> 05:33:54,700
having a philosophical argument 
about whether their 

5935
05:33:54,700 --> 05:33:57,300
grandfather's donkey was faster 
than their neighbors. 

5936
05:33:57,300 --> 05:34:01,000
Grandfather's donkey. 
This argument had been going on 

5937
05:34:01,000 --> 05:34:04,200
for about 30 years. 
The roadways, if you could call 

5938
05:34:04,200 --> 05:34:07,100
them, that were more like 
suggestions, scratched into rock

5939
05:34:07,100 --> 05:34:11,400
by feet, Hooves, and the odd 
cartwheel over the years, they 

5940
05:34:11,400 --> 05:34:13,900
walked around Hills and olive 
trees, like water flows 

5941
05:34:13,900 --> 05:34:16,300
downhill, which means they had 
no logic at all. 

5942
05:34:16,300 --> 05:34:18,300
But they always took you where 
you want to go. 

5943
05:34:18,300 --> 05:34:22,200
It was like trying to solve a 
three-dimensional puzzle made by

5944
05:34:22,200 --> 05:34:25,300
some one, with a sixth sense of 
humor and a clear dislike for 

5945
05:34:25,300 --> 05:34:26,800
straight lines to go around the 
village. 

5946
05:34:26,800 --> 05:34:29,900
Your house was surrounded by 
other houses that appeared like 

5947
05:34:29,900 --> 05:34:32,000
they had sprouted out of the 
hillside itself. 

5948
05:34:32,000 --> 05:34:36,100
These winding paths made sure 
you would run into at least 17 

5949
05:34:36,100 --> 05:34:38,100
individuals. 
Before you could buy a loaf of 

5950
05:34:38,100 --> 05:34:42,500
bread, this was on purpose in 
Sicily, Community wasn't simply 

5951
05:34:42,500 --> 05:34:45,100
a pleasant thought it was a way 
to stay alive. 

5952
05:34:46,200 --> 05:34:49,800
When the next drought Invasion 
or Locust plague struck you and 

5953
05:34:49,800 --> 05:34:50,900
your neighbors would need each 
other. 

5954
05:34:50,900 --> 05:34:53,300
Now let's speak about your 
employment. 

5955
05:34:54,300 --> 05:34:56,900
In the past working, Sicily, 
wasn't so much about getting 

5956
05:34:56,900 --> 05:34:59,600
ahead in your profession. 
As it was about getting mother 

5957
05:34:59,600 --> 05:35:01,400
nature to cooperate for one more
season. 

5958
05:35:02,200 --> 05:35:05,800
If you were lucky enough to own 
property by land, I mean a plot 

5959
05:35:05,800 --> 05:35:08,100
about the size of a modern 
parking space that was supposed 

5960
05:35:08,100 --> 05:35:11,000
to support a family of eight, 
you were basically a 

5961
05:35:11,000 --> 05:35:14,000
professional Gambler playing 
against the weather bugs and the

5962
05:35:14,000 --> 05:35:17,400
strange changes in soil. 
Chemistry, a modern Gardener 

5963
05:35:17,400 --> 05:35:19,200
would cry for you. 
If they saw your farming 

5964
05:35:19,200 --> 05:35:22,800
implements, imagine a plow that 
looked like it had been made by 

5965
05:35:22,800 --> 05:35:25,400
someone who had only heard about
plows, and had never seen one in

5966
05:35:25,400 --> 05:35:28,800
person. 
A donkey pulled it and the only 

5967
05:35:28,800 --> 05:35:32,000
thing that seemed to qualify for
the task was its amazing ability

5968
05:35:32,000 --> 05:35:34,800
to show existential misery 
through ear positioning. 

5969
05:35:36,000 --> 05:35:38,900
This donkey, let's call him 
Giuseppe, because they were all 

5970
05:35:38,900 --> 05:35:42,100
named Giuseppe had something to 
say about every thorough and 

5971
05:35:42,108 --> 05:35:45,200
wasn't afraid to say it. 
People who understood that flat 

5972
05:35:45,200 --> 05:35:47,000
ground was meant for others in 
different regions. 

5973
05:35:47,000 --> 05:35:50,500
Transformed, the fields into 
Hillside you'd work on these 

5974
05:35:50,500 --> 05:35:54,100
terrorist plots that stuck to 
the side of Hills like a stone 

5975
05:35:54,100 --> 05:35:57,300
masons fever dream. 
There were paths between each 

5976
05:35:57,300 --> 05:35:59,600
level, that would make your calf
muscle, strong enough to break 

5977
05:35:59,600 --> 05:36:02,500
walnuts. 
Every morning you would climb up

5978
05:36:02,500 --> 05:36:06,100
and down these old steps with 
tools seeds, hope and 

5979
05:36:06,100 --> 05:36:08,800
occasionally Giuseppe's angry 
feelings when he thought the 

5980
05:36:08,800 --> 05:36:11,300
label was too easy for him. 
But here's where it gets 

5981
05:36:11,300 --> 05:36:13,800
intriguing. 
Sicilians have turned making 

5982
05:36:13,800 --> 05:36:15,800
dough into an art form. 
That would make modern 

5983
05:36:15,800 --> 05:36:17,900
recyclers. 
Look like amateurs, who waste 

5984
05:36:17,900 --> 05:36:19,200
things? 
Nothing. 

5985
05:36:19,200 --> 05:36:22,900
Absolutely nothing was ever 
thrown away. 

5986
05:36:22,900 --> 05:36:25,400
Did the broken pottery? 
Catch your eye? 

5987
05:36:25,400 --> 05:36:29,300
It was perfect for storing. 
Olive oil is that old shirts. 

5988
05:36:29,300 --> 05:36:31,500
Still in use. 
It can be used for cleaning 

5989
05:36:31,500 --> 05:36:35,000
purposes as patches for a 
friend's old clothing or even as

5990
05:36:35,000 --> 05:36:38,500
a source of fire fuel. 
Giuseppe meticulously collected,

5991
05:36:38,500 --> 05:36:40,400
the items he added the landscape
every day. 

5992
05:36:40,400 --> 05:36:42,900
Transforming them into Treasures
for the garden. 

5993
05:36:43,800 --> 05:36:46,200
Your wife, on the other hand ran
a household that worked like a 

5994
05:36:46,200 --> 05:36:48,900
small Factory. 
She would get up before, Dawn to

5995
05:36:48,900 --> 05:36:51,900
Milk, The Goat, Who had her own 
ideas about how to start the day

5996
05:36:51,900 --> 05:36:56,300
and made them known by moving 
her Hooves in certain ways. then

5997
05:36:56,300 --> 05:36:59,500
came the bread making which was 
more like conducting a symphony 

5998
05:36:59,500 --> 05:37:03,600
of yeast timing and prayer than 
cooking, The dough would rise in

5999
05:37:03,600 --> 05:37:06,400
wooden bowls that had been in 
the family for so long that they

6000
05:37:06,400 --> 05:37:09,800
almost had family names. 
Lunch was a time when Sicilian 

6001
05:37:09,800 --> 05:37:11,700
showed that, they knew something
deeper about life. 

6002
05:37:11,700 --> 05:37:15,200
You can't work well on an empty 
stomach and you can't appreciate

6003
05:37:15,200 --> 05:37:16,700
food. 
Well, if you're in a hurry, 

6004
05:37:17,300 --> 05:37:19,500
Everyone in the Hamlet would 
stop what they were doing for 

6005
05:37:19,500 --> 05:37:23,100
two hours and congregate around 
tables rocks or any other flat 

6006
05:37:23,100 --> 05:37:26,600
surface they could find the food
could have been modest like 

6007
05:37:26,600 --> 05:37:29,900
bread olives and whatever 
veggies that the local animals 

6008
05:37:29,900 --> 05:37:33,100
hadn't devoured yet, but people 
ate it with such care and 

6009
05:37:33,100 --> 05:37:34,800
enjoyment, that it became a 
celebration. 

6010
05:37:35,600 --> 05:37:37,300
The afternoon, brought new 
problems. 

6011
05:37:37,300 --> 05:37:40,100
If you weren't tending to the 
crops, you might have been 

6012
05:37:40,100 --> 05:37:42,700
repairing. 
Something that was broken in a 

6013
05:37:42,700 --> 05:37:46,000
world composed of stone wood and
hope this happened about every 

6014
05:37:46,000 --> 05:37:49,000
15 minutes. 
Your concept on repairs was 

6015
05:37:49,000 --> 05:37:51,600
simple. 
If something is broken, use 

6016
05:37:51,600 --> 05:37:55,600
everything you have to fix it. 
If it breaks, a gain fixes to 

6017
05:37:55,600 --> 05:37:57,300
get again. 
But this time with more 

6018
05:37:57,300 --> 05:38:00,800
determination, if it breaks 
again, make it part of the 

6019
05:38:00,800 --> 05:38:03,300
design and act like it was 
always meant to work that way. 

6020
05:38:04,200 --> 05:38:06,600
The way people lived in your 
community was more complicated 

6021
05:38:06,600 --> 05:38:09,400
than a spider web made by an 
architect, who couldn't make up 

6022
05:38:09,400 --> 05:38:12,000
his mind. 
Everyone knew everyone else, but

6023
05:38:12,000 --> 05:38:14,700
more significantly. 
Everyone knew everything about 

6024
05:38:14,700 --> 05:38:17,100
everyone else. 
Even things that hadn't happened

6025
05:38:17,100 --> 05:38:21,100
yet, but surely would because, 
as your neighbor would remark it

6026
05:38:21,100 --> 05:38:24,200
runs in the family. 
The Village. 

6027
05:38:24,200 --> 05:38:26,400
Well, was the core of this 
communication Network? 

6028
05:38:26,400 --> 05:38:30,300
It was the source of water. 
The News headquarters and an 

6029
05:38:30,300 --> 05:38:32,900
unofficial courtroom where 
people could settle conflicts 

6030
05:38:32,900 --> 05:38:36,300
from severe property problems to
heated arguments about whose 

6031
05:38:36,300 --> 05:38:39,100
grandmother cooked better, 
tomato sauce you'd come with 

6032
05:38:39,100 --> 05:38:42,600
your water jug and leave with it
along with full reports on three

6033
05:38:42,600 --> 05:38:46,500
pregnancies, two family fights, 
one iffy romance and 

6034
05:38:46,500 --> 05:38:49,200
comprehensive weather forecast 
from someone who's great uncle 

6035
05:38:49,200 --> 05:38:51,400
was said to have been able to 
tell when it was going to rain 

6036
05:38:51,400 --> 05:38:53,000
by watching how his chickens 
walked. 

6037
05:38:53,800 --> 05:38:56,200
In this social order, the 
priests of the community had a 

6038
05:38:56,200 --> 05:38:59,300
special role. 
He was a spiritual guide and 

6039
05:38:59,300 --> 05:39:02,500
mediator and amateur, 
meteorologist and a Secret 

6040
05:39:02,500 --> 05:39:04,000
Keeper who would have made a 
government. 

6041
05:39:04,000 --> 05:39:07,500
Spy envyus, he had somehow 
learned the Fine Art of knowing 

6042
05:39:07,500 --> 05:39:09,200
everything while seeming to know
nothing. 

6043
05:39:09,200 --> 05:39:12,300
He could give a sermon that 
spoke directly to the moral 

6044
05:39:12,300 --> 05:39:14,000
shortcomings. 
You had been struggling with all

6045
05:39:14,000 --> 05:39:16,100
week without ever looking you in
the eye. 

6046
05:39:17,000 --> 05:39:18,300
Then there were the village 
Elders. 

6047
05:39:18,300 --> 05:39:20,700
They were old enough to 
remember, when things were 

6048
05:39:20,700 --> 05:39:23,300
different, but not so ancient. 
That people could comfortably 

6049
05:39:23,300 --> 05:39:26,500
dismiss what they thought, they 
would sit outside their House's,

6050
05:39:26,500 --> 05:39:30,500
like, living libraries giving 
Council criticism and sometimes 

6051
05:39:30,500 --> 05:39:33,400
deep knowledge. 
But you had to be careful to 

6052
05:39:33,400 --> 05:39:36,300
tell the difference between the 
wisdom and the stories that had 

6053
05:39:36,300 --> 05:39:39,200
become better with each telling 
over the preceding 40 years. 

6054
05:39:39,200 --> 05:39:42,600
While everything was going on, 
your kids were getting an 

6055
05:39:42,600 --> 05:39:45,500
education that no school could 
equal, they'd learn useful. 

6056
05:39:45,500 --> 05:39:47,900
Things like how to get a chicken
to lay eggs, where you want 

6057
05:39:47,900 --> 05:39:50,000
them, how to read the weather in
clouds. 

6058
05:39:50,000 --> 05:39:52,600
And how to cope with a 
complicated social dynamics of a

6059
05:39:52,600 --> 05:39:55,500
place where your third cousin's 
choice to plant beans instead of

6060
05:39:55,500 --> 05:39:59,200
wheat could change your family's
winter food supply, but maybe 

6061
05:39:59,200 --> 05:40:02,600
most significantly kids would 
learn how to tell stories. 

6062
05:40:03,900 --> 05:40:07,200
As the sun sank behind Hills 
that had seen, many families, 

6063
05:40:07,200 --> 05:40:10,000
struggle, and succeed. 
Someone would start a story 

6064
05:40:10,000 --> 05:40:12,400
every night. 
It could have been the time 

6065
05:40:12,400 --> 05:40:15,700
great-grandfather outsmarted, 
the tax collector, the winter 

6066
05:40:15,700 --> 05:40:18,600
when the whole village lived on 
nothing but olives and sheer 

6067
05:40:18,600 --> 05:40:21,500
stubbornness or the strange 
Merchants, who came one day with

6068
05:40:21,500 --> 05:40:24,800
spices that made everyone's food
tastes like it had been blessed 

6069
05:40:24,800 --> 05:40:26,900
by Angels. 
These stories were more than 

6070
05:40:26,900 --> 05:40:29,300
just fun. 
They were guides for how to live

6071
05:40:29,300 --> 05:40:33,700
every story had a lesson about 
bravery intelligence, the value 

6072
05:40:33,700 --> 05:40:36,900
of community and the fact that 
you should never ever trust 

6073
05:40:36,900 --> 05:40:38,800
someone who says they can make 
you rich quickly. 

6074
05:40:38,800 --> 05:40:42,400
The story showed you that life 
would be hard but also beautiful

6075
05:40:42,400 --> 05:40:44,800
and that the hard and the 
Beautiful were often. 

6076
05:40:44,800 --> 05:40:47,700
The same thing seemed from 
various points of view in your 

6077
05:40:47,700 --> 05:40:50,800
community, marriage was 
primarily focused on creating a 

6078
05:40:50,800 --> 05:40:54,100
partnership capable of handling.
Any challenges life presented, 

6079
05:40:54,100 --> 05:40:57,500
rather than being centered 
around love which was scarce. 

6080
05:40:57,500 --> 05:41:00,900
Courtship involved long 
negotiations between families 

6081
05:41:00,900 --> 05:41:03,700
thorough background checks that 
would make modern security 

6082
05:41:03,700 --> 05:41:06,200
agencies. 
Look, undesirable and careful 

6083
05:41:06,200 --> 05:41:09,400
thought about practical matters 
like whose land bordered Hooves 

6084
05:41:09,400 --> 05:41:12,300
who had the healthier goats. 
And whether the potential 

6085
05:41:12,300 --> 05:41:14,800
bride's mother knew any 
advantageous ways to treat 

6086
05:41:14,800 --> 05:41:18,200
common illnesses people today 
have a hard time understanding, 

6087
05:41:18,200 --> 05:41:20,300
how complicated your 
relationship with food. 

6088
05:41:20,300 --> 05:41:23,700
Was you lived in a place where 
wealth and scarce city were like

6089
05:41:23,708 --> 05:41:26,900
elderly lovers who had been 
battling for ages but couldn't 

6090
05:41:26,900 --> 05:41:30,500
bear to be a part. 
One season might yield crops so 

6091
05:41:30,500 --> 05:41:32,400
large, you'd think you were in 
an agricultural Paradise. 

6092
05:41:32,400 --> 05:41:36,500
While the next might be so lean.
You'd enjoy the subtle taste in 

6093
05:41:36,500 --> 05:41:38,300
bread made of Hope and ground 
acorns. 

6094
05:41:39,100 --> 05:41:42,200
But what was wonderful was that 
Sicilians had come up with a way

6095
05:41:42,200 --> 05:41:43,900
to convert any meal into a 
party? 

6096
05:41:44,600 --> 05:41:48,000
With just three ingredients. 
Wild Greens a little olive oil 

6097
05:41:48,000 --> 05:41:51,400
and some garlic, your wife could
create a dish that would Delight

6098
05:41:51,400 --> 05:41:53,900
your palate. 
It wasn't about using strange 

6099
05:41:53,900 --> 05:41:57,200
spices or complicated methods. 
It was about giving each 

6100
05:41:57,200 --> 05:42:01,200
ingredient the care and respect 
it needed, for example, look at 

6101
05:42:01,208 --> 05:42:04,800
your olive trees, these weren't 
simply plants, they were family 

6102
05:42:04,800 --> 05:42:07,000
members with their 
personalities, histories, and 

6103
05:42:07,000 --> 05:42:10,400
even mood disorders, from time 
to time your great grandfather, 

6104
05:42:10,400 --> 05:42:12,400
learn to walk. 
When certain trees were making 

6105
05:42:12,400 --> 05:42:15,200
oil, those trees would keep 
making oil long. 

6106
05:42:15,200 --> 05:42:17,800
After your great-grandchildren 
were old enough to Grumble about

6107
05:42:17,800 --> 05:42:20,200
the Harvest. 
The trees were all different. 

6108
05:42:20,200 --> 05:42:23,700
This one made oil early. 
That one was stubborn but made 

6109
05:42:23,700 --> 05:42:27,000
the sweetest oil and the old 
Behemoth on the hill had whether

6110
05:42:27,000 --> 05:42:30,300
three droughts and a landslide 
that still made enough olives to

6111
05:42:30,300 --> 05:42:33,400
feed the family through the 
winter. during the harvest 

6112
05:42:33,400 --> 05:42:35,900
season, the Hamlet transformed 
in to a scene, resembling 

6113
05:42:35,900 --> 05:42:39,200
ordered pandemonium everyone 
assisted each other since 

6114
05:42:39,200 --> 05:42:42,300
olives, don't wait for the right
time and a family that tried to 

6115
05:42:42,300 --> 05:42:44,100
pick them all alone would still 
be picking when the next 

6116
05:42:44,100 --> 05:42:47,800
season's flowers came out You'd 
work from dawn until your hands 

6117
05:42:47,800 --> 05:42:50,300
were purple from Olive stains 
and your back hurt. 

6118
05:42:50,300 --> 05:42:52,900
Like, it had been redesigned by 
someone who hated how people 

6119
05:42:52,900 --> 05:42:57,300
stand But the work paid off in 
ways that went beyond the oils 

6120
05:42:57,300 --> 05:42:59,800
usefulness. 
The rhythm of the Harvest was 

6121
05:42:59,800 --> 05:43:03,300
quite fulfilling, it was like 
reaching picking and tossing the

6122
05:43:03,300 --> 05:43:06,000
fruit into baskets that seemed 
to fill up with magic. 

6123
05:43:07,000 --> 05:43:09,300
The talks that took place 
throughout these lengthy days, 

6124
05:43:09,300 --> 05:43:11,300
formed friendships that would 
last a lifetime. 

6125
05:43:12,000 --> 05:43:14,900
People worked out their 
problems, fell in love and 

6126
05:43:14,900 --> 05:43:17,900
either settled old arguments or 
turn them into legendary feuds. 

6127
05:43:17,900 --> 05:43:21,100
That would Fascinate future 
Generations, you produced wine 

6128
05:43:21,100 --> 05:43:24,300
using a similar method. 
The great screw on Vine's that 

6129
05:43:24,300 --> 05:43:27,700
ran down slopes in designs that 
made it look like the person who

6130
05:43:27,700 --> 05:43:30,000
planted them. 
Either knew a lot about the land

6131
05:43:30,000 --> 05:43:32,300
or had been sipping their wine 
while planning. 

6132
05:43:33,000 --> 05:43:36,000
Each family developed their 
unique methods learning from 

6133
05:43:36,000 --> 05:43:38,200
both their mistakes and 
successes over the years. 

6134
05:43:39,100 --> 05:43:42,700
Some batches got so famous that 
they became local Legends making

6135
05:43:42,700 --> 05:43:46,500
wine was a mix of chemistry art 
and religion, you would crush 

6136
05:43:46,500 --> 05:43:49,600
the greats, sometimes with your 
foot and sometimes with a wooden

6137
05:43:49,600 --> 05:43:52,600
press, you knew that the wine 
would taste like the fruit. 

6138
05:43:52,600 --> 05:43:56,000
The weather that year the mood 
of the soil and your hopes for 

6139
05:43:56,000 --> 05:43:58,700
the months ahead when this 
purple liquid would warm winter 

6140
05:43:58,700 --> 05:44:03,400
evening and make ordinary meals.
Feel like celebration Another 

6141
05:44:03,400 --> 05:44:07,100
kind of art was preservation. 
Your lady knew how to preserve 

6142
05:44:07,100 --> 05:44:09,700
food in a way, that would 
impress even the smartest food 

6143
05:44:09,700 --> 05:44:13,400
experts today. 
She dried pickled salted and 

6144
05:44:13,400 --> 05:44:16,400
stored vegetables with the 
meticulous, care of someone who 

6145
05:44:16,400 --> 05:44:19,000
understood that the difference 
between having enough food and 

6146
05:44:19,000 --> 05:44:22,500
being hungry could hinge on 
accurately estimating, how many 

6147
05:44:22,500 --> 05:44:25,000
tomatoes, the family would need 
to last until spring. 

6148
05:44:25,900 --> 05:44:29,300
Pantry, which was really just a 
cool dark part of your Stone 

6149
05:44:29,300 --> 05:44:32,000
House was set up like a military
supply Depot. 

6150
05:44:32,900 --> 05:44:35,600
Peppers dangled from the rafters
like decorations that you could 

6151
05:44:35,600 --> 05:44:37,800
eat. 
There were clay containers with 

6152
05:44:37,800 --> 05:44:41,600
olive oil, preserved, lemons and
strange mixtures that your wife 

6153
05:44:41,600 --> 05:44:44,600
swore could treat anything from 
a headache to a broken heart. 

6154
05:44:45,400 --> 05:44:49,000
They carefully stored sacks of 
grain paying close attention to 

6155
05:44:49,000 --> 05:44:52,500
the moisture temperature and the
continuing fight against rodents

6156
05:44:52,500 --> 05:44:54,400
that thought your food storage 
was their Buffet. 

6157
05:44:55,200 --> 05:44:57,800
Your daily life was shaped by 
rhythms that were older than 

6158
05:44:57,800 --> 05:45:01,600
history rhythms that linked you 
to every generation that had 

6159
05:45:01,600 --> 05:45:03,900
ever worked in this tough 
magnificent. 

6160
05:45:03,900 --> 05:45:08,100
Country you wouldn't wake up to 
alarms, instead you'd wake up to

6161
05:45:08,100 --> 05:45:11,000
the sky getting lighter of 
mountains that had seen Empires 

6162
05:45:11,000 --> 05:45:14,300
rise and fall conquerors. 
Come and go and people who just 

6163
05:45:14,300 --> 05:45:17,000
wanted to produce their food and
raise their kids in peace. 

6164
05:45:18,000 --> 05:45:20,200
Weather wasn't simply something 
that occurred to you. 

6165
05:45:20,200 --> 05:45:23,200
It was your business partner, 
your enemy and your 

6166
05:45:23,200 --> 05:45:25,900
unpredictable companion, who 
might make or ruin your year, 

6167
05:45:25,900 --> 05:45:29,100
depending on how it felt. 
You could discern signs that 

6168
05:45:29,100 --> 05:45:32,200
meteorologists would be jealous 
of how the Morning Light, hit 

6169
05:45:32,200 --> 05:45:36,300
the hills, how the wind changed 
between valleys and how insects 

6170
05:45:36,300 --> 05:45:38,900
and birds acted as if they knew 
things that humans wouldn't 

6171
05:45:38,900 --> 05:45:42,100
understand for another 100 
years, your neighbor, the one 

6172
05:45:42,100 --> 05:45:45,300
with the philosophical donkey 
possessed, meteorological 

6173
05:45:45,300 --> 05:45:47,200
knowledge. 
That was almost other worldly. 

6174
05:45:47,800 --> 05:45:50,400
He could tell it would rain 
three days ahead of time by how 

6175
05:45:50,400 --> 05:45:52,300
his chickens organized 
themselves in the yard. 

6176
05:45:52,300 --> 05:45:55,600
He'd tell you when to plant by 
watching which wildflowers 

6177
05:45:55,600 --> 05:45:59,700
flowered first, his forcast was 
so good that people from nearby 

6178
05:45:59,700 --> 05:46:03,800
towns would come to him only to 
obtain His Four cast But knowing

6179
05:46:03,800 --> 05:46:06,200
how the Earth operated meant 
more than just being able to 

6180
05:46:06,200 --> 05:46:09,400
anticipate the weather. 
You lived in a place where cores

6181
05:46:09,400 --> 05:46:12,400
and consequence were clear in 
ways that people who lived in 

6182
05:46:12,400 --> 05:46:15,600
cities would never see if you 
plant at the wrong moment. 

6183
05:46:15,600 --> 05:46:19,000
Your family will go hungry. 
If you don't pay attention to 

6184
05:46:19,000 --> 05:46:22,200
the indicators of plant disease,
your neighbor's crops will 

6185
05:46:22,200 --> 05:46:25,100
suffer too. 
When you waste water during dry 

6186
05:46:25,100 --> 05:46:29,500
spells, everyone suffers this 
person wasn't being politically 

6187
05:46:29,500 --> 05:46:32,800
aware of the environment. 
It was just a matter of life and

6188
05:46:32,800 --> 05:46:36,400
death local Craftsmen made your 
tools so that they fit your 

6189
05:46:36,400 --> 05:46:41,100
hands as well as your skin. 
For example, a man's plow or a 

6190
05:46:41,100 --> 05:46:43,000
woman's Loom had to suit their 
hands properly. 

6191
05:46:44,500 --> 05:46:47,200
The blacksmith in the hamlet, 
wasn't just a person who fixed 

6192
05:46:47,200 --> 05:46:49,300
things. 
He was an artist who could look 

6193
05:46:49,300 --> 05:46:52,500
at a piece of Twisted Metal and 
see what kind of tool it wanted 

6194
05:46:52,500 --> 05:46:55,100
to be. 
He would heat iron in forges 

6195
05:46:55,100 --> 05:46:57,700
that gleamed, like parts of the 
Sun that had been caught. 

6196
05:46:58,300 --> 05:47:00,600
And then he would shape the 
metal with hammers that made 

6197
05:47:00,600 --> 05:47:02,400
sounds that could be heard 
throughout the valley. 

6198
05:47:03,300 --> 05:47:06,000
The rhythm of seasonal work 
generated a calendar that was 

6199
05:47:06,000 --> 05:47:07,900
more reliable than anything 
written down. 

6200
05:47:08,700 --> 05:47:12,000
In the spring, it was time to 
prune plant and carefully. 

6201
05:47:12,000 --> 05:47:15,400
Encourage New Growth while 
keeping it safe from late frosts

6202
05:47:15,400 --> 05:47:17,600
that could ruin months of 
planning in a single night. 

6203
05:47:18,500 --> 05:47:21,500
During the summer farmers were 
responsible for monitoring their

6204
05:47:21,500 --> 05:47:24,900
crops managing their water, 
resources and preparing for 

6205
05:47:24,900 --> 05:47:28,700
Harvest harvesting and storing 
food and celebrating the years 

6206
05:47:28,700 --> 05:47:31,500
success in the sellers and 
pantries took place in the fall.

6207
05:47:32,600 --> 05:47:35,400
During winter, you had the 
opportunity to make repairs 

6208
05:47:35,400 --> 05:47:39,300
strategize and spend extended 
evening, sharing stories and 

6209
05:47:39,300 --> 05:47:42,300
transferring skills. 
The way you lived your holy life

6210
05:47:42,300 --> 05:47:44,400
fit. 
Well with the way you farmed you

6211
05:47:44,400 --> 05:47:46,400
would pray for rain when your 
crops needed it. 

6212
05:47:46,400 --> 05:47:49,300
Praise God for excellent 
harvests and asked for 

6213
05:47:49,300 --> 05:47:51,800
protection when things were 
perilous and everything. 

6214
05:47:51,800 --> 05:47:56,000
You had worked for was at stake.
The Village feast days were on 

6215
05:47:56,000 --> 05:47:59,600
important days for farming. 
Thus the celebrations honored, 

6216
05:47:59,600 --> 05:48:01,300
both spiritual and practical 
Customs. 

6217
05:48:01,300 --> 05:48:04,300
The church was The Villages, 
most beautiful building. 

6218
05:48:04,300 --> 05:48:07,900
It was made of the same local 
Stone as your house, but 

6219
05:48:07,900 --> 05:48:10,900
centuries of Craftsmen turned it
into something that made you 

6220
05:48:10,908 --> 05:48:12,700
feel good. 
Every time you saw it. 

6221
05:48:14,000 --> 05:48:16,600
Saints peered down from 
paintings made by painters who 

6222
05:48:16,600 --> 05:48:19,700
knew that the faces of the 
Saints needed to show the hopes 

6223
05:48:19,700 --> 05:48:22,800
and struggles of the people who 
would pray to them through years

6224
05:48:22,800 --> 05:48:26,400
of Joy and Pain. 
Your priest, had the hard job of

6225
05:48:26,400 --> 05:48:29,200
finding a balance between 
long-term and short-term needs. 

6226
05:48:29,200 --> 05:48:31,700
He would deliver sermons on 
spiritual salvation. 

6227
05:48:31,700 --> 05:48:35,300
While simultaneously monitoring 
family struggling to provide for

6228
05:48:35,300 --> 05:48:38,000
their children and require the 
silence support of the 

6229
05:48:38,000 --> 05:48:41,600
community, he would marry people
baptized them and bury them. 

6230
05:48:41,600 --> 05:48:44,800
Marking the end of their lives 
in the Embrace of community 

6231
05:48:44,800 --> 05:48:48,000
tradition and the harsh beauty 
of the Sicilian environment. 

6232
05:48:48,000 --> 05:48:52,000
In your Universe, family wasn't 
just a group of people who lived

6233
05:48:52,000 --> 05:48:54,700
together. 
It was a business, a support 

6234
05:48:54,700 --> 05:48:58,400
network, an entertainment 
committee, and a quality control

6235
05:48:58,400 --> 05:49:02,000
Department, all rolled into one 
complicated careering and often 

6236
05:49:02,000 --> 05:49:05,800
frustrating organization that 
ran every area of Every Day. 

6237
05:49:05,800 --> 05:49:08,800
Life, Your kids weren't just the
Next Generation. 

6238
05:49:08,800 --> 05:49:12,900
They were your retirement plan, 
your insurance policy, and your 

6239
05:49:12,900 --> 05:49:17,100
way of living on in a world that
judge in decades and centuries 

6240
05:49:17,100 --> 05:49:20,800
instead of quarterly reports, 
your family's house, undoubtedly

6241
05:49:20,800 --> 05:49:23,600
sheltered three or four 
generations, each of whom made 

6242
05:49:23,600 --> 05:49:28,000
their own changes repairs and 
upgrades Over time, the house 

6243
05:49:28,000 --> 05:49:31,100
became a physical record of your
family's history that corner 

6244
05:49:31,100 --> 05:49:32,400
where the wall was a different 
color. 

6245
05:49:33,200 --> 05:49:35,200
Great, grandfather added onto 
the kitchen there. 

6246
05:49:35,200 --> 05:49:38,300
Because great grandmothers 
cooking was so outstanding that 

6247
05:49:38,300 --> 05:49:40,400
neighbors started coming over 
for supper without being 

6248
05:49:40,400 --> 05:49:42,800
invited. 
The floor in the main room isn't

6249
05:49:42,800 --> 05:49:45,900
even that was in the winter. 
When Uncle Antonio put his wine 

6250
05:49:45,900 --> 05:49:48,800
barrels inside and forgot that 
would expand when it gets wet. 

6251
05:49:49,800 --> 05:49:52,000
Your kids acquired 
responsibility, not through 

6252
05:49:52,000 --> 05:49:56,100
instruction, but through 
practical experience. by the 

6253
05:49:56,100 --> 05:49:59,400
time they were seven, they would
be in charge of critical tasks 

6254
05:49:59,400 --> 05:50:03,000
like feeding, the chickens 
retrieving eggs and maintaining 

6255
05:50:03,000 --> 05:50:05,900
the fragile diplomatic ties that
were needed to keep the family 

6256
05:50:05,900 --> 05:50:09,600
goat, giving milk By the time 
they were 10, they would know 

6257
05:50:09,600 --> 05:50:12,500
enough about farming to tell 
when plants were sick, guess 

6258
05:50:12,500 --> 05:50:13,800
what? 
The weather would be like and 

6259
05:50:13,800 --> 05:50:16,400
figure out exactly how much 
grain the family would need to 

6260
05:50:16,400 --> 05:50:20,000
get through to the next Harvest.
But being a kid, wasn't all 

6261
05:50:20,000 --> 05:50:23,200
about work and duty. 
Kids in Sicily were great at 

6262
05:50:23,200 --> 05:50:25,400
finding fun. 
Things to do with items that 

6263
05:50:25,400 --> 05:50:29,500
adults left lying around, they 
would use Stones sticks and 

6264
05:50:29,500 --> 05:50:31,800
their imaginations to play 
complicated games. 

6265
05:50:31,800 --> 05:50:35,200
That might turn a hill into a 
war, a kingdom or an ocean, full

6266
05:50:35,200 --> 05:50:37,600
of pirates. 
They would make toys out of 

6267
05:50:37,600 --> 05:50:41,000
scraps of fabric, build tiny 
communities out of Pebbles and 

6268
05:50:41,000 --> 05:50:43,700
clay and learn how to tell 
stories that would help them 

6269
05:50:43,700 --> 05:50:46,200
when they grew up and had to 
pass on Traditions to the Next 

6270
05:50:46,200 --> 05:50:49,900
Generation Unwritten rules, 
which were stronger than any 

6271
05:50:49,900 --> 05:50:52,800
written laws, dictated how 
neighbor's treated one another, 

6272
05:50:52,800 --> 05:50:56,800
you would help with the Harvest 
lent tools be there for people 

6273
05:50:56,800 --> 05:50:59,600
when they were sick or going 
through a hard time and take 

6274
05:50:59,600 --> 05:51:02,500
part in the complicated, social 
discussions that keep a small 

6275
05:51:02,500 --> 05:51:06,200
community running, however, 
rivalries competitions and 

6276
05:51:06,208 --> 05:51:09,500
fights could last for decades 
and be enjoyable for everyone 

6277
05:51:09,500 --> 05:51:11,000
else, who was not directly 
involved. 

6278
05:51:11,000 --> 05:51:13,600
Your town had its own court 
system. 

6279
05:51:13,600 --> 05:51:16,600
That worked on its own, no 
matter who was in charge of the 

6280
05:51:16,600 --> 05:51:18,700
government at the time. 
Village Elders. 

6281
05:51:18,700 --> 05:51:19,800
Settled. 
Disagreements. 

6282
05:51:19,800 --> 05:51:22,200
Because they knew that the 
purpose wasn't to figure out who

6283
05:51:22,200 --> 05:51:25,400
was right and who was wrong, but
to find solutions that let 

6284
05:51:25,400 --> 05:51:27,200
everyone keep living and working
together. 

6285
05:51:28,100 --> 05:51:30,100
Most of the time punishments 
were useful. 

6286
05:51:30,100 --> 05:51:34,200
For example, if you broke 
something, you would fix it and 

6287
05:51:34,200 --> 05:51:37,700
then some to make up for the 
trouble you caused. if one were 

6288
05:51:37,700 --> 05:51:40,800
to disseminate harmful rumors, 
it may be necessary to engage in

6289
05:51:40,800 --> 05:51:43,700
activities that would occupy 
one's time and prevent further 

6290
05:51:43,700 --> 05:51:47,500
gossip, The town also had its 
own economy centered on trade 

6291
05:51:47,500 --> 05:51:50,800
Mutual Duty and the idea that 
what goes around comes around, 

6292
05:51:50,800 --> 05:51:54,100
sometimes literally. 
You could swap olive oil for 

6293
05:51:54,100 --> 05:51:57,500
wheat, Ada neighbor with their 
harvest, in exchange, for help 

6294
05:51:57,500 --> 05:52:00,100
with your own building project, 
or give wine for a wedding 

6295
05:52:00,100 --> 05:52:02,200
celebration. 
Knowing that when your daughter 

6296
05:52:02,200 --> 05:52:05,000
got married, the community would
give generously to her 

6297
05:52:05,000 --> 05:52:08,100
celebration. 
Marriage wasn't just the joining

6298
05:52:08,100 --> 05:52:10,300
of two people. 
It was the joining of two 

6299
05:52:10,300 --> 05:52:13,100
family, businesses complete with
negotiations. 

6300
05:52:13,100 --> 05:52:16,200
That would make current 
corporate lawyers proud People 

6301
05:52:16,200 --> 05:52:19,700
discussed dowries changed 
property lines and plan for 

6302
05:52:19,700 --> 05:52:23,500
future Generations. 
Like military leaders might But 

6303
05:52:23,500 --> 05:52:26,100
beyond all the Practical reasons
was, the understanding that 

6304
05:52:26,100 --> 05:52:29,600
successful marriages made 
partnership strong enough to get

6305
05:52:29,600 --> 05:52:32,000
through any problems that might 
come up in Sicily. 

6306
05:52:32,700 --> 05:52:35,600
Women in your village, had a 
real, but often hidden influence

6307
05:52:35,600 --> 05:52:38,000
on the community. 
They oversaw the household. 

6308
05:52:38,000 --> 05:52:42,100
Budgets made medical choices, 
set up marriages, and kept the 

6309
05:52:42,100 --> 05:52:44,900
social networks going that let 
people share information and 

6310
05:52:44,900 --> 05:52:47,700
solve problems. 
A woman who was known for being 

6311
05:52:47,700 --> 05:52:50,900
wise and making beneficial 
decisions, might sway Village 

6312
05:52:50,900 --> 05:52:52,900
decisions, just as much as a 
male did. 

6313
05:52:53,700 --> 05:52:56,600
However, she might accomplish it
by talking to people at the, 

6314
05:52:56,608 --> 05:52:59,200
well, instead of an official 
gatherings in the Town Square. 

6315
05:53:00,200 --> 05:53:02,800
As night falls, over your 
village, the old Stones turn 

6316
05:53:02,800 --> 05:53:05,900
gold, as they have seen many 
sunsets just like this one. 

6317
05:53:06,600 --> 05:53:09,000
You feel like you are part of 
something bigger than anyone 

6318
05:53:09,000 --> 05:53:12,400
life or generation. 
Fire in your heart, burns wood 

6319
05:53:12,400 --> 05:53:15,600
from trees, your grandfather 
planted, it warms a house that 

6320
05:53:15,600 --> 05:53:18,400
was built by hands that learned 
how to do things from Craftsman,

6321
05:53:18,400 --> 05:53:21,600
whose names are no longer known,
but whose work is still strong 

6322
05:53:21,600 --> 05:53:24,600
and true. 
As the day comes to an end, your

6323
05:53:24,600 --> 05:53:28,100
kids come together, their faces 
lit by the firelight that ties 

6324
05:53:28,100 --> 05:53:31,500
them to every child who has ever
listened to stories in the room.

6325
05:53:32,100 --> 05:53:34,100
The stories, you tell them 
aren't just for fun. 

6326
05:53:34,100 --> 05:53:36,800
There are Legacy that passes on 
knowledge, gained through 

6327
05:53:36,800 --> 05:53:40,100
generations of success and 
failure and happiness and 

6328
05:53:40,100 --> 05:53:44,000
sadness and plenty. 
And want each story teaches, 

6329
05:53:44,000 --> 05:53:47,800
bravery intelligence 
determination and Community 

6330
05:53:47,800 --> 05:53:51,800
better than any school. 
The community, relaxes into its 

6331
05:53:51,800 --> 05:53:55,100
nightly routines, which have 
been the same for hundreds of 

6332
05:53:55,100 --> 05:53:57,300
years? 
Outside your massive stone 

6333
05:53:57,300 --> 05:54:00,600
walls, a woman sings while she 
spins wool. 

6334
05:54:00,600 --> 05:54:03,900
Her voice can be heard in the 
tiny alleys which are full of 

6335
05:54:03,908 --> 05:54:07,600
children, going home for dinner.
The fragrance of bread baking in

6336
05:54:07,600 --> 05:54:09,600
communal. 
Ovens mixes with the smell of 

6337
05:54:09,600 --> 05:54:13,400
wood smoke and plants growing 
wild on slopes that seemed to 

6338
05:54:13,400 --> 05:54:17,000
glow from inside. 
Your neighbors are doing their 

6339
05:54:17,000 --> 05:54:20,600
own nightly routines like taking
care of animals, fixing tools 

6340
05:54:20,600 --> 05:54:24,200
making plans for the next day's 
labor, and sharing meals that 

6341
05:54:24,200 --> 05:54:26,900
turn simple Foods into 
celebrations of survival and 

6342
05:54:26,900 --> 05:54:29,500
community. 
The two old men are still 

6343
05:54:29,508 --> 05:54:32,200
arguing about their 
grandfather's donkeys and their 

6344
05:54:32,200 --> 05:54:35,100
dispute has gotten more 
complicated to include extensive

6345
05:54:35,100 --> 05:54:39,400
comparisons of the donkeys, 
intelligence endurance and moral

6346
05:54:39,400 --> 05:54:41,700
character that will make future 
Generations. 

6347
05:54:41,700 --> 05:54:45,600
Laugh for decades The priests of
the Hamlet, makes his rounds at 

6348
05:54:45,600 --> 05:54:49,200
night, not as an official duty. 
But as a friend and neighbor, 

6349
05:54:49,200 --> 05:54:52,000
who knows that spiritual care 
frequently means helping out in 

6350
05:54:52,000 --> 05:54:54,500
other ways. 
He might help someone make a 

6351
05:54:54,500 --> 05:54:58,000
tough choice, settle a small 
argument or just have a glass of

6352
05:54:58,000 --> 05:54:59,500
wine with someone who needs 
companionship. 

6353
05:54:59,500 --> 05:55:03,800
His presents is like, thread 
through fabric weaving through 

6354
05:55:03,800 --> 05:55:07,100
the community and making links 
that hold everyone together when

6355
05:55:07,100 --> 05:55:10,900
they are strength isn't enough? 
A star shine of mountains that 

6356
05:55:10,900 --> 05:55:15,400
have protected your people from 
invasions plagues famines and 

6357
05:55:15,400 --> 05:55:17,400
all the other things that test 
human strength. 

6358
05:55:17,400 --> 05:55:20,700
You remember that, you are part 
of a chain, that goes back to 

6359
05:55:20,700 --> 05:55:24,000
ancestors whose names, you will 
never know but whose blood runs 

6360
05:55:24,000 --> 05:55:27,100
through your veins. 
Their hardships, made your life 

6361
05:55:27,100 --> 05:55:29,900
possible just like your 
struggles are making life 

6362
05:55:29,900 --> 05:55:31,900
possible for kids. 
Who haven't been born yet? 

6363
05:55:32,700 --> 05:55:34,600
The knowledge of Your World 
Isn't in books. 

6364
05:55:34,600 --> 05:55:37,300
It's in how you read the 
weather, how you keep food 

6365
05:55:37,300 --> 05:55:40,700
fresh, the stories, you tell the
songs you sing and the people 

6366
05:55:40,700 --> 05:55:43,100
you meet. 
Its wisdom that comes from 

6367
05:55:43,100 --> 05:55:47,200
experience is tested by need and
is confirmed by the fact that 

6368
05:55:47,200 --> 05:55:49,600
you're here doing well in a 
location. 

6369
05:55:49,600 --> 05:55:52,800
That asks a lot of its people 
and provides them Beauty 

6370
05:55:52,800 --> 05:55:55,800
community and a deep sense of 
belonging. 

6371
05:55:56,800 --> 05:55:58,800
Your Sicily isn't just a place 
on a map. 

6372
05:55:58,800 --> 05:56:02,000
It's a way of living. 
That knows how seasons and souls

6373
05:56:02,000 --> 05:56:05,000
are connected. 
How individual effort can help a

6374
05:56:05,000 --> 05:56:07,900
community survive and how daily 
work is necessary. 

6375
05:56:07,900 --> 05:56:10,100
But all so spiritual. 
When it's shared with others 

6376
05:56:10,100 --> 05:56:13,700
through meals stories and 
struggles that become victory. 

6377
05:56:14,700 --> 05:56:17,300
As you go off to sleep, in your 
old house, surrounded by the 

6378
05:56:17,300 --> 05:56:21,000
Tranquil sound of a community at
rest, you feel positive about 

6379
05:56:21,000 --> 05:56:23,900
the work, you've done the 
connections, you've taken care 

6380
05:56:23,900 --> 05:56:26,200
of and the Traditions. 
You've kept alive. 

6381
05:56:26,200 --> 05:56:29,400
Tomorrow will bring new 
problems, new chances and new 

6382
05:56:29,400 --> 05:56:31,100
stories to contribute to the 
collection. 

6383
05:56:31,100 --> 05:56:35,300
That makes up your people. 
But tonight, you are surrounded 

6384
05:56:35,300 --> 05:56:39,600
by Community tradition and the 
lasting beauty of a life lived 

6385
05:56:39,600 --> 05:56:42,600
in accordance with the rhythms 
of the soil, the seasons, and 

6386
05:56:42,600 --> 05:56:45,300
the human heart that Finds Its 
home in the endless dance 

6387
05:56:45,300 --> 05:56:46,800
between struggle and 
celebration. 

6388
05:56:46,800 --> 05:56:49,200
That is the heart of the 
Sicilian character. 

6389
05:56:50,500 --> 05:56:52,400
The fire turns into brilliant 
Embers. 

6390
05:56:52,400 --> 05:56:56,000
Your kids breathing slows as 
they fall asleep and the old 

6391
05:56:56,000 --> 05:56:59,400
Hills outside your window. 
Stand guard over dreams. 

6392
05:56:59,400 --> 05:57:03,300
That tie you to every generation
that has ever lived on this wild

6393
05:57:03,300 --> 05:57:04,200
beautiful Island.